LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

=O @ Stew

Bat, V.;—Notes on Collection of Birds, made in the Andaman

Islands by Assistant Surgeon G. EH. Dobson, M. B., during the

POMC SLOMAN EDL, ANC MAY eI Seaview cot cee ccs ece'ssetiva ves avete

Branrorp, W. T. ;—Account of a visit to the Eastern and North-

Eastern Frontiers of Independent Sikkim, &c., Part II, Zoology,

;—Notes on a Collection of Birds from Sikkim

(with Plates vu and vii),

;—Monograph of Himalayan, Assamese, Barmese

and Cingalese Clausilie (with Plate 1x), ............:.:cceesecsecsesen

Brooxs, W. H. ;—Notes on the Ornithology of Cashmir,

;—On two undescribed Cashmir Birds, ...............406

Day, F. ;—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide, Part IV, (with Plate I),

;—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide, Part V,

——— ;—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide, Part VI, ...............4..

;—Notes on Fish, collected by Dr. Stoliczka, in Kachh, ......

Doszson, G. HE. ;—On the Osteology of Zrienops persicus, (with

Plate VT),

——_—_. ——=

see e ee ser reeset roe roses eFosseor eet eeneoseeseuesos

FOR Pee met wee terse cesses or ser ose sesso roe oe seo vost oesosseoressesoesd

;—On the Osteology of some species of Bats, .........

;—Brief descriptions of five new species of Rhinolo-

yD aMTOve: 1 SEPP aaere oon ee nry Ae Otco Et ac RAAE anaes Sa Serien ab ta tua

Gopwiy-Austen, H. H.;—Third list of Birds obtained in the Khasi

ciel Cre tO HM PATS ip haline Minima nsateissadlsaeees we Sala nahunneneesg

Kurz, S. ;—New Barmese Plants, (Part I),

SCHWENDLER, L. ;—On Differential Galvanometer,...............esce0cee8

StoticzKa, FE. ;—Notes on various new or little known Indian [i-

zards, (with Plates II and III),

—— ;—Notes on various new or little known Indian Li-

Apacer lates Ve and Nyanja acai esainesseccesbaecdswagens

;—Postseript to the Monograph of Himalayan and

Barmese Clausiliz, (with part of Plate IX), 00.0.0... cece eee ees

;—Notice of the Mammals and Birds, inhabiting

Pete ae ree ese rs aser sees earss soe eres os eases es SOF SOS PEroeseoreereesreeeed

;—On the Land-shells of Penang Island, Part I,

Gyelastomoucco (mun labe XK) iis. iccs 6s case secversseveresecuecOuneanes

THEOBALD, W. anv SroniczKa, F. ;—-Notes on Barmese and Ara-

kanese Landshells, &c., (with Plate XI),

oe seer ereoerereoveeoneasece

Page

Date of issue of the different numbers of Part II, Journal.

No. I,—containing pp. 1—116, with pls. i—iii,— was issued on Ist May,

1872.

No, I1,—containing pp. 117—170, with pls. iv—viii,— was issued on 25th

June, 1872.

No. III,—containing pp. 171—271, with pls. ix and x,— was issued on 12th

November, 1872.

No. IV,—containing pp. 273—351, with pl. xi,— was issued on 22nd Decem-

ber, 1872.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY.

=—G-—

Part II1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

SO eee eee

INiOr eS 2:

Monograra or Inpran Cyprinipm, Parr 1V,—by Surgeon EB. Day.

(With Plate I.)

[Received 6th October, 1871.—Continued from p, 367 of vol. XL. Pt. VI, 1871.]

Genus.—Baniius, (H. B.) Bleeker, (Pl. 1.)

Opsarius, sp, McClelland,

Pachystomus, sp. Heckel.

Chedrus, (Swains.) Bleeker.

Opsaridium, Peters, apud Gtinther.

Pieropsarion sp., Shacra, sp. et Bola sp., Gunther.

Abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchie present. Mouth anterior, some-

times oblique, having a moderate or deep cleft. Lower jaw with a knob

above the symphysis, and an emargination to recewe it in the upper jaw.

Suborbital ring of bones generally broad, more especially seen in the third,

which may even be entirely behind the vertical from the posterior margin of

the orbit. Barbels four (Pachystomus, “ Heckel,’ Bleeker), or two (Ben-

dilisis, Bleeker), or none (Barilius, Ham. Buch.). Pharyngeal teeth

hooked, 5,3 or 4,2 or 1/1, or 2, 4 or 3, 5, or else 5, 2 or 4/4 or 2,5. Dor-

sal fin without osseous ray, of moderate length, imserted posteriorly to the

ventrals, sometimes extending to above the anal, which latter is somewhat

elongated. Scales of moderate or small size. Lateral line concave, con-

tinued on to the middle or lower half of the caudal, or complete, or absent.

Gill rakers very short or absent.

Geographical distribution. Fresh waters of India and Burma, extend-

ing to the Malay Archipelago ; also found in the Nile and Hast Africa.

10.

#22,

F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinidae. [No. 1,

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

A. With four barbels. (Pachystomus.)

Barilius rerio, D, 2/7, A. 3/12, L.r. 26—28. With blue horizontal bands.

”

India.

piscatorius, D. 2/7, A. ar L. 1.42. With 10 vertical bars. Hi-

malayas and Nipdl.

radiolatus, D. 2/8, A. ee L.1.56. Uniform. Central India.

modestus, D. 2/7, A, ——— we Tare L. 1. 48. Back dark, sides silvery.

Panjab.

Bleekeri, D. 2/7, A. a, L. 1, 48. Seven vertical bars. Panjab.

shacra, D. 217, A. 218, L.1.53. Twelve vertical bars. Bengal,

N. W. Provinces and Asda.

bendelisis, D. 2/7, A. 3/8, L, 1, 43. Short vertical bars. Southern

India,

cocsa, D IN L. 1, 42. Vertical bars. Throughout India.

“78 7 =

B. With two barbels. (Bendilisis.)

vagra, D. 2/7, A. c= = L. 1.42, Indistinct vertical bars. Ben-

galand N. W. Provinces.

barila, D. 2/7, A. 3/10, L. 1. 483—46. With 14 or 15 vertical bars.

Bengal, Orissa,

nigrofasciatus, D. 2/7, A. 2/11, L.r. 30. A dark lateral band,

Burma,

C. Without barbels. (Barilius.)

Bakeri, D. 3/10, A. 222897) 1,98) A cow. of large spots. Tra-

“4?

vancore,

Canarensis, D. le a 2/13, L. 1. 38. Two rows of spots. Canara.

gatensis, D. —— = Shy L. 1.40. With 15 vertical bars.

= 12—13?

Western care and Neilghervies.

tileo, D. 2/8, A. 2/12, L. 1.70. Tworows of spots. Bengal and

Asam.

pyupillatus, D, 3/7, A

Orissa,

bola, D. 3/7, A. 3/10, L. 1. 88. Two rows of blotches. Orissa,

Bengal, Asém.

guttatus, D. 2/7, A. 3/11, L. 1. 44. Two rows of spots. Burma.

interruptus, D. 2/7, A. 2/12, L. 1. 34, incomplete. Short vertical

bars. Hotha.

barna, D, 2/7, A. 3/10, Li. 1.42. Nine vertical bands. Orissa,

Bengal, Asém.

borelio, D. 2/7, A. a; a" Silvery. Bengal and N, W. Provinces.

hoalus, D,9, A.10. Uniform. N. W. Provinces.

Er O=ai 2a, L. 1.39. From 7 to 9 vertical bands.

1872.] EF. Day—Honograph of Indian Cyprinide. 3

A. With four barbels. (Pachystomus.)

1. Bariitus (Pachystomus) RERIO.

Cyprinus rerio, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 323, 390; *Cuv. and Val., xvi,

p. 406.

Perilampus striatus, McClell., Ind, Cyp., pp. 290, 397, pl. 46, fig. 1, (from H. By

MS.)

Barilius rerio, *Gtinther, Catal., vii, p. 292.

Danio UVineatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 198, and 1869, p. 378.

Poncha-geraldi. Uriah.

B. 111. D. 2/7, P. 18, V. 8, A. 3/12, C. 19, L. 1. 26—28, L. tr. 6.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/4, height of body 1/4, of dorsal fin

2/13, of the total length —Hyes: diameter nearly 1/3 of length of head, 1/2

a diameter from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Lower jaw the long-

er; rostal barbels short, maxillary ones reaching the opercle.—Zteth :

pharyngeal, crooked, poimted, 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5—Hins : dorsal commences oppo-

site the anal, and slightly before the middle of the total length ; dorsal and

anal highest anteriorly; caudal deeply forked.—Lateral line: absent.—

Colours: about four metallic blue lines along the sides and forming three

bands on the caudal fin. Dorsal with a blue edging. Anal with three

longitudinal blue bands.

Hab.—Bengal and Madras, attaiming to about 2 inches in length.

Hamilton Buchanan and McClelland give 17 rays as existing in the anal fin.

2. Barrirus (Pachystomus) PISCATORIUS.

Opsarius piscatorius, McClell., Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist. 11, 1842, p. 582.

Barilius alburnus, Ginther, Catal., vii, p. 289.

Charl, Panj.

B 1it. D. 2/7, P. 16, V. 9, A. a ©) 19) in 1) 42 tr. 8/4

Vert. 16/23.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

leneth.— Eyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout.

The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to beneath the middle of the

orbit ; lower jaw slightly the longer. Third suborbital bone twice as deep

as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Humeral process very

short. Rostral barbels nearly half as long as the head, maxillary pair very

short.— Teeth: pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 3, 2 /2, 3, 5.—Fins : dorsal higher than

long, commencing midway between the posterior edge of the orbit and the

root of the caudal, its last two rays being over the anal ; pectoral not quite

so long as the head; caudal deeply forked—Colowrs: ten dark bands

descend from the back to the lateral line; fins yellowish, the edge of the

caudal stained greyish.

Hab.—Rivers in the Sub-Himalayas and Ganges, where it attains above

five inches in length. Also Nipal and Sikkim. It does not appear im-

A FE. Day—Monograph of Indian Oyprinide. [Nowa

probable that specimens “ a—é, 43 inches long, from the collection of the

East India Company” now in the British Museum, may have been a por-

tion of the ten typical specimens of O. piscatorius, McClelland, which

were presented by him to the East India Museum, (see McClelland’s list in

Cal. Journ. of Nat. Hist.,) and now form types of B. albwrnus, Gunther.

3. Barrrus (Pachystomus) RADIOLATUS.

Barilius radiolatus, Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 287.

Bes 2/8) Pde V9 A 2/ LOC 19) Mi 5 G5 Ur tr ey ee

Length of head 2/9, height of body 2/9 of the total length, excluding

the caudal fin. The specimens in the British Museum are in a very bad

state, having apparently been dried and subsequently placed im spirit by the

Messrs. von Schlagintweit, or else when just caught immersed in alco-

hol which was too strong, and subsequently shaken about until their

tails were destroyed—Hyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter

from end of snout, and rather more apart. The posterior extremity of the

maxilla extends to a little behind the front edge of the orbit; lower jaw

projects slightly when the mouth is closed. The third suborbital bone near-

ly reaches the preopercular ridge. Humeral process short. Two pairs of

short barbels.—Hins: the dorsal higher than long, commencing midway

between the eye and the root of the caudal fin, its last ray not extending so

far as to arise above the anal. Caudal apparently deeply forked.

Hab.—Central India.

4, Bariurus (Pachystomus) MODESTUS.

? Opsarius bicirrhatus, McClelland, Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii, 1842, p. 582.

? Barilius bicirrhatus, *Ginther, Catal., vii, p. 290.

9 2 v5,

B UE D2) Pils, V9, A eee C19) aa es

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/11, height of body 2/9 of the total

lenoth.—Hyes: situated mm the anterior half of the head, and 3/4 of a

diameter from the end of snout. Suborbital rmg of bones wide, the third

nearly touching the preopercular ridge. Upper jaw slightly the longer; the

posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the middle of the orbit.

Rostral barbels extend to beneath the front margin of the eye; the maxil-

lary pair minute. Humeral process short. ims : dorsal two-thirds as high

as the body below it, commencing midway between the posterior extremity

of the caudal lobes and the snout: it is entirely, or all but the last ray, in

advance of the anal. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, but not reaching

the ventrals, which last extend half way to the base of the anal.—Lateral

line: very slightly concave—Scales deciduous, two and a half rows between

the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin—Oolowrs: back brownish,

1872.] F.. Day— Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 5

strongly defined from the silvery sides ; caudal edged with dark; the other

fins yellow.

Hab.—The Ravi river at Lahore, where it attains four inches in length

and is not uncommon.

This fish differs in coloration from McClelland’s, which, he observes, has

nine incomplete bars on the sides. The reason of this may be, that his speci-

mens were obtained from the Khyber pass and Kabul river, where coloration

is probably more vivid; as, however, the species possesses a pair of minute

maxillary barbels, McClelland’s name, (provided both are identical), is a mis-

nomer.

5. Baris (Pachystomus) BuEEKERI.

Eeihie | 2/7, P18, V9) A ae joe Oy Ty ae, a

Length of head 1/5, of caudal, 1/6, height of dorsal 1/7, of body 1/5

of the total length —FHyes : diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a diame-

ter from end of snout. Lower jaw slightly the longer, having pores on its

lower surface, but none on the snout; the posterior extremity of the maxilla

extends to beneath the middle of the orbit. Third suborbital bone not

quite half as wide as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Humeral

process small. Four long barbels, the rostral extending to below the pos-

terior third of the orbit, the maxillary to about the same place. ims:

dorsal rather higher than its base is long, but not so high as the body below

it, commencing midway between the snout and middle of the length of the

caudal fin, its last one or two rays being over the anal; the lower caudal

lobe slightly the longer. Pectoral as long as the head without the snout, and

extending three-fourths of the distance to the ventral which does not reach

the anal.—Scales : with several raised lines on each; two and a half rows

between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin——Colowrs: silvery, be-

coming white beneath, and having a purplish tinge along the back ; seven

short vertical blue bars along the middle of the side. Fins orange; caudal

stained on its outer edge.

Hab.—A river at Ganegrete, which joins the Beeas in the Sub-Hima-

layan range. It is asmall species and out of six specimens obtained the

largest was only three inches in length, and was said to be adult ; it was full

of ova.

6. Bariius (Pachystomus) SHACRA.

Cyprinus shacra, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 271, 385.

Barbus schagra, *Cuy. and Val., xvi, p. 196.

Opsarius cirrhatus, McClell., Indian Cyp., pp. 296, 416, pl. 56, fig. 5,

(from H. B. MS.)

Shacra cwrrhatus, Gtinther, Catal. vii, p. 294.

‘Girha, Panj.

Pew 2/7, Ba hoy Vis 8X. 2/8, C. 195 1, 1538; i. tr: 1179.

6 F. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinidae. [No. 1,

Length of head, of caudal and of height of body each 2/9, of the dorsal

fin 2/13 of the total length—Hyes: diameter 2/7 of length of head,

1 diameter from end of snout. Maxillary barbels as long as the eye, the

rostral slightly longer. The maxilla reaches to below the anterior margin of

the orbit; third suborbital bone as wide as the uncovered portion of the

cheek below it. Humeral process extends to rather behind the origin of the

pectoral fin.— Teeth : pharyngeal, 5, 4/4, 5, crooked.— Fins : dorsal commences

midway between the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the

caudal fin, its last ray is over the first of the anal. The four outer pectoral

rays strong. Caudal deeply forked.—Gz/l rakers absent— Lateral line:

goes to the centre of the base of the caudal fin —Colowrs : back olive, rest

of the body pinkish silvery ; about twelve incomplete bars go from the back

downwards towards the lateral line. The lower two-thirds of the vertical

fins stained.

Hab.—Bengal, Bihar, N. W. Provinces and Asam. The species is

said to attain 5 inches in length.

7. Barris (Pachystomus) BENDELISIS.

Cyprinus bendelisis, Buchanan, Journ. Mysore, iii, p. 345, pl. 32, and Fishes of

Ganges, pp. 270, 385; *McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 297, 418.

Gobio bendilisis, *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 316.

Barilius bendelisis, Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 288.

B. IIT. D. 2/7, P. 13, V. 9, A. 3/8, C. 19, L. 1. 48, L. tr. 8/4.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/9, of dorsal fin

1/6 of the total length— yes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter

from end of snout and apart. No pores on snout ; the posterior extremity

of the maxilla reaches to below the anterior third of the orbit. The third

suborbital bone more than twice as high as the uncovered portion of the

cheek below it. Four short barbels. Humeral process styliform and scarce-

ly elongated.—Fins : dorsal much higher than its base is long, commen-

cing slightly nearer the snout than the posterior extremity of the caudal,

and not extending to over the anal; caudal forked, lobes rather poimted.—

Lateral line : with 23 rows between it and the ventral fin —Colowrs : silvery,

with greenish vertical bars, descending towards the lateral line; dorsal fin

stained greyish in its centre, externally white ; caudal likewise stained grey.

Some of the scales have occasionally a black spot at their bases. Humeral

process silvery.

Hab.—Mysore and Southern India, attaining 43 inches in length.

8. Bariius (Pachystomus) cocsa.

Cyprinus cocsa, Ham, Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 272, 385, pl. 3, fig. 77.

chedra, Ham. Buch,, l.c. pp. 273, 385; Gray and Hardw., Il. Ind.

Zool., (from H. B. MS.) ; McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 298, 409; *Cuy. and

Val., xvi, p. 421.

; tila, Ham. Buch., 1. c. pp..274, 8385; *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 422.

te)

1872.] F. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinide. 7

Leuciscus cocsa, branchiatus, et brachiatus, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 293, 294, 409,

411, pl. 42, fig. 5, *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 469.

Barbus cocsa, Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 197.

Cyprinus apiatus, Val., in Jacq. Voy. Ind. Or., Atl., t. 15, fig. 3; McClelland Ind.

Cyp., pp. 293. 408.

Leuciscus apiatus, Cuy. and Val., xvii, pp. 351, 495, pl. 510.

Opsarius dualis (?) Jerdon, M. J. L. and §., 1849, p 330.

Chedrus cocsa, Stein., Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1867, lvi.

Barilius cocsa, Giinther, Catal., vii, p 288.

Khoksa, Bae. Puckwahree, ze ue a, Mah.

BIL D.—, P. 18, V.9, 2, ——

Length of Ho A, of caudal 16 an of ae nearly 1/4, of dorsal

fin 1/6 of the total length—Hyes: diameter 1/4 of length of head,

1 diameter from end of snout, and 17 apart. In large specimens the snout

is generally covered with pores. The posterior extremity of the maxilla

extends to below the anterior third of the orbit. Third suborbital bone as

wide as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Humeral process

generally very broad, and posteriorly produced in a lancet shaped form, more

or less elongated in different specimens. Four short barbels.—Zeeth : pharyn-

geal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4,5.—Fims: dorsal much higher than its base is long, it

commences midway between the snout and the centre of the caudal fin, and

does not extend to over the anal; caudal forked, lower lobe the longer.—

Lateral line : 24 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin.—

Colours : silvery shot with purple ; back of a slaty grey descending in bars

towards the lateral line and most distinct in immature specimens. Hach scale in

adults with a black spot at its base, and two on each forming the lateral line.

Fins whitish, tinged with orange. A grey margin to the dorsal and caudal,

the lower lobe of which is sometimes stained black. Humeral process black-

edged. :

Hab.—Continent of India, not recorded from the Malabar coast. It

attains 6 inches in length.

B. With two barbels, (Bendilisis.)

9. Bariius (Bendilisis) vacra.

Cyprimus vagra, Ham, Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 269, 385; *Cuv. and Val., xvi,

p. 420.

Opsarius isocheilus, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 298, 421, pl. 56, fig. 1, (H. B. ae

Jo 0A D, 2/7, P. 15, V.9, A. 2, C. 19, L. 1. 4245, L. tr. 2

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/4, height of body 1/4, of teas fin

2/11 of the total length.—ZHyes : diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a

diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. The posterior extremity of

the maxilla extends to below the middle of the orbit; the third suborbital

ig ee

8 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 1,

bone nearly touches the preopercular ridge. Two short rostral barbels.

Humeral process short.—Fims : dorsal commences midway between the pos-

terior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin——JZateral line:

13 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin.—Colowrs : silvery with a

light band and indistinct vertical bars.

Hab.—Bengal and N. W. Provinces, attaining 5 inches in length.

10. Bartiius (Bendilisis) BARmA.

Cyprinus barila, Ham. Buch., Fish. Gang., pp. 267, 384; *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 418.

es chedrio, Ham. Buch., 1. c. pp. 268, 384; *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 419.

Opsarius anisocheilus, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 298, 422, pl. 48, fig. 8.

Barilius morarensis, Gunther, Catal., vii, p. 290.

3 barila, Giinther, 1. c. p. 291; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 378.

Gilland and Caedra, Beng. -Persee, Hind.

Te MUL Dye 1s ay Ns = ©. 19, L. 1. 483—46, L. tr. 64/5.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal nearly 1/5, height of body 1/4, of dorsal fin

1/6 of the total leneth.— Lyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter from

end of snout and apart. The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to be-

low the anterior third of the orbit. Third suborbital bone wide and nearly

touching the preopercular ridge. Rostral barbels, small—veth : pharyngeal,

crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5.— Fins: dorsal commences midway between

the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin.—Colowrs :

silvery, with fourteen or fifteen vertical blue bands in the middle third of

the side of the fish.

Hab.—Bengal and Orissa, grows to 4 inches in length.

11. Barirus (Bendilisis) NIGROFASCIATUS.

Barilius nigrofasciatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 620.

? Cyprinus chapalio, Ham. Buch., pp. 324, 390, *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 416.

Le UD DS Ay, lela, our Ny Pyle, (Ci 1S) We S30) be ae, 7

Length of head 2/11, of caudal nearly 1/3, height of body 2/7 of the

total length—Hyes: diameter nearly 1/2 of length of head, 1/4 of a

diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Lower jaw prominent.

No rostral barbels apparent, the maxillary extend to below the middle of the

orbit.— Fins : dorsal situated over the first portion of the anal, and midway

between the posterior extremity of the orbit and the base of the caudal,

which last is lunated.—Lateral line, absent.—Colowrs: very similar to

B. rerio, H. B- A dark band passes along the side of the body, and a

second dotted line below it. Dorsal and anal spotted with black in lines.

In some specimens the body is intensely blue.

Hab.—Pegu and Moulmein. Out of 20 specimens none exceeded 7/10

of an inch in length.

1872. ] F. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinide. 9

C. Without barbels (Barilius).

12. Bariiius Baxert, Pl. I, Fig. 2.

Barilius Bakeri, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 805, and Fish, Malabar, p. 218,

pl. 18.

Pieropsarion Bakeri, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 284.

een Ps, yo, A C17, 1. 1 88,1. tr. 9/4.

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/7, of dorsal 1/6 of

the total length—Hyes : diameter about 1/4 of length of head, 1 diameter

from end of snout, 1? diameters apart. Mouth compressed, lower jaw the

longer, the posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to nearly below the

centre of the orbit. Some pores exist along the margin of the lower lip, on

the snout, and on the anterior edge of the preorbital. No barbels.—Zveth :

pharyngeal, curved and pointed, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5.—ins : dorsal commences

nearly midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal,

extending to above the fourth anal ray; caudal forked, lower lobe very

slightly longer.—Lateral line : 2 rows of scales between it and base of the

ventral fin— Colours : greyish becoming white on the abdomen. A row of

large bluish spots along the side. Dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins margined

with white, and having dark grey bases. Caudal, grey in the centre.

Hab.—Hill ranges of Travancore, whence I received several specimens

collected by the Rev. H. Baker. It attains six inches in length.

18. Barrtrus CANARENSIS.

Opsarius Canarensis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8., 1849, p. 329.

Barilius Canarensis, Day, Proc, Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 374.

B. II. D, 2/10, P. 15, V. 9, A. =, 0. 21, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 9/4.

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/9, height of body 1/4 of the total

length.— Eyes : diameter 1/4 of length of head, more than 1 diameter from

end of snout. This species is very similar to the B. gatensis, C. and V., differ-

ing however in a few points: less rays in the dorsal fin, the lower caudal

lobe decidedly the longer; the dorsal fin commences midway between the

snout and the base of the caudal; the lower jaw the wider, the maxillary

extends to below the anterior margin of the orbit. No barbels.—Lateral

line : 25 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin—Colowrs : greenish

above, golden on the sides, a double row of large green spots along the body

as far as to above the base of the anal fin where they become confluent.

Fins grey, with broad white margins.

Hab.—Canara on the Western coast ; attaining 6 inches in length.

10 EF. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprimde. [No. 1,

14. BarinIvus GATENSIS.

Leuciscus gatensis, Cuy. and Val., xvii, p. 309, pl. 503.

Opsarius gatensis, *Bleeker, Pro. Cyp., p. 288.

3 Malabaricus, *Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 328. j

Barilius gatensis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 291; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 373.

Barilius rugosus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 294; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 291.

Aart-candee, Tam. “ River carp.”

Ble | PSs" P15, VO = C. 1S) Le On liens

8 12—13

Length of head nearly 1/4, of caudal a little above 1/6, height of body

1/4, of dorsal 1/8 of the total length.— yes : diameter 2/7 of length of head,

1 diameter from end of snout, 14 diameters apart. Cleft of mouth extend-

ing to below the centre of the orbit. The third suborbital bone is about

three times as broad as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. ‘The

anterior portion of the snout and the sides of the jaws covered with large

glands ; a few more likewise on the lower jaw. No barbels.—Zéeth : pharyngeal,

crooked, pointed, 5,4, 2/2, 4,5.—Fins : dorsal commences midway between

the end of the snout and the middle of the caudal fin, extending to above

the third anal ray. Caudal moderately lobed, the lower very slightly the

longer.—Lateral line: 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ven-

tral fin——Colours : silvery grey with about 15 vertical bars descending from

the back. Dorsal and anal with dark bases and light margins. The females

and young generally have smooth scales, whereas most of the adult males

have one or more rough spots on each.

Hab.—Western Ghats and Neilgherry hills, attaining 6 inches in

length.

15. Bartcrus TILE0.

Cyprinus tileo, Ham. Buch., Fish. Gang. pp. 276, 385: *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 426.

Opsarius maculatus, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 297, 417, pl. 47, f. 4.

Bs brachialis, McClell., loc, cit. pp. 297, 418, pl. 48, fig. 6; *Cuy. and Val. xvi,

p. 471.

Barilius tileo, Steind., Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1867, lvi; Gimther, Catal. vii,

p- 287.

Tilei, Asam.

2. 00, ID, iG, 12 WB, eo, A a ©. 19, L. 1. 70, L. tr. 14/5.

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/11, height of body 2/7 of the total

length. The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to below the anterior

margin of the orbit. The third suborbital bone is more than twice as broad

as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. No barbels.—Colowrs : two

rows of greenish blue spots along the sides.

Hab.—Bengal and Asim ; attaining 8 inches in length.

1872.] EF. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinidae. a.

16. Barrivs PAPILLATUS.

Day, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 378.

eee Dye, Els v9, AC. 2, t . 89, WV. tr. a.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/7, of dorsal fin 2/11,

of the total length.—Hyes : diameter 1/3 of length of head, nearly 1 diameter

from end of snout. Third suborbital bone thrice as deep as the uncovered por-

tionof the cheek below. Humeral process rather narrow. The posterior extre-

mity of the maxilla reaches to below the anterior margin of orbit. No bar-

bels— Fins : dorsaleommences midway between the posterior margin of the

orbit and the base of the caudal, its last ray is thickened and reaches the caudal

when laid flat. ‘The inner rays of the ventral are likewise thickened. Cau-

dal with rounded lobes.—Scales, with a few elevated spots on each.—Lateral

line : 34 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin.—Colowrs :

yellowish, the back grey, and from seven to nine broad and deep blue bands

from the back to the abdominal profile. Dorsal fin stained grey in its upper

third and caudal in its last third.

Hab.—Cossye river ; attaining 3 inches in length. A variety exists in

the Mahanuddi with the eye somewhat smaller, and the opercle narrower, but

in other respects it agrees with the typical form. Also found at Birbhum

in Bengal, where it is tolerably abundant in the Mora river.

17. Bartirus Bota. PI. I, Fig. 3.

Cyprinus bola, Ham. Buch., Fish. Gang., pp. 274, 385; *Cuy. and Val., xvi,

p. 423.

Fr goha, Ham. Buch., loc. cit. pp. 275,385: Gray and Hard. (from H. B.

MSS.) ; *Cuv. and Val. xvi, p. 424.

Opsarius gracilis, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 297, 419, pl. 47, fig. 1.

op megastomus, McClell., loc. cit., pp. 298, 420, pl. 48, fig. 5.

Leuciscus salmoides, Blyth, J. A. S. of B. 1858, p. 289.

Barilius gona, Steind., Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1867, lvi.

Bola goha, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 293.

Opsarius goha, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 379.

Bugguah, Uriah. Korang, Asim. Bola, Beng. Buggarah, Hind.

Ee Des P18, ¥-9,A. - C. 19, L. 1. 88, L. tr. ——

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/11, height of body nearly 1/5, of dor-

sal fin 1/8 of the total length.— Hyes : diameter 1/5 to 1/6 of length of head,

14 diameters from end of snout, and apart. Dorsal profile rather more con-

vex than the abdominal. Head compressed, snout pointed, a well developed

knob on symphysis of the lower jaw. Suborbital ring of bones wide,

especially the third which is wider than the opercle. Mouth deeply cleft,

the posterior extremity of the maxilla extending nearly one diameter of the

12 EF. Day—Jonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 1,

orbit behind the posterior margin of the eye. No barbels—Wins: dorsal

commences midway between the origin of the ventral and anal fins, its last

ray being over the first of the anal. Caudal lobed, the lower lobe slightly the

longer.—Colowrs : silvery with two or more vertical rows of bluish blotches

along the sides, the upper bemg about twelve to fifteen, and the lower inter-

mediate ; some spots also on the head. Lower half of the dorsal fin shghtly

grey. Caudal orange, stamed with grey and black. Pectoral, ventral, and

anal orange, the colours being somewhat similar to those of a trout; it

often goes by that name amongst Europeans.

Hab.—Orissa, Bengal, N. W. Provinces and Asém, attaming a foot in

length.

18. BariLius GuTTatvs.

Opsarius guttatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 620.

B.A. D277, Polos VO, ANSTO) 17) a 4a es teag/oe

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/11, of dorsal fin

2/13 of the total length.—Hyes: diameter nearly 1/5 of length of head,

1; diameters from end of snout and apart. Cleft of mouth deep, extending

nearly one diameter behind the orbit. A well developed knob above sym-

physis of lower jaw. Suborbitals very broad, more especially the last which

is nearly behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit. No

barbels.— Fins : dorsal commences midway between the posterior extremity

of the orbit and the base of the caudal, being opposite the interspace between

the ventral and anal fins. Caudal forked, lower lobe slightly the longer—

Colowrs: silvery, shot with purple, two rows of blue spots along the side.

Lower caudal lobe orange, its upper lobe with a dark edging.

Hab.—Trawadi from Prome to Mandalay ; attaining 7 inches in length.

19. BaRrinius INTERRUPTUS.

Bavilius interruptus, Day, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 559.

1 EER 1D, 7 2 Os OOO TO The BA. TO. Se Z

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/7, of dorsal fin

2/11 of the total length Hyes: diameter 2/5 of length of head, rather

more than 1/2 a diameter from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Lower

jaw slightly the longer. Third suborbital bone about twice as wide as the

uncovered portion of the cheek below it. The posterior extremity of the

maxilla extends to below the anterior third of the orbit. Humeral process

very slightly developed. No barbels.— Teeth : pharyngeal, uncinate, 5, 4, 2/2

4, 5.—Hins: dorsal commences in advance of the anal, and midway

between the posterior margin of the opercle, and the base of the caudal fin,

which latter is forked in its posterior three-fourths.—LZateral line: descends

1872. | EF. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 13

gently for five scales, then more abruptly for two more, and having been

continued along five more scales to above the ventral fin, it ceases.—Colours :

silvery, with short vertical bars along the middle of the side. The upper

seales with black spots.

Hab.—Hotha, whence Dr. J. Anderson brought many specimens mea-

suring up to 2 inches in length, having collected them when attached to the

Yunan expedition.

20. BARILIUS BARNA.

Cyprinus barna, Ham. Buch., Fish., Ganges, pp. 268, 384; *Cuv. and Val. xvi,

p. 419.

Opsarius fasciatus, Me.CleU., Ind. Cyp., pp. 269, 417, pl. 48, fig. 9.

a latipinnatus et acanthopterus, McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 298, 422,+

pl. 48, fig. 7; *Cuv. and Val. xvi, p. 472.

Barilius barna, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 290; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 378.

Bahri, Uriah. Baliswndree, Asimese.

Be Wel D. = ,P.18, Te OA = OL IG), Th, 2D, Ti, Ge. =

Length uf head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/7, of dorsal

fin 1/6 of the total length—Ayes : diameter 2/5 of length of head, 2/3 of

a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Third suborbital bone

twice as broad as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Humeral

process slightly developed. The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches

to beneath the anterior third of the orbit.—Hins: the dorsal commences

rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, its posterior rays, when

laid flat, merely reach half way to the base of the caudal fin—Lateral line :

2+ rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin——Oolours : nine

bluish black vertical bands on the body. Dorsal and caudal fins tipped with

black.

Hab.—Orissa, Bengal, Asim, attaining 4 inches or more in length.

A variety exists in the Mahanuddi river, which has the dorsal fin more

elevated, the eye slightly larger, and the cleft of the mouth a little greater.

21. BaRInIUS BORELIO.

Cyprinus borelio, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 336, 392; *Cuv. and Val., xvi,

p 443.

*5 solio, Ham. Buch., loc. cit. pp. 337, 392; *Cuv. and Val., xvi, p. 444.

Boreli and Soli, Beng.

Pele D7 PS, V9, 1A. 2/9, C. 1851. 1. 39, 1. tr. 7/7.

Length of head nearly 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the

total length Hyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of

+ McClelland in his errata directs O. latipinnatus to be substituted at p, 422 for

O. acanthopterus.

14 EF. Day—Lonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 1,

snout. Suborbital ring of bones broad, the third nearly covering the cheek.

The posterior extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the anterior third of

the orbit. No barbels. — Fins : dorsal arises midway between the eye and the

base of the caudal, its anterior rays as long as the head without the snout,

the posterior rays extend half way to the caudal fin which is lobed.—Scales :

2+ rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin.—Colowrs :

silvery, above tinged with green, lighter below ; fins yellowish, the upper half

of the dorsal stained greyish. LHyes silvery.

Hab.—Gangetic provinces ; attaining 4 inches in length. The Solio is

said to differ in its abdomen not being yellow, and having a scale-like

appendant above both pectorals and ventrals.

22.* BARILIUS HOALIUS.

Cyprinus hoalius, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 336, 392; *Cuy. and Val., xvi,

p. 442.

Hayali, Beng.

B. III. D.9, V. 9, A. 10.

“ Form much compressed, straightish above and prominent below. * % *

The head is small, the jaws equal in length, « « « the lateral line is bent

parallel to the edge of the belly.’—Fims : “ The fin of the tail is divided into

two lobes.” —Colours : green above, silvery below.

Hab.—Rivers in Northern Bengal ; attaining six inches in length.

Genus. Danio, Ham. Buch. sp. (see Pl. 1.)

Perilampus sp., McClelland,

Paradonio et Devario, Bleeker.

Body compressed, abdomen rounded. Pseudobranchie present. Mouth

narrow, directed obliquely upwards. Suborbitals broad. Barbels four, or

two, or none. Pharyngeal teeth hooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3,5. Dorsal fin moder-

ately elongated, its posterior rays being opposite the anal which is long.

Scales of moderate size. Lateral line eoncave, passing to the lower half of

the tail. Guill rakers short.

Geographical distribution —These prettily marked little fish are found

throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Domio devario, D. ao iN, ao L. 1, 41. No barbels. Orissa, Bengal,

Asim.

2, » spinosus, D. = A. -, L. 1. 52. No barbels, ora short rostral pair,

One or two spines on the margin of the orbit. Pegu.

Z A 3 L. 1. 34—40. Rostral barbels. South Malabar.

3. 5 auvrolineatus, D. 7p?» 45?

1872.] EF. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 15

4. » Uneolatus, D. <A. 5, L. 1. 33. Rostral and maxillary barbels. Svk-

kim, Tenasserim.

5. » dangila, D. 2/11, A. =. Two pairs of long barbels. Bengal and Bihar.

*6. >, chrysops, D. 13, A. 20. No barbels. Bengal.

Ue 5, Neilgherriensis, D. A, a L. 1. 35. Rostral and sometimes

eae

O07 ~~ i

maxillary barbels. Neilgherry Hills, Madras.

8. 3 osteographus, D. 2/11, A. = L. 1. 35—37. Rostral and usually

maxillary barbels. India and Ceylon.

2 » equipinnatus, D. 13, A, 13, L. 1. 32.

1. DaNto DEVARIO.

Cyprinus devario, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 341, 393, pl. 6, ne 94; *Cuy.

and Val., xvi, p. 446.

Perilamypus devario, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 288, 391, pl. Ad, fig, 2

Devario Macclellandi, *Bleeker, Proc. Cyp. p. 283.

Danio devario, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 284; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 377.

Bonkuaso, ae Debari, Beng.

Bs =D:

Besta, 1.1/5:

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/4, height of body 1/3, of dorsal fin 1/5

of the total length—Hyes: diameters 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a

diameter from end of snout, 12 diameters apart. Posterior extremity of

maxilla extends to beneath the anterior margin of the orbit ; lower jaw the

longer. Third suborbital bone broad. No barbels.— Fins : dorsal commences

slightly anteriorly to the anal, and midway between the anterior margin of the

orbit and the base of the caudal. In some specimens from Asam the anal

had 19 rays. In a few from the Garo Hills there are D. 2/17, A 2/17.—

Caudal linated.— Lateral line : 24 rows of scales between it and the base of the

ventral fin.—Colowrs : greenish superiorly,silvery white inferiorly. The anterior

part of the body is reticulated in its centre by steel-blue lines, divided from

one another by narrow yellow bands. Three bluish lines are contimued to-

wards the caudal fin, where the two lower amalgamate, and passing up-

wards become lost on the superior half of the caudal fin.

Hab.—Orissa, Bengal, N. W. Provinces and Asam; attaming 4 inches

in length.

ee a azy

2. DANIO SPINOSUS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 621.

Wt. Oy a 1, 1 We YB = C. 19, L. 1. 52, L. tr. 15/4.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/3 of the total

length.— yes : diameter 2,7 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of

16 EF. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 1,

snout and apart. Body strongly compressed: a slight concavity over the

occiput. Lower jaw prominent, having a strong hook fitting into an emar-

gination in the upper jaw when the mouth is closed. In adults there is a

sharp spine directed forwards above the anterior superior margin of the

orbit, and a second broader and blunter before the centre of the anterior

orbital margin. In immature examples these spines are equally sharp. No bar-

bels.— Fins : the dorsal commences midway between the posterior extremity

of the orbit and the base of the caudal, its first five or six rays are in

advance of the anal. Caudal lunate.—JZateral line: 34 rows of scales

between it and the base of the ventral fin—Colowrs : silvery, with an ill-

defined lateral band, and some vertical yellow limes in the anterior half of

the body. Dorsal and anal greyish, with reddish margins anteriorly. In

the immature there is a dark humeral spot, and a steel-blue lateral band goes

to the centre of the caudal fin, which has a scarlet stripe along the last half

of its centre.

Hab.—Pegu ; attaining four inches in length.

3. Danio avroxineatus, Pl. I, Fig. 1.

Perilampus aurolineatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 306.

0 aradanio, Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 219, pl. xvii, fig. 2.

Danio malabaricus, Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 283 (not Jerdon).

B. III. D. 2/12, P. 14, V. 7, A. 3/15, L. 1. 8440, L. tr. 8/4.

Length of head nearly 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/3, of dorsal

fin 1/7 of the total length —Hyes: diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of

a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Lower jaw anterior, ©

having a distinct knob at its extremity. Rostral barbels present, half as

long as the eye—Zveth : pharyngeal, curved, pointed 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5—Fins :

dorsal commences nearer the snout than the posterior extremity of the

caudal fin, and opposite the anal. Colowrs : three or four steel-blue lines pass

along the body.

Hab.—South Malabar, attaining 3 inches in length.

4. DANIO LINEOLATUS.

Leuciscus lineolatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. of Bengal, 1858, p. 289.

Perilampus affinis, Blyth, loc. cit. 1860, p. 163.

Danio Vineolatus, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 282.

ice OUE be syAl Oy Nee lay Nye fey ey yO NG) 10 IG SS Ib. ne, 5/3).

Length of head 1/4, height of body 1/4 of the total length—Ayes :

diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout. Barbels

well developed, the rostral ones being nearly as long as the eye, and the

maxillary one-third shorter.—Colowrs: a dusky spot behind the gill covers.

1872. ] EF. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 17

Three straight bluish bands, divided from one sunpalnet by yellow ones, pass

along the sides to the tail.

Hab.—Sikkim and Tenasserim provinces. Mr. Blyth gives D. 12,

A. 14, for D. lineolatus, and D. 13, A. 16, for D. affinis : as, however, I find

those numbers in the former, as does also Dr. Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 282, I

have considered that some error must have occurred.

5. DanrIoO DANGILA.

Cyprinus dangila, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 321, 390; *Cuv. and Val. xvia

p. 403.

Perilampus reticulatus, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 290, 397, pl. 45, fig. 1, (from H.

B’s MSS-)

Danio dangila, ee Atl. Ich. p. 29; *Gtinther, Catal., vii, p. 282.

Length of a ue of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/7 of the total

length.—Hyes: diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a diameter from

end of snout. Lower jaw the longer, with a distinct knob at symphysis,

mouth oblique. MRostral barbels a little shorter than the head; maxillary

pair shghtly longer.— ims: the posterior dorsal rays are above the anterior

ones of the anal. Caudal slightly emarginate-——Colowrs : back olive colour,

abdomen silvery, sides with several narrow blue lines which in the ante-

rior half, or two-thirds, of the body form a beautiful network ; a dark spot

behind gill covers. Anal fin with two or three blue stripes.

Hab.—Bengal and Bihar; grows to 5 or 6 inches in length. Dazrjil-

ing.

6.* DANIO CHRYSOPS.

Leuciscus chrysops, *Cuy. and Val., xvii, p. 3808.

B. III. D. 18, A. 20, C. 19, L. 1. 45.

Length of head 1/5, of body 3/11 of the total length.— Hyes : diameter

2/5 of length of head. Snout obtuse, upper jaw the longer.—fins: dorsal

and anal pointed ; caudal slightly forked.—Lateral line curves downwards

in the pectoral region.—Colowrs silvery.

Hab.—Bengal, size of recorded specimen 3 inches and 9 lines.

7. Danio NEImGHERRIENSIS.

Paradenio Nilgherriensis, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p, 296.

Danio Nilgherriensis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 283.

Cowlie, Tamil.

Be. TIT D0 Fe 1 V9 A eee 1on le 35, a

Vert,

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/9, height of body 1/4, of dorsal fin

1/8 of the total length— yes : diameter 1/3 of length of head, 2/3 of a

18 F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinde. [No. 1,

diameter from end of snout, 14 diameters apart. Abdominal profile more

convex than the dorsal one. Lower jaw anterior, with a sight knob at its

extremity ; a pair of short rostral barbels, and sometimes rudimentary maxil-

lary ones.— Teeth : pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 2/2,4, 5.—ins : dorsal

commences midway between the end of the snout and the middle of the

caudal fin, it extends to above the fourth or fifth anal ray. Caudal emarginate

in its last fourth —Lateral line : carves downwards in the pectoral region.—

Colours : back greenish, sides silvery, with a purplish tinge along the abdomen;

a badly marked broad, steel-blue stripe, extending from behind the eye to the

caudal fin and bounded above and below by a narrow yellow edging.

Hab.—Rivers on Neilgherry Hills ; attainimg 33 inches in length.

8. Danio OSTEOGRAPHUS.

Perilampus osteographus, McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 289, 392, pl. 45, fig. 3,

(erroneously numbered, pl. 56, fig. 9,) *Cuv. and Val. xvi, p. 468.

? Chela alburna, Heckel, Fische Kaschmir, p. 390, c. fig.

Perilampus Malabaricus, Jerdon, M. J. L. & 8. 1849, p. 325, (Male).

5 Canarensis, Jerdon, |. c. p. 325, (Female).

ES Mysoricus, Jerdon, |. c. p. 325.

? Danio albwrnus, *Gtinther, Catal. vii, p. 283.

» micronema, Bleeker, Mem. Soc. Holl. Haarlem, 1864, Ceylon, p. 19, t. 4,

fig, 2; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 282; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 560;

1870, p. 374.

», Uneolatus, Bleeker, 1. c. p. 19, fig. 3.

Devario cyanotenia, *Bleeker, Prod. Cyp. p. 283.

Paradanio awrolineatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 296.

1ey UNE, De yA es Ilse Mey et, = C. 19, L. 1. 85—87, L. tr. 73/3.

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/11, height of body 2/7, of dorsal fin

1/8 of the total length.— yes : diameter 1/5 of length of head, 1 diameter

from end of snout. Rostral barbels half as long as the orbit, maxillary

ones very short. In some specimens the latter are entirely absent.—Colowrs :

back steel-blue ; some irregular vertical yellow lines on the fore-part of the

body, and three or four blue bands along the sides, the central ones

coalescing, so as to form a broad bluish band down to the middle of the

caudal fin.

Hab.—India and Ceylon ; attaining 6 inches in length.

9. Danio HQUIPINNATUS.

Perilampus equipimnatus, McClelland, Ind. Cyp. p. 393, pl. 60, f. 1.

Pteropsarion equipimmnatus, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 285.

2 2 fos a Ui

JOR AE AD} ae? PEST PWC i Sean say C. 19, L. 1, 32-34, L. tr. at

Length of head 1/5, of caudal nearly 1/5, height of body 1/4 of the

total length.—_Hyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of

snout. ostral barbels extend to the middle of the orbit, the maxillary ones

1872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 19

minute. Cleft of mouth oblique and extending to under the anterior mar-

gin of the orbit, a bluntish knob at the symphysis. Tongue thick and trans-

versely corrugated. In large specimens, the posterior 2/3 of the inferior

surface of the lower jaw is dilated, so that they nearly meet at the anterior

extremity of the enlarged portion ; a row of well-developed glands along the

margin of the mandible.— ims : the dorsal arises midway between the centre

of the orbit and the base of the tail, extending to over the anterior anal

rays, it is 2/3 as high as the body. Pectoral as long as head without the

snout, reaching the ventral which last does not extend as far as the anal.

Caudal forked.—Colowrs : several horizontal blue bars, the largest along the

middle line of the body and continued on to the tail.

Hab.—Base of Garo Hills.

B. A PORTION OR THE WHOLE OF THE ABDOMINAL EDGE TRENCHANT.

a. Dorsal fin opposite the anal, which latter is elongated (9 to 21

branched rays.)

Genus Prertmampus, MeClelland.

Paradanio, sp. Day.

Cachius et Eustira, Giinther.

Pseudobranchie present. Body oblong, compressed, with a cutting ab-

dominal edge. Mouth obliquely directed upwards. Barbels absent. Pha-

ryngeal teeth m three rows 5, 4 or 3, 2 or 1/1 or 2,3 or 4,5 uncinate. Dor-

sal fin rather short, without any osseous ray, and commencing opposite or

behind the origin of the anal, which last has many rays. Scales of moderate size.

Lateral line concave, passing to the lower half of the base of the caudal fin.

Geographical distribution. Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, and Burma.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Perilampus atpar, D. 2/7, A. 2 ,L.1.55. India generally, and Burma.

19—21

2. i laubuca, D. 2/9, A. a L. 1. 34, Orissa, Bengal, and Burma.

3. s Ceylonensis, D. 2/10, A. = L. 1.35. Ceylon.

1. PERMAMPUS ATPAR.

Cyprinus cachius, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges. pp. 258, 384 (young); *Cuv. and

Val., xvi, p. 453.

Cyprinus atpar, Ham. Buch., 1. c. pp. 259, 384, (adult) ; *Cuv. and Val. xvi, p. 454,

Perilampus cuchius, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 289, 396, pl. 46, f. 6.

55 psilopteromus, McClell., 1. c. f. 4, (from H. B. MSS.)

5 macropodus, Jerdon, M. J. L. and S., 1849, p. 325.

Paradomio elegans, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 297.

Cachins atpar, Giimther, Catal. vii, p. 339.

20 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinidae. [No. I,

Bonkuaso, Uriah ; Nga-man-dan, and Ya-paw-nga and Nya-phyin-qyan,

Burmese ; Kachhi, Beng.

Beil; WD.2/7, Pi 10) Ve15-6, ag tae, La 1.55, Letty

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/4 of the total

length.— Hyes : diameter 1/4 of length of head, 3/4 of a diameter from end

of snout, 13 diameters apart. Body strongly compressed, the abdominal

edge being cutting. Cleft of mouth deep, oblique, extending nearly to be-

neath the anterior margin of orbit. Lower jaw the longer.—Teeth : pharyn-

geal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4,5, crooked, pointed.—#s : dorsal commences opposite the

beginning of the second third of the anal. Pectoral elongate. Ventral with

an elongated ray extending to the middle of the anal. Caudal forked, lower

lobe the longer.— Lateral line: concave.—Colowrs : greenish with a silvery

lateral band. :

Hab.—Throughout India and Burma; attaining 4 inches in length.

2. PERILAMPUS LAUBUCA.

Cyprinus laubuca, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp, 260, 384; *Cuv. and Val, xvi,

p. 456.

? » dancena, Ham. Buch., |. cit. pp. 342, 393.

Perilampus guttatus, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 289, 394, pl. 45, f. 4 (erroneously

marked pl. lvi, f. 10, from H. B.’s MSS.)

? » perseus, McClell., 1. c. pp. 289, 395, pl. 46, f.5; *Cuv. and Val. xvi, p-

469.

Leuciscus lawbuca, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen, xxv, Beng. and Hind. p. 138.

Chela laubuca, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 335.

Perilampus laubuca, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, pp. 380, 614.

a fulvescens, Blyth, J. A. S. of B. 1860, p. 163; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1869, p. 559.

Bankoe, Uriah; Nga-me-loung, Burmese; Layubuka and Dankena, -

Beng. ; Dannahrah, Hind.

B. Ii. D. 2/9, P. 18, V. 7, A. a =p O- 19, L. 1. 84, L. tr. 7/5.

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/5, height of dorsal 1/8, of pectoral

1/3, of body 1/4 of the total length.— Hyes ; high up, diameter 1/3 of length

of head, nearly 1 diameter from end of snout, 1; diameters apart. Body

strongly compressed with the abdominal edge cutting from the pectoral to

the anal fin — Teeth : pharyngeal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5— Fins : dorsal arises shghtly

posterior to the origin of the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral reach-

ing anal.—Lateral line : curved downwards, 35 rows of scales between it and

the base of the ventral fin.—Colouwrs : silvery with some golden vertical stripes

during life. Fine dots over the body, and a black mark, shot with green, above

the base of the pectoral fin, and another at the base of the caudal, in which

the last third of the lobes is, in Burmese specimens, tipped with black.

Hab.— Orissa, Bengal and Burma; attaining 3 inches in length.

1872.] EF. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. aE

3. PrriLamMPus CEYLONENSIS.

Eustira Ceylonensis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 331.

Bethe De2/10,P 17, Vi 7, A. = , ©, 19, L. 1. 85, 1. tr. 74/2.

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 1/4, height of body 1/4 of the total

lenoth—Hyes : diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a diameter from end

of snout. Posterior extremity of maxilla extends to below the anterior mar-

gin of the orbit ; lower jaw the longer.— Avs : origin of dorsal opposite com-

mencement of anal. Pectoral reaching the ventral. Colowrs : uniform silvery.

Hab.—Ceylon. The specimens in the British Museum are nearly 2

inches in length.

Genus. Curta, Ham. Buch. (Pl. 1.)

Oxygaster, v. Hass.

Leuciscus, sp. Cuy. and Val.

Laubuca, Macrochirichthys, et Paralaubuca, Bleeker.

Body rather elongate and compressed ; abdominal edge cutting. Pseu-

dobranchie present. Mouth directed somewhat upwards, with the lower jaw

prominent, and generally with a knob above the symphysis. Barbels absent.

Pharyngeal teeth hooked and slender, in two or three rows. Dorsal fin short,

without any osseous ray, situated principally or entirely opposite the anat

which latter has an elongated base; pectorals long; caudal forked. Scales

of moderate or small size. Lateral line concave.

Dr. Ginther suggests the following sub-genera.

a. 'The trenchant thoracic edge anterior to the pectoral supported by

the dilated bones of the forearm. OXYGASTER.

a. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows. Oxygaster.

Se — URI) gp Macrochirichthys.

b. The thoracic edge a0 supported by the dilated bones of the fore-

arm. SECURICULA.

Geographical distribution: India, Burma and extending almost through-

out Asia. Generally termed Vellache-candece in Tamil; Bay-ree-sae,, and

Baarsee, Tel.; Bownce-putti, Uriah; Took, Panjab.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Chela Sladoni, D. 2/8, A. ce: L. 1. 68, L. tr. 10/8. Burma.

2—3 65 , .

» argentea, D. ame A. i ase L. 1. 48—45, L. tr. = Southern India.

3. » bacaila, D. 2/7, A. =— > L. 1.110. Bengal, Sc.

4, » novacula, D. 9, A. 17, L. ae L. tr. 15/3. India,’

5. » flavipimis, D. 2/7, A. G i Te L. 1. 65, L. tr. 9/5. Southern Indic,

untrahi, D, 2/7, A. 3/17, L. 1. 52, L. tr. 7/5. Orissa,

22 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinde. [No. 1,

le » plulo, D. 2/7, A. 3/17, L. 1, 87, L. tr. 12/6. Bengal, Orissa, Fe.

8. », Sardinella, D. ee . 2/19, L. 1, 48, L. tr. a, Burma.

#9, ,, Panjdbensis, D. ZA. 4, L. 1, ea. 110, L. tr. 12/9. Panjab.

10. 5, alkootee, D. 10, AL 10. Dekhan.

*11,. » jorah, D. 10, A, 11. Dekhan.

12. », teekamee, D. 10, A. 14. Dekhan.

18. » gord, D. 3/7, A. 2/18, L. s 140—160. Bengal, Orissa, Sc.

135

: 2 ;

14. 5, clupeoides, D. gap As a= pag U: 1. 80, L tr. E Southern India,

1. CHELA SLADONI.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 622.

18}, JOU Dy ish Je, hs AW ee, yA) OL alls JD, Ib oish Wy tase 10s

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/4 of the total

length.—Hyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head, 3/4 of a diameter from end

of snout. Edge of thorax rounded; the serrated abdominal margin com-

mences opposite the base of the pectoral fin. Posterior extremity of the

maxilla reaches to beneath the anterior third of the orbit. Suborbital ring

of bones is half as deep as the diameter of the orbit.—Zeeth : pharyngeal,

crooked 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5—Fims: dorsal commences opposite the anal; lower

caudal lobe the longer.—Colowrs : silvery, caudal black edged.

Hab.—Irrawaddi in Burma, extending northwards as far as Mandalay.

2. CHELA ARGENTEA.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 301; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 334.

? Pelecus diffusus, Jerdon, M. J. L. and S. 1849, p. 327.

? Chela diffusa, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 334.

Wellachee-candee, Tam. “The oe carp.”

—

Beha SDS aa PS Va wAG a a C. 19, L. 1. 48—45, L. tr. 63/8.

Length of head nearly 1/5, of pectoral rather above 1/5, of caudal a

little more than 1/5, height of body above 1/5, of dorsal fin nearly 1/9 of

the total length.—Hyes : diameter not quite 1/3 of length of head, nearly 1

diameter apart and from end of snout. Cleft of mouth extending to below

the anterior third of the orbit, a knob at the end of the lower jaw. Suborbi-

tal ring of bones broad and covering the cheek, the third being as wide as the

preorbital. The median edge in front of the pectoral fins is not supported

by the dilated bones of the fore-arm. Thorax without a sharp edge.—Fins :

dorsal situated in the posterior third of the distance between the snout and

the base of the caudal fin, extending to over the commencement of the anal.

Dorsal and anal highest anteriorly. Caudal deeply lobed.—Zateral line:

descends gently in the first twelve scales, finally attaining the centre of the

1872.] F. Day—Honograph of Indian Cyprinide. 23

eaudal.— Teeth : pharyngeal, curved, pointed, 5, 3, 2/2, 8,5. Colowrs, silvery

with a lateral band which fades after death.

Hab.—Bowany river at the base of the Neilgherries, attaining 6 inches

in length.

Dr. Jerdon gives about 50 scales in C. diffusa, alone thé side, and

observes that his species is found in the Cauvery and all its tributaries.

I did not obtain it in the lower portions of the Cauvery, but C. argentea

was likewise absent, and I suspect the two are identical.

3. CHELA BACAIDA.

Cyprinus bacaila, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 265, 384, pl. 8, fig. 76; *Cuv.

and Val. xvi, p. 460.

Opsmrius bacaila, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 295, 414.

a leucerus, McClell., loc. cit. pp. 295, 415, pl. 47, fig. 3; *Cuy. and Val., xvi,

p. 470.

Leuciscus bacaila, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv, Beng. and Hind. p. 137.

$5 cultellus, Cuy. and Val., xvii, p. 341, pl. 507.

Felecus cultellus, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 326.

Chela bacaila, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 332; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 382.

Sills ete, OUellaye, Teta

ee pihe D272) 18) V9) Al z 7 O- 19, L. 1. 110.

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/11 of the total

length—Hyes : snout slightly longer than the eye. Bones of the fore-arm

not dilated, and not supporting the abdominal edge anterior to the pectoral

fin. Suborbital rmg of bones broad, nearly covering the cheek.—Teeth :

pharyngeal 5, 4 or 3, 2/2, 3 or 4, 5.— Fins : first anal ray is below the middle

of the dorsal fin.—Scales : extend forwards on the head to nearly opposite

the posterior margin of the orbit—Colowrs : uniform silvery.

Hab.—Throughout India except Malabar. It may exist according to

Dr. Ginther in Moulmein, but I could not find it there. It attains six inches

in length.

4, *CHELA NOVACULA.

Leuciscus novacula, Val. in Jacq. Voy. Ind., pl. 15, fig. 2; Cuv. and Val. xvi;

p. 345.

Chela novacula, *Guinther, Catal. vii, p. 334.

eB Do VAL, 21 GO; Li. tr. 15/3.

Length of head 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total length—Eyes:

large.— Teeth : pharyngeal—5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5—Fins ; dorsal above the anterior

anal rays ; the pectorals nearly reach the ventrals.—Colowrs : silvery.

Hab.—India.

24 FE. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprinde. [No. 1,

5. CHELA FLAVIPINNIS.

® Leuciscus scwpellus, Cuy. and Val. xvii, p. 347.

Pelecus flavipinnis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 327.

Chela flavipinnis, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 382.

ie) Ice

Length of head i“) of ae Hh caudal 2/11, ane op body

1/5, of dorsal fin 1/12 of the total length.— yes : diameter 1/3 of length of

head, 3/4 of a diameter from end of snout, 2/3 of a diameter apart. Cleft

of mouth oblique, knob on symphysis well developed. Suborbital rmg of

bones half the width of the diameter of the orbit, and nearly covering the

cheek ; five small crenulations along the lower preopercular margin.— Teeth :

pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5.— Fins : dorsal situated over the anterior anal rays ;

caudal lobed, the lower lobe the longer.— Gill rakers : short. The bones of

the fore-arm do not support the thoracic edge.—Lateral lime: continuous,

eventually attaming the centre of the caudal fin—Colouwrs: silvery ; fins

tipped with orange.

Hab.—Cauvery and Coleroon rivers in Madras Presidency.

6. CHELA UNTRAHT.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 381.

Ontrahi, Uriah.

By Te 2/75 Pols, Verl, Andie Cn Mime 2 lieabiaay oe

Length of head 1/6, of pectoral 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body

1/5, of dorsal 1/9 of the total leneth.— Eyes : upper margin near the profile,

diameter 1/3 of length of head, 2/3 of a diameter from end of snout, nearly

1 diameter apart. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal ; abdominal profile with

a cutting edge from opposite the base of the pectoral fm. Mouth very

oblique, knob on symphysis minute. Lower jaw in advance of the upper, the

maxilla extending to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Suborbital ring

of bones moderately wide.—Fims : pectorals reaching ventrals, and a dilated

humeral supports a smooth thoracic edge. Dorsal arises midway between -

the posterior margin of the orbit and the posterior extremity of the caudal

fin, and situated over the anterior anal rays. Caudal lobed, the lower lobe

the longer.—Scales : deciduous, extending forwards on the nape to opposite the

posterior margin of the orbit.—Lateral line : curves downwards, 1 row of

scales between it and base of ventral fin; it ceases a few scales anterior to

the caudal fin.—Colowrs, silvery.

Hab—Mahanadi river ; attaiming five inches in length.

7. CHELA PHULO,

Cyprinus phulo, Ham, Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 262, 384; *Cuy. and Val. xvi,

p. 457.

1872.] F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinidae. 25

Opsarius albulus, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 296, 416, pl. 48, fig. 10.

Chela Owenii, Sykes, Trans, Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 361, pl. 63, fig. 1.

Pelecus Owenii, *Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 328.

Chela phulo, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 334; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 381.

Phul chela, Beng. Dunnahree, Hind. Took, Panj.

Bele A2/7,.P, 18, V. 9. A. S Crm sl) 187. eo 12/6.

Length of head 2/11, of pectoral 1/5, of caudal above 1/5, height of

body 1/5 of the total length.—Hyes : diameter 2/5 of length of head, 1/2 a

diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Abdominal profile cutting

posteriorly to the base of the pectoral fin. Third suborbital bone two-thirds

as deep as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. ‘The maxilla extends

to under the hinder margin of the orbit— ins : dorsal commences midway

between the posterior extremity of the orbit and the posterior extremity of the

caudal fin, and slightly behind the origin of the anal. Caudal deeply forked,

lower lobe the longer.—Lateral line: curves gently downwards.—Colowrs :

silvery, with a bright silvery lateral band.

Hab.— Bengal, Orissa and Central India as far southwards as the Tam-

boodra and Kistna rivers ; attaining 4 inches in length.

8. CHELA SARDINELLA.

Leuciscus sardinella, Cuv. and Val., xvii, p. 344.

Chela sardinella, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 338.

ese | 2/7, B18, Wa 8, Ne De 48, te a

Length of head 1/6, of pectoral 1/6, of caudal above 1/6, height of

body 2/9 of the total length.—_Hyes : diameter 2/7 of length of head; 1 dia-

meter from end of snout; nearly 1 diameter apart. The bones of the fore-

arm are not dilated and do not support the thoracic edge which is smooth,

the keeled portion commencing opposite the pectoral fin. Suborbital ring

of bones broad.— Teeth : pharyngeal, 5,4, 3/3, 4, 5.—Fins : dorsal commences

above the anterior anal rays.—Colowrs, silvery.

Hab.—Irawati river at Rangoon ; to 6 inches in length.

9. CHELA PANJABENSIS.

Took, Panj.

Bet D. 2/7,P. 11, V. 6, A. =, C. 19, 1.1. ca. 110, L. tr. 12/9:

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/6, height of body 2/9 of the total length.

—yes : diameter 2/5 of length of head ; 1/2 a diameter from end of snout.

The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to nearly beneath the anterior

margin of the orbit. Lower jaw the longer. The suborbital ring of bones

is broad, and the third three times as deep as the uncovered portion of the

cheek below it. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal; abdominal edge cutting

26 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinde. [No. },

from opposite the base of the pectoral fin——Hins : dorsal arises midway be-

tween the posterior margin of the opercle, and the posterior extremity of the

lobes of the caudal. Pectoral longer than the head, but does not quite reach

the base of the ventral, which last fin only extends half the distance to the

anal. Lower lobe of caudal the longer.—Scales: moderately deciduous, they

extend forwards to opposite the suborbital rmg of bones ; there is a slight

elevation along the centre of each ; 54 rows between the lateral line and the

base of the ventral fin.— Colowrs : silvery with a burnished silvery band along

the side.

Hab.—LULahore, inthe Ravi river. In appearance it is very similar to

the C. phulo, H. B.

10. *CHELA ALKOOTEE.

Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 362.

TE MEME ID, WO ee WO Ne tea 107,

“ Sides slightly compressed ; the back and belly rounded ; back straight.”

—Fins : “ lobes of the tail sharp, lowest the longest.” —WScales : “ excessively

minute.” —Lateral line : “ quite straight.” —Colowrs : “the gill covers quite

smooth, and of a polished silver ; pupils black ; a black circle surrounds the

eyes, and there is a patch of faint yellow on the forehead ; all the rest of the

fish is of a silver white colour, and the body is semi-diaphanous.”

Hab.—Dekhan ; attaining 1 inch in length.

11. *CHELA JORAH.

Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soe. ii, p. 361.

BA DSO sPe 2 Vie Seale ahs

“ A somewhat compressed fish; straightish back, convex belly.”—Oo-

lours : “ back dark, with a purplish shade, softening into silver down the sides

and abdomen.”

Hab.— Found abundantly in the Beema river, near Pairgaon.”

12. *CHELA TEEKANEE.

Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, 1841, p. 362.

Bi Lily DAO Pl 20V. OVA AS C38:

“ A compressed fish ; back very slightly arched ; snout nearly in a con-

“ovation of the same line ; body deep ; belly convex.”—Fims : “ dorsal situat-

20 ‘ar back.”—Colowrs : “on the back light reddish brown, softenmg mto

pais 199)

Hab.—Beema river at Pairgaon ; attaining 23 inches in length.

1872.] BF. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 27

13. Cnena gora, Pl. I, Fig. 4.

Cyprinus gora, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 263, 384; *Cuv. and Val, xvi,

p. 458.

Opsarius pholicephalus, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 295, 415, pl. 47, fig. 2

Chela gora, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 332; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 381.

Hum-catchari, Uriah. Ghora chela, Beng. Chel-hul, Hind. Bown-

chi and Kundul, Panj.

Be. 3/7, P15, V..9; A. = , C. 19, L. 1. 140—160, Vert. 46.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/5 of the total

length —Hyes : diameter 1/5 of length of head, 15 diameters from end of

snout, 1? diameters apart. The bones of the fore-arm do not support the

abdominal edge, the keeled portion of the abdominal profile commences pos-

terior to the ventral fin. Suborbital ring of bones broader than the diame-

ter of the eye, but only covering two-thirds of the cheek.—Teeth : pharyngeal,

5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5— Gail rakers : very short, curved, 8 in the lower branch of the

outer bronchial arch——Fins: dorsal commences slightly in advance of the

: extend forwards on the head to above the nostrils.—Colours :

silvery.

Hab.— Bengal, Orissa and Asam ; attaining 8 inches in length.

14. CHELA CLUPECIDES.

Cyprinus clupeoides, Bloch, xii, p. 49, t. 408, fig. 2.

Clupew cyprinoides, Schn., in Bloch. Syst. Ich. p. 427.

Chela balookee, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, p. 360.

Leuciscus elupeoides, Cuv. and Val. xvii, p. 342.

“5 Dussumiert, Cuv. and Val. xvii, pl. 508.

P acinaces, Cuy. and Val. xvii, p. 347, pl. 509.

Pelecus affinis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and S. 1849, p. 327.

Chela clupeoides, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 333.

Netteli, eek.

B. III. Ds

Length of at from ae to 1/5, of ee oe of ae 2/11,

height of body 2/11, of dorsal fin 1/10 of the total length— Eyes : diameter

1/3 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, 3/4 of a diameter

apart. Rather a strong knob on symphysis; opercle as broad as high.

Abdominal edge trenchant.— Teeth : pharyngeal, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5.—Fins : dorsal

situated in the posterior 2/5 of the body, and very slightly in advance of the

anal. Caudal lobed, the lower lobe the longer.—Scales: deciduous and

placed in sinuous rows.—Lateral line: at its termination passes upwards to

the upper portion of the inferior lobe of the caudal fin.—Colowrs : silvery.

Hab.—Madras Presidency, Mysore and the Dekhan ; attaining 6 inches

in length, and very good eating.

—

28 F. Day—Honograph of Indian Cyprinidae. [No. 1,

Il. Sub-Fam. HOMALOPTERINA.

Apalopterine, McClell.

Pseudobranchie absent. Body elongated and depressed anteriorly,

having a broad smooth abdomen. Snout prominent before the mouth, which

latter is small, transverse, inferior and central, with fleshy lips. Barbels

present. Branchial aperture vertical and narrow. Pharyngeal teeth im a

single row, conical. Pectoral and ventral fins horizontal, forming half discs.

Body scaled. Aur bladder absent.

Geographical distribution —Streams and mountain torrents in the Hills

of India, and extending as far as Java and Sumatra.

ONLY ONE KNOWN GENUS.

Homaloptera, 6 barbels, none on mandibles.

12. Genus. Homanoprera, v. Hass.

Balitora, Gray.

Platycara, McClelland.

Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout more or less spatu-

late. Mouth small, inferior, with two pairs of rostral barbels, and one at

either angle of the mouth. Pharyngeal teeth small, from 5 to 16 in one row.

Pectoral and ventral fins with many rays, the outer of which are simple.

Dorsal short, situated opposite to the ventrals ; anal likewise short.

Geographical distribution.—Java and Sumatra, and through some of

the hilly districts of the Himalayas to the Wynaad in Madras. Presidency.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Homaloptera Brucei, D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L.1.70. Brown blotched with darker.

Wynaad hills in Madras.

2. x maculata, D. 11, A. 2/5, L. 1.78. Butan and Khasi Hills.

5 bilineata, D. 9, A. 6. Horizontal bands, Tenasserim Provinces.

1. Homatoprera Brucet.

Balitora Brucet, Gray and Hard., Ind. Zool. ; *McClelland, Ind. Cyp., p. 299, 428,

pl. 49, fig. 1. (From Gray and Hard.); *Cuv. and Val. xviii, p. 101.

Platycura australis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and §., 1849, p. 338.

Homaloptera Brucei, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 348; Gtinther, Catal. vii,

p. 340.

Cal-candee, Tam. “Stone carp.”.

BEL De 8 P WON. OYA 82/5, Caan nO

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/7 of the total

length.—Hyes : directed upwards and outwards, diameter 1/5 of length of

head, 3 diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Snout broad,

depressed ; lips fringed. Rostral barbels short, their length equalling about

1872.] F. Day—Jonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 29

2/3 of the diameter of the orbit, the pair at the angle of the mouth thicker

and slightly longer.—Zeeth: pharyngeal, in one row, 5/5.—Fins : dorsal high-

est in front, arising midway between the end of the snout and the base of

the caudal. Pectoral nearly reaching the ventral. Caudal lobed in its

posterior third.—Seales :_ eycloid.—Lateral line : complete.—Colowrs : dull

olive, becoming yellowish beneath. Large brown blotches on the body.

Dorsal fin with three rows of dull spots; pectoral and ventral with three or

four, anal with two, caudal with three irregular bands, and black tips.

Hab.—Wynaad ; 8 specimens taken up to 33 inches in length.

2. HOMALOPTERA MACULATA.

Balitora maculata, Gray and Hard., Ind. Zool.; *Cuv. and Val. xviii, p 102.

Platycara maculata, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 299, 427, pl. 49, fig. 2. (From Gray

and Hard.)

= anisura, McClell., Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 587, pl. 16, fig. 1.

Homaloptera maculata, Ginther, Catal. vii, 340.

Ee 3/8. Pe 2 Vid AL 25s €. lira Ta 70; Werte, LOT.

Length of head 2/13, of caudal 1/5 of the total length.—Hyes : 23

diameters from end of snout, 1 diameter from end of opercle. Snout broad and

depressed, with sharp margins ; rostral and maxillary barbels small.—Tveth :

pharyngeal, conical, in one row, 15/15.—Fims : pectoral nearly reaches the

ventral, its anterior nine rays are unbranched, as are also the first two of the

ventral. Lower caudal lebe the longer.—WScales : absent from chest and as

far as the posterior margin of the base of the ventrals.—Colowrs : dark brown

with darker blotches ; caudal banded.

Hab.—Himalayas from about Darjeeling through Butan, Asim and

the Khasi Hills.

3.* HOMALOPTERA BILINEATA.

Blyth, J. A. 8. of Bengal, 1860, p. 172.

Bobi D9. A. ’6.

Said to be affined to H. erythrorhina, Cuv. and Val., xviii, pl. 524.

“ A minute knob on the muzzle.”—Colowrs : “ A narrow dark line from

the muzzle to eye, continued behind the eye as a broad, irregular, somewhat

zigzag band, set off laterally with whitish, and joining its opposite behind

the dorsal fin. A corresponding but obscure band below the lateral line,

little seen on the hind half of the body. Dorsal with a large blotch of

black, and one small posterior spot. Caudal fin also black, with the sides of

its base and the forking tips white (or yellow ?), but the extreme tips black.

Pectorals, ventrals, and anal, blotched with black; sides of body somewhat

nigrescent.”

Hab.—Tenasserim provinces; the largest specimen obtained was 2?

inches long.

(Lo be continued.)

30 [ No. 1,

AccouNT oF A VISIT To THE EHagsrern anp NorTHERN FRONTIERS OF

INDEPENDENT SIKKIM, with NorEs ON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE ALPINE

AND SUB-ALPINE REGIONS, Part II, Zoonoay,—by Wim T.

Buanrorp, F. G.S., C. M. Z. S.

(Received 29th September, 1871.)

The present paper will contain notes on the Vertebrata collected, or

observed, in the Alpine and Sub-alpine portions of Independent Sikkim, a

few remarks being added on some of the animals inhabiting the neighbour-

ing regions in Tibet. Only those species will be noticed which are found

in the region of pine forests, or in the Rhododendron bushes and open ground

above the limit of trees, and consequently no animals will as a rule be

mentioned which are not found above 10,000 feet on the eastern Chola

ranges, and above 8,000 feet in Northern Sikkim. This elevation, which is

about the lower limit of pines, is also a fair approximation to a boundary

line between the two faunas which meet in the Hastern Himalayas, the Malay

and the Palzarctic.

The fauna of the plains of India appears to penetrate deeply into the

Western Himalayas and to meet the Palearctic fauna ; but, as a rule, it stops

suddenly at the base of the mountaims in Sikkim. A few birds found in the

outer valleys are species which inhabit the Indian Peninsula, but they form

but a very small percentage of the avi-fauna; the great bulk of the

animals of every class are either peculiar to the South-western Himalayas, or

common to it and the Malay Peninsula. The most striking characteristic of

the fauna of India proper is the presence of numerous forms with western

and generally African affinities, such as Hyena, Canis, Mellivora, Lepus,

Antilope, Gazella, amongst mammals; Neophron, Aquila, (vestricted,)

Thamnobia, Malacocircus, Pastor, Ammomanes, Pyrrhulauda, Calandrella,

Pterocles, Cursorius, amongst birds ; Cabrita, Ophiops, Sitana, Eryx, Echis,

amongst reptiles; Cyclotopsis amongst land mollusca, &c. All of these

disappear in the Himalayas of Sikkim, and their place is taken by a far

richer fauna. Amongst the mammals Arctonyx, Helictis, Arctictis, Urva,

Lhizomys and Nemorhedus, almost all Malayan forms, make their appear-

ance ; amongst birds the sub-families Hurylaimine, Leiotrichine, Macropy-

gne, Phasianme, entirely unrepresented in India, are found, whilst the

number of Picide,* Cuculide, Capitomde, Nectarinide, Crateropide,

* In the plains of India exclusive of Malabar there are 12 species of Woodpeckers

enumerated as found by Jerdon, All except two or three being very local. In

tropical and temperate Sikkim alone 17 are found. Of the Timaline of Jerdon 13

are found in various parts of India exclusive of Malabar, nine are peculiar to Malabar,

and no less than 48 have been found in the South-eastern Himalayas,

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. Bas

Muscicapide, Merulide (especially Ruticilline), Pycnonotide and Treronide

is greatly increased.

In the higher elevations of Sikkim, an entirely distinct fauna appears,

which is almost purely Palearctic, although a few Malayan types are met

with. Arctomys, Lagomys, Moschus and Ovis appear amongst the mam-

mals, whilst nearly all the species found at lower elevations disappear. Of

the birds, scarcely any of the Picarie, and only a single species of the

Timaline are found at 12,000 feet; the Pycnonotide and Treronide are

wanting, and the only families which gain im numbers are the Cinclide,

Fringillide, and Phasianide. Amongst the genera which are deficient at

the lower elevations, but common in the higher ranges, are Gypaétus

Troglodytes, Lophophanes, Accentor, Propasser, Nucifraga, Fregilus,

Ithagenis and Lerva.

The principal object of my visit to the higher ranges of Sikkim was to

examine and collect this Palearctic fauna, and the principal result has been to

ascertain that in these mountains two well marked sub-divisions of it are

found : one inhabits the damper southern slopes of the hills, while the other is

peculiar to the dry Tibetan climate. The latter we only entered in the

upper Lachen valley, close to Kongra Lama, and to it belong the peculiar

forms, Otocoris Hlwesi, Leucosticte hematopygia, Montifringilla ruficollis,

Fregilus pyrrhocorax, Cinclus sordidus and Accentor rubeculordes.

A second object in my visit was to learn, so far as practicable, which of

the migratory Passerine birds, found in the Indian plains in the winter,

breed in the South-west Himalayas. My journey was undertaken rather

too late in the year to render it at all probable that I should find any birds

actually breeding, but still, as I was amongst the higher ranges at the

migrating season, I had some opportunity of seeing which birds were

previously there, and which appeared to arrive from the north. The result,

so far as | was enabled to make observations, is rather surprising ; for it

appears probable that scarcely any of the Indian migratory birds breed in

Sikkim, but, in some cases, species which visit India during the winter and

eross the Himalayas to breed, are represented by allied forms which rarely or

never leave the mountain ranges. Thus Chelidon urbica, which is a rare

visitant to the plaims of India,* is represented by C. Nipalensis and

C. Cashmiriensis ; Brythrosterna parva and EL. leucura by HL. maculata, which

is but rarely found m the plains, and by the various species of Siphia ;

Pratincola Indica by P. ferrea; Ruticilla rufiventris by R. frontalis, and

others, Calliope Kamtschatkensis by C. pectoralis ; Motacilla personata and I.

Luzomensis by WM. Hodgsoni ; Carpodacus erythrinus by species of Propasser.

* I have shot it in Chhatisgarh in the Central Provinces in April. Tickell,

J. A. S. B, 1855, p. 277, records it from Chota Nagpéir and Moulmain ; Captain Irby

from Oudh ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 338.

32 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

Almost the only migrant which we found in Sikkim commonly, before the cold

weather birds appeared from the north, was Phylloscopus lugubris, and in the

sub-family to which this belongs P. tristis, P. fuscatus, P. viridanus, and, per-

haps one or two species of Feguloides breed, so far as is known, in Central or

Northern Asia, and visit India in the cold weather, whilst Phylloscopus

JSuliginiventer, Reguloides erochroa and several species of Aérornis are

peculiar to the Himalayas.*

It should be remembered that the collections made by Captain Elwes

and myself were procured under great disadvantages. For the greater por-

tion of the time, on the Chola range especially, the weather was most unfa-

vourable. Every field ornithologist knows how in wet and misty weather birds

are silent and skulk amongst the bushes where it is most difficult to see

them, whilst in bright sunshine they are constantly in the open. I¢ is

probable that any one visiting the highlands of Sikkim at a more favourable

season, such as May, or October and November, would find very much to add

to our observations.

I much regret having been unable, from want of time, to give any notes

on invertebrata. My collections, however, were very small.

MAMMALIA.

QUADRUMAMNA.

PRESBYTIS SCHISTACEUS, Hodgs.

Jerdon, in the ‘Mammals of India,’ says that this monkey has not, to

his knowledge, been obtained in Sikkim. Hooker mentions large monkeys

near Lamteng} and again on his road from Lachtngt{ to the Tankra pass, in

both cases in pine woods. I saw none myself, but several were shot by a

shikari of Captain Elwes near Laching, thus rendering it nearly certain

that it was this species which was noticed by Hooker, for‘no other large

monkey is likely to be found at an elevation of 9,000 and 10,000 feet.

I greatly doubt if the Langtrs mentioned by Jerdon as occurring near

Pankabari belonged to this species, because it is extremely umprobable that

an animal found at considerable elevations in the Western Himalaya, should

also occur amongst the purely Malay forms of the Sikkim Terai. P. schis-

taceus has never to the best of my knowledge been found on the outer

hills of Sikkim, the fauna of which is Malay, and it is perfectly natural to

* More Indian birds appear to breed in the Western Himalayas, but even here

many cross the principal snowy range. I cannot agree with Lord Walden’s opinion

in this matter, (Ibis, 1867, p. 214 note), but much has been added to our knowledge of

the summer haunts of the Indian Passerines during the last two or three years.

Comp. Stoliczka, J. A. B. S., 1868. Tristram, Ibis, 1871, p. 109, &c., &e.

{ Himalayan Journals Vol. IL., p. 37.

{ Ibid, Vol. IL., p. 108, all references are to the first or octavo Hdition, 1854,

1872. | W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikiint. 33

find it in the pine forests of Northern Sikkim together with other forms of

the Western Himalayas.

The following are the measurements of a fine adult female, taken on

the body :—

Feet Inches.

Leneth of head and body measured in a straight line, .......c0cccssscesseseosses a 4

Ditto ditto, from nose to insertion of tail measured along the curve of

the back,..cccsse 2 6

bis etoim hel Greene slo seh east sien naiea pieoesdssecoieniesidecrcsiadueseerg valsselde saswseredcod sas) co 8)

Webuser ea oN fester Fer vel Meee st see vasaeanta wel eeatvseruvvinnioniviceice IL 7

Ditto of radius, Be edeiecieccesienaieccinseivasiseslossitanmaeattaeuccssmecctneemereniess <0) 8k

LESAG Gi IRGC. cemcgsebdenndineed Ga UORecd BAO a a OSccHE Canned osccns Dasbraccn suenSnncHBSncpTas 0 52

Dri PONG NLS A oka wales siancsei-ceisescse este ceeise see 1 8

Ditto of tibia, ... SSRCEABSO COU CACC OOHED un tos DED Un DAPCEE DAU aac a Gn BOO SRO BAAS LeSpHEOacrk eee, 8h

Ditto of foot from nosh en Edn 6c. bop seq gaodD NEE 50a daoDHDOdCOHL 000000 Mandooneodo.ceoosao00 8

Girth of neck, esescne alc ne Hash See simeeoashe Giana vieuseejeaines anes erinacodvaeprrl: 0

Ditto of chest behind HRRee ndecodnss oadand dan pobdeo donee 2 (0)

DP ORO. stear dears clr dels sclera s ron ais seis auiey oe aie Demeester os SG salinalbis Sais eulgaeed deena OO 3

CHEIROPTERA.

VesPertinio Branrorbt, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1871, p: 214.

Two specimens of a bat which I obtained at Laching (8,000 ft.) are,

Mr. Dobson informs. me, identical with a species he had received from the

North-west Himalayas, from both Simla and Dalhousie, and which he de-

scribed under the above name.

A rather larger bat was noticed at the same place, but no specimens

were obtained.

CARNIVORA.

Ursus Trseranus? F. Cuv. I presume this was the species common in

the upper Tista valley. I did not see any, although their tracks on the hill

sides with marks of scratchings for roots and insects abounded. I noticed

no tracks above about 12,000 feet. Bears are said by the people to be very

destructive to the grain crops. I could not learn whether Ursus isabellinus

is found in Sikkim or not.

AILURUS FULGENS, F. Cuv., A. ochraceus, Hodgs. We heard of the

occurrence of this animal in the pine woods around Laching, but neither

of us saw it. Hooker was more fortunate (Him. Jour. Vol. II, p. 108),

It is not common.

Canis (Vulpes) monvanvs, Pears., (v. V. flavescens, Hodgs.). Elwes

picked up a perfectly fresh brush of a fox close to the Kangra Lama pass.

Jt had a fine white tip. It is difficult to tell what animal could have killed

the fox ; for we saw no large birds of prey except Lemmergeyers which I am

disposed, with Mr. Hume and others, to consider carrion-feeders ; and the

_ only large carnivorous mammal likely to occur at this elevation is the ounce.

34 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

RODENTIA.

ARCTOMYS.

Marmot holes were abundant around Momay, but I never caught sight

of one of the animals.

I was singularly unsuccessful in procuring specimens of small rodents ;

on several occasions I saw a rat-like animal with a short head, probably

Neodon Sikkimensis, but 1 could never capture a specimen.

? Arvicota sp. In the stream at Momay Samdong, on one occasion

I saw a “water rat.” This also may possibly have been WVeodon, as that

animal is said to be found at this elevation (15,000 feet), but it is not known

to haunt streams. The animal I saw was swimming some distance beneath

the surface, so much so that at the first glance I took it for a fish, but it

soon came up and I could distinguish its form. It is scarcely necessary to

say that my gun happened to be at an unusual distance, and not available.

The water comimg down from the Kinchinjhao glacier is icy cold, and it

would be surprising to find a forest denizen like Neodon Stkkimensis in @

glacier stream traversing a treeless region. I think it most probable that

the animal I saw was either Arvicola amphibia, which is known to occur in

Siberia, or some allied form, perhaps undescribed. It was certainly a much

larger animal than Hodgson’s Mus hydrophilus, which appears, moreover, to

be a tropical or sub-tropical form.

The absence of squirrels in the pine woods of Northern Sikkim is very

remarkable.

? Lepus Treeranus, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8., 1841, p. 7, and Nat. Hist.

Mam. Vol. II, p. 58.

L. otostolus, Hodgs. J. A. S. B., Vol. IX, p. 1186. Hooker, Him. Journal

Vol. Il, p. 158.

Hooker mentions the occurrence of slate-coloured hares with white rumps

around Cholamu lake. I turned up two in one day in the Lachen valley

near Kongra Lama pass, one of them about five miles on the Sikkim side of

the frontier, so that if the Indian fauna is to be limited by the frontier of

Tibet, this animal must be included in it. I doubt myself whether any

of these Tibetan forms ought to be comprised in the Himalayan fauna; even

Ovis Nahwra is only a'Tibetan form which strays into the higher ranges across

the frontier.

Until more specimens can be procured and examined, it is impossible to

say how far the various Central and Northern Asiatic races of hares, belong-

img to the type of the European Lepus variabilis, should be distinguished.

There are—Z. variabilis, Pall., identical with the European species found

throughout Siberia ; L. tolai, Pall., peculiar to the high steppes of Mongolia

1872. ] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 35

and Central Asia; Z. hybridus, Pall.,* Altai mountains; LZ. Tibetanus

Waterhouse, described from specimens from Little Tibet ; LZ. otostolus, Hodgs.,

from the snowy region of the Himalaya; and L. pallipes, Hodgs., from

Central and Eastern Tibet. Although Hodgson’s L. otostolus is considered

by Waterhouse as probably the same as his 7ibetanus, and this view has been

accepted by Gray, Blyth and Jerdon, it should be borne in mind that the

opinion is founded on very imperfect materials, and that Waterhouse himself

was by no means certain of the identification.

Lacomys Royer, Ogilby. Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 210.

L. nipalensis, Hodgs.—L. Hodgsonii, Blyth.

L. Curzonie, Hodgs., J. A. 8. B., 1857, p. 207, nee Stoliczka, J. A. S. B, 1865,

pt. II, p. 108.

? L. badius, Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Vol. II, p. 156,

Guimchen, Butia.

I feel some surprise at Hooker having overlooked the occurrence of this

tail-less hare im Sikkim. That he did so is, I think, evident, because he

especially refers (Vol. II, p. 156,) to the abundance of a Lagomys (which

he calls Z. badiws) in the Tibetan portion of the Lachen valley, whilst at

p- 182, he distinctly states that this animal, like the wild horse, fox and hare,

does not cross the Donkia pass.

I first saw a Lagomys at about 12,000 feet on the Chola range near the

Jelep-la ; it abounded in the pine forests below Chumandko at the foot of the

Chola, and I found the same kind again common in the pine forests, about

Yeomatang, at 12,000 to 13,000 feet, in the Lachtng valley, and at similar

elevation m the Lachen. I observed none above the limit of trees.

- It is of course quite possible that the species seen by Hooker in the

Tibetan part of the Lachen valley, at 16,000 to 17,000 feet, is a different

species from that which inhabits the Sikkim pine forests. The name given

by Hooker, L. badius, is probably one of Hodgson’s numerous unpublished

terms, and it is difficult to say, whether it was intended for the species

subsequently named by him L. Curzonie or not.

I shall first describe the Sikkim Zagomys, and then proceed to the

difficult question of nomenclature.

The Sikkim Lagomys is a small species, the largest specimen obtained.

being barely seven inches long. ‘The fur above is rufescent brown externally,

more rufescent and paler on the head and shoulders, mixed with black

towards the middle of the back and the rump, in consequence of the hairs

having longer black tips on those parts. All the hairs are blackish leaden

* Gray in Ann. and Mag. N. H., Sept. 1867, p. 223, gives L. altaicus, Brandt, as

distinct from L. hybridus, but without any reference to a description. L. altaicus,

Eyersman, is L, hybridus, teste Waterhouse and Gray.

36 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkin. [No. 1,

grey near the skin and for the greater part, fully two-thirds of their length ;

some have much thicker terminations of pale brown tipped with black on the

back. The longest hairs on the back are about three-fourths of an inch in

length. The sides are the same colour as the back, the breast is brown ;

muzzle, chin and belly whitish or isabelline, the latter being browner in the

“middle than towards the sides, but more conspicuously so in some specimens

than in others. Hair on the belly about one-third of an inch in length. The

feet are pale isabelline above, pinkish brown beneath ; ears oval, thinly haired

outside, except near the margin, where they are covered with very short close

rich brown hair, the edge itself being whitish.

Mr. Hodgson, in his description of Lagomys Curzome, says the fur is

of two sorts, woolly and hairy. I believe the fur is the same in all species

of Lagomys, and it is only so far of two sorts that some hairs have thick-

ened tips.* Under the microscope all the hairs are the same towards the

base, and appear to be cylindrical and colourless, with opaque granules at

short and nearly regular intervals. A small portion only of the hairs are

larger and have thickened tips which are not circular, but triangular, or

quadrangular, apparently with three or four rounded longitudinal grooves.

All the under fur is beautifully soft, but the terminations are harsher.

The following are the dimensions of two apparently adult specimens,

taken from the bodies just after death. I unfortunately have not noted the

sexes, but there is very little if any difference between them in measure-

ments :—

Inchés, Inches,

IU (eyaregnlal gio) cay Tees!) sH0) sq BBCANE, Goonpqdoo doonoo aodea4den-n0000000 ooDadenobeD ODS anooccono (OS 65

Nose bo between Carss: aiivesss sss tine: so scamselse ewes ws oinen vouiuasubcinice cue mereacaeenes 1:5 O

HAI SiO ONC e-ciccalsesi selveuiantiascls aslo ssiorelsretecisricajece nc ciseiin aeieserse ase meen el osaaanesetes 0 15

Hye to nose, ..ss0s, sOH01 38600 Bsc pordiisieleesiaepissccmiee siereeniaceneisersiets 0 O-7

Length of ear oda behind the ear, -) 90000:0610008 800 eabodo'0bo sacdoabaoo0d cog bP 08

Breadth of do. .,....... Tigeaee Mihoe none somoasoneeeRuceae same mtaen Meneame 0 06

San foot from heel swith ates: Miveltoleloe (osini oleistelsioclseistecietetesolachcelamicieeeae meet Gemma 1-2

Pore fc and. py A Siveu'sialustects as crabereoi Suse Me EUR cc iok Shea ca kaa nei ee Onn a] O-7

Reniseat peeuerat BOBO IaGnenBcadonnTiood a WoBadane-tosuce sdosodconSoodaconcGsoods, Iti (0)

In a young specimen 4’5 in. long, the hind foot from the heel measured

0-9, the fore foot 0°5, the ear 0°5. The intestines in a specimen nearly 9

inches long measured 50 inches, and the cceeum 8 inches.+

* J find this is noticed by Ogilby in the description of Lagomys Roylei, Royle’s

Iust. Bot., &c., p. Ixix.

+ This appears somuch that I thought there must be a mistake in my note, but

on measuring the intestines of a young specimen about 4 inches long in spirit, I

find they are 38 inches long, and all membranes contract greatly in spirit.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 37

I have extracted the skull of an adult in spirit, proved to be full grown

by the teeth and by the epiphyses of the limb bones being firmly united to

the shafts by ossification. This skull measured only 1:45” in length and 0-7

in breadth across the zygomatic arches ; the orbits are very small, the longi-

tudinal diameter being 0°55", and the transverse 0°28 inches only. The nasal

bones are of equal breadth above throughout, and the anterior palatine

openings broadly confluent behind. This skull agrees very well with the

fioure in Royle’s illustrations of the Botany, &c. of the Himalayas,* except that

it is smaller and that the orbits appear rather shorter; the general form is

strikingly similar. The description of the skin of L. Royle: both by Ogitby

and Waterhouse (fodentia, p. 26,) agrees well with the Sikkim animal,

except that the variety from the western Himalayas appears to be of

somewhat larger size, but as all the dimensions appear to be taken from skins,

they are of small value, and Jerdon’s measurements, which are probably from

fresh specimens, exceed mine by very little. The specimens in the Indian

Museum also agree with those from Sikkim, except that the furis much

harsher, but it is difficult to say how far this is the result of preparation and

of exposure. J am inclined to attach less value to it, because the different

specimens in the Museum vary greatly in the softness of the fur.

But I am also persuaded that the Sikkim species must be Hodgson’s

Lagomys Curzone. The description agrees very fairly, and the dimensionst

only slightly exceed those of my specimens, whilst they agree with Jerdon’s

dimensions of ZL. Roylei. It is true that Hodgson does not mention the

black tips to the hairs, but as he uses the somewhat indefinite expression

“murine fulvous” for the colour, I can only suppose that there were probably

dark tips. Hodgson’s specimens were said to come from the Chiimbi valley.

Now I found Lagomys Roylei along the west slope of the range separating

Sikkim from Chtmbi, in climates as different, and places as far apart as

Chola and the upper Lachtng valley, and it is very surprising, if a different

species inhabits the other side of the range.

My friend Dr. Stoliczka has described a very distinct speciest from Ladak

as Lagomys Curzome, J. A. S. B., Pt. IL, pp. 108-111. I believe that this

* The type of Ogilby’s L. Roylei, but named L. alpinus in the plate ;*comp. Royle’s

TIllust. p. lxix. The coloration of the animal in this plate is very incorrect.

7 The length of the palma and nails one-eighth inch must be a misprint, and it

is evident that all the measurements have been taken from a skin, so that they are

approximations.

{ [1 do not think that there is sufficient evidence for this statement. On compar-

ing Hodgson’s description of LD. Nipalensis with that of Cwrzoniw, the differences

between the two can be noticed with little difficulty. The size of Cwrzonie varies

greatly, many specimens equalling Nipalensis in size, but the fur is very distinct.

Hodgson’s description of Curzoniwe appears to me rather to apply to the species which

I have re-described under the same name, than to Roylet.—F. Stoliczka |.

38 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. I,

is a distinct and undescribed species. Adults are very much larger than

Hodgson’s original specimens, being nine inches and upward in length,

rivalling or exceeding ZL. rufescens in size, and the prevailing colour is isa-

belline. This species which has been excellently described by Dr. Stoliczka,

L. cit., is easily distinguished from ZL. rufescens, by its longer and softer fur.

It may be objected that Hodgson having already described Lagomys

Roylet under the name of LZ. Nipalensis, must have had a distinct species

before him when he described LZ. Curzonie. But L. Nipalensis is of a very

different colour from the typical LZ. Roylet, beimg, as described by Hodgson,

deep bay from the snout to mid body. It was so distinct in appearance

that Blyth described the young of LZ. Roylei as L. Hodgsonit, immediately

after Hodgson had described and figured Z. Nipalensis, and the latter species

is kept distinct from L. Royle: by Waterhouse (Rod. pp. 24, 26,) and by

Dr. Gray* Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Sept. 1867, p. 220. I am myself

inclined to believe that Mr. Blyth was quite right in uniting LZ. Nipalensis

with L. Roylei, because the structural differences pointed out by Waterhouse

appear scarcely of sufficient importance to prove the animals distinct, whilst

the presence or absence of rufous coloration in mammals is not usually of

much importance. But at the same time there do appear to be some slight

differences between the forms inhabiting the Himalayas, and the divergence

is greatest between the Nipal and the Sikkim races, a far greater difference

existing than between other forms which Mr. Hodgson, who held extreme

ideas on the subject, described as distinct species. ‘The materials before me

are insufficient to justify an accurate judgment in this matter, but they in-

dicate the possibility of the three races being distinguishable in this

manner.

Lagomys Reylei, verus. Six to eight inches ; fur less soft, brown with a

greyish tinge.

Do. var. Nipalensis, Length seven to eight inches, fur chesnut or bay

above.

Do. var. Curzonie. ength six to seven inches, fur mouse brown, very

soft.

At the same time the differences are so small that a good series of speci-

mens would probably show a complete passage from one to the other.

Even if the Lagomys seen by Hooker north of the Sikkim frontier were

different from the Sikkim species, the name applied to it by him ZL. badius,

imphes a very different coloration from that of Dr. Stoliczka’s ZL. Curzonie.

* Dr. Gray also keeps LD. Hodgsonii distinct, though it is considered by Water-

house identical with L. Nipalensis, and both were united to Roylei by Mr. Blyth

himself in his Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Asiatic Society’s Museum, p. 133.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 39

RUMINANTIA.

Cervus arrinis, Hodes. Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 218, p. 251.—Blyth,

* Cat. Mam. Mus. As. Soc. No. 480.—Blyth, J. A. S. B., Vol. xxx, 1861,

p. 188.

C. Wallichi, Cuv. apud Blyth, J. A. 8. B., Vol. xxiii, p. 736.—

Hooker, Him. Jour., Vol. II, p. 214, (wood-cut of horns).

This animal must be expunged from the list of mammals found in

Sikkim and, consequently, has no right to appear in Jerdon’s Mammalia.

After much enquiry in the country, I am satisfied that it is not found in

Sikkim at all, nor yet in that portion of the Chimbi valley which is near

the Sikkim frontier. I could not hear of its occurrence in the country

north of Sikkim, and I am inclined to believe that its range is entirely

eastern.

This opinion, at which I had arrived quite mdependently, (for I had

not looked at the paper in J. A. S. B., 1851, Vol. xx, p. 388, until after

writing it) entirely confirms Mr. Hodgson’s account of the animal’s range.

I think Dr. Jerdon must have overlooked this paper, or he would scarcely

have given the animal so inappropriate an English name as the Sikkim Stag.

Captain Elwes was especially desirous of obtaining a pair of the horns, and

enquired about them from the people who came to meet us with the Sikkim

Raja. All declared that this Stag is only found at a considerable distance

beyond Chimbi. Mr. Hodgson, 1. c. p. 392, learned that it only occurs as

a straggler inthe Chimbi valley, that it is unknown in Northern Bitan, and

that the region inhabited by it is entirely Tibetan.

Moscuus Moscuirervs, L.—Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 224, p. 266.—

Hooker, Him. Jour., Vol. I. p. 269.

The musk deer occurs, but is not common on the Chola range ; it is found

much more frequently in the upper Lachen and Lachiung valleys.

PrRocaPRA PrcTicauDATA, (Hodgs.). Blyth, Cat. Mam. No. 534, p. 173.

Hooker, Him. Jour., p. 157, and wood-cut, p. 139.

Hooker records |. ec. his having seen both this animal and the Chiru

(Kemas Hodgson) at Lake Cholami. I did not hear of it in Sikkim, nor has

it, so far as | am aware, been met with. The Stiba of Kambajong, as men-

tioned in the first part of these notes, brought a fresh skin to Kangra Lama.

Kemas Hopesonn, (Abel). Blyth, Cat. Mam. No. 535, p. 173.

Antilope Hodgsoniit, Hooker, Him. Jour., Vol. ii, pp. 1382, 156, and

wood-cut, p. 157.

Hooker found the horns of the Chirtii near Momay Samdong in the

Lachung valley, and saw the animal at Cholamui Lake. The Tibetans assured

us that it is not now found within a long distance of the frontier, and appear-

ed greatly surprised when we told them it had been seen by Hooker. It

40 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkun. [No. 1,

may occur near Cholamiti only at particular seasons, but it is not probable that

Hooker was mistaken about so fine and conspicuous an animal.

NEMORH@DUS BUBALINUS, Hodgs. Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 230, p. 283.

Gya, Butia. Sichi, Lepcha.

The Serow is not rare in Sikkim, but like all other mammals, it shuns the

leech-infested belt between 5,000 and 10,000 feet during the rainy season,

at which period it is said in the outer hills to descend into the deep valleys.

I frequently saw the tracks of this goat-antilope in the forests around

Lachtng which are out of the leech region at 8,000 to 10,000 feet. It

does not ascend to any great elevation.

N. gorat, Hardwicke. Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 231, p. 285: “ Ragen’

Hooker, Him. Jour. Vol. u, p. 98.

The goral is common on the grassy and rocky cliffs west of the Laching

valley from Chingtém to Laching, and is also found in the Lachen valley.

At the period of my visit all were between 8,000 and 10,000 feet, but in

winter they are said to descend much lower. I could not hear of any being

found on the Chola range, and I suspect the animal is only to be met with

in the interior of Sikkim. I saw goral several times near Lachung. It

keeps to rocky cliffs and grassy slopes, and does not appear to inhabit

forest.

HemitRagus semMLArcus, H. Smith.—Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 232

I have been assured that the Tehr is found in Sikkim, but I did not

see it, nor has any one else whom I know. Itis said to imhabit the forests

high up on the sides of the Tista valley near Chingtam. As it is well-

Jnown to be a native of Nipal, its occurrence in Sikkim is highly probable.

An animal was described to us by the Tibetans as mhabiting parts of

Tibet north of Jigatzi, which was probably the Himalayan Ibex, Capra

Sibirica.

Ovis NAHURA, Hodgs. Jerdon, Mam. Ind. No. 287, p. 296.—Ovis

Ammon, Hooker, Him. Jour. Vol. u, p. 1382, wood-cut, p. 140. Wao or

Gndo, Tibetan.

Ovis amMon, L. Hooker, Him. Jour. Vol. i, (? p: 248), wood-cut,

p. 249, Nyeng, Tibetan.

The burhel is not known to occur on the Chola range to the southward,

but it is found near the Tankra pass, and scattered over the grassy hills in

the higher valleys of the Lachen and Lachting. In September and October

I never saw any below 14,000 feet.

The burhel is undoubtedly the wild-sheep to which Hooker refers under

the name of Ovis Ammon, and of which he speaks as being seen occasionally

near Momay Samdong. That such is the case is proved by the name he

apples to it “gnow.” I cannot help thinking it highly probable that he

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. Al

only saw burhel also in the Yangma valley, in East Nipal. A herd of rams

of O. nahura, although inferior in size to the true Ovis Ammon, would certainly

strike any one seeing them for the first time by their proportions, but it is

possible that the sheep seen on this occasion may have been the larger kind.

So far as Sikkim is concerned, however, every enquiry made by us elicited

the assurance that the true Ovis Ammon, or Nyengq, never occurs south of the

Donkia and Kongra Lama passes, though frequently met with at a short

distance to the north in Tibet ; so that in this respect, at all events, Jerdon

is perfectly correct in excluding it from his Mammals of India, p. 298, as

not found on the Indian side of the Himalaya.

AVES.

Order Raptors.

Vulturide.

A large vulture was occasionally seen, but not sufficiently near to enable

either Captain Elwes or myself to ascertain the species or even the genus,

Probably it was Gyps Himalayensis, Hume, Scrap Book, Part I, p. 12,

which has now been determimed by Mr. Gurney to be a good species and

distinct from G. fulvus, Gm., to which the Himalayan bird was assigned

by Dr. Jerdon.

Faleonide.

7* GYPAETUS BARBATUS, (L.)—The Laemmergeyer has not previously

been recorded from the Himalayas east of Nipdl. I did not meet with it

on the Chola range, nor within the limit of forest in northern Sikkim. It

is, however, common in the upper Lachen and Lachiing valleys above 14,000

feet. Neither of us succeeded in obtaining a specimen, although several of the

birds passed at no great distance. They looked small both to me and to

Captain Elwes, and I hope that specimens will hereafter be obtained for

comparison. JI should not have mentioned the apparent size, but that the

only Lemmergeyers I have ever seen alive are the small G, meridionalis,

Keys. and Blas., of Abyssimia. ;

17 TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS, (Gm.).

24 AccrrireR nisus (l.).—Both the Kestril and Sparrow-hawk were

common in the upper Lachen and Lachtng valleys after the middle of

September, evidently migrating southwards. None were seen on the Chola

range at the end of August. The kestril was seen a few days sooner than

the sparrow-hawk.

47 Burno prumrees, Hodgs.

A single example of this rare buzzard was shot by a shikari at an

elevation of about 13,000 feet near Yeomatang in the Lachtng valley. It

proved to be, as ascertained by dissection, a female in fine plumage. It agrees

* The numbers are those of Jerdon’s Birds of India.

42, W. T. Blanford—Zoologqy of Sikkim. [No. 1,

excellently with Hodgson’s original description. The following is a full

account. ; i

Plumage throughout, above and below, dark umber brown, a little

darker, if anything, below than above, slightly paler on the rump, faintly

glossed above with purple except on the head. Shafts of the body feathers

black. Lores covered in front with white feathers, behind with radiating black

hairs. About the nape there are some faint rufous edgings to the feathers ;

a few white spots appear on the scapularies, only to be detected by turning

back the upper feathers. Primary quills very dark for a considerable length

near the tip, paler, with transverse white or whitish bars near the base, shafts

white at the base, becoming black at the tip only. Secondaries a little paler

than the primaries and with white or whitish bars. Under-wing coverts

umber. ‘Tail feathers dark umber, rather indistinctly barred with pale umber,

above pale with white hairs beneath, the bars becoming obsolete towards the

base, about one and a half inches at the tip of each feather unbarred,

extreme tip pale.

Iris pale brown; bill black towards the tip, pale towards the base ; cere,

gape and legs yellow, claws black, The first four primaries deeply emargi-

nate on the mner webs, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th, but not the first, on the

outer.

The principal dimensions were taken on the fresh carcase, only those

of the beak, tarsi and toes are from the skin. Length 20 inches, wing 16,

tail 9:25, tarsus 2°9 feathered in front for 1‘5, mid toe without claw 1:5,

its claw measured round curve 0.9, outer toe 1, its claw 0.65, imner toe

0:95, its claw 1°15, hinder toe 0°8, its claw 1:15, bill straight from end of

cere 0°88, round curve 1, from gape 147. The 4th primary is the longest,

the 3rd shorter by 0-2 in one wing, 0°35 in the other, 2nd by 1:6, Ist by

4°75 in one wing, 4°4 in the other. The closed wings reached to within one

inch of the end of the tail.

The tarsi have 9 or 10 broad scutes behind for the lower half of their

length, above this are hexagonal scales. In front are hexagonal scales only,

a little larger than those at the sides above, but becoming small near the feet.

The discovery of a second specimen of this buzzard, comciding in color-

ation with that first obtaimed by Mr. Hodgson, renders it far more probable

that this is really a good species, and not a mere accidental phase of plumage

of some other.

Of the Indian species to which it might be referred, Buteo ferox (B,

canescens, Hodgs.) is out of the question, being much larger. B. desertorwin

(B. rufiventer, Jerdon), which comes nearest in size, is distinguished by its

rufous colouring, especially on the underparts, of which there is not a trace

in B. plumipes. B. vulgaris, which is now excluded from the Indian fauna,

does not appear to assume so uniform a plumage. Moreover, on comparing

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 43

the Sikkim specimen with the series in the Indian Museum, I found that

in no-case have any of the three species named small hexagonal scales in

front of the tarsi as in B. plumipes.* There is some variation in this charac-

ter, but all differ widely from my specimen. Both B. vulgaris and B.

desertorum also appear to have shorter toes.

Mr. Blyth (ibis, 1866, p. 245) considers B. japonicus, Schl., (Fauna

Japonica, Ay., t. vi. and vil.) probably identical. This is of less importance

at the present moment, because Mr. Hodgson’s name has priority, but dis-

regarding the question of plumage, the scutes on the tarsus of B. japonicus

are said to be broader, but less high than in B. vulgaris, and there are about

8 in front and 12 to 15 behind. The dimensions are a little smaller than

those of B. plumipes, wmg 134 inches (french, == 14-4 english) in the adult

female. The only conclusion at which I can arrive is that B. plumipes is a

good species, and that B. japonicus is probably distinct.

56 Minvus Govinpa, Sykes.—The only kite I have brought from the

upper Lachiing valley, shot at 8,000 feet, belongs to the common Indian race,

but a specimen from Tamltng and another from Darjiling are of the large

MM. melanotis, Tem. and Sch., JZ major of Hume. Kites, IZ Govinda, I

believe, were seen up to about 12,000 feet.

The paucity of Raptorial birds in Upper Sikkim is most striking. I

did not notice a single true falcon or eagle ; and kites, kestrils, sparrow-hawks,

and Lemmergeyers are the only kinds at all frequently seen.

Order—InsEssores.—Sub-order—PIcar Lm.

Picida.

161 Picts HyPERYTHRUS, Vig.—This is the only woodpecker which I saw

in the pine forests of upper Sikkim. - Even this is rare ; only two specimens

were obtained during our stay, one at about 10,000 feet in the Lachung

valley, the other at about 9,000 in the Lachen. The latter is a young bird,

and has dusky bars on the breast. The change from the fauna of outer Sik-

kim, where woodpeckers abound as they do throughout Malayasia, is strikingly

exemplified by thisfamily. It is doubtful, if P. hyperythrus has been obtain-

ed in the neighbourhood of Darjiling ; specimens reported to have been brought

thence were probaby shot in the interior.

* Mr. Hodgson’s original specimen of B, plumipes, however, is described, P. Z. S.,

1845, p. 37, as having the tarsus scutillate before and behind.

+ Since writing the above, I have seen Dr. Jerdon’s remarks on this species in

the July number of the Ibis, p. 340. He also considers the species distinct, but says

the toes are peculiarly short. I trust to be able hereafter to compare my specimen

in Hurope.

44 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

Cypselide.

103 CoL~LocaLia FucTPHAGA (Thunb.). :

Common on the Chola range up to at least 12,000 feet, and throughout

the Tista valley at low elevations. I did not meet with any swift in Upper

Sikkim.

Upupide.

254 Upupa Epops, L.—Not rare at high elevations in Northern Sikkim.

T saw it as high as 15,000 feet at Momay Samdong. Very probably all seen

were migrating from beyond the Himalayas, as it is scarcely probable that

any breed at this elevation.

Sub-order—PAassERES.

Nectarinde.

629 AlrHOPYGA T@NIcAvDA (Hodgs.).—Common in rhododendron and

pine jungle at about 11,000 feet on the Chola range in August, feeding

upon flowers in open glades. All seen were young males in non-breeding

plumage, or females. |

I have no specimen, but I believe the identification of this bird is

correct. Several were shot by Captain Elwes. No Wectarinide were seen

in Upper Sikkim.

Ampelide.

629 Myzornis pyrriours, Hodgs.—Common in the same place as the

last species, hunting amongst the brushwood and over the mossy banks. I shot

one on the ground. It was evidently hunting about the moss for insects.

Mr. W.S8. Atkinson obtained specimens on the Singalela range. None were -

seen in Upper Sikkim.

In Mr. G. R. Gray’s new Hand list of birds Myzornis is placed as a

subgenus of Yuhina, between Phyllornis and Criniger in the Phyllornithine ;

a view not borne out by the structure of the birds, nor by their nidification,

so far as that is known. I doubt its being an improvement on Jerdon’s

classification.

. 627 Yuurya occrprraris, Hodgs.—This bird, which Dr. Jerdon says is

rare near Darjiling, is very common and abundant in the pme forests between

8,000 and 10,000 feet in the Lachen and Lachting valleys. It is found in

small flocks usually associated with other species. The following measure-

ments were taken on a freshly killed bird; length 5, wimg 2-4, tail 2,

tarsus 0°7, bill 0°55 inches.

626 Y. eunarts, Hodes.—This is less common than the last in the

pine forests about Lachting, though still by no means rare. It is common

above 10,000 feet on the Chola range, where I did not meet with

* ¥. occipitalis.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 45

623 Ixuntus Fuavicottis, Hodgs.—I obtained two specimens near

Lamteng in the Lachen valley at about 9,000 feet, which seem rather smaller

than Darjilmg specimens, as appears by the following comparison :—

Wing. Tail. Bill from gape. Tarsus,

Specimens from Lachen valley,............ 2°25 18 0:5 0-72 & 0-78

» from Darjiling (1,) ..... 00. 2°52 2 0-62 08

4 " (aye ee S72 65y0 1688 0°56 0-75

622 PROPARUS VINIPECTUS res —This species does not appear to

have been noticed from Sikkim before : ‘at least I can find no mention of its

oceurrence so far east. I obtained two specimens, one from pine forests in

the Lachen valley at about 11,000 feet, the other on Sinchal, close to

Darjiling. ‘The measurements rather exceed those given by Jerdon.

Length. Wing. Tail. Bill from forehead. Tarsus.

1.—Lachen ee ARPS COOREECO SO ran ea 225 19 0.3 0.9

2.—Sinchal, gcngac do dea réeo6 doo. 3) 2.35 2-0 0:32 0:95

Tris ane <a P a reddish tinge, bill dusky above, livid below, legs

livid. The head is not crested.

621 P. curysmzus, Hodgs.—P. chrysotis, Blyth, and G. R. Gray. I ob-

tained a single specimen in the Lachen valley at about 9,000 feet. Captain

Elwes shot two or three in the same valley at a somewhat lower elevation.

In my specimen, a male, the measurements are—wing 2°15, tail 1°8, bill from

forehead 0°32, tarsus 0°88 inches.

The name chrysotis is evidently appropriate, and so clearly due either

to a misprint or an error in a label that although first published, I think

Jerdon quite right in usmg Hodgson’s name for this bird. Surely the law

of priority does not extend to misprints.

618 Minta renrotrncta, Hodgs.—Common in both the Lachen and

Laching valleys up to about 9,000 feet, but not higher, im company with

Yuhine, tits, and other birds.

616 Siva stricura, Hodgs.—I met with this bird at about 10,000

feet on the Chola range, and again in the Lachtng valley at about 9,000. In

the latter locality it appeared not to be very common. The only specimen

preserved has the orange of the head confined to the forehead, the crown

bemg rufous olive. As the colours of the lower parts also are duller,

this is probably a female; comp. Stoliczka in J. A.S. B., 1868, Pt. ui, p. 50.

ALLOTRIUS XANTHOCHLORUS, Hodgs.—I obtained one specimen at

9,000 feet im the Lachen valley. It was in a mixed flock of small Sylviads ;

(Piilloscopi, &e.), Hyithalisci, and Yuhine. I have since received another

specimen from Darjiling, probably a male. My specimen from the Lachen

valley is a female, and agrees well with Dr. Stoliczka’s description, J. A.

S. B., Part ui, 1868, p. 50. The back is a rather yellower green than that

of the (supposed) male, abdomen greenish yellow. Dimensions taken before

46 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

skinning—length 4°7, wing 2:4, tail 1°85, tarsus 0°75, bill from forehead 0°3,

from gape 0°55 inches. Inis dark brown, bill black above, bluish grey below ;

legs purplish horny.

Crateropide.

376 HETEROMORPHA UNICOLOR, Hodgs.—This I only saw in one place

in the Lachiing valley, between 7,000 and 8,000 feet of elevation. The birds

were in flocks, skulking in dwarf bamboo jungle in the usual Crateropidine

manner.

381 Conostoma aMopiuM, Hodgs——This also I met with but once.

T came upon a flock making a great noise amongst dwarf bamboos at about

11,000 feet elevation on the Chola range.

Perhaps neither of the last two birds should have been comprised, as

neither was found above the lowest limit of pines.

417 TROCHALOPTERUM SUBUNICOLOR, Hodgs.—This appears to range

much higher than its congener Z. chrysopterum. I shot it at about 11,000

feet on the Chola range, and about 9,000 in the Lachtng valley. Iris

yellowish grey.

I cannot at all admit the justifiability of separating this species, 7.

pheniceum and T. squamatum from the other forms of Zrochalopterum, as is

done by Horsfield and Gray. 'To place these three forms in a distinct genus

from Z. chrysopterum and T. affine appear to me a violation of natural affinity.

There is no difference in the shape of the wing to which any importance can

be attached. As a rule the 6th primary is the longest in all, but both the

5th and 7th are so nearly the same length, that specimens may be found in

which either of them slightly exceeds all the others. Then, as to the bills,

T. subunicolor differs quite as much from TZ. pheenicewm, as the latter does

from ZT. chrysopterum or T. affine. 'The structure of the feet, general dimen-

sions, the plumage, and habits are precisely similar in all, and I thoroughly

agree with Dr. Jerdon in classing all together. If any of the group deserve

separation, it appears to me that the forms from the Malabar hills 7

cacchinans, Jerdoni and Fairbanki, are better entitled to distinction than

those placed in Mr. Gray’s genus Pterocyclus, a name long previously

employed amongst the Mollusca, as has repeatedly been pomted out before.

419 T. arrmye (Hodgs.).—This is the only Crateropidine which can be

said to belong fairly to the fauna of sub-alpine Sikkim ; it ranges much

above all other forms, and Jerdon is quite right in his suggestion that it fre-

quents the higher mountains. On the Chola range it abounds at 11,000 to

about 13,000 feet, in rhododendron scrub and on the skirts of the pine woods,

and in Northern Sikkim I found it far from rare at the same elevation or a

ttle lower. Its habits are precisely the same as those of Z. chrysopterum,

and other allied forms. Iris olive.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 47

Hirundinide.

93 CHELmMON CasHMIRIENSIS, Gould—Common on the Chola range

about the upper limit of forest, 12,000 to 13,000 feet. It was chiefly seen

hunting over streams and lakes,

Laniide.

258 LANIUS TEPHRONOTUS (Vigors).—Common at Lachting, 8,000 to

9,000 feetin the begining of September, but three weeks later all had disap-

peared. Many of those seen were in young plumage with hair on the breast,

back, and scapulars.

Campephagide.

274 PERICROCOTUS SOLARIS, Blyth.—I shot a female from amongst a

flock at about 10,000 feet elevation near Lachtng.

There is evidently a misprint m Jerdon’s description of the female of this

bird. I¢ is the back which is olive green, the lower parts are deep yellow

passing into whitish on the throat. The rump is dark yellow with a slight

brownish tinge.

The female of P. sofaris is distinguished from that of P. brevirostris

by its shorter bill, greyer head, ashy ear coverts, whitish throat, and especially

by wanting the broad yellow forehead of the last named species, which I

found abundant in the Tista valley at elevations below about 6,000 feet.

Muscicapide.

296 HEMICHELIDON SsIBERICA, (Gm.).—H. fuliginosa, Hodgs.

One young specimen obtained in the Lachen valley at about 9,000 feet.

294 CHELIDORHYNX HypPoxanTHA (Blyth)—Common in pine forests

at the foot of the Chola pass at about 12,000 feet elevation. In the interior

I did not notice it above about 8,000 feet, below that it abounded. It was

usually seen in small flocks, hunting about trees.

319 Sipura stropHrata, Hodgs.—The only fly-catcher commonly seen

in the pme woods of the Lachting and Lachen valleys. Here it was found

up to an elevation of 12,000 feet, associating with tits, Sylviads, and Jawle,

It was also common on the Chola range at the same elevation. The white

on the rectrices decreases on the outer feathers, as noticed by Stoliczka in

specimens from N. W. Himalayas. (J. A. S. B., 1868, Part ii, p. 32).

The plumage of the young bird does not appear to have been described ;

the following is that of a specimen shot at Yeomatong, in the upper Lachting

valley, on September 12th. Upper parts and sides of the head and neck brown,

the feathers of the head with narrow brownish yellow streaks down the centre ;

these increase in size till, on the back, the feathers are brownish yellow with

dusky brown margins ; the same on the rump, but the colour is a little less

brilliant. Quills and coverts dark brown, broadly edged with rufous brown,

AS W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

the last secondaries (or tertiaries) being entirely rufous ; tail as in the adult ;

throat and breast brownish yellow, the feathers with dusky edges, giving a

scale like appearance; flanks duller; lower abdomen, vent, and under-tail

eoverts white.

CINCLID. :

348 CINCLUS CASHMIRIENSIS ? Gould—Blyth has already mentioned

the occurrence of this dipper in Sikkim, Ibis, 1866, p. 374. I found it

far from rare in the upper parts of the Lachen and Lachtng valleys, at

elevations exceeding 14000 feet.

The specimens vary much in plumage. The only two I have retained

are smaller than the dimensions given by Jerdon and Salvin (Ibis, 1867,

p. 117), and they do not exactly agree in coloration. In that which I

look upon as adult, or near adult, the head and neck above and at the sides,

and the upper part of the back are dull brown, a white spot above the eye,

and another smaller one below, middle and lower back cinereous with dark

brown margins, tail cmereous, quills and wing coverts brown, the outer webs

cinereous, the secondaries and greater coverts with narrow white tips ; throat

and breast white, abdomen brown, the feathers with sight white edges,

flanks and under tail coverts cinereous; bill black, tarsus (when alive)

purplish grey, wing 3.4, tail 1°9, tarsus 1:1, bill from gape 0-9, from

forehead 0°65 inches.

Another specimen, probably younger, has some grey mixed with the

brown of the head feathers, and the centre of the abdomen, as far back as the

thighs, white, not so pure as on the breast, the feathers being brownish

below ; there are traces of dusk margins to the breast feathers also; wing

3'6, tail 2,05, tarsus 1:13, bill from gape 0:9, from forehead 0.65 inches.

If these birds belong to C. Cashmiriensis, it is evidently a variable species.

347 C. astaricus, Swains.—This ranges, in the summer, as high as

12,000 feet at least, and I have a specimen shot at that elevation at Yeoma-

tong in the Lachimg valley. I saw brown birds which I noted at the time

as belonging to this species up to 14.000 feet, and I believe they were

correctly identified, but as I secured none, they may have belonged to the

next. Towards the end of October, I saw this dipper in the great Rangit

river, not 1000 feet above the sea.

349 C. sorprpus, Gould—A simgle dipper which I shot at about

15,000 feet on the Chachi stream below Phaling, close to the Kongra

Lama pass, only differs from the description of this species by its rather

larger size ; it is a little darker in colour than Gould’s figure in the Birds of

Asia. I took it at the time for C. asiaticws, and was surprised at seeing that

bird at so great an elevation, in a place where the fauna is distinctly Tibetan.

There is a cinereous tinge on the outer margins of the quills on the upper

coverts, which have dark margins, and on the tail. Wing 4in., tail 2°3, tarsus

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 49

1:17, bill from forehead 0°68. Jerdon’s measurement of the bill, $, must be

from the gape.

It is quite possible that this may be a distinct local race, inhabiting

Eastern Tibet, but I scarcely like to separate it without better means of

comparison.

TURDID&.

350 ZooTHERA MONTICOLA, Vigors.—I obtained one specimen at about

10,000 feet in the Lachen valley, but I did not shoot it myself.

362 Meruta atpocrneta, (Royle) —This black bird is common in

rhododendron scrub, and on the skirts of forest on the Chola range at 11,000

to 13,000 feet. I saw it also at Lachtng in Upper Sikkim at about 8,000 feet.

Tt appears to haunt banks of streams.

352 OREOC@TES ERYTHROGASTER, (Vigors).—Obtained by Captain

Elwes near Lachtng.

478 GRANDALA c@LIcotor, Hodgs.—The systematic position of this

bird is very puzzling. I cannot see much affinity for AZyiomela, and even less

for Calliope, next to which Mr. G. R. Gray classes it in his ‘ Hand list.’ I was

wrong in placing the African Pholidauges leucogaster, in the same genus

(Obs. Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, p. 367), but I still believe that there is some

affinity between the two. ‘The bill of Gvandala is certainly Sawicoline, but I

am strongly disposed to doubt whether, as a rule, far too great importance

is not attached to characters of the bill by ornithologists.

Were I to judge Grandala by its flight, habits, and form of wing, I

should unhesitatingly place it amongst the Starlmgs. ‘The tarsi are, it is

true, less strongly scutellated than in the Stwrnide, but still the scutellation

towards the base is well marked, and the tarsus has no more resemblance to

that of a Saxicola than to that of Stwrnus. On the whole perhaps the most

natural position is in the thrushes, some of which, as the fieldfare, assemble

into flocks in the winter.

Captain Speke was quite correct as to the gregarious habits of this bird,

Mr. Hodgson’s information, however, may have been derived from its being

found solitary or in pairs in the summer. We first met with it at Momay

Samdong (15,000 feet). A flock entirely composed of young birds or females

used to visit a small grassy flat, close to our encampment, for several evenings

after our arrival, and hunt about for insects which were atracted by the

yak’s dung, exaetly as starlings do. All which I shot proved to be young

males. I saw none ata lower elevation, but near Donkia pass, at above

17,000 feet, I met with a flock in which were some males in adult plumage,

one of which I shot.

483 Pratincona, inpica, Blyth—Common in the Lachine and Lachen

valleys m September and the beginning of October, and apparently

50 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

migrating. IJ doubt if this bird breeds on the mountains of Sikkim; none

were observed on the Chola range.

386 P. rerrEa, Hodgs.—Seen in Northern Sikkim occasionally at about

7,000 to 9,000 feet, but less common than about Darijiling.

497 RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS (Vieil.). Not seen on the Chdla range, but

abundant in the Lachen and Lachung valleys during the latter parts of our

stay in them. The first specimen was shot at Momay Samdong (15,000 feet)

on September 21st. In this case there could be no question that the birds

migrated from beyond the passes, because none were seen before the date

mentioned, even in the highest parts of the valleys at 15,000 to 18000 feet,

whilst afterwards they were abundant everywhere, and on our return in the

middle of October we saw them at 4,000 feet in the Tista valley. It is

mentioned by Dr. Stoliczka as breeding in Western Tibet. I¢ certainly, I

should say, does not breed in Sikkim.

503 R. rron?ais (Vigors).—In contrast tothe last species which abounds

in the plains of India in winter, but crosses the snows to breed, this redstart, -

which rarely, if ever, visits the plains, but which Jerdon found abundantly

around Darjiling in winter, evidently breeds in the higher hills of Sikkim. I

met with it on the Chola range and again abundantly in the Lachtng and

Lachen valleys at from 12,000 to 14,000 feet, and at Yeomatong on Septem-

ber 12th and 14th I shot three birds in spotted plumage. These young

birds have the upper parts dark brown with isabelline spots, quills and

wing coverts hair brown, the secondaries and coverts with rufous edges,

throat and breast feathers dirty white in the centre, with broad brown mar-

gins, the white centres pointed at the end, presenting a peculiar scale-like

appearance. Abdomen dull rufous or isabelline with some brown edgings

which, however, have disappeared in one specimen ; tail precisely as in the adult.

The outer tail feathers in all have the outer web, Sage near the base,

black, as well as the tip.

I several times at high elevations, both on the Chola range and in

Northern Sikkim, saw another species of Ruticilla, but I never succeeded

in shooting a specimen, nor did my fellow traveller. It was perhaps R.

ceruleocephala, (Vigors).

505 R. | Ruyacornis] FuLIerNosa (Vigors). Jerdon’s description of the

habits of this bird, are, as usual, admirable. It is, however, found at a great-

er elevation than stated by him, and on the Chola range I occasionally saw

birds up to 11000 and 12000 feet, but at the same season I saw and shot

others below 3000 feet elevation. In Northern Sikkim it did not, in Sep-

¢ember and October, range above 7000 feet. Mr. Blyth, in the Ibis for 1867,

p, 16, refers to Dr. A. Leith Adam’s second species allied to this, seen in

Kashmir (P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 179, No. 82 of the birds of Kashmir and Ladak),

It is described as “smaller; colour a leaden ash, whith several white fea-

thers in the tail.” Surely pe female is referred to.

i a

1872.] _ W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 51

I am quite of the same opinion as my friends Dr. Jerdon and Dr.

Stoliczka (J. A. S. B. 1868, p. 43,) as to the difference between this species

and other Ruticille, but I rather doubt whether it should be placed in Chi-

marrhoriis, as proposed by Mr. Hodgson and Dr. Stoliczka. The bill undoubt-

edly shews some similarity in form, a modification probably connected with

aquatic habits of both birds, and the tailis rounded as noticed by Jerdon,

but the wines are Ruticilline, and the general characters of the plumage of

both sexes — structural character which, viewed in the light of evolution by

déscent from common forms, I should be inclined to think of more impor-

tance than the slight modifications of the bill and tail,—dissociate RB. fuligi-

nosa altogether forms Chimarrhornis. It appears to me, as it did to Dr.

Jerdon, to form the type of a distinct subgenus which might be called

Rhyacornis ;* and which appears to me to have as good claims to separation

as Adelura and Chimarrhornis. The characters are:

Rhyacornis, swbg. nov. Ruticille: Rostrum brevius et latius quam Ruti-

-cille, cauda magis rotundata. Femina a mart valde diversa, et rectricibus

exterioribus basin versus albis.

499 f. (Adelura) ERYTHROGASTRA (Gild.)—Bill and plumage similar

to Chimarrhornis, but the wings and tail are those of futicilla, and so are

the habits to a great extent. I have seen this bird on the banks of streams

and of lakes, but more frequently on rocky hill sides, and at times on the edges

of glaciers. It was only met with at great elevations, never below 14000 feet,

but in the highest parts of the Lachen and Lachung valleys it was far from

rare, and Captain Elwes shot it at Cholamti Lake. I saw no females, at least

-I only saw birds in the plumage of the male, and all the specimens shot by

me were males.

The following measurements were taken on fresh specimens before

skinning.

Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from forehead.

1 7 44, a2 JLSIL 0:45

2 73 4-2, a Lik 0-45

Iris brown, bill and legs black.

i. Vigorsu, Moore, quoted by Jerdon as the female of this species, is

considered distinct by G. R. Gray (Hand-list, I, p. 221). It is certainly very

different from the bird figured as the female or young male by Gould in the

Birds of Asia, and as it differs from 2. erythrogaster in having the central

rectrices dark coloured, and in the absence of a wing spot, (both rather impro-

bable sexual differences), it is probably a distinct species.

506 B. (Chimarrhornis) LEUCOCEPHALA (Vigors)—Common on streams

and around the edges of lakes, at elevations above 12,000 feet on the Chola range

* From puaé a stream wand dpyis.

52 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

and above 10000 in Northern Sikkim in August, September and the begin-

ning of October. It evidently breeds in the higher ranges, and descends in

winter to the valleys, as described by Jerdon. In the middle of October all

the birds of this species in the Lachen valley had descended to below 10,000

feet elevation.

508 Tanrura RUFILATA, (Hodgs.)—This is another bird found in the

winter around Darjiling, which evidently breeds in the pme forests. I shot

specimens at about 12000 feet both on the Chold range and in the Laching

valley. One bird, a female, killed in the last named locality, is immature and

has only partially assumed the adult plumage. It has pale spots on some of the

back and head feathers, whilst the nestling feathers remaining on the breast

are isabelline with dark margins.

DRYMOCHARES STELLATUS.—Gould P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 218, 219. Birds

of Asia, Pt. XXI. A single male was shot by my shikari at Yeomatong in

the Lachiing valley at 12000 to 18000 feet. The specimen is in poor condi-

tion and much injured, so that I can give no trustworthy dimensions.

This form, although well distinguished by its peculiar coloration, appears

to be scarcely entitled to rank higher than a sub-genus of Brachypteryxr. I

have elsewhere, in another paper on Sikkim birds, given my reasons for placing

Brachypteryx near Ianthia m preference to classing it with the wrens, as is

done by Jerdon. The usual position assigned to the genus amongst the

Timaliine (Crateropide) or Leotrichine appears to me quite incompatible

with the structure and habits of the Himalayan species.

513 CALLIOPE PECTORALIS, Gould.—Common on the Chola range, but

less abundant in northern Sikkim ; in both localities only seen, in August and

September, above 12,000 feet, and usually above the limit of forest. It

haunts rhododendron scrub in which it doubtless breeds, and is frequently

seen on the hill side near bushes.

In the only male I possess there is no white moustachial stripe, and I

can only find one male specimen out of 5 (4 mounted and 1 ski) in the

Indian Museum, exhibiting this character. ‘This specimen also has the white

spots at the tip of the tail feathers much larger than in others. In my

specimen, and in one apparently from the N. W. Himalayas, as presented by

Jerdon to the Museum, there is a broad white forehead, not mentioned in

Jerdon’s description, and wanting on other specimens to which I have access.

The adult females (2 in number,) shot by me, do not agree well with

Jerdon’s description, which may perhaps be taken from a young male. At

all events in 2 adult females, and 2 young birds obtaimed im Sikkim, as also

in the skin of a hen bird in the Indian Museum, there is no white whatever

at the base of the tail. Adult females have the upper parts brown with a

slight greyish tinge, wings hair brown with paler margins to the quills ; tail

blackish, feathers tipped white (not fulvous), but without any white at the

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 53

_base, supercilia dull white, sides of head greyish brown, sides of neck, breast

and flanks ashy ; chin and middle of throat white, abdomen white also, but

less pure, lower tail coverts slightly fulvous, thigh coverts dark brown. A

rather younger female has a browner back and flanks and indistinct super-

cilium.

The young birds agree with Dr. Stoliczka’s description, (J. A. 8. B.

1868, Part II, p. 45) except that my specimens, which are perhaps females,

have no white at the base of the tail.

The measurements of my Sikkim specimen, except the tarsus and bill,

are less than those given by Dr. Jerdon.

Wing. ‘Tail. Tarsus. Bill from forehead. Bill from gape,

Male,......... 2°70 272 1:25 0:48 0-72

Female,...... 27 2°05 1:22 0-48 0-7

IDM Kosecaboce 2°82 272 1:23 0°52 0°75

514 Cyanecuna svEcica, (l.)—This was seen occasionally in the latter

part of September, and more frequently in October, apparently coming from

the north and migratig southwards. I shot one bird at Momay Samdong

on the 19th September.

In Mr. G. R. Gray’s ‘ Hand list,’ the Indian blue-throat is still classed

as C. cerulecula, Pall., but Mr. Blyth, in the Ibis for 1867, p. 17, note, has

shewn that it is identical with the Swedish form, the type of Motacilla suecica

of Linnzus, and until Mr. Blyth has been proved to be im error on this point,

the Indian race must bear the latter name.

Sylviade.

558 PHyYLLoOsScoPus* LUGUBRIS, Blyth.—This appears to be the com-

monest warbler in Sikkim, and in all probability breeds abundantly in the

higher parts of the hills. I met with it very frequently, solitary or in families,

amongst the rhododendron bushes at elevations from 12,000 to 14,000 feet

on the Chola range, and again from 10,000 to 13,000 or 14,000 in the pine

forests of Lachung valley, associating in flocks with Lophophanes and other

birds. The specimens shot by me have distinct whitish tips to the larger

wing coverts, whereas in birds shot in the plains these are usually wanting,

doubtless from their being gradually worn off; my birds also are more yellow

beneath, and the axillaries and edge of the wing are clear pale yellow, whilst

birds shot near Calcutta are mostly greenish on these parts. There is,

however, some variation in this respect.

* If the type of Phyllopneuste, Meyer, be P. trochilus, the Indian birds ascribed

to Phylloscopus by Jerdon must be placed in that genus. G. R. Gray, in his recent

Hand-list, separates the Indian birds, which he places under Phyllopneuste, from P.

.trochilus, P. rufa, &c. classing these as Asilus, Moechring. I greatly doubt if the

separation is justified by the structure of the bird. As I have not the means of

clearing up this question, I use Jerdon’s generic names,

54 W. T. Blanford—Zooloqgy of Sikkim. [No. 1,

525 P. FULIGINIVENTER (Hodgs.)—Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 21. Horormis

fuliginiventer, Hodgs. Jerdon, Birds of India, II, p. 162. Short as is Mr.

Hodgson’s description, it contains the only characters worth noting. There

is a mere trace of a pale supercilium, and the under side of the wing is of the

same dusky olive as the breast. The tail appears rather rounded, and the

legs strong resembling those of P. Indicus and P. affinis, and probably indi-

eating similar wren-like habits. There is also a decided resemblance in the

peculiar coloration of these three species. Wing 2°2 in., tail 1.75, tarsus 0°85, —

bill from forehead 0.4, from gape 0°5.

I obtained a single specimen in Rhododendron scrub at about 14000 ft.

elevation near Momay Samdong. This bird is probably a resident in the ~

higher regions of the Himalayas.

561 P. arrrvts, Tickell. I shot two or three specimens of the birds in

the Lachen and Lachiing valleys at moderate elevations, 8000 to 9000 feet.

None were killed before 26th September, but I saw a small bird at Lachine

about the 9th September which might very possibly have been this species,

as it had the same peculiar habits. It may migrate to Tibet to breed, but

it is, I think, quite as probable that it nidificates in Sikkim.

The specimens obtained by me were hunting in high grass and low bushes

for insects in a very wren like manner, or like a Calamodyta or Acrocephalus ;

they were very difficult to flush, and settled again at a short distance. The

habits of this bird, and its near ally P. indicus, appear to me quite different

from those of other Phylloscopi. I have before (J. A. S. B., 1869, Part IT,

p- 181) called attention to the Svéta - like habits of P. indicus when on trees,

an observation I have frequently had opportunities of repeating since.

566 REGULOIDES PROREGULUS (Pall.). &. chloronotus, Hodgs.—Two

specimens obtained in Upper Sikkim at the end of September and beginning

of October.

568 R. ERocwRoA (Hodgs.).—I shot a specimen at about 18,000 feet

on the Chola range, Eastern Sikkim. It is doubtless a resident.

569 Cuxnicipnta Burxit (Burton).—A single specimen only procured

at Lachiimg on the 28th September, together with Phylloscopus afjinis, hunt-

ing in the same manner as that species, amongst low bushes and long grass.

578 ABRORNIS CASTANEICERS, Hodgs.—Jerdon does not mention the

broad yellow rump and upper tail coverts, which are much more brightly

coloured and more conspicuous in this species than in Reguloides proregulus,

(Pall.), and are shewn in the figure in Gray’s genera of birds Pl. XLIX.

There are one or two other slight omissions in the Birds of India, I therefore

venture to give a fresh description.

Head chesnut above with a dusky streak at each side, increasing in

breadth and distinctness posteriorly, lores, sides of head and neck, nape, throat,

and breast grey, darker on the cheeks and nape ; orbital feathers whitish ; back

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 55

green ; rump and upper tail coverts bright yellow; wings and tail brown,

edged externally with green, the two outer tail feathers on each side with the

inner webs white ; wing coverts tipped with pale yellow ; margin of the wing,

under wing coverts, belly and under tail coverts the same bright yellow as

the rump. Iris brown, bill dusky above, deep yellow beneath, legs horny,

soles yellowish. Measurement taken before skinning. Length nearly 4 in.,

wing 2.1, tail 1.65, tarsus 0°65, bill from forehead 0:28, from gape 0-4.

Mr. Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 26, says this bird is decidedly a Reguloides.

So far as the bill is concerned, it appears to me that it might be classed in

either of the two genera, between which in part there is no clear distinction ;

the plumage is rather that of an Abrornis.

Troglodytide.

333 TROGLODYTES NIPALENSIS, Hodgs.—The Nipal wren is common at

high elevations. On the Chola range | especially noticed it above the range

of forest, hunting over the loose moss-covered stones, which frequently form

so large a portion of the hill sides, constantly entering the crevices between

the blocks, and emerging again ata considerable distance. In the Lachen

and Laching valleys, it was common in pine forests, at elevations above

10,000 feet. I usually saw the birds m small families, 3 or 4 together,

hunting on the ground and low bushes, and with the same predilec-

tion for exploring hollows under stones. One of two specimens, from close

to the Chola pass, is an old bird and measures, wing 2 in., tail 1:25,

‘tarsus 0°75, bill from forehead 0:44, from gape 0°53. The other, from

Yeomatong, is of decidedly more rufous tint, the bill is shorter and yellow

beneath ; this is probably a young bird. Its measurements taken before

skmning were: Length 471, wing 2, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°8, foot 1°35, bill from

forehead 0-4 inch. ie

329 PNOEPYGA SQUAMATA, Gould.—This ranges up to about 9,000 feet

im Northern Sikkim. All the specimens I saw belonged to the form called

Tesia rufiventer by Hodgson which I am disposed to believe distinct from

P. squamata = albwenter, Hodgs., but I have not sufficient specimens for

comparison.

327 SHSTA CASTANEO-CORONATA, (Burton).—Not uncommon in Northern

Sikkim at 7,000 to 10,000 feet. I saw several, but have only a single specimen.

This bird is quite wren-like in habits, but keeps much less to the ground

than Vroglodytes Nipalensis. It is constantly on the move in low brushwood

and grass, keepmg up mean time a sharp monotonous single note repeated at

regular intervals.

527 HorEITES BRUNNEIFRONS, Hodgs.—Mr. Blyth long since, J. A.S. B.,

XIV, 1845, p. 585, pointed out the similarity of this bird to Testa ; except the

much longer and slightly more rounded tail of Horettes, there is but little

56 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

difference in structure between the two genera. The habits are remarkably

similar, Horeites brunneifrons resembling Troglodytes in its movements

even more than Zesza does. I watched a bird of the present species for at least a

quarter of an hour one day, hunting over mossy rocks and diving into the

hollows beneath them. If YZesia be a wren, I suspect Horeites must be

classed with it. The note is precisely similar.

I shot HZ. brunneifrons twice in the Lachting valley between 10,000 and

12,000 feet. Both specimens were moulting their tails, so that I could not

take complete measurements. The wing measures 1°85, tarsus 0°75, bill from

forehead 0°32, from gape0°5 inch. The irisis brown, legs pale horny, bill

blackish above, yellow near the base of the lower mandible.

Stttida@.

248 Srrra Himanayensis, J. and §8.—A single specimen, shot at

about 11,000 feet on the Chola range, differs from Darjiling birds in the paler

colour of the head, im a distinct pale spot at the back of the neck, and in the

bill being rather shorter. The latter character, however, is slightly variable

in most Siéte@, and the pale head may be due to immaturity. Length,

measured before skinning, 4°75, ins., wing 2°9, tail 1:45, tarsus 0°75, foot 1:5,

bill from forehead 0°5. The two outer rectrices on each side have a distinct

white spot near their tips much larger, farther from the tip and extending

obliquely across the feather in the outer pair smaller, and often confined to

the inner web close to the tip in the next.

In Northern Sikkim I observed no Sitta above about 7,000 feet.

Certhiade.

244 CERTHIA NIPALENSIS, Hodgs.—Common from 8,000 to 18,000 feet

in the pine yoods of Northern Sikkim, in which at the time of my visit I

found it associating with flocks of Lophophanes and Phylloscopt. Tt

appears in this region entirely to replace C. discolor of Outer Sikkim.

Measurement of a fresh specimen: Length 5:5, wing 2°8, tail 2°8, bill from

forehead 0°5, tarsus 0°7, foot 1:5 inch. Ivis brown, legs horny, bill blackish

above, white below.

Paridea.

637 LopHOPHANES DIcHROUS (Hodgs.).—I at first thought that this

must be a new species, as it agrees very poorly with both Hodgson’s

original description and Gould’s figure in the Birds of Asia. In neither is

any notice taken of the conspicuous whitish half collar. I find, however,

that Dr. Stoliczka has received specimens from the Western Himalayas

closely resembling Sikkim birds, and he tells me that on examining Mr.

Hodgson’s type specimen he found traces of the collar. I give a fresh

description of this tit.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkiun. 57

Upper parts dull ashy with a greenish tinge especially on the rump,

quills and tail feathers brown with rather grayer margins. Forehead, sides

of head and under parts dull buff or dark isabelline rather more rufous

behind, sides of the neck isabelline forming a whitish half collar, paler than |

the underparts. Ivis blood red, legs leaden gray, bill black. Length, taken

before skinning, 4°6, wing 2°8, tail 1:9, tarsus 0°8, bill from forehead 0°33 inch.

Far from scarce in the higher pine forests of the Chola range, and

common in Northern Sikkim from 8,000 to 18,000 feet, associating with the

next two species.

641 L. Bravant (Blyth).—? Parus Atkinsoni, Jerdon, Birds of India

II, p. 276.

Adult. Head above with moderately long crest, glossy black; nuchal

spot and a large white spot on each cheek commencing in front at the gape

and including the ear coverts white, often tinged with yellow; back dark

ashy grey, often with an olivaceous tinge, wings and tail dark brown with

bluish grey edging, inner margin of quills white ; chin, throat and upper breast

black without gloss, lower breast and abdomen rather pale grayish brown,

more rufous behind ; axillaries, under wing coverts and lower tail coverts pale

ferruginous. Iris brown, legs leaden gray, bill black. Wing 2°6 to 2’8, tail

1:84 to 2°05, tarsus 0°73 to 0°8, bill from forehead 0°33 to 0°38 inch. These

are the extreme measurements of six specimens.

Young bird. Top of head glossless black, spots on nape and cheeks usu-

ally pale primrose yellow, sometimes white, the black of the chin and throat

ill-defined and passing gradually into the dull olivaceous gray, more or less

rufescent on the abdomen. Crest very slightly developed. I cannot help

suspecting that this is Dr. Jerdon’s Parus Atkinsont, the only difference ap-

pears to be the length of the tarsus in that form, which is less than mm any

specimen of Loph. Beavani which I possess, otherwise the measurements cor-

respond exactly.

Loph. Beavani is by far the most common tit in the pine forests of

Sikkim. Both on the Chola range, and in the northern valleys, I met with it

in abundance.

T am inclined to believe that the upper figure in the plate of Z. rubidi-

ventris in Gould’s Birds of Asia, pt. XI, represents this species.

642 L. Aimoptius, (Hodgs.). Mr. Blyth pointed out in the Ibis for

1867, p. 34, that this bird is a Lophophanes. Not only is it so, but the

erest is comparatively longer than in allied species. No complete description

appears ever to have been given of it.

Adult. Head above and a long recurved crest glossy black ; a rather large

spot on the nape, and on each side of the head and neck, scning from

the gape below the eye to a considerable distance behind the ear coverts,

pure white; back dark ashy, often tinged with olivaceous, passing into

58 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

dull olive on the rump, wings and tail brown, edged olivaceous exter-

nally, the quills with whitish inner margins; all the larger wing coverts and

some of the smaller primary coverts with white or isabelline spots, forming

two very well marked bars; chin, throat, and upper breast, with the sides of

the neck and breast, behind the white spot black, lower breast and abdomen

fawn colour, flanks and under tail coverts rather olivaceous. Iris dark brown

legs leaden gray, bill black. Length before skinning 4 to 4:1, wing 2:3 to

2-4, tail 1:65 to 1°8, tarsus, 0°65 to 0°7, bill from forehead 0°27 to 0-3 inch.

In the young bird the head is dull black, cheek spots primerose yellow,

back olive, chin and throat brown, breast and abdomen olivaceous.

This is rather less common than the other two species but it is far from

rare in the Sikkim pime forests and has the same distribution. It is closely

allied to LZ. melanolophus, (Vig.), but the coloration of the under parts is

different.

In September and October, these three crested tits were found, old and

young, associating in large flocks, together with Phylloscopi, Certhia nipa-

lensis, and, below 10,000 feet, with Yuhine, Minla ignotincta and some

other Leiotrichine, and Siphia strophiata. "The tits are perhaps the most

abundant of all, and may be seen actively hunting over the stems and

branches of the different trees, pines, birch, &c. for insects.

635 ANGITHALISCUS IoUSCHISTUS, (Hodgs.)—Forehead, centre line of

head and nape, a collar completely encircling the neck, a band from the base of

the lower mandible on each side, passing below the ear coverts, and all the

lower parts, except the chin and throat, rufescent fawn, or dull ferruginous,

lores and sides of head including a broad stripe over each eye, and a narrower

one underneath, uniting behind and running back past the nape, glossy black ;

ear coverts fawn colour with black mixed; back grey with an olivaceous

tinge, quills and wing coverts dark brown with slightly paler edgings exter-

nally, the quills with whitish inner margins ; lower wing coverts paler fawn

than the breast. Tail brown, the central rectrices darker on the inner web,

the three inner pairs with bluish grey edges, the three outer pairs with the

terminal half or rather more of the outer web whitish, and a small portion

of the inner web near the tip. Chin dusky black, throat and centre of

foreneck silky white, mixed with black. Iris yellow, (not brown as stated

by Hodgson), legs yellowish brown, bill black. Length taken before skinning

4°5 inches, wing 2°25, tail 2:1, tarsus 0-7, bill from forehead 0°28 inch.

I met with this bird but twice. On the first occasion a flock of 20

or 30 were hunting about on birch and pine trees at about 10,000 feet near

Lachiing ; on the second occasion a smaller flock were similarly occupied at

about 9,000 feet in the Lachen valley. It is probably only found in the

pine forests of Northern Nipal and Sikkim.

But for Gould’s figure in the Birds of Asia, it would be difficult to

recognise this bird.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 59

Motacillide.

Moracirma Hopesont, G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1865, p. 49.—? I. lugubris

Pall. ? AL. Cashmiriensis, Brooks. ;

ft am rather surprised to find that all the Motacille shot in Up-

per Sikkim are of a species distinct from any found in the plains of

India. I can scarcely have any doubt but that they belong to I.

Hodgsont of Gray, although it is probable that skins upon which that

species was founded represent the winter, or at least the autumn plumage.

I have two specimens agreeing well with Mr. Blyth’s very brief account in

the Ibis, having very little of the throat white and a distinct black line from

the gape below the eye, but from the appearance of the chin and from

another specimen in which the change to winter plumage has not proceeded

so far, it is evident that in full summer garb the whole throat and chin are

' black, just as in personata, from which this form is chiefly distinguished

by its black back in the breeding season, and its rather longer bill. J will

give a somewhat more complete description of the summer and winter

_ plumage of this bird.

Summer.—Forehead and forepart of crown and superciliary stripe, a

large wing patch formed of the secondary, greater and medium coverts,

narrow edges and tips to the primary quills and broad ones to the seconda-

ries, two outer tail feathers, frequently but not always with the exception of

the inner edges of the inner of the two or of both, and lower parts from

_ the breast white, the rest of the plumage black. Perhaps the extreme chin

and a narrow stripe running back from each side of the base of the lower

mandible may remain white, but I suspect not.

In winter plumage, the bird appears scarcely to differ from IL Luzonien-

sis. In a specimen shot on October 4th, there is still a broader gorget on the

breast than in that species, but otherwise there is no difference. The whole

face is white, the moustachial stripe having vanished. The back is grey,

hinder part of crown and nape black, wings and tail feathers as In summer

plumage, except that the wing patch is not quite so pure a white. The

flanks are greyish. It is possible that this may be an example of I,

Luzoniensis, but I think not. All these species of wagtail are nearly

undistinguishable in winter dress.

The intermediate plumage, which I suppose to be that on which the

species was founded, has the face white, except a line from the gape below

the eye, and including the ear coverts. The dimensions are

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from forehead. Bill from gape,

1 3-7 3°65 1 0°57 0°72

2 3°7 3°5 0°96 0°52 0-72

3 3°45 3°45 0:9 0°53 0-7

4, winter plumage 3°7 3°7 0°97 0° O-7

60 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. lL

Young birds are uniformly grey on the head and back, sides of head and

lower parts white, with a narrow black pectoral gorget.

Without specimens I cannot tell if this bird differs from JL lugubris,

Pall. The Japanese bird called JZ lugens by Temminck and Schlegel in

the Fuuna Japonica (I. japonica, Swinhoe), and considered by them to be

Pallas’s bird, is shewn by Tristram (Ibis, 1866, p. 291,) to be entirely distinct,

it being easily recognised by the greater portion of the primary quills being

white, and Mr. Tristram considers the true JZ. lugubris, Temminck, to be an

African species. But Mr. J. R. Gray in his ‘ Hand list’ gives the locality for

M. lugubris, Pall., (a different bird probably from Temminck’s) as Northern

Asia and Persia, and quotes the figure in Gould’s birds of Europe.

Now the bird in winter plumage on Gould’s plate agrees very well with

I. Hodgsoni, and the bird in summer plumage only differs in having a

narrow white line from behind the eye to the lower breast somewhat as in

If. alba. The figures rather exceed the Sikkim birds in size, but in most of

Gould’s figures the dimensions are a little too large. The bill too in the plate

appears a little shorter. I cannot, therefore, feel sure that the forms are

identical, but I think it very probable that they are.

I met with no wagtails in Eastern Sikkim, but on ascending to about

12,000 feet in the Lachung valley I found them common. It is probable that

they breed here, for I had seen none in the lower valleys, and but few

migratory birds had made their appearance on September 1ith when I first

met with them. All were begimning to change their plumage.

Bupytes viriis, Gm.—A single young specimen in grey plumage was

obtained at Yeomatong (12,000 feet) on the 13th September. It was

doubtless migrating.

Alaudide.

596 Preastes aciis ? Sykes.—Whether the common Indian tree pipit

is to be called P. plumatus, Mill., P. arboreus, Bechst,, P. agilis, Sykes or

P. maculatus, Hodgs., I must leave others to decide. On Mr. Blyth’s

authority, Dr. Jerdon in his appendix refers Anthus agilis, Sykes, to A.

arboreus, and substitutes Mr. Hodgson’s name maculatus for the Indian

race. Mr. Blyth in his commentary in the Ibis, 1867, p. 31, uses Sykes’s

name, but says that Sykes’s type has more the appearance of the European

trivialis (= arboreus= plumatus teste Gray Hand list, p. 251). Von. Pelzeln

(Lhis, 1868, p. 312,) is mclined to unite the Indian and European forms, but

almost all European writers keep them distinct.* Lastly Mr. Hume (Ibis,

1870, p. 287,) points out that in his large collection he has representatives

of all the varieties of the European tree pipit, together with numerous forms

intermediate between them and the forms described by Hodgson and Sykes,

* Comp. Walden, Ibis, 1868, p. 312 note. Gray, Hand list 1. c., &c.

1872. ] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkm. 61

but he adds that there are several of his Indian types unrepresented by

European specimens. Under these circumstances I cannot help thinking it

highly probable that there are really two distinct races, one found in Europe

and Western Asia, the other in Eastern Asia, and that the two meet in

India, and in the countries due North of India in which they interbreed.

We know that India is the limit of Hastern and Western forms in several

migratory birds, as Wotacilla Luzoniensis and ML. alba ;* Krythrosterna parva

and Z. lewewra, &c., and the same may very possibly be the case with the

tree pipits. Chinese examples would go far to settle this question. If they

are identical with the species from Bengal, whilst birds from Western India

are, as we are assured, undistinguishable from European examples, it will be

fair to look upon intermediate forms as hybrids.

I saw no tree pipits in Hastern or Northern Sikkim until about the

20th September, then they appeared in considerable numbers. 'Two

specimens which I have preserved are more olive above and more fulvous

below than those usually shot im the plains of India. They have broad

fulvous edges to the wing coverts and green margins to the quills, whilst

these are whitish in birds from Central India.

Comparing my specimens with the figure of Anthus arboreus in Gould’s

Birds of Europe, the bill in the former appears decidedly larger.

601 AnTHUS sTRIOLATUS, Blyth.—Common in all the northern parts

of Sikkim. I found it im clearings at a little below 7,000 feet early in

September, and at Phalung above 15,000 in the beginning of October.

605 A. rosacrus, Hodgs.—lIt is, I believe, pretty generally admitted that

this bird is distinct from (4. Cecil, Sav. (= A. cervinus, Pall.). Mr. Hume

is doubtful on the subject (Ibis 1871, p. 35), but Mr. Tristram (Gb. p. 238,)

is decidedly of opinion that it is a different race, and he further separates as

A. japonicus, Temm. and Schl., the race found in China, Eastern Siberia,7 &e.

Whether the latter be not A. rosaceus, Hodgs., in winter plumage

remains to be determined. I cannot believe that the birds with olive backs

and yellow axillaries which abound in Sikkim are represented by any stage

of plumage of A. Cecil; at least such specimens as I have seen are

certainly different. Specimens obtained by Major Godwin-Austen on the

Khasi Hills were precisely like mine from Sikkim.

I found Anthus rosaceus common on the Chola range in August, and in

the valleys of Northern Sikkim, from 12,000 to 15,000 feet. It doubtless

breeds at these elevations, and it is, I believe, a constant resident in the

Himalayas, rarely or never descending to the plains. I presume Mr.

* Can M. dukhunensis be a hybrid race between these two. Some specimens from

Western India have no more white on the wings than the European bird.

7 Mr. G. R. Gray does the same in his Hand list, but marks A japonicus as

doubtful,

62 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

Tristram means the Himalayas by North India, when he says that this

bird is common in the latter at all seasons. The distinction is important.

Most Anglo-Indians when they speak of North India, mean the Panjab and

North-West Provinces, not the Himalayas, and the fauna of the two regions

is quite different.

761 Ataupa (Calandrella) BRACHYDACTYLA, Temm.—Common in flocks

in all the higher valleys of Northern Sikkim above 12,000 feet. I found it

especially abundant at Yeomatong 12,000 feet, Momay, 15,000, and Phalung

16,000. At the latter place early in October the short toed larks were in

flocks of several hundreds, just as they are found in March in the plains of

India.

Jerdon, in the generic character of Calandrella, assigns a nines first

primary to this bird. I cannot find it in any Indian specimens, and I have

examined skins from Bengal, the North-West Provinces, aad Nagpur besides

those from Upper Sikkim. That it is also absent in European and African

specimens is, ] think, clear, because Cabanis in the Museum Heineanum,

places Calandrella (Calandritis, Cab.) with Otocorys in a distinct subfamily

from the other larks on account of their wanting the rudimentary first

primary.

Orocorts Enwest sp. nov. O. torque frontali tenui, loris, genis, pileo

cristis duobus sincipitalibus, et fascia lata pectorali mgris ; fronte swperiori,

superciliis latis, regione auriculari, lateribus colli, mento, gula, pectore,

inferiort abdomineque albis ; nucha, cervice, uropygio et tectricibus alarum

pallide griseo-lilacinis ; dorso pallide brunneo, und cwm supracaudalibus

fusco-striato ; remigibus brunneis: prim: pogonio externo albo, primaris

cateris albescente-, secundariis albo marginatis et terminatis ; tribus remigi-

bus ultimis elongatis, et rectricibus mediis brunneis, latissime fulvo-limbatis,

ceteris rectricibus nigricantibus, duobus exterms utrinque albo limbatis et

terminatis ; rostro nigro, subtus ad basin pallido, pedibus ngris. Long. tota

775: long. ale 4:7, caude 32, tarsi 0.9, digiti posterioris cwm ungue 0-75,

unguis modo 0°38, rostri a fronte 0-4, a rictu 0'6.

Narrow frontal band, lores, sides of head below the eye, and a bara

running back below the ear coverts, but not extending down the sides of the

neck, crown of the head, two sincipital tufts, and the upper part of the breast

black ; forehead above the black band, broad supercilia running back from it,

with the ear coverts, sides of the neck intervening between the black of the

cheeks and that of the breast, throat lower breast and abdomen white; nape,

back of neck, rump and wing coverts pale greyish lilac; back pale fulvous

brown with narrow dusky central stripes to the feathers, upper tail coverts

long, pale brown with narrow central stripes and whitish edges ; quills brown,

the first primary with a white outer web, remaining primaries with narrow

isabelline edges and tips which become white on the secondaries, the three

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. ie 63

last quills (tertiaries) and the central tail feathers brown with broad fulyous

margins, the other tail feathers blackish with very narrow pale tips which

can only be apparent in a freshly moulted specimen, the two outer rectrices on

each side edged aad tipped with white, most broadly on the outermost in

which nearly the whole outer web is white ; wing lining white ; flanks fulvous ;

bill black above, pale near the base below ; legs black, soles of feet yellowish.

This species is nearer to O. penicillata than to O. longirostris. Tt is

distinguished from the former by the black of the sides of the neck not

joming that on the breast, and apparently by its more lilac coloration. From

O. longirostris it differs in its much shorter bill, black legs,* paler tints of the

upper plumage, and the purer white of the lower parts. Specimens of O.

longirostris in the Indian Museum have no black frontal band at the base of

the bill, and the black of the crown is not distinctly defined, but passes into

the brown of the nape, whereas in the new species the margin is distinct.

From O. alpestris it differs entirely in coloration, it is much paler above

and purer white below, it wants the broad dark centres to the feathers of the

mantle, and although my specimen is evidently in freshly moulted winter

plumage, there is no trace of yellow on the head. Judging from Gould’s

figure in the Birds of Hurope, O. alpestris wants the black frontal band of

O. Elwesi, and the hind claw in the former is decidedly longer.

Three specimens of this horned lark were shot by Captain Elwes close

to Kongra Lama pass, between 15,000 and 16,000 feet. I did not myself

notice any at this spot, but I believe I saw some near the Donkia pass at

nearly 18,000 feet elevation. The only specimen I possess, for which I am

indebted to Captain Elwes, is in beautiful condition, having evidently first

completed its autumnal moult.

Accentoride.

So far as I can judge, the Accentors have as good a claim to form a

distinct family as the buntings or larks have. Scarcely any two ornithologists

assign the same poition to them, they rank alternately as thrushes, warblers,

Ampelide and finches.

652 ACCENTOR NIPALENSIS, Hodgs.—This bird was by no means rare at

high elevations in the Lachiing valley. Elwes obtained it at the Tankra-la. I

shot it on the hills above Yeomatong, and near Momay Samdong. I never

saw it below 14,000 feet, nor far from a glacier, indeed the moraines of

glaciers appeared to me its most common haunt. Sometimes it was solitary,

but more frequently three or four birds occurred together, on the ground or on

rocks. In the Lachen valley I did not meet with it, and in the upper part

of that valley, it appeared to be completely replaced by 4. rubeculoides.

* Two specimens of O. longirostris from the Western Himalayas in the Indian

Museum haye brown legs, like the figure in P. L. 8. 1855, Aves, pl. CXTI.

64 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

654 A. stropHtaTus, Hodgs.—I obtained at Yeomatong, about 12,000

feet above the sea, a single specimen of what may be the young of this

species. It differs in the breast being fulvous with broad black streaks

instead of uniformly ferruginous. The claws too appear to be a little

straighter. It is possible that this may be distinct, but it is at least equally

probable that it is a young bird.

I am indebted to Mr. W. 8. Atkinson for an adult specimen of A.

strophiatus obtained on the Singalela range.

656 A. RUBECULOIDES, Hodgs.—This bird was only seen in the Upper

Lachen valley above 14,000 feet, together with Leucosticte hematopygia,

Otocoris Hlwesi, and other birds belonging evidently to the Tibetan fauna.

Whole head and neck greyish brown, rather browner above, and greyer

below, back feathers blackish brown with broad rufous brown margins,

shoulder of wimg greyish brown, the quills and coverts dark brown with

rufous or fulvous brown margins, broader on the last secondaries and coverts,

and both ranges of the latter with whitish tips, tail feathers the same colour

as the quills with very slight pale edges, breast ferruginous, abdomen whitish,

flanks fulvous with a few dark streaks ; iris clear pale brown, bill black, legs

reddish brown. Dimensions taken before skinning: length 63, wing 2°9,

tail 2°55, tarsus 0°95, bill from forehead 0°45 in.

This bird was met with on hill sides, and had, like A. mipalensis, an

especial preference for the piles of loose blocks of rock and stones so com-

mon at high elevations and in glacier regions.

Pringillide.

MYcrRoBAS MELANOXANTHUS, (Hodgs.).—Two or three specimens were

seen at moderate elevations in Northern Sikkim. For the only one I have

Tam indebted to Captain Elwes. It was shot at about 11,000 feet in

the Lachtng valley near Yeomatong.

PyRRHULA ERYTHROCEPHALA, (Vigors).—I shot one specimen at about

11,000 feet on the Chola range, and another at the same elevation in the

Lichen valley. It appears not to be a common bird in Northern Sikkim. -

The head in the male is dull scarlet or bright ferruginous rather than

dull crimson, chin black, and the white tips to be larger wing coverts are

wanting in adults ; the primary coverts in both sexes are dull black through-

out, outer secondary coverts black with grey tips, the black decreasmg in

amount towards the body.

A young male has the head greenish like the female, but with some

dashes of red, the throat and flanks also greenish, middle of the breast

ferruginous.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from forehead.

Malaise PORE: UD aie lea er DBI a OGs 0:36

Nemalee ccs csccocnec acne eee ae ney 25 0°35

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 65

Central tail feathers in both sexes about half inch short of the outer ones.

P. NIPALENSIS, Hodgs.—One specimen obtained on the Lachen valley

at about 10,000 feet. Like the last it did not appear to be of frequent

occurrence. Neither Captain Elwes nor I obtained the rare P. erythaca, Blyth.

733 PYRRHOPLECTES EPAULETTA, Hodgs.—A male was shot by Captain

Elwes at about 11,000 feet on the Chol4 range. No specimens were obtained

in Northern Sikkim, nor was this bird seen there.

Carpadacus. A female or young male shot near Lachiing differs both in

eoloration and structure from the female of C. erythrinus. The bill is

longer and more pyrrhuline, the colour is uniformly hair brown above, darker

than in ©. erythrinus, and with no dark centres to the feathers, nor pale tips

to the wing coverts, the rump alone having an olivaceous tinge. Beneath

if is white, sullied on the throat, breast and flanks ; darkest and with faint

brown mesial streaks to the feathers on the breast. Wing 3-2, tail 2-2,

tarsus 0°72, bill from forehead 0°45 inch.

About Chingtim and Latong at the end of September I found flocks

of rose-finches which at the time I took for C. erythrinus in summer plum-

age. I only preserved a male, but this also appears to have a larger bill than

the common Indian rose-finch. I find another male specimen in the Indian

Museum from Leh in Western Tibet, apparently of the same race. It is

highly probable that these birds are the males of the above species.

It is doubtless also to this form that Bonaparte alludes (Consp. Gen.

Av. I, p. 534,) under the head of Carpodacus erythrinus, when he says

“ Specimina ex Kamschatka a cl. Kittlitzo allata in Mus. Maguntie vidimus,

‘rostro latiore, magis incurvo ; rubro colore vividiore, nec roseo, nec coccineo, -

“tergo magis rubente.”

740 Propasser THURA, Bon. P. frontalis, Blyth—This beautiful rose

finch is common on the Chola range above 12,000 feet, keeping mostly to

the rhododendron bushes, but sometimes seen on grassy hill sides. It was

rare in Northern Sikkim. The birds at the time of our visit were single or in

pairs, and were probably breeding; but I saw no young ones. It was

doubtless later in the year that they were found in flocks on mount Tonglu

by Captain Beavan, at a lower elevation than any were seen by us. (Ibis,

1868 p. 177).

The following are the dimensions of P. thura taken from freshly killed

specimens :—

Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from forehead.

IMIBIIE: coscoaconcesotosse. GHE 3°25 3° 1 0-48

Hlenalexsesssaeswense® 6°5 32 2:75 0:98 0.46

Since returning from Darjiling I have received from Mr. Mandelli an

undescribed species of the genus, obtained on the Singalela range. This I

have called P. satwratus.

66 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

747 PyRRHOSPIZA PUNICEA, Hodgs.—A single male of this large finch

was shot by me at about 14,000 feet elevation on the Chola range, on a

grassy hill side, with scattered bushes, and in the neighbourhood of rocky

crags.

746 Procarpustis Nrpatensts, Hodgs.—I saw this bird once or twice

on the Chola range at about 13,000 to 14,000 feet elevation, and a specimen

was, I think, shot by Captain Elwes. It was seen on open grassy ground

with scattered rocks and scrub rhododendron.

750 CHRYSOMITRIS SPINOIDES, (Vigors)—Common in small flocks up

to about 9,000 feet locally in the Lachting valley, keeping to clearings or

grassy hill sides. I did not notice the Siskin either on the Chola range or

at high elevations in Northern Sikkim. It probably breeds at moderate

altitudes. I found flocks early in September as low as 7,000 feet, at Kedam,

between Chingtam and Lachine.

753 FRINGILLAUDA NEMORICOLA, Hodgs.—Elwes obtained one speci-

men which, I believe, belonged to this species, at the Tankra pass. I did not

meet with the bird myself, nor have I compared Hlwes’s specimen since

returning, but this bird has been frequently obtained in Sikkim before.

(Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 45).

Levcosticte HmMATOPYGIA, Gould.—I only met with this bird within

a mile or two of Kangra Lama pass, at an elevation exceeding 15,000 feet.

There it was abundant in flocks of 15 or 20. It has a rather swift flight,

and from the nature of the country it inhabits, in autumn at all events,

must always settle on the ground or on rocks.

In none of my specimens are the pink edges to the feathers of the rump

much developed, and in some, doubtless young birds, they are entirely want-

ing ; the distinction is not sexual, for I have more than one female in which

they are fairly developed. The head too is much paler in colour than in

Gould’s figure in the Birds of Asia; some specimens have the head feathers

dark at the base with broad brown margins, which would doubtless wear off

in the spring as in Huspiza melanocephala. The iris is brown; bill black,

except at the base of the lower mandible, where it is greenish ; legs black.

Dimensions taken on fresh specimens.

Length. Wing. Tail, Tarsus. Bill from forehead.

WIPE sasoomacnpcsononcea Tf 46 31 0:85 0°45 inch.

LOSS 9 gopqnosa0000 TL 4°3 31 0°85 042 =,

MonTIFRINGILLA RUFICOLLIs, sp. nov. Mas capite dorsoque pallidescente

brunneis, hoc late fuscescente striato ; fronte albescente, wropygio rufescente ;

superciliis, genis, mento et gula media albis ; loris, linea infraoculari, (postice

supra regionem auricularem producta et brunnescente,) et stris duobus

gularibus, una utringue ab mandibuli producta, postice divergentibus, nigris ;

regione auriculari et colli lateribus ferrugineis, spatio parvo albo subtus ad

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 67

gulam interveniente ; remigibus brunneis, extus, primo excepto, fulvo-, intus

albo marginatis ; primi pogonio externo et pennarum singularun, preter 4

primas et tres ultimas, maculis magnis basin versus pogoniorwm internorum

albis ; tectricibus alarum minoribus plerumque albis ; angulo ala grisescente ;

supracaudalibus fulvis elongatis, rectricibus mediis fusco brunneis, fulvo mar-

ginatis, ceteris basin versus pallide cinereis, postice et ad margimes albescen-

tibus, terminationibus senipollicaribus cum rectricibus mediis concoloribus ;

pectore abdomineque albis, vie fulvo tinctis ; tridibus rufescenti-brunneis,

rostro pedibusque nigris. Long. tota 6, long. aleé 3°75, caud@ 2:35, tarsi 0°82,

rostri a fronte 0°42, poll. (Angl.).

Femina fronte albescente et uropygio rufescente ; torque collari subtus

haud interrupto, postice brunneo. Habitat im Tibet.

Male. Forehead whitish passing into the rather pale umber brown of

the head ; supercilia white ; lores and a line from them passing under the eye

black, this line is continued posteriorly over the ear coverts, and its colour

changes to dark ferruginous ; back umber brown with broad central dusky

streaks to the feathers, rump more ferruginous ; wings brown, the first prima-

ry with the outer web white, the others with fulvous outer margins, all with

white internal edges, and a broad white wing band, only visible on the ex-

panded wing, formed by a large spot on the inner webs of all the primaries

except the first four, and the whole basal portion of the inner web of the

remaining quills except the last three, which have broad fulvous borders ;

smaller wing coverts mostly white, angle of the wing greyish. Upper tail

coverts very long, pale umber with a fulvous tinge ; central tail feathers and

the tips of the remainder for about half an inch dark brown with fulvous

margins, basal portion of all the tail feathers except the central pair pale

ashy with some white on both inner and outer webs between the grey por-

tion and the brown tips, increasing in quantity on the outer feathers, and

running up the external web which is entirely white in the outermost pair.

Sides of the head below the black eye streak, chin and throat white, with two

black lines, one from each side of the base of the lower mandible, running back-

wards and diverging ; ear coverts bright ferruginous, sides of the neck the

same, but a little paler, the rufous tint forming a demi-collar, only inter-

rupted for a very narrow space in front ; remainder of the lower parts white

with an isabellinetinge. Iris reddish brown, bill and legs black.

The female wants the whitish forehead and the rufescent tinge on the

rump ; the demi-collar is brown posteriorly, and, in the only specimen ob-

tained, it is continuous round the front of the neck.

The dimensions given above were taken from a male before skinning.

The following are taken from two other skins, a male and a female.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus, Hind claw. Bill from forehead, Billfrom gape.

Male,....... 363 2°23 0°85 0:36 0°42 0°53

Female,...... 356 21 0°87 0°32 043 0-54

68 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

This bird differs widely from every described form. In structure it is

closely allied to MZ. nivalis, and differs from Lewcosticte in its shorter wings

and tail. ‘The plumage may become whiter in the winter.

I met with one flock of this new finch near Kangra Lama pass, and

with another at Phalung, both places inhabited by purely Tibetan forms, and at

elevations of 15,000 to 16,000 feet. Itis probably common in Tibet. Dr.

Stoliczka is of opinion that it is the same as the undescribed Montifringilla

found by him in Ladak (J. A. S. B., 1868, pt. II, p, 62), but of which his

specimen is not now in Calcutta. ;

Corvide.

657 Corvus corax, L. (C. Tibetanus, Hodgs.).—I give the measure-

ments of four birds taken before skinning. They do not exceed those given

by H. von Pelzeln (Ibis, 1868, p. 316,) from Dr. Stoliczka’s notes, so that it

is improbable that the Hastern race is really distinct. Mr. Blyth appears to

consider the Tibetan bird identical with the Huropean, (Ibis, 1870, p. 169,

note,) and I learn from-:Captain Elwes that Dr. Jerdon is of the same opi-

nion, indeed he placed C. Zibetanus amongst the doubtful species in his

Appendix.

1. 2. 3. 4,

Male. Female. Sex not ascertained.

TASTE btaeleestaae seelvesiceciserieseleet--mmte ia 25°5 25°75 25°53

Wanctersstcebescsehececss renee sneame LO raO 19° 18°75 19°

AVA 55459 seu90 nooocaos000 BodcooG) |) TLI Aas 10°75 11: 11°

TMATSUS, secenese AGG OOHOOaROON Fl Ge 2Ace 2°75 2°75

Length of pil orn APC, ..eeee 3°25 285+ 3° 3

Height of ditto, .......seese0 1d 11+ 1°25 1:25

The wings when closed just reach the end of the tail which is very

distinctly wedge-shaped. Iris very dark brown.

Ravens were not seen much below 14,000 feet, but above that elevation

they were common both on the Chola range and in Northern Sikkim. _

660 Corvus VarLuanti,t Less. (C. culminatus, Sykes).—Some specimens

from Northern Sikkim are so much larger than any from the plains of India

that I am strongly disposed to think them distinct, but other specimens from

the same locality are no larger than those from Calcutta.

There is considerable variation in the size of this species in India, as

the following series of measurements will shew :—

* Tn the dried specimen the tail measures only 10°5, and the height of the bill is

1:15, tarsus 2°7.

+ These measurements are from the dried skin.

{ Lord Walden in the Ibis, 1868, p. 165, note, has pointed out that Lesson’s name

C. Levaillantii (potius Vaillanti) has priority over Sykes’s.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 69

Wing. ‘Tail. Tarsus. Bill from gape.

$ Calcutta (in Indian Museum,)........... L-Gig 8 6°75 2.17 2°45

PNT GHOP OIG Os cases nie ceceesc cess bene ccohsiieesecer, LO" 8 2°35 2°5

OREO IO eis ss selsctceessvncheas iecees LAB. 7B. 2-28 bie

Geruodavaric valleys tacstceslaresseceiccsesscee ) L20D 7-25 2°05 2:3

Ee Dittos << .cc0. Par eee GIN (GE 21 23

Whilst two specimens shot at Lachting had the following dimensions :—

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from gape. Whole length.

Up-csncoccncen, day ORS) 2°, 2°39 21°75

aR a ES-o5 S75 a4) 2°35 20:

Neither of these had completed its moult, but probably the longest

quills and tail feathers are full grown. A specimen obtained by Dr.

Stoliczka in Western Tibet measures

Wing. Tail, Tarsus. Bill from forehead.

13°5 9 24 2°45

And in all the bill, although not longer from the gape, is stouter and higher,

and the gonys apppears longer. But on the other hand a specimen brought

by Captain Elwes from Laching has the wing only 12:2, tail 8 inches,

whilst a specimen from the Chola range has the same measurement precisely.

The sexes are unfortunately not recorded on my specimens. —

Under all the circumstances I do not like to propose a new name, but it

is quite possible that the Himalayan form is larger than that found in the

plains of India. The dimensions given by Jerdon for C. culminatus :

length 21 inch, wing 133, tail 73, equal those of Himalayan specimens.

This variability in size probably explains the difference of opinion between

Mr. Blyth, (this, 1868, p. 132,) and Captain Beavan with Colonel Tytler

(Ibis, 1867, p. 328), as to the distinction, or otherwise, of the Andaman crow.

Specimens of C. Vaillanti from Malacca precisely resemble those from

Bengal.

Crows were common up to about 13,000 feet, above which elevation

they seemed to be replaced by ravens. They appeared far more abundant

about 8,000 feet in the higher valleys than below that elevation ; there were

large flocks of them near most of the villages, but, as usual with C. Vadllantz,

not about houses like the Indian C. splendens.

666 NuciFRAGA HEMISPILA, Vigors.—This israre on the outer ranges

of Sikkim, but common in the pine forests of the interior. It is not a very

wary bird, but is usually to be seen on the edges of open glades or on trees

outside the forest. Its cry and flight are both decidedly corvine. I once saw a

pair hawking after butterflies just as crows may sometimes be observed to do ;

the white of the outer tail feathers becomes very conspicuous when the birds

are thus engaged. The iris is dark brown.

679 Freeinus cracunus, L., F Himalayanus, Gould—Von Pelzeln

has pointed out (Jour. f. Ornith. for 1868, and Ibis, 1868, p. 317), that

70 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkin. [No. 1,

there is no constant difference in size between the Western Himalayan choughs

and F. graculus. But my specimens from Sikkim with one exception, a

female and probably a young bird, somewhat exceed the dimensions given by

v. Pelzeln.*

6 Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from gape.

Male from Sikkam,......crocse.cse.+. 12°75 65 274 23: an

Three females, ditto,............-.... 11°5 to 12:35°8 to 6°8 2'2 to 2°35 2° to 23

Male from Switzerland, v. Pelzeln, 12°17 552 2:07 2°41

I have unfortunately only one male specimen. In the smallest specimen

brought down by me the wing does not exceed eleven inches.

The red-billed chough is rather scarce on the Chola range. I only saw

it once at about 18,000 feet elevation. In Northern Sikkim it abounded

from about 9,000 to 16,000 feet; at Momay Samdong there were many

about the houses, as noticed by Hooker, and at first they were not wary,

but a few shots soon made them wild. They are usually seen about places

where yaks have been herded, hunting for imsects under the dung, but they

also feed on berries and seeds. The iris is brown.

680 EF. pyrrHocorax, (l.)—Dr. Stoliczka found the yellow-billed

chough common in Western Tibet, whilst the red-billed bird was com-

paratively scarce. In Northern Sikkim precisely the reverse is the case.

The red-billed chough abounds, whilst the Alpine chough was only seen once.

I found a flock, five or six milgs, below Kongra Lama in the Lachen valley

at a little below 15,000 feet, and at a place where the fauna was principally

Tibetan, and I shot one bird which measured: length 16 inches, wing 11°25,

tail 7:°5, tarsus 1°75, bill from forehead 1:1. The iris is brown, bill yellow,

feet red. The crop contained small black berries. I fail to see the necessity

for placing the two choughs in distinct genera.

Garrulus bispecularis was not seen during the journey, although

Captain Elwes obtained a specimen from, I believe, the Singalela range.

Urocissa flavirostris I saw at Lachtng frequently, but not above 8,000 feet.

Order—CotuMB 4.

Columbide.

783 Axtsocomus Hopesont. (Vigors).—Captain Elwes shot this wood

pigeon at about 13,000 feet elevation near the Tankra-l4. JI did not meet

with it.

790 ConuMBA LEUCONOTA, Vigors.—Locally distributed throughout the

higher ranges of Sikkim, very common in places, rare in others. This is of

course the pigeon to which Hooker refers as almost the only animal food he

could obtain at this place (Him. Jour. II, p. 72).

* Von Pelzeln’s measurements are, I presume, in Vienna inches and lines ; these I

have, for the sake of comparison, converted into Englishinches, If his measurements

are in Paris inches and lines, they would be rather more,

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. 71

I never noticed this pigeon above about 13,000 feet. Its habits and

flight are very similar to those of the common rock pigeon.

Order—GALLInE.

Pteroclide.

SyRRHAPTES TrBeeTANUS, Gould.—This fine sand-grouse does not occur

in Sikkim, but it appears to be found just north of the frontier in Eastern

Tibet, and four live birds were presented to us by the Governor of Kam-

bajong. They differed from Gould’s figure in the Birds of Asia‘in having the

ferruginous gorget extending completely round the back of the neck, although

narrower behind than at the sides.

In captivity these birds were rather noisy, their double cry being

frequently uttered. I succeeded in bringing two to Calcutta alive, but they

only survived a few days, although apparently in health when they reached

the plains.

Phasianide.

804 LopHorHortus Impryanus, (Latham).—The monal is not a com-

mon bird in Sikkim, it is, however, found throughout the higher parts of the

country at a higher elevation than any other species. In September I

occasionally saw birds as high as 14,000 and 15,000 feet, above the level of

forest. They are very wary, and keep much to the rhodondendron scrub

which usually covers the sides of the valleys for some distance above the

limits of the pme trees; I have occasionally seen them feeding in the open

towards evening.

805 CrRIoRNIS SATYRA, (.)—The horned pheasant is always called

Monal by the Ghorkas and other Hindustani speaking people of Sikkim.- It

inhabits a lower zone than the true Monal, but I never saw it below 8,000

feet in Northern Sikkim. In winter it may descend lower. It appeared to me

to be decidedly scarce in the Lachen and Lachting valleys; far more so than

it is on the higher hills around Darjiling, or than we found it to be

on the Chola range.

807 IvHAGENIS CRUENTUS, (Hardwicke).—Not rare on the Chola range,

but more common in the pine forests of the Lachung valley. I shot it

only in the latter, in September, in flocks of 10 to 15 birds, males and

females in about equal proportions, and the young birds of the year in

the same plumage as the old ones, but easily distinguished by the ab-

sence of spurs on their legs. The old birds had recently moulted and

their tails were not full grown.

All that I saw were in the pine forests around Yeomatong, where

they were tolerably abundant. They rarely take flight even when fired

at, but run away and often take refuge on branches of trees. I have shot

five or six out of one flock by following them up ; they usually escape up hill,

72 W. T. Blanford—Zoology of Sikkim. [No. 1,

and if, as frequently takes place, the flock has been scattered, after a few

minutes they commence calling with a peculiar long cry, something like the

squeal of a kite. The only other note I heard was a sharp monosyllabic

note of alarm; I have heard a bird utter this when sitting on a branch

within twenty yards of me.

Tn their crops I found small fruits, leaves, seeds, and im one instance

what appeared to be the spore cases of a moss; there were no leaves or

berries of juniper, and the birds were excellent eating. We did not notice

the unpleasant flavour mentioned by Hooker, probably because better food

is abundant at the season when we shot our birds, and they consequently do

not then feed upon pine or juniper.

Tetraonide.

817 Lerva nrvicona, Hodgs.—I found the snow partridge abundant on

the bare slopes of the hills near Yeomatong, at elevations above the limit of

bushes. Their habits are admirably described by “ Mountaineer” as quoted

by Jerdon. They appear to, be local in Sikkim. I only saw them at one

other locality, near Tangu, and Captain Elwes came across some near the

Tankra-la. They are excellent eating, and by no means tough, if kept for a

few days.

TETRAOGALLUS TrBETANUS? Gould.—A species of Tetraogallus was

shot by Captain Chamer at Phaling; of one specimen he brought the skin

to Darjiling, and gave it to Captain Elwes, who considered it to be the

above species. J did not examine it, but the identification is probably

correct, since the fauna of Phaliing is quite Tibetan.

The birds seen by Major J. L. Sherwill south of Kinchinjanga, and

which he thought were probably Zetraogallus Himalayensis (J. A. 8. B.,

1863, p. 468,) could scarcely have been that species, as he says they closely

resembled Pturmagan ; and the snow cock is so much larger than Pturmagan

that no one who had ever seen the latter could have thought the former

resembled it. In all probability the birds seen by Major Sherwill were

Lerva nicola.

Order—GRALLE.

Scolopacide.

879 IpmorHyNcHUS STRUTHERSII, Vigors.—We met with several of

these birds around Yeomatong. Apparently these were one or two families

which had bred in this broad portion of the Liachtng valley. They were,

for the most part, solitary or in pairs, keeping in the gravel flats or on the

turf beside the stream, and rather wary. I found remains of insects, appa-

rently coleoptera, in their stomachs.

The paucity of both waders and ducks in the higher regions of Sikkim,

is remarkable. I once saw a snipe at Momay Samdong, which looked larger

1872.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 73

than usual, and may have been Gallinago solitaria. It appears probable

that the majority of the migratory birds which are found in winter on the

plains of India pass from Tibet to Hindustan without halting in the Hima-

layas. The absence of herons and moorhens is surprising.

Order—ANSERES.

954 Casarca RUTILA, (Pallas)—A pair were seen on the lake Bidan,

near the Jelep-la in the Chola range, and one was shot by Capt. Elwes.

NoTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY or Casumir,—by W. E. Brooks, C. H.

EKtawah.

[Received 1st September, 1871.]

A few short notes on some of the birds I met with in Cashmir, last

May and June [1871], will probably interest some of the readers of the

Asiatic Society’s Journal. The first requiring notice is—

PonLiozTus HUMILIS, (Schlegel and Miuller)—TI procured one on the

banks of the Tawi river. I also have one from Dhurmsala. <A third speci-

men was lailled near Etawah. The measurements of my birds accord with

those given by Mr. Wallace in his article in the Ibis for J anuary 1868, “ on

the Raptorial Birds of the Malay Archipelago.” All three specimens have

a dark terminal tail band. ‘This was overlooked by Dr. Jerdon who has

named this bird P. plumbeus, Hodgson ; this and P. humilis are identical.

AccIriter virGAtTUs breeds up the Scind valley. The eggs are boldly

blotched, like those of A. nisws. The eggs of IZ. badius are plain bluish

white without spots.

BurEo DESERTORUM.—I procured one at Gulmurg. Thisis the “ Buteo

vulgaris” of Dr. Jerdon’s Birds of India. B. vulgaris does not occur

in India. DMilvus major, Hume, is the common kite of Cashmir. It

may always be distinguished from J. Govinda by the large amount of

white on the lower surface of the wing. How this bird differs from JLilvws

melanotis, Temm. and Schl., is a question I should like to see answered.

I took the eggs of the Cashmir kite which resemble those of JL

Govinda, but ave rather larger. The eggs are laid in the latter end of April.

MEROPS APIASTER is common in Cashmir and breeds there.

CoRACIAS GARRULA is still more common. It nests in holes in trees

and in river and other banks. :

Coractas Inprca.—Only found in the lower ranges south of the Ruttun

Pir Mountain ; in fact for the first twenty or thirty miles beyond the Panjab

frontier.

74 W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

Aucepo BENGALENSIS.—Excessively abundant in Cashmir and breed-

ing there very freely.

Younx Torquitta.—Not unfrequent. Breeds in the large orchard at

Rami.

CrerrTHia HopGsont, n. sp.

The Cashmir creeper is closely affined to C. familiaris, but differs in the

following respects :—

1. A much longer bill, which is also much lighter coloured.

2. Not nearly so rufous in tone, especially as regards rump and upper

tail coverts.

3. The spots on the head and back are very white, and the brown of

the upper surface, especially that of the head, is almost black. This gives

the Cashmir species a general grey tone, as opposed to the rufous or fulvous

tone of the European bird.

4, The English bird has the three outer primaries (including the

diminutive first) plain brown; and the fourth is marked with a buff patch

on the outer web. In the Cashmir bird there are fowr plain primaries,

and the fifth is marked with the buff patch on outer web. On opening the

wings of the two birds, it will be found that the arrangement of the buff

and brown of the quill feathers generally differs in position and extent. I

have no hesitation whatever in separating the Cashmir species. It has also

a lighter coloured bill and lighter feet and claws. It is found sparingly in the

pine woods near the snows. It was seen at Gulmurg and also at Sonamurg,

where Captain Cock took a few nests. The egg is much more densely

spotted than that of the English creeper, so as almost to hide the reddish

white ground colour. Size 0°59 to 0°65 long, by 0°48 broad ; time of laying,

the first week in June.

I give dimensions of the two species :—

C. Hodgson. C. familiaris.

Gant ea WC

Male. Male. Male. -

AGEN DUNO LSM, ooolas ese seisiolalssialsieleanisesslersiesricien iS 4°75 48 4°85

BYE. Hic cesiae sk eaten ee ek cee eae MORE ANON tbe 2:4 2-42

AVES ssscnsnocesasn S00 ston anon DeBDASION NOD. DBO0O0GNSBD000 AD) 23 24 2°4:

allah tron baw ossneestecess oan sesesennalecee ssc troreseh MOS 67 *A2 53

J LEME STetS aa qaignaqnaane cap oceceI0s0 coorLigatoodaopanape. nagnaood — 1), a 62 62 6

Length of foot including Claws, ...scssecccseseseeeee 1°25 12

Mr. Blyth, Ibis for January 1867, identifies a Western Himalayan bird

with familiaris. I think this specimen will prove to be the present species

and not familiaris. C. Himalayana is found on the south side of the Pir

Panjal Mountain, but I did not meet with it in Cashmir proper, where it

is replaced by C. Hodgson.

1872.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 75

Simra CASHMIRENSIS, nov. sp.

In colouration very like 8S. Himalayana, but the Cashmir bird is much

larger, with the white on the tail differently distributed. The wing measures

33 in. The white of the chin, throat and side of the head is not abruptly

defined, but shaded gradually into the rufous of the lower parts. It is very

like S. Huropea, but is distinct. The abdomen, flanks and lower tail coverts

are darker than in S. Himalayana. ‘There is no white edging to the under

tail coverts asin Huropea and cesia. I procured this bird in the pine

forests of Cashmir.

Sirra LEucopPsiIs.—Captain Cock took the eggs at Sonamurg up the

Seind valley. They are like those of S. Huwropea, but glossier and more

delicately marked.

Urupa Epops.—Abundant. I took a nest with ten (!) eggs out of a

hollow willow at Ramu. The distinctions pointed out by Dr. Jerdon as

separating the plains’ species from this one do not hold good. The only

certain distinction is the depth of the red colour in the Indian bird, which

generally has also a vinous tinge. JU. epops arrives from the north in

great numbers in September and October.

HEMICHELIDON FULIGINOSA, Hodgson. (? H. Siberica, Gul.)

Abundant in the pine woods of Cashmir about 7,000 feet elevation

where it breeds. It was especially numerous at Gulmurg. This is the

species described in detail by Dr. Stoliczka in his notes on the Ornithology

of the Sutlej valley.

I think there can be but little doubt that it is the Muscicapa fusce-

‘ dula of Pallas. Dr. Stoliczka informs me that Gray, in his ‘ Handlist’, I,

page 324, unites IZ. Siberica, Gml., IL. fuscedula, Pallas, and H. fuligqinosa,

Hodgson, giving the two latter names as synonyms only. I am not satisfied

that our North-West bird is the original fuliginosa, described by Hodgson.

The measurements, especially of the wing are much larger ; and even a young

spotted bird I have, has the wing fully three inches in length. I am also

not satisfied that Mr. Hodgson had not two species under the same name,

for the dimensions on the back of the drawing of the nest of Hl. fuliginosa,

give the wing of two specimens as each three inches in length. The tails are

each two inches long. Of this species on another drawing Mr. Hodgson says

“ H. fuliginosus. Uniform sooty brown, darkest on alars and caudals and

shaded with white on lower belly, vent and under tail coverts. The body below

paler than above. Length 4 inch; bill to gape 4; tail 2; tarsi to sole y% ;

central toe and nail rather less ; closed wing 23 ; legs blackish ; bill sooty car-

neous.” It will be observed that Mr. Hodgson does not mention the whitish

patch on the front of the neck, nor the bright rufous on the inner webs of the

wing feathers. I have had a good many specimens of the North-West species,

and find the wing to range from 2°83 to 3:05; and the tal from 1:9 to 2

inches,

76 W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

I am very strongly of opinion that there are two species closely allied,

both being found in Nepal; the larger one ranging from thence to the

extreme West and North, even to Siberia, and the shorter winged one extend-

ing eastwards. JI am borne out in this conviction by both Dr. Jerdon and

Mr. Hume. On Mr. Hume shewing Dr. Jerdon his specimens of A.

fuliginosa, the latter said they were not fuliginosa, and that he did not

know the bird! In proof of this statement, Dr. Jerdon after a hunt among

his box of skins produced at last a singularly broad billed little sooty fly-

catcher, labelled H. fuliginosa im Mr. Blyth’s handwritmg. This bird I

saw. It is smaller; agreemg with Hodgson’s measurements, and has an

entirely different bill; broader and more convex on the outline, as looked

upon from above. The bill is so thoroughly different in shape, that it could

not be easily confused with the larger bird. I, therefore, conclude that our

bird is not the original fwliginosa, as described by Mr. Hodgson. The

dimensions on the back of the drawing of the nest above referred to, are

in native character only ; not by Mr. Hodgson himself, and there is no evid-

ence to show that he confused the two birds. If Mr. Gray is correct in his

identifications, our North-West bird should probably stand as H. Siberica,

Gunl., being distinct from HA. fuliginosa, Hodgson.

Captain Cock found a nest of our bird with three eggs at Sonamurg up

the Scind river. It was placed against the side of a tree trunk, and the

egos were of a pale greenish ground colour minutely mottled with pale reddish

brown, especially towards the larger end ; size of eggs ‘65 by ‘4:6 inch.

SIPHIA LEUCOMELANURA.—Not uncommon in Cashmir wherever there ,

are pine woods. As in the case of Janthia rufilata, many pairs of these

birds which were breeding had the male in the plumage of the female! Only

two pairs which I shot had blue males.

The nest is a neat little cup, placed in a hollow im the side of a tree

trunk. The eggs 4 in number are of a pale buff color, clouded with dull

pale rufous towards the larger end. Size, ‘62 by ‘48 inch.

ERYTHROSTERNA PARVA.—Breeds sparingly in Cashmir at from 6 to

7,000 feet elevation. ‘The males in breeding plumage have the red of the

breast bordered on each side by a stripe of velvet black. This is not shewn

in Dr. Bree’s illustration. In winter the black border disappears, nor is it

regained before the birds leave the plains of India in March and April. The

song is sweet, loud and Robin-like, but short. I failed to find a nest.

Pratrycora Lypica.—The small black Indian species is the stonechat

of Cashmir. It is not an abundant bird anywhere, as it is in Kumaon.

The first place im Cashmir where I met with it was at Thunna Mundi, south

of the Rultun Pir mountain, at about 4,000 feet elevation. Up to this point

Pratincola caprata is the very abundant stonechat ; extending through all

the lower ranges, but not beyond Thunna Mundi, nor did I see it at all

1872.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. a9

beyond the Pir Panjal range. In Cashmir proper, the only stonechat

I observed was P. Indica, which extends up to the Scind valley nearly as far

as Goond.

JantTuta RUFILATA.—This bird, like Siphia leucomelanura, breeds in

the immature or female dress. J shot several pairs which were nesting, and

saw others. Only one pair had the male mature, and differing from the

female. It nests in holes in bank sides, under tree roots, or fallen tree

trunks. The eggs, 4 in number, are bluish white, very faintly marked

towards the larger end with the palest reddish brown. Those markings can

only be seen upon a close inspection. Length ‘74 by -56 inch.

CALLIOPE PECTORALIS.—F ound beyond the Pir Panjal pass, frequenting

large beds of broken rock on the grassy hill sides, where they breed. The

song is pretty and rather Accentor-like.

ACROCEPHALUS BRUNNESCENS.—Breeds abundantly im the Cashmir

lakes. The nest is supported, about 18 inches above the water, by three or

four reeds ; and is a deep cup, composed of grasses and fibres. The eggs are

four ; very like those of 4. twrdoides, but the markings are more plentiful,

and smaller.

ACROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM.—Mierates abundantly through Cis-Hima-

layan Cashmir in the beginning of May. As I returned in June, I neither

heard nor saw one.

ACROCEPHALUS AGRICOLUS.—Near Shupyion I found a finished empty

nest of this truly aquatic warbler in a rose-bush which was intergrown

with rank nettles. This was in the road side where there was a shallow

stream of beautifully clear water. On either side of the road were vast

tracts of paddy swamp, in which the natives were busily engaged planting

the young rice plants. The nest strongly resembled that of Curruca garrula.

The male with his throat puffed out was singing on the bush, a loud

vigorous pretty song like a Lesser White-throat’s, but more varied. J shot

the strange songster, on which the female flew from the nest. This was

the only pair of these interesting birds that I met with. I think, therefore,

that their breeding in Cashmir is not a common occurrence.

DUMETICOLA MAJOR, sp. nov.

Similar to D. affinis, Hodgson, but much larger; measuring from 6

inches to 63 inches; wing 2-28 to 2:3; tail 2°7; bill at front ‘55; from

gape ‘75 to ‘8 ; tarsus ‘87 ; mid toe and claw ‘72 ; hind toe and claw ‘6 ; tail

excessively graduated, the outer feathers being 1:12 in. shorter than the

central ones. The bill is long and compressed at the sides ; generally quite

black, but sometimes dark brown with the lower mandible pale, except

towards tip. Legs and feet pale flesh colour, with the claws a trifle darker.

Trides dark brown ; lores whitish. A cream coloured supercilium, Cheeks

78 W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

whitish, finely mottled with light brown. Chin, throat and upper breast pure

white, finely spotted with dark brown on the breast. These spots are

confined to the breast, and in some specimens they are faint or entirely

wanting. Centre of belly and abdomen white; sides of breast and flanks

shaded with olive brown ; under tail coverts pale brown, each feather bemg

broadly bordered with dull white. Whole upper surface dark dull olive

brown, the crown of the head being conspicuously the darkest. Primaries,

secondaries, and tertials, also wing coverts with the edges of the feathers,

rather rufescent. Lining of wing white, with a few small brown markings

towards ridge of wing, the tail feathers are obsoletely cross-rayed.

The longer, straighter and stronger bill, and the differently formed wing,

with tolerably large 1st primary, separate this bird from true Locustella.

The upper surface is also devoid of streaks. I obtained several specimens. It

ranges from 6,000 feet upwards, even to 10,000 feet elevation, and frequents

exclusively places where the ground cover is abundant. It is seldom seen.

The song is strictly that of a Locustella; similar to that of LZ. Rayi, but

slower and louder. By beating the cover where I heard the birds, I was

enabled to get an occasional snap shot, and thus secured my specimens.

They were all males.

For the sake of comparison, I give Mr. Hodgson’s dimensions of 4

specimens of Dumeticola affinis as recorded on the drawing of the bird.

Dip Of bill Go tip Of Pails. ...n-cecessineslsecienciesehecinss 1 4 5 5

Bill GO GAPS) seveconcaccricoeisosossseslaciecsiiosvie ele eseina vs 25 a 2

Closed Wing, vecesecscrseseceensorseeseeee coossesessceren = Qt 235 2+ 2+

MAPS RLOVROLO. | Meresersceshedoaciodercctewsaee sates joccitee ie a3 13 +

Clsantenil toe) amavel tae W A 5 -p5o56n00 nan no9005000 ooo 0zac0D000 3 it it i<

Hind o. do. sissessssecerereeesesceseserseseseeecesseees oe a's 25 Ts

The bill of the Cashmir bird is nearly one quarter of an inch longer.

The tail and total length are also much longer.

Horerres BRUNNEIFRONS, Hodgson.—Occurs sparingly on the south

side of the Pir Panjal pass. My specimens agree very well with Mr.

Hodgson’s drawing. I heard the song of this bird which is very curious

and unmusical. Any description of the strange discordant song would be

impossible. It sings in a most energetic impassioned manner, and was so

engrossed with its own performance, that it did not mind my approach to

within four yards.

HOREITES PALLIDUS, sp. nov.

A larger bird than the last, but of very similar construction. It is

found in dense jungle at lower elevations. Its song is a strange prolonged

whistle with a sudden turn at the end, the second strain consists of 5 or 6

1872.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 79

notes in a different key ; after a short silence, the long whistle is begun again.

I have heard more than one visitor to Cashmir call this bird “ the

whistling bird.”

The description is as follows: Length 5°15 inch.; wing 2:2; tail 2:2,

bill 33 and ‘5 from gape; tarsus ‘9; irides hazel brown; bill light brown;

lower mandible paler, except the tip ; legs, toes and claws light fleshy brown.

Whole upper surface dull greyish olive or rather pale olive grey; a

slight tawny tinge on the wings and basal half of tail, on the outer webs of

the feathers. Lower back and upper tail coverts rather lighter and brighter

in tint than the rest of the back; being more of a pale brown with slight

tinge of yellow in it. A dull whitish grey supercilium. Pale brown streak

through the eye. Cheeks and ear-coverts brownish white, mottled with pale

brown. Chin to abdomen greyish white. Sides of breast, flanks, tibial

plumes, and lower tail coverts, pale brownish grey ; the flanks being slightly

tinged with fulvous, and the lower tail coverts still more so ; lining of wing

creamy white.

This bird has none of the depth of rich colouring of the Horornis group.

Its mode of coloration is rather like that of Acrocephalus dwmetorwm in

faded summer plumage, but paler and lighter. The tarsi, feet and claws are

strong and stout. Tail much graduated, the outer feathers being -42 shorter

than the central ones. In the wing the 5th primary is the longest, and a

shade longer than the 6th; 4th a little shorter than 6th ; 3rd equal to 8th;

2nd very short, and ‘48 short of tip of wg. The rictal bristles are distinct

and almost ‘22 in. long. The bill has a very faint notch at the end like that

of Horeites brunneifrons.

PHYLLOSCOPUS MAGNIROSTRIS.—Rather common in parts of Cashmir.

It frequents rocky banks of mountain rivers, where they are well wooded.

Its song is singularly sweet, but very short. I never found its nest owing to

the great difficulty of the ground on account of the excessive steepness. It

was most abundant up the Chitterpani from Burrungulla to near the top of

the Pir Panjal mountain; also along the banks of the MRembiera river

between Aliabad serai and Hirpore. I heard a few singing in the woods about

Gulmurg. I may here remark that P. trochilus does not occur in India, not

even in Cashmir, and may be safely expunged from our lists.

PHYLLOSCOPUS TYTLERI, sp. nov.

In plumage resembling P. viridanus, but of a richer and deeper olive ;

it is entirely without the “whitish wing bar” which is always present in

viridanus, unless in very abraded plumage. The wing is shorter; so is the

tail; but the great difference is in the bill, which is much longer, darker and

of a more pointed and slender form in P. TZytlert. The song and notes are

utterly different; so are the localities frequented. P. viridanus is an

80 W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

inhabitant of brushwood ravines, at 9 and 10,000 feet elevation ; while

P. Tytler is exclusively a pine forest Phylloscopus. In the places frequented

by viridanus it must build on the ground, or very near it; but our new

species builds 40 feet up a pine tree a compact half-domed nest on the side

of a fir branch. Eggs pure white. Captain Cock took the only nest obtained,

shooting the old bird off the nest. Properly speaking, none of the notes of

P. Tytiert could be called a song, but the song of P. viridanus is not at all

a bad one, and quite Phylloscopine. I give measurements of the new bird,

and also of P. viridanus for the sake of comparison. Here let me observe

that Colonel Tytler is, properly speaking, the discoverer of this interesting

Phylloscopus ; for four years ago he shot one at Simla which, together with

one of my own specimens, I have sent to Dr. Tristram for examination. Col.

Tytler had labelled the bird Stzbilatrix affinis; while Phylloscopus affinis

stood in his Museum as Aszlus affinis. As most ornithologists do not recog-

nize the generic distinctions of Sibclatriz and Asilus, and as Asilus has been

applied to a genus of insects, I have, with Col. Tytler’s permission, altered

the name of his bird to Phylloscopus Tytleri. The only question remaining

is, whether it is distinct from the Phylloscopi described by the Russian

naturalists. Dr. Tristram identifies P. viridanus with P. Schwarzi, Radde ;

but it is possible that he may have compared the Russian specimens with

some of P. Zytlerz. 'The measurements of my specimens are—

P. Tytleri.

Bill at! Bill from

Leneth. |Wing.} Tail. | front. | nostril. Thain

No. 1 ¢ 4°75 BI) || UW? 7/5) 38 33 ‘76 shot off nest by Capt. Cock.

suman Seay 2.27 | 1:67 38 33 ‘76 Col. Tytler’s bird.

bal aier 2°35 | 1:83 Y5) 3 “75 Cashmir.

Geb Ah 23 | 17 Be || a | 7

bat 2-2 1:55 Bis 3 a a

5 6a 24 | U7 |. 35 |: 3 7 ateh

Lamy he) 3°27 | 1-72 37 32 “75 Almorah.

aa ree 2°32 | 1°78 eh) 28 ‘7 Etawah.

Only one specimen was measured in the flesh, No. 1.

P. viridamus.

Slop il gy 1s 2:5 2°00 | °3 27 8 Cashmir,

KDR 2-55 | 2°15 | 32 29 ‘8 ip

Ce 245 | 1:9 | -32 29 7 y

3 a 257 | 2°05 | -32 30 8

» BS 2-47 | 1:93 | -32 “30 8 4

6 o 2:55 | 2:00 | °3 28 ‘76 Etawah.

ai ge} 2°45 | 2:03 | -32 29 7A *

de) 2°36 | 2°08 | °32 28 we) Py

Neither Captain Cock nor I found a nest of P. viridanus. 1 searched

hard, for I was anxious to ascertain to what extent the nest and eggs differed

from those of P. Tytleri.

1872.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 81

PHYLLOSCOPUS AFFINIS,—frequents the same brushwood ravines as

P. viridanus. The song is very poor and the call note a sparrow-like chirp.

I did not find the nest.

PHYLLOSCOPUS NiTIDUS.—I shot one (about 7th May) in the lower

ranges, but I never met with either P. Indicus or P. tristis in Cashmir.

REGULOIDES occrprraLis.—Is perhaps the commonest bird in Cashmir,

even more so than Passer Indicus. It is a very noisy bird, with a short

poor song. I found several nests which were placed in holes under the roots

of trees; one nest was inside a decayed stump. The nest is a loose one of

moss, lined with a fewhairs. Eggs 4 or 5, and pure white, without any spots.

REGULOIDES TROCHILOIDES.—I shot one in the beginning of May on

the Pir Panjal mountaim. I never met with it again.

REGULOIDES sUPERCILIOSUS.—Is very abundant in Cashmir, and I

believe in all hills immediately below the snows. It would be vain to look

for this bird at elevations below 8,000 feet, or at any distance from the

snows. It was common even in the birch woods above the upper line of

pines. I found many nests. It builds a globular nest of coarse grass on a

bank side; always on the ground, and never up a tree, as stated by Mr.

Hume’s native informant; the nest is limed with hair in greater or lesser

quantities. The eggs, 4 or 5 in number, average ‘56 by -44 inch; are pure

white, profusely spotted with red, and sometimes have also afew spotsof purple

grey. On the 15th of June I found a nest with four young ones in the south

side of the Pir Panjal pass. This bird has no song; only a double chirp

in addition to its call note. The double chirp which is very loud is intended

for a song, for the male bird incessantly repeats it, as he feeds from tree

to tree near where the female is sitting upon her nest.

REGULOIDES PROREGULUS.—Tolerably abundant in the Cashmir pine

woods. It has a short twittermg song and also a faint shivering sibilant

note, like that of P. sebilatrix ; so that the song ascribed by Mr. Blyth

to Reguloides superciliosus belonged to the present bird. In addition to

these it has its call note.

Captain Cock took the nest and eggs at Sonamurg. It builds, like

the golden-crested Regulus, up a fir tree at from 6 to 40 feet elevation, on

the outer ends of the branches. The nest is of moss, wool and fibres and

profusely lined with feathers. Eggs 4 or 5, pure white, profusely spotted

with red, and a few spots of purple grey. Size ‘53 by °43.

Curruca AFFINIS.—Tolerably numerous in Cashmir proper, above the

elevation of its plain. The song is loud, full, and sweet. ‘The nest and eggs

precisely resemble those of C. garrula, which bird, I may observe, has no

more right to be included in the Indian list, than Phylloscopus trochilus.

82 W. HE. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

Mortactiia CASHMIRENSIS, sp. nov.

Ts quite distinct from JZ Luzoniensis, Scopol, with which I com-

pared it. The latter is, as noted by Dr. Jerdon, identical with JZ Hodg-

sont, Blyth, vel IW. alboides, Hodg. My new bird is coloured very like J

lugens, Temm. and Schleg., except that the chin and throat are black.

The black extends down the breast for 24 inches from base of lower mandi-

ble. White portion of face asin WZ. personata of Gould and JL. lugens ;

remainder of head and whole of back deep black. All the wing coverts,

except a few at upper portion of bend of wing, pure white. All the quills

edged with white, the tertials very broadly so; so that when the wing is

closed, it looks almost entirely white. I need not notice that the tail is the

same as that of all other black and white wagtails. Total length 76;

wing 3°55; tail 4 inches, bill at front -5; tarsus ‘97. My bird has a

grey back im winter, and some of those shot in May were only partly chang-

ed. If Mr. Gould’s specimens of JZ. personata were not midsummer ones,

my bird may prove to be JL. personata. It nests in holes under large stones

in shingle beds of rivers and in accumulations of drift. wood. The eggs are

like those of J. alba, but slightly larger.

CALOBATES MELANOPE.—Breeds plentifully on the Cashmir streams

above 6000 feet elevation. Nest and eggs similar to those of C. sulphurea.

It is distinguished from the European bird by a very much shorter tail.

Bupyres caLtcaratus, Hodgson.—Plentiful in the Cashmir marshes,

Breeds on ploughed land and im broken banks near streams of running water.

I could not find the nest. The female has a dark grey and black mottled

back, with a black grey crown to the head; supercilium and lower parts

yellow. Some females are more grey and without a shade of black.

The males have velvet black backs.

BupyrEs cirReona, Pallas.—Common with the last in the Indian mar-

shes in the cold season, and migrates through Cashmir in May. In June

they were entirely gone from Cashmir. This bird never has a black back,

but only a crescentic half collar at the back of the lower neck. The back is

always grey. The female has not the collar, nor has she a pure yellow

head ; the top of her head being yellow olive. The supercilium and lower

parts yellow, but duller than in the male. She is a smaller bird than the

female of the last species.

BupytEs CrINEREOCAPILLA.—Mierates abundantly through Cis-Hima-

layan Cashmir in the beginning of May. The dimensions of this bird

average greater than in B. flava and B. melanocephala; especially as

regards the length of wing. ‘The mature female approaches the male closely

in size and brillianey, which is not the case with the other two species. The

mature females of cinereocapilla and flava are very easily separable both by

size and colour; the latter bemg far from a brilliant bird, which the female

1871.] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 83

einereocapilla is. The males of each are notably distinct. All three are abun-

dant in the plains of India in the cold weather. The young grey and white

birds of each moult direct into mature flava, cinereocapilla or melano-

eephala, as the case may be, as my large series shews. The voice of cimereo-

capilla differs from that of the other two, and is rather like the note of

B. citreola.. It comes up to Ktawah in full plumage, after the other two

have migrated north. It is curious that it was the only one of the three

that I met with m Cashmir. I shot numbers every time I fell in with a

fight, but never procured either of the other species. These three very

marked birds have all been confounded under the name of flava, which is

sumply absurd. My series consists of about 600, shot in every month ex-

eept June, July and August. B. flava can always, whether mature or im-

mature, be separated from either of the others by its broad white supercili-

um. The young of cinereocapilla and melanocephala are closely alike. They

would be difficult to separate until they change some of the head feathers.

The supercilium of B. flava is occasionally strongly tinged with sulphur

yellow, so are the edges of the wing coverts and the margin of the tertials

when newly moulted ; but this yellow tint wears off, leaving the supercilium

quite white. All three are subject to yellow margins to wing feathers.

PIPASTES ARBOREUS.—Mierates abundantly through Cis-Himalayan

Cashmir in the end of April and beginning of May. I shot numbers, but

never met with a single example of the other very distinct species, P. ma-

culatus, which I did not even hear in Cashmir. It has a long drawn

sibilant note, never uttered by P. arborews, and its haunts are never strictly

arboreal. The general green tinge ; the green edgings to the tail; the very

pure white on the posterior part of the supercilium, which changes to a deep

buff anterior to the eye ; and the utterly different mode of striation on the

back, separate this bird from arboreus. Few people who study the two

birds will agree with M. Verreaux that they are one and the same. Mr.

Hodgson rightly distinguished them.

ANTHUS ROSASEUS, Hodgson, which has been confounded with JA. cer-

vimus, is common on the upland grassy hills of the Cashmir Himalayas, where

it breeds at and above 10,000 feet elevation. I saw the old birds carrying

food to their young on the 15th of June. The song of this species is good,

and second only to that of P. arboreus, as far as a pipit’s song goes.*

* Since I wrote the note on Anthus rosaceus 1 have seen Mr. Swinhoe’s paper

on the birds of China, from which I make the following extract.

208. Anthus cervinus, Pall., Zoograph. i, p. 511; Ibis, 1870, p. 847; P. Z. S.

1863, p. 273.

Anthus thermophilus, Ibis, 1860, pp. 55, 429 ; 1861, pp. 36, 411; 1863, p. 311.

Anthus Japonicus, Ibis, 1861, p. 333.

Throughout China, Hainan, Formosa. Jt is a mistake to identify the Hu-

ropean A, Cecilii, Audouin (= A. rufogularis, Brehm), with our eastern A, cervinus.

84 W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. [No. 1,

SruRNUS NITENS, Hume.

The “ Sturnus unicolor’ of Jerdon. This is described in the forth-

coming work which includes the ornithology of the Yarkand expedition.

It is like S. wnicolor, but smaller with shorter wing and more beautiful reflec-

tions. It is excessively abundant in Cashmir at moderate elevations and

in the valley, and breeds in holes of trees, and in river banks. The eggs are

like those of S. vulgaris, but rather smaller. The latter bird occurs plenti-

fully in the plains of India in the cold weather, and is as profusely spotted

as English specimens. The bills vary in length, and are not longer as a rule

than those of the British birds. I did not meet with S. vulgaris im Cash-

mir. Itappears to migrate more to the west, for it is said to be common mm

Afghanistan. S. nifens also occurs in the plains in the cold season. I have

Etawah specimens. They are at that time slightly spotted, but can always

be very easily distinguished from S. vulgaris.

EmperizaA cra, E. Stewartr and H. Fucata, all breed in Cashmir.

The latter bird has the best song of the three.

HESPERIPHONA ICTERIOIDES. Lays a large egg like a hawfinch. It

builds in pine trees.

Carpodacus erythrinus and Carduelis caniceps had not laid when I

left im June. They are numerous in Cashmir. The former, by dissection,

would not lay till late in July, I think.

CHRYSOMITRIS SPINOIDES.—Frequent on the south side of the Pir Panjal

pass. This bird is not a siskin, but a greenfinch allied to C. chloris. It does

not possess the merry song ofa siskin, nor any siskin like notes. Its song is

the characteristic “ beez” of a greenfinch. Any one who has heard the song

of the English green grosbeak will know what I mean by the “ beez.’’ The

“beez” of the Indian so-called “ Siskin” is, however, far inferior to that of

the greenfinch.

Meroponia Pusttia.—l saw this bird in flocks at Shupyion in May.

The female as well as the male has a redforehead. They breed late.

FRINGILAUDA NEMORICOLA.—Abundant on the grassy upland slopes of

the Pir Panjal mountain. It breeds there, as they were paired and singing

Ours is a smaller bird, with shorter wing, and in summer is easily distinguished by

the rosy hue of its eyebrow and breast, which in the other are rust-colour, the breast

being streaked with black. The streaks on the flanks, too, in the latter are much

longer and broader.”

From the above note I conclude that there are only two species of red-breasted

pipits, and that the following are the synonyms:

1. A. Cecilii, Audouin.

A eiipoalte, Beoiae { The Huropean or Western bird.

and

2. A. cervinus, Pall. ;

A. rosaceus, Hodgson. ‘ The Hastern or Asiatic bird.

A, Japonicus.

1872. ] W. E. Brooks—Cashmir Birds. 85

in June; but I did not find the nest. Their shrill song consists of one or

two monotonous notes, frequently repeated from the top of some rock or

stone.

ALAUDA GUTTATA, sp. nov.

Is the common skylark of the Cashmir plains. Larger than A,

gulgula, with a longer wing and tail; not so rufous,and with a far bolder —

mode of marking on the breast. At each side of the breast, the spots

coalesce and form a couple of dark patches like those of Cualandrella

brachydactyla. This is not the case in A. gulqula. The white on the

outer tail feathers is also of a clean white, as in Alauda arvensis. From

the latter it is, however, quite distinct. Ihave several specimens of arvensis.

A. guttata is, with the exception of the excessively spotted breast, an

intermediate bird between A. arvensis and A. gulgula; with a song, as

might be expected, equal to that of either.

Description. Much less rufous than gulgula and of a darker and duller

brown above. The lower surface is also colder and greyer in tone. Tail

much whiter on outer feathers. Breast much more profusely and boldly

spotted and with generally a coalition of spots on each side, similar to that

of C. brachydactyla. Length 63 to 69; wing 3°7 to 39; tail 2°6 to 2°8

inch,

Dr. Jerdon has made great confusion amongst the larks by giving A.

dulciwoxr, Hodgs., as asynonym of A. triborhyncha, Hodgs. Mr. Hodgson’s

drawings shew them to be quite distinct. A. dulcivox is a very large lark,

measuring 74 inches long ; wing 44; tail 232. Breast spotted as in arven-

sis. In character it is the only lark which closely approaches arvensis. A.

triborhyncha is, as far as I can ascertain from Mr. Hodgson’s beautifully

finished drawing, identical with A. gulgula; and so is Alauda orientalis,

vel lezopus of Hodgson.—Dimensions of triborhyncha: Length 6% and 63 ;

tail 25 and 2,3. The drawing shews the wing of triborhyncha to be 3%

inches, and that of orientalis to be not quite 3¢ inches which is the range

the wing of gulgulais subject to. ‘The tails also agree with that of gul-

gula, and the coloring agrees exactly.

I am satisfied that the Cashmir bird is distinct ; for independently of

size it differs by the peculiarly dark grey hue. ‘There is another large

lark found up the Scind valley at Sonamurg, which may turn out to be

Hodgson’s large species A. dulcivor. Capt. Cock took several nests of this

bird and the eggs are large and well marked, but I regret to say, he did not

bring a specimen of the bird itself.*

* T have since received several specimens of A. dulcivow from Amritsar and Nao-

shera, collected by Capt. Marshall and Capt. Cock in the cold season. Length 7°5 to

77, wing 4°4 to 4°7 inch, It is a finer and larger lark than arvensis,

86 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

(Wote). I have only noticed some of the birds I met with in Cashmir.

To have included the whole would have made this paper too long. I should

observe in conclusion that Lotanus hypoleucos breeds plentifully on the Cash-

mir streams, and Lbzdorhynchus Struthers sparingly. ‘Two ducks breed

there A. boschas and Fuligula Nyroca. Ardetta minuta, Ardea cinerea,

Nycticorax griseus, Scolopax rusticola, Fulica atra, Hydrochelidon Indica

and Crex Bailloni, all breed in the Cashmir valley.

NorEs ON VARIOUS NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN Inpi1an Lizarps,—

by Dr. F. SroniczKa.

(With Plates II—V.)

[Received and read 6th September, 1871. ]

In continuation of my notes on some Ophidians,* I have in the present

paper placed on record observations respecting different species of Saurian

Reptiles. In obtamimg materials for this purpose, I have received constant

support from Dr. F. Day, (collecting in the N. W. Provinces and Panjab),

from Major Beddome (Sth. India), Mr. Kurz, (Burma), Mr. Wood-Mason,

(Bengal and N. W. Provinces), Mr. Mandelli (at Darjeeling) and Mr. Martin

(at Pankabaree). Numerous specimens, thus brought together from almost

all parts of India, have enabled me not only to discriminate several imperfect-

ly known species, but also to prove the identity of several others. As far as

it appeared practicable, I have supported my descriptions by drawings of the

typical specimens.

To indicate briefly the results :—I have noted at length some variations

in different species of Lacertid@, and have shewn that little reliance can often

be placed in the form and number of the anterior head-shields, a character

which is occasionally considered by herpetologists} to be of primary import-

ance in the definition of genera. A complete list of all known Indian-and

Burmese Hemidactyli is given and a few new species described. The genera of

the Indian ground Agamide require serious revision, and a few notes on this

subject will be found embodied in the subsequent pages. The Charasia

dorsalis, recorded some little time ago by Mr. W. T. Blanford. from Central

India, proves to be a new species. As regards Stedlio a conspectus is given

of the four Indian species at present known. In the Seime family I have dis-

eriminated three Indian Hinulie, H. indica, maculata and Dussumieri, and

commented upon various species of Mocoa, Riopa, Huprepes, &e.

* Jour. A. 8. B., vol. XL, 1871, p. 421 &c.

+ Comp. Dr. J. EH. Gray ‘ Lizards ; Steindachner, Sitz. Akad. Wien, Math, Nat.

Klasse, vol. LXII, 1870, p. 336.

1872.] Ey Stokienka-On Indian Lizards. Q7

In connexion with the descriptive details, (often necessarily tedious), I

have noted the geographical distribution of most of the species, as far as I

had been able to obtain reliable information.

Fam. LACHRTIDAE.

From observations which I made on Tuchydromus, Ophiops, and Acan-

thodactylus, I presume that the form, size and number of shields on the

antero-superior part of the head, and also partially the nasal shields are un-

reliable for generic, and often even for specific, distinctions.

TACHYDROMUS SEXLINEATUS (I. R.,* p. 69.)

T have from the low valleys of Sikkim 25 specimens which I believe

to be Daudin’s Z sexlineatus ; they certamly belong to the same species

which occurs in Asim and in Burma, those from the latter province having

also been referred to the above named species by Dr. Giinther; and another

specimen of the same species was noted by Blyth from Mergui. (Journ. A.

S. Bs 1855, xxix p. 716).

The Sikkim specimens present, however, certain variations which deserve

special notice, because they are important as regards comparison with allied

forms. ‘The two nasals generally form a distinct suture between rostral and

anterior frontal, rarely do these four shields meet in one point. In one spe-

cimen the anterior frontal is regularly divided into two shields. The nasal

is followed at the hinder inferior edge by a triangular shield, which rests on

the posterior upper half of the first upper labial. In two specimens the

anterior corner, and in one the upper corner is detached from the inferior

postnasal and forms a separate little shield by itself. One specimen has on

one side 3, on the other 4 chin-shields, and four specimens have regularly 4

pairs of chin-shields, the two first pairs representing im size exactly, or very

nearly, the first pair of such specimens as have only 8 pairs of chin-shields.

There are always 8 longitudinal rows of enlarged scales on the upper

side of the neck, separated from the occipitals by only a few smaller scales.

Of those 8 rows the outermost on each side has the smallest scales and, al-

though it can generally be traced at the side of the body, it always remains

indistinct, somewhat irregular and is occasionally broken up, and the scales

never enlarge in size. The other six rows are well marked on the neck and

have most probably given rise to the specific name sexlineatus. The outer

row on each side becomes somewhat obsolete before it reaches the shoulder,

while the remaining four rows of enlarged scales continue on the body, and

down to the tip of the tail. To these four rows Daudin’s name guadrilinea-

tus evidently applies.

* The reference ‘I. R.’ stands for Dr. Giinther’s ‘ Reptiles of British India,’

88 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

On the lower side of the body I find constantly only six longitudinal

rows of scales on the chest between the axils, one ridge connects the axil

with the groin at the edge of the belly and above this follow always two,

only in very old specimens sometimes three, shorter rows of enlarged keeled

scales. Thus there are on the lower half of the circumference of the body,

strictly speaking, 12 series of longitudinal rows of enlarged scales, 6 on the

lower side of the belly and 3 (rarely 4) on each side of it. Dum. and Bibron

correctly refer to the “ six series longitudinales” along the lower side of the

belly, and besides to the enlarged scales on the flanks, not, however, defining

their exact number, most likely because they found them to be variable.

Dum. and Bibron’s statement cannot, therefore, be attributed to a probable

misprint, as suggested by Dr. Gunther (1. cit., p. 69).

The coloration and size and proportions of the Sikkim specimens exact-

iy correspond with those of sexlineatus. Some have a white iridescent

stripe along the edge of the back; others are uniform green above, with a

more or less distinct bronze tint. The fore-limb reaches to the rostral and

the hind-limb nearly, or exactly to the axil, when laid forward. Of all the

specimens examined, there is only one with two inguinal pores on each side,

several have 3, but most 4 or 5 pairs, often succeeded by a sixth imperfectly

developed one.

What follows from these observations is :

1st.—That the Zachydromi cannot be grouped with sufficient reliance,

either by the number of chin-shields, or by the number of inguinal pores, as

suggested by Dr. Giinther, these two characters being evidently very variable

within the limits of one species; and that the most important difference

must rest in the number and size of the scales of the body, the proportions

of the limbs and the general form.

2nd.—That the specific distinction between 7! meridionalis and sexli-

neatus is not so definite, as it would appear to be from Giinther’s deserip-

tion of the former species. Both appear to have an indistinct short fold

before the shoulder, when adult, but in meridionalis there are said to be 2 or

3 more transverse rows of scales between axil and groin, and the limbs would

seem to be slightly shorter. Whether these points represent sufficiently

characteristic distinctions, can only be shewn by the examination of a larger

number of specimens.

3rd.—That 7. Haughtonianus (Jerdon, Proc. A. Soe. B., Feb. 1870,

p- 72) must range with Gimther’s septemtrionalis (and not with T. Japonicus),

and as the number of chin-shields is not characteristic, the two are evidently

closely allied, but in the former the median row of dorsal scales is not smaller

than the lateral ones ; the fore limb does not reach the rostral shield, when

laid forward, nor the hind-limb the axil.

1872. ] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 89

7 Oprutors Jerpont, Blyth.

Blyth in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1853, vol. xxii, p. 653. —Giinther I. R., p. 72.

Tropidosaura Jerdomi apud Theobald, Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc., 1868, p. 22.

Pseudophiops Jerdoni et Theobaldi,* Jerdon in Proc. A. S. B., Feb, 1870, p. 71 &e.

T have lately received from the neighbourhood of Agra and the country

northwards, towards Ambala, about 20 specimens of the form describ-

ed by Jerdon as Pseudophiops Theobald. The characters given as distinc-

tive from the only type of Ophiops Jerdoni are not constant; therefore,

O. Theobaldi must be considered as identical with Jerdoni, as has already

been suggested by Major Beddome (Madras J. Med. Sc., for 1870). More-

over, the genus Psewdophiops proves to be perfectly identical with Ophiops.

Already in the somewhat injured type of Ophiops Jerdont in the Museum

there is on one side a distinct groove seen to proceed from behind the nostril

and dividing the nasal. In one of Jerdon’s specimens of Theobaldi, present-

ed to the Indian Museum, the nasal is, as far as it can be traced, in one shield,

but in the other it is distinctly between two shields, followed by two post-

nasals, which is also the usual number in the type of the genus, Ophiops

elegans, while three postnasals are evidently of much rarer occurrence. In

nearly all the specimens which I lately received, the nasal is exactly as in

O. elegans, between two shields, only few have them anteriorly, and others

also posteriorly, entire ; therefore the name Pseudophiops must be cancelled.

As regards the species, O. Jerdoni, I have to record the following

variations. As a rule there is one frontal; in one specimen this is obliquely

divided into two unequal shields, and in two specimens it is divided regularly

along the middle into two halves. The posterior frontals are sometimes in

contact with each other, or they are divided by one elongated, linear shield,

or by two smaller ones following each other. ach posterior frontal is

behind separated from the respective supraorbital by a small shield, but

occasionally the latter is united with the frontal. The elongated vertical,

the two large supraorbitals, the pair of anterior occipitals forming a suture,

and the larger posterior occipitals separated by two unequal shields, following

each other, are persistent in all. There are 8 upper and 7 lower labials, the

last im each case smallest, and there are 5 or 6 pairs of chin-shields, the last

generally followed by two smaller shields. In one specimen the two, rather

larger, anterior pairs are in contact, in others, three anterior pairs form a

suture. The number of scales round the body is generally 30, sometimes 32,

very rarely 34, of these the 6 ventral longitudinal rows are enlarged and

smooth, as are also one or two adjoining rows on either side, while all the

other scales are very sharply keeled. The fore-leg, when laid forward, very

* Beddome notes the M. 8. name Civittata, which was evidently suppressed by

Dr, Jerdon himself. Comp. Beddome in Mad, Jour. Med. Se. for 1870,

90 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

nearly or exactly reaches the nostril, and the hind limb extends to somewhat

beyond the axil, rarely as far as the ear. Some of the largest specimens

measure very nearly 5 inches, the body being 13 inch.

The coloration also is variable ; it is usually bronze brown, sometimes with

an olive and often a greenish metallic tint. The four white bands, two along the

edge of the back and two at the sides, are generally well marked ; however, in

some specimens the dorso-lateral bands are very indistinct. Again, there are as

a rule two series of black dots, separated by reddish brown ones, on the back

along each white band, and similar black spots, almost forming irregular bars,

are at the sides between the white bands, and also below the lateral band. In

two specimens all these black spots are remarkably small, and in one of a dis-

tinct greenish brown coloration they are nearly absent, but the white bands are

well marked. This specimen is one of the two which I noticed as possessing a

pair of anterior frontals, and very closely corresponds with Ophiops Beddomet,

Jerdon* (= monticola apud Beddome, Mad. Jour. Med. Sc. for 1870).

I collected near Kandala, on the Western Ghats, a specimen which

agrees in every point with Beddome’s description of monticola. It has the

uniform greenish brown coloration with the dorso-lateral white stripes very

indistinct, but the lateral ones well defined ; there is a pair of anterior frontals

present, and the femoral pores are more widely separated in the preanal re-

gion, than in any of the specimens of true O. Jerdoni which I examined.

Considering the variations which I have noticed in undoubtedly identical

specimens of O. Jerdoni, I cannot but doubt that O. Beddomet (= monticola)

will prove a really good species. However, more specimens must yet be ex-

amined, in order to settle this point.

GYMNOPS MICROLEPIS, Blanf.

Blanford, Jour. Asiat. Soc. B., 1870, xxxix, p. 351, pl. xv, figs. 1—5.

A few specimens of this species, which was described from a single spe-

eimen from the Central Provinces, were collected by me at the coal mines of

Kurhurbali, W. Bengal. One specimen has 5, the other 6, pairs of -chin-

shields, the last pair in each case followed by asmaller shield. In other

respects of structure of shields and scales, proportions of body and coloration

the specimens perfectly agree with Blanford’s description, except that the

number of scales in one transverse row between the 6 longitudinal enlarged

rows on the belly, and counted across the back, is generally 56-64 instead of

about 50 ; but this is evidently a character which may be expected to vary with

the size of the lizard. There is a good deal of variation in the number and dis-

tinctness of the dark spots accompanying the white bands ; in some specimens

the former nearly become obsolete. ‘The tail is reddish in young specimens,

* Jerdon, in Proc. Asiat. Soc., Feb. 1870, p. 72.

+ I found it since abundant in Katch,

1872.] F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. 91

and the lower side of adults often with a distinct yellow tinge, particularly on

the lower side of the thighs. One of the largest specimens measures 5,

another 54 inches.

Gymnops is distinguished from all known species of Ophiops by the

peculiar small size of smooth scales, being almost granular on the neck ; they

altogether resemble those of Hremias. It further differs from Ophiops by

having one instead of two postnasals, this is, however, a character not of

great generic value, as already observed by Mr. Blanford, when suggesting

the separation of the present species into a special genus or subgenus.

i AcanrHopactyLus Cantoris (I. R., p. 73).

I received numerous specimens of this species from the neighbourhood

of Agra, Ambala and Lidiana, together with Ophiops Jerdoni, both of

which have also been found associated by Dr. Jerdon (Proc. A. S. B., Feb.

1870, p. 71) in the country a little westward in the Panjab.

The specimensmeasure between 4 and9 inches, the length of the body being

13 to 2 inch. When young they are usually marked with 8 longitudinal black

stripes, separated by white ones of equal width. Four of these stripes are on the

upper side of the body, the two inner coalescing into one before they reach the

middle of the back, while the two outer unite on the anterior part of the tail.

One dark band runs on the upperedge of the sides of the body, and one connects

the ear with the groin. In more adult specimens the dark bands become

gradually less distinct and are first dissolved into spots, until they gradually

quite disappear ; and the same is more or less the case with the white bands

and other spots. The general colour changes from brownish to pearly grey,

and there is always a more or less distinct purplish irridescent lustre trace-

able on the scales. This is particularly clearly seen in the more uniform

coloured adult specimens, which often shew an indistinct reticulation of a dull

reddish tinge on the upper side of the neck and back. Limbs above white

spotted, top and sides of head dark spotted or marbled ; the dark spots dis-

appearing with age; below uniform white or greenish white. I have to

note three points in which nearly all the specimens I examined differ from

the type described by Dr. Gunther :—

1st.—There are always 3 or 4 scales at the front edge of the opening of

the ear, slightly projecting into its space, unless the edge be accidentally

turned inwards.

2nd.—There are very often 14 longitudinal, along the median dorsal line

convergent, rows of enlarged, keeled scales across the middle of the back,

and the adjoining 2 or 8 rows on either side are equally large, but beyond

this the size considerably diminishes. Across the middle of the belly there

are 14-16 enlarged smooth scales, 10 being in a row on the flat lower sur-

face of the belly, and the remainder at the side of it.

92 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

3rd.—The fore limb, when laid forward, at least reaches the nasal shield

and more often the tip of the snout ;* and the hind limb extends rarely only

to the collar, usually somewhat beyond it, and occasionally as far as the

tympanum.

None of these points indicate, I believe, a specific distinction from typi-

cal A. Cantoris, as described by Giinther. Some of my specimens agree in

every point of size with the measurements given by Giinther; the largest

is 9 inches.

Of other variations may be noted :—the anterior frontal is, .as a rule,

single, sometimes split into two unequal portions, and in one instance it is

represented by a regular pair of equal shields. The posterior frontals gene-

rally form a suture, but sometimes they are partially or even entirely

separated by an intercalated shorter, or longer, or by two, shields. The

posterior supraciliaries are often broken up into two shields. The form and

number of verticaland occipitals is persistent. The large shield below the orbit -

sometimes rests on two or on three labials, and occasionally it touches the

labial margin itself.

Fan.. GHCKOTID A.

Grcko euTratus (I. R. p. 102).

The young of this, and indeed of most other species} of Geckoes, are

dark, or blackish brown, with white spots. Few small spots are on the hinder

part of the head, while on the body they are larger and generally arranged

in 7 irregular cross series, the first series bemg placed immediately behind the

occiput and the last between the hind limbs; tail blackish with 7 white

rings, the last occupying the tip.

The general structure is exactly as in the old, but the tubercles are

much flatter ; there are (in several specimens) only 34 longitudinal series

in the middle of the belly, while in old ones the number rises to 50.

PTYCHOZOON HOMALOCEPHALUM.

I. R., p. 105 and Journal A, 8. B., xxxix, p. 159.

This species occurs both at the Nicobar and Andaman islands.

* Gunther says itonly reaches ‘the front edge of the orbit,’ but he gives the

fore limb 11 lines, which is exactly the distance between the axil and the nasal shield

in all my specimens measuring 7 inches,

+ It is, therefore, very probable that the specimen of Gecko Snuithu, Gray, which

I noticed on p. 161 of Jour. A.S. B., 1870, Vol. xxxix, has still the coloration of the

young, and may lose most of the white spots, when adult. Dr, Anderson when

re-describing the same in Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1871, p. 159, subsequent to the

publication of my paper, omitted to notice the identity of the specimen, which it is

necessary to do, because a misprint occurred in my statement (1. cit. on p. 162) as re-

gards the total measurement, this being 4°8 inches (instead of 5°8 inches), but the

other detailed measurements are correct,

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 93

HEMIDACTYLUS.

I have observed in several hundreds of specimens of different species of

Hemidactylus, (as restricted, and of the section Dorywra), as well as in the

allied genera Peripia and Nycteridiwm, that the total absence, or the presence,

of a few enlarged tubercles does not constitute a sufficiently distinct specific

character. The variations in this respect cannot be accounted for either

by age, sex, or the locality, but they are simply accidental. The species

belonging to the section Dorywra have generally a nearly uniformly granular

body, well developed paratoid glands and normally a smooth tail, while in

Hemidactylus the tail is normally spiny, but, when reproduced, it becomes

smooth.

The distribution of the Indian and Burmese species of Hemidacty ule

is the following :

“ 1. H. rrreprus, Daud. CZ. R., p. 107). Ceylon, South and Central

India (Bundelcund).*

Nothing reliable is as yet known athe} the form for which Jerdon

suggested the name H. subtriedrus (Jour. A. 8S. B., Vol. xxii, p. 467).

(see pl. u1, fig., 17). :

It is perhaps not specifically different from triedrus, but there certainly

exist some forms which possess the distinctive characters noted by Jerdon of

his subtriedrus. Mr. W. T. Blanford kindly allowed me to examine two

specimens which he lately collected near Ellore, and which, although agreeing

in form, general structure and coloration with triedrus (for instance the figure

in Belanger’s Voyage), differ somewhat from the description usually given

of that species. The two specimens are both females, apparently not full

erown, and measuring on the average 43 inches, of which the head is about

= inches, and rump 14 inch. None of the tubercles on the back is as

large as the opening of the ear; the head does not appear to be shorter than

in typical triedrus, but the scales on muzzle and throat are certainly very

small ; a great number of moderately enlarged tubercles on the hinder part of

the head; two enlarged shields behind the rostral separated by two small

azygous shields ; nostril situated between rostral, suprarostral, first labial and

two moderate shields behind; 10 to 12 upper labials, not constant, a row of

conspicuously enlarged scales above them; 10 very distinct and well

developed lower labials ; 2 pairs of chin-shields, first forms a suture ; 82 long

rows of scales across the middle of the belly. The coloration, which was

noted by Mr. Blanford during life is: body generally bluish grey with 5 olive

brown, black-edged bands on the body and about 6 on the tail; of the

former the first is situated on the neck, 2nd on the shoulder and the last be-

* Proc. A. 8. B. for 1870, p. 74.

+ Side and lower views of head ; natural size.

94 F. Stoliecka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

tween the hind limbs. The band on the neck is darkest. The edges of all are

darker and more irregularly undulating in front than behind ; a yellow black

edged band passes from the nostril to the eye, slightly continuing behind,

the lower black margin is the more distinct one and continues through the

ear to the cross band on the neck, with the anterior black margin of which

it is confluent ; upper half of orbit and some spots below eye yellow ; head

pale, uniform ; tubercles on back yellowish, those on the edges of all the

blackish bands and at the sides of the belly more distinctly so, brightest on

neck ; limbs unspotted; below yellowish, all scales minutely punctated.

In spirit the whole of the yellow coloration has turned pure white and the

dark bands are now white edged.

§ 2. H. macunatus, D. and B.

{Ginther, I. R., p. 107.—Stoliczka in J. A. S. B., vol. xxxix, p. 164, and Blanford,

ibidem, p. 361.

3. H. Prereust, Kelaart, (== H. Sykest, Giinther, I. R., p. 108).

It is, I think, clear that Dum. and Bibron, when describing their A.

maculatus, hadunder examination the two forms which Gimther separated,

and for one of which (considered as the young by D. and B.) he retained

Dum. and Bibron’s name. The two forms are, no doubt, extremely closely

allied, and it has yet to be satisfactorily proved, whether H. Pierest should

more appropriately be considered as a large local variety of maculatus, or as a

distinct species, but, I believe, the view taken by Kelaart and Giinther, and

first of all by Gray, is the correct one. It is certain that maculatus, as restricted

by Giinther, never appears to attain on the continent of India and Burma a

larger size than 53 inches, and this measurement was observed only in two

cases among about 200 specimens from South India, Central India, N. W.

Provinces, the Sub Himalayan hills, and almost all parts of Bengal, Burma and

the Andamans. The usual size is 4 or 43 inches.

In all these specimens the head and body is brown spotted, the

spots on the latter have a tendency rather to arrange themselves in

longitudinal than in cross series; in the three median rows the spots are

larger and more distinct than at the sides, where they generally become

rather confluent. The brown spots are equally distinct, or equally indis-

tinct, in males and females, the variations apparently depending upon the

seclusion of the locality in which the lizards live. However, I have repeatedly

observed, that in specimens which had the tail reproduced, the brown spots do

not retain the same distinctness which they had before. South Indian speci-

mens are generally of dark hue, and often have some of the enlarged tubercles

white. Young specimens are always dark brown, with still darker spots,

while the majority of the enlarged tubercles is purely white.

As regards structure I find the enlarged tubercles slightly vary. They are

always well marked, along the back distinctly trihedral, on the sides often more

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 95

rounded ; they are arranged, as a rule, in 16 to 20 alternating, longitudinal,

but not very regular rows ; they are shghtly larger and sharper in adult males

than in females. The enlarged scales on the middle of the belly somewhat

extend to the sides and are usually in 38 or 40 longitudinal series. The

femoral pores in the male are 10-14 on either side, very rarely united

in the preanal region ; as a rule, they are separated by 1 or 3 or 5 scales;

if 3 intermediate scales are present, which is very often the case, they are

arranged in a triangle.

The specimen recorded by Theobald in Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc., p. 30,

under the name “ H. fasciatus, Gray (?)” is H. maculatus ; the former having

been described from an unknown locality must, therefore, provisionally remain

under that doubtful head, and not be added to the Indian fauna.

The four specimens in the Museum from Ceylon, recorded by Theobald

in Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc. p. 30, No. 41, as H. maculatus, belong to the larger

form; two of them have the body about 33 inches and inone the tail is

32, giving a total measurement of nearly 7 inches. In structure of scales,

tubercles and shields, the specimens do not exhibit any important difference

from maculatus, as usually understood, though at the first sight they

appear quite distinct. The two other specimens equal in size typical

maculatus, but when closely compared with specimens of this species,

they evidently possess a certain aspect of immaturity and tenderness

of the skin, &c.; ther heads are proportionately larger, and the same

is the case with the trihedral tubercles, which are present in a slightly

smaller number (14-16 rows); their colour is almost uniform whitish.

In the two adults, the differences are still more marked, and the

brown marbling has an inclination to form transversely arranged bands,

very similar to a specimen described by Giinther under the name of Z,

Sykes.* Thenumber of femoral pores is 32-36, in a slightly imterrupted

series. For this Ceylonese form, Kelaart proposed the name H. Pureresz

(Prod. Faune Ceyl. 1852, p. 159), and as far as can be seen from the

drawing of H. Sykesi (in Giinther’s Reptiles), the latter does not in any

way differ from the former, therefore, Kelaart’s older name must take

priority. It alsd seems to me clear that Dum. and Bibron’s largest specimen

of maculatus, of which they give measurements, is the Sykesz of Gimther ;

it is said to occur in the neighbourhood of Bombay, wherefrom Dum. and

Bibron received it. Dr. Gray is evidently the original observer of the two forms,

the small maculatus and the large Pieresi, as shewn by him in his ‘ Lizards’

p- 153, where he gives “ H. Sykesi, Gray, B. M.” as the synonym of

maculatus ; and among the specimens of that species he quotes “a. In

spirits. Female? India, Dukun. Presented by Col. Sykes.” This is to all

appearance the only type of Giinther’s species, bearing the name H. Sykes.

* Of Gray ?

96 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

Kelaart (Prod. Faune Ceyl., 1852, p. 158) also gives H. Sykesi, Gray, as

the synonym of his doubtful maculatus. The history of the species appears

to have been overlooked by Dr. Giinther.

H. maculatus, as restricted, occurs in Ceylon, throughout India, Burma

and the Malayan Peninsula extending to Sumatra, Java, &c. Peters in

Van der Decken’s Reisen gives it also from the Seychelles. It is a very com-

mon species in houses about Calcutta.

H. Pieresi is as yet known only from Ceylon and from the Dakhin

(Dekan).

4, H. aracrtis—A very beautiful species described by W. 'T. Blanford

from Berar and Raipur in Central India (Journ. A. 8. B., Vol. xxxix

p-. 362, pl. xvi, figs. 4-6).

5. H. reticutatus, Beddome. Madras J. Med. Sc., 1870, p. 33.

6. H. Frenatus, Schlegel, (1. R., p. 168).

Hem. sublevis, Gray, apud Theobald, Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc., p. 30.

H. frenatus, in Journ. A. 8. Beng., vol. xxxix, p. 164.

? H. punctatus, Jerdon, 1853, Journ. A. S. B., xxii, p. 467.

This species which usually grows to about 5 inches, (rarely attaining

53) is readily recognised from all other Indian Hemidactyli by the small

size of the thumb and inner toe; the claw on it is setiform and ‘often so

fine as to be hardly traceable. ‘The body is finely granular, but there are

always some enlarged rounded tubercles present. In Bengal specimens, two

alternate series of those very usually run along the centre of the back, and

there are besides about 3 irregular rows on each side of the body. Dakhin

(Dekan) and Upper India specimens generally have no enlarged tubercles in

the middle of the back. The tail is spiny, unless it has been reproduced, in

which case it remains smooth. The femoral pores are either interrupted by

one enlarged scale, or they are continuous above the preanal region. The

colour is very variable,—uniform grey, or greenish grey, very closely marbled

and spotted with dark ; or grey with some irregular stripes and close mar-

blings, the former most distinctly marked on the neck and the sides of the

belly ; or dark brown with some irregular blackish stripes ; there is, however,

always a more or less distinct pale (during life sometimes yellowish orange)

band present, passing from the rostral through the eye and either disappear-

ing above the ear, or continuing along the side of the body down to the

groin; this pale band is margined above and below by a dark line. . The tail

has sometimes an orange tinge, particularly after the cuticle had been shed.

HI. frenatus is the commonest Gecko from Ceylon and through India, ex-

tending in a northwesterly direction as far as the Panjib, and occurring all

through Bengal, Burma and the whole of the Malayan Archipelago, includ-

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 97

ing the Andamans and Nicobars. From all these parts I have examined

specimens. It occurs in houses as well as on trees, and among stones. Ac-

cording to Peters it is also found at the Seychelles.

I am strongly disposed to believe that Jerdon’s HZ. punctatus was

based upon a young female specimen of frenatus. I possess specimens

which in every pot of colouration, and structure and measurement, agree

with Jerdon’s description, the only apparent discrepancy lying in Jerdon’s

statement to the effect that “the thumb appears as well developed as in

maculatus.” In some respects this is really the case, the basal portion

of the thumb being in the two species nearly equally developed, occasionally

almost more so in frenatus, but the free claw bearing portion of the thumb

is always somewhat shorter in frenatus than in maculatus.

| 3 7. H. Lescuenavtr, D. ann B.

Giinther, I. R., p. 109.—Idem, Jerdon, J. A. §. B., xxii, p. 468.—H. Coctei, apud

Kelaart, Prod. F. Ceyl., 1852, p. 160,—H. Kelaartii and Leschenaultii, Theobald, Cat.

Rept. Asiat. Soc. Mus., p. 29 and 30.—H. marmoratus, Blf., Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, vol.

Xxxix, part li, p. 363, pl. xvi, figs. 1-3.—H. marmoratus, Kelaarti and Leschenaultii,

Blanford in Proc. A. 8. B. for August, 1871, p. 173.

The present species generally has, like the previous one, some enlarged,

rounded tubercles on the back, at least on the femoral region, more rarely

are the tubercles scattered over the entire body. The colour is rarely uni-

form silvery grey, generally there are some transverse, zigzag dark marblings

traceable, and there is usually a dark band through the eye present ; 10-16

femoral pores on each side, widely separated in the preanal region.

The species can readily be distinguished from frenatus by the well de-

veloped thumb, and from Coctez by the greater number of femoral pores,

somewhat less widely separated in the preanal region. Kelaart’s Coctei is

evidently this species, and was named Kelaarti by Theobald, as poimted out

by Mr. Blanford, who formerly separated a small Central Indian variety,

with a nearly uniform granulation, as HZ. marmoratus.

H. Leschenaultu occurs in Ceylon, whence some years ago specimens

have been identified by Professor Peters* and Dr. Steindachner ; it is com-

mon all through South India according to Jerdon and in Central India ac-

cording to Blanford. I have obtained a few specimens on the Parisnath hill

and near Ranigunj in Bengal, and others from near Patna and Agra. It is

not known from North-Eastern Bengal, and thus may be regarded as a true

Indian species.

\% 8. H. Morront, Theobald, Journ. Linn. S., Zool. X, p. 32. Close to

Srenatus, but having the thumb and inner toe well developed.—Burma.

* Berlin Akad. Monatsb. 1860, p. 183.

98 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. | Nowges

9. H. Cocrm* (1. B.,'p. 109).

Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1862, p. 29.

Steindachner, Novara Rept., Pt. I, p. 13.

H. Bengaliensis, Anderson, Journ. A. S. B., vol. xl, p. 14.

This is the most common species all through Bengal, whence it was

originally described by Dum. and Bibron. The thumb is well developed, as

noted by the French authors and by Cantor, but the claw small, as observed

by Dr. Giinther, who identified Bolt. suwblevis, Gray, with the present species.

The back is generally equally granular; sometimes there are a few larger

rounded tubercles present on the sacral region, more rarely also on the sides

of the back, the variations being in this respect exactly similar to those

noticed in H. Leschenaultu. The larger tubercle on the side of the neck,

stated by Dr. Anderson to distinguish Bengaliensis from Coctezis quite as often

present as it is absent. Tail, when original, segmented, with one or two

large elongate scale-lke lateral tubercles near the base, and 2 to 3 smaller

ones on the upper sides, but asa rule none along the middle; subcaudals

enlarged. On reproduced portions of the tail, there are sometimes a few large

scales present at the lateral edges, but more commonly the tail remains quite

smooth. JI have never seen, even in the largest specimens, more than §

femoral pores in each row, they beimg widely separated in the preanal region ;

the usual number of pores is six in each row, rarely less.

During life, the general colour is greenish grey, with 5 ener broad

undulating greenish brown bands, the first on the neck, the fifth on the loim,

and all edged with white posteriorly ; the tail is similarly banded above, and

the white edgings are often more conspicuous; a pale band through the eye

on the side of the head, margined with dark above and below, and generally

becoming obsolete on the neck. The iris is reddish golden, pupil narrow, black

with undulating edges. The animal changes its coloration very rapidly

during life, sometimes the transverse bands turn almost to blackish brown,

and another time they become quite obsolete. In spirits the brown tints

partially, and in time entirely, fade. Below white, most of the scales

generally very minutely punctated with black. Old specimens, particularly

the females, have the tail at the base often very bulging, depressed, and

nearly three-fourths of an inch broad.

I have not seen specimens of this species from farther southwards than

Orissa, but it 1s very numerous in Western Bengal, extending through the

North West Provinces up to the foot of the hills at Kangra and Hurdwar,

westward into the Panjab and eastward into the lower parts of Sikkim, the

Khasi hills, Cachar and the whole of the Gangetic delta. I did not obtain

it in Burma, but two specimens have been sent to me stated to have been

procured in Pegu. Dum. and Bibron record it from Bombay, which very

* ? Is the right name Cocteawi ?

1872.] F. Stolhiezka—On Indian Lizards. ae

likely refers to some locality m the Western Ghats. Jerdon does not quote

it from South India and Kelaart’s Ceylon Coctei is Leschenaultii. Cantor

(Mal. Rep., J. A.S. B., xvi, p. 629) gives it as occurring im Penang, and notes

a specimen 7 inches long, the head above being 1% inches, which is a

somewhat ‘unusual size.

In general structure and coloration, H. Coctei is very closely allied to

Leschenauitii, differmg from the latter by the smaller number of femoral

pores, and somewhat more elongated and narrower fingers and toes, with

more numerous and thinner plates below, the toes beng in Leschenaultiz

more broadly oval, shorter and the plates below coarser; the thumb also is

somewhat shorter. Judging from the known geographical distribution, it

appears to me very probable that H. Coctei replaces in the Gangetic delta

HI. Leschenaulti, which is a more southern form ; and both appear to meet

together in Western Bengal and the southern part of the N. W. Provinces.

Tn Caleutta thisis the largest Hemidactylus, usually seen on the outer

walls of houses or godowns. It is readily known by its coloratiof. The

usual size is 6-7 inches, the body being 3-3% inches, while the tail is often

yeproduced. On one occasion I obtained two specimens, each of nearly 9

inches, the body being 35, and the tail (perfect) a little above 5 inches.

10. H. avrantracus, Beddome, Madras J. Med.8c., No. 1, 1870, p. 33.

A uniformly granular species, without any enlarged chin-shields.

Shevaroys and Anamallays, South India.

11. Hemmactyivs Gicantevs, n. sp. Pl. II. fig. 2.

Pl. Il, fig. 2, 2 a, 2b, top, side, and lower views of head, 2 c, inside view of the

sacral region and right foot; all figures in natural size.

General form very similar to that of H. Coctez. Head and body above

uniformly granular, the scales on the snout being, as usually, slightly larger,

and sharper, and those on the hinder part of the head smallest ; two enlarged

shields behind the rostral, separated by one or two minute scales, nostril situat-

ed between the rostral, the suprarostral and a semicircular shield behind, on

the lower side in contact with the rostral, excluding the first labial from

entering the nostril, 14-17 upper and 11-13 lower labials; two pairs of

chin-shields, the first in contact, anteriorly partially separated by thepantagonai

inferior rostral; the second chin-shield about half the size of the first, shghtly

elongate or rounded and followed by a few smaller scales along the labials ;

seales on belly slightly hexagonally elongate, in 40 to 44 longitudinal series ;

some on the pubie region are pointedly elongate, but none are particularly

enlarged ; in the males 18-20 femoral pores’ on either side of the thigh,

separated in the preanal region by an interspace of about 7 scales width;

tail indistinctly segmented, generally reproduced and then without any

100 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

segments, rather abruptly tapering, occasionally very bulging near the base,

uniform scaly above and at the sides without any enlarged spiny tubercles ;

subcaudals moderately enlarged, beginning to be soa short distance from the

anus ; about 11 transverse lamellz on the first, and 14-15 on the fourth toes,

the two or three basal lamellz and the terminal one being in each case simple ;

thumb well developed.

This species is very closely allied to H. Coctei, and I might have

considered it as a gigantic variety of the same, had it not the peculiarity of

the first labial bemg excluded from the edge of the nostril, which is a

character constant in all the specimens, none of them also have any

enlarged spiny scales at the side of the tail; but the most important

distinction lies in the presence of a large number of femoral pores, which

are also somewhat less widely separated in the preanal region, than they

are in H. Coctei.

The general colour during life is, according to Mr. Blanford, olive

grey te blackish olive, with irregular dark, pale edged marks in imperfect

circles, inclined to form 4 or 5 transverse undulating bands on the body.

In spirit these irregular markings are slightly traceable, and the whole body is

besides rather finely mottled with brownish olive. Below uniform white.

Hab. I have examined 9 specimens which were kindly lent to me for

description by Mr. W. T. Blanford, who obtained the same in a solitary

locality on the Godavari river near Badrachalam, on trees. The body of

the smallest measures 44 inch., and of the largest a little above 5 inches.

All have their tails partially reproduced, and the longest is only about

4 inches, in its original state it must have been at least 6 or 7 inches. In

one of the largest specimens, the length of the head is 1% inches, and the

width at the occiput 14 inches.

12. H. [Doryura] Brerpmoret, (Blyth). Pl. I, fig. 3.

Leirus Berdmorei, Blyth, Journ. A. 8. B., 1853, xxii, p. 646.

Doryuwra Berdmorei, apud Theobald, Journ. Linn. §., Zool. x, p. 29.

Pl. ii, fig. 3, upper view of a male specimen, 3a and 3b, side and lower views of

head, 3c sacral region with a part of the tail; all figures in natural size.

Body and tail covered with small, equal, granular scales, those on the

snout being somewhat coarser ; tail depressed, rounded at the sides, contracted

at the base, indistinctly segmented; numerous small scales behind the

rostral and the nostril; 10 to 12 upper, and 9-10 lower labials; two pairs

of chin-shields, the first large, separated above by the rostral, below forming

a suture, those of second pair barely half the size, and each forming a suture

with the respective anterior chin-shields and the second labial; there is usual-

ly a row of slightly enlarged scales along the lower labials, while those on

the throat are very minute, almost granular, and greatly contrasting with the

_ 1872.) BE. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. 101

larger scales on the abdomen ; ear opening rather small, rounded ; a moderate-

ly developed gland on each side in the place of the paratoids, generally

more distinctly seen above than below; thumb small, well developed, with

a minute claw ; about 38 long. rows of scales across the middle of the belly,

extending somewhat on the sides; 14-16 femoral pores in each series,

separated by a width of about 3 scales in the preanal region; a row of

transversely enlarged shields along the middle of the lower side of the tail.

' Grey or light brown, slightly mottled with dark brown and four

longitudinal series of blackish spots interrupted by white ones ; two of the

series originate on the superciliary region and two in continuation of a

blackish streak, originating at the lower half of the eye ; head above and labials

black spotted ; tail also with dark transverse spots above; below uniform

white, with the shields of the belly generally very minutely punctated. The

brown series of spots are not in all specimens equally distinct, and some-

times they are almost obsolete. Specimens which have shrunk much in

spirit shew, like all other Geckos, a fold on the side of the body, and the tail

becomes also slightly angular at the sides.

Blyth’s original description of the coloration of this species is decidedly

better, than the supposed improved one by Theobald. The type specimen came

from Mergui; Theobald found it common in Pegu; I have received it from

the Khasi hills, and collected a great number of specimens about Pankabari,

just above the Sikkim Terrai, mostly on the outside walls of houses; one

specimen was also sent to me by Mr. A. W. Lawder from Almorah, in

Kamaon.

The largest specimen from Pankabari measures 43 inches, of which

the body is 2% inch.

13. Hemmpactyius [Doryvra] ManpELLIAnvs, n. sp. PI. iu, figs. 1—2.

Pl. ui. fig. 1, upper view of a full grown specimen; 2, 2 a, 2b, 2c, different views

of the head and sacral region of another specimen ; all figures in natural size.

Body and tail depressed, covered with numerous small rounded tuber-

cles, there being in old specimens generally a few larger ones perceptible at

the side of the body and on the sacral region; snout elongate, depressed,

with the scales larger than on the body ; tail depressed, gradually tapering

to a poimt, moderately convex above, somewhat flattened below, indis-

tinctly segmented, laterally sharply keeled and serrated, the tubercles at the

end of each segment being white and more prominent than others. There

is a pair of somewhat enlarged shields behind the rostral, separated by a

shghtly smaller shield; the nostril hes between the rostral, the 1st labial,

the supra-nasal and two moderately enlarged post-nasals ; 12—14 upper, and

10—12 lower labials, the last in each case, as usually, very small; 2 pairs of

enlarged chin-shields, the first forms with the lower halves a suture below the

102 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

inferior rostral, the second is smaller, generally only half the size of the first,

each shield rounded, placed immediately below its respective first chin-shield,

but separated from the second lower labial by a smaller shield ; a row of slightly

enlarged shields adjoming the lower labials ; scales on the throat very small,

flattened, those on the belly much larger and roundly hexagonal, and m about

36 longitudinal, alternating series ; a median row of transversely enlarged sub-

caudals. The ear opening is moderate, rounded ; the glands in the place of the

paratoids very large, occupying almost the whole of the side of the neck ; toes

elongate, united with a short web at the base, provided with rather coarselamel-

lz, there being 9 or 10 pairs of them on the fourth toe; nearly the first half

of the lamelle on all the toes is either undivided or only slightly grooved ;

thumb well developed, with a minute claw. Out of 10 specimens examined

of various sizes none had femoral pores, but the scales in the preanal region are

conspicuously enlarged in all.

Grey, more or less densely marbled and punctated with blackish brown

and spotted with pale white. Generally the brown colour is arranged in

6 or 8 longitudinal stripes, more distinctly regular in young than in old

specimens, and these stripes are separated by irregular, alternate rows of

white spots ; limbs, and tail at the base above, also white spotted, upper labials

brown ; paratoids yellowish brown; lower side uniform white, most of the

scales very minutely punctated.

Fab. 1 have obtained a few specimens at Pankabari, sot above the Sik-

kim Terai, and Mr. Mandell sent me several from the Rungnu and Tista val-

leys, where the pee occurs between 1,000 and 3,000 feet. The body of the

largest measures 24, tail 83, = 52 inches. As nearly half of the plates below

the toes are undivided, the species forms a connecting link between the section

Doryuwra and those small species of Geckos which are represented by G.

Swinhoenis, and are mostly peculiar to Southern China, Japan and adjacent

islands.

14. Hem. [Doryvura] Gavpama,—from Tonght in Burma.

Theobald, Journ. Linn. §., Zool. x, p. 30.

Unless authentic specimens are received, it will be difficult to identify

this species from Theobald’s description. It appears to be somewhat allied

to H. Mandellianus, but the edges of the tail are said to be in the former

minutely “denticulate with an obsolete marginal spine ;” “sides” of body

“keeled” and “ femoral pores nineteen on each thigh,” &c. “Grey with

no definite markings.” Body equal to tail.

15. Hem. [Doryurs] Karenorum, Theob. (ébidem), from Tonght, Burma.

“Back granular, regularly shagreened with about twenty longitudinal

rows of small whitish tubercles,” &c.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 103

ye Perret, Gray (I. R., p. 110.)

Peripia might, like Doryura, be considered as a subgenus of Hemidac-

tylus. It connects Doryura with Nycteridiwm, having the general form and

usually flattened poimted tail and small equal granular scales of the former,

while the toes are distinctly webbed at the base, and there is also a distinct

expansion of the skin at the hinder side of the femora and tibie. In Wycteri-

dium only the lateral expansion of the skin of the body is added to the

character of Peripia. If we characterize the later genus from the two Indian

species, P. Perontt and Oantoris, we cannot say that the thumb and inner

toe are without. an ungual phalanx. JI have examined very numerous

specimens of the former, and a few of the latter species, and I find that the

ungual phalanx on the thumb is very nearly, but never entirely obsolete, it,

however, always appears to be clawless. On the inner toe the ungual phalanx

is extremely small, but in nearly all my fresh specimens I find there is a very

minute, thin, transparent, setiform claw present ; only in some old specimens

I have not been able to detect it.

P. Cantoris oceurs im Penang, Burma, the Andamans and Nicobars ;

from all the localities | have examined specimens.

P. Peronii is very common on Penang,* and in the Wellesley Province,

rarer in Burma and on the Andamans. The type was from Mauritius, and ac-

cording to Kelaart# it is also found in Ceylon. Andamanese specimens agree

in their very distinct brown tinge with those from the two later islands, while

Penang specimens are brown, when young, but when adult usually greenish

ashy, rarely with a rosy tinge. Two adult fresh specimens from the Andamans

perfectly agree in structure with those from other places ; the general colour

above is pale chocolate brown with a rosy tinge, all over speckled with darker

brown and with numerous round white spots, about } m.m. in diameter ; below

white, pinkish towards the sides, and all scales minutely punctated.

y >) NYcTERIDIUM PLATYURUS, Schneider.

1792. Stellio platywrus, Schneider, Spec. Physiol. Amph., ii, p. 30, and Denk.

Acad. Minchen for 1811, p. 62, pl. i, fig. 3.

1802. Lacerta Schneideriana, Shaw, Zool., III, 278.

1864. Nycteridiwny Schneiderianum, apud Giinther, I. R., p. 111.

1870. N. Himalayanwm, Anderson, J. A. 8. B., vol. xl, p. 15.

IT have Asam, as well as Himalayan (from near Darjiling) specimens

for comparison, and they certainly belong to the same species. They also do

* Comp. Journ. A. 8. B., vol. xxxix, p. 163.

+ Prod. Faun. Zeyl. p. 187.

< Gray’s name Platywrus certainly has the same derivation, as Platwrus, and as it

has been at an early date replaced by Nycteridiwm, it seems advisable not to revive the

former name, particularly as it would involve a change in the specific denomination,

and may besides lead to misunderstanding. ;

104 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

not differ in any essential point of structure from the description given by

Giinther, who has evidently seen specimens from various parts of the Malay

Archipelago, from Ceylon, and also from Asam and Bengal, considering them

all to be identical. The same conclusion has been arrived at by Dum. and

Bibron in comparing Bengal and Javanese specimens. The Darjiling

specimen described by Anderson as NV. Himalayanum roust have had

accidentally a somewhat “ flatter and more rounded” snout, as in four speci-

mens from the same locality the outline exactly agrees with that of Dum.

and Bibron’s figure ; I also cannot trace any stronger webbing bétween the

fingers and toes, said to distinguish Himalayanum from platywrus. Darjil-

ing specimens agree admirably with Schneider’s original figure, (Gn which

only the head at its base is shewn too broad) ; the proportion and form of

the feet and their toes is exactly the same, the latter being contracted at

their bases, connected by a membrane* and provided with 5—7 transverse,

divided lamelle. Schneider says there are 56 large subcaudals, and this is

exactly the number I count in a full-grown specimen, with the tail perfect,

and not reproduced. The femoral pores (16—20 on either side) are slightly

interrupted in the middle of the preanal region. 'The only difference consists

in the shortness of the first pair of chin-shields, but this cannot be more

than an individual distinction, if really correctly drawn. The glands which

are situated behind the ear, chiefly towards the lower surface of the head,

are quite as often absent as present. Out of four Darjilig specimens they

are very distinct in an old female, in one nearly full grown male they are

small, and in two somewhat younger specimens of opposite sexes they are not

at all developed. One of the principal distinctions of the specimen, named by

Dr. Anderson V. Himalayanum, might be sought in the presence of some

enlarged tubercles on the side of the body. A ¢ specimen from the Naga

hills (As4m) has no enlarged tubercles; of the four Darjiling specimens

one full grown ¢, and one half grown ¢, each have a distinct row of slightly

enlarged tubercles at the side of the body, above the attachment of the

lateral dermal expansion. One nearly full grown ¢ has an enlarged tubercle

on one side and two on the other, just a little in front of the sacral

region ; the fourth specimen, a female, has the scales uniform granular. It

will be seen from these observations that no specific value can be attached

to the total absence, or occasional presence, of a few enlarged tubercles, as I

had already occasion to notice in different species of Hemidactylus.

What is, however, very marked in all Asamese and Himalayan speci-

mens, as compared with the usual descriptions of platyurus, is the large

amount of dark coloration they possess. The general colour is olive, with

a slight bluish cinereous tinge ; the whole upper surface is densely variegated.

* Which is clearly shewn on the right hind foot between the lst and 2nd and 2nd

and 3rd toes.

1872.] EF. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. 105

and streaked with blackish brown, intermixed with some pale spots, particu-

larly on the limbs ; tail with dark brown and alternate irregular white spots.

Some specimens have a kind of indistinct transverse, dark bands, one on

neck, one on the sacral region and three on the back, they are separated

respectively from each other, as in Schneider’s figure, by three confluent

white spots, placed in a triangle, with the point directed backwards ; the

three series of spots on the back are the most distinct. A whitish, or pale

orange, band runs through the eye, indistinctly continuing on the side of the

body ; it is margined below by a blackish band, most distinct and broadest

at the side of the head. Lower side of body and tail uniform whitish, the

scales very cften finely punctated.

CYRTODACTYLUS RUBIDUS, (Blyth).

Comp. Journ. A. S. B., vol. xxxix, p. 165.

This species occurs on the Andaman, as well as on the Nicobar, islands.

CYRTODACTYLUS AFFINIS, Stol.

Stoliczka in Journ, A. 8. B., xxxix, p. 167, pl. x, fig. 1.

The young of this species is reddish brown with some darker brown

marks on the upper side of the body, and a series of rather large white

spots along the middle of the back. Penang.

GYMNODACTYLUS LAWDERANUS, n. sp.

Pl. Il, fig. 4, side view of the animal, nat. size; 4a lower side of head and

4b, sacral region, both twice the natural size,

Body rather slender and elongate, depressed, covered above with numer-

ous small roundish tubercles, between which larger ones of a similar shape,

but of about double the size of the former, are intermixed. Upper side of

head equally granular, the granular scales being somewhat larger on the

snout. Rostral large, broad, reaching well on to the upper surface of the

snout ; it is followed by 5 small granular scales. The nostril is situated

somewhat laterally in the angle between the rostral, first upper labial, one

small scale above and another similar one posteriorly. There are 9 upper, and 8

lower labials, the last three in each case very much smaller than the preceding

ones. The lower rostral is triangular, partially wedged in between two

elongated chin-shields, forming a suture below it. Each of the chin-

shields is followed along the labials by 3 other somewhat rounded shields,

none of which are in contact. Opening of the ear small, rounded. Scales

on the chin small, equal, rounded; on the belly slightly elongated, and in

about 32 longitudinal series across the middle ; on the tail, which, however,

appears to have been twice reproduced, the scales are also elongate, slightly

smaller above than below, but not transversely enlarged, and without any en-

larged spines at the sides. The fore limb reaches to the snout, and the hind limb

very nearly to the axil, when laid forward. The 8rd and 4th fingers and toes

106 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

respectively are perfectly equal, and close together. All the claws are well

developed, lying between enlarged scales, at the sides and above, but they

are not retractile. A few slightly enlarged scales above the anus, superseded

by two pairs of pores, close together, and forming an angle.

General colour above greyish brown, very densely marbled and spotted

with dark brown, with some indistinct, undulating, whitish cross bands on

the body, margined on the anterior edges with blackish brown; a somewhat

indistinct dark band from the nostril through the eye to the ear; front and

hind edges of the eye white; labials spotted and speckled with brown ; below

whitish.

Length of body nearly two inches; tail imperfect, only about one inch

long, slightly swollen at the base.

Hab.—The single specimen from which the above description is taken

was sent to me by Mr. W. A. Lawder, District Engineer of Kamaon ; it

was obtained in the neighbourhood of Almorah.

Cantor says, when speaking of Gymnod. pulchellus (Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal, 1847, vol. xvi, p. 633) that there are two new Gymnodactyli preserved

in the Museum of the Asiatic Society, one marked P. lunatus, Blyth, based

upon one specimen from Midnapore and two from Chaibassa,* the other,

a nondescript species from Almorah, Gymnodactylus nebulosus, Blyth, MSS.,

allied to Cyrtodactylus marmoratus, Gray. Iam not acquainted with any

further notice as to the second species indicated, nor have I been able to find

the specimen itself among the Society’s collections ; it is also not mentioned

in Theobald’s Catalogue. Under these circumstances it is of course impos-

sible to accept the suggested name for the present species, particularly also as

Major Beddome described already a quite distinct species from near Vizaga-

patam under the name G. nebulosws (Madras Journ. Med. Sc., for 1870).

I may also at this opportunity mention that Beddome’s name G.

maculatus, published in the same Journal, must be replaced by another

one, there having been a G. maculatus described by Stemdachner already

in 1866 (Novara Rept. p. 16). A similar change is required with regard to

Beddome’s Gymn. marmoratus (M. J. M. Sc., 1870, p. 81), there having

been a species described under the same name by Dum. and Bibron already

in 1836 (Herp. Gén., ITI, p. 426).

Kum. AGAMIDA.

JAPALURA VARIEGATA, Gray.

Giinther, Rept. of India, p. 133.

Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond,, 1871, p. 164,

This species has the power of greatly changing its colour. In some speci-

mens (irrespective of sex) the irridescent green bands, in others the metallic or

* These are to all appearance the two Hubleph. Hardwickti, mentioned by Theo-

bald on p. 32 of Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc. Mus.

1872. ] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 107

reddish brown ones, are prevalent, the green is during lifemuch mixed with yel-

low or white, and the width of the bands and spots themselves is very variable

during life ; a bluish tinge is often seen on the neck and on the sides of the

body of male specimens. The end of the gular sac in the male is deep blue, (not

black). The male also has the lower labials generally bluish brown, the

upper often bright yellowish white, sometimes, however, both are reddish or

pale brown. Numerous brown streaks radiate from the eye, one of these

directed towards the tympanoid region is about twice as broad as any of the

others ; sometimes it is divided by a median line in two, but very rarely it is

indistinct. In the females the contrasts between the colours is always less,

they very often have uniform greenish and pale reddish tints prevalent. The

larger scales occasionally form a distinct row on each side of the back, which

thus becomes apparently tricarinate, as in the form noticed by Jerdon under

the specific name microlepis. (See Proc. Asiat. Soc., Feb. 1870, p. 76).

Very common in Sikkim from elevations of 1,000 up to 9,000 feet.

It is, strictly speaking, a ground lizard, hunting between stones and low

bushes, but also takes refuge on a tree. It appears to be more common on

higher than on lower elevations, but those living between 9,000 and 5,000

seem to reach the largest size.

I was somewhat surprised in reading Dr. Anderson’s results (loc. cit.)

of the examination of 21 specimens “ of all ages and both sexes, from one

locality,” that is, the neighbourhood of Darjilmg. Dr. Anderson arrived

at the conclusion that Jerdon’s microlepis is the female, and Jerdon’s plani-

dorsata the young of variegata. Now as I have* not only observed hundreds

of living specimens of Japalura variegata in Sikkim, but have also collected

and examined them, I may be allowed to say a few words on this subject.

I find Ist, that the males of variegata often are smaller than the

females, or at any rate that the latter generally grow to a larger size than

the former ; 2nd, that the males have the enlarged scales on the back and

particularly the spiny ones on the sides of the occiput comparatively larger

and more numerous than the females, the difference bemg most marked in

full grown specimens and in the breeding season, but I have collected male and

female specimens in which the scales were nearly equally largely developed,

and there is no apparent difference in the size of the smaller scales between

the two sexes; 3rd, that the nuchal and dorsal crest in the male is,

especially on the neck, comparatively higher than in the female, and that

it generally is on either side accompanied by a series of somewhat enlarged,

closely set scales, more conspicuous in smaller than in larger specimens, but

they are not equally distinct in the female; 4¢h, that the colours in

both sexes are similar and equally variable, but always brighter and more

variegated in the male, particularly the green and yellow ; 5¢h, that in young

* And so undoubtedly had Dr. Jerdon,

108 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

male and female specimens of variegata, the bodies of which vary between

one and a half, and two inches in length, there is a similar, simple, continu-

ous nuchal and dorsal crest present, as in the adults, with the usual respective

difference in size noted as regards the two sexes.

These observations, on undoubted J. variegata “ of all ages and both

sexes,” do not exactly agree with those recorded by Dr. Anderson. They

do not exclude the possibility that J. microlepis might have been suggested for

a specimen of variegata with accidentally somewhat smaller scales, but as I

do not remember having seen Jerdon’s type specimen, and at the same

time I know, how very often Dr. Jerdon must have seen J. variegata mm all its

stages, I would defer the identification for the present. As regards planidorsata

I have no hesitation mm saying that Dr. Anderson is mistaken. I well re-

member Jerdon’s two type specimens ; they did not appear to be very young

and were in beautiful preservation. Among the great number of specimens

of variegata in the Indian Museum, which Dr. Anderson had been good

enough to shew me, I could find none which would correspond with Jerdon’s

briefly indicated distinctive characters of planidorsata.

Srrana Ponricertana,* Cuv.

Sitana minor, Giinther, I. R., p, 135.

The smaller form described by Giinther as Sv¢. minor, and noticed by

Blanford in Journ. A. S. B., xxxix, Pt. II, p. 365, also occurs in Western

Bengal at the Parisnath hill, and on the Sone river in Bihdr, extending

northwards through the North-West Provinces as far as Rurki, near the

base of the Himalayas, westwards into the Panjab, Kattiawar and Katch, but

it is not known from any part of Bengal Hast of the Ganges.

Colour: pale or darker brown above and at the sides, a dark band be-

tween the eyes; snout and occiput irregularly spotted and variegated with paler

brown ; 5 or 6 quadrangular spots on the back, followed by a few smaller ones

on the tail ; a pale yellowish line along the centre of back is generally present,

and the edges of the back are also pale ; a yellowish band on each side from

below the eye through the ear to the groin, in full grown specimens only well

marked at the sides of the neck. All these pale or yellowish bands, as well

as some of the large scales at the side, and particularly the front side and the

hind base of the femora, and the transverse pale bands on the limbs, have a

very marked fleshy or rosy tinge, most distinct in full grown males. The

pouch is tinged with blue and red im the males only during the breeding

season, at other times it is slightly blue, but a blue line always continues from

it along the chin to the lower rostral. The labials are often blackish.

Below, yellowish white.

* Dr. Anderson informs me that he believes this form to be specifically distinct

from true Ponticervona, differing from the latter by the intermixed larger scales &c.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 109

The enlarged scales on the back, and especially at the sides of the body,

are invariably well marked, but less numerous in female than in male speci-

mens ; they are during life yellow or golden, and during the breeding season

often tinged rosy, or even vermilion. In Northern India the species does not

appear to attain the size which it does in Central India, for none of the

specimens from the former country are above 53 inches, the tail being generally

more than twice the length of the body. The claws on fingers and toes are

always black. The tympanum is usually covered by a yellowish hardened

shield.

Jerdon (Proe. Asiat. Soc. Beng., Feb. 1870, p. 76) is, I think, correct

in retaining the name Ponticeriana, for the smaller Sitana with long limbs,

but I doubt that the larger form, for which he proposes the name Deccanen-

sis, is really specifically distinct from Ponticeriana. I collected hundreds of

them, in all sizes from 3 to 8 inches ; they are all of the same type, as those

I received from Ceylon and from South India, and I find the fore hmb

scarcely ever reaches the vent, while the hind-limb extends usually beyond

the snout, except in a few full grown specimens.

CHARASIA, ORTOCALOTES and ORIOTTARIS.

The name Charasia has been proposed by Gray (lizards Brit. Mus.,

1845, p. 246) for the South Indian species, Ch. dorsalis, as type. I have

examined numerous well preserved specimens of this and of another species

inhabiting the greater portion of Central, and perhaps also of Northern,

India, and this induces me to propose a somewhat different definition of the

genus.

Char. Body elongate, somewhat depressed, covered with imbricate,

or subimbricate, keeled scales, between which some slightly larger ones are

intermixed, the scales being arranged in more or less indistinct transverse

series ; those on the lower side are often less distinctly keeled than those

on the back ; tympanum naked ; a small tubercular spine at the posterior

end of the supraciliary edge; some spines above the tympanum ; nuchal

and dorsal crest present, but low ; (generally) a fold across the throat ; scales

on the tail subimbricate, not arranged in regular cross series ; (no distinct

gular sac, no femoral, or preanal pores).

Charasia must be classed next to Trapelus,to which it isvery nearly allied.

Hab.—Terrestrial, generally found between blocks of gneissose rocks.

The distinctive points in the structure of Charasia are :—Ist, the

presence of a small tubercular ‘spine on the hinder supraciliary edge; 2nd,

the presence of some slightly larger scales intermixed between the smaller

ones at the side of the body. It is true that these larger scales are very

difficult to trace in Ch. dorsalis, but I have observed them in various young

and old specimens. Were it not that they are, as a rule, better developed

110 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

in the allied new species, presently to be described, I would attach hardly any

significance to these enlarged scales, but the variability of this character will

be important in a comparison with other allied genera ; 3rd, the ventral scales

are in young specimens of Ch. dorsalis distinctly keeled, and even in old ones

the keels are generally traceable on the breast and in front of the anus. A

peculiar character of the type species, Ch. dorsalis, consists in the very

small scales of the body, but this character loses its value by the other

species, Ch. Blanfordana, having all the scales comparatively much larger.

If, after this brief explanation, we compare with the above noted

characteristics of Charasia those of Oriocalotes, as recorded by Gunther, (1.

R., p. 146), we find that there is no essential distinction between the two.

According to the description of the species, the body of Oviocalotes minor

would seem to be less depressed, and there is besides a shoulderfold noticed,

but I doubt that these characters can be looked upon as generic differences ;

they are certainly not regarded as such in the genus Calotes. The type

species described by Gunther, O. minor, is from Sikkim, but I have unfortu-

nately never met with it. The only other species, O. major, noted by

Jerdon from the Sutlej valley, (Proc. Asiat. Soc., Beng. 1870, p. 77) I con-

sider intermediate between O. minor and Charasia Blanfordana.

There also appears to be very little difference between Charasia and

Acanthosaura, and I think it doubtful that the species of the latter are

arboreal in their habits ; however, I have never observed them alive.

A third form is Giinther’s Oriotiaris (1. R., p. 150). The only known

species, O. tricarinata, was often observed by me in Sikkim ; it is ike Chara-

sia a ground lizard. The sole important difference from the latter genus, and

the so-called Oriocalotes, consists in the absence of a shoulder or gular fold,

a character which I do not consider to possess generic value. I believe,

therefore, that Charasia, Oriocalotes, and most probably also Oriotiaris

should form only one genus, to which Acanthosaura is very closely allied, if

at all distinct. The three former are certainly ground lizards, as are also

Japalura, Agama, Stellio, while Calotes is often not much more arboreal than

terrestrial, Bronchocele is chiefly, and Tvaris entirely, arboreal.

CHARASIA BLANFORDANA, 0. sp.

Charasia dorsalis, Gray, apud Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. B., 1870, vol. xxxix, p. 368.

Pl. ILI, fig. 5 and 5a. Upper and side views of the head, natural size.

Head elongately ovate, or subtrigonal, considerably shorter and blunter

in young than in old specimens, with the paratoids very much swollen in the

adult male. Head covered with small, subequal, cariated scales, those at the

sharp edge of the canthus rostralis and above the eyes somewhat larger than

others. Nasal shield large, swollen, single, the opening directed laterally

upwards ; a minute spine, or a tubercle, at the posterior end of the superciliary

edge; two spines above the tympanum, one situated on the occiput and the

1872.] F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. Pee

other somewhat posterior, but close to the tympanal edge. In size the

tympanum very nearly equals the eye. A longitudinal series of about 7 or 8

enlarged scales below the eye. There are generally 10 or 11 flat upper, and

12 or 13, somewhat more convex, lower labials, both squarish, except the last

which are much elongated. Lower rostral posteriorly much elongated, fol-

lowed on each side by a row of 4—6 enlarged scales, separated by smaller

ones from the lower labials.

All the seales of the head, body and tail above and below are imbricate,

being arranged in somewhat indistinct cross series, and all are keeled. In

young specimens the keels below are very distinct, in older ones they

often become less marked, but except in the middle of the belly never entire-

ly obsolete. At the sides the scales are intermixed with a few slightly larger

ones, the latter being in younger specimens generally easily seen, but in

adults they are more difficult to trace. There are 80—100 longitudinal rows

of scales round the middle of the body. The scales on the tail are larger

than those of the body, and again those along the upper median line exceed

the adjoining somewhat in size. A distinct, though low, nuchal and dorsal

crest is present in both sexes, disappearing on the tail; it is more developed

in the male than in the female.

The fore leg reaches to the grom when laid backward. The hind leg

generally reaches to the front edge of the eye, when laid foreward ; in some

few very old specimens it only reaches to the posterior edge.

Young specimens are olive brown above, marbled and spotted with dark

brown, with two dark cross bands on the upper snout, and one connecting

the middle of the supraciliary edges. Along the middle of the back there

are usually some enlarged, lozenge-shaped, brown spots. The sides are

speckled with white, orange or red, this colour being generally confined to

the enlarged scales. A brown band proceeds from the eye to the shoulder,

margined below by a more or less distinct white band. The tail is encircled

with brown and alternate whitish bands, generally interrupted on the lower

side which is uniform dmgy white. Full grown females retain the same

colouration as the young, except that the series of lozenge-shaped spots on the

back is more distinct, but males vary enormously in colour, exactly as in

Charasia dorsalis. The lateral black streak on the neck is always distinct,

but the entire head and anterior part of the body above and below become

brilliant scarlet, or more often zinnabar red, while the posterior part is nearly

entirely black ; all the colours, however, change very rapidly after death.

The largest specimen measures 12 inches, of which the body is very

nearly 4 inches.

Although closely allied to the South Indian Charasia dorsalis, the

present form is fairly separable by its comparatively longer limbs, larger, more

distinctly imbricated and stronger keeled scales, which are present round the

112 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

middle of the body in a considerably smaller number, there being 130-140

series of squarish scales in Charasia dorsalis, while there are only 80-100

sub-imbricate ones in Blanfordana. Also, the nuchal crest is much better

developed in the latter than in the former species.

Ch. Blanfordanais given by Mr. Blanford from a large number of

localities in Central India. J found it not uncommon on the gneissose rocks

composing the Parisnath hill, in Western Bengal ; it is a true rock lizard, as

noted by Mr. Blanford, who describes (loc. cit.) its habits at some length.

It is also very likely the species noticed by Blyth on one or two

occasions from Birbhum, and also, I think, from the Panjab, under the name

of Ch. dorsalis. Anderson in Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, p. 168, repeated

Blanford’s incorrect identification of the present species, without, however,

acknowledging the source he took it from.

CHaRasta (Oriotiaris) TRICARINATA, Blyth.

This species was originally described by Blyth as Calotes tricarinatus

(J. A. S. B., xxxi, p. 650), and afterwards by Giinther as Ziaris Hiliottz,

subsequently made the type of a distinct genus under the name Oriotiaris ;

(Rept. of India, p. 150, and Jerdon in Proc. A. 8. B., Feb. 1870, p. 77, and

Anderson, in Proe. Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 167.

I have already noted the great similarity of the generic characters of

this species to typical Charasia.

Blyth’s name ‘tricarinatus’ refers to the presence of three keels

on the anterior part of the body, there being besides the median

crest a row of larger scales on each side of it, disappearing towards

the middle of the body, but becoming again better traceable on the

femoral region. The large spiny tubercles above the tympanum are

always multicarinate on the upper side, and often bluish during life. The

colour of the live lizard is generally bright grass green above, with the

angular series of larger scales (directed backwards) often chocolate brown ;

the lateral keels on the neck are yellowish, sometimes margined with a

dark line below. The sides of the body are either entirely green, with only

two brown streaks above and below from the eye, or the sides of the head,

tympanoid region, neck and anterior part of belly, are deep chocolate brown.

There are, however, always some light yellow or whitish spots on the labials,

and generally a yellowish streak at the base of the neck on each side. Lower

side yellowish white. In spirit the green colours gradually change to more

or less distinct brown.

As noticed by Jerdon, the species is by no means common about

Darjiling ; I found it between 3000 and 8000 feet, generally about large

stones in sunny places on the scarp of the road. The largest specimen

does not exceed 7 inches.

1872.] FB. Stohezka,

ox, “

On Indian Lizards. ey

Catotes Exrirorrr, Giinther.

Ginther I. R., p. 142.—Jerdon, J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 471, and Proce

A. S. B. for 1870, p. 77.

I collected this species at Matheran,* near Bombay. It is quite distinct

from Row«i. The shoulder-fold is bluish black. It seems to be quite as much

terrestrial, as arboreal in its habit. The small scales of the body (about 56

round the middle of it), and the little spine behind each superciliary edge

strongly recali Charasia. Some of the scales at the side of the body are

yellow, but they are not apparently larger than others. Colowr—pale brown,

bright red on the head and about the shoulders, rest of upper side with indis-

tinct dark stripes ; lips and the knees dark ; claws above black ; throat reddish,

tinged with bluish ; rest of under-side white. The fore limb reaches to the

groin, when laid backward, and the hind limb to the anterior edge of the eye,

when laid forward.

In one specimen the head and body are 24, and the tail 54, — 8 inches.

STELLIO, Daudin (1. R., p. 157).

Four species of this genus can be distinguished in India, all appear to

inhabit the Himalayas, or the country close to the base of the hills.

1. St. Dayanus, vu. sp. Scales of the back moderate, smaller but conti-

nuous on the neck ; enlarged scales at the side numerous. Hardwar.

2. St. tuberculatus, Gray. Scales of the back small, very much smaller

or granular on neck ; enlarged scales at the sides scattered, generally few, or

nearly all obsolete. Southern slopes of the Himalayas.

3. St. melanurus, Blyth (comp. Proce. A. 8. B., Sept. 1871, p. 189).

Enlarged scales of the back unequal, those composing a few median rows

considerably larger than others on either side. Panjab and Kashmir.

4. St. Himalayanus, Steindachner, (Novara Rept., Pt. I, 1867, p. 22).

Enlarged scales of the back smooth ; Ladak, Northern Indus valley. —

I shall note in greater detail the two first mentioned species, as they

are closely allied to each other, while the two remaining are so entirely dis-

tinct that there can be no mistake about them.

STELLIO DAYANUS, n. sp.

Pl. III, fig. 4. Upper view of the anterior part of the body.

Head depressed, covered with small sharply keeled shields, irregular

in form, slightly larger on the canthus rostralis and becoming gradually im-

bricate on the hind occiput ; nostril in the hinder part ofan elongate swollen

shield, narrow in front, but usually separated from the rostral, as well as from

the first labial, by a separate shield ; a ridge of somewhat larger scales origi-

* Giinther refers, I suppose, to the present species when noticing C. Rowxi from

Matheran (Proc, Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 501).

114 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 1,

nates a short distance behind the nostril, and passes below the eye in a slight

ascending curve to the upper edge of the tympanum ; 10—12 upper and as

many lower labials; a short ridge of spiny scales is in continuation of the

upper labials directed towards the lower edge of the tympanum, but separat-

ed from it by a tubercular group of spines; tympanum slightly smaller

than the eye, with a group of spines in front of it; numerous groups or

irregular short ridges of enlarged spiny scales at the side of the neck, the

skin on it being rather loose. Lower rostral sharply pomted behind ; first

pair of chinshields large and nearly touching below the rostral; one or two

rows of enlarged scales follows on either side along the labials, separated

from them by one or two rows of smaller scales. ‘The throat fold extends

laterally in front of the shoulder, where only a small naked pit of soft skin

exists. Enlarged dorsal scales moderate, sharply keeled, im about 18

longitudinal series in the centre of the back ; they are considerably smaller,

but distinctly continuous on the neck and up to the occiput; nuchal crest

small, composed of separate, sharply keeled, compressed scales ; numerous

enlarged, almost spiny, scales at the side of the body interspersed between

the smaller ones ; scales on the upper side of the limbs larger than those

of the body ; on chin small, subtubercular, very sharply keeled; on breast

and belly indistinctly keeled or nearly smooth, often with a patch of enlarg-

ed, hardened, scales in the centre of the belly, where they are arranged in

about 40 longitunal series. Each thickened scale in the preanal patch is

soft or spongy in the middle, and evidently secretes a similar fluid, as do

the preanal and femoral pores of other lizards. Scales on the tail irregular at

the base, but farther on arranged in verticils; their size is equal to those on

the upper side of the feet.

The fore-limb when laid backward fully reaches the groin, but more

often extends a little further on the sacral region, the fourth finger is a

trifle longer than the third; the hind leg, when laid forward, sometimes

reaches the snout, but usually only the front edge of the eye; the fourth

toe is longer than the third by its claw. 4

General colour, in young, above and at the sides pale olive, variegated and

spotted with black and yellowish white; throat reticulated with dusky

blackish ; rest of lower side white. Adults are throughout brownish or

blackish, or with some indistinct darker spots along the back ; head uniform,

much paler; body above all over densely spotted with yellow, throughout

reticulated with bluish, and there is, in adult male specimens always, some

blue tinged with red, on the chest, on the sides of the head, neck, and

of the belly, most strongly marked in the breeding season; sometimes the

entire throat is purplish blue ; lower side of body and of tail yellowish white ;

terminal two-thirds of tail blackish.

HTab.—I have received some 40 specimens from Dr. Day, who collect-

1872.] “FE. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 115

ed them at Hardwir, where the Ganges leaves the hills for the plains.

They measure from 4 to 18 inches, in all stages of growth, the tail when

perfect is fully $ of the total length. I find that in former years I also

obtained this species at Misouri, and on the road from Kalka to Simla, hav-

ing noticed the difference of the scales on the neck and back, as compared

with those of the next species, but unfortunately I have no specimens by

me now.

3° SrELErO TUBERCULATUS, (Gray) Cas vp. Lom).

Pl. I, fig. 3. Upper view of the anterior part of the body.

This well known species is readily distinguished from the last by the

much smaller size of the enlarged scales on the back, which are in from 13 to 17

longitudinal series in the middle of it ; on the middle of the neck the scales

are not at all enlarged, but there is a low, often minute, nuchal crest present.

The structure of the head-shields is in both species very similar, but they

are always less distinctly keeled in S¢. twberculatus, sometimes nearly, and

above the eyes always, smooth; the enlarged row of scales below the eye

is well marked ; the nasal sometimes touches the rostral and first labial, but

more generally it is separated from them by smaller shields; the enlarged

spiny scales on the side of the neck are less prominent in this, than in the

former species ; the scales of the belly are proportionately smaller, in 48—54

transverse series ; the enlarged scales at the sides are generally few, occasion-

ally arranged in transverse rows, but sometimes they are nearly entirely absent ;

rarely, in male specimens, are these spines nearly as numerous and irregularly

distributed, as in the former species. The patch of enlarged callous scales on

the middle of the belly is much more often present, than in Dayanus. The fore-

limb, when laid backward, generally does not reach the groin, but occasionally

it does so; the hind-limb, when laid forward, usually reaches the tympanum,

sometimes the eye, rarely the front edge of the eye, but I have not seen one

specimen in which it extends to the rostral shield. The largest specimen’ I

measured is 133 inches, of which the body is very nearly 5, and the tail 82

inches. On the whole, both the limbs and the tail are somewhat shorter in

the present species than in the former.

There is also a difference in coloration. Young and adult specimens

are above on body and limbs of a dark olive brown or almost blackish colour,

with numerous darker spots in the young, indistinct in the adult, and inter-

mixed with yellowish spots, these being fewer, but often larger than in Daya-

nus ; occasionally they are entirely absent. The head in the adult is above

cinereous olive, spotted black and yellowish at the side ; in front of the shoulder,

on the breast, and also at the sides of the body, there are often numerous

bright yellow or orange spots present. Lower side uniform dull white in young,

generally spotted with dusky on the throat. In adults the throat becomes

116 FE. Stohczka—On Indian Lizards. - [ No. 1,

more or less spotted and tinged with reddish blue, extending partially on the

chest, and in adult males the whole of the under side, including the lower side

of the limbs, is bluish black, brightest and strongly tinged with purple on the

throat, the same tinge extending on the neck, the shoulders and sides of the

belly. An adult male is really a gorgeously coloured lizard. The usual

habitat is between large rocks on bare or open slopes of hills.

Hab.—1 have received numerous specimens of this species from Kamaon

(near Almorah) through Mr. A. W. Lawder; from Kangra and Dalhousie

through Dr. Day, and from Mari through Mr. A. B. Wynne. About

Simla, in Kulu, all through Chamba, Kishtwdér and in Kashmir, I have in

former years collected this species largely, it ranges up to 12,000 feet,

and if the Spiti form is the same species, I have observed it up to nearly

14,000 feet.

There can be no doubt about Blyth’s S¢. indicus being the same as *uber-

culatus, but whether the species really occurs in the plains near Mirzapur

and Wuzirabad, I have not as yet been able to ascertain.

TIARIS SUBCRISTATA, Blyth.

In addition to my description of this Andaman and Nicobar lizard i

J. A.S. B., vol. xxxix, p. 180, I have to note the following—The number of

scales round the body varies between 90 anda little above 100, 18-22 scales

being on the ventralside. The two groups of enlarged, or rather often only

more pointed, scales on the upper side of the occiput usually exist only m old

males. The subcaudals are slightly larger than the scales above and at the

sides of the tail, the latter beg more distinctly imbricate. The fore-limb

when laid backward occasionally reaches as far as the anus, and the hind-

limb when laid forward exceeds the tip of snout by one-third the length of

the fourth toe.

As regards coloration I may add, that there is occasionally a distinct

yellowish band present, extending from the occiput along each side of the

middle of the back, on the lower side margined blackish. The two yellow

bands form an’ outward angle opposite each femur and then unite into one, a

short distance beyond the base of the tail, and are accompanied on either

side by a series of large blackish spots. Extremities spotted or indistinctly

_ barred with brown and yellowish white.

(To be continued.)

JOURNAL

OF THE

mera lit. SOCIETY.

——f-—

Part I1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

eee

No. II].—1872.

NorEes ON VARIOUS NEW OR LITTLE KNowN InpIAN Lizarps,—

by Dr. F. StontezKa.

[Continued from p. 116. ]

Fam. SCINCIDZE.

Genus. HUPREPES, Wagler, (as rest. by Gunther).

Huprepes [Tirigua] mMacunartius, Blyth.

Pl. V, fig. 1, upper view of the anterior part of the body; la, side view of the

head; natural size.

See Blanford in Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870, xxxix, pt. II, p. 358, and Anderson

in Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 157.

This species is readily distinguished from H. carimatus by proportionately

shorter and stouter limbs, and by a somewhat shorter head. As a rule the

scales are in full grown specimens seven-carinate, the middle carina being

separated from the adjoming by a somewhat deeper and wider sulcus, than

exists between the other ridges. In Sub-Himalayan specimens this is

particularly well marked.

Blanford reported the occurrence of the species in various parts of

Central India. The Indian Museum received specimens from Cachar and

Asam, reported upon by Dr. Anderson. I obtained some on the Parisnath hill,

exactly identical in the small size and uniform coloration with those noted

by Blanford. There are only a few whitish spots at the side of the neck and

the dusky colour of the sides of the belly gradually passes below into the

white one. Specimens sent by Dr. Day from the Sone river in Birbhtim

118 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

have no dark spots on the back, but numerous white spots at the side of the

belly. The stripes at the side of the tail are in Central Indian specimens,

and in those from W. Bengal, and also from northwards near Hardwar, very

thin and often rather indistinct. Young specimens have 5, old ones 7 keels on

each scale. Sikkim specimens fromthe Rungnu valley, (one of whichattains the

large size of 63 inches, of which tail is 38, and has 30 longitudinal and about

28 transverse rows of scales between the fore and hind-limb), generally have

two or four rows of brown spots along the back, the spots becoming some-

what irregular and more prolonged on the posterior body; sides with

blackish and more or less numerous white spots, the black spots inclining to

form longitudinal series ; sides of the tail very distinctly streaked with brown

and white, but when the terminal half, or third, of the tail is renewed, it is

uniform. In Sikkim I only saw the species in the lower valleys, up to about

3,000 feet, but generally at lower elevations, and by no means common.

Asdmese specimens do not differ in any particular from the Sikkim ones, and

similarly coloured varieties were also collected by Dr. Day at Rurki, only

the specimens are smaller, and the white spots at the side of the body fewer,

and somewhat indistinct.

The species also occurs in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, where I

obtained three specimens during the last winter (1860 to 1871). Hach of these

has on the back two distant, almost continuous rows of brownish black spots,

and the brown colour between these rows is darker than that between them

and the respective edges of the back. On the hind part of the body, the spots

become broken up and finally disappear. The sides are either distinctly

spotted, with white asin Darjiling specimens, or they are more uniform

dusky ; the tail is on the anterior half always longitudinally streaked with

brown, intermixed with white.. The lower side is uniform whitish, with the

edge between each two scales slightly darker, forming the longitudinal “ obscure

dark striz,’ to which Jerdon alluded in his note J. A.S. B. xxii, p. 479.

Some of the specimens obtained at Pankabari, on the northern edge of the

Sikim Terrai, agree in coloration with those from Calcutta, having the middle

back darker brown than the sides of it, while others again have as many as

eight longitudinal, more or less contimuous, black bands along the back.

Pegu specimens do not differ from those from Asim and Darjiling,

and I suspect that Theobald’s Burmese species, identified by him with

Kuhl’s £. multicarinatus from the Philippines, is the same as Blyth’s

macularius, but the two are by no means identical, as suggested by Theo-

bald, (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x, p. 26). In comparing specimens from

various localities, it struck me that the hill forms generally have stouter

legs and shorter toes than specimens found in low country.

E. macularius appears, at least partially, to replace ZL. carinatus in Cen-

tral India, but not apparently in South India ; it is, however, in all the locali-

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indien Lizards. 119

ties East of the Hooghly much rarer, than the latter species. There are

evidently two distinct races: a smaller and almost uniform coloured va-

riety, occurring all through the Central Provinces and extending northwards

to the base of the hills at Hardwar, and westward probably into southern

Panjab; and a larger, and generally striped, variety, occurring eastwards

all through Bengal, Asim and extending into Pegu.

Beddome (Madras Journ. Med. Sc. for 1871) appears to question

the distinctness of macularius from carinatus (= rufescens), but there can,

I believe, be no doubt on that pomt. Whether his 5-keeled specimens are

cartnatus, and the 7-keeled ones true macularius, must be decided on a re-exa-

mination of his specimens. Both species often occur together.

Evprepss [Trrrgua] carinatus, Schneider.

Colour above brown or olive brown, with or without dark edgings to

the scales, a pale band on the edges of the back ; upper half of sides blackish

with or without white spots, lower half pale, a short pale streak from ear to

shoulder ; below whitish, tinged with orange or red in males during breeding

season, particularly at the sides of the belly. This is the usual colouration

in specimens from Bengal, Central Provinces, Dakhin (at Pina) and Bombay.

(Comp. Ginther, I. R., p. 79 and Blanford, J. A. S. B., 1870, xxxix, pt. ui,

p- 856). Specimens from Burma and the Malayan Archipelago are very

similarly coloured (see J. A. S. B., xxxix, pt. 1, p. 169). Bengal specimens,

of which I examined a very large number, have quite as often 5 as 3 keels

on the scales, those from the Dakhin (Dekhan) and Bombay are mostly only

three-keeled. As a rule there are 32 longitudinal rows of scales round the

middle of the body in full grown specimens, in younger ones often 80, very

rarely only 28.

Hurreres [Tinigua] TRIviTTaTUS, Gray.

Gray, Ind. Zool.—Jerdon, J. A. S. B., xxii, p. 478.—Theobald, Cat. Rept. Asiat.

S. B., p. 24.—Blanford, J. A, S. B., xxxix, pt. ii, p. 357.—Anderson, Proc. Z. S., 1871,

p. 158.

This is undoubtedly a species distinct from Tiliqua earinata, and in part

combining the characters of the latter, and of Z. monticola which it con-

siderably resembles in coloration. I received two specimens from Pina (in the

Dakhin,=Dekhan) through my collector. ‘They are both young, only 4% inches

long, but when compared with equally large specimens of carinata, the head

is, as stated by Jerdon, shorter and somewhat higher, the rostral is flattened

above, the supranasals form a distinct suture, frontals proportionately smaller,

(the anterior in one specimen obliquely divided in two shields), posterior

frontals form a suture, the vertical is longer and posteriorly narrower, than in

any specimens of 7. carinata I saw. The other shields of the head do not dif-

fer. Edge of ear in front with 3 or 4 small, pointed, subequal lobules. Scales

120 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

round the middle of the body in 36 longitudinal series, and in 40-42* trans-

verse series between fore and hind-limb ; each scale with 3+ median well

defined keels, two others at the sides being only occasionally indicated.

Colour, above, olive brown, with three narrow, equidistant, greenish white

bands, margined with blackish brown, and with one on each side of the body,

passing through the ear ; all five bands continue on the tail, but are less dis-

tinct; shields of head margined with dark; edge of eyelids yellow; feet

above brown. Below, uniform yellowish white, tinged with fleshy posteriorly.

The head and body together are proportionately shorter than in the

preceding species :

T. trwittata. T. carinata from Matheran.

Total length, 4°25 4:5 inches

Body, 1°85 135 =,

Head alone, 0°85 090 =,

Tail, 25 nearly 3° i)

Fore-limb including claw, 06 0°6 ip

Hind-limb, 075 0-85 =,

Girth round the middle of body, elt 0:95 =,

Evprreres Monticona, (I. R., p. 80).

This species has been found by Mr. Wood-Mason at Sahibgunj on the

Ganges, and I obtained it also at Jabbalpur in the Central Provinces ; in both

cases in the plains. The specimens exactly agree in structure with Gimther’s

figure and description, but there usually is on each scale (particularly towards

the edges of the back) a third median keel, between the two more distinct ones,

traceable. Scales in 35 or 36 longitudinal series round the middle of the

body, and in 34-40 transverse ones between the limbs. ‘The lower eyelid has

a distinct transparent simple disc, a character not noticed by Giinther.

Colour, above and on the upper half of the sides greenish brown, with

numerous black spots, sometimes inclined to arrange themselves in transverse

series, a yellowish white band on each side and in the middle of the back,

about one scale broad, but generally running along the sutures of two rows ;

sides greenish, spotted with pure white, their lower halves more or less tinged

with black and white, and sometimes with an indistinct white band between

the limbs, appearing better marked at the side of the tail; a yellowish black-

edged streak below the eye, continued to near the ear, the frontal denticula-

tions of which are yellow; edges of eyelids bright yellow. Below, uniform

yellowish white.

I very much doubt that this is an inhabitant of the highlands of Sikkim,

and Schlagintweit’s specimens were most likely obtained in a low valley of

that province, at 1000 or 2000 feet elevation, but not at 8000 feet, though

probably preserved and ticketed in a comfortable station at that height ; or

* 49 rows in adult, loc. cit.

+ 5 keels are recorded in an adult, loc. cit.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 121

else those gentlemen’s barometers must have been, as usually in similar cases,

out of order.

What Theobald quotes as Ziliqua monticola in Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soe.

Mus., p. 24, is not this species, but to all appearance Huprepes olivaceus ;

there are three very slight keels on the dorsal scales, 30 longitudinal series

round the body, and about 34 between fore and hind-limb; anterior frontal

in contact with rostral, but separated from vertical by a short suture of the

posterior frontals. Uniform olivaceous above, paler below.

Eumeces, Prestropon, Hinvuiia, RistELLA and allied genera.

T adopt the name Hinulia as originally proposed by Gray.

The name Huwmeces cannot any longer be retained for the species which

are referred to it in Giinther’s ‘ Reptiles of Brit. India’. Already in J. A. S.

B., vol. xxxix, p. 174, I have drawn attention to Dr. Peters’ observation, that

Wiegmann’s name Hwmeces had been proposed for Geoffroy’s Scineus pavimen-

tatus = Se. auratus, Schneid., == Scincus Schneideri, Geoft., = Plestiodon Al-

drovandi, Dum. and Bib. &e. Therefore, Plestiodon is to be considered as

jdentical with Hwmeces, which is the oldest name. The only as yet known

representative, we have of this restricted type of Lizards in India, is Blyth’s

Hurylepis from the Panjab, which province has to a large extent an admix-

ture of African forms in its fauna (Comp. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiii,

p. 739). Blyth, when describing Hurylepis, correctly refers to the figure

of Se. pavimentatus in the ‘ Descr. de ?Egypt’., but he was not aware that

the species is identical with Se. Schneidert, and that it is the type of

Eumeces.* There does not appear to be a difference between Hurylepis and

* Dr. Anderson (Proc. Asiat. Soc. B., for Sept. 1871) suggests that Fitzinger’s

name Mabouia, (or rather Mabuya, as invariably written by Fitzinger), should replace

Eumeces. I do not think that there is sufficient reason for this. Fitzinger, when sugges-

ting the name Mabuya in 1826, (in Verz. Rept. p. 23), certainly says that the lizard

possesses palatine teeth, and the author places the genus in opposition to Gray’s Tiliqua

which, he says, does not have palatine teeth. But Gray’s old genus Tiliqua includes

a vast number of Scincs with and without palatine teeth. Moreover, Fitzinger, when

giving in the same work (p. 52) a list of the species of Mabuya, quotes as the first species

Scincus quinque-carinatus, Kuhl, as the second Se. carinatus, Daudin, as the 12th Sc.

agilis, Radde, and as one of the last Sc. ocellatus, Daudin, the Mabouwya par ewcellence of

old author’s ; but neither for the first nor for the last species has Fitzinger’s name

Mabuya been retained. When writing his Syst. Rept, published in 1843, Fitzinger was

perfectly well aware of this confusion, and dropped the name Mabuya altogether,

most likely because it had not been accepted by Dum. and Bibron. He quotes (I.

cit.) Lacepede’s ‘*‘ Mabouya’’ (Sc. ocellatus, Daud.) as the type of Wiegmann’s Gongylus,

and distributes the other species which he formerly referred to Mabwya into about

half a dozen genera, In 1845 Gray wished to rescue Fitzinger’s name, (more correctly

written in the form of Mabouya), retaining it for Radde’s Sc. agilis as type, and only in

this signification can, I believe, the name Mabouya find a place in our literature, if we

wish to avoid a greater confusion than already exists.

+ Compare Anderson in Proc. A. S. B., Sept. 1871.

122 F. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

Ewmeces. The dorsal scales of pavimentatus are often very irregular in their

size, and enlarged, as are also those of Blyth’s species.

The Indian and Malayan species, referred by Gimther in his ‘ Reptiles of

India’ to Humeces, are arranged by the same author under two groups. One

includes Hinulia, Mocoa, and Podophis, the other Mabouya (type Se. agilis,

Radde) and Riopa, to which Senira has to be added, if Mr. Theobald is cor-

rect in identifying a lizard from Rangtin with Senira bicolor of Gray (Linn.

Soc. Jour., Zool., x, p. 27). Whether the three first named should be consi-

dered only as subgenera of Lygosoma, Gray, as adopted by several contin-

ental herpetologists, or whether they should be retained as distinct genera,

is for the present not of very material importance. I can only say that the

Indian species of Hinulia and Mocoa are fairly divisible, and the same is

the case with Mabouya and Riopa. All have the palatal notch situated

far backward and the palate itself toothless, but this is a very general

character, and equally applies to Hagria, Ristella and several other well

distinguishable genera.

Of Hinulia there are as yet only three species known from British

India, and as they had been rather misunderstood, I shall give a figure of

the head and of the sole of the hind foot of each, shewing the characterstic

distinctions between them. -H. indica is as yet only known from Sikkim

and the adjoining hills; H. maculata occurs throughout Bengal and Barma;

H. Dussumieri is from the Malabar coast. Of Mabouwya and Podophis 1

do not know a single species which occurs within the limits of British India,

as now understood (excluding Penang). Of JMocoa and Riopa, the species

are numerous and mostly of small size.

Hinvnia rnpica, Gray.

Pj. iv. fig. 1, la, side and upper views of the head, natural size; 10, sole of left

hind limb, twice the natural size.

Eumeces indicus apud Giinther, I, R., p. 89, exclusive of the synonyms quoted

under Lygosoma and Mocoa.—H. imdicus, apud Anderson in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871,

p. 158 (in part).

The general structure of scales is as described by Giinther. The number

of longitudinal rows is usually 36 or 388; there are 60-70 transverse rows

at the side of the body between fore and hind limb, but there are only 46-55

scales in a row at the edge of the vent between axil and loin. The fore foot,

when laid forward, scarcely ever reaches the snout, but it usually extends

in front beyond the eye. The four supraciliaries are followed by two small

shields ; ear opening large, without any denticulations in front.

The usual coloration is as originally described by Gray. Upper side

brown, generally bronze, rarely with an olive tinge, uniform, or with a few

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 123

scattered dark spots; limbs above almost uniform brown; sides towards

the back with a dark brown or blackish band, separated from the back by an

indistinct, partially interrupted, narrow, white band; on the lower half of

the sides the colour gradually passes into dull brown, more or less spotted or

marbled with paler, which markings are generally also traceable in the

dark band ; sides of tail greyish brown with an upper dark edge, and marked

with darker and paler small spots, or indistinct stripes. Below, uniform green-

ish iridescent white ; limbs and tail of a pale fleshy brown colour during life.

This is a much larger species than any of the two following, but it is by

no means common in Sikkim. I found it from the base of the valleys up

to about 6,000 feet, and also received it from the Bhutan hills. It very

likely extends eastwards into Asam.

The young specimen referred to by Dr. Anderson (1. cit.) under the

head of Hw. indicus belongs to the next species; and judging from the

description of the coloration in Ginther’s I. R. (1. cit.), it appears probable,

that specimens of the next species were also referred to this one as young.

There can, however, be no mistake about the distinctness of the two. A. in-

dica, as compared with H. maculata, is a much stouter and larger form, with

comparatively larger scales, arranged in a smaller number of transverse rows

between fore and hind limb; the former has 10 rows of scales on the back

between the dark bands, the latter only 8; in indica the rostral, anterior

frontal, and the supraorbitals are slightly convex, the interspace between the

latter moderately wide, the preanal shields comparatively small; the palm

and sole entirely covered with spinous tubercles, with some larger ones on the

posterior edge of the sole. In A. maculata on the contrary the rostral reach-

es far backwards, is flat or almost concave above, the anterior frontal is also

flat, the supraorbitals tumid with a very narrow space between them, and

the palm and sole are only partially tubercular. There is also a difference in

coloration ; the lateral band at the side in dica is never very distinct, and

is not margined below by a white line, which is always well marked in ma-

culata.

In six specimens examined the length of the body varies between 3 and

38.75 inches, the tail being, when in its natural growth, about twice that length,

but often it is reproduced and then about equal in length to the body.

Hauyvria mMacurata, Blyth.

Pl. iv, fig. 2, 2a, side and upper views of the head, natural size, 2b, sole of hind

limb, twice the natural size.

Comp. Stoliczka, in Journ. Asiat. Sc. B., xxxix. 1870, p. 174.

The 5th and part of the 6th labial are below the orbit, both are nearly

equal in size ; the median pair of the enlarged preanals is sometimes (though

124 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [ No. 2,

rarely) united into one large shield. The hand has no tubercles on the

extreme inner edge, and the sole is only partially tubercular, being generally

smooth all along the bases of the 3rd and 4th toes; there are 17-22 sharp

tubercles on the 4th free toe.

I have examined specimens from the Andamans,* Moulmein, various

parts of Pegu, Asam, Sikkim and from the Parisnath hill in W. Bengal. The

Moulmein specimens are the largest, attaining 7 inches; next come those

from Asam and the base of the Sikkim hills, just above the Terrai at

Pankabari; specimens collected at greater elevations, as for instance those

about Darjiling (7-8000 feet) very rarely appear to attain 6 inches in length,

and on the Parisnath I did not get Gn April) a single specimen above 5

inches. All from the latter locality are, above, distinctly bronze brown, while

those from the Himalayas are generally somewhat olivaceous or, when young,

with greenish metallic lustre ; they also often have the back much spotted

with blackish, and the sutures between the head shields are more or less

black, but in every point of structure the two forms are identical.

In all the specimens, I saw, the fore foot when laid forward, reached

beyond the eye, but never to the front of the rostral. The fifth or last

supraciliary is the smallest, but rarely united with the fourth, which is then

followed by one or two small shields. The number of transverse rows of

scales on the side of the body between fore and hind limb varies from 80 to 95,

but the number of scales in one row at the edge of the belly is only about 60.

Hiyvi1a Dussumiertr, Dum. and Bib.

Pl. iv, fig. 3, 3a, side and upper views of the head ; 3b, sole of left hind limb.

Lygosoma Dussunverti, D. and B., Erpet. Gen., v, p. 725.

Eumeces Dussunvieri, apud Beddome, Madras Journ. Med. Sc. for 1870.

I am indebted for a specimen of this very rare speciest to Major Beddome,

who obtained it in Malabar, where also the original specimens have been

procured by Mr. Dussumier. As the species is rare, a slightly verbal altera-

tion of Major Beddome’s description may not be out of place.

Head conical, depressed above; body high, roundly subquadrangular ;

tail much longer than the body, gradually tapering to a point. ‘The fore

leg, when laid forward reaches to the tip of the snout, and the hind leg ex-

* One ofthe two specimens, noted by Theobald in Cat. Rept. Asiat. Soc. Museum,

1868, p. 25 (letter 6.) as coming from the Andamansis an Hwprepes which, if not

identical with Steindachner’s H. macrotis, from the Nicobars, belongs to a new species.

Scales in 30 longitudinal series, each sharply three-keeled; supranasals not quite in

oontact, frontal forms a broad suture with vertical, occipitals as usually distributed ;

lower eyelid scaly, but the scales are rather larger in the middle ; greenish olive above;

ear large with scarcely any projecting denticles in front ; sides blackish, below white.

+ In the specimen described by Major Beddome the first and second supra-

orbitals appear to have been united.

1872. | F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 125

tends with half of the fourth toe beyond the shoulder. Rostral large, reaching

far backward, and flat above; anterior frontal above broadly truncate, but

very narrowly behind, the two posterior frontals nearly meeting ; vertical very

narrowly in contact with the anterior frontal, and much contracted and elon-

gated posteriorly ; supraorbitals 5, much swollen, the last followed below by

two small shields ; interorbital space very narrow ; a pair of anterior occipitals,

narrowed in front, broad behind ; median occipital obtusely pointed in front,

acutely behind, and in size subequal to one of the anterior occipitals ; posterior

occipitals larger, meeting behind with a narrow suture, in front in contact

with the anterior occipital, the fifth supraorbital, and a small shield following

it ; shields on the side of the head regular; 8 upper and 7 lower labials, the last

very small ; first chin-shield single, second in a pair, forming asuture, follow-

ed by 3 other separate and widely diverging pairs ; opening of the ear a long

vertical slit, not denticulate in front; 40-42 longitudinal rows of scales

round the middle of the body, those on the sides considerably smaller than

on the belly ;* about 76 transverse series on the side between fore and hind-

limb, but only 66 on the edge of the belly; preanal scales moderately

enlarged ; of the subcaudals there are very few in front enlarged, but near the

middle and posteriorly all ; paim nearly entirely covered with tubercles, sole

only at the bases of the 1st and 5th toes, and on the posterior edge, the re-

mainder being smooth ; about 23 sharpened tubercles under the free portion

of the fourth toe.

Colowr, above, fulvous, tinged olive in front and reddish posteriorly, with

two longitudinal, submarginal, black bands, partially or entirely broken up

into spots and becoming obsolete on the tail, which is red ; along the edges of

the back runs a metallic greenish white line, originating on the supraciliary

edge; it is most distinct on the neck, but gradually disappears on the tail.

A pure black band originates at the nasal, continues through the eye along

the upper side of the body, and on the tail, disappearing towards its termina-

tion ; the black band is bordered below by a narrower white band, which ori-

ginates below the eye, passes through the lower part of the ear to the loin,

and is below, particularly at the side of the vent, again bordered with black.

Legs above olive brown with darker marblings and indistinct fulvous spots ;

tips of toes dark. Below, uniform greenish iridescent. white ; tail red.

Total length 4.75 inches, body 1.87, tail 2.87 inch. In general structure

of the scales, the flattened upper rostral, tumid supraorbitals, narrow vertical,

imperfectly tubercular soles, and in general style of coloration, the Malabar

form agrees with the Bengal maculata, but the limbs are longer in proportion,

and the details of coloration considerably different. The black band is at the

side of the body broader, and the white one, bordering it below, originates in

the present species below the eye and passes through the lower anele of the

opening of the ear, while in maculata it begins almost behind the eye and

* Thisis also the case in H, maculata,

126 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

passes through the upper edge of the ear; the number of longitudinal

rows of scales also appears to be slightly larger in the present species.

Mocoa Srxximensis, Blyth.

Pl. v, figs. 2, 2a, side and upper views of the head; tliree times the natural size.

Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1854, xxii, p. 652.

Body slender, head short, obtuse and rather flattened above; no

supranasals ; lower eyelid with a transparent disk in the middle. Shields of

the head regular, anterior frontal in contact with the rostral and vertical, which

is much attenuated posteriorly ; posterior frontals small, and not in contact,

unless exceptionally ; 4 supraciliaries; posterior pair of occipitals about

twice the size of the anterior, middle shield small, shaped like the vertical,

but shorter; 3 to 4 pairs of elongate transverse shields behind the oc-

cipitals ; 2 loreals and 2 pre-oculars, each pair sometimes united into one

vertically, or horizontally, elongated shield; 7 upper labials followed by two

smaller shields, the 5th under the orbit, but not much elongated ; 8 lower

labials, the last smallest ; anterior chin-shields enlarged ; ear small rounded,

generally with 2 or 3 small projecting shields on the front-, and a few still

smaller lobules on the hinder, edge. Scales generally in 24 longitudinal series,

and in 46 transverse series between fore and hind-limb ; these numbers vary

very little ; young specimens have occasionally only 44, but the largest never

appear to have more than 48, transverse series. A pair of large preanals.

Subcaudals also enlarged, except the first few. The fore foot reaches to the

anterior angle of the orbit, when laid forward, and the hind foot is three

fifth the distance between fore and hind-lmb. Palm and sole tubercular ;

fourth finger barely longer than the third ; fourth toe nearly a quarter longer

than the third. .

Colowr, above, bronze brown, (sometimes with an olive tinge and a metallic

lustre during life,) uniform, or with three to five irregular series of small dark

brown dots, the centre ones often arranged into dark lines ; sides darker, near

the back more or less blackish brown, commencing with a dark band at the

rostral shield. Above, at the edges of the back, the black is margined by

a somewhat indistinct pale line or band, occasionally dissolved into more or

less confluent white spots ; below, there is also an indistinct pale, undulating,

band, passing from the ear to near the loin; the upper portion of the sides is

less, the lower more numerously, spotted with white; the brown, as well as

the somewhat indistinct whitish, spots extend on to the sides of the tail. Upper

iabials whitish, spotted with brown. Chin uniform greenish white in young,

spotted with greenish dusky in older specimens. Vent below greenish white,

on the posterior part, but especially between the femora and below the tail,

reddish, this colour bemg more or less bright according to sex and season.

The brown spots on the back are very variable, both in number and distinct-

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 127

ness. Young specimens generally have a distinct greenish metallic tinge

on the whole body.

Largest specimen measures 5.25 inches, of which the body is 2”, or a

little less ; some specimens have a stouter tail than others. .

Hiab. Sikkim, ‘at elevations of from 3,000 to 10,000 feet; generally

found between large stones in places exposed to the sun.

Jerdon* says that Ginther’s Huwmeces Himalayanust is identical with

Sikkimensis, which latter Giinther quoted as doubtfully belonging to Hinulia

wndica.t Dr. Anderson (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 158) also says, that the Sik-

lim form “ agrees in its transparent eyelid and all its other details with Giin-

ther’s Hum. himalayanus ;” he has, however, I believe,never seen an example of

the true Iocoa Himalayana of Giinther. I have specimens of the latter from

Simla and the hills to the West, and I find that although they closely resemble

Stkkimensis, they are nearly as well distinguishable, as are Hin. indica and

maculata. Among five specimens of Himalayana only one has 26 longitudi-

nal rows of scales, the four other specimens have each 28 longitudinal rows ;

there are 48 to 50 transverse rows between fore and hind-limb, but only 42 to

44 scales in a row along the edge of the belly. On the back there are, as in

Sikkimensis, only 4 longitudinal rows, but at the sides and below the scales

of Himalayana are decidedly smaller. Other differences are: the limbs,

though not longer than in Sikkinensis, are in Himalayana somewhat more

slender, the transparent disk on the eyelid is larger, the ear-opening is also

larger and with much more distinct lobules in front, the posterior frontals

are more developed, almost meeting the anterior frontal and the vertical in

a point, as stated by Dr. Giinther, while in Svkkimensis the two posterior

frontals always remain well separated.

The colour of Himalayana is, as described by Giinther, above, greenish

olive (not bronze brown, or only tinged with olive, as in Sikkimensis), with a

few interrupted series of dark and whitish dots ; a blackish band commences at

the nasal and continues through the eye along the upper side of the body to

near the tip of the tail, it is either uniform or with a few white spots, and on

the tail it becomes generally less distinct. At the edge of the back the black

band is margined by a white line, (most distinct on the neck), and below by a

much broader white band, commencing at the lower edge of the orbit and ter-

minating at the hind limb. Below this white band the sides are mottled or

speckled with dark. The lower surface is uniform greenish white ; tail reddish

below (seasonal). All this strongly contrasts with specimens of S7A/kimensis

of which I collected a very large number of specimens in Sikkim. I do not

wish to say that the two forms may not be shown to represent mere varieties of

* Proc. Asiat. Soc. for February 1870, p. 73.

+ Reptiles of India, p. 86. { Ibidem, p. 89.

128 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2

one type species, but unless direct transitions, or transmutations, from one form

into the other had been proved by observations, we have no right to ignore the

distinctions which had been pointed out, and which do in reality exist.

I, Sikkimensis appears to be, however, more closely related to Mocoa

Schlegelu, Ginther (1. ¢., p. 86), which also has been described from a Sik-

kim specimen. In size, form and general structure there does not appear to

be a great difference between the two; the number of longitudinal rows of

scales round the body is given as 25, and that between the axil and groin

as 35, the latter number is, however, too small for Stkkumensis. The colour

of Schlegel is said to be black above, blackish below, which I certainly

never observed among a few hundreds of Sikkumensis.

Mocoa sacRA, n. sp.*

Pl. iv, fig. 4, side view of the animal, natural size; 4a, 4b, 4c, upper, side, and lower

views of the head and neck, enlarged.

Habit slender, head somewhat depressed, obtuse in front, body shorter

than the tail, the latter gradually tapering to a point. No supranasals, eyelid

with a perfectly transparent disc; scales in 22 longitudinal series round the

middle of the body, and in 40 transverse series between fore and hind-lmb.

Head shields regular, like in Stkkimensis, but the postnasal scarcely reaches

the top of head, and the fifth upper labial is comparatively longer than in

that species. A few enlarged scales behind the occipitals. Subcaudals single,

enlarged, except the two first pairs. A pair of large preanals. Har in front

denticulated with three equal lobules.

Total length 3.37 inches of which the tail is 2” ; feet slender ; the fore foot

reaches to the middle of the eye, when laid forward, the 3rd and 4th fingers are

equal or subequal; the hind foot is two-third the distance between fore

and hind limb, or half that between the latter and the ear; the 4th toe is

slightly longer than the 3rd.

Above, light iridescent bronze brown, with a few dark brown spots

scattered on the head and body, each of these dark spots bemg accompanied

by an indistinct pale spot, on both, or only on one side ; a narrow black band

from the rostral through the eye, passing above the ear and becoming

indistinct on the sides of the belly ; a white band below the black, best marked

through the ear and above the fore foot, but becoming also indistinct on

the belly where a few whitish spots separate the lower light from the upper

darker parts; labials somewhat spotted with dark; chin white; breast and

belly, below, greenish iridescent white ; femoral region and tail below pale

vermilion, that colour passing also on the sides of the taal, where only a few

indistinct pale spots exist.

This species is very closely allied to Sikkimensis, differing from it by

its more slender and comparatively longer hind feet, smaller number of

* See Proc. A, S. B., September 1871, p. 195.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 129

longitudinal rows of scales, those on the vent being decidedly more trans-

versely elongated, than in the Himalayan form ; further in the more elongated

5th upper labial, few enlarged shields behind the occipitals, and by the

subeaudals being enlarged almost from the beginning. ‘There is also a slight

difference in coloration.

Hab. Parisnath hillim West Bengal. The only specimen was obtained

near one of the Jain shrines on the top of the hill.

Risrecia, Gray.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. I, 1839, p. 333,

Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, pp. 71 and 85.

Body and tail elongate, subcylindrical ; limbs four, feeble, anterior with

4, posterior with 5 toes, thumb and inner toe shortest ; all toes provided with

retractile claws, lying between two terminal enlarged shields; head shields

regular ; nostril in a single lateral shield ; supranasals none; lower eyelid

scaly ; ear opening small; scales of body keeled or nearly smooth ; gape

situated far backward ; palate toothless ; teeth of the jaws small, equal,

numerous, compressed.

This generic character has been derived from a specimen, kindly sent to

me by Major Beddome ; it belongs, I believe, to a genus which was originally

established by Gray for a North Indian specimen, Ristella Rurkii (1. cit. p.

86), but the species appears to be different; at least it is impossible to

identify both from the short description given of A. ARwrkii, and it is not

noted in Giinther’s Reptiles of India.

The 4 anterior toes and the retractile claws are important distinctions

of the genus which must be classed next to Heteropus.

RistTELLA TRAVANCORICA* Beddome.

Ateuchosawrus Travancoricus, Beddome, Madras Journ. Med, Sc., 1870, p. 33.

Pl, iv, fig. 5, upper view of the animal, natural size ; 5a, 5b, 5c, upper, side and

lower views of the head, enlarged; 5d, inner view of hand with the claws retracted,

5e, sole with the claws drawn out.

Body very elongate, subcylindrical, but somewhat depressed ; muzzle short,

obtuse, tail considerably longer than the body and very gradually tapering.

Rostral convex in front, reaching to the upper surface of the head ; one large

prefrontal, two small posterior frontals, widely separated ; the vertical forms a

broad suture with anti-frontal and is posteriorly much elongate ; four or five

supraciliaries, slightly elevated, the first shield largest, but it is sometimes

divided in two, last shield smallest; five occipitals, the two anterior and the

median one subequal, the posterior pair larger, and the adjoming scales are

* R. malabaricus, (olim), Proc. A. 8. B., 1871, p. 195.—Since my description of

this species was drawn up, I observe that Major Beddome redescribed the species, in

Mad. Med. Journal for 1871, also under the name Ristella, which name I had pointed

out to him.

130 F. Stoliezka

On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

slightly larger than the rest on neck. Nasal shield moderate, pierced nearly

in the middle by the nostril; one loreal, one preocular separated from the

angle of the eye by a few minute shields; 3 or 4 small shields at the hinder

angle of the eye, followed by regular scales. Upper labials 6, the eye above

the 3rd and 4th ; lower labials 5, narrow but long ; lower rostral large, follow-

ed by one single and 3 pairs of enlarged chin shields. Scales on neck smooth,

on body slightly two-keeled, round the middle of body in 26 longitudinal

rows, there being 6 rows on the back, exclusive one row on either edge; on

the belly there are also 6 rows, the scales being slightly larger than those of

the back ; 35 transverse rows between fore and hind limb; the two median

preanal shields somewhat larger than the others ; subcaudals not very conspi-

cuously enlarged, (but they are generally enlarged in this group of Scincipz

when the tail has been reproduced). The fore limb, when laid forward, reaches

to the angle of the mouth, and the length of the hind limb is equal to half

the distance between axil and grom. ‘Total length of specimen 3.62 inches,

head and body being 1.5 inches.

General colour, above, dark fulvous brown, each of the scales in the 6

dorsal rows with a median black streak, forming black longitudinal lines,

continued on the tail; edge of back a little more distinctly fulvous brown,

sides blackish with small white spots; below, yellowish white, spotted with

black on chin and throat; tail below variegated with black and yellowish

white, (during life probably reddish).

Hab. According to Major Beddome, common in moist jungles of the

Western Ghats between 2000 and 5000 feet elevation.

Riopa aneurna, Theobald.

Pl. v. fig. 4, animal, natural size; 4a, 4b, 4c, top, side and lower views of the

head, enlarged; 4d, upper side of hand; 4e, inner side of foot,

Theobald, Journal Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x, p. 27.

Anderson, Proc, Zool, Lond. 1871, p. 159 (in part).

RIOPA CYANELLA, n. sp.

Pl. v, fig. 3, 8a—se, exactly corresponding figures with 4, 4a—4e.

? Riopa Bowring: apud Theobald, Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. x, p. 26.

Riopa anguima, apud Anderson, P, Z. S., p. 159, (in part).

Theobold’s description of Ze. angwina is somewhat incomplete. Dr. Ander-

son having kindly shown me the specimens in the Museum, I found that they

belong to two distinct species, and that his description, as regards coloration

at least, partly refers to anguina, partly to eyanella. In order to prevent

misapprehension I give a brief description of the characters of both, and add a

figure of each species.

f. onguina. Body elongate, subcylindrical, slightly depressed ; head

conical, rather short; supranasals in contact behind the rostral ; anterior

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. ae

frontal in contact with the vertical which is rather narrow, and barely reaches

beyond a straight le connecting the middle of the orbits ; four supraciliaries

followed by a small shield ; anterior pair of occipitals nearly equal to,* or only

shehtly larger than, the median occipital shield, the formernarrower in front, the

latter attenuate behind ; posterior occipitals elongate, each being anteriorly in

contact with the 4th supraciliary and the small shield following it, or sometimes

it also touches an additional small shield placed obliquely behind that small

posterior supraorbital ; two scales, touching on each side the posterior occipi-

tals, are enlarged ; other head shields regular, as usual in iopa, (they are

indicated in the figure). The upper labials are sometimes 8 instead of 7, the

8rd or 4th being occasionally divided. Lower eyelid with a large translucent

shield. Har small, sometimes one or the other of the front scales slightly

projects in the space. Scales in 22 longitudinal rows round the middle of

the body, those on the lower side scarcely larger than those on the back ;

the two median preanal shields are only very little larger than those supersed-

ing them ; 65-70 transverse rows between fore and hind-limbs.

Limbs very short and rather stout, with very short toes and distinct

claws ; palm and sole coarsly granular. The fore limb when laid forward

does not reach the ear, and is only a little longer than the lateral gape of

the mouth. ‘The hind-limb equals the distance between the ear and the tip

of snout, or it is a trifle longer.

Colowr, above, uniform brown or greyish brown, pale at the sides, and

whitish or brownish white below, the brownish or yellowish tint being

especially conspicuous on the lower side of the tail. There is no lateral streak

at the side of the body, but the sutures between the dorsal scales are in

young specimens conspicuously darker than the rest, and form longitudinal

dark Imes, which in mature specimens become indistinct, or obsolete. In

some specimens there is also a transverse, submarginal, dark line to each scale.

Usual size about 4 inches, of which the tail is generally somewhat less

than one half. Length of head and body of the largest (figured) specimen

2.25 inches.

Hab. Pegu, British Barma.

feiopa cyanella. Body slender, with a conical head. Head-shields quite

similar to those of the last species, but the vertical is somewhat longer and

more slender ; the median occipital is conspicuously smaller than one of the

anterior pair; scales adjoining the posterior occipitals moderately enlarged.

Lower eyelid with a translucent large shield. Opening of the ear small, a

front scale very little projecting imto the space. Scales of body in 22

longitudinal rows, 60-64 transverse rows between fore and hind limb;

preanals scarcely larger than the preceding scales. Limbs of moderate

* Theobald in his original description rightly places particular stress upon this

character.

132 F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [Nong

length and slender. The fore-limb, when laid forward, nearly or fully reaches

the opening of the ear, and is only a little shorter than the distance between

the snout and the ear; the hind limb is less than half the distance

between the axil and lom, and it barely exceeds the distance between the

fore limb and the anterior angle of the eye.

Colour, above, olive brown, with an iridescent blue tinge, purer brownish

on the tail, pale brownish olive at the side of the body; each scale, above

and at the sides, is indistinctly mottled with dark, and there are generally

a few white spots on the side of the neck and about the shoulder ; a narrow

white, shghtly black margined band rises from behind the orbit and continues

on each side of the back ; it becomes indistinct in the middle of the body,

but is again slightly more conspicuous above the hip, gradually disappearing

on the tail, which is indistinctly speckled with dark brown at the sides ;

limbs above with longitudinal, broken up, dark lmes ; chin and anterior neck

below yellowish, vent whitish ; tail below brownish white.

This description is drawn up from a specimen which was presented to

the Indian Museum by Mr. W. Theobald, and is not unlikely the same which

he in his Catalogue of Burmese Reptiles noticed under the name of #. Bow-

ringt. The greater length of the limbs and the coloration readily distmguish

this from the preceding species.

Hab. Pegu; British Barma.

Riopa atBorunctata, (I. R., p. 92).

Pl. y, fig. 6, 6a, upper and side views of head, enlarged.

Riopa Harpwicxi, (1. R., p. 92).

Pl. v, fig. 5, 5a, same views as in figure 6.

Riopa PuNcTATA, (1. R. p. 98).

The differences in structure between these three species are very few.

In the first and third the vertical and the median occipital shield are

comparatively narrower and longer, than in the second.

In &. albopwnctata the scales of the body are shghtly smaller and_more

quadrangular, the number of longitudinal rows varies between 26 and 28, (the

two numbers being almost equally common, at least in Bengal specimens), the

transverse rows between fore and hind limb vary between 50-60, 56 beg the

most usual number, as stated by Giinther. The fore leg reaches, when laid for-

ward, to the front edge of the ear, or a little beyond it, rarely to the angle of the

mouth ; the length of the hind leg is generally a little less than zth of the

body, rarely exactly th.

In &. Hardwicku all the scales are somewhat larger and more trans-

versely elongate, the number of longitudinal rows varies between 24

and 26, both being almost equally common; the transverse rows between

fore and hind limbs vary between 48 and 56, 53 being the most usual

1872.] EF. Stoliezka—On Indian Lizards. 133

number; the fore leg extends generally somewhat beyond the ear, and

often as far as the angle of the mouth, but very rarely beyond it; the hind

leg is generally somewhat more than one fourth the length of the body.

In the form, greater or lesser thickness, and in the length of the

body and of the tail, the two first mentioned species are identical, and equally

variable ; both have in front of the ear two lobules, the upper of which is

the larger one, while the lower becomes occasionally obsolete. Both specieg

also have the shields on the preanal edge slightly larger than those above

them, and both have the lower eyelid covered with enlarged shields.

but in the former the centre large shield is opaque, and generally broken up in

two or three smaller ones, while in the latter it always remains entire, but it

is generally only in young specimens perfectly transparent. The usual size

of either species is a little above 4 inches, the tail if normal being about

equal to the length of the body, but often it is reproduced, becoming thinner,

or thicker, and shorter, and with the subcaudals often somewhat enlarged.

The coloration is generally tolerably distinct in the two species.

In albopunctata of South India the back is often uniform brown; in

Bengal specimens, each of the six median rows of scales of the back has a

black dot, forming longitudinal lines and continuing on the tail, the extreme

edges of the upper back are sometimes pale coloured, and some varieties of

this type occasionally very much resemble those of Hardwicki; sideg

purplish black, spotted with white ; lower side of the tail uniform white, like

the vent, or more often each scale with a blackish dot. Legs above black

spotted —This species extends from South India through Central India, the

whole of Bengal, into N.-Eastern Asim, and westwards into Pégu. At Cal-

eutta it is very common during the winter months, but I have seen extremely

few specimens in the time between May and the end of the rainy season.

Rk. Hardwickii is more variable in colour. The back and sides of the

body are sometimes entirely purplish black ; the edges of the upper back

from the nostril, and the whole of the lower side purely white, tail vermilion in

young, pale brownish above, white below, in older specimens. Other specimens,

particularly those from Northern India, (about Agra and northwards towards

the base of the Himalayas), have the four median rows of dorsal scales each

with a large blackish spot, or rather the spots are generally situated on the

suture between each two scales, and the scales in the twomiddle rows have their

lower margins apparently serrated ; the upper edges of the back have the usual

white or yellowish bands ; the sides are above purplish black, further down paler

and each scale has a black spot; white dots occur either over the entire side, or

only on the anterior half, or they are restricted to the side of the neck ; vent

always uniform white ; tail with a black spot to each scale, sometimes absent

on the lower side, its general colour fleshy. The reddish or purplish tinge is

gradually lost in spirit.—This species is found in South India,* extending

* According to Blyth also in Ceylon,

18 :

134 FE. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. [No. 2,

through Central India northwards as far as Rurki and Hardwar, and east-

wards as far as Calcutta, but itis very rare here. I have only within the

last year obtained two specimens on the western side of the Hughli river

at Howrah, but do not know of any record of the species eastward of the

Hughlhi, that is even in Calcutta itself.

A third species which I have to notice is Linné’s 2. punctata from

South India and the Dakhin (Dekhan). The structure and colour of

this closely corresponds with that of albopunctata from Bengal, but the

difference in size is very great, the former often attaining 12 inches. The

number of scales round the body is usually 24, and those between fore and

hind limb 78—84. Colour, brown above and at the sides, pale below, all

seales with blackish, and the anterior half of sides with white, spots.

At Matheran near Bombay (about 2,500 feet on the trappean plateau) I

have met with a peculiar form, which might be looked upon as a hybrid or a

transitional form, between &. albo punctata and &. Hardwicku. The form of

the body, its structure, proportions of the limbs and the posteriorly narrowed

vertical shield best agrees with puwnetata, as described. The largest specimen

measures only 73 inches, the body being 8 inches. Of eight specimens examined,

all have 26 longitudinal rows of scales, a number tolerably common in

Hardwickii, but rarely to be met with in typical punctata. There are 74—80

transverse rows of scales between the limbs, agreeing with punctata. The co-

louration is exactly the same asin a pale R. Hardwickw : above and at the sides

more or less dark brown, a pale brown or yellowish band on each side from the

snout to the base of the tail, anterior half of sides of body with white dots;

below whitish ; all scales have blackish spots which sometimes become obsolete

on the lower side. It is really difficult to decide to which species this particular

form, which I have just noticed, should be referred. The ‘structure and form

of the body agrees best with punctata, while the colouration is that of

Hardwickui, and the size 1s mtermediate between both. To consider the

Matheran form as an independent species, seems to me quite unnatural ; it is

certainly nothing else than a local variety, and most probably the same which

Jerdon notices as &. Hardwickii from the Carnatic, ‘9 inches’ long (J. A. S.

B., xxui, p. 478). The question to be answered is: do we know the young

punctata in all its progressive stages up to the adult ? I got the adult from

Pina, and with it one younger specimen which has the general colouration

of Hardwickir, the body is 2°6 inches, greater than in any known Hardwickit

from the N. West or Central Provinces,tail reproduced, short, 24 longitudi-

nal rows round the body, and 80 transverse rows of scales between the

limbs. If we have to look upon this specimen as the young of pwnctata, what

I do not doubt it really is, and take into consideration what I said about true

Hardwickii and the Matheran form, the only reasonable conclusion we can

draw is, that punctata and Hardwickii are actually only one species which

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On Indian Lizards. 135

attains its greatest size and development on the Ghats of South India, and

eradually diminishes in size as it extends further north, and into the plains.

Careful observations of the younger stages of punctata must settle this pre-

sently doubtful point, but it is one of extreme interest for the study of the

development of our Indian fauna.

CHIAMELLA LINEATA, Gray.

Gray, Cat. Lizards B. R., p 97.—Giinther, I. R., p. 95.

I obtamed an adult specimen* of this very rare form near Pina (Dak-

hin), on the sandy banks of the river between shrubs.

Body very slender and long, muzzle moderately obtuse, head flattened

above. Rostral shield broader than high, slightly reaching to the top of

head. Anterior frontal large, single; posterior frontals small, separate ;

vertical small, in contact with anterior frontal, angular in front, obtusely

rounded (sub-eliptically) behind ; supraciliaries four ; anterior occipitals united

into one obtusely triangular shield, median occipital small, pointed behind

and the posterior occipitals elongate, forming a suture posteriorly. Nostrils

lateral, in a single elongate shield; supranasals narrow, separated by the

anterior frontal which is im contact with the rostral. Two loreals. Lower

eyelid transparent. Seven upper labials, fifth largest and under the orbit ;

six lower labials. Har small, with smooth edges. Scales perfectly smooth,

shining, in 22 longitudinal rows round the middle of the body, and in 82-84

transverse series between the limbs ; preanals and subcaudals not perceptibly

enlarged. Limbs very short, each with four toes, the inner toes on both

very small, the fourth toe on the fore-limb is only a little longer than the

second and sensibly shorter than the fourth; on the hind-limb the third is

very little longer than the fourth. When laid forward the anterior limb

does not reach the.ear, and the hind-limb is equal to one sixth the length

between it and the fore-limb.

Colour, above, iridescent bright golden brown, sides paler with a

greenish tinge, lower side whitish; all scales with blackish median spots,

forming continuous lines above, but they are slightly more interrupted at the

sides and on the belly, and are least distinct on the throat; head shields

marbled with dark ; edge of lips yellowish; limbs and tail similarly striped

as the body.

Gray’s characteristic of the genus is excellent, with the exception that the

contiguity of the supranasals cannot be considerate of generic value. My

specimen measures 4°3 inches, body 2° (head alone 0:2), tail 2:2, reproduced

towards the tip ; fore-limb 0:2, hind-limb very nearly 0°83 inch.

* The only type specimen in the British Museum is a young one, and its proper

locality was unknown.

136 [No. 2,

ON THE OsTEOLOGY OF TRIZNOPS PERSICUS,—by G. E. Doxnsoy, B. A.,

M. B., Assistant Surgeon, H. M.’s British Forces.

(With plate VI.)

[Received and read 6th March, 1872.]

The construction of the bony skeleton shows a closer relationship with

Phyllorhina than expected by me, when writing my description of the genus,

founded on the typical species of which I had not then obtained a perfect

skeleton.

The genus is connected with Phyllorhina, principally, in the relative

number and length of the bones of the fingers, supporting the wing mem-

brane ; in the relative number and length of the bones of the toes; in the

shape of the iliac bones ; and less markedly in the flattened form and verti-

cal height of the nasal bones. In some other respects, especially in the form

of the bones entering into the construction of the basis cranii, and in their

foramina, its relations are more closely with &hinolophus, while it differs

from both genera, not less importantly, in some peculiarities of structure to

be described hereafter.

T shall, therefore, in describing the bones of the skeleton compare them

generally with those of the species of Phyllorhina and Rhinolophus, and

particularly with those of Ph. larvata, Horsf., portions of the skeleton of

which are figured in the accompanying plate for the purpose of comparison.

In its general outline the skull resembles that of Phyllorhina more

closely than &hinolophus, especially in the flattened form and less vertical

height of the nasals, which are, however, relatively, much more developed

laterally and vertically, than in the former genus. From both genera it

differs remarkably in the form of the zygomata which are greatly compressed,

and expanded in a vertical direction.

The superior margin of the zygoma rises vertically to a height of 0-15

inch immediately in front of the posterior origin of the arch, maintaining

this height for more than two-thirds its length, then suddenly narrowing to

half near its connection with the maxillary ; the inferior margin is straight,

and the intervening bony structure very thin and diaphanous. The zygo-

mata are not curved outwards, as in Phyllorhina and Rhinolophus, and their

flattened arches form straight lines with the sides of the maxille.

The basis crani is much narrower than in Phyllorhina ; the basi-occipi-

tal is less than half the width of that of Ph. larvata, the total lengths of the

skulls being, respectively, 0°85 and 0°95 inches.

The following table of dimensions shows the principal measurements of

the skulls in Tr. persicus and Ph, larvata :-—

1872.] G. E. Dobson—Osteology of Trienops persicus. 137

Tr. persicus Ph. larvata

inches, inches,

Pxtreme lenathvoty skull ye cist. sccsna ses sos ens vee 0.85 0:95

Breadth between upper margins of zygomata, 0°30 0:50

Breadth across nasal prominences,............... 0:28 0:28

Greatest vertical height of zygoma, ............ 0-15 0-10

LEINGE OM TVET, CopsuncogromeodeHbOrnCbee AaobEE On 0-18 0:23

Length of bony palate, laterally, ........... 0:24 0:23

Width of basi-occipital between the apples... 0:04 0:10

Length of base of skull from posterior margin

of palate to edge of foramen magnum, ...... 0°37 0:43

Width of the base of the skull behind poste-

RIOT TOOLS Ol AV ROMAUA, (esac eatiietcn vcs wees 0°32 0°42

The auditory bwlle ossee are very large and prominent; the cochlex

are deeply grooved externally by the intervals between the spiral chambers,

contrasting with the smooth external surface of the much less prominent

cochlez of Phyllorhina, and resembling more closely the same parts in A/i-

nolophus.

The par-occipital processes are long and slender, club-shaped, narrow

above, expanded beneath, directed downwards and slightly forwards, termi-

nating in a small, acutely pointed projection directed forwards, supporting

the inferior surface of the petro-mastoid. In Phyllorhina the par-occipital

processes are very short and blunt ; in Rhinolophus long and slender, direct-

ed downwards and forwards, slightly thickened beneath.

There is a minute precondyloid foramen on each side, and in front of,

and external to it, a wide opening—having for its anterior boundaries the

petro-mastoid and cochlea—the jugular foramen. ‘There is no distinct

carotid foramen. In Phyllorhina larvata the precondyloid foramen is sepa-

rated from the jugular opening by a considerable interval; the latter is

small, circular, and occupies the angle between the petro-mastoid and cochlea.

The basi-sphenoid is perforated, posteriorly, in the middle line by an

oval aperture, a defect of ossification, represented in Phyllorhina by a circu-

lar thinning of the roof of the basis cranii in the same situation. Between

this aperture and the glenoid fossa is a circular opening, the foramen ovale,

placed posterior and slightly external to the sphenoidal fissure. More pos-

teriorly and externally, behind the glenoid fossa, separated from the petro-

tympanic bulla by a narrow bony process, a large post-glenoid foramen exists,

while immediately external to and above it the squamosal is perforated by a

small venous canal directed upwards.

The roof of the meso-pterygoid fossa is pierced posteriorly by two small

foramina placed one on each side of the middle line, and separated by an

exceedingly narrow bony lamella, and similarly in front, near the junction

138 G. E. Dobson—Osteology of Trienops persicus. [No. 2,

of the basi-sphenoid with the pre-sphenoid. 'The cribriform plate is perfor-

ated by two large triangular foramina separated by a narrow bony process.

The pterygoid plates are greatly expanded, forming broad, acutely

pointed, triangular projections directed downwards and slightly outwards,

giving width to the meso-pterygoid fossa which quickly narrows as it pro-

ceeds backwards, exposing the wide sphenoidal fissures. Posteriorly its roof

becomes continuous with the under surface of the basis crani, as in Phyl-

lorhina, its sides curve outwards, forming the posterior boundaries of the

sphenoidal fissures which extend backwards as far as a line drawn between

the glenoid fosse. There is no distinct foramen rotundum.

In Phyllorhina the sphenoidal fissures are much narrower and shorter,

terminating posteriorly at some distance in front of a line joining the

glenoid fosse. They are concealed in their whole extent by the lateral walls

of the meso-pterygoid fossa. The foramen rotundum is represented by a

small aperture in front of, and internal to the foramen ovale which occupies

the same position, relatively, as in Zrienops. ‘The post-glenoid foramen

is small or absent. The meso-pterygoid fossa maintains the same width from

before backwards, or 1s shghtly expanded posteriorly. About the middle its

lateral walls develop small, acutely pointed, hamular processes, curved back-

wards.

In Rhinolophus the basi-occipital is extremely narrow between the audi-

tory bulle; the foramen rotundum is united, as in Trienops, with the

sphenoidal fissure which extends as far backwards as in the latter genus ; the

meso-pterygoid fossa is relatively wider anteriorly than in either Phyllorhina

or Trienops, and conceals the narrow sphenoidal fissures to within a short

distance of its termination where its sides suddenly narrow, disclosing the

sphenoidal fissures posteriorly, and slightly further backwards curving out-

wards limit their posterior extent ; its roof is traversed by a narrow groove

terminating posteriorly in an excavation, thus differing from both Phyllor-

hina and Trienops.

The bony palate extends as far back as the middle of the last molar

tooth ; in Phyllorhina, it is limited by the posterior margin of the second

molar.

The coronoid process of the mandible is very small, and in vertical

height less than the canine tooth, thus resembling Rhinolophus more than

Phyllorhina; the upper margin of the articular surface is level with the

summits of the molar teeth, and the ramus is pierced immediately beneath

and in front of the condyle by a large circular foramen directed upwards,

and slightly outwards.*

* This infra-condyloid foramen of the mandible is probably unique in Tricnops,

in no other genus of Riimolophide have I found it, nor, so far as I can ascertain has

such a foramen been discovered in any other species of Chiroptera.

1872. ] G. E. Dobson—Osteology of Trienops persicus. 139

In Ph. larvata the coronoid process of the mandible exceeds the canine

tooth considerably in vertical extent, and the upper margin of the condyle

is raised above the summits of the molar teeth.

The dental formula corresponds with that of Phyllorhina :—

2-2 =

The upper incisors are deeply bifid, and, as in all genera of Bhinolophi-

de, minute, placed near each other in the centre of the space between the

canines at the extremities of rudimentary premaxille suspended in the nasal

cartilages. The upper canine has a well developed, acutely pointed talon

behind, in front a raised ridge extending nearly half its vertical extent and

terminating in a small blunt projection. The first upper premolar is minute

with a slightly concave crown, it is placed outside the tooth-row ; the last

molar is considerably more developed than in Phyllorhina and resembles that

of Rhinolophus, equallmg, in the antero-posterior diameter of its crown,

more than three-fourths the second premolar, whilein Ph. larvata, Ph.

nobilis, and other species of Phyllorhina, it is less than half.

In the lower jaw the incisors are deeply bilobed; a faint indication

of a third lobe is discernible with the aid of a lens, on the outer side of the

outer incisor.

The first premolar has the cingulum largely developed, expanded horizon-

tally on all sides, and sendmg upwards, anteriorly and posteriorly a small

process, so that the tooth appears, at first sight, tricuspidate. The posterior

process is much more vertically extended than the anterior one.

The third molar equals the second in size, contrasting with the imper-

fectly developed last molar of Phyllorhina.

The manubrium sterni differs remarkably from that of Ph. larvata which

may be taken as characteristic of the form of this bone in Phyllorhina. The

lateral processes behind the sterno-clavicular articulation are triangular and

acutely pointed, contrasting with the irregularly blunt processes of Ph.

larvata ; the carina is greatly developed, forming a deep, quadrilateral pro-

jection arising from the entire length of the bone. The second sternal bone

is provided with a deep triangular projection, the anterior margin of which

is separated from the posterior margin of the carina manubrii by a wide

triangular space; behind, the projecting posterior angle conceals the junc-

tion of the third sternal bone. The third bone is small, narrow, and spine-

like ; its posterior extremity supports a thin, semicircular cartilage.

In Phyllorhina the carina manubrii is shallow, forming a slightly raised

ridge for more than two-thirds its length; in the anterior third it is pro-

duced into a blunt spine. The second sternal bone develops a shallow keel

along its entire length; the third bone is short, expanded laterally, termina-

ting in a semicircular margin.*

I Jee tele

nT 5 =o

* This is the most usual form of the sternum in insectivorous bats. (See Blain-

ville, Ostéographie). The number of bones here given is the number of separable

bones distinguishable in the sternum of an adult specimen.

140 G. E. Dobson—Osteology of Trienops persicus. [No. 2,

The ribs are very much flattened and separated by very narrow inter-

vals.

The ento-condyloid tuberosity of the humerus develops an exceedingly

long styloid process, directed slightly upwards, contrasting with the similar,

short, blunt process of Phyllorhina ; the ecto-condyloid tuberosity is obso-

lete ; the articular surface is marked with a very deep sigmoid notch.

The ulva is strongly curved backwards.

The bones of the fingers exhibit nearly the same relative proportions in

length as in Phyllorhina. The terminal phalanx of the third finger only is

bifid at the extremity, as in Celops Frithii. From the proximal extremity

of the same phalanx, close to the joint, on the under surface, and slightly to

the outside, a process of bone, 0°15 inch long, arises, directed downwards,

slightly forwards, and outwards.

The anterior portion of the ilium develops, at right angles to its in-

ferior surface, a broad quadrilateral process of bone. The antero-inferior

angle of this process is connected by a narrow bony isthmus with the ileo-

pectineal spine, thus bridging over the space between, and forming the in-

ferior boundary of a large oval opening, larger than the obturator foramen

which is placed posterior to it, and, owing to the oblique position of the iliac

bones, on a somewhat lower level. The rim of the pelvis thus forms a

straight line from the pubic symphysis to the antero-inferior angle of the

quadrilateral process on the anterior extremity of the ilium.

In Ph. larvata, and other species of Phyllorhina, the iliac bones develop

very similar processes, but that rising from the antero-inferior surface of the

ilium is much narrower, more of a triangular than of a quadrilateral shapes

and directed downwards and slightly backwards ; its antero-inferior angle is

rounded off, and does not develop any spine, as in Zrienops.

In Rhinolophus the emimentia tleo-pectinea develops a long, acutely

pointed spine, not connected by bone with the antero-inferior surface of the

ilium.

The fibula is complete as in other Rhinolophine bats. The toes are

equal in length, each with two joints, as in Phyllorhina and Celops.

The genera of Rhinolophide may be arranged, osteologically, under two

subfamilies as follows :—

Subfam. I. RHNOLOPHINE.

Toes unequal ; outer toe with two, remaining toes with three joints each ;

ileo-pectineal spine not connected by bone with the antero-inferior surface of

the ilium.

Genus. 1. Rhinolophus.

Metacarpal bone of fourth finger exceeding that of second finger in

1872.] G. E. Dobson— Osteology of Trienops persicus. 141

length ; foramen rotundum united with sphenoidal fissure; roof of meso-

pterygoid fossa with a longitudinal groove terminating in an excavation pos-

teriorly ; basi-occipital between auditory bulle very narrow, in most species

Imear ; par-occipital processes slender, produced ; antero-posterior diameter

of last molar equal to more than three-fourths that of antepenultimate molar ;

premolars =.

Subfam. IT, PHYLLORHININ ®.

Toes equal, with two joints each ; ileo-pectineal spine united by bone

with a process derived from antero-inferior surface of ilium.

Genus. 2. Phyllorhina.

Metacarpal bone of fourth finger less than that of second finger in

length ; foramen rotundum distinct; auditory bulle separated by a broad

basi-occipital ; roof of mesopterygoid fossa continuous with under surface of

the basis craniz, not grooved, nor perforated by foramina ; par-occipital pro-

cesses short, blunt ; zygomata narrow, slightly expanded posteriorly, curved

outwards ; antero-posterior diameter of last molar less than half of the

antepenultimate molar ; premolars = g =

Genus. 3. Trienops.

Metacarpal bone of fourth finger less than that of second finger in

length ; foramen rotundum united with sphenoidal fissure ; basi-occipital be-

tween auditory bulle narrow, not linear ; roof of mesopterygoid fossa pierced

by foramina, not grooved, continuous posteriorly with under surface of basis

erant ; par-occipital processes long, slender ; zygomata greatly expanded ver-

tically, not curved outwards ; last upper molar equal to three fourths of the

antepenultimate molar ; mandible pierced by an infra-condyloid foramen ; pre-

molars —

Genus. 4. Colops.*

Metacarpal bone of index finger very long, extendmg beyond the first

phalanx of the second finger; metacarpal bone of fourth finger exceeding

that of second finger in length ; basi-occipital broad between auditory bullee ;

zygomata slender, curved outwards ; last upper molar equal to three-fourths

of the antepenultimate molar ; tail very short or absent ; premolars =.

Explanation of plate vi.

Figs. 1-9. Trienops persicus, Dobson. 1. Side view of skull; la, base of skull;

1b, lower jaw ; all enlarged_double the natural size; 2, scapula, double size; 3, side

view of thorax, showing the very prominent carina sterni, enlarged double natural

size; 4, 4a, distal extremity of humerus, enlarged four times the natural size ; 5, third

* Type Celops Frithii, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal. Dr. W. Peters has noted the

relations of this genus with Phyllorhina. (See Monatsber, Berlin Akad., 1860, p. 644,

and also for 1871).

142 H. H. Godwin-Austen—Khasi and Garo Hills’ Birds. [No. 2,

finger showing peculiar form of terminal phalanx, enlarged double natural size; 6,

proximal third of forearm, enlarged double; 7, front view of pelvis; 8, side view of

pelvis, both enlarged double ; 9, tibia and fibula, enlarged double.

Figs. 10-14, Phyllorhina larvata, Horsfield. 10, 10a, 10b, side and base of skull

with lower jaw, all enlarged double natural size; 11, side view of thorax, double

size; 12, 12a, distal extremity of humerus enlarged about three times the natural

size ; 13, proximal third of forearm, enlarged double; 14, side view of Pabig and iliae

bones, enlarged double.

Tuirp List oF BIRDS OBTAINED IN THE Kast and Garo HitL RANGES,

WITH SOME CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE FORMER LISTS,—by

Masor H. H. Gopwry-Avsten, F. R. G. S., Deputy Superintendent,

Topographical Survey of India.

[Received 10th December, 1871. ]

93.* Micronisus badius, Gmel. Foot of Garos.

211. Chrysococcyx Hodgsoni, Moore. Garo Hills.

234. <Arachnechthra asiatica, lu. Bologunj.

297. <Alseonax latirostris, Raffles. Garo Hills.

304. Cyornis rubiculoides, Vigors.

312. Muscicapula sapphira, Tickell. Shoton Dorengo Peak, Garo Pane:

318. Siphia tricolor, Hodg.

350. Zoothera monticola, Blyth.

358a. Turdus dissimilis, Blyth. T. hortulorum of Sclater. Garo Hills.

399a. Pellornewm palustre, Jerdon, n. sp. Obtained in the beels be-

tween Bolagunj and Chatak.

A468. Lora typhia, Linn.

453. Ixos tristis, Blyth.

476. Kittacincla macrowra, Gmel.

519. Duwmeticola affins, Hodg. Banks of Megna, Sylhet.

522. Tribura luteoventris, Hodg.

544. Drymoipus longicaudatus, Tickell.

547. Suya erimger, Hodg.

562. Phylloscopus indicus, Jerdon. Base of Garos.

594. Budytes citreoloides, Hodg.

693a. Calornis affinis, Walden.

704. Estrelda amandava, Linn.

738. Carpodacus erythrinus, Pallas.

829. Coturnix communis, Bonaterre. Cherra Punji. October.

904. Gallicrex cristatus, Latham.

* Numbers same as in Jerdon’s Birds of India.

1872.] H. H. Godwin-Austen—Khasi and Garo Hills’ Birds. 143

941. Threskiornis melanocephalus, Linn. In this specimen all the

quills are pure white. Shot in Mymensing in February.

The following alterations in nomenclature have to be made in my former

papers.

398. TLurdus chrysolaus, 2 recorded as from Cherra Punji, proves, on

further comparison, to be Lurdus pallens, Pallas. TT. dissimilis, Blyth, is very

close to this last, but may be known at once by the very rich rufous colouring

on the sides of the breast and lining of the wings, it also wants the pale

superciium of 7. pallens. The bill is far stronger, of greater length, and pale

yellow in colour.

396. TLimalia pileata, Horsf., is the Java species, and our Indian bird

differs somewhat. On comparing my specimens with the true 7. pileata in

Lord Walden’s collection, the difference was at once apparent, a fact antici-

pated by Lord Walden at the time the comparison was made. I propose

that our bird should.be called 7. Bengalensis. The Indian form differs from

the Javanese, in the white on the forehead being larger, of darker brown on

the head, the darker tint of the back, and decidedly darker hue of the tail.

In size there is no perceptible difference. It is an interesting instance of a

race changing on its extreme limits.

146a@ and 1466 are both Rhyticeros plicatus; the first bemg the fe-

male, the second the male.

146c. Anorhinus galeritus Dr. Jerdon now pronounces to be a new

species altogether, and he will describe it under the name of 4. dustent. I

shot the bird in the N. Cachar Hills near Asalu.

141. Hydrocissa coronata, is albirostris, the large variety, named by

Hutton affinis, from the Deyra Doon.

405, (Gn 2nd list of birds), Pomatorhinus erythrogenys should be P.

hypoleucos, Blyth, originally described from Aracan.

231a. Anthreptes ? is Chalcoparia Singalensis, Gmelin.

With reference to some notes on my first paper by Mr. A. O. Hume,

where he says that 139, Serilophus rubro-pygea with the collar of shining

white must be the other species S. Jwnatus, I must remark that my two spe-

cimens are identical in every point, only that one has the collar well develop-

ed, in the other it is scarcely perceptible. S. lunatus I never got, the points

of difference between the two species are well marked especially in the outer

tail feathers and general hue throughout the upper parts,

London, Novb. 1871.

eee

144 [No. 2,

On DIFFERENTIAL GALVANOMETERS,

by Louris ScHWENDLER, Esq.

There is one very interesting question connected with the construction

of these instruments which, as far as I know, has not yet been answered, and

which is of sufficient practical importance to form the subject of an investi-

gation.

This question may best be put as follows :

A certain battery of given electromotive force and given internal re-

sistance has to supply the two coils of any differential galvanometer with a

current ; what must be the resistance of either coil im order to obtain the

most delicate reading when measuring a given resistance ?*

The solution of this. problem in its most general form would naturally

be extremely intricate, and could not be effected without tedious calculation,

but there is one special case where it is comparatively easy to determine the

law which connects the resistance of the coils with the external resistances

to be compared, in order to have the greatest sensitiveness of the instrument.

Suppose for instance that the two coils of a differential galvanometer

have equal resistances and equal magnetic momenta, and further that the

battery which supplies the two coils with current has an internal resistance

sufficiently small to allow of its being neglected against the resistances to be

compared. Then, on account of the battery resistance beg so small, it

follows that the current through one coil is entirely independent of the total

resistance in the other, and as the two coils are supposed to have equal

magnetic momenta and equal resistances, balance can only be established by

the currents becoming equal, that is to say at or near balance each coil must

receive a current

A ee

where g is the unknown resistance of either coil,

w the resistance to be measured, and which is supposed to be known,

and E the given electromotive force of the testing battery.

At balance the diagram of this differential galvanometer is, therefore,

represented by Fig. 1.

* In the Philosophical Magazine of May, 1866, and January, 1867, I solved a

similar question, viz. the proper resistance of the galvyanometer to be employed when

testing by Wheatstone’s balance, and the result of that investigation has led me to

examine the present question,

1872.] Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. 145

Fig. 1

Now, as far as the

magnetic effect of the

two coils is concerned,

we may substitute for the

parallel circuit, Fig. 1,

the simple circuit, Fig. 2,

if we only reverse the

magnetic action of one

of the two coils, (say the

right one).

And in order to have, in

this case, for the same Y

electromotive force Ei the

same current C flowing

through the coils as_ be-

fore, (see Fig. 1), we

must necessarily intro-

duce a resistance @

henee—

ffs Es aE

gtw W+e

INCISORS OD Ge OPT sncocoe besanananae sda (1)

But to obtain the maximum magnetic effect in any single cireuit (Fig. 2),

it is necessary that the resistance of the coil should be equal to the total

external resistance* and therefore in this case (Fig. 2)

Gp. PAT ae Aa ence ape (11)

Kliminating # from equation I and II we have

Ss an CaO RN RO SRE eee ree I

Iie eo)

To obtain the most delicate reading with a differential galvanometer, the

two coils of which have equal magnetic momenta, and also equal resistances,

* This law holds good,—as can easily be shown,—for any number of coils con-

nected into a single circuit, no matter if the magnetic effects of these coils have the

game or opposite sign with respect to a given magnetic point,

146 Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. [No. 2,

the resistance of each coil should always be the third part of the resistance to

be measured.

This relation is so exceedingly simple that at first I thought it must bea

well known one, and that I only was unacquainted with it. However, I have

since carefully read the literature on the subject, and I find the above law no-

where stated, and as a further proof of its being new, I may add that none of the

differential galvanometers with which I have had occasion to deal, fulfil it.

That this relation is of the greatest importance in the construction of differ-

ential galvanometers cannot be doubted, and I have accordingly thought it

worth while to bring my investigation before the Society.

Solution of the Problem in its most general form.

Fig. 8 gives the diagram of a dif-

ferential galvanometer in its general

form. wand w’ are the two resistances to

be compared and which we suppose to

be given. E is the given electromotive

force of the testing battery, and f the

total resistance in the battery branch ;—

g and g’ are the resistances of the two

coils, and their values are to be deter-

mined under the condition that the

reading, when near balance, is most de-

licate, 2. e. that the slightest variation in

w or w’ causes the greatest possible

variation in the deflection of the needle.

The magnetic moment of the coil

g, when a current G passes through

it, may be designated by Y, and the mag-

netic moment of the coil g, when

a current G’ passes through it, may be called Y’. Both these magnetic

momenta are taken with respect to the same needle, or system of needles, and

we may suppose that neither Y nor Y’ alter perceptibly, when the needle, or

system of needles, shghtly alters its position towards the coils, which are

supposed to be fixed. (This condition will be fulfilled as closely as possible

near balance, when the needle is approximately always in the same position

with respect to the coils, and it is only for such acase that the following

investigation is of any practical interest).

According to the principle of the differential galvanometer, we have—

ae a Y — Y’

where @ represents the deflection of the needle, before balance is arrived at,

1872.] Louis Schwendler—On Differential Glalvanometers. 147

and which may be positive, zero or negative, depending on the relative

strength of the currents which at the time are acting through the coils, on

the relative position of the needle towards the coils, and on the shape and

size of the latter.

ely we have further

Y=—=m U G

Wea i UY Cry

U and U’ being the number of convolutions in the coils g and g’ respec-

tively, and m, m’ representing the magnetic momenta of an average convolu-

tion (one of mean size and mean distance from the needle) in the coils g and

g_ respectively, when a current of unit strength passes through them.

Further, as the space of each coil to be filled with wire of constant

conductivity is given, we have—

UW = Sg

Ul == Wir i D

as can be easily proved.

mn and 2' are quantities independent of g and g’, so long as it may be

allowed to neglect the thickness of the insulating covering of the wire against

its diameter, which for brevity’s sake we will suppose to be the case.

With this reservation ” and 2’ depend entirely on the size of the coils and

on the manner of coiling.

Substituting these values, we get

aanm n J/g G—m' n' fg! G' ..........0. I

which general expression for the deflection we may write in two different forms

either

am n V/¥ (e¢—

s Hee , (1 n VI ; ;

aam' n' J/g (- Gaile a — oy ae E

which means that any deflections observed may be naturally considered due

to either coil. In the first form (equation I) it is considered due to the

Lona hh /

mn! fG G’ flows through it, in the latter

mM NM +(/G

form (equation I’) it is considered due to the coil g’, when a current

m 2 VSG G — G’ flows through it.

am’ n" JG!

Now considering that the same battery E has to supply the current

to both the coils we have

coil g, when a current G —

Jae

G = EA

148 Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. [No. 2,

g+u

G7 eB)

and G N

where N= (g+w) (g/+tw) +fgtwtyg' tw’).

Thus substituting in I and I’ we get either

Puen evra BG

ar J

mn! J/g!

aa,

JSG

oO / /

a nm vB ¢ +w ae (+) wetadeaetaee I

Ja! eae

Mm 2 3

or a am! n! BS Za" +w’) Se) aston I’

and either A or os ‘is the factor which at balance becomes zero.

m'n' fg! , ;

—— means, therefore, nothing else than what is

mn fg 2

generally called the constant of the differential galvanometer, 7. ¢., the num-

ber by which the total resistance in one branch of the differential galvanometer

has to be multiplied, in order to obtain the total resistance in the other branch,

when balance is established. This constant of the differential galvanometer

is a given function of g and g’, the resistance of the coils, and as g and g’

are to be determined, by bemg variable, it cannot be considered a constant

The coefficient

- PaiKe ° ° UY WD" « : 6

in this investigation. But the factor is entirely independent of any

of the resistances, it represents what may appropriately be called the

‘mechanical arrangement of the differential galvanometer, and may be

designated by p. It must be borne in mind that p represents an absolute

number, which theoretically may be anything with the exception of 0 and o.

If p has a value equal to either of these two limits, the instrument would be

a simple galvanometer with a shunt, and not a differential galvanometer.

The deflection @ may now be written more simply, as follows :—

ore SC Tw CLR TR OA /

a? yeareee (y’ + wy’ — ~~ Gg+m)\=K a BRR To li

a a: ie VE

ee K/ = A’ oe. ity

or aa K N ( 7 Val (+u)) = wt

K and K’ being independent of g and g’, and also of w and w’.

N is a known function of all the resistances in the differential cireuit.

A and A’ are similar functions of g and g’, w and w/ and which functions

become both zero at balance.

For the further investigation, only one of the two possible expressions

of a will be used, viz. equation I.

1872. ] Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. 149

Differentiating this expression with respect to w’, the external resistance

belonging to the coil g’, we get

da (aoe Sie,

i N WN?

where R = — an

or the variation of the deflection a, when w’ varies, is

Sp eee IK {xg pe VI ) dw’ = K ¢ dw’.

N a)

Now it is clear that the imstrument is most sensitively constructed

when, for the slightest variation in w’, the variation in @ is greatest. This

vg ARV.

N Nays

This factor ¢ is a known function of the resistances in the circuit, and as

will be the case if the factor ¢ =

is as great as possible.

w and w‘ are given, ¢ can only be made a maximum with respect to g and

g , the resistances of the two coils.

Thus our physical problem is reduced to the following mathematical

one :

A function ¢ containing two variables is to be made a maximum, while

the two variables are fixed to each other by the relation

A=g’ tol — pee (y + w),

A being a constant with respect to g an x and becoming zero at balance.

Solving this question (relative maxima), we get

(w= wit g) + fruity) 2G4et/—) oe

DG oe Bg Jy —p GF)”

* To some of the readers, a more detailed working out of the mathematical pro-

blem may, perhaps, be welcome; and as this will also prove to be an easy control

over the equations (IJ) and (II’), I will give it here in a somewhat condensed form.

We had

J/g

ae Ky PN Bon CpsGOOOPSOOUBOAOO

where K represents a constant, 7. e. a quantity independent of any of the resistances

in the differential circuit (Fig. 3), while A = 9’ + w* — p ve (g + w), % e a re-

Sistance which at balance becomes = 0; and further

N=(9+v) (9 +m) +f G+ +i + wv’).

eames ; 7

Differentiating a with respect to w’,and remembering that — ad = _1, and substitut-

ing oe R, we have

dw?

150 Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. [No. 2,

which equation with the other

y+ 0'—p YL G40) =a=0 Bee hp 1

gives all that is required to determine g and g’, and the values thus obtained

ta ox (vt 4B}

dw! ( N N2

Sy Gh = jE a BN a

N N2

cro te) ES OD”

Thus the variation of a is always directly proportional to ¢, a known function of g

and g’, and to make 6a for any dw’ as large as possible, we have to make @ a maxi-

mum with respect to g and g’, while g and g’ are connected by the following equation

J/g’

p beimg a constant with respect to g and g ’, as also is A.

We haye, therefore, to deal here with a relative maximum, and in accordance with

well known rules, we have to form the following partial differential coefficients :

A=g' + w’—p

1 ‘

— = g g

1d eS ee

dg 2/9 N? Ne + AS

R= Sy tuts

iN \

SI DRE |

s=a dg aR R

N dg ae)

gee Bee

ap ag g rf

[ae N?2 N2 TAS

Q/ J (a on

n= = = Ug

N2 \dq/

4 N

aA” w— 9g p x/9”

dg Qe ha NG

AK 2/9/97 — vp (go +)

Oe ae 2/9 »/9’ 5

A% or near balance when A is = 0, or very small, the terms A § and A 8’ in the re-

spective differential coefficients are to be neglected, because neither S nor S’ become

infinite for any finite values of g and 9’.

Thus we have approximately :

See pel ay hal!

do dg dg =P—Q

ig, = Ee)

1872.] Louis Schwendler—On Differential Galvanometers. 151

would be those which would make the reading most delicate near balance,

when the variation takes place in w’,7. €., the external resistance belonging

to the coil g’.

If, instead of differentiating the expression for a with respect to w/ by

using the expression I, we had done so with respect to w by using the expres-

sion I’, we should have obtained in a similar way the following relation

between g and g’

(w' 9!) WAD +f otw't+g—9) _ 2 Fw'+f) a,

Sie / Saye NTs Ek: WH

~(g'—w’) AGG GG) =

ps IVI a

which equation connected with the other

/9 IN dA

dp Ce ig aay / /

a ener Ns ee Te ee |

further we will substitute :

ada

Gig) Ta

Thus we have the following differential equation :

(P—Q) dg —(P'4.Q') ty’ af a dy + Bay’) =

A being the undetermined factor. From this equation we have :

P— Q +-+- Aa=0

and —(P’+Q’)+as=0

or A eliminated :

Ue) ee ae

a air

but we have always:

Quy

a B

thus we have as end-equation :

Eoin

SG eum Le

or the value for P, P’, a and B substituted we have:

2g dN 2aN

7g ane ae

pg'(g—w) 2/9 /g'’— vw YG + »)

further substituting

UN ae: R

aay ae ae Ob" SS

a =g9 +u+f

and reducing as much as possible, we have

M7) wito)eiwte tg 5) Algo tvetys) I

P(g —) 9 Te NE NG)

which is the equation II as given above. |

In quite a similar manner, equation IT’ can be found, it must only ke remembered

that it is more simple to use expression I‘ for the purpose than I,

152 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

lar OA Ay

Pp vg’

gives all that is necessary to determine g and g’, being those values which

would make the reading at or near balance most sensitive when a variation

in w, the external resistance belonging to coil g, takes place.

Now it is clear that equations II and II’ are not necessarily identical,

as long as p does not fulfil certain conditions, and therefore the first set of

equation IT and 1 may give entirely different values for g and g’ from those

obtained from the second set II’ and J), which means that a simultaneous

—(9¢+w) =A’=0 ofa po eye arate aes eNaate i

maximum sensitiveness with respect to an alteration of the external re-

sistances w, w’ in either of the two differential branches, is not always

possible. The following very important and interesting question, therefore,

remains to be solved.

What general condition must be fulfilled in the construction of any

differential galvanometer in order to make a simultaneous maxumuun sensi-

tiveness possible, with respect to an alteration of external resistance in erther

of the differential branches ?

[To be continued. |

eee

Nores ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM SIKKIM,

by W. T. Buanrorp, F. G. S.—C. M. Z. 8.

(With Plates VII and VIII.)

[Received and read 6th September, 1871. ]

Mr. L. Mandelli of Darjiling has sent to me for determination a most

interesting collection of Sikkim birds, together with a few obtained from the

plains near the base of the Himalayas. The birds sent are from various

elevations, some being evidently from considerable altitudes. Strange as it

may appear, after this chosen land of the feathered tribes had been explored

and ransacked for years by such ornithologists as Hodgson, Jerdon, Tickell

and many others, it yet yields novelties to so energetic a collector as Mr,

Mandelli. Amongst the birds sent is a sixth Himalayan species of Propasser,

indicated, it is true, some years since by Mr. Blyth, but not hitherto described,

and the male of which was previously unknown. There is also a new

Pellorneum, and apparently one or two undescribed warblers. ‘Two other

birds are additions to the fauna of India, and new localities are furnished for |

a few others.

To my notes on Mr. Mandelli’s collection I have added some on birds col-

lected by myself at low elevations in Sikkim. In another paper (antea p. 30),

I have given a complete list of all the birds observed or collected by me in the

1872. | W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 153

alpine and subalpine parts of the country, but as the fauna of the Sikkim

pine forests differs entirely from that of the warm valleys, I have restricted

the notes in my other paper to the former.

[The numbers prefixed to the birds refer to those in Jerdon’s Birds of

India. |

56a. Minvus MELANOTIS, Temm. and Schl.

Fauna Japonica, Aves, Pl. iv and v.

Milvus major, Hume. Rough notes, Pt. I, p. 326.

After comparing a good series of specimens from the Godavari valley

with Temminck and Schlegel’s figures and description in the Kawna Japonica,

I have come to the conclusion that Mr. Hume’s first idea, J. A. 8. B., 1870,

p. 114, was correct, and that the large Indian kite is identical with the

Japanese. Mr. Hume has evidently been misled by Radde and Schrenk,

who identify J. melanotis with J. migrans, and he especially mentions

(p. 325) that he has not access to the original description or measurements.

Of course a bird only as large as JZ. megrans would be much smaller than

MT, major.

In the Fauna Japonica, however, it is expressly stated that IZ. melanotis

is as large as IZ. regalis, but distinguished by the tail being less deeply forked,

not more than in I. etolius (2. e. migrans). The measurements given are ;

length 23 to 24 French inches, wing 177 to 18, tail 103 to 11, tarsus 2-4,

mid toe 14. The sexes are said to differ in size. The above are the

dimensions of males of JZ. major, (the corresponding English measures

being, wing 192, tail 114, tarsus 25,) and the adult female is considerably

larger. There is, therefore, an element of doubt in the identification,

because one of the birds described by Temminck and Schlegel is said to

be an adult female. But as it is admitted by everybody that there is

no distinction in the plumage, and as the male of Mlvus melanotis clearly

equals the male of JZ. major im size, it appears to me more probable

that there has been a mistake as to the sex marked on one of the dried

skins examined by the European naturalists, than that two representatives

of I. regalis should be found in Kastern Asia.

This magnificent kite appears to be more widely spread in India than

was supposed at first, and it is remarkable it should have been so long

overlooked. I obtained two specimens in Sikkim, one shot by Captain

Elwes’s shikari at Tamlfing, the other a young bird in the plumage described

at p. 827 of Mr. Hume’s “ Rough Notes” as that of a young female. The

wing measures 19°5 in., so the bird was probably a male.

I have also in February and April of the present year 1871 shot I/tlvus

melanotis on the Godavari near Bhadrachalam, about one hundred miles

north of Yelaur (Ellore). I obtained three specimens, one of them as late

154 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkin. [No. 2,

as April, and I suspect the bird to bea permanent resident in the plains,

and probably spread over the northern and eastern part of India. Like

other Chinese birds, it may be wanting in Western India.

My observations on the habits of JZ melanotis differ from those of Mr.

Hume so far, that although at times it is certainly wary and difficult of

approach, in other cases I have met with it close to human habitations.

I shot one flying over my tent, and another a few paces away, near a village

in each case, and a third, a fine adult female, I shot sitting on a tree in the

middle of a village. I expect Jilvus govinda, if it found itself limited,

would prove equally wary.

71. Hvnvua Nipatensis, Hodgs.

I obtained a single specimen of this fine owl in the Tista valley, Sikkim,

a little below Chingtam at an elevation of about 4000 feet. It was sitting

on a high tree, in lofty, rather open forest, and calling at about 3 o’clock

in the afternoon.* The cry is a single deep hoot. Unfortunately the body

was thrown away without my determining the sex. I took measurements

before skinning, and the following is a brief description of the plumage which

differs somewhat from that noted by Dr. Jerdon.

Above dark hair brown, all the feathers, except those of the head, having

the margins mottled with pale fulvous, the amount increasing on the lower

back, until some of the feathers are mottled throughout. Upper tail coverts

with several rather broad fulvous bars. Scapularies with broad irregular

mottled bands and tips, and some of the largest with nearly the whole outer

web pale isabelline fulvous, forming a distinct bar. Har tufts 8¢ inches long,

blackish brown on the greater portion of the outer webs, mottled with white

on the inner and base of the outer, the white prevailing towards the base on

the longest feathers. Lores with long bristly plumes, which are dirty white

near the base, and tipped brown ; ear coverts greyish white, the upper ones

tipped brown ; quills earthy brown, the primaries faintly banded, secondaries

with broad mottled bars on the outer webs becoming white on the inner.

Outer tail feathers similar to the secondaries, central with about six mottled

bars ; all the rectrices tipped pale brown, whitish at the extreme end. Chin

with greyish bristly feathers like the lores, all the rest of the under parts,

under wing coverts, tibial and tarsal feathers white with huge brown spots.

Toes feathered nearly to the base of the claws. Iris brown, bill and toes

yellow, claws dusky at points, pale at base. Length (of fresh specimen) 213,

expanse 58, wing 17°5, tail 9:25, tarsus 3,7 bill from gape 2:1, from end

* Mr. Hodgson, in his original description of this bird, As. Res. XIX, p. 172,

mentions its diurnal habits.

+ This Ifind in my note book, but I make the dried tarsus about 23 to 2%, it is

very difficult to measure on account of the thick feathers. Jerdon gives 2 in., which is

certainly too little, but his measurements are those of H. pectoral,

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 155

of cere 1:43, mid claw straight to point 1:2, inner claw 1°6, hind claw

1:3 inch.

This bird differs from Jerdon’s original description of H. pectoral,

Madras Journal, Lit. and Sc., Vol. x, p. 89 in the following characters :

The aigrettes are not barred, the feathers of the throat are not barred

but spotted ; there is no distinct pectoral band, a slight fulvous tinge on the

sides of the breast is all that appears. The billis yellow, not greenish horny,

the toes bright yellow, not reddish yellow. The tarsus appears to be decid-

edly longer. I should say, judging from the description and Jerdon’s figure,

that the two forms are distinct species, (conf. Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 254).

The Butia name of this owl is Migdore.

80. GxLaucrpruM BRopIet, (Burton).

The differences in plumage in this bird are remarkable. I have three

specimens lying before me, one being from Mr. Mandelli’s collection. In the

first, probably a young bird the whole plumage has a rufous tint. The

head feathers with broad bars of reddish buff, the tail with 8 bars, each 35

in. broad, extending right across the feather. In the second, the whole

prevailing colour is very dark brown, the head with small buff spots, the tail

(mewly moulted and not fully grown) with narrow bars not extending across

the central part of the feather. The third specimen is more rufous than the

second, but less than the first, the tail feathers are crossed by 7 bars, interrupt-

ed near the shafts, whilst the head is greyish brown, unspotted behind and

with only a few faint spots on the forehead. This evidently leads to the

form described by Mr. Hume in the Ibis, 1871, p. 26, and referred to under

the name of G. immaculatus in his Rough Notes, Part I, p. 420.

156. Picts catTupHarivs, Hodg.

In two males, sent by Mr. Mandelli, the bars on the outer rectrices are

fulvous, not white. The wings measure 3°75 and 3°9 in.

157. P. Macs, Vieil.

Specimens from Sikkim differ from those shot near Calcutta in having a

somewhat dingy grey tinge with faint subobsolete streaks below, instead of

buff. I doubt if the distinction be worthy of specific rank, but so far as I

can judge it seems to be constant.* I have two specimens, including one sent

* Since writing the above I have received from Mr. Mandelli a very peculiar

specimen of a woodpceker, which I can only suppose to be an old bird of P. Macei in a

state of semi-albinism. The back is brown, instead of black, and the middle rectrices

have one distinct white spot on each web, anda second a little fainter about a quarter

inch further back. Otherwise it agrees with P. Macei. The dimensions exceed those

given by Jerdon, the wing being 44 inch long, but I find Bengal specimens equally

large,

156 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

by Mr. Mandelli, and I find a third in the Indian Museum collection, which

contains an abundance of Calcutta specimens. If the Himalayan race be

seperable, it might bear Hodgson’s name pyrriceps. The figures in the

Planches Coloriés and in Malherbe’s Monograph are of the Bengal race.

163. Yunerpicus premmus (Vigors). Sikkim.

94. CuHrtmon Niparensis, (Hodg.)

I found this bird tolerably common in the Tista valley between Chung-

-tam and Tamling, often hunting in company with Collocalia nidifica. None

were seen above about 5000 feet elevation.

263. TEPHRODORNIS PELVICA, (Hodgs.)

An adult (male ?) is sent by Mr. Mandelli, and I have two skins pur-

chased at Darjiling, one perhaps that of a female, agreeing with Swinhoe’s

description of that sex from a Hainan specimen, Ibis, 1870, p. 242, except

that the eye streak is well marked, and the lower points brownish. I is

probably a young bird, for there are some pale markings on the edges of the

secondary quills. The bill, however, is black throughout. The dimensions

(in inches) rather exceed those given by Jerdon and Swinhoe.

wing, tail, tarsus, bill from forehead. bill from gape.

1. Adult (?male),.. 465 37 082 0:85 1:15

Pee WeMalON secescess 46 3°35 60-83 0:8 11

SUP NONE. sohesereees 4:7 36 0°83 077 11

The third has the plumage above rather light brown, with traces of

white bars on the back, the feathers of the head with pale centres, eye streak

brown, secondary quills and tail feathers with rufous borders, and an

interrupted dark streak, inside the pale border, the tips being mottled ;

lower parts brownish, but paler than in No. 2; bill pale coloured throughout.

270. Graucatus Macet, Less.

A young bird from Sikkim is moulting, and exchanging its nestling

plumage for that of the adult. Some of the nestling feathers remain, those

on the back are earthy brown with pale edges, those on the lower parts

brownish grey, also with pale edges, but there are not many left, so that it

is difficult to say to what extent the under surface is barred in this stage.

It is evident, however, that the bars, if they exist, are much broader than in

the form commonly described as the young,* and much browner in colour.

The new feathers on the other hand are pure ashy grey on the throat and

upper breast, barred on the lower breast, abdomen and thigh coverts, the

vent being white. Wing 7-2, tail 5’6, tarsus 1:12 inch.

This is a very interesting specimen, because it proves that it is not the

young bird; nor the bird of the second year, which is barred underneath

* Dartlaub Jour. F. Ornith, 1864, p. 440.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 157

throughout. I know that in the race inhabiting the Central Provinces the

female is barred beneath at all ages. I have four specimens from Chanda and

the Godavari valley, all females, and there are three more in the Indian Mu-

seum from Singbhim, Chutia Nagpur, &c. Several are evidently adults, all are

barred beneath on the throat and breast. Indeed, I am far from sure that the

male of the Central Indian form is not also barred, one specimen in the

Indian Museum marked as a male from Chutia Nagputir certainly is so, but a

male from Manbhim resembles the Himalayan bird, except that it is a little

smaller, wing 6°75. This, however, may belong to the Hastern Bengal race,

which is found in the Himalayas and Hast of the Bay of Bengal. The Indian

form proper is, as a rule, rather smaller with a slightly smaller bill.*

G. Layardi, Blyth (?G. pusillus olim) Ibis, 1866, p. 868, is apparently

quite distinct, for it is said to have the anterior under wing coverts barred,

which is never the case in adults of the Central Indian form, and, according

to Mr. Blyth, the breast im the female of G. Layardi is not barred. A. descrip-

tion of the adult female of G. AZacei from Chanda may be useful to enable

ornithologists with better collections to determine how far the Indian form

is separable from the Himalayan, Hastern Bengal and Barmese race.

Upper parts bluish erey, the feathers of the rump and upper tail coverts

with whitish edges. Central tail feathers a rather browner grey, outer tail

feathers brown, passing into white at the tips, the white tips, beimg very

narrow and soon worn off on the central feathers, so that they can only be

detected in freshly moulted plumage, but increasing progressively in length

until in the outermost restrices they are }in. to aninch long. Quills brown,

all but the 1st narrowly edged inside and outside with white, the last second-

aries (tertiaries) with the outer web grey. Lores dusky grey, a dark band

from them passing through the eye and comprising the ear coverts. Lower

plumage greyish white barred with darker grey on the throat and breast ; ab-

domen and under tail coverts white, with a few dusky bars, further apart

than on the breast, on the upper part of the belly and on the flanks.

Measurements (in inches) taken before skinning

Length wing tail tarsus bill from forehead bill from gape

12 65 to675 5:25 ule 0:9 1:4

Young birds have the grey of the head less pure, and the lower parts white,

barred with dusky, the bars in some cases extending to the vent.

If the races from Central India and the Himalayas be distinguishable,

it remains to be seen which is G. Macei of Lesson. The Himalayan. and

Barmese races are identical, I believe.

63la. ZOSTEROPS SIMPLEX, Swinhoe.

Two specimens from Hastern Nipal, sent to me by Mr. Mandell, belong

to this race, which must be added to the Birds of India. The difference

* This hag been, I find, noticed by Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 322.

158 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

from Z. palpebrosus is very slight, being precisely, as mentioned by Mr.

Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 348, the smaller size of Z. simplex, and the greener

tinge of the upper parts. I find other specimens from the Western Himalayas

in the Indian Museum also referable to the Chinese race, whilst, as so frequent-

ly happens, specimens from the base of the Himalayas are mtermediate in

colour. But as there is no distinction either in hue or size between birds from

China and others from the Himalayas, and as those from the plains of India

appear equally constant, I think these two races are fairly distinguishable,

and that the intermediate forms are hybrids. I append the dimensions Gn

inches) of the Himalayan birds and of two specimens of Z. palpebrosus.

wine tail tarsus bill from forehead.

Z. simplex, Sikkim, 195 133 06 0:37

Dol) Do: 1:95 1-45 0-62 0°35

Z. palpebrosus, Godavari 6 21 15 06 0°35

Do. Do. 2°15 1°65 0:62 0:35

The Niigiri race is a little larger than Z. palpebrosus, and of the same

colour as Z. simplex, but the difference is not great, and I have but one

specimen for comparison, (Confr. J. A. S. B. 1869, Pt. II, p. 170).

308. CyornIs MAGNIROsTRIS, Blyth.

A female of this rare bird is amongst Mr. Mandelli’s specimens, and I

find a male in the Indian Museum collection, also from Darjiling. The latter

agrees well with Major Godwin-Austen’s description, J. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 100.

The central tail feathers are the same colour as the black. Mr. Blyth Ibis,

1866, p. 371, compares the coloration with that of Cyornis rubeculoides,

but ©. magnirostris has not the blue throat of that species, on the other

hand the coloration approaches so closely to that of ©. Jerdoni, that the

two species can only be distinguished by the rather darker blue of the back,

and the larger size and powerful bill of C. magnirostris.

The female has, I think, been described by Jerdon from the rather

faded type specimen in the Asiatic Society’s collection, the following is an

account of the coloration in a fresh specimen. Upper parts olive, forehead

and lores rufescent, feathers around eye pale ferruginous, tail browner than

back, with a ferruginous tinge on the margins of the feathers; quills dark

brown, all but the first two broadly margined with dull rufous. Major

Godwin-Austen has overlooked Mr. Blyth’s description of the male of this

species from Hodgson’s drawings, Ibis, 1866, p. 371.

Under parts ferruginous, deepest on the breast, flanks olive, lower

abdomen and under tail coverts white.

The dimensions are, in inches.

wing tail tarsus bill from forehead bill from gape,

Male pees oe coco ee ONO Gy 0°55 077

Hemale, sssecsecesee Ls 22 0-7 0°55 0-75

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 159

325. ? ERYTHROSTERNA AcoRNAUS, Hodgs.

(Conf. J. A. S. B. 1869, Pt. II, p. 174).

A specimen from Darjiling which I am disposed to refer to this species

has the upper parts olivaceous, whilst on the forehead there is a single blue

feather. Can the male bird be blue? I have nothing else to add to the

suggestion of Mr. Hume that this form: may be the female of 4. maculata

Ge Ae sb. 18705 Pt: Tl, p: 116).

320. SIPHIA LEUCOMELANURA, (Hodgs.)

Of two specimens sent by Mr. Mandelli, one has the whole chin, throat

and upper breast white, and the lower breast and abdomen sordid brown,

the other has only the chin and throat white, and the rest of the lower parts,

except the lower tail coverts, isabelline. In both the quills are brown, the

primaries and all the secondaries, except the last 4 or 5, with rufescent

margins. The female has been described by Dr. Stoliezka, J. A. S. B. 1868,

Pt. II, p. 32.

321. S. sUPERCILIARIS, (Blyth).

Of this also two specimens are sent by Mr. Mandelli. The quills are

brown with rufous margins, the central rectrices the same colour as the

back, lateral rectrices darker, those nearest the centre with narrow faint

subobsolete transverse bands, all margined with cyaneous; extreme base of

all rectrices, except the centre pair, white. In one specimen the ferruginous

colour of the breast is mixed with olivaceous. Wing 2°3, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°7,

bill 0°32 inch.

313. Nirmunta Hopesont, (Moore).

The only specimen differs somewhat, both im colour and dimensions

from Dr. Jerdon’s description. ‘The quills are dark brown, not black, the

secondaries externally with blue edges, the lores and ear coverts appear to

be blue, and the colour below is rich ferruginous, as deep as in Larvivora

superciliaris. Wing 1°9, tail 1°25, tarsus 0°63, bill from forehead 0°35, from

gape 0°48 inch.

This bird appears to me rather to consort with the Ruticilline than with

the Muscicapme. Its billis slightly more depressed than that of Zanthia

or Larvwora, and its legs a little shorter, but the difference is very small.

The fact is, that the distinction between the two families is rather difficult

to determine in these Himalayan forms. The bird was described by Moore

as a Nemura (=TIanthia). Mr. G. R. Gray, in his very useful Hand-list of

genera and species of birds, evidently by oversight, quotes it twice; as

Nemura Hodgsoni (3188) at p. 222, andas Mitidula Hodgsoni (4903) at

p. 327.

160 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

329. PNOEPYGA SQUAMATA, (Gould). Tesia rufiventer, Hodgs.

Of two specimens received one has the upper parts nearly uniform

olivaceous brown, the other has a small bright ferruginous spot at the apex

of nearly every feather. Both have the lower parts ferruginous, the feathers

with olive centres and narrow dusky margins. From the differences in the

upper plumage, it is evident that the colour of the lower parts does not

change with age, (vide antea, p. 55).

338. BRACHYPTERYX CRURALIS, Blyth.

A pair, male and female, are sent by Mr. Mandelli, and I have a young

bird, shot by myself, which I am inclined to refer to this species, although

the tarsi are longer than in the adult specimens, whilst the bill is much

shorter. It may belong to an undescribed form, so I give a description.

Plumage generally olive brown, all the feathers of the upper parts,

throat and breast with rufous centres, upper tail coverts rufous, belly pale

brown. Wing 2°55, tail 1°7, tarsus 1:3, bill from forehead 0°43 inch.

336. BRACHYPTERYX NIPALENSIS, Hodgs.

A single specimen from Darjiling has the wings rufous brown, the

margins being more rufous than the rest of the feathers. The grey of the

breast 1s mixed with white, and there is a greyish tinge on the feathers of

the throat and abdomen in places. This may be a young male. Wing

2°4, tail 1°5, tarsus 1:08, bill from forehead,0'47. _

I fully agree with Mr. Hume (Ibis, 1870, p. 529) im considering

Hodgsonius as closely alied to Larvivora, but I cannot see the possibility

of dissociating it, and Callene, from Brachypteryx, as is done by Mr. G. R.

Gray, in his recent “ Hand-list of Birds,’ in which he places the last

named in the Leiothrichine* (a position unsuited for it in my opinion,) and

all the other genera named, with Ruticilla, in the Luscinine. Brachypteryx

nipalensis is very much like a Calliope, and although there is also a

similarity to Pnoepyga, tt is I think not so marked, partly perhaps because

there is no resemblance in the general coloration.

It is a pity we have no details of the nidification of Brachypteryx, as it

would aid in shewing its affinities. The nest of Callene frontalis is said to

be wren-like, Ibis, 1866, p. 373, but the allied C. albiventris, (P. Z. S. 1867,

p- 834), nidificates in a hole of a tree, and lays but two eggs. Unless the

length of a bird’s tail be taken as the most important point in its structure,

I do not see how Callene and Brachypteryx can be classed apart, and I am

* Prof Newton, m the Zoological Record places Brachypteryx amongst the

Timalide. Some Malayan forms, formerly assigned to Brachypteryx belong to this

family, (Ibis, 1865, pp. 33, 47), but the Himalayan species differ greatly in structure

and habits from the Timaline birds.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 161

disposed to separate both from the wrens, and also from Myiophonus, and

elass them with Hodgsonius, Ianthia, Larvivora, Tarsiger, and Calliope, erther

in the Ruticilline, or asa distinct subfamily. I am not sure but that

Nitidula might be added.

529. Horerrres masor, Hodgs.

I obtained a specimen on Sinchal near Darjiling.

498. Ruricm~a Hopesoni, Moore. Sikkim.

570. JANTHIA SUPERCILIARIS, (Hodgs.)

The female appears rather smaller than the dimensions given by Dr.

Jerdon. I find in one from Darjiling, wing 3:05, tail 2:5, tarsus, 1:17, bil

from forehead 0-45 inch. The distinctions between this form and lanthia

rufilata scarcely appear to warrant generic separation.

507. LARVIVORA SUPERCILIARIS, (Jerdon).

The chin in the male is white, with a black streak on each side, thigh

coverts mixed with grey. Wing 2°82, tail 1:75, tarsus 1-, bill from forehead

0°45, from gape 0°63 inch.

Placmg this species beside a series of flycatchers, including Cyornis

Jerdoni, C. magnirostris, Siphia superciliaris and Nitidula Hodgsoni, it is

curious to remark the extraordinary similarity in the colouring and its

distribution, whilst, except the bill, there is really very little structural

difference between these various birds. 'The tarsi vary in length certainly,

but all have rather long than short tarsi.

477, Mvyitometa LeucurRA, Hodgs.

I shot a male of this species at Darjiling ; it was running along a road

in the evening at dusk. Mr. Mandelli has sent a female. The white on the

tail, judging from these specimens, occurs on all the feathers except the

central and outer pairs, and it increases inwardly, not outwardly, as stated by

Jerdon.

594. BUDYTES CITREOLUS, (Pall).

A Sikkim specimen has the wing 33 in., and is consequently the larger

race, if there be two, or B. citreolus, Pall., verus.

766. ALAUDA ARVENSIS.

Amongst the specimens procured by me at Darjiling is a skin of a lark,

which, to the best of my recollection, was purchased with some other skins

of birds, evidently shot in the neighbourhood, from a shikari. It only differs

from English specimens of the skylark by its greyer tint on the back and

hindneck. Wing 4:2, tail 2:55, bill 0°45, tarsus 0°98, hind toe and claw 1:08,

claw alone 0°65 inch.

162 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

The occurrence of A. arvensis so far to the eastward strongly confirms

Mr. Blyth’s view of the identity of A. triborhyncha, Hodgs. (Ibis, 1867,

p- 47) with it.

560a. PHYLLOSCOPUS PALLIDIPES, sp. nov. Pl. vii.

P. supra wnbrino-olivaceus, wropygio magis rufescenti ; loris et linea

postoculari umbrinis, superciliis albis, postice elongatis ; remigibus unbrins,

extus rufescente olivaceo marginatis, rectricibus medus cum dorso fere

concoloribus, ceteris umbrinis, olivaceo-marginatis ; gastro sericeo-albo,

pectoris lateribus olivaceis, axilld alba; rostro supra fusco, infra pallido ;

pedibus albescentibus. Long. ale 2:05, caude 1:7, tarsi 0°76, rostri a fronte

0-4, a rictu 0-55 wre.

Brownish olivaceous above, supercilium white, extending far back, a

dark line from the lores through the eye to the upper part of the ear coverts,

the lower portion of which are light brown, central rectrices very little darker

than the back, outer rectrices and wing feathers earthy brown, margined with

olive which is rufescent on the edges of the quills. There is also a rufescent

tinge on the rump. Lower parts silky white, sides of the breast dusky

olivaceous, and the middle of the breast not quite so fine a white as the

throat and abdomen, but this may be an individual peculiarity. Lower

wing coverts, axillaries, and forepart of wing white. Bull dark above, pale

below ; feet very ight coloured. The fifth quill is the longest, it exceeds the

first by 0°87 in., the second by 04, the third by 0-15.

This form of which a single example in beautiful order has been sent

by Mr. Mandelli appears to me quite new. It is near P. neglectus, Hume,

This, 1870, p. 143, but differs in its olivaceous tint above, smaller size and

in the very pale coloured tarsi and feet. It is also quite distinct from

P. tristis, Bl., P. fuscatus, Bl., P. lugubris, Bl., and from the various species

described from China by Mr. Swinhoe, P. tenellipes, Swinh., alone resembling

it in its pale feet, but differing in colour.

REGULODES SP. ?

A single specimen from Mr. Mandelli’s collection closely resembles R.

proregulus, Pall. (2. chloronotus, Hodgs.) in appearance and size, and has a

similar minute bill though a little broader and more Abrornis-like, but the

head is dusky grey, almost black, with a white central line and white

supercila, a distinct dusky line from the lores through the eyes; cheeks,

throat and breast greyish white, lower breast and abdomen pale yellow, the

two outer tail feathers on each side have the whole inner web‘white, and the

third has nearly the whole, a very narrow border inside the web near the tip

bemg brown, but the tip of the inner web itself white, not dark as in R.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 163

erochroa. The wings and central rectrices are earthy brown with green

outer margins, margin of wing yellow, inner wing coverts and inner margins

of quills white, a little pale yellow on the axillaries, back olive, rump

yellowish white. Bill dark throughout, without the pale base beneath of

R. proregulus. Wing 1:82, tail 1:2, tarsus 0°7, bill from forehead 0°3,

do. from gape 0°38 inch.

This appears to me to be an undescribed species. It is possible that it

may be Abrornis maculipennis, Blyth, but in that case the measurement of

the wing, Ibis 1867, p. 27, given as 2:75 in. must be a misprint for 1:75.

This is possible, for the length of the tarsus is misprinted evidently. The bill

in the specimen before me is somewhat between that of eguloides and

Abrornis, but the plumage is that of the former genus.

REGULOIDES sp. ?

This is again a single specimen, and may possibly be a variety of the last.

It differs in being larger, but having a still shorter bill, and in the tips of the

larger wing coverts being golden yellow, almost orange. There is a yellow

tip in the outer web of the last few secondary (tertiary) quills which are in

bad condition in the specimen last described, thus adding to the similarity

to Abrornis maculipennis. 'The legs appear to differ in colour from those in

the speeimen last described. Wing 2, tail 1°35, tarsus 0°7, bill from forehead

0:27, from gape 0°35 inch.

570. CuLicreeTa cantator, (Tickell).

Mr. Blyth calls this an Abrornis (Cat. Birds As. Soc. Mus. p. 183, and

This, 1867, p. 26). ‘Two specimens which I can only refer to this bird are

amongst Mr. Mandelli’s despatch. The bill appears to me intermediate

in form between Abrornis and Culicipeta, whilst the plumage is that of the

latter genus, or rather of Reguloides. In fact but for the bill, the skins

might be considered small specimens of R. trochiloides.

As there is no specimen of C. cantator in the Indian Museum, it is just

possible I may be in error in the present identification. The birds do not

agree very closely with Jerdon’s description. The following are their

characters.

Head greenish dusky above with an irregular whitish central streak,

supercilia pale yellow, sides of head mixed dull green and whitish. Back dull

green, a little lighter on the rump. Wings and tail brown, edged with green

externally, the three outer rectrices on each side having the inner web mar-

gined and tipped with white, most broadly on the outer feathers. Tips of

wing coverts pale yellow, forming two bars ; edge of wing and axillaries pure

yellow ; under parts greenish or yellowish white. Bill dusky above, pale

below ; feet rather dark.

164 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

t Wing Tail Tarsus Bill from forehead Bill from gape.

(1) 2°28 1-73 0-73 0:38 0°55 inch.

(2) 21 16 07 0°38 054 ,,

574. ABRORNIS SUPERCILIARIS, Tickell.

J. A. S. B., 1859 p. 414,—A. flaviventris, Jerdon, Birds of Tndia, vol. ii, p. 203.

As pointed out by Mr. Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 26, Darjiling specimens

appear to agree with those from Tenaserim.

577. A. aALBOGULARIS, Hodgs.

Top of head rufous olive, with a black band on each side above the rusty

supercilia, wings yellowish white within.

579. Ticxeti1a Hopesont, (Moore).

Mr. Mandelli has obtained three specimens of this rare bird, two of

which appear to have no yellow in the middle of the rump, only the sides

being of that colour. The fifth and sixth quills in both specimens slightly

exceed the fourth in length.

Wing Tail Tarsus Bill from forehead Bill from gape.

i 1:95 L7 0-72 0-4 0°68 inch.

2 1:82 1.61 0:8 0°35 0-53 (Cs,

3 1-93 175 08 0-34 0:5

519a. DuMETICOLA BRUNNEIPECTUS, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 20.

The following is the description of a specimen sent by Mr. Mandell.

Upper parts uniform olive brown, quills and outer rectrices brown with

margins of the same colour as the back; lores whitish, chin, throat and

middle of belly dirty white, sides of neck and breast the same colour as

the back, middle of the breast pale brown, thigh coverts, vent and under

tail coverts olive brown, the last named with white tips of no great breadth,

about Ol in. ; bill black, feet brown. Wing 2°3 in., tail 2, the central

feathers exceeding the outer by 0°3, tarsus 0°82, bill from forehead 0°38, from

gape 0°55. The fifth quill is the longest, the fourth very little shorter,

third less by 0:1, second by 0°37 and first by 1 inch.

522. TRIBURA LUTEOVENTRIS, Hodgs.

I refer to this species a specimen sent by Mr. Mandelli, but which has

not a trace of yellow on the lower parts.* ‘The only example of Hodgson’s

species in the Indian Museum is in very bad order, and the colours have

* In Hodgson’s original description P. Z. S. 1845, p. 30, the bird is said to be

above olive brown with a luteous lustre, below lutescent laterally, and albescent cen-

trally, a pale line over the eye. This agrees much better with the specimen before

me than does Jerdon’s account in the ‘ Birds of India,’

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 165

faded so much that it is difficult to form an idea of what they originally

were. I append a description of Mr. Mandelli’s bird.

Above uniform rufescent brown with an olivaceous tinge, wings and

tail rather darker brown, the former with the margins of the feathers rather

more rufous, sides of head and indistinct supercilia paler. Beneath, the

chin and throat are dirty white, the remainder of the lower parts a similar

colour to the back but paler, albescent towards the vent. Wing 2:1, tail 2-4,

much graduated, the outer feathers 1-2 shorter, tarsus 0:73, bill from forehead

0°39, from gape 0°62 inch.

The figure of Calamodyta affinis in Gray’s Genera of Birds, Pl. xlix, stated

by Mr. Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 19, to represent this species, is altogether paler

and more rufous than the specimen sent tome. It might have been taken

from a faded specimen, but I cannot help thinking it possible that two forms

are confounded under this species. Can one of them be Horornis fortipes ?

535. Prior Srewartt, Blyth.

A specimen sent by Mr. Mandelli is probably from Parniya or Tirhtit.

It is certainly smaller than specimens of P. socialis which I possess from

the neighbourhood of Yelaur (Hllore), and the grey of the back is darker and

purer, but the bill, though rather shorter, appears decidedly broader at the

base. Wing 1°82, tail 2°1, tarsus 0°85, bill from forehead 0°42, from

gape 0°55 inch.

537. P. crneREo-capitia, Hodgs.

Head, nape and hind neck, lores and upper ear-coverts rather earthy

brown, remainder of upper parts very rufous brown, ochraceous on the rump,

most rufous on the wings and tail; quills hair brown, margined with rufous ;

tail feathers more rufous, with pale tips, and a distinct dark spot just before

it. Supercilium and lower parts white, with a faint creamy tinge, sides of

breast olivaceous, flanks rufous, thigh coverts ferruginous ; wing 1°75, tail

1°78, tarsus, 0°8, bill from forehead 0-4, from gape 0°55 inch.

This differs a little from Jerdon’s description ; his length of the bill 3 in.

must be a misprint for 3. From P. gracilis the much more rufous lower

back, wing and tail, and the darker head, serve easily to distinguish the

present species, but the under parts with the exception of the thigh coverts

are not more rufous. ‘The bill appears to be a little stouter.

391. STACHYRIS Nig¢RICcEPS, Hodgs.

_ A specimen wants the white supercilium and has the fore-neck bright

rufous, much more rufous than the abdomen. Wing 2:2, tail 1°85, tarsus

0°85, bill 0°65 inch.

399¢. PELLORNEUM Mawnpetxiy, sp. nov. Pl. VII.

P. perafine P. ruficepi, Swains., sed staturd minori, collo postico et

laterali maculis fuscis maynis signato, maculis pectoralibus majoribus et

166 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

saturatioribus. Long. ale 2°65, caude 2°5, tarsi 0-95, rostri afronte 06, a

rictu O75 une.

Crown of head and nape ferruginous, lores, over and under the eye, pale

pinkish isabelline, most of the feathers of the forehead, lores and supercilia

with slight dusky tips, ear coverts pale rufous brown, also with dark tips,

back of the neck isabelline, or pale brown, each feather with a large dusky

spot, frequently confined to one web, mantle and tail brownish olive, all the

rectrices except the centre ones with narrow pale tips, quills hair brown mar-

gined with brownish olive externally, internally, like the lining of the wing,

pale brown. Chin and upper throat pure white, remainder of lower parts

isabelline, breast and sides of neck with large elongate dusky spots, flanks

also spotted, but the spots are paler, abdomen unspotted. Biull dusky above,

pale below, legs very pale coloured.

This species differs from P. rwficeps, Swains., and P. Tickelli, Blyth, (J.

A. S. B., 1859, Vol. xxviii, p. 414; — P. subochracewm, Swinhoe, A. and

M. N. H., April, 1871, p. 257), by having the neck spotted all round and by

the spots in front being much deeper and darker. In size it resembles P-

Tickelli, being smaller than P. rwficeps. It may perhaps be the new species

from the Khasi hills mentioned by Dr. Jerdon in Birds of India, IT, p. 28.

A single specimen has been sent to me for identification by Mr. Mandelli,

after whom I have named it.

620. Mryta cryerea, (Blyth).

The type of this species is a very dull coloured grey specimen. I am

almost inclined to doubt, if the much more brightly coloured birds described

by Jerdon, and of which a specimen is sent by Mr. Mandelli, are really iden-

tical, but a series is necessary for deciding this. In the bird sent to me the

wing measures 2°1, tail 1:5, tarsus 0°82 inch.; the dimensions are rather less

than those of the type specimen, so that, if the differences are sexual, the

female would appear to be the larger bird.

625. Ixunus striatus, Blyth.

Neither Mr. Blyth in his original description of the Tenaserim speci-

men, nor Dr. Jerdon in the characters taken doubtless from his Darjiling or

Khasi birds, mentions one of the most characteristic peculiarities of this

form,—its ferruginous brown ear coverts and supercilia. In the type from

Tenaserim, which is in the Indian Museum, I can detect these, although

they are paler (perhaps from fading) than in a fresh specimen obtaied by

Mr. Mandelli, which otherwise agrees perfectly with Dr. Jerdon’s descrip-

tion. Wing 2°35, tail 2°1, tarsus 0°6, bill from forehead 0°35 inch.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 167

630. HeERPORNIS XANTHOLEUCA, Hodges.

Of two specimens sent, one has a decidedly rufescent tinge on the back.

The colour is dull yellowish green above, under wing coverts and inner mar-

gins of both remiges and rectrices bright yellow. The coronal feathers have

not black shafts and the margin of the wing is yellow, these being distinc-

tions from the new Hainan and Formosan species, H. tyrannulus, recently

described by Mr. Swinhoe (Ibis, 1870, p. 847, pl. x), besides the duller co-

lour of the plumage.

632. SyYLVIPARUS MODESTUS, Burton. Single specimen.

647. MAcHLOLOPHUS XANTHOGENYS, (Vigors).

A specimen was obtained in Hastern Nipal. Its representative form,

I. spilonotus, occurs around Darjiling.

694. Ptocrus Baya, Blyth. J. A.S. B., xii, p. 945.

P. megarhynchus, Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356, and 1871, p. 36.

Mr. Hume has pointed out that there are two species of Ploceus in

India of the form originally confounded under P. philippinus, L. 'To one

of these, which is larger than the other, and distinguished by a larger bill,

he has given the name of A. megarhynchus. I find, however, that the large

billed form is that mhabiting the Himalayas, Eastern Bengal, Asam, Malacca

and probably Barma, and that it was upon specimens of it that Mr. Blyth’s

P. baya was founded, as it is the species found at Calcutta, and all the ex-

amples in the Asiatic Society’s collection appear to belong to it.

There is of course a possibility that I may be mistaken in this, and that

Mr. Hume’s P. megarhynchus may be, in the breeding plumage, something

well distinguished from P. baya, but I can detect no difference of the least

importance in the description of the birds in non-breeding plumage. At the

same time it is clear that there are two varieties of P. baya, but I am not

quite sure that the difference is sufficiently constant to deserve specific dis-

tinction. I append measurements (in inches) of the two forms.

wing tail tarsus _ bill from front

P. baya, six specimens: four males, two 2°85 1:87 0°82 0°69

females from Calcutta, Sikkim and to to to to

Cachar. 3°05 2°15 0:9 0:77

P. baya, small var.,threespecimens: one 2°6 1:7 0°79 . 065

male and two females from Singh- to ° to to to

bam and Chanda. 2°75 1:8 OO 0:69

I can detect no constant difference between males and females. Bona-

parte’s remark in the Conspect. Gen. Av. p. 442 femima minor, must nave

168 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. [No. 2,

been due to his having seen females, or males, in non-breeding plumage of

the smaller form.

The smaller form is of course the P. baya of Jerdon’s Birds of India.

723. HUsPIzaA RUTIDA, (Pall.)

Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 95, pl. lvi, B.

This is an addition to the Indian fauna. The specimen sent by Mr.

Mandelli agrees perfectly with Mr. Blyth’s description of that shot by my-

self near Bassein in Pegu, (J. A. S. B., 1868, p. 77), and with the description

and figure in the Fauna Japonica. I add characters taken from the Sikkim

specimen which is doubtless a male.

Head and neck, upper breast, back, wing coverts, and broad edges to the

last secondary quills (tertiaries of some authors) uniform reddish ferrugi-

nous, with slight hoary edges to some of the feathers (doubtless disappear-

ing in spring), especially on the chin, lores, and round the eyes ; wing and

tail brown, the quills narrowly edged with yellowish white, second, third and

fourth quills emargimate on the outer webs, margin of wing yellow, inner

wing coyerts and inner margins of quills white, lower parts from breast yel-

low, not very bright, flanks olive.

Wing 3 in., tail 2:4, tarsus 0°77, bill from forehead 0:43.

T learn from Mr. Mandelli that this bird was shot in British Sikkim on

the great Rangit river im March, and that he has a second specimen from

Dalmek6t in Bitan, shot in April.

745¢. PROPASSER SATURATUS, sp. nov. Pl. viii.

2 P. thura, Blyth, Museum Asiat. Soc., nec Bonaparte, vide Ibis, 1865, p. 44,

et 1867, p. 44.

g juv.? P. thura, 9, (nec ¢ ) Moore P. Z. S. 1855, p. 216, Pl. exiv.

P. mas fronte, superciliis latis et genis pallide argentato-roseis, eapite

insuper nucha et lateribus colli cum regione auriculari saturate coccineis,

vertice nigro striatulo ; dorso brunneo, plumarum marginibus pallidis, cocci-

neo lavatis, wropygio vie letiort ; remigibus cum tectricibus alarum rectrici-

busque umbrinis, rubro-marginatis, tectricibus et 3 ultimis pennis ad ex-

tremitates externas roseis, flecura ale tectricibusque subalaribus partim

roseo-marginatis ; mento grisescente, gula lete coccined, mitore argenteo splen-

dente, pectore saturatiort, plums pallide marginatis, abdomine pallide roseo,

una cum pectore subobsolete fusco striatulo, subcaudalibus brumneis, roseo-

marginatis, tibus et hypochondriis rufo-brunneis. Long. ale 3°22, caude 2°6,

tarsi 0°95, rostri a fronte 0-49, a rictu 0°52, L. tota circa 6 une. angl.

Femina vinbrina, capitis et dorsi plumis pallide marginatis, superciliis

latis isabellimis ; alis caudaque umbrinis, pennis extus pallide marginatis,

1872.] W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkim. 169

maculis ad extremitates externas tectricwm et 8 pennarwn ultimarum al-

bescentibus, wropygio ochraceo-tincto, gastro fulvo, fusco striato, abdomine

pallidiore et magis rufescente. Long ale 3:15, caude 2'5, tarsi 0:95, rostri a

Sronte 047, a rictu 0.5 une.

Male with a general brownish tint above, richly glossed with crimson,

lores, forehead, supercilia and cheeks pale silvery pink, the bases of the fea-

thers brown, head above dark crimson with blackish centres to the feathers,

ear coverts and sides of the neck duller crimson, the centres of the feathers

broader and less distinct, back with broad dashes of dark earthy brown, the

edges of the feathers pale with a gloss of deep rose colour, approaching crim-

son, rump and upper tail coverts nearly the same colour as the back, the

dark centres of the feathers being less marked, and the paler margins with

their crimson gloss broader. Wing and tail feathers earthy brown with red

brown exterior margins, and pale rosy spots on the tips of the outer webs of

the wing coverts and of the last three quills. Chin greyish, throat full rose

colour, darker than the cheeks, with a silvery gloss. ‘The breast is deeper

and darker red, the feathers having pale rosy edges and narrow dark central

stripes, abdomen pink, also with narrow streaks ; under tail coverts brown,

edged with pink ; thighs and flanks brown, slightly tinged here and there

with-pink. Bill dusky, legs brown.

The female is earthy brown, the feathers of the upper parts with pale

margins, and the wing coverts and last three quills (tertiaries) with albes-

cent tips to the outer webs, supercilia isabelline, rump with an ochraceous

tinge. Under parts fulvous, all the feathers with dark centres, broader on

the breast, narrower on the abdomen, which has a rufescent tinge.

Another bird, apparently a young male is much more ochraceous than

the female in colouring, especially on the under parts, sides of neck and head ;

the margins of the quills and tail feathers are olivaceous.*

This beautiful rose finch is evidently the species of which a female exists

in the Asiatic Society’s Museum, labelled P. thura by Mr. Blyth, and to which

that gentleman refers in the “ Ibis” in the two instances cited above. It is

altogether of a richer and darker colour than any of the other Himalayan

species with which I am acquainted, viz., P. rhodopeplus, thura, rhodochla-

mys and rhodochrous, and easily distinguished from all at once by the absence

of the rosy rump. P. pulcherrimus is said to be near rhodochrous, which

differs perhaps more from the present species than any of the others, it too

* Another pair of this bird since received from Mr. Mandelli confirms the above

description, except that the throat of the male is the same colour as the cheeks, in-

stead of being rather deeper red; they measure (in inches) —

wing tail tarsus bill from forehead.

Male,......00 3°15 2°5 0:92 0:48

Female, .., 3°05 2°45 0°95 0°49

170 W. T. Blanford—On Birds from Sikkun. [No. 2,

has a crimson rump. On the whole the present form approaches rhodopeplus

more than any of the other species, but besides the differences already noted

the forehead in rhodopeplus is not brighter in colour than the crown of the

head.

The bird figured as the female of P. thura by My. Moore in the Pro-

ceedings of the Zool. Soc. of London for 1855, Aves, Pl. cxiv, does not be-

long to that species. It may perhaps be the young male of this bird but its

general coloration appears too rufous. The colour differs greatly from that

of the female of P. saturatus.

At this time it is surprising to find that so beautiful a bird as this has

hitherto been overlooked in the Sikkim Himalayas. Myr. Mandelli informs

me that the specimens were shot on Tonglt, about 10,000 feet high near

Darjiling.

Amongst other mteresting birds sent by Mr. Mandelli are Xiphoram-

plus superciliaris, Suya cromger, Neornis flavolivacea, Pteruthius erythrop-

terus, Accentor strophiatus, Hmberiza pusilla and Ohrysomitris spinoides.

POPs

JOURNAL

GF THE

moe re SOCTET Y.

—s

Part II1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

No. [11.—1872.

Monograrn oF Inpran Cyprisipz, Part V,—by Surgeon Major F. Day.

[Received 7th March, 1872; read 1st May, 1872. ]

3. Sub-fanily.—CoBirmina.

[Continued from p. 29.]

Pseudobranchie absent. Body elongated, oblong, compressed or cylin-

drical, but never depressed. Snout and lips fleshy. Mouth small, inferior,

and furnished with from six to twelve barbels. Pharyngeal teeth few and

in one row. Vertical fins spimetess. Dorsal fin with a varying number of

vays (8-30); anal with few (7-8); ventrals absent in one genus. Scales,

small and cycloid, when present, and usually immersed in mucus. Lateral

line single. Air vessel entirely, or partially, enclosed in a bony capsule.

Geographical distribution. Loaches are found in tanks and rivers

throughout the hills and plains of India and Barma, but apparently are

absent from the Andaman islands. Allthe recognised genera seem to be

represented in the East. These fish are mostly captured by lading out

tanks commencing to dry up, but as they dive about in the mud, they are

usually difficult to capture.

Uses.—They are all good as food.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. With an erectile spine near the orbit.

1. Apua, eight barbels, two rostral, four maxillary and two mandibular. Spine

suborbital. Dorsal fin short (8 rays) in the posterior third of the body, but anterior

to the anal. Noventrals. Barma.,

2. Acanthophthalmus, six barbels, two rostral, four maxillary. Spine suborbital,

Dorsal and anal fins as in Apuaw. Ventrals present. N. H. India, Assam, Barna.

172 F. Day—Monoyraph of Indian Cyprinde. [No. 3,

3. Lepidocephalus, six barbels, four rostral, two maxillary. Spine suborbital

Dorsal fin short, in last two fifths of the body. Malay Archipelago.

4, Acamnthopsis, eight barbels, two being mandibular. Spine before the orbit.

Dorsal fin of moderate leugth (12 rays), placed opposite the ventrals. Barma.

5. Cobitis, six barbels, all rostral and maxillary. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin short

(9-10 rays), placed opposite the ventrals. India and Barma.

6. Lepidocephalichthys, eight barbels, two mandibular. Spine suborbital, Dorsal

fin short (8-9 rays), placed opposite the ventrals. India,

7. Botia, six to eight barbels, if six, all are rostral and maxillary, should there

be eight, the extra pair are mandibular. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin of moderate

length (10 to 15 rays), commencing anterior to the ventrals. Northern and Hastern

India and Barma.

8. Jerdonia, eight barbels, two being mandibular, Spine suborbital Dorsal fin

long (30 rays), commencing anterior to the ventrals.

B. Destitute of spine near the orbit.

9. Nemacheilus, six to eight barbels, rostral and maxillary ; if eight, the extra pair

at the posterior nostril. Dorsal short or of moderate length (8 to 17 rays) commencing

opposite the ventrals. India and Barma.

10. Oreonectes, six barbels, rostral and maxillary. Dorsal fin short (9 rays), far

behind the ventrais. China.

11. Misgurnus, ten to twelve barbels, four being mandibular. Dorsal short (9

to 10 rays), cmmencoing opposite the ventrals. Barma.

A. With an erectile spine near the orbit.

Genus. Apua, Blyth.

Body elongated and compressed. A small, erectile, bifid, suborbital

spine. Hight barbels, one rostral pair, one maxillary pair, and two mandibu-

lar pairs. Dorsal fin m the posterior third of the body, but anterior to the

anal. Ventral fins absent.

Geographical distribution.—The single species of this genus, which has

yet been discovered, was obtained near Pegu in British Barma.

A SINGLE SPECIES.

1. Apua fusca, D. 2/6. A. 2/6. Barma.

1. APUA FUSCA.

Blyth, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1860, p. 169; *Giinther, Catal, vii,

p. 8371; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 349.

B. II. D.2/6. P. 11. A, 2/6. C. 16.

Length of head 1/8, of caudal 1/9, height of body 1/8 of the total length.

Eyes, small, diameter 1/9 of length of head, 4 diameters from end of snout.

A small erectile bifid spine below the orbit. #ims.—Dorsal half as high as the

body ; caudal rounded. Colowrs, brownish, with a longitudinal darker band.

There are three specimens in the Calcutta Museum, the largest being 24

inches long.

Hab.—Barma.

1872.] F. Day—Honograph of Indian Cyprimde. 173

Genus. 2. ACANTHOPHTHALMUS, v. Hass.

Pangio, Blyth. ‘

Body elongated and compressed. A small, erectile, bifid, suborbital

spine. Six barbels, one rostral and two maxillary pairs. Dorsal fin situated

in the posterior third of the body, anterior to the anal, but posterior to the

ventrals.

Geographical distribution.—N orth-east Bengal, Assam and Barma.

A SINGLE SPECIES.

1. Acanthophthalmus pangia. D. 2/6. A. 2/5, Cinnamon colour. N. EH. Béngal

to Upper Barma.

1. ACANTHOPHTHALMUS PANGTIA.

Cobitis pangia, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 355, 394 ; *Cuv. and Val. xviii, p. 75.

Cobitis cinnamomea, Mc.Clell., Ind. Cyp., pp: 304, 435, pl. 51, f. 5. (from H. B. MSS.).

Pangio cinnamomea, Blyth, J. A. 8S. of B. 1860, p. 169.

Acanthophthalmus Javanicus, Bleeker, Cyp. Pro., p. 75, and Atl. Ich. Cypr. p. 11,

t, 2, f. 3.

Acanthophthalmus pangia, Giinther, vii, p. 370.

Pangya, Beng. Nga-tha-lay-doh, Barmese.

B. III. D. 2/6. P. 10. V. 6-7. A. 2/5. C. 17.

Length of head 1/8, of caudal 1/8, height of body 1/8 of the total

length. -Hyes, minute. Scales, distinct. Colowr, light cinnamon.

Hab.—WNorth-Kast Bengal, the northern portions of British and Upper

Barma. I obtained many specimens at Mandalay, from the canal then in

the course of construction. I have also received one from below Darjiling,

collected by Mr. Mandelli; the specimen agrees with the others, except in

having no scales, but as it is not in a good state, I conclude they may have

been rubbed off,

Genus. 38. LepmocePHatus, Bleeker.

Body elongated and compressed. An erectile, bifid, suborbital spime.

Siz barbels, four rostral, two maxillary. Dorsal fin placed in the posterior

two fifths of the body, some distance behind the root of the ventrals. Caudal

truncate.

Geographical distribution—The species of this genus are found in

Java and Sumatra.

Genus. 4. AcANnTHOPSIS, v. Hass.

Prostheacanthus, Blyth.

Body very elongated, snout long and compressed. Barbels eight, two

being mandibular. A small, bifid, erectile spine, situated in advance of the

orbit. Dorsal fin opposite to the ventrals ; caudal forked.

Geographical distribution.—Tenasserim and Barma.

174 F. Day—MMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

A SINGLE SPECIES.

1. Acanthopsis choirorrhynchus. D. 3/9. A. 3/5. Barma, Sc.

1. ACANTHOPSIS CHOIRORRHYNCHUS.

Cobitis choirorrhynchus, Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind. vii, p. 95.

Prostheacanthus spectabilis, Blyth, J. A. 8. of B, 1860, p. 167.

Acanthopsis choirorrhynchus, Bleeker, Atl. Ich, Cyp. p. 9, t. i. f. 3; Gunther, Catal.

vii, p. 365 ; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 549.

Nga-tha-lay-doh, Barmese.

124 JOEL, 1D) SVE ey IS Ws Jes B/G (Cs dls

- Length of head 2/9, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/9 of the total

length. yes situated in the posterior 2/5 of the head. ins; dorsal

arises midway between end of snout and base of caudal, which latter is

forked. Colowrs—brownish, with twelve bands across the back, and an equal

number of blotches along the lateral line. Two rows of spots along the

dorsal, aud three along the anal fins.

Hab. Barma and Sumatra.

Genus. 5. Coxpiris, Artedi.

Somileptes, Bleeker.

Body elongated and compressed, dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Six

barbels on the snout and upper jaw. A small erectile, bifid, suborbital spine.

Dorsal fin inserted opposite to the ventral ; caudal truncated or rounded.

Geographical distribution —The Indian species of this genus extend

from Orissa through Bengal to Barma.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Cobitis gongota, D. 10. A. 8; barbels short. Assam.

2. 5, guntea, D. 2/7. A. 2/5; barbels long. Orissa, Bengal and Barma.

1. Copitis Gonaota.

Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 351, 394; Ginther, vii, p. 363.

Cobitis cucura, Ham. Buch. pp. 352, 394; McClelland, Ind. Cyp pp. 303, 434,

t. 51, f. 2, (from H B.’s MSS.), young; *Cuv. and Val. xviii, p. 70.

Oobitis oculata, McClelland, Ind. Cyp. pp, 303, 433, t. 51, f. 1, from H. B.’s MSS.,

adult. f

? Cobitis maya, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, p. 367.

? Cobitis amnicola, Cuy. and Val. xviii, p. 68.

Sonvileptes gongota, *Swainson ; Bleeker. Atl. Ich. Cyp. (no description),

Bet DLO OV eke,

Barbels moderately developed, extending about half way to below the

eyes which are small, prominent, and somewhat before the middle of the

length of the head. #ims.—Origin of dorsal opposite the root of the inner

ventral ray ; caudal rounded. Scales minute. Colowrs—An undulated

band along the side of the body, giving off vertical bars towards the back.

Dorsal and caudal fins with transverse rows of blackish dots.

Hab. Assam.

1872.] EF. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 175

2. COBITIS GUNTEA.

Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges. pp. 353, 394; McClelland, Ind. Cyp. pp. 303, 434,

t. 51, f. 3. (from H. B.’s MSS.) ; Cuv. Val. xviii, p. 67 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 363; Day,

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 383.

Acanthopsis Berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. of Beng., 1860, p. 168.

? Acanthopsis micropogon, Blyth, 1. c. p. 168.

Cobitis Berdmoret, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 550.

Kondaturiand gupkari, Uria; Nga-tha-leg-doh, Barmese.

PM 2 /o-fewke 98 Vous. AL 2/5. ©, 16,

Length of head 1/6, of pectoral 1/9, of caudal 1/6 of the total

length. Hyes ;—diameter 1/5 of length of head, 2 diameters from end of

snout, and one diameter apart. Body strongly compressed, its height equal

to the length of the head. Barbels large, well developed and all longer

than the orbit. #%ms.—Dorsal arises midway between the posterior margin

of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin, its first three rays are in

advance of the ventrals; caudal generally entire, its centre rays, how-

ever, may be somewhat shortened or even lengthened. Scales distinct.

Lateral line absent.—Colowrs ; generally dirty yellowish, with a dark

band extending from the centre of the snout, and ending in a black ocellus

above the middle of the base of the caudal fin; along this band are a series

of dark blotches, whilst the back is similarly stained. Dorsal and caudal

with rows of dark spots. I have obtained it at Kangra, coloured, as given by

McClelland.

Hab.—From Orissa through Bengal and Barma, also in Bombay

Presidency. It attains four inches in length.

Genus. 6. LeprpocEPHALIcHTHYS, Bleeker.

Platacanthus, Day.

Body elongated and moderately compressed. Hight barbels, two of which

belong to the mandible. A large, erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. Dorsal fin

short, commencing opposite, or nearly so,to the ventral ; the internal ray of the

pectoral fin may be modified into a flat osseous spe; caudal truncate or

slightly emarginate.

Geographical distribution.—India, Barma and Ceylon.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, D. 3/6.. A. 2/5. S. India and Ceylon.

2. Lepidocephalichthys balgara, D.8, A. 7. Wynaad, Bengal and Assam.

1. LEPIDOCEPHALICHTHYS THERMALIS.

Cobitis thermalis, Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 78.

Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, Bleeker in Verh. Holl. Maat. Haar. 1864, Cyprin.

and Cobit. Ceylon, p. 6, t. i. f.1; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 364; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1869, p. 383.

176 FB. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprimde. [No. 3,

Cobitis Mysorensis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8., 1849, p. 332.

Platacanthus agrensis, Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 204, pl. 14, f. i.

Assaree, Tam.; Jubbi cowri, Uriah ; Balu, Hind.

Bt! Dy3/6P. WoN. TNs 2/ ome salG:

Length of head 1/11, of caudal 1/8, height of body 1/8 of the total

length. Barbels eight, the longest extending to below the anterior margin

of the orbit. Suborbital spine, strong. #ms.—Origin of dorsal slightly in

advance of the ventral, and nearer the root of the caudal than the snout.

Caudal slightly emarginate. The inner pectoral ray is modified in adult

males into a flat osseous spine which is used for diving down into the mud.

Scales distinct. I found 2,500 eggs in one female. Colours, sandy, with

irregular blotches on the lateral line, and others along the back; a black

spot generally exists, at the base of the upper half of the caudal fin. Dorsal

fin with black spots, caudal with four bands. A dark streak often extends

from the eye to the end of the snout.

Hab.—Southern India, the Malabar coast and Ceylon.

2, LEPIDOCEPHALICHTHYS BALGARA.

Cobitis balgara, Ham. Buch., Fish. Gang. pp. 356, 394; Cuv. and Val., xviii p. 74,

Schistura balgara, McClell., Ind, Cyp., p. 307, pl. 53, f. 2. (from H. B.’s MS.).

5 aculeata, McClell., 1. c. p. 307; Cuv. and Val. xviii, p. 70.

Lepidocephalichthys balgara, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 365; Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 70.

? Cobitis Carnaticus, Jerdon, M. J. L. and S., 1849, p, 331.

Jubbi cowri, Uriah.

BTL, D.2/6. V. 7A: 2/5:

This species closely resembles the preceding. Suborbital spine small,

and decreasing with age. Dorsal fin not in advance of the ventrals ; caudal

cut square. In one male specimen, taken in the Ganges at Hardwar, the

inner pectoral ray was of the same character as in the last species. Colowrs,

clouded with brown along the back, lighter on the abdomen; the whole of

the body dotted over with lines of black spots ; a black mark at the top of

the base of the caudal. Six to eight rows of spots along the dorsal fin, and

about ten sinuous and broken up lines of spots on the caudal.

Hab.—India generally. In some specimens from the Soane river, the

mandibular barbels are sub-divided.

Genus. 7. Botta, Gray.

Hymenophysa, McClelland.

Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal profile more or less convex.

Eyes with a free, circular eyelid. Barbels six to eight ; if six, all are

on the snout and upper jaw, if eight the extra ones are on the mandible.

A bifid, erectile, suborbital spine present. Dorsal fin commences anterior

to the root of the ventral; caudal forked. Air bladder in two divisions, the

872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 177

anterior being partially enclosed in a bony capsule, whilst the posterior por-

tion floats free in the abdominal cavity.

Geographical distribution.—Found in the plain and hills in Hastern

Bengal, and in both Upper and Lower Barma.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Botia nebulosa, D. 3/12, A. 2/5, Barbels six. Darjtling.

Botia dario, D. 3/10, A. 2/6. Barbels eight. Bengal, N. W. Provinces, Cachar.

Botia hymenophysa, D. 13—15, A. 8. Barbels six. Barma.

Botia Almorhe, D.12, A. 8. Barbels eight. Almorah.

Botia rostrata, D, 12, A. 8. Barbels eight. Assam.

Botia Berdmoret, D. 2/9, A. 2/5. Barbels eight. Darjéling.

Botiw histrionica, D. 2/8, A. 2/5. Barbels eight. Pegu.

Rul ee Oi bee) ES

1. Borta NEBULOSA.

Blyth, J. A. 8. of B., 1860, p. 165; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 550.

Both wD) 3/12) Po 13. Vv. 8) A. 2/o-C. 17.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

length. Hyes,—in the middle of the length of the head, two diameters from

the end of the snout, and the same distance apart. Colowrs,—brownish,

with a leaden band along the side. Dorsal and caudal barred in spots.

An ocellus at the upper margin of the base of the caudal fin.

Hab.—Darjiling.

2. Bovra DARIO.

Cobitis dario, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 354, 394, pl. 29, f. 95; *Cuv. and

Val., xviii, p. 85; Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. Ned. Ind., xxv. Beng. and Hind. p. 143;

McClell. Ind. Cyp. pp 306, 444, pl. 61, f. 8.

? Cobitis geto, Ham. Buch., 1. c. pp. 355, 394, pl. xi, f. 96; Cuv. and Val. xviii,

p. 84; McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 306, 444, pl. 61, f. 9.

Botia dario, Gunther, Catal. vii, p. 366.

Sahinga, Panj.; Bucktea, Hind. ; Shee-nharo, Sind.

7S, 1000, 10) at .P. 14. V. 8. A. 2/6. C. 19.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

length. Hyes—small, situated in the anterior portion of the posterior half of

the head, and from 13 to 2 diameters apart. Barbels eight. Posterior

portion of air vessel free in the abdominal cavity. Colowrs ;—seven or eight

oblique bands descend from the back to the abdomen, and two or three, or

even more, cross either lobe of the caudal fin. In some specimens, especially

from. the Jumna, there are about five vertical bands, which arch superiorly

so as to coalesce with the next on either side, between each arch is an

intermediate vertical blotch. Sometimes there are two bars on the pectoral

and the same number on the ventral fins.

Hab.—Bengal, N. W. Provinces and the Panjab, also Cachar. I have

generally taken it in the rivers of the enn, except in the Sind hills.

178 EF. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

3. Borla HYMENOPHYSA.

Cobitis hymenophysa, Bleeker, Nat. Tyd. Ned. Ind. iii, p. 602.

Hymenophysa Macctellandi, Bleeker, Cyp. Prod. p. 638.

Botia hymenophysa, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. Cypr. p. 6, t. i, f.2; Giinther, Cat. vii, p. 368.

Bl He and Shoay-zagay, Barmese.

B. TIL D. 2. V. 8. A. 2/6.

Length of a Cay 1/4 of the total length. Hyes—slightly behind

the middle of the length of the head. Suborbital spine small, only reaching

to below the middle of the eye. Barbels six. Colowrs brownish, with eleven

darker cross bands.

Hab.—The northern portions of British and also Upper Barma.

4. Botta ALMORE®.

Gray, Zool. Mise. 1831, p. 8; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 367.

Botia grandis, Gray and Hardw. Ind. Zool. ;* Cuv. and Val., xviii, p.86; McClell.

Cal. J. N. H., ii, p. 586.

By Td. WD. Wa. Ss A-.8:

Length of head 1/4, height of body nearly 1/4 of the length, excluding the

caudal fin. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head, 2 diameters apart.

Snout pointed, half as long as the head. Suborbital spme extending nearly or

quite to behind the posterior margin of the orbit. Barbels eight. Free

portion of the tail as deep as long. ms ;—dorsal commences midway between

the end of the snout and the base of the caudal. Colours ;—body reticulated

with brown, the yellow ground colour being broken up into spots; all the

fins with more or less regular brown cross bands, three or four on each

caudal lobe, three across the anal fin, and about six across the pectoral.

Hab.—Almorah.

5. Borla RostRara.

Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 367.

Ba LED) 12 PP 14s V5 8)AS 8:

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total length.

Eyes,—diameter 2/15 of length of head, 4 diameters from end of snout ;

interorbital space not quite equal to 2 diameters of the orbit. Snout pointed,

longer than the remaining portion of the head. Suborbital spme not

extending to below the posterior margin of the orbit. Barbels eight.

Depth of free portion of tail 17 im its length. ims ;—dorsal arises midway

between the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal, which

last has sharp lobes. Colowrs ;—hbody with irregular and partly confluent

brown cross bands, which enclose variously sized round yellowish spots.

Dorsal and anal fins with two, pectoral, ventral, and each lobe of the caudal

with three, black cross bands.

Hab.—Bengal and Assam.

£872. ]. F. Day—LHonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 179

6. Boris BerpMorert.

Syncrossus Berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. of Bengal, 1860, p. 166.

Botia Berdmoret, Day,. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p: 549:

ee Lie Daa Pd) V. 8,4. 2/5, C17.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

Feneth. yes ; diameter 1/5 of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout

and apart. Suborbital spine damaged in the unique example. Barbels

eight. Fins ; dorsal commences midway between the snout and the posterior

margin of the anal fin. Oolowrs, brownish, with a leaden band along the

side. Dorsal and caudal barred in spots. An ocellus. at the upper margin

ef the base of the caudal fin.

Hab.—Darjiling and Bengal generally.

7. BOovrra HISTRIONICA.

Blyth, J. A. S..of Bengal, 1860, p. 166; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 550.

1B, IBOC IDE Cys dee lisse tele eae (OR EIG):

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/4 of the total length.

Eyes ; diameter 1/5 of length of head, 23 diameters from end of snout, 2

diameters apart. Suborbital spine not very strong, extending to opposite

the posterior margin of the orbit. Barbels, eight. Fins ; dorsal commences

nearer to the caudal than to the end of the snout. Caudal forked. Colowrs,

olive, with five dark vertical bands on the body, and two or three on the

head. All the fins with two broad brown bands.

Hab.— Pegu.

Genus. JERDONIA,* Day.

Plataconthus, sp. Day.

Body elongated, and moderately compressed. Hight barbels, two of which

are mandibular. A free, erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. Dorsal fin long

(twenty-seven branched rays), commencing before the ventrals ; the internal

vay of the pectoral fin modified into a flat osseous spme; caudal slightly

emarginate.

Geographical distribution. Madras Presidency.

THE SINGLE SPECIES.

1. Jerdonia maculata, D. 3/27, A. 3/6. Madras:

1. JERDONIA MACULATA.

Platacanthus maculatus, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 941, and 1870, p. 700.

BB. PUEDE 3/27, Pe o/lav-'8, A. 3/6, C. 21.

Length of head 2/11,.of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/6 of the total

feneth. yes; diameter 1/6 of length of head, two diameters from end of

snout. Dorsal profile ascends to the commencement of the dorsal fin. Sub-

orbital spine reaches to beneath the anterior third of the orbit. Scales, small,

* This name has been also applied in Conchology and Ornithology, [Hditor. |

24,

180 F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprimde. [No. 3,

but distinct. Colowrs, greyish, becoming dirty white along the abdomen. A

dark lateral band extends from the eye to the tail; along its first half are

three black spots, whilst the whole extent of the back is irregularly lineated.

Fins, yellow. Dorsal with four black bands. Caudal with three bands and

a dark margin. A black mark at the base of the tail, with a smaller one

above and another below it.

Hab.— Madras.

B. Without an erectile spine near the orbit.

Genus. 9. NEMACHEILUS, v. Hass.

Acowra and Acowrus, Swains.

Acanthocobitis, Peters.

Body elongated. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Barbels eight or

six, when the former nwnber is present, the extra pair belongs to the

posterior nostril, none on the mandibles. No spine on the head. Dorsal

jin of moderate length, or short, situated opposite the ventrals.

This genus has been subdivided into those species which have upwards

of twelve dorsal rays, (Acanthocobitis), and those with less than twelve. As

this arbitrary division is not a natural one, it is not adopted here. Another

subdivision has been instituted into those in which the tail is forked, and

those in which it is entire. The genus may,. however, be subdivided into

those with eight and those with six barbels.

Geographical distribution.—Fresh waters of India, Ceylon, and Barma.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

A. With eight barbels.

1. Nemacheilus Evezurdi, D. 2/7, A. 2/5. Greenish, with small dark blotches.

Pima (in the Dakhin).

B. With six barbels,

2. f pavonaceus, D, 2/15, A. 2/5. Body barred ; caudal wedge-shaped.

Assam and Tenasserim Provinces.

3. 5 urophthalmus, D. 14, A.7. Body with cross bands; caudal

emarginate, and with rounded angles. Ceylon. ‘

A, # botia, D. 3/11, A. 2/5. Body irregularly blotched. Caudal emar-

ginate. Throughout India, except im the South,

B, “ Rupelli, D. 7, A. 8. Short bars-along the lateral line. Caudal

emarginate. Pina,

6.* * moreh, D, =. A.%. Barsalong the side of the body. Candal

wedge-shaped. Puna.

Y eas s monoceros, D. 12. A. 6. Caudal and dorsal fins barred. Caudal

rounded. Assam.

8. 5 awreus, D. 2/10, A. 2/5. Immature blotched; caudal and dorsal

fins barred. Caudalforked. Jabbalptr.

; 2

4). a5 rupicola, D, <= A, 2/5. Eleven to seventeen brown bands on

1872.] F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 181

the body, as wide or wider than the ground colour. Dorsal and caudal banded or spot-

ted. Candal forked. India generally, except Sind and the South.

10. op semiarmatus, D, 3/8, A. 2/5. Irregular spots and bars on the

body and fins. Caudal forked. Nilgherries.

11.* = tenwicauda, D. 11, A, 7. Mottled and spotted with brown. Caudal

forked. Tibet.

12. $6 zonalternans, D. 2/9, A. 2/5. Ten to eleven vertical bands, with

intermediate ones superiorly, Dorsal and caudal spotted. Caudal entire. Tenasseriim

provinces.

13. Ladacensis, D. 11, A. 7 Nine blackish bars across the back.

Caudal rounded. Tibet.

14, 60 zonata, D. 3/7, A. 1/5. Eleven to thirteen dark zones encircle the

back, not meeting on the abdomen and not half the width ofthe ground colour, Caudal

forked. Assam, Bengal, N. W. Provinces.

15. 5 subfuscus, D. 2/8, A. 2/5. Ten brown zones encircling the body,

and wider than the ground colour. Caudal slightly forked. Upper Assam and Barma.

16. of simuatus, D. — A, 2/5. Vertical brown bands, with shorter

intermediate ones. Dorsal and caudal barred. Caudal cut square. Wynaad.

IY % Stoliczke, D. 3/7, A.2/5. Spotted and marbled with brown.

Caudal slightly emarginate. Tibet.

18. 5 chlorosoma, D. 3/6, A. 2/5. A darkish line long the middle of the

body. Caudal cut square. Upper Assam and Kistna river.

19. 93 phoxocheila, D. 2/9, A. 2/5. Upper Assam.

20. i serpentarius, D, 2/8, A. 2/5. A dark band from snout through the

eye to the base of dorsal fin.

21. 5 microps, D,11, A. 7. Sixteen to seventeen cross bands on the

back, and vermiculated stripes on the body. Caudal slightly emarginate. Tibet.

22. cS striatus, D, 2/8, A. 2/5. Numerous narrow vertical bands.

Caudal slightly forked. Wynaad.

23. on mugah, D. 2/7, A. = Fifteen brown bands, one third as wide

as the ground colour, Caudal forked. Cossy river.

24. ij notostigma, D. 2/8, A. =. Dark blotches. Caudal forked. Ceylon

and Southern India.

25. 33 montanus, D. 3/7, A. 2/5. Twelve vertical brown bands. Caudal

forked. Himalayas.

26. 5 spilopterus, D. 2/7, A. 2/5. Eleven to fifteen irregular bands.

Caudal slightly emarginate. Himalayas, Assam and Cochin China.

27. 5 savona, D. = A, 2/5. Ten to twelve very narrow white bands,

Candal slightly emarginate. Raniganj in Bengal.

28. mS Beavani, D. 10, A. 7. Dark bands, wider than interspace. Caudal

forked. Cossy river.

29. s Denison, D. Pan A. 2/5. Nine to twelve yellowish olive vertical

zones. Caudal forked. Nilgherry and Coorg hills.

30. > triangularis, D. 2/8, A. 2/5. Seven black edged triangular bands.

Candal emarginate. Travancore hills,

182 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprimde. [No. 3,

31. Fe marmoratus, D.10, A. 7% Mottled with brown. Caudal some-

what convex. Kashmir.

32. 35 Grifithii, D. 10, A.'7. Marbled with brownish black. Caudal

emarginate. Assam.

33. 3 corica, D. 2/8, A. 2/5. About thirteen blotches along the side.

Caudal forked. N. H. Bengal, Panjab and Assam.

34. 3 Guentheri, D. 2/8, A. 2/5. Reticulated with brown. Caudal

lobed. Nilgherries.

35. ss Blythii, D. 2/7, A, 2/5. Brownish. Caudal forked. India ?

36. Bs Butanensis, D. 9, A. 7. Caudal rounded. Butdn.

37. m0 rubripinnis, D. 2/6, A. 2/5. Nine vertical bars. Caudal emargi-

nate. Malabar.

38.* 5 turio, D. 8, (10 ?) A. 7. Spotted and blotched. Caudal emargi-

nate. Assam.

39,* guttatus, D. 8. Dark blotches. Caudal entire. Upper Assam.

1. NemAcHEInus HyEZARDI.

By 2/7 a2 Ne S Acs 2/o 560. alii.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/6 of the total

length. Hyes in the commencement of the anterior half of the head. Head

broad, its width equalling its length without the snout, which is rounded.

No spine on the head. Barbels well developed, one pair of nasal, two pair of

rostral and one pair of maxillary. ims; dorsal commences opposite to the

ventrals and midway between the anterior margin of the orbit and the base

of the caudal; upper edge of dorsal fin slightly convex ; pectoral longer

than the head, and reaching three quarters of the distance to the base of

the ventral. Caudal rounded. Scales, very minute. Lateral line, absent.

Colours, greenish with small dark blotches.

Hab.—Pina. A single specimen received amongst a collection which

Colonel Evezard assisted in procuring.

2. NEMACHEILUS PAVONACEUS.

Cobitis pavonacea, McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 305, 437, pl. 52, fig.1; *Cuv. and

Val., xviii, p. 37.

Nemacheilus pavonaceus, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 348.

Cobitis semizonata, Blyth, J. A. S. of B., 1860, p. 171.

Nemacheilus semizonatus, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 348.

Cobitis rubidipinnis, Blyth, 1. c., p. 170.

Nemacheilus rubidipinnis, *Giunther, Catal. vii, p. 348.

Acanthocobitis longipimnis, Peters, Mon. Ak. Wiss. Berl. for 1861.

2—83

B, Til. D: S=*V. 8, A. 2/5, ©. 19.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/6 of the total

length. yes; diameter 2/9 of length of head, 2 diameters from end of

snout. In some specimens the pre-orbital forms a blunt spine. fins ;

1872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinde. 183

dorsal commences nearer to the snout than to the base of caudal, which latter

is slightly emarginate. Oolowrs ; body crossed by about twenty half bars of

a darkish grey ; a dark ocellus surrounded by a light margin exists upon

the upper portion of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal barred.

Hab.— Assam and Tenasserim Provinces.

8. NEMACHEILUS UROPHTHALMUS.

Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 348.

Bee aatar 13 Vi. 8. Ac 7,.C.19-

Length of head, of caudal, and height of body 1/5 of the total length.

Dyes ; diameter 1/4 of length of head, 13 diameters from end of snout.

Body, compressed. Free portion of tail as deep as long. Pre-orbital termi-

nates posteriorly in a slight and obtuse projection below the eye, either

moveable, or concealed by the skin. ns ; origin of dorsal midway between

the snout and the base of the caudal, which latter is emarginate with

rounded angles. Scales, distinct. Lateral line,incomplete. Colowrs ; from

ten to thirteen dark brown cross bands, somewhat lighter in the middle,

and separated from one another by narrow yellow streaks of ground colour.

Head spotted with brown. A black, white edged, ocellus on the base of the

upper caudal lobe. Dorsal and caudal with six transverse series of black

dots.

Hab.—Ceylon.

4, NEMACHEILUS BOTTA.

Cobitis botia, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 350, 394; *Cuv. and Val., xviii, p. 72.

» Otltwrio, Ham. Buch., 1. c. pp. 358, 395; *Cuv. and Val., xviii, p 35.

» bimucronata, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 304, 435, pl. 51, fig. 4, (from H. B.’s MS.)

», ocellata, McClell., 1. c. pp. 304, 436, pl. 51, fig. 6, (from H. B.’s MS.)

Nemacheilus botia, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 349; Day, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 382.

Bil-twri, Assam ; Soon-da-lee, Panj.

Sees 3 /iilee Ps dd Vi. 8) A 2/55C. 17.

Height of body 1/6 of the total length. Pre-orbital has in some

specimens a projection which is moveable below the orbit, (WV. botia), whilst

in others it is entirely concealed by the skin (WV. biltwrio). Colowrs, greyish,

with from 12 to 14 short bars on the lateral line, and anumber of irregular

blotches above it. Dorsal fin spotted; caudal with about seven irregular

bars, and a black ocellus on the upper portion of the base of the fin.

Hab.—Throughout India, except its most southern portion.

The Cobitis scaturigina, McClell., described from one of H. B.’s draw-

ings may be this species, badly delineated, the ocellus at the base of the

caudal and the bars on that fin not being distinctly shown.

184 F. Day—MMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

5. NEMACHEILUS RUPELLTI.

Cobitis Rupelli (?) Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soe. ii, p. 366, pl. 64, fig. 1.

Beda) > 2D 1D Ne Oks & GD:

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

length. Eyes, slightly before the middle of the length of the head, 2% dia-

meters from end of snout. Head pointed, four moderately developed rostral

and two maxillary barbels. #’ms; dorsal arises midway between the snout

and base of the caudal which is slightly forked ; the upper margin of the

dorsal fin straight. Scales, moderately developed. Lateral line, distinct.

Colours, greenish yellow except the abdomen which is white, short brown

bars along the lateral line, and the rays of the dorsal and anal barred.

Caudal with four posteriorly directed V-shaped brown bars. A black spot

at the base of the upper caudal lobe.

Hab.—Rivers near Pina (in the Dakhin).

6.* NEMACHEILUS MOREH.

Cobitis moreh, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii, p. 366.

iB: pilD) - P. 12, V. 8, A. 7, C. 19.

Head said to be more pointed than in the last species. Fins ; tail wedge-

shaped. Scales, minute. Colowrs ; more dark blotches on the head than in

IV. Rupelli. The transverse dark marks on the body are not (? now)

arranged along the lateral line and over the back, alternating with each

other. The fins have a very light orange tinge.

Hab.—Mota Mola river at Puna.

7.* NEMACHEILUS MONOCEROS.

Cobitis monoceros, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 305, 438, pl. 52, fig. 2; *Cuy. and

Val., xviii, p. 38.

Nemachilus monoceros, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 358.

ses UBT IDs 14 1 Te toh Ns (Oy Ce alley

Length of head 1/4 of the total without the caudal fin. A short blunt

spe on the snout. ims (according to the figure); upper margin of

dorsal nearly straight, caudal rounded. Colowrs ; body greenish yellow with

a silvery lustre, opercles tinged with green. Caudal and dorsal streaked

with numerous small brown bars.

Hab.—Assam.

8. NEMACHEILUS AUREUS.

B. IIL. D. 2/10, P. 15, V. 8, A. 2/5, C. 19.

Length of head, of caudal and pectoral 1/5, height of body 2/13 of the

total length. yes, large, not prominent, situated in the middle of the

length of the head and 14 diameters from the end of snout. Snout very

1872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 185

obtuse, the pre-orbital (in the adult) ending posteriorly in a free blunt pro-

cess. Width of head two-thirds of its length. Free portion of tail as high

aslong. Barbels elongated, the internal rostral pair reaching to the eye, the

external to the middle of the orbit, and the maxillary to beyond its hind

margin. Fins ; dorsal commences somewhat in advance of the ventrals, and

in the adult midway between the snout and the base of the caudal, but in

the immature nearer to the former; the pectoral reaches to above the ven-

tral, and the anal when laid flat extends to the root of the caudal, which

last is forked in its last fourth with sharp lobes. Scales, very distinct.

Lateral line, ceases opposite the posterior end of the base of the dorsal.

Colowrs, light, with a green tinge and destitute of marks on the body in the

mature, but in the young there is a row of seven or eight dark blotches

along the middle of the body as wide as the ground colour, whilst superiorly

there are intermediate blotches extending downwards from the back. Fins

and the barbels of a deep orange colour, a dark ocellus at the base of the

upper caudal lobe, and 5 or 6 7 shaped bars on the tail. Several rows of

black spots along the dorsal fin. A dark streak from the eye down the

snout.

Hab.—Jabbalpir, specimens obtained in September 1871 were full

of ova,

9. NEMACHEILUS RUPICOLA.

Schistura rwpicola, McClell., J. A. S. of B., vii, pl. pl. 55, fig. 3, and Ind, Cyp.

pp. 309, pl. 57, fig. 3.

Cobitis rupecula, *Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 40.

Nemachilus aha: Gunther, vii, p. 351.

BMD: Bet0, V7, A. 2/5, 0.07,

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5 to 1/6, height of body 1/5 to 1/6 of

the total length. Hyes small, diameter 1/7 of the length of the head and

situated in the middle of its length, or more anteriorly in young specimens.

Head, broad, depressed. -Barbels, short but stout. Fins ; dorsal commences

midway between the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the

caudal fin. Pectoral reaches above half way to the root of the ventral ;

caudal with rounded lobes in the adult, more pointed in the young. Free

portion of the tail as deep as long. Scales, minute. Oolowrs; eleven to

seventeen vertical brown bands, each from as wide to three times as broad as

the buff interspaces. Caudal with a black band at its base, and four or five

uregular bars. Dorsal with a black base and a black mark between its two

first rays, the fin also spotted with black, the other fins with badly marked

bands.

Hab.— Bengal, N. W. Provinces, Panjab, Assam, and the Himalayas ;

attaining 35 inches in length.

186 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

The appearance of this fish alters considerably with age. In the young

the head is only 2/3 as wide as long, but the two dimensions are equal in the

adult.

10. NEMACHEILUS SEMIARMATUS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 286; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 353.

Te EO Ds ayy lee 1 aly Ae (Oh iss .

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/11 of the total

length. Hyes; diameter 1/4 of length of head, 1} diameters from end of

snout, 1 diameter apart. A cartilaginous knob on pre-orbital. Free portiow

of tail as deep as long. Fins; origin of dorsal nearer the snout than the

base of the caudal. Pectoral as long as the head, the basal half of some

of its rays being generally stiffened by osseous matter. Caudal lobed in its

last half. Scales, indistinct. Lateral line, complete. Colowrs, light

brown, with numerous irregularly shaped spots and bars proceeding from the

back towards the lateral line; head brownish, with a dark line from the

snout through the orbit. Dorsal fin with about three rows of dark spots;

caudal irregularly barred ; a dark line runs along the centre of the back.

Hab.—Bowani and Sigur rivers along the base of the Nilgherry hills;

also imported into tanks on those mountains.

11.* NEMACHEILUS TENUICAUDA.

Cobitis tenuicauda, Stein., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1866, p..792, t. 17, fig. 3:

Nemachilus tenwicauda, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 357.

Bhd DA AV 0S, wAre se

Length of head nearly 1/5, height of body less than 1/5 of the length,

without the caudal. Free portion of tail very low, its depth being rather

less than 1/3 of its length. ims; upper margin of dorsal oblique, with

its anterior angle rounded ; it arises nearer to the root of the caudal than to:

the end of the snout. Pectoral extends rather above half the distance

to the base of the ventral. Caudal emarginate. Scales, absent. Colowrs ;.

upper part of side, dorsal and caudal fins irregularly mottled with brown,

and some spots along the sides.

Hab.—Tibet.

12. NEMACHEILUS ZONALTERNANS:

Cobitis zonalternams, Blyth, J. A. 8. of B. 1860, p..172.

Nemacheilus zonalternans, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 551.

Ae 22/9 eX. 22/0

Lyes of moderate size, rather above one diameter from end of snout.

Fins ; dorsal commences rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal,

which latter is entire. Scales, distinct. Colowrs ; ten to eleven bars descend

down the lower two-thirds of the body to the abdomen, with intermediate

half bands superiorly between them. Dorsal and caudal fins spotted in bands.

Hab.—Tenasserim Provinces.

1872.] EF. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 187

13. NEMACHEILUS LADACENSIS.

Nemachilus ladacensis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 356.

eT Decl Ve Sy Asi 7.

Length of head 1/5, height of body less than 1/5 of the total length

without the caudal fin. yes ; diameter 1/5 of length of head, 2 diameters’

from end of snout. Snout obtuse. Free portion of tail one-fourth as high

as long. ins; upper margin of dorsal oblique, with its anterior angle

rounded, commencing nearer the end of the snout than the root of the

caudal, which latter is rounded. Pectoral extends rather above half way to

the base of the ventral. All the fins are somewhat elongated. Scales,

absent. Oolowrs, reddish olive, with about nine blackish bars across the

back, a few small scattered spots upon the sides and caudal fin.

Hab.—Tibet, from whence the single typical specimen, three inches

long, was procured.

14. NEMACHEILUS ZONATA.

Schistura zonata, Me.Clell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 308, 441, pl. 53, fig. 1.

Cobitis zonata, **Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 39.

iD! 3/75 Ps dl Ve Sy Ade, C217.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/6, of dorsal fin a

little above 1/6 of the total length. yes; diameter 2/7 of length of head,

and situated in the middle of its length. Snout rather compressed. Bar-

bels well developed, bemg about as long as the orbit. Mims; dorsal com-

mences rather nearer the base of the caudal, than the end of the snout.

Caudal forked. Colours; eleven to thirteen dark zones encircle the back,

but they do not meet on the abdomen, and are not half the width of the

ground colour.

Hab.—Upper Assam, Bengal, and N. W. Provinces.

15. NEMACHEILUS SUBFUSCUS.

Schistura subfusca, Me.Clell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 308, 448, pl. 53, fig. 5.

Cobitis subfuscus, *Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 80.

Nemachilus subfuscus, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 351.

Cobitis cincticauda, Blyth, J. A. S. of B. 1860, p. 172.

Nemacheilus cincticauda, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 552.

D2 /S reall Vi. 8A. 2/5, C. 19,

Length of head 1/5, of pectoral 1/5, of caudal 2/11, height of body 1/7

of the total length. Hyes, situated in the middle of the length of the head,

3 diameters from end of snout, 15 diameters apart. -Barbels well developed,

and nearly as long as the orbit. No projection on the pre-orbital. The free

portion of the tail longer than high. ims; dorsal with its upper margin

straight, it arises midway between the posterior margin of the orbit and the

base of the caudal, which last is slightly emarginate. Pectoral extends

25 '

188 F. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

three-fourths of the distance to the ventral. Scales, minute. Colours, yel-

lowish, with ten regular brown zones encircling the body and broader than the

ground colour; a dark bar at the base of the caudal, and a dark band be-

tween the eye and the mouth. Dorsal with some black spots.

Having obtained numerous specimens in Barma, since my paper in the

Proe. Zool. Society was published, I have been enabled to compare them

with Mr. Blyth’s typical one, and Mc.Clelland’s description and figure, leav-

ing no doubt as to their specific identity.

Hab.—Upper Assam and Barma.

16. NEMACHEILUS SINUATUS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 371.

6h; 278-92 Pt? Ve 8 A 2/5, C08.

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/6 of the total

length. yes, situated in the middle of the length of the head, 2 diameters

from end of snout, 13 diameters apart. Barbels, long and thin. Fis;

dorsal arises slightly in advance of the ventrals, and midway between the

snout and the base of the caudal, which last is cut square, but some of the

outer rays are rather the shortest. Scales, distinct. Lateral line ceases

opposite the end of the dorsal fin. Colowrs, olive, with irregular vertical

brown bands, having shorter intermediate ones. A black ocellus at the base

of the upper portion of the caudal fin. Dorsal yellow, with three or four

rows of black spots. Caudal orange with four 7 shaped bars, the centre of

each of which however is inverted.

Hab.—Wynaad.

17. Nemacuertus SroriczKm.

Cobitis Stoliczke, Stein., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 793, t. 14, fig. 2.

Nemachilus Stoliczke, *Gunther, Catal. vii, p. 360.

BaD. 3/ 7, V8 An 2a.

Length of head 1/5 of total without the caudal, height of body much

less. Hyes; diameter 2/i1 of length of the head. ins; origin of dorsal

nearer root of caudal than end of snout, its upper margin oblique with the

anterior corner rounded. Caudal slightly emarginate. Pectoral extends a

little above half way to the root of the ventral. Scales, absent. Colours,

darkish, spotted and marbled all over with a darker colour.

Hab.—Tibet, 15,500 feet above the level of the sea.

18. NEMACHEILUS CHLOROSOMA.

Cobitis chlorosoma, McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 305, 487, t. 52, fig. 3; *Cuv. and

Val., xvii; p. 38.

Wattara, Tel. <

& iL D, 3/6, P11) V.:7, A; 2/5, C. 16.

1872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 189

Length of head 1/7, of caudal 2/11, height of body 2/11 of the total

length. Eyes, high up, diameter 2/9 of length of head, 2 diameters from

end of snout, 3 a diameter apart. Snout somewhat swollen, barbels about

equal in length to the diameter of the eye. ins; dorsal arises midway

between the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal. The

anal in the last third of the body. Caudal cut square. Scales, distinct.

Lateral line, absent. Oolowrs, straw coloured with a badly developed dark

line along the centre of the body, and irregular greyish _ pencillings along

the back. Pectoral, ventral, and anal yellowish ; dorsal with several irre-

cular and badly marked black bands. Caudal with a dark mark at its base,

and several irregularly directed vertical bands.

HHab.— Upper Assam. The specimen from which this description is drawn

up was taken at the Bezwada anicut on the Kistna, and it agrees moderate-

ly well with McClelland’s figure and definition.

19. NEMACHEILUS PHOXOCHEILA.

Cobitis phoxocheila, McClelland, Ind. Cyp., pp. 305, 489, t. 52, fie. 4; *Cuv, and

Welk, saul § 70, 7b

Nemachilus phoxocheila, *Giinther, Cat., vii, p. 861; Day, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869,

p. 551,

Boa. DY; 2/9) A. 2/5:

Length of head more than height of body. Hyes, situated before the

middle of the length of the head, and 2 diameters from end of snout.

Snout rather depressed, no ridge between the orbits. Barbels ; four rostral,

as long as the diameter of the orbit, and two shorter maxillary ones.

Fins ; dorsal commences midway between the anterior margin of the orbit

and the base of the anal, and slightly in advance of the ventral. The

pectoral does not reach the ventral, nor the latter the anal. Scales, minute.

The two specimens from which this description was drawn up were labelled

as above in the Calcutta Museum, but their colours were bleached, whilst

their tails were destroyed. The caudal fin should be rounded and entire.

McClelland’s description gives an apparently different fish ; he says that

the head is raised obliquely as in the Perilamps, but this is a frequent

post-mortem appearance ; the ridge between the eyes being sharp and bony.

Colowrs, above clouded with brown, silvery beneath, with a dark nebulous

streak along the side. Several small bars across the caudal fin.

D. 8, P. 8, V. 6, A. 6, C. 16, and according McClelland only four barbels.

Hab.—Mishmi mountains in Northern Assam.

20. NEMACHEILUS SERPENTARIUS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 551.

Pe tee We 2/8) CPV. Ol AY 2/5, Cs 29) Tn). 64.1 tre 12 ae

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body nearly 1/5 of the

total length. Hyes, small, behind the middle of the length of the head,

190 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 38,

about four diameters from end of snout, and three diameters apart. Snout,

pointed. Barbels, short, the maxillary pair the longest. Upper lip fim-

briated. Scales, distinct, with a raised keel along their centre. Lateral

line, complete. Fins; dorsal arises slightly in advance of the ventrals, and

midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin, its upper margin

straight. Pectoral reaches two-thirds of the distance to the ventral, and

the latter above half way to the anal. Caudal deeply emarginate, its lobes

pointed. Colours, brownish, with a wide dark chestnut band passing from

the snout through the orbit to the base of the dorsal fin, which last has a

black centre. Caudal deep brown with white margins. A black bar across

the base of the ventrals.

Hab.— Doubtful, three specimens are in the Calcutta Museum.

21. NEMACHEILUS MICROPS.

Cobitis microps, Stem, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 794, t. 18, f. 3.

Nemachilus microps, *Gunther, Catal, vii, p. 357.

BS, a8) eA ,

Length of head 1/5 of total without the caudal; height of body less.

Eyes, small, in middle of length of head. Head, broad, depressed. Snout,

thick. Fins; dorsal arises rather nearer the root of the caudal than the

end of the snout. Caudal shghtly emargimate. Pectoral reaches half way

to the base of ventral. Scales, absent. Colowrs ; body with many narrow,

vermiculated transverse stripes, which on the back coalesce, and form sixteen

or seventeen broad cross bands.

Hab.—Tibet, 16,000 feet above the sea.

22. NEMACHEILUS STRIATUS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p 347 ; *Gtinther, Catal. vii, p. 353.

Cul-irum, and Kul nakwra, Tamil.

BW, D2 2/8 11; Vs 8) As 2/5) C2 1%

Length of head, pectoral and caudal, each 1/7 of the total length.

Height of body 1/11 of the total length. yes, diameter nearly 1/4 of

length of head. Barbels, well developed, the external rostral pair reaching

the posterior, and the internal to the anterior margin of the nostrils, to

beneath which same place the maxillary ones extend. Mims; dorsal arises

slightly in advance of the ventrals, and midway between the snout and the

posterior extremity of the caudal fin ; the caudal slightly lobed at its post-

erior extremity. Scales, well developed. Lateral line, well marked. Colours,

light reddish brown, with narrow vertical bands darker than the ground

colour, and most distinct in the posterior portion of the body, where there

are sixteen posterior to the commencement of the dorsal fin, and several

more between that and the head, which last is marked all over with black lines

1872.] F. Day—Honograph of Indian Oyprinide. 191

and spots. A black band at the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal brilliant

orange, with a black edge having.a light external margin, and a dark base.

Anal orange with some dull black spots; caudal likewise yellow and

spotted. ’

Hab.—Wynaad at 3,000 feet. elevation. It grows to 23 inches in

length.

5; 23. NEMACHEILUS MUGAH.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 382.

Mugah, Beng.

eee 2/7, P. 11, V. 8, Ay — Oy:

Length of head 1/5, of pectoral 1/7, of caudal 1/5, height of body

2/13 of the total length. Hyes, diameter 1/5 of length of head, two diame-

ters from end of snout, 15 diameters apart. Body with compressed sides.

The free portion of the base of the caudal as long as high. Snout pointed ;

no enlargement of pre-orbital. Barbels, all about as long as the eye.

Fins ; dorsal arises midway between snout and base of caudal, its upper mar-

gin is straight ; pectorals extend above half way to the base of ventrals ;

caudal emarginate in its posterior length. Scales, small, but distinct ; there

being twelve rows above the lateral line, and thirteen between it and the base

of the ventral fin. Lateral line, commences by two roots, which soon coal-

esce, when it is continued to the base of the caudal. Colowrs, yellowish, with

a green tinge ; about fifteen brown bands, one-third as wide as the ground

colour, pass across the back and descend on either side below the lateral

line ; a few near the head, and some in the posterior third of the body are

interrupted. Upper surface of head marbled with black. Fins immaculate,

but the two anal rays are black anteriorly, and there are also slight black

marks near the end of the ventrals and on the outer side of the pectorals.

Rostral barbels orange.

Hab.—Cossy river at Midnapore, where it attains two inches in length.

24. NEMACHEILUS NOTOSTIGMA.

? Bleeker, Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Haarl, 1864, Cobit. et Cyp. Ceylon, p. 5, t. 1,

fic. 2; Giimther, Catal. vii, p. 352.

Beni): 2/8, V. 7, P. 18, A. = Calg)

Length of head 1/5, of pectoral 1/7, of caudal 1/4, height of body

1/8 of the total length. Hyes, diameter 1/4 of length of head, 1; diame-

ters from end of snout. Body elongated and compressed. Pre-orbital some-

what moveable and slightly enlarged at its posterior angle close to the

orbit. Barbels, all longer than the eye. ms; dorsal highest in front, it

arises midway between snout and base of the caudal fin, bemg a little in

advance of the ventrals; caudal with pointed lobes in its posterior third,

192 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

Scales, moderately distinct. Colowrs, brownish with dark blotches, almost

bands, on the upper half of the body, and some also upon the fins. Occiput

nearly black. A dark mark at the base of the caudal, which is irregularly

banded. A black spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, and a bar

across the lower portion of the fin.

Hab.—Cauvery above Trichinopoly, also ? Ceylon.

25. NEMACHEILUS MONTANUS.

Schistwra montana, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 307, 440, t. 57, fig. 1.

Cobitis montana, *Cuv. and Val., xviii, p. 69.

? Nemacheilus montanus, Giimther, Catal. vii, p. 350.

Saant-al, Pan}.

ed WES) 7 PALO WNE 8) As 2/5 Cal:

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/8 of the total

length. yes, small, in the middle of the length of the head. Head, rather

above half as wideas long. Free portion of tail as deep as long. ims ;

the dorsal’s upper margin straight and oblique, it commences midway

between the anterior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin ;

pectoral extends a little above half the distance to the ventral. Caudal

with rounded lobes. Scales, absent. Colowrs, yellowish, with twelve verti-

cal brown bands, much narrower than the intermediate ground colour, and

decreasing in width below the lateral line; a dark band across the base of

the caudal, which fin as well as the dorsal has a single row of indistinct spots

forming a sort of greyish band; a dark mark at the base of the anterior

dorsal rays.

Hab.— Himalayas.

26. NEMACHEILUS SPILOPTERUS.

Cobitis spilopterus, Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 27, pl. 522.

Nemachilus spilopterus, Ginther, Catal., vii, p. 358.

3 a 27 ae LON Nir ones a9:

; Leneth of head 2/11, of caudal 1/7 of the total length. Height of

body scarcely equals the length of the head. Hyes, near the summit of the

head and in the middle of its length. Barbels, short. Free portion of

tail about twice as long as high. ims; dorsal with an oblique upper mar-

gin, it commences midway between the end of the snout and the root of

the caudal. Pectoral reaches half way to the base of the ventral. Caudal

very slightly emarginate. Scales, absent. Colours, greenish yellow, with

from eleven to fifteen irregular bands crossing the back, and a black band

across the root of the caudal fin. A black blotch at the base of the three

first dorsal rays.

Hab.—Himalayas, Assam and Cochin China.

1872.] F. Day—Monoyraph of Indian Cyprinide. 193

27. NEMACHEILUS SAVONA.

Cobitis savona, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 357, 394; McClelland, Ind. Cyp.,

pp. 308, 442, pl. 53, fic. 3, (from H. B’s MS.) ; *Cuv. and Val., xviii, p. 32.

Nemachilus savona, *Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 354.

Savon-khorka, Beng.

BL D. as EO, Vi, AO 2/5. ©, 19.

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/6 of the total

length. Hyes, rather large in the anterior half of the head, and 1% diame-

ters from end of snout. Head, as broad as it is long without the snout.

Barbels, long, the four rostral and two maxillary ones reach theeye. ins ;

dorsal with its upper edge rather convex, it arises midway between the

anterior edge of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin, and its commence-

ment is before the origin of the ventrals. Pectoral extends two-thirds of

the distance to the ventrals, which last does not reach the anal. Caudal

very slightly emarginate, its lobes being rounded. Lateral line, incomplete.

Scales, small, most distinct in the posterior portion of the body. Colours,

brown, becoming lighter on the abdomen, having from ten to twelve very

narrow vertical white bands, not above 1/8 or 1/6 as wide as the ground

colour, a black band at the root of the caudal fin; a black blotch at the

base of the first few dorsal rays, and four or five rows of dark spots on the

fin. Caudal with narrow bands of dark spots.

Hab.—Bengal. I received some specimens from the hills near Rani-

ganj.

28. NEMACHEILUS BEAVANI.

Nemacheilus beavani, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 350.

Bare Dy Oe Pe eV: 7. AY 7 C. 19,

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/11 of the total

length. yes, small, in the middle of the length of the head. Free portion

of the tail rather longer than deep. Barbels, six, four rostral and two

maxillary. ins; dorsal with an oblique upper edge, it arises midway be-

tween the end of the snout and the base of the caudal. Pectoral extends

two-thirds of the distance to the root of the ventral. Caudal lobed.

Colowrs ; body with nine dark cross bands, broader than the lighter inter-

spaces, a black streak across the root of the caudal. Dorsal and caudal

rays with blackish dots.

Hab.—Cossy river up to 2 inches long.

29. NemAcHEILUS DENISONII.

? Cobitis montanus, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 332 (not McClelland).

Nemacheilus Denison, Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 287; Giinther, Catal. vii,

p- 352.

B. III. D. 7 Bld, Weg Ae 2/5. ©. 17,

194 FE, Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

Length of head 2/9, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/13 of the total

length. yes; diameter 1/5 of length of head, 2 diameters from end of

snout, 1 diameter apart. Barbels, short. Fins ; the dorsal commences mid-

way between the end of snout and base of caudal, which last is lobed.

Pectoral extends two-thirds of the distance to the ventrals. Seales, minute.

Lateral line, complete. Colours, reddish brown, having from nine to twelve

yellowish olive vertical zones, those anterior to the dorsal fin coalescing

rather irregularly across the back. Dorsal fin with three rows of fine

black spots. Caudal irregularly spotted in bands. Some dull spots on the

ventral and anal fins. Most of the head marbled with black dots.

Hab.—Nilgherry and Coorg hills, and rivers at their bases.

A variety of this species with longer barbels exists in Mysore, where

it attains four inches in length.

30. NEMACHEILUS TRIANGULARIS.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 295, and Fishes of Malabar, p. 203, pl. 14, fig. 1;

Gunther, Catal. vii, p. 352.

By Mids DB! 2/8 Pai V59) Ae 2a. 19:

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/4 of the total

leneth. yes; diameter 1/4 of length of head, 2 diameters from end of

snout and one apart. Barbels, short. Free portion of tail rather deeper

than long. is ; upper margin of dorsal fin oblique, it commences midway

between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which latter is

emarginate. Scales, distinct. Lateral line, complete. Colowrs, yellowish,

with about seven black edged bands on the body disposed in a 7 shape ;

likewise, one passes over the opercles, a second through the eye, a third from

the orbit to the angle of the mouth. Dorsal with three irregular rows of

black spots. Pectoral, ventral, and anal unspotted, but stained at their

margins. Three oblique bars across each lobe of the caudal which has a_

black mark at its base.

Hab.—Travancore hills.

31.* NEMACHEILUS MARMORATUS.

Cobitis marmorata, Heckel, Fisch, Kaschmir, p. 76, t. 12, figs. 1—2, and Hiigel,

Kaschmir, iv, p. 380; *Cuv. and Val. xviii, p. 41.

Cobitis vittata, Heckel, 1. c. p. 80, figs. 3,4; and Hiugel, Kaschmir, iv, p. 382;

#Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 42.

Nemachilus marmoratus, *Ginther, Catal. vii, p. 356.

Bot DP: 10) Vo 7A

Length of head 2/9, height of body less than 2/9 of the leneth without

the caudal fin. yes, small, situated in the middle of the length of the

head. Free portion of tail not elongated. Fins; upper margin of dorsal

fin oblique, its commencement being nearly midway between the end of the

1872.] F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 195

snout and the root of the caudal, which latter is somewhat convex at its

extremity. Pectoral reacheg rather above half way to the root of the

ventral. Scales, absent. Colours; mottled with brown. In some speci-

mens a dark band exists along the body and some bars over the back of

the tail. (WV. vittata.)

Hab.—Kashmir.

32. NEMACHEILUS GRIFFITHII.

Ginther, Catal., vii, p. 360.

Pane DalO Poll Ve SAN 7: C. 15.

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/8 of the total

length. yes; diameter 1/7 of length of head, 3 diameters from end of

snout, which is produced. Free portion of tail low, its depth being 1/3 of

its length or even less. Fins; upper margin of dorsal oblique, with its

anterior superior angle rounded, it commences midway between the end of

the snout and the root of the caudal, which latter is emarginate. Pectoral

reaches rather above half way to the root of the ventral. Scales, present.

Lateral line, complete. Colours ; sides of the body, dorsal and caudal fins

irregularly marbled with brownish black, several similar bands cross the

back.

Hab.—Probably Assam, attaining 54 inches in length.

33. NEMACHEILUS CORICA.

Cobitis corica, Ham. Buch., Fish. Ganges, pp. 359, 395 ;.*Cuv. and Val., xviii, p. 36.

Schistura punctata, McClell., Ind. Cyp. pp. 308, 442, pl. 53, fig. 4, (from H. B.’s MS).

Nemachilus corica, *Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 361.

Khorika, Beng.

PEE 2/85 Ps lay Ve 8. A 2/o C.F

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/6 of the total

length. yes, of moderate size, in the middle of the length of the head.

Barbels, well developed, the external rostral pair longer than the orbit.

Fins ; dorsal commences anterior to the ventral and nearer the snout than

the base of the caudal, which last is lobed in its posterior half, the lower

being the longer. Upper margin of dorsal fin oblique. Third and fourth

pectoral rays produced, reaching the base of the ventral fin. Scales, visible

in the posterior half of the body. Colowrs, bluish, with about thirteen

black blotches along the middle of the side, and smaller ones above and

descending to between them.

Hab.—N. EH. Bengal, Panjab and Assam.

34, NEMACHEILUS GUENTHERI.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 285; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 361.

B. IIL. D. 2/8, P. 11, V. 7, A. 2/5, C. 19.

196 FE. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 3,

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/18, height of body 1/7 of the total

length. Eyes; diameter 2/7 of length of head, 13 diameters from end of

snout, 1 diameter apart. Head rather compressed. Free portion of tail

longer than deep. Fins ; upper margin of dorsal oblique, the fin commences

midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which

last is lobed. Pectoral extends three-fifths of the distance to the base of

the ventral. Scales, distinct. Lateral line, mcomplete. Colowrs, pinkish,

coarsely reticulated with olive brown markings, leaving three rows of large

spots along the side; a black band at the base of the caudal fin, which has

two indistinct dark bands across either lobe, the extremities of which are

stained. Two rows of fine black dots along the dorsal fin, and one across

the anal.

Hab.—Rivers along the lower slopes, and base of the Nilgherry hills.

35. NEMACHEILUS BLYTHII.

Day, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 552.

B. III. D. 2/7, V. 9, A. 2/5, C. 19.

Length of head 1/5, of pectoral 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body

2/13 of the total length. Eyes; diameter 2/9 of length of head, 1

diameter from end of snout, 12 apart. Barbels, longer than one dia-

meter of the orbit. ims; dorsal commences midway between the snout

and the base of the caudal fin, which latter has sharp lobes. Scales,

minute. Oolowrs, brownish, becoming lighter on the abdomen ; a dark band

at the base of the caudal.

Hab.—Doubtful. Two specimens 3 inches long exist in the Calcutta

Museum. :

36. NEMACHEILUS BUTANENSIS.

Cobitis Butanensis, McClell., C. J. N. H. ii, p. 586.

Nemaclilus butanensis, Gunther, Catal., vii, p. 358.

BAT DY OP Veal, Aww.

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/11, height of body 1/11 of the total

length. yes small, in the middle of the length of the head. Free portion of

tail elongated and compressed, its depth being nearly half of its length. Lips

fringed. Fins, upper margin of dorsal convex, it commences nearer to the

end of the snout than to the root of the caudal, which latter is rounded.

The pectoral does not extend half way to the base of the ventral. Seales,

distinct. Colowrs, doubtful.

Hab.—Biutan, where it attains five coe in length.

37. NEMACHEILUS RUBRIPINNIS.

Cobitis rubripimnis, Jerdon, M. J. L. and 8. 1849, p. 332.

Nemacheilus rubripinmis, Day, Fishes of Malabar, p. 203.

B. IIT. D. 2/6, A. 2/5, C. 13.

Length of head 1/6, of pectoral 1/8, of caudal 1/6, height of body

1872.] F. Day—Honograph of Indian Cyprinde. 197

1/5 of the total length. yes; diameter 1/6 of length of head, 2 diameters

from end of snout and apart. ins; dorsal commences midway between

end of snout and base of caudal fin, which is slightly emarginated. Scales,

minute. Lateral line, complete. Colowrs, dirty olive along the back

becoming light on the abdomen. Nine bars pass from the back towards

the lateral line, and also a number of irregular bands descend to the same

distance ; a dark bar at the base of the caudal. Dorsal with two bars, the

lowest sometimes red. Caudal with three wide bars.

Hab.—Malabar.

38.* NEMACHEILUS TURIO.

Cobitis twrio, Ham. Buch , Fish. Ganges, pp. 358, 395; *Cuv. and Val., xviii, p. 33.

», gibbosa, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 304, 436, pl. 52, fig. 7, (from H. B.’s MS.).

» arenata, Val. in Jacq. Voy. Ind. Poiss., pl. 15, fig. 1 ; Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 28.

Nemacheilus turio, *Giunther, Catal., vii, p. 360.

Turi, Assam.

185 IDOL, ID, 8) (QO), 12s A Ve teh ss pO dus

Length of head (according to figure) about 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height

of body 1/5 of the total length. yes, of moderate size. Free portion of

tail appears higher than long. Back elevated. ims; pectoral nearly

reaches the ventral. Caudal emarginate. Oolowrs ; body irregularly spotted

and blotched.

Hab.—Assam.

39.* NEMACHEILUS GUTTATUS.

Cobitis guttata, McClell., Ind. Cyp., pp. 305, 488, pl. 52, fig, 5, 6; *Cuy..and Val.

Xvili, p. 79.

*Nemachilus guttatus, Giinther, Catal., vii, p. 360.

Bere Dy. 8:

This species is said to have only four barbels. Colowrs, light green

with dark blotches.

Hab.—Joorhath in Upper Assam.

Genus. 10. OrnoneEctEs, Cinther.

Head depressed, body scarcely compressed. No suborbital spine. Six

barbels round the upper jaw. Dorsal fin placed far backwards at some

distance behind the root of the ventrals ; caudal rounded.

Hab.—China.

Genus. 11. Museurnus, Laceép.

Cosrricutuys, Bleeker.

Body elongated and compressed. No suborbital spine. Ten ov twelve

harbels, four being on the mandible. Dorsal fin arising opposite the ven-

trals. Caudal rounded.

198 F. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinidae. [No. 3,

Geographical distribution —This genus which exists m Central and

Eastern Europe has also its representatives in India and China.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Misgwrnus lateralis, D. 10, A. 8. Barbels ten; body longitudinally banded,

ocellus on base of caudal. Bengal.

2. 0 anguillicaudatus, D, 2/7, A. 8. Barbels ten; body ee dot-

ted, a black spot on base of caudal. China. Japan.

1. MiscURNUS LATERALIS.

Ginther, Catal., vii, p. 346.

(23 JURE AU 10, INE GAL eS:

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/6, height of body rather less than

1/6 of the length. yes; diameter 2/9 of length of head, nearly 2 diame-

ters from end of snout. Head and body compressed. Barbels ten, the

inner mandibular pair very short. Free portion of tail rather longer than

deep. Fins ; dorsal arises midway between end of snout and the root of the

caudal, and slightly in advance of the root of the ventral. Pectoral rather

longer than the head. Caudal rounded. Scales, very distinct. Colowrs ;

a broad brown band, runs along the middle of the side, and is separated from

the brown back by a yellowish band; a narrow and indistinct brown band

on the abdomen; a black ocellus edged with white on the base of the

upper half of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal finely mottled with brown.

Hab.—Bengal from whence one specimen 33 inches long was received.

2. MISGURNUS ANGUILLICAUDATUS.

Cobitis anguillicaudata, Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1842, p. 485; Richard.,

Voy. Sulph. Fish., p. 143, pl. 55, fig. 9, 10.

Cobitis bifurcata, McClell., C. J. N. Hist., 1844, p. 400, pl 28, fic. 1.

? ,, pectoralis, McClell., 1. c., fig. 3, (Pect. fins elongated).

» micropus, Cuy. and Val., xviii, p. 29.

» psammismus, Richard, Ich. China, p 300.

» rubripiuus et maculata, Temm and Schleg, Fauna Japon, pp. 220, 221,

t. 108, fig. 1, 2.

» decemcirrhosus, Basilewsky, Mém, Soc. Nat. Mosc, 1855, p. 239.

? Cobitichthys enalios, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo. Neerl., viii, Japan. vi, p. 88,

t, 2, fig. 4, (Pectoral fins elongated.)

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Gunther, Catal., vii, p. 345.

Ba 2/7, PND, Vie; Cad oe ir OM aor OF

Barbels ten, four bemg mandibular. His; origin of dorsal midway

between occiput and base of caudal. Pectoral shorter or as long as the

head. Scales, distinct. Oolowrs; body and fins irregularly dotted with

brownish black, and generally a small black spot at the upper portion of the

root of the caudal fin.

Hab,—China, Japan, Formosa.

(Lo be continued.)

1872.] 199

Monograph oF HimMAnAyan, ASSAMESE, BARMESE AND CINGALESE CLAU-

sinia,—by Wittiam T. Buanrorp, F. G. 8., C. M. Z. S., &e.

(With Plate IX.)

[Received 19th January, read 2nd February, 1872. |

Not asingle species of Clawsilia has hitherto been found in India proper,

South of the Himalayas, not even in the semi-Malay fauna of the Malabar

coast, although one kind occurs in Ceylon.* The few forms hitherto

described from the territories belonging to the British Indian Empire are

from the mountains to the north, or from the countries to the eastward.

Several of those described are rare and local, and some are from places very

difficult of access.

By the kindness of my friends, Major Godwin-Austen, Mr. Theobald,

Dr. Stoliczka, and Mr. G. Nevill, I have been furnished with specimens of

all the species not in my own collection, hitherto described from British

Barma, Assam, the Himalayas and Ceylon, except Clausilia vespa, Gould,

C. insignis, Gould, and C. bulbus, Benson. I have copied authentic figures

of the last two, and I add a representation of a shell from Moulmein which

may possibly be a variety of C. vespa.

I am unable, without access to a greater number of types, to assign all

the Himalayan and Barmese Clausilie to the proper sub-genera. ‘Those to

which the known species hitherto been referred do not always appear to me

to include them. Thus ©. isignis, Gould, C. Philippiana, Pfr., and

C. cylindrica, Gray, have all been classed in Phedusa, to which I am in-

clined to doubt if any except the first really belong. I have classed the

species in natural sections, and I have given the most conspicuous characters

of each group; and in one case only I have proposed a new sectional or

sub-generic name,

Srcotion I.—Shell horny, smooth, elongate ; the apical portion decidu-

ous ; lunule rudimentary or wanting, palatal plice few, the uppermost

elongate.

1.f CLAUSILIA CYLINDRICA, Gray.

Pfeiffer, Symbol. III, p. 93. Mon. Hell. II, p. 428 ;—III, p. 590;—IV, p. 725 ;—

Vi, p. 412. Ktister, Mart. and Chemn., Pl. XI, f. 12—16. Hanley and Theobald,

Conchologia Indica, Pl. XXIV, f. 4.

* But a single species C. Jennaarensis, Pfr., has hitherto been obtained in the

Hthiopian region. The genus is found throughout the temperate portion of the

poleearctic region, in the Malay (or Indo-Malay) province, and in part of the neotro-

pical region.

+ The figures in Pl. IX correspond in their numbers with the species, thus:

1, C. cylindrica, is fig. 1. 2, C. Ids, fig. 2, &e.

{ The full synonomy being given in Pfeiffer’s Monograph, I do not repeat it,

but only add references to figures,

200 W. T. Blanford—onograph of Clausilia. [No. 3,

Hab.— Western Himalayas from the western frontier of Nipaél to the

Satle] valley, at elevations from 5000 to 9000 feet.

The figure in the Oonchologia Indica is that of a specimen which,

although adult, has retained its apex. This is a very rare occurrence. The

figure now given represents the shell as it is usually found.

Three palatal plaits, the upper elongate, are always present, and beneath

them there is occasionally to be found a rudimentary lunella. The charac-

ters both of the shell and of the internal plication differ widely from

those of typical Phedusa, in which sub-genus I do not think that the

present species can be included. It stands by itself, and I am inclined to

look upon it as the type of a peculiar section.

Section I1.—? Medora H.and A. Adams. Shell fusiform, horny, costulate

or smooth, apex not deciduous. Lunule developed, with few, usually two,

palatal plicee above it, the upper elongate.

2. Crausinia Ids, Benson.

Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist. 1852, Ser. 2, Vol. X, p. 350. Pfeif. Mon. Hel. III, p. 612 ;

—lIV, p. 761;—VI, p. 495. Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind., Pl. XXIV, fig. 10.

Hab.—Temperate regions of Sikkim and Butan, in the Eastern Hima-

layas, from about 5000 to 9000 feet. It doubtless also exists in Nipal.

It is generally met with at the roots of oaks and other large trees.

In this species, as was noticed by Mr. Benson, the lunule is sometimes

broken up into short oblique plaits above, and consequently the number of

palatal plicee varies. Sometimes there is only the long lameliar plait above

the lunule, in other specimens there are, besides the long one, two short plice.

38. CLAUSILIA BACILLUM, Benson.

Hanley and Theobald, Conch, Ind. Pl. XXIV, fig.1, nec Thoabald, J. A. S. B.,

1858, p. 321.

? C. ignota, Theob. J. A. 8. B., 1858, Vol. XXVII, p. 321, (descriptio nulla),

Testa subrimata, fusiformis, solidula, glabra, vise striatula, nitidula, su-

perficie sepe in exemplis veteribus erosa, albido- vel cereo- cornea; spira

superne regulariter attenuata ; apice obtuso, papillari ; sutwra simplice impres-

sa. Anfr. 9 convexi, ultimus validius striatus, pone aperturam vie compres-

sus; apertura verticalis, pwriformi-oblonga, lamella supera validiort, colwnel-

lari antice vie conspicua, parwm torta, intus subfurcata ; lunella distineta,

plicis palatalibus 2, suture parallelibus, supera elongata, altera brevi, a lunel-

la viz disjuncta. Peristoma continuum, solutwm, album, breviter expanswm et

imerassatum, margine parietal vie sinuato. Long. 15, anfr. penult. diam. 3°5

mm. ; apert. cum peristomate 3°33 longa, 2°33 mm. lata.

Hab. in montibus Khasi et Naga dictis, ultra fines meridionales vallis

Assamensis. W. Theobald ad Nanclu in montibus Khasi invent, H. Godwin-

Austen haud procul ab Asalu in Cachar septentrionali.

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Monograph of Clausihe. 201

This species is near C. Ids, but easily distinguished by the absence of

costulate sculpture. I think there can be but little doubt of the identity of

the form found by Major Godwim-Austen, from which my figures and de-

scription are taken, with the O. bacillwm of the Conchologia Indica, but as

only one single figure is given in that work, and there is no description, I

may be mistaken. I doubt, however, that this is the C. bacillwm of Mr.

Theobald’s paper in the Journal for 1858, 1. c., because that was said to be

of the type of C. mszgnis, which can scarcely said to be the case with the

present species, but as no descriptions were furnished in Mr. Theobald’s paper,

his names cannot be retained. The name, in the present instance, must be

considered as founded.on the figure in the Conchologia Indica.

4, Crausin1a CEYLANICA, Bens.

Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., February, 18638, Ser. 3, Vol. XI, p. 89.

Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. VI, p. 427.

Hab.—The mountains in the southern part of Ceylon.

This shell was first found by Mr. Layard, and has smce been obtained

by Mr. H. Nevill. Tam indebted to Messrs. G. Nevill and Stoliczka for

the loan of specimens.

Benson, in his original description, has overlooked the lunule, which is

well developed, as in the two preceding species.

5. Craustr1a THHOBALDI, sp. nov.

Testa rimata, fusiform turrita, cornea, confertum flexuose costulata,

translucens. Spira turrita, sensim attenuata, lateribus superne subrectis,

apicé acutiusculo, sutura wmpressa. Anfr. 11 convext, antepenultimus et

penultimus maores, ultimus juxta suturam tumidiusculus, fra plicam

palatalem superam compressus, subtus rotundatus. Apertura vix obliqua,

piriformis, lamellis approximatis, mediocribus, supera acuta, infera immersa,

tunella distincta, plicis palatalibus 2, swpera elongata, altera brevi. Peris-

toma rectum, expansum, solutwn, marge palatali haud sinuato. Long. 22

mmn., diam. 35 ; apert. 3°5 mm., longa, 2° 6 lata.

Hab.—Tonghu in provincia Barmana. Detexit W. Theobald.

This is the only species of the present group hitherto found in Barma.

Section ITIl.—Phedusa, H. and A. Adams. Shell fusiform, generally

rather thick ; apex not deciduous. No lunule, palatal piicee numerous, the

uppermost produced nearly to the aperture.

A. Sutures crenulated.

6. CLAUSILIA Loxostoma, Bens.

J. A. S. B., 1836, Vol. V, p. 353. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. II, p. 404;—ITI, p. 590 ;—

TV, p. 725 ;—VI, p. 411. Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. Pl. XXIV, fic. 7.

C. Bengalensis, Von dem Busch, Pfeiffer, Symb. II. p. 60.—WNiister, Mart, and

Chem. p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 11-13.

202 W. T. Blanford—Aonograph of Clausihe. [No. 3,

Hab.—Khasi hills, North-east of Bengal, and South of the Assam val-

ley.

The locality usually assigned to this shell, Bengal, conveys a false

impression, as neither this nor any other Clawsilia is found in the plains of

India. Teria ghat, the locality mentioned in the Conchologia Indica, is at

the southern base of the Khasi hills, and the shell is found at many places

along the range, from the base up to a height of, I believe, 4000 or 5000 feet.

Major Godwin-Austen sent me this species from Habiang on the Khasi

plateau. I do not know if C. lovostoma occurs also on the northern or As-

sam flank of the range; I have never seen specimens from any place in that

direction, and as the climate is much drier, many of the shells common on

the southern watershed are wanting to the north.

The form of this species varies considerably, some specimens being much

more fusiform than others. I have figured three varieties, of which figure 6

may be considered as the typical form.

7. CLAUSILIA FERRUGINEA, sp. nov.

Testa subrimata, elongato-fusiformis, solida, fere glabra, striatula, haud

nitida, sordide et interdum pallide ferruginea ; spira alta, lateribus sursum

subrectis, apice obtuso papillari, sutura impressa, valde crenulata. <Anfr.

11 convexi, ultimus capillaceo-striatus, basi rotundatus. Apertura fere verti-

calis, subtrapezoidalis, marginibus lateralibus fere parallelis, basalt rotundato ;

lamella supera acuta, sinistrorsim inflexa, columellart mediocri, plicis pala-

talibus circa 5, supera elongata, haud procul ab apertura desinente, suture

parallela, ceteris magis obliquis curvatisque. Peristoma continuum, album,

expansum, parwm inerassatwm, margine swpero repando, leviter sinuato.

Long. 30, diam. 55 mm.; apert. cwm perist. 65 longa, 4°66 lata.

Hab.—In montibus Naga dictis, ultra fines meridionales provincie As-

sam, (ditexit Masters).

7a. Var. tumida, anfractibus ultimis aperturaque maoribus. Long.

circa 33, diam. 65 mmn., apert. 7 longa, 5 lata.

Hab.—In “ North Cachar,” (Godwin-Austen).

This fine species, the largest hitherto found in Assam or the Eel

resembles C. loxostoma in its strongly crenulated sutures and in form, but

differs in its larger size and more numerous whorls. It was first found by

Mr. Masters in 1860, in the hills south of Golaghat, together with Spzracu-

lum Masterst and other interesting shells. 'The more tumid variety has late-

ly been obtained in North Cachar by Major Godwin-Austen.

8. Cravsinta ASALUENSIS, Godwin-Austen, MS.

Testa non rimata, fusiformi-turrita, alba vel pallide castanea, solidula,

striata, ad anfractus duos wltimos capillaceo-striata. NSpira sensim attenuata

lateribus superne concaviusculis, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa, confertim

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Monograph of Clausilic. 203

minutegue crenulata. Anfr. 12-13, convexi, antepenultimus maximus, penul-

tmus parum minor, ultimus ad latus compressus, ad basin rotundatus. Aper-

tura subverticalis, piriformis, lamella supera compressa, columellari immersa,

lunella nulla, plica palatali supera elongata, suture parallela, secunda etiam

parallela, mediocri, ceteris obliquis. Peristoma leviter sinuatum, album, in-

erassatum, continuum, breviter solutum. Long. 23°5, diam. 5 mm.; apert. e.

perist. 5 longa, 3°66 lata.

Hab. ad Asalu mm North Cachar, ad altitudinem 7000 ped. angl.

(Godwin-Austen.)

This species is easily distinguished from both C. loxostoma and OC. fer-

rugimea by its more numerous whorls and finely crenulate sutures. In size

it is intermediate between the two, some specimens being as much as 26 mm.,

or rather more than an inch in length.

B. Sutures simple.

9. Crausinia FusTFoRMIS, W. Blanf.

J. A. 8. B., 1865, Vol. XXXIV, Pt. 2, p. 80. Pfeiffer, Mon, Hel. Vol. VI, p. 410.

Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. Pl. XXIV, fig. 6.

Hab.—Arakan hilis, Barma.

This shell was described from a single immature specimen. Mr. Theo-

bald has since found several adult shells from one of which the figure now

given is taken. These differ a little from the type, they are smaller, and the

lower whorls are rather more convex. The peristome is thickened, expanded

and continuous. The followmg are the characters of the form now figured.

Testa non rimata, fusiformis, aibo-cornea, minute oblique presertim ad

anfractum ultimum costulato striata; spira supra anfr. antepenultimum

lente decrescente, versus apicem acutiusculum rapide attenuata ; sutura sim-

plice parum impressa, versus apicem profundiore. Anfr. 8-9, superi convexi,

cetert convexiusculi, antepenultimus tumidus, penultimus minor, ultimus ad

basin rotundatus. Apertura rotundato-pwiformis, parum obliqua, lamella

supera mediocri, infera paulum immersa torta; lunella nulla, plica palatal

supera longissima, ceteris brevioribus subparailelis, via obliquis. Peristoma

album, mecrassatum, expansum, continuum, non solutum, leviter sinuatum.

Long. 22:5, diam. 6 mm. Apert. c. perist. 6 mm. longa, 5 lata.

This species closely resembles the next, but appears to be distinguished by

having 1 to 2 whorls less, by the apex being less attenuate, and the lower

palatal plaits much less oblique. It is quite possible, however, that connecting

links may be found, in which case I should be inclined to unite the two.

10. Cuiausin1a Gounprana, Pfr.

Malakoz. Blatter, 1856, Vol. III, p. 259.—Mon, Hel. IV, p. 724,—VI, p. 409,—

‘Noy. Conch. I, p, 123, Pl. XXXIV, fig. 18—20.

Hab.—Mergui and Moulmain, Tenaserim provinces, British Barma.

204 W. T. Blanford—Monograph of Clausilia. [No. 3,

‘This species was first described by Pfeiffer from Mergui specimens in

Mr. Hugh Cuming’s collection. It has since been found abundantly by Mr.

Theobald near Moulmain. It varies much in colour, some specimens bemg

brown, others rosy pink, others nearly white; the peristome is either pink

or white. Some shells from Moulmain are only 22 millemetres long, others

are nearly 26.

11. Crausm1A INstents, Gould.

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. I, p. 140.—Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Vol. IV, p. 458,

pl. XXIV, fig. 8. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. II, p. 423.

Hab.—Tavoy, Tenaserim provinces, Barma.

The figure given is copied from Gould’s. I have never seen this species.

12. CLAUSILIA SP.

C. insignis, Pfr. nec Gould), Mon. Hel. III, p. 589 —IV, p. 725.—VI, p. 409.—

Noy. Conch. I, p. 122, Pl. XXXIV, fig. 15—17.

¢ insignis, Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. Pl. XXIV, fig. 2.

Hab.—Tenaserim provinces. Var. gracilior, Conch. Ind. Pl. XXIV,

fig. 3, is from Moulmain.

The figure now given is copied from that in the Conchologia Indica, but

reduced to the natural size.

It appears to me evident, either that Gould’s figure of C. aszgnis in the

Boston Journal is incorrect, or that a different shell has been figured under

the same name by Pfeiffer and Hanley. The first is improbable, because the

other shells represented on the same plate are excellently figured, and I can

only conclude that two forms have been confounded under this name. The

C. insignis of Pfeiffer and Hanley requires naming, but as I have no speci-

mens, and the system of giving names to figures is highly objectionable, I

shall not attempt to supply the deficiency.

The C. insignis, var. gracilior of the Conchologia Indica is probably a

variety of the present form. From the references given in the Conchologia

I am inclined to believe that Mr. Hanley has already noticed the differences

between Gould’s and Pfeiffer’s shells described as C. mmszgnis, and that he

believes the former to be represented by fig. 2, the latter (his var. gracilior)

by fig. 8, of Pl. XXIV, of the Conchologia. It appears to me, however, that

Pfeiffer’s figure in the Wovitates Conchologice agrees far better with fig. 2,

than with fig. 3, and that Gould’s original figure in the Boston Journal re-

presents a shell quite distinct from both.

13. Cravsinia MONTICOLA, Godwin-Austen. MS.

Testa rimata, exilis, elongata, fusiformi-subulata, solidula, brunnea vel

brunnescente-qrisea, striata, parum nitida; superficie se@pe erosa; spire

lateribus antice rectis, apicem papillarem versus concaviusculis ; sutura

sumplice, impressa. Anfr. 13 convent, primi 4 fere cylindrict, antepenultimus

1872.] W. T. Blanford—Wonograph of Clausilia. 205

viz guam penultimus major, ultimus ad basin rotundatus, haud compressus.

Apertura piriformis, fere verticalis, lamella palatali sinistrorsim deflexa,

acuta ; columellart subprofunda ; lunella nulla, plicis palatalibus fere paral-

lelis 6-7, supera valde elongata. Peristoma continuwwn, vie solutwm, leviter

sinuatum, superne repandum, expansiusculum, mediocriter incrassatum, album,

margine parietali leviter sinuato. Long. 21, diam. anfr. penult. 4 mm. ;

apert. cum perist. 3°66 longa, 2°66 lata.

Hab.—In montibus Burrail dictis, ad latus meridionale vallis Assamen-

sis, in “ North Cachar,” ad alt. cirea 6500 ped. angl. detexit WH. H. Godwin-

Austen.

This species is well distinguished from its allies by its slender shape and

numerous whorls.

I have a single specimen of a Clawsilia from the Arakan hills, somewhat

similar to C. monticola, but with only ten whorls. As it is bleached and

the surface in bad condition, I do not desribe it.

Section IV.—Oospira,* sect. nov. Shell with but few whorls, usually

five or six, and of a peculiar more or less oval form with a very blunt apex.

Lunule wanting, palatal plaits as in Phedusa. Type C. Philippiana, Pfr.

The known shells of this section are solid deeply coloured Clausilia,

smooth or with very slight sculpture. So far as is hitherto known, the type

is peculiar to Martaban and Tenasserim.

14. Cravusinta Purirpprana, Pfr.

Zeitschr, f. Malak. 1847, p. 69.—Mon. Hel. II, p. 423;—III, p. 590;—IV,

p. 725 ;—VI, p. 401, Kiister, Mart. and Chem. p. 100, Pl. XI, fig. 7—9. Stoliczka,

J. A. S. B; 1871, Vol. XL, Pt. II, p. 174, Pl. VI, fig. 7—10 (lingual teeth, jaw and

anatomy ).

Hab—Moulmain. According to Pfeiffer this shell is also found at Mer-

gui, but I have never seen specimens from the latter locality.

15. CLAusIntIA vEsPA, Gould.

Proc. Boston Soc, 1859, Vol. VI, p. 12.—Otia Conchologica, p. 220. Pfeiffer,

Mon. Hel. VI, p. 409.

Hab.—Tavoy (and Moulmain ?).

I have figured a shell from Moulmain which may possibly be this form,

as it agrees in its measurements with Gould’s type; but it is barely separa-

ble from C. Philippiana. Gould’s description is so meagre that, it is very

difficult to identify the species, and it has never, so far as I am aware, been

figured.

The shell here represented has a most astonishing resemblance to Olau-

silia Bartletit, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 441, Pl. XX XVIII, fig.

2, from Peru. We shall presently see that this is not the only instance of

resemblance between Barmese and South American Clausilie.

* tym, woy an egg and omeipa a spival,

206 W. T. Blanford—Monograph of Clausilie. [ No. 3,

16. CLAUSILIA BULBUS, Bens.

Ann. and Mae. Nat. Hist. 1863, Ser. 3, Vol. XI, p.321. Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. VI,

p. 409. Hanley and Theobald, Conch. Ind. Pl. XXIV, fig. 5.

Hab.—Banks of the river Attaran, near Moulmain. I have never seen

this species. The figure in the Oonchologia Indica is, I believe, taken from

Mr. Benson’s original specimen ; I have therefore given a copy reduced to

the natural size. ;

17. CLAUSILIA OVATA, sp. nov.

Testa via subrimata, elongato-ovata, pupiformis, intense rufo-ferrugined,

requlariter confertumque striata ; spira tumida, apice convexo, sutura parum

empressa. Anfr. 5°5 convexiuscul, prim rapide accrescentes, antepenultimus

maximus, penultimus vic minor, ultumus ad basin rotundatus. Apertura

auriformis, fere verticalis, guxta anfractum penultimum repanda, lamella

supera acuta, antice validiore, fere verticali, infera stricta ; lunella nulla,

plicis palatalibus 7, supera producta, in fauce aperture conspicua, suture

parallela, secunda curvata, ceteris brevibus obliqus. Long. 19, diam. 7 mm.

Apert. oblique 6 longa, 4°5 lata.

Hab. Ad Nattoung, jueta ripam Attaran flumims, haud procul a

Moulmam in Barina.

This is a fourth species of this little group. It is more ovate than C.

Philippiana and C. vespa, smaller and less tumid than C. bulbus.

Section V.—?Nenia H. and A. Adams. Shell elongate, mouth entire-

ly free from the last whorl, and broadly expanded, both the lamelle of the

aperture on the parietal margin and close together, subcolumellar lamina

large and not concealed by the columellar, a large lunule and one or two

parietal plaits above it.

This group includes one species from British Barma, and one (C. tuba*

Hanley) from the Shan States of Upper Barma, outside of the British terri-

tories. It appears to differ from the South American forms which compose

the subgenus WVenia in the possession of a lunule, but I have no sufficient

means of comparison, and in other respects some of the Neotropical forms

closely resemble those of Barma.

18. Cuxravsit1a Masont, Theob.

J. A. 8. B., 1864, Vol. XXXIU, p. 246, Hanley and Theobald, Conch, Ind. Pl.

XXIV, fig. 8.

Hab.—Near Tonghu in the mountains between Pegu and Martaban.

The lamellz of the aperture are as above described. Those of C. tuba

are precisely similar.

* Ann. and Mac. Nat. Hist. May, 1868, Ser. 4, ol. I, p. 348. By mistake, in

the Conchologia Indica, the Proceedings of the Zoological Society are quoted as the

work in which this species was described.

1872.] 207

Postscript To THE Monoerara or HimatAyaAN AND BARMESE

Crausinim,—by Dr. F. SrortczKa.

(Received 31st July, 1872.)

(See plate IX.)

In looking through the proof-sheets of Mr. Blanford’s paper, while they

passed through the press, and comparing his descriptions with the specimens

of Indian and Barmese Clausilie in my collection, I find that a few additions

can be made to the Monograph. The new species are figured on the same

plate, IX. I would have gladly handed over the additional materials to

Mr. Blanford, but as he is now engaged on an expedition in Persia, and may

not for some time return to Calcutta, I do not think it advisable to defer

on that account the publication of these notes.

I have only to observe that I had an opportunity of comparing some of

Mr. Theobald’s original specimens, and have thus been enabled to add some

information regarding the synonymy of one or two doubtful species.

15 (Om, Gramncanimcel, (GAL jos INE))

I have specimens of this species from near Tézptir (As4m), and Dr.

Waagen very recently brought one from near Marri; the geographical dis-

tribution of the species may, therefore, be said to extend over the whole of

the southern slopes of the Himalayas, though its head-quarter appears to be

about Nyni-tal, or near the centre of the range.

3. Cu. BactttuM. (Ad p. 200.)

This species varies considerably both in the form and length of the shell.

The specimen figured may be taken as the type, but others longer and slenderer

are quite as common, they very closely resemble Theobaldi in form, differing

from it by their smooth shining surface. One of the most slender speci-

mens measures: total length 15, thickness 38 mm. ; it has 10} whorls and is

much attenuated towards the apex.

The representation in the ‘ Conch. Indica’ must evidently be taken as

that of true bacillwm, of which, the authors of that work say, two specimens

were known at that time: one in Benson’s and the other in Theobald’s col-

lection. These are the two specimens to which Theobald (Journ. A. S. B.,

1858, p. 321) refers under the name of ignota, as a provisional name, while

the single specimen which he quotes 1. c. as‘ C. Bacillun, BY is a somewhat

worn Cl. Asaluensis, and hence Theobald’s reference that the species is of

the type of C. insignis. I have carefully examined with Mr. Theobald his

type specimens, and the question as regard the synonymy may be considered

as settled ; the species must stand as recorded by Blanford.

208 F. Stoliczka—Postscript to Monograph of Clausilie. [No. 3,

6. Cu. noxostroma. (Ad p. 202.)

The typical specimens of this species are pale brownish or dull ferru-

ginous, and nearly smooth or obsoletely striated. Together with these a white,

solid variety occurs on the Khasi hills; m form it tolerably agrees with

Blanford’s fig. 6b (plate IX), some specimens are, however, still a little

thicker, and the transverse costulation on all the whorls is very distinct,

while the crenulation along the suture is generally not so coarse, as in typi-

cal loxostoma, though evidently stronger than in Asaluensis, which latter

also differs by a more slender shape and smaller aperture. Although the above

noticed form appears to be a well marked variety of lovostoma, the differences

do not seem to be constant, and both shells unquestionably are of the

same type. The crenulation on the two last whorls is often most regular,

each alternate rib somewhat projecting into the sutural impression. In other

specimens two ribs unite to a sutural tooth. The stronger or finer costula-

tion, or striation, of the whorls appears to depend upon the character of the

locality in which the specimens live.

I have added a figure (6d) of one of the shortest costulated varieties

from the Khasi hills.

10. Cx. Goutpiana. (Ad p. 203.)

This also is one of the most variable species, both in colour and form.

Young specimens are either brown or of a beautiful rosy tinge ; older shells,

after they become solidified, either retain the brown or pink colour, or the lip

becomes yellowish brown or perfectly white ; the 3-5 top-whorls are always

white. The form differs from fusiform to highly turreted, as may be indi-

cated by the following measurements—

a. long 23, lat. 6, long. apert. 5:2, ej. lat. 4°2 mm.

b. DAB LssnGrone as p Oh :

oy (By py Oop f

All three specimens are from near Moulmain ; a is almost exactly identical with

Pfeiffer’s original figure of the species; b and c are a white and a yellowish liped va-

riety from Mr. Theobald’s collection; ¢ has an almost abnormally small aperture as

compared with the length of the shell.

93 5 29 93

3) 6 99 39 5. 29 33

11 anp 12. Cu. rnstants. (See also fig. 12a; ad p. 204).

Mr. Blanford is of opinion that Pfeiffer’s imsignis is not the same as

Gould’s, but that it is identical with the form figured by Hanley and Theobald

in the Conch. Iconica.

There is undoubtedly a slight discrepancy between Gould’s original

figure and description. He states the number of whorls to be 8 or 9, and the

apex ‘ mamillated,’ while the figure shews it shortly pomted; then again he

gives ‘length 1 inch, breadth + of an inch.’ The original figure (whether

enlarged or not, it is not stated) represents a shell of 28 mm. in length and 7

in thickness ; the second dimension is, therefore, only one fourth of the total

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Postscript to Monograph of Clausilia. 209

length, instead of one fifth ; if the latter were the case, the shell would be an

extremely slender one, and comparing it with Gouwldiana, as a shell of the

same type, I would prefer to consider Gould’s figure as more probably correct,

than his measurement. Now, allowing for these discrepancies in Gould’s ori-

ginal statements, I am inclined to think that Pfeiffer’s species is very closely

allied to, if not exactly identical with, true zsignis, but Hanley and Theo-

bald’s figures certainly seem to be somewhat different from both the preced-

ing; however, they do not exclude the possibility of representing mere

variations of one and the same species. Whether the form of the aperture in

Gould’s original figure is slightly exaggerated or not, I think the great ex-

pansion of the outer lip is decidedly somewhat abnormal, and setting aside

this point the remaining differences between the shells figured as insignis

are not greater than those between the different varieties of lorostoma or

Gouldiana.

In order to clear up the matter more easily I add here (fig 12a) a copy

of Pfeiffer’s figure of insignis. I greatly regret that I have not got the oppor-

tunity of examining Mr. Theobald’s two type specimens, figured in the

Conchologia Indica as ‘ imsignis’ and var. gracilior, but possibly I may be

in a position to supply the deficiency in the next number of the Journal.

15. Cu. vespa. (Ad p. 205.)

The shell delineated by Mr. Blanford as a variety of vespa may be con-

sidered as a fair representation of that species; but I add a figure (15a)

and description of a specimen obtained by Mr. Theobald at Tavoy, whence

vespa was originally got, and which is undoubtedly Gould’s species.

(15a). Cl. testa ovato-cylindracea, ad apicem obtusiuscula, albida, medio

subinflata, ultimo anfractu sensim attenuata, haud rimata, fusco castanea ;

anfractibus sex, convexiusculis, sutura simplicit junctis, transversim oblique et

confertissime striolatis; apertura subovata, postice rotundate subangulata,

antice late sub-effusa, intus violaceo rufa, peritremate modice expanso, interno

oblique fere recto, libero, biplicato ; plica antica, vel inferiore, valde obliqua,

sub-immersa ; plicis palatalibus novem tenuibus, supera longissima, circiter

12 mm. a marge suturali distante, alteris brevioribus et mter se valde

inequalibus.

Long. 24.6 m.m., lat.7 ; long. apert. ewm perist. 63, egusdem lat. 4°8 m.i

Although allied to Phillippiana the present form is undoubtedly quite

distinct, differmg from Pfeiffer’s species by a more slender shape, smaller

aperture, free inner lip, peculiarly flattened or almost canaliculated aperture

on the anterior end, and by the larger number of palatal plicee.

19. Crausin1a WaAAGENT, n. sp.

Cl. testa conoideo-turrita, corneo-fusca, apice obtusiuscula, sub-rimata

anfractibus 11, paulo convexis, sutura simplict gunctis, lateraliter api-

210 F. Stoliczka—Postscript to Monograph of Clausilie. [No. 3,

cem versus paululum concava ; omminis transversim oblique confertim con-

stulato-striatis, ultimo antecedente vix latiore, prope apertwram costulato,

bast paulum contracto, convexiusculo ; apertura vertical, postice (vel supra)

angulata ; peritremate modice incrassato, vie expanso, albescente, antice re-

cedente, interno soluto, antice rectiusculo, biplicato, plica postica (aut supe-

viore) brevi, altera viv conspicua ; lunella distincta, plica longa, tenmssima

superposita, altera brevi, a terminatione supera lunetle haud separata.

Long. tota 18, diam. 4; long. apert. obliq. 4, eyusdem lat. 2°7 m. m.

Hab.—Changligalli, prope Marri, Himalaya oceident., ad altitudinem

eirca 9000 ped. angl. deteait W. Waagen.

This is the most westerly known species of the genus in India. A sin-

gle, but perfect, specimen was found by Dr. W. Waagen, together with C7.

cylindrica, under the bark of an old tree at the above mentioned locality.

The nearest allied species is Cl. Zés, but the larger size of the shell, com-

parative shortness of the two last whorls, larger and more straight aperture

readily distinguish this new form.

20. Cu. AraKkana, Theob. (M.S.)

Cl. testa stramineo-albida, subfusiforme-turrita, apice attenuata, apertu-

ram versus subangustata, non rimata ; anfractibus 10-12, paulum convexrius-

eulis, sutura profunda simplici junctis, transversim oblique capillaceo striola-

tis ; apertura rectiuscula, sub-rectangulari, antice subrotundata, marginibus

modice dilatatis et incrassatis, labio breviter libero, fere recto, biplicato, plica

antica (seu inferiore) valde oblique intrante ; plicis palatalibus quinque, fere

equidistantibus et inter se parallelis, supera longissima, ceteris subequalibus.

Long. 17—20; lat. 3°8-4; long. apert. 4-44, lat. 3-3°2 m.m.

Hab—In montibus Arakanensis et ad Mai-i in provincia Sandoway

dicta detexit W. Theobald.

This is the new Arakan species to which Mr. Blanford alludes at p. 205,

when speaking of C7. monticola ; it differs from this last by its more fusiform

instead of conoidally turreted shape, its thinner texture, larger aperture and

somewhat differently arranged palatal folds. Ihave given illustrations of a

shorter form with ten whorls and of another with twelve whorls, the former

is a single specimen from the hills 8. H. of Akyab, the other was collected by

Mr. Theobald at Mai-i in the Sandoway district. These two forms represent

the extreme variations which were noticed among a large number of speci-

mens.

POLI LILLIE

1872.] 211

NoticE oF THE MamMats anp Birps InnABITING Kacuy,—

by Dr. F. SroniczKa.

[Received 28th May, read 3rd July, 1872. ]

The study of local faunas must, for some time at least, continue one of

the most important means of leading toa full understanding of Indian

Zoology. India combines such an enormous variety of physical conditions;

namely, differences in level, climate and vegetation, all of which have to be

studied in connection with the animal life, that one is almost lost in the

chaos of information required, and is very apt to overlook conditions, which

may be essential for the explanation not only of peculiarities as regards dis-

tinctions of species, but also of those relating to geographical distribution.

Researches limited to single districts are not necessarily liable to these

disadvantages, because they can more easily command the smaller amount

of observations, and obtain an acquaintance with the physical conditions

which may lead to their explanation.

Tt is with this view that I have ventured to place on record what little

I observed of the Zoology of Kachh. I scarcely need to add that I greatly

regret the incompleteness of the lists, but as the duties of the geologist are

entirely different from those of a zoologist, he can hardly pretend to give

satisfaction to both. During my rather hurried visit, my attention was

chiefly directed towards the Vertebrata,* and in this branch I attempted to

* Invertebrata are also by comparatively small numbers represented, as may be

indicated by the following notice :

Of Crustacea I have obtained only two species in the streams, a small Palemon

which is tolerably common, and a Chirocephalus (= Branchipus, apud Milne-

Edwards) ; the latter only occurred in a slightly brackish stream west of Bhaj. Mr.

Wood-Mason who examined the two species tells me that the latter presents a remark-

able modification of the antenne.—The Arachnoids, which were specially looked after,

Gid not yield more than twenty species, chiefly of the families Hpeiide and Lycoside,

and a few Salticide. Of Scorpions I got four species; Scolopendre three; Juli two or

three. The Coleoptera commonly seen mostly belong to the Blapside, which form an

important article of food to the hedgehog ; Scarabeide and Carabide are comparatively

few, and still rarer other kind of beetles. Butterflies, on account of the almost con-

stant strong winds, are very rarely seen, indeed with the exception of a few small

Pieride and Lycenide, and a number of Microlepidoptera, I have scarcely seen any

other species. The Hymenoptera are mostly represented by Ichnewnonide. Ants are

a real pest in houses and in the camp, in spite of the dryness of the climate. Of

Rhynchota my collection barely contains a dozen species, including the Nepe and

Cicade, but they must be more numerous during the wet season. Of Libellulide I

obtained about ten species, and not many more are, I think, procurable in winter,

Blattide I have seen three, the most common is Periplaneta germanica, Of Acridide

&e., about a dozen or more species occurred,

212 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

note down and to collect what was possible, without interfermg with my

other more important work. The list of the mammals and birds will be

given in the following pages ; on the reptiles and amphibians I have already

reported, (see Proc. A. 8. B., for May, 1872, p. 71); and the examination

of the fishes was kindly undertaken by Surgeon Major Day, whose paper

on the subject follows the present one.

However, before entering upon any details, it will be probably desira-

ble to say a few words regarding the principal physical features of the coun-

try, particularly in connection with the mammals and birds to be met with ;

only adding here that my remarks solely apply to the aspect of the country

during the cold and dry season between November and February.

The province of Kachh extends for about 150 miles along the Tropic of

Cancer, having a breadth of about 40 miles on either side of it, and the Meri-

dian of 70° eastern longitude passes through it a little eastward of the centre.

The main land stretches along the seacoast from the most eastern

branch of the Indus to Kathivar, from which it is separated by the Gulf of

Kachh ; to the North and East it is entirely isolated from Sind and the

eastern Rajputana states by the so-called Ran, which was no doubt formerly

an arm of the sea, but is now very much silted in. It has a varied breadth

from 40 to nearly 100 miles. During the dry and hot weather some por-

tions of it are under water and others are so thickly covered with a saline

deposit, or almost pure salt, that the ground becomes unfit for the support

of animal life. A wild ass may be seen in the distance, or a desert-lark

(Certhilauda desertorwm) running along the trodden track, but scarcely any

other animal exists, unless a bird may accidentally migrate from one place to

another. During the rainy season by far the greatest portion of the Ran

is inundated, and a good number of the larger water birds are said to be seen

on it. The shghtly elevated ground, which locally forms strips im the Ran

proper, supports a very scanty vegetation of rough grasses (Cyperacee), and

of a few scattered bushes of tamarisk &c.; this part is called the Buni and, if

the monsoons are not heavy, it affords rich pasture for cattle during that

time, but in the dry season even the nomadic Sindees are often obliged to

Of freshwater shells which, however, also occur in slightly brackish streams, I met

with the following : Plamorbis enustus ; Plan. n. sp., allied to Cantoris ; Lymnceaw luteola

and amygdalus, the latter closely allied to acwminata ; Paludina dissimilis, (melamastoma)

exactly identical with South Indian and Ceylon specimens; Bythinia pulchella and

two other species of the same genus; Melania tuberculata ; Unio ceruleus and leioma ;

and a small Corbicula, apparently very rare.

Of landshells I found Bulimus imsularis, B. abbysinicius, B. punctatus, B. cenopictus

and two ether Bulinvi, allied to the last, one slightly and the other very much, thinner,

almost cylindrical; Hnmea bicolor (cylindrical and perfectly smooth variety) ; Stenogyra

gracilis; Helix fallaciosa and Tranquebarica, Macrochlamys pedinus, Succinea witrea

and crassiuscula. With the exception of Bul. insulavis none of the shells is common,

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 213

leave it for want of water. Wherever intercalations of clayey beds between

sandy layers make a slght accumulation of fresh water possible, Kunda-

treelets (Prosopis) grow rather abundantly and form little forests, sometimes

of one or two miles in length, but generally very narrow in breadth. How-

ever, little life animates these isolated tracts.

Among the Kunda Sylvia curruca, Phylloscopus tristis, Lanius lahtora

and vittatus, Sawicola desertorum (= atrogularis), Turtur Cambayensis,

Upupa Ceylonensis, Athene brama and perhaps a few of the smaller hawks,

and the ubiquitous Sczwrus palmarum are almost all the birds and mammals

to be observed, in addition to the usual camp followers, kites, crows, pigeons,

&e. The herds of cattle and sheep are invariably accompanied by Dicrurus

albirictus, and wolves, hyzenz, and generally also a leopard are not far off.

On the woodless portions of the Buni, almost the only birds to be seen are

Spizalauda deva, Alauda triborhyncha, Pterocles exustus, Cursorius Jamesoni

(= ? gallicus), Chettusia gregaria, and one or two others of the cursorial tribe.

The little islands in the Ran, called Beyts, are nearly quite unin-

habited, and on the slightly larger ones a harrier and a stonechat (Cireus

Swaimsoni and Saxicola picata), or perhaps locally a stray dove, the pur-

suer and the pursued are all that an ordinary observer would notice of animal

life.

The more elevated ground can be physically divided into three, (or

perhaps four) nearly parallel ranges, extending almost due east and west.

Each of these ranges has an abrupt declivity on the northern and a

very gradual slope on the southern side. Thus the greatest elevation in

each range lies near the northern edge, where precipitous cliffs and mo-

derately hilly tracts occur; but as the greatest height of any of the hills in

Kachh does not exceed 1500 feet, and as the entire breadth of the hilly

portions is rarely more than three or four miles, they are not capable of

producing any essential effect upon, or change in, the general clmatal

conditions. The hills are as a rule only thinly covered with brushwood,

mostly consisting of leafless and thorny bushes, and oftener they are almost

entirely bare.

The first of the ranges occupies Pacham, Karir, Bela and a few adjoin-

ing smallislands in the Ran; their northern declivities are for want of water

entirely uninhabited, but each has a long and gradual, though very thinly po-

pulated, slope to the south. On the eastern and western sides, the ridge ra-

therabruptly disappears under the Ran, to the south the slope gradually passes

into the Buni, and Bela is scarcely separated from Wagur, which is the

most eastern district, moderately but very irregularly hilly, composed of short

ranges and a few isolated basalt hills ; and towards the west connected by low,

mostly cultivated, ground with Kachh proper. The second (the Jora-Hula-

man) range stretches along the northern edge, and the third, the Charvar

274 F. Stoliezka—Mammais and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

and Katrol range, nearly through the centre of the mainland of Kachh.

These two ranges more gradually decrease in height towards their ends and

joi each other near the western extremities, but diverge on the eastern side,

the former passing in its prolongation through Wagur. The fourth range is

the lowest, lying south only a short distance from the Charvar-Katrol range,

and is sometimes not very distinctly separated from it ; it entirely consists of

basaltic trap and is locally rather thickly covered with bushes and Kunda.

As the configuration of the ground very much depends upon its lithologi-

eal structure, I may notice that sandy or shaley ihmestones only occur in the

axes of the first and second ranges, but far more prevalent are sandstones

and shales. Solid basalt and quartzitic rocks occur in isolated hills, or in

dykes, and there are also a few shorter and longer ridges consisting of varied

trap-rocks which easily break up in fragments and, if any moisture exists,

readily decompose. Decomposition goes on, however, at a much more rapid

pace in the softer rocks, namely, the sandy limestones, sandstones and shales.

it is indeed often not easy to meet for days with a rock, that would not

crumble almost under the fingers, unless it be accidentally hardened, by a

neighbouring basalt dyke, or some other causes producing dislocations of

strata, &c.

On account of this rapidity with which the disintegration of the rocks has

been going on from time immemorial, all the depressions between the hills,

the ravines and river courses, had been deeply filled up with sand, which with

equal facility also spread into the longitudinal valleys separating the princi-

pal ranges. Thus instead of fertile valleys, we meet with extensive sandy

plains, which are capable of supporting only a very scanty vegetation, and

the monotony of which is merely interrupted by an isolated basalt hill, or a

trap or quartz dyke of a few miles in length. There exists some geological

evidence which indicates, that at least along the northern precipitous slopes

of the ranges locally a very large accumulation of water had taken place im

comparatively recent geological time, and then moisture, vegetation and

animal life might no doubt have in equal proportion been greater and more

prosperous. It was probably also at that somewhat remote time, when the

great and deep ravines had locally been cut, the existence of which, with the

present comparatively insignificant water supply, it is almost impossible to

explain. But now the fine water sheets have given way to desert ground,

on which the sand is shifted about at the will of the agitated atmosphere.

The prevailing, and usually heavy, winds within the greater part of the

year, appear to come from South-West or West, although during the cold

season North-east wimds are by no means uncommon. But instead of bring-

ing any moisture from the sea side, they seem to take away the little which

exists. The ground is so dreadfully heated under the powerful glare of a

rarely covered sky, that it seems entirely to prevent even the approach of

1872.] ¥. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 215

moisture, unless the atmosphere be near the point of saturation; and this

seems indeed to be of very rare occurrence.

Mr. Wynne, in whose Memoir on the Geology of Kachh* the physical

geography of the province is briefly referred to, states that the average rain-

fall for the last twenty-one years up to 1869 was only 14°3 inches ; within

the three past years the annual fall scarcely exceeded ten inches. Some tracts

of the country had actually barely a drop of rain durimg the whole year, and

these had to be deserted during the dry season by the inhabitants, who

generally on such occasions betake themselves with their cattle to Sind, re-

turning to their homes during the following rainy season.

This state of affairs is not in any way mitigated by a marked change in

the general temperature of the air. Ice is apparently quite unknown in

Kachh. On very cold mornings in December and January, I occasionally

saw the thermometer as low as 35,° but it never sank to freezing point, and

that comparatively low temperature was observed only along the Ran, where

the wind blowing across the wet Ran was cooled down. Even in those two

months the thermometer was rarely under 80° or 90° after midday in the

shade, and in February, it generally rose to about 100.° In the sun I

have not seen it a single day under 100 degrees.

Tn consequence of this scarcity of ram, on account of the great heat,

and further on account of the abundance of superficial sandy deposits, large

rivers are entirely unknown, at least during the greater part of the year.

The little water, which is supplied by a few springs in the hills, is generally

lost in the sand before it reaches the desert plain, or it accumulates into

small pools and hollows in suitable places, where clayey beds retard or stop

the percolation through the sand. But in slowly passing through the sand,

the water becomes more or less saturated with various salts, the consequence ~

being that, if any running water at all is to be met with in a stream, it is in

nine cases out of ten brackish,—not wholesome for beasts and deadly for men.

But even in the wells, which the people sink for purposes of raising

water for irrigation, this is often brackish, and it is sometimes with the

eveatest difficulty that perfectly fresh water can at all be obtained near a

village. The simple recollection of the foul and dirty fluid, that one is oc-

ceasionally obliged to accept in order to quench his thirst, is enough to make

one shudder.

All these elements of physical condition, to which I have briefly refer-

red, tend towards making the country a terra hospitibus ferox, an expression

often repeated for want of a more suitable one, or, as an early traveller ex-

pressed himself, a country fit only for a geologist to travelin. The general

result of those unfavourable physical conditions is, that we have before us a

few ranges of low hills of 80 or 100 miles in length, varying in height from

* Mem. Geol. Survey of India, vol. IX, p. 12 et seq.

216 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. — [No. 8,

about 300 to 1400 feet, either bare, or covered with scanty grass or low

thorny bushes, and intersected by dry ravines filled with debris and sand.

Except along their edges these hilly tracts are scarcely at all inhabited. The

depressions separating the longitudinal ranges more resemble in the average

time of the year a desert than a habitable country. The ground is mostly

very sandy, and although naturally not unproductive, it is sterile for want

of moisture. Enormous bushes of Huphorbia neriifolia take the place of what

elsewhere might be a forest, or at least a thick jungle. A few fig-trees near

the villages is all that may deserve the name of a tree, and even these are by no

means plentiful. During a tolerably good rainy season, the fields generally

yield a crop of either barley or wheat, or other seasonal fruits; during the

cold weather, however, scarcely anything but a very inferior crop of cotton can

be earned ; and this only locally. A fair crop is, however, generally possible,

wherever the people are able to obtain a sufficient quantity of water from

the wells for irrigation. In this they often succeed best in those localities

which le along, or not far from, a fault in the rocks, because this usually

stops the escape of water. Whatever mischief the numerous trap-dykes and

basaltic eruptions might have produced at no very distant geological period,

it is very fortunate for the country, that they are so numerous ; for I would

scarcely hesitate to say that without them by far the greater part of Kachh

would long ago have become a perfect desert. Each village has, it is true,

its small tank, but unless the retention of water is facilitated by some na-

tural cause, it is sure to have dried out about the middle of the cold season.

Wherever a tank with good deep water exists by the end of February, it is

almost certain to have been washed out in a hollow of clayey beds, or it

rests towards a fault of the rocks, or a quartzite or trap-dyke. In some

cases men might have taken advantage of the natural situation, and assisted

the reservoir by an embankment, but as a rule, the Kachh people seem to be

rather indifferent to this necessity of human and animal comfort, and in this

special case, one might justly say, the necessity of life.

Out of the great number of tanks, which are, strictly speaking, the only

water reservoirs, five or six average a mile, or a little more, in length, and

might deserve the name of small lakes. In other parts of India they would

probably be little thought of, but in a dry country, such as Kachh is, they

are of no small importance. In the monsoon time they are of course of

greater extent, but even at the greatest height of the water supply, the low

situation of these reservoirs, sometimes in deep hollows, precludes the use of

the water for purposes of irrigation; they are, however, during the cold

season the only places to which a large number of waterfowl of all kinds

resort.

Having thus become acquainted with an outline of the physical features

of Kachh, we may better be able to understand the association of the mam-

1872.] FP, Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh, 217

mals and birds which I shall enumerate in the following pages. Of course

judging from both the uniformity, as well as the scarcity, of favourable natural

conditions, one could @ priori only expect a very poor fauna and flora. The

vegetation of the country in general, setting aside that of the cultivated

tracts, may indeed be regarded as a picture of sterility. Very few flowering

plants are to be seen in the dry season. Among the herbaceous plants*

those growing on sandy or saline ground naturally prevail over others, and

their leaves are often leathery and thick, or sometimes reduced to spines and

thorns. Among saline plants the most common are Statice Stocksti, Solanum

trilobatum, anda Pluchea. Of other more common species of herbaceous

plants I may notice: Trichodesma indicum, Heliotropium supinum and

strigosum, Solanum nigrum, Crotalaria Burhia, Orygia decumbens, Phalan-

gum graminifolium, Vahlia viscosa, Salvia egyptiaca, Convolvulus pluricaulis,

Cressa Cretica, Polygala Vahliana, Glinus moltlugo, Polygonum plebejum,

Euphorbia thymifola and L. dracunculoides, Hvolvulus alsinoides, Aristida

depressa, Airva Javanica, Vernonia cinerea, Trianthenum erystallinum and

T. decandrwm, and others. Mr. Kurz determined about one hundred

species out of a small collection I made; a few appear to be new. The low

jungles barely deserve this name, for they are almost entirely composed of

thorny bushes (Capparis aphylia) with little or scarcely any foliage. Among

others I may mention Tamarix orientalis, Celastrus senegalensis, two species

of Grewia, and Crateva Roxburghi, the last growing into a tree, also Kunda

(Prosopis spicigera,) is locally numerous, but scarcely more generally

distributed than the Cactus like Huphorbia neriifolia, which often for miles

suppresses all other semiarboreal vegetation. The only fine trees to be occa-

sionally seen are Ficus religiosa and Ff. Bengalensis, in the neighbour-

hood of villages or near wells, where they are planted as a shelter against

the heat of the day.

Extensive forests are, as already observed, unknown, and, naturally,

we would look in vain for any of the large Carnivora, (except as

mere stragglers), and the existence of large Pachyderms or Ruminants is

made entirely impossible. Equally so we almost entirely miss the true

forest denizens of the feathered tribe, such as the Bucerotide, Picide, Cer-

thide, Sittide, Phasiamde ; a few of the Hastern type of birds like the Hury-

laumide or Treronide are also entirely absent, their geographical distribu-

tiont being rather limited, But other families, which might be expected to

* T am indebted to Mr. 8. Kurz for the names of the plants.

+ Too much importance is, I think, occasionally attributed to the so-called laws

of geographical distribution, independently of other agencies, as if these laws were

innate to the animal. When speaking of the geographical distribution of a species,

one is apt to forget, that these geographical limits are mainly dependent upon the

physical conditions, required for, and suitable to, the existence of a certain species.

218 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

occur, likewise shew very few representants, such as the Muscicapide, Am-

pellide, Fringillide, Corvide, &e.

Among the brushwoods the common birds are Pycnonotus chrysorrhoides

Otocampsa leucotis, Lanius vittatus, Tora Zeylanica, Sylvia eurruca, Muna

Maiabarica, &e., less numerous are Phyllopneuste rama, Pericrocotus pere-

grinus, Orthodomus longicaudus, Drymoipus Jerdoni, Phylloscopus tristis,

TLephrodornis Pondiceriana and a few others, while Parus nuchalis or Leu-

cocerca awreola are great rarities. Hunting between the bushes on the

ground, we meet with Thamnobia Cambayensis, Citrinella Huttoni and Cha-

éorhea caudata, always in company with Franklinia Buchanant, and on still

more open ground Sawicola picata and deserti (== atrogularis). 'The above

are actually the only very common birds, and five of each may at any time

be seen for every one of any other kind.

In the sandy plains we meet with a great number of GraLim, particu-

larly Otitideand Charadride. Among these Cursorius Jameson (?= gallicus),

Chettusia gregaria, Lobivanellus indicus, Sarciophorus bilobus, Grus cinerea,

Houbara Macquenit, are characteristic of the country ; several of these depart

during the summer, but are replaced during the rains by the Florikan, Sypheo-

tides auritus, which is said to arrive in large numbers in the rainy season.

The starlings, grey partridges, pigeons, and doves keep, naturally enough,

near the villages. In the fields few other larger birds except Geronticus

papulosus and Buphus coromandus, and occasionally Grws antigone, are to

be seen; of smaller birds Agrodroma campestris and several species of larks

are common. Both Grallatores and Natatores are abundant on the small

lakes and tanks. Indeed scarcely a pool of water, if only thirty or forty

feet in length, will be met with without some species of Actitis or Totanus,

but particularly common are Himantopus intermedius, Spatula clypeata

and Querquedula crecca. On the somewhat larger tanks one is certain to

meet besides these with the gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus), the pintail

(Dafila acuta), the little grebe (Podiceps minor), and also Limosa cgo-

cephala and one or the other of the white Herodias. Naturally in an open

country, where sport is comparatively easy, birds of prey would not be want-

ing, and amongst these Bulco jugger, Hypotriorchis chiquera, Aquila fulves-

A change in the physical conditions of a country will be rapidly followed by a corre-

sponding change in the fauna, either decreasing or increasing, and thus the geogra-

phical limits of a species become mainly dependent wpon physical conditions. To give

an example, I mean, that if for instance one of the low hill ranges of Kachh,

averaging a height of a few hundred feet, was replaced by one of similar mineralogical

character and of an average height of 5000 feet, we would very soon find it wooded,

and then inhabited by au abundance of Malabar forms, although these would be absent

in the intervening desert country. An actual example of this may be seen on Mount

Aboo, as known from Dr. King’s list of birds.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 219

eens and Buteo ferox are to be seen almost everywhere ; many others are

more local.

Perhaps a better general idea of the character of the vertebrate fauna

might be formed, when we inquire what the country is capable of support-

ing all the year round, and at the same time exclude those animals, the

existence of which mainly, or entirely, depends upon the presence of man

and his habitations.

Among the mammals we find the Rodents most prevalent,—Gerbdllus

erythrourus, Sciurus palmarum, Lepus ruficaudus,—the first being by far the

most common, and next come the Indian antelope and gazelle; thus all

vegetable feeders.

If we exclude from the 160 species of birds, which I obtained, the so-

ealled camp-followers, we find that about half the remaimder are migratory,

therefore merely winter visitors. And although some of the migratory birds

may In a favourable hot season remain in the country, others which are gen-

erally considered as permanent settlers often partially migrate to more suit-

able localities in India. Among these I may mention for instance Ceryle,

Pratincola, Coracias, Ptionoprogne, Caprimulgus, Citrinella. Therefore, in

an ordinary summer season I certainly do not expect that more than about

one hundred species of birds are to be met with in Kachh, really a very small

number, when compared with what one is used to observe on a similarly

large area in many other parts of India.

Of Reptilia and Amphibia I have observed thirty species ; and,

although this number is decidedly larger during the rains, not more than

half a dozen of them are really of common occurrence. (Comp. Proc. A. S.

B., May, 1872, p. 71).

The fresh-water fishes, which I collected, belong, according to Dr. Day,

to eighteen species; there is only one Siluroid among them, most of the

others belong to the Cyprinide, and one is a Cyprinodon, the first species

of the genus known in Indian fresh-waters. However small the number may

appear to be, I almost doubt if it could be much increased; for where

rivers are almost unknown, and where half of the tanks are liable to disap-

pear for several months during each year, and where besides such a number of

skilful fishers* are eagerly employed during a time when the water is lowest,

fish have not much chance to prosper.

* About forty species of Grallatores and Natatores.

220 F. Stoliczka—Mammatls and Birds inhabiting Kachk. [No. 3,

MAMMALTIA.*

Primates.

Tf have only on a single occasion seen a Presbytes which appeared to be

in a wild state. It came towards the evening to drink at a tank some dis-

tance from the fort Kanmir (in the south-eastern part of the Wagur district),

and as its entire face was jet black, I presume, it was more likely P. pria-

mus than the Bengal P. entellus, but I could not approach sufficiently near

to ensure the identification.

Besides that, I saw both Znuus rhesus and Macacus radiatus in capti-

vity, but they appear to have been imported.

Chiroptera.

The notes on this order have been kindly communicated to me

by G. E. Doxson, Esq., B. A., M. B.

Fan. RWINOLOPHIDE.

PHYLLORHINA FULVA, Gray.

Of the specimens of this species obtained, two, a male and. female, were

taken at the same time and place. The fur of the female specimen is bright

golden yellow, that of the male white at the base of the hairs for more than

three-fourths their length, the remaining portion to the tip dark purplish

brown. ‘The male is larger than the female which is apparently not quite

adult.

This proves the identity of Ph. fulva with Ph. murina and Ph. cinera-

ceus, and leads to the belief that Ph. ater and atratus are also synonyms of

the same species. This remarkable variableness of the colour of the fur is

not, however, confined to this species, it is met with also in other Rhinolo-

phine bats ; in Ph. larvata, Horsfd., for example, where the colour of the fur

varies from bright orange fulvous, with brownish or ferruginous tips, to

bluish black with black tips, a circumstance which has given rise also to

much confusion, as the species has received as many names as the different

colours of its fur. The same remarks apply to the species of other families

of Chiroptera, notably to the Preroprpa.

Other male and female specimens of this species were also obtained about

the same time, the fur of all presents the same colour :—white with dusky

tips to the hairs. This shows that the colour of the fur in Pa. Sulva

does not depend on locality, or season. The smaller size of the fulvous

female specimen referred to above, taken with its less perfectly developed

* The systematic names and further observations on the species recorded will be

found in Jerdon’s ‘Mammals of India,’ except in a few cases where a special reference,

or a description, is added.

1872.] FP. Stoliczka—Ianmals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 221

teeth, and apparently not quite complete ossification of the extremities of

the metacarpal and phalangeal bones, indicates age as a very probable cause

of the differences of colour that have been observed. The young of the first

and second year most probably present this golden fulyvous hue which gra-

dually changes to white, as the animal attains the adult condition.

The following table gives the measurement of the two specimens first

referred to; and of another, an adult female, from the same locality, with

white fur, tipped with purplish black.

, Chenin

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Generally distributed, but not common.

Fam. Ruryopomatia.*

RutworoMa HarpDWIcKi, Gray.

This species is extremely common, usually taking up its abode in

wells. All possess large accumulations of fat posterior to the anus, in much

greater quantity than usually observed, the mass of fat in many individuals

probably much exceeding in weight the remainder of the body.

Fam. Noctinioni 2.

TapHozous Kacuuensis, Dobson, n. sp.

In form, colour of the fur, and size corresponds very closely with 7.

saccolaimus, Geoff., but easily distinguished by the complete absence of the

gular pouch in both male and female. A small fold of wing-membrane forms

a shallow pouch in the angle between the radius and fifth metacarpal bone,

much less developed than in 7. longimanus, Hardw. Wars as in T. saccolat

mus, but slightly larger, and the tragus is naked ; inner margin bordered

with a row of small papules.

* I have formed this family, provisionally, for the reception of the genus Rhino-

oma of which the type, Rh. Hardwickii, is the sole representative. This genus has

been classed by Drs. Gray and Peters with the Megadermatide, but, on carefully com-

paring the skeleton of Megaderma lyra with that of Rhinopoma Hardwickit, I find not

the least osteological connection. The genus is, evidently, far more closely related

to some of the genera of Noctilionide than to Megaderma,

222 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

3 ?

Inches. Inches.

Hheneth, head’and body, Seeccsave con sensi ser secsarsesevseers” ecesasere Ore 3°6

Beem (UaulE dewareelecciccttoet ers oncnerea terete 1:15 1:25

3) Gitbos free) from membrane, pssaiss eee sveslionsen elise) aOLD 0°4:

jo witleads sccies sasceavouiseevesolecusoced cnueitoniecdsenseatoniecdiiests cetoe cise stbeilags 13

sy) ear (anberiorly);, bss stain«ceseopsnnenecs distor abecp san lie hevcexs mae 0°9

BreadbhydibtopGitbOseaccpleccacsmenssscecenacescienccieesilelasinchelsices MLD 0°5-

IDAHO, THEEETAS, — Gocannoa cconponsG000 000K DODNB0 ADDO OBODDLOG0NR0000C0000 OPHE 0-24

Bread py Givbo! (SLOALESD) yweecissaienviesasiiise steels as|se sierelecoineteieleecerere sma 018

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Hum. VESPERTILIONIDA.

Genus. VesperuGco Keys. Blas. Sub-genus Prpistrellus, Gray.

PIPISTRELLUS LEUCOTIS, Dobson, n. sp.

Ears triangular with rounded tips ; outer margin slightly concave be-

neath the tip, then convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and

terminating in a small lobe. Tragus slightly curved inwards and rounded

at the tip. Glands of upper lip well developed, causing a slight depression

on the face behind the nostrils. Tail long, wholly contained within the

interfemoral membrane. A well-defined, rounded lobe posterior to the cal-

caneum.

Ears, sides of face about the eyes, interfemoral membrane, ante-

humeral membrane, and that portion of wing-membrane along the sides of

the body, white, very translucent; remaining portion of wing membrane

sepia, traversed by white reticulations. Fur, on the upper surface, black at

the base of the hairs for about half their length, remaining portion light

yellowish brown; beneath, somewhat similar.

The fur of the head extends forwards as far as the labial prominences

which are thinly covered with a few short hairs; in front of the ear and

about the eye the side of the face is almost naked. On the upper surface

the fur of the body extends outwards, covering the proximal third of the

humerus and the wing-membrane thence, backwards, to the knee joint ; pos-

teriorly, the anterior third of the interfemoral membrane is covered ; beneath

the fur of the abdomen extends upon the wing-membrane to nearly the same

extent as on the upper surface, and the interfemoral membrane is clothed

with a few, short hairs.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 223

Upper incisors long, blunt, with a distinct cingulum ; outer incisors

minute, scarcely exceeding in vertical extent the cingulum of the inner ones,

placed close to their sides, and separated from the canines by a small space

on either side. First small premolar in the upper jaw, in the angle between

the closely approximated canine and second premolar, very minute, not dis-

tinguishable without a lens.

The following are the measurements of two adult male specimens. The

measurements in the first column are those of a specimen in the Indian

Museum from Rajanpur, sent by Dr. W. F. Murray, Assistant Surgeon

8rd Panjab Cavalry, and not previously described ; the second column relates

to the Kachh specimen.

Hab.—Rajanpir, Panjab frontier ; Kachh.

Inches. Inches.

Meno phepheaduand body, weascscon dace cessetesnesiestaoeaniestedesseusiee flak 18

Po ORLATIN Wiese cinecitarccateapsenscee) suelicqeielacswensosicaisialees acne LcO 1:55

RE CAG AE ne Satoh ts cake ote Sscuesttaleeeuuceel caeedcsessder seeds = OSD 0°65

oo Sau ((@maureren@idlhy)) cocoooco sec soo oxo wed ocoannannoog ccna eHocobocs., ORSE: 0°55

LEIPSSIGHT DL. GRO) Sonc00.¢y bo0n0O no 000, AdBcdo0DD686 cOODOaNEE. Rahenieasi-cqneseued OOO 0°35

iO PLAS US neato ctceds: seetncileckiorscaalseencetcelehenaecasee sr hens cease OLA 0:23

IBRCACUEL AULLOs Vsssvst ace cals waneaeacecsine drenesce ton mastered cotta eesiese 1 OnO7 0:07

IV@UG TN, TOTRER NEE, 3650 qconte hoa dongoondoee 000 coo deaosanao Boned onsadaosd, . JLBIO) 1:35

cp. “LELMIBIITIILS) .506 59 aco codes aconco.nag.an6 deb ood ye obo addanandaeed aon .ecn cos <1 OR 0:22

sp BBO GL TMI 6 G00 cn ocdecanadaonodsodboUeNcosoDSadoUCEAOeRHDD | APE) 2:25

pe), ROUTE THHEYS505) Gosaaodad neo eoadcosD oouboonbuobe sen oudsonoddaouod: | ely 17

AM bli asa Liossincswadsascnses ud00d 00000 ooood0dC gonc000006 nooponoe OE 05

op GRIIGRING HITE, oo ban cecoco neg uaccododudaseconanna7asondodo0gsqcKa00a | OPEN 0°55

po LOOL ANG CLAWS Wireseesienclecsansnrcescheasaderctesineleeleasiredere | OFLD) 0:25

Besides these four species the only other bat I observed was a large

Pteropus, of the size of Pt. medius, Tem.; I saw it on several occasions

about Bhuj, but failed to secure a specimen.

Insectivora.

The only shrew which I obtained, and which is far from common, be-

longs, according to Dr. Anderson’s determination, to Crocidwra mwrina, Lin.

Of hedgehogs also one species occurs. It represents a new species.

ERrNaceus (HEMIECHINUS™) PICTUS, Nn. sp.

Head elongate, pyramidal; snout produced, considerably extending be-

yond the lower jaw, with the nostrils somewhat swollen, representing a longi-

tudinal slit on the upper side ; ears moderate, obtusely rounded at tip, and

rather abruptly truncate laterally ; avery conspicuous, almost perfectly nude,

* Fitzinger (Sitz. Akad. Wien, M. N. Klasse, 1867, vol. 56, part I, p. 858,) uses

this name in a generic sense, as distinct from Hrinaceus,

224 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

tolerably broad space extends from the hind head towards the middle of

neck ; spines, beginning on neck slightly in advance of a line connecting the

anterior basal edges of the ears, almost regular in young, but distinctly ir-

regularly* interwoven in the more adult; each spine white on the basal half,

then with a broad blackish brown ring, followed by a yellowish white

tip, only the extreme point appearing slightly dusky; each is further

surrounded by sixteen to twenty longitudinal grooves, separated by much

broader and very finely tuberculated ridges; the minute tubercles being

laterally compressed. Limbs long and slender, each with five claws; tail

very short and concealed.

Snout, extending on the upper side as far as between the eyes and from

there stretching as an oblique band through the eyes to the base of the neck,

dark brown with very few whitish hairs intermixed ; ground colour of ears

brown, but thickly set with whitish hairs, lower jaw round the edges brown,

chin and throat whitish tinged with brown in the young, almost perfectly

white in adults ; fore-limb beginning at the middle of the forearm, the hind

limbs entirely, including the region of the vent between them andat their sides,

and the tail chocolate brown; soles of feet blackish and all the claws white.

Moustaches brown, whitish towards their tips, the longest nearly two inches.

An oblique streak in front of and below the eye to the angle of the mouth,

hind head and all round the neck, involving the base of the ears, the entire

lower side from the chin, including nearly half the length of the fore-limbs,

and extending backwards as far as the region between the hind-limbs white,

the lower side being thinly clad with hairs which are throughout arranged in

small tufts, each tuft evidently corresponding to a dorsal spine, as if each of

the spines had been dissolved into its original component parts.

Total length of a specimen 5°5 inches; distance from tip of snout to

anterior angle of eye 0°8; length of ear 0°55, and the greatest breadth

about 0°4; length of carpus to tip of claws 0°8, the same of foot 1 inch, the

heel tubercular ; tail 0-4 inches, thickly covered with hair.

Besides this specimen which is the only one I preserved, I saw several

others in the western part of Kachh, and some were decidedly larger; one

measured 6°3 inches, the distance from the tip of snout to the eye bemg

nearly 1 inch, and to the base of the ear nearly 15 inch. There are also

several specimens of this species in the Indian Museum from the North West

Provinces about Agra, and from Rajptitana. One of these measures nearly

7 inches from tip of snout to end of tail.

* The regularity of the spines seems very much to depend upon the attitude of

the animal. When the animal is at rest, and the spines are in their natural position,

they are as arule regularly directed backwards, but the moment the animal rolls in its

body, they become interwoven,

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 225

In comparing the present species with the descriptions of hedgehogs known from

Asia and adjoining territories, and which belong to the section Heniechinus,—charac-

terized by having the ridges on the spines tuberculated and five toes on allfeet,—I find

that E. éthiopicus, Ehrenberg, = FE. brachydactylus, Wagner, is most closely allied to it.

Tt slightly differs in coloration, in having the forehead white, the chest brownish ; each

of the tubercles on the spines is seated on a separate eminence, and the tail is

longer. Other similarly coloured species are LH. algirus, egypticus, pallidus and libieus,

all from North Africa, but they more or less differ in structure. Besides that there

are two other African species H#. platyotis and pectoralis,* both of which are quite

different in coloration, and #. awritus, Pallas and hypomelas, Brandt, are from Nor-

thern Asia.

From India Jerdon describes out of the section Hemiechinus, H. collaris and mi-

eropus, the former being found in Northern, the latter in Southern India.

Tn collavis the ears are externally somewhat indented, but not to any particularly

large extent, The spines are rather long and cylindrical, usually with a broad black

tip, each is surroundrd by 22 to 24 longitudinal grooves separated by equally broad

ridges, which are rather sharp and somewhat distantly finely tuberculated.

Very closely allied to collaris are no doubt Bennett’s H. Grayi and spatangus, both

from the Himalayas ; but until authentic specimens had been examined, it does not

appear advisable to identify all three.

In #. Grayi each spine is stated to be yellowish white for more than half its

basal leneth, followed by a narrow blackish ring, and again white at the tip. The

coloration of the head and underside does not appear to differ from that of collwris. The

ears are said to be long, obtusely pointed, but scarcely thickened towards the tip,

and laterally not emarginate.

H. spatangus is said chiefly to differ by the regular position of the spines, but

this is a character which very much depends upon the position of the body. It seems

probable that the type specimen is only a young one of H. Grayi, should this really

prove to be distinct from collaris.

E. mentalis, Gray, also from the Himalayas, is recorded as distinguished from

others by a black chin; nothing further is known of it.

In micropus, which is undoubtedly the same as nudiventris, the spines are thin,

rather short, with a long point and of a similar colour as in H. pictus, but each is sur~

rounded by 17 or 18 longitudinal grooves, separated by only very little broader ridges

which are provided with moderately distant blunt, and nearly rounded tubercles.

From Afghanistan, Blyth described H. megalotis,+ which in colouring more resem-

bles hypomelas than awritws, each spine being dusky at base and near the middle, and

blackish brown towards the tip, which again is paler. Hach spine is further surrounded

by about 28 to 30 longitudinal fine furrows, separated by about equally broad and fine

ribs, which are minutely tuberculated ; some of the ribs are occasionally thinner than

others, This character alone separates megalotis from the two other allied species

with large ears.

In looking over the specimens of hedgehogs in the Indian Museum I noticed an

apparently new species which was lately collected by Dr. Henderson when accompany-

ing the Yarkand expedition, and I shall give a short description of it under the

name of

* Witzinger in Sitzb. Akad. Wien, M. N. Klasse, vol. 56, part I, p. 859.

7 Jcurn, Asiat. P. B. vol. XIV, p. 353 and vol. XV, p. 170.

226 F. Stoliczka—IMammals and Birds mhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

Erinaceus (Hemiechinus) albulus, n. sp.

Snout very long and pointed, ears moderate, ovate at tip; spines irregularly

placed, much as in pictus, but comparatively longer and thicker; each of them is

dusky at the base, then up to half its length purely white, followed by a blackish

brown ring, its breadth being only about one fifth of the total length, tip largely white

and rather abruptly pointed, the result being a prevalence of white colour on the upper

surface of the body. There is no perceptible nude space between the ears, and the spines

begin immediately on the hind neck, and the largest on the back are fully one inch

long. Each spine is surrounded by 24 to 26 fine longitudinal furrows, separated by

minutely tuberculated ridges, scarcely wider than the furrows. The tail is almost as

short as in pictus.

Head entirely rufescent above and at the sides, except upper mandible towards

the angle of the month, this being white ; base of ears also white, as well as the entire

underside, which is thickly set with long hairs, passing into a slight rufescent shade

on the sides of the belly. Ears, lower portions of front and hind feet and tail dusky

brownish, being thickly intermixed with short, white hairs; moustache brown, whitish

towards the tip. Claws strong, five on each foot, very pale brownish.

The only specimen measures very nearly seven inches; the ear slightly exceeds

one inch; distance from tip of snout to the angle of the mouth not quite one, to the ear

slightly more than one and a half inch. Dr. Henderson gives the locality, ‘ Langur

near Sanju; Yarkand,’ and the native name ‘ Keepa.’

The only known form to which the present species is closely allied is H. lybicus,

Ehrenb., which has similarly grooved and similarly coloured spines, but they are de-

cidedly shorter, and the coloration of the other parts of the body is different.

From all the above noted species which, as I stated, are referable to the section

Hemiechinus, E. albiventris, Wagn., differs by having only four toes on the hind feet,

and the spines sulcated and smoothly ridged. The type specimen, which is 6°5

inches long, is believed to have come from the Hast Indies, but its precise locality is

unknown ; it is in the Berlin Museum. ‘The distinctive characters noticed also occur

in the Aigyptien H. Prumeri, and Fitzinger separates both as ‘ Peroéchinus.’

The true Hrinacei have five toes on each foot and smoothly striated spines. Of

the five species known only H. ewropeus, namely the Siberian variety, may be found

in the Himalayas.

Carnivora.

Ursus labiatus occasionally occurs in the Wagur district, and I was told

of a specimen having been shot on Béla, but it is evidently only a very rare

straggler.

I have not on asingle occasion seen either a marten (JZartes) or a weasel

(Mustella), though I was told that at least one species of each does occur.

Of the Felide, both the lion (F- leo) and the tiger (fF. tigris) extremely

rarely occur as stragglers from Kathivar, they had been formerly shot in

Kachh territory, and a century ago they might have been more common.

The larger variety of the pard (f pardus), usually called panther, is up

to the present time not uncommon in some districts. It keeps to the thinly

wooded and rocky parts of the country, and its favourite sport constitutes

a monopoly with the present Rao of Kachh,

Bes: F. Stoliezka—IMammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 227

The common jungle cat (F. chaus) is the only representant of the small-

er Felide, and though not abundant it is met with occasionally throughout

the country.

The red lynx (#. caracal) is, however, certainly rare, as it likewise is in

other parts of India. I have only seen one animal shot some years ago by

the Rao of Kachh, but I heard of it in different parts of the country. Like ©

the pard, it seems to be very fond of digging after Uromastixn Hardwickii,

which in common with some of the inhabitants it appears to find a very

tasty meal.

F. jubata, the hunting leopard, was seen by me only on one occasion

in the Wagur district (north of Chitrore), but I could not obtain any in-

formation as to its further occurrence. It seems to be scarcely known in the

western and southern parts of Kachh.

The striped hyena (4. striata) also occasionally occurs in the eastern

parts of Kachh, and about the Rann islands. I have, however, nowhere

heard of a single Viverra or a Paradoxurus, which no doubt prefer forest to

open country.

132. Herpestes griseus, called by Jerdon the ‘Madras Mangoos,’ is

the only species of this genus, and generally distributed, though not very

common. Body of a male 18’, tail 15” ; a female which I shot was somewhat

larger. The general colour of the fur above is Gn winter) brown, grizzled

with white ; the longer hairs are adpressed and very long, particularly at the

sides, each with four to five dark brown rings, separated by pale white, the

two colours passing into each other by a rufous brown tint, which, during

the summer, in some individuals at least, appears to prevail over the dark

brown, and when in older skins the brown fades, the rings may be described

as rufous, but they certainly are not so in fresh skins. The white rings

generally have barely a tinge of yellow, in some specimens they may be said

to be pale fawn colour. The elongated hairs at the lower side are broadly

tipped with fulvous fawn, and those at the end of the tail are mostly of that

colour, which in so far may be said to be concolorous with the body. ‘The

sides of the snout, particularly in front and about the eyes, are distinctly

rufous, more so in the male than in the female, and the entire head is also

tinged with more rufous, than any other part of the body. Ears ight brown,

thickly set with short hair, more mixed with white in front than behind.

General colour below fawn, the rings on the hair being pale brown and on

many nearly obsolete. Feet in front rufous brown, speckled with white ;

claws brown, pale towards the tips; soles dark fleshy brown; muzzle

reddish brown.

The Indian Wolf (Canis pallipes) is tolerably common in the Wagur

district and on the Rann, but less so in Western Kachh, while the jackal

(C. awreus) abounds everywhere. Pariah dogs are, as may be imagined com-

228 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

mon enough, and some very much resemble in structure and colour the

wild dog (Cuon rutilans), but I have not heard of the occurrence of this

latter in a wild state.

Both the Indian and the desert fox, Vulpes bengalensis and leucopus, the

latter generally called the silver-tailed fox, occur ; the former I have shot only

in the north-eastern districts, but the latter appears to be more generally

distributed, though not very common.

Rodentia.

The homely Sciwrus palmarwim is the only species of squirrels to be met

with, both about habitations and in the Kundu jungles.

The ground is claimed by the desert Jerboa-rat, which Jerdon identified

with (No. 171) Gerbillus* erythrourus, Gray.t I do not think that

there is any other animal equally common throughout Kachh, as is this rat ;

it does of course not frequent stony and hilly ground, but is most abundant

in the sandy districts between bushes, as well as between fields and on grassy

plains ; its barrows sometimes extent over hundreds of square feet without

interruption. The size and colour of Kachh specimens perfectly tallies with

Jerdon’s description. Near habitations it usually comes out only im the

morning and evening to feed, but far away from them it is to be seen out of

its hole at all hours of the day. Asa rule, it feeds, 1 believe, on roots of

various herbaceous plants, and more rarely on seeds.

I hardly need to mention the occurrence of the brown rat (d/us decu-

manus) and of the common Indian mouse (AZ, wrbanus).

Hystri¢ leucwra is the common porcupine of the country ; it is usually

found on higher undulating desert ground, thinly covered with jungle, or

on more elevated plateaus where brushwood occurs. .

Lepus ruficaudatus is very abundant throughout Kachh. There is, (at

least mm younger specimens) a conspicuous white band from the nostril

through the eye ; the ears are lined internally with dull white, and externally

towards the tips with blackish brown or black; the tail has in the young

only a slight rufous tinge above.

Ungulata.

Equus onager, the wild ass, is entirely confined to the most uninhabita-

ble and desert parts of the country near the Rann, or the Rann itself with its

small islands. JI have seen it on two or three occasions in crossing the Rann,

but an approach to it even within half a mile was out of question.

Sus mdicus is generally distributed, and fine sport may be had in suit-

able, temporarily swampy, localities, mostly near the Rann. Occasionally,

* Most naturalists accept for the Africo-Asiatic species the name Meriones.

+ Comp. Jerdon, Mamm. Appendix, p. III.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 229

I also met with solitary specimens, or small families of young, within the

hills, as at Jora.

The common Indian antelope, Antilope bezourtica, is only found in

the eastern parts of Kachh, towards Rajptitana, while the Indian gazelle,

Gazella Bennetti, occurs abundantly throughout the country. Jerdon

(Ind. Mamm. p. 281) says that‘ Gazella Christi, Gray, from Sind and

Kachh, is said to be paler, and with the horns more slender, and smaller than

in the Indian gazelle, and with the tips abruptly bent inwards.’ I have seen

a great number of animals shot in different parts of Kachh, and preserved

also a few skins, but they do not exhibit the least difference from the

‘ Chinkara’ of Central and Northern India.

AVES.

In the subjoined list I have included only those species of which I

procured specimens, and of the identity of which I had been able to satisfy

myself. In addition to these I observed a small number of others, and

although the identity of some of them appeared to me at that time toler-

ably certaim, I shall note them separately ; for with the number of very

closely allied forms one cannot be cautious enough in avoiding mistakes in

determination. Among the species which I have not procured are: <Astur

palwnbarius which I saw on several occasions kept by falconers, but I could

not obtain information that the specimens were procured in Kachh. At

the beginning of November, I noticed on the Jora hills a solitary speci-

men of a Centropus, it was either rufipennis or viridis. Both, Alauda

gulguia and cristata, do, I believe, occur, and I was under the impres-

sion that my shikari secured specimens, but on examination none were re-

presented. Carpodacus erythrinus was seen on two occasions in January.

I am also tolerably certain of the occurrence of Tringa minuta, Nowme-

nius arquata, Herodias alba, Anas boschas, Mergus castor, Casarca rutil-

la, Podiceps cristatus, Anser imdicus and cinereus ; all these, besides a

great number of other water-fowl, were seen on the large lake at Bhimsir

near the Denodur hill, and also 8. W. of Barasir in the Charvar range. At

the former locality I also observed one or two species of Gallinula, and a

small Porzana. On two occasions I saw in the western part of Kachh

what at the time I took for solitary specimens of Ciconia alba, and on one

occasion a solitary Cic. migra. When crossing the Rann from Kachh to

Pacham early in November, I noticed several swans, but at too a great

distance for it to be possible to form an idea as to the species the birds

belonged to ; a large Cursorial bird was also rather common, but I could not

get a shot at him. It had the appearance of a gigantic Ohettusia, being

about double the size of Ch. gregaria, and somewhat similar in coloration.

230 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

2.* Oroayps catvus. Not common.

5. Gyps BenGALENSIS. Very common.

I examined several nests in the second half of December and in January ;

all contained only one egg. On thellth January at Kunria, one nest had

a nestling which must have been a week old.

6. NrorpHRON GINGINIANUS. Very common.

8. Fatco perecRinus. Not common.

10. EF. suaeER. Very common.

During January, I have generally seen them in pairs, and on the 10th

Feb., near the village Tappur in Eastern Kachh, a pair had a nearly finished

nest on a large Kundt, near the edge of a tank. The bird is a great

favourite with native Falconers.

12. FE. BaByLonicvs.

Comp. Jerdon in Ibis for 1871, p. 240.

Only a single male specimen was seen and shot near Kantkote in Wag-

gur district, on 12th January.

16. Hyporriorcuis (TURAMTIA) CHICQUERA.f Very common.

17. TrNuNcULUS ALAUDARIUS. Common.

23. MicroNIsUs BADIUS. Common.

I shot one male and two females in December and January, all had the

iris bright yellow. J£—wing 7°65, tail 6, tarsus 1:8. #—wing 86—89,

tail 7°2—7-4, tarsus 2 inch.

24. AccrIprreR nisus. Not common.

25. A. (Hieraspiza) vireatus. Not common.

29. AQUILA BIFASCIATA, Gray and Hardw. Not common.

Comp. Brooks in Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng., April, 1872, p. 65.

Jerdon says that bifasciata, Gray, is the same as vittala of Hodgson.

29. A. FULVESCENS. Very common.

45. Burro FEROx. Very common.

I have seen hundreds of these birds, all were of the B. cannescens type,

but not one of the uniform coloured type, called fuliginosus by Hume. The

latter I got from Kotegurh near Simla. (Comp. Jerdon in Ibis, 1871,

p. 3838).

48. PoLIORNIS TEESA. Common.

51. Crrcvus patnipus, Sykes = Swarysont, Smith. Very common.

Gray (Handlist, I, 37) gives Sykes’s name the priority.

55. HALiastuR INDUS.

Only seen near the sea shore.

* The numbers prefixed to the names correspond with those in Jerdon’s ‘ Birds of

India,’ or their nearest allies.

+ I would decidedly prefer adopting the subgeneric name Turamtia for that of

Chiquera, than altering the latter well known specific denomination to ‘ typus.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 231

56. Minvus govinpa. Very common.

The details in coloration are exactly as recorded of govinda, though

they do not in any essential pomt appear to differ from those of affims

(Comp. Hume, Scrap-book, p. 320). Measurements of two specimens :

wing 17°5 and 17; tail 10°6 and 11:25; tarsus 2:1, midtoe without claw

16 and 1°8, its claw straight 0-7 and 0°75; bill from gape 1-7 and 1°65

inch. This is as far as I saw, the only kite found throughout Kachh.

A pair was breeding on a tree near Sumrasir on the 14th November.* Gray

(Handl., I, 26) gives melanotis, Tem. and Schlegel, which was shewn by

Blanford to be identical with JL major of Hume, as a synonym of govinda,

but he places afinis of Gould in a distinct subgenus. J. affinis is added to

the Indian fauna by Jerdon in Ibis for 1871, p. 343; but are these two

races really specifically distinct ?

67. Orus vutearts. I have seen it only on three occasions.

69.. Buso (Urrva) Benecavensis. Not uncommon in rocky ravines.

76. ATHENE BRAMA. Very common.

82. HrRunDo RusTICA. Common.

Wing 46; outer tail feathers 3°6, central 18 ; tarsus 0-4; midtoe and

claw nearly 0-7 inch.

84. H. (Urnomirus) riirera. Common.

This, Jerdon writes, ‘ must stand, it appears, as H. ruficeps, Lichtenstein,’

but he thinks that the differences, said to exist between the Indian and

African form, as pointed out by Mr. Gould, ‘may perhaps still hold good.’

Mr. Gould (Birds of Asia, Part xvii) says, that African examples differ by

being smaller, by having a lesser amount of rufous on the top of the head,

and a shorter tail. Now, these must be admitted to be very variable charac-

ters,in the Indian bird at least. I measured specimens with the wing

varying from 44 to 4°8, and with the central tail-feathers from 1:3 to 16

inches long. The rufous on the head changes in Kachh specimens, (shot

in winter), from deep rufous brown to a pale rusty.

85. bis H. (Linnia) ERYTROPYera. Very common.

Wing 4:1 to 4.3, tail 2°8 to 3:3. True dawrica occurs in the Satlej

valley, where it is far from rare, and I also have a specimen of it from Western

Bengal, shot by Mr. Ball during the winter of 1870; it is, therefore, not a

restricted hillform. It differs not only in size, but also in the form of

the bill, this bemg in dawrica more contracted towards the tip and slightly

longer.

90. PTIONOPROGNE coNcoLOR. Very common.

Wing 4 to 42, tail 1°9 to 2 inches, the central feathers from 0:1 to 0:2

* JT have seen a pair of govinda copulating on 5th September, and before I left

Calcutta on 10th October, they had their nest ready in front of my window.

232 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds imhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

inches, shorter than the outer ones. The species is very abundant and its

favourite haunt are tanks or grassy slopes of hills.

91. PxrrtoNOPROGNE RUPESTRIS. Not very common.

I saw the species repeatedly hunting over tanks, in company with A.

vustica. 'The measurements are slightly smaller than those given by Jerdon.

112. Caprimuneus Astaticus. Not common.

113. ©. Manrarrensts. Shot a single specimen on 26th January,

at Daiselptir in Wagur district, between fields. The bird perfectly agrees

with that described by Jerdon.

117. Meroprs viripis. Very common.

123. Coracras mnpIca. Common.

129. Hancron SMYRNENSIS (= FUScUS). Common.

The largest specimen measures ; wing 5, tail 3:5, bill at front 2°3, from

gape 29 inch. (Comp. Ibis, 1872, p. 4.)

184. Atncepo Beneatensis. Not common.

Wing 2°8, tail 1°3, bill at front 1:5, from gape 1°9, tarsus 0°35 inch.

136. CERYLE RUDIS. Common.

Wing 5:2 to 5°6; tail 2°75 to 3, bill at front 2-2 to 2°5, tarsus 0°4 inch.

Of two pairs shot the males are slightly larger than the females.

148. PaLHORNIS TORQUATUS. Very common.

160. Pricus (Letoricus) MaHRATTENSIS, var.

An idem P. Blanfordi, Blyth!

This is the only woodpecker which I have met with in Kachh. It would

be difficult to identify it from Jerdon’s account, and I give, therefore, a more

complete description.

Forehead and part of top of head pale yellowish brown, with a more

or less distinct golden lustre, (not pure yellow as Malherbe calls it); in

the male occiput crimson, laterally extending to above the eyes, in the

female dull yellowish brown, i both the occipital feathers are conspicuously

lengthened; neck above with a broad uniform dark brown streak from

the occiput downwards ; lower neck, back and rump with longitudinal brown-

ish black and white streaks, each feather being black along the centre; on

the base of the lower tail coverts the white predominates, but of the longer

tail coverts each has a large triangular central spot; tail blackish, each

feather with 5 or 6 transverse, on the quill interrupted white bands ; shorter

wing coverts nearly uniform brownish black, longer coverts and all the

wing feathers with along the middle of each feather interrupted bands,

primaries dusky brown, and the white on them suffused with pale sulphur,

secondaries and tertials much darker, particularly on the outer web. Lores,

round the eye, about the angle of the mouth and chin in front fulvous white,

ear coverts fulvous-ashy white or pale ashy ; sides of neck, chin and breast

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 233

in the middle almost pure white, a brown broadish band extends from behind

and below the ear coverts to the sides of the breast ; lower plumage and

under tail coverts dull white with a brownish streak to each feather, a

crimson patch on the middle of the abdomen ; the white bands on the tail

feathers are tinged with pure yellow, particularly towards the tips of the

feathers. Bill plumbeous; feet blackish ashy. Wing 3°75 to 3:9; tail 2°3

to 2-4; bill at front 0°8 to 0°9, from gape 1- to 1:1; tarsus 0°6 inch; foot

about 1:5. Fourth primary the longest, first 2:2 imch. shorter, second

0-4 and third 0:05 shorter than the fourth which exceeds the fifth by only

a trifle.

These are the average measurements (from skins) of three males and

two females ; the former differ from the latter only by the crimson occiput,

‘and sometimes also by a slightly smaller size, &c.

Not common, but occurring throughout Kachh, in the thinly wooded

parts of the province, on trees as well as on Huphorbia bushes. It is a rather

shy bird, and has a particular lking to hunt for insects towards dusk; I

shot it often when it was almost dark, flatly clinging to the bark of a tree.

Looking at the comparative small size of the Kachh birds, I was at first

inclined to separate them as a distinct species, but, on the suggestion of Mr.

Hume, and after careful comparison, I am convinced that they represent no-

thing more than a local race of Maharattensis. I find that all the specimens

of the latter from Bengal and Central India in the Museum have less white

above, the white spots on the feathers being smaller, and that their Ist pri-

mary is a little shorter and narrower, being 0'8 inch. long, while in the Kachh

variety it is usually broader and 0:9", or even 0°95" long. _ But in both it has

three white spots on the inner web and one at the base of the outer web. The

proportions. between the other primaries agree in both. ‘The bill in Central

India Waharattensis is a little slenderer at the base and altogether some-

what longer. The wing, I find, to differ between 4 and 4:3 inches, but a

specimen said to be from Simla has the wing only about 3°8 inch., and

Beavan (Ibis, 1865, vol. I, p. 410) gives the wing of a female from Manbhum

as 3°88 inch.

Blyth’s P. Blanfordi (Journ. A. 8. B., XXXII, p. 75), ‘is just barely

separable as a race,’ as its author truly remarks. J do not believe that it

differs specifically ; that is, I believe, that the Barmese bird is connected with

true P. Maharattensis by intermediate forms of indefinable gradations. The

type specimen has the wing 4, tail 2°45, tarsus 0-7, bill at front 0-9 inch.

The white blotches on the upper plumage are again slightly larger than in

the Kachh variety, but in all details of coloration both perfectly agree.

The first primary is in the Barmese type only about 0-6 inches long, and the

2nd and 8rd are comparatively also a little shorter, but they do not

appear to have attained their full size in that specimen. It is noteworthy

234 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

to observe that such a marked form of a wood-pecker, as P. Maharattensis

represents, deviates from the type on the two extreme limits of its geogra-

phical distribution in an exactly similar manner, namely, by decreasing in

size and adding more white to its plumage.*

214. EupyNaMys HONORATA, Linn. —

E. orientalis apud Jerdon. Comp. Ibis for 1869, vol. v, p. 338 and for 1872, p. 15.

Rare during the cold and dry seasons, but said to be very common in

the rains, when it breeds.

220. ‘TaccocUA SIRKEE.

Above dusky brownish grey with a slight greenish lustre, which is most

distinct on the tail, tertials, secondaries and tail feathers with close duller

crossbars, only perceptible in certain lights ; top of head with a slight rufescent

tinge; feathers on head and neck black-shafted, glistening, bristly im front,

the.remainder on the upper side brown shafted; lores and chin whitish,

sometimes with a faint reddish tinge, above and below the eye narrowly

white, bristles on eyelashes black, pure white at base; upper breast ashy

very slightly tinged with ferruginous, lower breast, vent, sides, lower wing

coverts and tibial feathers pale ferruginous ; lower vent and lower tail coverts

dusky ashy brown; outer tail feathers dark brown, broadly tipped with

white. Average measurement of 3 specimens: Wing 6—6:25; tail 9 to

95; tarsus 16 to 1:7; bill from gape 15 inch., cherry red, yellow towards

the tip and the upper mandible blackish at the side.

I have seen this bird only on a few occasions ; it hides itself usually in

Euphorbia bushes, and is most difficult to flush. Often it manages to run

from one bush to’ another at a tremendously rapid pace, pressing its body

to the ground like a rat. I have seen it feeding on insects on the ground.

* T take this opportunity of drawing attention to what appears to me to be often

an a priori somewhat unnatural explanation of facts. Whena naturalist has noticed

and described a form which combines the characters of two well marked races, or

Species, and the geographical distribution of which falls within the limits of the two ;

other naturalists are, often without hesitation, ready with an explanation in stating, that

the intermediate form is ‘ evidently a hybrid between the two.’ This in many instances

looks very plausible, but is it natural P or even a@ priort probable P These questions

seem to me to require thorough study and examination. Why should we a priori

presume that there exist two entirely distinct types? Does it not look more natural

to assume @ priori that the so called intermediate form within the geographical limit

of a certain type is the typical species, and that, as it extends, it deviates in a some-

what different manner in various directions? and that the peculiarities acquired in

order to maintain subsistence at certain localities may even remain constant and be

inherited within those certain local limits P —I think in many cases this latter explana-

tion will prove to be the more probable oue, although I do not by any means wish to

abandon altogether the former.

1872.] » F. Stoliczka—Iammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 235

234. ARACHNECHTRA ASTATICA*® = cuRRUCARIA, Linn. Common.

On one occasion I shot a young male while sitting on the top of a tree,

about 40 feet high, and engaged in occasionally darting after passing insects,

which it appeared to catch, every time returning to its perch like a fly-catch-

er. In four males, wig 2°05 to 2:2 inches, tail 1:25 to 1:5; bill 0°65 to

0-7 ; tarsus 0°6.

255. UPUPA NIGRIPENNIS, Gould, vel Ceylonensis, Reich.

Comp. Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 22. -

Wing 5:3, tail 3°8, bill at front 1°75, tarsus 0°8 inch. The posterior

feathers of the crest have distinctly white preceding the black tip, but the

first primary has no white and the succeeding have it on both webs. The

4th primary is barely longer than the 5th, the 1st is 2°5 inches shorter than

the 4th ; the 2nd is 0°7 inches shorter, and the 3rd O'1 shorter than the 4th.

There is scarcely any ashy colour on the sides of the neck or breast.

Jerdon says, that the ‘ white spot on the first primary is occasionally pre-

sent, I may add, it is also the case as regards the white on the crest. What

is then to remain to be the distinctive character between the present form

and epops? I have great doubts about the Indian hoopoe being separable

as a sufficiently distinct and definable species. There is no distinction in

plumage, and the only difference I can see, in comparing about half a dozen

specimens of each, is, that nigripennis, or Ceylonensis, is a smaller and

hghter bird, with the first primary shorter and narrower. Still I cannot

but doubt, that even these characters are so far constant, as to be of any

use In defining distinct species. J am sure the European, Indian and even

the Barmese hoopoe are merely local races of one species, not possessing a

single character constantly distinct in one from the other.

I only saw few specimens at the end of October and in the beginning of

November, but towards the end of the latter month, they became more

numerous ; it is, however, not a very common bird in Kachh, and must be,

to a certain extent at least, migratory.

256. Lanrus (Connyrro}) LAnrora. Very common.

Wing 4:1 to 4°4, tail 4-4 to5; bill at front 0°6 to 07; tarsus 1-1

to 1:3 inch.

Some specimens have a distinct white superciliary edge above the black,

others no trace of it; the inner plumage on breast and vent sometimes has

a very slight creamy wash, exactly as is often the case in the European

* J do not see the benefit of changing the name asiatica to that of cwrucaria as

suggested by Jerdon, both being Linne’s names The former is retained by G. R. Gray

in his Hand-list.

+ G. R. Gray adopts Collyrio, Mochr., 1752, for the group of Lanius evcubitor,

reserying Linne’s name Lanius for the type of L. cristatus.

236 F. Stoliczka—Mammats and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

excubitor ; all the tail feathers have at least their extreme tips white, even

the central ones, but only visible after a fresh moult, (which is also the case

in the two next species).

A full account of this species will be found in Proc. Zool. Soe.

London, for 1870, p. 595, by Mr. Dresser. On p. 596 the author says, ‘ rump

and upper tail coverts white,’ the description being taken from an old Pan-

jab bird. Now, it is strange that in about a dozen of specimens which I

shot in Kachh, and some of which are decidedly very old birds in full

plumage, the rump and upper tail coverts are albescent grey, in some the

latter may be called greyish white, but that is the utmost limit of white.

In fresh moulted old specimens the extreme terminal edges, of the upper

tail coverts are blackish, but they appear very soon to wear of. Perhaps the

distinction of possessing the rump and upper tail coverts white apples to the

winter plumage, which I do not know.

257. IL. ERYTHRONOTUS. Rare.

260. L. virratus* (= Hardwicki, auctorum). Very common.

262. L. arenartus.t Rare.

Bill at front 0°42 to 0:45, wing 3°5 to 3:6; tail 3°3 to 3°45, tarsus 0°9.

These measurements are somewhat smaller than those generally given of the

species. The young is striped in the usual way on the sides of neck and of the

body, and on the chest. The light coloured band on the rectrices, such as is

noticed by Viscount Walden in Ibis, vol. III, p. 224, is only occasionally

present, perhaps in old birds. The species migrates during the summer

to Western Tibet, where I saw it in the Indus valley.

265. TEPHRODORNIS PonpiceRIANA. Not common.

The wing varies (in four specimens shot) between 3°3 and 3°4, none is

3°5 inch, The two outer tail feathers on each side are white, except at the

base and towards the tip, there being only the sub-terminal outer, or both

webs dusky; the 3rd and 4th last tail feather on each side generally have

also a white edge about the middle of the outer web.

276. PERICROCOTUS PEREGRINUS. ‘Very common.

The orange wing patch does not extend on any of the outer webs of

the first 5 primaries. Wing 2°5 to 2°6, tail 2°7 to 3; tarsus 0-6 inch.

(not *).

277. PERICROCOTUS ERYTHROPYGIUS. Not common.

I have occasionally seen flocks of this species hunting over high grass

on dried up portions of tanks. In the jungles it is more often seen single,

or in pairs.

* Ibis, 1868, iv, 316. + Comp also Jerdon in Ibis, 1872, p. 115.

1872.]_ EF. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh, 237

278. Drcrurus* anprrictus, Hodes. Very common. E

Average of four specimens, young and old: bill 07 to 0:8; wing 5:4

to 5°65 ; tail 5:8 to 6:4, tarsus 0°8 inch.

I have never seen a herd of either cattle, or sheep, or goats, without a

number of these birds accompanying it; they start with the herd in the

morning and return with it in the evening.

The specific name macrocercus is restricted for the Java species.

292. Lrucocerca AUREOLA, Less. = albofrontata, Frank. Very rare.

361. PETROCOSSYPHUS CYANEUS. Rare.

365. PULANESTICUS ATROGULARIS. Rare.

(Comp. Journ. A. S. B., 1868, vol. xxxvii, Pt. II, p 35.)

Bill at front 0°6 to 0: 7; wing 5°3 to 54; tail 4: to 41, tarsus 1°25.

385. PYCTORIS SINENSIS. Very rare. Bo

Bill 0:43 ; wing 2°55 ; tail 3-7; tarsus 1 inch.

438. CHATORHEA CAUDATA. Extremely common.

459. OTOCAMPSA LEUCOTIS. Very common.

Wing 3:1 to 3-4; tail 3-2 to 3°5 ; tarsus 0°75 to 0'8 inch.

462. PYCNONOTUS CHRYSORRHOIDES, Lafr. — pusillus et pseudocafer,

Blyth. Very common.

467. Tora Zeynanica. Very common in low tree jungle.

Size the same as that given by Jerdon. Males and females had exactly

the same colouring, during the winter, but no black above, the hind head

and back are, however, in most specimens blackish green. ‘In this stage they

appear only to differ from typhia by their triflingly smaller size. (Compare

Hume, Jour. A. S. B., vol. xxxix, pl. il, p. 117, and Stoliczka, zbid, p. 310).

480. THAMNOBIA CAMBAYENSIS.

(Comp. Journ. A. S. B., 1868, vol. xxvii, Pt. IT, p. 40.)

Extremely common throughout the country. The size is exactly the

same as that of the southern form, known under the name fwlicata in India.

Male specimens which I shot in February had the upper plumage decidedly

rather darker, in fact almost black, tinged with blackish brown, while speci-

mens which I shot in November and December are almost entirely brown

above, but the upper tail coverts are in all greenish glossy black. It seems

to me clear that the two forms, as presently distinguished, merely represent

seasonal or local faces of plumage of the one and same species.

I observe that Gray (Hand-list, I, p. 211) unites them under the name

Cambayensis, reserving the name fwlicata, Lath., for a South African species.

* This generic name is retained by G. R. Gray, and Bhuchanga of Hodgson

considered as a synonym of it; but if the birds of the type of D. longicaudatus should

at all be distinguished in a separate group from those of the type of D. furcatus,

Gm., Hodgson’s name should be retained as a subgenus for them, though I almost

doubt that a real necessity exists for it,

238 F. Stolicz&ka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

481. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA. Very rare.

483. P. Inpica,? = RuBIcoLA. Very common.

Comp. Ibis, 1870, vi, p. 167, and 1871, p. 27.

Q Wing 2°65, tail 2, tarsus 0°85, bill at front 0-4 inch.

This is the only specimen I saw during the whole winter ; I shot it near

Bhuj on 2nd January. Gray (Hand-list, I, 228) retains the Indian Bush-

chat as distinct from the European, but I still think their identity can

hardly be questioned, although Indian specimens may generally be smaller ;

I certainly disbelieve the existence of two separable species in India as

rubicola and indica. As faras ITremember I have seen in 1867 European

specimens with all the distinctive peculiarities in colour of P. indica, Hi-

malayan specimens of which I then compared with the former.

483bis. PRATINCOLA MACRORHYNCHA, 0. sp.

I shot at the beginning of 1872 two specimens of a Pratincola, (pro-

bably females, the sex was unfortunately not determined), which appears

to be distinct from any other as yet known.

General plumage, above, dull brown, all the feathers margined with

pale isabelline or fulvescent whitish, most broadly on scapulars and tertials,

narrowly on the quills ; upper tail coverts nearly entirely uniform pale ful-

vescent or sandy, only along the centre of a darker hue. Central tail feathers

brown, the succeeding also brown and very pale rufescent fulvous about

the basal half of both webs, (not along the shafts), the rufescent colour

gradually, not abruptly, passing into the brown; outer web of last tail

feather wholly sandy or pale fulvescent white, and all have pale tips which,

however, easily wear of. Lores and supercilium sandy white; ears dusky.

Lower plumage fulvescent white throughout, with a slight shade of cream

colour, all the feathers on their basal halves are dark slaty, which is also

the case on the upper plumage. Bill and feet nearly quite black. Total

length about 5:2” to 5°5”; wing 2°85” to 2:9 inch., first primary nearly 1”,

and 1:2” shorter than the second, which is very nearly equal to the 6th and

0:24” shorter than the fourth, this being the longest ; the 3rd and 5th are

subequal and very little shorter than the fourth; tail 2:1 to 2°25, tarsus

0:95 to 097; bill at front 0°48 to 0°5, from gape 0°72 ; hind toe and claw

0:57, hind claw alone 0°3 ; mid toe with claw 0.72 to 0°73 inch.. The size

of the bill, which is rather narrow and Saxicoline, and the length of the legs

readily distinguish this apparently new species; it is not the female of

P. rubetra, this having the basal half of the tail white, and the bill shorter

and broad at the base. It is also not a female or young of P. c¢aprata,

moreover the leneth and slenderness of the hind claw does not agree with

any Pratincola, nor even with Sawxicola, but strange enough with Oreicola

(= Rhodophila.

1872. ] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 239

One of the two specimens was shot in January near Rapur in the

Waeur district, and the other in February near Bhdj, in both cases im

an open desert country with scanty low bushes. These were the only two

specimens, which I saw, but possibly the bird may not be so very rare ; for I

could never pay undivided attention to an ornithological subject.

489. SAXICOLA PICATA.

Comp. Hume, in Ibis, 1870, vi, p. 283.

Wing 3°6 to 3°75, tail 2°5 to 28; tarsus 0°9 to 0:95; bill 0-4 to 05.

The female has exactly the same distribution of the colours as the male,

but the black is replaced by blackish grey, the chin is rather whitish grey

and the ear-coverts somewhat rufescent.

One full plumaged male has an indistinct white stripe above the lores,

and all the tail feathers are distinctly tipped white, the black being subterminal.

Some apparently younger males with a dusky black plumage have the fore-

head paler, but none shews the very marked creamy colour noticed in Gould’s

capistrata, which was shown by Hume to be a young male of picata.

491. S. IsaBELLIna, Rippel, (— saltatriv, Menét.). Rare.

Comp. v. Pelzeln in Journ. fiir Ornithologie fir 1868, p. 27.

Wing 3°75, tail 2°3, tarsus 1:17, bill at front 0°57. A specimen from

the the Somali country, determined as isabellina by Blyth in the Asiatic

Society’s collection (now Indian Museum), only differs im having the wing

about 0-2 inch longer, (comp. Tristram’s statement in Ibis, 1867, p. 94) ; both

have the blackish streak between the base of the bill and the eye, and the

plumage is in every detail the same.

49 1bis. S. Kuyat, Hume. (Ibis, 1871, p. 29).

A single specimen was shot in Wagur in January, and I do not

remember of having seen another. Wing 3°55, tail 2°3, tarsus 1’, bill at

front 0°56 inch. The first primary is 1°75 shorter them the 8rd. The

coloration exactly agrees with the specimen described by Mr. Hume, who

kindly pomted out to me the bird amongst a number of females of the next

species.

492. S. DESERTI, Riippel, = atrogularis and montana, Gould.

Very common. The wing of five males varies between 3°6 and 3°9, tail

2°5 to 2°7, tarsus 0°95 to 1:05, bill 0°45 to 0°5 inch. Most of the females

are a trifle smaller (wing 3°5 inch.), than the males.

I have no doubt that Mr. Hume is correct (Ibis, 1870, vi, p. 283) in

considering Gould’s S. montana as the summer or breeding plumage of

atrogularis. In Journ. As. Soc., 1868, xxxvu, Pt. II, p. 42, I have parti-

cularly noticed the pure white on the median portions of the wing feathers

on Tibetan specimens, shot during the summer, and regarding which von

Pelzeln (Ibis, iv, p. 308) says that they agree with an Egyptian specimen of

S. deserti, except that the latter is smaller.

240 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. No. 3,

I perfectly remember African specimens of S. deserti which I repeatedly

compared in 1867 ; they were no doubt on the whole a little smaller (on the

average, I find in a note: wing 3°5, tail 2°5, bill at front 0°45, tarsus 0°95),

than most of Indian specimens, but there was not the least difference in

structure and colour between the two. Now, as Indian specimens occasion-

ally equal in size African ones, and as the former, which undoubtedly

represent one species, differ in the size of the wing from 3°5 to 4 inches, I

do not see,—with all respect due to the opinions of Messrs. Gould, Blyth

and other eminent ornithologists—any reason in regarding the Indian birds

as specifically distinct from the African deserti. All we can say is, that

African specimens are as a rule lighter and smaller, while Indian specimens

are as a rule slightly heavier and larger, but I do assert that there are to be

found specimens perfectly equal in size from both countries.

494. CERCOMELA FUSCA.

I have only seen solitary specimens in the hilly districts, between low

bushes. The birds have much of the habit of a Petrocossyphus.

497. RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.

This is the only redstart which has been observed ; it was tolerably

abundant from November until the end of February.

I shot 3 males and two females, and the measurements of all are con-

siderably smaller than those given by Jerdon: ¢, wing 3:2 to 3°3; tail

2-4 to 2°6, tarsus 0°9, bill at front 0-4 inch. The females are a little

smaller.

530. ORTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDUS. Common.

Lores and eyelids white. Tibial feathers pale rufous. I shot a specimen

while hunting for insects between large stones of an old embankment at

the Sir-talao in the south-western part of Kachh. It looked in every crevice

or hole, disappearmg and emerging again from among the stones, just lke

a wren. Other specimens I often saw hunting on the ground in: Huphorbia

bushes.

536. Prryta eraciiis. Not common.

Lores extending on the supraciliary edge white, tibial feathers pale

rufous.

5446s. Drymorpus JERDONTI, (Blyth).

P. ? n.sp, Journ. A. S. B., xi, p. 883 and xiii, 376.

P. Jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B., xvi, p. 459.

Upper plumage entirely, and more or less distinctly, rufescent brown ;

margins of wing coverts, tertials and upper tail coverts slightly more tinged

with rufescent, primaries on the edges of the outer webs pale rufescent ;

shoulder edge of wing, lower wing coverts and all wing feathers about the

edges of the inner webs (not quite extending to the tip) rufescent whitish.

Lores, supercilium and round the eye white ; ear coverts white at the base,

1872.]_ —‘F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 241

ereyish towards the tips, the grey colour also tinging the sides of neck.

Lower plumage very soft, luteo-rufescent whitish, white on chin and ab-

domen ; tigh coverts and lower tail coverts pale rufous. Tail above with

rather close, but not very distinct, dull cross bars, all except the two centre

feathers with an indistinct subterminal dark band and a well developed dull

white tip. Bill above dark brown, paler towards the edges and below ; feet

pale fleshy.

Length about 7 inches ; wing 2:05 to 2°20; tail 2°75; tarsus 0°75 ;

bill at front 0-42, from gape 0°62 inch. (These measurements are taken

from two carbolised specimens.)

This is undoubtedly the bird which Blyth first noticed as distinct from

D. sylvaticus, naming it subsequently D. Jerdoni, but uniting it afterwards

with D. longicaudatus. Jerdon (Birds, India, II, p. 180) doubts the cor-

rectness of this identification, and very properly so, I think. I have carefully

compared the type specimen, presented by Jerdon, and I have no doubt that

it is a distinct and good species. The type measures: wing 2:1, tail 2°6,

tarsus 0°72 inch., (bill imperfect). This type specimen exactly agrees in

plumage with those from Kachh, and there is another specimen received since

by the Indian Museum from Nagpur, very likely presented by W. T.

Blanford. It is also exactly of the same size, as the type.

I found the species not unfrequently between low bushes, but secured

only two specimens, which I prepared with carbolicacid. Mr. Hume kindly

informed me that he named the bird Drymoipus rufescens, noting the

distinctions from allied Indian species.*

544. DRYMOIPUS LONGICAUDATUS.

In two specimens shot on 26th December, the primaries are edged with

yery pale rufous. There is no dark subterminal band on the tail, but all

except the middle feathers pass into albescent towards the tips, which are

conspicuously narrowed in one specimen. Lores, supercilium and round the

eye white. The two specimens were procured in moderately high grass at

the edge of a tank near the village Wandra, in the S. Western part of

Kachh. Wing 2°85 and 2°95; tail 2°4 and 2°8; tarsus 0°75, bill at front

0°42 inch.

551. Franxiryia Bucnanant? (an Cleghornie Jerdon).

Out of three specimens shot in November and December, in one the

upper coloration is rufescent brown and the head above almost quite rufous

* Since my account was written, Mr Hume’s description of the bird appeared

in ‘Ibis,’ vol. ii, No. 6, for 1872, p.110. A full account of the bird will be found in

that place. Mr. Hume gives the wing of a male as 2°62 inches, and the tail 3°38,

tarsus 0°95, and bill at front 0°5 inch. Other specimens are smaller, particularly the

young, and the females, he says, are always much smaller than the males. (Septb.

1872,

242 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

with paler shafts to the feathers ; a second specimen is paler, being slightly

olivaceous brown. Wings dull brown, primaries edged with olivaceous

white, secondaries with pale rufescent ; edge of wing white; middle tail

feathers very conspicuously cross barred, the others dark or blackish brown

with white tips, the outer edge of the outermost feather is wholly white.

Lores, round the eye and the lower plumage white ; ear-coverts whitish, tinged

with pale ashy towards their tips; sides of neck and breast tinged with

_ bluish ashy ; sides of belly, the abdomen and lower wing coverts, with ful-

vescent, and the tibial feathers are slightly rufescent. Bill brown, basal

half of lower mandible whitish ; legs fleshy, darker on the toes. Wing 2°05

to 2:1; tail 2°5 to 2°6; tarsus 0°7 ; bill at front 0-42 inch.

In the third specimen the upper plumage is still paler than in the other

two, ashy brownish, and the rufescent on the head very slight; in other

respects it is exactly the same. Wing 1:95; tail 2°45 inch, bill and tarsus

the same, as in the two previous specimens. The more ashy and little smaller

bird is probably the female or young, but I had not determined the sexes.

The birds were very abundant, flying from bush to bush, almost invari-

ably in company with Chatorhea caudata, and feeding mostly on the ground

between the bushes.

Should this bird be Jerdon’s # Cleghornie? (Comp. Ibis, 1867,

p. 24). It is a trifle smaller than Jerdon’s measurements of Buchanant,

but I can see no very perceptible distinctions between specimens of that bird

in the Museum and those from Kachh. Gray gives #. Cleghornie, in Hand-

list, Pt. I, p. 196, as a distinct species, and Blyth says that it differs from

Buchanani by ‘having the upper parts pale rufescent brown.’ J dare

say a good series of the birds from the N. West Provinces will easily settle

this question, but several specimens of Buchanan, which I saw from the

North-West, are paler than the Kachh birds.

553. PHYLLOPNEUSTE RAMA, (apud Jerdon). Not common.

In all birds which I observed, and which are referable to this species,

[as distinguished from the smaller Calomodyta (? Iduna) agricolensis,

Hume], the first primary was about 0:7 inch. long, but in some birds

the third is equal to the fourth, in others the fourth is a trifle longer than

the third primary, there is, however, no possibility of distinguishing the birds

either by plumage or size. The roundness of the ridge of the bill towards

its tip also slightly varies. Wing 2°4; tail 2 to 2:15; tarsus 0°75 to 0-775

bill at front O-4.

This species is referred to by Gray (Handlist, I, p. 209) as a synonym

of Calamodyta (Iduna) calligata, Licht., a Siberian and Eastern European

species. ‘Lhe identification is very probably correct.

554. PHyLnoscopus TRISTIS. Not common.

Wing 2-4; tail nearly 1:9, tarsus 0°75 ; bill at front 6°33, from nostril

1872. ] F. Stoliezka—Manunals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 248

0°25; from gape 0-48. Although this specimen slightly differs in size from

others, as usually recorded, and although its upper plumage has a decided

ereenish tinge, it agrees in every other respect with the Indian ¢ristis, and

not with the European rufus ; but the difference can scarcely be made out

without well preserved examples of the latter species, such as I had occasion

to seein Mr. Brooks’ collection. Slightly faded specimens of rufus are

scarcely distinguishable from ¢rzstis, but I doubt that many specimens of the

latter occur without a trace of green tinge in the upper plumage, as represent-

ed in Gould’s figure in ‘ Birds of Asia.’

581. Synvra (ADOPHANEUS) ORPHEA. Rather rare.

The measurements of two é specimens perfectly accord with those

given by Jerdon. ‘Top of head black in both. ‘The outer tail feathers are

nearly all. white on the outer webs, and also on about the terminal (not

basal) half of the mner web.

Gray (Hand-list, I, 214) retains for the Indian species Blyth’s name

S. Jerdoni, as distinct from true orphea of Europe, Africa and Palestine.

But what are the definable distinctions between these two P

583. Syrvra (STERPAROLA) CURRUCA. Very common.

Average measurements of four specimens: wing 2°5 to 2°65; tail

2:25; tarsus 0°75 to 0°8 ; middle toe with claw 0°6 to 0-7; bill 0:36 inch.

Comparing these measurements with those of Jerdon, the bill and tarsus

are exactly as in ewrruca, but the wing and tail are very nearly as large as

in the South Indian 8. q@ffinis,* and as Blyth says (Ibis, 1867, p. 28)

that the latter only differs from the former by a somewhat larger size, and

not in plumage, it is, I think, after all not improbable that they represent

only one species with slight variations in the size. The amount of white

and its purity on the outer tail feathers varies: the latter are nearly all

white, or with the basal half of the inner web dusky, and again in others

the inner web is nearly to the tip dusky, but the shaft is always black.

The white is pure in some birds, but certainly less so in others. The

second last tail feathers are generally tipped white, but not invariably.

Tristram gives as a ‘constant distinction’ between the Indian and the

European birds, ‘ the outer tail feathers are nearly all pure white, and the

others tipped with pure white’ in the former, but these are most decidedly

very variable characters, as far as the purity of the white is concerned. Gray:

(Hand-list, I, 213) does not allow cwrruca in India, but only affinis ; and

Brooks (J. A. S. B., XLI, Pt. II, 1872, p. 81) seems to have no doubt on that

point. Before accepting this decision, I should like to see the differences

pointed out which exist between affinis of all India and curruca of Europe

* One of the two original types in the old Asiatic Society’s collection has the

wing 2°7, and the other 2°75, the bill is slightly larger than in any ewrruca I saw

from Northern or Central India,

244: F. Stohezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

and Palestine. I can only say that it appears to me far more probable,

that all are cwrruca, than that the Northern Indian bird is specifically

separable from the European,

589. Moracrnna Maprraspatensis, Gm. Not common.

Wing 3°6 to 3:7; tail 3-9; tarsus 1; bill 0°6. These measurements

are somewhat smaller than those given by Jerdon, but the coloration agrees

perfectly. A male and female, which I shot on 24th October, had the chin

and throat still black, with only very few white feathers intermixed.

591. Moracrtna DuKnunensis. Common.

$ wing 36; tail 3°75; tarsus 0°95 ; bill at front 0°5.

Q » 33 2 a5 ; ” 0-9 > ” ” 05.

These are the measurements of a pair which I shot together on 31st

January at Rapur in the Wagur district. The female is slightly smaller

than the male; it has the ashy above and the black on the wings, on the

tail and on the gorget, less pure, and the head above and nape are uniform

with the upper plumage, 7. e., grey. The white on the forehead is of less

extent and less pure. Jerdon’s description of Luzoniensis is so general that

it could equally apply to the present species, which has the white band at

the side of neck continuous.

593bis. BupyTES MELANOCEPHALA.

There were few of these birds seen before the end of December. Of

several which I obtained, none has a trace of a white or yellow supercilium.

Specimens shot in January had the top of head partially brownish grey,

some of the feathers, however, changing to black. Chin whitish in front

and the breast with some dark spots. About the middle of February T

saw a great number of these birds with the underparts very bright yellow,

and the top of the head perfectly black.

Wing 3-2, tail 2°75 to 2°9, tarsus 0°85 to 0:95 ; bill 0:45 to 0:5 inch.

Mr. Brooks has kindly shewn me his series of Indian and Kuropean

B. flava, cinereocapilla and melanocephala, and I can only say that

the male adult birds of these species are very well marked and easily

distinguished, whatever difficulty there may exist in discriminatine young

and female birds, or those not in full plumage. 4 x

(Comp. Notes on B. flava and its varieties, in Ibis, 1871, p. 188, and

Brooks in J; AUS: By Xu Pt I 18725 p.182))

594bis. BupytEs caLcaratus, Hodgs. Rare.

A specimen shot on 2nd January near Bhuj agrees in colour with Jer-

don’s account of B. citreola ; the back begins to change from grey to black,

which latter colour, according to Brooks, distinguishes calcaratus from

citreola ; the former also has a slightly larger bill and tarsus. The measure-

oe are: wing 3°26, tail 3, bill at front 0°55, tarsus 0-96, hind claw 0-4

inch.

1872.| F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 245

602. AGRODROMA CAMPESTRIS. Common.

646. PaARUS NUCHALIS.

I shot two specimens during December in the Western part of Kachh,

and I saw a few more at various other localities, but the species is decidedly

rare. It frequents low jungles, thin and thorny, such as they are in

Kachh.

Above, glossy black, somewhat duller on back and tail; nuchal patch,

a band about the middle of the wing, extending only to the basal por-

tion of the inner web of the second primary, the extreme tips of all wing

feathers, the greater part of the margins of the outer webs of the three or four

last primaries, a narrow subterminal outer edge of three or four last seconda-

ries, the broad outer margins, also involving the tips of the tertials, the first

outer tail feather entirely, the second nearly so. (except on shaft and on the

edge of inner web), the outer web of the third last, and the tips of all the

succeeding feathers, (decreasing to the centre one), white. A broad black

band from the lower mandible along the centre of the underside to. the

abdomen, broadest in front and on breast. Sides from: the angle of the

mouth to the lower tail coverts including white, on the side of breast, the

belly and abdomen, tinged with very pale but distinctly fulvous green.

Tibial feathers white in front, black behind ; some of the longest lower tail

eoverts are blackish at the base of the inner web, the remainder all white.

Wing 2:7 to 2°75, tail 271 to 2:25; tarsus 0°65; bill at front 0°35. Bill

black ; legs plumbeous, very stout.

This is probably the most northern part of the country in which the

species occurs. The two specimens above described slightly differ in size and

coloration from Jerdon’s description and figure of a South Indian example,

but both evidently are the same species.

663. Corvus (ANOMALOCORAX) IMPUDICUS, Hodgs.

This name is adopted by G. R. Gray (Handl., II, 14) for the Indian

crow, C. splendens, Tem., being referred to Java and Sumatra. It is the

only representant of the Corvide, but is very common. throughout Kachh.

684, ACRIDOTHERES TRIsTIS. Very common.

In several places I saw this species associating at dusk in great num-

bers near tanks where there was high grass growing, and at night fall they

disappeared under a tremendous noise like shooting stars in the arundinaceous

forest, with the peculiar rapid turn in their flight, exactly as Stwrnus vul-

garis does in Europe.

The entire plumage is much duller in winter than in summer, and is

exactly like that of A. fuscus. he first primary is minute and the fourth

the longest. In one specimen, the second primary is entirely white, and

some of the first tertials are also white. This is evidently an accidental

246 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Burds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

variation in the plumage, perhaps the first step to albinism. The wing

varies in four specimens from 5°5 to 59; tail 3:5 to 3°75; tarsus 14 to

1:6; bill at front 0°65 to 0°7 inch.

685. ~“ACRIDOTHERES GINGINIANUS.

Not very common, except locally in the eastern parts of Kachh (Wagur

district). In young specimens from Bengal the bill is blackish green at

base, the wing spot pure white and the under tail coverts and tips of tail

feathers dusky white, intead of pale ferruginous.

In addition to the three species, given by Jerdon, G. R. Gray (Handl.,

TI, 20) separates A. grandis, Hodgs. = cristatellus, Vig., from Nepal,

and ? ater, V., = griseus, Blyth (part), from Pondicherry.

687. TEMENUCHUS PAGODARUM.

- Rare. I have seen it only on three or four occasions in pairs. Jerdon’s

description is rather short. It should state that the lengthened brown fea-

thers pass round the whole neck. The two middle tail feathers are ashy

brown, and blackish along the shafts, the remainder dark brown, tipped

with white, the latter colour increasing in amount towards the outer feathers ;

lower tail and under coverts of the wings white, tibial feathers ashy white ;

there is a small black spot at the base of the lower mandible, and the chin

quite in front is also tinged blackish.

690. PasTOR ROSEUS.

Very common from about the middle of November. G. R. Gray (Handl.

II, 19) quotes the Indian bird as distinct from the European and Western

Asiatic under the name P. ? peguanus, Less. I do not know whether a second

species exists in Barma, but surely the Western Indian bird is not different

from the European one, which in former years I had very abundantly seen

in various parts of Hungary. It is a rare bird in Western Europe.

694. PLOCEUS BAYA.

This is the smaller bird,* described by Jerdon under the above name.

Although nests were very numerously seen on branches overhanging river

banks &c., the birds themselves were very rare; most of them must have

retired to some other more wooded districts, but they are said to return in

the rainy season, when they breed.

703. Munta Manaparica.

Extremely common. I found the species breeding abundantly during

November, December and January in deserted nests of the weaver bird, P.

baya ; and I was told by my shikari that the JZwnia never builds its own

nest, always using that of baya, as soon as the latter had finished breeding

at the end of the rains. However, I have at least on two occasions seen a

Munia working on an imperfect nest of the P. baya, evidently the birds

* Comp. ante, p. 167.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 247

were repairing it. There certainly were other apparently finished nests

with eggs in them, their bases were rather flat, irregular and the entrances

were lateral ; these looked to me as nests repaired by unie. I found from

6 to 12 eggs in one of them; more than one pair appeared to lay in the

same nest, or rather the birds did not seem to be very particular in which nest

they lay ; they appear to be very communistic in this respect. ‘The eggs

are white, varying in shape from elongately oval to almost globular. The

former is the prevalent type, averaging in size about 16 by 12 (changing to

1i and 13) m.m.; one of the extreme forms of the globular type measures

19 by 17 m.m. ;

706. PassER INDICUS. Very common.

T have seen the wing of this species in India vary from 2°75 to 3:25

inch. I wonder, if really good series of the Huropean and the Asiatic spar-

rows were made, whether it would be possible to define in words the dis-

tinction between indicus and domesticus ; I doubt it.

711. FErovemia (GYMNORIS) FLAVICOLLIS. Common.

The bill of this species certainly more resembles Mringilla than Passer,

and so does the habit, the call, and the general tone of plumage of the bird.

714bis. FRINGILLARIA* STRIOLATA.

Comp. Hume in Ibis, 1870, vi, p. 399.

Local and usually seen in pairs, between low bushes on slightly elevated

or hilly ground.

é wing 31; tail 2°35; tarsus 0°63; billat front 0°36 inch.

2 ” 3 my O § ” a) H.W 9 9°

This bird was only lately added to the Indian fauna by Mr. Hume.

Kachh specimens perfectly agree with Mr. Hume’s account.

716. CrrRINeLta} (Guycysprna) Hurroni. Very common.

Males have the head lighter ashy than females ; and in both sexes the

feathers on top of it are slightly darkened along the middle line. The males

are also more rufous below, having a broad patch of that colour on the breast.

A dark streak from the base of the lower mandible on each side is well marked

in both sexes, and the pale mandibular streak has a slight yellowish rufescent

tinge. I cannot help doubting the specific distinctness of this bird from

hortulana, as far as | remember the Huropean bird. The note of both is

exactly the same.

756. Mirarra ERyTHROPTERA. Not common.

I shot once a specimen sitting on a bush about 5 feet high, and pouring

forth a rather pleasing song.

* The species of this genus are almost entirely African, the present species

appears to be the most eastern straggler.

+ The generic name Hmberiza has been restricted for the type EH. nivalis, L.,

therefore nearly all Indian Emberizine are referable to Citrinella,

248 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

758. AMMOMANES PHENICURA. Common.

Wing 4 to 4°3 ; tail 2°83 to 2°5 ; tarsus 0°8 to 0°86 and bill 0.5.*

760. PYRRHULAUDA GRISEA. Common.

Gray (Handl. II, 123) gives affinis, Blyth, as a distinct species from

‘ Madras.’

761. Ataupa (CALANDRELLA) BRACHYDACTYLA. Common.

Wing in three specimens only 3°6 to 3°7 inch, tarsus 0°7 5 to 08.

765. AtaupA (SPIZALAUDA) DEVA. Very common.

The measurements agree with those given by Jerdon, the length of the

wing only varying between 3°3 and 3-4 inch. Mr. Hume (Journal A. 8. B.

xxxix, pt. ii, p. 120) separated a very closely allied and slightly smaller

form as Sp. simillima. 'The length of the wing of the Kachh lark is inter-

mediate between his measurements (loc. cit.) of the two forms ; and so

also appears to be the general tone of the plumage, not being either parti-

cularly rufous, nor pale or sandy colour. ‘The lining of the wing is slightly

tinged with rufous in a young, but is of a purely fawn or sandy in two adults.

The male has the hind toe and claw 0°8, the female 0°7, the former has also

the feathers of the crest somewhat longer than the latter.

770. CERTHTLAUDA (ALEMON) DESERTORUM.

Wing 5:1 to 5:3 inch. Jerdon does not mention the dark mustachial

streak which is always well marked. All my specimens have the upper plu-

mage brownish sandy-grey, exactly like those obtained by Mr. Blanford in

Abyssinia, while Jerdon noticed an Indian example with dark plumage, pro-

bably resembling Gould’s figurein Birds of Europe. 'They are evidently the

same birds. (Comp. Blanford, Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, p. 385).

Gray (Handlist, II, 121) gives Finsch’s Jessez as distinct from desertorwm,

although their identity has been, I believe, unquestionably proved by Finsch

himself (vide Append. II, to that author’s Report on birds from Abyssinia,

&¢., p. 316).

I have obtained this desert lark only on the Rann, between the main-

land of Kachh and the islands of Pacham, Kharir, &c., but even in these

true desert localities it seems to be rare; for I have not seen more than a

dozen examples altogether; generally two of them in society were seen busily

hunting after grain on the soft, muddy track, leading through the Rann.

788. CoLUMBA INTERMEDIA. Very common.

There is scarcely a well in Kachh in which a colony of these pigeons

would not breed, and they appear to do this all the year round, as if domes-

ticated.

794. TURTUR CAMBAYENSIS. Very common,

796. s RISORIUS. Very common.

* The numbers referring to these two last measurements are evidently trans-

posed in Jerdon’s book, loc cit. p. 422.

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 249

797. Turtur HUMis. Common.

799. PTEROCLES ARENARIUS.

This is by no means a common bird in Kachh. I only met with it in

the south-eastern parts of the province on large grassy plains or fields.

800. PrERocLES FASCIATUS. Very common.

The crepuscular habit of this bird must be explained by its coming

to drink at, or little after, dusk. Hundreds of them used to arrive, under

a loud chuckling call, to the wells or tanks where I was usually encamped.

After they had satisfied their thirst they generally walked away quietly and

remained for the night in the neighbouring fields, although they were often

constantly alarmed by other animals who came to the wells during the night.

When flushed for the first time in the jungles during the day, they generally

take only a short flight and drop down again, but when flushed a second time

they betake themselves a much greater distance. On the 22nd December, I

came across a couple of old birds with 3 young ones, only about one or two

days hatched. This must have been exceptional, as the usual breeding

season of these birds is much earlier, during the rains.

802. - PrEROCLES ExuSTUS. Very common.

Comp. Journ. A. S. B. xxxviul, pt. 1, p. 189.

In many females the central rectrices are quite as much elongated as

in the males, at least during the winter. A young male shot in November

is coloured above like the female, but the chin is whitish, the pectoral band

altogether absent, and the sides of the abdomen are nearly as rufous brown,

as in the adult male.

803. Pavo cristaTus. Very common.

The sacred bird of the Thakurs of the country.

818. FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS.

$. Wing 6:3, tail nearly 4, tarsus 1°75 inch. ; 2 a trifle smaller. Out

of eight specimens none has the wing under6 inch. ‘The birds are larger than

usual, and though generally distributed, they are not common, and solitary.

I shot two or three in the Wagur district, but have not seen nor heard

through the whole of Kachh of a different kind of black partridge, as

‘indicated by Capt. McMurdo and Mr. Hume, (comp. Journ. A. S. B.

vol. xxxvill, pt. 1, p. 190 and vol. xxxix, pt. i, p. 121); and I can only

conclude that Capt. McMurdo was misled by the size of the bird, so as to

regard it as a different species. ‘To what species Mr. Hume’s bird belonged,

it is really difficult to say.

They generally roost on low trees.

822. ORTYGORNIS PoNTICERIANUS. Very common.

$. Wing 5'5 to 5°75, tail 3°3 to 3°6, tarsus 1:4 to 1°5.*

The wing in two females in 5:25 and 5°5 inch, they have the throat

distinctly tinged with ferruginous, while in the males it is almost quite

* Jerdon says ‘not quite 2” !

250 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

white. This partridge is extremely common throughout the country, it is

quite a homely bird and often enters houses. It invariably roosts on trees,

particularly on the Kundu, two or three generally sitting together on a

branch between a thick cover of foliage. It generally goes to roost shortly

after sunset.

827. PrRDICULA AstaTIcA. Not common.

All the feathers of the upper plumage have in the male one, or generally

two, tawny spots along the shafts, bordered with dark.

829. Corurnrx communis. Local.

832. Turnrx TAtcoor. I have seen and shot this quail only on two

occasions, they were solitary males.

836. Eupoporrs epwarpstit. Not common. (The bustard of Europeans).

837. Hovupara Macqurrntt. Common, and though generally distri-

buted, it is most abundant in the eastern and southern portions of Kachh.

839. SyPHEOTIDES AvRITUS. The florican is not found during the

winter, but is very abundant during the rains.

840b7s. Cursorius JaAmMEsONI, Jerdon,? = Gatticus. Very common.

Wing 6°3 to 6°75, tail 2°4 to 2°7, tarsus 2°1 to 2°3, bill at front 0°8 to

Linch. In the young the whole of the upper plumage is isabelline, crossed

by somewhat undulating dark lines or narrow bands, and the black wing

feathers are margined towards the tips with pale; the lower plumage is

generally albescent throughout, pale isabelline on breast and with a few

brown cross lines. The first change is indicated by the appearance of the

white occipital band, then comes the ashy on the occiput, then the lower

black band from behind the eye, and at last the cross black band, separating

the ashy from the white on the hind occiput. As this gradual change in

the occipital bands takes place, the brown lines on the other plumage are

gradually disappearing, and young birds shot in January still had them on

the wing coverts and on the vent, but somewhat later every trace of the

brown lines disappeared, and in the adult the isabelline plumage has a

conspicuous rufescent tinge on forehead, hind neck, scapulars and on the

upper side of the tail.

I have no specimen of the European bird to compare, but as far as I

remember it from having often seen it in former years in Southern Hungary,

it strikes me that the flight and the habits of C. gallicus are somewhat

different. The Indian bird appears to be more solitary, its flight seems to

be slightly heavier, and the voice more shrill.

849, AXGIALITES cURONICUS. Common.

Gray (Handl., III, 15) gives ewronicus, Besck, as synonym of fluvia-

‘tilis, but quotes Philippinus, Lath., from India.

852. CHETTUSIA? GREGARIA. Very common in open country, and

often seen with Cwrsorius.

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Wammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 251

Winter plumage: Forehead and superciliary band passing round the

occiput white, the former slightly, the latter distinctly tinged with rufous ;

top of head impure blackish brown ; back of neck pale rufescent ashy, many

of the feathers being usually tipped pale; general plumage above slightly

olivaceous ashy brown, somewhat darker on the rump ; primaries black, secon-

daries white, tertials olivaceous, the last feathers much lengthened ; upper tail

coverts white ; tail white, with a black subterminal band, not extending on

the outermost feathers. Lores white, with the shaft of the feathers black and

the nude terminations somewhat prolonged ; a narrow blackish streak through

the eye ; ear coverts, and sides of neck slightly rufescent brown, passing

on to the breast, on which most of the feathers are subterminally darkened,

forming subtrigonal marks. Chin, throat, and the whole lower side from

beyond the breast, including lower wing and lower tail coverts, pure white.

Wing & to 8:3; tail 3°5 to 3:7; tarsus 2°2 to 2:3; bill at front 1-1 to 1:2.

Gray (Handlist, III, 11) adopts the name Wagleri for the Indian bird,

but I do not know in what our bird differs from the Huropean gregaria. A

comparison of authentic specimens is needed.

855. LoBIvANELLUS INDICUS, (Bood.) Very common.

G. R. Gray, (Hand-list, III, 11,) gives LZ. indicus, Bodd., = goensis, Gm.,

= atrogularis, Wagl. Wing 8°5 to 8-9; tail 4:25 to 4°75; tarsus 2°75 to

2-9; bill at front 1:2 to 1:3 inch. It generally keeps near villages about

tanks and wells. At the first dawn its characteristic call is heard and re-

peated all round the habitations.

856. SARCIOPHORUS BILOBUS. Very common.

Average measurements of six specimens, shot in December and Janu-

ary. Wing 7-7 to 8, tail 3:1 to 3:3, tarsus 2°3 to 2°5; bill at front 1:1 to

1-2 inch. The black of the top of head is in winter generally mixed with

greyish brown, and in younger birds it is almost entirely brown; the chin

in the young is whitish, while in adults apparently it is in winter much

mixed with black.

Gray (Hand-list, III, 12) gives Hoplopterus Brissonii, Wagl. =

bilobus, Alig. == ludoviciana var f., Lath., from India; and H. (Lobipluvia)

malabaricus, Bodd., = bilobus, Gm. == myops, Less., from Malabar. If the

latter reference applies to our bird, it has in that case to stand as

malabaricus, which would not be a very appropriate name for it.

859. CipicneMus rnpiIcus, Salvadori. Common.

Comp. Atti R. Acad. Sc. Nat. 1866, viii, and Ibis, 1866, IT, p. 415.

Average measurements of six specimens: Wing 8'5 to 88; tail 425 to

45; tarsus 2°8 to 3°3, bill at front 1:45 to 1°65 inch. The bird is called

Chackua by the natives.

Gray (Hand-l., III, 9) questions the distinctness of indicus from

252 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. [No. 3,

erepitans of Kurope; it certainly barely differs ; the nude space behind the

eye is in the European bird of less extent, than it is im the Indian.

863. Grus anTIGONE. Tolerably common.

A sacred bird with the Mahomedans, who will not killa Saras. Itis

almost always seen in pairs.

865. GRus CINEREA. Common.

About the beginning of February the birds collected in very large flocks,

and by the middle of that month nearly all of them were gone, only solitary

and probably sickly birds remaining.

871. GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINUS.

As there are very few swampy grounds, the bird is of course very rare.

I have not seen more than about a dozen pairs. One has the wing 5-2, tail

9-2, tarsus 1°3; middle toe with claw 1:5; bill 2°9 inch. The shorter lower

wing coverts are white with blackish bars and the longer ones grey with

white edges, which in G. stenwra are replaced by white and dark bars.

875. Limosa ®GOCEPHALA. Very common.

All the specimens I shot had the white of the face round the bill, ex-

tending over a portion of the superciliary band, tinged with golden. It is

a very restless and quarrelsome bird, whenever two of them meet each other

on the edge of the water. Before the end of October few birds were seen,

but they became plentiful about the middle of November. In February

none had yet changed their winter garb.

880. PHImoMACHUS PUGNAX. Very common.

Male: wing 7°3 to 7°7; tail 2:25 to 2°6; tarsus 18 to 2; middle toe

with claw 1°6; bill at front 13 to 1-4. The general tone of the upper

plumage above is ashy brown, the wing coverts are uniform dark brown,

more or less tipped with white, but not barred. Bull blackish, more or less

variegated with yellowish fleshy at the base.

In the female the general tone, above, is slightly richer, all the pale color-

ation having a faint rufescent tinge. In other respects both sexes are exact-

ly similarly colored, all the feathers of the upper plumage being darker about

the centres. Her bill is black and the feet greenish black. Wing 6:15;

tail 2:2; tarsus 1°55, mid toe with claw 1:4; bill at front 1:2 inch.

I have seen them generally feeding in company with pigeons near places

where grain was collected after the harvest.

885. Trinca Temmincku. Not common.

891. AcrTiTIs GLAREOLA. Very common.

Specimens, shot in December and January, have the longer upper and

lower tail coverts with dark blackish cross bars, the latter besides streaked

with the same colour along the shafts. The outermost tail feathers as a

rule have some dark spots on the outer webs.

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 253

892. A. ocHRopus. Very common.

The outermost tail feathers have as a rule a minute subterminal dark spot

on the outer web, and the same applies to the longest upper tail-coverts.

893. A. HypoLEUCUS. Very common.

894. Toranus eLorris. Very common.

Average measurements of four specimens: wing 7:2 to 7°8; tail 3-2 to

3-4, tarsus 2°4 to 2°6; bill at front 2:1 to 2°2 inch. Most of the upper tail

coverts have dark cross bars, like the tail. There is a dusky streak from the

base of the upper mandible towards the eye, superseded by a pure white band.

Outer web of first minute primary and the shaft of the second, the longest

one, white.

896. ‘I. ruscus. Very rare.

The middle tail feathers have in a specimen distinct dark cross bars

along the margins of both webs. First long primary with a white shaft, all

are towards the margins of the inner webs minutely variegated with white

and dusky brown.

897. T. caurpris. Rare.

Wing 6°5,-tail 2°5, tarsus 2-1, bill at front 1:8 inch. The first long

primary has a white shaft, and all are albescent on the margin of the inner

web ; lower tail coverts more or less streaked or spotted with dusky ; breast

cinereous, all feathers dark-shafted.

898. HiIMANTOPUS INTERMEDIUS, Blyth. Very common.

The birds with brownish back and scapulars, blackish hind-head, and with

a grey neck, are young. In some specimens the whole neck is white and the

occiput black. One adult male, shot in February, had the whole head white,

somewhat dusky behind the eye, on the occiput and a little lower below the

occiput pure black, then purely white, back and wing glossy greenish black,

rump white, tail ashy ; below entirely white. It is difficult to imagine what

the specific distinction should be between such a bird and, for instance, Gould’s

figure of H. autwmnalis, Hasselq. = melanopterus, Tem., in ‘ Birds of Kurope,’

Gray (Hand-l., III, 47) quotes H. candidus, Bonn., as synonym of the Eu-

ropean autumnalis, reserving Blyth’s name imtermedius for the Indian bird,

but I do not think that the question as to the specific distinctness of the two

can be considered as settled.

As regards size I found in Kachh specimens the following variations :

wing 9 to 9°7 ; tail 3:2 to 3°3, tarsus 4°25 to 5:3 ; bill 2°5 to 3 inch.

899. RzEcurvrrostra avocerra. Not common.

In what appear to be rather young birds the dark upper coloration is

mixed with brown, and the short wing coverts are mostly pale brown.

An adult in full plumage, shot at the beginning of January, measures : wing

9°3, tail 3°5, tarsus 3°7, bill in a straight line from front to tip 3°35, this

254 F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. {No. 3,

being equal to the length of lower mandible from chin to tip, measured along

the curve.

901. HYDROPHASIANUS SINENSIS.

I have seen only a few specimens on the larger lakes. The species

breeds in Cashmir.

903. FULICA ATRA.

Is generally only seen on the larger lakes. One, rather a large specimen,

measures : wing 8°6, tail 2°3, tarsus 2°5, mid toe with claw 3°8, bill to base of

disk 1:9, from gape 1:5, height of bill at base 0°7. The bird is evidently an

old one, it was one of a pair; the plumage in the middle of the breast is

conspicuously mixed with white ; the extreme edge of wing is white and the

secondaries albescent.

923. ARDEA CINEREA. Not common.

There is a great deal of pure black at the sides of the base of neck and

of the anterior breast, extending on either side to the middle of the abdomen,

in other respects the plumage agrees with Jerdon’s description which is of

course that of the winter garb.

926. HeRopIAs INTERMEDTA, v. Hasselquist, = EGRETTOTDES (Tem.).

Very common. Wing 138, tail 4°75, tarsus 5, mid toe with claw 3°75;

bill at front 3°5 inch. Comp. G. R. Gray, Handl. III, 28.

927. H. GaRZzErTa.

Rare, and while the former species is usually seen near tanks, the pre-

sent one prefers streams, and appears to be more solitary. Wing 11:25, tail

4:25, tarsus 4°25, mid toe with claw 3, bill at front 3°65 inch. This speci-

men was shot on 21st February ; it had the occipital crest not fully, but the

dorsal train and lengthened pectoral feathers well developed.

928. DeEMIGRETTA sacra, Gmel., = asHa, Sykes. Not common.

Comp. G. R. Gray, Handl. ITI, 28.

In a couple of young birds, with brownish ashy plumage and white

on the throat and winglet, the wing is 10°75, tail 3°5, tarsus 3°9, mid toe

with claw 2°8, bill at front 3°5 inch.

929. Bupnus coromannus. Very common.

Birds shot on 19th December (i. e. in the middle of the winter-months)

had the upper head tinged golden, and a few golden occipital crest feathers

about one inch in length. Wing 9°75, tail 3°5 to 3°8, tarsus 3°5, mid toe

with claw 2.75, bill at front 2°3 to 2-4, the same from gape 3:2 inch.

930. ARDEOLA LEUCOPTERA. Not common. Wing 9 and tail 3°5 inch.

931. Burormes savantca. I have only seen, and shot, a solitary

specimen, with the pale triangular spots on all the wing coverts.

937. NycriarpEa nycTicorax, L. = Wycticorax griseus.

Is also decidedly rare in Kachh. I have seen only a few specimens

in the plumage of the young, which in general tone is very like that of the

1872.] FE. Stoliczka—MWammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. 255

previous species, but without the strong metallic lustre. One measures : wing

barely 11 inches, bill 2°5,the other measurements exactly agree with those

given by Jerdon.

938. TANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Very local, and a shy bird.

An apparently old specimen, but with a broad dark brown band (the

feathers in it being, however, tipped white) across the hind breast, shot on

Sth February, measures: wing 21°5, tail 7, (the longer lower tail coverts

beimg very much lengthened, soft and decomposed), tarsus 10, mid toe with

claw 5:2; bill at front 11 inch.

939. PULATALEA LEUCORODIA. Rare.

941. THRESKIORNIS MELANOCEPHALUS.

The single specimen seen, and shot in December, has the entire plu-

mage white, merely the lengthened tertials are pale silvery ash towards their

terminal halves. Measurements the same as those given by Jerdon.

942. GERONTICUS PAPILLOSUS. Very common.

The bill of this species is slenderer, but not longer than that of the

last.

944. PHENICOPTERUS ANTIQUORUM, Temm.

Comp. Gray in Ibis, 1869, v, p. 441.

I saw only two or three flocks of this species at some large tanks in

the Wagur district, young and old birds associating.

952. DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA. Rare.

957. SpPaTuLa CLYPEATA. Very common.

There was scarcely a pool of water to be met with without a few

of these birds on it.

961. CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS. Very common.

On the Ist November, I met with six half grown ducks on a small lake

near the village Dhosa. I shot one, but unfortunately did not preserve it.

At the time I had the impression that I shot a young gadwall, and certainly

it could only have been either this species, or Anas boschas which I saw on

the same lake; but J rather think it was the former. [I did not know at the

moment that the breeding of the gadwall had not been recorded in India.

962. Darina acura. Common.

964. QUERQUEDULA CRECCA. Very common.

968. AyTHYA FERINA. Rare.

An apparently young female with the upper plumage as in the old, but

with the whole of the underparts dull white mixed with pale brown, tinged

rufous on chin, neck and breast, and of a somewhat darker hue on the vent,

measures : wing 8, tail 2, tarsus 1°45, mid toe with claw 2°6, hind toe with

claw 0°75, bill from gape 2 inch.

969. AyTHya NyRocA. Rare.

256 F. Stoliczka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. (No. 3,

971. Furrx* cristata. Not common.

975. Popiceps MINOR? = Puriiprensis, Bonn. = minor, var. B., Gm.

Very common.

Wing 4 to 4°25 ; tarsus 1:3 to 1'4, mid toe with claw 2, bill at front

0:7 to 0°8, from gape 1:1 to i:2 inch.

980. Larus (CHROICOCEPHALUS) BRUNICEPHALUS.T

Not common, except along the coast and locally inthe Rann. The

respective measurements of two specimens are: wing 12°3 and 13-4, tail

4-4 and 4°8; tarsus 2 and 2:22; mid toe with claw 1°65 and 1:8; bill at

front 1:3 and 1:5; from gape 2-2 and 2°6 inch. ‘The iris is chocolate brown,

bill yellowish, black towards tip ; feet yellowish brown. The quills are black;

except towards the base, and beginning with the fourth all have a small

white tip, gradually increasing in extent on the succeeding feathers. Both

specimens, although somewhat small in size, agree perfectly in coloration,

which does not appear to differ from the winter plumage of this bird, as

usually recorded.

983. GELICHELIDON NILOTICA, Hasselq., = anglica, Mont.

Local, and not common, except on or along the Rann. Average measure-

ments of three birds, with the loreal region blackish, the occiput and top of

head ashy white, and the grey primaries externally tipped darker on both webs :

wing 11:2 to 11:8; tail 4°5 to 4°8; tarsus 1°3 to 1°35; mid toe with claw

1:15 ; bill at front 1°35 to 1°5 inch. Iris, feet and bill entirely black.

984. HyDROCHELIDON INDICA.

I saw a considerable number of these birds on the tanks in the Rann

islands, Pacham and Kharir, but scarcely any on the tanks in Kachh proper.

Tris and bill in fresh specimens black{ ; feet blackish brown.

1005. Gracunus carBo. Not uncommon on the larger lakes.

1007. GracuLtus (MicrocarBo) MELANOGNATHUS, Brandt.

G. R. Gray (Handl., III, 129) gives javanieus of Horsfield as a syno-

nym of the above, but he allows mer, Vieillot, as a distinct species from

“S. Asia.’

1008. PLOTUS MELANOGASTER.

I met with only solitary specimens of both this and the preceding

species.

* Fuliz, Sundey., 1835 = Fuligula, Seph., ex parte; vide G. R. Gray, Handl.,

IIT, 86.

+ Gould has besides this and ridibundus a new species, named Tibetanus.

{t In dried specimens the bill has distinctly a reddish tinge.

1872.] F. Stoliezka—Mammals and Birds inhabiting Kachh. - 257

Postscript.

While the preceding pages were passing through the press, I received

from Dr. W. de Tatham at Bhuj a few additional specimens of mammals

and tortoises, of which I had not been able to obtain examples at the time

of my visit. They are—

Pteropus medius, mentioned at p. 223. The specimen sent agrees in

all essential points of structure and coloration with those from other parts

of India; it has a total length of about 11°5 inches, which is very nearly

the length of the middle finger; the ears are 1:2 inch long and only

0-7 inch broad, while in other specimens from India the ears generally have a

sreater breadth. Most of the Indian specimens also have a considerably

longer middle finger.

Hrinaceus pictus, see p. 223. An adult specimen of this species is

6°5 inches long ; in coloration it exactly agrees with the half grown one

from which my description was taken, except that the lower belly is less

brown, the white extending to nearly within the interfemoral space. In the

younger specimen the dentition is normal, agreeing (according to Owen’s

Comparative Anat. and eae III, p. 808) with that of H. ewropeéus, the

formula being 7. = + ©. + p os Say Mm. —_ 36. The two ante-

rior incisors are very far a4 and oo the form of canines of Carnivora, the

third on each sideis very much larger than the second, which again is con-

siderably smaller in the upper than in the lower jaw. What is considered

as a canine in the upper jaw, is by other Osteologists often accepted as the

first premolar. ‘The true first premolar in the upper jaw is smaller than

the canine, the second premolar is minute, and in the adult specimen it is

altogether absent, it has probably become obsolete; the last premolar is

tricuspid im upper and bicuspid in lower he ; the formula of the adult

dentition would, therefore, appear to be 5 a = +5 = 5 +55 s+5 SSS Sh

but there is a short space visible between ae ee a ie in a sie jaw,

while the first premolar is very close to the canine.

Of tortoises Dr. Tatham sent me a specimen of the Zestuwdo, mentioned

in my notice* on the Reptiles of Kachh ; it proved to be 7. elegans, Schoef,

as recorded by Giinther, or Peltastes stellatus, (Schweig.), according to Gray.

(Suppl. to Cat. of Shield Rept., 1870, p. 8).

The Hmyda referred to in the same notice is, Dr. Anderson informs me,

* Proceedings for May, p. 72. By an error, I stated that the species, which was

described to me by a native, is like 7. Grayi, which specific name should be Leithit

of Gunther.

258 F. Day—WNotes on Fish from Kachh. [ No. 3,

most probably vittata of Peters. He sent a drawing of a middle-aged

specimen to Prof. Peters, who says that there is no distinction traceable

between the figure of the Kachh specimen and the type of vittata. The

head, above, is spotted with dark, and the entire carapace is marked with

very numerous irregularly radiating dark streaks. The granulation of the

carapace becomes apparent after the epidermis has dried up, in fresh specimens

no trace of it is tobe seen. Young specimens are rather flat, but in old

ones the convexity of the carapace is very considerable, and the shell is

somewhat depressed along the centre. The species is common both in rivers

and tanks, and is often met with crawling from one pool of water to another ;

i have seen specimens up to a length of 15 inches. One, recently received,

has the carapace 10°5 inches long, and 7:7 broad across the abdomen; and

the total height is nearly 3:5 inches. ‘The odd osseous antero-central plate

of the sternum is broadly rounded, somewhat narrower in front than behind,

1:3 inch long and 1°5 inch broad; the two posterior plates form a suture,

2-3 inch long, they are perfectly united, as in H. Ceylonensis, which has a

quite similar coloration, and to which vzttata is united by Gray in Shield

Rept., 1870, p. 117.

Notes oN Fisu, coniecreD BY Dr. Sroniczka In KacHy,—

by Surgeon Major ¥. Day.

[Received 26th June, read 3rd July, 1872. |

T am indebted to Dr. Stoliczka for the following eighteen species of

fish with their local names, collected by him during his recent tour through

Kachh. They are interesting as extending our knowledge of the localities

to which species spread, and also as first demonstrating the existence of the

Genus Cyprinodon in the fresh waters of India.

Fom.—Gosupa.

1. Gobius giuris, Ham. Buch. Kharba Mah. Tulli, Kachh.

Five specimens up to 6 inches in length.

The inferior pharyngeal bones are each of a triangular shape, the base

being external, whilst the two bones are closely approximated together

along nearly two-thirds of their internal margins.

Fum.—OPuiocEPHALIDm.

2. Opliocephalus punctatus, Bl. Dhor, Kachh ; Dhaka by foreigners.

Ham.— CYPRINODONTIDE.

3. CYPRINODON STOLICZKANUS, sp. nov.

ERIE DS ET VE Vo oI AiO, IS. I Ih, Ag, Ih, “ae,

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/4, of dorsal and anal

fins 1/3, Gn the males), about 1/8 in the females, of the total length. yes:

1872.] F. Day—Wotes on Fish from Kachh. 259

diameter 1/3 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 13

diameters apart. Head thick, snout somewhat obtuse, upper jaw rather

protractile. Zeethin a single row, compressed, tricuspid. Mims: dorsai,

‘in the males, commences midway between the middle of the eye and the

base of the caudal fin, opposite the ninth scale of the lateral line, whilst in

the females its origin is between the opercle and the base of the caudal, but

still opposite the 9th scale of the lateral line. In the males the dorsal

and anal fins when laid flat reach the base of the caudal; the anal com-

mences below the last dorsal ray. Caudal lunate, its outer rays being

slightly produced. The ova are exceedingly large, almost equalling the

diameter of the eye, of the same size as in Haplochilus panchax, H. B.

The length of the intestinal canal equals about three times that of the

abdomen. Colowrs: male, yellowish green, reticulated with brownish green,

a small black spot on the shoulder behind the opercle ; dorsal fin spotted,

anal more sparingly so ; caudal yellowish with a crescentic black band in its

outer third, and a second less wide (but still broader than the ground colour)

between the outer one and the root of the caudal fin. Female, silvery,

with about nine vertical black bands extending from the back to the abdo-

men. Out of 28 specimens the largest is 1:6 inches in length; they were

obtained in a small nearly quite fresh-water stream at the village Joorun,

and also at Lodai, along the edge of the Rann.

4. Haplochilus rubrostigma, Jerdon. I found this species likewise

in the fresh waters of the hills between Sind and Biltchistan.,

Fam. CyPRiInip®.

5. Discognathus lamta, Ham. Buch. Malék, Kachh.

6. Labeo calbasu, Ham. Buch. Dai, Kachh.

Out of five specimens three have D. ;3;, and in the majority the length

of the head is 1/5 of that of the total length. This fish is found in Sind,

and I have also taken it at Jabalpur in Central India &c.

7. Labeo boggut Sykes. Loi, Kachh.

B III. D. 2/9, P. 17, V. 9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 6(O—65, L. tr. 123/15.

Length of head 2/11, height of body 2/5 of the total length. yes :

diameter 2/9 of length of head, 13 diameters from end of snout and 2 dias

meters apart. Snout thick and somewhat projecting beyond the lower jaw,

having a small lateral lobe. Interorbital space convex. A small maxillary

but no rostral barbel. Lower lip fimbriated, sometimes having a distinct

inner fold ; pores on the snout in some specimens. ns: dorsal commence

somewhat in advance of the ventrals, and nearer the end of the snout than

the root of the caudal. Lateral line: eight to nine rows of scales

between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colows : silvery, darkest superi-

orly, occasionally a series of light vertical bands descend along the middle o!

the side ; fins orange. ;

260 F. Day—Wotes on Fish from Kachh. [No. 3,

Several specimens up to 6 inches long from Kachh ; others from Pina

and Jabalpur, where it was termed “ Kolees,” as stated by Sykes; and one

specimen in the Calcutta Museum came from Nagpur.

Very probably this species may prove to be identical with Tylognathus®

striolatus, Giinther, which is stated to have come from Pina.

8. Cirrhina mrigala, Ham. Buch. Moraka, Kachh,

Snout tuberculated; length of head 1/5 in the total length ; five ves

mens up to 8 inches in length.

9. Cirrhina bata, Ham. Buch. Tehirri, Kachh.

Several specimens up to 6 inches in length.

10. Cirrhina dero, Ham. Buch.

By EOD S Sy eee TIS VS ANS Ais (Ch IS by Ie ai), JUL te, 79/7

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5, of aoe fin 1/6

of total length. yes rather high up, diameter 1/5 of length of head, 14 dia-

meters from end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. Mazillary barbels minute

and concealed in the groove. Snout rather overhanging the mouth and

having some open glands across it. Lower jaw the shorter, with a ridge

above the symphysis. Hs: dorsal commences midway between the end

of the snout and the posterior border of the base of the anal fin, its last

ray divided to the root, its upper border very concave, the anterior two

and the last ray being elongated ; pectoral rather shorter than the head, and

not reaching so far as the ventral ; caudal deeply forked, its lobes being of

equallength. Scales : 53 rows between the lateral line and the base of the

ventral fin. Colowrs: greyish superiorly as low as the row of scales above

the lateral line, wherefrom it becomes silvery white. Several specimens up

to 6 inches long. I also obtained two others in Calcutta.

I should have hesitated identifying this fish with Hamilton Buchanan’s

merely from the engraving ; for that shows very long barbels, but is otherwise

correct, even to the relative proportions, but in the text he observes “at

each corner of the mouth is a minute tendril.”

11. Barbus sarana, Ham. Buch. Popri, Kachh.

12. Barbus ticto, Ham. Buch. Phiart, Kachh. No black spot at the

commencement of the lateral Ime; dorsal and anal fins tipped with black.

13. Barbus stigma, Cuv. and Val. Very numerous.

14. Barbus vittatus, Day. ‘Twelve specimens up to 1°5 of an inch in

length. The last undivided dorsal ray is articulated.

15. Nuria danrica, Ham. Buch.

16. Rasbora daniconius, Ham. Buch. Jonir or Gooner, Kachh.

17. Chela bacaila, Ham. Buch. Vai mateht, Kachh.

Family. SivuRipz.

18. Muacrones carcio, Ham. Buch.

Local, only found in the deep recesses of streams. Another larger species

also occurs, it is probably Macrones aor, H. B,

1872.] 261

ON THE LAND SHELLS OF PENANG ISLAND, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE

ANIMALS AND ANATOMICAL NOTES ; part first, CYCLOSTOMACEA,

by Dr. F. SrouiczKa.

(Read and received 6th August, 1872).

[ With plate X.]

Penang, or Prince of Wales island, although possessing a rich vegeta-

tion, growing on old metamorphic soil, a moderately hilly ground, and a moist

warm climate,—all elements most favorable to Molluscous life,—has up the

present time yielded a comparatively very small number of land shells, and

this in spite of the repeated visits which it had received from numerous

travellers to the East. I can scarcely find record of more than ten species

of both Crcrostomacea and HeExnicacea, which had been reported to occur on

Penang. The paucity of shells seemed to me scarcely credible; but, when

visiting the island in 1869, I was not a little astonished to meet for days

with nothing else except Bulimus atricallosus and citrinus, and Helix simi-

laris in the low country, cultivated with coco-palms and nutmegs, while in

the hills the only common species were a Rotuwla and Cycloph. Malayanus,

Benson’s Helix Cymatium, described from Lancavi, being much rarer. After

many days wanderings I noticed that all those portions of the ground,

which at any, even remote, time shewed signs of having been once under

cultivation, were hopeless in a malacological point of view, and I turned

into the more wild and deep ravines of the North-Western part of the

island. There, after some days search, particularly in the extensive and very

dense forests along the edges of more open tracks, abounding with a rich

under-vegetation, I was more successful by adding a good number of land

shells to the few already known. Many of these are new to science, and as

I had obtained all the species alive, and noted the peculiarities of the

structure of the animals, my observations, even as regards the few formerly

described species, may be useful in supplementing the information which we

already possess.

I shall begin in this first part of the paper with the Cyrcnostomacna,

of which ten species will be reported. My remarks will on this occasion not

enter into anatomical details, because I wish to reserve these for a com-

prehensive study on the anatomy of all the Indian and Barmese species of

this group, and the isolated facts would not prove equally interesting as

when related in connection with others.

In the second part, which will treat of the Henrcacera, I will, however,

give all those anatomical details, which are in many imstances essential for

the correct determination of the different genera.

262 F. Stoliezka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. | No. 3,

Group.— CYCLOSTOMACEA.

Fam. CycLovpuorip®. Genus, CrctopHorus; Montf.

CycnopHorus Mazayanus. Pl. X, Figs. 1-5.

Benson, A. and M. N. H., 2nd ser., vol. x, p, 269. Pfeiffer, Monograph Pneumo-

nopomorum. Suppl. I, p. 42, Reeve, Conch, vol. xiii, Cyclophorus, pl. I, fig, 2.

This is a tolerably common species on Penang, being generally distri-

buted from near the seashore to the top of Penang hill, about 2500 feet.

T have given a whole series of illustrations in order to shew the diffe-

rent stages of growth, although Reeve’s figure is a very good representation

of an adult specimen.

Ordinarily the shell is smooth, exhibiting only the usual finer and

stronger strie of growth, but the pale brown and thin cuticle when well

preserved is spirally striated, the striation being more conspicuous in young-

er shells than in more adult ones.

Young specimens of only two or three volutions have very conspicuous

transversely oblique cuticular striz, and in this stage the shell with its

angular last whorl perfectly resembles Pfeiffer’s Cyclostoma (Leptopoma)

Birmanum,* which is no doubt either a young of the present species or of

C. Siamensis. Nearly all young Cyclophori have these transverse filiform

strie of the cuticle.

When larger the shell scarcely differs from that of C. Cantori, Benson,

of which figures are given by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz’ Conch.-kab., and also by

Reeve. I have not obtained in Penang any such small specimens with fully

developed lips as are represented in those figures, but I have observed that the

usual difference of the male being often slightly smaller than the female

also exists in the present species, and an illustration of a nearly full

erown male, given in fig. 4, comes very close to that of Reeve. Judging

from the difference observed in the size of the sexes of other species,

as 1s for instance very often the case in C. Pearsoni, I am inclined

to the opinion that the specimens described as C. Cantori are males

of C. Malayanus, the latter being females. If this were the case, the

former naine would have priority over the latter, but even if the expla-

nation of sexes would not in this case hold good, I believe that the form

described as Cantori can scarcely be looked upon as anything else than a

smaller race of DZalayanus, and vice versa.

The animal is grey, darker on the head, brownish on the tentacles, pale

towards the tip of the rostrum and at the basal edges of the foot.

* Chemnitz’ Conchylienkabinet, Vol.IX, p. 363, and Mon. Pneum. Suppl. II, p 85.

1872.] F. Stoliezka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. 263

What Hanley figures, in Conch. Indica, pl. xlviii, fig. 4, as C. Malay-

anus from the Shan States, has, I believe, nothing to do with the Penang

shell, though it may represent a variety of Stamensis, or a peculiarly

depressed one of flavilabris, but it is impossible to form a good idea of the

character of the species from the insufficient illustration given.

CrctopHorvus Borneensis, var. Pl. X, Fig. 6.

Metcalfe, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1851.—Pfeiffer in Chem. Conch., XIV, p. 362 and

Mon. Pneumon. p. 63.—Martens, Ost.-As. Hxped., p. 1386.—Reeve, Conch. Vol. xiii,

Cyclophorus, pl. xii, fig. 50.

The Penang variety of this species is flatter, somewhat sharper keeled

at the periphery, and with a shghtly more expanded lip than exists in any

Bornean specimens I saw, but the general type of the shell is unmistakable.

It is a rare species on Penang hill; I found during many days search only

two adults* and one young. The former are covered with a rather thick

dark brown cuticle, marked with very fine transversely oblique and also with

spiral strie, by which a kind of a very minute granulation is produced.

There is a row of larger brown spots along the suture, while the rest of the

whorls is densely variegated with reddish brown, most conspicuous after

a partial removal of the cuticle, and the keel is slightly funiculate. This

coloration is almost exactly like that of OC. porphyriticus, as figured by

Pfeiffer in Chemnitz’ Conchilienkabinet.

One of the most important characters of Borneensis is the straight-

ness and slight concavity of the inner portion of the peristome along the

umbilical margin, followed by the basal portion being somewhat produced.

This character also occurs in C. aquila and perdix, with the last of which

Benson’s C. porphyriticus has been considered as identical. E. v. Martens

already observes (1. cit. p. 135) that it is impossible to give a well defined

diagnosis of C. aquila, as the species is very variable and readily passes into

Borneensis and perdiz. J have not a sufficient series of authentic specimens

from different localities, but the few from Penang, Singapore and Borneo

entirely support the view expressed by E. von Martens, and make it most

probable that the different names noticed only refer to the principal varieties

of one and the same species. It is unquestionable that even in true Bornean

specimens the upper convexity of the whorls is sometimes greater sometimes

less, the keel on the last whorl sharp, or obtuse, or again almost obsolete,

and in consequence of this the sharp edged last whorl passes into an

obtusely angular or even slightly rounded one, and that with these variations

the height of the entire shell must naturally vary.

I possess Singapore specimens of Borneensis which exactly agree with

C. porphyriticus, as figured by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, and as this figure is

* The figured specimen is the more depressed one.

264 F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. [No. 3,

authentic, being taken from the type in Benson’s collection, I would not

hesitate to add porphyriticus as a synonym of Borneensis. Sowerby’s original

figures of perdix (at least fig. 127 in Thes. vol. 1) and of aquila scarcely differ,

and both very well agree with the form of Borneensis as usually obtained at

Singapore, having the whorls above rather inflated and the periphery very ob-

tusely angular. The same applies to Chemnitz’s figure of aguwila, while

that of perdix, after Tenaserim specimens, very closely corresponds with

one of my Penang specimens of Borneensis, except in having a greenish

cuticle. Reeve’s figure of aguila is probably taken from a specimen obtained

inland north of Singapore; those specimens are particularly fine and pro-

bably most aberrant from the type shell, which Reeve figured as Borneensis,

while his figure of perdix has the whorls as round as Siamensis, and though

it may belong to the same species as represented by Sowerby’s figure 128 in

Thes. vol. I, I do not think that it can at all be referred to the Borneensis

group, because it appears to want the peculiar straightness of the inner

portion of the peristome.

The solution of this question of identity depends now upon a com-

parison of the type-specimens of Sowerby’s C. perdix and aquila with a good

series of typical Borneensis, as represented in Borneo, near Singapore,

Malacca and Penang ; for it will also determine the nomenclature of the

latter species.

The animal of the Penang variety of Borneensis is uniform pale brown

with a slight pinkish tinge, and covered with numerous flat greyish warts ;

the foot is rather narrow and very long posteriorly, the lateral basal portion

below the pedal row is warty, not sulcated; head slightly darker than the

body, tentacles blackish near the tip ; eyes on small bulgings, surrounded by

a pale ring; mantle greyish, thick near the margin. ‘There is scarcely

a noticeable ditference in the size of the sexes.

The only other species of Cyclophorus which I have to mention, and which

has been described from Penang, is C. Pfeifferi of Reeve. It belongs to the

section of C. tuba with a very much expanded peristome, without any

markedly straight inner, or produced basal portion. JH. v. Martens (1. cit.

p- 184) states that it is probably not constantly different from C. tuba, but,

setting aside the more inflated whorls of the latter species, I believe, Pfesffere

also differs from the last by a much more rapid increase of the volutions.

In this point, as well as in the flattened and angular shape of the whorls,

it, however, quite agrees with expansus, and a large specimen of this last

from Tenaserim scarcely at all differs from Reeve’s illustration ; I would,

therefore, be inclined to regard Pfeifferi as identical with expansus.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. 265

Genus. OPISTHOPORUS, Bens.

There is no apparent distinction between the shells of Opisthoporus and

those of Spiraculum. A cursory examination of the animals of a few species

also shewed, that no essential distinction exists in the general anatomical

structure, and but a very slight one in the dentition.

The only difference, which as far as known is a constant one, consists

in the structure of the operculum. In the former genus this is discoid,

horny on the inner side, calcareous on the outer, and composed of spiral

lamine entirely covering a tube. In Spuraculwm the upper spiral layer is

also generally calcareous, and more or less elevated, but the spiral canal

is always open, not formmg a closed tube. The former structure of the

operculum is peculiar to Cyclotus, the latter to Pterocyclus and some species

of Cyclophorus.

OPISTHOPORUS PENANGENSIS, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 7.

O. testa sub-discoidea, apice paulwn exserta, latiuscule umbilicata, cornea

solidula ; anfractibus 4:5 ad 5, teretibus, sutura profundajunctis, epidernude

brunnea vel nigrescente, transversim confertissime striata, in ultimo an-

Sractu ad peripheriam superam et inferam breviter ciliata, indutis, sub epi-

dermudem albescentibus atque strigis transversis, brunneis vel fuscis, paulo

undulatis, aut plus minusve acute angulatis, notatis ; apice sub-mammillato,

nigrescente vel pallido ; wmbilico modico, fere dimidiwm latitudinis anfractus

penultimi exponente ; ultimo anfractu ad aperturam valde descendente, sed

haud dissoluto, ad suturam tubulo brevi tenuique, sepissime retrorswm curvato,

rare fere verticali, rarissimeque antice versus directo, in speciminibus adultis

crea 1:5 ad 2 mm. a margine aperturali distante, instructo ; apertura cir-

culart, ampla, obliqua, peristomate in junioribus simplici, in adultis breviter

bilabiato, margine labii interni paululum incrassato, sepe rubescente tincto,

haud distincter discreto, externo expansiusculo ; ambobus supra paulum pro-

ductis atque prope suturam modice insinuatis. Operculum discoideum,

interne via, externe distincte, concavum et album, multispiratum, medio

corneo-testaceum, laminis duabus separatis ad peripheriam acutissimis.

Diam. maj. 115 ; diam. min. 95 ; altit. teste 66; diam. apert. int. 4,

externe cum perist. 4:7 m.m.

This species is evidently closely allied to HE. v. Martens’ O. Sumatra-

nus,* which is of nearly exactly the same size, but its whorls are decidedly

thinner and on the upper side more flattened, the upper apertural margins are

considerably more produced, the plain of the aperture being, therefore, more

oblique to the axis, while the sutural tube appears to be more distant from

the margin. The direction of the tube was observed in four specimens of

O. Sumatranus to be nearly vertical, while in about eighty specimens of the

* Preuss. Exped. nach Ost-Asien., Zool, Theil, vol, II, p. 112.

256 F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. [No. 3,

Penang form it is directed backwards, bemg sometimes when well preseved

perfectly parallel to the suture ; in a few specimens, however, it is nearly

vertical, and in two or three even slightly directed forward. 'The character

is, therefore, evidently variable. Young shells, sometimes measuring up to

9 mm. in the longer diameter, still have no sutural tube developed, while

others (mostly males) reach the adult stage already at even a somewhat

smaller size.

Hab. I found the species common under dead leaves on the ground

along the base of the Penang hill, mostly in dense jungle.

Animal stout, blackish, sometimes mottle with grey and tinged with

pink, nearly smooth, with few little warts, paler at the sides and at the end

of the foot which is, when fully extended, about twice the longer diameter of

the shell; it is pointed at the end; operculigerous lobe shghtly more

thickened in front than behind ; tentacles paler at base, blackish on terminal

half, slightly thickened towards the end, but pointed terminally ; eyes small,

on laterally slightly prominent bulgings, united to the base of the tentacles ;

rostrum wrinkled, cleft in front, and with pale lips ; penis of male long,

thin and black, without any appendage.

OPISTHOPORUS SOLUTUS, n. sp. Pl. X, Figs. 8-10.

O. testa planorbulari, apice paulo exserta, late wmbilicata, corneo soli-

dula; anfractibus 4:5, fere teretibus, supra et infra paululum depress-

iusculis, sutura profunda ac simplici junctis, in spec. guntoribus ad peripheri-

an sub-angulatis ; ultimo ad terminationem dissoluto, paulo expansiuseulo

modiceque deflexo, tubulo suturali antice directo, circiter 2 m.m. a margine

aperturali distante, instructo ; anfractibus superioribus epidermide fusco-

olivacea, transversim rugata, in ultimo fere simpliciter confertimque striolata,

indutis, omnibus sub epidernudem albidis, sparse scrobiculatis, transverse

minutissime striatis ; apice albido ; wnbilico magno, anfractuum omnium

maximan partem exhibente ; apertura lata, circular, peristomate duplict,

interno tenur, paulum projiciente, externo undique modice dilatato, in facie

antica concaviusculo et concentrice striato, im regione supra-suturali sensim

producto ; ambobus ad suturam anguste emargimatis. Operculwm normale,

im utroque latere vie concavum, multispiratwn, medio corneo-solidum.

Dian. ma. 15°5 ; diam. min. 11'5 ; alt. teste 7:3 ; diam. apert. int. 43,

ext. cwm perist. 5°5 m.m.

Young shells of this species (comp. fig. 8) are regularly planorbular,

with a simple, continuous, thin lip of the aperture, and the olivaceous

epidermis is rather coarsely rugose, forming darker transverse bands ; under

the lens also a very fine spiral striation is to be observed. In the middle

stage (fig. 9), when the shells possess 3°5 to 4 whorls, and a diameter of 10

to 13 m.m., the margin of the aperture has a short, open, sutural canal,

1872. F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. 267

exactly as in the South Indian Péeroc. (Myxostoma) tristis, Blf., and which

canal is the origin of the sutural tube, becoming fully developed in the

more adult shell, as soon as the end of the last whorl begins to detach itself

from the previous one.

Hab. Penang ; I have only obtained about 15 specimens of this species,

also under dead leaves on the ground in dense jungle together with the last,

which is, however, the more common one.

The animal is entirely of a rather pale grey colour, nearly smooth, slight-

ly mottled with darker ; tentacles blackish, with a few darker spots about

and between their bases, entirely black at tip ; rostrum cleft, wrinkled, with a

pale lip ; lateral pedal row rather indistinct, as also in the preceding species.

Fam. PUPINID®.

Raphaulus Loraini, which was described by Pfeiffer from Penang out

of Cuming’s collection, was not met with by me.

PUPINA AUREOLA, n. sp. PI. X, Figs. 11-12

P. testa oblique ovata, apice breviter sub-acuta, glaberrima, politissina,

moderate solida, intense vel luteole succinea, prope peristoma aurea; an-

JSractibus sex, convexiusculis, im adultis sutura indistincta gunctis, primis

duobus sub-mammillatis, ultimo spira breviore, valde descendente ; apertura

parva, cwrculari, labio mcrassato, sulco satis profundo ab anf. penultimo

separato ; imeisionibus angustis sed profundis ; labro antice sensim producto,

extus paulun imerassato, aureo tincto. Operculwin orbiculare, altwm, corneum,

ad utrumque latus paulo concavum, ex lamella sprialiter torta tenmssima

compositum, nucleo depresse circulart, paullulum winerassato instructwm.

Long. teste 8'8, lat. ad mediwn 5, diam. apert. ext. 2°3 m.m.

Hab. Penang ; haud frequens.

This species is closely allied to P. awrea, Hinds, differing from it by a

smaller aperture, a more laterally produced, shorter and slightly contracted

last whorl. The solidity of the shell and the intensity of coloration naturally

varies with age ; young specimens are thin, and nearly transparent, pale

straw-coloured, the suture is distinctly impressed and the outer lip very

slightly produced. In adolescent specimens the upper labial rib is rather

‘distant from the posterior angle of the mouth (see fig 11), as in the

Tenaserim P. arula, but the Penang shell is shorter and stouter. Old

specimens are entirely covered with a polished glaze, and are intensely or

yellowish rufous brown, with a yellow inner and outer peristome.

The animal is of the usual Cyclophorid type, uniform, intense or greyish

black, paler along the sides of the foot, which is of about the same length

as that of the shell.

268 F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. [No. 3,

MEGALOMASTOMA SECTILABRUM, Gould. Pl. X, Fig. 13.

Penang specimens agree with those from Tavoy in having a smaller

aperture and a slightly slenderer spire, with somewhat convex sides, while in

If. anostoma from Borneo the spire is more regularly conical and the aper-

ture larger.

Animal blackish grey with a slight reddish tinge ; the edges of the

foot, including the posterior end andthe tentacles are vermilion, tips of

rostrum pale grey. The length of the foot equals about three fourth of

that of the shell when the animal moves about; the entire body is rather

distinctly warty, but no well defined pedal row exists; the rostrum is

adpressed to the foot, strongly wrinkled and cleft at ie end ; posterior

end of foot obtusely pointed, eyes small, the bulgings united at ‘ene bases

to the tentacles. The mantle is pale, entire, closely attached to the

peristome of the shell, and not protruding beyond it.

Operculum horny, circular, composed of several spiral layers arranged

round a slightly thickened or mammillated centre so that the width of each

lamina equals the radius of the whole operculum. ‘This structure is some-

what peculiar, it agrees with that of the South Indian Cataulus recurvatus,

but not with that of the other Catauli or Megalostomata examined ; in all

these the operculum is distinctly multispiral.

The species occurs at elevations from 400 to about 2400 feet on the

Penang hill, but it is evidently a very scarce shell; I fou only one live

specimen at the top of the hill.

Kam.—DieLoMMATINID®. Ree ALYCHINE.

ALYCHUS GIBBOSULUS, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 14.

A. testa gibboso turrita, anguste wmbilicata, violaceo rubente, ultimo an-

fractw pallidiore, lutescente, apice albescente ; anfractibus quinque, valde

convexis, sutura profunda et sumplict junctis ; primo levigato, tribus sequen-

tibus transversim densissime striato-costellatis atque spiraliter striatis,

ultimo gibbose inflato, paulo distinctius costellato, prope apertwram breviter

sed valde constricto, sub-levigato, vix deflexo, post constrictionem tubulo

tenur, circiter duo ad tres m.m. longo, nonnunquam fere immerso, instructo ;

apertura circulart, modice lata, in adolescentibus margine simplict undique

expansiusculo circwmdata, in adultis bilabiata, labio interno extus tubuli-

forme producto, crassiusculo, externo dilatato atque tenut. Operculum

solidum, latere interno corneo, convexiusculo, medio submammillato, multi-

spirato, impressione musculart transverse ovata atque excentrica imstructo,

externo caleareo, concaviusculo, in superficie wrregulariter rugoso. Diam.

muy. 9°2, diam. min. 7, alt. teste 96 ; diam. apert. int. 3°8, externe 4°8 m.m.

In general character this interesting new species closely resembles the

type of the genus, Al. gibbus, Fér., but the latter conspicuously differs by

1872.] F. Stoliezka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. 269

having the constricted portion of the last whorl much more produced and

very much deflected, the height of the shell being also considerably less than

the larger diameter of the shell. Eydoux who collected the species at

Touranne in Cochin-China, says in his original description,* that the

operculum is membranaceous and not multispiral.

The species is not uncommon along the base of the hills in thick jun-

gle, under and on large blocks of rocks, generally between half decomposed

vegetable matter.

The animalis dusky grey, foot pale ; tentacles long, pale at the base,

further on dark, especially at the tips which are slightly thickened ; eyes

small, placed laterally at the bases of the tentacles, but the bulgings are

not distinct; rostrum long, cleft at the end, reddish at the base on account

of the fleshy colour of the manducatory apparatus.

Ham.—ULaAGoCcHEILID®.

Genus. LacgocuErmus, Theobald.

Comp. Blanford in Ann. and Mag. N, H., third Ser., 1864, vol. XIII, p. 452.

Shell conoid sub-turbinate and perforated, thin, covered with a horny

cuticle ; aperture round with a narrow wmeision in the wpper or posterior

angle ; operculum thin, horny, multispiral. Animal of the usual Cyclopho-

rid type, but with a glandular slit at the upper posterior end of the foot.

The shell of Lagocheilus, when the cuticle is removed, merely differs

from Leptopoma by the slight incision in the posterior angle of the aper-

ture. When Mr. Theobald suggested the above name, it could scarcely

have been anticipated that such a.comparatively insignificant character will

be accompanied by a most important structural distinction in the anatomy of

the animal. Mr. Blanford, already many years past, noticed that the animal

of the Barmese Lagocheilus leporinust has the peculiarity of possessing a

groove down the middle of the upper caudal portion of the foot. Since then

I had observed the animals of L. tomotrema, of two new species from Penang,

and of two other species from the Nicobars, and I find that all the

animals posses a long glandular slit at the upper end of the foot, and

that the incision in the apertural margin is the result of the presence of

this pedal sht. ‘This instance is an excellent illustration of the occasional

intimate structure and the relation of the animal to its shell.

Lagocheilus, together with Dermatocera, has evidently among the Cycto-

STOMACEA the same systematic position, as the Zonitipm have among the

Herrcacea. The external character of the animal of Lagocheilus is accom-

panied by some peculiarities in the dentition and in the internal organs with

which I hope to deal at some future occasion, in connection with a general

account of the anatomy of the Indian CycLosToMACcEa.

* Gucrin-Méneville’s Magasin de Zoologie, for 1838.

7 Journal A. 8. B. for 1865, Pl. II. p. 82.

270 F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. [No. 3,

The species which are at present known to belong to the genus

are: L. tomotrema, Bens., (Sikkim, Assam and Cachar), leporinus, BIf.,

(Barma), trochoides and striolatus from Penang, Wiillersdorfi, Pfr. and

Zel., and another as yet undescribed species also from the Nicobars ; sezs-

simargo, Bens., from Tenaserim. These localities indicate the geographical

extent of the genus. Reeve in his Monograph of Cyclophorus, when

speaking of ZL. scissimargo, says that there is more or less an indication of

a notch in the aperture of CO. triliratus, Pfr. (= quadrifilosus, Bens.,) while

Pfeiffer in his second Supplement to the Pneumonopoma (p. 29) refers the

latter species to Cyclotus.

LAGOCHEILUS TROCHOIDES, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 15.

LL. testa turrito conica, sub-anguste wumbilicata ; anfractibus sex, sutura

profunda simplict gunctis, primis duobus conevais, ceteris supra medium an-

gulatis, ultimo bi-angulato ; omnibus cuticula opaco-fusca indutis, transver-

“sim striolatis, spiraliter striatis, struis filiformibus : duabus in anfractu penul-

timo supra angulum subdistantibus, infra angulum 4-5 approximatis ; im an-

fractu ultimo angulis dwobus ad intervalla breviter ciliatis ; basi in adultis

prope peripheriam et ad wumbilicum, in gunioribus omnino, confertim striata ;

testa sub cuticulam albida, ad apicem rubescente ; apertura rotundata, modice

obliqua, in angulo superiore vel postico distincte incisa, bilabiata : labio interno

breviore, violaceo tincto, externo fere plane expansiusculo, in facie concentrice

striolato, ad marginem exteriorem atrato. Operculum multispiratum, tenue,

corneum. Diam. maj. 10, diam. min. 8, alt. teste 9°6, diam. apert. int. 42,

externe 5 m.m.

This is the largest species as yet known of the genus, the more regu-

larly conical form, angular whorls, numerous spiral striz, absence of brown

spots on the shell, etc., readily separate it from LZ. scissimargo. The fine

transverse striolation of the cuticle is very easily worn off, but the spiral

striation is always very distinct, and well marked even after the removal of

the cuticle. Young shells have a striking resemblance to those of Cremno-

conchus Syhadrensis ; they are comparatively more largely umbilicated than

adult ones, and their cuticle is more or less distinctly olive, while in the

latter it is dark brown in fresh specimens, often becoming reddish brown in

dried ones.

Hab. Penang. I found the species on large stones between decaying

vegetable matter at an elevation of from 200 to about 1000 feet ; itis scarce.

The animal is pale grey, the body itself being slightly darker than the

foot ; the rostrum is long, deeply cleft in front, reddish at the base; tentacles

long, and thin, dark grey, blackish towards the tips ; eyes on their outer base

on indistinct bulgings ; a dark pedal row, moderately swollen, extends from the

lower base of the rostrum to behind the operculum, from which a deep, narrow

glandular slit proceeds along the middle to the end of the foot.

1872.] F. Stoliczka—On the Cyclostomacea of Penang. 271

LAGOCHEILUS STRIOLATUS, n. sp. Pl. X, Fig. 16.

L. testa turrito conoidea, anguste wmbilicaia; anfractibus 55 con-

venis, sutura simplict junciis, ultimo ad peripheriam inferiorem via-

angulato; apice levigaie, olivacec; anf. ceteris cuticula fusca vel brun-

nea mduiis, transversiin oblique suoaisvanter, et spiraliter densissime, strio-

latis ; basi swo-ievigaia vel sub-obsoleie spirahiier striatula ; aperiura ampla,

swb-circulart, peristomate postice ad angulum profunde ineiso, infra ad latus

basase conspicuter producto, bilabiato, labio interno in juniorious violaceo, in

aduliis ad marginem altido, externo undique fere equaliter planeque dilatato,

corneo, Operculum tenue, corneum, muitispiratum. Diam. ma. 6, diam.

min. 5, alt. teste 66 ; cham. apert. int. 2°S, ext. 32 m. m.

This smaller form resembles L. tomotrema and leporinus, but it is

distinguished from both by a slightly larger spiral angle, rounded (not

angulated) whorls, and by the very cense, filiform, spiral striation.

Hab. Penang. Under dead leaves on the ground along the base of the

hills, together with the last species ; rare.

Animal leaden grey, with moderately elongated, darker, cylindrical ten-

tacles ; eyes on minute bulgings, joined on the inner side to the base of the

tentacles ; upper posterior part of the foot with a narrow glandular slit, ex-

tending from the operculigerous lobe to the end; lateral pedal row very

thin.

IIe

JOURNAL

OF THE

Poe Ere SOCTET ¥:

—g-—

Part I1.—PHYSICAL SCIENCE.

eee RR RR

No. IV.—1872.

NovTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE IN THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS BY

Assistant Sureeon G. EK. Dozson, M. B., DuRING THE MONTHS oF

Aprit snd May,—by V. Batt, Hsq., B. A.

[Read 6th, received 16th August, 1872. ]

A short time ago Dr. Anderson placed in my hands for determination

-a collection of birds, made in the Andamans by Dr. Dobson,* subsequently

adding two received from Mr. Homfray.

The collection contains 184 specimens belonging to sixty-two Species, of

which eighteen are new to the hitherto recorded avifauna of those Islands :

but they are for the most part migratory birds (Galle), whose occurrence

might safely have been predicated from their being known from the coasts

on both sides of the Bay of Bengal, and to some extent from Malayana.

One species only is described in the following list as new, but there are

four others presenting certain peculiarities which may hereafter justify

their separation from the species under which they are now enumerated.

As these are represented by single specimens, I think it undesirable to

exaggerate the importance of what may ultimately prove to be only individual

variations from the type. ‘The species are: Hphialtes spilocephalus, Blyth ? ;

Paleorms Alexandri, Linn. ; Brachypodius melanocephalus, Gmel.; Rallus

striatus, Linn. One result of the examination of this collection has been that

while it supports Col. Tytler’s views as to the distinctness of certain Anda-

* Mr. Wood-Mason and Dr. Dobson visited the Andaman Islands to collect for

the Indian Museum. The vertebrate portion of the collection was under Dr. Dobson’s

care,

274 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

man species, it furnishes almost conclusive evidence against others being so.

Mr. Blyth has already*pointed out that Spilormis Elgin, Tytler = 8. bacha,

Tytler = 2 P. erythrogenys, Blyth, and Herodias Andamnensis, Tytler

== H. concolor, Blyth.

In so far as the present collection afforded material, I have endeavoured

to give full descriptions of those species which have hitherto only been

partially described, and to amplify the information regarding others. _

According to the present state of our knowledge, the avifauna of the

Andamans includes 109 species; possibly this number may have to be

reduced by four.* But it is made up in this way. The late Capt. Beavan’s

list gives 94 species from which three, wz—Hematornis Cheela, Bodd.,

Paleornis affinis, Tytler, and Pericrocotus Andamanensis, Tytler, must, I

think, be subtracted, and 18, the number of additional species in the present

collection, added, or 18 + 94 — 3 = 109. It should be stated, however,

that five of the species mentioned by Capt. Beavan were introduced into the

Islands by Col. Tytler. The number of indigenous birds should therefore

stand at 100 + 4? Of this number twelve are local species and six? are

known only from the Andamans and Nicobars.

In the Nicobars there are about fifty-three species known at present, of

which number seven are local.

Excepting the migratory birds, particularly the Gralle, from our con-

sideration, the bulk of the non-local species in the Andamans are Indian,

and in the Nicobars Malayan.

Where there are two allied species, or two races or varieties of a species

in India, the Andaman, as a general rule, corresponds with the southern

form. ‘To this rule there is an exception in the case of Graucalus Macei

which is the northern species, G. Layardi being the southern. However,

the Andaman bird seems to be intermediate between G. JZacez and Javensis

from Java which two, according to Blyth, only differ in size.

Judging from the number of species of birds known to occur in the

‘several groups of islands in the Malayan Archipelago we may feel confident

that much yet remains to be done both in the Andamans and Nicobars,

before a list approaching completeness can be prepared.

The present, and to a certain extent, all previous collections were made

in the vicinity of Port Blair, throughout an area, probably not exceeding

30 or 35 square miles, or by a rough estimate about one-hundredth part of

the total area occupied by these islands. .

* The species of Nectarinia, Byialitis, Herodias and Querquedula of Col. Tytler’s

and Capt. Beayan’s lists may possibly be only the same species as four birds which

are given under other names in my list.

1872. ] V. Ball—WNotes on Andaman Birds. 275

Several families and genera, which all analogy would lead us to believe

must find a place in the Andaman avifauna, are as yet unrepresented in any

of the collections of which descriptions have been published.

The following is a list of the purely local species which are not known

to occur elsewhere :

Spizetus Andamanensis, Tytler.

Muelleripicus Hodgii, Blyth.

Centropus Andamanensis, Tytler.

Graucalus Dobson, n. sp.

Dicrurus Andamanensis, Tytler.

Dissemurus afiis, Tytler.

Myiagra Tytleri, Beav.

Oreocincla infra-marginata, Blyth.

Oriolus Andamanensis, Tytler.

Kittacincla albiventris, Blyth.

Dendrocitta Baylei, Tytler.

Temenuchus Andamanensis, Tytler.

Huryzona Canningi, Tytler.

The species found in the Andamans and Nicobars, but not elsewhere,

are :

? Ninoz affinis, Tytler.*

Paleorinis erythrogenys, Blyth.

Geocichla innotata, Blyth.

Hulabes Andamanensis, Tytler.

Treron chloroptera, Blyth.

Macropygia rujfipennis, Blyth.

In the following enumeration and description a dagger (thus +) pre-

fixed, indicates that the species has not been previously recorded from the

Andamans.

Fam. AQUILINA.

1. Spmoryis BacHa, Daud. H. bido, Horsf. No. 87 of Blyth’s Cata-

logue, 8. spilogaster. Blyth Hematornis Elgini, Tytler.

H. Elgin, Tytler, is considered to be identical with H. bacha by Mr.

Gurney, and both Mr. Blyth and Dr. Jerdon confirm this opinion (Ibis,

N.S. IV. 1868, p. 181 and 8rd Series, 1871, Vol. I, p. 335). Dr. Jerdon

writes: “It appears fully agreed on by all that the small Serpent Hagle

of Ceylon and Southern India is the same as the Andaman bird.”

In my previous paper, from not having seen Mr. Blyth’s remarks, I en-

tered my specimens as Oheela, as they had the wing longer than in Tytler’s

Elgin. In the present collection, which contains five specimens in various

stages of plumage, all belong to the small species. The variations in

plumage correspond with those observable in the different stages of Cheela,

* T am rather inclined to believe that this bird will prove to be the same as

Temminck’s Strix hirsuta which Pelzeln records from the Nicobars.

276 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

I could not see any constant characters which would serve to distinguish

the two species other than that of size. Measurements of a male in inches :

wing 14:2; tail 9:2; bill to gape 18; tarsus 3-4.

2. HAaALiaTus LEUCOGASTER, Gmel.

Three specimens in various stages of plumage. Length of wing of

adult 20°8 inches.

Fam. StRIGIDz.

3. EPHIALTES SPILOCEPHALUS, Blyth. (7)

So far as it is possible to make out one of these difficult birds without

a good series for comparison, the specimen of Andaman scops before me

appears to correspond most nearly with Blyth’s description of H. spilocepha-

lus (= 8. Malayanus, Hay?) J. A.S8. B. XV. p. 8, and with a specimen

of that species from Masuri in the old collection, No. 147, I, of Blyth’s Cat.

Mr. Hume only doubtfully refers spilocephalus, Blyth, to gymnopodus,

Gray, so that for the present I think it safer to give Blyth’s name. The

bird certainly belongs to the pennatus type as distinguished by Mr. Hume,

though Col. Tytler records H. Lempigi from the Andamans.

Authorities are so divided as to the nomenclature to be adopted in

reference to this genus, that without attempting to discuss the question as

to what species spilocephalus should be finally referred to, I shall confine

myself to shewing the points of resemblance between the Andaman bird and

spilocephalus, Blyth, by the description of the former which is as follows:

Above. Rufous inclining to bay, each feather of the head, back of neck,

scapulars, wing coverts, back and rump with two fawn colored spots edged

with black. Primaries—first two not grown, fourth and fifth equal, five

white spots on the outer webs. Tail rufous brown, darker on the inner webs

of the rectrices, with four white bands.

Beneath. Facial disk fawn colour. Loral bristles black, white towards

the base. Breast and abdomen finely mottled with brown and fawn or dusky

white, each feather with two brownish black spots which are separated by a

white bar. ‘Tarsi covered for three-fourths of their length with short rufous

colored feathers, barred with brown. Feet and claws not quite so slender as

in the Masuri specimen.

Measurement in inches: wing 5°6; tail 3; tarsus 1.

Fun. UWrRuNDINID 2.

4, Cornocatta Lryeut, Horsf. Hirundo fuciphaga, Thun.

Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII, p. 148, C. Linchi et C. fuciphaga, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 384. C, affivis, Tytler ?

The present collection contains three specimens of Collocalia which

appear to have been taken from the nest as the primaries are not fully grown.

1872.] V. Ball—WNotes on Andaman Birds. 277

They correspond in length of body and coloration with specimens of C.

Suciphaga from Batavia and the Nicobars (Blyth’s Cat. No. 429). They

appear also to be the same species as that figured as C. Linchi in ‘ Reise

der Novara,’ Vogel, T. II, f. 2, save that the metallic lustre as represented

is far too brilhant. The following is a description of our specimens.

Above. Black with dark green reflections, an indistinct white band on

the rump, no spots on the tail. Underneath. A white rictal spot; from

chin to breast cimereous, the edges of the feathers lighter, thence to vent

ereyish-white, feathers centered cimereous; under tail-coverts centered

greenish-black. Length to end of tail 3°3, wing 2°95, tail 1-4 inches.

Col. Tytler’s specimens from the Andamans, which he described as

C. affinis, had the followimg dimensions :—

Length. Wing. Tail.

ze 3°75 inch. 3°52 inch. 1°36 inch,

@ 35 i 3°75 4 1:36 ys

Fam. MeEroprpa.

5. Merors guryricotor, Vieil.

The collection contains six specimens of this bird.

Fan. CoRactaDs™.

+ 6. EURYSTOMUS ORTENTALIS, Linn.

Three specimens. Is said to be common, but has not been previously

recorded from the Andamans.

Fam. ALCEDINID HA.

7. Axtcrpo Astatica, Swains. (4. meningting, Horsf.) Two specimens.

8. Prnarcopsis Burmantica, Sharpe. Halcyon Gurial, Pearson.

In this list I follow Mr. Sharpe’s classification and geographical

distribution of the five races of Halcyon lewcocephalus, at the same time I

feel strongly inclined to believe that a critical examination of the whole

series at present in the Indian Museum will shew that it cannot stand in

its integrity.

Our present specimen closely resembles some of the duller plumaged in-

dividuals of H. Gurial from Bengal, and also agrees to a certain extent

with Sharpe’s description of Burmanica, but differs from the figure given

of that race in the following particulars: the feathers of the head and nape

are much more albescent, the ochreous collar is broader and the blue of the

wings and tail has no tinge of greenish. Length 18:2; wing 6, tail 4-4, bill

at front 3, tarsus 6 inches.

9. Hatcyon Coromanpa, Lath. Two specimens.

978 V. Ball—Wotes on Andanan Birds. [No. 4,

10. Hatcyon Smyrnenstis, Linn.

This resembles specimens from Southern India and Ceylon in the bril-

liancy of the coloration. Length 10°8, wing 5, bill at front 24 inches.

11. Hatcyon cutorts, Bodd. Sharpe, Monograph of Alcedinide,

p. 229. Todiramphus collaris, Scop.

The collection contains several specimens of this bird which is said to

be one of the commonest on the Islands.

Fan. Psrrractpm.

12. Pautmornis ALEXANDRI, Linn. ?

While aware of the considerable amount of variation which Palgormis

Alexandri is subject to, I should be disposed to claim for the Andaman bird

now before me a position as a distinct species, were I able to affirm that the

characters which it exhibits are constant ; but on this pomt I have no in-

formation at present. The specimen, a male, at once attracted notice by

the enormous size of its bill; and on closer examination and comparison

with a good series of Indian specimens, I found that it possesses other

characters which distinguish it from the Indian bird of normal plumage.

The black stripe from the lower mandible to the demicollar of peach-

rose, so marked in ordinary specimens, is in this reduced to a narrow line

which commences half an inch from the mandible and terminates at the first

point of contact with the peach-rose, not being continued as a border to it,

as it commonly is for three-fourths of an inch or so in Indian specimens.

The head and cheeks, down to the collar, are of a vivid emerald green

without a trace of the purplish grey or hoary bloom which is present in

all Indian birds which I have examined. The dark red spot on the

shoulders is smaller than usual? and the blue of the central tail feathers

of a much more decided hue. ‘The wing is somewhat shorter than in any of

the Indian specimens with which I have compared it.

Dimensions of bill. Gape to point. Width at gape.

AG B. A. B.

Up. mandible, ..... 115 inch. 1°15 inch, ‘95 inch. 85 inch.

Lr, mandible, ...... SDN a i lesO Oe unre SQM tau Sia

Depth of both mandibles closed A. 1:7,-B. 15.

A is the Andaman bird, B a specimen of ordinary dimensions from

the Rajmahal Hills. Should all the Andaman birds prove to have the

above characters I would propose the name P. magnirostris for the

species.

If the characters be constant, they are as sufficient to distinguish the

two races as are those which distinguish the two races of P. rosa. I may

perhaps mention that in looking through a drawer full of these latter, I found

1872.] V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. 279

that Cachar and Darjiling (? Terai) specimens agreed with Barmese in

having the under wing coverts green, &c.

13. PaLORNIS ERYTHROGENYS, Blyth.

J. A.S. B., XV, 1846, p. 23, and XXVII, 1856, p. 81. P. Nicobaricus, Gould,

P. Z. 8. p. 555. B. of Asia, 1857, Pt. IX.

Mr. Blyth (Ibis, IV, 1868, p. 132,) has pointed out that although the

name erythrogenys has been applied to three species of this genus, in the

ease of two it is reduced to the rank of a synonym, and therefore his name

is entitled to stand.

In my former paper I agreed with Blyth in considering Tytler’s P.

afjinis to be only the female of this species. If it be not, then we might ask

what is the female like P neither the present nor any previous collection con-

taims any specimen of the red-billed birds which do not correspond exactly

with authentic males,

There is one point about the female not noticed by Blyth, the mous-

tache is deep green, not black as in the males.

Measurements in inches.

Length. Wing. Bill from gape. Tarsus.

g 14° 68 ‘85 m3))

g 10°7 68 “76 5D

+ 14. Patnmornis Javanicus, Osbeck.

Blyth writes “ P. Javanicus differs only from P. Vibrisca, in the Javan

bird having a red lower mandible, while the other has a black one; but in

some Javan specimens the lower mandible is blackish and Mr. Gould has a

specimen from Siam with a red under mandible; the Hainan birds have it

black.” Finsch in his Monograph ‘die Papageien’ includes both under P.

Lathami, Finsch.

The specimen in the present collection, a male, has the under mandible

black. Length 18; wing 6°8; tail 7°8; tarsus ‘6 inches.

15. LoRicvuLUS VERNALIS, Sparrm.

Identical with Indian specimens, wing 3°5 inches.

Ham. Pic.

16. Muverierreicus Hopen, Blyth.

The collection contains a good series of this bird which appears to be

common. ‘The measurements of one are somewhat different from those of

my own specimen (J. A. S. B., XXXIX, p. 241): wing 6'8 ; tail 62; bill at

front 1:6 ; tarsus 1:2 inches.

17. Picus ANDAMANENSIS, Blyth.

Blyth distinguishes this bird from P. pectoralis by its having three

pair of distinct white spots on the middle rectrices, while P. pectoralis has

four. “But the Andaman bird is specially characterized by the large

280 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

round black spots upon its breast, each margined with whitish ; the ear

coverts also are longitudinally more conspicuously rayed than in the others.

In other respects this bird resembles P. macet.”

The present collection which contains five specimens shews that the

number of spots on the middle tail feathers is not a constant. In three (2

$ and 1 2) there are four pairs of spots and in the remaining two (1 ¢

and 1 @) there are only three.

@ Length 6°25 ; wing 3°87; tail 2°25; tarsus °75 inches.

Mr. Blyth has seen this bird in a collection from Sumatra.

Fam. CvucvLip2.

+ 18. CucuULUS MIcRoPprEeRUS, Gould.

One specimen. ‘This bird has not been previously brought from the

Andamans.

19. CrEnTRopUS ANDAMANENSIS, Tytler. Ibis, N. 8S. III, 1867, p. 321.

The collection contains four specimens. Head, neck to middle of back,

chin, throat and breast rufous grey. Abdomen, thigh-coverts and under

tail coverts the same with an ashy tinge. Back, rump and upper tail-

coverts ashy. Wings and scapulars rufous bay. Tail brown, paling from

the centre to the margins of the feathers. Bill black. Length 17 to 18 ;

wing 7°5; bill at gape 17 ; tarsus 1-9 inches.

Kam. NECTARINIDA.

+ 20. ARACHNECHTHRA FRENATA, Mull. P

The specimens of Avachnechthra hitherto received from the Andamans

have been identified as pectoralis, and following suit in my previous paper

on Andaman birds I stated that species to be “ common on Mount Harriet.”

The birds in the present collection are distinguished from pectoralis by

wanting the slightest trace of a metallic blue frontal patch. With the

characters of A. frenata, Miull., given by Lord Walden in the Ibis for 1870,

p. 26, they agree and the wing exactly corresponds with that of Miuller’s

fizure ; but there is no trace of a maroon pectoral band represented, which

though slight, is present in all our ¢ specimens. The yellow supercilium is

distinctly marked. Another character which distinguishes this from

pectoralis, and helps to separate it from several other species, is the size

of the bill which closely approximates to that of A. intermedia, Hume.

Leneth 4:2; wing 2:1; bill at front 8, tail 1:4: inches.

Fam. WANTIADR.

21. LANIUS LUCIONENSIS, Scop.

A specimen of this bird is identical in coloration with one in the In-

dian Museum from Mr. Swinhoe, Amoy. It differs from the ordinary Indian

1872.] V. Ball—WNofes on Andaman Birds. 281

specimens of eristatus in the silvery white of the forehead, chin, and throat,

and in the almost entire absence above of any tinge of rufous except on the

upper tail coverts. Length 7:1, wing 3°5, tarsus °95, bill at front 5 inches.

22. Graucatus Macer, Lin.

The collection contains five specimens of Graucalus, three of which

answer very closely to the characters of G. Macei or G. Javensis, being

indeed of intermediate size and thus affording a link between the Indian and

Javan birds which, according to Blyth, only differ in size. They have the

wings white underneath, and the outer tail feathers broadly tipped with

white. One specimen has the abdomen slightly barred, in the others it

is simply albescent.

Length. Wing. Tail. Bill from gape. Tarsus.

i inch, 662 inch. 5 inch. 1:58 inch, 11 inch.

ile iS BOYS! 6 512 =, 15 oe 1 6

The remaining two specimens I at at first thought might be the young

of the above ; but closer examination convinced me that they are adults in

full plumage belonging to a distinct species.

+ 23. Gravucatus DoBsont, n. sp.

So far as the literature available in Calcutta has enabled me to com-

pare this bird with the hitherto described species of this genus it appears

to be distinct. I at first supposed it might be striata, Bodd.=Nove-quinee,

Gmel. &c., but it differs in several particulars from Lesson’s description of

that species. The following is a description.

Above dark slatey, darkest on the head; wings and tail brownish-black,

primaries, secondaries and tertiaries lighter on the inner webs, faintly edged

with white on the outer; two outer rectrices on each side narrowly tipped

with dusky white; a black stripe from the lores round the eyes to the ear

coverts, thence faintly continued as a collar in one of the specimens. Un-

derneath white barred with black from chin to under tail-coverts inclusive ;

under wing-coverts similarly barred. Bill conspicuously smaller than in

G. Macer. Length, 10-2, wing, 6:2, tail, 5-4, bill from gape, 1:23, tarsus,

95 inch.

I have named the species after Dr. Dobson.

24. PrERICROCoTUS sPECIOSUS, Lath.—Gould, B. of Asia, pt. LX, pl. 4.

A good series of this bird has been brought. It includes several young

males with the transitional plumage. I have little doubt that P. Anda-

manensis, 'Vytler, is only P. speciosws in immature plumage. It is said to

have “the plumage of P. speciosus with more yellow or flame-colour min-

gled with the scarlet. It is also apparently smaller.” The amount of red

on the central tail feathers of this bird varies much in specimens from

various parts of India and Barma. Four out of five males in this collection

have the central tail feathers wholly black.

282 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

I have shot in Bengal and examined from other parts of India many

specimens of P. speciosws, none approach in size Gould’s figures which are

said to be life.

25. PERICROCOTUS PEREGRINUS, Linn.

Andaman specimens correspond with the darker plumaged variety of

this bird from Madras and Ceylon, from one of which Gould’s figure is taken,

I have not seen any description of P. flagrans, Boie apud Bonaparte,

from Borneo and Sumatra, possibly the southern form should be referred to

that species.

26. BucHanea (Dicrurvus) Anpamanensis, Tytler.

This is, I believe, a good species, somewhat resembling D. balicassius,*

but distinguished from that species by its large sharply keeled bill and hair-

like feathers, which spring from the nostril. The bill is more like that of

a Dissemurus than a Dicrurus ; so much is this the case that in a former

paper J. A. S. B., XXXIX, pt. IL, p. 241, I was inclined to refer a very

young bird of this species with the tail feathers only partly grown to the

former rather than to the latter genus. I have compared it with all the

specimens mentioned in Blyth’s Catalogue including edoliformis, but it is

certainly distinct from any of them.

Above and below black, with a greenish metallic gloss ; primaries brown,

fourth and fifth longest and equal, outer tail feathers with a slight curl up-

wards, under wing-coverts spotted with white lunules ; no rictal spot.

Length. Wing. Tail. Bill to gape. Tarsus.

116 5°5 6°75 1:25 °87 inch.

10°5 5°25 6: 1°25 *OUiaias

27. DisseMuRUS (Eponivus) arrinis, Tytler et Beavan.

The late Capt. Beavan, (Ibis, N. 8. III, p. 823) discussed the reasons

which led him to the conclusion that the Andaman bird is distinct ; since

that time much has been written on the subject, but the nomenclature of the

species is far from being in a satisfactory state. To start with, it is uncer-

tain whether the three following species should be regarded as really belong-

ing to three, two or one: H. Rangoonensis, Gould, H. Malayensis, Blyth,

LE. setifer, Temm.

Dr. Jerdon (B. of I. Vol. I, p. 488,) and Mr. Gray (Hand list, p. 287),

maintain that MMalayensis and setifer are identical; but Lord Walden

(Ihis, 3rd Series, I. p. 174), states that the Javan ZH. setifer is distinct from

Malayensis, and asks whether the latter is distinct from Rangoonensis ?

calling it the Barmese species. Mr. Blyth has stated (B. of I. Vol. I, p. 488),

that Rangoonensis is not from Barma but from the Philippines, and so far

* D, balicassivs, Linn,, was obtained at sea near the Nicobars, according to Blyth.

1872.] V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. 283

as I can see there is no authentic case of a non-crested specimen having

been obtained in Barma. There are certainly none in the Indian Museum.

Several specimens collected by Dr. Williams and now in that collection are

well crested and should be ranked as paradiseus according to Jerdon’s classi-

fication. From D. Rangoonensis, as described by Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, the

Andaman bird is distinguished by its larger bill and longer wing, if not by

other characters ; from D. MMalayensis ( = setifer ?) as represented in

the Indian Museum (As. Socy. Coll.) by its very much larger size. Other

doubtful species of non-crested Dissemurt are D. brachyphorus, Temm.,

apud Bonap., and D. singularis, Gray.

In the present Andaman collection there are three specimens which

have only a very slight trace of frontal crest, their measurements are :

Leneth to end of Wing. Billfrom gape. Tail. Outer T. feathers. Tarsus.

ordinary tail.

Sex? 12 imch. 62 inch. 1°45 inch. 62 inch. 1 inch.

zs A a sspnOT ais oy 15 LOLA 15. inch. ae ees

Sexch 1G 5 Oy 15 andl aa 17. Ks lees

28. Artramus LEUcoPYGIaALis, Gould, P. Z. S. Lon. 1842, p. 17.

Lord Walden, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 555, has identified the Andaman bird

with Gould’s Australian species. I have compared with it Gould’s plate and

can see no difference in the plumage, but the bill of the Andaman bird seems

larger.

Hum. Muscicarm®.

29. Mytacra TyttErRt, Beav.

Both Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1868, p. 182) and Dr. Jerdon (ibid. 1872, p. 122)

doubt the distinctness of the Andaman bird from the widely distributed JZ.

azurea, Bodd.; but chiefly, I, believe on the ground of that wide distribu-

tion. With the specimens, 2 ¢ and 2 2, now before me, and not having

been able to discover, in the Indian Museum, any specimens, or any publish-

ed description of Indian birds shewing the same departure from the typical

coloration, I am inclined to follow Capt. Beavan in his determination of the

Andaman bird as distinct.

I. Tyéleri, Beav., is said to “ differ conspicuously in entirely wanting

the black gorget on the throat of the male.” (Ibis, N. S. III, 1867, p. 324).

This character as suggested by an editorial footnote is only an individual

peculiarity. Inthe two males before me, the gorgets are distinctly marked ;

but the other specific characters, the brighter coloration of the upper parts

and the continuation of the blue of the breast to the abdomen which becomes

slightly paler towards the vent, serve to distinguish this bird, if not as a

species, at least as a well marked variety of WZ azwrea. The under tail

coverts are white with a sky-blue tinge. The female like the male has no

white on the abdomen ; wings and tail brown.

284. V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

Measurements in inches.

Wing. Tail. Bill. Tarsus,

é 2°9 27 i) 65

Q 2°8 2:7 “45 65

Ham. MeErvnip2z.

30. GErOocICHLA INNoTATA, Blyth.

One specimen. Length 7:2; wing 3°5; bill at front ‘7; tarsus 1-1—

inches.

Fam. BractypoDIpm.

31. Orocompsa gocosa, Linn.

The Andaman appears to be identical with the Indian species.

+ 32. BRACHYPODIUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Gmel. ?

One specimen in immature plumage may belong to this species. The

metallic feathers of the head have not appeared. 'The outer edges of the

primaries are yellowish green.

33. Irnena puEtLA, Lath. Vide Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 4 Ser.

Vol. V, 1870, p. 417.

The Andaman species of Jrena corresponds with that found in Southern

India (Travancore). It has the short tail coverts which, according to Lord

Walden, distinguish Irena puella from IL. cyanea and TL. turcosa. The collec-

tion contains males, females, and young males in transitional plumage.

Wing. Tail. Bill at front. Tarsus.

ae 5 inches, 4 inches. 9 inches. ‘75 inches.

£2 5 22 4 29 9 oy) 75 2

Young ¢ 4:9 mp 4, i 8 os 7 a

34. ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Linn. One specimen.

35. OrtoLus ANDAMANENSIS, Tytler.

In his last published remarks on this species (Ibis, IV, 1868, p. 132)

Mr. Blyth states his belief that the Andaman Oriole is distinct from Hors-

Jjieldi, Bonap.; previously having relinquished his original supposition

as to its identity with coronatws, Swaimson. He considers it to be “most

nearly akin to O. macrwrus of the Nicobars, but is rather smaller.” It is

distinguished from O. macrwrus not only in size but in the amount and dis-

tribution of the yellow on the wings and tail and black on the head. From

Chinensis, 15 may readily be distinguished by the black on the nape being

much narrower, Jndicus having it of intermediate size.

A specimen in full adult plumage, has the wings black save the extre-

mities of secondaries and tertiaries which are narrowly tipped with yellow,

‘ and a bar formed of yellow tips to the wing-coverts of the primaries.

The collection contains three specimens, and there are six in the old

collection which were described by Blyth. Dimensions of one; length 8°8 ;

wing 5°3; bill at front 1; tarsus ‘9; tail 3°35 inches.

1872.] V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. 285

Fam. SYLvIaDE.

36. CoOPSYCHUS SAULARIS, Linn.

Three specimens belonging to the Indian, not the Malaccan species (C.

Mindanensis). A fully grown male has the four outer rectrices on either side

white, this is a character according to Blyth, which distinguishes C. saularis

from both Windanensis and Ceylonensis.

37. KITTACINCLA ALBIVENTRIS, Blyth. Three specimens.

Measurements of g : length 7°8; wing 3°55; bill to gape -87 ; tarsus

9°5 inches.

38. ARUNDINAX oLIvAcEUS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. XIV, p.595. A.

edon Pallas ?

Three specimens of this not very well known bird. They correspond

very closely with Blyth’s original description and type specimens so far as the

faded condition of the plumage of the latter admits of comparison. In

dimensions, however, they are somewhat smaller :

Length. Wing. Tail. Bill at front. Tarsus,

A. 66 inch, 3:07 imeh. 3:1 inch. 55 inch. 1:03 inch.

B vs 3:13 ay 32 a 53 55 1°03 Fe

A, is the Andaman bird; B, a bird in the Museum labelled by Blyth.

The measurements of both are less than those given in Blyth’s original de-

scription and in the “ Birds of India,” II, p. 157. Another of Blyth’s speci-

mens on the same stand is larger than B, and more nearly corresponds with

the published measurements.

Ham. Corvin.

39. Denprocitta Bayer, Tytler, Ibis 1863, p. 119.

A good series of this bird.

Measurements in inches.

Length, Wing. Tail. Bill to gape. Tarsus.

é 12°2 46 72 1 1) ronelay,

Sex? I1°8 46 ae isi 1

> 22

In my previous paper J. A. S. B. XXXIX, p. 242, “ wing 23,” “was misprinted

for 43.”

Hum. S tURNIDA.

40. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS, Scop. = C. cantor,Gm. Vide Ibis, 8rd

Series, Vol. 1 1871, p. 176. _

The Andaman specimens (five), including both young and adults, appear

to be identical with the Indian species.

41. TemenucHus ANDAMANENSIS, Tytler.

The specimens in this collection (both ¢ and 2) go far to establish

Tytler’s opinion as to the distinctness of the Andaman bird from Z. erythro-

pygia, Blyth, from the Nicobars. None of them shew the slightest tendency

286 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

to rufescence on the rump, upper tail coverts, under tail-coverts or tail fea-

thers, as is so distinctly marked in the Nicobar birds.

I observe too, though I doubt its bemg a constant character, that the

bill of the Nicobar bird is somewhat more slender and less conical than in

the Andaman specimens.

$ Wing 4°3; tail 3:2; bill at front 1:1; tarsus 1 inch.

42. EvuntaBes AnDAMANENSIS, Tytler.

In my previous paper I simply confined myself to pointmg out

that the Andaman and Nicobar birds are identical, feeling that without a

larger series for comparison, and in the state of opinion on the subject of the

different races of Hulabes, my safest course was, to follow Lord Walden, who

has pronounced the Andaman bird to be a distinct and good species. Since

that time, Dr. Stoliczka has discussed the subject at lenoth (J. A.S. B.

XXXIX, pt. II, p. 826) and has been replied to by Lord Walden (Ibis, 3rd

Series, Vol. I, p. 177). Dr. Stoliczka believes the Nepal, Arracan, Anda-

man, Nicobar, Wellesley province and Malacca birds to be “ geographical

races of the same species” viz., H. Javanensis, Osbeck.

Lord Walden maintains not only the distinctness of imtermedia and

Andamanensis ; but from recent examination of specimens from Malacca ques-

tions their identity with the true Javanensis from Java.

I have before me two specimens from a dealer’s collection from “ the

Straits” which I take to belong to the large Malacca species generally

known as Javanensis. In these the bill is well curved and high ; the naked

space below the eye is quite disconnected with the wattles.

The Andaman and Nicobar specimens are smaller and have the bill

lower and straighter. The bare patch underneath the eye is not absolutely

disconnected from the wattles. So far as I can see the colour of the bill and

the size of the lappets are extremely variable in specimens from the same

locality. In my Nicobar specimen, the commencement of the wattles behind

the eye is broader than in either of the Andamanese, but in other respects,

the size and shape of the bill, feet &c., there is no perceptible difference.

Measurements in inches of a specimen in Dr. Dobson’s collection.

Wing 6:3 ; tail 3°25; bill from gape 1°5; tarsus. 1-4.

Fam. FRINGILLID®.

43. Munta teuconota, Tem.

Two specimens. Feathers not striated.

Fam. 'TRERONIDA.

44. OSMOTRERON CHLOROPTERA, Blyth.

This bird is said to be common, the collection contains only one speci-

men however. There are grave suspicions that the bird-skinner made the

1872. ] V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. 287

discovery,—and acted upon it pretty frequently—that like other green

pigeons, it is very good eating. Measurement in inches: wing 6°35, bill at

front °65, tail 4°25, tarsus °85.

45. CARPOPHAGA SYLVATICA, Tickell.

The identity of Andaman with Indian specimens of this bird has been

fully established. The collection contains three specimens.

Han. CoLuMBIDz.

46. TourtTuUR HUMILIS, Temm.

One specimen. The upper parts are of a rather deeper tint than in

most Indian specimens.

47, Macropyeis RUFIPENNIS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. XV, p. 3871.

Three specimens, two of which, marked ¢, have the rufous of the

neck, upper part of the back, breast and abdomen barred with dark brown

shghtly undulating lines, which are close and distinct to the breast ; thence

to the vent they are wider apart, broken and fainter.

In a fourth specimen which is somewhat smaller, and may be either a

young bird or the female, the bars are confined to the back of the neck, and

the rufous of the wing coverts, edges of the wings, throat and abdomen is

of a deeper tint approaching to bay.

Mr. Blyth in his original description has pointed out the characters

which distinguish this species,—the smaller size, and rufous underneath the”

wings—from I. phasianella, Gould.

The following are the dimensions of a male: length 14°15; wing 75;

bill at front °6; tarsus ‘9 inch.

Fan. GovuRIDz.

48. CHatcopHars Inpicus, Linn.

Three specimens. Mr Blyth observes (Ibis, N. 8. IV, 1868, p. 138) :

“I could perceive no difference between Andaman specimens and those from

India and Barma, whereas the Nicobar race accords with the description of

C. augusta, Bp. [| Comptes rendus, 1855].”

Ham. GUAREOLIDZA.

+ 49. GLAREOLA oRTENTALIS, Leach.

The collection contains two specimens which correspond exactly with

specimens in the Indian Museum from the vicinity of Calcutta (Blyth’s Ca-

talogue, No. 1548).

Foum. CHARADRIDS.

¥ 50. CHARADRIUS LoNGIPES, Temm.

Two specimens shot in May. In one the black of the summer plumage

is beginning to appear.

9288 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

+ 51. Merri cHorrroyi, Wagler.

Two specimens shot in May, have the winter plumage as described and

figured by Mr. J. E. Harting (Ibis, 1870, p. 379) :

Length, Wing. Bill at front, Tarsus.

8:3 54 1 1'4 inch.

$1 5°3 1 14 4

Col. Tytler says that he only obtained a distant view of the bird which

is enumerated in Beavan’s list as 4. pyrrhothorax ( = 44. mongolicus

apud Harting), so that it is not improbable that it was this species which

he saw. It may have been this species too, which I observed in the Nico-

bars.

+ 52. EupRromras vEREDUs, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 38, B. of Aus-

tralia, VI, pl. 14. Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 209.

Mr. Harting’s paper loc. ce. enables a specimen in winter plumage to be

identified with certainty. Length 8:2; wing 64; bill ‘9; tarsus 1:8; un-

covered portion of tibia ‘9 inches.

Hum. ScoLoPactp®.

53. NumeEntus pHmopus, Linn.

One specimen in the collection. The bird is said to be common in the

clearings and cultivated grounds. It is enumerated in Blyth’s list of Anda-

man birds but not in Beavan’s.

It was obtained in the Nicobars by the Novara expedition, and also by

myself; J. A. 8. B. XXXIX, pt. II, p. 33.

+ 54. ACTITIS GLAREOLA, Gmel.

7 55. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS, Linn.

One specimen of each of the above.

Fam. Rawirmz.

56. Huryzona Canniner, Tytler, Ibis, 1863, p. 119.

This collection contains one specimen of the above rail which was first

described by Tytler and Blyth in the Ibis.

Mr. Wood Mason says the bird is rather common in the grass bordering

creeks. The specimen was shot near Hopetown.

Measurement: wing 63 ; tail 8:3; bill at front 1:1; tarsus 2 inches.

+ 57. RALLUS sTRIATUS, Linn. ?P

This bird differs from #. striatus, as represented in the Indian Museum

(Blyth’s Catalogue, No. 1671), in its longer and more powerful bill and in

the abrupt termination of the rufous of the head and back of the neck,

which in ordinary specimens is continued for some distance along the sides

of the bluish grey of the breast. In other respects it corresponds with the

common Indian bird. Wing 5°15; bill at front 1:7; tarsus 1:55 inches.

1872.] VY. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. 289

Should specimens obtained hereafter shew that the above characters are

constant, it may be then determined whether the Andaman bird must be

regarded as belonging to a distinct race.

The present specimen was received from Mr. Homfray.

Fam, ARDEIDE.

+ 58. ARDEA PURPUREA, Linn.

Two specimens in immature plumage.

+ 59. HeRoDIAS EGRETOIDES, Temm.

One specimen which differs slightly in measurements from those given

by Jerdon: wing 112, bill at front 2°9, tarsus 4:4, middle claw 3°5

inches. The bill is yellow with a brown tip to the upper mandible.

Col. Tytler mentions having identified H. garzetta in the Andamans.

60. Herropras conconor, Blyth. H. Andamanensis Tytler.

Col. Tytler (Ibis, N. S., ITI, 1867, p. 333) proposed for the Andaman

bird a new name in consequence of “the young being black ab ovo, whereas

those of the species for which it has been mistaken are white ;” to which Mr.

Blyth replied (Ibis, N. S., 1V, 133) “ H. Andamanensis is decidedly identical

with H. concolor of which I never saw a white example. It also inhabits

the Nicobars and Arakan.”

IT have carefully compared all the specimens available from the three

localities and the only difference which I can discern, is that the Andaman

birds are on the whole a little smaller, but one of the Nicobar birds is about

the same size as the largest Andaman.

Measurements in inches.

Arana] NICOBARS, ANDAMANS.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

faa} : ‘

a & 2

ea ba et bases zs =

eae ere el

cea Sa NS eI

- ure) wre

= e a BR oe Bb

os 5 5 a a a

eels) se

=| || SS ea a s) a oS

Wing, seoeresseeeeee--| 11-4 | 11:1 | 10°75) 105 | 105 | 98 | 9:8 |9-62—9-75

Bill at front, ......... 34 33 3'5 3° 32 38 3 3

JWR STIIS, conee.o6occy 00006 3 2°8 3° 28 27 2°4 26 | 2°25—2°37

290 V. Ball—Wotes on Andaman Birds. [No. 4,

The white on chin and throat exists in Nos. 2, 5,6, 7 and 8? Nos.

1, 3 and 4 have no trace of it.

61. Burormers Javanica, Horsf.

Two specimens are conspicuously smaller than any of a good series of

Indian birds with which I have compared them; but correspond closely in

coloration and other details of plumage. ¢ Wing 65; bill at front 2°4;

tarsus 1:65 inches. .

Hum. ANATIDE,

+ 62. ? MareEca PuncTaTa, Cuv. Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. VII,

pl. 11. JL. castanea, Kyton.

What Col. Tytler’s Querquedula Andamanensis may be I am unable

to say, as it has not been described, and the original specimen appears to have

been lost. Prima facie it is improbable that a local species of Querquedula

exists in the islands. Be that as it may, the present collection contains

specimens of what is commonly known as the ‘ teal’ of the Andamans to the

residents there. Except that they have a patch of white surrounding the

eye and that the plumage of the head is somewhat -darker, they correspond

very closely with Gould’s figure of MJareca punctata, Cuv. From his

description it is evident that the plate exaggerates the bluish tinge of the

velvet black speculum.

Two of the specimens shew an incipient stage towards the full breeding

plumage of the male, scattered patches of bright ferruginous or chesnut ap-

pearing on the feathers of the breast and abdomen.

The occurrence of this species in the Andamans would be very interest-

ing. It has previously only been found in Australia, Van Diemen’s Land,

the Moluccas and New Caledonia.

Note.—While the preceding pages were passing through the press the sad news

of the death of Col. Tytler at Simla reached us. His name, so frequently mentioned

above, will ever be inseparably connected with the avifauna of the Andaman Islands.

DD III ews

1872.] 291

New Barmese Prants,* (Part Frrst),—by S. Kurz, Esq.

DILLENIACEA.

1. Dioventa prnosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 652, non Ham.

Arbor decidua magna ; folia adulta oblongo-obovata v. elliptico-oblonga,

basi attenuata, obtusa v. rotundata, brevissime (2—38 lin.) petiolata, acuta

v. obtusa, obsolete repando-dentata, 1O—12 poll. longa, supra glabra, subtus

secus nervos Magis minusve pubescentia, juniora herbacea utrinque sparse

pubescentia et petiolo foliaceo-alato subamplexicaulia ; flores aurei, 2—23

poll. in diametro, solitarii ex apice ramulorum verruciformium, pedunculis

e. pollicaribus pubescentibus suffulti ; series imterior staminum exteriori

duplo longior; styli et carpella 6; carpella matura calyce aucto aurantiaco

tomentello carnoso globoso circa pollicem crasso inclusa— Andamans.

ANONACEA.

2. Murrusa scirerocarpa, (Uvaria sclerocarpa, DC. Mém. 27).

Arbor decidua, 40—50 pedalis, novellis tenuiter adpresse sericeis ; folia

elliptico-oblonga ad oblonga, breviuscule petiolata, basi acuta, apiculata,

chartacea, glabra; flores flavidi, dioici, 7—8 lin. longi, pedicellis brevibus

gracilibus pubescentibus sustenti, fasciculos depauperatos brevissime pedun-

culatos axillares efformantes ; sepala lineari-lanceolata, brevia, fulvo-tomen-

tosa ; petala exteriora sepalis conformia sed paullo longiora ; petala interiora

7—S lin. longa, lanceolata, obtusa, extus puberula, intus canescenti tomen-

tosa ; stamina numerosa, in toro subgloboso dense aggregata ; flores feminei

(cf. Hf. et Th. Fl. Ind.).—artaban, Tenasserim.

MENISPERMACEA.

3. MeELoDORUM (PYRAMIDANTHE) MACRANTHUM, nov. sp.

Arbuscula 15—20 pedalis glabra gemmis fulvo-velutinis ; folia oblonga

v. elliptico-oblonga, crasse et breviuscule petiolata, basi acuta, 6—7 poll.

longa, brevius v. longius acuminata ; membranacea, glabra, nervis lateralibus

arcuato-anastomosantibus, laxissime reticulata, utrinque pallide viridia;

flores albi, speciosi, pedunculo pollicari puberulo suffulti, solitarii et late-

rales ; sepala patentia, lato-ovata, 5—6 lin. longa, obtusiuscula, elabra,

coriacea ; petala alba flavescentia, exteriora lineari-lanceolata, sub-5-polli-

* Further particulars regarding stations, affinity of species, &c., will be given

in my forthcoming Contributions towards a knowledge of the Barmese Flora, which I

hope to have ready for publication as soon as the acquittal of other engagements allow

me the necessary leisure for arranging and preparing the large materials already

worked up.

292 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

earia, acuminata, basi paullulo attenuata glabra, interiora brevia, pollicem

circiter longa, conniventia, lanceolata, obtusa, extus puberula glabrescentia,

intus minute villosula; carpella oblique oblonga, stylo subrecurvo ovario

ipso longiore terminata ; stamina numerosa, linearia; connectivum capita-

tum.—Andamans.

4, 'TINOSPORA NUDIFLORA, (Cocculus nudiflorus, Griff. Not. Dicot. 307).

Frutex scandens deciduus, caulibus sparse tuberculatis junioribus dense

subalbido-pubescentibus ; folia adulta ignota, novella petiolis longis pubes-

centibus instructa, ovato-oblonga, basi sinuato-rotundata, breviter acumi-

nata, subtus molliter et subalbido-pubescentia ; flores feminei brunneo-lutei,

solitarii, graciliter pedicellati bracteati racemos 3—4 poliicares glaberrimos

in axillos foliorum delapsorum solitarios formantes ; bracteole subulate,

parve ; sepala 6, exteriora parva reflexa, interiora magna recurva ; petala

6, ochraceo-lutea ; staminodia totidem setacea petalis opposita ; ovaria 3,

toro semigloboso inserta; drupz cerasi majoris magnitudine v. majores

aurantiaco-lutez, leves et lucid, putamen 5—6 lin. long., album, carinatum,

leviusculum nee tuberculatum, endocarpo hmpido aquoso nidulans.—Pegu,

Martaban, Tenasserim.

CAPPARIDEZ.

5. CRATHVA HYGROPHILA, nov. sp.

Frutex 2—3 pedalis simplex v. 4—6 pedalis, parce ramosus, glaberri-

mus, cortice brunneo leucosticto ; folia eadem ac in C. religiosa ; flores

solitarii axillares, parvuli ? ; baccz 1—2 pollicares, oblongo-cylindrice,

longe (1—2 poll.) stipitate, leves, brunnex, leucostictee.—Pequ.

POLYGALEA.

6. SALOMONIA LONGICILIATA, nov. sp.

Herbula annua ramosa, alis membraneis secus ramos ramulosque et

foliorum marginibus longe albido-ciliatis, ceterum glaberrima ; folia vulgo

obovata, raro ovalia, semipollicem circiter longa, basi in petiolum brevissi-

mum attenuata, superiora sepius sessilia, obtusa et mucronulata, membrana-

cea, 3-nervia, ciliata; flores minuti, purpurei, longius v. brevius spicati,

spicis terminalibus et szpius lateralibus; bracteolee minute, subulatze, se-

pius persistentes ; capsule transverse oblongz, compresse, leves (nec reti-

culate), lato truncato-emarginate, lateribus dentibus subulatis biseriatis

cristatee, sursum ad sinum nude ; semina nigra, nitentia.—Pegu.

7. PotycGata KaARENSIUM, nov. sp.

Fruticulus vulgo 2—3 pedalis glaberrimus ; folia lanceolata ad lato-

lanceolata, 4—8 poll. longa, basi in petiolum longiusculum attenuata,

acuminata, membranacea, glabra, subtus glauca; flores majusculi, 6—7 lin.

longi, albidi, apicibus lilacinis, breve et graciliter pedicellati, racemosi,

secundi; racemi terminales et axillares, glabri, 2—3 poll. longi, foliis bre-

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 293

viores; alz carina paullo breviores, obovato-lanceolate, obtuse; carina

petalis interioribus duplo longior, cristata; crista biloba lobis multifidis ;

capsule parvee, c. 2 lin. longe et late, rotundate, membranacee, ala duplici

lat& apice profunde emarginata cinctz, glabre ; semina obovata, sericea,

earunculo brevissimo albo suffulta.— Wartaban.

8. PoLYGALA CARDIOCARPA, nov. sp.

Herbula debilis glabra, habitu P. glaucescentis, cauli a basi vulgo

efoliato apicem versus ramoso; folia 13;—2 poll. longa, ovata v. oblongo-

lanceolata, basi acuta v. acuminata et subdecurrentia, longiuscule petiolata,

acuta, tenere membranacea, flaccidissima, glabra, subtus glauca; flores

parvi, racemosi; racemi axillares et terminales, graciles ; capsule brevissime

sed gracillime pedicellatz, chartacez, ovales, validinerves, ala duplici lata

apicibus valde producta et profunde emarginata quasi formam obcordatam

assumentes.— Tenasserim.

HYPERICINE.

9. TRIDEYMIS PRUNIFLORA, nov. sp.

Arbuseula 25—80 pedalis, decidua, trunco ramulis spiniformibus

armato, novellis tomentellis; folia lineari- ad lanceolato-oblonga, juniora

obovato-oblonga v. oblonga, 4—5 poll. longa, breve et graciliter petiolata

(petiolo tomentoso), basi obtusa v. acuta et nonnunquam subinequalia,

chartacea, supra asperiuscule tomentella, subtus tomentella et crasse reti-

eulata ; flores pulcherrimi, hlacini; pedicelli 83—4 lin. longi, tomentosi,

3—5-ni fasciculati v. subcymosi, supra foliorum cicatricibus orientes ;

sepala fulvescenti tomentosa; petala fimbriata, glandule oblonge, teretes,

obtuse ; phalanges plane, basin versus latiuscule, filamentis supra medio

liberis ; capsule oblonge, acute. (Cratoxylon prunifiorum, Kurz, MS.

olim).—Barma.

10. CRATOXYLON NERIIFOLIUM, n. sp.

Arbor decidua, 40—50 pedalis, glaberrima ; folia lanceolata v. elliptico-

lanceolata, c. 4 poll. longa, brevissime petiolata v. subsessilia, basi sub-sagit-

tata, glabra, acuta v. obtusiuscula, subtus pallida et distincte reticulata ;

flores parvi, pedicellis brevissimis, 8—2-ni cymosi, pedunculi breves com-

pressi terminales et vulgo in paniculam longiusculam glabram collecti ;

sepala oblonga, obtusa, coriacea, glabra ; petala c. 3—4 lin. longa, rotunda-

ta; phalanges plane, filamentis a medio liberis ; glandule hypogyne ovarii

longitudine, carnose, clavate, obtuse; capsule sepalis paullo longiores,

ovatee.—Chittagong, Pegu, Se.

GUTTIFERA.

11. GARCINIA SUCCIFOLIA, nov. sp.

Arbor 30—85 pedalis, glaberrima ; folia lanceolata ad oblongo-lanceo-

lata, c. 2—4 poll. longa, breviuscule sed gracillime petiolata, basi acuta,

294 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

carnescente-herbacea (succo salino acido), vulgo acuta, glabra, nervis subtili-

bus secus margines anastomosantibus ; flores albidi, parvi, solitarii v. terni,

2—8 lin. in diametro, breve crasseque pedicellata, terminales v. axillares ;

flores mase.: sepala 2 interiora petalis majora et tenuiora, nervosa ; stamina

numerosa, antheris oblongis marginatis planis 2-locularibus, in phalange erect

brevi (lobata P) subsessilibus; fl. fem. et fruct. ignoti—Pegu, Martaban.

TILIACHAE.

12. GREWIA RETUSIFOLIA, nov. sp.

Frutex 3—4 pedalis, velutino-tomentosus ; folia obovata v. subobcor-

- data,v. obcordato-ovalia, 2—8 poll. longa, brevissime petiolata, profunde retusa

cum denticulo, argute duplicato-serrata, subcoriacea, supra minute et scabriu-

scule tomentella, subtus dense canescenti v. flavescenti tomentosa ; flores ......

pedunculi breves, solitarii, axillares, hirsuti; torus brevis, dense hirsutus ;

drupz rubicunde, sparse hirsute, glabrescentes, pisi magnitudine, 2—lobze

lobis pyrenam solitariam 2—locularem includentibus.— Pegu.

13. ELmOCARPUS GRANDIFOLIUS, nov. sp.

Arbor novellis fulvo v. ferrugineo-tomentosis ; folia largissima, 1—1+

pedes longa, obovato-oblonga v. ovalia, petiolis crassissimis 4—6 lin. longis

tomentosis suffulta, basin versus subattenuata et seepius subdecurrentia v.

rotundata, membranacea, acute v. breve acuminata, minute et remote ser-

rato-dentata, subtus presertim secus nervos pilosula, supra glabra et

subnitentia ; flores majores, pedicellis 3—1 poll. fulvo-tomentosis, in racemos

fulvo- v. ferrugineo tomentosos collecti; sepala lineari-lanceolata, ferrugineo-

tomentosa, semipollicaria ; petala paullo longiora, extus ferrugineo-pubes-

centia, bifida, lobis fimbriato-fissis ; antheree numerose, graciles, filamentis

longiores in aristam anthere loculorum longitudine desinentes ; ovarium

dense pubescens ; drupz pollicares, compressiuscule oblonge, fulvo-puber-

ule ; putamen compressiusculum, rugosum.—Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim.

LINEA.

14. ErytHroxyLon KUNTHIANUM, nov. sp.

Arbor glabra ; folia 8—4 poll. longa, oblongo-lanceolata, basi obtusa,

breve et graciliter petiolata, breve et obtuse acuminata, raro obtusa,

integra, chartacea, subtus, glauca; stipule subulate ; flores parvi, albi,

pedicellis 6 lin. longis sursum incrassatis suffulti, vulgo bini in foliorum axillis

v. supra cicatricibus petiolorum delapsorum ; petala oblonga, ligula magna

bifida ; stamina alternatim breviora, filamenta basibus latis cum staminum

tubo coherentia ; ovarium ovatum ; styli 8, breves et crassi, a basi liberi ;

drupz monosperme, elliptico-ovales—Martaban.

1872.] S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. 295

RUTACEAL.

15. ATALANTIA LONGISPINA, NOV. sp.

Arbuscula spinis 1—1} pollicaribus rectissimis cylindricis horride ar-

mata, glaberrima ; folia elliptica v. elliptico-oblonga, petiolis glabris 2—3

lin. longis imarticulatis, 8—4 poll. longa, acuta v. obtusa, glabra ; flores

solitari v. bini in foliorum axillis, parvi, brevissime pedicellati (pedicellis

glabris) ; calyx glaber, 5—dentatus ; ovarium verosimiliter glabrum, 3—an-

gulare, in stylum brevem attenuatum ; bacce (immature) pruni magni-

tudine, ovate, acuminate, toro brevi suffultee—Pegu, Martaban.

OCHNACBHAK.

16. OcHna ANDAMANICA, nov. sp.

Arbuseula decidua, glaberrima ; folia oblonga, v. elliptico-lanceolata,

e. 4—5 poll. longa, brevi-petiolata, acuta et mucronata, setaceo- v. subti-

liter serrulata, chartacea, supra nitentia ; flores speciosi, aurei, pedicellis

eracilibus breviusculis demum elongatis articulatis ; pedunculi brevissimi

simplices in ramulis lateralibus efoliatis terminales ; filamenta antherarum

longitudine vy. paullum longiora ; petala 5, sepalis paullo longiora, obovata,

in unguem latam sensim attenuata ; calycis fructigeri sepala omnia erecto-

conniventia ; styli apice omnes liberi et patentes.— Andamans.

17. OCHNA FRUTICULOSA, nov. sp.

Frutex pygmaeus, 1—3 pedalis, glaberrimus, deciduus 3 folia vulgd

euneato-oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, cire. 4—5 poll. longa, acuminata,

acuta v. sub-obtusa, basi in petiolum brevissimum attenuata, chartacea, ar-

eute serrata ; flores speciosi, aurei, pedicellis longioribus v. brevioribus sup-

portati ; pedunculi omnino reducti v. breves simplices s. ramosi ; petala

5, obovata, unguiculata ; filamenta antherarum longitudine ; stylus sepa-

lorum longitudine v. paullo longior, gracillimus, filiformis ; stigma minutum,

truncatum ; calycis fructigeri sepala erecto-conniventia.— Pequ.

BURSERACEA.

18. CANARIUM EUPHYLLUM, Kurz Gn Andam. Rep. Append, B. 4).

Arbor magna, glabra ; folia 2—38 ped. longa, impari-pmnata, glabra ;

foliola 9—10 poll. longa opposita pinnulis inferioribus minoribus, oblonga v.

ovato-oblonga, basi oblique rotundata, abrupte apiculata, longiuscule petio-

lulata, chartacea, serrulata, nitentia, glabra, inter nervos utrinque 12—9

laterales valde reticulata ; stipule nulle ?; flores majusculi, albi, breve et

distanter racemulosi, in paniculam 13 ped. longam axillarem glaberrimam

collecti ; calyx 83—fidus, lobis latis obtusiusculis ; petala 3, lanceolata, acuta,

crassiuscula, } poll. circiter longa, extus tomentella ; glandule hypogyne

6, ellipticee, obtuse, geminatim coherentes, lute ; stamina 6, filamentis

basi coherentibus ; stylus simplex ; drupze....— Andamans.

296 S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

19. CANARIUM P COCCINEO-BRACTEATUM, (Kurz in Andam. Rep. Ap-

pendix B. 4). ‘

Arbor mediocris, novellis fulvo velutinis ; folia impari-pinnata, 1—2

ped. longa, glabra ; foliola 3—4-juga, 5—7 poll. longa, opposita, breviuseule

petiolulata, oblonga v. ovato-oblonga, basi inzequali-obtusa, in eademque ar-

bore integerrima et setaceo-serrulata, acuminata, sub-coriacea, glabra, sub-

tus inter nervos utrinque 10 laterales laxe reticulata, stipule majuscule,

profunde bifide et iterato fisse, segmentis rigidis grosse dentatis pube-

rulis ; flores (in alabastro) paniculas axillares coccineas tomentellas termi-

nales efficientes ; bracteee oblongx, acute, tomentelle, coccines.—Anda-

MUONS.

MELIACEA.

20. ScHIZOCHITON GRANDIFLORUM, nov. sp.

Arbor mediocris novellis velutino-tomentosis v. pubescentibus ; folia

alterna, abrupte pinnata, raro impari-pinnata, rhachide dense fulvescenti-

tomentosa ; foliola 4—6-juga, hine inde cum impari, opposita v. subopposita,

breve crasseque petiolulata, oblonga v. oblongo-lanceolata, breve acuminata,

integra v. subintegra, 6—10 poll. longa, supra (nervis exceptis) glabres-

centia, subtus molliter pubescentia ; flores mediocres, c. 6 lin. longi, sub-

sessiles et bracteolis lato-oblongis dense fulvo-pubescentibus sustenti, race-

mulosi, paniculas longe pedunculatas graciles dense fulvo-tomentosas axillares

formantes ; calyx campanulatus, dense pubescens, obsolete 4—dentatus ;

petala (teste Wight et Arn. sepe 6) apicibus imbricata, cire. 6 lin. longa,

dense pubescentia ; staminum tubus basin versus petalis adnatus, parce

pubescens, apice crenato 6—7-lobatus, lobis truncatis oblongis et integris ;

anthere 6 v. 7; ovarium stylusque fulvo-pubescentes; capsule 3-lobze

et pyriformes, cire. 17 poll. long, pericarpio crasse coriaceo lutescente,

3—valves ; semina solitaria, magna, arillo completo aurantiaco.—l/artaban,

Tenasservm.

21. WALSURA HYPOLEUCA, nov. sp.

Arbor mediocris novellis minute puberulis ; folia impari-pinnata, gla-

berrima, rhachide levi v. sparse lenticellata ; foliola bijuga cum impari,

petiolulis 1—(terminalibus 2—23-) poll. longis glabris, elliptico ad oblongo-

lanceolata, 6—8 poll. longa, basi obtusa v. acuta, chartacea, glabra, obtusius-

cule et breve v. longiuscule acuminata, subtus glauca, inter reticulationes

leevia (nec albido-tessellata) ; flores parviusculi, albi, pedicellis 1—2 lin. lon-

gis puberulis suffulti paniculam corymbosam sessilem v. subsessilem puberu-

Jam axillarem formantes ; calyx puberulus, lobis oblongis obtusiusculis ; pe-

tala 5, hime inde ad 8 augmentata, lineari-lanceolata, acuta, puberula, 2 lin.

fere longa ; stamina 10, nonnunquam usque ad 15, omnia libera ; filamenta

linearia, zequilata, antheris multo angustiora, integra, villosa; discus cras-

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 297

sus, ruber ; ovarium immersum, dense fulvo-tomentosum ; bacce immature

canescenti-velutine, oblong, acuminate.— Andamans.

22. Watsura (HEYNEA) PUBESCENS, nov. sp.

Arbuseula gracilis, 25—30 pedalis, novellis molli-pubescentibus ; folia

impari-pinnata, rachide terete pubescente ; foliola 4-juga cum impari, bre-

vius v. longius petiolulata (petiolulis pubescentibus), ovato-oblonga v. oblon-

ga, basi nonnunquam parum inzquali acuta v. rotundata, 8—5 poll. longa,

breve acuminata, integra et vulgo undulata, membranacea, subtus molliter

flavescenti pubescentia ; flores parvi, albi, pedicellis brevibus pubescentibus

sustenti, paniculam longe pedunculatam corymbosam brachiatam axillarem

formantes ; calyx pubescens ; petala cire. lin. longa, extus pubescentia ; sta-

minum tubus fere a medio liber, filamentis latis, glaberrimtis, apice bifidis ;

capsule cerasi minimi magnitudine, globose v. ovoider, glabra, rubre,

bivalves, semen unicum arillo (albo ?) indutum foventes.—Martaban.

23. CEDRELA MULTIJUGA, nov. sp.

Arbor elegans, 70—90 pedalis, novellis minute fulvescenti-puberis ; folia

usque ad 3 ped. longa, impari-pinnata, petiolis teretibus junioribus pube-

rulis ; foliola 12—15 juga cum impari, alterna, petiolulis 2—3 lin. puberulis

suffulta, ovato-lanceolata ad lanceolata, subobliqua, basi ineequali rotundata,

5—6 poll. longa, acuminata, membranacea, integra ; flores parvi, albi, pedi-

cellis semi-lineam longis suffulti, paniculam strictam glabram racemose-con-

tractam formantes ; petala et sepala 5, urceolato-convergentia, oblongo-

lanceolata, acutiuscula, hee 13—2 lin. longa, minute ciliolata; stamina 10,

libera ; ovarium 10-suleatum.—Pegu.

CHAILLETIACEA.

24, CH, HELFERIANA, nov. sp.

Frutex scandens ? novellis flavescenti—— v. canescenti-puberulis ; folia

elliptico-oblonga vy. oblonga, petiolis 83—4: lin. longis canescenti-tomentosis,

breve acuminata, basi acuta v. obtusa, integra, pergamacea preesertim dum

juvenilia subtus secus costam marginesque adpresse pubescentia, nervis late-

ralibus tenuibus et inconspicuis ; flores parvi, pedicellis brevibus et canes-

centi-pubescentibus, in cymulas v. corymbos parvos axillares canescenti-

pubescentes pedunculo $-# pollicari crasso libero supportatos collecti ; sepala

petalaq 2 extus sericea.—TZenasserim,

OLACINEA.

25. ANACALOSA PUBERULA, nov. sp.

Frutex magnus, glaber ; folia 6—5 poll. longa, breve petiolata, oblonga

ad ovato- et elliptico-oblonga, acuminata, basi acuta, integra, coriacea, glabra ;

flores parvi, pedicellis brevibus strictis puberulis, e pedunculo conico v. glo-

boso brevi crasso minute bracteato orientes ; calyx fulvescenti-puberulus ;

drupe....—dAndamans.

298 S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

26. CANSJERA PARVIFOLIA, nov. sp,

Partes novell, folia et inflorescentiz pilis furcatis tomentelle v. pu-

berulz ; folia vulgo pollice breviora, ovata, basi rotundata v. obtusa, coria-

cea, emarginata v. obtusa, integra, utrinque petiolusque brevis tomentella ;

flores parvi, sessiles, calyce magis distincto, spicas breves axillares formantes ;

corolla puberula— Zenasserim.

27. STEMONURUS TOMENTELLUS, nov. sp.

Ramuli, petioli et inflorescentie fulvescenti-tomentelle ; folia 6—7

poll. longa, longiuscule et graciliter petiolata, oblongo— v. elliptico-lanceo-

lata, abrupte et obtusiuscule acuminata, basi acuta, subcoriacea, integra,

subtus puberula; flores parvi, sessiles, ecymas 3—4-tomas, dense tomen-

tosas, longiuscule pedunculatas axillares formantes ; calyx hirsutus; corolla

glabra ; filamenta sursum elevata.—Barma.

28. STEMONURUS ? CRASSIPES, nov. sp.

Arbuscula 25—80 pedalis, glaberrima ; folia 5—7 poll. longa, lanceo-

lata ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi acuminata, petiolo 4—5 lin. crasso sufful-

ta, obtusiuscula, pergamacea, glabra, opaca, subtus obscure colorata ; flo-

res parvi, pedicellis lin. longis, in cymas brevissimas (petioli longitudime)

glabras paucifloras axillares collecti; calyx coriaceus, cupularis, obsolete

dentatus ; drupze immature obovate, pedunculo crassissimo 2—3 lin. lon-

go sustente, apice truncato disco prominenter acuminato terminatze, basi

calycis limbo rupto angusto circumdate.—Pequ.

29. Apopytes AnDAMANICA, Kurz in Andam. Rep. Append. B. 5.

Arbuscula glabra gemmis sparse puberulis ; folia 7—8 poll. longa,

breviuscule petiolata, elliptico-oblonga v. oblonga, acuminata, basi obtusa v.

acuta et sepius sub-obliqua, coriacea, glabra, opaca; flores parvi, subsessiles

eymas breve et crasse pedunculatas densas puberulas axillares formantes ;

calyx puberulus, obsolete 5- raro 6-dentatus ; petala extus puberula, lanceo-

lata, apicibus acutis incurva; stylus brevis vix excentricus ; drupz semi-

baccatee, pollicem circiter long ; nux lignoso-fibrosus, ovato-oblongus, plano-

convexus et subnavicularis, acumine inflexo terminatus, appendice crasso

carnoso albo nucis superficiem totam planam obtegente ; semina elliptica,

compressa.—Andamans.

30. SaRrcostigéMA EDULE, (Chailletia edulis, Kurz in And. Rep. App.

B. 6).

Frutex scandens, glaber; folia elliptica ad oblonga, breviuscule petiolata,

basi obtusa, coriacea, obtusiuscule apiculata, integra, glabra, utrinque erasse

et eleganter reticulata; racemi ferrugineo-tomentosi ; drupz inzequali-ob-

lonewe, compressiuscule, obtuse, aurantiacee, dense tomentelle, pulpa tenui

dulciusculo edibiliimAndamans.

31. Yoprs BRANDISH, nov. sp.

Frutex scandens tomentellus ; folia 6 poll. longa, elliptico-oblonga, basi

1872.] S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. ; 299

obtusa, petiolis longiusculis gracilibus tomentosis, acuminata et costa excur-

rente mucronata, integra, membranacea, subtus inter nervos prominenter et

laxe reticulata, supra secus nervos subtusque tota pagina tenui-tomentosa et

viridia ; flores minuti, tomentosi, pedicellis brevibus sed gracilibus, paniculas

laxas tomentosas geminas sub-oppositifolias formantes ; panicula una alterave

Vy. ejusdem ramulus in cirrhum tortuosum transmutatus ; fructus....—TZenas-

serum.

ILICINEAE.

32. ILEX GAULTHERLEFOLIA, nov. sp.

Frutex glaber ; folia lineari-lanceolata, basin versus attenuata v. cu-

neata, breve crasseque petiolata, acuta, 3—3% poll. longa, coriacea, serrata,

nervis subtus conspicuis, glabra; flores minuti, pedicellis glabris gracilibus,

eymas breves graciles axillares petiolorum longitudine formantes ; calyx 5-

lobatus, lobis lato-oblongis, obtusiusculis ; petala rotundata; stamina 5,

filamentis gracilibus, cum petalis alternantibus ; drup....—TZenasserim.

CHLASTRINEAE.

33. EVONYMUS CALOCARPUS, NOV. sp.

Frutex ? glaber, ramulis teretibus ; folia textura et coloratione tis gene-

ris Miecrotropis simillima, elliptica v. oblongo-lanceolata, petiolis 3—4 lin. Ion-

gis, breve et obtusiuscule acuminata, integra, subcoriacea, 4-6 poll. longa,

subtus pallida ; flores... ; capsule cerasi fere magnitudine, pedunculo elabro

brevi suffultze v. subsessiles, vulgo obsolete 4-lobze et 4-valves, leves ;

semina in loculis solitaria arillo rubescente induta.— TZenasserim.

34. KyonyMUS (GLYPTOPETALUM) SCLEROCARPUM, nov. sp.

Arbuscula 8—12 pedals cortice rubra, glaberrima; folia oblonga ad

elliptico-lanceolata, petiolis 83—4 lin. longis crassis, basi acuminata, 6—S8

poll. longa, coriacea, serrata, acuminata ; flores virescenti-purpurei, pedicellis

longis gracilibus instructi, cymas pedunculatas laxas glabras solitarias v. per

plures in foliorum axillis v. supra eorum delapsorum cicatricibus orientes

formantes ; sepala alba, lato-orbicularia ; petala suborbicularia, concava, extus

viridia, intus virescenti-purpurea exappendiculata ; stamina 4; antherze in

disco lato obsolete 4-gono subsessiles ; stigma sessile, obsolete 4-gonum :

capsule subglobose v. bilobz, pisi majoris magnitudine, rimosz, et ver-

ruculoso-scabre ; arillus sanguineus.—Pequ.

35. LOPHOPETALUM WALLICHII, nov. sp.

Arbor magna, glaberrima ; folia oblgnga ad elliptica, raro ovato-oblon-

ga, petiolis 1—1} pollicaribus, obtusa v. obtusiuscula v. acuta, basi rotun-

data, 4—6 poll. longa, integerrima, supra glaucescenti-viridia et nitentia,

subtus opaca et inter nervos conspicuos laxe reticulata ; flores c. 3 lin. in

diametro, pedicellis 2—2% lin. longis albis glabris instructi ; paniculz

300 S. Kurz —New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

axillares et terminales rigidiuscule, virescenti-albide ; petala virescenti-

alba, nuda et integra ; discus magnus, carnosus, luteus ; stamina 5, deflexa,

disco inserta; ovarium triquetrum, sanguineum ; capsule c. 4 poll. longe,

vy. longiores, 2 poll. late, 3-lobe et 3-valves, valvis levibus ; semina com-

pressa, imbricata, cum ala 2—23 poll. longa, oblonga, ala elliptico-oblonga

membranacea complete circumdata.— Barma.

36. HIPPOCRATEA FUSCESCENS, nov. sp. :

Frutex P glaber ; folia oblongo-lanceolata v. oblonga, petiolis crassis

4—5 lin. longis, breve acuminata, basi acuta, 23—38 poll. longa, coria-

cea, obsolete crenato-serrata, glabra, supra nitentia, im sicco fuscescentia v.

nigrescentia ; panicule cymosz, glabra, a basi ramose v. pedunculate

axillares, foliis paulo breviores ; flores parvi, circ. 2 lin. in diametro, pedi-

cellis 1—1} In. longis, sepala minute eroso-ciliata ; petala obovato-oblonga,

concava, basin versus attenuata, lineam circiter longa, imbricata ; anthers

3, filamentis reflexis brevissimis disco elevato insertis; carpella....—TZenas-

serim.

37. SALACIA GRANDIFLORA, Nov. sp.

Frutex scandens, glaber, ramulis teretiusculis ; folia elliptica ad ellip-

tico-oblonga, apiculata, basi acuta, petiolis 3— poll. longis crassissimis,

integra et marginibus parum revolutis, 8—9 poll. longa, subcoriacea, glabra,

utringue nitentia, in sicco fuscescentia ; flores conspicui ; pedicelli crassi,

2 lin. longi, 2—4-ni, e tuberculis minute bracteolatis axillaribus v. laterali-

bus orti; sepala lato-rotundata, glabra, lin. circiter longa ; petala sessilia,

rotundata, 83—4 lin. longa ; stamina 3, disco intus inserta, filamenta bre-

vissima dilatata et reflexa; ovarium leve; stylus brevis; bacce....—

Tenasserum.

38. SALACIA FLAVESCENS, nov. sp.

Frutex ? glaber, ramulis teretiusculis ; folia lanceolata, opposita v. alter-

na, petiolis 83—4 lin. longis crassis, utrinque acuminata, integra v. obsolete

crenata, marginibus parum revolutis, tenuiter coriacea, 4—5 poll. longa,

glabra, supra nitida, subtus pallida, in sicco lutescentia ; flores minuti, albi ?

pedicelli 1—2 lin. longi, e tuberculis axillaribus v. lateralibus minute_brac-

teatis orti; sepala oblongo-lanceolata, obtusiuscula ; petala $ lin. longa,

oblonga, obtusa; anther 3; filamenta disco intus inserta, brevissima,

dilatata ; ovarium leve ; bacce....— Tenasserim.

RHAMNEAE.

APTERON, nov. gen.

Calyx 5-fidus, tubo brevi obconico, lobis patentibus acutis. Petala 5.

obovata, minuta, inter calycis lobos inserta. Stamina 5, petalis paullo longio-

ra ; filamenta filiformia. Discus planus, liber. Ovarium disco immersum,

subglobosum, 2-loculare ; stylus brevissimus, stigmatibus 2 brevibus. Dru-

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 301

pa (?) globosa, Glowanie more calyce aucto inclusa eidemque adnata, apice

limbo coronata, abortu 1-locularis, monosperma ? semina. ...Frutex scandens

foliis serrulatis penninerviis. Flores parvi, fasciculati, paniculas racemosas

formantes.

39. APTERON LANCEOLATUM, nov. sp.

Frutex magnus scandens, novellis tomentellis ; folia lanceolata, petiolis

2—3 lin. longis crassis puberulis glabrescentibus, longe et obtusiuscule acumi-

nata, serrata, chartacea, secus nervos fulvescenti-pubescentia mox glabres-

centia, 4—5 poll. longa, utrinque nervis lateralibus numerosis (7—9) promi-

nentibus percursa; flores parvi; pedicelli graciles v. crassiusculi, 1 lin.

longi, puberuli, fasciculati v. subsolitarii, racemosi et paniculas terminales

et axillares canescenti- v. flavescenti-tomentosas formantes ; calyx dense v.

parce puberulus, circiter 1;—2 lin. in diametro; ovarium pubescens, stylo

brevi bifido terminatum; drupa (?) adhue nimis immatura globosa, grani

piperis magnitudine, calyce aucto glabrescente limbo calycis coronato usque

ad apicem fere inclusa.—Tenasserim.

40. SMYTHEA? CALPICARPA, nov. sp.

Erutex scandens ? ramulis fulvo-pilosis ; folia lanceolata, petiolis 3—1 lin.

longis crassis magis minusve pilosis, acuminata, serrata, chartacea, 4—33 poll.

longa, subtus secus costam pilosa, ceterum glabra; flores... ; capsule

(immature) 17 poll. long, oblongz, apice oblique truncate, folliculis

Calpicarpi non absimiles, dense fulvescenti pubescentes, coriaceze.— Tenasserim.

41. CoLUBRINA PUBESCENS, nov. sp.

Frutex scandens, habitu omnino C. Asiatice, novellis dense fulvo-pubes-

centibus ; folia C. Astatice sed juvenilia dense fulvo-pubescentia magis

minusve glabrescentia ; flores parvi, viridiusculi, pedicellis lin. longis graci-

libus pubescentibus, cymas breves robustas fulvo-pubescentes axillares

efformantes ; semina minora, compressa.—Pequ.

AMPELIDEA.

42. VITIS ERYTHROCLADA, nov. sp.

Frutex alte scandens, ramulis teretibus fulvis novellisque parce pubes-

centibus; folia decidua, digitatim—5-foliolata, petiolis 4—5 pollicaribus

glabris instructa; petiolulis 1—2 pollicaribus glabris gracilibus, lato-obovato-

oblonga, 4—6 poll. longa, breve acuminata, basi acuta, serrata, membranacea,

novella subtus secus nervos parce pubescentia mox glaberrima ; cirrhi bifidi ;

stipulz...; flores parvi, virescenti-flavi, pedicellis 1:—38 lmearibus puberu-

pis suffulti, cymulosi, cymam axillarem dichotomo-ramosam breviusculam

laxam puberulam magis minusve glabrescentem formantes ; calyx brevis,

puberulus ; petala et stamina 4; stylus simplex, subulatus ; bacez globosze,

cerasi magnitudine.—Pegu, Martaban.

302 S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

43. WVITIS ASSIMILIS, nov. sp.

Frutex alte scandens, glaber, ramis teretibus tuberculatis; folia petiolis

teretibus 1—1; poll. longis, constanter 3-foliolata ; foliola petiolulis (—1 lin.

long.) crassis instructa, oblongo-lanceolata (lateralia obliqua et altero latere

basi rotundata) 8—4 poll. longa, acuta, crenato-dentata, coriacea, glabra ;

flores parvi, virescenti-albi, hermaphroditi, pedicellis lin. longis crassis dense

fulvo-pubescentibus suffulti, cymam axillarem breve pedunculatam szpius

nutantem ramosissimam puberulam efformantes ; petala 4; ovarium sursum

in stylum brevem crassum attenuatum, stigmata 4, brevia, patentia.—/ar-

éaban.

44, VITIS CAMPYLOCARPA, Nov. sp.

Frutex alte scandens, glaberrimus, ramis teretibus et cirrhis crassis

oppositifolus ; folia digitatim 5—(—7 ?) foliolata, petiolis 2—3 poll. longis

levibus ; foliola petiolulo 3—1} pollicari geniculatim inserta, obovata, basi

acuta sub-decurrentia (lateralia sub-obliqua), 4—6 poll. longa, abrupte acumi-

nata, remote et leviter crenato-dentata, succulente coriacea, glabra; flores,

...im cymam dichotomo-ramosam brevissime pedunculatam v. subsessilem

glabram axillarem collecti; baccee oblonge, $ poll. fere long, subcurvatz,

leves et lucidze, pedicellis lin. longis suffulte, semen solitarium coffeiforme

sulcatum transverse lineatum includentes.—Pegu.

45. Viris WaALLICHII, nov. sp.

Caulis teretiusculus, subherbaceus, glaber ; folia simplicia, petiolis 2—3

pollicaribus glabris subangulatis, cordato-oblonga v. oblonga, basi 5-nervia,

subtriloba, acuta, setaceo-serrata, membranacea, subtus in nervis parce

puberula, 6—7 poll. longa; cymae axillares, parviuscule, folis multo

breviores, pedunculatz et pauciramez, glabre ; flores... ; baccee pisi minoris

magnitudine, globose, longe (46 lin.) et crasse pedunculatae, monospermez.

—Ava.

46. LEEA PUMIDA, nov. sp.

Herba perennis pumila simplex dense fulvo-v. cinereo-pubescens ; folia

imparipinnata, adhuc juvenilia dense pubescentia ; rachis et petiolus teretes,

erassi; foliola juniora bijuga cum impari, petiolulis brevissimis crassis tereti-

bus, ovato-oblonga, serrata, plicata, utrinque dense pubescentia v. subtomen-

tosa; stipule magne, petiolo adnate, anguste, extus tomentosz ; cymz

breves et compactiusculae, pubescentes, subsessiles v. pedunculo terete dense

pubescente suffultze, breviter ramosz ; flores (in alabastro) subsessiles ; calyx

tomentosus ; petala extus puberula.—Pequ.

SAPINDACE.

47. CUPANIA FUSCIDULA, nov. sp.

Arbor, partibus omnibus puberulis; folia vulgo abrupte pinnata v.

impari pinnata; rachis ferrugineo—tomentosa, exalata; foliola ce. 4 poll.

1872. | S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. 303

longa, alterna, inzequalia et subfalcata, oblongo-lanceolata, basi in petiolo

brevissimo crasso subdecurrentia, apiculata, integra, chartacea, in sicco

fuscescentia v. nigrescentia, utrinque (presertim subtus) puberula ; flores

parvi, paniculas axillares ramosas ferrugineo-tomentosas folio breviores

formantes ; sepala oblongo-rotundata, ciliata et plerumque sparse hirtula ;

petala lato-oblonga, ciliata, squama supra ungue instructa bifida, intus lanata ;

stamina vix exserta; capsulae....—Tenasserim.

48. CUPANIA GLABRATA, Nov. sp.

Arbuseula glabra, 25—380 pedalis; folia abrupte pinnata, brevius

petiolata, glaberrima et lucida; foliola vulgo bijuga, lanceolata v. oblongo-

lanceolata, utrinque acuminata, 4—7 poll. longa, integra, subcoriacea, laxe

sed prominenter reticulata; flores parvi, albi, pedicellis lin. longis instructi,

pauci fasciculati, paniculam axillarem glabram simplicem v. compositam

racemiformem efformantes ; sepala 5, rotundato-obovata, exteriora 2 majora

lin. fere longa, glabra, villoso-ciliata ; petala totidem, c: $ lin. longa, spatu-

lato-linearia, extus glabra, intus dense albo-lanuginosa ; ovarium fulvescenti-

hirsutum.—Pegu, léartaban,

49. NEPHELIUM GRIFFITHIANUM, nov. sp.

Arbor, gemmis fulvescenti-velutinis; folia glabra, impari-pimnata,

petiolis glabris 2—3 poll. longis glaucescentibus ; foliola 3—4 juga cum

impari, breve petiolulata, ovato-oblonga ad oblonga, basi inzequali obtusa v.

subobtusa breve acuminata, chartacea, subtus glauca, reticulatione utrinque

conspicua et prominente ; flores... ; fructus (racemosi teste Griffithi) abortu

1-lobati, subsessiles, oblongi, ovi gallinacei parviuseuli magnitudine, murici

bus angulato-compressis conicis % poll. fere longis tecti, semen unicum mag-

num arillo succulento albo indutum includentes.— Ava.

ZOLLINGERIA, nov. gen.

Calyx 5—partitus, sepala decidua, inzequalia, imbricata, interiora 2

majora. Petala totidem, subunguiculata, basi squama obtusa petalorum

dimidio breviori lanuginosa instructa. Stamina &, disco obsoleto intus inserta;

filamenta non exserta, longa et gracilia; anther ovales, 2-loculares, loculis

2-locellatis obtusis. Ovarium triquetrum, conicum, in stylum triquetrum

simplicem tridentatum attenuata, 3-loculare, loculi uniovulati, ovulum a

medio axis centralis suspensum. Capsule magn, chartacez, maceratione

dissepimentorum vulgo ji-loculares, 3- v. abortu nonnunquam 2-alatie, sep-

ticide dehiscentes, semen solitarium v. duo continentes. Seminum testa

membranacea, cotyledones magne, virides, plicate. Albumen nullum.

Arbores sepe magne decidue foliis impari-pinnatis foliolisque integris.

Flores parvi, albi, in paniculas breves sepius compositas axillares collecti-

50. ZOLLINGERIA MACROCARPA, 0. sp.

Arbor usque 80 pedalis, novellis fulvo-puberulis ; folia vulgo impari-

rarius subabrupte pinnata, glabra; foliola alterna, basi magis miunusve

304 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [ No. 4,

inzequalia, petiolulis 2—38 lin. longis suffulta, lanceolata ad oblongo-lanceolata,

obtusiuscule acuminata, 5—8 poll. longa, chartacea, integra, laxe reticulata ;

flores albi, pedicellis 2 lin. longis, paniculas iis Dodonaee similes breves

subnutantes obsolete puberulas axillares v. terminales formantes ; sepala lin.

circiter longa, obovata, ciliolata, subemarginata; petala 2 lin. longa, ciliata

oblonga, obtusa, basi unguiculata squama lanata obtusa aucta; filamenta

pubescentia ; ovarium basi parce pubescens ; capsule 2 poll. circiter longe,

oblonge, glabre, 3 v. raro abortu 2-alatz, alis latis striatis basi angustatis

rotundatis apice subtruncatis.—Prome.

51. ACER ISOLOBUM, nov. sp.

Arbor magna, glabra; folia 5—6 poll. longa et lata, basi rotundata,

longe petiolata, 3-loba, lobis patentibus acuminatis, utrinque glabra, 3-

nervia et reticulata ; flores et fructus ignoti— artaban.

SABIACEZ.

52. SABIA VIRIDISSIMA, N. sp.

Frutex glaberrimus ; folia obovato- ad elliptico-lanceolata, petiolis 6—8

lin. longis, utrinque acuminata, membranacea, glabra, 6—8 poll. longa;

flores parvi, albi, pedicellis c. 3 lin. gracilibus dein sursum incrassatis suffulti,

paniculas 1 v. 2 laxas breves glabras axillares efformantes; calyx glaber,

segmentis ovatis obtusis ; petala 2-lin. fere longa; stylus 3-fidus, stigmati-

bus hippocrepiformibus ; fructus....—Andamans.

ANACARDIACHA.

53. BUCHANANIA LAXIFLORA, nov. sp.

Arbor decidua, novellis canescenti-tomentosis ; folia ovato-oblonga,

basi obtusa, 6—7 poll. longa petiolo crasso semipollicari, coriacea, integra,

tomentella, supra glabrescentia ; flores minuti, pedicellis brevibus sed graci-

libus suffulti,in paniculam terminalem laxam diffusam ramosissimam canes-

centi v. fulvescenti-pubescentem collecti; bractezee minute, subulate ; calyx

canescenti-puberulus, lobis oblongis acutis vix Z lin. longis ; petala obovato-

oblonga, vix lmeam longa; filamenta subpuberula; ovarium glabrum.—

Martaban.

54. SEMECARPUS SUBRACEMOSA, Nov. sp.

Fruticosa ? novellis fulvo-puberulis ; folia verosimiliter decidua, dis-

tantia, oblonga vy. oblongo-lanceolata, obtusa v. obtusiuscula, basi in petio-

lum latum 3—1 poll. longum glabrum subdecurrentia, ec. 3—4: poll. longa,

integra, tenul-chartacea, supra glaucina, glabra et nitentia, subtus glauca et

dum juvenilia minute puberula, dein in costa crass& nervisque parallelis anas-

tomosantibus puberula, reticulatione lax& et conspicua interjecta ; flores

parvi, pedicels brevissimis dense puberulis suffulti, fasciculato-cymulosi,

paniculam gracillimam puberulam v. subpubescentem axillarem et ramorum

1872. ] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. B05

apices terminantem ramosam formantes ; calyx puberulus ; petala 5, lineam

circiter longa, valvata ; stamina 5. omnia fertilia, filamentis capillaribus ;

discus hispido-tomentellus ; ovarium glabrum stylis 3 crassis apicibus

capitato-stigmatosis coronatum ; nux....—_Pegu.

55. Horigarna GRanamit (Semecarpus Grahamu, Wight, Fe. t. 235).

Arbor 20—30 pedalis, novellis pubescentibus ; folia 1—2% ped. longa,

elongato-obovato-lanceolata, basi cuneato-acuminata, petiolo 4—1 poll.

longo crasso utrinque appendicibus barbeformibus geminis augmento, breve

acuminata, integra, coriacea, juvenila molli-pubescentia, dein supra glabres-

centia subtusque glaucescentia et obsolete puberula ; flores parvi, subsessiles,

dense ferrugineo-tomentosi, paniculas breviusculas dein elongatas dense ferru-

eineo-tomentosas axillares efformantes ; bracteolz lineares, intus glabre,

deciduz ; calycis lobi lanceolati, utrinque ferrugineo-pubescentes, pedi-

ceelli brevissimi sub fructu usque ad} poll. long. elongati ; nucis elliptico-

obovate monosperme pars summa tantum exserta.—Pequ, Martaban.

CONNARACEAL.

56. ELLIPANTHUS CALOPHYLLUS, Kurz, Andam. Rep. Append. B. 6.

Arbuscula 20—380 pedalis glabra gemmis fulvo-pubescentibus ; folia

unifoliolata, petiolis glabris pollicaribus suffulta ; foliola brevissime et crasse

petiolata, ovato-oblonga v. oblonga, obtusiuscule acuminata, 5—6 poll.

longa, subcoriacea, integra, glaberrima, nervis subtus rubescentibus, utrinque

crebre et eleganter reticulata ; flores mediocres, pedicellis strictis brevibus

dense puberulis geniculatis ; racemi vix pollicares, dense fulvo-puberuli ;

petala lmeari-oblonga, dense tomentella, plus quam 3 lin. longa ; folliculi

oblique oblongi, in stipitem brevem et crassum attenuati, apiculati, compres-

siusculi, pollicem circiter longi, velutino-tomentosi, coriacei, intus glabri.

Andamans.

57. LKLLIPANTHUS TOMENTOSUS, nov. sp.

Arbuscula ramulis dense fulvo-tomentosis ; folia unifoliolata, petiolis

cire. semipollicaribus dense fulvo-pubescentibus ; foliola oblonga ad oblongo-

lanceolata et lanceolata, breve obtuseque acuminata, 4—6 poll. longa, inte-

era, coriacea, supra glabra, nitentia et eleganter reticulata, subtus plus minus-

ve fulvo- v. flavescenti-tomentosa, nonnunquam glabrescentia ; flores parvi-

usculi, pedicellis tomentosis brevissimis crassis geniculatis instructi ; racemi

breves, tomentosi, axillares, ramosi, seepius paniculeformes ; petala oblonga,

obtusa, dense tomentella, 2 lin. circiter longa ; folliculi oblique oblongi,

apiculati, compressiusculi, bipollicares, in stipitem longiusculum crassum

attenuati.—Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim, Siam.

306 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

. ROSACEA.

58. PYGEUM PERSIMILE, nov. sp.

Arbor, novellis parce adpresse pubescentibus v. puberulis ; folia elliptica,

ad elliptico lanceolata, petiolo 3 lin. longo gracili ferrugineo-pubescenti sufful-

ta basi obtusa zequalia v. subzequalia, obtuse et seepius longissime acuminata,

integra, submembranacea, supra glabra v. secus nervos impressas minute

tomentella, subtus secus costam adpresse pubescentia ; racemi sublanuginoso-

tomentosi, bini v. terni supra foliorum delapsorum cicatricibus v. irregu-

lariter e ramis orientes ; pedicelli brevissimi, semilineam longi ; calycis tu-

bus brevis, urceolatus, fulvo-tomentosus ; ovarium dense fulvo-hirsutum ;

stylus longe exsertus stigmate lato. P. Lampongo, Miq., proximum.—Ten-

nasserim.

59. Prirus KARENSIvM, Nov. sp.

Arbuscula 25—30 pedalis, glabra ; folia oblonga ad ovato-oblonga,

basi inzqualia, petiolo c. pollicari glaberrimo, acuminata, 4—5 poll. longa,

subcoriacea, apicem versus crenato-dentata, glabra ; flores... ; poma cerasi

majoris magnitudine, globosa, us P. Pashie subconformia et leucosticta,

maturescentia purpureo-atra, pedicellis brevissimis crassis suffulta, in pani-

culam depauperatam robustam glabram terminalem v. in axillis foliorum

superiorum lateralem disposita.—Martaban.

60. ERtoBoTRYA ? MACROCARPA, nov. sp.

Arbor 830—40 pedalis, glabra; folia obovato- ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi

in petiolum $—% poll. longum crassum attenuata, breve et obtuse acuminata,

integerrima, 5—6 poll. longa, coriacea, lzvissima et lucida ; flores... ; pedun-

culi fructigeri crassissimi et simplices, 1—2 poll. longi, glabri, ex axillis

foliorum superiorum orientes v. in ramulis crassis terminales ; fructus magis

minusve globosi, cerasi majoris magnitudine, glabri, calycis limbo coronati.

—Pequ.

COMBRETACEAL.

61. COMBRETUM TETRAGONOCARPUM, nov. sp.

Frutex scandens glaber ; folia petiolo crasso lin. longo suffulta, oblonga

ad elliptico-oblonga, obtusa v. subretusa, chartacea, utrinque conspicue

nervosa et reticulata, glabra, 3—5 poll. longa ; spice robuste, fulvo-villo-

see, solitariz, foliis breviores v. equilongze, axillares v. in paniculas termi-

nales brachiatas depauperatas disposite ; flores parvi, albidi, bracteola parva

subulata villosa sustenti ; calyx cupulari-nfundibuliformis cum tubo ovali

brevi ferrugineo-villosulus ; limbus intus dense villosus, extus pubescens et

lepidotus, 4-dentatus, dentibus brevibus acutis ; petala minuta ; fructus

pollicem longi v. longiores, glabri, pallide brunnei, elliptico-ovati, 4-angu-

lati, angulis crassis coriaceis et sub-alato-prominentibus, nucis diametro

multo angustioribus.—Pegu.

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 307

MELASTOMACE Zi.

62. MEMECYLON ELEGANS, nov. sp.

Frutex glaberrimus ramulis sub 4-alatis v. lineis 4 decurrentibus magis

minusve obsolete elevatis notatis ; folia oblonga ad ovato-oblonga, basi in

petiolum 2—3 lin. longum attenuata, obtusa v. subretusa, 3—4 poll. longa,

- coriacea, nervis lateralibus teneris in statu juvenili tantum visibilibus, gla-

bra ; flores azurei, pedicellis 2—3 lin. longis suffulti, cymam umbelliformem

simplicem vel trichotomam pedunculo $—# poll. longo acute tetragono

suffultam efformantes, et bine v. solitariz ex foliorum axillis v. supra folio-

rum delapsorum cicatricibus orientes ; ramificationes brevissimz yv. sub-

reductze ; calyx levis, 13 lin. fere in diametro, parte adnata hemispherica

parva, limbus latus et explanatus, undulatus et obsolete lobatus, intus radia-

to-plicatus, plicis subnerviformibus ; petala, baccze &c. desiderantur.—Anda-

Mans.

63. MEMECYLON PULCHRUM, nov. sp.

Frutex glaberrimus ramulis sub-teretibus ; folia larga, sessilia, lato

ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata v. subcordata, obtusa v. paulo obtuse pro-

ducta et subretusa, 5—6 poll. longa, crasse coriacea, nervis venisve haud

visibilibus, glabra, supra lucida ; flores azurei, pedicellis $—25 lin. longis

teretibus, depauperato-umbellulati, cymam ampliusculam pedunculo coms

presso 4-gono $—I1 poll. longo suffultam formantes, vulgo ternz v. 4-nze

supra foliorum delapsorum cicatricibus orientes ; bracte distinct, ovato-

lanceolate, acute ; calyx campanulatus, c. 1 lin. in diametro, levis, lim-

bus truncatus, intus radiato-plicatus ; petala, bacce etc. desunt.— Andamans.

LYTHRARIEZ.

64. LAGERSTR@MIA HyPoLEUCA, Kurzin And. Rep. 1868, Append.

(5 WBE

Arbor vasta 60—70 pedalis glaberrima ; folia lanceolata ad ovato-lan-

ceolata, basi in petiolum brevem decurrentia, acuminata, integra v. undulata,

chartacea, 6—S8 poll. longa, subtus albido-glauca ; flores mediocres, 1—14

poll. in diametro, lilacini, pedicellis articulatis albido-puberis instructi, soli-

tarli v. in cymas depauperatas breve pedunculatas minute canescenti-pube-

ras collecti et paniculam elongatam terminalem formantes ; calyx in alabas-

tro turbinatus, pubescentia subvelutina minuta albescens, sulcato 10-cos-

tatus, costis alternantibus in 5 lobos triangulares minute mucronatos excur-

rentibus ; petala oblonga, undulata, 3 poll. longa ; capsula oblonga, mucro-

nata, ligne, ec. poll. longa.— Andamans.

65. LAGERSTR@MIA CALYCULATA, nov. sp.

Arbor vasta, 60—70 pedalis, novellis tomentosis ; folia oblonga, acu-

minata, basi inzequali rotundata et in petiolum brevem subdecurrentia,

308 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

5—7 poll. longa, subcoriacea, supra glabra et minute reticulata, subtus

puberula et inter nervos prominentes crasse reticulata ; flores... ; panicule

ferrugineo— v. fulvo-tomentos, terminales, e racemis longioribus y. brevior-

ibus composite ; calyx fructigerus cupulari-campanulatus, capsulam arcte

amplectens, 2—23 lin. altus, teres, absque costis v. sulcis dense ferrugineo-

tomentosus, pedicello brevissimo crasso instructus, 6-lobatus, lobis breyvibus

triangularibus reflexis planis acutis ; capsula oblonga, mucronulata, lucida,

pro 3—% parte e calyce protrusa, 6-locularis et -valvis, 3—4 lin. longa.

—LMartaban.

SAMYDACEHZ.

66. HOMALIUM MINUTIFLORUM, nov. sp.

Arbor glabra ; folia oblonga, petiolo 83—4 lin. longo crasso, obtuse

apiculata, 8—5 poll. longa, grosse crenata, tenuiter coriacea, glabra ; flores

minuti, 3 lin. cire. in diametro, pedicellis brevibus filiformibus glabris in-

structi, fasciculati, racemos solitarios v. binos axillares simplices v. parce

ramosos glabros formantes ; calyx glaber, segmentis oblongo-limearibus

villoso-ciliatis ; filamenta gracillima, singula petalis opposita.—artaban ?

CUCURBITACEZ.

67, 'TRICHOSANTHES MACROSIPHON, nov. sp.

Herba volubilis parce et minute puberula; folia cordato-ovata, petiolo

13—2 pollicari puberulo, 6—8 poll. longa, basi sinuato-cordata, obsolete

remote repando-dentata, seepius in lobos 2 laterales acuminatos producta,

acuminatissima, herbacea, glabra, subtus sparse et minute puberula ; flores

masculi desunt ; feminei solitarii, axillares, pedicello puberulo brevi in-

structi ; calyx puberulus, supra ovario in tubum 1% poll. longum gracilem

attenuatus, dentes lineari-subulati, puberuli ; petala fimbriata.— Zenasserim.

BEGONTACH A.

68. BEGONIA FLACCIDISSIMA, Nov. sp.

Herbula flaccidissima tenera caulescens, 4—5 pollicaris, minute et spar-

se pubescens ; folia alterna, cordato-orbicularia, obtusa, petiolo 2—3 poll.

longo gracili sparse pubescente, c. 2 poll. longa et lata, grosse crenato-den-

tata et sublobata, tenerrime membranacea et flaccida, utrinque pilis minutis

teneris adspersa; stipule oblonge, hyaline, obtuse, c. 2 lin. longe ;

flores parvi, albi, pedicellis capillaribus instructi, cymas dichotomo-ramosas

sparse et minute pubescentes pedunculo petioli dimidio longitudine axillari

gracili suffultas formantes ; bracteze minut, lineares ; sepala in maribus

2, rotundato-ovata, c. 25 lin. longa ; petala nulla ; perianthu lobi fl. femin.

4, sepalis subconformia ; stamina numerosa, subobovata, filamenta usque ad

medium fere in columnam brevem gracilem connata ; styli 2, a basi liberi,

apice in laminam concavam semilunatam stigmatifero-marginatam dilatati ;

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 309

ovarium sparse et crispato-pilosum, 2-loculare, ovatum, acuminatum ; cap-

sulze....—Zenasservm.

UMBELLIFERA.

69. PIMPINELLA PARISHIANA, nov. sp.

Herba humilis 1—2 pedalis pilis brevibus adspersa ; folia ternatisecta,

petiolo basi vaginante, foliola cordato-ovata, magis minusve 3- lobata, acu-

minata, grosse duplicato-serrata, 83—3 3 poll. longa, pilis brevibus albis

adspersa, foliola lateralia petiolulo subpollicari, medianum petiolulo sub 2—

pollicari suffulta, folia superiora sensim minora, integra et supra petiolum

vaginantem sessilia ; flores albi, pedicellis 2 lin. longis strictis puberulis inserti,

involucellato umbellulati, umbellam imvolucratam compositam formantes ;

involueri et involucelli foliola linearia, longa, et sepius apicem versus in

dentes 2 laterales producta ; fructus....—Zenasserim.

70. HERACLEUM BARMANICUM, nov. sp.

Herba robusta annua 4—6 pedalis, caulibus hirsutis ; folia caulina

superiora ternatipinnata, foliola lateralia ovato-lanceolata, sessilia, grosse

serrata et sepe in lobum lateralem producta, foliolo terminali petiolato

decurrenti 3-lobo serrato-lobato ; involucri foliola linearia, brevia ; meri-

carpia 3 lin. circiter longa, elliptico-oblonga, lato-marginata.— Pegu.

LORANTHACEH A.

71. LoRanrHUs HYPOGLAUCUS, nov. sp.

Frutex parasiticus glaberrimus ; folia opposita v. subopposita, lanceolata

ad elliptico-lanceolata, in petiolum brevem attenuata, magis minusve acu-

minata, integra, 25—38 poll. longa, coriacea, nervis lateralibus vix conspicuis,

glabra, subtus glauca; flores .3—14 poll. longi glabri, pulcherrime coccinei,

pedicellis 2 lin. longis instructi, geminatim vy. ternatim pedunculis brevibus

glabris suffulti et fasciculos 2 v. plures axillares formantes ; bractea et brac-

teole 2 parve, triangulari-ovate, basi unite; calyx glaber, cylindricus,

limbo integro truncato ; corolla glabra, tubo curvulo et leviter ampliato,

limbo profunde 6-fido, lobis linearibus reflexis; stamina 6 ; anthere linea-

res ; filamenta stylusque gracillimus, filiformis, glabri; bacce....—Wartaban.

72. GINALLOA ANDAMANICA, nov. sp.

Frutex parasiticus glaberrimus ramis dichotomo-ramosis ; folia oppo-

sita, obovalia ad ovali-oblonga, basi subobliqua in petiolum brevissimum

crassum planum contracta, apice rotundata, integra, subundulata, crasse co-

rlacea, nervis 8—5 in sicco vix conspicuis, 1}—2 poll. longa, glabra ; flores

minuti, dioici ? sessiles, terni v. quaterni (v. plures ?) separatim in rhachidis

crasse geniculis dilatatis quasi involucrantibus immersi; spicee 1—4 polli-

cares, robusti, glabri, e furcationibus ramorum orientes, v. terminales ; calycis

limbus obsoletus v. nullus ? ; petala 3, minuta, 3-angularia, conniventia P ;

310 S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

stigma ohsolete conicum, parvum ; bacce immature elongato-ovate, le-

ves, truncate v. petalis diutius persistentibus coronate.—Andamans.

RUBIACEZL.

73. WENDLANDIA GLOMERULATA, nov. sp.

Arbor v. frutex ? novellis indistincte puberulis ; stipule foliacez, vor-

datz ; folia lineari-lanceolata ad lanceolata, in petiolum brevissimum 1—3

lin. longum puberulum attenuata, longe acuminata, 3—4 poll. longa, in-

tegra, membranacea, glabra, subtus secus costam minute adpresse pubes-

centia ; flores...sessiles, in fasciculos breve pedunculatos congregati et pani-

culam terminalem parce pubescentem brachiatam formantes ; calyx fructi-

ger adpresse pubescens, dentibus lineari-lanceolatis apparenter tubo lon-

gioribus ; capsule globose, lineam vix longz, pubescentes.— Tenasserum.

74, WHENDLANDIA SCABRA, NOV. sp.

Arbor scabro-pubescens ; stipul cordato-reniformes, semiamplexi-

caules ; folia obovato-elliptica ad elliptica, basi acuta v. acuminata, petiolo

4—% longo brevi pubescente instructa, breve et obtuse acuminata, 3—4

poll. longa, integra, membranacea, utrinque scabro-puberula ; flores minuti,

albi, sessiles, in spiculas congregati et paniculam amplam puberulam bra-

chiatam terminalem formantes ; calyx adpressehispidus, semilineam vix

longus, dentibus parvis, 3 angulari-acutis ; corolla glabra, 1—1} lin. longa,

Jobis brevibus ; capsule globose, $ lin. in diametro, minute adpresse his-

pidee.— Ava.

75. ARGOSTEMMA SONERILOIDES, nov. sp.

Herba annua succulenta cauli simplici apice folioso plus minusve villo-

sulo ; folia subverticillata, ovata ad subcordata, petiolo brevissimo crasso

villoso, 1—23 poll. longa, acuta v. obtusiuscula, utrinque pilis brevibus albis

adspersa et subtus secus nervos pubescentia ; flores parvi, pallide rosei v.

albi, pedicello lineari villoso instructi, umbellam parvam villosam v. cymam

umbellatam pedunculo 1—% pollicari villoso terminali sustentam formantes

v. rarissime solitari v. subsolitarii ; bractee vulgo majuscule, 2—4-nae in-

volucra specialia efformantes ; calyx villoso-pubescens, 3 lobus, lobis_ lato-

triangularibus ; corolla subcampanulata, 3-loba, lobis lineam tantum longis ;

anther oblong, obtusse.—Pegu ; Andamans.

76. SPIRADICLIS BIFIDA, nov. sp.

Herba annua erecta parce ramosa 1—1% pedalis, caulibus puberulis ;

folia obovato-lanceolata, basi cuneata et in petiolum 7—% pollicarem magis

minusye pubescentem decurrentia, 2—5 poll. longa, breve acuminata, in-

tegra membranacea, glabra v. subtus secus nervos puberula ; flores minuti,

albi, sessiles, in spicas longiores v. breviores bifidas collecti et in paniculam

plus minusve puberulam elongatam terminalem dispositi ; capsule globoso-

2- lobe, lin. circiter in diametro.— artaban.

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. Bills

77. OPHIORHIZA GRACILIS, nov. sp.

Herba annua, erecta, simplex }—1 pedalis, glaberrima ; folia oblongo-

lanceolata ad lanceolata, basi acuminata, petiolo gracili $—1 poll. longo,

longe acuminata, 83—5 poll. longa, integra, membranacea, glaberrima, sub-

tus pallida ; flores parvi, albi, pedicellis brevissimis instructi et sessiles, spi-

cam secundam bifidam formantes et in cymam longe pedunculatam termi-

nalem glaberrimam gracilem dispositi ; bractez et bracteole lineari-subu-

late, parvee ; corolla glabra, tubo circa 3- lineari, lobis obtusis.—Zenasserim.

78. Hepgotts ANDAMANICA, nov. sp.

Herba annua subsimplex v. ramosa erecta, $—1 pedalis, ramis minute

puberulis ; stipulze latz, apice longifimbriate, puberule ; folia variabilia,

ovata ad oblonga et obovata, basi acuta v. in petiolum 1—3 lin. longum

puberulum attenuata, membranacea, 1—2 poll. longa, obtusa v. subobtusa,

seeplus cum mucrone, integra v. undulata, subtus secus nervos minute pu-

berula ; flores parvi, albi, subsessiles, glomerati ; capitula pedunculo longo,

solitaria, v. vulgo in cymam laxam trichotomam puberulam disposita, axil-

laria et terminalia ; calyx subglaber, lobis linearibus lineam fere longis et

ealycis tubo longioribus ; capsule compresso-didymz, semiorbilucares, circ.

2 lin. in diametro, pilis adpressis minutis adsperse, carinis 4: nonnunquam

subuliformibus notate et calycis lobis lanceolatis longis coronatz.—An-

damans.

79. WHBERA GLOMERIFLORA, nOv. sp.

Arbuseula 20—30 pedalis, glabra v. gemmis pubescentibus ; stipule

caduecze ; folia obovato-lanceolata ad elliptico-lanceolata, basi acuminata,

petiolo 2—4: lin. longo glabro, 8—4 poll. longa, acuta v. apiculata, integra,

crasse membranacea, glabra, crassinervia ; flores subsessiles, in cymam ter-

minalem subsessilem pubescentem conglomerati ; calyx pubescens ; corolla... ;

bacez atree, globose v. ovoideze, pisi minoris magnitudine, leves, basi caly-

cis limbi coronate, pedicello lineam circiter longo suffultee.—Pegu.

80. GARDENIA ERYTHROCLADA, nov. sp.

Arbuscula rigida 15—25 pedalis, trunco ramisque lateritiis et spinis

oppositis (ramulis reductis) armatis, novellis pubzscentibus ; stipule cadu-

cissimz ; folia obovato- ad cuneato-obovata, basi seepius ineequali in petiolum

3—1 poll. longum pubescentem decurrentia, 4—6 poll. longa, obtusa, integra

v. subintegra, membranacea, utrinque (preesertim subtus) pubescentia; flores

viridiusculi, dimorphi, fertiles in individuis sdem v. separatis solitarii, sessiles

vy. subsessiles, apicibus ramorum abbreviatorum crassorum terminantes, fl. her-

maphrodito-steriles pedicellis longis gracilibus pubescentibus instructi, fasci-

culos sessiles v. breviter pedunculatos terminales v. subaxillares formantes ;

calyx pubescens, tubo in fl. fertilibus magis evoluto, lobis foliaceis, obovatis,

4—6 lin. longis ; corolla pubescens, tubo brevi amplo ; baccz florum fer-

tilium sessiles, ovi anatis magnitudine, ovoidex, scabrescentes, brunnez ob-

312 S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

solete-costatz ; es fl. sterilium pedunculo 13—2 poll. longo stricto brunneo-

pubescente suffultze, cerasi minoris magnitudine, magis minusve globose,

calycis limbo magno foliaceo coronate.—Ava, Peqgu. &e.

81. GARDENIA DASYCARPA, Nov. sp.

Arbuscula rigida spinis oppositis longis strictis armata, 12—15 pedalis,

novellis villoso-pubescentibus ; stipulee deciduz ; folia obovato-oblonga, basi

acuta v. acuminata, petiolo 1—2 lin. longo imstructa, 1—2 poll. longa, m-

tegra, obtusa v. acuta, corlacea, supra retrorse puberula, subtus adpresse

villoso-pubescentia ; flores...sessiles, solitarii e ramulorum crassorum verru-

ciformium apicibus ; bacce globose, corticosee, pomini mayoris magnitudine,

ealycis limbo tubulari coronate.—Prome, Tenasserim.

82. GARDENIA HYGROPHILA, nov. sp.

Fruticulus 1—8 pedalis, ramis sepius diffusis, glaberrimus ; stipule

connatze, glabra v. sparse hirsutze ; folia obovata ad obovato- et elliptico-

oblonga, basi acuta, petiolo 23 lin. longo gracili, obtusa v. acuta, 2—22

poll. longa, integra, membranacea, supra lucida, glabra ; flores mediocres,

albi, in sicco nigrescentia, subsessiles, solitarii ex apicibus ramulorum v. in

eorum furcationibus ; calyx glaber v. parce adpresse pubescens, 4 lin. fere

longus, limbo campanulato, 5-fido, lobis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis sparse

ciliatis ; corolla lmeam circiter longa, subirregulari-campanulato-infundi-

buliformis, lobis mzequalibus ec. $ poll, longis ; bacce...... .—Pegu, Siam.

83. GARDENIA PULCHERRIMA, Nov. sp.

Arbor 80—85 pedalis, glabra ; stipulee lato-triangulares,libere v. sub-

liberze ; folia lato- ad oblongo-lanceolata v. elliptico-oblonga, basi acuta,

5 poll. longa, breve acuminata, integra,

petiolo crasso 83—4 lin. longo, 3

coriacea, glaberrima, subtus in nervorum axillis glandulosa ; flores magni

et speciosi, pedicello 2—3 lin. longo bracteato tomentoso instructi, terni

v. plures cymam breve pedunculatam fulvescente tomentosam in ramulorum

furcationibus v. pseudo-axillarem formantes ; calyx c. 83—3} lin. longus,

tomentosus, limbo amplo 5-dentato, dentibus ovatis acutis ; corolla glabra,

alba, intus in fundo roseo-punctata, 14 poll. longa, v. paullo longior, supra

tubo brevissimo ventricoso-efflata ; bacce globose, aurantil minoris magni-

tudine, corticose et scabre, brunnez, calycis limbo coronatse—Andamans.

84. ACRANTHERA UNIFLORA, Nov. sp.

Herba perennis 4:—6 poll. alta v. altior, parce pubescens ; folia ovalia

ad ovali-lanceolata, basin obtusam v. rotundatam versus attenuata, petiolo

gracili pubescente suffulta v. superiora subsessilia, 1—1% poll. longa, mem-

branacea, obtusiuscula v. acuta, integra, supra parce adpresse hirsuta, sub-

tus secus nervos sparse pubescentia ; flores majusculi, albi, solitarii, sessiles

v. subsessiles, terminales ; calyx fulvo-adpresse-hirsutus, tubo 2 lin. fere

longo, lobis linearibus, 2—23 lin. longis ; corolla hypocraterimorpha, tubo

pollicem fere longo, adpresse pubescente, lobis dimidio longis elliptico-ovatis

1872.] S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. 313

acutis ; stylus profunde bifidus ; bacce ellipticse, pisi magnitudine, hirsu-

tissime, calycis lobis_linearibus terminatze.— Tenasserim.

85. UROPHYLLUM BILOCULARE, nov. sp.

Arbor 25—30 pedalis, glabra ; stipule e basi lata subulato-acuminatz.

parce adpresse pubescentes ; folia oblongo-lanceolata ad lato-lanceolata, basi

acuminata, petiolo 1—2 lin. longo suffulta, obtuse acuminata, 4—5 poll.

longa, integra, chartacea, glabra; flores minuti, sessiles, in fasciculos parvos

axillares collecti ; calyx Gn alabastro) truncatus, minute puberulus ; baccze

clobose, aurantiace, pisi minoris magnitudine, obsolete bilobze, calycis limbo

brevi coronate, 2-loculares ; semina in loculo singulo 3—4, nigra, majuscula,

placentz centrali medio affixa.—Martaban.

86. MorinDA LEIANTHA, nov. sp.

Arbuscula ? scabrido-pubescens ; stipule ovato-lanceolate, acuminate,

scabre ; folia oblongo-lanceolata ad lanceolata, basi acuta v. acuminata, petio-

lo seabro 1—1} poll. longo suffulta, 5—S& poll. longa, acuminata, integra v.

subintegra, chartacea, utrimque presertim subtus scabrido et parce pubes-

centia ; flores albi, majusculi, sessiles, in capitula parva oblonga pedunculata

solitaria v. pluria ex axillis foliorum superiorum orientia v. terminalia con-

glomerati ; calyx truncatus ; corolla hypocraterimorpha, glabra, fauce gla-

bra, tubo gracili # poll. eirciter longo, lobis ovato-lanceolatis ; bacce.......

— Tenasserim.

87. MoRINDA WALLICHII, nov. sp.

Arbuscula ? , glaberrima ; stipule... ; folia oblongo-lanceolata ad ob-

longo-linearia, utrinque acuminata, petiolo }—14 poll. longo, 83—5 poll. lon-

ga, integra, crasse membranacea, glabra, subtus pallida ; flores parviusculi,

albi, terni v. quaterni in capitula parva cymam terminalem glabram stricte

pedunculatam formantia collecti ; calyx truncatus ; corolla glabra, tubo (in

alabastro) ¢ poll. longo, lobis zquilongis, oblongo-linearibus obtusiusculis.

— Tenasserim.

88. PsILoBIUM CAPILLARE, nov. sp.

Arbuscula 20—25 pedalis, glaberrima, lucida ; stipule acuminate, ri-

gid ; foha variabilia, us Pavette parviflore similia, lanceolata ad oblongo-

lanceolata et elliptico-oblonga, basi acuta, petiolo brevissimo 1—8 lin. longo

suffulta v. subsessilia, magis minusve acuminata v. subobtusa, 8—5 poll.

longa, integra v. undulata, rigide sed tenui coriacea, utrinque levia et luci-

da ; flores parvi, albidi, sessiles v. subsessiles, pauci v. numerosi in capi-

tulum parvum basi bracteis paucis lineari-subulatis rigidis involucratum

pedunculatum congregati; pedunculi axillares v. supra-axillares, solitarii,

stricti, graciles v. capillares, 1—2 poll. longi, sursum sensim incrassati ;

calyx lineam circiter in diametro, cupularis, 4-dentatus, dentibus triangu-

laribus ciliolatis ; corolla brevis, hypocraterimorpha, fauce dense villosa,

tubo 13 lin. circiter longo ; bacce.......—Pegu ; Martaban ; Tenasserim.

314 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

89. VANGUERIA PUBESCENS, nov. sp.

Arbuscula decidua, 20—25 pedalis, pubescens, spinis oppositis rectis ar-

mata ; stipule subulatz, pubescentes ; folia ovata ad elliptico-lanceolata,

basi acuta v. cuneata, petiolo 2—3 lin. longo pubescente, breviter acuminata

v. acuta, 2—3 poll. longa, integra, membranacea, supera breve et scabrido-

subtus molli-pubescentia ; flores parvi, viridiusculi, pedicellis 2—3 lin. longis

pubescentibus, in cymulas v. fasciculos e ramulis reductis verruciformibus v.

ex foliorum axillis ortos dispositi ; calyx pubescens, lobis linearibus ; co-

rolla pubescens ; stigma capitatum ; bacce cerasi minoris magnitudine,

2—s poll. crassz, leves, lutescentes, pyrenas 5—4 osseas monospermas con-

tinentes.—Barma.

90. CANTHIUM GRACILIPES, nov. sp.

Frutex inermis, ramulis parce pubescentibus ; stipule ovate, subu-

lato-acuminatze, adpresse fulvo-pubescentes ; folia ovato-oblonga ad oblongo-

lanceolata, basi acuta v. obtusa, petiolo tenui 1—2 lin. longe pubescente

suffulta, 2—4 poll. longa, integra, acuminata, membranacea, nervis fulvo et

tenui pubescentibus exceptis glabra ; flores parvi, pedicellis 3—#? poll. longis

capillaribus sparse adpresse pubescentibus instructi, solitarii v. gemini, e

ramulis abbreviatis lateralibus orientes ; calyx glaber, hemispheericus, $ lin.

longus, dentibus 8-angularibus ; corolla... ; drupze didymo-reniformes, apice

sinuatz, compressiuscule, leves, pyrenas 2, (v. abortu 1) obsolete rugoso-

tuberculatas dorso rotundatas includentes.—Andamans.

91. GYNOCHTHODES MACROPHYLLA, nov. sp.

Frutex scandens, glaber, partibus omnibus in sicco nigrescentibus ;

stipule geminatze et breves, truncate; folia elliptica ad elliptico-oblonga,

basi acuta, petiolo semipollicari sustenta, magis minusve obtusiuscule apicu-

lata, 3—5 poll. longa, integra, pergamacea, glabra, subtus in axillis nervorum

fimbriato-glandulosa ; flores parvi, pedicello crasso 2—8 lin. longo sustenti,

4—5-ni in pedunculo verruciformi breve bracteato fasciculati ; calyx lineam

circiter longus, glaber, tubo subgloboso, limbus truncatus, cyathiformis, tubi

longitudinis ; corolla &c. ignota.—Andamans.

92. PsycHorriA HELFERIANA, nov. sp.

Frutex fulvo- v. brunneo-hirsutus ; stipule lanceolate, acuminate, fere ad

basin bifide, dense adpresse ferrugineo-hirsutee ; folia lanceolata, utrinque ac-

cuminata, petiolo adpresse brunneo-hirsuto 3—1 pollicari sustenta, 83—4¢

poll. longa, integra, membranacea, utrinque breve-hirsuta ; flores minuti, vire-

scenti albidi, sessiles, in capitulas densas breve pedunculatas congregati et cy-

mam compactiusculam yv. laxam trichotomam ferrugineo-hirsutam termi-

nalem (et axillarem ?) formantes ; calyx brunneo-hirsutus, lmeam circiter

longus, dentibus lanceolatis ; corolla glabra, fauce barbata, tubus lineam fere

longus, lobi tubi longitudinis ; baccz ovales, calycis limbo hirsuto coronatze

1872. ] S. Kurz—WNew Barmese Plants. 315

pisi magnitudine, sparse hirsute, aurantiace ; pyrenz carinato-triangulares ;

albumen equum.—TZenasserim or Andamans. (?)

93. PsyCHOTRIA MONTICOLA, nov. sp.

Frutex humilis 1—3 pedalis glaber ; stipule bifide, lanceolate v. a basi

lata acuminate, deciduee ; folia lanceolata ad oblongo-lanceolata, utrinque acu-

minata, petiolo 3—1 pollicari, 4—6 poll. longa, integra, crasse membranacea,

glabra, paullulo glaucescentia ; flores parvi, albi, sessiles, in capitula 3 breve

pedunculata v. subsessilia bracteata dense congregati et cymam depaupe-

ratam pedunculo crasso szpius villosulo 4—1} pollicari suffultam termi-

nalem v. e ramulorum furcationibus orientem formantes ; calyx lineam circiter

longus, glaber v. obsolete pubescenti-ciliatus, 5-fidus, lobis lanceolatis subu-

lato-acuminatis ; corolla glabra, fauce villosa, tubus lineam circiter longus,

lobi tubi longitudinis ; baccze oblong, pisi magnitudine, rubra, lucide,

calycis limbo coronate ; pyrene longitudinaliter sulcatee et costate (costis

3—4) ; albumen spurie ruminatum.—Jartaban, Tenasserim.

94. PSYCHOTRIA VIRIDISSIMA, nov. sp.

Fruticulus 1}—2 pedalis glaberrimus ; stipulz verosimiliter lato- et bre-

ve triangulares, valde deciduee ; folia ovato-oblonga ad elliptico-lanceolata,

basi cuneat& in petiolum subgracilem 3—14 poll. longum decurrentia,

magis minusve acuminata, 4—7 poll. longa, integra, tenere membanacea et

flaccida, glabra, viridia ; flores parvi, albidi, pedicello crasso ¢. lin. longo

suffulti cymam corymbiformem trichotomam breve (—1 poll.) peduncu-

latam glaberrimam terminalem formantes ; calyx glaber, brevissimus, obso-

lete dentatus ; corolla fauce barbata, tubo amplo infundibuliformi lin. longo v.

paullo longiore, lobis paullo brevioribus ; bacce....—Martaban, Tenasserim.

95. PsYCHOTRIA CALOCARPA, nov. sp.

Suffrutex 1—1} pedalis subherbaceus, rhizomate repente, ramulis junt-

oribus magis minusve crispulo-puberulis ; stipule bifide, e basi latiori subu-

lato-acuminateze et seepius apicibus brunnescenti-pubescentes ; folia oblonga

et ovata ad ovato-oblonga, basi acuta, petiolo crasso crispo-tomentosulo

suffulta, acuta ad acuminata, 3—7 poll. longa, integra, pergamacea, glabra v.

vulgo subtus secus nervos indistincte puberula ; flores parvi, albi, pedicellis

brevissimis crassis, cymam breve (-% poll.) pedunculatam contractiusculam

erectam v. nonnunquam nutantem tomentellam terminalem v. spurie axil-

larem efformantes ; calyx lineam fere longus, 4-fidus, lobis lanceolatis ob-

tusis viridibus ; corolla intus albo-villosa, tubus calycis segmentorum longi-

tudine, limbi lobi breves, oblongi, obtusiusculi ; baccze calycis lobis con-

spicuis coronatze, elliptice, pisi magnitudine, lucidz, coccine ; semima mem-

brana alba tenui tantum induta, plano-convexa, lavia ; albumen zequum.

—Peqgu, Martaban, Tenasserin.

96. Txora (PAVETTA) COMPACTIFLORA, Nov. sp.

Frutex P glaber ; stipule breve ovate, acutie ; folia elliptica ad lato-

316 S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. [No. 4,

lanceolata, basi cuneata in petiolum $—+3 pollicarem crassum attenuata,

longiuscule acuminata, 8—5 poll. longa, integra, subpergamacea, glaberrima,

in sicco nigrescentia ; flores parvi, sessiles vy. subsessiles, capitulum densum

circiter pollicem crassum involucratam terminalem v. spurie lateralem for-

mantes ; involucri bracteze parvee et iconspicue, lato-ovate, imbricate ;

calyx lineam circiter longus, glaber, dentibus oblongis obtusis semilinealibus;

corolla glabra, tubo 3 lin. tantum longo, ampliuscula, lobi oblongi, obtusi,

tubi longitudinis ; baccee.—Tenasserim.

97. Ixora (Penrapium) HELFERI, nov. sp.

Frutex ? glaber; stipule lato-ovate, acuminate, glabre ; folia oblon-

go-lanceolata, utrinque acuminata, petiolo 83—4 lin. longo, integra, 5—8

poll. longa, tenui membranacea, in sicco nigrescentia ; flores majusculi,

pedicello crasso puberulo usque ad lineam longo sustenti, cymulosi et pani-

culam thyrsoideam brachiatam longe pedunculatam sparse puberulam effor-

mantes ; bracteole lineari-subulate unacum bracteis glabre ; calyx 15 ln.

fere longus, minute puberulus, dentibus 5 lanceolatis acutis calycis tubi lon-

gitudine ; corolla (Gn alabastro) extus minute fulvo-pubescens, lobi duplo

breviores ; bacce....—Tenasserin.

98. IXxoORA SESSILIFLORA, nov. sp.

Frutex magnus ramosus glaberrimus ; stipule e basi lata rotundata

abrupte acuminate ; folia oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi rotundata,

petiolo crasso 2—3 lin. longo suffulta, breve acuminata, 8—4 poll. longa,

integra, tenui coriacea, glabra ; flores Gmprimis tubus) pallide rosei, par-

viusculi, sessiles, corymbum parviusculum trichotomum glabrum efficientes ;

pedunculus semipollicaris ; calyx lin. longus, glaber, dentibus brevissimis ;

corolla glabra, tubo gracili fere % pollicari, lobi ovato-oblongi, acutiusculi ;

stigma breviter exertum ; bacce....—MMartaban.

99. IxoRA MEMECYLIFOLIA, nov. sp.

Frutex glaber ; stipule e basi lata abrupte et longe subulate ; folia

ovata v. ovato-oblonga, subsessilia, basi rotundata v. subcordata, 23-—4 poll.

longa, acuminata, integra, tenui-coriacea, glabra, in sicco nigrescentia v. fus-

cescentia ; flores parvi, albi ? v. pallide rosei ?, sessiles, corymbum longius

v. brevius pedunculatum trichotomum glabrum terminalem vulgo ad basin

diminute bifoholatum formantes ; bracteze parvee, lmeares ; calyx glaber,

lineam circiter longus, dentibus fere calycis tubi longitudine lanceolatis ; cor-

olla glabra, tubo cire. 4 lin. longo, lobi dimidio fere breviores ; stylus longe-

exsertus, apice bilobus ; bacce....—Tenasserim.

100. Ixora BRaNDISIANA, nov. sp.

Frutex glaber; stipule e basi lata subulato-acuminatie ; folia oblongo-

ovata ad oblonga, petiolo brevissimo crasso suffulta v. subsessilia, basi rotun-

data, 4—6 poll. longa, acuminata, integra, tenui-coriacea, glabra, in sicco

nigrescentia ; flores longissimi, albi?, brevissime pedicellati, cymam par-

1872.] S. Kurz—New Barmese Plants. 317

vam trichotomam minute puberulam brevissime pedunculatam terminalem

formantes ; bractez parvee, lanceolate, acuminate, superiores angustiores et

minores ; calyx lineam longus, glaber, lobis lanceolatis acutis, calycis tubi

longitudine ; corolla glabra, fauce villosa, tubo gracillimo 14—2 pollicari,

lobi lneari-oblongi, acuti, 3—3} lin. longi ; stylus exsertus lobis stigmaticis

brevissimis ; baccz....—Zenasserim.

101. IxoRA BRUNNESCENS, nov. sp.

Arbuscula 20—25 pedalis glabra; stipule e basi lata abrupte subu-

lato-acuminate ; folia magis minusve obovata, basi rotundata v. obtusa, cras-

se et brevissime (-1 lin.) petiolata v. subsessilia, 4—6 poll. longa, obtusa v.

obtusiuscule apiculata, integra v. undulata, coriacea, glabra, nervis laterali-

bus approximatis et subparallelis; flores...graciliter pedicellati, cymulosi,

corymbum brachiatum trichotomum breve (1—13 poll.) pedunculatum

glabrum terminalem formantes ; calyx parvus, glaber, dentibus minutis

triangulari-acutis ; corolla... ; baccz globose, calycis limbo coronate, pisi

minoris magnitudine, leves.—Andamans.

102. IJxoRrs ROSELLA, nov. sp.

Frutex glaber ; stipule ovate, acuminate ; folia oblongo-lanceolata ad

elliptico-oblonga, basi acuminata, petiolo crasso 4—1 poll. longo suffulta, bre-

ve et subabrupte acuminata, 6—9 poll. longa, integra, coriacea, glabra, subtus

pallida ; nervis lateralibus tenuibus, satis approximatis et leviter curvato-

parallelis ; flores minores, pallide rosei, pedicellis 1—3 lin. longis suffulti,

eymulosi, in corymbum subsessilem brachiato-trichotomum minute puberum

terminalem dispositi ; calyx 3 lin. longus, minute puberus dentibus minutis

lato-triangularibus acutis et obtusis ; corolla glabra, tubo pollicem circiter lon-

ga, lobi oblongi, obtusi, quadruplo breviores ; stylus breviter exsertus lobis

stigmaticis crassis vix separatis; baccz globosv, pisi minimi magnitudine,

ealycis limbo coronatze, leeves.— Andamans.

COMPOSITAE.

1038. LruUcOMERIS DECORA, nov. sp.

Arbuseula 12—15-pedalis, decidua, novellis albido-villosis ; folia ellip-

tico- ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi ineequali acuta, petiolo 3—1 poll. longo gla-

bro suffulta, 5—7 poll. longa, membranacea, acuminata, glabra v. subglabra ;

eapitula brevi squamato-pedunculata in ramorum apicibus dense aggregatia ;

involucrum elongato-cyathiforme, in pedunculum imbricato-sqamatum, 3—4:

lin. longum attenuatum ; squame lanceolate, deorsum sensim minores, ri-

eidee, tenui-arachnoidee, virides ; flosculi fragrantes, albi, pollicem fere lon-

gi ; pappus pallide fulvescens, semipollicaris ; achenia semipollicaria, suleata,

dense adpresse villoso-sericea.—Prome.

318 EF. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 4,

104. AINSLIZA BRANDISIANA, nov. sp.

Herba perennis, erecta, 1—3-pedalis parce villosa ; folia rosulata, cor-

dato-oblonga ad cordato-elliptica, petiolo $—2 poll. longo, stupposo-villoso

cerasso suffulta, 2—4 poll. longa, acuta v. obtusiuscula, marginibus integris

dense villosis, crasse membranacea, preesertim subtus plus minusve hirsuta,

supra seepius glabrescentia ; capitula in scapo radicali paniculata, pedunculis

2——l-pollicaribus glanduloso-puberis suffulta ; bracteze minutee, subulatze,

subrigidze ; involucri squamee lineari-lanceolate, acutee, rigide, 4-lin. longee,

inferiores duplo vy. triplo breviores, leeves, virides, albido-marginatze ; flosculi

albi, 3 poll. fere longi ; achenia 2—38 lin. longa, adpresse pubescentia ; pap-

pus flavidus, c. 4 lin. longus.—JMartaban.

105. 'TRICHOLEPIS KARENSIUM, nov. sp.

Herba annua, robusta, ramosa, 2—3 pedalis, parce pubescens ; folia

eaulina linearia ad lneari lanceolata, 235—3 poll. longa, basi in petiolum bre-

vissimum attenuata, acuminata v. acuta, remote setaceo-denticulata, mem-

branacea, parce arachnoideo-pubescentia, supra glabrescentia ; capitula mag-

na, 2 poll. fere in diametro, terminalia, solitaria, sessilia ; involucri squamee

numerosissime, densissimee imbricatee, subulatee, 1—1} poll. longee, albido-

pilosze ; floseuli purpurei ? achenia 3—4 lin. longa, leevia ; pappus meequalis

achenio duplo circiter longior, flavescens, pilosus.—Martaban.

Monocraru oF Inpran Cyprinipm, (Part VI),—by Surgeon Major

Francis Day.

Since the commencement of this Memoir on the carps of India, in the

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, (vol. XL, Pt. II, 1871) several new

or little known species have been personally collected, or received through

the kindness of friends. All of these require to be fully described, (except

Labeo boggut, Sykes, and Cirrhina dero, Ham. Buch., see ante J. A. 8. B.

1872, pp. 259 and 960) ; likewise a few corrections have to be noted.

DIscOGNATHUS LAMA.

3—2

In Journ. A. S. B. for 1871, Pt. II, p. 110, for D. %, V. 10, read D. 3-9,

V.9, Vert. 18/14.

A very interesting variety of this species has been kindly collected for

me by Dr. Waagen from the Nilwan ravine near the Shapur salt ranges.

The depression across the snout is very deep, and the dorsal fin is concave

along its upper margin and higher than the body.

1872.] F. Day—Wonograph of Indian Cyprinide. 319

Genus. OREINUS. ,

Capéeta micracanthus, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 81.

Four specimens of this fish “ stuffed from 18 to 23 inches long. Puna-

ka. From the collection of the East India Company,” exist in the British

Museum, and are now correctly labelled Oreinus, to which genus they

belong.

LABEO RICNORHYNCHUS.

1, c. p. 128, erase “? Cyprinus musiha, H. B. pp. 333, 392.”

‘LABEO NUKTA.

Cyprinus nukta, Sykes, Trans. Z. §. ii, p. 825.

of auratus, Sykes, l. ¢

Carassius auratus, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 32 (not syn.).

ED 2 / ONE Lo IN SACO) CoO 3 Sy lAbur. 8/9)

Length of head nearly 1/5, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/7 of the

total length. Eyes, diameter 1/6 of length of head, 23 diameters from the

end of the snout, and slightly nearer the posterior margin of the opercle

than to the end of the snout. Head compressed, snout projecting over the

mouth and having a deep groove passing from one orbit to the opposite one,

thus occasioning the appearance as if there were a blunt compressed knob,

between and before the orbits. Mouth transverse. The lips with a distinct

inner hold at the angle of the mouth and extending across the outer third of

the lower jaw, from which the tip is reflected and rough, but neither are

fringed. Some large pores on the snout, forehead and in the rostral

groove. Barbels, a fine maxillary pair. ims, dorsal without any osseus

ray, arising midway between the snout and the posterior extremity of

the base of the anal fin, its anterior three rays are much elevated and

higher than the body, the last besides being divided to its root, being also

somewhat prolonged, so the upper margin of the fin is concave. Ventrals

arise under the middle of the dorsal and scarcely reach the anal. Pectoral

as long as the head. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete to the

centre of the base of the caudal, but very badly marked, 45 rows of scales

between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colours silvery with some red

marks on some of the scales.

Hab.—Dakhin (Deccan) ; through the assistance of Colonel Evezard, I

obtained two specimens from Puna, 10 and 12 inches respectively in length.

Genus. CIRRHINA.

CIRRHINA SINDENSIS.

Brille DP; 3/10; P: 15, V. 8, A. 2/5, C19. I. 1. 43, LL. tr. 8/8:

Length of head, of caudal fin, and height of body each 1/5 of the total

length. Hyes, situated in the middle of the length of the head, 2 diameters

320 EF. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 4,

from the end of the snout. Interorbital space nearly flat. Snout rounded,

covered with glands and having a deep groove extending across it from eye

to eye. Mouth transverse, inferior. Mandibles sharp not enveloped in lip,

and having a thin horny covering. Lips entire. Barbels, a pair of very short

maxillary. Fins, dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout,

and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal, its third undivided ray

weak, fin rather higher than the body. Pectoral as long as the head with-

out the snout, not reaching the ventrals, which last arise under the middle

of the dorsal. Lateral line nearly straight, 65 rows. of scales between it

and the base of the ventral fin. Colowrs silvery with a reddish tinge, the

bases of the scales the darkest, fins red.

Hab—Sind Hills, attaiming 8 inches in length.

Although this fish is evidently a Currhina, as seen by the position of

its ventral fins, still the horny covering to its lower jaw is remarkable.

CIRRHINA BATA, H. B.

Day, J. A. S. of Beng, 1871, p. 140.

Cyprinus bata, H. Buch., is said to be “ found in the rivers and ponds of

Bengal” (H. B.), its native name is given as bata. From the same loca-

lities and called by the same name ‘bata’ I obtained numerous specimens

of a fish agreeing in nearly every respect with H. B.’s description and a

figure which still exists amongst his MS. drawings; the only exception

being that the drawing gives 12 dorsal rays instead of 11, whilst the text

states “the last of them beimg divided to the root,’ which division to the

root is not shown in the last ray in the original drawing. To me (but I

do not assert that I cannot be mistaken) it appears that the artist has sepa-

rated the bases of the last two rays which should be shown as arising from

one common root. Were this so in the drawing, the figure and the deserip-

tion would agree with my specimens (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 636).

Whilst seeing no reason for changing my views, I think it but fair to

give Dr. Giinther’s opinion that “ Hamilton Buchanan’s fish has more than

nine branched rays, (Zool. Record, 1870, p. 185). “ The words of Hamilton

Buchanan that this fish has “twelve rays in the fin of the back’’...... “the

first” and “second” bemg “undivided, the others are branched, the last of

them being divided to the root” have always conveyed to my mind the idea

that this fish was described as clearly as possible as a fish with 10 branched

dorsal rays.” * * “ Finally to set the matter beyond further dispute also

with regard to the C. bata, I give (p. 765) an exact tracing of Hamilton

Buchanan’s MS. drawing of this fish, in which the ten separate branched

dorsal rays are as clearly shown as could well be done.” (Proc. Zool. Soe.

1871, p. 764).

1872.] EF. Day—onograph of Indian Cyprinidae. 321

It may perhaps be regretted that an addition has been made to the

original figure, by numbers 1—10 having been added above the branched

rays. Number 10, it will be perceived in the drawing, is not divided to the

root, consequently if 9 and 10 sprang from one common root, the fish would

agree with the species I have described in its native name, its description,

its figure and the locality it inhabits ; whereas such a fish with 10 branched

rays, the last divided to its root, has not been collected, so far as I am aware.

Still as the species is very largely domesticated, such a variety doubtless

might easily occur.

Finally I may observe that, although Dr. Giinther appears so decidedly

of opinion that my fish with 11 dorsal rays cannot be H. B.’s C. bata, the

following oceurs in the Catalogue of Fishes of the British Museum, vii,

p- 35. “5. Cyprinus bata, Ham. Buch., p. 283 ;? = Cyprinus acra, Ham.

Buch., p. 284; == Cyprinus cura, Ham. Buch., p. 284.” In Hamilton

Buchanan’s work he gives the number of rays of the dorsal fins of these

species thus. C. bata, D. 12, C. aera, D. 11, C. cura, D. 12, and the species

C. aera, with D. 11, and C. cura, with D. 12, are set down as identical even

by Dr. Gunther, whilst Hamilton Buchanan observes that the C. acra, “ has

the utmost resemblance to the Bata,” and the C. cura is another fish nearly

allied to the Bata. McClelland, Ind. Cyp. J. A. 8. of B. 1839, p. 356,

observes “ Cyprinus acra, Buch., is also said to have the upper lobe of the

caudal longer than the lower, but it has only eleven rays in the fin of the

back ; now whether a species can be said to have eleven or twelve rays in

the dorsal depends entirely on the degree to which the last ray is separated

or divided, which in this group it always is, more or less; there can, there-

fore, be little doubt the Cyprinus bata and Cyprinus acra are the same

species.” Thus agreeing with McClelland who considered these fish identi-

eal, and Dr. Gunther who supposed them to be so, I have taken Buchanan’s

first specific name bata instead of his second acra, and which I see no reason

for altering.

CiRRHINA FULUNGEE.

Chondrostoma fulumgee, ? Sykes, T. Z. S. ii, p. 358.

Gymnostomus fulungee, *Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 76.

Be LDF 2/8) Pyla-Ve 9, A. 2/5,C. 19, Til) 44, L.tr. 8/9.

Length of head 1/6, of caudal 1/5, height of body 1/5 of the total

length. yes, diameter 1/4 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout.

Dorsal and abdominal profiles equally convex. Snout overhangs the mouth,

a few pores upon it. Lips smooth. Sarbels, a pair of short rostral, but no

maxillary ones. Scales, 63 rows between the lateral line and the base of the

ventral fin. Colow?s silvery, edges of scales darkest ; fins stained.

Hab.—Pina, growing to 6 inches in length.

322 F. Day—AIonograph of Indian Cyprinide. [No. 4,

Whether this is Sykes’ species is of course doubtful, as he has not (so

far as I know) left any figure of it, but the resemblance, considering these

specimens came from the Dakhin (Deccan), is sufficiently strong to avoid

giving another name. Sykes states A. 6, but I conclude he may have counted

the two first undivided ones as one.

*CIRRHINA ROSTRATA.

Crossochilus rostratus, Gunther, Catal. vii, p. 72, and Zool. Record, 1870, p. 135.

Te IML 0 0, I, iy db 1 Bish, Is we, Sy/7/

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the head,

which is one-fifth of the total without the caudal. Hyes, diameter 2/7 of

length of head, and situated somewhat behind-its middle. Snout conical,

long, and much protruding beyond the mouth. Barbels two, rostral, shorter

than the eye. ns, origin of dorsal considerably in advance of that of the

ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the posterior end of

the anal fin; pectoral a little longer than the head, terminating at a great

fin. Colours, a black spot (composed of about four smaller spots) on the

fifth and sixth scales of the lateral line.

Hab.—Cossye river, from which a single specimen 4 inches long has

been obtained. .

Dr. Giinther (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 762) appears surprised at my

not having perceived the difference between this species and C. data from

his first description (Catal. vii, p. 72) ; his definition there of genus Crosso-

chilus, p. 71, gives “ Barbels two or four : if two, the upper only are present.”

C. bata having only two and those the lower or maxillary ones, seemed to

show that some inaccuracy existed in the definition of the genus; whilst in

the text of C. rostratus all that is said about these appendages, is—‘ Two

barbels only, shorter than the eye,” without stating whether they are rostral

or maxillary, otherwise the description agreed pretty fairly with C. bata

which came from the same locality. Subsequently in the Zool. Record. 1.

c. he states that C. rostratus “has a pair of upper barbels only, but no maxil-

lary barbels,” thus clearmg up this point. I have stated this much because

Dr. Giimther in the Pro. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 762 asks: “ Will Mr. Day

point out where I have given this second description, or whether I have

added one iota to my original description in 1868 P”* This date I conclude

* As some time must elapse before my Stlwroids find a place in the Journal, I pro-

prose offering a few remarks upon Pseudeutropius taakree, Sykes. Dr. Gunther in

the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871 inremarking on my having been mistaken in considering the

skin of this fish, received from the Zool. Soc. as being one of Col. Sykes’ types of his

paper, states, the registry does not give his name as a donor once, and of the Hast

Indian Museum “ although I searched carefully that Museum (before and after the

1872.] FB. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 323

is only another inaccuracy, as Vol. vii of the Catalogue is dated November

1st, 1867, and contains the description I have adverted to.

Genus. Scaputopon, Heckel.

Capoéta, sp. Chondrostoma, sp. Cuv. and Val.

Dillonia and Gymnostomus, sp. Heckel.

Abdomen. rounded, snout rounded ; mouth transverse, inferior, having the

mandibular edge nearly straight and sharp, the mandibles angularly bent in-

wards. A horny layer inside the lower jaw, which last is not covered by lip.

No lower labial fold. Barbels four, two, or absent. Pharyngeal teeth com-

pressed, truncated, 5 or 4,3, 2/2,3,4 or 5. Dorsal fin of moderate extent (up

to about ten branched rays), its last undivided ray being osseous and serrated,

or else articulated ; anal rather short. Scales large, of moderate or small

transfer of its fish collection to the British Museum) for types of Colonel Sykes’s paper

I failed to discover them.”

In the Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum, by Dr. Giinther, Vol. v, p. 46,

is “a. b. eight and a half to nine and a half inches long. Dukhun. From Colonel Sykes’s

collection, types of Schilbe pabo, Sykes.” Atp. 76, under Macrones cavasius is a specimen

“ from the collection of Colonel Sykes” about the same size as his published figure. At

page 187 under Glyptosternum lonah is “ a. Type of the species from the collection of Col.

Sykes.” Thus in the Catalogue of the fishes of the British Museum the possession of

some of Sykes’ types is asserted, but where they came from I believe is not known; Col.

Sykes’s name is not referred to, that I see, when the collections in H. I, Co. Museum are

mentioned, though Cantor’s, Griffith’s and McClelland’s are. Still it seems that I was

mistaken in considering this skin as one from the collection of the Zoological Society,

whose donor’s name was omitted from the Catalogue, and which had on it a label with

one of Col. Sykes’s names, as being one of his types.

Respecting my being assisted, as Dr. Gtiinther more than insinuates, in determin.

ing the species by his having erroneously (as he believes) written P. taakree on the

bottle, a slight reference to dates again disposes of this. My first imspection of this

skin was in 1870, whilst in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 617, I observed when writing

from Barma—“ The Pseudeutropius taakree, Sykes, or P. longimanus, Giinther, is to-

lerably abundant in the Irrawadi and its branches.” Since then I have received

it from Pina in the Dakhin (Deccan).

Lastly Dr. Gunther states the skin which is 6 inches long (Sykes’s figure is 5 3)

“had been presented with others to the Society by Mr. Willie in 1834,—that is five

(four ?) years before Col. Sykes communicated his paper to the Zoological Society.”

To complete this observation, I may continue that Col. Sykes left India in 1831, and

though the “ fishes of the Dekhun” were published in 1841, he expressly observes in

a note, that ‘“ although the preceding details respecting the fishes of the Dekhun were

comprised in a report to the Court of Directors of the East India Company in J une,

1831, they were only communicated to the Zoological Society on the 27th November,

1838.” Thus the Zoological Society obtained the specimen (Pimelodus vacha as regis-

tered, not very closely resembling a Pseudeutropius) three years after Col. Sykes re-

turned to Europe and subsequent to the time when his manuscript had been complet-

ed and given to the WH. I. Company.

524 F. Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. [ No. 4,

size and sometimes irregularly disposed. Lateral line passing to the centre

of the base of the caudal fin.

Geographical distribution. Rivers of Western Asia extending east-

wards to those in the Sind hills.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

A. Barbels two

1. Scaphiodon Watsoni, D. 3/10, A. 2/7, L. 1. 33. Anosseous serrated dorsal ray.

Scales reeularly arranged. Sind hills.

2. 35 irregularis, D, 3/10, A. 2/7, L. 1, 36. An osseous, serrated, dorsal

ray. Scales irregularly arranged, Sind hills,

1. Scarurtopon Watsont.

18% JUG ID SyAMO et he NGS AS eG IIS), Ibe ly Se}, Ih, tae, (G/B,

Length of head 1/5, of caudal 1/5, height of body 2/9 of the total

length. yes situated in the commencement of the anterior half of the

head, diameter 2/9 of length of head, 13 diameters from the end of the snout.

Interorbital space somewhat convex. Snout rounded and covered with

glands ; mouth transverse, inferior, mandibles sharp not enveloped in lip,

and having a horny layer inside. A pair of maxillary barbels as long as

the eye. ins, dorsal commences rather in front of the ventrals, and mid-

way between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, its last undi-

vided ray strong, osseous, serrated, as long as the head without the snout,

and nearly as long as the branched rays, which are two thirds as high as the

body Pectoral as long as the portion of the head posterior to the angle of

the mouth, but not reaching the ventrals. Caudal forked. Lateral line,

very slightly curved, 35 rows of scales between it and the ventral fin. Co-

lowrs silvery, dashed with gold, lightest on the abdomen. Various and very

irregular black spots on the body. :

Hab.—Sind hills. I have much pleasure in naming this species after

H. HE. Watson, Esq., who largely assisted me in making collections of speci-

mens of natural history whilst in Sind.

2. SCAPHIODON IRREGULARIS.

18; OLE DS YAO; Je, Ir, Wo dls Bil, Co 1D; Ie Jk XG, Ith, ties 8)/9),

Length of head, caudal fin and height of body, each 1/5 of the total

length. yes, situated in the commencement of the anterior half of the

head, 13 diameters from end of the snout and apart. Interorbital space

nearly flat, snout somewhat rounded, covered with glands and having a de-

pression across it from eye to eye. ins, dorsal commences rather before

the ventrals midway between the end of the snout and the base of the cau-

dal fin, its third undivided ray is osseous, weak, and serrated, nearly half as

long as the head, whilst the fin is three fourths as high as the body. Pec-

toral nearly as long as the head; caudal forked, its lower lobe the longer.

1872. ] FB, Day—Monograph of Indian Cyprinide. 325

Seales, two or three rows above the lateral line are of a large oblong form,

above these are numerous small irregular ones, whilst the scales on the chest

are likewise very small; four and a half rows exist between the lateral line

and the base of the ventral. Colowzs olive, shot with gold.

Hab.—Rivers in the Sind hills up to 3500 feet elevation. I have also

received from Dr. W. Waagen,* four specimens of a species of this genus

obtained from Marri, and which are scarcely separable from the foregoing ;

they have L. 1. 388, L. tr. 73/9, whilst the rows of scales above the lateral

line are not so distinctly irregular. The largest of these specimens is 6

inches in length.

BarBus (BARBODES) HIMALAYANUS.

Chit-rah-too, Pan}.

ei (Selo. Vin 9) AN /5, C7, ln 1 382-3840 Ii. tr155/6:

Length of head nearly 1/4 (4/13), of caudal 1/6, height of body 1/4 of

the total length. yes, diameter 2/11 of length of head, 2% diameters from

end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles equally

convex. Head, much compressed, a depression across the snout just ante-

rior to the orbits, lower lip lobed as in B. tor ; upper jaw the longer with-

out thickened lips. arbels, the rostral pair of the same length as the

maxillary, and they equal 13 diameters of the orbit. ins, dorsal commen-

ces midway between the nostrils or the anterior margin of the orbit and the

base of the caudal fin, its spine is moderately stout, entire, and equals the

length of the head without the snout, upper margin of fin concave; pecto-

ral as long as the head without the snout, it does not reach the ventral,

which is slightly shorter and does not extend so far as the base of the anal,

which last reaches the root of the caudal when laid flat ; caudal forked, lobes

of equal length. - Scales, 3} rows between the lateral line and the base of

the ventral fin. Colowrs golden above, becoming silvery below ; the mar-

gins of the scales with numerous fine black dots, in the young a black mark

behind the gill openings ; fins reddish.

Hab.—Ussun river, about four miles from Simla. Out of five specimens

the longest was 7 inches in length.

BaRBus (PUNTIUS) WAAGENT.

B. II, D. =, P. 15, V. 9, A. 2/5, C. 17, L. 1. 23-24, L. tr. 4/7.

Length of head 1/4, of caudal 2/9, height of body 1/3 of the total

length. yes, in the anterior half of the head, 3/4 of a diameter from end

* Besides the fishes alluded to in this paper, the collection contained the follow-

ing from Marri in the Panjab : Macrones Lamarrii, Val., Labeo ricnorhynchus, McClell.,

Barbus tor, H. B. Likewise Barilius piscatorius, McClell., from afresh water stream

near Wallus. Also one small specimen of Cirrhina gohama, H. B., and several of Ne-

macheilus corica, H. B.

3258 F. Day—WMonograph of Indian Cyprimde. [No. 4,

of snout. Upper surface of the head flattened ; mouth horse-shoe shaped,

compressed, and anterior, lower jaw not covered by lip; the posterior extre-

mity of the maxilla reaches half way to below the orbit. Barbels absent.

Fins, upper margin of dorsal straight, the fin is half as high as the body and

without any osseous ray, 16 commences midway between the posterior margin ~

of the orbit, and the base of the caudal ; pectoral as long as the head with-

out the snout, not reaching the ventral, which arises under the anterior dor-

sal rays and does not extend to the anal; caudal forked. Scales, 45 rows

between the row which contains the lateral line and the base of the ventral

fin. Lateral line ceases on the seventh scale. Colowrs silvery, darkest

above; a black blotch on the 17th and 18th rows of scales, and posterior to

the anal and dorsal fins.

Hab.—From Chua Saidar Shah, Salt Range ; specimens up to 24 inches

in length were collected by Dr. Waagen who kindly furnished me with

them.

Bareus (PuNTIUS) virratus, Pt. II. p. 107.

From a recent examination of several fine specimens of this fish obtain-

ed by Dr. Stoliczka in Kachh I find its last undivided dorsal ray is articulat-

ed, not osseous ; so it must be removed to the division of Puntius, bemg with-

out osseous dorsal ray.

Genus. BARILiIvus.

Bariuivus EVEZARDI.

12-13”

Length of head 2/11, of caudal 2/11, height of body 1/5 of the total

length. yes, diameter 1/3 of length of head, 3/4 of a diameter from the

end of the snout and apart. Barbels absent. The maxilla extends to be-

neath the anterior margin of the orbit. Humeral process short, bemg

scarcely produced. ‘Third suborbital bone twice as deep as the uncovered

portion of the cheek below it to above the angle of the preopercle. A well

developed knob at the symphysis of the lower jaw. ins, pectoral as long

as the head, the dorsal commences midway between the hind edge of the

orbit and the end of the caudal fin, whilst its posterior half is above the anal.

Lower caudal lobe the longer. Colowrs silvery ; dorsal, caudal and anal deep

orange, the first two having a black edge.

Hab.—Pina ; growing to 45 inches in length. Out of the specimens

collected through the assistance of Colonel Evezard were two of this species,

and subsequently I have received one obtained in the same locality by Dr.

Stoliczka,

1872. ] W. H. Brooks—Zwo Undescribed Cashnir Birds. B27

NEMACHEILUS MonTANUS, Pt. V. p. 192.

Having been able to collect near Simla numerous specimens of this fish,

from whence McClelland obtained his types, I find that considerable varia-

tions occur in the species.

The first, apparently typical form, has D. ==. Head nearly 2/3 as wide

as long ; preorbital terminating posteriorly in an obtuse projection. Scales

very minute, but most distinct in the posterior part of the body. In some

the dark bands on the body are as wide as, in a few narrower or wider than,

the ground colour. The dorsal has one row of spots, which are present or ab-

sent on the caudal.

The second variety has D. =. Head at least 2/3 as wide as long, no

projection to preorbital. Colours the same.

The third form has D. oe. Head almost as wide as long, depressed,

muzzle rounded ; no preorbital prominence, the pectoral a little longer than

in the two previous forms. Colours the same except that some have several

rows of black spots both on the dorsal and caudal fins, others have only a

single row.

ON TWO UNDESCRIBED CasHMiIR Birps,—by W. E. Brooks, C. EH.

Assensole.

[Received 16th October, read 4th December, 1872. |

ACCENTOR JERDONI, sp. nov.

Bill shorter, feebler and sharper pointed than in 4 strophiatus, and not

nearly so black. One specimen has the basal portion of the lower mandible

pale brown. Total length 4°5 inches ; wing 2°54 to 2°62; tail 2°3 to 2°54;

bill at front °35; tarsus ‘75.

This bird in mode of coloration strongly resembles A. strophiatus, yet

it is very distinct; being altogether a paler, and less boldly marked species.

The striation of the back is comparatively cloudy, and resembles that of

Pipastes arboreus. ‘The upper surface is a mixture of brownish grey and

dark brown, and there is none of the warm rufous tint observable on the back

of A. strophiatus. The rump and upper tail coverts, which are strongly

streaked in strophiatus, are plain greyish brown in our bird, with hardly the

faintest streak perceptible. The anterior portion of the supercilium is whi-

tish, as in strophiatus, but the remainder, instead of being deep rusty red, is

merely warm buff or fulvous. Above the supercilium is a dark band on each

side of the head, which is continued to the occiput. The crown of the head

is brownish grey, mottled indistinctly with pale brown. The back is brown-

328 W. E. Brooks—Zwo Undescribed Cashmir Birds. [No. 4,

ish grey, streaked with dark brown. Ear coverts dark slatey brown, slightly

mottled with greyish white. A patch of pure grey, very faintly streaked

with brown, between the ear coverts and bend of wmg. From chin to upper

breast white, with small neat dark brown spots ; below this white, a broad

(3/4 inch) pectoral band of rufous, not nearly so deep and bright as in stro-

. phiatus and devoid of dark streaks ; strophiatus sometimes has the pectoral

rufous strongly streaked. Rest of lower surface dull whitish with the flanks

tinged with brown, the latter having also broad cloudy brown streaks.

Lower tail coverts pale brownish, with broad whitish edges; wings and tail

brown, of a much lighter shade than in strophiatus, and having pale brown

margins to the feathers, particularly so in the case of the wing coverts and

tertials.

I have thought necessary to refer comparatively to A. strophiatus in

this description, on account of the similar distribution of colours, and size of

the two birds. They can only be understood by contrasting them. I have

one specimen of the new bird from Dhurmsala, and others from Cashmir.

A. strophiatus ranges from near Simla to Darjiling; but at what point west

of Simla is its western limit, and where the eastern one of A. Jerdoni begins,

is not yet known. Captain Cock took some nests of the new bird with eggs

(uniform greenish blue) at Sonamurg, up the Scind valley in Cashmir.

The other bird which I have to describe is

TROGLODYTES NEGLECTUS, Sp. Nov.

It is of the same size as 7. Nipalensis, but very much lighter in colour

and having a strong resemblance to the English wren. It is dull reddish

brown above, becoming brighter in tone towards and on the tail. The

whole of the upper surface is covered with wavey dark brown bars, which are

very indistinct on the head, but increase in distinctness as the tail is reach-

ed, upon which they are very well marked. Below pale brownish, with the

abdomen and belly nearly white, the whole of the under surface, like the

upper, being barred with brown. Lower tail coverts brown, spotted with

white. Bill brown, paler on lower mandible at base ; legs and feet brown.

Length 3°5 in. ; wing 18; tail 1-2; bill at front -42; tarsus ‘63, central toe

and claw °57 ; hind toe and claw ‘53. The sexes arg alike in size and plum-

age.

Apart from its comparatively pale tone of colouration its much smaller

and slenderer tarsus and foot easily distinguish it from 7) Nipalensis, which

is a very dark brown sooty looking little bird. Of Z. Nipalensis the central

toe and claw measure *7; hind toe and claw ‘62.

The Cashmir wren is not uncommon in the pine woods of Cashmu,

and in habits and manners it strongly resembles its Huropean congener. Its

song is very similar, and quite as pretty. It is a shy active little bird, and

1872.] W. Theobald & F. Stoliczka—Wotes on Barmese Land Shells. 329

very difficult to shoot. I found two nests. One was placed in the roots of a

large upturned pine, and was globular with entrance at the side. It was

profusely lined with feathers and composed of moss and fibres. The eggs

were white, sparingly and minutely spotted with red; rather oval in shape,

measuring “66 by ‘5. A second nest was placed in the thick foliage of a

moss grown fir tree, and was about 7 feet abovethe ground. It was simi-

larly composed to the other nest, but the eggs were rounder, and plain

white, without any spots.

Notes oN BaRMESE AND ARAKANESE LAND SHELLS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF A FEW SPECIES,—by W. THEOBALD, Esq., and Dr. F. StoxiczKa.

(Received and read 7th August, 1872.)

(With plate XI.)

The accompanying notes were suggested by the recent discovery of

several new species of landshells, chiefly in the Arakan hills and in the

neighbourhood of Moulmain. In addition to these a few species were

found which proved to be identical with those formerly described from

Sikkim, the Khasi hills, and Upper Pegu; the slight variations and the

geographical distribution of these species will be noticed in connection with

the descriptions of the new species.

CYCLOSTOMACEA.

RAPHAULUS PACHYSIPHON, n. sp. Pl. XI. Fig. 1.

ft. testa cylindraceo ovata, anguste perforata, solida, fusca; spira

obtusa, apice ad latus imclinato, excentrico; anfractibus 54 convexiusculis,

transversim confertissime striolatis, ad suturam simplicem adpressis ;

anfractu penultimo sensim, ultimo valde, descendente, primo supra aperturam

deplanato, altero ad sutwram paulo constricto, ad basin convexiusculo ; aper-

tura fere verticali, cireulari, peristomate pallide fucescente, plane expanso

atque crasso, supra ad anfractum penultimum labio attenuato et fere horizonl

adnato, postice (aut supra) ad suturan tubulo crasso, deflexo instructo.

Long. 12:6, lat. anf. penult.7-6, diam. apert. cwm perist. 62, apert. int.

3°6 m.m.

Hab. Prope Moulmain, valle Ataran fluminis.

A rare and very distinct from any of the other known species by its

distorted spire and externally bent down sutural tube. The figures 1 and

la are of the natural size, 16 and le are the corresponding figures, enlarged

.twice the natural size.

330 W. Theobald & F. Stoliczka—Wotes on Barmese Land Shells. |No. 4,

Genus, ALYCRUS.

Of this genus several species were found which were previously only

known to occur in Sikkim, and in the Khasi and Garo hills. A. pusillus

was met with at Nattoung in the Mendon district, Pegu; A. wrnula, and a

small variety of 4. Ingrami, at Mai-i in the Arakan hills; A. crispatus at

Maianoung and near Moulmain ; at this last named locality also occurred

a large, red-liped variety of A. wrnula, and several specimens of A. Richtho-

Jeni, the shells slightly vary in the height of the spire, but all are of

exactly the same character.

Atycnus Kurzianvs, n. sp. Pl. xi. Fig. 2.

A. testa subglobose conoidea, late umbilicata, pallide rubescente ; anfrac-

tibus 4, valde conveuis, sublevigatis, transversim distanter obsolete costellatis,

ultimo anfractu medio ambitus modice inflato, confertim costulato, tum

valde constricto levigatoque, in constrictione costé obtusa transversd in-

structo, rursusque expansiusculo atque paulo deflexo; apertura magna, obliqua,

subrotundata, supra obtuse angulata, infra anguste canaliculata ; preritremate

modice imerassato, duplict, externo paulum expanso, labro interno plicatulo,

labio sublevigato. Diam. maj. specim. maximi 3°5, minor 8, alt. 2°7 m.m.

Hab. Nattowng in provincia Barmana, Prome dicta.

The peculiarly formed aperture with the lower canal and its internal

plication on the outer lip readily distinguish this species from A. polygona,

which besides differs by more rounded and higher whorls. Mr. Kurz

brought some years ago a specimen of this interesting species from Pegu ;

more recently Mr. Theobald collected it near Nattoung in the Western

Prome district. The measurements above given are those of one of the

largest specimens.

Genus, DIPLOMMATINA.

Several remarkable varieties of formerly described species occurred with

other known forms, both in Arakan and at Moulmain, Among these the

following deserve special notice.

1. D. sperata, B\f., was found at Mai-iin the Sandoway district. It

is a very rare shell.

2. D. polypleuris, Bens., occurs abundantly in the Sandoway district

and at Nattoung, more rarely near Moulmain.

3. D. olygopleuwris, Blf. Very fine specimens, measuring 3 m.m., in

length and 15 m.m. in thickness, were collected on the Kumah hill in

Arakan, and a solitary specimen was found at Baom, also in Arakan. The

latter exactly agrees in form and size (length 2 m.m.) with typical Cachar

specimens, but while in these the costulation generally becomes obsolete on the

two last whorls, the same is well developed and comparatively slightly closer

1872.] W. Theobald & F. Stoliczka—Wotes on Barmese Land Shells. 331

on all the whorls of the Arakanese specimen; the difference is, however

not sufficient to indicate a specifically distinct shell from the one above

named.

4. D. exilis, BM., was found on the limestone hills at Damotha and at

the Farm-caves near Moulmein. Most of the specimens somewhat exceed

in size those from Upper Barma; the costulation of the whorls also is a shade

finer, though variable in different specimens, and the outer lip of the aperture

a little more expanded ; however, the general form, character and proportion

of the whorls is exactly the same. One of the largest specimens measures :

total length 3:2, diameter of penult. whorl 1+, diam. of apert. with perist. 0:9

m.m.; it has nine whorls.

5. D. nana, described by Mr. W. T. Blanford from Pegu, also occurs

near Moulmein; the specimens only are a trifle smaller than the type shell,

but they are very distinctly transvefsely costulated.

6. DIPLOMMATINA ANGULATA, n. sp. Pl. xi. Fig. 3.

D. testa ovoto elongata, dextrorsa, vie rimata, sordide albida, anfractu

penultimo latissimo, apice obtusiusculo, pallide rubido, submammillato ;

anfractibus sex, primis duobus levigatis, ceteris valde convexis, ad peri-

pheriam plus minusve distincter angulatis, transversim confertissime costellatis

aut acute striatis ; ultimo basi contracto ; sutura profunda, simplice ; aper-

tura late circulart, peristomate undique expanso, bilabiato, interno subrecto,

ad marginem colwmellarem dente obliquo instructo, externo ad anfractum

penultimum constrictum modice ascendente. Long. 2, lat. maxima 0'8, diam.

apert. 0'6 m.m.

Hab. Prope Moulmain, provincia Martaban.

The peculiar angulation of the whorls, combined with the very close

transverse costulation, or almost striation, and the proportionately large

aperture readily separate this species from any other as yet known. Mr.

Theobald obtained numerous specimens on the limestone hill near Damotha,

and also south of Moulmain, together with D. carneola, Stol.

7. Dretommatina RIcHTHOFENT, n. sp. Pl. xi. Fig. 4.

Dipl. testa ovate elongata, turrita, dextrorsa, albida, rimata; spira

conoidea ; anfractibus septem, convexis, ad medium subangulatis, sutura

simplict junctis, penultimo wltimo latiore: primis duobus apicem formantibus

levigatis, ceteris transversim conferte costellatis, ultimo basi convexo, angus-

tato, supra ad anf. penultimum ascendente ; apertura parva, cireulari, peris-

tomate duplici: interno tubuliforme modice producto atque dilatato ; labio

ad basin dente obliquo et magno instructo. Long. 2°5, lat. maxuna 0°8, diam.

aperture O'S m.m.

Hab. Prope Moulmain ; (testa rarissima).

332 W. Theobald & F. Stoliczka—Wotes on Barmese Land Shells. [No. 4,

A species closely allied to D. angulata, but more slender, with less dis-

tinctly angulated whorls, non-mammillated apex, with a slightly more dis-

tant costulation and with a comparatively smaller aperture.

Only the solitary figured specimen of this shell was obtained on the

limestone hill at the so-called Farm-caves.

Genus, GHORISSA.

1. Georissa Blanfordiana, Stol., (J. A. 8. B., 1871, vol. xl, pt. ui,

p. 158, pl. vi, fig. 6,) described from a single specimen, occurred abundantly

both at the Farm-caves and South of Moulmain. Thetype specimen is

rather a young shell, which, when adult, attains a very distinct ovately

conoid form, the whorls being in proportion somewhat less convex ; the inner

lip is strongly thickened. One of the largest specimens measures: total

length 2°8, greatest width of the last whorl 2, height of aperture 2-2, its

width 1 m.m.

When alive, the shell is rather deep succineous and semi-transparent ;

old specimens become white. The operculum is of the usual form, very

thin, with a long internal process, pale coloured, becoming blackish towards

the centre.

2. G. Rawesiana, Bens., also known from a single specimen, found at

the Farm-caves near Moulmain, occurred in numerous examples on two

limestone hills in the Ataran valley. The shell differs from G. liratula* by

amore conoid shape, particularly in the adult, and by a much finer spiral

striation, there being on the penultimate whorl as many as seven or eight of

these spiral striz, while in liratula there are only five of them. Young

specimens of both species are equally globose, and of a succineous structure.

One of the largest specimens of G. Rawesiana measures : length 2:4, largest

diam. 1°8, height of aperture 1, its width 0°8 mm. In adults the fine

sculpture wears off remarkably easily, and such specimens closely resemble

G. Blanfordiana, but have the whorls more convex, and the aperture pro-

portionately smaller.

3. G. pyxis, Bens., a species common about Prome, also occurs on the

Kumah hill in the Sandoway district.

4, GEORISSA FRATERNA, n. sp. Pl. xi. Figs. 5 and 6.

G. testa cylindraceo conoidea, solidula, pallida, imperforata, regione

umbilicali paulo impressa ; anfractibus 34, convexis, supra modice subtrun-

catis, sutura per-profunda junctis, spiraliter crasse liratis, liris in anfrac-

tu penultimo quingue, supera a sutura remotiuscula; apice valde mam-

millato ; ultimo anfractu spird breviore, basi convexiusculo, spiraliter

* J. A. S. B. vol, xl, pt. ii, 1871, p. 157, pl. vi, fig. 5,

1872.| W. Theobald & F. Stoliczka—Wotes on Barmese Land Shells. 333

striato ; apertura fere semicirculart, labro simplici, antice modice recedente,

margine subobtuso instructo, labio recto, incrassato ; operculo testaceo, tenut,

subdiaphano, paucispwrato. Alt. teste 1:4, diam. max. 0°95 m.m.

Hab. In valle fluminis Ataran, prope Moulmain.

Allied to G. pyxis in having the uppermost spiral ridge on the whorls

somewhat remote from the suture, but the ridges themselves are stronger,

the whorls somewhat less numerous, the apex very distinctly mammillate,

and the entire form of the shell more slender and cylindrical. Only three

specimens were discovered by Mr. Theobald.

The slight variation in the shape is indicated by the figures given of

two specimens.

ACMELLA HYALINA, n. sp. Pl. xi. Fig. 7.

Ae. testa ovato conica, modice pérforata, hyalina, sordide abbida; spira

obtusa ; anfractibus 43 convexiusculis, sutura simplict et profunda junctis,

ad suturam subtruncatis, levigatis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi convexo ;

apertura regulariter ovata, supra (vel postice) subangulata, haud obliqua,

peristomate tenm fere continuo. Long. 1, lat. 0-7 mm. (Operculum deest).

Hab. Incollis calcareis prope Moulmain.

Of the two known species of the genus, A. tersa and the doubtful

milium, both described by Benson from the Khasi hills, the present new

form closely agrees in the shape of the shell with the first, and in the smooth-

ness of the surface with the second.

Acmella, Blanf., is evidently quite distinct from Georissa, or Hydrocena,

the latter bemg one of the Henicryip#, while the former is most likely

a Cyclophorid, or possibly one of the intermediate forms close to Assiminea

and Omphalotropis, connecting the CycLhopHorip# with the Risso.

(Comp. Blanford in Ann. and Mag. N. H. for March 1869).

HELICACEA.

Pura FILOSA, n. sp. Pl. x1. Fig. 8.

P. testa ovato cylindracea, cornea, pellucida, apice obtusiuscula, rimate

umbilicata ; anfractibus 45 convexiusculis, sutwra simplict junctis, trans-

versim striis cuticularibus, obliquis, filiformibus ornatis ; ultimo spiréd breviore,

basi vie angustato, convexiusculo ; apertura subquadrangulart, recta, intus

dentibus quinque mstructa, labro undique paulo expansiusculo, atque incras-

sato, infra suturam subangulato, ad latus dentibus duobus parvis profunde

sitis instructo ; labio tenuissimo, prope medium dentibus pliciformibus duobus

approximatis, anteriore multo minore, predito ; columella wridentata. Long.

2, diam. max. 1 m.m.; apert. ewm perist. 0°75 longa, antice 0°55, postice

0°75 mm. lata.

Hab. In littore Arakanense ; satis frequens.

334 G. E. Dobson—On the Osteology of some species of Bats. |No. 4,

A well marked species, both by its peculiarly subcylindrial shape and

by the denticulations of the apertural margins ; it is not uncommon on the

Arakan coast.

Macrocutamys [Durertta|] Kumanensts, n. sp. Pl. xi. Fgs. 9 and 10.

Macr. testa convexiuscule orbiculata, polita, tenuwi, cornea, anguste

perforata, spira modiee elevata ; anfractibus 45 convexis, requlariter aceres-

centibus, sutura simplict adpresssa gunctis, infra suturam distinete depressis

atque subcanaliculatis, transversim exilissime obsoleteque striolatis ; ultimo

anfractu ad ambitum regulariter convexo, ad basin convexiusculo, im spatio

umbilict rugulose spiraliter striato ; apertura ampla, semilunata, paulo

obliqua, margine externo simplict, columellari supra reflexiusculo, umbilicum

partim tegente. Diam. maj. 9°6, min. 83. alt. 6; lat. apert. perist. incl.

5-4, ejusd. alt. 43 m.m. Speciminis secundi ejusdem maquitudinis altitudo

teste est 65 m.m., apertura 5:2 lata, et 4°5 m.m. alta.

Hab. ‘ Kumah hil? in montibus Arakanensibus, regione Sandoway.

Only the two figured specimens of this shell were found by Mr. Theobald

at the above named locality. The species is intermediate between Blanford’s

compluvialis and nebulosa, differing from the former by being somewhat

depressed, by a comparatively slight sutural depression and larger umbilicus ;

from the latter it differs by its polished surface, less numerous and regularly

convex whorls, particularly at the periphery of the last. These differences

also apply in a comparison with JZ. honesta of Gould.

Besides the above described new species, Glessula Peguensis, Gless.

hastula, (somewhat larger than the Sikkim type shell), Succinea semicerica,

Sesara Basseinensis, Helicina Arakanensis, Pupina Blanfordi, Pterocyclus

parvus, several Alycei and Diplommatine occurred on the Kumah hill and

near Mai-i in the Sandoway district of Arakan.

eee

ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF SOME SPECIES OF BATs,—by G. E. Doxson, B. A.,

M. B., Assistant Surabon, H. M.’s Brirrsu Forces.

Having lately obtained additional specimens of MMacroglossus speleus,

from Mr. Theobald,* I have been enabled to have a complete skeleton made

from an adult male.

As previously remarked by me, the index finger possesses no trace of a

claw, but has instead a small, but distinct third phalanx connected with the

* Collected at the Farm Caves near Moulmain where the specimens, from which

the description of the species was taken, were obtained by Dr. Stoliczka. (See Journ.

As. Soc. Beng. Vol. xl, p. 261.)

1872.| G. E. Dobson—On the Osteology of some species of Bats. 330

second phalanx by a perfect joint. This phalanx is scarcely ;, inch in

length, and is wholly contained within the wing membrane.

If we compare the skull of JZ speleus with that of Pteropus medius,

it will be found to resemble it very closely, differing from it only in size,

and in the following points :—

In Pt. medius, the sagittal crest is very prominent, forming a sharp

ridge continued forwards beyond the middle of the zygomatic arches,

dividing at a short distance behind the post-orbital processes of the frontal

into two ridges which become continuous with their posterior margins. In

MM. speleus, the sagittal crest is very short, dividing, at a point correspond-

ing to a line connecting the mastoid processes, into two widely separated

very slightly elevated ridges continued forwards to the posterior margins of

the post-orbital processes. In P#. mediws, the frontal is deeply furrowed

between the roots of the post-orbital processes, in JZ. speleus it is elevated.

In Pé. medius, the post-orbital processes are very long and curved downwards,

separated by a very short interval (in a skull before me 0:15 inch) from a

corresponding process sent upwards from the zygoma, thus almost com-

pletely circumscribing with bone the margin of the orbit. In JZ speleus,

the post-orbital processes of the frontals are short, and almost horizontal ;

the zygoma is slender, and there is no trace of an ascending process.

The bases of the skulls of Pt. medius and I. speleus are very similiar,

the only difference noticeable being, that, in the former the foramen rotun-

dum and foramen ovale are represented by a single opening, in the latter they

are distinct.

In Pt. medius, the caudal vertebre are wanting, in J. speleus they are

five in number, very short and rather thick.

The remainder of the skeleton of JZ. speleus corresponds closely in form,

and in the relative proportion of its parts, with that of Pt. medius.

I have read with some surprise Prof. Flower’s statement* that, in the

genus Pteropus, “there is no corresponding ascending process from the zygo-

matic arch,’—for, in a skull of Pteropus medius, Tem., (compared, above,

with that of Macroglossus speleus) the post-orbital process sent upwards

from the zygomatic arch measures 0°15 inch along its anterior margin, 0°15

inch across its base, with a vertical height, posteriorly, of more than 0:10

inch.

The same author, at 1. c. p. 158, remarks that Insectivorous Bats have

no post-orbital processes of the frontals. This statement is only partially

correct, for although many, perhaps most, genera of insectivorous bats do not

possess post-orbital processes, yet in some genera they are not only present,

* Tntroduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia, by W. H. Flower, F, R. S,

1870, page 152.

336 G. E. Dobson—Brief Descriptions of five new Bats. [No. 4,

but also—in one genus especially,—quite as well developed as in the frugi-

vorous.

In every species of the genus Taphozous, Geoff., examined by me, I have

found well developed post-orbital processes. In a skull of Z. melanopogon,

Tem., before me, a long and slender post-orbital process of the frontal extends

more than half the distance between the frontal bone and the zygomatic

arch, forming nearly one-third of the entire circumference of the orbit. —

Post-orbital processes of the frontals are also found in the genera Mega-

derma and Nycteris. In the latter genus the post-orbital process may be —

described as a triangular expanded lamina of bone, of which the base extends

from the sagittal crest to the maxilla; in the former it is short and blunt,

and its base is perforated, as in Pteropus, by a supra-orbital foramen.

In Vesperus pachypus, Tem., a small post-orbital process exists.

The above examples show that in many species of insectivorous bats

post-orbital processes of the frontals are present. Inno species, however,

have I succeeded in detecting corresponding zygomatic processes, as in the

genus Pteropus. .

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF RHINOLOPHINE Bats,—

by G. E. Dozson, B. A., M. B.

The following short descriptions of new species of Rhinolophine bats in

the collection of Chiroptera in the Indian Museum are intended as prefatory

to more detailed descriptions, to be published hereafter with illustrations.

1. RutyoLopHus YUNANENSIS, n. sp.

Ears large; antitragus separated from the outer margin by a deep, an-

gular incision. Nose-leaf large ; the horizontal horse-shoe shaped portion

concealing the upper lip as in &h. luctus. The upper edge of the central

erect, anteriorly flattened, nasal crest meets, at the same level, the upper

edge of the posterior vertical membrane. Lower lip divided by a single ver-

tical incision. Wings from the ankles ; tail contained within the interfemo-

ral membrane, with the exception of the extreme tip ; interfemoral mem-

brane cut square behind, or slightly concave.

Length, head and body, 2°7 inches ; tail 0:9 ; ear (anteriorly) 1:0 ; nose-

leaf 0-7 ; forearm 2°2; tibia 1:1.

Hab.—Hotha, Yunan ; collected by Dr. Anderson during the Yunan

expedition.*

* Other new species of bats obtained by Dr. Anderson during the Yunan Hxpe-

dition have been shortly described by the writer in the Proc. As. Soc. Beng. for Sept.

1871.

——

1872. ] G. KE. Dobson— Brief Descriptions of jive new Bats. 337

2. RHINOLOPHUS GAROENSIS, n. sp.

Kars acutely pomted with a well developed antitragus. Upper edge of

the posterior vertical connecting process of the central nose-leaf forming an

acutely pointed elevation ; posterior nose-leaf terminating behind in a broad,

triangular, pointed process.

Wings from the ankles, interfemoral membrane cut square behind; tip

of tail free.

This species is closely allied to Rh. cornutus, Tem., from Japan, from

which it differs mainly in size.

Length, head and body 1°5 inches ; tail 0°7; ear (anteriorly) 0°5 ; fore-

arm, 13; 2nd finger 2:0; 4th finger 1°7 ; tibia 06.

Hab.—Garo Hills, Assam. Collected by Major H. H. Godwin-Austen.

3. RuHINOLOPHUS ANDAMANENSIS, n. sp.

This species resembles Rh. affinis, and may be referred to the same sec-

tion of the genus. The anterior horizontal horse-shoe shaped portion of the

nose-leaf is very broad and flat, concealing the muzzle when viewed from

above, as in Rh. Yunanensis. The posterior triangular nose-leaf is long, and

produced backwards between the ears.

Wings from the ankles, or from the tibia slightly Hethen up. Interfe-

moral membrane cut square or slightly concave behind ; tip of tail project-

ing.

Length, head and body, 2°5 inches ; tail 0°9 ; ear (anteriorly) 0°85 ; ear

(posteriorly) 0°75 ; forearm 2°05 ; thumb 0°45; tibia 1:0.

Hab.—Andaman Islands. Collected by Mr. Homfray, Assistant Super-

intendent, Port Blair, to whom the Indian Museum is indebted for many

specimens illustrative of the zoology of the islands.

4, RurtNoLopHus PETERSII, n. sp.

Kars acutely pomted, with an emargination immediately beneath the

tip ; antitragus large, separated from the outer margin by a deep angular

incision.

Nose-leaf about same size as in Rh. affinis. The upper border of the

posterior connecting portion of the central nasal crest is produced into a

subacute point ; the sides of the terminal part of the posterior nose-leaf are

deeply emarginate, so that it ends in a small narrow projection.

Wings from the ankles ; interfemoral membrane slightly triangular be-

hind ; tip of tail free, projecting about ;4, inch beyond the membrane.

This species resembles Ah. acwminatus, Peters, from Java, but differs

from it, as Dr. Peters informs me, in having the terminal portion of the tail

free, and in other respects, as in measurement, slightly, and in the form of

the ears, &c.

338 G. E. Dobson—Brief Descriptions of five new Bats. [No. 4,

Length (of a male) head and body 2:5 inches, tail 1:0; ear (anteriorly)

0:75 ; breath of antitragus 0°3; length of forearm 2°0; thumb 04; tibia

0-9; foot and claws 0°5.

Hab.—Sent from some part of India, precise locality not known.

5. PxHyttornia Masont, n. sp.

This species belongs to the same section of the genus as Ph. WNicoba-

yensis, Dobson. As in that species, the concave front surface of the base of

the transverse nose-leaf is divided into two cells only by a single central lon-

gitudinal fold ; the upper margin or crest of the transverse nose-leaf, and the

thickened cordiform ridge behind the nasal orifices develop acute projections

in the centre of their front surfaces as in Ph. diadema, Geoft. The horse-

shoe shaped membrane is simple, with three secondary vertical processes of

membrane on each side.

From the under surface of the symphisis of the mandible a small coni-

cal bony process projects downwards, about equal to the lower canine tooth

im vertical extent.

Wings from the ankles; tip of tail free ; interfemoral membrane trian-

gular behind.

Length, head and body, 3°65 inches; tail 1:65; ear (anteriorly) 11;

forearm 3°35 ; 2nd finger 5:0 ; 4th finger 3:9; thumb 0°6; tibia 1°35.

Hab.—Moulmain, Barma.

This fine species was first submitted to me for examination by Mr.

Wood-Mason, with the remark that it was most probably new ; I have,

therefore, much pleasure in connecting his name with it.

F. DAY. Joven: A. S.B.Vol:XLT. Pell. 1872. JAE

S Sedghiela Lith: 1. Danio’ arwolineatis. 2. Barilius Baker.

3. Bartlius bota . 1, Chelx yora

Celoutte .

Pelee

STOLICZKA. Journ: A. S.B. Vol: XLI.Pt: I. 1872.

io)

Caleutte.

S. Sedlagfoeld Lith:

3 Doryura)Berdmorec , Blyth .

grgantencs, 7. Spr. 4. Cy ney atoe, Laurienaris, ». sje.

”

LHemiductlus sut—triedrus, Jerd.(/3.He..

STOLICZKA. Journ: A. S.B.Vol:XLI. Pt 1.1872.

SS, Lith: Caloutta.

ww. Spr.

(Doryur..) Mandeticanss, 7 spe. 4, Stellio Dayanws.

3. Stetiio tcterculatics, Gray. 5. Charasia Blanfordane; rR. hee

2 Hem.

Jey TNE

ORM SL EN IM Sesh,

4KA.. Journ: A.S.B.Vo

5. Ristella Travancorica, Beda.

4. Mocow sacra, rv. sp.

moaculete,, Blyth.

Dussumaeri, DXB.

”

1. Ainatiainoaicn, Grey.

STOLICZKA Journ: A.S.B. Vol: XL1, Pt: 11,1872.

at A

Vawas

( —

Si Ee

1. Euprepes macularius, BL. 4. Rapa anguina, Theob.

2. Mocow Stkkimensis, BU: » Hardwickw Gray-

3. Riopa cyanella, mn, Sp. 6 albopumiata,

Jad. ICUS OUN.. Slower JIS) 1. Welle OGL Jee NL, WSs

{

Osteology of Trienops persicus

(For explanation see p- 141 y}

W. T. BLANFORD. Journ: A. 8. B. Vol: XLI. Pt: II. 1872. Pu WL:

Perce.

; D> ‘ TT Cc AT ‘ TT Th ¢

| i al x \} ra tf B )

2 FELLORNEUM MANDEL

W. T. BLANFORD. Journ: A. 8. B. Vol: XLI. Pt: II. 1879. El le

12.@ 15.Q.

1. C. cylindrica p.199&207. 6 C. leoxostema.p.201& 208. I), C. insignis, Gould,p.204 & 208. 16. C. bulbus. p 206

2. C. 10s. p. 200.

3. €. bactllum. p.200 & 207.

4. C. Ceylanicn. p-201.

5. €.Theobaldv. » ,,

7. C.ferruginew. p.202. 72. C. msignis,PRH.& Tp. 204 77.

8. C.Asaluensis. 1 4 13. C. nronticola rn 18.

9. C fasiformis. p.203. 14.0. Philipprana. p. 208. 719.

20.

10. C.Gouldiana. 4 45.C. vespa, p 205 & 209.

C. ovata. » Pa

C Masontiy « e

€. Waagent, p, 209.

&. Arekana -p.21e-

F. STOLICZKA.Journ:Asiat:Soc:Bengal. Vol: XL. Pt: 1. 1872

1-5. Cyclopherus Maloyanus, p. 262-

6. ” Borneensis, p. 263. 14. Alycwous gibboswlis, Pp 268.

7. Opisthoporus Penangensis, p. 265. Is. Lagochetus trochoides, p. 270.

6-10. ” solukis, p.266. 16 - stvolakis, p- 271.

iL-12. Pupinaw aureolo, p.267

THEOBALD and

gu,

3.a.

1. Raphaulus pachysphow, p.329.

2. Alyceies Kurxianas, p.330-

3. Diplomumatina angulaty, p.331.

4. i Richtlotent, p 331.

5_6. Georissa fraterna@, p. 332.

7. Acmella hywlina,, p. 333

8. Pupa filosa, p.333.

910 Macrochl. Kumahersis, P-333.

UN Io AO

i= Names of new species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

Abrornis albogularis, 164 Alauda deva, 248

” castaneiceps, 54 = dulcivox, 85

“5 flaviventris, 164 » gulgula, 85, 229

of maculipennis, 163 Maes guttata, 85

” superciliaris, 164 5 orientalis, 85

Acanthocobitis longipinnis, 182 triborhyncha, 85, 162, 213

Acanthodactylus Cantoris, 91 Aleedo bengalensis, 74, 232

Acanthophthalmus javanicus, 173 Allotrius xanthochlorus, 45

pangia, 173 Alsocomus Hodgsoni, 70

eeatneseis Berdmorei, 175 Alseonax latirostris 142

90 choirorrhynchus, 174: Altai mountains, 35

) micropogon, 175 Alyceeus crispatus, 330

*Accentor Jerdoni, 327 eee gibbosulus, 268

oF nipalensis, 63 9 Ingrami, 3380

9 rubeculoides, 63, 64 Edda Kurzianus, 330

» strophiatus, 64, 170 5 polygona, 330

Accipiter badius, 73 » pusillus, 330

eo nisus, 41, 73, 250 3 Richthofeni, 330

virgatus, 73, 230 urnula, 330

*Acmella hyalina, 333 Ammomanes pheenicura, 248

59 milium, 333 Anas boschas, 86, 229, 255

» tersa, 333 Anomalocora impudica, 245

Acridotheres ater, 246 Anorhinus galeritus, 148

» eristatellus, 246 96 Austeni, 143

96 fuscus, 245 Anser cinereus, 229

9 ginginianus, 246 » indicus, 229

»” erandis, 246 Anthus agilis, 60

” griseus, 246 »» arboreus, 60

tristis, 245 6 Cecilii, 61, 83

Acrocephalus agricolus, 77 9 cervinus, 61, 83

nF brunnescens, 77 » japonicus, 61, 83

” dumetorum, 77 » rutogularis, 83

turdoides, 77 6p) rosaceus, 61, 83

Wem glareola, 252 “5 striolatus, 61

», lhypoleucus, 243 thermophilus, 83

97 ochropus, 253 Antilope bezoartica, 229

Adophaneus orphea, 243 ” Hodgsonii, 39

Aigialites curonicus, 250 Apua fusea, 172

5 fluviatilis, 250 Aquila bifasciata, 230

Xeithaliseus iouschistos, 58 56 fulvescens, 218, 230

4Aigialitis phillippinus, 250 Arachnechthra asiatica, 142, 235

Agrodroma campestris, 218, 245 currucaria, 235

Ailurus fulgens, 33 Ar dea ‘cinerea, 86, 254

G ochraceus, 33 Ardeola leucoptera, 254

Aleemon desertorum, 248 Ardetta minuta, 86

Alauda arvensis, 85, 161 Artistida depressa, 217

» brachydactyla, 62, 248 Airva javanica, 217

4 cristata, 229 Aryicola amphibia, 34

40 Index.

Asam, 6, 10, 12, 13 Budytes citreolus, 161, 82, 244

Asilus affinis, 80 ) flava, 82, 244

Astur palumbarius, 229 “1 melanocephala, 82, 244

Athene brama, 213, 231 99 viridis, 60

Ateuchosaurus travancoricus, 129 Bubo bengalensis, 231

Aithopyga ignicauda, 4:4 Bulimus abbysinicus, 212 note

Aythya ferina, 255 0 atricallosus, 261

~ nyroca, 255 91 ccenopictus, 212 note

Balitora maculata, 29 “) citrinus, 261

Barilius alburnus, 3 on insularis, 212 note

“3 Bakeri, 8

punctatus, 212 vote

0 barila, 8 Buphus coromandus, 218, 254

3) barna, 13 Buteo canescens, 42, 230

+5 bendelisis, 6 », Gesertorum, 42, 73

39 bicirrhatus, 4 » terox, 42, 219, 230

9 Bleekeri, 5 », fuliginosus, 230

5 bola, 1i », japonicus, 43

3 borelio, 13

+ Brucei, 28

», plumipes, 41, 42

» vrufiventer, 42

a canarensis, 9, vulgaris, 42, 73

5 cocsa, 6, 7 Batonides javanica, 254

> gatensis, 9, 10 Bythinea pulchella, 212 note

A goha, 11 Cachius atpar, 19

> guttatus, 12

A hoalius, 14

Coelops Frithii, 140

Calamodyta affinis, 165

55 interruptus, 12 op calligata, 242

: modestus, 4 agricolensis, 242

45 morarensis, 8 Calemdrelie brachydacty la, 85, 248

=) nigrofasciatus, 8 Callene albiventris, 160

> papillatus, 11 » trontalis, 160

a piscatorius, 3 Calliope kamtschatkensis, 31

. radiolatus, 4 » pectoralis, 52,77, 31

5 rerio, 3 Collyrio lahtora, 235

* rugosus, 10 Calobates melanope, 82

x shacra, 5 i sulphurea, 82

», tileo, 10 Calornis affinis, 142

x vagra, 7

Barbus sarana, 260

5 schagra, 5

55 stigma, 260

» ticto, 260

vittatus, 260

Bendilisis barila, 8

4) nigrofasciatus, 8 3 maharattensis, 232

p vaera, 7 Carduelis caniceps, 84

Bengal, 3, 6, 10, 18 Carpodacuserythrinus,31, 65, 84, 142,229

Bidan, 73 Casarca rutila, 73, 229

Bala goha, 11

Botia almorhez, 177, 178

» Berdmorei, 177, 179

S| dario, 1777

» grandis, 178

» bymenophysa, 177, 178

>, histrionica, 177, 179

» unebulosa, 177

rostrata, 177, 178

Br achy pter yx crur alis, 160

nipalensis, 160

Budytes calearatus, 82, 244

7) cinereocapilla, 32, 244,

4 citreoloides, 142

Calotes Hlliotti, 113

oy Rouxi, 113

> bricarinatus, 112

Canis montanus, 33

» pallipes, 227

Capparis aphylla, 217

Caprimulgus asiaticus, 232

Celastrus senegalensis, 217

Centropus rufipennis, 229

1D viridis, 229

Cercomela fusca, 240

Ceriornis satyra, 71

Certhia discolor, 56

99 familiaris, 7 4

A himalayana, 74

A Hodgsoni, 74

a nipalensis, 56

Certhilauda desertorum, 212, 248

Cervus affinis, 39

» Wallichii, 39

Ceryle rudis, 232

Chalcoparia singalensis, 143

Charasia tricarinata, 112

ey Blanfordana, 110

= dorsalis, 86, 109

Chatorhea caudata, 218, 237, 242

Chaulelasmus streperus, 218, 255

Chedrus cocsa, 7

Chela alkootee, 26

»,7 alburna, 18

» argentea, 22

»» bacaila, 23, 260

» balookee, of

» clupeoides, 27 -

» diffusa, 22

3, iavipinnis, 24

» gora, 27

», jorah, 26

» laubuca, 20

», novacula, 23

» Owenii, 25

9» panjabensis, 25

» phulo, 24

» Sardinella, 25

» Sladoni, 22

», bteekantee, 26

untrali, 24

Chelidom cashmiriensis, 47

% nipalensis, 31, 156

urbica, 51

Chelidorhynx hypoxantha, 47

Chettusia gregaria, 213, 218, 229, 250

* Wagleri, 251

Chiamella lineata, 135

Chimarrhornis leucocephala, 51

Cholamu, 34

Chola range, 39, 65

Chroicocephalus brunicephalus, 256

Chumbi valley, 39

Chungtam, 40, 65

Chrysococeyx Hodgsoni, 142

Chrysomitris chloris, 84

spinoides, 66, 84, 170

Sennen alba, 229

A nigra, 229

Cinclus asiaticus, 48

os cashmiriensis, 48

a sordidus, 48

Cireus pallidus, 280

» Swainsoni, 213, 230

Cirrhina bata, 260

3 dero, 260

a mrigala, 260

Citrinella hortulana, 24:7

55 Huttoni, 218, 247

*Clausilia Arakana, 210

i Asaluensis, 202, 207

6 bacillum, 200, 207

on Bartletti, 205

Be bengalensis, 201

5 bulbus, 199, 206

cp ceylanica, 201

Index. 341

Clausilia cylindrica, 199, 209, 210

Bn ferruginea, 203

1 fusiformis, 203

BS Gouldiana, 208, 208

a ignota, 200

re insignis, 199, 201, 204, 208

0 Ids, 200, 210

99 Jennaarensis. 199 note

op loxostoma, 202, 208

50 Masoni, 206

ee Wa monticola, 204

Runa x ovata, 206

4 Philippiana, 199, 203

+ op Theobaldi, 201

3 vespa, 199, 205, 209

HA tuba, 206

* Waageni, 209

Clapea cyprinoides, 27

Cobitichthys enalios, 198

Cobitis amnicola, 174

» aneuillicaudata, 198

» arenata, 197

» balgara, 176

» Berdmorei, 175

» bifurcata, 198

» bilturio, 183

» bimucronata, 1383

> botia, 183

» butanensis, 196

», carnatica, 176

» Chlorosoma, 188

», Choirorrhynchus, 174

» cincticauda, 187

», cimnamomea, i73

» corica, 195

97 cucura, 174

my Glaat@y, Ayr

», decemcirrhosus, 198

» geto, 177

» gibbosa, 197

» gongota, 174

» guntea, 174, 175

» guttata, 197

» bhymenophysa, 178

» marmorata, 194

» maya, 174

>» microps, 190

» micropus, 198

» monatonus, 193

» monoceras, 184

» montana, 192

moreh, 184

»» mysorensis, 176

» ocellata, 183

>» oculata, 174

» pangia, 173

» pavonacea, 182

», pectoralis, 198

5 phoxocheila, 189

» psammismus, 198

» vubidipinnis, 182

342

Cobitis rubripinnis, 196, 198

rupecula, 185

Rupelli, 184

sayona, 193

seaturigina, 183

semizonata, 182

spilopterus, 192

Stoliczke, 188

subfusca, 187

tenuicauda, 186

thermalis, 175

turio, 197

vittata, 194

zonalternans, 186

zonata, 187

Collocalia fuciphaga, 44

nidifica, 156

Columba Anheemadla, 248

leuconota, 70

Conostoma cemodium, 46

Convolvulus pluricaulis, 217

Coracias garrula, 73

indica, 73, 232

Corvus corax, 68

impudicns, 245

Levaillanti, 68

splendens, 69, 245

tibetanus, 68

Vaillanti, 68

Coturnix communis, 142, 250

Index.

Cyprinus apiatus, 7

atpar, 19

bola, 11

bacaila, 23

barna, 13

barila, 8

bendelisis, 6

borelio, 13

cachius, 19

chedra, 6

chedrio, 8

chapalio, 8

cocsa, 6

clupeoides, 27

dancena, 20

dangila, 17

devorio, 15

goha, 11

gora, 27

hoalius, 14

laubuca, 20

phulo, 24

rerio, 3

shacra, 5

solio, i3

tileo, 10

tila, 6

vagra, 7

#*Cyprinodon Stoliczkanus, 258

Cyrtodactylus affinis, 103

a rubidus, 105

Dafila “acuta, 218, 255

Danio affinis, 17

Crocidura murina, 223

Cratzeva Roxburghii, 217

Cremnoconchus Syhadrensis, 270

Cressa cretica, 217

Crex Bailloni, 86

Crotalaria Burhia, 217

Culicipeta Burkii, 04

cantator, 163

Cuon rutilans, 225

Curruca affinis, 81

garrula, 77, 81

alburnus, 18

aurolineatus, 16

chrysops, 17

dangila, 17

devario, 15

lineatus, 3

lineolatus, 16, 18

malabaricus, 16

Cursorius gallicus, 213, 218, 250 » micronema, 18

2 Jamesoni, 213, 218, 250 » uneileherriensis, 17

Cyanecula suecica, 53 » asteographus, 18

spinosus, 15

Dendr ocygna arcuata, 255

Demigretta sacra, 254

Cantori, 262 Devario cyanotenia, 18

malayanus, 262 ” Mac’lellandi, 15

perdix, 263 Dicrurus albirictus, 213, 237

; coerulecula, 53

Cyclophorus aquila, 263

borneensis, 263

9 porphyziticus, 263 os bhuchanga, 237 note

a Pfeifferi, 264 e furcatus, 237 note

5 Pearsoni, 262 a longicaudatus, 237 note

53 quadrifilosus, 270 *Diplommatina angulata, 331

55 Siamensis, 262 es carneola, 331

Me triliratus, 270 99 exilis, 331

tuba, 264 = nana, 331

Cyclostoma Bimanum, 262 ~ olygopleuris, 333

Cyornis Jerdoni, 158, 161 5 polypleuris, 330

33 magnirostris, 158, 161 % -n Richthofeni, 331

rubiculoides, 142, 158 ry sperata, 330

Discognathus lamta, 259

Donkia Pass, 35

Doryura Berdmorei, 100

is Mandelliana, 101

55 Gaudama, 102

Dumeticola affinis, 78

= 5 major, 77, 142

Drymochares stellatus, 52

Drymoipus Jerdoni, 218, 240

longicaudatus, 142, 241

rufescens, 244

ob sylvaticus, 241

Electric resistance, 144

Hmberiza cia, 84

fucata, 84

x nivalis, 247 note

a pusilla, 170

op Stewarti, 84

Emyda Ceylonensis, 258

a vittata, 258

Ennea bicolor, 212 note

Equus onager, 228

Hrinaceus Aieypticus, 225

”?

33 stnlopicus, 225

* albulus, 226

os albiventris, 226

of algirus, 225

6 auritus, 225

= brachydactylus, 225

Ay collaris, 225

ah europeeus, 226, 257

55 Grayi, 225

op libicus, 226, 228

6 megalotis, 225

es mentalis, 225

x micropus, 225

53 nudiventris, 225

5 pallidus, 225

” pectoralis, 225

Bee pictus, 223, 257

Bs platyotis, 225

A Pruneri, 226

5 Spatangus, 225

hypomelas, 225

Erythrosterna acornaus, 159

leucura, 31, 61

maculata, 31, 159

parva, 31, 61

Estrelda amandava, 142

Hudynamys honorata, 234

“6 orientalis, 234

EKumeces Dussumieri, 124

himalayanus, 127

Be indicus, 122

Euphorbia dracunculoides, 217

6 neriifalia, 217

= thymifolia, 217

Eupodotis Edwardsii, 250

Huprepes carinatus, 118

rf macrotis, 124

53 macularius, 118

843

Huprepes monticola, 120

multicarinatus, 129

olivaceus, 121

rufescens, 119

6 trivittatus, 119

Euspiza melanocephala, 66

Hustira ceylonensis, 21

Evolvulus alsinoides, 217

Falco babylonicus, 280

Jugger, 230

» peregrinus, 230

Felis caracal, 227

» chaus, 227

ijelbelie, 2 27

leo, 226

par ‘dus, 226

tigris, 226

Ficus pengalensis, 217

» xreligiosa, 217

Francolinus vulgaris, 249

Franklinia Buchanani, 218, 241

A Cleghorniz, 242

Fregilus graculus, 69

3 himalayanus, 69

3 pyrrhocorax, 70

Fringilla flavicollis, 247

Fringillauda nemoricola, 66, 84

Fringilllaria striolata, 24:7

Fulica atra, 86, 254

Fuligula nyroca, 86

FPulix cristata, 256

Gallicrex cristatus, 142

Gallinago scolopacinus, 252

35 solitaria, 73

6 stenura, 252

Galvanometer, differential, 144

Garo Hills, 19

Garrulus bispecularis, 70

Gazella Bennetti, 229

» Christii, 229

Gecko euttatus, 92

» Swinhoenis, 102

Gelichelidon nilotica, 256

ee)

Georissa Blanfordiana, 332

fraterna, 332

on liratula, 332

» _pyxis, 832

Rawesiana, 332

Gerbillus erythrourus, 219, 228

Geronticus papillosus, 218, 255

Glaucidium Brodiei, 155

immaculatus, 155

Glessula hastula, 334

ae Peguensis, 334

Glinus molluga, 217

Glycyspina Huttoni, 247

- hortulana, 247

Gobio bendelisis, 6

Gobius giuris, 258

Goond, 77

344

Graculus carbo, 256

5 melanognathus, 256

Graucalus Layardi, 157

Macei, 156

Grandala coelicolor, 5

Grus antigone, 218, 2

» cinerea, 218, ee

*Gymnodactylus Lawder anus, 105

a maculatus, 106

35 marmor atus, 106

5 nebulosus, 106

3 pulchellus, 106

Gymnops microlepis, 90

Gymnoris flavicollis, 247

Gypaetus barbatus, 41

meridionalis, 41

Gyps bengalensis, 230

», ‘fulvus, 41

si himalayensis, Ad

Halcyon fuscus, 232

smyrnensis, 232

Haliastur indus, 230

Haplochilus panchax, 259

i rubrostigma, 259

Heliotropium strigosum, 217

supinum, 217

Helicina Ar akanensis, 334

Helix cymatium, 261

» fallaciosa, 212 note

x similaris, 261

Hemichelidon fuliginosa, 47, 75

siberica, 4/7, 75

*Hemiechinus albulus, 226°

* y pictus, 993

Hemidactylus aurantiacus, 99

5 bengaliensis, 98

“p Berdmorei, 100

» Coctzei, 97, 98

x fasciatus, 95

*) frenatus, 96

“ gaudama, 102

7 giganteus, 99

“ gracilis, 96

7 Karenorum, 102

Kelaartii, 97

i Leschenaulti, 97

- maculatus, 94

aK A Mandellianus, 101

ss marmoratus, 97

Be Mortoni, 97

5 Pieresi, 94

i punctatus, 96

reticulatus, 96

55 subleevis, 96

7 subtriedrus, 93

” Sykesi, 95

triedrus, 93

Hemitragus jemlaicus, 40

Herodias alba, 229

Pp garzetta, 254,

im intermedia, 254

Herpornis tyrannulus, 167

5 xantholeuca, 167

Herpestes griseus, 227

Hesperiphona icteroides, 84

Heteromorpha unicolor, 46

Hieraspiza virgata, 250

Himanotopus autumnalis, 253

5 candidus, 253

‘5 intermedius, 218, 258

melanopterus, 223

Hinulia maculata, 86, 122, 123

5 Dussumieri, 86, 122, 124

» indica, 86, 122

Hirundo daurica, 231

5 erythropygia, 231

. filifera, 231

3 ruficeps, 231

mA rustica, 231

Homaloptera bilineata, 29

Brucei, 28

erythrorhinus, 29

maculata, 29

Hoplopterus bilobus, 251

5) Brisson, 251

0 ludoviciana, 251

i malabaricus, 251

Horeites brunneifrons, 55, 78

Bs major, 161

5 pallidus, 78

Horornis fortipes, 165

. fuliciniventer, 54

Houbara Macquenii, 218, 250

Huhua Nipalensis, 154

» pectoralis, 154

Hyeena striata, 227

Hydrochelidon indica, 86, 256

Hydrophasianus sinensis, 254

Hydrocissa affinis, 1438

*) albirostis, 1438

coronata, 143

Hymenophysa MacClellandi, 178

Hypotriorchis chicquera, 218, 230

Hystrix leucura, 228

5 superciliaris, 161

Thidorhynchus Struthersii, 72, 86

Iduna agricolensis, 242

» Calligata, 242

Inuus rhesus, 220

Tora typhia, 142, 237

» Zzeylanica, 218, 237

Irrawadi, The, 12, 22, 25

Ithagenis cruentus, 71

Ixos tristis, 142

Txulus flavicollis, 45

» Striatus, 166

Tanthia rufilata, 52, 76, 161

Japalura microlepis, 108

35 planidorsata, 108

variegata, 106

Jelep- 1a, 73

Jerdonia maculata, 179

”?

”

Kachh, Zoology of, 179

Kambajong, 39

Kashmir, 50

Kemas Hodgsonii, 59

Khasi Hills, 29, 142

Khyber Pass, The, 5

Kittacincla macroura, 14,2

Kongra Lama, 31

Labeo bogeut, 259, 318

», calbasu, 259

» nukta, 319

» ricnorhynchus, 319, 325 note.

Lacerta Schneideriana, 103

Lachen valley, 47, 34:

Lachting, 32

Ladak, 50

*Lagerstroemia calyculata, 307

hypoleuca, 307

Lagocheilus leporinus, 269

scissimargo, 270

* ” striolatus, 271

“. tomotrema, 269, 271

* trochoides, 270

Willersdorfi, 270

Lagomys badius, 35

=f Curzoniz, 35

s Hodesonii, 35

20 nipalensis, 35

e Roylei, 35

rufescens, 38

Lamteng, 32, 45

Lanius arenar ius, 236

» erythronotus, 236

», _ lahtora, 213, 235

3, lucionensis, 280

», tephronotus, 47

», Vittatus, 218, 218, 236

Larus brunicephalus, 256

Larvivora superciliaris, 159, 161

*Leea pumila, 302

Leiurus Berdmorei, 100

Lepidocephalichthys balgara, 175, 176

op thermalis, 175

Leptopoma Birmanum, 262

Lepus hybridus, 35

» pallipes, 35

» olostolus, 34

», ruficaudatus, 228

», tibetanus, 34

» tbolai, 34

» variabilis, 34

Lerva nivicola, 72

Leuciscus acinaces, 27

Sy apiatus, 7

a bacaila, 23

» branchiatus, 7

9 chrysops, 17

93 clupeoides, 27

op cocsa, 7

op cultellus, 23

54) Dussumieri, 27

Index. 345

Leuciscus gatensis, 10

laubuca, 20

lineolatus, 16

novacula, 23

salmoides, 11

sardinella, 25

scapellus, "24,

Leucosticte hematapygia, 64, 66

Leucocerca aureola, 218, 237

*Leucomeris decoro, 317

Lillia erythropygia, 231

Limosa zgocephala, 218, 252

Lobipluvia malabarica, 251

Lobivanellus atrogularis, 251

goenis, 251

indicus, 218, 251

Lophopetalum Wallichi, 299

Lophophanes zmodius, 57

Beavani, 57

dichrous, 56

melanolophus, 58

Lophophorus Impeyanus, 71

Loriculus vernalis, 279

Loranthus hypoglancus, 309

Lygosoma Dussumieri, 124

Lymnzea acuminata, 212 note

“1 amygdalus, 212 note

of luteola, 212 note

Macacus radiatus, 220

Machlolophus spilonotus, 167

5 xanthogenys, 167

Macrochlamys pedinus, 212 note

honestus, 334:

Kumahensis, 334

Macr of lossus spelzous, 334

Macrones carlio, 260

x cavasius, 323 note

‘ Lamarrii, 315 note

Macropygia phasianella, 287

x rufipennis, 275, 287

Magnetic momenta, 144

Mareca punctata, 290

Megalomastoma anostoma, 268

Me sectilabrum, 286

Melania tuberculata, 212 note

*Melodorum macr anthum, 291

*Memecylon elegans, 306

4 pulchrum, 307

Meregus castor, 229

Merops apiaster, 73

» quinticolor, 277

1 viridis, 2382

Merula albocincta, 49

Metoponia pusilla, 84

Microcarbo melanognathus, 256

Micronissus badius, 142, 230

Milvus zetolins, 153

affinis, 231

» govinda, 43, 78, 231

», melanotis, 43, 73, 153, 231

» major, 43, 73, 158, 23)

346

Milvus migrans, 153

» vregalis, 153

Miliusa sclerocarpa, 291

Minla cinerea, 166

» igneotincta, 45, 58

Mirafra erythroptera, 247

Misgurnus anguillicandatus, 198

lateralis, 198

Mocoa himalayana, 127

* 4, sacra, 128

» schlegelii, 128

» sikkimensis, 126

Momay samdong, 39, 54

Mongolia, 34

*Montifringilla ruficollis, 66

nivalis, 68

*Mor AAD Leiantha, 313

cae SR Wallichii, 313

Moschus moschifera, 39

Motacilla alba, 60, 82

Me alboides, 82

+ Cashmiriensis, 59, 82

ep Dukkhunensis, 61 note, 244

5 Hodgsoni, 31, 59, 82

a lugens 82

5 lugubris, 59

ss Luzoniensis, 31, 59, 82,244

ae madaraspatensis, 244

a personata, 31, 82

sueciea, 53

Muclleripicus Hodeii; 275, 279

Munia leuconota, 286

#5 malabarica, 228, 246

Muscicapa fuscedula, 75

‘3 siberica, 75

Muscicapula sapphira, 142

Mus decumanus, 228

B5 HOSES), 34

» urbanus, 228

Mycerobas melanoxanthus, 64

Myiagra azurea, 283

Tytleri, 275, 213

Myiomela leucura, 161

Myzornis pyrrhoura, 44

Nemacheilus aureus, 180, 180

93 Blyth, 182, 196

a Beayani, 181, 193

is botia, 180, 183

be butanensis, 182, 196

= cincticauda, 187

5 chlorosoma, 181, 188

i corica, 182, 195, 325 note

es Denisonii, 181, 193

s Evezardi, 180, 182

BY Griffithii, 182, 195

3 Guentheri, 182, 195

ff guttatus, 182, 197

i" ladacensis, 181, 187

" marmoratus, 182, 194

s microps, 181, 190

- monoceros, 180, 184

Index.

Nemacheilus montanus, 181, 192, 327

~ moreh, 180, 184

op mugah, 181, 191

FF notostigma, 181, 191

x pavonaceus, 180, 182

oy phoxocheila, 181, 189

a rubidipinnis, 182, 196

es rupecula, 185

of Riipelli, 180, 184

a rupicola, 180, 185

» savona, 181, 193

QP semiarmatus, 181, 186

rp semizonata, 182

6 sinuatus, 181, 188

bs serpentarius, 181, 189

Bp spilopterus, 181, 192

es Stoliczkee, 181, 188

ny striatus, 181, 190

subfusca, 181, 187

6 tenuicauda, 181, 186

on triangularis, 181, 194:

i turio, 182, 197

urophthalmus, 180, 183

8 zonata, 181, 187

zonalternans, 181, 186

N emorhesdus goral, 40

= bubalinus, 40

Nemura Hodgsoni, 159

Neophron ginginianus, 230

Neodon sikkimensis, 34

Neornis flavolivacea, 170

*Nephelium Griffithianum, 303

Nitidula Hodgsoni, 159, 161

Nucifraga hemispila, 69

Numenius arquata, 229

fp pheeops, 288

Ninox affinis, 275

Nuria danrica, 260

Nycteridium himalayanum, 104:

3 platyurus, 103, 104

Hn Schneiderianum, 108

Nyctiardea nycticorax, 254

Nycticorax griseus, 86, 254

*Ochna andamanica, 295

* ,, fruticuloga, 295

Cidicnemus indicus, 251

Ophiocephalus punctatus, 258

Ophiops elegans, 89

» Beddomei, 90

P Jerdoni, 89

ae monticola, 90

9, Lheobaldi, 89

*Ophiorhiza gracilis, 311

*Opisthoporus penangensis, 265

% 6 solutus, 266

Bs sumatranus, 265

Opsarius acanthopterus, 13

6 albulus, 25

f anisocheilus, 8

5 bacaila, 23

op bicirrhatus, 4

Opsarius brachialis, 10

> canarensis, 9

> cirrhatus, 5

> dualis, 7

is fasciatus, 13

- gatensis, 10

= goha, 11

gracilis, 11

‘py guttatus, 12

isocheilus, 7

latipinnatus, 13

leucerus, 23

maculatus, 10

Malabaricus, 10

megastomus, 11

pholicephalus, 27

piscatorius, 3

Oreocincla infra-mar. ginata, 275

Oreoczetes erythrogaster, 49

Oriocalotes minor, 110

tricar inata, 110

Oriolus andamanensis, 284, 275

chinensis, 284

coronatus, 284,

Horsfieldi, 284

melanocephalus, 284

i macrurus, 284)

Orissa, 8, 12, 13

Orthodomus longicaudus, 218, 240

Ortygornis ponticerianus, 249

Orygia decumbens, 217

Osmotreron chloroptera, 286

Otocompsa jocosa, 284:

3 leucotis, 218, 239

Otocoris alpestris, 63

Elwesi, 62

» longirostris, 63

» penicillata, 63

Otogyps calvus, 230

Otus vulgaris, 231

Ovis ammon, 40

» nahura, 34, 40

Paleeornis affinis, 274, 279

Alexandri, 273, 278

erythrogenys, 274, 275, 279

javanicus, 279

”)

Se maenirostris, 278

op nicobaricus, 279

5 rosa, 278

torquatus, 232

vibrisca, 279

Paludina melanostoma, 212 note

as dissimilis, 212 note

Pachystomus vide Barilius, 5

Pangio cinnamomea, 173

Paradanio aurolineatus, 18

elegans, 19

neilgherriensis, 17

Parus Atkinsoni, 57

» uuchalis, 218, 245

Passer domesticus, 2A

”

Index. B47

Passer indicus, 81, 247

_ Pastor roseus, 246

» peguanus, 246

*Pavetta compactiflora, 315

Pavyo cristatus, 249

Pelargopsis burmanica, 277

Pelecus cultellus, 23

» diffusus, 22

e flavipinnis, 24,

», Owenii, 25

*Pellorneum Mandellii, 165

” palustre, 142

es peraffine, 165

a ruficeps, 165

55 subochraceum, 166

Tickelli, 166

Peltastes stellatus, 9517

*Pentadium Helferi, 316

Perdicula asiatica, 250

Pericrocotus andamanensis, 274, 281

s) brevirostris, 4:7

» erythropygius, 236

91 peregrinus, 236, 218, 282

by) solaris, 47

speciosus, 281

Perilampus affinis, 16

a ar adanio, 16

26 atpar, 19

5 aurolineatus, 16

> eequipinnatus, 18

99 canarensis, 18

3 ceylonensis, 21

cachius, 19

50 devario, 15

a fulvescens, 20

90 guttatus, 20

a laubuca, 20

s macropodus, 19

Bs malabaricus, 18

-) mysoricus, 18

eS osteographus, 18

a9 perseus, 20

5p psilopterus, 19

reticulatus, 17

striatus, 3

Periplaneta germanica, 211 note

Peripia Cantoris, 103

. Peroni, 103

*Peychotria viridissima, elle

Petrocossyphus cyaneus, 237

Phzenicopterus antiquorum, 255

Phalune, 48, 68

Phalangium graminifolium, 217

Philomachus pugnax, 252

Pholidauges leucogaster, 49

Phyllopneuste rama, 218, 242

sp rufa, 53

trochilus, 53 note

Phyllorhina atra, 220

” atrata, 220

Ri cineracea, 220

348

Phyllorhina diadema, 338

9 fulva, 220

9 larvata, 136, 220

. Masoni, 338

9 murina, 220

Nicobarensis, 338

Phylloscopus affinis, 54, 80, 81

BS lugubris, 53

i fuscatus, 32, 162

7 fuliginiventer, 54, 32

9 indicus, 54, 81, 142

33 lugubris, 32, 162

5 macnirostris, 79

35 neglectus, 162

. nitidus, 81

af pallidipes, 162

An rufus, 243

” Schwarzi, 80

3 tenellipes, 162

s tristis; 32, 81, 162, 213,

218, 242

3 trochilus, 79, 81

5 Tytleri, 79

viridanus, 32, 79, 81

Picus andamanensis, 279

», Blanfordi, 232, 233

¥ cathparius, Be

» byperythrus, 43

9 Macei, 155

» Mmaharattensis, 232, 233

pectoralis, 279

? ePinelodus saahS 323 note

Pinipinella Parishiana, 309

Pipastes agilis, 60

ys arboreus, 60, 83, 327

- maculatus, 60, 83

5 plumatus, 60

*Pipistrellus leucotis, 222

*Pirus Karensium, 306

Planesticus atrogularis, 237

Planorbis exustus, 212 note

Platacanthus agrensis, 176

maculatus, 179

Platycara australis, 28

mF maculata, 29

55 anisura, 29

Plestiodon Aldr ovandi, 121

Ploceus baya, 167, 246

P megarhynchus, 167

» philippinus, 167

Plotus melanogaster, 256

Platalea leucorodia, 255

Pnoepyga albiventer, 55

3 squamata, 55, 160

Podiceps cristatus, 229

7 minor, 218, 256

Poliornis teesa, 230

Poliozetus plumbeus, 73

humilis, 73

*Polygala cardiocarpa, 293

Karensium, 292

Index.

*Polygala Vahliana, 217

Polygonum plebejum, 217

Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, 143

hypoleucos, 143

Pratincola caprata, 76, 238

5 ferrea, 31

" indica, 31, 49, 76, 238

2 4 macrorhyncha, 238

rubicola, 238

Preshytes entellus, 220

99 priamus, 220

% schistaceus, 32

Prinia cinero-capilla, 165

» gracilis, 165, 240

3, Jerdoni, 240

5) socialis, 165

», Stewarti, 165

Procarduelis nipalensis, 66

Procapra picticaudata, 39

Proparus chryszeus, 45

a vinipectus, 45

Propasser frontalis, 65

% pulcherrimus, 169

90 rhodochrous, 169

7 rhodopeplus, 169

Bs rhodochlamys, 169

thura, 65, 168

Prosopis spicigera, 217

Prostheacanthus spectabilis, 174

Pseudeutropius IOs AOE, 323 note

taakree, 322 note

Psendophiops bivttata, 89 note

99 Jerdoni, 89

Theobaldi, 89

*Psychotri ia calocarpa, 315

” Helferiana, 314

” monticola, 315

Psilobium capillare, 313

Pterocles arenarius, 249

ay exustus, 213, 249

9 fasciatus, 249

Pterocyclus parvus, 334

qe zequipinnatus, 18

Bakeri, 9

Preroone medius, 257, 223, 234

Pteruthius erythropterus, 170

Ptionoprogne concolor, 231

rupestris, 232

Ptychozoon homalocephalum, 92

Puntius vittatus, 326

*Puntius Waageni, 325

*Pupa filosa, 333

Pupina arula, 267

*) 5) aureola, 26/4

- Blanfordi, 334

Pycnonotus chysorrhoides, 218, 237

Pyctoris sinensis, 237

*Pygeum persimile, 306

*Pyramidanthe macranthum, 291

Pyrrhospiza punicea, 66

Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, 65

Pyrrhula erythaca, 65

S erythrocephala, 64:

nipalensis, 65

Pyrrhulauda affinis, 248

grisea, 248

Querquedula anadamanensis, 290

crecca, 218, 255

Rallus striatus, 273, 288

Ran, The, 213

*Raphaulus pachysiphon, 329

Rasbora daniconius, 260

Recurvirostris avocetta 253

Reguloides chloronotus, 54, 162

3 erochroa, 32, 54, 163

os occipitalis, $1

53 proreeulus, 54, 81, 162

os superciliosus, 81

trochiloides, 81, 163

Rhinolophus acuminatus, 337

FA affinis, 337

Andamanensis, 3374

cornutus, 337

= Garoensis, 337

5 Iuetus, 336

= Ss Petersi, 337

* Yunanensis, 336

Risen Hardwickii, 221

Rhyacornis fuliginosa, 30

Rhyticeros plicatus, 143

Riopa albopunctata, 132

3 anguina, 130

3) Bowringi, 130

* ,, cyanella, 130

x Hardwicku, 182

punctata, 132

Ristella malabarica, 129 note

» travancorica, 129

Ruticilla ceruleocephala, 50

sz erythrogastra, 51

F | frontalis, 34, 50

fuliginosa, 50

Hodgsonii, 161

leucocephala, 51

5 rufiventris, 31, 50, 240

Vigorsu, 51

Ruttun Pir, Mountain, 73

*Sabia viridissima, 304,

*Salacia flavescens, 300

» grandiflora, 300

*Salomonia longiciliata, 292

Salvia zegyptiaca, 217

Sarciophorus bilobns, 218, 252

Sarcostigma edule, 298

Saxicola atrogularis, 213, 272, 259

6 capistrata, 239

* deserti, 218, 239, 218

5 isabellina, 2389

» Kingi, 239

montana, 239

Saxicola picta, 213, 218, 239

Index. 349

| Scaphiodon irregularis, 324:

Watsoni, 324

Schilbe paleo, 323

Schistura aculeata, 176

balgara, 176

> montana, 192

punctata, 195

96 rupicola, 185

” subfusca, 187

zonata, 187

* Schizochiton erandiflorum, 296

Scincus agilis, 121 note

9 aurabus, 121

” carinatus, 121 note

99 ocellatus, 121 note

» pavimentatus, 121

$9 quinque carinatus, 121 note

Schneideri, 121

Seiarus palmarum, 213, 219

*Semecarpus subracemosa, 304

Senira bicolor, 122

Serilophus lunatus, 143

0 rubro-pygea, 143

Sesara Basseinensis, 339

Sibilatrix affinis, 80

Sikkim, Independent, 3, 30

Singalea range, 65

Siphia leuacomelanura, 76, 159

» strophiata, 47, 58

5 superciliaris, 159, 161

», tricolor, 142

Sitana deccanensis, 189

> minor, 108

» ponticeriana, 108

outta ceesia, 75

6 cashmir ensis, 75

» europea, 75

» himalayana, 75

3, himalayensis, 56

», leucopsis, 75

Siva strigula, 45

*§mythea calpicarpa, 301

Solanum nigrum, 217

is trilobatum, 217

Somileptes zongota, 174

Spatula clypeata, 218, 255

Spilornis bacha, 274, 275

5 Hlgini, 274

ne spilogaster, 275

Spiraculum Mastersi, 202

*Spiradichlis bifida, 310

Spizaetus andamanensis, 273

Spizalauda deva, 213, 248

” simillima, 248

Stachyris nigriceps, 165

Statice Stocksii, 217

*Stellio Dayanus, 113

y, himalayanus, 113

»» indicus, 116

95 melanurus, 113

» platyurns, 1038

850 Index.

Stellio tuberculatus, 113, 115

*Stemourus crassipes, 298

39 tomentellus, 298

Stenogyra gracilis, 212 note

Sturnus nitens, 84:

39 unicolor, 84

2 vulgaris, 84, 245

Succinea crassiuscula, 212

0 semicerica 339

9 vitrea, 212

Sus indica, 228

Suya criniger, 142, 170

Sylvia aftinis, 243

» curruca, 213, 218, 243

» Jerdoni, 243

» Orphea, 243

Sylyiparus modestus, 167

Syncrossus Berdmorei, 179

Sypheotides auritus, 218, 250

Syrrhaptes tibetanus, 71

Taccocua sirkee, 234

Tachydromus Haughtonianus, 88

D japonicus, 88

“9 meridionalis; 88

9 septemtrionalis, 88

aa sexlineatus, 87

Tamarix orientalis, 217

Tamlune, 43

Tankra Pass, The, 32, 72

Tantalus leucocephalus, 255

Taphozous longimanus, 221

* Kachhensis, 221

melanopogon 336

e saccolaimus, 221

Temenuchus andamanensis, 275, 285

3 erythropygia, 285

pagodarum, 246

Tephrodornis pelvica, 156

pondiceriana, 218, 236

Terai, "Sikkim, 32

Tesia castaneo-cor. onata, 55

» xrufiventer, 55, 160

Testudo elegans, 257

Tetraogallus himalayensis, 72

tibetanus, 72,

Thamnobia cambayensis, 218, 257

> fulicata, 237

Threskiornis melanocephalus, 143, 255

Tiaris Elliotti, 112

Z subcristata, 116

Tickellia Hodgsoni, 164

Tiliqua carinata, 119

op macularia, 118

o monticola, 119

x trivittata, 119

Timalia pileata, 143

Tinnunculus alaudarius, 41, 230

Tinospora nudiflora, 252

Tista valley, 47

Todiramphus collaris, 278

Totanus calidris, 253

Totanus fuseus, 253

» glottis, 253

» lypoleucos, 86

Treron chloroptera, 275

Trizenops persicus, 136

Trianthemum crystallinum, 217

decandrum, 217

Titel ben lnteoventris, 142, 164

Trichodesma indicum, 217

*Tricholepis Karensium, 318

ar richosanthes macrosiphon, 308

*Tridesmis pruniflora, 293

Tringa minuta, 229

» Temmincku, 252

Trochalopterum affine, 46

bp cacchinans, 46

” chrysopterum, 46

Fairbanki, 46

a Jerdoni, 46

9 pheeniceum, 46

ss squamatum, 46

subunicolor, 46

*Troglodytes neglectus, 328

a uipalensis, 55, 328

Tropidosaura Jerdoni, 89

Turdus Bengalensis, 143

» chrysolaus, 143

op dissimilis, 142, 143

i hortulorum, 142

% pallens, 143

Turtur cambayensis, 213, 246

» humilis, 249, 287

9, visorius, 248

Turnix taigoor, 250

Tylognathus striolatus, 260

Unio ceruleus, 212 note

», leioma, 212 note

Upupa ceylonensis, 213

» epops, 44, 75

» nigripennis, 235

Urocissa flavirostris, 70

Uromastix Hardwickii, 227

Uromitus filifera, 231

*Urophyllum biloculare, 313

Urrua bengalensis, 231

Ursus isabellinus, 33

» labiatus, 226

», tibetanus, 33

Uvaria sclerocarpa, 291

Vahlia viscosa, 217

*Vangueria pubescens, 314:

Vernonia cinerea, 217

Vesperus pachypus, 336

Vespertilio Blanfordi, 33

*Vitis assimilis, 302

9, Ccampylocarpa 302

», erythroclada, 301

», Wallichii, 302

Vulpes bengalensis, 228

» Havescens, 33

», leucopus, 228