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THE

OF. DHE

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY- SOCIETY

a Z

MUN

: Oe

INDEX AND ‘TITLE PAGE

VOL. XLil

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Errata 2

Index to Species iE 54

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THE

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Containing 3 Coloured Plates, 76 Black and White Plates,

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; : Et LET Ate ae

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII

No. 3

Some BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS. Fart VII.

By N. L. Bor, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., I.F.S., and M. B. Raizada,

M.se. (With two coloured plates, of Scarlet Ixora: (/xora

coccinea R. Br.) and Sweet Smelling Rondeletia (Aondeletra

odorata Jacq.) eight black and white plates and eleven

text-figures)... - Beis onisstr: sothsiritua ye sb erts 5

NEw eeisoes ee FROM aS W. bar "By E. P. Wiltshire,

F.R.E.S. (Witha plate)... oe -

FISHES COLLECTED BY THE Sena. HOreoD oe

CHINDWIN EXPEDITION, 1935. By S. L. Hora, D.Sc.,

F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B.; F.N.I.. (With one plate)........

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT (4. maximus). By T. Hubback.

(With eight plates)... ae hepes

THE EARLY STAGES OF one co ne Dart VIL. By

D. G. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S..

SALT Licks. By T. Hubback.. bootie ona aesie teenies

THE GAME FISHES OF ok bor XUL. “By 5. L. Hora,

D.SC., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B., FN.L ads one plate

and three lees. ieecsneaneres es :

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE cee OF THE Poa Banos

AND THE ASSOCIATED HILL ReEcGions. Part III. By

fio. StOnis, oe 7Ac (GIONS: B.SC... HA-S5C.- .TvAsS.u. 5. cieoten

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLYING-Fox (P. giganteus)

AND THE FouLvous Froit-Bar (4. Jleschenaultz). By

C. McCann, F.E.Ss. (With one photo and one text-figure)...

DISTRIBUTION OF Anopheles sundaicus Rodenw. THROUGH

MECHANICAL MEANS. By Dr. P. Sen, M.Sc. ae Ph.pb.

(Lond.), D...c. (With a map)... Wee sece reek Sh ee

SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS. Part VII. By M. Sayeedud-

Din. (With three plates)... poets sadness

Two NATURALISTS VISIT eee N. Rose “By C.

McCann, F.L.S. (With one plate)...

Cirphis albistigma H. A PEST OF auGee IN S. inoue sn

M. C. Cherian, B.A., B.Sc., D.1.c. and K. P. Anantanara-

yatiain, BA. CONS. )iige--3. 10 vache

THE MEDICINAL AND FOr ON ote Pee OF rnia ae

Me ee atts e Seyint By ie Sig.e hei os oh bok. 05S det ra tee re es

gee ®

PAGE

455

472

478

483

O10

518

526

587

593

oug

602

6]1

617

iv CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII

OBITUARY :—

Claud‘ Buchanan Ticehurst... 3.

REVIEWS :—

I. Preliminary Guide to Indian Fish, Fisheries,

Methods of Fishing and Curing. Agricultural

Marketing in India.. hs

II. Handbook of Economie Hatomoloee. fon South

India. By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar-........-

Ill. Insect Pests of Burma. By CC. Gosh

IV. Birds of Burma. By E. Smythies, etc..............

APPEAL :—

Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the

Empire. “(By tR/Cs Morris ...6 eact eee cece

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I. Variation in Colour of Tigers and Panthers. By

Van Ingen and Van Ingen... Acemae teak aeaes

II. Unusual Behaviour of Pagers and eee By

R. C. Morris.. whoo ees

III. An Unknown Visitor tow a Leowara Cie py

C. H. Tresham-.

IV. A Fine Swamp ese Hens oe) van Tagen: eG

Van Ingen... ‘ ceaees

V.- Elephants one Oras <i i Cc ‘More ee

VI. Bird Notes from Baltistan net a map). By

W.H. Matthews.. Ae? Selene te Peer AG

VII. Some Notes on Bueiewe Birds. Be J. A. M.

Symps... SP A

VIII. Bed Bugs a Swifts. Be R. c Woriee a

IX. Occurrence of Swinhoe’s Snipe in TN Me

J.C. Higgins... = rer ER eee

xX. Habits of the Sexe Parttidees ve ol Dae [f

Phillips..

XI. Rat-Snakes miehtines eS Ee Aantal SS tes

XII. The Mating Instinct versus Self- Aiptection tl By

H. Abdulali.. aS:

XIIl. Supposed Ganitaten among Picpiderae: in cists

Altitudes. By Col BE. A’ Glennie:2.2°.. ee

XIV. Extension of the Known Range of the Beetle

Allomyrina dichotomus into Assam. By R. E.

Parsons .. ; ap

XV. A Note on the OEP aresicem OF ‘CHP

humitusa Wall.’ By: BE. Barnes... ..:./.<..ccees <2

653

654

667

668

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS :—

- Proceedings of the Annual General Meeting of the

Bombay Natural History Society.........

No. 4

SomME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS. Parts VIII

and Ix. By N. L. Bor, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., I.F.S., and

‘M. B. Raizada, m.sc. (With two coloured plates of the

Large-flowered Thunbergia (Zhunbergia grandiflora

Roxb.) and (Sophora tomentosa Linn. nine black and white

plates, and thirteen text-figures)....s...0 ask

THE BirDSs OF BAHAWALPOR (Punjab). fay erin Ali. (With

one map and tour black:and White PlAles) 2.0.2.) vese.esaenees

THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. Part VIII.

By D. G. Sevastonulo, F.R.E.S.. Bobet

ON THE BANKS OF THE Naas By eimai sa, 'R. W.

Burton, 1A. (Retd.). ale tour black and white

piaies) =. te ;

A STUDY OF THE A ey rer OF noon BOOE IN Rous

WATERS IN THE KuLu VALLEY (Punjab). By Hamid

Khan, M.Sc., LL.B. Ph.D., F.A.Sc., and Harbans Lal

MancdonseB Se. CWA 10 PLATES ) cokes os vid cat Gases tecseaes ease

Tuer INDIAN Cappis Fiigs (77ichoptera). Part VIII. By

Martin E. Mosely, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (With twelve plates)...

NOTES ON SomME INDIAN Brirps. Part VI. AN INDIAN

RivER-BED. By E. H. N. Lowther, M.B.o.U., F.Z.S.

(With eight plates)... : arr

OCCURRENCE OF eae ahen poceorn IN THE

BoMBAY PRESIDENCY, AND NOTES ON SOME OTHER

Araceae OF INTEREST. By Charles McCann, F.L.S. al

four plates)...

NEw Fossoriat SNARE (Rhinophis ee ee FROM

CEYLON. By P. E. P. Deraniyagala, M.A., A.M., F.C.P.S.,

F.L.S., F.Z.S. (With one plate and one Parone

Tuer GAME FIsHES oF [nprIA. Part XIV. THE MAHSEERS

OF THE LARGE-SCALED BARBELS OF INDIA. By Sunder

Lal Hora, D.S¢., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B.y F.N.I. (Wath

LNHECUPIGLES ANA LWOVEXE-LISUIES)..0. 0s s02 ameimeree sae ease cwsae*

Some CoMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR ANA-

TOMICAL CHARACTERS. Part VIII. By M. Sayeedud-

Din (WithAthree plates)..........

Ceeeaeeaeeesoeres 2-9 200 0

PAGE

670

685

704

748

137

766

(Ae

782

800

803

vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII

Diagora nicevillei ace By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey. (With

one plate)... bday. BoC

THE FOOD AND pans OF THE ROT Soaan CEeiepeae

venatoria Linn.). By G. C. Bhattacharya. (With two

plates)... wees mauricatesee ass foe sin ee

Mncoronanann TD aaBey LEPIDOPTERA. ie E. P. Wiltshire,

F.R.E.S. oa re et ee aie

Two NEw Nepean ay B. ce anda, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S.

(With two plates)...

‘OBSERVATIONS ON THE ap ece OF ee ‘Sone ieee

Coccips. By T. V. Venkatraman, B.A., M.Sc. (With

four plates)... branes qelets

INSECTICIDAL AND Demo e: BEAwnes OF Srnine “Be Col.

Sir R\Ne Chopra, (CacB eis As. Mas. “SC8Ds. RoR«C obs ane ole,

Badhwar;-B.Sc:; Mise: andov lo. Navan MeSCs-25--).) caer

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS

or H.E.H. THe NizAm’s DOMINIONS, HYDERABAD,

Deccan. By M. Sayeedud-Din, M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S., -HiB.SC. <CW/ 2127016 PIAL )eccee naten sass tee sate

REVIEW :—

The Book of Indian-Birds. By SalmmAliia..2. 2.02.

MISCRELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I. Rivers as barriers to the distribution of Gibbons.

Byos Pi. ;abSOnSt once Beenie

Il. Where a Tiger sharpened his Cisse 2Be C. E.

Hlewetson. CW/22hi a PROLO) oecace eens eee neta

III. On the Height and Age of an Elephant. By

N. G. Pillai. (W2thone pidie\ 2... & eee ee

IV. The Malayan Elephant. By R. C. Morris...........

V. An Albino Nilghai. By T. R. Trivedi. (With

a photo)... = Aen

VE Nicasieent of a oo yesan i: the lactan

Gazelle. By Sardar Shivdev Singh...............

VII. King Crow builying Terns. By A. E. Jones......

VIII. Presumptive Evidence of the Nidification of the

Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus Gould).

By A. E. Jones. (With a plate)...

IX. ‘The Great Black Woodpecker in fhe neiehbous

hood of Bombay. By Humayun Abdulali.......

The Booming Bittern [Botaurus stellaris stellarts

(Linn.)], in Lower Bengal. By M. L. Roon-

Wl sos ccs ove cee one ele pore eee eae Sen eI Se eee ots

PAGE

819

821

826

_ 843

847

854

926

927

928

929.

930

931

933

934

Gis

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XW TL

Dey PU.

XIX.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII

Bira * Bathing” in Ants). -—By N.G- Pillai.....:.....

Survival of Birds after Injury. By B. M. Vasu...

Further Observations on the Egg-laying Habits

of the Lizard, Calotes versicolor Sareea)

By J. J. Asana..

Remarkable Pesce: Peis ‘ot an Picea (aes

[ Barbus (Puntius) dobsoni Day]. By. M. Suter.

A Mantis-Bloodsucker Tragedy. By C. McCann.

Parasitization of Larva of the Hawk Moth

(Oxyambulyx subocellata) by Flies. By R. E.

Parsons..

Effects of Ne Bite Gs thie ee Meeatemospn

Spider eee a By TT. Wooly

Smith.. oe wit

A eerioede mide. its “Wese ae io ‘MeCanti<

A Novel Way of Collecting Botanical Spee

(Wayside Trees of Malaya. By E. J. H.

Corner, Hongkong Naturalist, Vol. x. Nos. 3

21/0 ie ai! Gc 9 CY C7 eR ee eo

941

943

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIB OTC TES

VOLUME XLII

Nos. 3 and 4

PAGE

ABDULALI, H.; Rat-Snakes : coloured plates, nine black

Fighting Bs ane -. 666 and white plates, and thirteen

-——_—_—— - ——_-. ; Phe’ Miata no: text-figures) Bee ie

Instinct versus Self-protection 666 Burton, Lir.-Cox. R. W,, (1.A.

—_—- ; Thes:Gure-at REtD.); On the Bane

Black Woodpecker in the of the Narbada. (With

Neighbourhood of Bombay... 933 four black and white

Alt, SALIM ; The Birds of Baha- plates) i ote

walpar (Punjab). (W7th one CAtUS) J. PY Si), EES. bie

map and four black and white Medicinal and Poisonous

plates) ese aie .. 704 Plants of India E

i ee oe CHERIAN, M. C., B.A., B.SC.,

Birds a D.I.c. and ANANTANARA-

ISS. SU UT Kos ky VANAN, K. P., B.A. (Hons.) ;

B.A.; See CHERIAN, M. C., Cirphis albistigma H. A Pest

Bee oo of Grasses in S. India

SANS See: eerie ese tas CHOPRA, Gol. Sit R..N.; C.1-8;,

tions on the Egg-laying Habits Be chew Gann ner eee

of the Lizard, Calotes versi- nae ee aa

colar \ Boulenzer) 937 M:SC;, Be Sioa, oo by,

BADWARS is eon ee ea M-.SC: 5 Insecticidal and

See CHOPRA, Col. Sir R.N., Piscicidal Plants of India

ae me 0 areas ease CoRNER, E. J. H. ; A Novel

BAILEY, Lt.-Col. F. M.; Dia- mh ie dian ea see

gora nticeviller (Moore). ees

(With one plate)

BARNES, E.; A note on he

Root-Parasitism of Centran-

thera humifusa Wall ...

BHATTACHARYA, G. C.; The

Food and Habits of the House

Spider (Heteropoda venatoria

Linn.). (With two plates) ...

Bor, N.L., M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.,

I.F.S. ; and RAIZADA, M.B.,

M.Sc. ; Some Beautiful Indian

Climbers and Shrubs. Part

VI). (With two coloured

plates, eight black and white

plates, and eleven text-figures)

Parts VII& IX (With two

819

668 |

455

DERANIYVAGALA, P. E. P., M.A.,

A DE, Bi CP.S3) bss, h.27S

A New Fossorial Snake

(Rhinophis doreimaculatus)

from Ceylon. (With one plate

and one text-figure) ;

GLENNIE, Col. E. A. ; euneeica

Cannibalism among Spiders

in High Altitudes :

Gosa, C. C.; Insect Pests a

Seta se ae

HEWETSON, om E. ; Where a

Tiger sharpened his claws.

(With a plate)

Hicerns, J. C.; Occurrence

of Swinhoe’s Snipe in

Assam ..,. de ite ie

FEB 15 1M

PAGE

685

757

617

611

854

943

800

667

648

926

665

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix

3 PAGE PAGE

HORA, iS: Li). DSc), “FI R.S.Bs; McCann, C., F.ES.; Occur-

BiZ. Gi; ts oR G: Be, Sri eNGly rence of Synontherias

Fishes Collected _ by the sylvaticus Schott in the

Vernay-Hopwood Upper Bombay Presidency, and notes

Chindwin Expedition, 1935. on some other <Araciae of

(With one plate) 478 interest. (With four plates). 796

ae fered ee aa: ee -; A Man-

The Game Fishes of India. tis Blood-Sucker Tragedy 940

Part XIII. (With one plate = ; A Centi-

and three text- figures) PEs pede eating its H ges 943

a ee at MorrIs, R. E. ; Society for aie

Part XIV. The Mahseers Preservation : the Fauna of

of the Large-Scaled Barbels the Empire oe sfa¥ 1000

of India. (With three plates —— ; Unusual Beha-

and two text-figures) 803 viour of Panthers and

Huppack, T.; The Malayan Tigers ee fe (035

Elephant (4. Maximus). oer pee oe: > Wde=

(With eight plates) 483 phants lying down 658

ee —oalt hicks 518 me DCCs ulS

Jonges, A. E.; King Crow and Swifts ‘s .. 664

Bullying Terns Bat 2 10S 2S ae The

——--—; Presumptive Malayan Elephant so veo

Evidence of the Nidification _ MosgEry, MartTIn E., F.R.E.S.,

of the Indian Cuckoo (Cueulus F.Z.S.; The Indian Caddis

micropterus Gould). (With a Flies (Zrichaptera). Part

plate) ... a ae Pe Ooi VII. (With twelve plates)... 772

Kuan, HAMID, M.SC., LL.B., Nayar, 8. L., M.Sc.; See

ph.p., F.A.sc., and TANDON, CHopra, Col. Sir R. N.,

Hargwans Lat, 3Bse.; A C.E.E.; M.Ac, M.D.,+ S¢,D:,

Study of the Reappearance of | F-R.C.P.

Trout Food in Trout Waters | Parsons, R. E.; Extension of

in the. Kulu Valley Grp) _ the known Range of the Beetle

(With two plates) 766. <Allomyrina dichotomus into

Kunpvu, B. C., M.A., Ph.D., Assam 668

F.L.S.; Two iNew Nitekas, | — -—-—; Rivers as

(With two plates) 843s Barriers to the Distribution of

LowTHER, E. H.N., M.B.O.U., _ Gibbons : dee 2 920

F.z.S.; Notes on some Indian — —— ; Parasitiza-

Birds. Part Vi. ‘An Indian | tion of Larva of the Hawk

River Bed. (With eight plates) 782 | Moth (Oxyambulyx subocel-

MATTHEWS, W. H.; Bird Notes | lata) by Flies ... = w- 94]

from Baltistan. (Witha map) 658 | PuiLutes, T. J. ; Habits of the

McCann, C., F.E.S.; Further _ See-see Partridge } 665

Observations on the Flying | PILLaAl, N. G.; On the Herent

Fox (P. giganteus) and the | and Age of an Elephant.

Fulvous Fruit Bat (2. lesche- | (With one plate) 927

naulti). (With one photo and | -- : Bird ‘ Bechimee!

one text-figure) 587 | in Ants ... ts are feng O30

— — at Ll iwee RaizaDa, M. B., M.Ssc.; See

Naturalists visit Karwar, N. | Bor, N.Ey; MA.) D.SC.,F.1.S.,

Kanara. (With one plate) ... 602 LFS;

RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR, T. V.;

Hand-book of Economic

Entomology for South India.

Roonwat, M. L.; The Boom-

ing Bittern [ Botaurus stellaris

stellaris (Linn.)], in Lower

Bengal as fas

SABNIS, T. S:, B.A. (Hons.),

DSCs EUAGS.C.ye ole An Sea, A

Contribution to the Flora of

the Punjab Plains and the

Associated Hill Regions,

Part I . :

SAYEEDUD- Sone M. Souk Cous

mon Indian Herbs with Notes

on their anatomical characters.

Part VIL. (With three plates)

-——-. ; Part VIII.

( With three plates)

; Additions fe

our ice edee of the Flower-

ing Plants of H. E. H. The

Nizam’s Dominions, Hydera-

bad, Deccan. (Wzth one plate)

Sen, T., m.sc. (Cal.), Ph.p.

(Lond.), D.1.c.; Distribution

of <Anopheles sundaicus

Rodenw, through mechanical

means. (With a map)

SEVASTOPULO, D. G., F.R.E.S.;

The Early Stages of Indian

Lepidoptera, Part VII

Part VIII siete ne

SINGH, SARDAR SHIVDEV ;

Measurements of a fine head

of the Indian Gazelle

S. L. H.; Preliminary Guide to

Indian Fish, Fisheries,

PAGE

647

934 |

533 |

599

816

§93 ©

510°

748

930

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

methods of Fishing and Cur-

ing, Agricultural Marketing in

india

SMYTHIES,

Burma ..

SUTER, M.; Renin abt heed:

ing Habits of an Indian Carp

[ Barbus ec dobsont

Day]

SymMns, J. A. M. Sone Motes

on Burmese Birds Ss

TANDON, HARPARS LAL, B.SC. ;

See KHAN, HAMID, M.SC.,

LL.B:, PH.Ds-h.A.Se.

TRESHAM, C. H.; An Unknown

Visitor to a Leopard Carcase.

TRIVEDI, T. R.; An Albino

Nilghai. (With a photo)

VAN INGEN and VAN INGEN ;

- Variations in Colour of Tigers

and Panthers ... aie

B.S Birds 4 “ot

A Fine Swamp Deer Head ...

Vasu, B. M.; Survival of

Birds after Injury

VENKATRAMAN, T. V., B.A.,

M.Sc. ; Observations on the

Biology of Some South Indian

Coccids. (With four plates).

WILISHIRE, E. P., F.R.E.S. ;

New Lepidoptera from S. W.

Iran. (Witha plate)

’

Lepi-

Mesopotamian Desert

doptera ... ; see

WOOLY SMITH, T. ; Effects a

the Bite of the Lens Mygalo-

morph Spider (Chzlobrachys

sp.) SAS

PAGE

645

650

656

g29.

654

826

941

TLEST OF (PIA ES

VOLUME XLII

Nos. 3 and 4

PAGE

Some Beautiful Indian Climbers and Shrubs

Plate VII. Scarlet Ixora (/xora coccinea R. Br.) 455

Plate Do. (Ixora coccinea Linn.) 456

Plate Small-flowered Ixora (Jxvora parviflora Vahl.) 458

Plate VIII. Sweet smelling Rondeletia (Rondeletia odorata

Jacq.) fs me, ues 465

Plates Do. Do. “466, 467

Plates Hamelia patens Jacq. <a see 466, 467

Plates Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. oe 468, 469

New Lepidoptera from S. W. Iran

Plate I. Melitaea consulis sp.n. 2. 2. Melitaea consults sp.

n. 4 underside. 3. Melitaea phoebe sarvistana

subsp. n. 4. Monina mithras sp. n. 2. 5. Mar-

gelana achaemenica sp. n. 4. 6. Meganephria

renalis sp. n. 2.7, 8. FErtogaster amygdali sp. n.

3.o. 9. Brachionycha atossa sp. n. 2. 10.

Amathes oropotamica thermopotamica subsp. n.

4. 11. Amathes oropotamica sp. n. 2

Fishes Collected by the Vernay-Hopwood Upper Chindwin Be pediicn

INSEE

Plate I. 1. Pstlorhynchus homaloptera var. rowleyt-lateral

view. 2.Do.—Ventral surface of head and anterior

part of body. 3. Pszlorhynchus homaloptera Hora

and Mukerji— Ventral surface of head and anterior

part of body. 4. Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton)

— Dorso-lateral view. 5. Do.—Ventral surface of

head and part of body

The Malayan Elephant

Plate I. An Elephant’s Salt-Lick Party

Plate II, Father joins the Party

Plate Ill. Young Tusker mounts a Log

Plate IV. Something Done

Plate V. ‘Good Night’ an

Plate VI. ‘Yes, this is my Salt-Lick ’ a

Plate VII. Getting down to it Sais ore

Plate VIM. ‘ You wait your turn’

The Game Fishes of India

Plate The Jungha of the Assamese. Barbus (Tor) pro-

geneius McClelland one oP x

FER 1 19435

478

483

486

488

504

506

507

526

xii LIST OF PLATES

PAGE

Distribution of Anopheles Sundaicus Rodenw, through Mechanical Means

Map of Calcutta and Environs 593

Some Common Indian Herbs with Notes on their MantOrical ‘CHARTER

Plates I—III. Plumbago zeylanica Linn. “ae 599, 601

Two Naturalists visit Karwar, North Kanara

Plate 1. A good catch of Ravas (P. letradactylus). 2.

Mr. Adams with a 25 lb. Ravas. 3. A 35 Ib.

Dagool (Scomberoides toloo Cuyv. & Val.). 4.

Fishing for Ghol (Sczaena sina Cuv. & Val.) in

Karwar Harbour ee aes «se 602

Bird Notes from Baltistan

Sketch Map of Baltistan eae e. nee, 2058

Some Beautiful Indian Climbers and Shrubs

Plate VIIa. Large-flowered Thunbergia (7hunbergia grandi-

flora Roxbi)> .. nae xe wo 685

Plates Thunbergia pagrans Roxb. ~ a 699, 691

Plates Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. And. a) 692, 693

Plate Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. ae _ 694

Plate IX. Sophora tomentosa Linn a Pig Pelt 1698

Plates Sophora griffithit Stocks ... ee 700, 701

Plate Sophora tomentosa Linn. tah eee met AOL

Plate Sophara secundiflora DC. ... st wl 201

The Birds of Bahawalptr (Punjab)

Map of Bahawalpur State ... se .. 704

Plate I. Fig. 1. Tamarisk and Kandy (Prosepis) scrub on

flood-inundated land, as in Tracts II and III.

(Haunts of Dyryobates scindianus, Molopastes

leucogenys, Cyanosylvia swecica, Phoenicurus

ochruros and several Phylloscopus) ... «a. 08

Fig. 2. An aspect of the desert as in Tract I-I ... 708

Plate Il. Fig. 1. An aspect of the desert as in Tract I. Harii-

nabad environs weet 409

Fig. 2. Cultivation in desert Gatial aolene interspers-

ed with sand-dunes, as about Yazman and Man-

thar (Tract I). (Haunts of Chanufdotis u.

macqueent, Sylvia curruca and nana, CGinanthe

xanthoprymna, and capistrata, ie caudata

Clea)! fe: soe AOD

Plate III. A winged Bou re jalang cover behind! a diminu-

tive bush aes seen 142

Plate IV. The Houbara (CHamycots: Undelnia ee een

when lying ‘doggo’ is a perfect example of

obliterative desert colouration a cas | | 743

On the Banks of the Narbada

Plate I. Fig. 1. Dasara Festival at Dhariaghat 760

Fig. 2. Dhariaghat Falls on the Narbada: tiger aaa

antes both are here ae sity 760

Plate II. Fig. 1. A 20 lb. mahseer wee ay act) Goll

Fig. 2. Perrun, 14 lbs. us; a: vet). 761

Plate III. Fig. 1. A Narbada Priest... a: walt) 762

Fig. 2. The Dhobi at Work .., % 762

LIST OF PLATES Xiii

PAGE

Plate IV. Fig. 1. A Centre Cataract... Aes ae e103

Fig. 2; My fishing boat. 7... He 709

A Study of the Reappearance of ‘Trout Food in Trout Watered in the Kulu

Valley (Punjab)

Plate I. Fig. 1. Scoop used for collection of Fauna from

streams - a 7 aie, 766

Fig. 2. The scoop in use he eke .. 766

Plate II. Fig. 1. Washing organisms from stones pet Or,

Fig. 2. Do. oe noe LOU,

The Indian Caddis Flies (Trichoptera)

Plate I. Dinarthrum latum sp. n. f ate sae | 180

Plate Il. Dinarthrum punjabicum sp.u. f me .. 780

Plate Ill. Dinarthrena shanta sp. n. -¢ aT, ms 0) 480

Plate IV. Dinarthrena steelae sp.n. f a .. 780

Plate V. Agoerodella punkata sp.n. J — see 1.700

Plate VI. Adinarthrella brunnea sp. n. J fs =, | 430

Plate VII. Adinarthrella inconspicua sp.n. f ase gen 280

Plate VIU. Adinarthrella kimsa sp.n. ¢ Bs oer 100

Plate IX. Adinarthrella parva sp.n. J . on Wea #80

Plate X. GoerodesindicaiMart. f ... Pee 750

Plate XI. Goerodes inaequalis Mart. ... ts ne. 2 tSU

Plate XII. Goerodes kanda sp.n. ¢ Bass se S 780

Notes on Some Indian Birds

Plate I. A Pied Kingfisher with food for its young a1. 104

Plate II. (a) A Little Tern brooding its eggs ss .. 7/86

(6) The River Tern—the largest of them all fy 780

Plate Ill. Even more compelling than its plumage is the

Skimmer’s bill; the mandibles, the upper shorter

than the lower, look like two knife blades set edge

to edge 7 see 787

Plate IV. (a) The Little Swallow Plover hunts its insect food

in the air or on the ground ae (89

(6) A Spur-winged Plover eroncnie its nest ... 788

Plate V. (a) Baby Skimmers are even more difficult to detect

than theeggs ... aceet h isll

(6) A young Skimmer hiding ter its Rice flight ... 789

Plate VI. (a) Like Terns’ eggs, those of the Skimmer vary

greatly in colour Fic .. /90

(6) A Young Swallow plover sane as ie 790

Plate VII. (a) A Little Ringed Plover comes to its nest - 791

(6) Little Ringed Plover tes 791

Plate VIII. The Great Stone Plover may possibiy ne an coe

lifter and a baby snatcher 793

Occurrence of Symwantherias sylvatica Schott in the Bombay iBrestdeney

and Notes on some other Araceae of Interest

Plate I. Synantherias sylvatica Schoot wie. 796

Riate.- Il. Typhoneum tlagellitorme (Lodd.) Blane ae . 197

Plate Ill. Zyphoneum amboinense Blatt & Mew. ... .. = 798

Plate IV. Theriophonum indicum Daly wae ee 400

A New Fossorial Snake (Rhino phis dorstmaculatus) from Ceylon

Plate I. Rhinophis dorsimaculatus s.p. nov. es ... 802

xiv LIST. OF PEATES

The Game Fishes of India

Plate I. Fig. 1. A Black Mahseer from Mysore ...

Fig. 2. A Black Mahseer (15 lbs.) from Ben in

the centre with four ordinary Mahseer (38, 21, 9

and 6 lbs. respectively) nh

Plate II. Fig. 1. A red Mahseer from Burma

Fig. 2, A Black Mahseer (16 lbs.) from Assam with

six ordinary Mahseer :

Fig. 3. A Black Mahseer (5 lbs.) from fe Beacon

River with two ordinary Mahseer

Fig.4. A Black Mahseer from the Kumaon Hills . “e

Plate The two varieties of Mahseer from Berean

Mysore—‘ the ordinary type and a black variety’.

Some Common Indian Herbs with Notes on their Anatomical Characters

Plate I. volvulus alsinoides Linn.

Plate Th Do.

Plate ISG Do.

Diagora nicevillet (Moore)

Plate Diagora nicevillei (Moore) (Type) 2: Dtagora

nicevillet: (Moore) (Neallotype) ¢; Aporia aga-

thon (Gray) 3

The Food and Habits of the House-Spider ( ieeieropoda erat: Linn, i,

Plate I. House-Spiders (Heteropoda venatoria) in Combat..

Plate II. Victims of the House-Spider (Heteropoda venato-

VEG) see Os

Two New Nitellas

Plate I. Mitella pseudotenuissima Kund

Plate I]. Néutella bengalensts Kund

Observations on the Biology of some South Indian Coccids

Plate I. Pulvinaria durantae var. nov.? and Ceronema

koebelei Green ... nae

Plate II. Ceronema koebelet Green ata BeeinB bes ceylonica

Green

Plate III. Lecanopsis cey boned Green ‘

Plate IV. Adult female of Ceronema koebelet Gr. i ege-sac

an Situ

Additions to our knowledge of the Blomvenide Plants of H. coh Ww. The

Nizam’s Dominions, Hyderabad, Deccan

Plate Fig. 1. A view of part of the Ajanta Hills where the

forest is of the monsoon type

Fig 2. A thicket of Calamus Rotang ene near ths

Ramappa tank in Mulug ode

The Malayan Elephant :

Plate ‘Chandrasekharan’ in a placid mood—and in

‘Musth’ : ieee

Presumptive Evidence of the Nidification of the inate atic (Cuculus

micropterus Gould)

Plate Nidification of the Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus microp-

terus)

PAGE

806

812

814

816

817

819

S22

823

844

845

848

549

850

85].

903

928

933

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

VOLUME XLII

Nos. 3 and 4

PAGE PAGE

Adinarthrella brunnea PLYIN 851

PE ANA ; 780 | Coffea bengalensts

—_——- incons picua Text-fig. 8 465

12) a 2 ee 780 | Cuculus micropterus

ee hI sa Photo 933

le, Vili oes 780 | Diagora nicevillet

—_—_——__——- parva Photo 819

Pir Oe... 780 | Dinarthrena Shanta

Agoerodella punkata PIE 780

Pi: ean 780 | —— steelae

Albino Nilghai Pl, IV 780

Photo 930 | Dinarthrum latum

Amathes avopotamica Pra en 780

Plofie il 472 | -—— punjabicum

——_— — ther mo- PROYE 780

potamica Elephant, the Malayan

Pl fg... 10 472 Pls. I-VIII 483-509

Aporia agathon Eriogaster amygdalt

Pl 819 Pl. figs.7 & 8 be 72

Baltistan Fishes collected by the Vernay-

Sketch map of 657 Hopwood Upper Chindwin Ex-

Banks of the Narbada pedition 1935

Pls. J & II 760, 761 Pl. 1 ae «» 478

Pls. HI & IV 762, 763 | Flowering Plants of H. E. H.

Barbus (Tor) progenetus The Nizam’s Dominions,

Ble. koe : 526 Hyderabad, Deccan

Text-fig. 1 527 Pl, 1. Fig.1. <A view of part

Text-fig. 2 528 of Ajanta Hills. 903

————-- (——-) for Fig.2, A _ thicket of

Text-fig. 3 a ses EN, Calamus Rot-

Birds of Bahawalpur (Punjab) ang ... 903

Map ss .. 7/04 | Goeérodes indica

Pls. I & II 708, 709 Pax 780

Pls. III & IV 742, 743 | ——-—— tnaequalis

Brachionycha atossa Pl. XI 780

Eletioe Woon 472 | ——-—— kanda

Calcutta and Environs PI, XII 780

Map 593 | Hamelia patens

Catesbaea spinosa Piss 466, 467

Text-fig. 11] 470 Text-fig. 9 467

Ceronema koebelet Hamiltonia suaveolens

Plisesr 848 Pis; 468, 469

Pie yal 849 Text-fig. 10 469

FEB 15 1943

Xvl

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Heteropoda venatoria

Pls. I-Il

Indian Birds

Pi I. Pied Kingfisher with

food for its young... 784

Pl. II. (a) Little Tern brood-

ing its eggs 786

(6) River Tern 786

Pl Ui skimmer ea lOs

Pl. IV. (a) Little Swallow

Plover 12. See 2100

(6) Spur-winge

Plover ne 100

Pl. V. (a) Baby Skimmers. 789

(6) Young Skimmer. 789

Pl. VI. (a) Skimmer’s eggs. 790

(6) Young Swollow

Plover wee. -/90

Pl. VII. (a) Little Ringed

Plover awecol

(6) Little Ringed

Plover 791

Pl. VIII. Great Stone Plover. 793

Indian Game Fishes

Pl. I. figs.1-2.Black Mahseer. 806

Text-fig. 1. Black Mahseer 897

Text-fig. 2. Mahseers or Large-

Scaled Barbels 810

Pl II. fig. 1. Red Mahseer 812

figs. 2-4. Black Mahseer. 812

lxvora barbata |

Text-fig. 3 460

chinensts

Text-fig. 4 460

coccinea

Pls. a ans 455, 456

——_ fulgens

Text-fig. 6 462

—— lutea

Text-fig. 7 463

parviflora

Text-fig. 2 458

vosea

Text-fig. 1 457

undulata

Text-fig. 5 461

Lecanopsis ceylonica

Pl. If 849

Pl. Ui 850

Leopard

Photo eee 656

822, 823

PAGE

Mahseer from Bangalore, Mysore

Photo

Malayan Elephant

Photo

Margelana achaemenica

| eal oo oleae

Meganephria renatis

Pl. fig <2:

Melitaea consulis

Plofigs] Wie2

—— —- phoebe sarvistana

Diy tigen

Monima mithras

Pl. fio 4 2.

Nutella bengalensis

Pls. I-II

——- pseudotenuissima

Pls. I-II

Plumbago zeylanica

Pit

1d cae 8 ee tee

Ble eae tee

Pteropus giganteus

Text-e ss,

Pulvinaria durantae

Pret

Phino phis dorsimaculatus

Text-fig. 1

Pi. I

Rondeletia odorata

Pls.

Sciaena zina

Pl. fig.

Scomberoides toloo

Pl. fig.

Sophora tomentosa

Pr eee

-——_——. tomentosa

Photo

—_—— Griltithit

Photo

Text-fig. 1

———— secunditlora

Photo -,

Text-fiow Z

—_——— vicuifolia

Text-fig. 3

Swamp Deer Head

Photo

Synanthertas sylvatica

Pit

814

928

472

844, 845

987

848

801

802

465-467

602

698

700

700, 701

699

701

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

Thunberg ta

Pext=tostal 2...

alata

Text-fig. 3

coccinea

Text-fig. 9

erecta

emer

Pls.

Text-fig..5

fragrans

ee eee

Ris: Se

Text-fig. 4

grandiflora

es Cee

Pls. es

éaurttolia

Text-fig 7

Oe eee

PAGE

687, 688

689

696 |

692; 693

691 |

690, 691 |

690 |

685, 694

694

PAGE

Thunbergia mysovensts

Text-fig. 8 dee . 695

—— ——- natalensis

Text-fig. 6 ac pee O02

Tigers and Panthers

Photos ... se 654, 655

Trout food in the Kulu Valley

Piss lew .-, #66; 767

Ty phonium amboinense

1) (6 Ae ee ee ww. «798

-— ~ flagelliforme

Pi sn we ee CON

a — indicum

PVE. Bee oe Sees)

Where a tiger sharpened his claws

Photo” 22. ast 020

ERRATA

VOE. ALI Nox:

Pages 320-322. Wherever ‘Coleus vettiveroides’ occurs read as

‘ Coleus Vettiverotdes ’.

VOL. XLII, No. 4.

Page 839, line 4 from top. Add Rhodocleptria tncarnata.

Flies in spring.

Page 841, line 42 from top, For ‘classes’ read ‘class’.

INDEX OF

PAGE

Acacia arabica ... ae Ses ee 1 700

- pennata ... sia Abs we GOL. |

Acalypha ciliata ... hs Rc B00

Acanthopsis choirorhynchus ... «- 479

Acanthospermum hispidum ... we!) oad

Accipiter nisus melanoschistus sce = GOL

Achroia grisella ... eat at ie a) OL

Achyranthes aspera. .:. es ee 4 ODL,

Acridotheres ginginianus Ed .. 724

tristis a Ee Poe rood

~ tristis ae me fi23

Acrobyla kneuckeri aieurds ast ee OT

Acrocephalus agricola... ... uw. 719

Acronicta indica ... ae es en 7 OS

—_—-——-- rumicis she see een ZOU

Acronychia pedunculata oe fe OO

—- laurifolia ... ane ee OOL

Actinotia hyperici bis cas Ane @ Biot.)

Adanscnia digitata sia abe Es, 020

Adhatoda Vasica one eon eT? .O40

Adiantum capillus Veneris ... ae 056

Adina cordifolia ... sis a ev OO)

Adinarthrella_... ee mee me, 110

brunnea ... as sea 8110

—_ —inconspicua ... ora

—— ——-kimsa ... ee rue (iE

—parva ... de s. 4/8

Adopza thaumas se es fea, SOO

Aechmanthera tomentosa ane ae o4/

Aedophron phlebophora bee sce OOO

Aegle marmelos ... ae es ae! DUS

—- ottoi dee sa ae seu O98

rebeli io ane a ee Ooo

Aeluropus villosus ste = AA ied)

Aeorus calamus ... “ wae .. ool

gramineus cee a ose, GOL

Aerua javanica ... ee ea a 2 OO

—--scandens ... oak slbe te eI

Agave americana ee sts sag) 802

Ageratum mexicanum ... fe ee Ne!

Ageerodella ee eile aa es ahi

——~ punkata ... ae et ALO

Agrostis alba __... ay a .. 983

crassa golickei a Met BOSD

FEB 15 4943

SPECIES.

Agrostis exclamationis ...

——— fliavina ...

-— haifee : —

—— ——- (Powellinia) lasserrei

—_——- (—-——_-) matritensis

—— —-——— puta

-_—-—— segetis ...

———— ypsilon...

Ajuga bracteosa ... :

Alaemon alaudipes doriz

Alauda arvensis intermedia

- gulgula lahmarum

- punjaubi

Albizzia chinensis

—- procera...

-- stipulata

Alcedo athis pallasi

Alectoris graeca chukor

Aleurites moluccana

Alhagi camelorum

Alisma Plantago...

Allium rubellum ...

Allomyrina dichotomus

Alopecurus nepalensis ...

Alternanthera echinata ...

-— sessilis

Alucanitis flexuosa

Alysicarpus rugosus

—_—— ——- wallichii :

Amandava amandava amandava

Amarantus Blitum

—— polygamus ...

—— viridis

Amathes aropotamica ... :

-— thermo-

PAGE

potamica ...

———-—- macilenta plumbea

Amaurornis phoenicurus subsp.

Ambassis baculis

Amblonyx cinerea nirnai

Amblyceps mangois

Ameletia indica ...

Ammania baccifera

—~--———- peploides

480,

842

835

335

' §35

835

834

Soo

729

661

730

862

(ek)

662

565

828

578

571

668

582

922

557

340

910

725

556

475

476

742

480

672

482

911

xX INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

Ammania vesicatoria .. eee ie: 911

Ammomanes deserti _.... Re eee 07

phoenicuroides... 731

Ammoperdix griseogularis griseo-

gularis «.. «es ses. «665

——w— hayicholmleyi ... «. 08

Amorphophaillus campanulatus w= O00

Amorphophaltus commutatus cee 1100

Anacardium occidentale 589, 862

Anagallis arvensis ws an et O02

Anamirta cocculus se Sr i 2500

Anas penelope _... as oe sd. 20

——- platyrhyncha sa se w. 746

——-streperus ... soe zee fn ao

Andrachne cordifolia 564, 863

Andropogon annulatus ... ae Soe OO

——_~—-——- contortus ... ae acta OU

——--——~— foveolatus ... - we Oro.

—_—— --——— halipennis eee ae, -OOU

—__—--—— Ischaemum ie .. 980

—____~-—— Iwarancusa ae? ate OO

———_--—_— ——__—--—— laniger... 680

———--—— monticola... saa sys!)

—---—— monticolus ae sen a FOU

ee nardus saa 858, 873

—-- Schoenanthus ... ae OL:

--—— squarrosus a fen OOD

Agelonia grandiflora... ane pes the,

Anhinga melanogaster ... or wa 746

Anisodes obrinaria ‘se sf ie, 70

Anisomeles ovata He aa ion, 04

Anneslea fragrans oe ae w. 634

Annona reticulata ay ae ince OO

- squamosa “ag ist a 7 863 1)

Anogéissus latifolia... ses se a0

Anona squamosa a a 904

Anopheles aconitus 504+ 598

—— —— annularis 594-598

——_— —— barbirostris ... 594-598

————— flavirostris ... ee ace OOo

594-598

594-596, 598

ee: —— hyrcanus

——_——-——- philippinensis

—_-— ramsayi 994-596, 598

-————--—_ stephensi 594, 598

—— subpictus 594, 598

——_—-——— sundaicus... via wae O94

— vagus 594-598

= — varuna ved 594-598

Anophia sf. ae aa ait Ao eh)

Anthropodes virgo ae sail dts nite ak eae

Anthus campestris griseus ee dons 28

PAGE

Anthus hodgsoni hodgsoni_... is. 1661

- roseatus = 661, 728

= - similis decaptus a fi LS

- spinoletta blakistonii ... Kee te hed

- trivialis haringtoni 728

Antigone antigone antigone ... Mie OF

Antirrhinum Orotium ... ae .. O44

Antitype canescens... Be esse,

Anua tirrhaca ... ry saa ve S30

Anumeta major ... er Ae SES 40

——-——-- spilota ee ie .. 840

Apama tomentosa an ee ASS

Apluda varia ae tis Pe sacha |)

Apolcheilus lineatus ... a sal CYS

Aporia agathon ... ; eae Jatt i BLO

Aporophila nigra dipeaiea ou pase eh)

Aquila clanga ae ao AKO:

nipalensis mipaieners oan see LOT

rapax vindhiana ... Ay vie oe

Araebia hispidissima .. oes Re ests

- Griffithii Fe ase Ss ee)

Arctonyx collaris ane a0 ee (OFZ

-— taxoides cae ee sek 5072

-——-—— collaris collaris a seu OA

——--—— + - consul a mse Has OY

Ardea ‘cinerea subsp. 746

——-- purpurea manillensis 746

746

Ardeola grayii ae oot ae

Arenga obtusifolia ret Shs Hat SOS

Argya caudata caudata ... Se astral

earlii ie nas = $5 2 etal

Argyreia cymosa ae ese eo oS

——_—— speciosa Ge ea roa

———— splendens Ys me eee O40

Argynnis hyperbius hyperbius ter tay sak eye

——-———- ———__-- taprobana sity vie)!

Arisaema speciosum... nae we) 864

——-——-tortuosum_... re .. 864

Aristida Adscenscionis ... eae = Od

- -- funiculata Pr ae Aen syoH

—- hirtigiuma = ees eet Doe

-_——-- hystricula Abe ee sonia vstout

-— Hystrix ... ag gee se oO

Aristolochia bracteata ... aes co, 864

Arius jatius ose as Sak con er

Armada hueberi ... aS ay ae 1 4 SAO

———-- leprosa ... eee 829, 840

—--ornata ... ie amt: we 2 B40

—- panaceorum ... - ... 840

Artemisia Absinthium ... Sap want B04

—-————-— absinthium ... ans se OU

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

Artemisia vulgaris o 864

Artocarpus integrifolia ... 567

-—— Lakoocha 567

Arundo Donax 584

Asciepias curassavica 865

Aspargus adscendens o71

——-——- capitatus . 571

——-—— racemosus 571

-— Sprengeri 371

Aspergo procumbens... 539

Asphodelus tenuifolius ... sal

Astur baduis cenchroides TBs

——- gentilis subsp. 739

Athene brama indica .., 736

Atriplex crassifolia 958

- nummularia 558

Attacus atlas 605

Atylosia Lawii 910

-- lineata ... 910

—_—-—--- scarabzeoides ... 910

Aularches scabiosae 607

Autophila cerealis amseli 837

——-—— cymaenotaenia 837

——-—— limbata 837

Avena fatua 583

Avicennia sp. 605

Axiopaena maura 833

Aythya fuligula fuligula 747

—-—-~ rufa rufa 747

Azadirachta indica 858, 865

Badis badis 480

Balanites Roxburghii 903

——--—— roxburghii 865

Bambusa arundinacea ... 865

— nana 586

Banisteria laurifolia 907

Barbus mosal 027

mussullah 808

progeneius 527

- putitora 527, 808

tincto 804

LOT. du: f bes ms 527, 806

(Lissochilus) hexagonolepis. 808, 809

——— (Puntius) dobsoni 904

—— ( -) sewelli 479

——_. (- ) ticto 479

-—— ( Tor) khundree 806

—— (——-) musal .. 479

———_ (——) progeneius 526, 528,

529, 808

——— (——-) putitora ... 804, 805, 809

xxi

PAGE

Barbus (Tor) tor 529, 806,

809

Barilius barna 479

Barleria coerulea 920

————. cristata ... ae ay sas «= 047

————. cuspidata 920

——_——- strigosa 920

— terminalis 920

Barringtonia acutangula 865

—— asiatica 865

——-———- racemosa ... 866

Specioss .. 865

Bassia latifolia 884, 903

—-- longifolia ... 884

Bauhinia racemosa 910

Baza leuphotes burmana 663

Berberis aristata... 866

— nepalensis 905

Bergia odorata 639

Biepharis sindica 547

Bignonia capreolata 545

— venusta 919

Biophytum seusitivium ... 907

Bixa Orellana +38 sds 906

Blepharis beerhaavizfolia 7 sas 920

Blumea Wightiana 914

Boehmeria platyphylla ... 567

Boerhaavia repanda 22

-—— repens eon ODD

Bombax Ceiba 587, 631

-- malabaricum ~... 903

Bonnaya veronicefolia 919

Bosia Amherstiana 556

Boswellia serrata 903

Botaurus stellaris stellaris 934

Brachionycha atossa 475

Brachygalea albolineata eae O30

Brachypternus benghalensis suvésp. ... 733

Brasantia tomentosa 863

‘Breynia cernua ... 564

- rhamnoides 564

Bridelia montana 923

Bromus tectorum ae om 586

Bryophila divisa oxybiensis. ... 834

—_——-- eucta 834

—_—_———-- tabora 834

Bryophyllum tubiflorum 911

Bubo coromandus 736

Buchanania latifolia 903

Buddleia asiatica 536

———— Lindleyana ... ga see 800

Xxii

PAGE

Buddleia madagascariensis ... 536

Butastur teesa 739

Butea frondosa 866

——-- monosperma 866

Buteo rufinus rufinus 739

Butorides striatus javanicus 746

Buxus papillosa 564

Cadaba indica 906

Ceesalpinia coriaria 848

—— nuga 866

Calamus Rotang 903

Calandrella brecnvddeea iongipene

nis 730

——-—— raytal adamsi 730

——- rufescens persica 730

Calcodes baladeva 668

668

Callicarpa longifolia lanceolaria 866

——_——--—- macrophylla 550

——_—-—- purpurea 550

-~——-— -- Reevesii 550

Calligonum polygonoides 560

Callistephus concolor 914

Callitris quadrivalvis 569

Callophyllum apetalum 622

- elatum 622

—— Inophyllum 867

- - inophyllum 622

Calonyction muricatum 866

Calophasia pampaninii 837

Calotes versicolor 937

Calotropis gigantea 705

-—- procera 535, 916

Camellia drupifera 634

— Thea 634

Cannabis sativa ... fei sDOD:

858, 867

Canscora diffusa 917

-— Lawii 917

Cantharospermum See orum 910

Canthium parvifolium .. 913

Capella gallinago gallinago 745

--megala ... sy 665

Capparis aphylla arr 705

— heteroclita 905

Caprimulgus mahrattensis 735

Carassius carassius 804

Cardapia sp. eee 836

Carex setigera shioto

—-- Wallichiana 576

Careya arborea ... ‘ sese~ OGL:

INDEX OF SPECIES

Carissa grandiflora

- Spinarum

Carpodacus erythrinus rorentns

Caryopteris grata

-——- Wallichiana

Casarca ferruginea

Casearia graveolens

—- tomentosa

‘Cassia auriculata

Leschenaultiana...

sophera

Wiilichiana

Cassytha filiformis

Casuarina equisetifolia...

Catamecia minima

Catesbeea ...

————-- spinosa

Catopsilia florella

Ceiba pentandra

Celastrus paniculata

— Rothiana

Celerio lineata livornica

Celosia argentea

Celsia coromandeliana ...

Cenchrus biflorus

—- catharticus

Centranthera humifusa

Centratherum anthelminticum

Centropus sinensis sinensis

Cerbera manghas

- odollam

Cerchneis tinnunculus ..

Cerocala sana

Ceronema koebelei

Ceropegia bulbosa

—— ——-- hirsuta

—-——- pusilla

—— ——-- Spiralis

Certhia himalayana limes

Ceryle rudis leucomelanura

Cestrum nocturnum

Cethosia biblis tisamena

Cettia cettia cettioides...

Chaimarrhornis leucocephala

Chameerops humilis

Charadrius dubius jerdoni

Characlea delphinii darollesi ...

Chenopodium album

ambrosioides

——-—-——. Botrys

-——-—--——- murale .,.

544,

Chettusia leucura

Chilades galba

—— trochilus

Chilena proxima ...

Chilobrachys sf. és

Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni

Chlaridea nubigera

-— obsoleta

—- peltigera

Chloris tenella

- villosa is

Chloroclystis lita Bateabeticn aes

Chloroxylon Swietenia :

Chondrostega aurivillii feisali

Choriotes nigriceps Be

Chrozophora hierosolymitana

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium

——— coccineum

Chrysomma sinensis hypoleucus

Cichorium Intybus

Ciconia nigra

Cimicifuga foetida

Cinchona calisaya es

—-—— ——— ledgeriana...

—-— officinalis

——-——- succirubra

Cinclus cinclus

Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnyris asiatica brevirostris ...

———— brasiliana :

Circus zruginosus zruginosus

macrourus

Cirphis albistigmata

Cirrepedesmus mongolus AGE

Cissampelos convolvulacea

—-—— pareira

Cissus repanda

Cistanche tubulosa

Cisticola juncidis cursitans

Citharexylum quadrangulare ...

- ——--— spinosum

Cleistanthus collinus ...

Cleome felina

Cleophana baetica HARES

—- jubata

—— —— pectinicornis

Clerodendron aculeatum

-- fragrans Sei

_——— - heterophyllum ...

ee - inerme

~ oR) =k

- infortunatum

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

set ds (44

832

$34

941

743

842

839

583

842

903

833

743

565

855, 868

869

712

915

746

870

871

“sey OO

wo «= 871

eee) toe

664

739

611

662

905

908

545

723

ne 000

950, 871

903

905

836

552

551

552

‘5651, 605

S51

Cleredendron phlomidis

- phlomoides

—___ -—-—- serratum

——_—_—_ ————- Siphonanthus

-—- ————.- Thomsonae

Coccoloba platyclada

Cocculus malabaricus

Coffea ee ae

——-— bengalensis

Coleus spicatus

- Zatarhendi

Coldenia procumbens

Colias croceus ai

Colocasia antiquorum ...

Columba eversmanni :

— —— leuconota leuconota ...

———— livia intermedia

— —-- neglecta ...

Combretum decandrum ...

Commelina bengalensis

—_————_—- glabra

Compressus lusitanica ...

Convolvulus arvensis

-- chryseides

—_————- microphyllus

—— ——— pluricaulis

Copiphana gaisana ove

Copsychus saularis saularis

Xxiii

PAGE

ool,

662,

Coracias benghaiensis benghalensis ...

Cordia obliqua

- Rothii -y

Cortyta vetusta profesta

Corvus corax laurencei...

tibetanus

—— cornix

——. corone :

—-_ --—-- orientalis

~~ coronoides intermedius

splendens zugmayeri

Corypha umbraculifera

Costus speciosa ... i

Coturnix coturnix coturnix

Crataeva religiosa

Cratoxylon neriifolium ..,

Crotalaria dichotoma

—— ——- hirsuta

————_—- juncea .

———- medicaginea...

-—————- punctata

= puswla

921

551

552

922

904

464

921

917

§32

973

740

662

609

740

91]

972

572

569

541

918

541

54]

541

836

716

734

537

839

709

658

936

658

710

871

605

742

905

636

908

909

908

RXiv

Crotalaria trifoliastrum...

—- umbellata

———-—~ verrucosa

— — -albida

Croton caudatus

— oblongifolus

——— tiglium

Crymodes bischoffi Sat

Cryptolepis Buchanani ...

Ctenolepis Garcini

Cucullia boryphora

- strigicosta

wredowi

Culculus canorus...

——— micropterus

— optatus

— policephala

Cucumis sativus ...

Curcuma longa

Cursorius cursor ...

——__—__ - —-——. cursor

Cuscata reflexa ... wes

Cynanchum arnottianum

Cyanops duvauceli cyanotis

Cyanosylvia cyanecula abbotti

— suecicia subsp.

Cybium guttatum

Cyclopodea sykesi

Cymbopogon nardus

Cynodon dactylon

Cyperus arenarius

Atkinsoni

——-—eleusinoides ...

— lria

—-—nivens ..

—— — rotundus

———— serotinus wee

———— stoloniferus

—_—-—— tegetum

Cynoglossum furcatum ..,

— micranthum

Cyprinus carpio nudus

— mosal

——_——-- puitora...

—-——- tor

Deedalacanthus nervosus

Deemia extensa ..

Dafila acuta

Dalbergia Sissoo... aa Fos

— stipulacea

— telephonus ...

PAGE

909

908

565

872

476

912

836

931

661

931

872

708

743

533, 541

873

663

659

715

610

589

§5%, 873

583 |

574

575

574

538

804

806, 809

806

547

935, 916

746

704

873

INDEX OF SPECIES

Danais chrysippus

Danio equipinnatus

Daphne cannabina

Datura fastuosa ...

=ametel ay... bcp tes

- Stramonium -

_ Deeringia celosioides

' Deiophobe ocellata

5 34 |

Delias berinda berinda...

Delichon urbica urbica ...

Delphinium brunonianum

—- caeruleum ...

—- elatum

Dendrocalamus strictus

Dendrocitta baylei kis

—— - vagabunda pallida

Derris elliptica

malaccensis

ferruginea

scandens ...

trifoliata diieinioss

uliginosa ...

Derthisa lederi

Desmodium gyrans

— - latifolium

——- triflorum

Diagora nicévillei

PAGE

Dicliptera Roxburghiana paoienaside:

Dicoma lanuginosa

- tomentosa

Dicrurus longicaudatus ;

— macrocercus albirictus

Digera arvensis

Dillenia indica

- speciosa ...

Dinarthrena

——- shanta

——- steele

Dinarthrum latum

——- punjabicum

Dioscarea belophyla

daemona

——_——— deltoidea sinensis

— — hispida-

——-—-——— prazeri

Diospyros chenum

————-- melanoxylon

——-- montana

———-- paniculata

——_——-— tomentosa ... eee

Dipcadi serotinum

—_—_——

832

479

562

543

556

940

748

660

873

903

935

710

874

856

875

837

910

669

819

548

915

932

718

556

904

773

774

772

570

876

903

876

903

571

INDEX OF SPECIES

Dipteracanthus longifolius

Dipterocarpus alatus

-- pilosus

-- tuberculatus

-- turbinatus

Discestra arenaria

———- ——- eremistis

Dodonza viscosa

Dolichandra cynanthoides

Dolichandrome falcata ...

Dorcus anteeus ...

- curvidens

- fulvonotalus

- reichei

Dryobalanops arcmatica

Dryobates scindeanus 5

Dryonastes coerulatus ... ces as

Drysophylla myosuroides

Duranta plumieri

— repens ...

Dynastes gideon ...

Dyscia plebejaria

Dysmilichia bicyclica

Dyspessa asema ... :

—- bipunctata iurpinie: patents

—= wiltshirei

Echinospermum minimum

Edgeworthia gardneri...

Egretta alba sabsp.

—garzetta ...

— intermedia

Ehretia acuminata

— buxifolia ..

— laevis

——- ——- aspera

————-~ ——- pubescens

- obtusifolia

Elanus coeruleus vociferus

Elaphria belucha

—— bodenheimeri chlor te

— clavipalpis

- flava

———— zobeidah

Eleocharis palustris

Elephas maximus indicus

Hleusine aegyptiaca

-- flagellifera

————- verticillata

Elionurus hirsutus

Elytraria crenata

Emberiza cia par

PAGE

920

Gls

618

835

$35

877

546

877

668

619

732

935

921

877

668

84.1

838

834

842

834

538

877

746

746 |

746

537 |

587. |

537 |

537

3h)

838

842

Syke

483

984

583

584

579

919

726

Emberiza cia strachei ...

-— striolata striolata

Emilia sonchifolia

Engelhardtia Colebrookiana

Enicostema littorale

Enicurus maculatus

Entada pursaetha

- scandens

Eogenes alcides elama ..,

Ephedra foliata ..

Eragrostis cyanosuroides

———-—-~ interrupta

—_——-—- major

——--— minor

———-—--- pilosa

—-— tremula

Eremopterix albifrons affinis

———-- grisea siccata

Eremostachys superba ...

vicaryi

Erianthus Ravennae

Eriogaster amygdali

Eriolena Hookeriana ...

Erolia temminckii

Erythraea ramosissima...

—-- Roxburghii ...

Erythrina indica ...

—- stricta ... :

Erythroxylon monogynum

Esox lucius

Eucalyptus globulus

Kuchloe ausonia persica

-- belemia ...

-- charlonia ,

—--- ——_-— PreeOpOrTIC

transcaspica

Eulophia campestris

Eumenis pelopea...

persephone

———— telephassa

Eupatorus hardwickei

—— cantori...

Eupatorium odoratum ...

Euphorbia antiquorum...

Clarkeana

————— dracunculoides

———-—— falcata

——— —— granulata

—————-- helioscopia ...

——— hirta . ‘es

———_—— hypericifolia an

XXV

PAGE

877,

660

726

914

568

536

932

878

833

569

585

584

585

985

585

731

733

878

578

474

907

745

536

Shep!

oie)!

903

804

878

832

827

832

570

832

668

878

923

563

562

INDEX OF SPECIES

XXVi

PAGE

Euphorbia neriifolia 879

——- prolifera 563

——_——- putcherrima 563

—_——_—— pycnostegia 923

———_——- royleana a ete Ae,

————— thymifolia 562, 879

——— Tirucalli 563

—— —— tirucalli 879

—— tortilis 923

Eupithesia tesserata 841

Euxoa canariensis diamondi 834

conspicua... 834

Evolvulus alsinoides 541, 816,

8138

—- hirsutus 816

Excoecaria agallocha 879

Exostoma vinciguerre ... 480

Falco jugger et 737

——- peregrinus subsp. (RY)

——-tinnunculus tinnunculus (he

Feronia Elephantum 903

Ficus bengalensis 566

——- foveolata 566

——- glomerata ... 567

———- heterophylla 607

——- macrophylla 567

——- palmata 567

——- parasiticus 516

——~ religiosa 566

——~ Roxburghii 567

——-- Rumphii 566

——- scandens 566

——- tomentosa ... - Ree zs

Fimbristylis dichotoma ... 075, G69

——- ferruginea ... 375

-——-— polytrichoides 669

Fittonia argyroneura 920

Flaveria australasica 914

Fluggea leucopyrus 880

--————- microcarpa 880

virosa 880

Flutea alba Ae 479

Forskohlea tenacissima... 568

Franklinia buchanani ... 720

Francolinus francolinus neni 742

——- pondicerianus inter-

positus ... 742

Fringilauda nemoricola altaica 660

Fulica atra atra ... 743

Galerida cristata cnendocla 731

Galerucida bicolor 677

Gallinula chloropus sudsp.

Gallus domesticus

Garcinia atroviridis

———— cornea ...

———. Cowa

—— —— dulcis

———— heterandra

———— indica

———-— mangostana

————. morella...

— xanthochymus

Gardenia campanulata ...

—- latifolia

Garrulus glandarius

Gastrocotyle hispida

Gaultheria fragrantissima

Gazella benetti

Gentiana decemfida

Geoemyda trijuga

Geophillus sp. seh

Glaphyra lacernaria cretula

Glochidion assamicum ..

— velutinum

Gloriosa superba

Glossotrophia asellaria sorta

Glottis nebularia

Glycestha aurota

Gnetuim scandens

Gnopharmia erema

Gobio fluviatilis ...

Goerodes

—- albardana

———-—- indica ...

————-- inequalis

—- kanda ...

Gordonia obtusa ...

Gracilea Royleana ;

Gracula religiosa intermedia ...

Grewia albutifolia

— aspera

Gryllus domesticus

Gymnosporia Rothiana...

Gynandropsis gynandra

- pentaphylla

Gynocardia odorata

Gynura nepalensis

Gyps fulvus swésp.

——- himalayensis

Hadjina viscosa ... se :

Halcyon smyrnensis smyrnensis

Haliaétus leucogaster ... ay

eco

PAGE

743

602

624

625

626

880

913

936

539

$80

930

537

604

606

839

564

572, 880

841

745

832

881

841

804

778

780

778

779

780

635

583

664

907

822

908

881

914

736

661

838

433

605

Haliaétus leucoryphus ...

—-— indus indus

Haloxylon Griffithii

—— multiflorum

—— —— recurvum

—— salicornicum

Hamelia ...

— patens ...

Hamiltonia see

—— mysorensis ...

—— suaveolens ...

Harpullia cupanioides ...

Hedera helix

Hedyotis dichotoma

——--——- herbacea

————.- Heynei

—- Heynii...

Helichrysum sf. ... BE

Heliotropium brevifolium

- Eichwaldi

- paniculatum

- strigosum :

- brevifolia

- undulatum

Hemiadelphis polysperma

Herniaria hirsuta

Herpestis moniera

Hesperia geron

Heteropoda venatoria

Heylandia latebrosa |

Hibiscus cancellatus

schizopetalus ...

— vitifolius . ote

Hieraétus fasciatus fasciatus ...

Hippolais caligata rama

Hirundo rustica rustica

Hodgsonius phoenicuroides

Holarrhena antidysenterica

Holmskioldia sanguinea ane

Holocercus gloriosus mesopotami

Holoptelea integrifolia ...

Holorrhena antidysenterica, ...

Holostemma Rheedii

Hopea odorata

Horaichthys setnai

Hphilare loreyi

Hydnocarpus kurzii

- laurifolia...

wightiana

Hydrangea hortensis

Hydrilla verticiliata

_-—

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

661, 738

738

705

559

466

467

468

913

468, 913

881

~ 913

912

913

S12

914

918

538

538, 918

§38

919

§55

545

833

821

908

906

738

719

727

932

533, 904

§§2, 921

cus. 834

923

859

§35

619

675

836

882

vere OLE

570

Hydrocotyle asiatica

javanica ...

Hydrolea zeylanica

Hygrophila polysperma

--— spinosa

Hyoscyamus muticus

_ Hypericum chinense

—_—_——

humifusum ...

——-——- japonicum ...

patulum

———-——- perforatum...

sampsoni

Hypeuthina fulgurita

Hyposidra talaca

Hyptis suaveolens

Ichnocarpus frutescens

Imperata arundinacea ...

Indigofera cordifolia

——

——-—- hirsuta

—- semitrijuga ...

Indobatrachus trivialis ...

Ipomeea bonariensis

— carnea he

— chryscides eee

— —— —-eriocarpa

— ——\ hederacea

—-———— Horsfalliz

— Learii ...

muricata

—-——-— pescapree eee

Quamoclit

—— — Turpethum

Isachne australis

Ischemum angustifolium

Iseilema laxum en

-- Wightii ... ase

Isometrus maculatus

Ixora

——- barbata

—-chinensis ...

——=— coccinea

——- fulgens

—- lutea

——- parviflora ...

——- Parvetta

—— — rosea

——- undulata

Iynx torquilla torquilla ...

Jacaranda ovalifolia

Jacobinia tinctoria

— enneaphylla ...

RXVii

PAGR

547,

912

882

917

919

920

543

637

638

639

838

516

921

534

978

909

676

540

918

540

918

540

866

817

540

918

576

579

669

581

823

455

459

460

456

462

463

458

913

457

461

733

546

948

XXviii INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

Jasminum auriculatum... ies eke (O15 |

Jatropha curcas ... si aes Soe pn OOS

— gossypifolia ... ix io S64

— pandureefolia ... a SIN 12%

Juglans regia... sae wae fi 2605

Justicia Gendarussa~ ... ee e345

— quinqueangularis +A ee 04d

Kalanchoe spathulata ... ad tot ee

Kigelia pinnata ote ty a. = 046

Kocehia indica * ... oe nee i S05

- prostrata wee a, im Doe

Kyllinga brevifolia a fe e, Geol

Labio devdevi_... FP a wo. 4479

._Lagasca mollis... ve es . “Old

Lagenandra ovata! a ae «2s -» 883

—____——-- toxicaria ... ae a Jose

Lagerstroemia indica ... Bes ba Oe

—_——_—_ -—-———- parviflora aoe ne mS

Lallemantia Royleana ... ee oe Oe

Lanius excubitor lahtora ate fost aR?

isabellinus das aes bp as 87,

schach erythronotus... gc edly

——— vittatus ae aie seu ae Ue

Lantana indica sz a eee AD

a — Camara sin ape ae

Lamprocorax panayensis eteatie we 2603

Laphygma exigua Pe aes ia) 6 o5

Larus ridibundus ees hie au eA

Larvioora brunnea sae ee ee ey?

Lasiocampa grandis... as ssa, 2 O00

Lasiosiphon erioce phalus ans ss 1009

Lates calcarifer Sak ee me O10

Laticilla burnesi ass ey Catan > Ted

Launza pinnatifida ... a en SONS

Lecanopsis ceylonica ... Se son = O00).

Lemna paucicostata... Sie ee ey

Leiothrix lutea ... aes re ae 30

Lepidagathis hyalina ... ae .. 9048

purpuricaulis ... ene OOS

Lepidium draba sie a be OOS:

- ~ sativum bie ary so) 2905

Lepidocephalus berdmorei__... sxe 4/9

Lepisosteus osseus ae ae to (800

Leptadenia Spartium ... he san WOOO

Leptochloa filiformis ... “le .. 384

Leptocoma minima... Ae ww. 934 |

Leptosia velox rubes ns nee oe 842

Leucas mollissima. gee eae son) 222

urticeefolia vas an Se ooo

Leucanitis kabylaria_ ... oe Pippi s oh)

Leucaspius delineatus .., - .,. «- 804

Leuciscus phoxinus _... ae

Leucocirca aureola aureola

Leucoma submarginata

Limnophila racemosa ...

Linaria minor

ramosissima

Lingustrum robustum ... ae ane

Linostoma decandrun ...

Lioptila capistrata

Lippia nodiflora ;

Lithophasia quadrivirgula _...

Lithospermum arvense

— tenuifolium

Lithostege buxtoni ans one $29, 84]

—— dissocyma ...

—_— notata

—— palestinensis

Litszea polyantha a5f

sebifera a

Loemica ghesquiere1 ...

Lolium temulentum _... ar was

Lenchocarpus uruca

- utilis ous Re:

Lophophanes rufonuchalis rufonu-

chahis”” ss.

Loranthus cordifolius

—- longiflorus

Lubivanellus indicus

Ludwigia parviflora... ao

Lusciniola melanopogon mimica

Lutra sf. ses :

Lutrogale epi ate sindica

Lycium europzum.

Lycopersicum esculentum

Lymnocryptes minima ... vue

Maba nigrescens...

Macaria syriacaria

Machilus odoratissima ... mE

Maclura aurantiaca a sos

Macroglossa stellatarum

Macropicus javensis subsp.

Madhuca latifolia

—-—— longifolia

Meerua arenaria... ~...

- ovalifolia

Maesa indica

Magnifera indica

Mahonia nepalensis ee Hag SS

Mambarilla narosides

Margelana achzmenica A

Marmaronetta angustirostris ... ae

Mastacembelus unicolor

Mazus rugosus

Maganephria renalis

Mella azadirachta

Melaluca leucadendron ...

Melanochlora sultanea sultanea

Melitaea consulis

— phoebe sarvistana

—— trivia +f

Melochia corchorifolia ...

Melodinus monogynus ...

Mentha sylvestris

Merendera persica

Mergus albellus ...

Meriandra bengalensis ...

Merops orientalis orientalis

Mesua ferrea

Metaegle pallida ...

Metalopha liturata

Metanastria lidderdali ..

Metaponia pusilla

Metopoceras delicata

omar

Microcystis zruginosa ...

Microloxa herbaria advolata ...

Micromeria biflora

Micropus apus pekinensis

Microrhynchus sarmentosus ...

Millettia auriculata

——_—— pachycarpa

———_ piscidia

Milvus migrans govinda

~- lineatus

Mimulus gracilis...

Mimusops hexandra

Mollugo oppositifolia

———— pentaphylla

———— Spergula

———. stricta

Molpastes cafer ac

—-- chrysorrhoides daa)

— -- leucogenys leucotis

Monima mithras

Monticola solitaria pandoo

Mcrmonia neonympha ...

Morus alba

indica

levigata ... 9%

Motacilla alba dukhenensis

-—- —— hodgsoni

———- — personata

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

553,

479

544

475

865

854

664

473

473 |

832 ||

907

885

553

572

663

922

734

627

839

837

754

660

836

678

840

553

661 |

915 |

885 |

385

885

738

661

544

992

912

fale

664

712

474

659

839

566

(al)

660

124

XXix

PAGE

Motacilla cinerea caspica 661

——_-——-- citreola calcaratus ... 728

————-- feldegg melanogriseus Taf

— ~ flava subsp. 727

Muehlenbeckia platyclados 922

Mundulea saberosa = a LU

——-——_-- sericea 857, 855, 886

————--- suberosa 857, 885, 886

Musicapa parva parva ... 716

Muscicapula sapphira ... .. 664

Myophonus temminckil eeninineie oe wOOU

Myrica nagi S86

Naia tripudians 609

Naravelia zeylanica 904

Natrix piscator eS 666

Nemachilus barbatulus .. : 804

Neophron percnopterus ERCRORICTES. 736

Nepeta graciliflora O54

Nerium odorum ... 534

Neromia pulvereisparsa 840

Netta rufina 747

Nettion crecca 747

Nicandra physaioides .. 886

Nicotiana rustica 857, 886

--_——-— tabacum 857, 887

Niebuhria oblongifolia ... 905

Nigella sativa ise 887

Nitella batrachosperma .. 844

bengalensis 844, $45

gracilis 845

habrocoma .. 844

mucronata 844, 845

pseudotenuissima 843, 845

tentlissima &44

Nonnea pulla °... Mins 539

Notonia grandiflora 914

Nycticorax nycticorax aes 746

Ochrocarpus longifolius 628

Ocimum americanum oo2

— Basilicum 552

— gratissimum 553, Soy,

887

Ocnogyna loewi ... h 829, 833

Oecophylla smaragdina... 935

(Enanthe capistrata * 714

-— deserti atrogularis 714

————-- leucomela leucomela.. 659

— picata 659, 714

— xanthoprymna sey Sa neuiae 735

Cinopopelia tranquebarica penane:

barica 741

EEX

Olax scandens ces

Oldenlandia dichotoma...

-—— herbace2

—_——-—— Heynii

Ophicephalus gachua

— striatus...

Ophiopogon japonicus

Ophioxylon serpentinum

Oplismemus compositus

Oreimus sinuatus griffithii

Oreocorys sylvanius

Oriolus oriolus kundoo ...

Oropetium biflorus

— Thomeum ...

Orthotomus atrigularis nitidus

-—— sutorius guzurata...

Oryza sativa ae

Otocorys alpestris acosd:

Otostegia limbata

Otus bakkamoena ;

Ougeinia dalbergioides ..

Oulobophora externata ...

Oxyambulyx subocellata

Oxysteima esculentum ...

Pachygone ovata...

Palamnezuss sp.

Panax fruticosum

Pandesma anysa

Pandion haliaétus haliagtus

Panicum antidotale

colonum

—— Crus-galli

————. hydaspicum

—-— prostratum

— ramosum

Papilio aristolochic

- buddha

- helena

———- machaon eat

- polymnestor

Pappophorum Aucheri ...

Paravespa eva

Pareba vesta vesta

Pareronia ceylanica

Parietaria debilis

Parus major

—- —— Kaschmiriensis ...

Pasmalum longiflorum ...

——--——- sanguinale ...

Passer domesticus indicus

— parkini

PAGE

603,

... 946

‘660,

903

913

912

480

759

570

916

577

812

932

660

586

664

719

578

661.

554

735

888

828

941

535

888

606

912

840

736

577

576

577

576

603

605

831

603

584

602

752

605

567

934

659

576

725

724

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus ... 726

pyrrhonotus 725

Passiflora edulis EO12

Pastor roseus 723

Pavetta indica 913

Pedalium murex . ae 546

Pedilanthus Geenicioide: 923

Peganum harmala.. 888

Pellionia Dayenn 924

Pennisetum cenchroides 577

——- orientale 577

—_——_——-- Prieuwrii 577

——- typhoideum 577

Pentatropis spiralis £35

Pergularia extensa soa OLG

—— pallida : 535, 916

Pernis ptilorhynchus racenitice 740

Pericrocotus brevirostris brevirostris. 718

—— peregrinus pallidus 718

a solaris solaris 664

Pericyma albidentaria ... 539

——_-——-- squalens $39

Periploca aphylla coe

Peristrophe bicalyculata 549, 920

Petrea volubilis ... Bee Ase ell)

Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis ... 662, 745

— fuscicollis ; 745

—niger... 745

Phalaris minor 581

Phaseolus sp. $11

Phaylopsis parviflora 920

Philomachus pugnax 745

Phlogacanthus carviflorus 920

Phoenicurus frontalis 659

——. hodgsoni ... 4 OOS

——- ochrurus phoenicuroi-

des 659, 715

Phoxinus levis 804

Phragmites communis 584

——- Karka 584

Phyllanthus debilis 3 923

——- Emblica ... oA 903

on nanus 923

=—— Niruri 564

—— — simplex 923

—_——_——_ urinaria 888

Phyllarthron comorense 546

Phylloscopus affinis 660

——_——_-——- collybita tristis 721

—_——_—— collybitus sindhianus 660

—. —— — griseolus ...

721

INDEX OF SPECIES

xxxi

PAGE PAGE

Phylloscopus neglectus neglectus ... 722 | Polygonum plebejum 560

Phytolacca dioica aa seis ne 000 ae rerio 560

Phytometra gamma et eer .. 839 | ———- ————- indica .. 560

—_-—_-—-ni ... on xe .. 839 | ——-——-————- micranthema ... 560

Pica pica .... fo i ose .. 936 | ———-——- ————- serrulatum 560

—— —— bactriana ne bee a, 0: 008 —— - tomentosum 922

Picrasma excelsa re ae .. 858 | Polypogon monspeliensis 582

——_——- javanica nepalensis ... 858, 888 | Pongamia glabra 890

——_——-- nepalensis ... 0 558, 888.! ——-——-- pinnata 890

Picus squamatus squamatus ... ... 661 | Pontia daplidice ... 832

Pieris ovalifolia ... a is .. 889 glauconome iranica i. 832

Pilea microphylla re ss ... 924 | Populus euphratica 663 es 569, 841

——- mucosa ... a as w. 924 -- nigra 568

Pingasa layahei ... ey bee .. 840 | Porana paniculata 541

Pinus longifolia ... voamry .. 569 | Porphyrinia albida peralba 839

Piper longum _... eae at ase > OOL ——-- parva 839

——- nigrum sxe cee wae .- 922 | Porphyrio poliocephalus ihe. 743

——-trioicum ... ach ane ... 922 | Porthesia scintillans limbata . 753

Pipistrellus sp. ... a ae oo il ee TN Ev 754

Pistacia mutica ... : = .. 828 | Porzana pusilla pusilla ... 742

Pithecellobium became one ... 889 | Potamogeton crispus 573

Pithecolabium saman .., ns = 849 | pectinatus 574

Plantago amplexicaulis ... fo - ISD) | perfoliatus 573

———— ovata... nee a .. 555 | Pouzolzia pentandra 567

——-—— Psyllium a re .. 555 | Precis orithya ocyale 748

Platarcus orientalis wee ae ... 568 | Premna latifolia ... 951

Platyglossus notopsis... eee .. 804 -——- scandens 550

Plecospermum spinosum re ... 923 | Prenanthes sarmentosa ... 915

Plectranthus rugosus... on ... 553 , Prinia flaviventris sindiana 723

Ploceus manyar flaviceps it .. 724 | ——-- gracilis lepida 722

-- philippinus ass ° ... 936 | —— -inornata terricolor 722

= philippints .. 724 | ——-- socialis 723

Plumbago zeylanica ... aie 599, 601 | Prodena litura 838

Poa annua acs SB -- 985 | Pronotestria silenides 835

Podiceps nigricollis Ripticoiia ... 747 | Prosopis spicigera eee 705

————-ruficollis capensis... ww« (47 —stephaniana ... ... $28, &34,

Pogonantherum saccharoideum ee eg 842

Pogostemon heyneanus ee 858, 889 | Prospalta capensis 516

ee patchouli ... 0 $58, 889 | - -— pallidipennis ... 515

— plectranthoides ... ... 993 | Prunella atrogularis atrogularis 716

Polanisia felina ... ee S .. 905 | Pseudathetis fixseni 838

Polia consanguis see ae «.. 835 | Pseudogyps bengalensis i 736

Polyalthea longifolia .. nas ..» 917 | Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga 838

Polycarpzea corymoosa Py .»» 906 | Psilorhynchus homaloptera rowleyi. 479, 481

Polygala campestris... es . 906 | Psittacula eupatria nipalensis ... 733

— elongata aad aoe .. 906 -— krameri manillensis 734

Polygonum barbatum ... ts -- 9560 | Pteris longifolia ... es 586

——- flaccidum ... one «» 889 | Pterocles alchata caudacutus . 741

—- glabrum _... ae ee. «Uae — exustus ellioti... 741

————-__—_—- Hydropiper eae 561 — orientalis 741

—— ~-——- hydropiper Pe 889, 890 —senegallus ... A woe «= Z4L

XXxii

Pleropus giganteus

Ptyas mucosus seh

Ptyonoprogne ruspestris

Pulicaria angustifolia

Pulvinaria durante

—__--—— psidii...

Pupalia lappacea

Pygeum gardneri

Pyrameis cardui ...

Pyrrhocorax graculus

pyrrhocorax

Pyrrhospiza punicea humii

Quisqualis indica

Rallus aquaticus korejewi

Rana cyanophilictis

———- tigrina

Randia dumetorum

- longispina

. uliginosa...

Rapala nissa rectivitta ...

Raphia cheituna

Rasbora rasbora are ee

Ratufa indica

Rauwolfia serpentina

Remiz coronatus ... :

Rhabinopteryx subtilis ...

Rhazya stricta

Rhinacanthus communis

Rhinophis dorsimaculatus

——-—— porrectus

——-——. punctatus

Rhododendron barbatum

-—__—+- —_— — falconeri

Rhodometra sacraria

Rhus mysurensis oes me

Rhyacia flammatra centralasiz

-— taurica oe

Rhynchodontodes Stott iate te

Rhyncholaba acteus

Ricinus communis

Riedlea corchorifolia

Riopa guentheri ... fe ae

Riparia paludicola brevicauda

Rivea hypocrateriformis

Rivina humilis ...

Robinia uliginosa

Rochelia stylaris ...

Rondeletia ate

——--——— odorata Ae “Up

Rohtee cotio cunma

- feae

~ 891,

516, 891

PAGE

587, 606

666

660

914

847, 848

557

890

832

659°

658

660

see cold

742

605

eds

890, 913

913

891

753

840

479

602

916

838

533

920

800, 801

801

89]

891

841

908

835

840

941

907

606

726

540

999

875

539

465

466

vee AQ

ws AYO

INDEX OF SPECIES

Rousettus leschenaulti .

Rottboellia compressa ...

fremaaiere

—- perforata

Ruellia longifolia

- patula

- tuberosa ...

Rumex dentatus ...

- orientalis...

Rungia parviflora

Ruta graveolens angustifolia

sabal adansoni 3

Saccharum aranineneane

—— spontaneum...

Saccopetalum tomentosum

Salix acmophylla

——-: tetrasperma

Salmo fario

Solsola foetida

- Kali

Salvadora indica

—- oleoides

-—_——-—~ persica

—- Wightiana

Salvia plebeia

aegyptiaca

Santalum album ..

Sapindus mukorossi

———— trifoliatus

Sopium indicum ...

schiferum

— sebiferum

Sarcococca pruniformis...

Sarcostemma acidum

brevistigma

Saurauja naupaulensis

Saussurea lappa

Saxicola capra bicolor ...

torquata indica

Saxicoloides fulicata cambaiensis

Schima crenata ... aa

- Wallichil

Schinus molle

Schizodactylus monstruosus

Schizothorax labiattis

Schleichera oleosa

-—— trijuga

Scilla Hohenackeri

Scleria pergracilis Le

Sclerocarpus: procumbens neh

Scomberoides toloo

PAGE

858,

7h le

587

579

920

947

920

561

548

892

572

578

904

568

766

559

916

705

916

933

554

892

893

565

849

563

893

635

894

1183

932

715

635

636

908

788

812

894

9/1

894

914

610

INDEX OF SPECIES KEXUi

PAGE PAGE

Scopula beckeraria i. ee .. 841 | Sporoboius glaucifolius 582

Scotogramma trifolii .. ah ey O35 —- indicus 982

Sciaena sina eek ee sce ia 610 ——- minutiflorus 582

Scirpus littoralis ... 5% a . 575 | Stachys parviflora 554

-mucronatus... ai .. 575 | Stachytarpheta mutabilis 549

- quinquefarius ... se .. 575 | Stapelia grandiflora 917

Scrophularia scabiosaefolia ... we «= 44 - variegata ao ise 97

Scutellaria repens ae a .. 554 | Stephania hernandtifolia 895

Scythocentropus inquinata ... ... 838 | Stephegyne parviflora ... ve O12

Scymnus coccivara See: wake .. 850 | Sterculia urens i Le 605

Semecarpus anacardium isis +. 903 | Sterna aurantia ... oe 715, 931

Semnopithecus entellus... sis Vee ONS hirundo tibetana 662

Setaria SlAuCe, rsec. * wes ess vee ORT melanogaster... 745

Shorea robusta ... ae Sa ... 619 | Stipa orientalis ae waa 082

Tumbuggaia ... ve ... 620 | Streptopelia decaocto Berets . - 140

Sideridis insularis es a .. 514 | ————- orientalis ferrago.. . 662

Silurus cochinchinensis ae .. 480 ——- senegalensis einavence 740

Smilax aspera ... aa ar Se 9/70 tt Striclina scitaniax.: wa 510

——-.-- prolifera ... ie .. a. 570 | Strobilanthes anisophyllus 547

Solanum coagulans its el . 042 | Strobilanthus Kunthianus Pe ey Al

————- gracilipes Aa ae .» 942 | Stroemeria tetrandra 2 UG

———— hispidum soe ae ... 542 | Strychnoscolubrina ... ww, 895

———— macranthum ... oe ww. 942 | ———+~ Nux-vomica... 603, 903

—-—— malacoxylon ... so we = 042 | —.——- nux-vomica ... 895

——— nigrum... aes ee . S41 | ——-—— potatorum ro 08

—-—— pubescens doh oe .. 918 | Sturnus vulgaris .. oe tat $056

— — Rantonnetti .. we «0912 ~ -- poltarataskyi... 723

—-—— Seaforthianum ve .. 918 | Stygia saharze 834

———— torvum... ve re2 542, 918 | Suaeda fruticosa .. 399

——trilobatum ... oe .. 918 | Sylvia curruca blythi 720

———— verbascifolium aa .. 542 | ——-- — halimodendri ... 720

———— xanthocarpum a w= O42 | ~——-- ——-——- minula .. 721

Sonchus oleraceus Soa ies .. 915 | ——-- nana nana 721

Sophora -—-—— aes os .. 698 | Synatherias sylvatica 796

— — Griffithi dis aes .. 699 | Syngrapha circumflexa... 839

——- mollis ... ise ore ae 894 | Syntomis aurivala 833

——_—— secundiflora .. or 699, 702 | Syrichtus galba ... a 510

———— tomentosa ae fs. 699, 700 | ‘Tarache biskrensis Grientatic ae 839

—— vicilfolia ae at: 699, 702 | ——-—— lucida ... 839

Sparganium ramosum ... eee .. O73 | Taragama siva a sae 84h

Spatula clypeata a i .. 746 | Taraktongenos kurzii ... iss 882

Spermacoce stricta aes aa .. 913 | ‘Tarucus balkanicus areshanus 832

Sphaeranthus indicus ... ase cesar, OU —- mediterranez ... so O32

Spinacia oleracea Ga me 2. 998 | —-——-- theophrastus re 832

Spodoptera cilium me ate .. 513 | Tathorhynchus exiccata 837

—— latebrosa_ ... sce .. 842 | Taxcus baccata .. 895

—__——- matritia ... ane . 513 | Tecoma australis aes «ss. O40

— pecten wes dee ie OZ —- capensis ae $45

Sporobolus arabicus... ay .. 082 | —~———~ grandiflora eis, 040

—-cvoromandeliaus ... .» 583 | ————- jasminoides ... 545, 919

———_——- diander .... a .» 582 | ———= radicans 3 i 516

XRXIV

Tecoma Stans

- undulata

Tectona grandis

Tephrosia candida

—- purpurea

— saberosa

—- vogelii

Teracolus fausta

Terminalia Arjuna

bellirica

catappa

——_-——- citrina

———_———— =

—————

Terpna ornataria

Petogalius himalayensis mimalaven:

mhateasodes quadraria...

Thaumetopeoea solitaria

Theretra lycetus ...

Theriophonum indicum

Thermesia arefacta

Thevetia nereifolia

— peruviana

Thunbergia alata

-—— coccinea

———-—— erecta

- fragrans

——~— .-—-- grandiflora

——--—— mysorensis

-~—— natalensis

Thuya orientalis

Thymus vulgaris

Tichodroma muraria

Tinospora malabarica ...

Torgos calvus

‘Tracheicepermum Gaerans

——.- jasminoides

Tragus racemosus AC

Trema politoria ...

Trichodesma indicum ...

Tricholepis radicans

Tregonella foenum-grecum

Tringa glareola

hypoleucos

ochropus ...

totanus eurhinus

- tomentosa ...

Ternstroemia japonica ...

laurifolia ...

sis

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

546

545

550, 903

896

909

857, 896

832

927

897

512

Sit

903

636

756

662

517

828

O41

799

842

897

688, 689

688, 696

688, 691

546, 688,

690, 919

688, 693,

919

688, 694

688, 695,

919

688, 692

569 |

: 553

nie 059

904

736

534

578

565

538

915

858, 897

peeks

662, 745

745

662, 744

PAGE

Triphena pronuba es Sere OOD

Triticum vulgare oa fe eee 900.

Trochalopteron lineatum 5a Soo BE

Trochalopterum erythrocephalum ... + 935

—-—-——-- lineatum gilgit is O59

—_—_——- ——— nigrimentum Sanu. RAD

Troides helena minos ... as es COS

Turdoides somervillei sindianus edo A

-— striatus Bocaire tah Bae) eto)

Turdus atrogularis wee a ee AALG

——— - musicus Be ie see 21980

- philomelos Sot : Be a EI

Turnera ulmifolia Japtattona: nee, POL

Tylophora asthmatica... ie: bee Oe,

—- macrantha ... he pe romerste)! 0)

Typha angustata sae ioe wet POMS

elephantina ee ae on ye

Typhoneum amboinense cae gee) 498

————- flagelliforme se ive (98

Ulmus integrifolia ane ob) eee oee

Upupa epops epops ... a 661, 735

Urena lobata__..... a wee sce) TaOe

Urol oncha malabarica... oe ween) V2

Utetheisa puchella Be aes ea, 4OSO

Vanessa canace canace sce, eae AOU

—~———— cardui ae ae Ja culan AG

—_———- urticee cs a scot BOOS

Varanus monitor sian Ay eee OW)

Vateria indica... ee ae se O20

Veratrum album ee aan Bode tate ols:

—- viride Ae ee Fs atessye!

Verbascum Thapsus_... ea w. 544

— thapsus... Bb ee OOS

Verbena bipinnatifida ... St a) 950

bonariensis ... oe ... 549

———— chameedryfolia aa: ee moo

officinalis ee Abs ‘ae O49

Vernonia anthelmintica ae .. 868

——~—— cinerea “ti ae ae. a3

Vespa cincta ae sai eae aoe O05

Viscum japonicum one Be en OO

Vitex Agnus-castus see ine emir |

——- bicolor Aco ee cae noe ah

* ——-~ leucoxyion ... sibs Wes sce all

——-~Negundo, ....: ... :.. ~~ 551,/92)

= mesundo. a te Sets 858, 898

—- trifolia es Ane a peep er,

Vitis repanda ~ ... ve Si es. SUS)

——- sp. some eae ss 3 “605

Walsura piscidia —_..: nie . 898

Waltheria indica Be ene Toa tell

Wikstroemia indica viridiflora

Withania somnifera

Wolffia microscopica

Wrightia tinctoria

tomentosa

Yucca gloriosa

Zamacra flabellaria

Zania angustifolia

Zanthoxylum alatum

hami!tonianum

INDEX OF SPECIES

PAGE

898

543

573

534

534 —

571 |

842

569

898 |

899

Zegris eupheme

—— -— tigris

/——-—— dyala ...

Zeuxine sulcata

Zizera galba ace aes

Zizyphus Spina-christi ...

Zornia angustifolia

Zosterops palpebrosa occident

diphylla ... ae :

XXRV

PAGE

827

831

570

829

828

910

732

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

OFFICE BEARERS, 1942

Patron

H.E. The Viceroy of India, G.M.S.1., G.C.M.G., G.M.I.E., G,B.E., D.L.

Vice-Patrons

. H. The Nizam of Hyderabad, G.C.S.I., G.B.E.

. The Maharaja of Baroda, G.C.I.E.

. The Maharaja of Travancore, G.C.1.E,

. The Maharao of Cutch.

. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, G.C.I.E., K C.S.I., K.C.V.O,

H, H. The Maharajadhiraj of Patiala.

General H. H. The Maharajah of Bikaner, G.c.s.1, G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O.,

G.B.E., K.C.B., A.-D.-C., LL.D. es

H.H. The Maharaja of Bhavnagar, K.C.S.1.

H. H. The Nawab of Junagadh, G.C.I.£., K.C.S.I.

Sir David Ezra, At., F.Z.S.

A. S. Vernay, Esq.

Lt.-Col. K. G. Gharpurey, I.M.s. (Retd.).

W.S. Millard, Esq., F.z.S.

Tomo

Benefactor

Mr. C. O. O’Donnell, U.S.A.

President |

H. H. Sir Roger Lumley, G.C.1.E., Dare

Vice-Presidents

Revd. Father J. F. Caius, $.J., F.L.S.

Rt. Revd. R. D. Acland, M.a.

Executive Committee

Mr. Humayun Abdulali |— ... as ... Bombay

Mr. Farrokh E. Bharucha ... a fee a

Mr. A. Forrington see wer tee "

Mr. J. B. Greaves, C.B.E., M.L.A., J.P. re ‘4

Mr. M. J. Hackney ane ve = -

Mr. R. E. Hawkins ae i, a -

Mr. D.G. Hill, F.R.G.s., J.P. Gee te S

Dr. M. Sharif, D.sc., Ph.pD., F.N.I

Lt.-Col. 8. S. Sokhey, I.M.S....

Mr. F. Wadia a ae

Mr, T, E. Savaides (Honorary Treasurer) a

Rev. Er, J. F, Caius, s.3, (Aon. Secretary) ae

SXXViii OFFICE BEARERS

Advisory Committee

Mr. Salim Ali... oe naG

Dr. N. L. Bor, M.A.,-D.SC., F.L.S., LES.

Lt.-Col) R. W. Barton 1A. (Retd. )

Mr. C. H. Donald; #.2.8... 4.06% ees

Dr. F. H Gravely, D.sc. ae

Mr. C.M. Inglis, B.E., M.B.O.U., F,Z,S3:

Major R. C. Morris, F.z.S., F.R.G.S.

Major EK. G. Phythian-Adams, F.Z.S., I.4;

Dr. Baini Prashad, D.sc. nes

Mr. H. C. Smith, r.F.s....0 2.5%!

Mr. James L. H. Williams

ame Fs oo BORE

Dehra Dun.

i ‘ get.

Bangalore.

. .Dharmsala.

Kodaikanal.

Darjeeling.

Coimbatore.

* Bangalore.

Calcutta.

Simla.

Coimbatore.

LIST OF MEMBERS

LIFE MEMBERS

Abdulali, Humayun N. see ae ... Bombay.

Acharya, Harinarayan G, (F.Z.S., B.A.) ... ... Ahmedabad.

Aga Khan, H. H. Aga Sir Sultan Mahomed Shaha

(G.C:S:1,5. 6.6.1. EB, ) ate te ... Europe.

Aitken, C. E. (C.1.E.) Pe aes ... . Bombay.

Ali, Hamid A, (I.C.S.) ae Ce ... Baroda.

Armitage. Capt. A. E. (R.E.) ... ... Bombay.

Armstrong. Dr. J. Scaife(M.B., Ch. B., D.T.M. & H.)... New Zealand.

Aylesford, The Right Hon’ble The Earl of .. England.

Bahawalpur; H. H. The Nawab Capt., Sir Sadiq

Mohammad Khan Abassi (K.C.V.0.,G.C I.E.,K.C.V.0.) Bahawalpur. ........

Baini Prashad, Dr. (D.SC., 0.B.E.) ay ... Benares City.

Baker, E. C. Stuart (C.1.E., F.Z.S.) es London.

Bansda, H, H. Maharaul ‘Shri Indra Singha Erato

Singhji, Raja Sahebof ... Bansda.

Baroda, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Biatapedin Gaelwar ‘

G.C.1.E.) (Vice-Patron) ... aes ... Baroda. .

Bates, Lt.-Col. R. S. P. (1.A., M.B.O.U.) ... .. Ahmedabad.

Bhavnagar, H. H. The Maharaja Shri Sir erenne

Kumar Singhji (K.c.S.1.) (V7ce-Patron) .- Bhavnagar,

Bhavnagar, Kumar Shri Dharmakumar Sinhji

Bhopal, H. H. Col. Sir Mahommad Hamidulla Khan

Bahadur (G.C.S,1., C.S.1., C.v.0.) * Bhopal.

Bikaner, General H. H. The Manarah Shri Sir anes

Singhji Bahadur (G.C.S.I,, G.C.I.E-, G.C.V.O.,

G.B.E., K.C.B , A.D.C., LL.D.) (Vice-Putron) ... Bikaner.

Bikaner, Capt. H. H. Mahara} Kumar Shri Sadul

Singhji Bahadur (c.v.o.)

Bilaspur, H. H. Raja Anandchand as see Bilaspur.

Bodenham, Count K. Lubienski sek ... London.

Bradshaw, J. Ps. ... oe ... England.

Bridgeman, Lt. -Col. Hon’ble H, G. O. (D.S.0O.)

Brook, Carlton P.

Burton, Brig.-Gen. R. G. ; a e i

Burton, Lt.-Col. Richard W. (1.4. Reid). .. Bangalore.

Bute, The Most Hon’ble The Marquis of ... .» England.

Caccia, Major A. M. (1.F.S.)

Cambay, H.H. Nawab Hussain varanoian Lee

ie)

Alikhan Saheb Bahadur _... ae .. Cambay.

Carter, Lt.-Col. H. St. M. (D.S.0., M.c.) ... ... London, :

Chhota-Udepur, Maharawai Natwar Sinhii F. Rajaji of Chhota- Gaeear

Christopher, Sydney A. (Bar-at-Law) ... .. Rangoon.

Clarke; OO. (C1.bs,1. C5.) G24 ae -... London.

Clutterbuck, Major J. E. (R.£.) ie ... Bombay,

FEB i5 1943

xl LIST OF MEMBERS

Clutterbuck, Sir Peter (A7?., C.1.E., C.B.E.) Srinagar.

Cooch Behar, H. H. The Menara. Jageddipenda

Narayan Bhup Bahadur _... ..« Cooeh Behar

Coode, John M. ae te a .. England.

Corkill, Dr. Norman L. (M.B., Ch.B) Ae ... Khartoum.

Craw, H. H. (1:C:.S"} ae = ... London.

Cron, Herman a ae a .. New York.

Culbertson, J. M.S. a M.I.C.E.) England.

Cutch, H. H. The Maharao Shri Viayaraji ( Vite-

Patron) 2a .. Bhuj-Cutch.

Cutch, Kumar Shri Godji Obit fis: = wo. Catchy

Cutting, C. Suydam ... Ses ani .. New York.

Dalal, Miss Meherbai P. M. < Pe ... Poona.

Dalal, Miss Perin P. M. “eo ee .-«. Bombay.

Dalal, R. D. : aan ... London.

D’ Almeida, J. F. R. (B. As, B. Sc.) Bandra.

Dhar, H. H. The Maharaja Mpeneiac Bpareanah

Bahadur Ga oe fee -. Dhar State:

Dharampur, H. H. The Maharane Shree Vijaya-

devji Rana, Maharaja Saheb of tee .. Dharampur.

Drake-Brockman, Lt.-Col. H. E. (F.z.s., 1.M.s.) —.... London.

Dungarpur, H. H. Rai Rayan Maharajadhiraj

Maharawal Shri Sir Lakhshman Singhji Bahadur

(K.¢.S;1,) eae ies ... Dungarpur.

Duxbury, Brigadier C. D. isi Aas .. England.

Elgee, Colonel J. W.L. eg. an ) Pees ~ BONdON:

Ellison, Bernard C. (C.M.Z.S., F.R.G.S.) ... er 7

Engiish, E. E, ice abe a .. England.

Erb, E. es it « witzerland.

Eezta, Alfred (0.8% 5,'F-Z2:S:) one .. England.

Ezra, Sir David, (At. F.Z.S.) (Vice- Biron ... Calcutta.

Frey, Max lite ... switzerland.

Gharpurey, Lt.-Col. Ke G. Ce Retd.) (Vice-Patron) Poona.

Gonsalves, A. F. ... ae mia ... Bandra.

Gregory-Smith, Capt. H.G. ... ae ... Nairobi.

Harris, Jr., William P. ies soe USA.

Hingston, Niekon R. W. G. (1.M.S. 5.) .... Bangalore.

Holkar, H. H. The Maharaja Sir ace Rao i«® Indore.

Hopwood, S. F. (1.F.S.) nc ... Rangoon,

Hotson, Sir Ernest (K.C.S.I., 0.B.E., LCS.) ... London.

Hoyos, Count FE. ... ee dies ves dNUSEDIA

Husbands, Major H. W. 8S. (M.C., - A.M.I.C.E.,

S.M.R.E;). a at sd ... London,

Hyderabad, H. E. H. The Nizam Sir Usman Ali-

khan Bahadur (G.C.S.1., G.B.E,) (Vice-Patron) .... Hyderabad, Dn.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meberban Narayan

Govind alias Babasaheb Ghorpade ... .. Ichalkaranji.

Idar, H. H. Maharaja Sari Himmat Singhji Saheb

Bahadur cs ue ays .. Himmatnagar.

Iftikhar Alikhan, Sanibaade oy Gs .» Malerkotla.

Indore, H. H....‘he Maharaja Sir Yeshawantrao

Holkar (C,C.1.E.) aes Ae ses -Lndore,

LIST OF MEMBERS

Inglis, Chas. M. (F.Z.S., B.E., M.B.O.U.) «.

Ivens, J. H. (P.W.D.)

Jaipur State, H. H. The Maneraja Sir Saar Man

Singhji (G.C.1.E.) oes

Jamkhandi, - Shrimant Shanianrod Parieuuminra

alias Appasaheb Patwardhan Raja of

Janjira State, H. H. Nawab Sidi Munananaiten

Nawabsaheb of

Jind, H. H. Maharaja Sir Rear Sinen (K:C.Sik.,

G.C.I1.E.) ace ot F

Jodhpur, Lt.-Col. H. H. The Mahataea: ‘Sir tara

Singh Bahadur (G.C.1.£.,G.C.S I.,K.C.S.I., K.C.V.0.)

(Vice- Patron) iad sat

Jodhpur, Shri Bada Maharaj Kener Sahib Hanwant

Singh ae

Junagadh, His Hennes Nawan of (K.C S.I., G.C.I.E.)

( Vice-Patron)

Kaiser Shumsher Jung pabadur Rana, Ss. M. Neon:

manding-Gen. oo

Khetri, Raja Sardar Singh Pawan

Kirk-Greene, Mrs, Leslie

Kotah, H. H. Shri Bhim Singhji Sahib Ranadie

Maharao of oe vee

Laurie, M. V. (1.F S.)

Lewis, J. Spedan

Lloyd-Smith, Wilton

Long, G. R. (1.F.S.) Be

Lorimer, Lt.-Col. D. L. R. eu FE.) TA.) 0.

Lowndes, Major Donald, G.

Ludlow, F. (M.A., M.B.O.U., I.E.S., ea)

Lynes, Rear Admiral Herbert (C.B., C.M.G.)

Mackenzie, J.M.D. (1.F.S.) an

Mahmudabad, Raja Minammad Amir pmadinene ae

Mandlik, Sir Narayan (A‘?.)

Mangrol, The Shaikh Saheb of..

Mayurbhanj, H. H. The Maharaja Pratapchandra

Bhanj Deo ae ee

McConaghy, Lt.-Col. C. B. (I.M.s.)

Mess Secretary, 3/ 17th Dogra Regiment ...

Mess Secretary, 1/10th Gurkha Rifles

Millard, A. W. PP. ... she

Millard, W.S. (F.z.8.) (Vice- Patron)

Miraj, Shrimant Raja Saheb N. T. Patwardhan

Montagnon, D. J. ... Ae

Monteath, G. (1.C.S.) (Retd. Vee

Morvi, H. H. The Maharajah Sir Lakhdirij Wash

(G.B.E., K.C.S.I.) BP :

Mosse, Lt. Col., Ae HE (ane)

Murland, Lt.-Col. H. F.

Mysore, H. H. Siilevachamara a Wade Panadan

Namjoshi, V. K. cet

Narayanlal Bansilal, Raja ee Ae

Darjeeling.

England.

Jaipur.

Jamkhandi.

Janjira-Murud

Jind.

Jodhpur.

Junagadh.

Nepal.

Khetri.

London,

Kotah.

Delhi.

London.

New York.

London.

England,

Bombay.

Srinagar,

London.

Scotland.

Mahmudabad.

Bombay.

Mangrol.

Baripada,

England.

India.

England.

Miraj Sr.

Dibrugarh.

England.

Morvi.

England.

Coorg.

Mysore.

Bombay.

”?

xii

slii LIST OF. MEMBERS

Narsingarh, H..H. Raja Sir Vikram Singhji Sahib

Bahadur (K.C.I.E.) one O00 Son

Nawanagar, H. H. The Maharaja Jamsaheb

Sir, Digvijiaysinhji (K.C.S.1., G.C.1.F. ) 00

Nepal, Lt. General Shankar Shumsher Jung

Bahadur Rana

Nepal, Supradipta Monvaber AGore alk ‘Sir Monin

Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana (K.C.I.E.)

Newman, ‘I’. H. (F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.) Me

Noyce, Sir Frank (K.C.S.1., C.B.E., I.C.5.)

Oberholser, Harry C. ie

O’Donnell, C. O. (Senefactor)...

Ogilvie, G. H. (1.F.S.)

Page, A. J. (1.C.S.)

Palitana, H. H. The Thakor Saheb Shri Sir Banaaan

Sinhji (K.C:S.1,,,K-C, Tie. ) sus

Parlakimedi, Sri Sri Sri Krishna Chandra earanat

Narayan Deo, Maharaja of

Parlett, L. M. (1.C.S.) (Retd.)

Patiala, H. H. Shri 108 Maonata aniaa Monendea

Bahadur (G.B.E.) (Vice- Patron)

Patiala, Capt. Rao Raja Birindra Singhji

Patiala, Maharaj Kumar Capt. Brijindra Singhji

Patuck, P. S. (1.C.S.) (Retd.) ...

Peacock, E. H. (B.F.S.) (Retd.)

Peppe, Major F. H. (R.A.)

Pestonji, Jivanji (N.C.S.)

Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji

Petit, Jehangir Bomanji ,

Porbandar, H. H. The Maharaja Shri Natwar enon

Bhavsinghji

Rae, Lt.-Col. M. E. (J.A.) (Reta. ) me

Rajpipla, H.-H. Maharaja Shri Sir Vijaysinhji

(R2C SI iar aes ds Se

Reid, Mrs. D. W. |...

Rewa, H. H. The Maharaja Sir Ghlanenen Bavada

(K.C.S I., G.C.1.E-) (Vice- Patron)

Roosevelt, Kermit ...

Roosevelt, Col. Theodore

Rose, Major,Tyrell .. ‘

Roumania, H. M. Hie King ot

Sanders, Col. C. W. es

Sanderson, Henry

Sangli, Meherban Sir Sean. Fontntaniomias ane

Saheb Patwardhan (K.C.S.I.)

Savile, Sir Leopold (K.C.B., M.I.C.E.)

Schmid, W. ae aie = te

Sewal, Rai Bahadur Dr. Ram Narain (M.B., F.R.C.S.E.

M.R.C.P.E., etc.) _ se

Seymour-Sewell, Lt.-Col. R. B. . M.S.) ..

Sirmoor, H. H. Maharaja Rajendra Prakash Bandon

Smith, Major G. De Heriez

Narasingarh,

Jamnagar.

Nepal.

England.

London.

U.S.A.

England.

London.

Palitana.

Parlakimedi.

England.

Patiala.

London.

Africa.

India.

Hyderabad, Dn.

Bombay.

Porbandar.

Edinburgh.

Rajpipla.

England,

Rewa.

U.S. A.

England.

Roumania.

Delhi. |

U. Si A.

Sangli.

London.

Switzerland...

Sepa.

London.

Nahan.

-Ootacamund,.

oneruern

LIST OF MEMBERS xliii

Smith, H. C. (1.F.s.) ... Bombay.

Spence, Dr. Arthur D. (M.B. Meh, B.) (ean. ) .. England.

Spence, Sir Reginald (Az, F.z.s.) ‘

Standen, Sir B. (K,c 1.k., LC.S. . (Retd. )

”

Stanton, W. C. a aae A

stewart, C. G: (1.P.S., M, A., O.B.E. 5 aie .. Rangoon,

Studd, E. ae ... England

Suket State, HW. H. rae Rareiwan ell pea: +3. UKet.

Surguja, Maharaja Ramanuj Saran Singh Deo (C.B.F, ) surguja.

Swaine, J. K. ise a ee ».. London.

Swithinbank, Mrs. B. W. dee England.

Tehri-Garhwal, H. H. Maharaja Sir Neto re Shah

Saheb Bahadur COR ray O10 OF) a0 ae Lehn.

Thomson-Glover, Lt.-Col. J. W. (C.B.E.) ... .. Bombay.

Travancore, ‘The Game Warden ‘Travancore,

Udaipur, H. H. The Maharana Sahib Rated

(G:C.S1.) es ... Udaipur.

Vaughan, Capt. William (F.E.8. 3.) ; ... Canada.

Venning, Brigadier F. E. W. (C.B.E., D.S.O. - .. England.

Vernay, A.S. (Vice-Patron) ... re .. England and U.S.A.

Vesugar, Jamshed (P.W.D.) a ay #. oimila,

Waite, H. W. (I.P.)... ne ee ... Rawalpindi.

~ Walker, Roland ose London.

Wankaner, Maharaj Kumar eines Ghanamnnanusinenn Wankaner,

. Wauchope, Major R. S. (1.A.) ... Son .. England.

Whistler, Hugh (M.B.0.U., F.Z.S.) sie oes re

Williamson, Sir W. J. F. (C.M.G.) es ss yy

Wilson, Sir Arnold (K.C.1.E., C.S.I., C.M.G., D.S.0.)..

Windsor, H. R. H. The Duke of

Wyndham, P. (c.B.k., I.C.5.) ... es _«» London.

MEMBERS

Abbott, Major Bruce (1.B.) re ar ..- Roorkee.

Acland, Rt. Rev. R. D. (M.A.) (Azshop of Bombay) .... Bombay.

Adam, Capt. A. de. B. ae oe . Peshawar.

Acha, Capt.Ji.0G. a ie ... Dharwar.

Ahmedkhan, G. _ sie a ... Begampet.

Aitken, J. Ef. aot Ajmer.

Alcaiot Shrimant SC aracnina Rafenenntao Rai

Bhosle rae iss .. Akalkot.

Aldrich, Dr. H. C. a D.) ne ae .. Nadiad.

Alfrey, J. 1. are aes viae ... Bombay.

Ali, Salim (M.B.0.0.) — cat ... Dehra Dun.

Ali, Sayed Mohammad (M.N.S.T., U.S.A.).. ... Cawnpore.

Arebalal Sarabhai ... .. Ahmedabad.

American Museum of Natural He tony, The peaniat, New York, U.S.A.

Anderson, Johns. ... eos ... Bombay.

Anderson-Morshead, Capt. R. y. - .- England.

Andrews, E. A. As wet ae ... London

Arathoon, J. D. L. ... Pee ba ‘. Indore.

Ash, H. D. Led = ts .. England.

xliv. LIST OF MEMBERS

Ashby, Major R. T. (H.A.) oe ee ... Bombay. |

Atkinson, D. J. (1.F.S.) . -alndia-

Aundh, Shrimant B.S. Panteahehieratinidit Chief of. Aundh. !

Australian Museum, The Secretary ae .. oydney. |

Avdall, Miss A. aye ar ae ... Srinagar. .

Babra, D. S. Vala Bawabhai ... Sas ... Babra.

Badhwar, F. C:.* «:. ae ... Mussoorie. |

Bahadurji, D. N. (Bar-at- no oes .. Bombay. !

Bailey, Lt.-Col. F. M. (c.1.8.) ae .. England. |

Baker, A. H. ve x. oe ... Bombay.

Baker, Miss W. H. os ae ... Lahore,

Balayew, Dimitry D. a .. Baghdad.

Bale Sons and Staples, Ltd., Mec: J ee ... London.

Ball, H. P. . ces ee ee

Balrampur, Menara at Barenwaai Prasad Singh ... Balrampur.

Bam, M. T. ta .. . Meerut.

Baria, H. H. The Maharaj Sir Ranjit Singhjee

(K.C.S.I1.) A ie os -Batias

Baria, Mrs. D. D. H. ae SC) ae ee ... Bombay.

Barne, Lt. N. H. aoe ie ~- anidiar.

Baroda, The Commissioner of Acnentune ... Baroda.

Baron, C.G, nee ae nae ... Shillong.

Barrett, A. B. = be ae en Oylbet.

Barrett, H. B. (1.F.S.) te ie ... India.

Barry, Miss Agnes T. cet ae ... Ahmedabad.

Basu, B. aoe ee .... Bombay.

Battye, Capt. R. K. M. (TAs), Gas fe a. . Ouetta.

Baudh State, Raja Narayan Prasad Dev ... /... Baudh-Raj.

Baxter, N. B. ea se ee .... Bombay.

Bazett, H. M. he nee oe, ue. Undig.

Bazalgette, Capt. J. E. A. tee oP ... Kolhapur.

Beadnell, C. B. (D.S.o.) ot ee .. Kotagiri.

Beamish, Major T. V. H. es as <=. “india.

Bedi, Major Kanwar Daya Sineh <auy --- Loralai.

Beeson, Dr. C. F. C. (M.A., D.Sc., F.E.S., C.I.E.) .. England.

Begbie, Lt.-Col. A. S. eo se

Belgium, Le Directeur, Musee Royal d’ Histoire

»»

Naturelle de Belgique ae cs ... Belgium.

Bell, RAR. ACi.B:) x. fe ie ... Karwar.

Bell, W. E. & aes ... Almora.

Bengal, H. E. The Govennor of ae .. Bengal.

Benthall, A. P. ous sia oats .. Calcutta.

Benthall, Sir Edward be me a -

Bérlie, Dr. H.C. (MUR .C-S., Eo R-C.P., D,T-M.H.) .- selang Hat.

Bernard, J. L. swe AA sss wee Bombay.

Betts, F. N. sie ee = * Coorg.

‘Bhagvat, Prof. L. N. (a4, Sez) i ie ... Bombay.

Bharucha, Farrokh E. ‘

Bhatt, Madhavlal Makanji (J. P. ) See e

Bhinga Raj, Raja Birendra Kant Singh Saheb xo Bhinga.

Biddulph, C. H. :

a»)

Trichinopoly,

LIST OF MEMBERS

Bihar, H. E. ‘The Governor of

Bihar, The Conservator of Forests

Billimoria, N: M.

Bingham, G. H.

Birch, C: V.

Blair, Dr. D. P. (Aone

Blomfield, F. B. (F.R.1.B.A., F.S.1.)

Blundell, Mrs. Kathleen I.

Blyth, Lt.-Col. J. H. (1. A. G. 0. C. E.)

B.N. Railway, Station Executive Officer ...

Boag, Sir George (K.C.LE., C.S.1., 1

CS.)

_ Bobbili, The Raja of (K.C.1.E.)

Bombay, H. E. ‘The Governor of

Bor, N. L. (M.A., D.SCc.,

Borradaile, Major J. W.

F.L.S.,

i .S5)

Boyd, Lt.-Col. J. E. M. (R.A.M.C.)

Boyle, Major C. L.

Braund, H. E. W.

Bridge, Lt.-Col. G. A. (R-A.M.C. -)

Bridge, M. F. (1.F.S.)

Brindley, James C.

Bruce-Steer, Col. J. M.

Budd, B. W. (1.¢.Ss.)

Buckwell, Capt, B.A. (R.A.)

Burder, John H. . ...

Burdon, T. W. (1.P.)

Burma, H. E. The Governor of

Burnett, Major R. R. (0.B.£.)

Buxton, Capt. Aubrey

Caius, Rev. John F. (s.J.)

Calcutta Zoological Gardens.

University Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge,

Superintendent

Cameron, E. G.

Campbell, S.

Capito, C. Erik (0.B.E., M. I. Cc. a

Captain, Mrs. aa H.C.

Cardew, Col.

G. (R.E.)

Carnegie ne The Director

Cassell, R. H.

Cave, Capt. F. O.

Chamier, Lt. General R. O. (ox I.E.)

Champion, F. W. (1.F.S.)

Champion, H. G. (1.F.S.)

Champion, Rev. M. G.

Champion-Jones, R. N.

Chance, P.V. (B.A., T.C.D.)..

Channer, Mai. Genl. G.O. De R. (C.B.E., M.C., rene)

Chaudhri, C. M. (1.F. 8. )

Chevenix-Trench, C.G

Chisholm, D. F. F.

Christie, Capt. S. F.

nC s.)

The Hon. Secretary Ae

The

xlv

Bihar

Hinoo,

Karachi.

Travancore.

New Zealand.

Liverpool.

New Delhi.

Bombay.

New Delhi.

Khargpur.

Madras.

Bobbili.

Bombay.

Assam.

Malta.

England.

India.

Poona.

England.

Calcutta.

Simla.

Mirpurkhas.

Lahore.

Calcutta.

Lahore

Simla.

Bombay.

Calcutta

Cambridge

Nilgiris.

Bara Jamda.

England.

Bandra.

Naini Tal.

U.S.A.

Moniarah.

England.

Bombay.

Naini Tal.

England.

Poona.

India.

Nagpur.

New Delhi.

Ranchi.

England.

Calcutta.

Bombay.

Bengal Agricultural Institute

Bikaner, Dungar College

Bose Institute, The Director

Burma Forest School, The Director

Calcutta, The Presidency College

Caicutta School of Tropical Medicine and Mepiene)

The Director -....

Carmichael Medical Gallece, The Pine pal

Central Research Institute, The Director

China, The Science Society of China Library

Chulalongkorn University Library see

Dartmouth College Library, The Librarian: © -

Dayaram Jetharam Sind College

Forest Research Institute, The Forest Botanist

Forest Research Institute, The Entomologist

Gordon College --....

xlvi LIST OF MEMBERS

Christison, Major-Generai A. F. P. (M.c.) Quetta.

Clark, George D. : ; see . Bengal.

Clayton, Dr. R. V. (v.D., M.B.B.S., D.P.H.,, D.M.RE.). Africa.

Clee, C.. B..Buo(GiL.5;,-1-C.8.) sf Karachi.

Clough, R. J: a2, “ee vee Calcutta.

CLUBS—

Ahmednagar Club Ahmednagar.

Allahabad Club, Ltd. : Allahabad.

Belgaum Club, The Honorary ecrcien Belgaum.

Bengal Club, Ltd., The Secretary Calcutta.

Bombay Club, Mies onorny Secretary Bombay.

Bombay Gymkhana Ltd., The Secretary os,

Byculla Club, The Honorary Secretary -

Cacher Club Co., Ltd. ‘ Cachar.

Central Provinces Club, Ltd. .. Nagpur.

Club of Western India, The Honorary Berpetaiy «i Poona.

Darjeeling Club, Ltd. ay, .. Darjeeling.

I. D. Gymkhana Club, Ltd. ... eee New Delhi.

Mawlaik Gymkhana Club, The Honenaed Secretary. Mawlaik.

Muktesar Club, The Honorary Secretary Muktesar.

Ranikhet Club, The Honorary Secretary Ranikhet.

Royal Bombay Yacht Club, The Secretary Bombay.

Sind Club, The Honorary Secretary Karachi.

Srinagar Club, The Secretary Srinagar.

Weilington Gymkhana Club, The Sepeteey Wellington.

Willingdon Sports Club, The Secretary Bombay.

Cole, Lt.-Col. B. L. . 3 Ootacamund. |

COLLEGES AND SCIENTIFIC Iyenreurione

Agricultural Library, The Officer-in-Charge ... Cawnpore.

Agricultural College and Research Institute, The

Librarian aun ae Coimbatore.

Ajmer, Government College ... Ajmer. |

Allahabad Agricultural Institute Allahabad

American College, The Bursar x Madura.

Barnes High School, The Head Master Deolali.

Baroda College, The Principal Baroda.

Tejgaon (Dacca).

Bikaner.

Calcutta.

India.

Calcutta.

Kasauli.

Nanking.

Bangkok.

Hanover, U.S.A.

Karachi.

Dehra Dun,

-» Rawalpindi. -

LIST OF MEMBERS

COLLEGES AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS—continued

Government Victoria College

Gujarat College, The Principal

Gwalior Victoria College, The Principal

Haffkine Institute, The Director ‘

Indian Forest Ranger College, The Director

Indian Lac Research Institute

Indian Military Academy

Institute of Plant Industry, The Director

Intermediate College Association

Islamia College. The Principal

Jat V. Int. Agri. College

Karnatak College, The Principal

King Institute, The Director...

La Martiniere College, The Principal

Lingnan University Library ..

Ludhiana, Government eulleges The Principal

Madras Christian College, The Librarian

Maharaja’s College, The Principal

Mrs. A. V. N. College, The Principal

Nowrosjee Wadia College, The Principal

Oakegroove School, The Principal

Officer’s Training School

.Officer’s Training School

Osmania University College Library :

Osmania University, Head of Botany Department.

Oxford Mission School ;

Pittapur Rajah’s College, ‘lhe Bracipal

Presidency College, The Principal

Rajaram College, The Principal

Ravenshaw College, The Principal

Royal College of Medicine, The Professor of Bislosy,

Royal Institue of Science, The Principal

Samaldas College, The Professor of Biology

Secondary Training College, The Principal

St. Berchman’s College, ‘The Principal ...

St. Mary’s High School, The Rector

St. Mary’s Training College ..

Trivandrum, H. H. Mahaneda’ S College ‘or Wuamen!

University College, The Principal

Vanita Vishram Training College

Victoria Technical Institute, The Curator

Wilson College, The Principal ae

Women’s Christian Coilege, The Natural Sache

Department

Woodstock School, ‘The Biology 1 eater

Colombo Museum, The Librarian ae

Colvin, Lt.-Col. E. J. D. (1.A., C.1.E.)

Congreve, G. hit...

Connell, F. J.

xlvii

Palghat.

Ahmedabad.

Gwalior.

Bombay.

.«: Dehra Dun.

Namkum.

Dehra Dun.

Indore.

Bangalore.

Peshawar.

Meerut.

Dharwar.

Guindy.

Lucknow.

Canton.

Ludhiana.

Tambaram.

Ernakulam.

Vizagapatam,

Poona.

Mussoorie.

Belgaum.

Mhow.

Bangalore.

Hyderabad, Dn.

Behala.

Cocanada.

Madras.

Kolhapur.

Cuttack.

Baghdad.

Bombay.

Bhavnagar.

Bombay.

Changanacherry.

Bombay.

Poona.

Trivandrum.

Rangoon.

Colombo.

Bombay.

Nagpur.

Bombay.

Madras.

Mussoorie.

Colombo.

Baroda.

Nilgiris,.<.... --

Karachi,

xlviii LIST OF MEMBERS

Connor, Maj.-General Sir Frank (#., D.s.o.,

F.R.C.S., 1.M.S.) England.

Conservator of Forests af Baroda State.

Conservator of Forests, Bhopal State Bhopal.

Conservator of Forest, Cochin Government Trichur.

Conservator of Forests, Working Plan Circle Maymyo.

Convervator of Forests, The Chief, Bombay Poona.

Conservator of Forests, the Chief Srinagar.

Conservator of Forests, The Senior Darjeeling

Conservator of Forests . Orissa.

Conservator of Forests

Holkar State.

Conservator of Forests N.W.F.P.

Corlett, J. N. Bombay.

Cowasji Jehangir, Sir (Bart. K.C.1.E., 0.B.E. 4 ie

Cowie, Major J. A. L.

Cowper, G. St. John we -

Cox, C. EoC. (C.E.; 1:8:S:,:F.Z.S.) Nagpur.

Coyajee, Miss Ratanbai H. Bombay.

Craker, P. W. (0.B.E.) tee London.

Crawford, William G. (1.F.s.) ... Naini Tal.

Crofton, R. M. (C.LE., ee Hyderabad, Dn

Croix, O. H. de St. Nagpur.

Crombie, A. D. (¢.1.8., I.C.5S. ) .. Madras.

Culshaw, Miss K. H. re .» - Aler.

Currie, A. J. ace ie London,

Currie, M.M.L. (1.C S.) s

Dabholkar, Lt.-Col. ie Y. (1.M.S.) Poona.

Dalal, Merwanji Bomanji Bombay.

Dalal, M. P. M. ; ae = oe

Danta State, H.H. The Maharanaji Sahib Bahadur

(K.C.S.I. ) eas

Darjeeling, ‘The Curator, Nat. Hist. Mis.

Daver, Framroze A. :

Davies, I. G. B. (A.R.S.M., ST.M.I.P.T.)

Davies, Major V. K. N. (1.A.)

Davis, D. (1.F.S.) : ae

Davis, The Hon’ble Sir @odirey (KL, I. C. S. ) oe

Davis, P. W. (1.F.S.)

Davis, Capt. T.A. W. (R.A. ce)

Dee, Lionel a :

De Haas, C.P. 3.

Delacour, Mons Jean sid

Deo, Raja Sri Balavadra Naeayen Bhiuay es.

DeRhe Philipe, G. W. V.. (F.E.S.)

Dewas Sr., H. H. ae wikia Singrae

(K.C.S.I.)

Dewas Junior, Ghresment icant y. 'B. Pawar

Yuvaraj, of

Dickins, Lt. M. J.

Dickson, Lt.-Col. H. R. P. Ga

Dinajpur, Maharaja Jagadish Nath Ray

>’

Danta-Bhavangadh.

Darjeeling.

Bombay.

Khaur,

Bombay.

Karachi.

Coimbatore.

Jallundur Cantt.

Travancore.

Java.

France,

Keonjhargarh.

London.

Dewas Sr.

Dewas Jr.

Bombay.

Persia.

Dinajpur.

Director of Museums, $.S. & F. M. States one

Dods, W. K.

Donald, C. H. (#.Zis.)

Donald, Capt. J. O. S.

LIST OF MEMBERS

Donavan, Lt.-Col. C. (I.M.S.}

Douglas, J. A. (D.S.P., Retd.)

Douglas, Miss Margaret

Drake-Brockman, Major, R. F. H. (R.A.)

Dubash, J. K.

Duke, A. H.

Duke, Bt.

Dunbar, U. B. H.

Duncan, Lt.-Col. D. L.

Dunlop, 8. W. C. (1.C.5.)

Dunsdon, A. C.

Durand, C. H. S.

Dyson, R. A.

Lt.-Col. C. Leb.

Dunbar-Brander, A. A. (0.B.0., LFS.) ... was

(M.CoyaRsEs)e

Kast India Railway European ine tifue

Matess KeRS.(1sPs 78 22:S.,

.B.O.U.)

Edwards, M. Vincent (1.8.S.) ...

Kliot, John N

Eliott-Lockhart, Major Wm.

Ellis, Ralph ‘a

Emerson, C. A. bing

Emerson, Gerald H. (1.C.

Emerson, Major J. ...

S.)

Etaiyapuram, The Rajah of

Hvans, Col..G. hiaiG.len-,

Evans, Brigadier W. H. cee

Ezra, Sir Alwyn, K7?. Glee: ee aes

Fawcus, L. R. (1.C.8.)-

Featherstone, Gorden B.

F.L.S.)

; CAB. ion)

Ferrar, Lt.-Col. M. L. (1.A., 0-B.2.,-C.S.1.)

Finnis, N. D’O

Fischer, C. E. (R.#.)

Fisher, J. Barling (Bar-at-Law, F.R.G.S.)

Fletcher, Thos. Bainbrigge (¥.R.£.S.,

Iooks, H. A.

Foot, A. E.

Forrington, Arthur ...

EAL.S.)

Fountaine, Miss Margaret (F.R.E.S.)

Fraser, Capt. A. G. L. (1.M.D.)

Fraser, Duncan

Fraser, K. H.

Fraser, Capt. L. J. D. (1.4.)

French Indo-China,

Emperor of Annam

Frend, G. V..R.

Frome, N. F. (D.F.c., M. SC. M.[-Hebs) 1%). ues ak

His Majesty S.

Fyzee, A. A. A. (M.A., LL.B., Bar-at-Law)

Bao- Dai,

xlix

Kuala Lumpur.

Calcutta.

Dharmsala,

INS Wa Boake:

England,

Dehra Dun,

Jalna.

Bombay.

Bangkok.

Roorkee.

Scotland.

India.

Colombo,

Bezwada.

Calcutta.

Bombay.

London.

Allahabad,

Karachi.

New Delhi.

London.

Bombay.

California. |

Wneland.

Waziristan.

Bombay.

Ktaiyapuram.

London.

England.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

Assam.

England.

Secunderabad.

Fatehgarh.

Tetlicherry.

Engiand.

Calcutta.

Dehra Duns.

Bombay.

London.

Wellington.

London.

Tellicherry.

India.

F. I. China.

Kadur.

New Delhi.

Bombay.

] LIST OF MEMBERS

Gabb, H. B. os ee ay

Gardiner, J. E. or

Garthwaite, P. F. (1.F.S.) wes “as

Garbett, Sir Colin (K.C.I.E., C.M.G., €.S.I., F.R.G.S.,

ECS.)

Geddis, A.

Gee, E. P.

Gemmell, G. W.

George Hugh S. (1.F.S.)

George, J.

Ghosh, s. i. (L.C.S.)

Gibbon, Herbert

Gibbons, J. M. B.

Gibson, Sir Edmund (K.C.1.E. 1.C. St)

Gill, E. H. N. (F.z.S.)

Gill, Hz A: CALC.)

Gimson, C. (I.C.S.)

Glenn, E. B. : eee

Glennie, Lt.-Col. E. A. (D.S.0., R.E.)

Goodwin, F. W. ne sae

Gordon, Major J. W. See

Gough, Lt.-Col. W.

Gould, Sir Basil (c.1.., LC. S., C.M.G.)

Gouldsbury, C. P. at

GOVERNMENT DEEPA RTMENTS—

Director of Agriculture, Bombay

Director, Bureau of Science ...

Director of Agriculture, Punjab

Director of Agriculture, Baghdad

Graham, Major G. K. (1.M.S.)

Gravely, Dr. F. H. (p.sc.)

Gray, James rn ae

Greaves, Mrs. D. I. se ae

Greaves, J. B. (C.B.E., M.L.A., JuP.) see

Greenwood, J. A. C. ter

Gwalior, The Director of State Gardens ...

Hackney, M. J.

Hall, James A.

Hall, J. E. i Ee one oe

Hambly, R. L.

Hamidkhan Bhatti, Dr. M. (se SCuL Lh. Be ae D.)

Hamilton, Major C.S. P. ae OF ieee L.R.C.P.,

R.A.M.C.)

Hance, Lt.-Col. J. B. (CLE. Oates 1.M.8.)

Hancock, Lt.-Co!. C. P. (C.1.E.)

Harman, A. C. ; Re

Harper, Lt.-Col. A. Forrest

Harper, William

Hartnoll, E. S. (1.F.s.)

Harvey, Lt.-Col. C. W. L. ee C.B.E. 4

Hasted, Major J. S. Holy

Calcutta.

Nasirabad.

India.

Lahore

Bombay.

Badlipar

Calcutta.

Nagpur.

Bombay.

Shillong.

Vandiperiyar.

Bombay.

Dehra Dun.

Sitapur.

Delhi.

Imphal.

Calcutta.

Dehra Dun

Simla.

Jodhpur,

Dehra Dun.

(sangtok.

Travancore.

Poooa,

Manila.

Lahore,

Iraq.

Lahore.

Kodaikana!.

Devicolam.

Bombay.

Madras.

Gwalior.

Bombay.

Kollengode.

Roorkee.

Calcutta.

Lyallpur.

Sylhet.

Bombay.

; New Delhi.

Bettiah.

London.

Cawnpote.

Srinagar.

Indore.

Dehra Dun.

LIST OF MEMBERS

Hate, Prof. Vinayak N. (B.Sc.) Bombay.

Hawes, C. G._(C.1.E.) Karachi.

Hawkins, R. E. vial an Bombay.

Hay, Lt.-Col. R. (1.M.S., ¢.1.E. ) New Delhi.

Headly, Derek hs Palestine.

Heaney, Lt.-Col. G. F. (R.£.) ... Calcutta.

Henry, H. A. Karachi.

Heslop-Harrison, Dr. G Bombay.

Hessling, F. er i.

Hewetson, C, E. (1.F.s.) ”

Hewitt, Walter A. ... Gonda.

Heysham, R. K. _... Bombay.

Hickin, S. B. (M.B.£E.) - Sukkur.

Higgins, J. C: (¢.1.E., 1.C:S.) ... Bombay.

Hiley, A C. (C.1.E., 1.F.S.) Poona.

Hill, D. G. (F.R.G.S., J.P.) Bombay.

Hillyer, R. A. N. : Haiti.

Hindmarsh, Lt.-Col. J. H. L. ... Bombay.

Hislop, Lt.-Col. J. H. (M.c., 1.M.8.) ‘ty

Hocking, Brian (1.4.0.c.) Cawnpore.

Hodson, G. A. (B.F.S.) London.

Hodson, Lt. R. V. E. Sialkot.

Hoey, Capt.C. F. .. New Delhi,

Holland, Major G. M. Bombay.

Holmes, H. R. England.

Hook, Major Peter ... New Delhi.

Hopkinson, A. J. (C.1.E., LC. S, ) Kalat.

Hora, Dr. Sunder Lal (D.Sc.) . Calcutta.

Hoshang, N. E. Dinshaw Karachi.

Hotz, Edwin ; ie _ Delhi.

Howard-Bradshaw, Comet C. T. (R.N.) .. England.

Howell, Sir Evelyn (K C.1.h., C.1.E., I.C. S. ) London.

Howey, A. J. E. England.

Hubback, Theodore R. Pahang.

Hughes, Capt. A. R. India.

Hughes, Mrs. M. A. Kalimpong.

Hunt, L. E. eh ~ ... Bombay.

Hyderabad, Dn., Economic Botanist to Government,

Cul bree Himayatsagar, Dn.

Hyderabad, Dn., Supdt. of Bisherics

Hyderabad, Dn., Inspector-General of Forests

Hyderabad, Dn.

New Delhi.

Imperial Colac of Agricultural Research

Iron, C. 8S. ae a ... Bombay.

Irwin, Lt. H. R. H. 'F. wee is .. India.

Isaacs, Miss Mozelle (M.A., M.SC., B.T.) 1s. i. Poona.

Ishwardas Lakshmidas Sir (47.) .... Bombay.

Ismail, P. M. (1.C.8 ) a; 5 ... Simla.

Jackman, Capt. R. C. Fort-Sandeman.

James, E. R. Sherman sts ... Assam.

James, J. N. A. ce see ... Ajmer.

Jamsetji, M. Doctor (F.z.S., C.M.Z.S.) Bombay.

lii LIST OF MEMBERS

Jaora, H. H. Col. Sir Iftikhor Alikhan (K.C.1.E.)

Nawab of

Jarman, Mrs, S. F.

Jawhar State, H. H. the Raja : jawhee

Jenning, E.

Jephson, Lt.-Col. M. D.

Jhalawar, H. H. The Maharaja Rana Sir Raiendra

singh Bahadur’ (K.€.S.1,) ....

Johnson, Kay ss

Joly, Dr. B. M.

Jones, A. E. :

Jones, A. J. Turnley

Jubbal, Rajkumar Digviiaienandee: Heir Denarert of,

Junagadh, The Dewan of

Karve, Prof. Janarden Nilkanth (M.sc.)

Keatinge, i, Act i os ied Bc

Keelan, W. P

Kefford, H. Kingsley

Kermode, C. W. D. (1.F.S.)

Kern ob. 0,

Kerr, J 3.5. :

Khan, Sahebzada Sardar Mananied (UEP: )

Khareghat, M. P. (1.C.8.)

Kiernander, Major O. G.

Kirwan, Noel G. B....

Koechlin, E. L.

Kohli PN:

Kothavala, T. T.

Laborda, Dr. FE: R. (.2.C.S., L.R.C.P.,; D.P.H:)

Laing, A.S. aie

Lalkaka, Mrs. Mehra K, A.

Lamb, Sir Thomas (A7z.)

Landells, W. J.

Langdale, A. H.

Latif, Sarhan C.

Launey, Capt. Paul de

Leach, Hon’ble Justice Sir Tignel (A7Z.)

Leakey, R, D.

Leathart, P. S.

Lehner, E. (M.A., Ph.D.)

Leland, A. J. a

LeMarchand, A. E. M.

Leonard, D. G. ins

Leonard, G. R. Lae ae

Lewin, Major F. H. W. Ross ...

Lewis, E.S. (pP.c.S.)

LIBRARIES—

Annamalai University Library

Hyderabad, The State Library

Imperial Library, The

Lahore, University of Punjab, The Tineamae

Jaora.

Bombay.

Jawhar.

India.

England.

Brijnagar.

Moran.

New Delhi.

Simla.

Naini Tal.

Jubbal.

Junagadh.

Poona.

Calcutta.

Dehra Dun.

Raipur.

London.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

Junagadh.

Bombay.

England.

Mangalore.

Nilgiris.

Kashmir.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

India.

Bombay.

Karachi.

Khargpur.

Madras.

Bombay.

Dehra Dun.

Lahore.

England.

Cochin.

Pahang.

Bombay.

Rohtak.

Annamalainagar.

Hyderabad, Dn.

Calcutta.

Lahore.

LIST OF MEMBERS liii

LIBRARIES— continued

Lytton Library, Muslim University a Aligarh.

Madras, Connemara Public Library, The Bene pel

Librarian si Madras.

Public Library, Naccame dnd National Gallery &

Victoria, The Chief Librarian ; Melbourne.

Public Library, Museum and Art eaters Piemde. S. Australia.

United Service Library, The Honorary Secretary . Poona.

Lichtioot, Capt.G..S.(1-P.) ... re yo) cee wANScame

Lindsay-Smith, Capt. J. .

Lockhart, J. Belgaum,

Lodge, Geo. E. England

Loke, W. T. oo ... Bombay.

Lord Reay Industrial Museum... eae we «Oona.

Loucatos, G. a ies ..» Bombay.

Love, Major S. W. A. = ae wo India,

Low, Francis (Jr.) aa ... Bombay.

Lowe, Lt.-Col. J. H. B. (R.E. - se oe Natron dale

Lowman, Major Stephen (Rk. CAG S:C ) ee =. Peshawar.

Lowndes, R. C. . aa ne! bombay.

Lowther, E. H. N. (F.z.s , eae os «. Allahabad.

Lucknow, Provincial Museum, The Curator .. Lucknow.

Lunawada, H. H. Maharana Shri Virbhadrasinhji .... Lunawada.

Lushington, Mrs. C. G.

Ceylon.

Lutyens, F. M. B.

wees ea leutta.

Macdonald, A. St. J. ae We .. Bhowali.

Macdonald, A. A. (1.C.S.) re a ..- Lahore.

Mackenzie, J. M. ... os ee co SGHlCcitta,

Mackett, H. J. oe : he ieee) Welt:

Maclachlan,..D°(1-C.S:, €.1.8.) sh .. Poona.

MacLachlan, R. B. (C.1.£.) toe o<+ ireland,

" MacLeod, Major A. J. W. ae ah eae lindia,:

Macnaghten, Sir Henry (A@.) ... bai :...- leondon.

Madan, F. R. (1.F.S.) Bae nee .. Ootacamund,

Madras, H. E. The Governor of 2 ... Madras.

Mahendra, B. C. (M.Sc.) ; ae .. Agra.

Malden, F. R. BE. ... une es. WKhaur.

Maltby, Major-Genl. C. M. oe eM Gs) Fees a.) SKOtacith

Mankapur Raj, Raja ikea Pratap: Singh

Saheb (M.L.A.) ... A, Bi ... Mankapur.

Marine Biological Laboratory ... Sis ae Mass, UU.

Martin, Carr A. ne ian bee ois LNCIAS

Matthews, W.H._... eee . Rungli-Runegliot.

Maxwell, Capt. H. A. (1.F. s.) . ahs » Dehra Dun.

Maxwell, Hon’ble Sir Regina (i 4C. Sie [email protected]

PC:s.) ia ae Bes ww. Welhi;

McFarlane, J. ewe

Calcutta.

McGusty, H. M. eg Bombay.

McLeod, Major-Genl. D. K. India.

McPherson, James ... England.

MasSwiney, Capt P. M. (1.M.s. 7" India.

Mehta, Sir Hormasji,(A?., K.B.E.) Bombay.

liv LIST OF MEMBERS

Mehta, Jamshed N. R. Bae Ses .» Karachi.

Mehta, K. M. “ei me foe .. Bhavnagar.

Meiklejohn, W. (1.F.S., C.I.E. al ons . Shillong.

Meinertzhagen, Lt-Col. R. se Hse ... London,

Menesse, N. H. (1.8.E.) oe wes 2 Karachi.

Merrill. Major W E., (1.4.) _... a ... Dehra Dun.

Meston, D. C. wo 5c ais .. Assam.

Michael, J. D. ae oe ar fess. Delhi.

Milburne, W. ae see ae at, Barjuli:

Miller, G. D. L. vee ae eae ... Assam.

Mills; J. P.(c.Ue.; 1:C.S.) oat aoe walt Fy

Mirchandani, B. D. (1C.S.)_... ose Soe OLGA.

Mirchandani, T. K. (M.B.E.) ... uke .. Dharwar,

Mirchandani,U. M. (IC.S.) ... oe vcs. POONA:

Mistri, Dr. J. D. nee nA eds .. Bombay.

Mitchell, H. J. (B.F.S.) one ths ve. “Delhy,

Moles, S. (1.C.8.) - ... . .. Pindigheb.

Montmorency, Sir Geoffrey ae (K.C.V.O., K.C.I.E.,

C.B Eb. BG.S:): 7.2 ae we .. Jingland.

Mooney, H. F. (1.8-.s.) oe aes w3 Ranchi.

Moore, Mrs. A. B. B. saa a .. Naini Tal.

Moore, Lt.-Col. A.C. (1.4.) Ae a.) Andia.

Moore, John aids ie Re .«. London.

Moore, R. J. Arthur oat ae ... Travancore.

Morehead, F. T. (0.B.E., B.SC., roe dee a. India,

Morgan, Vernon ... ace ... Allahabad.

Morris, Maior Ralph C, (F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.).. .. Attikan.

Morton, Sir George (X?.) eee ons ne eCaleutta:

Moses, Dr. S. T. ... ine ve ... Baroda.

Mulroney, J. T. a ae aa ... Kurseong.

Murray, Miss M E. Wolfe aes br ... Lovedale, Nilgiris.

Mustill, F. J. ss sco av lodia’

Mysore, Government Museum, The Spenntennient .. Bangalore.

Mysore, Chief Conservator of Forests ae es .;

Nagpur, Central Museum, The Curator... sac) Naepur.

Naik, Dr. R. N. (G.B.Vv.C.) ae ves «. Bombay.

Needham, F. M. os Sac tee ... Assam.

Nevill, Capt. T. N.C. sas see ... London.

Newcome, Lionel... see aa ... Somwarpet.

Nicholas, Major R. C. ee ees .. Belgaum.

Nichols, Rev. Edward G tas ... Madura.

Nicholson, Lt.-Col. M. iN (1.M.S., C.I.E. fe ae Lodiae

Nicolaus, G. R. (F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.) ee ... London.

Nicholls, Frank. ... ee: sis .. Borgang.

Nilgiri, Game Association Jas bak ..- Ootacamund.

Nilgiri, H. H. The Raja Saheb of a .. Raj-Nilgiri.

Nilsson, D. ... ane ... Bombay.

N.-W. F. Province, His mecciency the Cone of.. Peshawar.

Ogden, F. C. D. ais sie om .. Bombay.

Ogilvie, C. 5. see 400 —o ... London.

Oliver, A. W. L. : Bes See ae es

Olmstead, Williams... cae ae oye pwvelhi,

LIST OF MEMBERS

Orchha State, H. H. The Sawai Mahendra Maberele

Bahadur acs see “es . Tikamgarh.

Ormerod, H. E. a5 : sa .. » Delhi.

Orissa, H. E. ‘The Governor be) ae ... Orissa.

Ortcheson, J. (I.C.S.) a use ... Rawalpindi.

Osborne-Jones, M. T. ade use ... Trichinopoly.

Osmaston, B. B. (C.1.E., I.F.S.) aes ... Engiand.

Osmaston, F. C. (1.F.S.) ive te .. Chaibassa.

Oxley, Lt.-Col J. C. S. (I.M.S.) 263 .. sorinagar.

Palairet, Lt.-Col. E. J. (R.E.) «+. ae ... Lahore.

Palanpur, H. H. Sir Nawab Saheb Taley Mahomed,

Khan Bahadur of (K.C..1.E., K.C.V.Q:) .. Palanpur.

Palmer, R. W. V.... ae aoe ... Calcutta.

Panday, Mrs. J. L.. ... Ses ops .. Bombay.

Parker, Mrs. M. .

Parr, C. Ivan. a wes sa .. oamastipur.

Parsons, R. E. (1.P.4 F.R.E.S.) . Shillong.

Partahyarh, H. H. Maharawat Sir Ramen: Banaduc

(K.C.S.1.) Be oe be ... Partabgarh.

Paterson, E. A. fet Bas ante ... Calcutta.

Paterson, Hon’ble Mr. J.J. ... Hongkong.

Patna State, Maharaja Rajendra Natavea net

DEO ©. .5 oa a ban .. Balangir.

Patten, Hugo J. ses So ath .. Edinburgh.

Patterson, A. Nae ... London.

Patterson, Lt.-Col. C, 'R. (iA ) oe ... Ambala.

Patuck, B. F. bee gen oe .. Bombay.

Pazze, Peter P. eee cae see ai fi

Peart, Major J. F. ... $ a 2s, India.

Penberthy, W. J. ... ise ae a Caleutta:

Perfect, E. rf : .. Madras.

Petit Institute, J. N. Mrionorary Secrecy. .. Bombay.

Petit, F. C. sas es

Petit, S. C. D. aes soe ine SA

Phillips, Capt. T. J. tas af .. Srinagar.

Phillips, W. W. A..... ait ues «2 > Ceylon.

Phythian-Adams, Major E. G. (1.A., F.zZ.S.) .. Bangalore.

Picton, Major F. C. (R.A.) ae ... Abbottabad.

Pizey, R. M. ee ae “iat .. Assam.

Porteous, A. B. ase re ae .- Bhilad.,

Potter, F. Ves see eat ... Bombay.

Proud, Mrs. Desirée .. ie ... simla Hills,

Pudukottai, State Auseut, The Cua “ee .- Pudukottai.

Pullan, A. U. ewe wee eee ..» Dooars.

Quicke, H.J.B.B. ... we ae .. Bombay.

Rahman, Q. F. (1.S.#.) Br ive ... Howrah.

Ralston, Lt.-Col. W. H. (D.S.0., 1.4.) ten ... London.

Ramadhyani, R. K. (1C.S.)_... ‘bs .. Nagpur.

Ransford, Mrs. A. J. or oes .. Bombay

Raptakos, A. KER or ae ae es

Rawlins, Mrs. J. W. ae ae .- New Delhi.

Rawlins, Major J. W. Gee

vi LIST OF MEMBERS

Rawson, John H.S.

Readymoney, N. J....

Reuben, D. E. (I.C.S.)

Reynolds; K. P.

Ridland, J. G. ag -

Rishworth, Dr.“H. R.-(1.M.S.)...

Ritchie, Lt.-Col. W. D. (1.M.S.)

Robertson, Lawrence (C.S.1., I.C.S.)

Robey, H. R. D. : ne

Rondano, Rev. A. (S.J.)

Rosenthal, V. ; ie

Ross; Bric. Hod /(OsB 2.4 o1.C.)

Rossel, Lt.-Col. H. G. (1.4.)

Row, Dr. RK. (M.D).

Rowland, J. W. (1.P.) ee

K.G V’s. O. Bengal 8. & M. Officer’ s Mess

Royal Deccan Horse, Mess Commitiee

Ruddell, Rev. J. F. W.

Rustomjee, Miss Sherene B.

Saker, Capt. R. K. M.

Sanders, D. F.

Sandeman, Lieut. A. G.

Sanderson, P. M. D. (F.z.S.)

Sandur Siate, Raja Shrimant Yeshw tae Gronpadel

Sant, Maharana Shri Jarwar Singji, Raja Saheb of

Sarangarh, Raja Bahadur Jawahir Singh (¢.1.£.)

Sarawak Museum, The Curator ye

Sassoon, Ralph ae ts ea

Satya Churn Law, Dr. (MsAs, Biza:, PHD e8.Z.S 5,

M.B.O.U.)

Sayed Jawad Ali Shah : .

Schomberg, Lt.-Col. R. C. F. (D.s.0.)

Scott, C. W. (1.F.S.) an

Scott, Lt.-Col. F. B. oe

Scott, James E. ; ae

Scrimgeour, F. H. V. (00.8,) mee

Seagrim, Lieut. G. N.

Secretary for Agriculture, S. S. & F.M Se

Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.

Sevastopulo, D. G. (F.E.S.)

Seward, H. G. (1.P.)

Shah, Lt.-Col. B. L. (1.M.S.)

Sharif, Dr. M. (D.Sc., Ph.D., F.N.I.)

Shebbeare, E.O. ... a

Sherred, P. R.

Sherriff, Major George (R.A. ye

Sheth, Chinubha Chimanlal (B.a.)

Simmonds, A. Ae oan

Simmons, Major R. M. (1.F.) ..

Simpson, Major R. L. ee

Sind, H. E- The Governor of

Singh, Kumar Amar

London.

Bombay.

Patna.

Ireland.

U.S. AL

Bombay.

Borjuli.

England.

Rawalpindi.

Mangalore.

Bombay.

India.

Bombay.

Ahmednagar.

Roorkee.

Mardan.

Bombay.

Gyantse.

Calcutta.

India.

London.

Sandur.

Sant-Rampur.

Sarangarh.

Kuching.

Calcutta.

Gorakhpur

England.

India.

England.

Scotland.

Cawn pore.

Fort Sandeman.

Kuala Lumpur.

Bombay.

Calcutta.

Allahabad.

Bombay.

Kuala Lumpur. = -

Bhowali.

India.

Ahmedabad.

Assam.

India.

Ferozpore.

Karachi.

Dehra Dun,

LIST OF MEMBERS

Singh, Lt.-Col Thakur Sajjan

Sinhji, K. S. Bane (M.a.)

Slade, L. W. at,

Sladen; D. A. aes

Sladen, J. M. (1.C.S.)

Slocum, Dr. H. Jermain

Smith, Major A. P. (R.E.)

Smith, F. W. (D.F.c.)

Smith, Dr. Malcolm...

smyth, C.P-

Smyth-Osbourne, D. G.

Smythies, B. E.

SociIr TIES—

Royal Society of Edinburgh ...

New York Zoological Society

Sokhey, Lt.-Col. S. 5S. (1.M.S.)

Spackman, Col. W. C. (I.M.S.)

Sparrow, Col. R.

Standford, J. K. (M.c., M.A., M.B.O.U., L.C.S.)

Stapylton, J. Miles (I.C.S.)

Steer-Webster, Capt. V. C.

F.R.H.S., F.Z.S., F.R.S.A.)

Stewart, D. (1.F.S., O.B.E.)

Stileman, F. F,

Stirling, J. H.

Stobart, T. R. (B.Sc.)

Stoney, R. F.

Storrs-Fox, Rev. E. A.

(M.ENG.,

Sudan Government Museum, The Carton

Suresh Singh, Kunwar

Suter, Dr. M. F. (D.Sc.)

Symns, J. A. M. ;

Symons, R. S. (1.C.8.)

Tait, Lt.-Col. H. Caldwell (1.M. s.)

Taleyarkhan, K. M. (Bar-at-Law)

Taronga Zoo Park Trust

Tasker, Sir Theodore (Abs C1.E.; -O.B.E.,

Tata, Jal ND.

Taylor, Col. J. (D:S-0,, 1,M-S.).<

Thackeray, John

Thom, W.S. r

Thomson, ©. 8. (1. =)

ahorhne; sit John (kK.¢.1.8., 1. C. S. )

Thursfield, R..M. C.

Tilley,.J.5S

Transvaal Museum, ‘The Director

Travancore, ‘The Conservator of Forests ..

Travers, fF. G.

Treuthardt, M.

Trichur, State Museum and 760

Tripura, H. H. The Maharaja enrens Bare

(KACiS.1.)

Orchha.

Palanpur.

Bombay.

Tinnevelly.

ee)

UlS: A.

India.

Assam.

England.

Calcutta.

Darjeeling.

Nepal.

Edinburgh.

New York,

Bombay.

Patna.

England.

London.

England.

New Delhi.

Bombay.

Jodhpur.

Bombay.

Ootacamund.

India.

Khartoum,

lvii

Kalakankar (Oudh),

Poona.

London,

Delhi.

India.

Bombay.

Sydney.

Dehra Dun.

Bombay.

Kasauli,

Assam.

Dehra Dun.

Fyzabad.

Delhi.

Mudis.

Bombay.

Pretoria.

Trivandrum.

Bombay.

Switzerland.

Trichur.

Agartala.

Ivili LIST OF MEMBERS

Trivandrum, ‘The Govt. Mus. and EL Garden, The

Superintendent .. oe ce .. Ltivandrum.

Tuck Major PJ. se: Ha) ae ba -. , London.

Tarkhud, Dr: D. A.-(M.B,, €:M.,/etc.) Ae ... Kodaikanal.

Turnbull, G. E. (B.F.S.) oe aes pened Govahieie

Tutein-Nolthenius, A. C. (£.z.s.) eee ... Ohyia, Ceylon.

Twist, Ralph F. a Ss aa -com liar.

Tyabjee, Mrs. Camar ee ae ... Bombay.

Tyabji, Habib'S: —:., bes br 2 Peshawar:

Tyson, John D, (c.B.£., I.C.S.) Sc ney, Caleitta:.

University of Bombay, The Registrar wae ... Bombay.

University College of science, ‘The Librarian ... Calcutta,

University of Harvard tis ae .. Cambridge, U.S.A.

University of Madras, The Reset x ... Madras.

University of Michigan Ke aa =. Michigan; U.S UA

University of Mysore ae es ... Mysore.

University of Patna oi nae wc, batna,.

University of Travancore ec side 25 Lbavancore.

U. P., Chief Conservator of Forests TE .., . Nain Lar,

DU. )., H. B. The Governor of .. vhs mae, Oi # se

Urs., Major Rajkumar C. oer ww. Bangalore:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Coe an ... Washington, D.C.

Van Allen, Mrs. C. M. ix ee ... Bombay.

Van Ingen, J. De Wet ine aoe 0 —Nbysore:

Vasu, V. M. ee cae -. Porbandar.

Veith, Lt.-Col. W. ie DURE.) ne «<< Lahore.

Velho, Antonio Viera (B. Ag.) we oeGOg:

Viceroy and Governor-General of India ... see eteiGday,

Victoria Garden dot a ie EDOM AY:

Victoria Memoria] Park, The Honora Seca ... Rangoon.

Vincent;A. DD. ns ie aes .. Mundakayam.

Nincent, Jin. ae ae ... Kodaikanal.

Vine, Capt. Roland S. (R.A.M.C. 5.) aes we. Cairo:

Wadia, Framji Dossabhoy ae os se Oona,

Wah, L. Htin (1.8.S.) ae an . India.

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LIST OF MEMBERS

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lix

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Some BeautivuL INDisn CiivperR anp Surues. Part VII. By N. L.

Bore Mes, DESC., F.L-S., I6:S., and M. B. Raizada, mM.se. (With two

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Morris ae he _ re as se aes 653

CONTENTS OF Vol.2xXd/ 1, Nows

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

DOM

Variation in colour of Tigers and Panthers. By Van Ingen

& Van Ingen

Unusual Behaviour of Panthers and Tigers. By R. C. Morris

By C. H. Tresham

By Van Ingen & Van Ingen ...

An unknown Visitor to a Leopard Carcase.

A Fine Swamp Deer Head.

Elephants Lying Down, By R. C. Morris

Bird Notes from Baltistan (With a map). By W. H. Matthews

By | -ae Me Syans

By -R.. C. Morris 7

By J. C. Higgins

Phillips...

Some Notes on Burmese Birds.

Bed Bugs and Swifis.

Occurrence of Swinhoe’s Snipe in Assam.

Habits of the “Seesee Partridge” ~ By Py.

By H. Abdulali

The Mating instinct versus Self-protection.

Rat-Snakes Fighting. es

By H. Abdulali ...

Supposed Cannibalism among Spiders in High Altitudes. By

Col. E. A. Glennie

Extension of the known Range of the Beetle Allomyrina dichot-

omus into Assam. By R. E. Parsons

A Note on the Root-Parasitism of Centranihera humifusa Wall.

By E.. Barnes

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS :—

Proceedings of the Annual General Meeting of the Bee Natural

History Society : : sa 0

PaGE

654

655

656

657

658

663

664

665,

665

666

667

668

670

JouRN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc.

Lichen te pie

(ati alias dil asdicablit is leditasild eat

Scarlet lxora

IXORA COCCINEA R. Br.

)

- SIZE.

(% nat

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

—_—.

RR RR RR RR ERNE

IQ4I. 7 Vor. Xavi. No. 3.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS.

INGE OR. MCAS. DYSCss Ih. LoS.) 1. k. S.5

Forest Botanist,

AND

M. B. RaizapA, M.Sc.,

Assistant Botanist,

Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

Part VII.

(Continued from Vol. xlii, No. 2 (1941), p. 241).

(With 2 coloured and 8 black and white plates and 11 text-figures).

Rubiaceae, Part II.

4, Ixora Linn.

(Van Rheede states in Hortus Malabaricus that the flowers of this

genus are offered to the God, Ixora, a fact which has obviously

given rise to the generic name).

A genus of small shrubs or trees which are great favourites

in Indian gardens on account of their brilliantly coloured flowers

and dark green handsome foliage. The leaves are opposite,

glabrous, coriaceous, and reticulately nerved. The stipules are

interpetiolar, simple, subpersistent. The inflorescence is terminal,

paniculate or contracted, the branchlets being subtended by linear

or subulate, free bracts and each pedicel provided with 2 bracteoles.

Individual flowers bisexual, tetramerous. Calyx campanulate,

adnate to the ovary, shortly 4-lobed. Corolla hypocrateriform (tube-

like with spreading lobes); tube slender; lobes 4, twisted in the

AN 14 ihe

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLU

bud. Stamens as many as the lobes and alternate with them;

filaments short, inserted in the throat. Ovary inferior with 2 cells;

ovule 1 in each cell, attached to the centre of the septum. Disk

annular. Style glabrous, shortly exserted and ending in two

recurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit a globose drupe. Seed _ semi-

globose, with a deep and wide excavation on the flat side.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers coloured.

Flowers yellow.

Corolla-tube 1.5 in. long; lobes broadly ovate, acute ... J. lutea.

Corolla-tube 1 in. long; lobes rotundate, obtuse ne) lL oachinensis.

Flowers red or reddish.

Flowers scarlet.

Corolla-tube up to 1 in. long.

Corolla-lobes rotundate, obtuse; corolla at first

yellow then red I. chinensis.

Corolla-lobes ovate acute ; corolla always searlet: I. coccinea.

Corolla-tube ae tO 75° in. long I. fulgens.

Flowers pink : ap to nosea

Flowers white.

Flowers less than .5§ in. long.

Leaves undulate on the margin; calyx-lobes as long as

the calyx-tube I, undulata.

Leaves not undulate; calyx- lobes much shorter than

the calyx-tube : I. parviflora.

Flowers over .5 in. long; throat of corolla woolly ;

corolla tube up to 1.5 in. long a in --. 1, barbata.

Ixora coccinea Linn.

Scarlet Ixora.

(coccinea is a Latin word meaning scarlet-coloured, and refers to

the brilliant scarlet flowers of the commonly cultivated race of this

species).

Description.—-A compact shrub or small tree, glabrous all over.

Leaves sessile, opposite, elliptic, ovate or obovate in shape,

apiculate, obtuse or mucronate at the tip, somewhat cordate at

the base, thickly coriaceous in texture, 175-3.5 im. long, dark

glossy green in colour, with 6-8 nerves on either side of the

midrib. Stipules triangular, awned.

Inflorescence terminal, supported by two small, leaf-like bracts,

strongly contracted, forming a compact corymb. Individual

flowers with two bracteoles at the base. Calyx urceolate, .1 in.

long, green, with 4 triangular acute lobes reddish or purplish at

the tips. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a slender tube 1.25 in.

long, surrounded by four spreading ovate acute lobes .3 in. long,

which eventually become reflexed, brilliant crimson in colour. In

the bud the lobes are twisted to the left. Stamens 4, on short

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

Photo by . Bakshi

Scarlet Ixora (Ivova coccinea, Linn.)

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 457

filaments attached to the throat, alternate with the corolla lobes.

The stamens dehisce in the bud which, when just open, displays the

top of the style drenched with pollen. At this time the stigmas

are immature and insects alighting on the style carry away pollen

to an older flower.

Flowers.—Practically throughout the year, but is at its best

during the rains. Fruits.—-Cold season.

Distribution.—Native of the Western Peninsula; now widely

cultivated throughout the tropics.

Gardening.—A shrub usually 3-4 ft. high, one of the commonest

in cultivation, and certainly one of the most beautiful of the genus.

It is practically in flower throughout the year, but in perfection

during the rains when it is a truly glorious object to behold and

few shrubs surpass the splendour of this Ixora when it is in full

bloom. The bright scarlet flowers are arranged in large, compact

corymbs. During flowering time an occasional application of liquid

manure will be found beneficial, and it is advisable to prune rather

closely after flowering. Easily raised from seed or layers or

cuttings during the rains. Like all other species of this genus

it prefers full sunshine. Where frost is severe some damage may

be expected. ,

Medicinal use.—This plant has been known in India since ancient

times and the root has some repute in native medicine. It is said

to act as a cholagogue and to give relief from pain to those suffer-

ing from dysentery.

Ixora rosea Wall.

Pink Ixora.

(The specific name refers to the colour of the flowers).

Fig. 1.—Ixora rosea Wall. xX 3%.

Description.---An untidy straggling shrub scarcely reaching 4 ft.

in height at Dehra. Older stems covered with a slate-grey brown

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIsT. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

glabrous bark, younger plants dark green, covered with a fine

downy pubescence. Leaves subsessile, oblong, elliptic, elliptic-

obovate in shape, obtuse or somewhat acute at the tip, rounded

or slightly cordate at the base, coriaceous in texture, glossy green

above, pale below, glabrous; stipules triangular, awned, pubescent.

Inflorescence peduncled; peduncles supported at the base by

small bracts. Flowers shortly pedicelled, each with a pair of

bracteoles below the calyx. Calyx about .1 in. long, urn-shaped,

minutely pubescent, lobes .o5 in. long, obtuse, tinted with red.

Corolla hypocrateriform; tube 1.25, rose-coloured, minutely hairy,

ending above in four elliptic-obtuse lobes, .3 in. long. Stamens 4;

filaments .o5 in. long, attached to the throat, alternate with the

lobes; anthers .15 in. long, closely appressed to the style in the

bud, reflexed in the fully opened flower. Ovary inferior, 2-celled;

ovules jin’ each ecell:

I'lowers.—August-September. The shrub seldom fruits in Dehra.

Distribution.—According to Roxburgh it is a native of the

Moluccas and China. Now widely cultivated in various parts of

India.

Gardening.—An untidy straggling shrub with pink flowers in

large round corymbs. It is hardly attractive when in flower, and

far from being so at any other time of the year. Propagated by

layers or cuttings during the rains.

Ixora parviflora Vahl.

Small-flowered Ixora.

(parviflora means small-flowered in Latin).

Fig. 2.—Ixora parviflora Vahl. xX 3/8.

Description.—-A small, much-branched tree; bark thick, reddish

brown, exfoliating in irregular patches; branchlets slightly com-

pressed, glabrous. Leaves opposite, stipulate, ovate-oblong or

slightly obovate, 3-4 in. long, by 1.5-2 in. wide, coriaceous, glabrous,

| JouRN. BomBaY Nat. Hist. SOc.

B. N. Bakshi

Small-flowered Ixora (Ivora parviflora, Vahl.)

New Forest, Dehra Dun,

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 459

dark green and shining above, pale when dry, rounded at the base,

suddenly and shortly acuminate; venation pellucid, reticulate ;

petioles short and stout; stipules short, cuspidate, persistent.

Flowers white, sweet scented, in sub-globose clusters, arranged

in sessile, brachiate, pubescent or glabrous cymes with 3-5 pairs

of opposite short branches; bracts and bracteoles subulate. Calyx

minute, cup-shaped; lobes 4, very small, much shorter than the

tube, subacute. Corolla tube short, glabrous .3-.4 in. long, 4-lobed ;

lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, ellipsoid in the bud, reflexed in the

open flower. Stamens 4, alternate with the corolla lobes; fila-

ments absent; anthers sessile, nearly as long as the lobes of the

corolla. Style densely pubescent ending above in two _ exserted

stigmatic lobes. Fruit globose, .25 in. long.

Flowers.—March-April. Fruits.—Cold season.

Distribution.—Native of the Western Peninsula, extending north

to the Satpura range, Behar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Sunderbans,

Chittagong, Burma and Nicobars.

Gardening.—A small much-branched tree which bears in March-

April, dirty-white strongly sweet scented flowers in profusion. It can

hardly be said to be attractive at any period of the year. Easily

raised from seed or layers or cuttings.

Economic uses.—Wood very heavy, hard, fine grained, yellow.

It is used for turney and furniture in Madras, but, as it never

reaches any size, its use is restricted. The green branches are

said to make excellent torches.

Ixora barbata Roxb.

Bearded Ixora.

(barbaia means ‘bearded’ in Latin and refers to the woolly mouth

of the corolla).

Description.x—A large glabrous shrub. Trunk hardly any;

branches numerous, opposite. Leaves opposite, short-petioled,

elliptic or oblong in shape, somewhat acute, entire, shining on

both surfaces, smooth, G6-g in. long. The upper pairs of leaves

are much smaller and are sessile and cordate. Stipules sheathing.

Inflorescence of terminal panicled corymbs, decompound, large,

diffuse, often 1 ft. across. Bracts and bracteoles decreasing in size

upwards, ovate, acute. Calyx globose or ovoid, reddish green,

adherent to the ovary, 5 lobed; lobes small, erect, acute. Corolla

tube 1.5 in. long, slender, somewhat curved, greenish white,

encircled at the mouth with a delicate fringe of hairs, 5-lobed;

lobes obovate, pure white in colour, obtuse, reflexed when the

flower is fully open. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes; filaments

short, recurved, so that the linear anthers hang down between the

lobes. Style long slender, exserted, glabrous. Stigma club-shaped,

divided into two short stigmatic arms. Berry red, smooth, the

size of a pea, 2-seeded.

Flowers.—April-May. Fruits,—Cold season,

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURALVHIST. “SOCIETY, Vol. XU

Distribution.—Native of the Andamans and Nicobars. Common-

ly cultivated at Calcutta and elsewhere in India. |

Fig. 3.—Ixora barbata Roxb. xX 3/8.

Gardening.—A large glabrous shrub with rich deep green leaves.

It produces during the hot season large, lax corymbs of long-

tubed, white, fragrant flowers. Easily raised by layers or cuttings.

Ixora chinensis Lam.

Chinese Ixora.

(chinensis refers to the country of origin of this plant).

Fig. 4.—Ixora chinensis Lam. x 3.

Description. —A small shrub 3-4 ft. tall, with straight branches

covered with smooth dark-brown bark. Leaves opposite, stipulate,

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 461

subsessile, obovate or obovate-oblong, entire, smooth on both sur-

faces, 5-6 in. long. Stipules interpetiolar, tapering, acute.

The inflorescence is terminal and consists of dense corymbs;

branches of the inflorescence trichotomous, smooth, glabrous,

reddish. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, globose or ovoid, small,

4-lobed; lobes short, obtuse, reddish. Corolla tube cylindrical,

slender, .75-1 in. long, 4-lobed; lobes almost orbicular. Stamens 4,

alternate with the iobes; filaments short, inserted at the mouth of

the corolla;. anthers linear-acute, reilexed. The colour of the

flowers is at first orange, becoming a deeper and deeper salmon-

red as the flowers become fully open. Style exserted; stigma

2-cleft; lobes reflexed. Berry smooth succulent, red, 2-celled, with

a single rugose seed in each cell.

Flowers.—-July-September. Does not set fruit in this country.

Distribution.—Indigenous to the Malay Archipelago and China,

now commonly grown in gardens in all tropical countries.

Gardening.—-A shrub closely allied to I. coccinea and commonly

cultivated in gardens for its showy rose-red flowers. Propagated

by cuttings during the rains.

Economic uses.—According to Burkill a decoction of the roots

of this plant is used after child birth by the Malays.

Ixora undulata Roxb.

Wavy-leafed Ixora.

(undulata means wavy in Latin and refers to the margins of the

leaves).

bole

Fig. 5.—Ixora undulata Roxb. X

Description.—A large evergreen shrub. Leaves _ opposite,

subsessile or distinctly petioled, stipulate, oblong or lanceolate in

462, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Volk mam

shape, 5-9 in. long by 1.5-3.3 in. wide, glabrous, usually tapering

at both ends, acute or acuminate at the tip; margins undulate.

Stipules interpetiolar, broad and rounded, but with a slender cusp.

Flowers white, sweet-scented, corymbs on the slender branches

of long-penduncled brachiate panicles which are up to 8 in. long.

Calyx tube very short, 4-toothed; lobes acute as long as the tube.

Corolla tube .28-.32 in. long, white, 4-lobed; lobes .16-1.8 in. long,

reflexed. Stamens 4; filaments short: anthers 2-cleft at the base.

Style exserted from the tube, ending in two recurved stigmatic

arms. Fruit succulent, .3 in. diameter, dull purple or slate-coloured

with two plano-convex seeds.

Flowers.—March-April. Fruits. —Cold season.

Distribution. —Sikkim Terai and lower hills of Bhutan, Assam,

Khasi hills and upper Burma.

Gardening.-—A large evergreen shrub which produces in March-

April, numerous small white flowers having a powerful fragrance

of jasmine. Easily propagated by seed or cuttings or layers.

2 Ixora fulgens Roxb.

(fulgens is a Latin word meaning gleaming or shining and refers

to the scarlet flowers).

Fig. 6.—Inora fulgens Roxb. X 2,

Description.---A short-trunked shrub dividing into many

branches covered with dark brown bark. Leaves opposite, short-

petioled, entire, smooth on both surfaces, linear oblong to obovate-

oblong in shape, acute at the tip, 6-8 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, with

20-30 pairs of nerves sunk in the upper surface. Stipules inter-

petiolar, awned.

Flowers in large terminal cymose corymbs, composed of short

decussate, highly-coloured slender branches and branchlets, ending

in numerous short-pedicelled, long-tubed, orange-scarlet or scarlet

flowers. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, very short, 4-lobed;

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 463

lobes obtuse. Corolla tube very slender, up to 1.75 in. long, cylindri-

cal, glabrous, 4-lobed; lobes obovate, obtuse, .25 in. long, reflexed.

Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes; filaments short. Style slender

exserted; stigmas 2. Berry 2-lobed, the size of a pea, deep purple

when ripe, 2-celled.

Flowers.—Most of the year. Does not fruit in this country (?).

Distribution.—Native of Tenasserim. Widely cultivated

throughout the tropics.

Gardening.—A highly ornamental and elegant shrub which

bears corymbs of numerous long-tubed, pretty, large, scarlet

flowers. Easily multiplied by cuttings.

Ixora lutea Hutch.

Yellow Ixora.

(lutea means yellow in Latin).

‘&

SW’

LF7\

Rie \ Ny iy

cs \

Fig. 7.—Ixora lutea Hutch. x 3.

Description.—An erect shrub reaching 3 ft. in height; branchlets

covered with a fine pubescence, finally glabrous. Leaves opposite,

stipulate, oblong-elliptic in shape, acute at the tip, unequally cordate

at the base, 3-4 in. long by 1.5-2 in. wide, papyraceous in texture

with a slightly recurved margin, pale green in colour; petiole stout,

.75 in. long, minutely pubescent. Stipules up to .5 in. long, awned.

Inflorescence a terminal, lax corymbose cyme of sessile flowers ;

branches puberulous; bracts triangular-subulate, acute. Calyx-tube

short, 4-lobed; lobes broadly ovate, about .1 in. long, finely puberul-

ous outside. Corolla ochre-coloured; tube cylindric, 1.5 in. long,

very slender, glabrous outside, 4-lobed, lobes ovate-rhomboid, acute,

up to .75 in. long, toothed, glabrous. Stamens 4, almost sessile,

404° JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL HIST) SOCIETY. Vol, Stil

dark orange in colour; anthers acutely acuminate. Ovary 2-celled;

style slender, glabrous, shortly exserted, arms about .1 in. long,

slightly recurved and flattened on the inner surface.

l'lowers.-—Practically throughout the year. Does not set seed

in this country.

Distribution.—Widely cultivated throughout the tropical and

subtropical parts of the world. A plant of garden origin.

Gardening.—This beautiful Ixora, which in habit and foliage

bears a close general resemblance to I. coccinea, can readily

be distinguished from it not only by the colour of its flowers, but

also by its laxer inflorescence and by the large ovate-rhomboid

corolla lobes. It was introduced into the Royal Botanic Garden,

KKew, from Peradeniya. It is an exceedingly attractive plant when

in flower, and will flourish under moist tropical conditions. Raised

by layers or cutting’s.

5. Coffea Linn.

The generic’ name is detived. from the Arabic, nanie,. “Kahwar

for the drink, itself supposed to be from Caffa, a district in southern

Abyssinia.

Small bushy shrubs with opposite stipulate leaves. Flowers

yellowish or white, in axillary or terminal fascicles or in solitary

or axillary dense cymes. Hypanthium short, calyx tube short or

absent, often glandular and persistent; sepals minute or absent.

Corolla tube short or long with 4-7 spreading lobes twisted in the

bud. Anthers 4-7 sessile, often recurved or twisted. Ovary 2-

celled, style filiform with 2 linear or subulate branches. Ovules

1 in each cell attached to a peltate placenta on the septum. Fruit

a drupe with 2 plano-convex or vertically concave coriaceous or

cartilaginous seeds.

Coffea bengalensis Roxb.

(The specific name refers to the home of the plant).

Description.—A slender deciduous shrub with spreading branches,

Young shoots compressed, grey-pubescent, soon glabrous and

covered with a greyish bark. Leaves opposite 1.5-4.5 in. long,

by .5-2.5 in. wide, broadly ovate or elliptic in shape, obtuse at

the tip, acuminate or subcaudate, rounded or acute at the base,

dark green above, pale below, membranous; petiole up to .16 in.

long. Hepes

Flowers appearing with the leaves, axillary in groups of 1-3,

white, sessile, fragrant, I-1.5 in. across. Calyx tube short, many-

toothed, pubescent; teeth rapidly deciduous. Corolla funnel-

shaped. .5-.7 in. long, 5-lobed; lobes ovate-oblong, slightly shorter

than the tube, spreading or recurved, twisted in the bud. Stamens

5, alternate with the lobes, inserted in the mouth of the corolla

tube, subsessile. Ovary 2-celled; ovules solitary in each cell.

Style filiform, bifid. Fruit oblong, black when ripe, containing

2 planoconvex seeds,

JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ing Rondelet

Sweet Smell

RONDELETIA ODORATA Jacq.

(,% nat. size.)

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 465

The seed contains the alkaloids found in the true coffee plant,

Carabica’ L.

Fig. 8.—Coffea bengalensis Roxb. xX 2.

Flowers.—Feb.-April. Fruits.—Cold season.

Distribution.—Tropical Himalaya from Garhwal eastwards to

Sikkim and Assam; also in Chittagong, central and south India,

and Burma extending to Siam and Java.

Gardening.—A small shrub, exceedingly beautiful when in full

bloom during February, with its snow-white flowers produced in

great profusion. Propagated by seed.

6. Rondeletia Linn.

(A genus erected by Linnaeus in honour of Guillaume Rondelet, a

French naturalist, who died in 1566).

This genus contains evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite,

sessile or petiolate, stipulate, sometimes ternately whorled,

coriaceous, chartaceous or membranous. Inflorescence of terminal or

axillary corymbose cymes, Flowers coloured, white, red or yellow,

466° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURALIST SOGEEING Vol XL

Calyx adnate to ovary, shortly lobed. Corolla hypocrateriform ;

tube slender, usually short, glabrous or bearded in the throat;

limb 5-lobed; lobes rounded. Style slender; stigmas exserted or

included. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule.

Rondeletia odorata Jacq.

Sweet-smelling Rondeletia.

(odorata means sweet-smelling in Latin and refers to the fragrance

of the flowers).

Description.x—A shrub reaching 6 ft. in height; young parts

covered with a setose pubescence. Leaves opposite, stipulate, ovate

or elliptic-ovate in shape, subacutely acuminate, cordate or rounded

at the base, 3-7 in. long, 1-3.5 in. wide, entire, chartaceous, the

younger sparsely pilose on the nerves, at length glabrous, ciliate;

petiole about .12 in. long, setosely pilose. Stipules persistent, inter-

petiolar, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, up to .5 in.

long, covered with appressed pubescence.

Inflorescence of many-flowered, terminal, corymbose cymes up

to 5 in. diameter; bracts ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, up

to .5 in. long, coriaceous, densely appressed pilose on the outer

surface; bracteoles small. Calyx campanulate, .05 in. long,

puberulous outside, with short obtuse lobes. Corolla with a cylindric

tube .3 in. long, reddish-orange in colour, puberulous outside, pilose

within, 5-6-lobed; lobes .25-.3 in. long, oblong with rounded tip,

rose-coloured. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes and alternate

with them; filaments short attached in the corolla throat about the

centre of the tube; anthers .o5 in. long. Style shorter or longer

than the tube, 2-lobed, glabrous. Capsule subglobose, slightly

2-lobed, hairy.

Flowers.—Hot and rainy season. Iruits.—Cold season.

Distribution.—A native of the West Indies and Mexico, now

commonly cultivated in the tropics of the whole world.

Gardening.—A handsome, small, hardwooded shrub about 3 ft.

high. It bears beautiful orange-scarlet flowers in constant succes-

sion, through the hot and dry seasons. The faded flowers remain

on the plant for a long time giving it an unsightly appearance

and should, therefore, be removed quickly. Propagated by layers

during the rains, but it usually takes 3-4 months before they are

ready for removal.

7. Hamelia Jacq.

(This genus was named in honour of H. L. du Hamel de Monceau,

1700-1782, a French botanist).

Shrubs with slender, glabrous or pubescent branches. Leaves

opposite or in whorls of 3 or 4, petiolate, membranous. Stipules

lanceolate, subulate, deciduous. Inflorescence in di- or tri-chotomous

branched terminal cymes, Flowers shortly pedicellate. Calyx ovoid

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOc.

Baksh

Photo by

Sweet-smelling Rondeletia (Rondeletia odovata, Jacq.)

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOc.

Photo by M.N. Baksh

Sweet-smelling Rondeletia (Rondeletia odorata, Jacq.)

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

es es ~ *uliq, vlyoC{ 45e404 MIN

‘bowel ‘sua vijaup

ener ic ie i a eae —— ne _— - a —_ “AAS PTSILYT @1whkt! ~WwWaninca'YaANnne

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

Hamelia patens, Jacq.

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 467

or top-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla tube cylindrical, 5-lobed; lobes

imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the base of the tube;

filaments very short; anthers fixed by the base, narrowly linear,

appendaged at the apex. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform; stigma

narrowly fusiform, grooved, somewhat twisted. Ovules numerous.

Fruit a berry crowned by the remains of the disk.

Hamelia patens Jacq.

(patens means spreading in Latin and refers to the habit of the

species).

Fig. 9.—Hamelia patens Jacq. xX 3.

Description.—-A shrub or small tree; branches reddish, covered

with a short crisped pubescence, quadrangular when young, after-

wards rounded. Leaves stipulate, petiolate, up to 5 in. long by

2.5 in. wide, elliptic or oblong in shape, narrowed at both ends,

olive green above, paler beneath, hairy on both surfaces, membran-

ous, opposite or in threes; nerves 6-9 pairs, prominent and often

tinged with red beneath; petiole .5 in. long, reddish, hairy; stipules

broad at the base, produced into a stout linear awn.

Inflorescence terminal, in cymes up to 3 in. long; principal axis

short; secondary axis up to 1 in. long bearing 3-5 flowers arranged

in a bostryx or scorpioid cyme. Pedicels very short. Bracteoles

minute. Calyx tube adnate to the ovary, campanulate, reddish in

463 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. AIST. VSOCIET iaw olepcein

colour, produced above into 5 minute lobes, covered with very

short hairs. Corolla tube cylindrical, .8 in. long, slightly attenuate

just above the hase, cylindrical, ridged (the ridges corresponding

to the 5 lobes) shortly pubescent all over, 5-lobed; lobes very short,

valvate in the bud. Stamens 5; filaments attached near the base

of the tube, short; anthers about .5 in. long, linear, acute at the

tip, bifid at the base, included in the corolla tube. Ovary 5-celled,

surmounted by a thick conical disk; style 1 in. long. Berry ellip-

soid, .25 in. long, surmounted by the fleshy disk.

Ilowers.—Hot and rainy seasons. I*ruits.—Cold season.

Distribution.—Indigenous to tropical America; now commonly

cultivated throughout the tropics.

Gardening.—-A large evergreen shrub, prized for the profusion

of sprays of orange-red flowers. The flowers are succeeded by

handsome blood-red berries, which are retained a long while on

the plant. Numerous sun-birds visit the pipe-like flowers from

morning till evening to extract the nectar. It is advisable to prune

the plant heavily to keep it within bounds. Easily propagated by

cuttings or by seed.

8. Hamiltonia Roxb.

(This genus was erected in honour of William Hamilton of Wood-

land, Philadelphia, an eminent American botanist of the nineteenth

century. He was the first to build a conservatory in America. so

that tropical plants could be grown in a cold climate.)

Erect shrubs, foetid when bruised, with prominently nerved

leaves and interpetiolar acute persistent stipules. Flowers small,

sweet scented, arranged in terminal panicles or sub-umbellate cymes.

Calyx ovoid, 4-5 lobed; lobes subulate, often glandular, persistent.

Corolla funnel-shaped with a long tube, 4-5-lobed; lobes valvate.

Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments short, anthers obovate-

oblong. Ovary 5-furrowed, almost free from the calyx, 5-celled,

finally 1-celled by absorption of the septa. Style filiform; stigmatic

lobes 5, linear. Ovules 1 in each cell, basal. Fruit a capsule, 1-

celled, 5-valved. Seeds triquetrous.

Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb.

(suaveolens means sweet-smelling in Latin).

Description.—Stem stout, shrubby, with ash-coloured bark

covered with purple specks, reaching a height of 1o ft. Leaves

opposite, 3-6 in. long, broad-lanceolate in shape, smooth, entire

short petioled. Stipules interpetiolar, ensiform.

Flowers sessile in terminal corymbiform heads, on short tri-

chotomous branches, pure white or mauve, delightfully scented,

supported by linear glandular-villous bracts and bracteoles. Calyx

tube ovoid; lobes 4-5, subulate, .1 in. long, covered with gland-

tipped hairs. Corolla tube slender, .5-.6 in. long, 4-5-lobed; lobes

4-5, oblong-obiuse, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5; filaments very

BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc.

JOURN.

M,N. Bakshi

Photo by

(cultivated form)

Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb.

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. Soc.

Photo by M.N. Bakit

Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. (cultivated form)

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 469

short, inserted in the throat of the corolla and alternate with the

lobes. Ovary 5-furrowed, almost free from the calyx, 5-celled, but

becoming r-celled from absorbtion of the septa; ovules 1 in each cell,

basal. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, 5-valved at the apex, 5-1-seeded.

Fig. 10.—ITamiitonia suaveolens Roxb. x 3.

Flowers.—Cold season. [ruits.—May-June.

Distribution. —Sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills from the

Punjab to Bhutan, ascending to 6,500 ft., Behar, and Western

Peninsula. ,

Gardening.—A large, stout shrub with lavender blue or whitish,

sweet-scented flowers which are freely produced during the cold

weather. It prefers a sheltered situation, and is greatly improved

by being well cut in after flowering. Propagated by cuttings. The

fragrant flowers are much frequented by Hummingbird Hawk-moths.

Medicinal uses.—A decoction of the root is said to be valuable

in dysentery and cholera.

9, Catesbaea Linn.

(A genus erected by Linnaeus in honour of an English Botanist,

Mark Catesby, 1679-1749, traveller and naturalist).

Spinescent shrubs or small trees, with terete twigs and small,

elabrous, often fascicled leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers

470 =jJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

white, solitary and short-pedicelled in the axils. Calyx subcamp-

anulate with 4 narrow subpersistent lobes. Corolla funnelform or

campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes valvate. Stamens 4, attached near the

base of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; ovules few or many. Stigma

2-lobed. Fruit a berry.

A small genus of about 8 species.

Catesbaea spinosa Linn.

Prickly-apple; Spanish Guava.

(spinosa means spiny in Latin).

Fig. 11.—Catesbaea spinosa Linn. X 2.

Description.—A spinescent shrub reaching 4 ft. in height at

Dehra. Old branches covered with corky bark, younger terete,

green, minutely pubescent; spines axillary, opposite, stout, sharp,

.5-1 in. long, pubescent, becoming glabrous. Leaves opposite,

shortly petioled, stipulate, thin or somewhat fleshy, entirely glabrous

and smooth, attenuate at the base into the short petiole, apiculate

at the tip, ovate-elliptic, elliptic or orbicular in’ shape, entire,

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 4i71

glossy or dull green, .25-.5 in. long; nerves inconspicuous; petiole

very short; stipules interpetiolar, membranous, pubescent, rapidly

deciduous.

Flowers solitary in the axils, pedicelled ; pedicel .1 in. long, tinged

with red. Calyx adnate to the ovary, green, sometimes reddish,

oblong-campanulate, 4-lobed; lobes subulate. Corolla tube-funnel

shaped, white turning yellow with age, 4-angled at the base,

3-4 in. long, pendulous, sparsely hairy outside, hairy and glandular

inside, 4-lobed; lobes triangular, acute, valvate in the bud, .75 in.

long. Stamens 4-5; filaments very long, attached at the very

base of the corolla, rather stout, stiff, glabrous, attenuate at the

tip; anthers linear somewhat less than .5 in. long, divided at the

base, apiculate at the tip. Ovary 2-celled. Style slender, long,

2-lobed. Fruit up to 2 in. long.

Flowers.—May-July. It seldom fruits in thts country.

Disiribution.—Indigenous to the West Indies, now commonly

grown in gardens throughout the plains of | India.

— Gardening.—A rather slow-growing, hardy, armed shrub about

4-5 ft. high. The creamy-white pendent flowers which are 3-4 in.

long are outsize in proportion to the rest of the plant. Propagated

by cuttings during the rains.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN.

E. P. WILTSHIRE, F.R.E.S.

(With a plate).

There were over 25% species new to science in the list of lepi-

doptera collected by Fred Brandt in March-September 1937 in Fars,

S. W. Iran, and described by W. Brandt in the Ent. Rundschau

(1938-9), many of the new species being peculiar to the southern

end of the Zagros range. A similar proportion was therefore to be

expected in species taken by myself in October-November 1940 in the

same district, and a study of my material shews that this expectation

was not disappointed. New species were also found earlier in 1940, |

which had escaped the vigilance of the Baltic entomologist. Some

of the new species belong to difficult genera and will require the

attention of a specialist before they can be published; but the

following can be introduced now. They are all figured in the ac-

companying plate. One or two new races from the same region

are also hereunder described.

These results cannot be attributed merely to the improved com-

munications and security of contemporary Iran which enable

systematic collecting in hitherto inaccessible or insecure districts;

they are due also to the peculiarity of the Southern Zagros fauna.

This fauna is dual: partly it is typically Iranian; but partly it is a

replica, with variations, of the Mediterranean fauna. The region

is isolated on both sides by low desert tracts, and only linked

faunistically by the long Zagros chain to better-known regions.

The Fars mountains in fact share with the N.-W. frontier and the

Teneriffe-Atlas formation the distinction of being the southernmost

promontories of Palearctic woodland west of the Himalayas; and

each of the three ‘promontories’ is isolated faunistically from the

other. If, as some assert, the mountains of the interior of Iran

(now quite bare) were wooded during the Pleistocene Pluvial Periods,

the Fars woodlands provide a southern refuge for the relics of this

woodland-fauna, perhaps more accessible than that provided in the

north by the forest stil! clothing the north side of the Elburz range.

The following is a brief table shewing the characteristic vegetation

at various altitudes along the Bushire-Shiraz-Isfahan road which

makes a convenient cross-section of the southern end of the Zagros

chain:

Sea-level to c. 3000 ft. : Zizyphus spina-christi.

750 ft. upwards: Amygdalus, a small spiny species.

2000 ft. upwards: Pistacia sp. & Amygdalus spartioides. These are the

two hardiest trees and the most widely distributed. They begin in the desert

hills bordering the Bushire plain and end at Madrabad (near the site of

Pasargadae). I have also been informed that a zone of scanty ‘bann’

(Pistacia) is to be found on the southern watershed of the Iranian plateau

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC.

1. Melitaea consulis sp. n. Q. 2. Melitaea consulis sp.n. @ underside. 3, Melitaea phoebe

savvistana subsp. n. 4. Monima mithras sp. n. Q. 5. Margelana achaemenica sp. n, @.

6. Meganephria venalis sp. n. Q. 7,8. Eviogaster amygdali sp.n. 6 @. 9. Brachionycha atossa

sp. n. 9. 10. Amathes ovopotamica thermopotamica subsp. n. &. 11. Amathes oropotamica sp. n. @.

The figures of the above lepidoptera are not all on exactly the same scale. Readers should consult

the text for the comparative size.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 473

south of Kerman and extends into Baluchistan. It seems doubtful whether many

other of the Fars trees accompany this tree so far east.

Local at 3000 ft. upwards: Quercus persicus, Prunus sp. Local at 3000-

4000 ft.: carob (Ceratonia). The oak is not found above gooo ft., and has

suffered heavily from deforestation, which still proceeds apace. Its thickest

growth is at 4000-8000 ft., as at Mian Kotal, Pir-i-Zan. A secondary growth

at Shul shows that an oak forest once grew there which probably extended

formerly as far as Shiraz at least.

4000 ft. upwards: Wild fig, Rhamnus sp.

Local at 6000-8000 ft.: Fraxinus sp.

6000 ft. upwards: Amygdalus, a robuster spiny species; Crataegus sp., Ber-

beris sp., Lonicera persica, Colutea sp., Acer sp., etc. This fauna is wide-

spread at the requisite height, extending inland as far as Qadrabad, together

with the Amygdalus mentioned as ‘750 ft. upwards’. |

7000-9000 jft.: a few large junipers, barely surviving.

The above are forest-trees, entirely dependent on local precipitation, which

only occurs in winter.

The oasis trees are as follows:

Sea-level to 3000 ft. : palm, tamarisk, willow, Populus euphratica, and various

cultivated trees.

4000-6000 ft., river beds: willow, oleaster (Klaeagnus), tamarisk. In gardens :

oriental plane, ash (Ivaxinus sp. al.), sycamore, elm, poplar, cypress, citrus

and other fruits.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND RACES

Melitaea consulis sp. n. (figures 1, 2).

An interesting new species in the collina-group, coming close to but distinct

from turcomanica Higg., according to Higgins who has examined a para-type.

3, fore-wing, same size and colour as cinxia amardaea Gr. Gsh. from

Elburz, with white-chequered fringe, black margin, and two parallel chevrons

as in cinxia. The median band consists of seven heavy black spots, the four

nearest the costa being joined, the lower three almost or quite separate, the

lowest of all being crescent-shaped, its convex side outward. Spots nos. 5 & 6

are conspicuous and oval-oblong, not (as in phoebe) more lightly indicated than

the others. Rest of forewing, not unlike that of an ordinary form of phoebe.

The basal fuscous suffusion extends somewhat along the inner margin. Hind-

wing, like an ordinary phoebe, except that in all but one example the median

band consists of a complete series of heavy black spots. The fuscous basal

suffusion extends along the whole anal margin, leaving no pale patch as in

phoebe. There are no dots between the nervures as in cinxia.

Underside, most peculiar: fore-wing: fringes and marginal area outside the

proximal of the two chevrons, suffused with olive sulphur; the proximal, not

the submarginal, chevron is usually the heavier. Median band, corresponding

to upper side. _Hind-wing: markings obsolescent, the whole wing being suffused

with olive sulphur. In the few examples where the markings are traceable,

there are no black marks at all on the pale median band, though other black

markings do appear. vet

Besides the underside differences just described,.the foilowing points separate

it from collina Led.: the median spots on the upper forewing are heavier, and

the nervures are black outwards only from the proximal of the two chevrons;

on the hindwing, the two parallel chevrons are closer together in consulis.

Q, slightly larger than the ¢, with a paler ground-colour between the

median band and the proximal chevron. Holo-type: @, Allo-type, 9, Para-

types, 4d, 39.

All were taken on 3-v-40, at 8000-9000 ft. on a mountain close to Shiraz,

and are in coll. mea. One cther para-type has been sent to the British

Museum, London.

Melitaea phoebe Knoch. sarvistana subsp. n. (figure 3)

A more normal form of this well-known species flies in Fars northwards

and westwards from Shiraz, but this more southerly race seems to be an extreme

development of dovae Graves, described from Transjordan.

474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit

Upper side, coloured like Polygonia egea. All black markings on the fore-

“wing have disappeared except 1/terminal line and lunules, 2/submarginal

‘chevron, which is interrupted so that its apical part encloses 5 fulvous lunules,

the lower part, three. 3/costa and nearest nervure, 4/median band, which

however is obsolescent, 5/cell-markings, very light. on the hind-wing the

black markings are reduced to 1/terminal line and lunules, 2/complete submar-

ginal chevron, 3/(sometimes) a few black spots representing the median band,

4/the nervure nearest the costa; the interspace, which is suffused with fuscous,

also contains traces of the normal chevrons and bands which in other forms

ot phoebe traverse the whole wing. Base, fuscous-suffused.

Underside, as in phoebe, except that the forewing’s black median spots are

obsolete, while the hindwing’s black-markings are, on the other hand, intensified.

Expanse, 45 mm.

Holo-type and allo-type, 8, 92, both on 26-iv-4o near Sarvistan, south-

east of the Shiraz Salt Lake. In coll. m.

N.B. Besides the two species mentioned above, six other members of the

genus Melitaea fly in the Shiraz district.

Eriogaster amygdali sp. n. (figures 7, 8)

¢, Antenna, bipectinated.

Head, and thorax, light brown, slightly darker on the head and collar.

Forewing, light-brown, with a small white cell-spot, and a curving brown

line running from 5mm. from apex to 6mm. from the inner angle, i.e. more

obliquely than in pfezfferi Dan. Submarginal area sometimes dusted with choco-

late-brown scales, with nervures paler.

Hindwing, light brown, sometimes dusted all over with chocolate-brown

scales, sometimes only near the base; in the former case, a pale median line

shows.

Fringes, on both wings, pale brown.

Underside, both wings, darker brown inside the median line. In the darker

form, the nervures are pale and contrast more than on the upper side. Discal

spot, invisible on both wings.

Expanse, 36-38 mm.

Holo-type, 6, bred from larvae found on wild almond and Crataegus at

-o00-8000 ft. on various mountains in Fars: hatched, 28-x-4o. In coll. mea.

Para-type, 3, to light, Sineh Sefid, 27-x-40. (c. 6500 ft.)

The ova may be found in winter on wild almond twigs, covered densely with

silver-grey fur.

The larve may be found in April and May, but those found in the latter

month are usually ichneumoned. The larvae when full-grown, are velvety-black,

with white and pale brown hairs growing transversely across the back, leaving

the somital joints showing black, and blackish vertical hairs. The lateral area

is blue and contains a pure white, black-edged irregular line, below which a

downward-growing fringe of straw-hued hairs half conceals the black-rimmed

spiracles. Head, glossy black. Feet, brown-grey. The lateral area is black in

the earlier instars, and the dorsal hairs, which are clearly red-brown in the

earlier instars, reappear when the mature larva begins running about before

pupation. The large webs are a common sight on the beautiful wild almond

bushes of the Fars mountains, but healthy larvae are hard to come by. The

exposed larva has a twitching habit. The cocoon is frail, and brown, and is

hidden in the ground.

Monima mithras sp. n. (Figure 4)

This striking new species resembles no previously known congener, except

perhaps the Kashmirian species castanetpennis Hamps., but comes in section I

of the genus. (Castaneipennis itself may prove to belong to this section when

its female is discovered.)

Q, Eye, large, bristly; antenna, strongly bipectinated.

Thorax, pale buff on the shoulders, infused with light brown and grey else-

where. Head, pale buff. Forewing, buff, heavity sprinkled with grey. All mark-

ings, rather indefinite in outline. The lines are paler, brown-edged on either side.

Basal line, very faint. Antemedian line, running at right-angles to the costa, with

{wo inward angles, on vein 1 and on the cell. Median field, darker brown, the stig-

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 475

mata shewing paler. The warm brown clouding of the median field is darkest

between the stigmata and close to the antemedian line. Postmedian line, dentate

on the nervures. Submarginal line, running somewhat as in incerta, but very

faint, and edged inwardly with light brown. Stigmata, with pale but not sharp

edges, and darker centres, of average size: orbicular, round ; reniform, somewhat

square, convex proximally, rather vague distally. Termen, pale buff. Fringes,

brown basad. Hindwing, dark grey, with termen and fringes as on forewing.

Underside, forewing, whitish buff, dusted with brownish grey. Postmedian

line indicated shadowily. Hindwing whitish buff, dusted with brownish grey

inside a shadowy median line.

Expanse, 42 mm.

Holo-type, Q, 7-iv-40, Pir-i-Zan woods, attracted to wild almond flowers at

night; in coll. mea.

Brachionycha atossa sp. n. (Figure 9g).

The absence of black streaks between the nervures in the marginal area at

once distinguishes this new species from both sphinx Hufn., and syriaca Warr.,

close to which it must be placed.

Q, Forewing, silver grey, sprinkled with black, with a lilac tinge towards

the costa, and a pinkish infusion in the centre of the wing. Basal streak,

black, slightly shorter than in sphinx. Orbicular stigma, represented by a short

black streak, paler-edged; other stigmata, invisible. First line, absent; post-

median line, fine, black, more heavily black between veins 1 & 2, and sharply

zigzagging inwards between the nervures which are dark grey. Submarginal

area, clouded irregularly with dark grey, nervures 2, 3, 4, 7 & 8 being white

edged as they pass through it. Terminal line, sharply white, wavy, with points

at each nervure. Fringes, dark grey. Hindwing, grey, darker basally and

anally, with darker nervures and terminal line, and a paler wavy median band.

Fringes, grey, with white interruptions at the nervures.

Underside, forewing, grey, darker inside the zigzagging postmedian line;

margin and fringes as on upper side. Cell-spot, large and dark. Hindwing, as

upperside, but cell-spot more clearly marked.

Expanse, 44 mm.

Holo-type, 9, Khan-i-Zinian, Fars, 8-xi-4o (c. 6000 ft.) in coll. mea.

Meganephria renalis sp.n. (Figure 6)

A striking new species between ftancrei Graes. and oxyacanthae L. and

distinguished from the latter by its stigmata which form the figures 80 on the

left forewing, and also by the female antennae, which put it in the tancret section

of the genus.

2, Antenna, bipectinated throughout.

Head and thorax, grey, speckled with black.

Forewing, light brown, heavily suffused with grey and speckled with black

scales, especially on the nervures; the median fold is less grey-suffused than

the adjacent costal and dorsal areas. Basal streak, black, as in oxyacanthae.

Orbicular and reniform stigmata, pale silver-grey, darker-centred, with blackish

edge, forming respectively an oval and a kidney-shaped figure 8. Submarginal

line, as in oxyacanthae; other lines, absent. Termen, white, with black

proximal crescents between the nervures. Fringes, grey, interrupted by white

prolongations of the nervures. Hindwing, dark grey, paler basally; terminal

line, white. Fringes, as on forewing.

Underside, both wings, whitish, freckled with grey, especially the forewing.

Cell-spots indicated on hindwing.

Span, 43 mm.

Holo-type, 92, 30-xi-40, Sineh Safid (c. 6500 ft.) in coll. m.

Amathes oropotamica sp. n. (Figure 11)

A new species near lychnidis F., from which its pale hindwing and different

reniform stigma distinguish it.

2, Antenna, slightly cetose-ciliate.

Head and thorax slightly less brown than forewing. Abdomen, pale grey

with a few dark scales,

476. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HS TS OCLE TY a Ola weit

Forewing, grey brown, of similar shape to that of lychnidis, or if anything

a trifle more pointed and narrow. Costa, paler, with three vague purple-grey

smudges above the cell. First line, not reaching the costa, faintly indicated by

the fine brown edging on either side; wavy, but less so than in lychnidis. Outer

line, paler, edged with faint brown crescents between the nervures on each side.

Submarginal line, pale, interrupted, marked proximally with small black smudges

between veins 4 to 8; the black costal mark near the apex, typical of lychnidis,

is absent. Terminal line, pale brown with black dots on the proximal edge.

Fringes, brown, with a yellow post-terminal line. Orbicular stigma, yellow-

outlined, with a grey centre, and a blue-black spot in the upper proximal corner.

Reniform stigma, more truely reniform, i. e., more rounded than in lychnidis,

yellow-outlined, centre as in orbicular, but intensified to blue-black in lower

lobe. Hindwing, pale dirty grey, the nervures, termen, and cell-dot darker.

Underside, forewing much paler and less coloured than lychnidis, the only clear

markings being the reniform stigma on the forewing, and the cell-spot on the

hindwing.

Span, 39 mm.

(20007 tt.) Min. coll. fan:

(N.B. Amathes lychnidrs F. occurs commonly in Shiraz gardens.)

Amathes oropotamica thermopotamica subsp. n. and sp. dist. (Figure 10)

This appears to be a dwarf, desertic race of the preceding, but might prove

to be specifically distinct. It occurs in a locality intermediate between the

highlands of Fars and the desert coast of the Persian Gulf. Both oropotamica

and thermopotamica were taken in river beds or gorges.

¢, Antenna, strongly ciliate.

Head, thorax and forewing, lilac or brownish grey, less reddish tinted than

oropotamica. The blackish marks along the submarginal line of that species’

type are here absent or obsolescent; so are the black terminal dots. The stig-

mata are less conspicuous though similar in form and colouring, but the

orbicular is of variable intensity.

Span,” 32 sini,

Holo-type, OS, 20-xi-40o, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan), at carob-bloom,

(g000 ft.) in’ coll im:

Para-type. Ge, Aitto,,

Amathes macilfenta Hbn. subsp. plumbea subsp. n.

An unusual colour-form of a well-known species which is yellowish in its

typical form (Europe) and chestnut-red (subsp. rubescens Wilts.) in Syria and

parts of Persia such as Kermanshah.

Head, thorax, and forewing, of a buff ground colour, more or less completely

obscured with a lilac-grey suffusion. In the less heavily infused specimen, the

thorax and basal part of the forewing are clearer buff. Postmedian and ante-

median lines, very indistinct. Orbicular and reniform stigmata, not conspicuous,

the latter being grey-filled and darker blue-grey in its lower part. Submarginal

line, whitish, the brownish proximal edging not always clearly indicated. Mar-

ginal area, paler in one example. Fringes, pale brown, more or less suffused

with lilac. Hindwing, dull grey, with paler buff fringes.

Holo-type, $, 20-xi-4o, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan), Fars, (c. 3000 ft.)

(To carob-bloom.) in coll. m.

Para-types, 3, ditto.

Crymodes bischoffii H. S. zagrobia subsp. n.

A distinctive, smaller race, characteristic of the southern, hotter part of the

Zagros, of an autumnal species whose type-form occurs in the hills, from

Turkey to Palestine and Kurdistan.

The forewing is more heavily suffused with dark grey, especially in the

postmedian area, thereby causing the marginal area to appear strikingly paler,

and emphasising the angularity of the submarginal line.

The distinctive underside (similar in both races) has not yet been described :

the wavy postmedian line is neatly defined on both wings in grey, and stands

out especially on the hindwing, the veins being darkened where they pass through

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM S. W. IRAN 477

it. The cell-spot is always indicated on the hindwing, and often also on the

forewing.

Span of zagrobia, 40-41 mm.

Holo-type, &, Khorramabad, Luristan, 29-x-38. In coll. mea.

Allo-type, Q, Shapur Gorge (Tang-i-Chugan) Fars (3000 ft.) (fo carob-bloom)

In coll. mea.

Para-types, 9° 9, Khorramabad, 29-x-38. (To light). In coll. m.

Margelana achaemenica sp. 1. (Kigure 5)

Similar in size and colour to flavidior Wagn., but more elaborately marked.

3, Antenna, canary-yellow, strongly bipectinate.

Head and thorax, canary-yellow.

Forewing, canary-yellow, suffused with light brown on the cell. Stigmata,

clear canary-yellow, with brown outlines: orbicular, variable in size and shape,

assuming a_ parallelogram-form when large; reniform, large, its inner edge

being straight. A brown line along the cell joins these two stigmata. [First

line, absent. Second line, brown, meeting the inner margin about halfway,

touching the lower edge of the reniform stigma, and running on an almost

straight course across the wing, but curved slightly based between the nervures.

Submarginal line, less straight than in flavidior, but straighter than in versicolor,

brown, reaching neither costa nor inner margin. A brown costal shade, not

reaching further than vein 3 even in the most strongly marked forms, runs

between the second and the submarginal lines. There are also traces of a fine

brown shade in the marginal area in some specimens. Termen, brown. Fringes,

yellow. Hindwing, yellowish, plain, with brown termen.

Underside, yellow, with second line indicated on both wings by a brown

suffusion, especially strong near the costa of the forewing.

Q, Antenna, simple.

Thorax,, paler:

Iorewing, paler and less marked usually than male.

Expanse, 35-40 mm.

Holo-type, &, 20-x-40, Pir-i-Zan woods, (c. 7ooo ft.) Fars, in coll. m.

Allo-type, @Q, ditto.

Para-types, Gd 333d 2, same date and place, also at Sineh Safid (nearer

Shiraz) 27-x-4o. In coll. mea.

(N.B. Margelana flavidior Wagn. & versicolor Stgr. also occur with the

above species).

FISHES “GOLLECTED BY. THE VERNAY-HOENV OOD

UPPER CHINDWIN EXPEDITION? 1635¢.

SUNDER LAL HORA, D:Sc., F-R.S.E., F-N.I., AND K.°S., MISRA, M:SC.,

)

Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

(With one plate).

The collection dealt with in this paper was received from two

sources, but originally it had formed part of a much larger col-

lection made by the Vernay-Hopwood Upper Chindwin Expedition.

In June 1938, Mr. S. H. Prater sent to the Zoological Survey of

India 42 specimens of fish which the Bombay Natural History Society

had received as a presentation from the American Museum of Natural

History. In August, 1938, Mr. J. T. Nichols of the American

Museum of Natural History, on his own initiative, sent a small

consignment of 50 fishes collected by Mr. H. C. Raven of the

Vernay-Hopwood Chindwin Expedition. The latter lot comprised

only such forms about the identification of which there were some

doubts. The major part of the collection had, however, already

been named and distributed on the shelves in the Museum. Of

the specimens received from the Bombay Natural History Society

there were some that had been collected by the Expedition in the

Malay Peninsula, but we propose to deal here only with the speci-

mens collected from the Chindwin drainage in Upper Burma. For

precise data about the various localities from which the fish were

obtained reference may be made to Morris’s article in the Journal

of the Bombay Natural History Society (vol. xxxviii, pp. 647-671,

1936) in which a general account of the Expedition is given.

We are given to understand that owing to unusual field diffi-

culties of packing and transportation, the fish material could not

be looked after properly and it is not surprising, therefore, that

quite a number of specimens are in a poor state of preservation.

However, it has been possible to identify, all of them specifically.

In the following list species represented in the collection examined

by us from the Upper Chindwin area are given; the localities in

which the respective species were collected and their general

distribution are also included.

————— ————— =

* Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India.

Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Piate |

eee

ne te

Fishes collected by the Vernay-Hopwood Upper Chindwin Expedition, 1935.

For explanation see end of article.

- a ; a

7 :

a —— = i -

= i So

a ‘

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: am

bss .

‘a

- *

s -

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. f.

FISHES COLLECTED BY VERNAY-HOPWOOD U. C. EXPEDITION 4179

List OF SPECIES.

ee el

: | Locality and number

Specific Name | Ae seeninane

| Further Distribution

Family FLUTIDA .

1. Fluta alba (Ziew). Lonkhin: 5 specimens

Family MASTACEM:

BELIDZ

2. Mastacembelus uni- | Mawlaik: 1 specimen

color (K. & V.

Hass.).

Family CyPRINIDZ

Subfamily Rasborine

3. Danio aequipinnatus Kora: 14 specimens

(McClelland). |

4. Rasbora rasbora_ Dalu: 6 specimens

(Hamilton).

5. Barilius barna Upper Burma : 2 speci-

Hamiiton mens

Subfamily Cyprinine

(op)

Barbus (Tor) mosal | Lonkhin : 1 specimen

(Hamilton).

7. Barbus (Puntius) | Dalu: 2 specimens

sewelli Prashad

and Mukerji.

8. Barbus (Puntius) ticto | Dalu : 3 specimens

Hamilton.

Labeo devdevi Hora. | Dalu : 22 specimens

10. Psiliorhynchus homal- | Kora : 3 specimens

optera var. rowleyi,

nov. |

11. Rohtee cofio var | Kaunghein : 1 specimen.

cunma Day.

12. Rohtee feae (Vinci- | Kalawa: 3 specimens

guerra).

Family COBITIDA

13. Acanthopsis choiror- | Kaunghein : 2 specimens.

hynchus (Blkr.)._

14, Lepidocephalus berd- | Dalu : 1 specimen

morei (Blyth).

Family ARIIDE |

15. Arius jatius (Hamil- Kalewa : 1 specimen

ton). |

...| Manipur, Assam ; Burma;

Malay Peninsula and

Archipelago, Siam to

Northern China;

Chinese islands; For-

mosa and Japan.

Burma to Java.

..| India, Burma and Siam.

..| India, Burma and Pihange.

India and Burma.

India and Burina.

.. | Myitkyina District, Upper

Burma.

.. India, Burma, Ceylon and

Siam,

..|/Chindwin Drainage,

Assam; Burma and

Siam.

|Chindwin Drainage in

Assam, Peninsular

India and Burma.

.| Burma.

Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

Malay Peninsula,

Burma, Siam and

Anpam.

Chindwin Drainage in

Assam, and Burma.

Estuaries and rivers of

Bengal and Burma.

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Locality and number

of specimens

Specific Name Further Distribution

Family SILURIDZ

16. Silurus cochinchinensis

Kaunghein: | specimen... India, Burma, Malay

Cuv. and Val. _ Peninsula and Cochin

| | China.

Family AMBLYCIPI- |

TIDZ |

17. Amblyceps mangois Kora: 2 specimens; Hai |

(Hamilton). | Bum: 4 specimens... India, Burma, Siam and

| _ Malay Peninsula.

Family SISORIDZ |

18, Exostoma vinciguerre | Kora: 1 specimen ... | Upper Burma.

Regan. |

Family OPHICEPHALID& |

19. Ophicephalus gachua’ Kora: 3 specimens .. | Throughout the Oriental

Hamilton. | , Region.

Family NANDIDA |

20. Badis badis (Hamil- | Burma: 4 specimens _... | India and Burma.

ton).

Family AMBASSIDZ

21. Ambassis baculis Kaunghein : 2 specimens. India, Burma and Siam.

(Hamilton). |

Most of the species are widely distributed in parts of the

Oriental Region and do not require any further comments. Some

of the species, such as Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)', Barbus

(Puntius) ticto Hamilton*, Barbus (Puntius) sewelli Prashad and

Mukerji’ Labeo devdevi Hora’, Rohtee cotio var. cunma Day’,

Rohtee feae (Vinciguerra)’, Silurus cochinchinensis Cuvier &

* Hora, S. L.—The Game Fishes of India. X. The Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 3. The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal

(Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 784-794 (1940).

The measurements of the specimen from Lonkhin are given on page 789.

* Hora, S. L., Misra, K. S. and Malik, G. M.—‘A Study of Variations

in Barbus (Puntius) ticto (Hamilton)’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xli, pp. 263-279

(1939). The measurements, scale-counts and position of colour spots of the

specimens from Dalu are given on page 274.

* Prashad, B. and Mukerji, D. D.—‘The Fish of the Indawgyi Lake and

the streams of the Myitkyina District (Upper Burma)’. Rec, Ind. Mus.

vol. xxxi, p. 197, pl. ix, figs. 1, 1a, 1b (1939). —B. sewellt is represented in the

collection by juvenile specimens.

* Hora, S. L.—On a Further Collection of Fish from the Naga Hills’.

Rec; Ind.. Mus., vol: xxxvili, pp. 323, 324 (1936); (‘Notes on Fishes in the

Indian Museum. xxxii. On a Small Collection of Fish from the Upper

Chindwin Drainage’. ibid., vol. xxxix, p. 333 (1937). In the collection under

report, Labeo devdevi is represented by juvenile specimens.

° Hora, S. L. and Misra, K. S.—‘Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum.

XL. On Fishes of the genus Rohtee Sykes’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xlii,

pp. 155-172 (1940). Measurements, number of anal rays, and scale-counts of

the Kaunghein specimen of Rohtee cotio var. cunma are given on page 170,

while those of the two specimens Ofte feae from Kalawa are given on page

158,

FISHES COLLECTED BY VERNAY-HOPWOOD U. C. EXPEDITION 481

Valenciennes’ and Exostoma vinciguerra Regan’ have already been

dealt with in recent years, while notes on Psilorhynchus homaloptera

var. rowleyi, nov. and Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton) are given

below. The occurrence of Arius jatius (Hamilton) in the Upper

Chindwin Drainage is of special significance, for though the species

is known to ascend far above tidal reach its record from such

great distance from the sea is rather unusual. As pointed out by

Hamilton® the palatine teeth are entirely absent.

Psilorhynchus homaloptera var. rowleyi, nov.

Plate I, figs: rand 2.

In 1935, Hora and Mukerji’ described a new species of Psilorhyn-

chus, P. homaloptera, from the Brahmaputra Drainage of the Naga

Hills, Assam. Next year, Hora’ recorded two more specimens of

the same species from this region. In the collection under report,

there are three specimens from Kora which are generally similar

to P. homaloptera (Plate I, fig. 3), but the body is only slightly

depressed, the caudal peduncle is more slender and narrow, the

head is somewhat more pointed, the interorbital space is narrower

and the eyes are proportionately larger. We believe that these

specimens represent a distinct Burmese variety of the species which

we have named after Major Rowley, a member of the Expedition.

The differences noted above between the typical form from

India and the Burmese variety are of the same nature as pointed

out by Hora* between Balitora brucei Gray from India and _ its

variety burmanica Hora from Burma.

* Hora, S. L.—'Siluroid Fishes of India, Burma and Ceylon. VII. Fishes

of the genus Silurus Linnaeus’. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviil, pp. 351-56

(1936).

? Hora, S. L.—‘Notes on Fishes in the Indian Museum. V. On _ the

composite Genus Glyptosternum McClelland’ Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxv, p. 41,

pl. ili, figs. 1-3 (1923).

Now that the generic limits of Glyptosternum McClelland have become suffi-

ciently defined, we recognise the divisions into which this composite genus has

been divided by Regan, Norman and Smith (Journ. Siam Soc. Nat. Hist.

Suppl., ix, p. 71, 1933). The generic appellation Exostoma Blyth is, however,

inappropriate, for, as shown by Hora (loc. cit., p. 3), its type-species belongs

to Glyptothorax Blyth. Till fresh specimens of I. berdmorei Blyth become

available, we do not wish to disturb the present nomenclatorial arrangement

and have accordingly adopted the generic name Exostoma for E. labiatus Blyth

and allied forms.

* Hamilton, F.—‘An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and

its tributary branches,’ pp. 171, 376 (Edinburgh, 1822).

* Hora, S. L. and Mukerji, D. D.—‘Fish of the Naga Hills, Assam’. Rec.

Ind. Mus., vol. xxxvii, pp. 391-397, pl. vii, figs. 1-6 (1935).

* Hora, S. L.—On a Further Collection of Fish from the Naga Hills’,

Kec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviii, p. 318 (1936).

° Hora, S. L.—‘Classification, Bionomics and Evolution of Homalopterid

Fishes’, Mem. Ind, Mus., vol. xii, p. 291, pl. xi, fig. 6 (1932).

482° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL W2IS7T. SOCIETY, Vole Xi)

Measurements in millimetres.

Standard length 615 75°0

Length of head 12-0 14°0

Height of head 7°0 9-0

Width of head 10°0 110

Diameter of eye 4°0 4°5

Length of snout 50 6°3

Interorbital distance 4°9 5°6

Depth of body SPS) 12°0

Width of body oe oP) 12°0

Length of caudal peduncle 10:5 11:0

Least height of caudal peduncle 4°5 575

Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton).

Plate ie fics, 4 andes,

1933. Amblyceps mangois, Hora, Rec. Ind. Mus., xxxv, pp. 607-621.

The specimens of Amblyceps mangois from Hai Bum are the

largest yet recorded, the largest specimen being 163 mm. in total

length. In these examples the head and the body are covered with

a felt-like growth of papillae. The lips are also thickly papillated.

The eyes are very minute, almost indistinguishable, and the caudal

fin is truncate. The adipose fin is thick and low, and just forms

a ridge.

Owing to their strong build, these specimens are liable to be

confused with Liobagrus Hilgendorf, but can be readily distinguished

on account of the respiratory structures associated with the gill-

openings (vide Hora, loc. cit., p. 612). The larger examples are

superficially not dissimilar to Glyptosternum McClelland (= Parex-

ostoma Regan), but the extent of the gill-openings, and the position

and form of the various fins are sufficient to distinguish the two

types of fishes.

The pelvic fins are close together on the ventral surface and

are provided with muscular bases. Some of the specimens are

heavily parasitised by worms which are encysted in the body wall

and on the fins.

In recent years the range of distribution of A. mangois has

been greatly extended. It is found in the Malay Peninsula, Burma,

Siam, Assam Hills, Himalayas, Rajmahal Hills, Santal Parganas

and the headwaters of the Mahanadi River.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

Fig. 1.—Lateral view of the type-specimen of Psilorhynchus homalopiera

var. rowleyi, nov. X 1%.

Fig. 2.—Ventral surface of head and anterior part of body of the same.

ee line

Fig. 3.—Ventral surface of head and anterior part of body of Psilorhynchus

homaloptera Hora & Mukerji. x 1.

Fig. 4.—Dorso-lateral view of a specimen of Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton)

from Hai Bum. x 5/6.

Fig. 5.—Ventral surface of head and part of body of the same, x ca 1}.

2 ~~ <s a . . ? aaa a aw e

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T dLv Id | | | | "00S ‘LSIP] “LYNN AVEINOg ‘Nuno

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT.

(ELEPHAS MAXIMUS INDICUS).

THEODORE HUBBACK.

(With 8 plates).

INTRODUCTION.

In the Abstr. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

(No. 130, 1914, page 20), Richard Lydekker designated the Malayan

Elephant as a sub-species of Elephas maximus, giving it the name

of Elephas inaximus hirsutus.

On page 285 of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1914,

there is an amplification of this dictum.

The sub-species was made on the following grounds :—

‘

. characterized by the square instead of triangular ear, the early date

at which its upper margin is bent over, and the presence in the young condition,

at least in some cases, of a thick coat of black and in part bristly hair... ”’

There is, 1 think, little doubt that the above description does

not apply to the normal wild Malayan elephant and it seems that

the sub-species was made on insufficient data.

I have seen many young wild Malayan elephants from babies

still in the pink stage to those of four or five feet in height, but

I have never noticed a thick coat of hair on any of them.

‘I have handled several baby elephants and I must have noticed

had they been covered with thick hair. All Malayan elephants

have a certain amount of hair or bristles on parts of their bodies

but not in sufficient quantities to differentiate them from other

Asiatic: sub-species.

Also the description of the shape of the ear does not agree |

with the shapes of the ears of mature or semi-mature wild elephants

that I have seen. The photographs illustrating this article show

the usual triangular ear which we associate with Elephas maximus,

and although it is possible that some abnormality presented itself

to Lydekker which led him to believe that a square ear was typical

of the Malayan elephant, it is not a normal characteristic in those

I have seen. It is true that in the Malayan elephant the upper

margin of the ear is bent over at an early age. I have a photo-

graph of a young wild elephant, not more than six fect high,

showing the fold on the upper margin of the ear.

In a recent publication entitled Handlist of Malayastan

Mammals, compiled by Mr. F. N. Chasen, Director of the Raffles

Museum, Singapore, Straits Settlements, he disagrees with the

deductions of Lydekker and suggests Elephas maximus indicus as

the nomenclature for the Malayan sub-species.

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtl |

I think that Lydekker’s premises were wrong. I agree with

Mr. Chasen that as a sub-species has been created for the Malayan

elephant it should be called indicus and not hirsutus. Chasen

himself writes—

‘It has not yet been demonstrated that the elephants of Siam and the

Malay Peninsula diifer from the Indian form. . .’

It seems therefore that indicus is the more suitable name if

hirsutus can be shown to be inappropriate. In remote ages wild

elephants came down the Malay Peninsula from the north, and

until it is shown that the elephants in Malaya have some more or

less general characteristics which distinguish them from the Indian

variety | think we should be content to call them Elephas maximus

indicus.

I cannot agree to the claim put forward that the

Malayan elephant is of a smaller size than the Indian

elephant. I have known of several elephants which have been

shot in Malaya which measured over o/ 6” at the shoulder. I

shot one myself measuring g’ 64”, and Mr. FE. Frederiksen shot

one measuring 9/ 83”. Although elephants in India have been

recorded as having measured over ten feet such occurrences have

been rare and may well be considered abnormal. Blanford in Fauna

of British India states that the height of adult males does not

as a rule exceed g’ 0” at the shoulder and I should say that this is

correct for the Malayan form.

In Malaya tusks ,weighing over 70 pounds the pair are not

uncommon and, as I have shown later on, tusks up to. over

140 pounds the pair have been obtained. Such a weight however

should be considered very exceptional.

During the last few decades the numbers of firearms’ has

increased so much in Malaya that many elephants have been shot

under the mistaken idea that allowing such _indiscriminating

slaughter benefits the cultivator by saving his crops; a fallacy

which is very apparent to anyone who has lived in Malaya for

many years. Many elephants are wounded and injured by this

method and I think it is fair to say that few male elephants in

Malaya reach a ripe old age. This might account for the com-

paratively small ivory that is generally obtained in Malaya.

Before passing on to the main theme of this ‘article I should

like to mention the fact that the origin of the wild elephants in

Borneo is somewhat obscure. They are found only in the northern

portion of the island; in that part of the territory known as

British North Borneo. f

I am informed that the earliest mention made of elephants in

Borneo is by Pigafetti, Chronicler of Magellan, who records that

during a visit to Brunei in 1521 they were conveyed to the palace

on caparisoned elephants. But this does not prove that they

were indigenous to Borneo. ;

There is a persistent story that a Prince from the West

presented the Rajah of Solo with some tame elephants, but the

Raja found that these elephants were rather a nuisance so he had

them shipped to the east coast of Borneo and there let loose.

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 485

If this is true it may account for the wild elephants in North

Borneo, but we are still left without knowledge of their exact

origin.

The only clue, and a very slender one, is the fact that many,

possibly most, of the mature male elephants in Borneo have very

straight tusks and do not conform with the usual curved tusks of

Elephas maximus. 5

It is possible that the Borneo elephants came originally from

Sumatra. Dutch records will show whether straight tusks are

common or not amongst the wild herds in Sumatra. I have seen

photographs of elephants shot in Sumatra and their tusks appeared

to be straighter than those I have generally seeu in Malaya.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT.

Wild elephants, not so many decades ago, were widely distri-

buted throughout Peninsular Malaya, but owing to the opening

up of the country for commercial purposes there is now probably

not a tenth of the number of elephants that once roamed the

Malayan jungle.

The elephant has not been wisely conserved; it has been looked

upon as a menace to progress and quite unnecessary loopholes

have been permitted in the Game Laws to enable Elephas maximus

to be destroyed on the weakest grounds.

to go into the harm which has resulted from the wounding of

many elephants by irresponsible persons, who are allowed to shoot

at an elephant in alleged defence of crops with any weapon, how-

ever inadequate: but such actions have resulted in large numbers

of elephants being wounded and becoming rogues, thus establishing

a vicious circle difficult to deal with.

At the present time on the West Coast of Malaya there are

few elephants left, and those left are by no means left in peace.

In many places untidy native cultivation is an attraction to ele-

phants, and as many of these clearings are allowed to take care

of themselves for weeks at a time much damage is sometimes done

to what is called ‘cultivation’. There is then a clamour for more

executions, so the Malayan elephant’s hopes for the future are

very uncertain. Perhaps due to the persecution that they have

been subject to, elephants in the higher country in Malaya have

taken to travelling long distances right up to the tops of the

mountains. I have seen the tracks of elephants as high as 5,000 feet

altitude, but they have been seen even on the tops of the highest

mountains which reach to 7,000 feet. Generally these wanderers

are solitary bulls, but not necessarily old animals, and disturbance

may have something to do with their long treks. I have seen

herd elephants between the 2,000 feet and 3,000 feet contour,

but they were feeding on bamboo at the time, which was no doubt

the attraction, and their presence may be considered as a normal

migration during the bamboo season.

This is not the place —

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit |

The elephant is not used to any extent in Malaya for transport

and very little for show. "There are mo tribes* here, as 1 lmena

who have made a living for generations by tending elephants, and

there is not the same desire to conserve the elephant for purposes of

utility.

In Burma and Siam they are extensively used in the teak

forests, but here there is nothing to correspond to that class of

labour.

There are no reserves on the West Coast which are of any use

to elephants, except possibly a sanctuary in Johore near Segamat.

With that one exception I think we must recognize that the

Malayan elephant on the west side of the Peninsula 1s doomed to

extinction, although for many years an occasional animal or two

may be found in the mountainous country.

On the East Coast, the position is better because the country

is less opened up and there are at least two reserves which should

prove the saving of the Malayan elephant as a species. The King

George V National Park, an area of nearly 1,800 square miles,

extending over portions of the three States of Pahang, Trengganu

and Kelantan, is mostly mountainous terrain, but still is favourable

in many parts for elephant.

The danger lies in the defective and inadequate legislation

which has been passed to guard this sanctuary. Unless great care

is taken, the Park will become a refuge for wildlife, including

elephants, in name only.

I do not think that wild elephants have been recorded as having

been found on Singapore Island, but they have reached the southern-

most portion of the Peninsula and have roamed the jungles from

coast to coast. The whole of the Malay Peninsula was their domain

in days not so far past, and there is still sufficient of their natural

environment left to make it possible, with wise conservation, to

save them from extermination.

- THE MaALayAn ELEPHANT AND His JUNGLE.

Malayan elephants spend most of their time in primeval forest

and it is, I think,-only after their true habitat. has become too

restricted for their needs -that- they -have .to forage for food in

secondary jungle, and.so tend.to become a nuisance to cultivators

and contract the: habit of going on to cultivated or semi-cultivated

land. capt EDL veterans aes

The Forest Reserves in the low country of Malaya are no

permanent refuges for elephant because they are at times much

disturbed, and elephants like all other wild animals hate disturbance.

The Malayan elephant is compelled to travel great distances in

search of food. It is a discriminative eater and does not take

just whatever comes to hand. G. P. Sanderson in his well-known

book Thirteen Years Among the Wild Beasts of India writes:

‘An elephant in captivity should be supplied with 800 pounds of good

fodder every day, of which it will eat about 650 pounds and waste about

150 pounds.’

It is unlikely that a wild elephant eats less than an elephant

in captivity, so it does not require any great stretch of the

yovgqnH ‘Z| ‘ALUVd AHL SNIOL

tied Sica f P Te = ae ee 7 ot or" “s

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 487

imagination to appreciate that a mature wild elephant has to do

a good deal of foraging to satisfy its appetite. Anyone, who

has tracked wild elephants in virgin jungle, knows that they cover

many miles through the forest during the day, picking up a little

food here and there, but doing most of their feeding during the

night.

- Although a herd of elephants probably has more or less defined

parts of the country in which it feeds, and although this terrain

covers a big area, when elephants have been much disturbed and

their domain restricted by the opening up of the country, then

damage to cultivation is likely to occur.

For many years in the Plus Valley in Perak, a district well

patronized by rubber planters, considerable damage was done to

para rubber cultivation. When giving evidence before the Wild

Life Commission ot Malaya in 1930, European witnesses stated

that during twenty years of endeavour to deal with the elephants

that raided their estates in that area, 36 elephants had been shot; the

value of rubber trees destroyed by elephants was estimated at

420,000; and there were more elephants than ever.

However a scheme was inaugurated on the recommendation of

the Commission that overcame the difficulties, which as records

show was a complete success, ‘lhe useless killing of elephants

ceased. By a system of patrols, the cost of which was met half

by the government and half by the estates, elephants were

prevented from reaching the planted area. ‘Lhe result of this

action shows that indiscriminate shooting of elephants, as in this

case, was not only unnecessary but useless as a complete defence

to the menace fromm marauding elephants. The Plus Valley scheme

can well be considered as an example to others who wish to pro-

tect cultivation and at the same time preserve wildlife.

Since those days the electric tence has come into use and I

have no doubt will prove, where properly erected and looked

atter, a very efhcient check against wandering elephants.

Where land is given out in isolated blocks in elephant country

for, what will most certainly result, in ‘fugitive cultivation’, where

the main game trails are cut up, and where temporary crops are

planted in, what might be described as favourite stamping grounds

tor the larger fauna, there is bound to be trouble from elephants.

Under such conditions they will sometimes be driven away,

sometimes wounded, sometimes even killed, so, in such country,

they move on and on in search of that solitude and tranquillity

which must be part of their normal life. Thus they get forced

back and back into unopened mountainous country which is not

a congenial environment, nor can it be a permanent part of their

true habitat, and is not, I believe, suitable country for normal

breeding.

When with a herd, a newly born elephant is a fascinating little

animal; fussing around amongst the legs of its mother; waving

about a much undeveloped trunk; very important; and with its

pinkish skin making a striking note in the picture. This pinkish

colour is probably retained for some weeks, but it is difficult to

das

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtl

make accurate observations on colour because the wild elephant

is So

often covered with mud.

I recollect on one occasion, when hunting elephants, trying to

locate a tusker which I knew was with the herd. While doing

this

some of the herd moved uphill away from me _ and

ran across the trail we had made a few minutes before when

making our approach. Immediately a shrill trumpet gave the

alarm and an avalanche otf elephants came down the hill towards

our position. I slipped behind a tree, a big comfortable tree,

expecting the elephants to sweep past me. None of them came

unpleasantly close; but an old cow, another female and a tiny calf

seemed to deliberately change their direction and stopped a few

yards on the other side of my tree. _I1 had a good view of the calf.

its litthe trunk, still much undeveloped, waved about: aimlessly

from under its mother. There was no mistaking that the calf had

flesh-coloured skin which certainly had no long hair on it. Presently

these elephants moved off down the hill to join the rest of the herd;

not altogether to my disappointment! I never caught up to the

herd again and so did not ‘see the tusker,

I do not know how long the calves suckle their mothers.

Plate

the female’s left breast full of milk. This calf was not very smal

but I could not estimate its age.

So soon as the calves get a little bigger they become independ-

and although they do not wander far from their mother or

from the other temale, which is generally in attendance, and about

which I have something to say later on, they act exactly like

children and frequently become a nuisance to their elders. It is

no uncommon thing, when in the vicinity of a herd of elephants,

to hear a shrill squeal from a baby elephant, which is in protest

to some correction by its mother generally a whack from her trunk.

As Plate No. 1 shows a small elephant, even when suckling, will

Cries

take

and try to et its share, of; the sulphur water with the ES of

them.

In that particular case I think the baby was not very eee a

Lecause it wandered away from the lick after a minute or so and

seemed uncertain what to do with itself. The playfulness of ele-

phants even when mature is well shown in Plates Nos. 3 and 4

where a young tusker climbs up on to a log just for fun. Plate

No. 4 shows by the expression on his face how pleased he was

with himself, and well he might be, because he balanced himself

on a

wide

walk

from

Plate

shown

which were tuskers, but all young ones. There was a calf in the

herd about four feet high. The log which attracted the attention

of the young tusker has been used many times by elephants doing

the same trick. It is a live log and the abrasions on the bark |

No. 1 shows a young calf with its mother and clearly shows

its place at a salt. lick amongst the ‘big elephants

{

log split down the middle and not more that twelve inches

in the broadest part. Having done that he proceeded to

along the log, turned round, retraced his steps, got down

the log more or less where he had got up, and then as

No. 5 shows disappeared out of the picture. The elephant

in the illustration was one of a herd of seven, three of

‘SOT V SLNOOW YaNSAL

jysiatdory

re: na PRES oP : bad

YIVGGH « LHOIN (lOO ”

[rystatdor)

‘7

THE MALAYAN ELEPHAN1 ds

caused by the clephants’ teet or toe nails grow into little knobs

with which: the top of the log is covered.. shese knobs are shiny

and polushed by tne action of numerous elephants amusing them-

selves on the log.

Jhis herd of crephants was in the same lick as the one showi

in Plate No. 1, ana had a great time. But-not until the leading

cow accompanied by a young tusker, probabiy her son, had hau

their nil, would any olf tne Oi.ners go near the lick.

1 have seen this happen more than once. Lwice have I seen

two tuskers come into tne lick when the bigger one would have

his hil first, the smaller one patiently waiting his turn. In one

case the smaller one got fed up and atter circling uround for some

tume lett the lick witnout getting his medicine ac all.

{ am sure elephanis snow great respect for their elders and

ine younger ones would never think of disputing thei rights to

che urst place in a lick. It have seen the same thing happen with

seladang (bioos gaurus), and | think we might well take a lesson

in these matters trom wild animals whose benaviour under normal

conditions 1s exemplary.

One very striking habit of wild elephants, which i have often

seen, 1S that when an elephant 1s very small another female elephant

will attach itselt to the mother appearing to act as a ‘nurse’ or

protector. ‘those Malays, who are weli-versed in jungle lore,

recognize this phenomenon and call the second elephant the

pengasoh, meaning ‘nurse’ or ‘foster-mother’. ‘lhe incident | have

related ot the littie pink calt coming so close to me was enhanced

in interest by the presence of a second cow. I| have often seen

two cows and one calf and | believe that it is by design and not

just accident. Malay jungle gossip says that the pengasoh 1s

the one to watch if approaching a herd wherein there is a small

calf. the nurse, they state, will take the oftensive while the

mother bustles away with the calf. 1 have never seen this happen.

Malays cannot be considered reliable witnesses, because they

generally mistake quick movements of wild animals as presaging

an attack, and do not wait to observe what really happens.

Cow elephants always, I believe, remain all their lives with their

herd or with one or two companions. They are generally

separated from the herd when calving but not always. I remember

an extraordinary incident that happened on a rubber plantation

in Negri Sembilan many years ago. An elephant had a calf some-

time during the night on the estate amongst the rubber trees,

She was with a herd, and after having heard tremendous trumpetings

during the night, some of the labourers went to investigate the next

morning. They found no elephants but discovered an enormous

after-birth, which alarmed them so much that they reported to the

manager they had found the remains of some extraordinary thing

amongst the rubber, which they believed had been left there by

the elephants! The manager had it well and truly buried. That

is the story I had from the manager whom I knew well. He toid

me that the elephants had left the estate immediately and were

not in the vicinity for some time. It appears that, in this cas¢

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

anyway, the baby elephant was able to get away or be moved

away a few hours after it was born.

In the dense jungle of Malaya it is not easy to observe the

habits of wild animals even elephants, and one’s knowledge of

their lives is bound to be meagre. When hunting them one has

plenty of opportunity of learning how they react when frightened

and occasionally, if you hunt enough, when they are angry; but

except to know what they are likely to do under certain circum-

stances, for instance after heavy feeding or when anxious to catch

up a herd, one really learns very little about the elephant that

lives in a forest.

But, if one takes to the art of photography and tries to get

pictures of elephants one then has a chance of learning something

about them when undisturbed, when unafraid, and when going

about their ordinary occasions. I hunted elephants over a period of

thirty-five years, until about five years ago, when age precluded me

from further strenuous hunting. So f{ took up wildlife photo-

graphy in the Malayan jungle and during the last five years 1 have

learnt more about the normal behaviour of elephants and other

large game than I learnt in all the previous years.

However, before 1 go on to tell you about the observations I

have made of elephants going about their daily rounds and of

their visits to salt licks, I should like to give you a few instances

of what I gleaned when I was still a hunter.

I often noticed, when following solitary elephants, that, when they

fed extensively on a certain creeper known to Malays as akar

beluru and to Science as Entada schefferi, they invariably travelled

far after such a meal. Possibly that particular creeper has some

sustaining effect on the elephant which acts as an incentive to

greater and unusual effort; and although this may seem a rather

far-fetched theory, I have noticed this stimulating effect on an

elephant’s activities too often to be mistaken about it. On the

other hand, when elephants have been feeding on a palm called

bayas in Malay and Oncosperma horrida in the text books, they

are lethargic and unwilling to travel very far. In fact I have

known occasions when an elephant, having fed well but possibly

not too wisely on this palm, would not travel more than a few

hundred yards from where there was a stand of this plant before

he would lie down for a nap; only to return again on waking

up to have another gorge. Possibly the cabbage of this palm may

contain something which acts as a soporific on the elephant?

The cabbage is excellent eating for human beings.

The elephant’s method for getting at the pith of the palm is

interesting. Bayas is covered with an extremely tough, long and

nasty thorn which points downwards, so the elephant presses his

forehead against the palm which, if not too old, is pushed over.

He avoids getting the thorns into his forehead because he presses

with the grain so to speak. Having got his tree down he proceeds

to stamp along the upper half of the trunk from the leaves at the

top, and when it is well and truly reduced to a pulp he eats as

much of the pith as he thinks he can digest. He eats all the

cabbage! This takes a long time because the bayas palm is never

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 491

very big, probably never more than two feet round, and not much

pith can be picked out at one time. I have often thought when

looking at a bayas that had been pushed over, stamped almost flat

with ail the pith removed, how extraordinarily patient and persistent

the animal must have been to pick out the centre of the tree and

leave everything else.

I have never known elephants eat the leaves or roots of wild

ginger. Malays call these plants tepus or pua. There are so many

varieties of wild ginger in Malaya that it is quite possible ele; hants

may eat some of those I have never come across. I have often

seen where they have stamped about and even pulled up some

wild ginger roots but I could never find signs of any of it having

been eaten.

Elephants are fond of many palms and will feed extensively

off the roots and shoots of bertam (Eugeissona triste). This

palm is considered by Forest Officials to be a pest because it grows

very rapidly and extensively, preventing the regeneration of the

useful forest. Bertam is a valuable thatch for houses and as such

the leaves are much used by the peasants. It is only found in

primeval forest not in secondary jungle. I have noticed where

elephants were once fairly numerous and where now they are not

to be found that the bertam had increased very much ard I could

only suppose that so long as there were elephants in that part of

the jungle they kept the bertam in check? That at least can go

to their credit account.

Elephants are fond of most of the varieties of bamboo of

which some large varieties, such as Dendrocalmus flagellifer, are

common in Malava in the higher country. When bamboos throw

out fresh shoots elephants are particularly attracted to the vicinity,

but they are liable to feed on bamboos at any time.

Bamboos in the Malayan jungle produce shoots almost every

month in the year, and although in the hill country there is no

real bamboo jungle, that is to say no great extent of bamboo

except where it is a secondary growth on old Sakai (aborigines)

clearings, there is no shortage of bamboo for elephants through-

out most of the undeveloped country. .

I have mentioned how mischievous young elephants can be,

and when a herd raids cultivation or solitary elephants visit houses

or shacks they often behave in a peculiar way and eat things

which normally would not come within the scope of their diet.

I call to mind a case of a young solitary elephant which had

taken a fancy to visit certain dilapidated huts around which there

was a neglected grove of bananas. The people who lived near by,

Sumatra Malays, left their houses to take care of themselves and

the elephant no doubt emboldened by the lack of human occupation

went farther afield than the shacks and started to investigate the

inside of a house recently abandoned. He pulled down the rear

side of the house and feeling about with his trunk found a sack

of padi (unhusked rice) which he scattered all over the place. He

also upset other things in the house and pulled down a lot of

clothes which were hanging on a line outside,

492. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

I visited the place the following day and could see that the

elephant had thoroughly enjoyed himself !

I followed the elephant, and after tracking him for about three

miles, found where he had stopped to feed and rest. Presently

still following his tracks I saw an enormous heap of droppings

out of which protruded a piece of cloth. I thought this rather

unusual so investigated. We discovered a complete and uninjured

Malay sarong—the cotton skirt worn by Malays. This had pro-

bably come off the clothes line. I told one of my men to take

it to a stream which was close by and wash it. This he did.

We then proceeded after the elephant. Two days afterwards |

returned to the road, hunted up the owner of the house which

had been raided by the elephant and asked him if the sarong was

his. He said it belonged to his daughter. I explained to him that

such a sarong would now have magical properties because it had

been carried through the jungle inside an elephant and had ‘been

recovered. Why I told him this was because Malays attach great

value to an entire durian fruit that is supposed to have passed

through an elephant and been deposited in its droppings.

The durian (Durio zibethinus) is the fruit most valued by Malays

one reason being that it is credited with being an aphrodisiac.

The potency of the fruit is greatly enhanced if it has been eaten

or swallowed by an elephant but nct digested !

An elephant is reputed to wrap the durian, which is covered

with formidable spikes, in some leaves and swallow it whole. I

need scarcely say that I have never seen anything of the sort.

But elephants are fond of durians and will stamp on a fruit which

has fallen from the tree and pick out the pulp covered seeds

from the flattened mess of spikes. I have often seen where that

has been done. It is inconceivable that an elephant can swallow

a durian whole, but I relate the fable as illustrating the credulity

of Malays. So perhaps the Malay got my meaning about the

sarong !

I remember an incident where some Chinese arrived at a remote

spot near a newly constructed road where they wanted to under-

take some mineral prospecting work. They had already had a

community house erected by Malays and they turned up one after-

noon with two bullock carts—it was in pre-motor days—loaded with

provisions, mostly rice, which they proceeded to store in the new

house.

That night a small herd of elephants turned up and investigating

this alteration to the landscape proceeded to pull the walls of

the house down. The walls were only palm leaves. The Chinese

had heard the elephants before they reached the house, and instead

of blowing up their fires and beating some of the kerosene oil

tins that they had with them and generally making their presence

known, which would have scared the elephants, they climbed

up into the rafters of the roof! Quite the worst place they could

have gone to, especially with the elephants playing about below

them and quite capable in their elephantine way of pushing the

house over. The elephants played about with the provisions and

scattered the rice everywhere, I happened to be on the Spot a

SSS ——

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 492,

day or two afterwards—the elephants had banned the prospecting

and the Chinese had gone—and found rice scattered all over the

road in front of the house. I examined the tracks of these

elephants and followed the trail they had made when they left

the vicinity. I noticed that rice was distributed along the trail

and wondered how it had got there. I followed this rice trail

for a mile and then came across the remains of a sack which had

contained the rice and which an elephant had obviously brought to

the spot from the house. It was not much torn and I can only sup-

pose that it had got attached to an elenhant’s tusk and that he was

unable to shake it off. His tracks did not show signs of panic

so I suppose he did not object to the sack very much. He mav

have carried it with his trunk. Wild elephants often carry about

in their trunks bunches of palm leaves with which to beat off

flies and possibly this elephant thought the sack might serve such

a purpose !

J was once after an elephant which had heen causing’ some

trouble. and had killed one or two people and created a reign of

terror in the district he frequented.

We had a lone trek after him. He took us un to the top of

a hill, which at sometime or other had been cleared bv Sakai, and

was now covered with an oldish secondary growth of junole. We

knew we were close to the elenhant: we could smell him. Presently,

when peering about throush the heavv undergrowth—his tracks

eriss-crossed all over the hill ton showing that he had been there

for some time—I saw what looked like a mound of earth but of

a neculiar colour. Goine a tittle closer IT saw somethine wavine

about in the air and realized that what I had mistaken for a

mound of earth was the stomach of the recumbent elephant and

that what was waving about was a bunch of nalm leaves held in

his trunk. The leaves were beino used as a fly switch.

I could then make out a little more of the elenhant but the

eround was unfavourable and there was a large ant-hill hetween

mvself and the beast which masked my view. An approach from

another direction was ruled out on account of wind. TI was close

to the elephant, twenty yards at the outside, and J felt sure that

when he stood up, as he was bound to do presently, I must bag

him. Presently the fly switch stopped waving about and I saw

the elephant very slowly bending one of his hind legs. IT could

not see his forelegs. 1 realized that he had our wind and was

about to jump un. Perhaps an elephant cannot jump but his

extraordinarily quick movements can only be described by that

word. He bent his hind leg inch by inch until he had bent it pretty

well as far as it would go, and then was on his feet and had

swune round away from me so quickly that I had no chance of

getting a bead either on his head or behind his shoulder. He

was gone. I followed him for some time and came up to him in

thick jungle, when he heard me, turned round towards me, and

then swung away down a steepish hill side. He was gone again.

The very rapid movements of this elephant on both occasions

were really astonishing and I had no sort of a chance of killing

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

him. Perhaps he had a guilty conscience? I did get him the

next day however. I slept on his tracks and followed him up

into the foothills of the main range.

I have often seen letters in sporting papers discussing the

habits of elephants and in some cases disputing the fact that

elephants lie down to rest or sleep except very occasionally. I do

not pretend to any first-hand knowledge of the African elephant

but the Malayan elephant most certainly does lie down when

he wants to rest. It is one of their regular habits to lie down

during the heat of the day and I have often seen them or disturbed

them when sleeping. One of the chances of getting a clue to the

size of a bull’s tusks is to examine a place where he has been

lying down to find the impression of a tusk. They favour sloping

ground, the side of a low ant-hill being a common selection for

the mid-day nap.

That they also doze, I would not say sleep, leaning against a

tree is true but this is no substitute for their regular sleep.. In

following a herd I have almost invariably found the spot where they

have been sleeping during the daytime—sometimes lying almost in a

heap! They often lie down in the vicinity of a favourite salt-lick

especially if there is a youngster with the herd.

Elephants like tapioca (Manihot utilissima) which is grown in

some quantities throughout the Peninsula. Sakai especially favour

its planting it being an easy crop to look after as it wants no

attention! Elephants pull up the shrubs and eat the tubers. Com-

plaints are sometimes made that elephants are doing damage to

tapioca plantations, which generally belong to Chinese; but there

is usually some contributory cause.

‘I recollect one case where much damage was alleged to have

been done to a Chinese-owned tapioca plantation. This place was

inter-planted with rubber which was more valuable than the

tapioca, and both products were suffering. There were two

elephants accused of this marauding but when I visited the estate

only one was in residence. I shot this elephant which practically

lived on the plantation. The reason was not far to seek. The

unfortunate animal had been wounded by a piece of a mild steel

rod two inches long, sharpened at one end, which had_ been

fired from a twelve bore gun. This ‘bullet’ was embedded in

the muscles of the left hind foot, the elephant having been shot

from behind. He had not only a badly swollen foot but was unable

to walk except quite slowiy. The other elephant was shot not

long afterwards by a friend of mine who found that it had a

terrible drop-spear wound in its back and was no doubt badly

incapacitated. These two unfortunate elephants, unable to go

their usual jungle rounds, found easily obtained food on this planta-

tion and so practically lived there. They resented being driven

away. Who can blame them? Try taking a bone away from a

well-fed dog and see what he thinks about it? These poor

wounded animals were unable owing to the action of man to go

pans their lawful occasions and had to get food as best they

could,

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 495

I traced the steel rod to a Malay on the plantation who was

employed by the Chinese manager as a ‘hunter’—poacher would

be a more correct term—and it was due to his action that one of

the elephants lived on the estate. The fact that the elephant had

been fired at was never disclosed to me at the time I went to the

plantation to look for it.

This is a playful habit Malays have after having fired at an

elephant; complain of damage to crops but never disclose the

fact that the elephant has been wounded.

On one occasion I might easily have got into trouble. I was

asked to deal with an elephant which was alleged to have caused

a lot of trouble in a small Malay settlement.

I was very busy at the time and could only spare a day. So

I left my house in the early morning, while it was still dark, and

motoring about twenty miles arrived at the place where a track

went into the jungle, taking me to the usual conglomeration of

tumble down Malay huts and poor cultivation. An elephant had

certainly been in amongst the bananas and weeds and I found that

he had visited this place during the previous night, so I had a

good chance of getting up to him. I had to get back home that

evening and my tactics in dealing with the elephant had to be

based on that fact.

I made careful inquiries, and I think I must have been suspicious,

because I asked if the elephant had been fired at and was assured

that it had not. The truth was that it had been fired at several

times and only two days before had been followed up and once

more wounded. These wounds merely annoyed it because it came

back almost at once to have a few more of the banana plants.

When following it up I was, of course, unaware that it had

been recently wounded, but was again I think suspicious when

I found that it had travelled for miles and miles from this ‘cultiva-

tion’, and it was not until about mid-day that we came close to

it. In those days I had a Malay tracker named Mat Yasin who

had been with me for some years and who understood the habits

of both elephants and myself. The elephant had followed the bed

of a river for a long distance and had then turned up a steep

hill which he steadily climbed. We were not far behind him but

he was travelling as quickly as we were. Presently he stopped,

and I said to Yasin that so soon as he started to feed we must

come up to him. Sure enough in a few minutes we heard him

feeding on bertam palms on a steep hill side along which his

tracks had taken us. I could see him but only got a stern view.

He was feeding and slowly moving along the hill side. The wind

was wrong for an approach from above him; from down hill, I

could see nothing. While manoeuvring for an approach—we were

within twenty-five yards of him—I saw his trunk go up and wave

about in the air. I knew he had scented us and turning to Yasin

made a gesture of disappointment because I presumed that he

would make off and it was too late to follow him farther because

I had to get back.

While my head was turned towards Yasin I was startled to hear

@ shrill scream from the elephant who swung round and came

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil

straight for us. He bobbed along through the thick bertam fol-

lowing his own trail where the “palms were broken down and

tangled up. I was so taken by surprise that I threw up my rifle

without releasing the safety catch, took it down from my shoulder

to see what was the matter, then pushed up the catch. The ele-

phant was within ten yards of me when I fired. I almost missed _

him merely hitting him on the side of the face. Fortunately, that

was not to his liking. He threw out both of his forefeet and

slid along towards me doing his best to put the break on and pull

up. I also was anxious to prevent him running into me so jumped

down the hill side. As I turned, when clear of the track, I saw

his stern disappearing up the hill. But he did not go far. I

heard him stop, and no doubt he intended to fight, having got

over the shock of the pain on the side of his face and the flash

of the powder just in front of him. I reloaded, scrambled up the

bank and almost at once saw him standing sideways on somewhat

above me and about twenty yards away. I gave him both barrels

behind the shoulder which finished the hunt. But it was ee

close enough to be exciting.

Later on I measured where he had stopped and turned up the

hill and found that he had slid along about five yards and actually

came within six yards of where I had been standing. There were

ereat furrows where he had tried to dig his toes in to stop himself.

This elephant was another victim of the indiscriminate shooting

of Malays. He had only one tusk, the other had been broken

off owing to a wound in the base of the tusk sheath; a nasty

mess of suppuration and diseased tusk being in the socket.

His good tusk had been hit quite recently by a bullet and

chipped near the gum. He had several fresh body wounds, mostly

flesh wounds. What these unfortunate animals must suffer from

these ill attempts to kill them is heyond estimation. No wonder

they become rogues. The marvel is that one does not hear of

more people being killed.

This is merely one instance amongst many that have been

experienced by hunters who have gone after elephants wounded

by Malays. friend of mine was very nearly killed under similar

circumstances.

I have in my house a collection of skulls of mature bull

elephants and nearly all show signs of old bullet wounds. It is

by no means uncommon to hear of elephants being killed with

only one tusk, the other damaged or broken off short due to

suffering from old wounds.

Elephants when unwounded are not difficult to drive away

from cultivation; but when wounded become a very different pro-

position. The entire question of damage to crops by elephants is

intimately connected with the large distribution of guns to Malays

and the encouragement given to them to fire at elephants if in

the vicinity of ‘cultivation’. Elephants undoubtedly become a

nuisance -and a danger under such circumstances, but the ball is

started rolling by irresponsible persons who will cheerfully fire

at elephants and then leave them to their fate. Very few Malays

would think of following up a wounded elephant, and when firing

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 497

at one will generally aim anywhere. Although there is a legal

obligation on the person who wounds an elephant to report the

fact, in actual practice they seldom if ever do so, with results

similar to what I have related.

On one occasion I had a few uncomfortable moments when

an elephant which I had fired at for the temple shot, but had

failed to kill, came back on his tracks—running away, not charg-

ing—and got far too close to me to be comfortable. As he came

back on his own track I fired at him again and then with an

empty rifle nipped behind a big tree. He came as far as the tree,

where I had been standing for some time, and stopped. At this

exact spot he got my wind for the first time. Here was I with

an empty rifle crouching behind this tree, with the elephant on

the other side of the tree swishing his trunk about in the dead

leaves trying to locate where the nasty smell came from. For-

tunately his trunk did not come round the tree. He _ presently

moved away and shortly collapsed. My second bullet had taken

him through the trunk, down his throat, and finished up in his

liver. ;

When one has hunted elephants as long as I have, especially

in the dense jungles of Malaya, adventures are bound to come

along at times. The man who always kills an elephant with one

shot is not a hunter but a liar. It is the adventures that are

the real attraction of the chase, besides one can always fight one’s

battles over again. As Sir Richard told Una in Kipling’s story

of ‘Old Men at Pevensey’—‘We talked together of times past.

That is all men can do when they grow old, little mard’.

Just one more hunting incident. I was hunting in the mountains

and came across the tracks of a sizeable elephant which I followed.

He was an old beast with rounded front toe nails, but shortened

by much hill climbing. An old elephant in the low country will

have long toe nails because the older he gets the more he puts his

weight on his heels.

It took me six days to get this elephant. He crossed the main

range of the Peninsula three times. Twice he got our wind.

That appears to have given him a fright and he travelled a long

way. On one occasion we were climbing up a rocky gully which

by some conjuring trick the elephant had scrambled up, feeding

on wild bananas on the way. He was someway up the mountain

and we were not very close to him, but the wind blowing up the

gully must have given him a concentrated dose of human scent,

well accentuated by our exertions. When we arrived at the head

of the gully we found that he had rushed off, followed a ridge

for a short distance and then hurled himself down a hill side

almost as steep as the gully we had just come up. In his blind

rush he went straight through a grove of the deadly buloh semilian,

(Dendrocalamus giganteus), a bamboo which fractures with an

edge as sharp as a razor, and normally avoided by elephants

except when throwing out new shoots. He got a very nasty cut

on his trunk for his panic, and bled freely. The wound, about

three inches long, was still wide and gaping when I bagged him

a day or two afterwards.

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

On the last day but one he left the mountains and following

one of his old trails came to a place where we had, two or three

days before, stored some rice to be picked up if we required it

on the homeward journey. We had also stopped there to cook

some food. He came to the tree where the rice was kept but

was more interested in the ashes of our fire than the rice which

he did not touch. Had he destroyed the rice we could not have

followed him for the full six days because my carriers would have

been out of food; he missed his chance and lost his life. After

rummaging about amongst the ashes of our fire he turned off the

track and went straight up the mountain again. When we did

get up to him he was right on the watershed of the main range

in rough coun‘ry, where manoeuvring was out of the question ;

one could not follow his trail until close to him. About mid-day

on the sixth day, we were climbing up the mountain side following

an old elephant path which wound about trying to avoid the

steepest places, when we heard him far above us. The only thing

to do was to carry on along his tracks, but the broken nature of

the ground with many wind eddies following the gorges gave

him a good chance of getting our wind before we could get near

him.

But our luck was good and gradually after some stiff climbing

we were close to him. His trail followed a steep hill side round

the head of a gully and following this we saw his enormous hind

quarters across the gully. His head was hidden and any approach

seemed impossible. He was right on the end of a little spur.

For once, when hunting, the wind did me a good turn. He

got our scent; he could not go over the spur so slowly turned

round no doubt intending to return by the trail we were on. As

he turned he stopped for a brief second and gave me a perfect

shot which I was not slow to avail myself of. He slowly sank

to his knees and settled down into a sitting posture. He had a

good pair of tusks weighing 75 pounds the pair. It was a long

trek back to my main camp but nothing mattered now that the

elephant was bagged and it had been a hunt never to be forgotten.

That sixth day must have been the last day I could have followed

him; our provisions were too low to allow me to go farther from

my base. I may consider that I had great luck in bagging him

at all, and he had had bad luck in not finding my caché of rice.

At times during periods of sexual desire elephants must come

to trials of strength; but in all my vears following elephants in

the jungle I have never come across elephants fighting nor have

I seen places where such fights have taken place.

The nearest I ever came to it was on an occasion when 1 was

following a herd of elephants and became aware that overlaying

the tracks of the herd was that of a fair-sized bull. ‘There was

a bull in the herd I knew, and it looked to me as if this second

bull had either been told to keep his distance or was anxious to

force his way into the herd. As we came nearer to the elephants

we heard trumpet after trumpet and I hoped to have the thritl

of seeing an elephant fight. But I think the trumpeting was solely

from the following bull screaming in impotent frustration, He

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 499

hadn’t the guts to force an issue perhaps? But he felt he had

to take it out of something and presently he had his revenge on

a tree!

He rushed at a soft wood tree of about 12” in diameter and

by a mighty thrust split it in two. He drove so hard that he cut

his gum on the fracture of the tree leaving a large blood smear

where his tusk had entered. Well, I hope he felt better after that;

we all know the benefit that accrues from letting off a little steam

at times.

But elephants use their tusks in more useful ways than as

safety valves. I remember seeing a coconut tree which had been

pierced by an elephant’s tusk and actually uprooted. This was

done, I think, by accident, because the elephant having driven his

tusk into the tree could not get it out again and in his struggles

pulled the tree up. I felt sure that was what happened because

he carried the coconut tree, presumably still stuck on his tusk, a

distance of about thirty yards, where he got rid of it. This little

diversion had shaken him so much that he did not wait to eat the

coconut cabbage, the whole object of his attack on the tree, but left

the place where the coconut tree had hit back, and cleared into

the jungle.

Animals do sometimes attach any difficulty they get into to the

place or locality that they are in and leave it as quickly as they can.

I had a siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus) for many years as

a pet and this was a strong trait in his character.

Elephants sometimes uproot trees or push them over when

suffering pain from wounds. At one salt lick where I went some-

times to search for tracks I picked up, on one occasion, the tracks

of a big elephant which had been venting his rage or searching

for relief from pain by knocking over trees in all directions.

Although this elephant’s tracks were only 24 hours old I never

got.up to him despite the fact that I followed him for six days. No

doubt his abnormal restlessness was due to pain. He finally after

leading me over a great extent of country came back to the

lick, and as I was no nearer to him then than I was when I started,

I went home.

I got this elephant the following year and as one of his tusks

had been broken off short and there were recent lesions in the

skull in the vicinity of the base of the tusk I connected his

behaviour the previous year with these wounds.

It is not a very uncommon thing to bag a bull elephant that

has lost its tail or part thereof, I have shot three whose tails

have been so mutilated. Malays believe that the bull elephant

loses part of his tail by the action of a jealous female which taking

him at a disadvantage pulls his tail until it breaks!

It seems to me more likely that these mutilated tails are due

to the attacks of tiger when the animals are still young. Tigers

do attack young elephants even when nearing maturity. I was

hunting at one time up a river where seladang were often to be

found. I had made camp and as it was only five o’clock on a

fine afternoon I thought, as I had been in a boat all day, that a

little exercise would do me good. So I went up the river to a

500 sOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLH

large abandoned clearing where seladang sometimes fed in the

evening. When coming round a bend in the river 1 saw an

animal moving along a sand bar coming towards me. I. could

only see the top otf its back from where we stopped. I climbed

up the bank and sure enough there was a young temale elephani

coming along slowly on tne edge of the river. Presently the

elephant ente:ed the river and started throwing water all over her,

then reaching the opposite bank found a mud hole and squirted

the mud all over her back. She looked rather peculiar and

examining her with my glasses—she was fitty yards away—l

discoverea that her rignt ear was half torn off and her flank was

badly scored. ‘These wounds must have been the work of a tiger.

She looked pretty woebegone as she passed into the jungle and

went on down stream. We had come about half a mile from

cainp and if she continued the way she was going she would

bump right into my camp.

there were three men in my camp and this is what they told

me when we got back. One of them had gone down to the

river to get water, when looking up stream he saw an elephant

only a few yards trom him. He did not hother about the water

but made best time up the bank, told the others what he had seen

and shinned up a tree which was just in front of my tent. The

others wasted no time and did the same thing. ‘hey were hardly

well settled in the branches of this tree, weil out of the way of

all elephants, when the elephant appeared directly opposite them,

crossed to a sand spit where my boat was fastened up, passed the

camp and came to a clothes line on which there were some clothes.

Here she stopped and the men up the tree in the valour of their

ignorance shouted at her. They were quite sate but they never

tnought of the camp. ‘That shout was too much for her nerves;

she gave a little squeal and ran up the bank using the steps 1

had had cut and arrived actually at my tent door and directly below

the tree which sheltered the three brave men

She stopped there a moment and then slowly walked into the

forest. She touched nothing, and I was extremely lucky.

Next day I went down the river. During the night the elephant

had followed the siver for about ten miles, no doubt frequently

bathing her sore body. At one place she had lain down on the

wet sand. Finally she joined up with the fresh tracks of a herd,

which had come from up-river but had not followed it. I expect

that this was her herd from which she had been ‘cut out’ by a

LIST:

In addition to the danger to cultivation from wounded elephants

travellers in the jungle are also liable to suffer from their

depredations. 3

A river which I sometimes travel up to visit salt licks is

frequented by a small herd of elephants that undoubtedly had for

sometime a wounded or seriously incapacitated elephant amongst

their number. I noticed more than once a peculiar track mixed

up with the normal tracks of the herd, and came to the conclusion

that one of the elephants had a damaged hind leg, or was hurt

THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 501

in some way so that it had not proper control over one of its

hind legs.

Subsequent to noticing this 1 was camped on the river bank,

on a site often used by me, and having occasion tc go iarther up

the river left some canned provisions and three drums olf benzine,

well hidden as we thought, in the jungle near the camp site. |

was thinking of human marauders, not elephants.

When we came back some five or six days atterwards we found

that some elephants had visited the site, had carefully hunted out

cur ‘well hidaen’ benzine tins, stamped them fiat, and finding the

provisions proceeded to scatter them about with a malicious

inoroughness worthy of a better cause.

lhe trame of my camp was smashed to pieces and to complete

the insult an elephant hau tried to make a wallow just in front ot

where my tent was usually erected. |

1 had frequently used thai camp site and elephants had often

been around but, with one exception which | will presently relate,

no elephant had ever come close to my camp. Not long ailter-

wards a dead elephant was found on the river bank within a tew

mules Of this spor. Lt was one of the herd that had raided my

camp site and 1 believe it is permissible to suggest that the hera,

normally ot good pehaviour, were incited by the presence ol a

wounded elepnant to forget their usual good manners.

{he other incident was more excitmg Lecause we were in camp

at the time. At about 2 a.m. 1 was awakened trom a sound sleep

by my tent coming down on top of me. | thought that the brancn

o1 a tree had tallen on my ridge pole and broken it, and jumping

up with a shout I struggied trom under the canvas.

A couple ot tapir haa been round the camp the previous night

and one of my men who slept close by, hearing a noise, got up

with his electric torch and came towards my tent thinking that

he was going to see a tapir or possibly two.

But ne got a severe shock when he heard a crack, saw one

end of my tent collapse, and the hind quarters of a smallish

elephant disdppearing into the jungle.

Investigations next morning showed that this elephant, a small

tusker still in the playful stage, had come out of the jungle, walked ~

along beside the wall of my tent, then investigated my cook shed

which he did not seem to appreciate, turned back following the

same route and passed behind my tent the back of which he pro-

ceeded to examine. | still slept! While doing this he knocked

over a tin dipper which clattered to the ground. This scared him,

and turning round hit my tent pole with that part of his anatomy

which should never be used as a weapon, and broke it in two.

Down came my tent but by that time he was well and _ truly

frightened so made tracks for the jungle. The herd was not far

away but the little bull had wandered off by himself as they so

often do.

This happened before there was a wounded elephant in the

herd, so far as I know.

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisS?T. SOCIETY, Vole era

THE Matayan ELEPHANT AND HIS SALT-LICKS.

I believe that in the Malayan jungles the salt-licks, so widely

distributed, are an important factor in the life story of the elephant.

But although they have no doubt contributed to the contentment

and good health of many species of large game, they have also

caused them much _ suftering and loss through the agency of

poachers. A salt-lick is an easy place for a man, with no great

desire to work, to sit up and hope for a chance shot at something

that may come into the lick, seeking the sulphur water which

most of these licks contain.

So for many years some of those Malays who possessed guns

took advantage of this habit of wild animals, and hoping

to have pot shots either from the safe vantage of a tree, if

a large animal such as an elephant, a rhinoceros, or a seladang

was the desired object; or from a shelter on the ground it

after sambhur or barking deer. An enormous number of animals

have been fired at, some killed, but many more wounded, and

animals gradually developed a technique which kept them away

from salt licks except at night. ‘Then the electric torch appeared on

the scene and night shooting in salt licks came into fashion.

This would be designated by certain types of mind as ‘progress’,

and it may be trom one point of view, but it meant annihilation

tor the wid animals.

The law in Malaya prohibits these acts but it is weakly

administered and these tricks are not altogether checked so far

as deer are concerned. Elephants have suttered from being shot

at out of trees, as the testimony of skulls that I have give proof,

and I think that the large number of elephants with one or even

two tusks damaged that have been shot in Malaya, shows that

there have been attempts to kill many more elephants than is

generally supposed. But other means are used besides sitting up

in trees over salt licks. I shot an elephant on one occasion which

had five scars on its stomach which had healed up but which must

have caused it endless pain and inconvenience when freshly

inflicted. These five scars, more or less evenly spaced, were

where five bamboo spikes had penetrated its body when going

down a steep bank on an elephant trail to cross a river. The

excuse for doing these acts is generally that they have been set

to keep elephants away from ‘cultivation’, although there might

be no cultivation within miles that counted for anything. I have

seen these infernal things set on trails and can imagine how easily

an elephant can be injured by them. The trails leading to salt-

licks were favourite places for setting traps of various sorts, and

it was, I think, on the approaches to the salt-licks or in the licks

themselves that most of the harm was done.

I have inspected many remote salt-licks in my time and in all

the larger ones I found tracks of elephants. But although I

know from such observations that elephants frequently used these

licks I have only been able to get photographs of elephants in

one lick, in fact have only seen elephants in this one lick.

THE MALAVYAN ELEPHANT 503

So my remarks regarding the actual behaviour of elephants in

a salt-lick, as seen with my own eyes, refer to one lick, although

I have of course been able to read from their tracks in other licks

something of what they have been doing during the hours of

darkness. The one lick where I have gleaned much from watching

elephants is situated in the remote jungles of Pahang, not very

far from the main range and is known as Jenut ‘Lanau. Jenut is

one of the words used by Pahang Malays for salt-lick; other

words being Taram and Sesap or Sesapan, although the latter

word is never so far as I know used for a sulphur-spring lick.

In Perak the word used is Sira.

fenut Lanau was a very favourite haunt for poachers a few

years ago; it has a great attraction for sambhur and no doubt

many have given up their lives in the vicinity of the lick.

Although elephants have been fired at in this lick, I think that

owing to it being an exceptionally good sulphur lck, that is to

say it has a potent sulphur spring which never seems to run dry,

elephants still risk visiting it in the daytime. Also the lick has

been pretty well guarded during the last few years. It is within

a day’s journey of my house!

_ The reason for so many of the licks being avoided by elephants

during the day time is, J think, because their traditions warn

them of the danger during the daylight hours. Even at fenu?

Lanau elephants are often in the vicinity of the lick, but only visit

imaurine the night; in. fact most of their visits are at night.

There is.a very old elephant which sometimes comes to Jenut

Lanau, but I have never been able to catch him there during the

day-time although on several of my visits I have found his tracks

and learnt that he had been there during the night. Now there

is a story attached to this elephant, which although mostly in the

realms of conjecture, is worth relating.

Ome of the “main game-trails taking one to or from /Jenut

Lanau follows for a short distance a steepish hill side, the other

boundary to the path being a small river that at this point is a

short but not very steep waterfall.

I noticed on more than one occasion that when this clephant

had visited the lick and had followed this particular game trail,

either coming or going, on reaching the steep hill side he left the

trail and used the waterfall as his trail. Although it is not steep

the rocks are very slippery and I should want to hold on to some-

thing if I walked down it. But this old elephant, with its peculiarly

careful tread, stepping with great care from flatish rock to flatish

rock made his way up or down this small waterfall and then turned

to join the game trail again. <A very old elephant has a character-

istic gait. He walks with great circumspection placing his feet

down carefully and cautiously so that if the ground is at. all

favourable ‘he leaves a very clear and even impress of the sole of

his foot. The natives in parts of East Africa have noticed this

peculiar trait in old African elephants and the Swahili refer to this

way of walking as ‘uvendo wa kimgonge’ which means ‘the gait

of a chameleon’, which also walks with a very deliberate tread.

The Asiatic elephant does the same thing and in the low

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

country, a very distinctly marked track usually showing long toe

nails, almost invariably denotes an old beast.

This was the reason why I thought that the track I had seen

in Jenut Lanau was that of a very old elephant. I was unable

to find a single place where I could with any exactness measure

the track of his forefoot. He had, wherever there was a piece

of level ground, placed with great precision his hindfoot over

the impression of his forefoot. I took several measurements of

the impression of his hindfoot which taped 18” in length and 13”

in breadth.

I do not think that this elephant comes very often to Jenut

Lanau, in fact it is probably merely a visitor not a regular habitué

like my friend shown in Plates Nos, 6 and 7.

On one occasion Wan Teh, my assistant camera-man, was sent

by me to visit Jenut Lanaw and I gave him a cine camera to take

with him. He had the extraordinary good luck to find two ele-

phants in the lick when he arrived there one afternoon.

Unfortunately there was no hide—the old hide had been knocked

down by the young elephants in the herd that frequently comes

into the lick—and a Malay is not good at improvising especially

in the presence of a wild elephant!

But Wan Teh went to the place where the hide is always built

and made a sort of shelter from which he proceeded to photograph

the two elephants in the lick. They were both big elephants, but

the bigger of the two, who was in possession of the lick, was facing

the wrong way round so all Wan Teh got was a good piece of

film of his stern. The other one, waiting his turn, wandered about

on the outside of the lick but mostly behind trees or masked by

the elephant in the lick. He appears in the cine film in one part

emerging from the background with a bunch of palm leaves which

he is using vigorously to keep off the flies. He had a fine pair

of very curved tusks.

The head of the one in the lick was only very occasionally

visible when he shifted his position a little. On the right side

he had a very long straightish tusk, on the left the tusk had been

broken and there was merely a stump in the socket.

Unfortunately the opportunity of examining the tracks was not

taken by Wan Teh so I got no measurements of the foot prints.

Irom the cine photograph I have no hesitation in saying that I

have never seen either of those elephants in that lick before, but

from the pictures it is clear that the one with the broken tusk

was an old animal.

When I first noticed the ‘elephant’s way’ I wondered why the

tracks went down the waterfall and examined the proper game

trail thinking that perhaps there was a big tree or some other

obstruction that he wanted to avoid. But there was nothing of

the sort, in fact the trail had been followed by a small elephant

only a day or so before. This set me thinking; because an old

elephant does not go down a slippery waterfall for fun.

I thought.of poachers and the convenient contour of the ground

which provided a waterfall on one side of the game trail and a steep

hill side on the other. In fact the trail was situated in an ideal spot

c« AOI 1S SI SIHL “Sada; [zystatdoy

—

- THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 505

for the fixing of a drop-spear, or penurun as the Malays call it:

The penurun is generally made by fixing the blade of a spear or a

piece of wood hardened in the fire, into a log of wood which may

be anything up to ten or twelve feet long. This log of wood with

the spike attached is then suspended over a game trail and a trip

rattan is fixed across the trail about the estimated height of an

elephant’s back. The rattan when pushed by the elephant releases

the drop-spear which is connected by an ordinary trigger as used in

bird traps, and the spear descends and probably hits the elephant

somewhere. The uncertainty of inflicting a mortal wound is great

but that did not trouble the poacher; if he got one in ten what did

he care for the sufferings of the other nine?

I thought that it was quite possible that this elephant had been

hit by a penurun when following the trail, had been wounded by it

somewhere in the head so as to damage one of his tusk cavities,

and had avoided the trail ever since. But as I knew that no penurun

had been set near that salt-lick for many years, I felt doubtful about

ever finding a solution to the reason why the elephant disliked that

part of the trail. But after Wan Teh had got a photograph of

what I believe must have been the waterfall elephant, I started to

think again.

I could see from the projection of the cine film that this elephant

had only the stump of a tusk on the left side, and as so many

elephants in Malaya break off tusks because of wounds in the head,

I thought that perhaps here was the solution to the ‘elephant’s

way’ down the waterfall. So the next time I went to Jenut Lanau

i hunted: about to try to get any clue. towards the idea-of a

penurun. I could see nothing on any of the big trees which over-

shadowed the game trail to lead me to believe that they had been

cut for the attachment of a drop-spear, but then probably if there

had been anything of the sort it would have eliminated years ago.

But sometimes one stumbles across evidence quite by accident and

I did here. There was a large old fallen tree, many years fallen,

right at the commencement of where the trail started to follow the

hill side. In fact, when the elephant went down to the waterfall

he stepped off the trail and across this tree to reach the stony

river bed. I thought I would remove this tree because it obstructed

the path and there was a nasty slippery rock directly on the down-

stream side of it. But I found that this old tree was anything

but rotten and it took some work to get it out of the way. While

doing this I discovered that far up the tree,—I could not estimate

how far—a branch had been cut off and it would have been quite

high enough for the attachment for a penurun. The penurun

attachment would have to have a tree on the other side of the

track, but I could see no signs of this; it may have rotted away

long ago. The only reason why the tree I removed was still there

was because it was a hardwood tree which would last for years.

Of course this story is mostly speculation and may not have

any relation to the real facts, or have any connection with the

elephant and the waterfall; nor tnay the loss of one tusk have

had anything to do with the agency of man. But no man would

climb up a big tree to cut off a big branch without some reason

506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

for doing so, so I may not be so far wrong. At any rate it is

always instructive to try to reconstruct some happening in the

jungle the complete solution of which is bound to defeat one.

But the elephant which has given me more enjoyment in this

salt lick than any wild animal I have become intimate with is

the bull shown in Plates Nos. 6, 7, 8. I have seen him twice by

himself and once with another bull. But his most dramatic

entrance and exit was the last time I photographed him.

I was by myself in the hide; Wan Teh having overeaten him-

self remained in camp with the punishment of a severe stomach

ache. I had just got everything ready and had sent the man

away who had come with me from camp with the apparatus, when

in front of my hide I saw a large bull elephant walking sedately

and slowly out of the jungle towards the pool where the lick was.

This was at 9 o’clock in the morning, the hght was none too

good but came from a better direction than the afternoon light

which I had always had to utilize on previous occasions.

As this great tusker came into the lck—I saw him almost

directly. he left the jungle because I happened to be looking jim

that direction—moving slowly across the grass (maidan), my mind

saw in the apparition a great cardboard figure moving with the

regularity of a clockwork elephant. It seemed to me for an instant

so unreal; so unbelievable, so bizarre, that \] had to takes holdot

myself to get down to earth and action. This is very crudely put

but the psychological effect on me was something of that sort.

Had there been the slightest noise the incident could not have

affected me in that way, noise means realism, but this great

elephant came through the jungle without a sound; as is their

wont.

I had a cine camera and two still cameras to look after, rather

a handful. Thev were of course all on stands.

I used the cine as the elephant was coming into the lick but

when he was well down to it in the pool I locked the mechanism

and left the camera to run. I knew he would not go out of the

picture; he was much too busy to leave the sulphur spring or

materially alter his position.

When he arrived at the pool, a pool which gets fouled by

elephants’ droppings, he started to stir up the muck to get it out

of the way I suppose, and then felt about with his trunk for the

spring which was about two feet below the mud and_ water.

Presentiy | saw his trunk quivering and then with a mighty blast

from his trunk he blew all the dirty water away from the mouth

of the spring and got busy. He blew water over his head and

his back and between his legs and then started to drink a most

astonishing number of times. He was actually in the pool for a

quarter of an hour and most of the time he was squirting water

down his throat. He was very careful when he put his trunk

down to get the exact place where the sulphur water issued from

the rocks at the bottom of the pool and I could see quite plainly

that sometimes he had difficulty in satisfying himself that he

really had got to the right spot. He evidently liked his medicine

undiluted. ah Dae § EC

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THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 507

I: had put down some salt and phosphate someway from the

pool as an attraction for deer. The elephant smelt this as I saw

him reach out once or twice with his trunk towards where this

mixture was; but he made no attempt to investigate.

When he had satisfied his wants he slowly turned round and

retraced his steps along the same trail he had entered by and

disappeared into the jungle. What so impressed me at the time

was that when he came in and also when he went out there was

not a sound, and even in the pool it was only when he blew the

mud up and once or twice when he bathed himself that there was

any noise at all.

This elephant is, as I know from his tracks, a frequent visitor

to this lick, as I have already written I have photographed him

three times. He is easily identifiable by a bad scar on his trunk

between the gums of his tusks, which is shown in the photograph

reproduced here. (Plate No. 8.)

I think it is a great privilege to be able to watch any large

animal going about its lawful occasions quite unalarmed, and no

wild animal is more impressive or gives one a greater thrill than

an elephant. It is only possible to appreciate their position and

their prestige in the animal kingdom when one sees them, as |

have often seen them, in their true habitat, in their natural environ-

ment, living as they were intended to live, and filling that function

in nature that they have been created to fill.

An ELEPHANT’S SALT-LICK PARTY.

Perhaps the most interesting incident that I observed and

photographed in this salt-lick in Pahang was when a small herd

of elephants came in late one afternoon, the star turn being a

small calf and the comic turn being a well-grown bull.

I had two friends with me who had come from Singapore and

I took them up to Jenut Lanau. They had only three days to

spend with me and, unless lucky, three days is too short a time

to be at all sure of seeing anything even in that salt-lick.

When we visited the lick we found that a big solitary elephant

had been in during the night, so our hopes ran high. But he did

not come in again while we were there. As so often happens a

small herd followed the big bull and the night before my friends

had to get back we were awakened by elephants trumpeting from

the direction of the lick. It was bad luck on my friends that the

elephants were a day or two too late. Before they left in the

early morning I took them down to the lick but the elephants had

gone. However they were able to see how they had _ enjoyed

themselves in the lick. Obviously this small herd had been in the

lick most of the night.

Later in the day I went to the hide and set up my apparatus.

At four o’clock in the afternoon I heard the elephants trumpet and

again at half past four, but nothing happened until five o’clock

when, with a little scuffllng noise to my right as the elephants

crossed the small stream which runs in front of my hide, three

nv JOURNAL, BOMBAY NAP URAL EIS Ge SO CLE Ty eal clan ln

elephants walked quickly across my front and plunged into the

pool. Plate No. 1 shows them as they started to drink in the

lick. The small calf, as it came into the open between the two

cows, had all its time cut out to keep up but they arrived together

and as can be seen by the photograph all drank together. I was

busy with my cine camera when my assistant touched me on the

arm and said, “Here comes the bull’, and sure enough on the trail

which the cows had followed was a good sized bull with poor

tusks.

He did not attempt to enter the lick where the cows were but

turned short right, went all round the fallen log a portion of which

can be seen in the photographs of the lick, and came in from the

far side. But the cows had the front seats and I presume, from

watching the proceedings of the big bull as shown on Plate No. 7

where he is trying to find the exact place where the sulphur exudes

from the rocks, that they were disinclined to give up their good

places to any intruder.

Now the bull could have pushed the big cow out of the way

very easily if he had wanted to do so, but perhaps elephants are

like human beings and very often the lady wears the trousers so

he made no attempt to use his great strength to get at the right

spot in the lick. But he gently pushed and pushed at the cow,

sometimes with his forehead and sometimes, very gently, with

his tusks. But although as can be seen in Plate No. 2 he pushed

the cow slightly out of the perpendicular he achieved nothing.

In the meantime the other cow, the pengasoh, was stirring up the

mud and making as much mess as she could. The calf did not

like this so backed out from between the two cows and went off

to explore for himself. He was still quite small and as can be

seen from the photograph was still suckling. His little undeveloped

trunk waved about, he.touched the tree which was directly in

front of him several times with the.tip of his trunk not quite

certain perhaps whether it was something good to eat or not. In

fact he did not know what to do with himself.

Presently two other elephants came to the edge of the jungle,

but not within clear view, and turned away to one side, not coming

into the lick. Perhaps they saw that the house was full; anyway

so long as I was there they did not appear again. The bull in

the lick seemed very uncertain what to do: the cows ignored him

and carried on. I do not think he appreciated this because he

started stirring up the mud, occasionally throwing water over him-

self and incidentally the cows, in fact generally making a nuisance

of himself. Then he started to wave one of his forefeet in the air

just above the water with a circular motion of his foot. Sometimes

he just touched the water skimming the surface. He did this

for some time but what he was trying to do was beyond me.

Any scum that may have been on the water had been mixed up

long ago by the cows; I think it was just annoyance and indecision

as to what to do about it. Soon my films were used up and as

it was getting late and the light almost gone we packed up and

left the elephants to it. Just as we were leaving I turned back

to bid the elephants a pleasant evening when I noticed that they

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THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT 599

had all turned round and were now facing the hide. But the bull

was still an ‘also ran’ the cows sticking to the best places.

Next morning one of my men went down to the lick and found

an old cow in possession. I went down a little later and the indi-

cations in the lick showed that the elephants had been there most

of the night. But we had to go down river that morning because

I had to pick up my other boat on another river about noon, so

we left the elephants to enjoy their salt-lick party. I expect the

bull got there finally—its a way they have—but he certainly was

exceptionally polite and was a good example to Homo sapiens.

CONCLUSION.

Well, we will leave the Malayan elephant for the present and

hope for the best.

They can well look after themselves in Malaya’s luxuriant

jungles if they are given a fair chance to do so, and so long as

there are properly guarded sanctuaries of sufficient area to accom-

modate them, they will survive.

But ‘progress’ in Malaya, which means commercialism in

excelsis, 18 no friend to wildlife.

Unless public spirited and independent persons, who know and

appreciate the value of wildlife from educative, recreative, and

aesthetic standards, will fight for the proper preservation and

intelligent conservation of the elephant, and the seladang, the

rhinoceros and the sambhur deer, Malaya, with its polluted rivers,

its mining wastes, its ever increasing erosion, its uneconomic forest

exploitation, will become in a few decades a zoological! wilderness,

and the larger types of the fauna will become memories only.

APPENDIX.

The following particulars of weights and measurements of tusks

of the Malayan Elephant are given to support the contention in

my introduction that the Malayan Elephant is not inferior to the

Indian Elephant regarding the tusks it carries.

The tusks recorded under No. 1 are very exceptional for Malaya;

the others may be considered as typical of mature tusks although

No. 2 is rather above the average.

No. 1 was obtained in Johore during the last four or five years,

the others in Pahang, twenty to thirty years ago.

Generally speaking the elephants near the coasts carried the

heaviest ivory, but No. 3 was a mountain elephant and is mentioned

in my narrative.

SCHEDULE.

Length outside curve Circumference at gum Weight in lbs,

Rio him Gert Right Lett Right Left

No. 1 Toe LOO NOs” ERY 1S 753 70

Now 2 DO won 92” dis allo 443 46

INOS 4’ 103” 4’.10” 153” SE EA 38 oF

No. 4 5e67 5D. Tos" iN 36 Bak

THE, EARLY SPAGES *OF INDIAN GEE PID Or aia

DY. Ge SEVASTOPULG yer Rakase

PART V Tl:

(Continued from page 294 of this volume).

GRYPOCERA.

HESPERIINAE.

Syrichtus galba F.

Head round, rusty black, and sparsely clothed with longish

coarse black hair. ist somite slender, orange, edged posteriorly

with black and with a median yellowish-white stripe. Rest of the

body bluish-green, with a slightly darker dorsal stripe, and covered

with white granules. Body clothed with moderately long white

pubescence, the rst somite in addition with black hairs similar to

those on the head: 1st pair of legs blackish, 2nd and 3rd pairs

and prolegs bluish-green. Lives in a folded leaf.

Pupa in a folded leaf lined with white silk. Of the usual

Hesperid shape. Thorax bluish-green, wing cases green and

abdomen pale pinkish with a subdorsal series of greyish spots.

The whole body subsequently develops a dense white bloom giving

it a general pale lilac appearance. The following markings are

not obscured by the bloom—a large black spot on the thoracic

spiracle, two small black spots on the vertex of the head and a

blackish streak across the eye. Except for the wing cases, fairly

thickly covered with moderately long white hairs. Anal end

enclosed in the cast larval skin, which is attached to the silk

lining of the leaf.

Food-plant—Sida rhombifolia Linn. (Malvaceae).

Described from a _ full-fed larva found in Calcutta 15-xi-4o,

pupated 18-xi-g4o, and a male emerged 25-xi-4o.

HETEROCERA.

‘THYRIDIDAE.

Strighina scitaria WIk.

Moore,. Lep. Ceyl., ii, 206,.pl«175,, fica as 1884-87,

amps. Fauna’ Brito Ind., Moths. 1,0 3540091802.

Head large, very dark brown. Ground colour of body greenish-

yellow, with a darker green dorsal line due to the contents of the

intestine shewing through the skin. 1st somite posteriorly with a

raised black transverse line, divided centrally. rst to 3rd somites

RPS EAR EV STAGHSSOE SINDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 5

each with a raised black sublateral dot. 2nd and 3rd somites

each with a double raised black spiracuiar dot, a larger subdorsal

dot and a still larger one between it and the spiracular dots. 4th

to roth somites each with a double raised black spiracular dot,

a subdorsal dot and another slightly above and anterior to it. rith

somite with four raised black dorsal dots and a spiracular one.

12th somite with a transverse row of four rather larger raised

black. dots. Anal flap edged with a raised black line. A few

white hairs. Legs, prolegs and venter yellowish. Lives in a silk-

lined cell in a foldéd leaf.: Before, pupation the ground colour

turns bright canary-yellow.

Pupa in a spun together leaf lined with white silk. Dark

reddish chestnut. A slight projection between the eyes. Slightly

waisted between the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles set in very

large, deep cavities. Cremaster, consisting of a bunch of hooked

spines, fixed in the silk lining of the leaf.

~ Food-plant—Phaseolus sp. (Leguminosae).

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 6-i-41, pupated

g-i-41, and a male emerged 10-1-41.

Moore’s description is ‘Larva with 16 legs; cylindrical; with a

few fine short dorsal hairs; olivaceous, with a few transverse series

of black dots on third to last segment; second segment ochreous;

head blackish. Pupa dark purplish brown.’ Hampson’s descrip-

tion follows this very closely, except that it is the first segment

which is described as ochreous and the spots are said to be on

the second to terminal segments,

LYMANTRIIDAE.

Leucoma submarginata Wk.

Moone. slep HeediaiCO., 236, pl. 17, fo. ira:

amps, fauna, Brit, Ind., Moths, 1, 487. 1892.

Strand Seitz, Indo-Austy. Bombyces, x, 311.

Ovum round, rather flattened, the micropylar area depressed.

Unsculptured. Bright translucent green when laid, after twenty-

four hours the green becomes duller and a dark red-brown ring

develops round the upper edge under the chorion. Turns brown

shortly before hatching. Laid singly or in twos and _ threes.

Hatched on the sixth day.

Newly hatched larva with the head and body greyish white, a

subdorsal dark grey stripe broken on the rst, 8th and anal somite

by a transverse band of the ground colour.. Hairs white. Does

not eat the eggshell.

Final instar--Head velvety black, the clypeus filied in with

white. Body velvety black, a series of lateral white spots, varying

considerably in size, and a white transverse dorsal line between the

Ist-2nd and 2nd-3rd somites. A second form is similar except

that the lateral white spots are obsolete and there is a double

greyish white dorsal stripe between the 4th and 11th somites,

interrupted on the 7th. A third form has the head brick red, the

clypeus outlined with black and filled in with white. Ground colour

black with a series of numerous transverse pale greenish yellow

o12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL WAIST SO. Cle TVs Vole ell

lines. A sublateral series of slightly oblique, pale greenish yellow

lines, the whole forming a broken sublateral line. In all forms,

Ist somite with a black subdorsal tubercle tufted with greyish

hair. A double dorsal and a subdorsal series of rosettes of short

greyish hair, a single dorsal tuft of longer black hair on the 3rd,

7th and r2th somites. A sublateral series of rosettes of medium

length grey hair. Thoracic and anal somites with single long

greyish hairs. Legs and _ prolegs brownish. Dorsal _ glands

oreyish... Venter «dank: oTey,.

Pupa in a slight net of white silk. Typical Lymantriid pupa

in shape. Colour pale frosted green, the spiracles black. Cre-

master a pale brown blunt spike, armed with minute hooks, and

fixed in the silk of the web.

Food-plant—Lagerstroemia indica Linn., but this is probably

not natural as only three larvae reached maturity and these were

very undersized. The newly hatched larvae were offered Terminalia

catappa and Mango, said to be foodplants of other species of the

genus, also Quisqualis indica and Peepul, but refused to feed.

Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught

female, one of which pupated 11-i-41, and a male emerged 16-i-41.

Hampson’s description is as follows:—‘Larva pale fuscous, with

long, scattered, simple, and spatulate hairs; a dorsal tuft of long

black hair from the second somite; subdorsal and sublateral black

lines; the first and second somites banded with black in front;

the second somite with a yellow band also.’ Seitz gives an almost

identical description and adds ‘Pupa green with black spots on

each side of the thorax, somewhat flattened and curved, suspended

in some netted threads.’

NOCTUIDAE.

Spodoptera pecten Guen.

Ovum pale bluish-green, spherical with the base flattened, and

with numerous ribs running from the micropyle to base. Laid in

large batches, sometimes two or three layers thick, and covered

with hairs from the anal tuft of the female. Hatched on the fourth

day.

Nee hatched larva with a honey-coloured head, body greyish

with minute black specks and sparse black hairs. After feeding

the ground colour becomes green.

Half grown larva with a honey-coloured head, body smooth,

ereen with a dorsal and subdorsal white line and sublateral white

stripe. In some examples the sublateral stripe is edged above with

dark reddish brown, and in a very few there is a reddish brown

dorsal stripe in place of the white line.

Larva in penultimate instar very variable. Head honey colour

with an inverted dark V-shaped mark. Body greyish-brown with

a paler dorsal and subdorsal stripe, a paler sublateral stripe edged

above with darker. Or with a broken black line above the sub-

dorsal stripe. Or with a broad yellowish-green stripe below the

subdorsal stripe, which may or may not be edged above with a

THE HARLEY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 513

broken black line. Venter greenish-brown in the brown forms,

green in the forms with the green stripe.

Full grown larva—Head olive-brown with an inverted whitish

Y-shaped mark, the area between the arms honey colour. Ground

colour of body pale brownish-grey or greenish-grey. A paler

dorsal and subdorsal stripe, the latter edged above with a series

of black lunules, and a pale spiracular stripe edged above with a

purple stripe. tst somite with a dorsal plate with a white dorsal

and subdorsal line. Legs pale brown. Venter and prolegs greenish-

grey. Spiracles black.

ihe larva is very similar to that of S. mauritia Bsd. (mihi,

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xl, 687) but is slightly smaller.

Pupa subterranean in a slight earthen cocoon. Bright red

brown, a dorsal stripe on the abdomen and the intersegmental rings

darker. Cremaster a double spine.

Food-plant—Grasses.

Described from a number of larvae bred from ova from a

Calcutta caught female, one of which pupated 27-xi-40, and a female

emerged 5-x1l-40.

Spodoptera cilium Guen.

Ovum egreyish-green, spherical with the base. flattened and with

numerous ribs running from the micropyle to base. Laid in fairly

large batches and covered with hairs from the anal tuft of the

female. Hatched on the fifth day.

Newly hatched larva grey, the head black. Hairs dark. Turns

ereenish after feeding.

2nd instar—Similar, but the head very pale honey-brown.

grd instar—Similar. A faint white subdorsal and lateral line,

a whitish subspiracular stripe. A number of minute black dots.

4th instar—Similar.

5th instar—Similar, the subspiracular stripe, in most examples,

edged above with dark brown. Some with the dorsum tinged with

reddish brown, extending in a few examples all over the body.

Later a subdorsal series of black lunules usually develops.

Final instar--Head dark olive-brown, a pale inverted V-shaped

mark, the arms filled in with paler olive-brown. Body dull drab,

a narrow paler dorsal and subdorsal stripe, the latter edged above

with a series of black lunules almost obsolete on the rst-3rd and

t1th-13th somites, and a narrow dark purplish spiracular stripe

edged below with paler. Venter greenish. Legs and_prolegs

greenish. Spiracles black. A second form is similar except that

the subdorsal stripe is tinged with green, and the area between it

and the spiracular stripe is pale green. The black lunules are

sometimes obsolescent, or even obsolete, those at the ends dis-

appearing first.

lt) 1S,) perhaps, interéstine to note the sequence of colour

changes in the larvae of this species, S. pecten and.S. mauritia.

The first instar larvae of all three species are alike, except that

the head is black in cilium and mauritia and brown in pecten.

After the first ecdysis the head is brown in all three species

oa JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCINTY. © Vol. kaa

and there is little change in appearance up to the 4th instar

in cilium, the 3rd in pecten and the 2nd in mauritia. The following

instar brings the beginning of the brown colouration and this is

intensified in the next, the green colour disappearing in the sth

instar in mauritia and in the 6th (final) instar in pecten, but persist-

ing in the 6th (final) instar in cilium.

Pupa subterranean in an earthen cocoon. Yellowish brown, the

wing cases tinged slightly with greenish. A trace of a dark dorsal

line along the abdomen and with the intersegmental areas darker.

Cremaster a pair of diverging stoutish spines.

Food-plant—Grasses.

Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught

female, one of which pupated 16-i-41, and a male emerged 28-i-q1.

Both Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phalaenae, viii, 254. 1909) and

Warren (Seitz, Indo-Austr. Noctuidae, xi, 321.) treat cilium as a

synonym of S. abyssinia Guen. and give the following description

of a Natal larva under this name:-——‘Ochreous with numerous pale

points defined by pale brown; dorsal line orange; subdorsal line

represented by a series of orange marks defined by irregular black

lunules above ; lateral line represented by orange marks; the stigmata

black with brown patches above them; head and thoracic plate red-

brown.’

Sideridis insularis Btlr.

Ovum pale yellow with slight mother-of-pearl reflections. Round,

unsculptured. In captivity laid in the angles of the box, in a state

of nature presumably, as other members of the genus, in the axils

of grass. The position results in the shape being badly distorted

and the ova appear to shrivel before hatching. The colour slowly

darkens to deep yellow and finally turns a dull leaden grey a few

hours before hatching. Hatched the fifth day.

Newly hatched larva grey with a honey-coloured head, the

body turning green after feeding. A few short white hairs.

2nd and 3rd instar larvae—Head honey-brown. Body greenish-

grey with ten longitudinal dark lines and a white subspiracular

stripe.

4th instar—Head olive brown, the clypeus with a central black

streak and with a black line on either side. Body with a greenish

white dorsal line edged with dark green, a subdorsal dark green

line with a narrow whitish stripe below it, below this a broader

purplish-brown stripe, a pale green line and then a_ black-edged

dark green stripe. A whitish spiracular stripe containing a brownish

central stripe. Venter’ greyish green. Legs ~ blackish. Prolegs

greyish green with an apical dark mark. Before ecdysis the colour

fades and the larva is dull drab with dark lines.

5th instar—Head as in previous instar. Ground colour dark

green tinged with purple. A white dorsal and subdorsal line, the

dorsal edged with darker green, the subdorsal with a purplish stripe

below it. A greenish white lateral line with a very dark green

stripe below it. A spiracular white stripe with a rust coloured

stripe inside it. Venter greyish green. Legs and prolegs greyish

green, the latter with an apical dark mark,

THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA Bib

Final instar—Head honey-brown, a black line on either side

of the clypeus and the sides with a honey-comb pattern in black.

Body with a broad grey dorsal stripe, within which is a central

white line edged with blackish. A white subdorsal line edging the

dorsal stripe, above which is an interrupted black line. Beneath

the white subdorsal line, a pink stripe, a grey stripe and then a

paler pink stripe, all separated by white lines, and a white line

below the paler pink stripe. Venter pale greenish. Legs and pro-

legs pale greenish, the latter with an apical dark mark. Spiracles

black. The greys, black and pinks are not pure colours but com-

posed of streaks and specks on a whitish ground. When completely

tull fed, the greys and black strongly tinged with green.

Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Bright reddish chestnut,

the venter and wing cases slightly paler, the thorax, a stripe down

the dorsum and the intersegmental rings slightly darker. Cremaster

a pair of stout spines with a finer hooked spine on either side and

a pair of fine hooked spines immediately behind on the dorsum.

Food-plant—Grasses.

Described from larvae bred from ova from a Calcutta caught

female, one of which pupated 31-x1i-go, and a. male emerged 12-1-41.

Prospalta pallidipennis Warr.

Head pale green, the sides tinged with crimson and _ speckled

with white. Ground colour pale yellowish green. 2nd and 3rd

somites each with a transverse series of eight minute white dots.

4th to 10th somites each with a subdorsal triangle of three crimson-

ringed white dots. A white spiracular stripe, speckled minutely

with crimson and edged above by a crimson line. A white dot,

with or without a crimson ring, over each spiracle above the

spiracular stripe. 11th somite slightly conical with a whitish dorsal

and subdorsal blotch, the area between whitish speckled with

crimson. 12th and 13th somites marked with crimson dorsally.

Spiracles black. Legs brown. Abdominal prolegs with a blackish

spot at base, the apex speckled with crimson. Anal claspers

marked with white in continuation of the spiracular stripe and

slightly crimson speckled. Venter and area below the spiracular

stripe rather bluer green. Before pupation the dorsum becomes

suffused with purplish.

The above is the form found wild. When reared in captivity,

however, this form does not appear, the following two forms taking

its place.

Head brown, the sides dark purple brown speckled with white.

Body with the ground colour above the spiracular stripe a rich

bronzy brown (turning to deep crimson in blown specimens) with

markings similar to the first form. In addition there is a series

of oblique dark lines forming a dorsal and subdorsal series of

diamond shaped marks. The crimson round the white dots and

above the spiracular stripe somewhat obscured by the ground

colour. The spiracular stripe whitish speckled slightly with crimson,

the area below and venter pinkish grey.

The third form is pale yellowish green with the usual crimson

markings very pronounced and, in addition, a broad, irregular,

5ié JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

diffused crimson dorsal stripe formed of conjoined blotches, the

legs springing from crimson patches and the prolegs crimson.

The larva is very similar to that of P. capensis Guen. (mihi,

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., xlii, 43) but can be distinguished

by the white speckled side of the head and the subdorsal blotches

on the 11th somite, capensis having a plain black stripe on the

side of the head and no subdorsal blotch on the 11th somite.

Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Head, thorax, wing,

leg and antenna cases olive green. Abdomen brownish yellow with

an olive green dorsal stripe and an olive green line on the posterior

edge of each somite, the intersegmental area purplish brown.

Cremaster two short spines.

I*ood-plant—Coreopsis.

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 10-xi-40;

buried itself 11-xi-go, and a male emerged 19-xi-4o.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Hyposidra talaca Wk.

Moore,. Lep: Cevi. 111, 6202,- pl ros eclcw ib. oe tno 7

Hamps.. Fauna Brit, cea : Moths, i, 213. 1895.

Immature larva—-Head round, black. Ground colour of body

blackish purple, a paler dorsal stripe from the 9th somite backwards.

A transverse row of white dots between the ath-5th, 5th-6th, 6th-

7th and 7th-8th somites, the first row extending right across the

body from the sublateral area, the lower portion somewhat oblique,

the other three rows on the dorsum only. Legs black. Shape

rather short and stout.

Full grown larva—Head round, pale brown speckled with darker.

Ground colour pale brown speckled with darker and with orange.

Ist to 4th somites each with a small subdorsal orange patch, that

on the 4th largest. 311th somite also with a small subdorsal orange

patch. Legs purplish-red banded with paler. Venter coloured as

dorsum with a double median line of orange specks. The area

between the legs and claspers whitish.

Pupa subterranean in an earthen cell. Colour reddish-brown,

the wing cases more yellow. Cuticle polished, the abdomen

minutely punctate. Cremaster a stout spine.

I*ood-plant—Castor (Ricinus communis Linn.).

Described from a larva found in Calcutta, pupated 19-xii-4o,

and a male emerged 4-i-41.

Moore’s. description is:—‘Larva with ten legs; pinkish

olivaceous-green, minutely black speckled; with a blackish lateral

spot on the fifth and seventh segments. Pupa clivaceous-green

and reddish, -Feeds) on “Jambona, (Combretum. and = ics

parasiticus.’ His figure shews a pale coloured larva with an

indistinct black ring on the 4th somite and a black figure-of-eight

on the 6th. The pupa is depicted as brownish with green wing

cases. Hampson’s description is:—‘Larva pinkish one green,

irrorated with black, and with dark patches on 4th and 6th somites.’

THE EKARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 17

Thalassodes quadraria Guen.

Head green, bifid. Ground colour of body green, in some cases

with a diffused dull crimson dorsal stripe, which may sometimes

only be apparent between the somites. Legs and prolegs green.

Anal flap triangular and ending in a sharp point. |

Pupa between two leaves spun together with thick strands of

white silk and attached by the cremaster to a few threads of silk.

Shape slender, the head square across. Colour a uniform pale

green. Cremaster a stout spike armed with hooked reddish spines.

Food-plant——Polyalthea longifolia Wall. (Anonaceae).

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 17-xi-4o,

pupated 19-xi-4o, and a male emerged 24-xi-40.

Moore (ep: (Ceyls, ii,- 426, pl. 194, fig. 2a. 1884-87) figures

and describes the larva of JT. dissita Wlk., which Hampson con-

sidered as conspecific with the present species. This description

is as follows:—‘Larva with 10 legs; looped; slender; head bifid;

a pointed prominence on 12th segment; colour reddish above,

greenish beneath; legs red. Pupa pinkish, greenish in front;

thorax and abdomen minutely black-speckled. Feeds on

Barringtonia.’

(To be continued.)

SALT-LICRS.

THEIR VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE

IN MALAYA.

THEODORE HUBBACK.

The successful preservation of Wildlife is intimately connected

with ecological study.

Salt-licks are embraced by such study. To provide a congenial

environment for the successful and norma! production of the

various species of large Wildlife found in a Malayan Jungle the

environment must include some type of soil, or exudations from

the soil, which form salt-licks for such animals as elephant, seladang,

rhinoceros, tapir, sambhur, and barking deer.

The term salt-lick may be considered as a generic one., It

is used to indicate any soil in which some natural substance is found

which is attractive to wildlife and which they eat or drink. It is

probably taken as a medicine, and undoubtedly acts as an aperient.

In Northern Pahang, there have been many places where from

time immemorial wild animals and even birds have been accustomed

to utilize certain exudations from the soil. The extent to which

some of these places have been used, is clearly indicated by the

trails leading thereto, they show how important they have been to

the life and well being of generations of jungle inhabitants.

The most popular licks are those which have been centered

round sulphur springs. Some licks are mud-licks. They do not

appear to contain sulphur, but are impregnated with some saline

which for want of analysis I am unable to identify.

In Pahang the important salt-licks near the main range are

all sulphur springs. In one place, well in the foot-hills of the

mountains, there is a hot sulphur spring, much too hot for the

animals to drink from, so they have made a lick somewhat below

the spring where the sulphur water has cooled down.

Many of these licks in Northern Pahang—lI will describe some

of them—are still being used, but in most cases, owing to circum-

stances that I will indicate, they have fallen from the position

that they occupied a few decades ago.

The first and most important reason why they have become

less used is because of the alarming decrease in the incidence of

the larger wildlife. In addition to a cumulative decrease going

back for some years, there has been, during the last five years or

so, much disturbance throughout nearly all the river valleys by

gold stealers and jelutong tappers—in many cases the same people—

that a congenial environment has been denied to the larger wildlife

and normal breeding has not taken place. The extraordinary

decrease in the numbers of sambhur deer which cannot be accounted

Sathy

SIU CIES 519

for by hunting, legitimate and illegitimate, can only be due to

the failure to breed in the usual sequences because of continual

disturbance. |

All this has affected the salt-licks; still, if our larger wild

animals are to be saved from extinction—wildlife is supposed to be

preserved now—it must be part of the ecological studies of those

whose duty it is to enforce the preservation laws, to devote time

to the question of the salt-licks and to appreciate their great im-

portance in the life cycle of our larger fauna.

It is my earnest hope that by describing some of these licks

I may stimulate those whose responsibility it is to save our decreas-

ing wildlife to devote more time to these most important phenomena.

Such study will help them to realize their real importance to the

cause of preservation and the contentment of the wild creatures

of the jungle.

THr TELOM VALLEY

Probably at the present time the most important salt-lick in Ulu

Pahang is Jenut Lanau in the Sungei Telom Valiey. This lick Jenut Lanau

consists chiefly of a sulphur spring amongst some rocks at the

bottom of a pool, some two feet deep. This spring never runs

dry and is a permanent attraction to elephant and sambhur deer.

Seladang some years ago used this lick regularly, coming over

generally from the direction of the Jelai Ketchil Valley. Now only

one old bull ever visits the lick, and even then only for a day or

two during the year.

But elephants and sambhur deer use it continuously, especially

elephants. I have identified eight tuskers in that lick, but possibly

I may have counted one twice over. But I have certainly not seen

every male elephant that visits the lick. Female elephants look so

much alike that I should not like to say how many I think I have

seen.

This lick is an ideal one to visit for the purpose of photo-

graphing wild elephants and sambhur. But when elephants are

about, sambhur do not like the lick, and generally keep away.

Elephants make such a mess of the pool, and sambhur being unable

to get their mouths right down to the springs—they do their best

at times, putting their muzzles into the water right up to their

eyes—object to a mixture of diluted sulphur water and elephants’

excrement.

I have seen as many as five sambhur in the lick together, an

unusual sight in this country. I have never seen a big stag in

Jenut Lanau. This is due to the considerable amount of poaching

that has gone on in this lick up to a few years ago.

The landing place for Jenut Lanau can be reached from the

railway station at Bukit Betong by motor-boat in a day unless

toe Jelat ‘River is in- flood.

Another important lick in the Telom Valley is Jenut Misong, a

day’s journey up river from Jenut Lanau. The last six or seven Jeant Misong

miles from Kuala Sungei Perahu, the end of navigation, is made

Jenut Batu

Dada

Jenut Lyong

520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLtii

by jungle path. The Jenut is about a mile from the left bank

of the Telom River.

This lick, some thirty years ago, was a great place for deer

shooting from hides; on the ground and up trees. It was so

good that now few deer can be found there. But elephant utilize

it a great deal, as well as another smal! lick known as Jenut

Batu, about a mile further up the Misong Valley.

The principal attraction at Jenut Misong is sulphur impregnated

sand on the left side of the river, which the elephants dig up to

get at a more concentrated solution of sulphur deeper down.

Seladang used to occasionally visit this lick, but those days have

passed. It is doubtful if any seladang herd can now be found in

the Upper Telom Valley. It must be remembered however that

with the continual disturbance that 1s going on in all these valleys,

solitary seladang are lable to travel long distances from their

regular beats and the discovery of a seladang in Jenut Misong

must not be taken as indicating the return of a herd to its old

haunts.

THE SERAU VALLEY.

The Serau River together with the Telom and Jelai Ketchil are

the confluents of the Jelai River.

In the Valley of the Serau there are, what were a few decades

ago, several important salt-licks. They are now mere derelicts of

their former pristine value; not because the localities where they

are Situated have been developed, they are still in their virgin jungle;

but because the chief frequenter of these licks, the Sumatran

rhinoceros, has been poached almost out of existence. I will give

a brief description of each lick.

In the Serau itself there is one lick, Jenut Batu Dada, which

is still very occasionally visited by an old male rhinoceros. This

is veritably ‘the last of his race’ so far as that lick is concerned.

From the indications in the vicinity of the lick, this place must

have been used by dozens of rhinoceroses before they were des-

troyed by poachers and their infernal pits. Deep unused trails,

abandoned wallows, banks cut into by innumerable rhinoceroses’

horns and feet, all testify to the glories of this recreation ground

of animals long since passed away. }

There is a large pool in the centre of the clearing which con-

stitutes the surroundings of this lick. This pool contains several

sulphur springs. It is almost completely surrounded by well-

polished rocks, polished by the action of generations of wild

animals. I have seen rhinoceros, sambhur, kijang, and wild dogs

in this lick, as well as a Malay serpent eagle, which seemed to

enjoy the suiphur water with the best of them. Elephants very

occasionally visit the lick. Tapir also use the lick but not seladang.

The Sungei Besay, a large tributary on the right bank of the

Serau, had three good salt-licks at one time. Jenut Lyong, not

very far from Kuala Besay, is still visited by elephants.

SALT-LICKS 521

Jenut Patchat, is a small lick on the left bank of the Besay above

Jeram Limau. This lick used to be visited by rhinoceros; but they

go there no longer for the excellent reason that there is none to go.

The most important lick in the Besay was Jenut Bliong; far up

in the foot hills of Gunong Bedong. There were two very active

sulphur springs in that lick.

From the indications still in evidence, this lick must have been

used by rhinoceroses in some numbers but is seldom if ever visited

by them now. I advisedly write ‘seldom’ because there is no

reason why the old rhinoceros who visits the Jenut Batu Dada

should not visit Jenut Bliong—they are not more than twenty miles

apart in a straight line—although I have no evidence to support

such an idea.

Elephants still use this lick. The Besay rises in Gunong Bedong

and extensive pitting for rhinoceros was done in the foot hills

some years ago. I have seen pits well up the mountain. No

doubt the breeding stock was so depleted that rhinoceroses were

not left in sufficient numbers to maintain a normal breeding rate.

That means extinction.

Above Kuala Besay there is on the left bank of the Serau a

large tributary known as the Briang. About three miles from

Kuala Briang, situated on both sides of the river Briang, there

is a large salt-lick, the Jenut Briang. |

-Qn one side of the river there is sulphur impregnated sand, and

on the right bank a rampart of limestone outcrop in which there

are sulphur springs.

Around this lick I found no less than 18 oid rhinoceros pits,

which alone show that many rhinos must have used this lick.

This lick has not been visited by rhinoceroses for very many

years, but the lick is used by elephants and sambhur, and very

occasionally, seladang. It is an extensive lick with many

old game trails, deeply worn, leading into it. The rocks on the

right bank of the river have been polished almost to perfection

by the action of elephants and rhinoceroses using this lick in years

long gone by.

Above the confluence of the Chadu and the Serambun, which

form the Serau, there are two sulphur licks. One known as Jenut

Batu Karam, on the left bank of the Chadu, has been entirely

ruined by mining, mostly unlawful.

The second, known as Jenut Batu Papan, is far away up the

Serambun within a couple of miles of the Kelantan Border. This

lick was once a very favourite haunt of rhinoceros, but here again

poachers did their deadly pitting in the early part of this century

and the Serambun Valley now holds few rhinoceros.

I found no less that 14 old rhino pits round this lick, but no

doubt neither here nor round Jenut Briang did I find anything like

all the pits that had been made. Within the last ten years poachers

have come over to this lick from Kelantan. I have myself seen the

Jenut

Patchat

Jenut

Bliong

Jenut Briang

Jenut Batu

Karam

Jenut Batu

Paran

Jenut Stein

522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY, Vol. XLIt

remains of a platform built in Jenut Batu Papan, which the local

Sakai informed me had been built by Chinese poachers from Pulai.

Jenut Batu Papan consists of a sulphur spring amongst some

rocks, alongside the small stream that runs through the lick. But

what was undoubtedly an attraction as well was a ‘battery’ of

mud wallows close to the lick situated under the toe of a steep

hill side. There were eight of these wallows quite close together.

Two of them are still used, but only very occasionally. It is

possible that there is a small modicum of sulphur in these wallows

which made them so attractive to rhinoceroses.

An old male rhinoceros sometimes uses the wallows but does

not patronize the lick very often. Tapir are fond of this lick and

I have seen the tracks ot serow (kambing grun) in the sand near

the sulphur spring. I have seen rhinoceros, tapir, and also a

serpent eagle in this lick.

The entire jungle for miles and miles in Pahang and Kelantan

is unoccupied by any human inhabitants and the environment of

the Serambun Valley is exceptionally suitable for rhinoceroses. But —

for years, when intensive poaching was going on, there must have

been no normal breeding and the seriously depleted stock now

shows the results.

Still, in the Serambun Valley, an area of about 30,000 acres,

there is a very small stock of rhinoceros which might be saved

with careful conservation. I have identified, a few years ago,

five head which included one calf. I applied for this entirely

unopened and unoccupied area as a rhinoceros reserve, but someone

whispered the magic word gold, and when there is any mention of

possible gold exploitation no other subject is considered for a

moment !

The Serau and its tributaries are the only hope for the rhino

in Ulu Pahang, with the one exception of that portion of the upper

waters of the Tanum River, which lie within the King George V

National Park area. But the environment there is not so suitable

as that in the Serau. In the Telom and Jelai Ketchil Valleys

there are no rhinoceros at all.

THE JeLat Kercuit RIVER.

In the Jelai Ketchil River the Jenut Stein is a well known and

important salt-lick. It is much favoured by sambhur deer and until

a few years ago by seladang. The seladang in the Jelai Ketchil

have been so much disturbed by jelutong tappers that they have

broken up into small groups and undoubtedly have not been breed-

ing normally. It must be recognized that seladang are often

attacked by tiger if they are found in small groups accompanied

by a calf, and undoubtedly disturbance, which helps to break up

the herds, is of assistance to the tiger who is able to take a

greater toll of calves than he can under conditions more favourable

for the seladang.

SALT-LICKS 523

A few years ago a hut was built by two Chinese between Jenut

Stein and Jenut Kahamang, a small lick about a mile away up Jenut

stream from Jenut Stein. The hut was built right alongside the Kahamang

main game trail.

‘These Chinese were supposed to be jelutong tappers which

trade they no doubt exercised spasmodically, but they also ran an

illicit still and sponged on the Sakai. To serve their illegal ends

they distributed some of the liquor to the Sakai.

The lick was entirely deserted by seladang for over two years

because of the continual use of their trails, the smell of human

occupation which tainted the approaches to the lick, and the dis-

turbance caused by trails which these Chinese made round the

lick.

Jenut Stein consists of sulphur impregnated sand over an area

of several hundred square feet, with a small stream meandering

through it. Elephants were very fond of the lick until the locality

was tainted by the activities of these Chinese, but during the period

of the Chinese cccupation they also deserted the lick. This is a

good argument for proper protection of these licks. The elephants

are back again now and occasionally visit the locality. They dig

deep holes in the sand to try to find the best places.

Jenut Tebarau, a small lick near the end of navigation up the

Jelai Ketchil River, is badly situated between two steep hill sides. Jenut

It is rich in sulphur springs and at times is much used by seladang. Tebarau

Beyond Jenut Tebarau, far above the series of cascades that

constitute the upper waters of the Jelai Ketchil, there are two hot Jennt Gatak

sulphur springs which are used as Jenut. One known as Jenut

Gatak—I have mentioned this lick on page 2—is used by elephants

and very occasionally seladang.

The other spring, known as Jenut Mesai, is near Jenut Gatak

but is seldom used by wildlife. Jenut Mesai

THE TELANG VALLEY.

There is one important salt-lick in the Ulu Telang area known

as Jenut Blimbing, situated in the Ulu of the Sungei Sergi, a Jenut Blim-

small tributary of the Sungei Tengalan which joins the parent river bing

near Kuala Tengalan.

This lick is a mud-lick, there being no apparent indication of

sulphur. It has been much used by elephant and seladang, the

deeply worn trails going down the river banks to the lick being

sufficient testimony to the popularity of the lick.

But owing to a large influx of gold-stealing Chinese, and jelutong

tappers, disturbance has done its deadly work ‘to the larger fauna

which frequented the valleys of the Telang and the Tengalan.

This lick is no longer used as it was a few years ago.

_ In this area, that is to say between the Jelai River above Kuala

Lipis, the Kuala Lipis—Raub Road, and the track from Raub to

Kuala Medang, there-is one old rhino which sometimes goes to

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIEUGH: Vole tin

Jenut Blimbing. I believe that it is the sole survivor of the rhino

in that area. I do not know its sex, but that is immaterial because

rhinoceroses have not yet reached the Martian stage where they

can propagate their species by budding-off. Rhino there, are

doomed, because there is no hope of others coming into that

terrain,

CONCLUSION.

That completes the list of important salt-licks in Ulu Pahang,

but does not include those in the King George V National Park.

I wish to state what I think should be done to save these licks

from destruction.

Perhaps I should have given, earlier in this article, an explana-

tion of the word ‘Jenut’.

‘Jenut’ is the commonest word used by Malays in Pahang: for

salt-lick. A less common word is ‘Taram’. The word ‘Sesap’ or

‘Sesapan’ is the word generally used in Negri Sembilan but is very

occasionally used in Pahang.

None of the licks mentioned are in territory that has been

opened up or developed; but Jenut Lanau, Jenut Stein and Jenut

Tebarau are in country where there are Sakai.

The chief safe-guard for the preservation of these salt-licks

must be by legal provision in the laws for the preservation of

wildlife.

There is a ruling, agreed to by the Residents many years ago,

that no land within two miles of a recognized salt-lick shall be

given out until the Game Warden has been consulted on the matter.

This ruling has not been invariably respected, and the present posi-

tion is unsatisfactory.

In the Tersang Valley, in the Raub District, a buffalo farm was

established almost on the top of Jenut Tersang, a valuable salt-lick

used by seladang and elephants, and the only large lick in the

neighbourhood. There was only one Jenut Tersang but dozens of

places where a buffalo farm could have been established.

Some years ago a prospecting licence was given out without in

any way consulting the Game Warden over an area embracing

Jenut Misong and Jenut Batu.

Quite recently a prospecting licence was very nearly given out

to cover an area embracing Jenut Lanau, the most important lick

in the tributaries of the Jelai River.

These mistakes have been made due to slipshod record work

in. Land: -Offices,: and can only be » avoided or ~prevented® by

legislation.

An amendment to the law should be made to reserve from

alienation, for any purpose whatsoever, except that of wildlife con-

servation, any land within a radius of two miles from all the active

and valuable salt-licks, a list of which should be drawn up as a

schedule to Wild Animals and Birds Protection Enactment.

(Cap.= 193-).

Reservation of such areas should prohibit any action within

such areas so reserved, which would cause disturbance to those

SALT LICKS 525

areas, and no permission should be given to any person to take

any jungle produce or to undertake any prospecting of any kind

within such areas.

Some of the licks I have mentioned are marked on the topo-

graphical map sheets, and the identification of their exact positions

should be simple. Those not marked should be marked.

The following salt-licks in Ulu Pahang should be scheduled as

coming within the scope of special legislation.

Jenut Lanau. a

Jenut Misong Telom Valley.

Jenut Bliong.

Jenut Batu Dada.

Jenut Batu Papan.

Jenut Briang.

Serau Valley.

Lote canes

ete ae ; Jelai Ketchil Valley.

Jenut Blimbing. =, elang. Valley.

In other parts of Pahang there are salt-licks important to the

welfare of the wildlife, and similar steps should be taken to guard

them also.

It must be a part of any vigorous policy of Wildlife Conservation

to preserve salt-licks, and if they are recognized, as they should

be recognized, as important adjuncts to a congenial environment

for many species, then laws to preserve them, and machinery to

enforce those laws, become imperative.

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA.?

SUNDER Eat HORA, DISC...) F.R.S:ho 4.28.) PoRsAc SB ear Neen

we)

Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

(With one plate and three text-figures).

(Continued from page 319 of Vol. xiii, No. 2).

XIII. THe MaAnsFerRsS oR THE LARGE-SCALED BARBELS OF INDIA.

6. THE JUNGHA oF THE ASSAMESE, Barbus (Tor) progenesus

McClelland.

CONTENTS.

PaGE

Introduction ve a an a ee ion S26

History and Nomenclature ay fa rm bcs EAP Pecoy 77)

Synonymy and Description ye Se ae = un oes

Measurements an er roe ee se Sou

Acknowledgments es a ey re ee Smite)

List of References oo Ae Bs oe ae et Oe

Explanation of Plate ce a Be sa nena Ooi

INTRODUCTION.

In one of the earlier articles of this “series, (7, "pp973-70) o

attention was directed to the species of Large-scaled Barbels de-

scribed by McClelland from Assam and the hope was expressed that

‘some specimens of Jungha from Assam would reach the author’s

hands by February, 1941, so as to enable him to deal with this

species in a subsequent article.’ Unfortunately the hope has

remained unfulfilled, and I have so far not received any specimen

authentically named as the Jungha of the Assamese. In consequence,

I have to rely on what is already known concerning this species.

The material in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India

referred by me (3, pp. 328-330), to Barbus (Tor) progeneius is

inadequate, and is not sufficient for the determination of the precise

specific limits of the species. It 1s hoped that the members of

the Society stationed in Assam will kindly send specimens of the

true Jungha and other Mahseers of Assam, such as Lobura, Bura-

petea and Bokar to me in salt, formalin or spirits of wine.

—_-

a a a

1 Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India.

* Numerals in thick type within brackets refer to the serial numbers of the

various publications listed in bibliography at the end of the paper.

‘puUurTpPPIQIW = SAIANADONd (NOT) saguvg

‘asouuessy 9yy Jo vysunf sq],

20S ‘JSIT ‘JUN Avquog ‘umoe

THE ‘GAME FISHES OF INDIA 527

HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE.

In describing the Jungha under the name Barbus progenetus,

McClelland (8, p. 270) observed in a. foot-note that the name

implies that the fish ‘has a prominent chin or long beard; in

allusion to the singular appendage to the lower jaw of this species

by which it may be easily recognized.’ It seems that McClelland

was greatly influenced by this structure, for in the detailed descrip-

tion of the species on page 334, in referring to this character, he

observed :

‘ . . . from the lower lip a fleshy appendix is extended, by which it is

distinguished from the neighbouring species; nevertheless it is figured in

Buchanan’s collection of drawings as Cyp. tor, to which it bears so close an

affinity that he may probably have considered it to be the same.’

If a comparison is made between Buchanan’s figures of Cyprinus

tor (9, p. 520, text-fig. 1) and that of McClelland’s B. progeneius

Text-fig. 1.—Copy of McClelland’s illustration of Barbus progeneius from

Assam.

reproduced here, it will be evident that the two cannot represent

the same species. In tor the head is more pointed and the body

is considerably deeper and more pronounced along the ventral

surface, while in progeneius the head is evenly pointed and 1s more

or less equal to the depth of the body, which is slender and grace-

ful. The presence of a labial fold in both the forms is not a very

sound taxonomic character, as the development of this structure

probably depends on certain, undetermined, environmental factors

(4, pp. 279-282; 6, p. 787). It is, however, a common feature of

the true Mahseers, such as B. putitora, B. tor and B. mosal.

B. progeneius in its general facies is similar to B. mosal and it is

likely that when more materia! of the two forms becomes available

they may prove to be identical. For the present and to elicit

further information I propose to regard them as distinct species.

More information would be welcome regarding the fan-shaped

development above the upper lip in certain specimens of progeneius.

Gunther (25°). 130), used’ B. ‘mosal, and’ Day’ (1, p.. 564) used

B. tor as a collective name for the various species of mahseers

found in India; and no earlier worker appears to have recognised

B. progeneius as a distinct species. In 1936, I (3, p. 328) regarded

B, progeneius as a valid species, while B. mosal was considered a

synonym ot B. putitora,

528 ~ JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. “SOCIETY 5 Violw x lon

SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION.

Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland.

1839, Barbus iprogeneims ’ McClelland, “As, Res., (XXIN, spp. 27017 9334, > plemivae

igs-3:

1936, Barbus | progenems. Tora; “Rec. Ind. Musi. XXXVI eipp ig2s8- 330,

text-figs. 7-9.

D495 AN 2375 3 Re wig Vey nC eane.

Barbus progeneius is a graceful species in which, as in B. mosal,

the head is almost as long as the depth of the body and the dorsal

profile is somewhat more elevated than the ventral. The head is

sharpish in front; its length is contained from 4.5 to 4.9 times in

the total length and from 3.5 to 3.8 times in the standard length.

The height of the head is contained from 1.3 to 1.5 times and

its width from 1.6 to 2.2 times in its length. The head is relatively

much narrower in smaller examples. The position of the eye varies

Text-fig. 2.—Dorsal and ventral surfaces of head of the stuffed specimen

of Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland. Xd.

a. Dorsal view; b. Ventral view.

with growth, but generally it is nearer to the tip of the snout than

to the posterior border of the operculum. The eyes are moderately

large; the diameter of the eye is contained in the length of the

head from 3 times in the young to about 4.7 times in the adult.

In the smaller individuals the length of the snout is almost equal

to the diameter of the eye while in the adult it is about one and

a half times. In the young the eyes are more approximated dorsally

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 529

and the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye

while in the adult it is almost twice the eye-diameter. The depth

a we

yiny a BES

oy re

—-

Text-fig. 3.—Lateral view of head and anterior part of body of Barbus (Tor)

tor (Ham.) and 8B. (Tor) progeneius McClelland showing the nature of the

hypertrophied upper and lower lips.

Upper figure: Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland. x 2/5.

Lower figure: Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton). x3/5.

These illustrations are reproduced from the Records of the Indian Museum

(vol. xxxviii, pp. 327, 329, 1936) by the courtesy of the Director, Zoological

Survey of India.

of the body is more or less equal to the length of the head and the

least height of the caudal peduncle is contained from 1.4 to 1.8

times in its length,

530; “JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURA iS Tl. SO CUE IY. sole xceu

The mouth is of moderate size; its gape does not extend to

below the eyes and is somewhat obliquely directed upwards. The

lips are fleshy and continuous at the angles of the mouth; the

labial groove is present. The posterior lip may or may not be

produced backwards as a median lobe, but generally a well-developed

median Jobe is present. Behind the upper lip there is a rounded,

fan-shaped structure which in form and extent is quite different

from the hypertrophied lips in Barbus putitora (4, pl. ii, fig. 3) and

B. tor (9, plo ii, fig. 1; pl is). “have notjseen_ any specimenvor

Bs mosal with a ‘similar structure,. and. for this, neasonms| seam

retaining B. progeneius as a separate species. The fan-shaped

structure is 32.5 mm: broad and 22.0 mm. lone /in Sayspecimen

690 mm. in tctal length. As such a structure has not been observed

in any other specimen so far, it may prove to be an abnormal

condition.

The rostral and the maxillary barbels may be equal in length,

but generally the latter are somewhat longer. The scales arye

large and well formed; there are 24 to 27 scales along the lateral]

line, and 24 rows between the lateral line and the base of the

pelvic fin. There is a well-developed scaly appendage in the axil

Oheach” pelvic “tin,

The dorsal fin commences opposite to or slightly in advance

of the pelvics; its origin is midway between the tip of the snout

and the base of the caudal fin or somewhat nearer to the former.

The dorsal spine is rather weak; the longest ray of the dorsal fin

is equal to the depth of the body in young specimens, but in the

adult specimens it is considerably shorter. The pectoral fins are

lanceolate and are placed low down on the body; they are con-

siderably shorter than the length of the head. The pelvics are

similar to the pectorals and are separated from the anal by a

considerable distance. The anal fin is somewhat longer than the

pelvics and slightly rounded near the tip. The caudal fin is deeply

forked with both the lobes pointed.

In specimens preserved in spirit, the surface above the lateral

line is grayish, becoming deeper towards the dorsal side, while

the lower parts of the head and body are silvery. The bases of

the scales are provided with dark blotches which are more pro-

minent along the dorsal surface.

Bionomics and Distribution.—McClelland (8, p. 330) observed

that ‘The intestines are capacious, and consist of four convolutions

extending along the posterior half of the abdominal cavity, leaving

the anterior portion of that cavity chiefly to the stomach and liver.

The first is a conical sac (larger than the stomach of the Cirrhins)

occupying the right side, and terminating simply in the intestine.

The liver is broad consisting of several lobes, chiefly placed on

the left side of the stomach.’

B. progeneius was described from Assam, and I (3, p. 328) have

referred a number of specimens from the Naga Hills, Assam, to

this species. If it proves to be a synonym of B. mosal then the

fish will have a much wider range of distribution.

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 531

MEASUREMENTS IN MILLIMETRES.

[Barak River.

| (Stuffed | Trang River, Naga Hills

specimen)

MNotal length |... a 690-0 Ve 20 du0 198°5 | 1¢8°0 TO 220

Standard length tt 540°0 P5050 155°0 85:0 78°9

Length of head ys 141°0 42°5 43-0 24:0 2275

Height of head oe 109-0 | 29:0 OES 170 14°5

Width cf head a 85°90 2370 28:0. | 220) 10 9

Diameter of eye oe 30:0 | 11:0 12-0 Fo We 95

Length of snout i 46:0 Is:0 14:0 vies) 7°5

Interorbital distance... | Dios) 14:0 14-0 7:0 6°5

Depth of body .. eo = loSe() 410 43°0 230 22°0

Width of body... | 81:0 Z\e5 24°5 les WF)

Eenoth of caudal pe- |

duncle 102:0 29:0 30°S I 14°5

Least height of caudal.

peduncle : at 61:0 LIOFS oe || 11:0 SRR)

Length of dorsal fin a 101°0 36:0 33:0 ZS Bald)

Length of pectoralfin ...| 108°0 34°5 34°5 18°5 NOS)

Length of pelvic fin fee 88:0 27°9 2025 TS29 14:0

Length of anal fin | 95:0 32°0 30°0 IAD 1525

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

As in the case of the previous articles, the Bombay Natural

History Society has very generously borne the entire cost of illustrat-

ing this article, and for this my best thanks are due to the

authorities of the Society. I am indebted to Mr, K. S. Misra for

preparing the table of measurements and to Babu B. N. Bagchi

for preparing the illustrations under my supervision.

List OF REFERENCES.

1. Day, F.—Fishes of India, p. 564 (London, 1878).

2. Ginther, A.—Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, vol. vii, p. 130

(London, 1868).

3. Hora, S. L.—On a further collection of fish from the Naga Hills.’

Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xxxviii, pp. 324-331, 6 text-figs (1936).

4. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. VIII. The Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 1. The Putitora | Mahseer, Barbus (Zor)

putitora (Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 272-285,

2 pls., 2 text-figs. (4939).

Ss) Hora, o. [.—~Dhe Game Fishes “of India, IX. Ihe Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 2. The Tor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamil-

ton)’. . Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 518-525, 3 pls., 1 text-fig.

(1440).

6. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. X. The Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 3. The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal

(Hamilton)’. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 784-794, 2 pls.,

5 text-figs. (1940).

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

7. Hora, S. L.—‘The Game Fishes of India. XI. The Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 4. The Bokar of the Assamese and Katli of

the Nepalese, Barbus (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis McClelland.’ Journ. Bombay

Nat, Hist. Soc., voly xii, pp. 78-85, 1 pl., ‘4 aext-figs, (1940):

8. McClelland, J.—‘Indian Cyprinidae.’ Asiatic Researches, vol. xix, pp. 270,

334, pl. Ivi, fig. 3 (18309).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Lateral view of a stuffed specimen of Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland

from the Barak River on the Imphal-Silchar Road, Naga Hills, Assam. xX ca }.

The specimen is now exhibited in the Fish Gallery of the Indian. Museum,

Calcutta.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB

PLAINS. AND THE ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS

DRESS] SABNIS UB. 8. (Elons.).:D: Sty,

BAUSC.o mit Ae Sat

Economic Botanist to Government, United Provinces, Cawnpore.

Part 11h.

(Continued from page 379 of this volume).

1 LXIX. SALVADORACEAE.

283. SaLvapora L.

523. Salvadora oleoides Dene. in Jacquem. Voy, Bot. 140, t. 144.

Locality.x—Hissar (Duthie 4191 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Aden. India—the Punjab, Rajputana and Sind plains, fre-

quent.

LXX. APOCYNACEAE.

284. Carissa L.

524. Carissa spinarum A.DC. Prodr. VIII, 332.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (* Ait. 286!) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 463 !).

Fruits.—April.

* With Cuscuta reflexa as a parasite.

Distribution.—Drier parts of India. Burma; Ceylon.

525. Carissa grandiflora A.DC. Prodr. VIII, 335.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mustoe 6373 !).

Distribution.—S. Africa.

285. Ruazya DCNE.

526. Rhazya stricta Decaisne in Ann. Nat. Sc. Ser. 2, IV, 81 and in Jacquern

Woy.. Ot. 4t. “ILT.

Locality.—Rawalpindi-Attock (Ait. 1076 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Arabia. India—Sind, Peshawar, in

the Trans-Indian territory common.

286. HoOLARRHENA Br.

527. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Cat. 1672.

Locality.—Gurdaspur-Dhunera (Bisram 309 !).

Distribution.—Throughout the drier forests of India, tropical Himalaya as-

cending to 3,500 ft., Malacca.

* When numbering the orders the figure XJII was omitted in the first

part, hence all order numbers are one ahead of the correct sequence. This

has been rectified in this part. The number of orders is thus 117, not 118 as

stated (p. 124).

584. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. xiii

287. WricuTia Br.

528. Wrightia tinctoria Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. 1, 73.

Vernacular name.—Inderjow.

Locality.—-Gurgaon (Holland 54325 !).

Fruits.—January.

Distribution.—bBurma, Timor. Central India and throughout the Western

Peninsula.

529. Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schultes Syst. IV, 414.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13617 !).

I'lowers.—May.

Distribution.—Tropical India ascending to 2,000 ft. in the Himalaya and

to 4,000 ft. in the Nilgiris. Burma; Ceylon; Penang.

288. NERIUM L.

530. Nerium odorum Soland. in Hort. Kew. ed., V, 1, 297.

Locality. —RKawalpindi (Ait. 464 !). |

Flowers.---April.

Distribution..—-Nepal; Afghanistan; Japan. India—Sind, Central India,

W. Himalaya, ascenidng to 6,500 ft. in Murree.

289. “LRACHELOSPERMUM LEMAIRE.

531, Tracheiospermum tragrans Hk. i.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14353 !).

Flowers.-—April.

Distribution.—India—-temperate and subtropical Himalaya.

532. Trachelospermum jasminoides Lem. Jard. Fleur. I (1851) t. 61.

Locality.—-Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14352 !).

Flowers.—-April.

Distribution.—China.

290. IcHNOcARPUS Br.

533. Ichnocarpus frutescens Br. in Hort. Kew. ed., ii, 60.

Locality.—Gurdaspur (496!, 497! Drum’s Herb.); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 5o01!),

Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14248!, 7017 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Java; Australia; Ceylon. Throughout India, ascending to

1-2,000 ft. in W. Himalaya.

LXXI. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

291. CRYPTOLEPIS Br.

534. Cryptolepis Buchanani Roem. & Schult. Syst. IV, 4o9.

Locality.—Rawalpindi-Chaka 3,500 ft. (Jerram 7353 !).

Fruits.—February.

Distribution.—Throughout India, ascending Himalaya to 4,000 ft. Ceylon.

292. PERIPLOCA L.

535. Periploca aphylla Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. 109, ste 1.16.

Locality.—Rawalpindi-Kahuta (Parker 6500!); Kala chitta (Parker 6499 !).

Flowers.—March. Fruiits.—December.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 535,

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Persia; Arabia; Nubia. India—Sind, Rajputana,

Plains of W. Punjab.

293. OxysTELMA Br,

536. Oxystelma esculentum Br.

Vernacular name.—Makkanvel.

Locality.—-Lahore—islands in the Ravi near Chung (Parker 13781!, 13779},

13780 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Java; Ava.—Throughout the plains and lower hills

of India.

294. CaLotropis Br.

537. Calotropis procera Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, II, 78.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 64!); Changa Manga (Kanjilal!).

Flowers.—January.

Distribution.—Ava; Persia; tropical Africa. India—W. and C. parts, Sind,

Rajputana.

295. PENTATROPIS Br.

538. Pentatropis spiralis Dcne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1838, 327, t. 11 E. and in

IDC. Prodr.. VIII, 536:

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (*Parker 6832!); Changa Manga

(Kanjilal 107!); Kot Lakhpat (Parker 14883!); Hissar (Duthie 4204 !).

Flowers.—February.

* Wild in Ag. Hort. Gdns. and growing over Salvadora.

Distribution.—Afghanisian and westwards to the Red Sea and Nubia. India~

the Punjab, Sind and eastwards to the Jummna river.

296. Daremia Br.

539. Daemia extensa Br. in Mem. Wern. Soc. I, 50.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 439!); Hissar (Duthie 5233!, 4194!); Lahore=

Changa Manga (Parker 6846!; Kanjilal !).

Flowers.—August-April.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Afghanistan. Throughout India, ascending N.-W.

Himalaya to 3,000 ft.

297. HOLosTEMMA Br.

540. Holostemma Rheedii Wall. Pl. As. Rar II, 51 & Cat. 44609.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Falconer’s Herb.

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Pegu; Burma; India tropical Himalaya, alt.

: 3-5,000 ft.

Deccan Peninsula. Rie y, ;

298. PerGutaria L,

O41. Pergularia pallida Wight & Arn. Contrib. 42.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 466!).

Flowers.—July-August.

Distribution.—Throughout India. Burma, Ceylon.

586° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

299. | LEPTADENIA Br.

542. Leptadenia Spartium Wight Contrib., 48.

Locality.—Jhind State (Raitt © 23972', 23973!); Multan (Duthie 10789},

Monro 39!); Hoshiarpur (Holland 7017 !).

Flowers.—September-February. . ee

Distribution.—Baluchistan ; Arabia; Egypt; Senegambia. India—the Punjab,

Sind, Rajputana, eastwards to Jummna. i

300. CEROPEGIA L,

| “$43. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. Car, PI. Els, ie

Locality.—Hissar (Coldstream).

Flowers.--—July.

Distribution.—-Western India, the Punjab and Upper Gangetic plain, south-

wards to Travancore.

LXXII. LOGANIACEAE.

301. Buppiera L.

544. Buddleia asiatica Lour. Fl. Cochinch., 72. a

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Sangeri 5,o00 ft. (Jerram 7534!, 7533!); (Ait. 491!);

Gurdaspur—Siyapurkandi (Bisram 841 !).

Flowers.—March-May. |

_* Distribution.—Malay; Cochin-China; China. Throughout India, ascending |

to 6,000 ft., very common.

° 545. Buddleia madagascariensis Lamk. Encyc. I, 513.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 12948!) ; Hoshiarpur. (*Ait.

547) | : Sth se ,

_—Flewers.—April. a

Distribution.—Madagascar. *Cultivated.

546. Buddleia Lindleyana Fortune in Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1844) Misc. 25.

Locality.-Lahore—Ag. Hort, Gdns. (Parker 12949!).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—-China. -

---“ EXXIIL GENTIANACEAE:

302. - ENicostEMA BLUME,

547. Enicostema littorale Blume Bijd. 848.

Locality.—Multan (Monro 69!).

Distribution.—Malaya; Trop. Africa; W. Indies. Throughout India, alt.

0-1,500 ft.

303. ERYTHRAEA L.:C. RICH.

548, Erythraea ramosissima Pers. Syn. I, 283.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizibash 16!). caus

Distribution.—Kabul; Baluchistan; W. Asia; Egypt. India—the Punjab, alt.

1-2,000 ft. -

549. Erythraea Roxburghii G. Don. Gen. Syst. TV, 206.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 468 !); Lahore (Stewart. 2623 !).

Flowers.—May. a a

Distribution.—Throughout India, ascending to 2,000 ft., common in Bengal

plains. says ais:

“FLORA. OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILE REGIONS 537

.304. GENTIANA L,

550. Gentiana decemfida Ham. Don Prodr. 137.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 531 !). he ae

OG aaa —India—the Punjab, N.-W. and C. Himalaya, “att, I- 8,60 6

LXXIV. BORAGINACEAE.

305. ; CORDIAL;

551. Cordia obliqua Willd. Sp. Pl. I, 1072.

: Locality. Rawalpindi (Ait. 473 !).

F ay.

DiS aes India and. the Punjab, frequent. (Ceylon; Nicobar.

Cultivated. ee

552. Cordia Rothii Roem. & Schult. Syst. TV, 708.

Locality.—Multan (Monro se Ne

Flowers.—April. ; PLES

Distribution.—Arabia ; UNByeeics ~W. India, from the Punjab, Hardwar,

Rajputana, Sind, to Malabar, frequent. Ce Sa

306. Exuretia L,

», 983.:Ehretia acuminata Br. Prodr. 497.

Locality.—Gurdaspur (Fane 4855!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 598!)..

Flowers.—June. een

~Distribution.—Ava; Australia; Japan. India—subtropical Himalaya, ascend-

ing to 5,000 ft. and ‘adjacent plains, common.

554. Ehretia laevis Roxb. Cor. Pi. 42, t. 55 and FI. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall.

est.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. Fane

Distribution.—Persia to China; Australia ae Polynesic: Throughout India,

in tropical and subtropical regions, common, one

555. Ehretia laevis Roxb. var. pubescens.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 172!).

Distribution.—Throughout India.

556. Ehretia laevis Roxb. var. aspera.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 14355!, 14357 !). ;

Flowers.—October. <r

On irrigated canal best. A shrub 8-10 ft. high.

‘Distribution.—India. .

557. Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 84!); Lahore—Changa- Manga!:

Distribution.—Abyssinia. poe ema the Punjab. Baluchistan.

558. Ehretia buxifolia Roxb Cer. Pll, 42,00 37 and in Fl. Ind. ed. Carey

and Wall. II, 343.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker, 38696 !).

Flowers.—May. oe

Distribution.—Malaya to Homnces and the Philippines. “ India—Deccan Penin-

sula. oc

~ 09388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XIII

307- HELIOTROPIUM L.

559. Heliotropium Eichwaldi Steud; DC. Prodr. IX, 535. . |

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 470!) ; Lahore (Stewart 2606 !).

Flowers.—April-May.

Distribution.—Central Asia; Australia. India—the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, |

in the plains frequent, Kashmir, alt. 5,200 ft. |

560. Heliotropium undulatum Vahl Symb. I, 13.

Locality.—Lahore (2956! Brandis Herb. ; Stewart 2583!, 2592!); Rawalpindi |

(Ait. 472 !). |

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—W. Asia: N. Africa. India—the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, |

Upper Gangetic plains, alt. o-1,000 ft., frequent.

O61. Heliotropium paniculatum Br. Prodr. 494, not of Roxb. |

Locality.—Hissar (Harsukh 20690 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Siam; Australia. India—Rajputana, Sind, S. Deccan.

562. Heliotropiums strigosum Willd. Sp. Pl. I, 743.

Flowers—May-August.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 471!); Hissar (Duthie 4219 a).

Distribution,.—W. Asia; Malaya; Australia. Throughout India, very common. |

563. Heliotropium strigosum Wild. var. brevifolia.

Locality.—Lahore (2983! Brandis Herb. ; Stewart 2809!, 2584!, 2506!, 2810!,

Cleghorn 2642 !).

Flowers---March-April.

Distribution.—Throughout India, even more abundant than H. strigosum type.

308. TRICHODESMA Br.

564. Trichodesma indicum Br. Prodr. 496.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 479!); Gurdaspur—Siyapurkandi (Bis-

ram 842 !).

Flowers—April-May.

Distribution.—Kabul; Baluchistan; Persia; Mauritius. Throughout India,

common ; not in Bengal plain.

309. CyNnoGLossumM L.

565. Cynoglossum furcatum Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall IH, 6

and Cat. 919.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 53 !).

Flowers.-—September.

Distiibution.—Ceylon; Kabul. Throughout India.

566. Cynoglossum micranthum Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 1804, 220, fide A. DC.

Prodr. X, 149.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2808 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—N. India and the Himalaya, alt. 1-8,o00 ft.

310. ECHINOspeRMUM SWARK.

567. Echinospermum minimum Lehm. Asperifol. 126.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Hurror (Ait. 1085 !).

Flowers.—March.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 539

Distribution.—Kabul ; Baluchistan to the Ural Mts, and Altai. India—Punjab,

Kashmir, temperate regions,

311. RocHELia REICHB,

568. Rochelia stylaris Boiss. Fl. Orient. IV, 245.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 475 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Kabul. India—Kashmir and adjoining Punjab Plains.

312. AspERco L,

569. Aspergo procumbens. L.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Fattehganj (Ait. 1084 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Europe; N. Africa; W. C. and N. Asia. India—Punjab and

Kashmir, alt. 1-7,000 ft.

313. GaAstTRocoTYLE BUNGE.

570. Gastrocotyle hispida Bunge Rel. Rehm. 405.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 1080 !).

Flowers.—March. :

Distribution.—Egypt to Baluchistan; Kabul and Soongaria. India—Punjab,

alt. 1,000 ft.

314. Nonnea MOENCH.

571. Nonnea pulla Lamk. et. DC, Fl. Fr. III, 626.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 1082!, 477!); Lahore (Stewart 2530!, 2579!,

2511.1):

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—C. and E, Europe; W. Asia. India—Punjab Plains.

315. LITHOSPERMUM L.

572. Lithospermum arvense L. DC. Prodr. X, 74.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 474!); Peshawar (Stewart 75 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Kabul, Siberia to N. Africa, Europe. India.

573. Lithospermum tenuifolium L.f. Suppl. 130.

Locality.x—Peshawar (Quizilbash 37 !).

Distribution.—Kabul, W. Asia to Egypt and Greece. India.

316. ARNEBIA FORSK.

574. Araebia hispidissima DC. Prodr. X, 94.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2571!, 2572!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 476!).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—W. Asia to Egypt and Nubia. India—W. India, alt. 500-

3,000 ft., Sind, from the Upper Gangetic plains and Rajputana westwards

frequent.

975. Arnebia Griffithii Boiss. Fl. Orient IV, 213.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Hurror (Ait. 1081 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Baluchistan ; Kabul. India—Punjab, Sind.

40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

ASP a wih imi Le XKV... CONVOLVULACEAE.

317. Rivea CHOIS.,

576, Rivea hypocrateriformis Chois. Convol. Or. 26 and in DC, Predriy 326:

Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 4232 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—W. India, in dry forests from Lahore and Bihar to Mysore,

common. :

318. ArGyREIA LOUR.

5/77. Argyreia speciosa Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (Parker 13791!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Java, also from China; Mauritius; cultivated. India, alt. o-

1,000 ft. ae

578. Argyreia splendens Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 373.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 15034!, 15033 !).

Flowers.—November.

Distribution.—India—Kashmir mountains,

319. Ipomoga L.

579. Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Bot. Mag. t. 244.

Locality.—Hoisharpur (Ait. 635:!).

Distribution.—Common throughout India, in gardens and as a _ denizen.

Native of Tropical America.

580. Ipomoea hederacea Jaca. Collect. I, 124 and Ic. Rar. I, t. 36.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Saidpur (Ait. 208 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. India

both cultivated and apparently wild, common.

£81. Ipomoea eriocarpa Br. Prodr. 484.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 207 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Afghanistan, and Tropics of the Old World. Through-

out India, alt. 0-4,o00 ft., common.

582. Ipomoea bonariensis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3665.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14245!, 14246!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Argentine.

583. Ipomoea Learii Paxt. Mag. Bot. VI (1839) 267.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mustoe 6372 !).

Flowers.—June.

‘A Garden Plant.

Distribution.—Tropical America.

584. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 13.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13727!, 114481).

Flowers.—May. Fruits.—February.

A Garden Plant. .

Distribution.—-S. America.

_ FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 641

320. Convotvutus L,

585. Convolvulus microphyltus Sieb.; Vis. PI. Aeg—Nub. 12.

Locality.x—Montgomery (Parker ae Multan (Monro 30 !, 349}, 36215.

Flowers—March-Octobex.

Distribution.—Baluchistan to Egypt and Nubia. India—Sind, ‘Rajputana.

586. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois. Convol. Or. 95 and in DC. Prodr. IX

403 (the Plains plant).

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2510!, 2531!).

Flowers.—March. rete

Distribution.—India—Sind and plains of Hindustan’ and. Bihar.

587. Convolvutus pluricaulis Choiss. var.—macra.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 481 !).

Flowers.—April. se .

Distribution.—India—Punjab, common, from 3,000 ft. alt. in Kashmir to

Delhi.

~ £88. Convolvulus arvensis L. Engl.- Bot. -t. 312.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 480!); Lahore (3011 !). -

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Nearly all temperate and subtropical regions. _ India—Sind,+ W.

India, from Kashmir to the Deccan, a weed of cultivation.

ger. @EVOEVULUS J: aa ae? .

589. volvulus alsinoides L.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 161 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—-Ceylon, very common; the tropical and subtropical area of

the globe; rare in very damp regions. Throughout India, very common.

322. Porana BURM.

590. Porana paniculata Roxb. Cor. Pl. III, 31, t. 235 and FI. Ind. I, 466

and ed. Carey & Wall. IT, 39.

Locality.—Pathankote (Ellis!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 515 !).

Flowers.—December. ° : es

Distribution.—Ceylon; Ava; Java. Throughout India, less common in the

South Deccan.

323. Cuscuta L,

591. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cor., Pl. II, 3, t. 104 and FI. Ind. 1, 466 and ed.

Carey & Wall. I, 466.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (* Ait. 563 !).

Flowers.-—December.

* On Carissa diffusa, Zizyphus vulgaris,- Acacia robusta. Acacia arabica,

Inga dulcis, Linum usitatissimum, Duranta sp., Jasminum sp.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Malaya. Throughout India, alt. 0-8,000 ft., Bengal

plains abundant.

LXXVI... SOLANACEAE.

324. SOLANUM L,

592. Solanum nigrum L.

Locality,—Rawalpindi (Ait. 583 !); Lahore (Stewart 2541 !).

Flowers.—October,

542, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY. Vol. xii

Distribution,—All temperate and tropical parts of the world. Throughout India

and Ceylon, alt. o-7,000 tt., common.

593. Solanum yerbascifolium

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 508 !).

Distribution.—S.-E. Asia; Malaya; N. Australia; Tropical Africa. Throughout

India, in the tropical and subtropical zone, common.

594. Solanum toryum Swartz Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 47.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 24329!, 24973!, 24974!, 13728!).

Flowers.—May-December.

Distribution.—Malaya; China; Philippines; Tropical America. Throughout

India in the tropical region except the western desert area, very common in

Bengal.

595. Solanum coagulans Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 47.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (* Ait. 212!).

Flowers.—September.

* Everywhere.

Distribution.—S.-W. Asia; Arabia; Egypt. India—W. India, Punjab, Sind.

596. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. Sert. Hanov. I, 8, t. 2.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 482!); Lahore (Cleghorn 2648 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—S.-E. Asia; Malaya; Tropical Australia and Polynesia.

Throughout India, common.

597. Solanum gracilipes Decne. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 113, t. 110.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 482 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Baluchistan. India—W. India, Punjab and Sind.

598. Solanum hispidum Pers. Syn. I, 228.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (* Parker 21224 !).

Fruits.—Globose.

* Cultivated.

Distribution.—Peru.

599. Solanum macranthum Dun.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38694 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Brazil.

600. Solanum Rantonnetii Carr.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (Parker 13610!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Argentine.

601. Solanum malacoxylon Sendt. in Mart. FI. Bras. X, 52.

Locality.--Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 15029 !).

Flowers.—July.

Native of Brazil.

Distribution.—Argentine.

325. Lycopersicum MILLER.

602. Lycopersicum esculentum Miller.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 483 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—India, cultivated and as an escape. Native of Tropical

America.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 543

326. Wirnanta PAUQ.

603. Withania somnifera Dunal. in DC. Prodr. XIII, Pt. I, 453.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 7726!); Lahore (Stewart 28231,

2626!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 484!); Peshawar College (Quizilbash 19!).

Flowers.—March-December.

Distribution.—Mediterranean region, with the Canaries; Cape of Good Hope.

Throughout drier subtropical India, frequent in the west and Hindustan, rare

in lower Bengal.

B27, AuYCIUN WG,

604. Lycium europaeum L.

Localitykx—Hissar (Harsukh 20681 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Mediterranean region; W. Asia. W. India, alt. 0o-5,000 ft.,

frequent.

328. Datura L.

605. Datura Stramonium L.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 210!),

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Nearly throughout the globe, in temperate and warm climate.

India—temperate Himalaya.

606. Datura fastuosa L. var. alba.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 24817!, 20146!, 24269!, 24270!;

Stewart 2512!).

Flowers.—December.

Has increased during the last few years in unirrigated places.

Distribution.—Malaya; Tropical Africa. Throughout India, in waste places,

a weed.

607. Datura Metel L.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 20143!, 20144!, 20145!, 201393,

20140!, 20141!, 20142 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Tropical America, widely naturalised in the Old World.

India—W. Himalaya and Mts, of W. Deccan Peninsula, introduced.

329. Hyoscyamus L.

608. Hyoscyamus muticus L. Mant. 45.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2614!).

Flowers.—April. ; :

Dsitribution.—Kabul, westwards to Egypt. India.—W. Punjab, Sind.

330. CESTRUM L.

609. Cestrum nocturnum L. Sp. Pl. 191.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort, Gdns. (Parker 11409!, 12967 }).

Flowers.—February-April.

8 ft. high.

Distribution.—S. America.

044 = fOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HIST SOCIETY. Vole XEIT

LXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

331. VERBascuM L,

- 610. Verbascum Thapsus L. = | eo: a ee

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 485 !).

Flowers.—April.

_ Distribution.—India—Temperate Himalaya, Westwards to Britain.

232.) SCELUSIAME:

611. Celsia coromandeliana Vahl Symb. III, 79.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 50!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 85!, 487!, 486!); Lahore

(Stewart 2802!, 2568 !).

Flowers.—March-July.

Distribution.—Afghanistan; Ava; China. ‘Throughout India.

333., WoINARIA 2,”

612. Linaria ramosissima Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II, 43, t. 153 and Cat. 3911.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 213!); Peshawar College (Quizilbash 50!).

Flowers.—September. |

Distrivution.—Afghanistan; Ava. Throughout India on rocks and- stony |

places, ascending the hills to 5,000 ft.

613. Linaria minor Desf.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. X, - 287.

~ Locality.—-Rawalpindi—Hussand and Tilla (Ait. 1089 !).

Flowers.—March. : .

Distribution.—India—the Punjab plains. Westwards to Britain.

334. ANTIRRHINUM L,

614. Antirrhinum Orontium L. Benth. in DC. Prodr. X, 290.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Barrakow (Ait. 485!); Hurrod (1088 !).

Flowers.—March-April. aa

Distribution._India—the Punjab plains and W. Himalaya ascending’ to

4,000 ft., an escape in the Nilgiris. Westwards to N. Africa and Britain.

335. SCROPHULARIA L.

615. Scrophularia scabiosaefolia Benth. in DC. Prcdr. X, 313.

Locality:—Rawalpindi (Ait. 489 !).. |

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—W. Tibet 10-12,000 ft.; Afghanistan. India—Peshawar hills,

W. Himalaya, alt. 10-1,200 ft..

336. Mimutus L.

616. Mimulus gracilis Br. Prodr. 4309.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 2!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 490!).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—China; Australia; Tropical and S. Africa. India—Punjab

plains, W. Himalaya, alt. 1-3,000 ft.

237. Mazus -LOUR. |

617. Mazus rugosus Lour: Fl. Coch. 386.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2612!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 514).

Flowers.—April.

PRLORA OF. PUNJAB’ AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 545

Distribution.—Afghanistan; Java; China; Japan; Philippine Isles. India~

Plains in N. India, temperate and subtropical Himalaya.

338. HERPESTIS GAERTN, f.

618. Herpestis Moniera H. B. & K.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 48!) ; Hoshiarpur (Ait. 395 !); Rawal-

pindi—Hussan (Ait. 584 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Marshes throughout India, ascending to 4,o00 ft., Punjab to

Singapore & Ceylon common. AIl warm countries.

DXXV tT. “OROBANCHACEAE,

339. . CistancHE HOFFM, & LINK.

619. Cistanche tubulosa Wight Ic. t. 1420 bis (C. lutea in letter press).

Locality.—Multan (* Fitzherbert!; Stewart 2824 !).

Flowers.—November.

* Said to be growing on the roots of Acacia arabica.

Distribution.—Asia and westwards to Arabia. India—Punjab, Sind, Raj-

putana.

LXXIX. BIGNONIACEAE.

340. Bicnonia L.

620. Bignonia capreolata L. Sp. Pl. 624.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 12975 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—N. America.

341. Trecoms JUSS.

621. Tecoma undulata G. Don. Gen. Syst. IV. 223.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 260!).

Distribution.—Arabia. India—W. India, alt. o-3,000 ft., Sind, Baluchistan.

Punjab, Gujarat, Rajputana, extending eastwards to Jummna.

622. Tecoma australis R. Br.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14873 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Australia.

623. Tecoma capensis Lindl.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13764 !).

Flowers.—September.

Disiribution.—S, Africa.

624. Tecoma grandiflora Delaun.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13654!, 13653 !).

Flowers.—May-September.

Distribution.—Indigenous to China and Japan. Cultivated in India in

gardens in the plains and on the hills.

625. Tecoma jasminoides Lind].

_ Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 12960!).

_ Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Australia.

046° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL VHTS fs SOCIDT Vial claw iad

626. Tecoma radicans Juss.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13641 !).

Flowers.—June.

Distribution,—N. America.

627. Tecoma Stans Juss.

Locality.—Jullandur—Phillur Rest House (Parker 8957 !).

lowers.—February.

Distribution,—S. and N, America. |

342. DoLicHaNnDRA Cham.

628. Dolichandra cynanchoides Cham. |

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (Parker 13626 }).

Flowers.—-September. |

Distribution.—Brazil; S. America.

343. Jacaranpa JUSS.

629. Jacaranda ovalifolia R. Br.

Locality.—Lahore-—-Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Porker 13188 !). |

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—-S. America.

344. PHYLLARTHRON DC,

630. Phyllarthron comorense DC. Prod. IX, 244.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13770!, 13773!, 13776!)-

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.— Comoro Islands.

345- Kicetia DC.

631. Kigelia pinnata DC.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hert. Gdns. (Parker 13129 !).

Flowers,—April.

Distribution.—Tropical Africa.

LXXX. PEDALIACEAE.

346. PepaLium L.

632. Pedalium Murex L. DC. Prodr. IX, 256.

Locality.—Gurgaon (Ram Balab 3017 !).

Distributior..—Ceylon ; Trop. Africa. India—Deccan Peninsula.

LXXXJ. ACANTHACEAE.

347. THUNBERGIA L.

633. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Cor. Pl. I, 47. and FI. Ind. III, 33.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 489 !).

Cultivated.

Distribution.—-Ceylon ; Malaya to the Philippines and N. Australia. Through-

out India, alt. 1-4,o00 ft.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 4

~tI

348. HyYGROPHILA Br.

634. Hygrophila polysperma T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 456.

Locality.— Hoshiarpur (Ait. 610!).

Distribution.—Kabul. Throughout India in wet places, alt. o-5,o00 ft.

240.8 eINUELLIAW Ie.

635. Ruellia patula Jacq. Misc. Bot. II, 358 and Ic. Pl. Rar. J, t. 1109,

Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 4285 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—India—Deccan Peninsula extending to Sind, Rajputana and

Bundelkhand.

350. DaEDALacantHus T. ANDERS.

636. Daedalacanthus nervosus T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IX, 487.

Locality.kx—Rawalpindi—Nand Kot 4,oo00 ft. (Jerram 7802 !, 7806 !).

Distribution.—India—base of the Himalaya, alt. 1-3,o00 ft. from the Punjab

to Bhotan frequent. Cultivated in various tropical countries.

351. AECHMANTHERA NEES,

637. Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, 87.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 540!).

Distribution.—India—Temperate Himalaya, alt. 3-5,000 ft., Kumaon.

352. STROBILANTHES BLUME,

638. Strobilanthes glutinosus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, and 86 in

Dey Prodr: XI, 144.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Murree 6,000 ft. (Ait. !).

Distribution.—India—Kashmir, Gharwal, Kumaon. Nepal.

639. Strobilanthes anisophyllus T. Anders. in Cat. Hort. Calcutt. 43 and

in Journ. Linn. Soc. IX, 478.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 11535 !).

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—Himalayas.

353. Brepuaris JUSS.

640. Blepharis sindica Stocks; T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IX, 500.

Locality.—Multan (Monro. 217!); Hissar (Duthie 4138!; Harsukh 20689 !).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—India—Sind, Punjab, Rajputana.

354. Barceria L.

641. Barleria cristata L. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 262.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 215!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 270!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Malaya; China. Subtropical India, N.-W. Himalaya, Burma,

Central India, Nilgiris common, gardens of India.

355. Lepipacatias WILLD.

642. Lepidagathis purpuricaulis Nees in Wall. PI. As. Rar. III, 96 and

Mongr. Lepidg 27.

Locality.—-Hoshiarpur (Ait. 590!).

Distribution.—Himalayan Region. Burma.

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCTETY, Vol. XLIit

643. Lepidagathis hyalina Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, 95 and Mongr.

Lepidag. 16.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 591 !).

Distribution.—-Burma ; S. China. Throughout N. India, alt. 0-4,000 ft. °

356.¢ JUSTICIAY LL.

644. Justicia Gendarussa Linn. f. Suppl. 85.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13127 !).

Flowers.—May. phe

Distributionn—Malaya and China to the Philippines. Throughout India,

often an escape from cultivation.

C45. Justicia quinqueangularis Koen.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall,

Tea:

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38816!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 2181).

Flowers.—August-September.

Distribution.—India—Central India common, from Bengal & Agra to

Belgaum.

357. ApHATODA NEES.

646. Adhatoda Vasica Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, 103 and in DC.

Prod xl, 3387.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 495 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution. —Malaya, S.-E. Asia. India, common, frequently cultivated.

358. JACOBINIA MORIC.

647. Jacobinia tinctoria Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. ii, 522.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mustoe 6374!) ; Ferozepore (Peck 3585 !,

3393 !). |

Flowers.—April-June.

Distribution.—Guatemala.

359. Runoia NEES.

648. Rungia parviflora ‘Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, 110 and in DC.

Prodr. X) 460;,exel-syn-

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 479!).

Distribution.—India—-S. Deccan Peninsula. . Ceylon.

360. DiciipTtera JUSS.

649. Dicliptera Roxburghiana-var. bupleuroldes Nees in Wall, Pl. As. Rar.

Ili and in DC. Prodr.. XI 485; excl. syn. -Roxb= (sp;):

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 217!, 216!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 247!); Lahore—

Changa Manga (Parker 24132!, 24136!). |

Flowers.—September-December.

Abundant in sandy places.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. Throughout India in the hills, alt. 1-6,000 ft. ;

abundant in the north, becoming rare in the Malabar Ghats, in the Himalayas

from Kashmir to Upper Assam and Chittagong hills; the Central India.

FLORA‘ OF PUNJAB. AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 549

361 PeERIsTROPHE NEES.

650. Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees in: Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III, 11. and: DC.

Prodr, XI, 496.

- Locality.x—Multan (Monro 237 !). |

Distribution.—Tropical Africa. Tropical and subtropical India, from the

Punjab, Rajputana, Sind to Assam, Madras very. common. Not known from

Ceylon.

EXX Xl. VERBENACEAE.

362.. Lantana L.

651. Lantana indica Roxb. Hort. Beng. 46 and FI. Ind. ITI, 89. -

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 87 !). |

Distribution..—Ceylon. Tropical Africa. Throughout India in the warmer

parts common, on the river banks of Bengal one of the commonest weeds.

Baluchistan.

652. Lantana Camara L.

Locality.—-Peshawar College (Quizilbash 60!) ; Cees Madhopur (* Parker

14391 !).

Flowers.—November.

* Naturalised and abundant, said to be poisonous to the cattle, which how-

ever do not eat these plants and also to camels. Camels are not allowed to

browse loose in this district owing to it (abstract from Parker’s note).

Distribution.—A native of Tropical America, has run wild in India specially

in the Bhabar in U.P. and in W. Peninsula and Ceylon.

363. Lippia L.

653. Lippia nodiflora Rich. in Michz, Fl. Bor. Amer. HI, 15.

_ Locality.—Peshawar .:College (Quizilbash 12!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 500 !) ;

Lahore (Stewart 2829 !).

Flowers.—April-May.

Distribution.—Ceylon; all tropical and warm temperate regions. . Through-

out India in wet grass, abundant.

364. StTacHyTaRPHETA VAHL.

654. Stachytarpheta mutabilis Vahl.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mostoe 6375!); Parker (13765 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Venezuela. W. India.

305. WERBENA pF

655. Verbena officinalis L.: Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI, 547.

Locality.x—Lahore (Stewart 2620!) ; aoe (Ait. 2541).

Flowers.—April-September.

Distribution.—Temperate and Sitronieal regions. India—Himalaya, alt.

156,000' ft. from ‘Kashmir to Bhotan’ frequent, Bengal plain to the Sunder-

bunds frequent.

656. Verbena bonariensis L.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. “Gdns. (Parker 38863 !).

Flowers.—August. aa Me es

Weed in gardens.

Distribution.—Tropical regions.

550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

657. Verbena bipinnatifida Schau.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 19556!).

Flowers.—May.

A perennial herb cultivated in gardens in the Punjab, e.g. Lahore, Shahdara

etc., comes up freely, self sown in moist shady plains. Flowers blue or white.

(Parker).

Distribution.—N. America.

206." “PETREA HOUSE

658, Petrea volubilis Linn. Sp. Fl. 626.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker i50301!).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Tropical America.

367. CITHAREXYLUM MILL.

659, Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 26.

Locality.—Ferozepore (Barvoin 5608 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—W. India.

660. Citharexylum spinosum Linn. Sp. Pl. 625.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38780!,. 17193!, 171961).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—Barbados Islands.

368. CALLICARPA L.

661. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Symb. III, 13 t. 53.

Locality.—Rawalpindi 4,o00 ft. (Jerram 8496!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Throughout N. and E,. India, ascending to 6,000 ft. in the

W. Himalaya, Deccan Peninsula.

662. Callicarpa Reevesii Wall. Cat. 1830.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13778!); Lawrence Gdns.

(Parker 11563 !).

Flowers.—September-November.

Distribution.-—S. China.

663. Callicarpa purpurea Juss.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13648!, 13669 !).

Flowers.—June.

Distribution.—China.

B00.r PECTONAs Hs: ate

664. Tectona grandis Linn f. Suppl. 151.—The Teak, cultivated.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 490!).

Distribution.—Burma; Malay Peninsula alt. 500-4,o00 ft.; Sumatra; Java.

India—W,. Deccan Peninsula, alt. 500-4,000 ft., common; from Central India

to Orissa.

270: | PREMNA ls.

665. Premna scandens Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, &2.

Loculity.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13729 !).

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 531

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—India—Tarai of N. and E. Bengal, Assam.

666. Premna latifolia Roxb. Hort. Beng. 46 and FI. Ind. III, 76.

Var.—mucronata C.B.Cl.

Locality.— Hoshiarpur (Parker 15045 !); Gurdaspur (Fane ex Engincor 4858! ;

Bisram 301 !).

Flowers.—June-August.

Distribution.—-N. India from Kumaon to Bhotan ascending to 5,000 ft. and

spreading into Bengal Plains, common.

71.4 VITEX I.

667. Vitex Negundo |.. Roxb. Fl. Ind., III, 7o.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 380!).

Distribution.—Ceylon; Kabul; E. Asia to the Philippines. Throughout

India, in the warmer zone a universal plant.

668. Vitex leucoxylon Linn. f. Suppl. 293.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13805!, 13657 !).

Fiowers.—May.

Distribution.--S. Deccan Feninsula and Ceylon upto 3,000 ft.

669, Vitex Agnus-castus Linn. Sp. Pl. 638.

Locality.--Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (Parker 14385 !).

Irlowers.—June-July.

Distribution.—-Mediterranean region; Orient.

372. CLERODENDRON L.

670. Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Fruct. I, 271, t. 57, fig. 1.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13650!).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.-—India and Ceylon near the sea.

671. Clerodendron phlomoides Linn. f. Suppl. 292.

Locality. —Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 13774 !); Hissar (Harsukh 20680 !).

Flowers.—-September.

Distribution.—From the N.-W. Himalaya Tarai to Ceylon; general in the

drier climates, extending to Bihar and Orissa.

672. Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn. Fruct., I, 271, t. 57, fig. 1

Locality.—-Lahore

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Malaya. Throughout Jndia, from Gharwal and Assam

Ceylon and Singapore, in the warm region, very common.

Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Mustoe 6381 !).

673. Clerodendren Siphonanthus Br. in Ait. Hort Kew. ed. 2, IV, 65.

Saat |

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 528 !).

An indigenous plant in the low hills also cultivated in gardens (Ait.).

Distribution.—Sumatra ; extensively cultivated in both hemispheres.

India—

Mts. of S. Deccan Peninsula, Kumaon.

674. Clerodendron fragrans Ait.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 558 !).

Cultivated.

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XLil

675. Clerodendron aculeatum Linn.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13114!, 6366 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—America.

676, Clerodendron heterophyllum R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. II, IV, 64.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38864!, 13769!, 6370!).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Madagascar.

677. Clerodendron Thomsonae Balg. in Edinb. New. Phil. Journ. N. S. XV.

(1862) 233.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13730!).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Tropical Africa.

373. Houtmsxiotpia RETZ.

678. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. Obs. VI, 31, and in Hoffm. Phyt.

Blaetie 3c yates.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 559 !).

Indigenous in the low hilis, forest near Hoshiarpur and also culiivated in

gardens and an escape (Ait.).

Distribution.—India—subtropical Himalaya, alt. o-4,oo0 ft. from Kumaon

to Bhotan.

374. CaryopTeris BUNGE.

679. Caryopteris Wallichiana Schauer in DC. Prodr. XI, 625.

Locality —Rawalpindi—Kachut 4,000 ft. (Jerram 7781!, 7780!; Hoshiarpur

(Ait. 568 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—India—subtropical Himalaya, alt. 0-4,500 ft., from the Punjab

to Bhotan, frequent.

680. Caryopteris grata Benth. in Gen. Pl. IT, 1158.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—4,500-5,500 ft. (Jerram 8094!) ; Dhirkot (Jerram 7355 !,

7356!, 7327 !).

Flowevs.-—January-February.

Pericarp of fruit red when ripe.

Distribution.—India—Kumaon, below Naini Tal, alt. 4,000 ft.

LXXXIII. LABIATAE.

375. Ocimum L.

681. Ocimum americanum L. Cent. Pl. I, 15; Amoen Acad IV, 276=canun.

Locality.—Pabbi Hills (* Parker 24228 !),

Flowers.—December.

* Small shrub 2 ft. high with a different aroma to busilicum.

Distribution.—Asia and Tropical Africa.

682. Ocimum Basilicum L.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 11536 !).

Flowers.—February ; Shrubby.

Distribution.—Ceylon; Malacca; hotter W. Asia; Africa; the Malay and

Pacific Islands. Throughout tropical and hotter India—cultivated from the Punjab

to Ava, indigenous in the Punjab on low hills.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 553

683. Ocimum gratissimum L.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (*Parker 13660!, 13659!, 13661 !).

Flowers.—May.

A shrub 3 ft. high, stem woody.

Distribution.—E. Nepal; Ceylon; Java; Tropical Africa and America. India--

Bengal, Chittagong and throughout the Deccan Peninsula.

376. Prectrantuus L’HERIT,

624. Plectranthus rugosus Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II, 17 and Cat. 2745.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Barrakow Trete (Ait. 4096!).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India-—-W. Himalaya, dry hills from Kashmir to

Gharwal, alt. 3-8,o00 ft.

377. Pocostrmon DESF,

685. Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. in Amm. Mus. II, 156, t. 6.

Locality.—-Hoshiarpur (Ait. 472 !).

Distribution.—India—W. Himalaya, lower Bengal and Bihar, Konkan, Canara,

Circars.

378. Mentua L.

686. Mentha sylvestirs Linn.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 461 !).—

Distribution.--Afghanistan ; Temperate Europe and W. and C. Asia. India—-

Temperate W. Himalaya.

379. Tuymus L,

687. Thymus vulgaris Linn. Sp. Pl. 591.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13124 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—S. Europe; N. Asia.

380. MicroMERIA BENTH,

688, Micromeria biflora Benth. Lab. 378 and in DC. Prodr. XII, 220.

Locality.—Gurdaspur—Siyaparkandi (Bisram 844!),

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Arabia; Abyssinia; S. Africa. India—tropical

and temperate Himalaya, Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills.

381. Merianpra BENTH,

689. Meriandra bengalensis Benth. Lab. 189. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar I., 29.

and in DC. Prodr. XII, 262.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14872 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—India, cultivated. Native of Abyssinia.

382. Satvia L.

690. Salvia plebeia Br. Prodr. 5or.

Locality.x—Lahore (Stewart 2897!, 2898!, 2680!, 2622!); Hoshiarpur (Ait.

574 1). |

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—China; Malay Islands; Australia. Throughout India, in the

plains and ascending the hills to 5,000 ft.

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

691. Salvia aegyptiaca Linn.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 499 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Afghanistan; W. Asia; N. Africa to the Cape Verde Islands.

India—Punjab plain, Sind, Rajputana from Delhi westwards, alt., 1-2,000 ft.

383° NEPETA E.

692. Nepeta graciliflora Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. I, 65; Lab. 476 and

in DC. Prodr. XII, 382.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Mt. Tilea (Ait. 1101 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—India—Punjab Plains from Hardwar to the Indus and_ sub-

tropical Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 ft.

384. Larremantia FISCH & MEY.

693. Laltlemantia Royleana Benth. in DC. Prodr. XII, 404.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2567!); Rawalpindi Hussad (Ait. 1100!).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Afghanistan; Persia; Turkestan. India—Punjab plains and

hills.

385. ScuTeLtuaria L.

694. Scutellaria repens Ham. in Don, Prodr. 110.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 543!); Gurdaspure—Dhunera (Bisram 303 !).

Flowers.—June.

Distribution.—India—subtrepical Himalaya, Ava.

386. ANISOMELES By.

695. Anisomeles ovata Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, II, 364.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow to Trete (Ait. 500!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Malay Archipelago; China; Philippines. Tropical and sub-

tropical India, Indus to Assam, ascending the Himalaya to 5,000 ft. and

south to Ceylon.

487, STacHys L.

696. Stachys patviflora Benth. in DC. Prodr. XII, 4g0. [

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Fattehgunj (Ait. 497!, 501!).

Flowers.—April-August. |

It was strongly scented of Peppermint. |

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—Punjab plains and hills, from the Jhelum

eastwards and northwards to Murree. |

388. Orostecia BENTH. i

- 697. Otostegia limbata Benth. mss.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi, 3,500-5,000 ft. (Jerramm 7895 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—India—Punjab, lower hills in rocky places west of the Jhelum

to the salt range.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 555

389. Leucas Br,

698. Leucas urticaefolia Br. Prodr. 504.

Locality.—Hissar (Harsukh 20696 !),

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Arabia: Abyssinia. Undia—Rajputana, Upper Gangetic Plain,

from Patna to the Punjab and southwards to Sind, Coromandel and Malabar.

Baluchistan.

390. Ajyuca L.

699. Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Cat. 2032.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Gamble 22497!); Rawalpindi, Barrakow

(uit 505)!)):

Flowers.—January-April.

» Distribution.—Afghanistan; China; Japan; Abyssinia. India—-W. Himalaya

alt. 1-7,000 ft. and in the plains near them from Oudh to Peshawar.

LXXXIV. PLANTAGINACEAE.

301, - PLANTAGO: LE.

700. Plantago amplexicaulis Cav. Ic. II, 22, t., 125. var.—camphula Edgew.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2536!, 2537!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 508 !).

Flowers.—March-May.

Distribution.—-India—Punjab Plains, Sind. | Westwards to Greece and

Egypt.

701. Plantago ovaia Forsk. Fi. Aeg. Arab. 31.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 507!); lLyallpur (Inayat

(Monro 256!); Lahore (Stewart 2820!, 2535 !).

Flowers.—April-November.

Cultivated in Jalalpur.

Distribution.—India—Punjab plains and low hills, from the Sutlej westwards.

Westwards to Spain and the Canaries.

brother !); Multan

702. Plantago Psyllium L.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 24!), near Khyber Pass at Jamrud

(Milne !).

Distribution.--India—N.-W. Punjab. Westwards to Greece and Egypt.

LXXXV. NYCTAGINACEAE.

392 BoeRHAAVIA L.

703. Boerhaavia repens Linn.

Locality.x—Hissar (Duthie 4327!); Lahore (2962 !); Multan !.

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropical and subtropical Asia; Africa and America.

Throughout India, from the Punjab to Assam and south to Travancore and

Singapore, ascends in the hot Himalayan valleys to 7,000 ft.

LXXXVI. ILLECEBRACEAE.

393. HERNIARIA L.

704. Herniaria hirsuta Linn.

Locality.—Lyallpur (Inayat brother !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 509 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—India—W. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon alt. 4-8,o00 ft.,

the Punjab from the Sutlej to’ Peshawar. | Westwards to the Atlantic and

the Canary Islands.

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST.{SOCIETY, Voly XLil

LXXXVII. AMARANTACEAE.,

394. DEERINGIA Br.

705. Deeringia celosioides Br. Prodr. 413.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 510!).

Distribution.—Malay Islands; China; Australia. India--subtropical Himalaya.

305. | CEEOSIA: IE.

706. Celosia argentea Linn.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 225 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Tropical Asia; Africa; America. Cultivated or introduced.

Throughout India and Ceylon, ascending the hills to 4,000 ft., nowhere really

indigenous,

396. Bosta L.

707. Bosia Amherstiana Hook f.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13618 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—India—W. temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-7,000 ft.

397. Dicera FORSK.

708. Digera arvensis Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 65. Mog. in DC. Prodr, XIII,

2, 324;

Locality..—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 3881:8!); Hissar (Hursukh

20694!); (Lahore 29!, 2959!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 566!) * Multan (25! Forest

Department).

* Average fodder for cattle. No fodder for ponies. Also eaten by poorer

classes as vegetable.

Distribution.—Ceylon—N. part vf the island; Java; Afghanistan and Balu-

chistan to Arabia and N. Africa. India—Rajputana, Sind, Bengal and N.-W.

India in the plains to Peshawar and the Salt Range, S. Deccan.

398. AmaRANTUS L.

709. Amarantus viridis Linn. Sp. Pl. 1405.

Locality.—-Multan—Sakmurrat (Monro 28!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 525 !).

Flowers.—April-May.

Distribution.—All tropical and warm countries. Throughout India in waste

places.

710. Amarantus Blitum Linn. Sp. Pl. 990.

Locality.—Lahore (24! Forest Department; 3000! Brandis Herb.; Stewart

2818!, 2817!; Cleghorn 2655!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 523 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribulion.—Temperate and tropical regions. Waste places throughout India

and Ceylon.

711. Amarantus polygamus Linn. Amoen. Acad. IV, 294. (not of Roxb.).

Locality.x—Hissar (Duthie 4329 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—All hot countries. Throughout India and Ceylon, abundant.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 557

399. Pupatia JUSS.

712. Pupalia lappacea Mog. in DC. Prodr. XIII, 2, 331.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 524!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 37!).

Flowers.—July,

Distribution.—Tropical Asia and Africa. India—Upper Gangetic Valley and

Punjab, W. tropical Himalaya, alt. 1-3,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon,

Bihar, Sind, Rajputana, Gujarat and the Deccan Peninsula.

400. AERUA FORSK.,.

713. Aerua javanica Juss. in Ann. Mus. XI, 131.

Locality.—Montgomery (Champion 45326!; Parker 10002!); Rawalpindi (Ait.

225!, 226!); Hurroo Bridge—(Ait. 562!, 565!); Lahore (Stewart 2597!, 2596!;

Cleghorn 2649!); Hissar (Duthie 4328!; Harsukh 20691!); Multan (Duthie).

Flowers.—October-December.

Distribution.x—Burma; Ceylon; westwards to Arabia; W. & E,. Tropical

Africa, and the Cape Verde Islands. India—from Oudh Terai to the Punjab,

Sind, Central India, the Deccan from the Konkan southwards.

714. Aerua scandens Wall. Cat. 6911. excl. M.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 522); Gurdaspur—Siyapurkandi

(Bisram 843 !).

Flowers.—May. |

Distribution.—China; Malay Islands; Philippines; E. and W. Tropical

Africa. India—Plains of Bengal and from Assam to the Punjab, ascending

the Himalaya to 5,000 ft. from Kumaon to Bhotan, Central India, Bihar and

the summit of Parasnath.

401. ACHYRANTHES L.

715. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Sp. Pl. 204.

Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 4331!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 284 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Tropical Asia; Africa; Australia and America. Throughout

India and Ceylon, an abundant weed in dry places.

402. ALTERNANTHERA FORSK.

716. Alternanthera sessilis Br. Prodr. 417.

Locality.--Peshawar (Quizilbash 27!); Hissar (Duthie 4333 !); Rawalpindi

(Ait. 690!); Lahore (Stewart 2626!, 2819!).

Flowers.—April-October.

Distribution.—All warm countries. Throughout hotter India and Ceylon, in

damp places, ascending the Himalaya to 4,000 ft.

LXXXVIII. CHENOPODIACEAE.

403. CHENOPCDIUM L.

717. Chenopodium album Linn.

Locality.--Peshawar College (Quizilbash 14!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 520!);

Barrakow (Ait. 519!); Changa Manga (* Parker 14379!, 14380!).

Flowers.—March-July.

* Worst weed in C. M. It reaches a height of 1o ft. (From Parker’s

note).

Distribution.—India—Tropical and temperate Himalaya, the plains of Bengal,

the Gangetic valley and the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, Deccan Peninsula.

Ubiquitous,

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

718. Chenopodium murale Linn. Sp. Pl. 219.

Locality.—Lahore—(Stewart 2816!); Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 21751 !).

Flowers.—March.

Weed in wheat crop.

Distribution.—India—Upper Gangetic valley and the Punjab, Deccan Pen-

insula. Ceylon, ubiquitous.

719, Chenopodium Botrys Linn. Sp. Pl. 219.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Hurroo (Ait. 588!).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Europe; N. and W. Asia; N. Africa, introduced into

America. India—Temperate Himalaya, alt. 4-10,000 ft.

720. Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. Sp. Pl. 219.

Locality.—-Rawalpindi (Ait. 223 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Widely spread in the Old World, introduced into America.

India—Bengal, Silhet and the Deccan.

404. SpINacta L.

721. Spinacia oleracea Linn. Sp. Pl. 1027.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2803 !).

Ilowers.—March.

Distribution.—Cultivated throughout India.

405. ATRIPLEX L.,

722. Atriplex crassifolia C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. FI. Alt. IV, 3009.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 224 !).

l'lowers.—September.

Distribution.—India-—N.-W. India and the Punjab, from Jummna westwards,

723. Atriplex nummularia Lindl. in Mitch. Journ. Trop. Austr. (1848) 64.

Locality. —Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14880 !).

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—Australia.

406. Kocnia ROTH.

724. Kochia prostrata Schrad. Neue. Journ. 1809, 85.

Locality.—Karnal !

Distribution.—Spain and N. Africa; Siberia; Central Asia. India—western

Himalaya, in the dry regions of Kunwar and Zanskar.

725. Kochia indica Wight. Ic. t. 1791. Vern. n. Bui.

Locality.x—Lahore (Parker 39057!; Stewart 2641!, 2520!); Rawalpindi,

Huzroo (Ait. 6869 !).

Flowers.—March-October.

Abundant in the Punjab and sometimes a troublesome weed. On_ freshly

irrigated somewhat saline soil. After a few years when the salts are washed

out of the soil it disappears.

An annual, sometimes reaching 6-8 ft. high. In autumn twigs become

rather woody and a tall patch of it is very difficult to break through.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—N.-W. India, from Delhi to Indus com-

mon, Deccan Peninsula, salt soils at Coimbatore, .

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 559

407. SuAEDA FORSK.

726. Suaeda fruticosa Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 7o.

Locality.—Sirsa (Drum 36956!, 36957!); Lahore (Stewart 2812 !, 2813)1,

Cleghorn 2656 !).

I'lowers.—April-December.

Distribution.—The Atlantic; Africa and America. N.-W. India, from Delhi

and throughout the Punjab, westwards to the Indus, common in the plains.

408. HaLtoxyton BUNGE,

727. Haloxylon recurvum Bunge in Boiss. Fl, Orient. IV, 940.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14337!); Sirsa (100961, 10055 !,

_ 10056!, 10057!, 10058!, 10059!, 10060!, 10063 !, 10064!, 10066!, 10067!,

10068 !, 10069!, 10073!); Multan (Monro!); Salt Range (Naraindas 10061! ;

Drum 36934!, 3018!).

Flowers.—September-December.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Yunnan. India—W. Punjab plains and Salt

Range ascending to 2,500 ft., Rajputana, Sind.

728. Haloxylon salicornicum Bunge in Boiss. FI. Orient. IV, 949.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 4!); Lahore, Rakh chunian (Parker

14334 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—Rajputana; Sind. Baluchistan.

729, Haloxylon multiflorum Bunge in Boiss. Fl. Orient. EX, g4o.

Locality.—Multan (Monro).

Flowers.—December.

Distribution,—Afghanistan. India—N.-W. Punjab plains, Rajputana.

409. SALSOLA L.

730. Salsola Kali Linn.; Boiss, Fl. Orient. IV, 954.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 47 !).

Distribution. Atlantic; N. Asia; N. and S. Africa; Australia and N.

America. — India—N.-W. Punjab.

731. Salsola foetida Del. Fl. Aegypt. 57.

Locality.—Lahore—Kot Lakhpat (Parker 14330!, 14331!); Changa Manga—

unirrigated area (Parker 14332!, 14333!; Gamble 22495!); Multan (Monro

10794!); Hissar (* Duthie 4335!); Shahpur, Daphar (Parker 2392!); Lahore

(Stewart 2521 !).

Flowers.—August-March.

Distribution.—Persia; Arabia; N. Africa. India—Punjab_ plains, upper

Gangetic plain, Rajputana, Sind. Baluchistan.

LXXXIX. PHYTOLACCACEAE.

410. Rivina PLUM.

732. Rivina humilis Linn. Sp. Pl. 121.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13768 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Tropical America,

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

41a. PHyTorAcca Ey

733. Phytolacca dioica Linn. Sp. Pl. ed II, 631.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (* Parker 38639!, 17194!, 137721).

Piotr ee ROC om , ane a et

* Introduced in 1912 from seed from Vilmorin. Doing well and does not

suffer from heat or frost in Lahore. This tree is commonly grown in

Gibraltar.

Distribution.—S. America.

XC. POLYGONACEAE.

412. CaLLiconum L.

734. Calligonum polygonoides Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 530.

Locality.x—Multan Khanewal (* Parker 18076!, 18075!, Elliot !); Muzzafar-

garh (** Wingate!; Monro 305 !).

Flowers.—-January-April.

* According to Brandis [Indian Trees, p. 521] this plant is found as far

north as. Lahore. This statement is, I believe, untrue. I have not seen it

anywhere in either Lahore or Montgomery Districts. On the railway from

Lahore to Karachi it starts suddenly at Mian Channa just within the border

of Multan District. It is always found on sand dunes (Parker.).

** The flowers are eaten by the poorer classes of people.

Distribution,—Persia; Armenia; Syria. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Sind.

413. Poryconum L.

735. Polygonum plebejum Br. Prodr. 420.

Locality.x—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 3!); Lahore (Stewart 2806!, 2605 !,

2663 !, 2545 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Afghanistan; Tropical Asia; Java; Philippines; Australia;

Madagascar; Egypt; Tropical and S. Africa. India—Rajputana, Sind.

736. Polygonum plebejum Br. var. indica.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2807 !).

Flowers.—April.

A common Australian and African form.

737. Polygonum plebejum Br. var. brevifolia.

Locality.x—Multan (* Monro 261!).

Flowers.—March.

* Eaten greedily by cattle.

Distribution.—India; Africa.

738. Polygonum plebejum Br. var. micranthema.

Locality.—Lahore (2617!, Stewart 2509 !).

Flowers.—-April.

Distribution.—India.

739. Polygonum barbatum Linn.

Locality.x—Rawaipindi (Ait. 222!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Tropical Asia and Africa. Throughout the hotter parts of

India.

740. Polygonum serrulatum Lagasc. Boiss. Fl. Orient. IV, 1028.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2804 !).

F lowers.—April.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 561

Distribution.—W. Asia; S. Europe; Africa; America; Australia. Plains and

low hills of India.

741. Polygonum Hydropiper Linn.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 47!); Lahore (3006 !).

Distribution.—Europe and N. Africa; Temperate and subtropical Asia; Java;

N. America; Australia. Plains and hills of India, in wet places.

414. Rumex L.

742, Rumex orientalis Benth. Boiss. FI. Orient. IV, 1009.

Locality.x—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 5 !).

Distribution.—Asia Minor; Syria and Greece. India—W. Himalaya.

743. Rumex dentatus Linn.

Locality.—-Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 21718!, 21719!; Stewart 2805 !) ;

Rawalpindi (Ait. 516!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 607 !).

Flowers.—March-April.

Distribution.—India.

XCI. PIPERACEAE.

415. Piper L.

744. Piper longum Linn. Sp. Pl. 29.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (*Ait. 493 !).

* Cultivated in gardens for market.

Distribution.—Ceylon; Malacca; Malay Islands. Hotter provinces of India

from Assam, Khasia Mts. and Bengal westwards to Bombay and to Travancore,

wild or cultivated.

XCIl; LAURACEAE,

416. Macnirus NEES.

745. Machilus odoratissima Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. II, 70, and Syst,

Laurin, 172.

Locality.—Husanabad, Abbottabad (Inayat!); Rawalpindi—Punjar (Parker

8670 !).

Flowers.—May-June.

Distribution.—Java; Sumatra; Cochin China. India—Subtropical and tem-

perate Himalaya.

417. Lirsaza LAMK.

746. Litsaea sebifera Pers. Syn. II, 4.

Locality.—Rawalpindi 3,000 ft. (Jerram 7329!); Gurdaspur (Fane 4861 !).

Flowers.—June.

Distribution.—Ceylon; Malay Islands; China; Australia. Throughout the

hotter parts of India, from the Punjab to Assam, the Gangetic Plain and

Bengal, and southwards throughout the Deccan Peninsula.

747, Litsaea polyantha Juss. in Ann. Mass. VI, art.

Locality.—Gurdaspur (Fane 4860!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Java; China. India—Punjab and the Salt Range along the

foot of the Himalaya, eastwards to Assam and southwards to the Satpura

Range.

062 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

XCIIT. THYMELAEACEAE.

418. Dapune L,

748. Daphne cannabina Wall in Asiat. Research DOU, S32 05e ate ace

Locality.—Rawalpindi 5,000 ft. (Jerram 7471 !),

Flowers.—-March.

Distribution.—India—temperate Himalaya.

XCIV. LORANTHACEAE.

419. Lorantuus L,

749. Loranthus cordifolius Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed Carey and Wall.

IT, -223.and *Cats 517.

Locality.kx—On road from Shahpur to Sihunta 3,000 ft. Chamba state (Parker

21614 !).

Flowers.—January.

On Vitex Negundo.

Distribution.—India subtropical Himalaya, Central India.

750. Loranthus longiflorus Desrouss. in Lamk. Encyc. III, 408.

Locality. —Rawalpindi, Saligraon (Parker 9998!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 502!).

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—India—tropical and temperate Himalaya, Gangetic plains from

Oudh to Assam and southwards on plains and hills throughout both peninsulas

to Travancore. Ceylon; in the warm parts.

420. Viscum L.

751. Viscum japonicum Thunnb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 329.

Locality.—-Rawalpindi, Murree 7,000 ft. (Ait!).

On Quercus.

Distribution.—Mauritius ; China; Japan; Australia. India—temperate Hima-

laya, alt. 5-7,000 ft., Nilgiri Hills, ascending to 7,000 ft., Central Provinces

in the most elevated parts.

XCV. EUPHORBIACEAE.

421. FEupHorsia L.

752. Euphorbia hypericifolia Linn. Hort. Cliff. 148.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 529!); Hissar (Duthie 4375 !).

Flowers.-—July-August.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropics of both the hemispheres, except Australia

and the Pacific Islands. Common throughout the hotter parts of India, from

the Punjab to the S. Deccan.

753. Euphorbia hirta Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) 454.

Locality.x—Changa Manga (42605).

Flowers.—-September.

Distribution.--Throughout the hotter parts of India from the Punjab to

Ceylon. All tropical and subtropical countries.

754, Euphorbia thymifolia Burm. Fl. Ind. 2 and Thes. Zey lanes t-ar0s aie

Locality.—Changa Manga (Parker 42606!); Hissar bir (Harsukh 20688 ! ;

Duthie 4374).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—-Throughout India and Ceylon in the plains and lower hills.

All hot countries except Australia, ; aed thee

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 563

755. Euphorbia granulata Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 94.

Locality.—Lahore—(2661!; Stewart 2533 !).

Flowers.—March-April.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Arabia; Egypt; Canaries. India—Punjab plains,

Rohilkhand, Rajputana, Sind.

756. Euphorbia Clarkeana Hock. f.

Locality.—Lahore (Cleghorn 2647!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 525!); Hissar (Duthie

4374 !).

Flowers.—May-August.

Distribution.—India—-N.-W, India, Rajputana, Sind.

757. Euphorbia Tirucalli Linn. Hort. Cliff. 147.

Locahity.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13616!).

Flowers.—June.

Distribution.—India—naturalised in Bengal and the Deccan Peninsula, culti-

vated in N.-W. India, Burma and E. Peninsula. Ceylon naturalised; a native

of Africa.

758. Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Sp. Pl. 459.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 528!); Lahore (Stewart 2839 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Afghanistan and westwards to the Atlantic; Japan; introduced

elsewhere. India—the Punjab and W. Himalaya in fields, introduced into the

Nilgiris,

759, Euphorbia dracunculoides Lamk. Encycl. II, 428.

Locality.x—Jhelum (Ait. !); Lahore (Stewart 2532 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Arabia and Trepical Africa. India—from the Punjab to Bihar

in the plains and low hills, and southward to Canara and Coromandel.

760. Euporbia falcata L. Sp. Pl. 456.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 630 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Afghanistan and westwards to Arabia, Middle and S. Europe,

and N. Africa. India—the Punjab.

761. Euphorbia prolifera Ham. in Don Prodr. 62.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 531!, 532!).

Flowers.—April-May.

Disiribution.—Yunnan. India—C, and W. Himalaya, plains and rocky hills

from Oudh to the Punjab.

762. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, in Otta & Dietr. Allg.

Gartenz II (1834) 27.

Locaiity.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 481!).

Distribution.—Mexico.

422. Sarcococca LINDL.

763. Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1012.

Locality.—Rawalpindi above §,ooo ft. (Jerram 7472 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Afghanistan; Sumatra. India—temperate Himalaya,

Deccan Peninsula, on the W. Ghats from Canara southwards.

564. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

423. Buxus L.

764. Buxus papillosa C. K. Schneider, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk II, 139 (1907)

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 58544!); Rawalpindi—Kala chitta

(Parker 10188 !).

Flowers.—December-March.

Distribution.—India.

424. ANDRACHNE L.

765. Amdrachne cordifolia Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, 234.

Locality.—Rawalpindi over 6,o00 ft. (Jerram 8277 !).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—C. and W. temperate Himalaya, alt.

5-8,000 ft.

425. PHYLLANTHUS L.

766. Phyllanthus Niruri Linn. Sp. Pl. 98.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38823 !).

Flowers.—August. A weed.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Malacca; Tropics generally except Australia. Through-

out the hotter parts of India, from the Punjab to Assam and southwards to

Travancore, ascending the hills to 3,000 ft.

426. GLocHIDION FORST.

767. Glochidion assamicum Hook. f.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14881 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—India—W. Himalaya, foot and low valleys of the Himalaya,

Bengal, Assam.

768. Glochidion velutinum Wight Ic. t. 19071-2.

Locality.»—Rawalpindi, Panjuri (Parker 10190 !).

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—India—hot valleys of the Himalaya, Deccan Peninsula from

the Konkan to the Nilgiri Hills.

427. Breynia FORST.

769. Breynia rhamnoides Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, ii, 440 (excl.

vars. ‘a,, f.)

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13619!).

Flowers.—June.

Distvibution.—Ceylon ; Malacca; China; Malay Islands, Philippines. Through-

out tropical India.

770. Breynia cernua Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. XV, ii, 439.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13763 !, 38824 !).

Flowers.—September.

Shrub 4 ft. high.

Distribution.—Australia; Timor Island.

428. JaTRoPHA L,

771. Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 1006.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 13130).

Distribution.—Native of Brazil.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 565

772. Jatropha panduraefolia Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 267; Woodr. Gard. in

Ind. ed. 5, 442.

Locality.x—-Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 15031 !).

Flowers.—-May.

Distribution.—Native of Cuba.

429. ALEuRITES FORST.

773. Aleurites moluccana Willd. Sp. Pl. IV, 590.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns, (Parker 13137!, 12968 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—India. Native of Pacific Islands.

430. Croton L.

774. Croton caudatus Geisel Croton. Mongr. 73.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38846 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Ceylon; Malacca; Java; Philippines. India—E. Himalaya,

Assam, Bengal and Silhet to the Deccan.

431. CHROZOPHORA NECK,

775. Chrozophora hierosolymitana Spreng. Syst. III, 850=verbascifolia.

Locality.kx—Multan (Monro 206!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 533 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Mediterranean region; Orient.

432. -ACALYPHA L.

776. Acalypha ciliata Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 162.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 168!, 228 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Arabia ; Tropical Africa. India—W. Himalaya, alt. 3-6,000 ft.,

the Deccan Peninsula from the Konkan southwards.

433. Sapium P. Br,

777. Sapium sebiferum Roxb. FI. Ind. III, 693.

Locality.—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 62!); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 566!) ;

Rawalpindi (Ait. 164!).

Distribution.---Cultivated in various parts of India and elsewhere in warm

countries. A native of China.

XCVI. URTICACEAE.

434. Trema LOUR,

778. Trema politoria Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii, X (1848) 326.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 506!).

Distribution.—India.

435. Cannasis TOURNEF,

779, Cannabis sativa Linn. Sp. Pl. 1027.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait, 2301).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Central Asia, wild; cultivated in temperate and tropical regions.

Throughout India, wild in the N.-W, Himalaya and cultivated elsewhere.

566° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

436. Mac.tura NUTT.

780. Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. Gen. Am. II, 234.

Locality.—Changa Manga (Parker 21042 !).

I'lowers.—April.

Distribution.x—N. America.

ag7. Morus JE.

781. Morus alba Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 986.

Locality.—Lahore—Changa Manga (Parker 39584!); Rawalpindi (* Ait. 535 !,

534 ').

Flowers.—March-May. I‘ruits.—Deep_ purple.

* A cultivated tree in the Punjab proper. On the Hurrow road banks and

on Indus banks on rocks it seems indigenous (Ait.).

Distribution.—Afghanistan; N. and W. Asia, wild or cultivated (for ~ its

fruit). India—cultivated in the Punjab, N.-W. Himalaya.

782. Morus indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 986.

Locaiity.—Lahore—Race course road (Parker 11413!, 11451!, 11414 }).

Flowers.—February-April.

Distribution.—China; Japan. India—temperate and subtropical Himalaya,

Bengal, Assam, Burma, wild and _ cultivated.

783. Morus laevigata Wall. Cat. 4649.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Wate’s Garden (Parker 10238 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—India—tropical and subtropical Himalaya, Indus to Assam and

Bihar, wild and cultivated.

438. . -Hicus iE;

784. Ficus bengalensis linn. Hort. Cliff. 471, n. 4.

Locality.—Kalesar, alt. 1,150 ft. (Lace. Herb. 35!).

Distribution.—Plants in all the plains of India, wild only in the subtropical

Himalayan forests and on the lower slopes of the Deccan hills.

785. Ficus Rumphii Blume Bijd. 437.

Locality.—Kangra—Shahpur (Parker 10529 !).

Flowevs.—May.

Distribution.—Malay Islands. India—on the dry lower slopes of the mount

ains of the Punjab; N.-W. and C. India, Assam to Burma.

786. Ficus religiosa Linn. Hort. Cliff. 471.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 126!).

Distribution.—Wild in the Sub-Himalayan forests, in Bengal and in Central

India; universally planted in India and Ceylon, less frequently in Burma and

rarely in the Malay region.

787. Ficus scandens Roxb. FI. Ind. III, 536.

Locality.—Kangra—Shahpur (Parker 10528 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Tropical Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards; Assam, Khasia

Hills, Chittagong, Burma, and the Andaman Islands; Bihar on Parsunath.

788. Ficus foveolata Wall. Cat. 4403.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Sangseri, 5,000 ft. (Jerram 7602 !).

Flowers.—-April.

Distribution.—China. India—Outer Himalaya from Chamba to Bhotan Khasia

Hills, Chittagong and Burma.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 567

789. Ficus palmata Forsk. Fl. Aegypt. 179.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 211); Phagwar, 5,000-6,o00 ft, (Jerram 8095!) ;

Peshawar (Stewart !); Gurdaspur, Dhunera (Bisram 306!).

Flowers.—June-September.

Distribution.—N.-W. India from the Indus eastwards to Oudh, ascending to

3,000 ft. in the Himalaya. Westwards to Egypt and Abyssinia.

790. Ficus Roxburghii Wall. Cat. 4508.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 165).

Distribution.—India—Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhotan, Khasia

Hills, Chittagong, Burma, ascending to 5,000 ft.

791. Ficus glomerata Roxb. Cor. Pl. H, t. 123 and Fl. Ind. iii, 558.

i lowers.—September.

Distribution.—Outer Himalaya and plains and low hills of India, from

Rajputana and the Salt Range to the Khasia Hills, Burma, the Deccan

Peninsula, and Ceylon.

792. Ficus macrophylla Desf. Tabl. ed. I, 209.

Locality.—Changa Manga (Parker 19341 !).

_ Distribution.—Australia.

43g. Artocarpts FORST.

793. Artocarpus integrifolia Linn. Fl. Suppl. 412.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 476!); Bhullan (Parker 10237 :).

Flowers.—January.

Distribution.—Deccan Peninsula, native of the forests of the Western Ghats ;

cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India and E. Asia.

794. Artocarpus Lakoocha Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 524.

Locality.x—Hoshiarpur (* Ait. 484 !).

* Cultivated in Hoshiarpur gardens and does not produce fruit.

Distribution.—Malacca. India—tropical Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 ft. from

Kumaon eastwards to Burma and southwards to Travancore.

440. Borumerta JACQ.

795. Boehmeria platyphylla Don. Prodr. 60.

Var.—scabrella Wedel.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 534 !).

Distribution.—India. Ceylon.

441. Pouzoizia GAUZ.

796. Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. Fl. Jav. 64, t., 14.

Locality.—-Rawalpindi (Ait. 190!); Lahore (2987! Brandis’ Herb.).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.-—-China; Japan. India—tropical Himalaya from Kangra, east-

ere to Assam, the Khasia Hilis and Bengal, and southwards to Orissa and

anara.

442. Parrerarté TOURNEPF.

797. Parietaria debilis Forst. Prodr. 387.

Locality.—-Rawalpindi (Ait. 1107 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Many temperate and tropical regions, extending to Australia and

Chili. India—temperate Himalaya, from the Punjab to Sikkim, alt. 8-1,200 ft.,

the Konkan and Nilgiri Hills.

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. -SOCIETY, Vol.- XLII

443. Forskouxea L.

798. Forskohlea tenacissima Linn, Mant. 72.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Attock (Ait. 1108!); Near: Peshawar (Collett !).

-Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Egypt;.. Arabia;. Afghanistan. .. India—W. Punjab, Sind. .

Baluchistan.

XCVII. PLATANACEAE.

444. PLaTaNus as

799. Platanus orientalis Linn. Sp. Pl. 999.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Saidpur (Ait. 1136!).

- Distribution.—Wild from N.. Persia westwards to South Italy. India—N.-W.

Himalaya; from the Sutlej westwards, cultivated only.

XCVIII. JUGLANDACEAE.

445. ENGELHARDTIA LESCHEN.

800. Engelhardtia Colebrookiana JLindl. in Wail. Pl. As. Rar. TIT, 4, t. 208

and Cat. 494.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 529!).

Distribution.—China. India—W. Himalaya, from the Chenab to Nepal,

Assam and the Khasia Hills, Burma.

XCIX. . CASUARINACEAE.

446. Casuarina FORST.

801. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Char. Gen. 103, f. 53.

Locality. —Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14387!, 14388!); Ravi Park

(Parker 38703 !).

Flowers.—April- June. ;

Distribution.— Malay islands’ Australia; Pacific. India—On the east of the

Bay of Bengal, from Chittagong southwards, cultivated elsewhere in India.

Cy SAEBICACEAE.,

AAG... SALIKG ae.

802. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Cor. Pl. i, 66, es 07; Fie ind: sh es76..

Locality.—Gurdaspur (Bisram 848 !).

Flowers.—May. :

Distribution.—Sumatra; Java. Throughout tropical and subtropical India,

from the Punjab eastwards’ to. Assam and southwards to’ Travancore.

803. Salix acmophylla Boiss. Diagn. VII, 98; FI. Orient. IV, 1183.

‘Locality. eam ae ee (Ait. “3433 1).

Flowers.sFebruary- |) i312 ee Z th Pe aha aes

Distribution. BE Ae tne Balnone an and westwards to Syria. N.-W.

India.

448.. Porunus L.

804. Populus nigra Linn. Sp. Pl. 1034.

_ Locality. Peony ons !)- ; aa

“Cultivated. rea aa ta pts Wei a

Disiribution:—Europe. 7 ;

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS . 569

Voy. ili, ~449,-t. 45,° 46.

805. Populus euphratica Oliv.

the Ravi (Parker .14381!,

Locality.—Lahore—Islands | 18105!, 18106!,

14382 !); (Ait. 110 !).

Flowers.—F ebruary. Fruits.—September.

Distribution.—W. and C. Asia, and westwards to Syri ia and Egypt. India—

along the Indus Valley, in Sind, the Punjab and planted in the N.-W. Provinces

CI. GNETACEAE.

449. EPHEDRA L.,

806. Ephedra foliata Boiss. Fl. Orient V (1881) 716.

_. Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 536!); Changa Manga (U. Kangilal!).

" Flowers.—May-July. _

Distribution.—Afghanistan to Syria. India—Punjab, Rajputana, © Sind. °

CII. CONIFERAE.

450. CaLuitris VENT.

Decad. 10.

807. Callitris quadrivalvis Vent.

(Parker 97.

Locality. —Lahore—Anarkali gdns.

“Distribution.—N. Africa.

515!, 7516!, 6046!)

451. Tuuya L,

808. Thuya orientalis Linn. Sp. Pl. 1002.

(Ait. 486 !).

Locality.—Hoshiarpur

Japan.

Distribution.—China ;

452. Cupressus L.

Gard. Dict. ed., VIII, n. 3.

809. Cupressus lusitanica Mill.

Soria: (Parker 14386!, 7518 !)

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort.

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—India. Ouene

ASo. ee INOS: Le.

810. Pinus longifolia Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 651.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 292!). ee

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—outer Himalayan Ranges, from the Indus

to Bhotan. é

CLIT .CYGADACEAE.

454. Zamia L,

811. Zamia angustifolia Jacq.” Coll. Ill, 263.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. | (Parker 38859 !).

A stemless tufted Cycad. his <a Gan En . en ACS

Distribution.—Bahama Islands. <2. 00." 03:07 Gell sat! ; ae

570. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

CIV. HYDROCHARITACEAE.

455. Hypritta RICHARD.

812. Hydrilla verticillata Casp. in Monatsber. Akad, Berl. 1857.

Locality.—Rawalpindi, Hurroo (Ait. 543 !).

Distribution.—Central Europe; Mauritius; Madagascar; Tropical Asia and

Australia. Still and slowly running waters throughout India and Ceylon.

CV. ORCHIDACEAE.

456. EvutopuHia Br.

813. Eulophia campestris Wail. Cat. 7617.

Locality.—On islands in the river at Urezerabad (Clarke 545!); Lahore

(Stewart 2625!).

Flowers.—March-May.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. Plains of India, from the Punjab to Oudh,

Bengal, Chittagong and the Deccan.

457. ZEeEUXxINE LINDL.

814. Zeuxine sulcata Lind. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 485.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 73!); Lahore (Stewart 2825!, 2522 !).

Flowers.—March-April.

Distribution.— Afghanistan ; Java; China; Philippines. Throughout India in

the plains and low hills from the Punjab and Sind to Assam, Chittagong, and

southwards to Ceylon.

CVI. HAEMODORACEAE.

458. OpHiopocon KER.

815. Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Mag. t. 1063.

Locality.—Rawalpindi 5,000 ft. (Ait. 126!).

Flowers,—August.

Distribution.—Japan.

CVII. DIOSCOREACEAE.

459. Dioscorga L,

816. Dioscorea belophylla Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 653 (1845), nomen;

Haines, For. Fl. Chota-Nagpur 530 decr.=D. sagittata Royle.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 586 !).

Distribution.—India.

CVIII. LILIACEAE.

460. SmiLax L,

817. Smilax aspera Linn. Sp. Pl. 1028.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Hokraker, 5,o00 ft. (Jerram 8066!, 7790!, 7789 !).

Fruits.—June. :

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Syria; S. Europe; N. Africa. Throughout India.

818. Smilax prolifera Roxb. FI. Ind. iti, 795.

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14876 !).

Flowers.—January.

Distribution. Throughout India. Ceylon.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 571

461. Asparacus L,

819. Asparagus capitatus Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV, 607.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 556!, 137!).

Flowers.—April. Fruits.—August.

Distribution.—India—foot of the W. Himalaya.

820. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Sp. Pl. ii, 152.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 4450!).

Distribution.—Tropical Africa; Java; and Australia. Throughout tropical and

subtropical India and Ceylon, ascending the Himalaya to 4,o00 ft.

821. Asparagus adscendens Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 153.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 629!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 235!, 557!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. India—Rohilkhand, the W. Himalaya and _ the

Punjab, from Murree eastwards to Kumaon.

822. Asparagus Sprengeri Regal in Act. Hort. Petrop. XI (1890) 490, f. 8,

Locality.—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 14361 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—S. Africa, Orient.

462. Yucca DILL.

823. Yucca gloriosa L. Sp. Pl. 3109.

Locality.—Lahore (Parker 15044 !).

Distribution.--N, America.

463. AsPHODELUS L.

824. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan. in Anal. Cienc. Nat. iii, 46, t. 27; and

COM, t. 587, 1...2:

Locality.x—Peshawar College (Quizilbash 10!).

Distribution.—Plains of India, in fields, from Bengal westwards to Gujarat

and the Punjab. Westwards to the Canary Islands.

464. Atiicm L,

825. Allium rubellum M. Bieb. Fl. Jaur. Cauc. i, 264.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 551!, 550!, 549!).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—India—Punjab and W. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon.

Westwards to the Ural and Caucasus, and in Siberia.

465. Drpcapt MEDIC,

826. Dipcadi serotinum Medic. in Act. Palatin. VI, 431.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Mt. Tilla (Ait. 554 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Europe. India—Punjab, Kumaon.

466. 2SCILEA. E.

827. Scilla Hohenackeri Fisch. & Mey. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Masc.1838, I,

256.

Locality.—Peshawar (Rodger 43399!); Rawalpindi—Hurroo (Altace !);

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Persia. India—Punjab.

572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL ‘HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

467. MERENDERA RAMOND.

: 828. Merendera persica Boiss. & Kotsch. Diagn. XIII, 37; Fl. Orient V,

169. ay

Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Futtehganj (Ait. 1124!),.-

Flowers.—February-March. : : .

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; N. Persia. India—the Punjab.

468. GLoriosa L.

829. Gloriosa superba Linn. Sp. Pl. 305.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 547!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropical Africa; Malaya; Cochin-China. Throughout

tropical India.

CIX. COMMELINACEAE.

469. COMMELINA L.

830. Commelina bengalensis Linn. Sp. Pl. 41.

Locality. —Rawalpindi (Ait. 169!); Multan (* Monro 63 !).

Flowers.—September.

* Ointment made from leaves mixed with cotton leaves and butter used

for boils.

Distribution.—Tropical Asia and Africa. Throughout India, ascending to

6,000 ft. in the Himalaya.

831. Commelina glabra Clarke. Monogr. 163.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 170 !).

Flowers.—September. )

Distribution.—India—the Southern Deccan Peninsula.

Cxa) PALMAE:

470. SapaL ADANS.

832. Sabal Adansoni Guerns. in Bull. Soc. Philom. III (1803) 206, t. 25.

Locality. —Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (* Parker 13658 !).

Flowers.—May.

* Stemless.

Distribution.—N. America.

471. CHAMAEROPS. L.

833, Chamaerops humilis Linn. Sp. Pl. 1187.

Locality.--Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 11450!).

Flowers.—February.

Stem 1-5 ft. high. Ree

Distribution.—W. Mediterranean region. Laces © ; cy

CX1 PY PEAGEAE,

472. , Typua L.

, 834.. Typha elephantina Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 556:

Locality.—-Rawalpindi (Ait. 695 !).

Flowers.—September. - ; es Breen,

Distribution.—Algiers. Marshes from N,-W. India to Assam and _ south-

wards, wey BRA oe Le “Aah Si de gee en o

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED ‘HILL REGIONS 573

835. Typha angustata Chaub. & Bory Exped. Scient.. Morée Bot. 338.

Locality.--Multan (4!); Makhdumpur (Monro 356!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 694 !) ;

Lahore—Kot Lakhpat (* Parker 14359!, 14360!).

Flowers. —September -October.

* Introduced in Kot Lakhpat Plantation by canal water, found in wet Borrow

Pits near the canal. Used for making chicks, winnowing trays, etc.

Distribution.—N. Asia and westwards N. Africa and <) Europe. Northern

India, from Kashmir to Munnipore and southwards to Sind and Coromandel.

473. SPARGANIUM L.,

836. Sparganium ramosum Huds. FI. Angl. 4o.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 540!).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—-N. Temp. regions. India.

"GX1L.. WRACEAE.

474. Corocasia L.

837. Colocasia Antiquorum Schott Melet. I, 18; Syn 40; Prodr. 38. .

- Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 537 !). | ;

Flowers.—March.

Cultivated for vegetable purposes. a

*“ “Pistribution.—Throughout the hotter parts of India and Ceylon, in moist

and dry places, wild or cultivated. Cultivated in all hot countries.

CXIII. LEMNACEAE.

ii47g. > Lemna .L:

838. Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. Lemnae. 139, t. 8.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 572 1,538 |).

Distribution.—C osmopolitan tropical. In various parts of India and Ceylon.

_. 476. WoLrFFIA HORKEL.

839. Wolffia microscopica Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc. IX, 265.

Locality.x—Lahore (Kashyap 18466! .e Raw

Distribution.—India. :

539 }).

~ OXIV. | ALISMACEAE.

a77-) Avisma L.

_ 840. Alisma Plantago Linn.

- ‘Locality. —Hoshiarpur. (Ait.

Flowers.—June. r oe

Distribution.—N. and S. temperate regions. India—Marshes, etc. of the

lower Himalaya, alt. 1- 7 Cok it

332!; Bisram 339!).°

CXV. NAIADACEAE.

478. PotaMocETon L.

841. Potamogeton perfoliatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 126.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 232!).

Flowers.—September.

-Distribution.—Malay and Sandwich Jslands., Throughout . the. plains of

India, ascending the Himalaya to 9,000 ft,

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

842. Potamogeton crispus Linn. Sp. Pl. 126.

Locality.x—Rawalpinli (Ait. 569!).

Distribution.—N. and S. temperate and subtropical regions. Plains of India

and temperate Himalaya.

843. Potamogeton pectinatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 127.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 542 !).

Distribution.—Plains of India. Most regions.

CXVI7 \CYPERAGCEAE,.

479. Cyperus L.,

844. Cyperus niveus Retz. Obs. V, 12.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 134!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 94!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Kabul; China. India—from Kashmir to Upper Burma, alt.

o-6,000 ft., Rajputana and southwards to Calcutta and Hyderabad.

845. Cyperus arenarius Retz. Obs. IV, 9.

Locality.x—Charkhi Dadri in sandy soil (Duthie 4491!); Rawalpindi (Ait.

23g! named C. laevigatus Koen.).

Flowers.—August-September.

Distribution.—Persia; Arabia; Trop. Asia. India—Rajputana, Sind, Punjab

Plains.

846. Cyperus Atkinsoni C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI, 109.

Locality.x—Charkhi Dadri in sandy soil (Duthie 4491a!).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—India.

847. Cyperus I a Linn. Sp. Pl. 67, (Excl. Rheede).

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 129!).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Old World. India—Rajputana, general in rice fields.

848. Cyperus eleusinoides Kunth Enum. ii, 39.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 245!, 244!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Asia ; Africa; Australia. India—Punjab to Ceylon, Rajputana.

819. CyperusStegetum Roxb. F!. Ind. i, 208.

Locality.—-Hissar (Duthie 4483 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Tropical Africa; Mauritius; Ceylon. Throughout India—Raj-

putana, Sind.

850. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Sp. Pl. 67 (not in Linn. Herb).

Locality.—Multan (Monro 340!, 179!, 20!, 18!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 109!);

Lahore (Stewart 2615 !).

Distribution.—All warm regions. India—Rajputana, Sind, a _ pestiferous

weed.

851. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz. Obs. IV, to.

Locality.—Lahore (Monro 19!); Multan (Monro 3893).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—-Malay Peninsula; Mauritius; China; Malaya; Australia.

Shores of India, especially in sea sand, from Sind to Ceylon and Coromandel. |

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 57

852. Cyperus serotinus Rottb. Desc. Nov. Pl. 31; Prog. 18=Monti.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 246!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Europe ; Orient.

480. Kyrtiinca ROTTB.

853. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Descr. et. Ic. 13, t. 4, f. 3.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 240!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Throughout India, from the Punjab to Assam, Ceylon and

Malacca. All warm regions except the Mediterranean.

481. EnLreocuaris R. Br.

854. Eleocharis palustris Br. Prodr. 224 (in note).

Locality.—Peshawar (Quizilbash 40!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 558 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.--Cosmopolitan.

Bengal.

India—from the W. Himalaya to Sind and

482. Fimpristytis VAHL.

lod

855. Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. Enum. ii, 287.

Locality.x—Muzaffargarh (Monro 270!, 272!).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Warm regions of the Old World.

putana, Sind, in rice fields.

Throughout India—Raj-

856. Fimbristylis ferruginea Vahl. Enum. 291.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 242 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—All warm __ regions.

abundant near the sea.

Throughout India, Rajputana, Sind,

483. Scirpus L.

857. Scirpus quinquefarius Ham. in Wal. Cat. 3465.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 259!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Turkestan, Afghanistan; Africa. N. India, Rajputana, Sind,

858. Scirpus mucrynatus Linn. Sp. Pl. 73.

Locality.-Rawalpindi (Ait. 559!).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Europe ; Madagascar; warmer Asia; Australia. Throughout

India.

859. Scirpus littoralis Schrad. Fl. Germ. .i, 142, t. 5, a

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 560!).

Flowers.—May. ;

Distribution.—Central Asia; Mediterranean region; Persia; Africa; Ceylon.

India—Rajputana, Sind.

484. Carex L.

860. Carex setigera Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV, 330 & Prodr. 43.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Murree 6,500 ft. (58!, 55!, 181).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—India.

ov¥6 JOURNAL; BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Viol. Xie

861. Carex Wallichiana Prescott in Wall. Cat. 3380.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Hurroo (Ait. 1127 1},

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. N. India.

CXVIT. GRAMINEAE.

485. Paspatum L.

862. Paspalum sanguinale Lamk. Illustr. I, 176.

~ Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 120 !).

Flowers.—August. i Be

Distribution.— All warm _ countries. Tie suena India, in dry and moist

situations ascending the Himalaya to 6,000 ft.

863. Paspalum longiflorum Retz. Obs. IV, 15 (non Trin). © . Sha iae

Locality.—-Karnal (Drum !).

Flowers.—August-September. chi

Distribution.—Tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. Through-

out India.

486. ISACHNE Br.

864. Isachne australis Br. Prodr. 1096.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 250!).

_:. Flowers—September.

- Distribution.—Australia; New Zealand. Hotter parts of India, fon Assam™

and Burma to Central India and southwards to Ceylon.

487. Panicum L.

865. Panicum Crus-galli Linn. Sp. PI. 56.

Locality.—Karnal (Drum!); Multan! a. | |

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.— All warm countries. Throughout India, especially in wet and

rich soils.

866. Panicum colonum Linn. Syst. Ed. X, 870.

Locality.x—Multan (Monro ‘16; Forest Dept. 8!); ee eee (Monro 26!,

27.!); Rawalpindr (Ait. 96!) ; Hissar bir (Duthie 5026)1)-

Flowers.—July-September.

Best fodder for cows, buffaloes, horses. The seed is eaten by people.

Hindus make sweetmeat of it during fast days.

Distribution.—All warm countries. Throughout India and Ceylon.

~ 867. Panicum prostratum Lamk. Illustr. i, 171; Encycl. IV,. 745.

Locality. Bevis toon (Ait. 107 1):

Flowers.—July. -.

A good fodder grass. a

Distribution. —Tropics generally. Plains of India one ‘the quniee mad to

Assam and Burma and southwards to Ceylon.

868. Panicum ramosum Linn. Mant. i, ie gee —_

Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 5019!) Karnal Eee !); Hansee 187!; Multan

(Monro 369!; * Forest Dept. 2 !).

Flowers. August.

* Grows on sandy soil with enough moisture. Good fodder ‘for Cela,

worse fodder for camels and’ goats:

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Ceylon. Plains of Tere from slash Rajputana

and the N.-W. Provinces to Bihar and southwards to Madras;- i

\-FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 577

869. Panicum hydaspicum Edgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi (1862) 207.

Locality.—Karnal jungle (Drum!) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 123 !).

Flowers.—August-September. ~

' Distribution.—India—the Punjab and Upper Gangetic Plain.

870... Panicum antidotale Retz Obs. IV, 17.

Locality. —Hissar bir (Harsukh 20715!, Duthie 5025 !); Multan (Monro 81!;

Duthie 10802 !) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 113 !); Hoshiarpur (Ait. 1114!). —

--+ Flowers,—July-February r m }

Distribution.—-Afghanistan ; Africa; Tropical Australia. India—the Punjab,

Rajputana, Sind, Upper Gangetic Plain and southwards to S. Deccan and

Ceylon. es

488. Optismenus BEAUTY.

871. Oplismenus compositus Beauv. Agrost. 54.

Locality.—Hooshiarpore (Ait. 480 !).

Distribution.—Ceylon, most tropical regions (except Australia). Throughout

India.

"489. Setaria BEAUV.

872. Setaria glauca Beauv. Agrost. 51.

Locality.—Karnal (Durm !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 108!).

Flowers.—May-July. ho

Distribution.—All warm, temperate and tropical regions. Throughout _India,

especially in cultivated ground. |

4go.’ PENNISETUM. PERS.

873. Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Pers. Syn. i, 72., ,

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Murree (Wingate 35!); Barrakow: 2,500 ft. (Wingate

te) ras,

Flowers.—April-May.

Distribution.—Asia Minor and N. Africa. India—W. Himalaya, the Punjab,

Sind, the Konkan and Bihar.

874. Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. in Pers. Syn. i, 72.

Locality —Multan (Monro 14!, 13!; * Forest Dept. 14!); Lahore (Stewart

2524!; Duthie!; Brandis’ Herb. 2960 !) ; Rawalpindi (Ait. 99 !).

. Flowers. —August- -September.

-* Best fodder to increase milk for cattle. Average kind of fodder for

ponies. , Grows on good sandy and moist soils.

Distribution. —Canary Islands; Tropical Africa; Sicily. India

low hills throughout W. India, Rajputana, Sind. Baluchistan.

plains. and

875. Pennisetum: Prieurii Kunth Revis. Gram. ii, 411, t. 119; Enum. PI.

i, 162; ‘Suppl. 119.

. Tc cality. —lLahore (Hein 1); Multan (Monro 14!).

Flowers.—August-September.

Distribution.—Tropical Africa. India—The Punjab, Rajputana.

876. Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. in Pers. Syn. I (1805). 72.

‘Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2844 !).

Distribution.—Africa and S. Europe. Throughout the hotter parts of India,

widely cultivated. BSL ET ye =

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

491. CENCHRUS L.

877. Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 233.

Locality.—Lahore (2957; Stewart 2845!); Hissar bir (Harsukh 20708! ;

Duthie 5034!); Sialkot (Bairus’ father !).

Flowers.—April-October.

Distribution.—Arabia; Africa. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Upper

Gangetic Plain, the Konkan. Baluchistan.

878. Cenchrus catharticus Delile Cat. Hort. Monsp. 1838; in Linnaea XIII

(1839) Litterb 103.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20702!); Panipat (Drum!).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Arabia ; Tropical Africa. India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Upper

Gangteic Plains.

492. Oryza L.

879. Oryza sativa Linn. Sp. Pl. 333.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 255!).

Fruits.—September.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropical Australia. Indigenous in marshes of Raj-

putana, Sikkim, Bengal, the Khasia Hills, Central India, the Circars.

493- Tracus HALLER.

880. Tragus racemosus Scop. Introd. Hist. Nat. 73.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 110!); (Barrakow 1!}).

Flowers.—May-August. a

Distribution.—Warm regions generally. Dry plains of India, Burma, Ceylon.

494. Imperata CYRILL.

381. Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. Pl. Rar. Neap Fasc. ii, 26, t. 11.

Locality.—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 568!, 94!).

Flowers.—April-September.

Distribution.—Hotter parts of India, from the Punjab southwards, and east-

wards to Malacca and Ceylon.

495. SaccHaRuM L.

882. Saccharum spoutaneum Linn. Mant. ii, 183.

Locality.x—Multan (Monro 34!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 131!).

Flowers.—September-October.

‘Distribution.—S. Europe and warm regions of the Old World; E. Australia.

Throughout the warmer parts of India and Ceylon, ascending to 6,000 ft., in

the Himalaya.

883. Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Obs. IV, 14.

Locality.—Multan (Monro 33!); Karnal Gdns (3006! Drum’s Herb).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; China. Throughout the plains and low hills of India.

496. Ertantuus MICHX.

884. Erianthus Ravennae Beauv. Agrost. 14.

Locality.—Karnal (Jabraya 3008! Drum’s Herb); Lahore (For. Economist

20162!, 20163 !).

Flowers.—October-December,

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 579

Distribution.—India—W. Himalaya, from Kashmir to Kumaon, the Punjab

and Upper Gangétic Plain, from the Indus to Delhi. Westwards to the

Mediterranean.

ISCHAEMUM L.

497+

885. Ischaemum angustifolium Hook. Monogr. Androp. 241

Locality.x—Rawalpindi—Barrakow (Ait. 563!).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; China; Philippines. India—Lower Himalaya, the

Punjab, Rajputana, Mt. Aboo, the Satpura Hills, Bihar on Parusnath, Central

India.

498. PoGonaTHERUM BEAUTY.

886. Pogonatherum saccharoideum Beauv. Agrost. 56, t, f. 7.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 542 !).

Distribution..—China; Malaya. Throughout the hilly parts of India, in dry

places, from the Punjab eastwards to Bhotan, Manipur, Burma, ascending the

Himalaya to 4,000 ft. and southwards to Central India and Ceylon.

499. RottsBoetyia L, f.

887. Rottboellia compressa Linn. f. Suppl. 114

Locality.x—Multan (Monro 209!).

Distribution.—Throughout the hotter parts of India, generally in wet places,

Burma and Ceylon. Westwards to Spain and the Canaries and in most warm

climates.

888. Rottboellia compressa Linn.—var. fasciculata Hack.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 252!); Lahore (For. Dept. 6!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—India—common especially on the borders of pools, often climb-

ing among bushes.

889. Rottboellia perforata Roxb. Pl. Corom. ii, 43, t. 182; Fl. Ind. I, 356.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 122!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Java. Throughout India from the

Burma and southwards to Ceylon.

ELtionurus HUMB. & BONPL.

Indus to

500.

890. Elionurus hirsutus Munro ex Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIX (1881)

68.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20700!; 5053!); Rawalpindi

(Wingate !); Multan (Monro!).

Flowers.—April-November.

Distribution.—India—N. Punjab, Rajputana, Sind. Westwards to N. Africa.

Duthie

501. ANDROPOGON L.

891. Andropogen foveolatus Del. Fl. Egypt. 16 a, t. 8, f. 2.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5064!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 98!).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Drier parts of India, from the Punjab and Sind to Bengal,

Chota Nagpur, Central Provinces, Circars, and Coromandel. Baluchistan;

westwards to the Cape Verde Islands.

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XEN

892. Andropogon Ischaemum Linn. Sp. Pir 10472

_Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5060 !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 93 !).

Flowers. —-August.

Distribution. —N.-W. India. Westwards to S. Europe, and tropics generally

or sporadically. : ‘

593. Andropogon hallpensis Brot. Fl. Lusit, i. 89.

Locality.—Lahore (Monro 24!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 116 !).

_ Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—-Most warm countries. Throughout India, Burma and. Ceylon

in open - places. .

2 a Andropogon squarrosus Linn. f. Suppl. 433. (A. vetiverica zizanoides

Stapr:);

Locality.--Rawalpindi (Ait. 142!); Peshawar (Stewart!); Hissar bir (Duthie

5061 !); Muzaffargarh (Monro 28!). R87

Flowers.—August-September.

Distribution.—Java ; Tropical Africa. Throughout the plains and lower hills

of India, Burma and Ceylon.

895. Andropogon monticolus Schult. Mant. iii, 665.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Wingate !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Burma ; Afghanistan; S. Africa. India—W. Himalaya, from

the Punjab to Bihar and southwards to Ceylon.

896. Andropogon monticola Schult. var. Trini.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (3 7 ee Atte 621) | ie

Flowers.—May-August. eee,

897. Andropogon annulatus Forsk. FI. Aeg. Arab. 173.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Duthie 5063!, 5063 a!); Multan (Monro 22!).

Flowers.—August-September. . |

Distribution.—Tropical Africa; China; Australia ; Pacific Islands. Through. - |

out the hills and plains of India.

898. Andropogon contortus Linn. Sp. Pl. 1045.

.Locality.—Hissar_ bir (Duthie 3058 !); Rawalpindi (Ait. 117 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—Mediterranean region and _ tropics generally.

India, Burma and Ceylon.

Throughout,

899, Andropogon Iwarancusa Jones in Asiat. Research IV (1795) 109.=Cym-

bopogon Twarancusa Schult. fide Stapf. .

Locality. —Hissar bir (Duthie 5062!); Lahore (Stewart 2600!; Brandis Herb. |

29221); Multan -(*For. Dept. .17!} Duthie 10796 !). : ee

Flowers. —April-December. iS ssa:

*Grows_ in good sandy soil. Its flowers have got a:nice smell. and are used

to-make native scent. -Average sort of. fodder for cattle. . Its roots are perhaps

used as Khas for Tatties.

Distribution.—Plains of N.-W. Indias Sind, W. _ Himalaya, N, Canara and

the Deccan. Westwards to N.- Africa.:

900. Andropogon Iwarancusa Jones in Asiat. Research. IV (1795) 109.

var. laniger Desf, Fl.. Atlant. ii, 37qg=:Cymbepogon Schoenanthus Spreng.

fide Stapf.

Locality. ERY, aw ap’ indi.—Barrakow (Ait.’ 562!); Multan (Monro 2!): Hissar

bir (Duthie 5062!; Harsukh 20705 !). “oon. eo +

Bibtwers Ape: ‘September. PeUBica. SIE Y UTR

FLORA :OF PUNJAB: AND ASSOCIATED -HILL- REGIONS 581

Distribution.—Plains of N.-W. India, Sind, W. Himal N. Canar:

the Deccan. Westwards to N. Africa ie a Oe

JO1. Andropogon Schoenanthus Linn. Sp. PI. 1046.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20709 !); Patiala State (35 !).

Flowers.~-October.

Distribution.—Hotter parts of India, wild or cultivated from the Punjab to

eae and southwards to Travancore and Ceylon. Westwards to Tropical

rica.

502. IseitEmMA HACK.

902. Iseilema Wightii Anders. in Nov. Act. Soc. Sc. Wpsale) Ser: 3," 11) +251.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20706!, Duthie 5076!); Sialkot (Bairu’s

father !); Lahore (For. Dept. 16!).

Fiowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—Throughout India.

503- ApLupa L.

903. Apluda varia Hack. Mongr. Androp. 3:96. var. aristata.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 257!); Lahore (For Dept. 16!); Karnal (Drum }).

Flowers.—May- September.

Distribution.—E. ‘Tropical Asia, Malaya; Australia; Pacific Islands.

out India.

Through

504. Puataris_ L.

904. Phalaris minor Retz. Obs. iii, 8.

Locality.—L.ahore (Stewart 2525 !).

Distribution.-—Plains, of W. India and the Himalaya.

Si Africa; Australia.

Westwards to Canaries ;

505. AristTipa L.

905. Aristida Adscenscionis Linn. Sp. Pl. 82.

Locality.—Hissar (Duthie 5078!; Harsukh 20701!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 95 !).

Flowers.—July-October.

Distribution.—Baiuchistan and most, warm countries. Throughout the plains

and low hills of India, Burma and Ceylon.

906. Aristida Hystrix Linn. f. Suppl. 113.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 118); Hissar bir (Duthie 5079 i).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—India—the Deccan Peninsula, from ‘the Konkan and Central

Provinces ‘southwards. .

907. Aristida funiculata Trin. & - Rupr. in Mae Acad. Petersb, Ser: VI,

vii (1849) 159. :

Locality.—Multan (Ram Nath eeusunle: pe ~50479.!)s... es

Distribution.—Arabia; Tropical Africa. India Punjab plains, Rajputana,

Sind, and the Konkan. Baluchistan

‘908. "Aristida hystricula Edgew. in Journ..-Linn: Soc. VI (1862) 208.

Localtiy.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20712 !). set heey ene ee

Flowers.—October:....., ; VU Ceti p Career e

Distribution. —India—Punjab, Sind. Baluchistan. Rap

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

909. Aristida hirtigluma Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii, 231, Syn. Gram. 144.

Locality.x—Muzaffargarh (Monro 304 !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Westwards to Egypt and Abyssinia. India—the Punjab. Sind.

506. SiTipa <L.

910. Stipa orientalis Trin. ex. Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i, 83.

Locality.—Peshawar (* Stewart !).

* Not common.

Distribution.—W. Tibet, westwards to Persia, Altai Mts.

507. ALOPECURUS L.

911. Alopecurus nepalensis Trin. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 148.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Wingate !).

Distribution.—India—the Punjab, Upper Gangetic Plains, Gharwal.

508. POLYPOGON DESF.

912. Polypogon monspeliensis Desf. FI. Atlant. i, 66.

Locality.—Hoshiarpur (Ait. 626!); Lahore (Brandis Herb. 2921 !).

Distribution.—Ceylon. Tropical and temperate regions. Throughout con-

tinental India.

509. SPOROBOLUS Br.

913, Sporobolus diander Beauv. Agrost. 25.

Locality.—Multan (Monro 6!).

Flowers.—September-November.

Distribution.—Asia and Tropical Australia. Throughout India, Burma and

Ceylon.

914, Sporobolus indicus Br. Prodr. 170.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Wingate !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—All warm countries. Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon.

915. Sporobolus minutiflorus Link. Enum. Hort. Berol. i, 88.

Locality.x—Hissar (Duthie 5083 !).

Flowers.—August.

Distribution.—India—Deccan Peninsula, Canara.

916. Sporobolus glaucifoiius Hochst. in Flora, XXV (1842) I, Bieb. 123.

Locality.x—Multan (Monro 11!, 364!, 12!; Duthie 1080!; *For. Dept. 10!);

Hissar bir—damp ground (Duthie 5085 !).

Flowers.—September-December.

* On good sandy soil. Easily killed by deposit of silt. Best fodder for

cows, buffaloes and horses. Makes good hay.

Distribution.—Tropical Africa. India—the Punjab, Sind.

917. Sporobolus arabicus Boiss. Diagn. Pl. Or. Ser. I, XIII, 47.

Locality.x—Multan (Monro 12!, 3!, 48!; Duthie 10804 !); Rawalpindi (Ait.

249!); Hissar (Duthie 5082!, 5084 !).

Flowers.—August-December.

Distrihution.—Arabia ; Baluchistan; Waziristan. India—Punjab plains, Sind

Rajputana.

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 583

918. Sporobolus coromandelianus Kunth Revis. Gram. I, 681, Enum. Pl. 213

Locality.—Multan (Monro 5!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Afghanistan. N. and S. Africa. Plains of India from the

Punjab eastwards to Burma and southwards to Ceylon.

510. AGrostis L.

919. Agrostis alba Linn. Sp. Pl. 63.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 571!).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—N. temperate regions. India—W. Himalaya.

5ir. AVENA L.

920. Avena fatua Linn. Sp. Pl. 80.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2677!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 569 !).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Temperate Europe; N. Africa; N. Asia. India—the Punjab.

N.-W. Himalaya, in cultivated fields.

512. GraciL—eA KOEN.

921. Gracilea Royleana Hook. f. in Fl. B. I. VII (1896) 284.

Locality.--Hissar bir (Harsukh 20707!; Duthie 5096 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—-Socotra; Nubia. India—the Punjab plains, Rajputana, Sind,

Central India, Konkan, Canara.

513. Cynopon PERS.

922. Cynodon dactylon Pers. Syn. i, 85.

Locality.—-Multan (Monro 1!); Rawalpindi (Ait. t19!); Muzaffargarh

(Monro 238!).

Flowers.—August-September.

Distribution.—All warm countries. Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon,

ascending to 5,000 ft., in the Himalaya. Baluchistan.

Iie CuLoris Sw.

923. Chloris tenella Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 329.

Locality.—Hissar (Coldstream !),

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Arabia; Abyssinia. India—Rajputana, Sind, Oodeyput,

Khandesh, S. India.

924. Chloris villosa Pers. Syn. i, 87.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 100 !).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—India—the Punjab, Rajputana, Sind, Oodaypore. Baluchistan ;

westwards to the Canaries.

515. ELEusSINE GAERTN.

925. Eleusine flagellifera Nees. in Linnaea XVI (1842) 220.

Locality. —Multan (Monro 21!; For. Dept. 12!; Duthie 805!); Hissar

oe 20710!; Duthie 5099!); Lahore (Duthie!; For. Dept. 5!); Hansee

187 !),

Flowers.—April-December.

584 fOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. Xiit

Distribution.—Afghanistan; N. Africa. India—the Punjab plains, Rajputana,

Sind. Baluchistan.

926. Eleusine verticillata Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 346.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 70703!; Duthie 5098!); Hansee (187 !),

Rawalpindi (Ait. 121!); Multan (Monro 4!).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—Tropical Asia; Africa and Australia. Plains of India.

927. Eleusine aegyptiaca Desf. FI. Atlant. i, 85.

Locality.x—Hissar bir (Duthie 5101!; Harsukh 20713!); Rawalpindi (Ait.

105!); Multan (Monro 3!).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—India—Rajputana, Sind. Burma; Ceylon; warm regions of

the Old World; introduced into the New.

516. LEPTOCHLOA BEAUV.

928. Leptochloa filiformis Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii, 580.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 253 !).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Tropical Asia; Africa; and America. Throughout India

and Burma in the low country.

517. PAPPOPHORUM NEES.

929. Pappophorum Aucheri Jaub. & Spach. Ill. Pl. Orient. IV, 32, t. 323.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 112!, Wingate !).

Flowers.—April-July.

Distribution.—Afghanistan: Persia; Turkistan. India—W. Punjab.

518. ArRuNDO L.

930. Arundo Donax Linn. Sp. Pl. 81.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 1135 !).

Flowers.—February.

Distribution.—India—lower Himalaya and from the Punjab to Silhet, Naga

Hills, Burma, the Circars, Nilgiri and Coorg Hills. Westwards to Europe;

N. Africa; N. Asia.

519. PuHracmites TRIN.

931. Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 258!, 256!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—N. and S. temperate regions. India.

932. Phragmites Karka Trin. ex. Steud. Nom. Ed. ii, 324.

Locality.—Multan (Monro 40!, 354!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 258 !).

Flowers.—September-October.

Distribution.—Afghanistan; Japan; Tropical Asia; Africa and Australia.

Throughout India, from the Punjab to Burma and southwards to Ceylon.

520. Eracrostis BEAUV.

933. Eragrostis interrupta Beauv. Agrost. 71 (non Roem. & Sch. nec. Trin.).

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20714!; Duthie!); Multan (Monro 10!, 42!;

For. Dept. 20!); Lahore (Monro 23!; For. Dept. 20!).

Flowers.—August-January.

* Average kind of fodder for cows and buffaioes only.’

FLORA OF PUNJAB AND ASSOCIATED HILL REGIONS 585

Distribution.—Mesopotamia ; Tropical Africa. Throughout India, Burma and

Ceylon.

934. Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 269.

Locality.—Multan (* For. Dept. 4!); Hissar bir (Duthie 5510!); Lahore—

(For. Dept. 17!); Multan (Monro 231!, 390!).

Flowers.—May-August.

* Worse fodder for cattle.

Distribution.—Afghanistan ; Tropical Africa. Northern India from the Punjab

to Bengal and Burma and southwards to Carnatic.

935. Eragrostis major Host. Gram. Austr. IV, 14, t. 24.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20704 !).

Flowers.—October.

Distribution.—Throughout the plains and lower hills of India and Burma,

ascending to 5,000 ft. in the Himalaya. Ceylon; Westwards to S. Europe;

Tropical and subtropical Asia.

936 Eragrostis minor Host. Gram. Austr. IV, 15, Fl. Austr. 1, 135.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 104!); Lahore (Cleghorn 2640!).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Plains of N. India from the Punjab eastwards to Bengal,

ascending the Himalaya to 8,ooo0 ft., Sind, Rajputana, Konkan. Westwards

to S. Europe and N. Asia.

937. Eragrostis pilosa Beauv. Agrost. 71.

Locality.—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20716!; Duthie 5109!); Multan (* For.

Dept. 28!); Rawalpindi (Ait. 106!, 115!, 101 !).

Flowers.—July-October.

* Average kind of fodder for cattle.

Distvibution.—Ceylon; S. Europe; and most warm countries. Throughout

India and Burma, ascending the Himalaya to 5,o00 ft. or more.

938. Eragrostis cynosuroides Beauv. Agrost. 71, 162.

Locality.x—Rawalpindi (Ait. 103!); Multan (* For. Dept. 18!; Monro 91 !);

Hissar bir (Duthie 5108!).

Flowers.-—July-September.

* The roots of this as well as those of Saccharum spontaneum are used

by Syces to enlarge their bundles of grasses.

521. AxELUROPUS TRIN.

939. Aeluropus villosus Trin. ex C.A. Mey. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 18.

Locality.—Multan—on saline soil (Ram Nath 49456!; Duthie 10798!; *For

Dept. 7!; Monro 277!, 2361):

Flowers.—July-December.

* Good fodder.

Distribution.—Ceylon, Mediterranean region; Caspian Sea; Arabia; Persia;

Afghanistan. India—Salt plains of the Punjab and Sind, sandy shores of the

Deccan Peninsula.

GOD aDOAy aL.

940. Poa annua Linn Sp. Pl. 68.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 569!); Lahore (Stewart 2664 !).

Flowers.—July.

Distribution.—Ceylon ; Europe; Temperate Asia. India—throughout the tem-

perate and subalpine Himalaya, the Khasia and Nilgiri Hills.

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. Xiu

523. Bromus L.

941. Bromus tectorum Linn. Sp. Pl. 77.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Wingate !).

Flowers.—April.

Distribution.—Europe; N. Africa; N. and W. Asia. India—W. Himalaya

from Gilgit to Kumaon.

524. Lortium L.

942. Lolium temulentum Linn. Sp. Pl. 83.

Locality—Lahore (Stewart 2665 !).

Flowers.—March.

Distribution.—Europe ; N. Asia. India

and W. Himalaya.

Upper Gangetic Plain, Punjab, Sind,

525. Oropetium TRIN.

943. Oropetium Thomaeum Trin. Fund. Agrost 98, t. 3.

Locality.x—Hissar bir (Harsukh 20711!; Duthie 5123 !).

Flowers.—August-October.

Distribution.—Plains of India, from the Punjab to Bengal, Burma and

southwards in the western Peninsula. :

944. Oropetium biflorus Stapf.

Locaity.—Hissar (Drum! 3002 !).

626... |) LRTMICUM AL,

945. Triticum vulgare Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. II, 153.

Locality.—Lahore (Stewart 2523 !).

Distribution.—India—cultivated in many parts of N. India and the Deccan

Peninsula, especially in the N.-W. and upto 13,000 ft. in the Himalaya.

527. Bamsusa SCHREB.

046. Bambusa nana Roxb. FI. Ind. II, 190.

Locality.x—Lahore—Ag. Hort. Gdns. (Parker 38646!).

Flowers.—May.

Distribution.—Cultivated in Ceylon and many parts of India. Malay Penin-

sula; Native of China and Japan.

CRYPTOGAMIA.

FIEICGES:

528. ApDIANTUM L.

947. Adiantum capillus Veneris L. The true Maiden Hair Fern.

Locality.—Rawalpindi (Ait. 236!).

Flowers.—September.

Distribution.—Europe ; Africa; America; Australia; common in_ gardens.

India—Bombay Presidency; Madras Presidency, westside; common on_ banks

of rivers in the plains and upto 5,o00 ft.; N. India.

520. PE-EERIS a.

948. Pteris longifolia L.

Locality.— Rawalpindi (Ait. 237 !).

Sori—September.

Distribution.—India—throughout Bombay and Madras Presidencies, Bengal

in the Flains and upto 50,000 ft. Burma; Ceylon; widely distributed over

the whole world.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLYING-FOX

(PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS BRUNN.) AND THE FULVOUS

FRUIT-BAT (ROUSETTUS LESCHENAULTI DESM.),

CHARLES MCCANN, F¥.L.S.

(With 1 photo and 1 text-figure).

In volume xxxvil, p. 143, of the Society's Journal, I dealt with

some of the phases in the life-history of the Flying-Fox (P. gigan-

teus); but animal life-histories are rarely, if at all, exhaustive, and

my observations were far from complete. [ now add a few more

links to the chain.

On the 25th January (1941) I witnessed a couple in copulation

at the Victoria Gardens roost, Byculla, at about 4 p.m. One

approached the other from a neighbouring branch, as soon as the

ventral surfaces were juxtaposed copulation ensued. The wings

took no part in the hold. There was some squeeling, the act was

brief, and the pair separated.

;

eG é fo 48 ee |g

: ¥,

SRC Nt COOH SAU AMIEL EEL D DEO SO OLLIE MMS OLS

osasedRio a ior eon eR ON RHEE

Foetuses of the Flying-Fox (P. giganteus). The top specimen on the left

shows the correct position.

On the night of the 22nd February I shot some Flying-Foxes

visiting the flowers of the Silk Cotton Tree (Bombax Ceiba L.) at

Andheri. Among them were two gravid females, each containing

a single foetus. At a rough estimate I would suggest that these

two foetal specimens were about two weeks from full time. The

skin was deeply pigmented and had a coating of short hair. This

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIf

clearly indicated that the young are not born naked. On the 26th

(February) I secured another foetus of about the same age. The

foetal specimens were large; measured within the foetal membranes

they were approximately 76 x 54 mm. The back and neck were

strongly arched and the long axis of the head was almost parallel

with that of the back. The ‘wrists’ of both the wings rest on the,

neck just behind the right ear. The forearms pass obliquely across

the body to the lower left side, one ‘elbow’ being hidden in the

folds of the lower membranes; the other, the left, being exposed

a little below the snout. The pollex or ‘thumb’ of the left wing is

exposed below the toes, the other is hidden. The chin rests in

the V formed by the forearm and the upper arm (humerus) of the

left wing. The feet are gathered up, the right being hidden under

the membranes of the wings. The left foot lies exposed on the

right side, partially over the left forearm. The knee of the right

lez is prominent, but the left is hidden from view. The ear of

the right side is folded backwards; the left forwards. The um-

bilical cord passes out at the bottom of the V formed by the fore-

and upper-arm. A comparison of the foetuses of the Flying-Fox

and the Fulvous Fruit-Bat (R. leschenaulti) show that the position

of the foetus of these two bats within the foetal investments is

totally different. A short description of the position of the foetus

of Rousettus will be found in my article on the Fulvous Fruit-Bats

(Journ. Bomb. Nat.. Hist oc, volxlinp. 313.)

On the 27th February, my son, Carl., found an adult Pteropus

electrocuted on the mains. He got it down and to his surprise

found a recently born young one clinging to the putrifying body

of its mother. It was still alive and apparently uninjured. On

examination I found the umbilical cord still adhering, but quite

dry. The little fellow called frequently,

a quaint, though loud call, quite unlike

anything I have heard the adults pro-

duce. Though it baffles description,

the call may be likened to the noise

made by rapidly twisting a glass stopper

in the neck of a bottle! My boys were

anxious to try and rear it, so I allowed

them the pleasure. Four days later the

cord dropped off. The young bat fed

on milk administered through a pipette

and appeared to be thriving, but it died

on the 5th March. On the day of its

capture, its wing-span measured

450 mm-; the fore-arm 72 mm:

While handling the little creature |

Fig. 1.—A. Claw of newly-born noticed that the claws were extremely

young, sharp and that they punctured the skin

Bo adult very readily. I examined the claws with

ee al strong lens and soon discovered the

reason for this. The claws were deep brown except the tips which

were almost white and provided with extremely fine-pointed cusps.

For the sake of comparison, I examined the claws of adults. The

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON FLYING-FOX AND FRUIT-BAT 589

claws were sharply pointed, but the cusps were entirely absent (see

figures). The cusps in the young undoubtedly serve as a means

of securing a firm hold on the body of the parent. The general

tone of the fur was darker than in the adults; the wings and other

naked portions of the body were a deep brown. The eyes were

black and beady. The large size of the feet was remarkable. <A

peculiar odour hung about the animal. It clung well to branches

and wire mesh, and there was little danger of it ever falling. It

never moved about much, but when it was in difficulties it began

to squeel.

These observations confirm my suggestion that the majority of

births occur in March. The high birth rate at that time of the

year in our area coincided with the greatest food supply for the

parents, for it is the time when most trees are in bloom, a suitable

period for nectar feeding animals. <All males shot at this period

clearly indicated that the breeding season was over as the testes

were in a quiescent condition, and were not at all visible externally.

During the breeding season the organs are pronounced.

In the breeding season one would expect the animals to be in

the pink of condition, both internally and externally, but this does

not always appear to be the case. One of the females, containing

a well-developed foetus, was partially naked. The entire head and

the greater part of the body were completely devoid of fur. The

naked skin was a polished blackish brown, but to me, showed

no signs of disease. In spite of this outward defect, she was well

provided with fat internally. The foetus appeared as healthy and

as well-developed as the others I had secured. I did not find any

more parasites on this specimen than on the others—all were well

supplied! The only ectoparasites I found on the bats were

numerous spider-like wingless flies belonging to the family

Nycteribidae!, Cyclopodea sykesi Westw. These parasites are well

known and have been recorded before from Flying-Foxes. So far

I have not discovered any internal parasites visible to the naked

eye.

In my previous article on these bats I referred to a number of

food plants visited by them. To this I must now add the Cashu

(Anacardium occidentale L.) and the Mango (Mangifera indica L.).

The bats attack the fleshy pedicels of the Cashu on the verge of

ripening for the sake of the copious juice. In previous years I

had often noticed these bats hanging on mango trees during the

flowering season, but at the time I did not suspect any association

between the bat and the mango. This year, however, my curiosity

was aroused by the litter of flgsvers and branches of the inflorescence

lying on the road as I ‘padded’ my way to work. At first I could

not explain this destruction, but it dawned on me that it might

possibly be due to the work of bats; natural causes could not

account for healthy flowers on the road. My suspicions aroused,

I determined to watch the bats, and it was not long before evidence

was forthcoming. I noticed that the animals clambered about the

* IT am indebted to Dr, B, Prashad for the identification,

590 jfOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL-HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLE

inflorescences, and as they went detached part of the branches.

At the same time, they appeared to be chewing, but what? I

shot some and found that their mouths were crammed with mango

blossom. Here then were the culprits. On dissection an examina-

tion of the stomach contents revealed that the stomachs contained

only liquid and in the liquid microscopical fragments of petals,

sepals, pollen, and fragments of the larvae of the Mango Hopper

(Idiocerus sp.) and small Diptera which had passed unavoidably

down with the nectar. It was now time to turn my attention to

the mango flowers and learn a little more about them. Mango

flowers open at dusk and a very copious amount of nectar begins

to exude from the large nectaries. So plentiful is the exudation

that it soon begins to drip like dew from a roof--this is what the

bats are after, and, as the flowers are small, quantities have to

be masticated. Any movement of the inflorescence, as for example,

by the wind, causes the sprinkling of the neighbouring area with

nectar. Though the bats destroy a considerable quantity of the

blossom, yet sufficient escapes their attention to produce a good

crop in good years when the blossom is not attacked by other

enemies.

Incidentally, this year there was a bumper crop of mango bloom

in Salsette, though all came to nothing—the crop has failed, but

the bats were not responsible for this. As already indicated, the

flowers produce a considerable quantity of nectar which drips like

dew and is sprinkled on everything around. In some years the

drip of nectar is excessive, and the trees and the ground below

become coated with the sticky secretion. It forms a thin film over

the foliage and the inflorescences. In the sun this film hardens

and glistens. At night the heavy dew moistens it and is partly

washed down, but fresh secretion from the flowers makes up for

the loss: This goes on from day to day. The Alm of nectar

forms a suitable culture for the development of a black fungus

which soon spreads over the trees coated with nectar. In a short

while the trees appear blackened as though charred or covered

with soot. The local people refer to this condition as ‘burnt’ (jul

gaya). Actually the fungus masks the leaves and tender parts,

thereby seriously obstructing the normal functions of the tissues.

The inflorescences disintegrate soon after a covering of the fungus

has appeared, and nothing is left, not even those flowers that

‘set’ fruit. It is the end of the mango crop for that year. As

the weather becomes drier, the fungus film cracks and flakes off,

and what remains is washed away by the rains. That the fungus

is a result of an excessive secretion of nectar is borne out by the

examination of isolated trees. Only the side or sides on which

the blooms appear are affected by the fungus while the non-flowering

portions remain unaffected. When trees are crowded and branches

are interlocked, the entire trees are affected and these conditions

perhaps assist largely in the spread of the disease'. When trees

‘ The bats probably assist in the spread of the disease by carrying the

fungus from one tree to another on their bodies, ;

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON FLYING-FOX AND FRUIT-BAT 591

are badly affected the whole tree and the ground below, protected

by the circumference of the crown, is coated black.

Apart from the failure of the fruit crop, the trees actually suffer

little damage from the fungus attack. The excessive exudation

of nectar leads me to another point, namely, a local belief and

practice. The locals annually hack a ring of deep incisions round

the stem in the belief that this practice is instrumental in ensuring

a good crop. The reason for this practice is the belief that by

doing so they reduce the amount of sap reaching the young fruit

which, if excessive, causes the fruit to drop soon after setting.

How this belief arose is difhcult to imagine, but perhaps the

practice, if properly carried out without seriously injuring the

trees, may truely help to reduce an excessive ascent of sap to the

flowers, and thereby reduce an excessive nectar secretion. A con-

sequent reduction in the danger of fungus growth might be the

result. However interesting this subject, it is beyond the scope

of this paper and I must return to the bats.

As the flowers of Bombax and mango became less the bats

became fewer in proportion till finally they disappeared from the

area. Erythrina indica and FE. stricta now came into full bloom,

but these blossoms were not visited by the bats. The flowers of

Erythrina open towards morning and the greatest amount of nectar

is produced during the hours of daylight, and are thus not suited

for bat visitors. These flowers are chiefly pollinated by bird

visitors and other diurnal animals. Strangely enough in the cases

of Bombax and Erythrina we see trees with similarly coloured

flowers—red—one adapted for nocturnal pollination and the other

for diurnal pollination! The fact that Bombax is a night flower-

ing plant is borne out by the fact that the buds open in the evening

and the greatest amount of nectar is produced soon after. True

the flowers keep open for a considerable time before they fall,

and what pollination may have escaped the efforts of the

bats, may be completed by the early birds and other visitors; but

the chances of pollination by diurnal visitors is small. However,

my casual! observations on the fertilization of Bombax suggest yet

another means, that the flowers are not merely adapted for cross-

fertilization, but for self-fertilization also! I have examined

numerous flowers at various times of day and night and I have

been led to the conclusion that the outer bundles of stamens,

forming a ring around the edge of the ‘cup’ of the flower, mature

first and are shorter than the style. The bat visitors must first

come in contact with the stigma before coming to the staminal ring

where the muzzle becomes dusted with pollen and so on for each

flower to effect cross-fertilization, as they attempt to get at the

bottom of the cup for nectar. Besides this staminal ring there

is another bundle of stamens surrounding the base of the style.

At first this group of stamens is shorter than the style, the stigma

is well above them. Later some stamens of this bundle begin to

elongate and the anthers at the top of these stamens reach the

same level as the stigma, this usually takes place the day after the

opening. Failing cross-fertilization the stigma now stands a chance

of self-fertilization by pollen from these lately elongated stamens.

592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY: NATURAL, HISTS SOCIETY, Vole x nin

Nature appears to take few chances and so provides for emerg-

encies when the question of propagation is at stake! I am aware

of several cases in which there is this double provision. However,

in spite of the time I have spent, and the many flowers I have

examined, the observation must be taken with reserve until further

light is shed on the subject. It is beyond the scope of this paper

to discuss the values of cross- and self-fertilization, which belongs

to another department of natural history.

Turning from the activities of the Flying-Foxes to those of the

Fulvous Fruit-Bat (Rk. leschenaulti) which often feeds in company

with its bigger relative, I have just a little to add to what I have

already written in my article on this species in volume xli, p. 805

of the Journal. At the same time as I observed the Flying-Foxes

feeding on mango flowers, Rousettus often came into the picture.

Like Pleropus, Rousettus was also feeding on the mango blossoms.

Many of the specimens were sticky with nectar and occasionally

I saw some just hanging and licking themselves clean. Likewise

Rousettus was feeding on Bombax and Cashu. They also fed on

the fruit of Mimusops hexandra Roxb. During the flowering

season of this tree these bats also visit it. The females secured

were all gravid and contained well-developed foetuses. This period

coincides with my former observations.

The fact that the breeding, or rather the birth, of Pteropus and

that of Rousettus .coincide, confirms the fact that the period is

largely influenced, if not entirely governed, by the food supply of

the parents when the nursing mothers require nourishing and

sustained supply for the well being of themselves and their young.

These further observations on the two bats confirm my belief that

the fruit-bats are in reality nectar feeders and juice feeders, only

eating such fruit entire which readily liquefy.

Though these bats feed on mango flowers, they evidently do

not do as much damage to the crop as at first sight might appear

to be the case, for in good years when the blossom is free from

fungus and other attacks there is generally a bumper crop of fruit

in spite of the attacks of the bats. Therefore I am not in favour

of the destruction of the bats on this account. Their destruction

may mean a great loss in some other direction yet unknown and

unforeseen.

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DISTRIBUTION OF ANOPHELES SUNDAICUS RODENW.

THROUGH MECHANICAL MEANS.!

DR Pe SEN, Msc, (Cal. rhop. (bond.); i:t.c.,

Entomologist, Bengal Public Health Department, Calcutta.

(IVith a map).

Mechanical transport of insect pests from one country to

another through sea-going vessels or country craft has been long

known, and quarantine measures against several of such pests are

in practice in almost all progressive countries. The list of pests thus

accidentally introduced is very exhaustive. While these instances

mostly relate to the agricultural and forest pests, mosquitoes making

long distance journeys and passing from one country to another,

in railway carriages are also on record (Howard, Dyar & Knab,

IQI2).

An example of dispersal of a more limited nature, inside the

same country, is afforded by the species Anopheles sundaicus

Rodenw., a virulent carrier of malaria, which, so far as the records

go, was originally known in this province only from the coastal

tracts such as the Sundarbans, the species being a saltwater breeder.

In 1910 the range of the species was upto Matla and Port Canning

about 30 miles away from Calcutta (Gravely 1912). In 1930, the

species made a further push inland to Budge-Budge, only 16 miles

from Calcutta (vide map attached), where a sudden malarial out-

break was experienced in the locality (Iyengar 1931).

Since then, the distribution of the species has been under constant

investigation, and an explanation for the factors responsible for

similar invasions towards inland areas has been sought for and

a close watch has been kept on the vast marshy areas to the

immediate east of Calcutta, the salt lakes, which apparently seem

very suitable for the establishment of the species.

Constant vigilance led to the detection for the first time in

1931 of an instance of transport of the mosquito into this area by

means of a country boat which entered the canal bordering the

salt lakes and which had evidently passed en route through a

sundaicus infested zone in the Sundarbans, (Sen 1938). After this

discovery, systematic searches of boats and trains reaching Calcutta

at different termini were carried out, and it soon became evident that

the invasion of the species was taking place not only by boats

through the canal but by trains and through other routes as well.

Trains from Falta (Kalighat Falta Railway), where the species

was breeding profusely, on being searched at Majherat, the city

—<<—— <= $$$

" Read before the 28th Session of the Indian Science Congress, 1941.

594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol: XL

station of the railway, as also trains from Basirhat and Hasnabad

(Barasat Basirhat Railway), another sundaicus zone, arriving at

Shambazar (Calcutta) and certain local trains stopping overnight

at Uluberia and Port Canning, some of the known sundaicus areas,

on examination at Howrah (Bengal Nagpur Railway) and Sealdah

South (Eastern Bengal Railway) showed the transport of adult

A. sundaicus by this means during the period June to August or

September 1934 (Table 1). The species was carried by trains to

Howrah and Shambazar (both these stations being situated on the

outskirts of Calcutta) during the month of November 1933, show-

ing that the mosquito transport is possible in the cold weather as

well. Besides A. sundaicus the following Anophelines, not con-

cerned in the transmission of malaria in the area involved, were

also transported in the years 1933 and 1934 through trains:

A. hyrcanus, ‘A. barbirostris, A. annularis, A. ramsayi, A. philip-

pinensis, A. vagus, A. subpictus, A. varuna, A. aconitus and

A. stephensi.

TABLE |

Transport in trains.’

Stations | No. of mi ie | Den

where trains Period of __ trains showing A Laie Other species

heat | Investigation ero oe Rit recorded

adi | | datcus caught

Majherat ... | August 1933 ? nil. nil | ?

September ,. ig - a ?

October - 7 A oe A, vagus, A. annu-

laris, A. hyrcantus,

A, ramsayt.

November _,, 12 ws ie A. barbirostris, A.

| hyrcanus, A. annu-

lars, “A. Vagus eee

| varuna.

December 0D 11 ”) ” | weal’ subbictus, Ze

vagus, A. hyrcanus,

A. philippinensis.

January 1934 7 hi ae A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. hyrcanus.

February _,, ] y a A. vagus.

March > 3 i ie A. SUOPICLUS, eae

vagus, A. hyrcanus.

April os 2 * ee A, vagus.

May 19) 1 ”? i) yak vagus.

June ee 2 3 9g A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. annularts.

July 14 4 lc 20 A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. varuna,

A. hyrcanus, A.

vamsayt.

—_—

' Detailed data from month to month are not available for Sealdah, and

the station is therefore omitted from Table I,

DISTRIBUTION OF ANOPHELES SUNDAICUS RODENW. 505

TABLE I—(continued)

NO..0f | No. of

Stations NiomOtr a eine Ml each

where trains Period of trains Gee on Other species

were Investigation examin-| 4 oon.) daicus recorded

examined ee daicus caught

Majherat ... | August 1934 16 iL 1 A. subpictus, A,

vagus, A. varuna, A.

aconitus, A. hvrca-

nus, A, ramsayt,

September ,, | 10 nil. nil. A, subpictus, A.

; | | vagus, A. hyrcanus.

October is 7 ss 7” A. vagus, A. hyr-

| Canus.

Shambazar. | November 1933 4 il i | A,vagus, A. annu-

lavis, A. hyrcanus,

| A. vamsayi.

December ,, | 6 nil, nil. | A. annularis, A.

| \Avrcanus, A. barbi-

vostrts.

January 1934 2 ) ve A. subpictus, A.

annularis.

February __,, F #s 3 ; ?

March . 1 re i" | A. subpictus, A.

annularis.

April bs 3 1 i A. vagus.

May » 1 nil. nil. A, vagus, A. sub-

. | pictus.

June ms 7 3 26 | A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A, annularis,

July AA 8 9) 29) A. subpictus, A,

VaLZUS.

August rr 8 4 12 A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. annularis,

A. hyrcanus,

September ,, 15 3 7 A. subpictus, <A.

vagus, A. varuna,

A. aconitus, A. hyr-

canus, A. vamsayt.

ee ee | | oe |,

eee Ce

Howrah ... | August 1933 ? nil, nale >

September ,, f es x e

October a) 3 » | A. hyrcanus.

November _,, Sine | A. vagus, A. annu-

\laris, A. hyrcanus,

A. barbirostr is.

December _,, Oil sexi be nil. A. vagus, A.annu-

| laris, <A. hyrcanus,

A. barbtwrostris, A.

aconitus .

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

TABLE I—(continued)

No. of

Stations No. of PPPS ey F a)

where trains Period of trains ST RMD Se ey i Other species

were Investigation |examin- A ee Be wncens recorded

PSE TNS ed daicus | caught

Howrah January 1934 2 nil. nil. A. aconitus.

February a 5 a As A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. annularts,

A. varuna, A. hyr-

canus, A. barbiros-

tris, A. stephenst.

March sam 10 en BS A. vagus, A. varu-

| na, A. aconitus, A.

hyrcanus, A. philip-

pInensis .

April Bays 6 a eens A.vagus, A. annu-

lavis, A. varuna, A.

aconitus, <A. barbi-

rostris, A. vamsayt.

May * Qeaay ee AP A. subpicius, A;

| | vagus, A. ramsayt.

June is 10 2 2 A. subpictus, A.

| vagus, A. vamsayt.

July ay 8 2 Z A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. hyrcanus,

A. barbirostris.

August “ 8 4 4 Al. SUOPTCLUS, Ae

vagus, A. hyrcanus,

A. barbirostris.

September ,, 2 nil, nil. A. subpictus, A.

vagus, A. annularts,

A, aconitus, A, hyr-

canus.

October s t a *, A, vagus.3

Total: <:: 234 35 101

Although 35 out of 234, or nearly 15 per cent, of the trains

examined carried A. sundaicus, it is however, believed that the

transport through boats and not trains, has been really responsible

for the ultimate establishment of the species during recent years

in the Calcutta Salt Lakes area. The reason is that no trains

stop anywhere close to the Salt Lakes proper and the species first

started to breed in the Kristopur end of the lakes towards the end

of December 1932, where, as already mentioned, infested boats

(Fig. 1) were known to be arriving since 1931. Boats to Calcutta

are sometimes detained overnight at Kristopur for the realisation

of tolls. Moreover, there is ample evidence that active dispersal

of the species occurred in 1933 and 1934 by means of boat traffic

coming to Calcutta either through (1) the river Hooghly which

is in direct line with the Sundarbans, or through (2) the river

Ichamati which traverses some of the worst sundaicus infested

zones and to Kristopur Canal bordering the Calcutta Salt Lakes

area as will be seen from Table II.

DISTRIBUTION OF ANOPHELES SUNDAICUS RODENW. 597

TABLE II

Transport in country boats.

er a

| NOUOT! No. of | No. of |

Points where Period of boats | We adult Other species

boats were I stigation |examin- Showing) 4. eS recorded

examined nee d A. sun-| daicus

: daicus | caught

Kulti-Lock. | July 1933 83 14 19 A. subpictus, A.

Aug., Sept. vagus.

and Oct. 1933 674 22 29 A. subpictus, <A.

Nov. and vagus.

Dec. 1933 747 29 38 A. subpictus, A.

Jan. and | vagus, A. varuna,

Feb. 1934 199 1 | 2

July, Aug.

and Sept. 1924 284 ope 41 A. subpictus, A.

Oct., Nov. Vagus.

and Dec. 1934 238 23 ?

Kristopur Aug., Sept.

Toll Office | and Oct. 1933 280 2 3 A. subpictus, A.

Nov. and vagus.

Dec. 1934 256 5

Chitpur- February and

Lock March 1934 65.) - onal: nil.

Canning December 1933 206 | 10

Town January and

February 1934 30 nil. mi

Potal <2: 3,002 915 ES6 142

It has been found from observations covering a period of one

wear and a halt, “ce., trom July 1933 to December 1934, that

136 boats out of 3062 examined, i.e. over 4 per cent, coming up

the different routes to Calcutta, were serving as transporting

agencies of A. sundaicus. Three other species—A. subpictus,

A. vagus, and A. varuna—were also sheltering in the country boats;

these three species are however ubiquitous in distribution and of

no importance from the malarial point of view in the area.

Of the various types of cargo carried in the country boats

sheltering A. sundaicus, such as paddy (rice), jute, straw, sugar,

molasses, salt, pulses, wood, ginger, garlic, kerosene, matches,

nut, banana, goats, fowl, earthen pots, etc., paddy, jute and straw

appear to provide a favourable resting place for the species.

The forward and upward thrust of the species to range beyond

its Original boundary is thought to be due to the extensive clearance

of mangrove forests in the Sundarbans and the reclamation of

lands for rice cultivation and fishery purposes, thereby creating

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. Xiti

conditions for an excessive rise in the insect population. Secondly

easier and quicker communications during recent years have provided

more advantageous means of safe dispersal of the species into

inland areas. Some unaccountable meteorological factors existing

some time about the year 1930, the year of A. sundaicus invasion

to Budge-Budge, as pointed out by Covell (1932), may also be

largely responsible for their recent dispersal towards inland areas.

SUMMARY.

Mechanical transport of Anopheles sundaicus through trains and

country boats during the years 1933 and 1934 is recorded.

Catches made from carriages at the terminal stations of the

different railways in Calcutta, having train connections with the out-

lying sundaicus zones in the delta, showed that in addition to

A. sundaicus, several other species such as A. hyrcanus, A. barbiros-

tris, A. annularis, A. ramsayi, A. philippinensis, A. vagus, A. subpic-

tus, A. varuna, A. aconitus, and A, stephensi are also mechanically

transported into the city.

Country boats passing through the Sundarbans and_ other

sundaicus infested areas on arrival at Calcutta by different routes

revealed the presence of A. sundaicus under shelter of the cargo.

Along with A. sundaicus, the species A. subpictus, A. vagus, and

A, varuna were also dispersed through these boats.

Nearly 15 per cent of the trains examined carried A. sundaicus,

while about 4 per cent of the country boats examined were respon-

sible for the spread of the species. The dispersal of the species

by means of trains was more noticeable from June to September

and by country boats during the last six months of the year, July

to December.

It is thought that the eventual establishment of A. sundaicus

in the Salt Lake area to the east of Calcutta has been the outcome

of mechanical importation of the species through the agency of

country boats.

REFERENCES.

Covell, G. (1932).—Malaria in Calcutta. Bengal Secretariat Book Depot,

Calcutta, p. 39.

Gravely, F. H. (1912).—Malaria mortality in the fringe area of Calcutta.

Rec. Ind. Mus. vii, p. 300.

Howard, L. O., Dyar, H. G. & Knab, F. (1912).—The mosquitoes of. North

and Central America and the West Indies. Volume One. Carnegie Inst.

Washington, pp. 345-352:

Iyengar, M. O. T. (1931).—The distribution of Anopheles ludlowii in Bengal

and its importance in malarial epidemiology. Ind. Journ. Med, Res. xix,

pp. 504-508.

Sen, P. (1938).—Anopheles ludlowii (A. sundaicus) survey in and around

Calcutta: “Proc: Nate Insts Sc. pindiaw wiv, 2, piesa.

PLATE |

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ica Linn,

>ylan

€

Plumbago

SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS.

M. SAYEEDUD-Dw,

Prof. of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad Deccan.

(With three plates).

(Continued from page 282 of Vol. xlii No. 2).

VII.—PLumBaGco ZEYLANICA Linn.

(PLUMBAGINACEAE).

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION.

Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 151; H. F._B. I, iii,

480; Cooke. Fl. Pres. Bomb., ii. Pt. i,.78; Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb.

Fl. 220; Gamble Fl, Pres. Madras., itv, 744; Kirt. Ind. Med.

ltsell, 1466; Wt. Ill. t. 179.

A subscandent perennial herb; stem somewhat woody, striate.

Leaves alternate, entire, ovate, reticulately veined, suddenly narrow-

ed into a short petiole; petiole narrow, amplexicaul at the base

where it is often dilated into stipule-like auricles. Flowers in long

spikes; rachis glandular, striate; bracteoles ovate, acuminate,

shorter than the calyx, glandular. Calyx narrowly tubular, per-

sistent densely covered with stalked glands; limb 5-fid. Corolla

white; tube long, slender; lobes 5, obovate-oblong, acute, apiculate.

Stamens 5; filaments as long as the corolla-tube, linear, dilated

at base; anthers oblong, exserted just beyond the throat. Pollen

grains oblong when dry, and spherical when moistened. Ovary

free, 1-celled; ovule solitary; style simple, filiform; stigmas 5.

Fruit an oblong pointed capsule, s1-seeded. (Plates [-II).

Flowers: Aug.-Sept. Medicinal (Kirtikar, 5).

INDIAN NAMEsS.

Chitalakri (Urdu), Chita, Chitarak (Hindi); Agnimata, Chitra-

mulamu (Telugu); Kanilan, Sittragam (Tamil); Chitraka, Chitu

(Marathi); Tumpukotuveli (Malayalam); Chitramula (Canarese);

Agni, Chitra, Chitraka (Sanskrit); Chita, Chitruk (Bengali);

Shitarak (Persian); Shitaraj (Arabic).

HABITAT.

Throughout India, wild in the south (Hooker, 4); hills through-

out the Konkan (Dalz. & Gibs, 2); all districts in the Plains,

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIii

common, wild or in cultivation (Gamble, 3); wild in Hyderabad

(Sayeedud-Din, 7); in hedges and jungles in Madras (Mayuranathan,

6).

Distribution: ‘Throughout India, much cultivated, wild in the

W. Peninsula and probably in Bengal, Ceylon, Tropics of the

Old World.

ANATOMICAL NOTES.

Structure of the leaf. The epidermal cells are large, and

possess a thick cuticle, which is striated. Stomata occur on both

sides of the leaf in more or less equal abundance, and are rather

depressed. They are of the cruciferous type (Plate iii, Fig. 3),

as is recorded by Solereder and Strasburger in other species

(Solereder, 8). The mesophyll is hardly differentiated into palisade | |

and spongy tissue. There is no hairy covering, but the presence

of chalk-glands is very characteristic. They occur on the branches

also. A chalk-gland consists of a hemispherical group of eight

cells (Plate III, Fig. 1) which have very thin walls, except those

which separate the gland from the adjacent tissue. Along with

water salts of lime are excreted, as is evident from the white

coating on the surface of the leaves and branches. These excretions

are a safeguard against excessive transpiration, and in keeping

with the dry habitat of this plant. Not only this, but the glands

are also depressed below the level of the epidermal surface like

the depressed stomata.

Oxalate of lime occurs in the form of small clustered crystals.

Cells filled with a granular secretion, probably plumbagin, occur in

abundance. They are also found in the stem (Plate III, Fig. 5).

Structure of the petiole (Piate III, Fig. 4). It is v-shaped in

transverse section owing to the lateral dilations, and is traversed

by as many as eighteen vascular bundles.

Structure of the stem. The primary cortex contains collenchyma

and sclerenchyma more or less in a continuous ring. The ridges

contain more of these tissues than the furrows. The vascular

bundles are collateral. There are broad medullary rays.

Hairs on the calyx. The calyx is densely covered with long-

stalked glandular shaggy hairs (Plate III, Fig. 6) full of secretion.

These hairs consist of a long unicellular stalk and a round head.

Besides these, mucilage glands occur (Plate III, Fig. 7). Each

gland which is circular in outline with a wavy margin, consists of

a group of about 30-35 thin-walled epidermal! cells filled with

mucilage.

CONCLUSIONS.

The following are the chief features revealed by the anatomical

study of this plant:

1. Stomata are of the cruciferous type.

2. Characteristic chalk-glands occur on the leaves and on the

branches.

3. The only hairy covering is found on the calyx, and con-

sists of long-stalked glandular shaggy hairs.

PLATE II

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Sayeedud-Din—Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

For explanation see end of article.

Pirate HTL

SS e

QtNeK

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

i Sayeedud-Din—Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

For explanation see end of arttcic.

SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS 601

4. Mucilage glands also occur on the calyx,

5. Oxalate of lime occurs in the form of clustered crystals

in the leaf.

6. Mesophyll is undifferentiated.

7. Cells filled with a secretion, probably plumbagin, occur

in the leaf and stem.

8. In the structure of the stem more or less a continuous

ring of collenchyma and sclerenchyma may be noted.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

My thanks are due to Mr. Sri Ramloo for the preparation of

the drawings, and to Mr. M. Moinuddin for the preparation of

several microscopic slides for anatomical study.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.

', Cooke, T.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, vol. ii, pt. i, p. 78

(1904).

04) Dalzell, N. A. & Gibson, A.—The Bombay Flora, 220 (1861).

3. Gamble, J. S.—Flora of the Presidency of Madras, vol. iv, p. 744 (1921).

4. Hooker, J. D.—The Flora of British India, vol. iii, p. 480 (1882).

5. Kirtikar, K. R. & Basu, D.—Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd edition, vol. il,

p. 1466.

6. Mayuranathan, P. V.—The Flowering Plants of Madras City and its

immediate neighbourhood, p. 161 (1929).

7. Sayeedud-Din, M.—‘A Further Contribution to some of the Common

Flowering Plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution and economic

importance. Dicotyledons’. J.B.N.H.S., vol. xl, No. 2, p. 191 (1938).

8. Solereder, H.—Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Engl. Ed., vol. i,

PP- 495-500 (1908).

g. Wight, R.—Illustrations of Indian Botany, vol. ii, t. 179 (1850).

EXPLANATION OF PLATEs I To III.

Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

PLATE I.

Photograph of a portion of Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

PuaTteE II.

Fig. 1.—Black and white drawing of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. a small upper-

most portion (x 3).

Fig. 2. Corolla opened out. (X 5).

Fig. 3. Pistil with calyx attached. (x 5).

Fig. 4. Ovary cut across. (Xx 5).°

Fig. 5. Pollen grain in dry condition. (xX 150).

Fig. 6. Pollen grain, moistened. (x 150).

PiateE III.

Fig. 1. A chalk-gland from the stem-epidermis. (x 600).

Fig. 2. Stem-epidermis, showing stomata of the cruciferous type. (xX 300).

Fig. 3. Leaf-epidermis, showing stomata and a chalk-gland. (xX 300).

Fig. 4. T. S. Petiole, diagrammatic. (x 20).

Fig. 5. T. S. Stem, showing c, collenchyma; s, sclerenchyma; p, cells filled

with plumbagin, and a vascular bundle. (xX 300).

Fig. 6. A stalked glandular shaggy hair from calyx. (x 8o).

Fig. 7. A mucilage gland from calyx. (X 300).

TWO NATURALISTS ViSIT KARWAR, NORTH KANARA.

CHARLES MCCANN, F.L.s.

(With one plate).

With Dr. M. Suter, a naturalist with a weakness for fishing,

I went last September on a fishing trip to Karwar. As my interest

in fish is limited to the eating of them, it was agreed that

while the fisherman was occupied with his fish, I should

‘prowl’ around alone, otherwise we would seek together the things

which interest naturalists. We ieft Poona by car at dawn on the

2nd September (1940) in order to arrive at Karwar the same even-

ing. The Deccan country, familiar to both of us, did not offer

much of interest, but having written previously, jointly with

Mr. Hughes (Journ., B.N.H.S., vol. xli, p. 446) on some aspects

of bird-life observed along the same route at the break of the

monsoon, I was naturally interested to see what it was like towards

the end. In the paper quoted above, we remarked on the absence

of the drongos, rollers and orioles from the open Deccan. Again

these birds were conspicuous by their absence. The drongos and

orioles were seen in the forested areas as before, but the rollers

were not to be seen at all! It seems clear that these birds move

to more suitable localities during the rains.

At Khanapur—a most appropriate name—-we stopped to eat and

to give the driver a rest. In the ensuing investigation into the

anatomy of Gallus domesticus, we both proved ourselves excellent

‘myologists’; the study of the osteology was left to the expert

attention of the local pie-dog. Towards evening we reached the

Arbail Ghat. The forest looked inviting and we walked down

part of the Ghat in the hope of seeing something to interest us. |

We were not disappointed. Hanging on fine rootlets in the pockets

of old cuttings along the roadside were the beautiful, inverted pear-

shaped nests of the wasp Paravespa eva Bell. With its lace-like

entrance finished off with a leaf-like appendage this nest in its

beauty and delicacy, is one of the finest examples of insect craftsman-

ship. Here and there in the same cuttings were the great burrows

of the large, brown, velvety spider, Mygale—the largest Indian

spider. Mygale will stand up to almost anything in defence, but

being nocturnal none were seen. The Giant Malabar Squirrel

(Ratufa indica Exrln.) was occasionally heard. Flowers were not

yet profuse, but a beautiful Osbeckia was fairly common; its large

pink flowers standing out obtrusively from the surrounding green.

As we were anxious to get to Karwar before dark we did not delay

too long on the Ghat and arrived at the Grand Hotel a little before

dark... News was already abroad that Dr. Suter was due that

evening, so the interested were ready to receive us at the gate as

the car drew up. Not having been in Karwar for twenty years, I

was unknown, but Dr. Suter exchanged greetings with old friends,

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

1. A good catch of Ravas. 2. Mr. Adams with a 25 Ib. Ravas.

(ie tetradactylus)

A 35 lb. Dagool. Fishing for Ghol

(Scomberoides tcloo Cuv. & Val.) (Sciaena sina Cuyv. & Val.) in Karwar

Harbour.

Photos by Dr. M. Suter.

TWO NATURALISTS VISIT KARWAR, NORTH KANARA 603

prominent among whom was his tindal, Januba. The success of

the fishing depended much on the good work of this gentleman.

Later came Mr. William D’Souza, chairman of the local

municipality, commander. of the Civic Guard, and last, but not

least, proprietor of the Grand Hotel. As he was responsible for

the information regarding the frequency of Ravas (Polynemus) and

the possibilities of a good season, Dr. Suter naturally wanted to

hear all the ‘fishy’ news. Mr. D’Souza had made a fair catch

that day, so the prospect seemed promising. We were the only

visitors at the time in the hotel and so were able to spread ourselves

out. After dinner, plans were decided upon for the morrow—and

so to bed.

Before sunrise the next morning, Dr. Suter disappeared in

his dug-out over the horizon to tempt the Ravas. He knew just

where to find them and was sure to get some, if they were there

and in the mood to bite. Soon after my host’s departure, I set out

on a reconnoitering trip in the forests behind the hotel. I am not

going to describe the beauties of Karwar, natural or human, for

these have been fully described in that all informative book, the

Gazeteer. Legend has it that Karwar was once famous for its

beautiful women, but if this were so, it must have been in the

Stone Age, or perhaps my eyes are inert to such attractions !

When I set out burdened with the necessary collecting gear,

the sky was overcast and there were light showers from time to

time, but later in the day it cleared up leaving the wet foliage

glistening in the bright sunshine. Butterflies were plentiful and

the rain did not seem to hamper their activity in any way. Papilio

avistolochiae was by far the commonest. They drifted about in

great profusion. Now and again a great Bird-wing (Troides helena

minos Cr.) floated quietly into the picture. Unlike the occasional

Papilio polymnestor Cr., it was in no hurry, but a false stroke

with the net spurred it to an exhibition of high speed. Not being

an expert in the art of netting butterflies, I was often left standing

gazing after the rapidly departing flashes of black and golden

yellow. Very occasionally a metalic green flash announced the

arrival and departure of Papilio buddha Wd. — a prize for butter-

fly hunters. This ‘speed merchant’ was too much for amateurish

me, I just raised my hat as it passed—I was beaten! and I do not

think that I am the only one who must acknowledge defeat nor

shall I be the last. Pareronia ceylanica Fd. was common and

many others, too numerous to mention.

As I wandered along, small troops of the Common Langur

(Semnopithecus entellus Dup.) stopped in the midst of their break-

fast on the pulp of the fruit of the Strychnine tree (Strychnos

Nux-vomica L.), and in keeping with the ‘law of the jungle’ eyed

me suspiciously, prepared to take their departure. Satisfied that

I was harmless they resumed their repast. One group of the

fauna made its presence felt without being looked for—the

mosquitoes. These blood-thirsty gentry were very persistant and

with them there were, the leaches, also members of the ‘blood’

brigade. Their elastic bodies expand and contract like an accordeon

in full blast. They do their work unobtrusively only betraying

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

their departure by a gentle trickle of blood from the spot on which

they had sat unnoticed at their crimson meal. Fortunately there

were not many of them about.

It was afternoon before I was back at the hotel, when I spotted

Dr. Suter’s dug-out rounding the Karwar headland. I wandered

down to the landing to see what success he had had. At the

bottom of this boat, lay some fine Ravas. According to him the

catch was poor and the fish small. In former seasons he had had

much better sport. The Ravas come into Karwar harbour towards

the end of the rains and make their way up the estuary of the

Kalanuddi River to spawn, but for some reason or other, perhaps

Adolf Hitler—or the peculiar weather conditions experienced this

year, the run was not good. The fish seemed fewer than in former

years.

Evenings were devoted to joint effort in natural history. Day

after day we set out on our respective hobbies. As the fishing

had not been up to expectations, Dr. Suter suggested a visit to

Kurmagad Island on the 6th morning. Dr. Suter had informed

me of the existence of a terrapin on Kurmagad Island, he suggested

that it differed from the mainland form. Later he presented me

with three from the island and one from the mainland. These

terrapins belong to the genus Geoemyda, probably G. trijuga, but

as I have the species under observation I must leave these con-

clusions for a subsequent paper. There is certainly some differences

between the two forms. The mainland terrapin appears to be

larger, while the island form is more variable both in shape and

texture of carapace. The difference in size is probably due to an

almost unlimited food supply on the mainland and its limitations

on the island. The greater variability in the carapace of the island

form may arise from inbreeding due to the more limited supply of

partners.

Being interested, I was glad of an opportunity to visit the

island and look over it myself. Kurmagad is a small island, rising

some 180 ft. above sea level. Its shores are girdled with rocks

covered thickly with oysters—but a semblance of a beach on the

south-eastern side affords a safe landing. The island was formerly

encircled with walls which have now almost disappeared or are fast

crumbling. It was a fort, built by Shivaji, which played an am-

portant part inthe defence of Karwar. At the time of our visit,

the island was covered in dense, rank vegetation which shrouded

the greater part of the ruins.

Though uninhabited, it is visited by fishermen who fish round

it. During the rains, a few cattle are released on it for grazing

but they are removed after the rains—there is little to support

them during the dry months. Uninhabited by mortals, the Island

is the abode of a deity—Narsinh, whose shrine, after the rains, is

also buried under vegetation. The solitude of the god is disturbed

annually during the cold season (December) by a great concourse

of people from the mainland who gather there to pay him homage.

In this lonely spot, Narsinh rules over a quaint little fauna and

flora. Sweet water is scarce. There is a small well just above

the sandy beech, but it is neglected and the water is foul. Clumps

TWO NATURALISTS VISIT KARWAR, NORTH KANARA 605

of Clerodendron inerme border the sandy strip of beech. To the

left is the twisted trunk of a weather beaten mangrove (Avicennia

sp.) A few cocoanuts have been planted. The forest is of the

deciduous type, differing little from the adjoining mainland.

Sterculia urens Roxb. with its pinkish, pealing bark stands out

prominently. From the beach a rude stairway of broad steps leads

up a short distance to a path going round the island. Along the

path, to the right, is a small rock-cut cistern, at the time filled with

putrid water. In it there were several specimens of the Skipper

Frog (Rana cyanophlictis), not to mention a host of insect larvae.

The Bull-Frog (Rana tigrina Daud.) is yet another inhabitant.

While I was on the beach, a half-grown bull-frog hopped up as fast

as it could from the sea—-covered in sand. It evidently did not

like its saline bath. Did it fall into the sea from the island, or was

it a new arrival washed out to sea from the mainland?

As we proceeded along the overgrown path we passed through

an almost pure association of Costus speciosa Smith. In places

this plant had taken possession of the ground to the exclusion of

all else. As it was in flower it attracted numerous insect visitors.

Some species of vine (Vitis spp.) scrambled about here and there.

We noted two different species of Habenaria in fruit. In places

there were flourishing clumps of bamboos. These combined with

Zizyphus and other thorny bushes made progress in places difficult.

On our way to the island we saw many butterflies, including

bird-wings (Troides) and various Papilio making their way across

the sea to various islands. The White-bellied Sea-Eagle [| Haliaétus

leucogaster (Gmelin)| quartered the sky, keeping a sharp look out

for prey. Several of these birds were seen and heard around

Karwar. They breed at various points and one pair had a nest,

a large affair, on a tree at the eastern corner of Kurmagad, which

was clearly visible as one approached the island. The birds were

sitting at the time. At the top of the island we came to a flat

piece of ground covered with Costus sheltered by some Eugenia;

here we set about catching insects. Grasshoppers were very plenti-

ful. Butterflies were common, particularly Pareronia ceylanica Fd.

Occasionally a bird-wing appeared and other Papilio. Once the

fast-flying P. helena made its appearance, but all attempts to bring

it to bag failed. Two specimens of the Atlas moth (Attacus atlas L.)

were also observed, and one brought to bag. While insect hunting

we almost barged into a hornets’ nest (Vespa cincta Fabr.). I

shall have more to say about this nest presently. The main object

of our visit was to obtain further examples of the terrapins. Owing

to the dense nature of the vegetation we were obliged to cut our

way through here and there. When so engaged, Dr. Suter dis-

covered a baby terrapin 65x56 mm. in dimensions. In great glee

I picked up the little creature and found myself, at once, enveloped

in an appalling stench. The author of this ‘gas attack’ was the

terrapin. These animals were versed in ‘chemical warfare’ long

before man! It is well-known that some of the tortoises produce

foul odours as a means of defence. This is produced from special

glands or by the voiding of the faeces, or by both when attacked.

Despite this little reptile’s malodorous attempt to ward me off,

606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

it found a place in my collecting bag, and is now a docile resident

in my vivarium. Once these animals have got accustomed to

handling, they do not generally resort to their vile mode of defence.

The terrapins I have in captivity no longer submit me to a ‘gas’

attack when handled.

At the top of the island there were some drying puddles, which

clearly showed prints of terrapin. But we saw none; being nocturnal

terrapin retire during the day. We now took to turning over

loose stones in damp places, in the hope of finding other animal

life—we were not disappointed. I am no ‘Col. Longbow’, but I

can confidently say that under every stone we turned, we found

at least one large black rock scorpion’ (Palamnaeus sp.)! Though

called the ‘black’ scorpion in contrast to the ‘red’ (Buthus) it is

not black but a very deep green, the chelae being darker than the

body. In most cases the adults were with their young. It was

breeding time in the scorpion world. The young were well advanced,

pigmented but not strongly chitinised. The segments were a light

blackish brown, the intersegment tissue being paler. They lived

together with the adults on the most filial terms, giving the lie to

the old belief that the young commit matricide and devour their

mothers. When they are very young, still soft-bodied and creamy

white, the mother carries her infants on her back; but once passed

that stage, they no longer find room to play ‘pic-a-back’. The

continuance of the young with the parents suggests that either

the ‘old dame’ does the foraging, and brings home the prey for

the young, or that the family go hunting together. In one instance

I counted as many as 32 young with a parent! The place was

really a hot bed of scorpions.

With the scorpions under the stones lived fat earthworms and

some snake-like skinks (*Riopa guentheri Smith) which scuttled

away as soon as they were exposed; and, an occasional frog. A

solitary luminous ‘centipede’ (Geophillus sp.) was also observed.

Tired of turning stones and of uncovering scorpions and more

scorpions, we resumed our quest for terrapins. We searched long

and in vain. We had found a young one—-the adults must be

somewhere in the neighbourhood. Perhaps we did not know how

or where to look for them, or had local epicureans forestalled us

and captured the lot. This terrapin is relished as a dish by Goans

and others. On a previous occasion Dr. Suter had seen some

Goan sailors remove eighteen from the island.

Our search led us down the southern slope of the hill. The

squealing and racket from a colony of Flying-Foxes (Pteropus

giganteus Briinn.) drew my attention. Hidden by the under-

erowth I was able to approach them quite close. It was a fair

sized colony and the first I have seen so far away from a village.

Here the bats hung on quite low trees and shrubs, some were barely

ten feet from the ground. The colony was composed of adults

~* Mr. H. Abdulali when he visited an island off Malwan, found the scorpion

in abundance also.

> Mr. H. Abdulali found this species a common associate of the scorpions en

the island off Malwan. ~

'TWO NATURALISTS VISIT KARWAR, NORTH KANARA 607

and young—young of the current year. The young were at once

recognizable by their size; while still forming part of the colony,

they more or less kept together. A point that struck me was

that the usual creamy-coloured areas of the body were much darker

in the young—more russet.

I joined Dr. Suter on the beach. He had brought with him

some Painted Grasshoppers (Aularches scabiosae’ F.), a few yet

in copula! The ‘painted’ grasshopper, has a permanent ‘make up’

and its purpose, oh ladies, is not attraction but detraction. The

‘make up’ is the same for both sexes. The colours of the insects

are ‘warning colours’. Dame Nature has gone yet further in the

protection of this creature, she has supplied it with an odorous

insect’s device. There is a small opening at the base of each of the

jumping legs. When attacked, an evil smelling frothy mass

exudes from these openings—making the succulent grasshopper a

thing to be avoided by insect eaters.

I had designs on the beautiful hornets’ nest, mentioned before,

as I wanted it for the Museum. There was no harm in wanting,

but the getting of it was quite another proposition. It was a

large egg-shaped affair hanging from some thin branches only

about five feet from the ground. The structure was about 18 inches

long by a foot wide, the whole enclosed in parchment casing which

formed a protection to the horizontally arranged combs within.

There was a single entrance about an inch and a half wide. This

hanging ‘aerodrome’ was very much alive. The attack on such a

‘fortress’ had to be carefully planned. Hornets, have a particularly

‘hot tail’. I had nothing with me to commence the attack so I

decided to leave the nest alone for the present. The terrapin

hunt, having failed, we decided to revisit the island at a later date.

Dr. Suter turned his attention once more to fishing, and I to the

jungles. On the 8th another fisherman arrived at the hotel from

Poona on a long week-end. His efforts were more successful than

Dr. Suter’s in way of size, he caught a 16 lb. Ravas. This angler

left on the 11th, and we were once more in full possession of the

hotel. On the ‘r2th we decided on another terrapin hunt, and the

preliminary attack on the hornet stronghold. This time we tra-

versed the island from its south-westerly slope and gradually

worked our way up to the top. Cutting a path through the dense

growth of Ficus heterophylla and other obstructions, we finally came

to the spot where we had been on the previous occasion. We

had been searching for terrapin for some time when one of the

boatmen discovered one. A shout! and we all assembled to see

how and where it had secluded itself. We now learnt just how to

look for terrapin. A tell-tale trail usually led to the spot. In a

short while we collected quite a number. With each capture there

was a fresh determined ‘gas attack’. The boatman carrying them

pulled awful faces — I don’t blame him! The effluvia were over-

whelming.

_' The Bombay insect is frequently referred to as A. millaris F. but this

species does not occur here.

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Now for my hornets’ nest. My plan was first to plug the

entrance with a wad of cotton wool, soaked in chloroform and

large enough to stop the hole. The big idea was to kill those im-

prisoned, and then to deal with the remainder with fire and smoke.

In a rain coat with the sleeves tied at the wrists, and a two yard

length of sacking over my head, I approached to within eight or

ten feet of the nest. I now lay flat on the ground. After

thoroughly soaking the cotton wad tied to the end of a bamboo I

succeeded in plugging the entrance. Immediately the nest vibrated

with angry hornets. The drone of wings from hundreds of hornets

trying to escape was menacingly audible. ‘Guards’ were up looking

for the intruder, and those that returned from foraging joined in the

hunt. A weak point in my plan of attack was now made clear to

me. The bamboo on which the wad was tied, ended under my

sacking—a convenient bridge leading direct from the nest to me.

The wasps in their rage walked up and down the bamboo, my

position was, to say the least, alarming. To keep the offensive

patrol from intruding under the sacking and thus getting at me,

I gently, but firmly, drew it tightly round the bamboo. Some of

the wasps wandered over my head. I have a sturdy skull; unfor-

tunately it is covered with tender skin. I was not too happy,

equally was I concerned about my bare ankles, vet another weak

spot I had forgotten to protect. Having been stung before

by hornets I knew just what they could do to provide a vivid

experience in pain. I fearfully watched searching movements as

best as I could through the mesh of the coarse sacking. My com-

panions had very wisely retired to a safe distance. I lay as

motionless as possible for some time—the minutes ticked away

too slowly! When I considered it safe to move, I gradually, very

eradually, crept away on my belly backwards to a safe distance.

Here I got behind a tree trunk, divested myself of the sacking

and the rain coat, and watched the commotion. Any detected move-

ment would have brought the horde of hornets to me. Despite

the chloroform hornets were round the nest in hundreds—

probably those that had returned from foraging during the assault.

The first part of the plan had succeeded, but the second seemed

an impossible task by day light, without running the risk of being

badly stung—an experience I was not anxious to repeat, so I

decided to leave the chloroform plug in for that day and return

to finish the job under cover of darkness.

Next evening I returned alone to the attack with a couple of

boatmen. On arrival at the spot, I found that the original entrance

had been enlarged and a new one made in the external envelope.

The nest was very much alive with angry hornets which paraded

the outside—these had first to be disposed of. Two flares at the

end of bamboos were made and a pile of dry rubbish got together

in the sacking. As soon as it was dark I took my stance at the

former spot, lit one flare and applied it round the nest singeing

the wings of those still outside, and then applied it to the entrances

to meet those that poured out. The ground was alive with flightless

hornets, but numbers still flew around. Some came dangerously

close to my unprotected face, but I kept perfectly still. Gradually

TWO NATURALISTS VISIT KARWAR, NORTH KANARA 609

the numbers diminished. The first flare was not enough, so a

second was started. By the time it was also exhausted there were

still a few hornets emerging from the nest, I was forced to resort

to my ‘last straw’—the rubbish heap. In the light of the fire I

could see that almost all the wasps had gone. I now called to

one of the men to hack down the small tree to get the nest clear

of the increasing flames. Alas too late! The nest, cinder-dry with

the constant heat, caught fire, just as the tree was about to fall.

Before I could quench the flames half the nest had been destroyed.

Very disappointed indeed, I returned to the hotel with the charred

remains of the nest to show Dr. Suter. In spite of the chloroform

and the fire many grubs were still alive in the various combs.

The nest, or rather what was left of it, was consigned to the sea.

The various islands in Karwar harbour are biologically interest-

ing, and a careful survey of the fauna and flora would, I am sure,

yield interesting results. Unfortunately, the brief period of the

trip did not permit of more than a very superficial survey of one or

two of the islands. To the southwest of Kurmagad is another

forested island, Sunghiri (often referred to as Mudlingad). The

approach is difficult owing to the rocky shore. Local belief has it

that it is infested with cobras (Naia tripudians Linn.). The northern

cliffs are inhabited by Blue Rock Pigeons (Columba livia inter-

media Strick.). Further to the westward on Devgad Island is the

Karwar lighthouse. Between Devgad and Mudlingad is another

small island clad in forest, often referred to as Little Devgad. The

two Devgads are separated by a narrow channel. Owing to the

war, visitors are prohibited from landing on the lighthouse island.

During the time of our visit the island was covered with rank vegeta-

tion. A large Aroid (Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume?) had

made it a stronghold. In places the plants monopolized large

portions of the area, almost to the exclusion of all else. Many of the

specimens were extraordinarily well developed. A. campanulatus,

known in the vernacular as suvan, is often cultivated for its corms;

but I was told that though common on the island, the plant in

its wild state, is inedible, as even after cooking, it irritates the

mouth. This is due to the abundance of needle-like crystals in its

tissue—a characteristic of the order. Dr. Suter, who is well

acquainted with many of the islands, told me that he once saw

a family of otters! (Lutra sp.) playing about on the shore of Little

Devgad, and that large monitor Lizards (Varanus monitor probably)

inhabit the island. The lizards, he said, feed largely on marine

crabs. The shores of the two Devgad islands abound in large sea-

urchins (Echinodermata). Later in the season sea-cucumbers

(Holothuroidae) and other marine animals abound.

While we were at Karwar we saw the commencement of the

fishing season. In places the sea was covered with dark patches,

often an acre or more, appearing like wind ripples. These

patches travelled in various directions—they represented the course

of thousands of sardines. The local fisherman went out in pursuit of

‘ Otters may have come down the Kalanuddi River where they are known

to exist. f w

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISE.“SO CIETY. \ Vola cn

these shoals to secure the first catches of the season. Dolphins

followed in the wake of these shoals and ate their fill. The larger

predatory fish, such as the Seer or Surmai (Cybium guttatum B. &

Sch.), the Dagool (Scomberoides toloo Cuv. & Val.) and other large

mackerel had not arrived yet. Both these are good sporting fish.

A small mackerel, locally known as the Kokar (cougher, on account

of the coughing sound it makes) was not uncommon. Dr. Suter had

caught several of them during our visit. A large perch, locally

known as the Gobra (Groper), a species of Serranus, often attaining

great size, was not uncommon. Dr. Suter caught one of 40 pounds.

This fish is not considered a sporting fish, as it has the habit of

taking the bait and sitting tight between or against rocks. To

dislodge such a fish on a sporting line, may be compared to

‘Catching a rock’ and trying to haul it in. On the 13th the local

fishermen were on the lookout for Ghol (Sciaena sina Cuv. &

Val.). The next day they brought in a big catch of some 2000 fish

together with a haul of the Cock-up [Lates calcarifer (Bloch)],

known as Kajuri, around Bombay. This is a fine sporting fish.

These fish too were late in their arrival this season judging from

the local observers. Various sharks were also among the bag.

Our trip was at its close, so on the 14th night we bid farewell

to all our friends, both old and new. Prominent among the former

was an old member of the Society, Mr. T. R. Bell’, who is, ‘still

going strong’ and, ‘keeps on walking still’?! Among the new (as

far as I was concerned) was Mr. Adam, the lighthouse keeper. My

name brought back old recollections to him. It turned out that

in his youth he was in the same department as my father, and he

talked of many old friends that had already been gathered to the

majority. He also informed me that he had at the light some old

documents signed by my grandfather half a century back, when

the old man was Superintendent of Lights. Enough of this family

history—good luck Adam, and goodbye. On the 15th morning in

the grey dawn the car purred out of Karwar on its long return

journey to Poona. Memories were all that were left of the enjoy-

able trip, and the specimens—silent but forceful recollections. We

reached Poona the same night. Before concluding, I must take

the opportunity of expressing my sincere thanks to Dr. and Mrs.

Suter for their kind hospitality.

— —- ——.

ae,

* Mr. Betl is engaged in entomological research, and is at present working

out the life-histories of moths.

CIRPHIS AEBISTIGMA H.-A PEST OF GRASSES. IN

SOUTH INDIA.

ME ©. (CHERTAN, | BrAw (B.SCr. Di. C:,

AND

K. P. ANANTANARAYANAN, B.A. (Hon.),

Agricultural Research Institute, Coimbatore.

INTRODUCTION.

Cirphis albistigma H. (Family: Noctuidae)—known as _ the

climbing cutworm of:paddy, has been noticed as a serious pest of

fodder grasses. During the past decade, its almost frequent occur-

rence in grasses grown at the cattle farm at Hosur, has demanded

a detailed study of this pest in its various aspects. The obser-

vations made at Hosur and at Coimbatore during 1937 and 1938

are recorded in this paper.

DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF OCCURRENCE OF THE PEST.

The occurrence of the pest in paddy in South India has been

noted during certain years (Ramachandra Rao, 1927, 1928, 1929

and Ramakrishna Ayyar 1932) in places like Madanapalle, Krishna-

giri, Coimbatore, Pollachi in the central districts, from Chingleput

down to Tanjore in the coastal tracts on the east coast, and in

parts of Malabar on the west coast. While its appearance is spo-

radic and irregular in paddy, it is a serious pest of grasses in the hilly

tracts like Hosur, where it is found usually during the months of

October, November, and December. In the year 1937, there was

an outbreak in May in addition to the usual occurrence during

December. As a pest on paddy it has been recorded during May,

October, and also in December during certain years.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF DAMAGE,

At the Hosur cattle farm, situated at an elevation of 3,000 ft.

above sea level, and commanding an extensive area of about

1,600 acres, a major portion of which is pasture land, the pest

has been noted during successive years from 1928 to 1931,

maid again in 1937 and 1938 in. a _ serious. form. it

appears in enormous numbers. The caterpillars cut the

tender side shoots of the grass close to the ground reducing a

thick grass bed to mere stumps, or they strip the long wiry stems

of all the leaves. The ground below the creeping stems and

around clumps of grasses is strewn with pellets of castings of

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

the numerous larvae. Several detached paddocks in different.

localities in the area are affected almost simultaneously; while

during an outbreak, the larvae, in all the foci of infestation, appear

almost of the same age. Larvae march in all directions, un-

impeded by roads, pathways or other obstructions. As is the

case with cutworms in general, in all these outbreaks the

density of the pest population subsides to surprisingly insignificant

numbers during the course of a fortnight, but even in this short

interval, much damage is done by mass feeding, and heavy loss

in yield of hay is caused. If the damage happens to be during

the tender stage of the grass, the hay for the season is shortened

in length and its quality suffers.

The Adult Moth.

The adult moth is a dark brown stout insect. The forewings of the

female are more lightly coloured than those of the male which are dusky

black. The male is slightly smaller than the female whose abdomen is more

stout and pointed. The end of the abdomen in the male is beset with a tuft

of elongated scale like hairs, while the hairs in the female abdomen are short

and less conspicuous.

The adult moths begin to emerge in the field at dusk; and when disturbed

at the approach of a powerful light take to short haphazard flights. They rest on

dry grasses near the place of emergence, and are scarcely visible during day

time. At night they rise into the darkness with great rapidity. The longevity

of male moths was found to be 3-10 days, with an average of 7.14 days for

14; for females it was 4-14 days, with an average of 9.45 for 22.

Egg laying Habits.

Eggs are generally laid about five to six days after emergence. In a

series of observations made at the Insectary at Coimbatore, as many as 597

larvae constituted the progeny of a single female. The eggs are generally

laid inside the leaf sheaths, a few may be found on open leaf tips, leaf folds,

on stems, and occasionally in the laboratory cages; a few were scattered on

the earth. The major portion of normal egg laying is confined to the space

between stem and leaf sheath. The maximum number of eggs laid by a

single female was 597, the minimum 110; with an average of 314-5 for 12.

In one particular instance, 396 eggs were found in 43 clusters of which

the distribution was as_ follows:—1go between stem and sheath, 72 in

leaf folds, 118 on leaf, 7 on stem and 8 on soil. The eggs are laid in rows

or in small clumps or masses, each row or group containing 2-19 eggs. A

few isolated hairs are scattered in between, but the eggs are not covered

by hairs. They are, however, protected to some extent by the sheath or

fold of the leaf. Eggs are never found on tender leaves, but the larvae

hatching out of them soon find a place on the tender regions of the plant.

Description of Stages.

Egg.—Each egg is roughly spherical in form measuring about } mm., pale,

creamy white in colour, with the surface smooth and shining. The eggs get

a golden yellow tint just before hatching.

Larva—-ist instar.—Newly hatched caterpillar about 23-23 mm. in length.

Head nearly as big as the body segments. Head shield pale glossy brown,

prothoracic shield small, distinct and of the same colour as the head. Body

slender, pale greenish, with whitish isolated hairs or setae. Viewed under

high magnification, the setae on the body are seen to arise from minute

black spots. Eye spots on the head _ shield brownish black, mandibles

brownish. The larva exhibits looping movements though five pairs of prolegs

are seen. The first pair of prolegs is least developed and look like minute

stumps; the last three pairs well developed. The larva is able to lift the

anterior portion of its body on its posterior three pairs of prolegs, the front

CIRPHIS ALBISTIGMA H.—A PEST OF GRASSES IN S. INDIA 613

portion of the body remaining in a bent posture without touching the

substratum. While moving on leaf, the portion of the body between thorax

and abdominal segment 4 is bent upwards in a loop. Lines on the body

are very feebly indicated towards the end of the stage. The first instar

lasts 4-7 days.

2nd instar.—The larva about 5 mm. long. Head as big as body segments

or slightly bigger, head shield pale transparent and _ shining, with faint

brownish markings or lines; ocelli black; two brownish lines on head shields,

closely approximated to each cther towards the centre and diverging at the

‘vertex’ and basal portion of ‘front’, labrum and mandibles brownish, front

and adfrontal areas whitish. Body with five black longitudinal lines on

either side of the median dorsal whitish streak. These may be termed and

are hereafter referred to as dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, sublateral, and ventro-

lateral lines. A few irregular brownish streaks visible below the ventro-

lateral lines. Legs and_ prolegs pale whitish, prolegs fully developed,

outer side of each slightly chitinised and of lightly darker shade. Setae

sparse, indistinct and short. The stomata appear as minute black spots.

Ventral side of the body pale white or greenish white. With growth, the

five lines on each side get a brownish tint and the body looks greenish

brown. The abdominal segments become thicker by growth and the prothorax

and head appear smaller in comparison.

Feeding commences one hour after moulting. During the instar, the

larva, when at rest, keeps its anterior portion of the body raised up in a

curve, the whole body resting on the posterior three pairs of prolegs.

Larva when active makes looping movements. In cages, the rst and and

stage larvae were found to feed also on flowers of grasses. The 2nd instar

lasts 2-6 days.

3rd instar.—Brownish black markings on head shield more _ prominent.

The formation of a thin black vertical short line in the eentre of ‘front’ a

characteristic and distinguishing feature. The outer side of the epicranium

bears irregular brownish black mottlings. Body stouter and smooth from

voracious teeding, lines on the body darker and modified, lateral line broader

and modified. General colouring greenish, head and posterior ends brownish.

Stomata seen as black spots slightly bigger than in the previous stage. Towards

the end of the stage, the coloration becomes dull and there is a tendency for

the transformation of the lines into bands incorporated by numerous striae.

The larva feeds actively on grass leaves and some of the larvae show very

rapid growth and there is also a shortening of the length of the instar. Two

more brown lines appear at the outer side of the epicranium on each side and

these, descending in the region of the ocelli, enfold the latter. The third

instar lasts 2-7 days.

4th instar.—The size in the beginning varies from 6 to 12 mm. when the

head shield is as broad as the body segments. Brown lines on the head with

the characteristic mottlings on the epicranium clearer and more accentuated,

‘front’, adfrontal area and its continuation upwards pale whitish and glossy,

centre of ‘front’ with brownish black vertical streak. Prothoracic shield

indistinct, prothoracic and anal shields whitish. Legs and prolegs pale white,

ventral side of body greenish.

The coloration on body surface is changed materially. The intervening

whitish spaces between black lines, of the previous stage, are reduced to very

narrow imperceptible streaks of a yellow tinge or into irregularly mottled bands.

Pinkish lines appear as transverse, border lines between segments. In con-

tinuation of the adfrontal whitish area and vertex, the median dorsal line of

white tint, is seen as a very narrow streak in between the closely approxi-

mated two black dorsal lines. The subdorsal black line is now reduced to a

pinkish faint black band, and below this a prominent yellow streak is formed

anew. A lateral pinkish broad band appears in place of the lateral black line.

Below this, a broad sublateral black band is formed by the coelescence of the

sublateral and ventrolateral lines of the previous stage; the interspace between

the two latter is merged and almost obliterated in the broadened band now

formed. Ventral cf this broad sublateral black band, a few irregular lines of

yellowish tinge, now formed, appear as a distinct band, which is made more

conspicuous during further growth and is studded with irregular pinkish patches

614. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

forming a line in its middle. During this stage the larva exhibits its most

vivid coloration. There is great variation in minute details of lines and bands

which defy description in individual larvae. The body grows more uniformly

cylindrical and smooth. Setae are indistinct and a few are seen to arise from

black tubercles. The spiracles are black and those in segments 3, 4 and 5

are seen in the yellowish ventrolateral band, while the others are placed in

the black band above or in the border. Towards the end of the stage, the

larva grows to about 20 mm. The general coloring turns greenish black,

interspersed by pinkish and yellowish bands at the sides. The median dorsal

whitish streak between the two dorsal lines is replaced by a pinkish brown

band in the centre, the dorsal lines growing faint. The subdorsal line towards

the end of the stage develops into a broad pinkish brown band bounded by a

narrow clear yellow streak below formed of the interspace between the original

subdorsal and lateral lines. The lateral line is now a broad reddish pink band

bounded by an upper yellow streak and a lower whitish yellow streak. The

sublateral and ventrolateral lines have completely coalesced obliterating the

interspace totally. This band is black and conspicuous, in contrast to the

yellowish pink area below which now forms the ventrolateral border. The

fourth instar lasts 2-8 days.

5th instar.—The larva, to start with, is on an average 23 mm. long

and 4.5 mm. broad. The general color pattern from being vivid and attractive

tends to become dull. The larva is dusky grey or dull blackish. A central

median dorsal blackish broad band, a lateral area or band constituted of yellow

and black lines close together, and a sublateral thick distinct black band,

bordered below by the ventrolateral dusky greenish area, are the characteristic

stripes. Closely examined, all these are formed of numerous minute longi-

tudinal striae. Some of the larvae show at the outer border of the median

dorsal broad band, elongated black spots or thickenings over each segment,

forming almost an interrupted straight line. The stout smooth larva, with

dirty greenish grey color alternating with faint greyish pink bands and yellow

striae, now resembles Spodoptera mauritia and displays the same habit of

curling into a ring when disturbed. The larva grows to about 28-32 mm. ;

just before pupation even the light pinkish tinge vanishes, and it takes the

color of the soil. The spiracles are vertically oval spots with a jet black

elevated rim and pale dark central portion. Preparatory to pupation, the

larva secks the soil, when excepting head, and segments I and. 1o, all other

segments are of uniform thickness and color. The black lines on the head

and the characteristic vertical streak in ‘front’ are distinct. The head region

is dull black due to the mottlings and lines. The black bands over the dorsal

and sublateral regions fade into a grey tint, retaining the original black color,

localised to linear spots, one over each segment. The pink color of the

lateral and ventrolateral line is less conspicuous. In this condition the larva

approaches Spodoptera in form and colour, the difference however being

noticeable particularly in the coloration and markings of the head shield. In

some larvae, the black color is retained but the numerous longitudinal lines

fade and in such examples, the head is darker still. When feeding has

ceased the larva in the soil, takes a curved posture inserting its head into the

earth, the body color simulating the color of the soil or dry grass stems from

amidst which it is scarcely visible. The fifth instar lasts 3-8 days.

Pupa.—The full-grown larva burrows into the soil, constructs a thin cell

of earth within which it moults and pupates. The pupa is about 13 mm.

long, brownish red or yellowish red. Two horny spines, projecting from the

tip of abdomen tipped black, two smaller, thinner, curved spines or setae

placed, one on each side, on the penultimate segment, close to the segment

bearing terminal spines. At the posterior region of the abdomen there are

two smaller vertical slits or thin short streaks, one in front of the other.

Male pupa, yellowish brown, the anterior slit in the middle of an elevated

flat swelling. Female pupa, brownish red, anterior slit not so prominent but

flush with the surface. Slits black in both, posterior one darker and _ thicker.

The pupae are found usually 1-3 inches below soil.

Under field conditions, in the course of investigations at Hosur grass lands

the pupae were found in a variety of situations such as in soil in the middle

of the paddock, sides of bunds, shady portions below trees, or close to tree

CHADS NEBISTIGIIA Head PEST OR GRASSES IN’S, INDIA 615

trunks, and alse in between grass clumps which form a fibrous matting or

meshwork just below surface layer of soil. Hard clayey soil as well as

loose dry sandy situations are avoided; and the largest number of pupae were

found in situations where the soil was moist enough for larvae to burrow

in and the surface covered with dry matting of grass or mulch of dead

iocoyce

GU aAVOS.

The Life Cycle.

The egg, larval and pupal periods were 4-5, 19-28 and 8-11 days respectively.

The total period from egg to adult was about 32-43 days with an average

of 36.48 days for 21 specimens, when larvae were reared in individual cages.

In the case of bulk rearing, allowing batches of larvae to feed more freely

and with ample scope for their activities, a few of each batch were found

to reach the adult stage in a shorter period; in such cases, the period varied

between 27-40 days with an average of 31.9 days for 14 series.

Habits of the Pest.

From observations made at Hosur pastures, where the pest outbreaks have

been more or less of frequent occurrence, there are no evidences of pupae or

larvae tiding over adverse seasons, as such. During 1937, the caterpillars

in the field were enclosed by field cages for observation during May, and

again in December. Wire gauze cages, 23’x23’x2’, with one side open were

inverted over the soil. the edges of the open end fitting closely on to grooves

on a square frame of wood embedded in the soil so as to leave no hole

ar opening for the escape of the specimens from inside the soil. 200 larvae

feeding on grass and in contact with soil below were under observation in

four different situations in the farm, and the cage contents were examined in

the subsequent months, allowing enough time for normal emergence. In such

examinations of larvae in soil, there was no instance of a single larva or

pupa surviving as such. The same course of cbservation was repeated during

December the same year, leaving 300 larvae in one cage. So far, there is

no record of an aestivating or hibernating stage for this insect. It is quite

possible that the insect continues to breed all through the year, selecting

different localities, far away from each other, tor each brood. <A long period

of drought and depression followed by heavy flooding rains seems to be a

favourable condition for the occurrence of severe outbreaks.

Natural Enemies.

Crows.—Crows congregate in numbers in plots infested by these caterpillars

to devour them. ‘The birds are seen in large numbers during the morning

and late in the evening feeding on the caterpillars. When the grass is mowed

the birds remain in the field throughout the day destroying a large part of

larval population.

Ants have been noted destroying iarge numbers of pupae in soil, covered

by field cages in the field. In spite of the depredations of ants a large number

of pupae in the field survive to develop into moths.

Parasites.—During the outbreak of 1937, a large number of larvae and

pupae were examined in the field for parasites. In the _ collections,

there were three kinds of Tachinid parasites which have been identified as

(1) Actia monticola Mall, (2) Cyphocera varia F, and (3) Siurmia inconspicu-

oides Bar. <Actia monticola is a parasite of comparatively small size breeding

as an internal parasite in the caterpillar which harbours more than one

parasite-pupa inside its body. The caterpillar is killed before it pupates.

Cyphocera varia is slightly bigger in size and moves out of the body of the

full-grown caterpillar for pupation. The parasitic grub leaves the host just

before the latter is about to pupate, The host Jarva barely survives for a

day. Sturmia inconspicuoides is fairly big in size and invariably pupates

inside the host. Some of the host caterpillars feed and pupate with the

parasite inside, but are ultimately destroyed by the time the parasite emerges.

The big-sized reddish brown pupa of the parasite is often seen through the

thin skin of the host pupa. The extent of parasitisation was very small.

616 “JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIE EP Va Vole wens

Control Methods Tried.

In the past, during times of large-scale damage to grass, several methods

have been tried with a view to destroy the caterpillars, to minimise damage,

or to prevent future outbreaks, but no satisfactory method has yet been

evoived. Ramachandra Rao (1930) has recorded trials of dusting with Paris

green and calcium arsenate on a small scale, but the treated hay was found

on analysis 10 contain residue enough io make it unfit for fodder purposes.

Baits and light traps were tried without success. Shielding, ploughing and burning

of paddociss after the crop did not succeed -in preventing future outbreaks and

could not be carried out on an extensive scale. Crushing the larvae using

stone rollers was first attempted by Ramachandra Rao (1930) and later, in

1937, with no appreciable success. Egg mass collection and destruction are

impracticable, due to the habit of the moths of concealing the egg masses

within sheaths of leaves and distributing the eggs in small clusters on several

plants. By keeping close watch, by noting newly hatched or growing cater-

pillars during the pest season, some relief is likely to be achieved by preventing

spread of the swarms from plot to plot. If the outbreak happens to occur

towards the end of the year early harvesting of the crop minimises loss as

well as spread of the pest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The authors are thankful to the Livestock Development Officer, and the

Superintendent of the Research Station, Hosur, for help rendered in facilitating

observations, and to the Imperial Institute of Entomology, London, for identi-

fying the specimens.

REFERENCES.

1. Ayyar, TIT. 'V./ Re (1932). Bull. "No 25, “Department “ot Agriculture’

Madras.

2. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1932). Bull. No. 27, Department of Agriculture, Madras.

3. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1931). Administration Report of the Govt. Entomologist,

Madras, p. 135.

4. Cherian, M. C. (1938). Administration Report of the Govt. Entomologist,

Madras, 1937-38, pp. 23 and 32.

Fletcher, J. B.: (toro); ‘Rept. Proc. 3rd Ent. Meeting, “Pusa,-“Volwe i

Pp. 65;

6. Ramachandra Rao,

mologist, Madras, 1926-27, p. 314.

Ramachandra Rao, Y. (1928). Administration Report of the Govt. Ento-

mologist, Madras, 1927-28, p. 341.

8. Ramachandra Rao, Y. (1929). Administration Report of the Govt. Ento-

mologist, Madras, 1928-29, pp. 375, 391.

g. Ramachandra Rao, Y. (1930). Administration Report of the Govt. Ento-

mologist, Madras, 1929-30, pp. 230, 239.

Y. (1927). Administration Report of the Govt. Ento-

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA.

DAMMERS, GUTTIFERS, SILK-COTTONS, TEAS, TUTSANS,

W ATER-PEPPERS.

Ut es CATUS, 6 Spegr bs ee So

The DipTEROCARPACEAE are all natives of the hot damp forests

of India and Malaya, except a few African species. Many are

among the biggest trees in the forests and are valued for their

magnificent timber. Many also produce useful gums, and some

yield a very good quality of camphor. The seeds are generally

oleaginous. There are 25 genera with 350 species.

The medicinal and poisonous Dammers belong to 5 genera, all

represented within our limits: DipreRocarpus (Indo-Malaya) ; Dryo-

BALANOPS (Borneo, Malaya); Hopga (Indo-Malaya); SHorEa (Ceylon

to Philippine Islands); VaTER1a (Seychelles, South India).

A. Calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, segments reflexed .... VATERIA

B. Calyx much enlarged in fruit, segments erect.

1. Fruiting calyx with a distinct tube covering the

fruit. | Kruit “ree.

a. Sepals developed into tong wings, 4 ... ... DRYOBALANOPS

b. Sepals developed into wings 2, the others very

short *) ee aoe es ... DIPTEROCARPUS

Fruiting calyx with an obscure tube; aestivation of

the calyx imbricate.

a. Wings 3 long, 2 shorter roe dee ... SHOREA

b. Wings 2 large, 3 small on _ a ELOPEA

DIPTEROCARPUS.

The genus consists of 70 Indo-Malayan species.

Many species produce a valuable oleo-resin, known as wood

oil, which is used in medicine.

The following are used in Dutch India—D. gracilis Blum.,

DD. iittoralis Blum., D. vetusus Blum., D. Spanoghe: Blum.,

D. trinervis Blum.—; in the Philippine Islands—D. affinis Brandis,

D. grandiflorus Blanco, D. pilosus Roxb., D. polyspermus Blanco,

D, trinervis Blum., D. vernicifluus Blanco—; in Indo-China—

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

}

IDE alatus Roxb., D. artocarpifolius Pierre, D. intricatus Dyer

D. Jourdainu Pierre, D. tuberculatus Roxb., D. turbinatus Gaertn.—.

A. Calyx-tube in fruit without ribs or wings.

1. Young branches glabrous or canescent 0 A Durbin otis:

2. Young branches more or less hairy ... ee DO apilostcs

Bb. Calyx-tube in fruit 5-angled or winged.

1. Angles confined to the upper portion of the

calyx-tube Be Bee Be

2. Angles or wings prolonged to the base of the

calyx-tube or nearly so.

Angles winged fs oy oe . D> \alams:

D. tuberculatus.

1. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. occurs in Chittagong, Burma,

‘Tenasserim, the Andamans, Penang; extending to Siam and Indo-

China.

In Cambodia the bark is considered tonic and depurative and

prescribed in rheumatism. The bark of the young plant is used

externally in rheumatism and in liver troubles. The oil is applied

to ulcerated wounds.

In general the oleo-resin is applied externally in gonorrhoea.

Andamans: Gurjun—; Bengal: Battisal, Garjan, Shwetagarjan— ; Burma :

Kanyin, Kanyinbyu, Kanyinni, Kanyinwettaung—; Cambodia: Chhoeuteal,

Trach—; Chittagong: Duliagurjan— ; Indo-China: Chhoeu teal thom, Chhoeu

teal tuc, Chor tuc, Dau con rai trang— , Sinhalese : Horagaha—.

2. Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb. occurs in Sylhet, Chittagong,

South Tipperah, Burma, Martaban, Mergui, the Andamans, the

Malay Peninsula, and Siam.

The balsam is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, gleet, and

similar affections of the urinary organs.

Assam: Hollong—; Tagalog: Hagachac—.

3. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. is distributed over

Burma, Siam, and Cochin-China.

The oleo-resin is used with asa

application for large ulcers.

In Cambodia the roots are

troubles.

foetida and cocoanut oil as an

used in the treatment of hepatic

Burma: Eng, In Inbo, Kanyingok— ; Cambodia: Khlong—; Laos: Mai

bao, Mai tung—; Szamese : Mai rang—; TJaleing: Sooahn—.

4. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. occurs in Assam,

Chittagong, Burma, the Andamans ; extending to Siam and Cochin-

China.

The oleo-resin is applied externally to ulcers, ring-worm, and

other cutaneous affections. It is stimulant of mucous surfaces,

particularly that of the genito-urinary system, and also diuretic.

In gonorrhoea and other affections in which copaiba is generally

employed, it has proved an effectual remedy.

Assam: Kuralsal, Kuroil, TYiliagurjan—; Bengal: Gurjan, Shwetagurjan,

Pihyagurjan—; Burma: Inbo, Inkanyin, Kanyinbyu, NKanyingyi, Kanyinni,

Kanyinnin, Kanyinwettaung, Kanyinwettaw, Kanyinywetgyi, Kanyinywetthe,

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 619

: 1 oT . : . , ; : +

Maihow—; Canarese: Challane, Guge, Valivara—; Chittagong: Kaligurjan,

Teliagurjan, Tiliagurjan—; English: Wood Oil Tree—; Gujerat: Gurjun—;

Magahit : Kanyoung—; Tagalog : Mayapis—.

DRYOBALANOPS.

The genus consists of 7 species, natives of the Malay Peninsula

and Islands.

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. inhabits the forests and

lowlands on low hills of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

The tree produces camphor oil and camphor, much used as a

tonic and sudorific. The camphor is chiefly exported to China,

where it is employed as a tonic and aphrodisiac; in Borneo itself

it is used as a diuretic and in nephritic affections, and as a popular

remedy for rheumatism.

China: Lung Nao Hsiang—; Indo-China: Camphrier de Baroum, Camphrier

de Barros, Camphrier de Bornéo, Long nao thu, Ping pien—; Malay: Kapur

barus—.

HOpPEA.

This genus numbers 50 Indo-Malayan species.

Hopea odorata Roxb. occurs from Pegu and Tenasserim to

Cochin-China. It is also found in the Andamans.

In Cambodia the bark is used as an astringent in gingivitis.

Among the Burmese the resin, reduced to powder, forms a

popular styptic.

Andamans: Rimda—; Burma: Thengan—; Cambodia: Koki—; Lao: Mai

takien—,

SHOREA.

This genus numbers go species spread from Ceylon to the

Philippine Islands.

All the species abound in various kinds of copalline resins.

The following are used medicinally :—in the Philippine Islands—

S. Guiso Blum., S. malaanonan Blum., S. mangachapuy F. Vill.—;

in Cambodia—S. cambodiana Pierre, S. Harmandii Pierre.

The oil from the seeds of S. stenoptera Buck is officinal in

Holland. The resin from S. Wiesneri Stapf. and various other

species are officially recognized in Austria, Russia, and Spain.

Stamens 20-60.

1. Leaves 15-25 by 10-15 cm. Petiole 2-2.5 cm. ..... S.. robusta.

2. Leaves 6.3-20 by 3.2-11.5 cm. Petiole 2.5-5 cm. S. Tumbuggaia.

1, Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. occurs in the Kangra district

of the Punjab, from the Kalesar forest in the Ambala district along

the sub-Himalayan tract to the Darrang district of Assam,

620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY, NATURAL HIST: SOCIE LY» Vol. wenn

sometimes in the outer Himalayan valleys up to 5,000 feet; in the

Garo Hills, Kamrup, the Khasia Hills, the Jaintia Hills, from the

Santal Parganas through Chota Nagpur and Orissa to Ganjam,

Jeypore, the Central Provinces, Vizagapatam.

Ayurveda practitioners freely prescribe the bark, leaves, fruit,

and resin. Among Yunani doctors the resin and the oil seem to

be more especially favoured.

The resin is regarded as astringent and detergent. It is used

in dysentery, and for plasters and fumigations. It is commonly

given for weak digestion, gonorrhoea, and as an aphrodisiac.

Arabic : Kaikahr-—; Bengal: Sakher, Salxhu. Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa,

Sarj, Shal—; Bhumij : Sargi—; Bombay: Sal—; Burma: Enkhyen— ; Canarese :

Asina, Asu, Ashvakarna, Guggula, Kabbu, Sarja, Vamsa—-; Central Provinces :

Rinjal, Sal, Sarai—; Deccan: Ral—; English: Common Sal, Indian Dammer,

Sal Tree—; Garhwal: Wandar—; Garo: Bolsal—; Gujerati: Ral—; Hindi:

Sakher, Sakhu, Salkhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa, Shal—; Kharwar: Sakwa—;

Khond: Jargi—; Nolami: Sarjum, Sekura—; Kumaon: Sal—; Lepcha: Ta-

kral, Teturl—; Malayalam: Maramaraim, Mulappumarutu—; Marathi: Guggilu,

Rala, Sajara—; Nepal: Sakwa—; North-Westerm Provinces: WKandar, Koron,

Sakhu, Sal—; Oudh: Koroh—,; Persian: Lalemoabbari, Lalemohari—; Punjab :

Sal, Seral—; Sanskrit: Agnivallabha, Ashvakarna, Ashvakarnika, Chiraparna,

Dhanya, Dirghaparna, Dirghashakha, Divyasara, Jaladashara, Jaranadruma,

Kala, Kalalajodhbhava, Karshya, Kashayi, Kaushika, Kaushikahva, Kushika,

Lalana,. atashankha, Latatant, (Rata. Ralakarya, Sala, Salaniryas, Salaveshta,

Sarja, Sarjakarya, Sarjarasa, Sarjjaka, Sasyasambara, Sayasamvera, Shankataru,

Shankurriksha, Shasyasambara, Shura, Sidhaka, Sureshtaka, Tarkshyaprasava.

Vallivriksha, Vansha, Vastakarna, Yakshadhupa—; Santal: Sarjom—y; Sin-

halese: Dammala—; Tamil: Attam, Kungiliyam, Shalam—,; Telugu: Gugal,

Guggilamu, Saluva, Sarjakamu, Sarjamu—; Tharu: Sakwa—; Uraon: Sekwa—;

Urdu: Ral—; Uvriva: Rengal, Sagua, Salo, Salwa, Shalua, Sodingi, Soringhi,

Sorjjo—.

2. Shorea Tumbuggaia Roxb. is found in the forests of

the Cudappah, North Arcot, and Chingleput hills, up to 3,000 feet.

The resin is used as an external stimulant.

English : Green Dammer—; Malayalam : Tampakam— ; Tamil : Karundanbai,

Karuppudamar, Tambagam, Tambai, Tambugai-—; Telugu: Guggilamu, Jalari,

Nalladammara, Nallaguggilamu—.

VATERIA.

The genus consists of 3 species confined to South India and

the Seychelles:

Vateria indica Linn. is found from North Kanara to Travancore

up to 3,500 or 4,000 feet, chiefly in evergreen forests, but occasion-

ally along rivers in deciduous forests. In Coorg both in the Ghat

forests and east of the Ghats up to 3,500 feet, in the latter locality

always in evergreen forest.

The fruit yields a solid fatty oil, which has obtained considerable

repute as a local application in chronic rheumatism and some other

painful affections.

Under the influence of gentle heat, the resin combines with

wax and oil and forms an excellent resinous ointment; it-is a good

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 62]

substitute for officinal resin. Fine shavings are administered intern-

ally to check diarrhoea.

Arabic: Mukilijraka—; Bengal: Chundrus—; Bombay: Ral—; Canarese:

Bilidhupa, Biliguggula, Dhupa, Dhupada, Dupa, Guggula, Maddidhupa, Manda-

dupa, Rala, Shandike—; Ceylon: Pinai—; Coorg: Bilidupa—; Deccan: Sufed-

damar—; English: Indian Copal Tree, Piney Varnish Tree, White Dammer

Tree—; Greek: Sandaraki—; Hindi: Kahruba, Sageddamar, Sandras— ;

Malayalam: Wunturukkam, Pantam, Payani, Payin, Perumpayani, Telli, Vella-

kkunturulkkkam-— ; Persian: Buejhudan—; Sanskrit: Ajakarna, Dhupa, Kundura,

Mandadhupa, Marichapatraka, Pitaphada, Sarjaka, Shala—; Sinhalese: Hal,

Haldumula—; Vamil: Attam, Kukkil, Kukkulu, Kundurukkam, WKungiliyam,

JKungulu, Sadagulai, Tubam, Vellaikkundurukkam, Vellaikkungiliyam— ;

Telugu: Dupadamaru, Telladamaru, Tellaguggilamu—; Tuluw: Lobhana, Paini,

Tandoligeda— ; Urdu: Guggul—.

The GU?TTIFERAE are trees or shrubs with a resinous yellow or

greenish juice. Except a few natives of the warm regions of

North America, they are all intertropical; they are more numerous

in America than Asia, and are comparatively rare in Africa. There

are 40 genera with about 630 species.

The members are the source of gum _ resins endowed with

emetic and cathartic properties. The seeds are mostly oleaginous

and the oils and fats are used medicinally. Some of the barks are

diuretic. The rind of the fruit may be astringent.

Among the gum-resins gamboge may be mentioned as contain-

ing a—, 8—, and Y— garcinolic acids.

An essential oil was found to consist of terpene and camphor.

Cambogin, a toxic resin, has been obtained from Garcinia

cambogia Desr.

The medicinal and poisonous Guttifers of the world belong to

It genera: ALLANBLACKIA (tropical Africa); CALOPHYLLUM (tropics,

chiefly Old World); CLusta (warm America) ; GARCINIA (tropical Asia,

Africa, and Polynesia); Mammea (West Indies); MEsua (tropical

Asia); Moronopea (Guiana, North Brazil); OcHRocarpus (palaeo-

tropical); PENTADESMA (Western tropical Africa); RHEEDIA (tropical

America, Madagascar); SympHonia (Madagascar, tropical Africa

and America).

The medicinal Guttifers of India belong to 4 genera:

CALOPHYLLUM, GARCINIA, MESUA, OCHROCARPUS.

A. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled; stigma sessile or subsessile,

peltate, entire or with radiating lobes; berry indehiscent.

1. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals ir re ... GARCINIA.

2. Calyx closed in bud, bursting in 2 valves ... OCHROCARPUS.

DenOvaky.withe 2, Of 4 ;erect, ovules; Styles slender

(rarely styles 2); stigma peltate or 4-fid or acute ;

fruit fleshy, rarely dehiscent.

1. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, style 1, stigma peltate CALOPHYLLUM.

2. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled, style 1, stigma peltate Mersua.

CALOPHYLLUM.

The genus consists of 80 tropical species, mostly inhabiting the

Old World, ‘ ;

622, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL’ AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. \XtLit

The bark is diuretic; the resin is emetic and cathartic.

The following species are used medicinally: in China, Indo-China,

and the Islands of the Indian Ocean—C. inophyllum Linn.—; in

Madagascar— C. laxiflorum Drake, C. parviflorum Bojer, C. Taca-

mahaca Willd.—; in the West Indies—C. Calaba Jacq.—; in

Brazil—C. brasiliense Camb.—; in Colombia—C. Calaba Jacq.,

C. Mariae Pl. and Tr.—. :

1. Leaves 10-20 by 7.5-10 cm., petiole 3.8-3.2 cm. ... C. inophyllum,

2. .Leaves 7.5-12.5 by 3.2-5 cm. 5\petiole 13-20 mm. ..; |, Cyeelatum,

3. Leaves 5-10 by 3.2-5 cm.; petiole 4 mm. ee) aCe napetalninn

1. Calophyllum apetalum Willd. occurs in the Western

Ghats of the Bombay Presidency, and from Mysore to Travancore

up to 1,000 feet; on the banks of rivers and backwaters on the

West Coast from North Kanara southwards.

The resin acts as a vulnerary resolvent, and anodyne.

The oil obtained from the seeds is used as medicine in leprosy

and cutaneous affections, and in infusion, mixed with honey, in

scabies and rheumatism.

Bombay: Cherupinnai, Sarapuna—; Canarese: Babbe, Bobbe, Bobbi, Irai,

Iria, Kalhonne, Kalpun, Kirihonne, Kullponne—; Marathi: Bobbi, Irai—;

Tamil: Sirubinnai—; Travancore: <Attupunna, Kattapunna, Mannapunna,

Purapunna, Serupunna—; Tulu: Kaiponne, Kalponne, Seruponne, Siriponne

2. Calophyllum elatum Bedd. is found in the evergreen

forests of the Western Ghats, and adjoining hills, from South

Kanara to the Pulneys.

The gum is feebly astringent.

Bombay: Pun, Sirpon-—; Canarese: Bobbi, Holehonne, Kuve, Siripunehuve,

Siripunekuve, Siruponne, Srihonna, Surponnebobbi— ; English: Malabar Poon,

Poon Tree, Sirpoon Tree—; Kadir: Karanguttiyan, Viri—; Malayalam: Kattu-

punna, Malampunna, Pun, Pungu, Punna, Punnappai—; Marathi: Nagani— ;

Sinhalese: Kina—; Tamil: Kattupinnai, Pinnai, Pongu, Pungu—; Tulu:

Pune—.

3- Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. is essentially a_ littoral

species to be found along the East and West coasts of the Peninsula,

Burma, the Andamans, Malaya, and Ceylon. It is distributed to

the sea-shores and the islands of East Africa, Australia, and

Polynesia.

The bark is astringent and useful in internal haemorrhages.

The juice is used as a purgative, and is said to be very powerful

in its action.

In Java the tree is supposed to possess diuretic properties.

In Cambodia the leaves are prescribed as an inhalation in

migraine and vertigo. The oil from the kernels of the seeds is

used in scabies.

The leaves, soaked in water, are employed as an application

to inflamed eyes, in the Malay Archipelago.

In Madagascar the leaves are applied to sore eyes; the pounded

bark is used topically in orchitis; the gum resin is considered

vulnerary, resolvent, and anodyne; the oil from the seeds is a

DPHEOMEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PEANTS OF INDIA 623

reputed antisoric, and is much used in the treatment of rheumatism ;

a decoction of the root is used in dressing ulcers.

The tears which distil from the tree and its fruit are emetic and

purgative (Rheede).

The gum which flows from the wounded branches, mixed with

strips of the bark and leaves, is steeped in water, and the oil which

rises to the surface is used as an application to sore-eyes. It is

said to be a useful remedy for indolent ulcers.

In New Caledonia the gum resin ts applied to ulcerous wounds.

The fixed oi], expressed from the kernels of the seeds, is said

to cure scabies. It exercises a great beneficial influence over the

mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs, and is therefore

highly useful in the treatment of gonorrhoea and gleet. Externally,

it is a good and useful embrocation in rheumatism and gout. The

watery paste of the kernel of the seeds, applied to the painful joints

and dried by the heat of fire, often affords a great relief in the

same diseases, and may be resorted to in the absence of the oil.

Bengal: Punnag, Sultanachampa, Sultanachampaca—,; Betsileo: Foraha— ;

Betsimisaraka: Forho—,; Bicol: Dancalan—; Bombay, Udt, Undi—; Burma:

Pengnyet, Phounniya, Phungnyet, Ponnyet, Pungnyet— ; Cambodia: Kchyuong— ;

Canarese: Honne, Huhonne, Nameru, Pinnaikai, Ponne, Surahonne, Vuma,

Wuma—; Ceylon: Domba, Dommakkottai, Punnai—; Chinese: Hu T’ ung

Lei— ; Cutch: Udi—,; Deccan: Surfan, Surpanda, Undi—; English: Alexandra

Laurel, Alexandrian Laurel—; Fiji: Dilo—; Guam: Daog, Daok—; Hawaii :

Ramani, Kamanu—; Hindi: Sultanachampa, Surpan, Surpunika, Undi—; Hova:

Tsindelo—; Ilocano: Bitaog, Bitog, Pamitaoguen, Pamitlaten—j; Indo-China :

Ho dong, Mu u—; Konkani: Unddi—; Madagascar: Foraha, Vintanina— ;

Malay: Betan, Bintangor bunga, Penaga laut, Pudik-—-; Malayalam: Pouna,

Punna—; Marathi: Nagchampa, Puniag, Surangi, Undag, Undela, Undi,

Wundi— ; Mauritius : Bois Tacamaca—; New Caledonia: Pit, Tamanu, Vara— $;

Oceania: Ndilo--; Pampangan: Bitaog, Palomaria-—; Philippines: Birog,

Bitanhol, Bitoc, Dingcalin, Palomaria de playa, Tamanian, Vitam—,; Rarotonga :

Tamanu— ; Samoa: Fetau—; Sanskvit: Nagachampa, Nameru, Punnaga, Purosa-

keshara, Surangi, Tungakeshara—; Seychelles: Takamaka—; Sind: Dugger-

phul, Dugurphort, Purraya, Purreya,’ Surangi, Undi—; Sinhalese: Domba,

Dombagaha, Dombatel, Teldomba-—-; Spanish: Palo Maria, Palo de Santa

Maria—; Tagalog: Bancalan, Bitanhol, Dancalan, Dincalin, Palomaria, Tamau-

ian—; Tahiti: Tamanu—; Taimoro: Voakotry—; Tamil: Nagam, Nameru,

Pinnai, Punnagam, Punnai—; Telugu: Nameru, Pouna, Punnaga—; Tongking :

Cay mu hu—; Tulu: Ponne—; Uriya: Polang, Punang, Punnango-—-; Visayan :

Bitaog, Dancalan—; Zambales: Bitaoi—.

GARCINIA.

The genus numbers 200 species scattered over the tropical

regions of the Old World.

Astringent properties are met in the bark and in the rind of

the fruit of some species. The gum resins are powerful, drastic

cathartics. |

The following are used medicinally :—in China—G. Mangostana

Linn., G. Morella Desc.—; in Indo-China—G. Hanbury: Hook, f.,

G. Mangostana Linn.—; in Cambodia—G. Harmandii Pierre,

G. Lanessanii Pierre, G. Mangostana Linn., G. Olivieri Pierre,

G. Vilersiana Pierre—; in Malaya—G. dulcis Kurz., G. Mangostana

Linn.—; in the Philippine Islands—G, Mangosiana Linn., G. spicata

624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY. Vol XEii

Hook. f., G. venulosa Chois.—; in New Caledonia— G. corallina

Vieil.—; in West Tropical Africa—G. Conrauana Engl., G. Elliotii

Engl., G. gnetoides Hutch. and J. M. Dalz., G. guineensis Willd.,

G. Kola Heckel, G. Mannii Oliv., G. ovalifolia Oliv., G. polyantha

Oliv.—; in Southern Africa— G. Livingston 1. And.

A. Sepals and petals 4 each.

1. Stigma entire. Stamens of male flowers in a

globose central mass ta ace me G. atroviridis.

2. Stigma divided into rays, or deeply 4-lobed.

I. Stamens of male flowers in 4 masses or in a 4-lobed

mass surrounding the rudimentary ovary; anthers

oblong, dehiscing vertically.

a. Leaves 15-25 cm. ye 6 re ... G. Mangostana.

b. Leaves 10-15 cm. oad he ak on Gre (COTeas

II. Stamens of male flower in a central shortly-stalked

4-angled or columnar mass; anthers quadrate,

dehiscing vertically; rudimentary ovary usually

absent.

Male flower in 3-00 -flowered, terminal and axillary

fascicles; fruit subglobose or ovoid, tip mamillar.

a. Leaves 6.3-9 cm. oa ae sh ... G.. indica.

b. Leaves 7.5-12.5 cm. oa a oo G. Coma.

IIl. Stamens of the male flowers in a subglobose mass ;

anthers adnate, orbicular, dehiscence circumsciss,

rudimentary ovary absent.

a. Leaves 10-15 by 3-8-7.5 cm. G. Morella.

b. Leaves 15-20 by 7.5-10 cm. 8 ... G. heterandra.

B. Sepals and petals 5, very rarely 4; filaments connate

in 5. rarely 4 erect distant pedicelled spathulate

bodies, antheriferous at the top, free portions very

short.

I. Leaves .23-45 by 5-10 cm. long on .. G, vanthochymus.

Il, Leaves «1299-25.cm: slong ae oe Ga aulers:

t. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. is found in Upper Assam, at

Tabong, in Singapore, Johor, Malacca, Perak, and Penang.

The fruit is used medicinally by the Malays.

Malay: Asam gelugur—.

2. Garcinia cornea’ Linn. is found from East Bengal to

Tenasserim, whence it extends to the Malay Archipelago.

The tree yields an inferior kind of gamboge used medicinally in

Burma.

3. Garcinia Cowa Roxb. occurs in Eastern Bengal, Assam,

the Eastern Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands.

The gum-resin is used medicinally by Burman practitioners.

Bengal: Kowa—; Burma: Madow, Taungthale, Toungdalai—; Hindi;

Cowa—; Ho: Soroa—; Unya: Sarbana—,

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 625

4. Garcinia dulcis Kurz is found cultivated in the Malay

Peninsula. It is distributed to the Malay Islands.

The oily seeds are sold in the drug shops of Malaya as a remedy

for dysentery and chronic diarrhoea.

Malay: Bijimundu, Mundu—.

5. Garcinia heterandra Wall. is found in Pegu and Tenasserim

up to 4,000 feet.

The gum-resin is occasionally, though not extensively, employed

as a medicine by Burman native practitioners.

Burma: Thanatdau, Thanattau—.

6. Garcinia indica Chois. is often cultivated; it is found in

Konkan, North Kanara, Goa, the Western Ghats of Bombay, South

Kanara, Coorg, and Wynaad.

The fruit, either green or ripe, is much used by Ayurveda

practitioners.

The Apothecaries of Goa prepare from the juice of the fruit a

very fine purple syrup, which is used in bilious affections. The bark

is astringent, and the young leaves, after having been tied up in

a plantain leaf and stewed in hot ashes, are rubbed with cold milk

and given as a remedy for dysentery.

The oil of the seeds is much used for the preparation of oint-

ments, suppositories and other pharmaceutical purposes. It has

been used as a local application to ulcerations, fissures of the lips,

hands, etc., by partly melting it and rubbing on the affected part.

Bombay : Kokam—; Canarese : Ambsol, Dhupadamara, Murgala, Murginahali,

Tittidika— ; Deccan: Kokamb, Ratambi—,; English: Wild Mangosteen—; Goa:

Brindao, Brindoeiro—; Gujerati: Kokam—; Hindi: Kokam—,; Konkani :

Birondd, Birondi, Ratambi—; Malayalam: Punampuli—; Marathi: Amsole,

Bhirand, Chirand, Katambi, Kokam, Kokamb, Ratambe--—; Matheran: Kokam,

Ratamba—-; Sanskrit: Amlabija, Amlapura, Amlashaka, Amlavriksha, Amla-

vrikshaka, Atyamla, Bijamla, Chudamla, Chukra, Chukramla, Chukraphala,

Phalamlaka, Puramla, Raktapuraka, Rasamla, Shakamila, Shreshthamla, Tinti-

dika, Tittidiphala, Vrikshamla—; Tamil: Murgal—; Tulu: Puranapuli—.

7. Garcinia Mangostana Linn. is cultivated on the Western

Coast of the Madras Presidency, the Nilgiris, in Goa, but very

rarely in the Bombay Presidency. It is also cultivated all over

the Malay Peninsula.

According to Rumphius, the bark and young leaves are employed

by the Macassars in diarrhoea, dysentery and affections of the

genito-urinary tracts, and also as a wash for aphthae of the mouth. —

In Cambodia the bark of the plant and the rind of the fruit are

used as astringents in dysentery and diarrhoea.

The rind of the fruit is a well-known astringent useful in the

treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Waring and others have

strongly recommended its use in chronic diarrhoea of children.

It has also been employed successfully as a febrifuge. A verv

strong decoction is also recommended as an external astringent

application,

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY “NATURAL HIST: -SOCIELY: Vol. xiii

The powdered sind of the dried fruit in daily doses of 60-120

grains dispensed in 3-4 portions gave satisfactory results in 63.8

per cent of amoebic—36 treated—and 66.6 per cent cases of non-

amoebic—i5 treated—dysentery, and in 72.0 per cent cases of

diarrhoea other than dysentery—45 treated—. Mangostin was

extracted from the dried rind and tried clinically. It was found

to be very inferior to the powdered rind as an antidiarrhoeal agent

(Caius and Mhaskar).

Bengal: Mangustan—; Bombay: Mangostin, Mangustan—; Burma:

Mangkob, Mengkop, Mengut, Mimbu, Mingut, Youngzalai—; Cambodia:

Mongkhut— ; Chinese : Shan Chu Kuo, Tu Nien Tzu—; English : Mangosteen— ;

French: Mangoustan cultivé—; Hindi: Mangustan—: Indo-China: Mang cut,

Mung khut—; Jolo: Manguis—; Malaya: Manggis, San chook hok—;

Malayalam: Manggusta, Sulampuli—; Marathi: Mangastin—; Portuguese :

Mangosta—; Sinhalese: Mangus—; Spanish: Mangostan, Mangostan de la

India—; Tamil: Sulambuli—.

8. Garcinia Morella Desrous. occurs in Eastern Bengal and

the Khasia Hills; in the evergreen forests of North Kanara and

the Western Ghats, from South Kanara and Mysore to Travancore,

up to 3,000 feet; in Ceylon, Malacca, Singapore, and Siam.

The gamboge is considered a valuable hydragogue cathartic. It

also possesses anthelmintic properties. It is used in dropsical

affections, amenorrhoea, obstinate constipation, and as a vermifuge.

The stem rubbed with water is a household remedy as a local

application to rising pimples and boils, and often cuts them short.

Bengal: Tamal—; Burma: Thamengut—; Canarese: Aradala, Arasinagurse,

Devanahuli, Jarize, Jarigehuli, Kankutake, Kankutgal, Punarapuli—; Ceylon:

Korakkappuli, Makki—; Chinese: T’eng Huang—; English: Gamboge Tree— ;

Hindi: ‘Tamal—; Kadir: Sikiri—; Malayalam: Daramba, Karukkampuli,

Makki, Pinnarpuli, Pulinjakka, Valakkanna, Valogam—; Marathi: Tamil—;

Sanskrit: Amritadruma, Kalaskandha, Kalatala, Lokaskandha, Mahabala, Nilad-

vaja, Nilatala, Tama, Tamala, Tapichcha, Tapinja, Tapitha—=; Sinhalese :

Gokatu, Kanagoraka, Kanogoraka, Kokatiya—; Tamil: Irevalsinni, Makki,

Solaipuli— ;_ Telugu: Pasupuvarne, Revalchinni—; Tulu: Jarige, Jarigepuli,

Kanakotekay—.

9. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. f. occurs in Eastern Bengal

and Eastern Himalaya, Burma, Penang, the Andamans, the North-

ern Circars, Ganjam, the Western Peninsula on the Ghats from

Bombay to North Kanara, Mysore, Coorg, the Nilgiris and North

Travancore up to 3,500 feet.

The fruit, which is yellow and of the size of a small apple and

very acid, sweetish when ripe, edible, is used for the same purposes

as that of G. indica; it is dried and made into a kind of Amsul.

A sherbet made with about 1 oz. of the Amsul, with a little rock-

salt, pepper, ginger, cumin and sugar, is administered in bilious

conditions.

Assam: Tepor, Tezpur, Tihur—; Bengal: Chalate, Dampel, _ Tamal—;

Bombay: Dampel, Onth, Osth—; Burma: Madau, Matau—:; Canarese:

Devangi, Deavkai, Devagarige, Devajarige, Divarige, Gansargi, Gurse, Hire-

kanigu, Janagi, Javangi, Neralemavu—; Ceylon: Egg-tree, Simaigoraka— ;

Coorg: Divarige, Nelamavu, Vate—; Garo: Manhola—; Gujerat: Karamala,

they are used for cough, especially when attended with much expec-

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 627

Ota—; Hindi: Dampel, Ota, Tamal—; Kadir: Anavaya—; Konkani: Dhar-

ambe—; Lao: Mai dah—; Marathi: Jharambi, Ota—; Sanskrit: Avila,

Bhavana, Bhavishya, Bhavya, Kalakhanda, Kusumodar, Lamphala, Pichchala-

bija, Samputanga, Tamala, Tapinjha, Vakrashodana—; Saora: Lollorimanu— ;

Sinhalese : Cochingoraka, Ratagoraka—; Tamil: Kulavi, Malaippachai, Malai-

ppuli, Pachilai, Pachumbadi, Tabinjam, Tamalam—; Telugu: Ivarumamidi,

Sikatimramu, Sitakamraku, Tamalamu—; Tulu: Jarige—; Uriya: Cheoro,

Chiuri, Sitambu—.

MEsua.

The genus consists of 3 species, natives of tropical Asia.

Mesua ferrea Linn. occurs in the mountains of Eastern Hima-

laya and Eastern Bengal, Assam, Tenasserim, Burma, the Anda-

mans; in the evergreen rain-forests of North Kanara and South

Konkan; in the forests of the Western Ghats from South Kanara

to Travancore, up to 5,000 feet; and in Ceylon.

The bark and roots are considered to be, in infusion, an excellent

tomic bitter.

The bark is mildly astringent and feebly aromatic. Combined

with ginger it is given as a sudorific.

The flowers are astringent and stomachic. In many localities

toration. A paste made of the flowers with butter and sugar is

used in bleeding piles and burning of the feet.

In North Kanara and Bengal the oi! of the seeds is used as

an embrocation in rheumatism, and found useful in the treatment

of itch. It is also employed as an antidote for snake poison.

The unripe fruits of this plant are aromatic and sudorific. The

flower buds are used in dysentery. A syrup of flower buds 1 in

10 was used in acute cases of dysentery in the out-patient depart-

ment; mild eases were cured by its use, but in very acute and

severe cases, it was found to be inefficacious (Koman).

The leaf and the flower are among the best snake remedies ol

Ayurveda, and they are still very much used in Bengal as an

antidote to snake and scorpion venoms. But Caius and Mhaskar

have shown experimentally that no part of the plant is an antidote

to either snake or scorpion venom.

Assam: Nahor—; Behar: Nagkeshur—-; Bengal : Nagesar, Nagkesar— ;

Bombay : Nagchampa, Thorlachampa— ; Burma: Gangau, Kangau— ; Canarese :

Kanchana, Kasara, Nagachampa, Nagakesara, Nagasampage, Nagasampige— ;

Ceylow: Naka—; Coorg: Atta, Iruppumara— , DEeccanes Nagchampa— ; English :

Ceylon Iron-wood, Ironwood of Assam— ; French: Arbre de fer, Bois d anis,

Bois de fer—; Hindi: Naghas, Nagkesar— ; Indo-China: Thiet luc moc, Vap— ;

Kadir: Peri, Suruli—; Konkani: Nagchampa—; Magahi: Kainggo—; Malay :

Matopus, Penaga kunyet, Penaga lilin, Penaga patih, Penaga sabat, Penaga

suga—; Malayalam: Nagachempakam, Nanga, Peri, Vainavu, Veluttachempa-

kam, Veluttapaia—; Marathi: Nagachampa, Nagchampa, Nagchampha, Nag-

chapha—; Michi: Nahshor—; Persian: Narmishka—; Pulaitya: Atuponnai— ;

Punjab: Nagkesar—; Sanskrit: Bhujangakhya, Champeya, Hema, Hemakin-

jalka, Ibhakhya, Kanchana, Kanchanavhaya, Kanakavhaya, Kesara, Keshara,

Kinjalka, Mahaushadha, Naga, Nagakeshara, Nagakhya, Nagakinjalka, Naga-

pushpanaga, Nagaya, Phalaka, Phanilxeshara, Pinjara, Sunnagakeshara, Push-

parachana, Bajapushpa, Rukma, Shatapadapriya, Suvarna, Suvarnakhya,

628 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISt. SOCIETY, Voi. Xiti

Svaraghatana— ; Sind: Nakesuru—: Sinhalese : Deyana, Na, Nagaha—-; Taga-

log: Malabocboc, Malabucbuc—; Tamil: Irul, Karunangu, Malainangu,

en sae Naganchambagam, Nagappu, _ Nagesuram, Nangu, Nirnangu,

ata, angoli, Sirunagappu, Tadinangu— ; Telugu : Gajapushpamu, Kesaramu,

Ninjalkamu, Nagachampakamu, Nagakesaramu, Sikatimanu, Suvarnamu—;

Linnevelly: Nang—; Tulu: Kesara, Nagasampai— ;_ Urdw: Narmishka— :

Uriya: Nageshvar, Nageshvoro, Nagokesoro—.

OCHROCARPUS.

The 10 species of this genus inhabit the tropical regions of the

Old World.

O. pentapetalus Blanco is used medicinally in the Philippine

Islands, O. Harmandii Pierre in Indo-China, and O. africanus Oliv.

in Tropical West Africa. .

Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. fil. occurs in the

Western Ghats of the Konkan, North Kanara, Malabar and Coim-

batore; it is cultivated in the Northern Circars.

The flower-buds possess astringent and aromatic properties.

They are used as a tonic in Persia.

The flowers are stimulant and carminative, useful in some forms

of dyspepsia and in haemorrhoids.

Bengai: Nagakesar Punnangachcha, Rajachampaka—; Bombay: Suringi,

Tambranagkesar— ; Canarese : Gadhavunate, Phatapale, Punay, Puniye, Punnaga

§ ) 5 )

Suragi, Surgi, Surungi, Unate, Wundy—; Deccan: Gardundi—; Gujerat:

Punnaga, Ratinagkesar, Surapunnaga—; Hamadan: Normush—; _ Hindi:

Nagkesar, Pulaga, Punnaga, Sultanachampaka—; Konkan: Ramundi, Suringi,

Surong, Surongi—; Malayalam: Surampurna—; Marathi: Godiyundina,

Punnag, Suringi, Undali—; MWatheran: Godundipuwag, Harkia, Satwin,

Surangi—; Persian: Nagkeshur, Tambra—; Sanskrit: Aruma, Devavallabha,

Kamboge, Kesari, Keshara, Keshava, Kumbhika, Nagakeshara, Nagapushpa,

Pandunaga, Pataladruma, Punnaga, Purusha, Purushakhya, Raktaleshara,

Raktapushpa, Raktarenu, Raktavriksha, Surangi, Tunga— Tamil: Surabun-

nagam, Surabunnai, Valai—; Telugu: Suraponna, Surapunnagamu—, Uriya:

Churiana, Surongo—.

III

The BOMBACACEAE number about 150 species grouped in 21

genera. They are all arborescent, and principally tropical, and

include some of the largest trees.

Medicinal properties are exhibited by members of 4 genera :

ADANSONIA, BOMBAX, CEIBA, PacHtRA. The last named is not re-

presented in India.

A. Calyx 5-cleft a a re ... ADANSONIA.

B. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-lobed.

I. Branches of the staminal tube 1-antheriferous ... BomBax.

Il. Branches of the staminal tube 2-3 antheriferous ... CErBA.

ADANSONIA.

This genus consists of 10 species inhabiting the tropics of the

Old World.

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 629

A. digitata is used medicinally in whatever country it is found

growing. A. Grandidieri Baill. and A. Za Baill. are similarly used

in Madagascar, A. madagascariensis Baill. in Madagascar and

South Africa, and A. Gregorii F. Muell. in North Australia.

Adansonia digitata Linn., indigenous in tropical Africa, is

grown in many places in India. It is pretty common about Madras,

but is chiefly met with in Bombay, being plentiful on the coast.

The fruit is composed largely of a dry acid pulp which, in

Bombay, is mixed with butter-milk and used as an astringent in

diarrhoea and dysentery. In the Konkan, the pulp with figs is

given in asthma; with the addition of cumin and sugar it is made

into a sherbet, and administered in bilious dyspepsia.

According to the Bombay Gazetteer, the wood possesses anti-

septic properties, and the bark is antiperiodic and a useful substitute

for quinine in low fever.

The bark was at one time exported to Europe and used as a

febrifuge in leu of cinchona bark. It is still highly commended

as an antiperiodic in the West Indies and in some parts of South

Africa. In Cameroons it is sometimes used medicinally like the

leaves.

In Gold Coast the bark is used instead of quinine for curing

fever. The cream of tartar surrounding the seeds is made into

a cooling drink in cases of fever. The pulp of the fruit is con-

sidered a specific in putrid pestilential fevers.

The native medicinal use of the pulp as a remedy or palliative

and diaphoretic for fever and dysentery is widespread in tropical

Africa, and the article was for a time exported to Europe from the

East Sudan for this purpose. In Senegal, dysentery is treated by

giving rice-water in which rust has been boiled and_ the baobab

pulp added. Smallpox is similarly treated, and also a thick emulsion

of the pulp is put in the eyes of the patient several times a day.

In Gambia the root is used as a febrifuge.

The dried leaves in powder form are credited with medicinal

properties, promoting perspiration and preventing kidney and

bladder troubles; they have been proved serviceable in diarrhoea,

fevers, and other maladies. In Senegal an infusion of the powder

is used internally or locally applied for a variety of inflammatory

conditions, as a preventive of fever, for dysentery, internally or as

a hip-bath, and similarly for genito-urinary conditions; also as a

lotion for earache, ophthalmia, ete.

In Nigeria the leaves coarsely pounded are boiled with bran

and salt or plant ashes, and administered to horses in bolus form.

As a food, given in large quantity, this preparation keeps a horse

in good condition without fattening, or maintains strength on a

journey; as a medicine, given in small bulk, it is a tonic and

blood maker, and is also given for conditions with subcutaneous

swellings due to insect bites.

In Sierra Leone the leaves are used as a prophylactic against

fever in the rains, to check excessive perspiration, and as an

astringent. An infusion of both flowers and leaves is used for

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

respiratory and digestive disorders and for eye inflammations.

Locally the leaves are applied to reduce inflammatory swellings,

or boiled to make a hot lotion, or burnt as a fumigation.

In Hausa a cooling drink is prepared by breaking off a piece

of the shell, pouring in water, loosening and mixing the pulp by

stirring, and then boiling the emulsion; the beverage is taken cold.

The pulp burns with an irritating smoke, and has been used as a

fumigant to keep biting insects at a distance from domestic animals.

In Senegal ithe inner fibrous part of the shell is made into a

decoction and used as an emmenagogue. The seeds, roasted and

pulverised, as well as the latex, are applied for toothache and in-

Hlammation of the gums. <A decoction of the young plant from

which the bark has been removed is used as an eye remedy. The

gummy fluid from the bark of the tree and a powder scraped from

ihe outside of the truit are applied to cleanse foul sores, stimulating

and promoting granulation.

In Madagascar, La Reunion, and Mauritius the leaves are given

as an emollient in dysentery and inflammatory fevers. ‘The pulp of

the fruit is used in haemoptysis, dysentery, and diarrhoea.

Afrikaans : IKrimmetatboom— ; Ajmere: Ialbriskh, ISalpbriskh—; Akwapim :

Dadee, Odadee—; Angola: Imbondeiro, Nbondo—; Arabic: El omarah,

Gongoleis, Homar, Hujed, Humar, Oufa, Tabaldi—; dwuna: Alagba—; Bajo:

Njobwih— ; Bakossi : Njobwele—; Bakundu: Ngubwele— ; Balondo : Ngubwele— ;

balong: Njobwih—; Bambara: Molodo, Sira, Tedum—,; Basari: Niturr—j;

Batanga: Ngubwele—; Bemoba: Toreg—; Benin: Ushi, Usi—; Bombay:

Choyarichinch, Gorakhaamli, Gorakhchincha, Gorokhchintz—; Brong: Ala—;

Canarese: Brahmamlika, Magimavu—; Chiswina: Muwugu—; WDagomba:

Tua—; Dagarti: Tuo—; Deccan: MHathikhattyan—; Delhi: Kalbriskh,

Kalpbriskh— ; Dutch: Apenbroodbloom—; English: African Calabosh, Baobab,

Cork Tree, Cream of Tartar Tree, Ethiopian Sour Gourd, Maputa, Sour

Gourd— ; Ewe: Adido, Alagba—; Falor: Ba—j; Fanti: Efuo-bodedwo, Efuo-

brodidwa—; French: Arbre de mille ans, Baobab, Baobab d’ Afrique, Boabab,

Calebassier du Sénégal, Grosmapou, Pain de singe—; Fufulde : Bokki— ; Fulant :

Boha, Boki, Bokki—; Ga: Shadzo—; Gbari: Kwahi—; German: Adansonie,

Boabab—; Gold Coast: Cream of Tartar Tree—; Guam: Toto—; Gujerat:

Bukha, Gorakhaamli, Moramlreli, Rukhdo—; Hausa: Kuka—; Hindi:

Gorakamali, Gorakhamli, Goramlichora—; Italian: Baobab—; Kabure: Taelu,

Telu—; Kamba: Mwamba—; Kanuri: Kuka—;. Khartoum: Gongalasu—;

Konkomba: Nitule—; Kontagora: Kuka—; Koranko: Sire, Sirele—; Kratchi:

Kellai, Kelle—; Krepi: -Dindo, Dodo—; Krobo: Saletcho, Salo—; Lagos :

Ushe—; Limba: Kutidi—; Lokko: Hokbawai, Sakwi mbawi-—; Losso: Telo—;

Makalanga: Mguya—; Malinke: Boki—; Mandingo: Sito—; Marathi: Goralsh-

chinch—; Masai: Ol imisora—; Matabele: Umkomo—; Mauritius: Baobab,

Gros mapou, Anai pouliya, Bumni umli—; Mbonge: Ngubwele—; Mende :

Bo-wulni— ; Morar: Vilaytiyimbi—; Mossi: Toyega—; None: Boh—; Nupe:

Muchi—; Porebunder: Gorakhambali—; Portuguese Africa: Embondeiro—;

Portuguese Guinea: Calabaceira—; Russian: Adansonia, Baobahb—; Sakalave:

Sefo—; Sanskrit: Chitrala, Choramli, Dirghadandi, (Gandabahula, Gopali,

Gorakshi, Panchaparnika, Sarpadandi, Sudandika—; Serere: Bak—; Shuwa

Arabic: Hamar, Hamaraya—;. South Africa: Baobab, Cream-of-Tartar Tree;

Lemonade Tree, Monkey Bread Tree—; Spanish: Baobab—; Susu: Kiri—j

Swahili: Mbuyu—; Tamil: Anaippuli, Papparappuli, Perukku, Puri—; Telugu:

Barhmamlika, Maggimavu, Simachinta—; Tigre: Hoemmer, Hoemret— ;

Tigrinia: Dima, Dumma—; Timne: Diaroebai—; Tschaudjo: Taelu, Telu—;

Tukulor: Boki—; Twi: Adade, Ototaa, Ototowa—; Walo: Alu—; Wolof:

Gui— ;_ Yoruba: Ose, Oshe—.

TH MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA ‘631

BOMBAX.

This genus includes 60 tropical species.

B. Ceiba Linn. is used medicinally in China, Cambodia, Malaya,

and the Philippine Islands ; B. brevicuspe Sprague in Liberia ; Bi

buonopozense P. Beauv. in tropical West Africa. —

Bombax Ceiba Linn. (=B. malabaricum DC.) occurs through-

out the hotter parts of India, Burma, and Ceylon. It is abundant

on the eastern side of India, ascending to 4,o00 feet in altitude.

It is distributed to Malaya, Sumatra and Java.

The root has stimulant and tonic properties. The bark and

the root are emetic. The young roots, dried in the shade and

powdered, form the chief ingredient in the muslasemul, a medicine

highly thought of as an aphrodisiac; it is also given in impotence.

‘The roots of saplings upto about three years old are known

as ‘Semarkanda’ in the Central Provinces and are used as a nerve

tonic and as an astringent. |

The gum or dried juice, mocha-ras, which the tree yields, is

used as an aphrodisiac. It contains a large proportion of tannic

and gallic acids, and may be successfully employed in cases requir-

ing astringents. The gum has also tonic and alternative properties,

and is used in diarrhoea, dysentery, and menorrhagia.

The dried flowers, with poppy seeds, goats’ milk, and sugar,

are boiled and inspissated, and of this conserve two drachms are

given three times a day in haemorrhoids.

The flowers and fruit in combination with other drugs are re-

commended for the treatment of snake-bite and scorpion sting;

but Caius and Mhaskar have shown experimentally that neither the

flower nor the fruit have any antidotal value against snake or

scorpion venoms.

In Cambodia the bark is used as a styptic in - abnormal uterine

bleeding, the root is considered diuretic, and the gum is occasionally

administered in water for gonorrhoea.

In China the flowers are applied externally to boils, sores, and

itch. 7

Basim: Khatsawar—; Bergal: Roktosimul, Simul—; Bhil: Khatseori—;

Bombay: Katesaveri, Saer, Saur, Semul, Shembal, Somr—; Burma: Didu,

La-i, Lepanbin, Letpan—; Cambodia: Roka—j; Canarese: Apurani, Buraga,

Burga, Burla, Dudi, Elava, Hatti, Kempuburaga, Kempuburga, Mullelava,

Mulluburaga, Pishphele, Sauri—; Central Provinces: Semar, Semur—; Ceylon:

Parutti—; Chinese: Mu Mien—; Deccan: Kantonkakhatyan, Kantonkasemul,

Lalkhatyan—; English: Cotton Tree, Red Cotton Tree, Red Silk-cotton Tree,

Silk-cotton Tree—; Formosa: Moc-main, Pun chi—; French: Bombax de

Malabar, Cotonnier Mapou, Kapokier du Tonkin—; Garhwal: Shimal—; Garo:

Bolchu, Panchu—; Gond: Vallaiki—; Gujerat: Ratoshemalo, Sauvor, Sawar,

Shemalo, Shimar, Shimlo, Shimul—; Hazara: Simbal—; Hindi: Kantisembal,

Pagun, Ragatsemal, Ragatsembrel, Raktasimul, Semal, Semul, Semur, Shimbal,

Simal, Somr—; Indo-China: Gao, Sich moc mien thu—; Khond: Kamba

Kolami: Del, Edel, Idel—; Konkani: Sanvor, Sauvor—; Kumaon: Shimbo—;

Lambadi: Chamblero—; Lepcha: Sunglu, Tung-glu—; Magahi: Lapaing—;

Malaya: Mook min, Simur—; Malayalam: Uavu, Mocha, Mullilava, Pichila,

Pula, Purani, Unnamuriku—; Mal Pahari: Simue—; Marathi: Kantasair,

Kanterisamar, Kantesavar, Khatsawar, Sair, Sairi, Samar, Savara, Savari,

Sayar, Semal, Shevari, Simlo, Tamari—; Matheran: Sarvar, Tambdi savar—;

Melghat: Saori—; Mund’ari: Edelsanga—; Palkonda: Wuraga—; Persian:

632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

Simbai— ; Portuguese: Algodoeiro do matto, Arvore de panha, Panheira sum-

auma—; Punjab: Sum—; Sanskrit: Apurani, Bahuvirya, Chirayu, Chirjivi,

Dirghadruma, Dirghapadapa, Dirghayu, Duraroha, Kadala, Kalpavriksha,

Kantakadruma, Kantakaria, Kantakashtha, Kukkutavandaka, Kukkutti, Maha-

vriksha, Mocha, Mochani, Nirgandhapushpi, Nissara, Pnachaparni, Pichhala,

Purani, Raktapushpa, Raktotpala, Ramyapushpa, Salmili, Shalmali, Shalmalini,

Shimulu, Sthirayu, Sthulaphala, Tulavriksha, Tulini, Tuliphala, Yamadruma—;

Santal: Edel—; Saora: Buroh—; Sinhalese: Kattuimbul—; Sutlej: Shirlan—;

Tagalog: Bobuygubat, Buboygubat, Malabulac—; Tamil: Agigi, Havam, Ilavu,

Kongu, Mullilavu, Parutti, Pongar, Pulai, Purami, Sallagi, Samani, Sanmali,

Selavagu, Sitten, Surabu—; Telugu: Buraga, Kondaburaga, Mundlaburaga,

Pinnaburaga, Salmali—; Tulu: Ala, Mullala—; Uriya: Buro, Mochoroso, Sal-

mali, Simuli—; Visayan: Quesero, Salay, Talutu—.

CEIBA.

This genus consists of 10 tropical species, mostly American.

Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. (=Evriodendron anfractuosum

DC.) occurs in the forests throughout the hotter parts of India

and Ceylon; it is distributed to South America, the West Indies,

and tropical Africa.

The juice obtained from the roots is considered a most valuable

cure for diabetes.

The tree yields a gum which is astringent and used as a remedy

for bowel complaints. It is a popular remedy for diarrhoea and

dysentery.

The unripe fruit is regarded as demulcent and astringent.

In Cambodia the bark is used as a diuretic, astringent, and

febrifuge; the very young plant with its leaves and bark is used

externally in fevers as a lotion or a bath, and is given internally

as an emetic to cure drunkenness; the fruit is prescribed in migraine

and vertigo. . |

_ In Annam the bark is considered emetic; the flowers are given

in lochiorrhoea, and in plague; the oil from the seeds is used as

an emollient. :

In Ubangi-Shari a decoction of the root is used internally as

a drink and externally as a lotion in cases of emaciation and general

debility.

In Guinea the young leaves are used as an emollient, and a

decoction or infusion of the flowers is given as a laxative. |

In La Reunion the bark is used as an emetic.

The leaves and fruits have emollient properties and are used

in various parts of tropical West Africa to wash the head and face

in fever, headache, etc. A decoction of the flowers is used in

French Guinea for constipation. In parts of Cameroons the bark

is pounded and macerated in cold water to apply to a swollen

finger. In Liberia an infusion of the bark is used as a mouth-wash.

Abé: Gbi—; Abuan: Umum--; Agni: Enya—; Akposso: Ju, Juna—;

Anago : Ogufé— ; Anang: Ukum—; Angola: Mafuma, Mafumeira, Suma-uma— ;

Annam: Cay gao, Cay gon, “ay moc khoang, Moc mien—; Aowin: Enya—;

Avo-Chuku: Agpu-ugu—; Ashanti: Ongina, Onyang, Onyina—; Atakpame:

Huti, Wuti—; Attié: Muong, Nguéhi¢é—; Awuna: Fuleng, Futi, Vu, Vuti—;

Bakwiri: Buma, Wuma—; Balundu: Bum—; Bambara: Bana, Banan—;

Banda : Kopou—; Bariba: Gouma—; Baulé: Nyé—: Basari: Bubumbu, Bufu—;

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 633

Bemoba: Gbang—; Bengal: Shwetsimul—; Benin: Okha—; Bicol: Cayo—;

Bobo-Dioulasso: Pi—; Boki: Bokum—; Bondoukou: Ton’go, Ton’ko—;

Bngnan: Etchoui—; Brong: Ekile—; Burma: Thinbawle—; Bussanke:

Gbée—; Cambodia: Kor—; Canarese : Apurani; Bilibarlu, Biliburaga, Biliburga,

Buraga, Burga, Dudi, Elava—; Cebu: Bulacdondol— ; Central America : Ceiba— ;

Ceylon: Elavam, Illaku, Imbul, Pulunimbul—#; ‘Cuba: Ceiba—; Dagarti:

Goni—; Dagomba: Gunga—; Dahomey: Dehon, Gué dehonsu, Hunti—;

Dakpwa: Kapou—; Deccan: Khatyan, Sufedkhatyan—; Dendi: Bantan—;

Diola: Busaira, Busana—; Ebrié: Agué—; Efik: Ukem, Ukum—; Engenni:

Akawu—; English: Cotton Tree, Kapok, Kapok Floss, White Cotton Tree,

White Silk-cotton Tree—; Ewe: Ewu, Futi, Vu, Vuti, Wu, Wudesé—; Fanti:

Nyahene, Nyina—; Fong: Huti, Wuti—; French: Bois épineux, Fromager

commun, Kapokier, Ouatier—; Fulani: Bantahi, Bantignei, Bentegnievi, Linihi,

Rinihi—; Ga: Onyai-tsho—; Gbari: Gehi, Gyehi—; Gbaya: Guela, Guila—;

Gouin: Belon—; Gouro: Ngoué—-; Grand Popo: Hunti—; Guam: Algodon

de Manila—; Guene: Bentan habu—; Gujerat: Doloshamlo—; Gurunshi:

Gung—; Hausa: Rimi, Rini—; Hindi: Hattian, Katan,, Safedsemal—; Hova:

Landihazobe— ; I[bibio: Ukem akabi, Uman ukem—; Ibo: Akbo, Akbu, Akpu—;

Ijaw: Asisaga, Kpasukaro, Shakka, Shakra, Sishara—; Ilocano: Capas,

Capassanglay, Dondol—; Indo-China: Gon, Kok niou, Kor—; Java: Kapok— ;

Jekri: Egungun—; Jolo: Capoc—; Kabure: Komu—; Kalabari: Afalatasi— ;

Kanuri: Pom—; Khandesh: \atsavan—-; Konkomba: Bufu-sogbum, Kpug-

bum—; Konno: Banda—; Kontagora: Rimi—; Kpandu: Loe—; Kratchi:

Keshafu—; Krepi: Ofwho, Ovua, Wuti—; SKrobo: Leno; Kukurwku:

Okho—; Kwale: Akpo—; Lagos: Eggun—; Lahu: Egna—-; Langwasi:

Kepou— ; Laos: Kokuiyu—; La Reunion : Ouatier—; Losso: Bahun, Ubonbe— ;

Lower Amazon: Sumaumeira—; Malayalam: Wavu, Mullillapappula, Nakuli,

Panni, Panniyala, Pula—; Malinke: Bana, Banan, Busana—; Mamprusst’:

Gunga— ; Mandingo: Bantang, Bantango, Bentafore, Bentang, Bentango,- Binta-

-foro—; Mano: Geh—; Marathi: Pandhari, Pandhrasaur, Salmali,. Safetasavara,

Samoli, Shamieula—; Mende: Nguwe—; Nago: Ogufe—; Nankani: Gonga—;

None: Len—; Nzima: Eguina,. Eniémé, Enyan’goua—; Nupe: Kuchi—;

Onele: Tiou—; Onitsha: Akpu-ogwu, Ok-akpu—,; Onitsha Olona: Kpakpa—j;

Owerri: Akpu-udele, Mbom—; Pampangan: Bulac ~ castila—j;_ Portuguese

Guinea: Pelon, Poilao—; Sakalave: Moraingy, Pamba, Pemba—; “Salaga :

Kakre—; Sango: Ndoulou—; Sanskrit: Chiragu, Kutashalmali, Kutsitash ate

mali, Mocha, Rochana, Salmali, Shvetasalmali, Sthiraya—; Sarracole: Batiu-

gne—; Sassandra: Go—; Savalou: Gué dehunsu—; Sefwi: Enya—; Serere:

Bouday, Mboudaye—; Shuwa Arabic: Rum—; Sinhalese: Imbul, Kottapulung,

Pulung—; Sobo: Okahen—; Spanish : Algodon de Manila—; Susu: Konole— ;

Tagalog: Boboy ,Bubuy, Bulac, Bulac sino—; Tagouana: Sérigné—; Tamil :

Ilavam, Karukkanam, Panji—; Telugu: Kadami, Tellaburaga—; _Timne::

Am-polong, A-pullo, ike polong, Ma-pullo— ; Tivi: Vambe, Yambe—}; J'schaudjo :

Komu—; Tulu: Ala—; Turca: Blo—; Twi: Ongina, Onyang, Onyina— ;

Umu Ahia: Akpo—; Urdu: Sambal—; Visayan: Daldol—; Wassaw: Enyina— ;

Wele: Tiou—; West Indies: Silk-cotton Tree—; Wolof: Bantang, Bantango,

Bentang, Bentango, Bentegnié, Benten, Betenbi—; Yoruba: Araba—.

The TERNSTROEMIACEAE are trees or shrubs of tropical Asia

and America. A few are to be found in Africa.

Stimulant, astringent, and antidysenteric properties. “Some barks

are powerful vesicants. >

The stimulants owe their action to the alkaloids caffeine and

theophylline. Methyl salicylate and quercitrin have been isolated

from some of them.

Medicinal properties are to be found in 9 genera: ACTINIDIA

(Eastern Asia); ANNESLEA (Indo-Malayan); CAMELLIA (India, China,

Japan); Gorponia (Indo-Malaya, China, North America); KuIEL-

MEYERA (South Brazil); NesoGorpoNIA (Madagascar); SAURAUJA

634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hist. SOCIETY, Vol. XLti

(tropical Asia, America); Scuima (Eastern Rete uae 2) 5 TERN:

STROEMIA (South America, Asia).

The medicinal species of India belong to 6 genera: ANNESLEA,

CAMELLIA, GORDONIA, SAURAUJA, SCHIMA, TERNSTROEMIA.

A. Peduncles many-flowered Ae ne .. SAURAUJA,

B. Peduncles one-flowered.

1. Fruit half inferior, drupaceous ... aes ... ANNESLEA.

2. Fruit superior.

a. Anthers basifixed at: an ses ... DERNSTROEMIA.

b. Anthers versatile.

i. Seeds wingless . Aes ... CAMELLIA.

ii, Seeds winged.

@ Radicle inferior. Fruit globose ... SCHIMA.

® Radicle superior. Fruit oblong ... GORDONIA.

ANNESLEA.

The genus consists of 2 species inhabiting Burma, Camodia,

and the Malay Peninsula.

Anneslea fragrans Wall. occurs in the Eastern Peninsula,

Moulmein and Martaban. | |

The bark and the flowers are used medicinally in Cambodia.

The former is considered antidysenteric and aC Leanne the latter

are said to he antiperiodic.

Cambodia: Sauphi—.

CAMELLIA.

The genus consists of about Io species spreading from India

to Japan.

Root and bark astringent and antidysenteric; leaves astringent,

antidysenteric, digestive, tonic, and diaphoretic.

C. japonica Linn. is used medicinally in China, C. Thea Link

in China and Indo China. |

Flowers erect, sepals deciduous & C. drupifera.

Flowers nodding, sepals persistent a a pene nied.

1. Camellia drupifera Lour. occurs in Eastern Himalaya, at

3,000-7,000 feet, from Nepal to Bhutan; in Assam and the Khasia

Mountains, at 5,000-8,o00 feet; in Tenasserim and the Andaman

Islands. |

The oil-cake from the seeds is used in Tongking to stupefy fish.

Indo-China: Cha mai, Dan-che, so—.

2. Camellia Thea Link (=Thea sinensis Linn.) occurs in

Assam and the hilly country to the East of it, and in Upper Burma.

It has been cultivated for ages in China and Japan. It is now exten-

sively cultivated in Assam, Cachar, Sikkim, North-Western Hima-

laya, the Nilgiris, and Ceylon.

Tea is astringent and gently excitant, and exerts a decided

influence over the nervous system.

Arabic: Chha—; Assam: Hilkat—; Burma: Letpet—; Cachar : Dullicham— ;

Canarese: Cha, Chaha, Theyale—; Chinese: Ming-——; Danish: The—; Dutch:

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 635

Thee—; English: Assam Tea, China Tea, Indian Tea, Tea—; French: Thé,

Thé de Chine, Théier—; German: Thee—; Gujerati: Chah—; Hindi: Cha,

Chha—; Hungarian: Tea—; Indo-China: Cao lo, Cha, Cha ginh, Che, Te ve,

Tra, Tra hue—; Italian: Te—; Japanese: Teh, Tsja—; Malaya: Cha, Te—;

Malayalam : Chaya, Teyila—; Marathi: Chaha—; Mundari: Cadaru—; Muttack :

Khlap, Misaphlap, Phlap—; Persian: Ca, Chha, Chaikathai—; Polish: Te—;

Portuguese: Cha, Cha da India—; Punjabi: Cha—; Roumanian: Ceaiu—;

Russian: Tshay—; Sanskrit: Chaha, Chavika—; Scotch: Sinhalese :

Thaygas—; Spanish: Te, Te de China—; Swedish: Thee—; Tamil; Karupput-

teyilai, Pachaitteyilai, Teyilai—; Telugu: Nallateyaku, Teyaku, Tiyaku—;

Tulu: Cha—; Turkish: Chai—; Urdu: Chai—; Uriya: Cha—.

GORDONIA.

The genus numbers 20 species, found in the Indo-Malayan region,

China, and North America.

Gordonia obtusa Wall. occurs in the Konkan, the Western

Ghats of the Madras Presidency chiefly of the Eastern side, usually

from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, lower in Travancore.

In the Nilgiris an infusion of the leaves is given as a stomachic,

stimulant, and appetiser.

Badaga: Nagatte—; Kadir: Attangi, Ola—; Nilgiris: Nagetta—; Tamil:

Miyilai—.

SAURAUJA.

The genus numbers 60 species distributed over tropical Asia

and America.

Saurauja napaulensis DC. occurs in Temperate Himalaya,

from Bhutan and Sikkim—at 5,000-7,000 feet—to Garhwal—at

2,400-5,000 feet; in the Khasia Mountains, at 5,000 feet; in the

Mishmi Hills.

In Tongking the bark is used as a poultice to help the extraction

of splinter imbedded in the flesh.

Hindi: Gogina—; Jaunsar: Ratendu—; Kumaon: Gogin, Gogna, Gugna—.

SCHIMA.

The genus consists of 10 Indo-Malayan species.

The bark is vesicant.

S. Noronhae Reinw. is used medicinally in Indo-China.

Flowers in a loose terminal oe peduncles smooth

slender

Flowers in a short terminal raceme, peduncles sai minute

white warts

S. crenata.

S. Wallichii.

1. Schima crenata Korth. occurs in the Eastern Peninsula

from Tenasserim to Penang, and in Burma. It is distributed to

Borneo and Sumatra.

The stem and the sap are used medicinally in Cambodia. The

stem is given in nausea; its bark is vesicant. The extremities of

the young shoots are gently warmed and the sap that exudes is

dropped in the ear for otitis.

Cambodia: Trathak—; Indo-China: Rma, Sang soc, sat hat

636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOICLE AWE. Vole ween

2. Schima Wallichii Choisy occurs in Nepal, Sikkim up to

5,000 feet, Bhutan, Assam, the Khasia Hills, Manipur, Chittagong,

and Upper Burma.

The bark is nearly black externally, with deep clefts; the liber

is made up of an abundance of white, needle-shaped cells, which

are readily detached and act as cowage, in producing painful irrita-

tion, when brought into contact with the skin.

‘Anthelmintic and rubefacient.

Assam: Chilauni, Makria, Makusal, Mukriasal—; Bhutia: Samching—;

Burma: Ananpho, Laukya, Theetya—; Cachar: Jam—; Duars: Chilauni— ;

Garo: Boldak—; Goalpara: Gugera—; Hindi: Chilauni, Makriya, Makriyachil-

auni, Makusal—; Khasia: Dingan—; Lepcha: Sambrong—; Sung-brong kung,

eres kung—; Nepal: Chilauni, Goechassi—; Sema: Michi-sii—; Sikkim:

ilauni—.

TERNSTROEMIA.

The genus numbers 35 species inhabiting tropical Asia and

America.

Ternstroemia japonica Thunb. occurs in Eastern Bengal and

the Eastern Peninsula, from the Khasia Mountains at 4,000-5,000 feet

to Moulmein; in the Western Peninsula, in the Nilgiris; and in

Ceylon. It is distributed to Sumatra, China, Japan, and the Loo-

choo Islands.

The bark and the root are astringent. They are used in Japan

as an antidysenteric.

Indo-China: Giang nui, Hoa bi huong, Son cha hoa—.

The HypeERIcacEaE are herbs, shrubs or trees, spread over the

temperate and hot regions of the globe, and especially in the

northern hemisphere. There are 8 genera with about 210 species.

The medicinal Tutsans of the world belong to 5 genera: CRAT-

OXYLON (Indo-Malavan); Haronca (tropical Africa, Madagascar,

Mauritius); Hypericum (cosmopolitan, temperate regions); PsorRo-

SPERMUM (tropical Africa, Madagascar); Vismia (tropical America).

Two of the above, CRATOXYLON and HYPERICUM, are represented

in India. :

1. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds winged ... CRATOXYLON.

2. Capsule dehiscing septicidally or at the placentas.

Seeds not winged as ae ee ... HYPERICUM.

CRATOXYLON.

The genus consists of 12 species inhabiting tropical Asia.

''C. Hornschuchii Blume is used medicinally in Java, C. nertfo-

lium Kurtz in Indo-China.

Cratoxylon neriifolium Kurtz is found in Chittagong, and in

Burma: Teiyet, Pegu, Prome hills. |

' In Tongking, an infusion of the leaves is considered a very

powerful digestant. a }

Indo-China: Nganh nganh, Thank nganh—,

THE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 637

HYPERICUM.

The genus numbers 220 species, spread over the whole world,

chiefly in temperate regions.

Vulnerary, astringent, and anthelmintic. The seeds may be

diuretic and antispasmodic.

The following are used medicinally :—in Europe—H. Androsae-

mum Linn., H. barbatum Jacq., H. Coris Linn., H. elegans Steph.,

A. hircinum Linn., H. hirsutum Linn., H. humifusum Linn., H.

montanum Linn., H. perfoliatum Linn., H. perforatum Linn., H.

pulchrum Linn., H. quadrangulum Linn., H. Richeri Vill., H. tetra-

pterum Fries.—; in Indo-China—H. ascyron Linn., H. chinense

Linn., H. erectum Thunb., H. japonicum Thunb. H. patulum Thunb.,

H. Sampsoni Hance—; in Malaya—H. japonicum Thun.—; in

Southern Africa—H. aethiopicum Linn., H. lalandit Chois.—; in La

Reunion—H. angustifolium Lam.—; in Madagascar— H. japonicum

Thunb.—; in North America—H. Ascyron Linn., H. maculatum

Walt., H. mutilum Linn., H. perforatum Linn.—; in Colombia—

H. Brathys Lam., H. Chamaemyrtus Tr. and Pl., H. Humboldtt-

anum Steuder, H. mexicanum Linn., H. platyphyllum Gleason,

H. thestifolium H. B. K.—; in Brazil—H. connatum Lam., H:

laxiusculum St. Hil.—. |

A. Sepals 5, unequal; petals deciduous ; stamens 5-adelph-

ous at the base; ovary 5-celled.

1. A glabrous shrub, 30-90 cm. high

2. Stem none but branches innumerable

B. Sepals 5, connate at the base, equal or unequal;

petals persistent; stamens 3-adelphous at the base;

ey 3-celled.

. Styles twice the length of the yee: ie coe the

stamens Zs ... HH. perforatum.

. patulum.

. chinense.

segs

' 2, Styles very short ce . H. Sampsoni.

3. Styles half the length of the ovary H, humifusum.

C. Sepals 5; petals persistent; stamens connate at the

base; ovary 1-celled 256 ae .. HH. japonicum.

1. Hypericum chinense Linn., a native of China, is cultivated

in many Indian gardens.

The plant is astringent and alternative. In Indo-China the

leaves and the green stems are made into a paste and applied to

bites from dogs and stings from bees.

Indo-China: Kim ty dao—.

2. Hypericum humifusum Linn. grows in the Nilgiris. It

is distributed over Europe, the Atlantic Isles, and South Africa.

In Europe the flowers are infused in olive oil or in alcohol and

used as a vulnerary, chiefly for old sores and eczema.

English: Trailing St. John’s Wort—.

3. Hypericum japonicum Thunb. is found in temperate and

subtropical Himalaya, the Khasia Hills, Assam, Burma, Eastern

and Western Peninsula, and Ceylon. From Japan it spreads to

China and Indo-China, the Philippine Islands, Java, Australia, New

Zealand, and Madagascar,

6388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIt

In China and Indo-China the plant. is credited with astringent

and alterative action, and externally it is used as vulnerary.

In Madagascar the plant is used as a vulnerary, styptic, anti-

asthmatic, and antidysenteric.

Betsimisaraka: Manitsorohina—; Cantonese: Thin Kee Wang—; Chinese:

T’ien Chi Wang—; Hova: Anangoaika, Anantatara, Tsikotrakotra, Voantro-

troka—; Imerina: Tsikotrokotroka—,; Indo-China: Ban—.

4. Hypericum patulum Thum. occurs in the Khasia Hills

5,000-6,000 feet ; throughout the temperate Himalaya (except Sikkim)

at 3,000-7,000 feet, from Bhutan to the Ravi.. It is also found in

China, Formosa, and Japan.

The scented seeds are employed as an aromatic stimulant in

Patna, where they are imported from Nepal (Irvine).

In Indo-China they are used both externally and internally as a

remedy for the bite of dogs and the sting of bees.

Behari: Tumbhul—; Indo-China: Kim ty mai—.

5. Hypericum perforatum Linn. occurs in the temperate West-

ern Himalaya at 6,000-9,000 feet; in Kashmir and Simla, apparently

not in Kumaon. It is distributed to Northern temperate Asia,

Europe, and North Africa.

The plant has been, and is still, recognized in Europe as aromatic

bitter, astringent, resolvent, expectorant, and nervine. It is used

in all pulmonary complaints, bladder troubles, in suppression of

urine, dysentery, worms, diarrhoea, hysteria and nervous depression,

hoemoptysis and other haemorrhages, and jaundice. For children

troubled with incontinence of urine at night an infusion or tea

given before retiring will be found effectual; it is also useful in

pulmonary consumption, chronic catarrh of the lungs, bowels, or

urinary passages. Externally for fomentations to dispel hard

tumours, caked breasts, ecchymosis, etc.

It is recommended in Arabian medicine as a vermifuge; and 1s

also used to cure piles, prolapsus uteri and ani.

The red juice is esteemed in Europe and China as one of the

most popular and most curative applications for excoriations,

wounds, and bruises. ae :

The juice gives a red colour to the spirit of wine with which

it is mixed, and to expressed oils. The oil of St. John’s Wort is

made from the flowers infused in olive oil. This oil is highly useful

for healing bed sores, and is commended as excellent for ulcers.

The flowering tops are bitter, terebinthinate, acrid, and vulner-

ary.. A salve compounded from the flowers, and known as St.

John’s Wort Salve, is still much used and valued in English

villages.

Homoeopathic practitioners prepare a medicinal tincture with

spirit of wine from the entire fresh plant, collected when flowering,

or in seed, and this proves of capital service for remedying injuries

to the spinal cord, both by being given internally and used extern-

ally. It has been employed in like manner with benefit for lock-

Jaw.

Yunani practitioners consider the leaves a good application ‘for

LHE MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA 639

scorpion sting. However, Caius and Mhaskar have shown experi-

mentally that the leaves are not an antidote to scorpion venom.

The weed is poisonous to horses.

Arabic: Lioufarikoun, Khashkhash-el-asoued, Mesmoune—; Catalan: Herba

de cop, Herba foradada, Herba de Sant Jodn, Hypericon, Pericéd groc—;

Chinese: Ya Iou—; Danish: Jordhumbe, St. Hans urt—; Dutch: St. Jans

Kruid—; English: Amber, Devil’s Scourge, Grace of God, Hard Hay, Hundred

Holes, Lord God’s Wonder Plant, St John’s Grass, St John’s Wort, Terrestrial

Sun, Witch’s Herb—; Finland: Werdu heino—; French: Chasse diable, Herbe

a millepertuis, Herbe & mille trous, Herbe aux piqdres, Herbe de la Saint-

Jean, Herbe saint Jean, Millepertuis, Millepertuis officinal, Trascalon perforé,

Trescalan, Trucheron jaune, Truscalan—; German: Christiankraut, Christigna-

denkraut, Christikreuzblume, Christikreuzblut, Christiwundkraut, Christwund-

kraut, Conradskraut, Durchwachs, Elfenbeutkraut, Frauvonwurde, Gartheu,

Harthau, Hartenan, Hartheu, Hasenkraut, Hexenkraut, Jagemichel, Jageteu-

felkraut, Johannesblume, Johanniskraut, Hohannesblut, Hohanneskraut, Hohan-

nsinkrut, Kannsblut, Sankt Johanniskraut, Scharnokel, Schernekel, Tausend-

loch, Teufelsflucht, Teufelsraub, Unsereliebenfrauenbettstroh, Urldgartheil,

Wolfkraut—; Hindi: Bassant, Dendhu—; Italian: Cacciadiavoli, Erba di San

Giovanni, Iperico, Ipericone, Perforata, Pilatro—; Languedoc: Trescalan, Tres-

coulaou—; Malta: Pitted St. John’s Wort, Cacciadiavoli, Erba di San Gio-

vanni, ._Iperico—; North America: Balm-of-warrior’s-wound, Cammock, Com-

mon St John’s Wort, Penny-John, Rosin-rose, Tipton-weed—; Polish: Dziura-

wice—; Portuguese: Herva de San Joao, Hypericao, Milfurada—; Provence:

Herbo de J’oli rouge, Herbo de la San-Jean—; Punjab: Bassant, Dendlu—j;

Roumanian: Iarba lui Sfant Ioan, Iarba sfantului Ioan, Pojarnita, Sunatoare— $;

Russian: Zweroboi—; Spanish: Corazoncillo, Hierba de las heridas, Hypericon,

Pericon, Yerba de San Juan—; Swedish: Johannisoert—; Urdu: Balsana—.

6. Hypericum Sampsoni Hance occurs in the Khasia Mountains.

It is distributed to South China and Formosa.

In Tongking the plant is used as a vulnerary.

Indo-China: Nguyen bao thao—.

The ELatinacgkaE are herbs or undershrubs, widely dispersed,

especially in the Old World. They inhabit ditches and the sub-

merged shores of ponds and rivers. There are 3c species grouped

in 2 genera. |

The plants credited with medicinal properties all belong to the

genus BERGIA.

BERGIA.

The genus consists of 25 species, inhabiting tropical and tem-

perate regions.

B. decumbens Planch. is used medicinally in South Africa,

B. guineensis Hutch. and J. M. Dalz. in Northern Nigeria.

Bergia odorata Ede. is found in Sind, Western Rajputana, and

Gujerat. It is distributed over Persia, Egypt, and tropical Africa.

Used for cleaning teeth and, in Jodhpur, applied to broken

bones. The leaves rubbed down in water are used as a poultice

for sores (Macadam).

Hadetja > Babargiwa—; Porebundery : Gangharun, Lavadiyun, Okharal—;

Rajputana : Karbuja, Kakria, Rohwan—; Sokoto: Bushi, Dushiya, Jisshiya—,

OBITUARY

CLAUD BUCHANAN TICEHURST.

Dr. C. B. Ticehurst died at Hastings on the 17th February

1941. His death has removed from our midst a man whose name

will rank with those great ornithologists who in their time have

contributed so much to our knowledge of the avifauna of India and

the adjoining countries.

Born at St. Leonards-on-Sea, on the 8th January, 1881, Claud

Ticehurst was the third son of Dr. Augustus R. Ticehurst. He

was educated at Tonbridge School, and at St. John’s College,

Cambridge, where he distinguished himself in ‘Natural Science’.

Ticehurst elected to follow his father’s profession and, after taking

his medical degrees at Guy’s Hospital, London, settled down to

practice. Except for a brief interval during the first World War,

when he was commissioned as a Captain in the R.A.M.C. and

served between the years 1917 and 1918 as surgical specialist at

the British Military Hospital, Karachi, the whole of his professional

career centered in private practice at Lowestoff, Suffolk and finally

at Appledore in Kent.

When quite a boy Claud Ticehurst revealed his love for the

subject which became the absorbing interest of his life, and of

which he was destined to become so able an exponent. His leisure

was given to exploring the bird life of his native downs and marshes,

while annual holidays in Norway, in company with his father,

widened his knowledge of his hobby. Later a scientific training

and education developed this early interest and gave Ticehurst that

thorough understanding of varied ornithological problems, that

precision and meticulous regard for fact which became the hall

mark of all his work.

As an ornithologist, Ticehurst’s main interests centered in

systematics and in problems relative to the migration and geo-

graphical distribution of birds. He was also interested in questions

relating to plumage and its development—a study which had been

scarcely touched when he made his initial contribution to it.

He achieved international repute. Besides his many and

varied contributions to British Ornithology, his studies extended

to many parts of Europe, to North and South Africa and to India

and the adjoining countries.

In paying this tribute to his memory we wish to associate it

particularly with his ornithological work in the East. Ticehurst’s

work here was mainly directed to the avifauna of the great

Palaearctic Desert which extends from the shores of North Africa

through Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia to the province of Sind.

His interest in the bird life of this great and little known region

commenced during his service at Karachi, where he devoted his

spare time to the study of local bird life. He started to write a

paper on the birds of the district, but extended it to what became

finally the most up to date and authoritative account of the birds of

OBITUARY 641

the Province. His study of the birds of Sind naturally implied a

consideration of the birds of the neighbouring province of Balu-

chistan. There was little on record to help him. Fortunately the

Society was able at the time to place at his disposal a large collec-

tion of birds made by Mr. Hotson, I.C.S. (afterwards Sir Ernest

Hotson) during his political travels in Kalat and Mekran. Ticehurst

also made brief visits to the Province. He spent the months of

September-October to1g at Ziarat and also visited Quetta and the

Las Belas Frontier district. 'His paper on the Birds of Baluchistan

published in our Journal provides the most complete account now

available of the avifauna of that Province. A further opportunity

to extend his studies of the birds of the Palaearctic Desert was

provided by the collections brought together by members of the

Society in Mesopotamia during the Great War. These collections

formed the basis of the first comprehensive account of the Birds

of Mesopotamia, published originally in our Journal, which Ticehurst

wrote in collaboration with Capt. P. A. Buxton and Major R. E.

Cheesman. Under war conditions collecting in Mesopotamia was

naturally limited, and after the war it was decided to extend the

survey of bird life to areas hitherto untouched or very partially

worked. Thanks to the interest of Sir Percy Cox, who engaged

the services of the Society’s Collector, Mr. V. LaPersonne and

to the efforts of Major R. EK. Cheesman, between the years 1920

and 1923, supplementary collections were obtained which enabled

Ticehurst to publish in our Journal a second paper on the avifauna

of Iraq, written this time in collaboration with Sir Percy and

Major R. E. Cheesman.

Collecting was also extended to the Islands of the Persian Gulf

some of which were visited by Sir Percy and Major Cheesman

personally and others by LaPersonne. Notes made by these three

observers and their collections provided the material for Ticehurst’s

paper on the Birds of these islands, which was published in our

Journal.

Sir Percy, was also instrumental in obtaining for Dr. Ticehurst

an invitation from the Sultan of Najd to collect birds and mammals

in his territory. This gave Ticehurst a unique opportunity of

studying the bird life of the Arabian Peninsula and the great

South Desert. In company with Major Cheesman, he spent four

months of the cold weather of 1923 travelling in this desolate

region, which had never been previously entered by Europeans.

His paper on the birds of Jabrin, Jafura, and Hasa in Central and

Eastern Arabia contains the results of this expedition.

It will be seen that the advance which has been made in recent

years In our knowledge of the avifauna of the Asiatic countries

lying within the Palaearctic Desert is due largely to the work of

Ticehurst. In appreciating the thoroughness and ability with

which he would carry it out, the Society and its members gladly

gave him such assistance as they were able. Subsequent to his

return to England, Ticehurst interested himself in the birds of

Burma. He died before completing his work, which would have

undoubtedly resulted in the authoritative account of the avifauna

of that province which one expected from his researches. He

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HEST. SOCIETY, Vol. em

wrote two papers on Burmese birds for our Journal. The first was

based on a collection made by Mr. Villar, I.C.S., in South Arrakan.

The second .was written in association with Mr. J. K. Stanford

and dealt with birds of the Prome district in which few ornitholo-

gists had worked previously.

Apart from these contributions to faunistic ornithology,

Ticehurst’s interest in systematics led him into the unravelling of

many problems relative to the nomenclature and status of Indian

birds. While finality may not be attained always in these matters, his

conclusions always carried the assurance of the most critical enquiry

into all available data, and the most painstaking study of ascertained

facts. He published descriptions of many new species and races

of Indian birds, numerous notes on synonymy and nomenclature

and critical reviews of genera and species, outstanding among

the last was his review of the genus Phylloscopus, recently pub-

lished by the Trustees of the British Museum. Indian Ornithology

benefited also from Ticehurst’s various studies on the plumage of

birds. While in India, he collected notes on the down plumages

of Indian birds and with the help of the material he obtained by

his own efforts and with the assistance of some members of the

Society, he published in our Journal a preliminary paper on the

subject. He continued to collect data with a view to making

further contributions to this wholly neglected phase of Indian Orni-

thology. During his many years of Grnitholosical work, Ticehurst

brought together a fine collection of birds, which was considerably

extended during his travels abroad. While in Sind he collected

over 1,500 specimens from the province. His collection will now

find a permanent resting place in the British Museum. During

his brief stay in Bombay, he spent much of his time in the Society’s

rooms working on our bird collections. This was not the least

of the many services for which we must remain grateful to Claud

Ticehurst,’ who in ‘his time did so much for the progress; and

advancement of Ornithology in India.

Sisk

Dr. TICEHURST’S PAPERS ON THE BIRDS OF INDIA AND THE ADJOINING

COUNTRIES. |

Remarks on Motacilla flava leucocephala from Jhelum. Bull. B.O.C.,

35, 1915, P- 59.

Notes on Asiatic Starlings. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26,

TOL, sp, sco. .

Two new races of Indian. Birds. Bull. B.O.C.,. 40, 1920, p. 156:

Acrocephalus .babylonicus sp. n. Bull. B.O.C., 41, 1920, p. J3-

Remarks on the avifauna of Mesopotamia, & new sub. sp. Bull.

DB OC Ai 1020, 4 ps5,

Remarks on some. Indian Birds. Bull, BvO.Cl) ai, ro2te piezo.

On plumage development of Pterocles senegalensis. Bull. B.O.C.,

(2, 1921, aero!

The Mesopotamian Bulbul. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26, 1918

Dp... 286:

The Plumage of the Purple Honey-sucker. Bomb. Journ. Nat. Hist.

S0¢:, 20, 1915,ep-aGe.

OBITUARY 643

Descriptions of new Indian Birds: Bull. BiO.C., 42, 1922, p. 56.

Note on Acrocephalus babylonicus. Bull. B.O.C., 43, 1922, p. 46.

Some remarks on names of certain birds and Indian Wheatears.

HOPS MNO 226 1D. LAG.

Mite Bindsvor sind bis, 1922--pp. 5201 005.

Notes on Indian Wagtails. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 28, 1922,

Pe 1082.

Note on downy young of Phaeton, Sterna, Alaemon, etc. Bull.

BO. Cre AR LO23. tps 71.

New races of Iraq & Indian birds. Bull. B.O.C., 44, 1923, p. 28.

Birdssot Sind, Pts. ivi, [bts, 1923, pp: 1, 235; 433).-645.

ihetBirds on Sind, .Pt. vil, 101s, 1924. "pp. 110, pt, vill, p: 495.

Birds from the Red Sea Lights. Ibis, 1924, p. 282. ;

minew tace ol yrrrulanda. Bull. B.O.C., 45, 1925,. p. 87.

New forms of Aegithaliscus, Dendrocittu, Seicercus. Bull. B.O.C.,

AG. 1o25!

m new race of Phylloscopus. Bull. B.O.C., 46, 1926, p: 61.

Remarks on the colour of Short-toed Larks. Bull. B.O.C., 47, 1926,

Pe 33

New slndiantpirds. Bull, BVOUC,.,. 46, 1926, p> 113.

On the down plumages of some Indian birds. Journ. Bomb. Nat.

TMS OC. 215) 1020.. ps 308.

Some notes on the 2nd ed. of the ‘Fauna of British India’ Birds,

Wolsa ls [ls journ. Bomb: Nat. Misty Socs, 31, 1926,. p.: 490.

The Birds of British Baluchistan, pt. I. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.

SOGagly LO20,.-p: O87: |

The Baluchistan race of Halcyon smyrnensis. -The races of the

Ineiane White; Bye, ~ Bull. B.O.C., 47,. 1627, p. 87.

Pemew tace Of Cuicicapa. Bull: B.O.C., 47, 1927, p. 108:

Birds of British Baluchistan, pt. II]. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,

Aiea O27.) 4 S02,

Some further notes on 2nd ed. of ‘Fauna of British India’ Birds,

Wolk sie lourn, bomb. INGt W1isiz, 0C., 9275. 344.

Addenda to the Avifauna of Sind & of British India. Corrigendum

foraunavo: Iraq. jours, Bomb. Nat isk. Soc., 32, 1927, p. 376.

Note on two Indian Woodpeckers. Bul]. B.O.C., 48, 1928, p. 93.

A new Starling from Persia & critical remarks on other Persian

DIKdS. tll. sb.O5C. AS. 1926, Pp. 117.

Remarks on the downy young of Heliopais personata. Remarks

on the races of Sterna albifrons. Bull. B.O.C., 49, 1929, p. 65.

Notes on some birds from the Arakan Yomas. Bull. B.O.C., 50,

LOBOvsP.s OF. ;

Birds of Quetta. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 24, 1930, p. 246.

Notes on the Fauna of British India: Birds, Vols. IV, V, VI,

jonas bomy. NGL. dist. ‘SOc. ;+34,. 1930, p. 468.

A new name for Himalayan Golden Eagie. Bull. B.O.C., 52, 1931,

pea 4.

On the name of the Yellow-browed Warbler. Ibis, 1931, p. 98.

Restriction in type localities. (Cyanecula). Ibis, 1931, p. 350.

tihesnameo: the Indian iree Pie. [bis, 1o3r, p. 535;

On the name of the Eastern Baya Weaver. Bull. B.O.C., 52, 1932,

Pp: 104.

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

On some juvenile characters in the Timalidae. Ibis, 1932, p. 350.

Notes on some birds from southern Arakan. Journ. Bomb. Nat.

EISEN SOC., 36; 19335011920:

On the races of Phylloscopus trochilus and description of a new one

and a new Pomatorhinus. Bull. B.O.C., 55, 1934, p. 177.

Some observations on the moults of Indian Sunbirds. Ibis, 1935,

Poy 295>

Moult in the genus Streptopelia. Ibis, 1935, p. 437:

On the Indian Ashy Drongos, Ibis, 1936, p. 273.

The Brown Shrike in Burma and Assam. Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.

SOC-, 29,01935,50 2524.

Description of a new race of Pteruthius, Bull. B.O.C., 57, 1937,

Pp. 147.

Stone Curlews and soil colouration. p. 406. On Pterocles lichtens-

teinu arabicus p. 408. Ibis, 1937.

A systematic review of the genus Prylloscopus, 1938, 8vo. (Trustees

Brit. Mus.).

On Saxicola aura & S. indica. Tbis, 1938, p. 338:

On a character of immaturity in the Anatidae. Ibis, 1938, p. 772.

Dr. C. B. TicEHuRsST & OTHERS:

C. B. T. & H. Whistler; Note on Birds of the Jhelum district of

the Punjab. Ibis, 1916, Dees.

— & others; Egret farm in India and the plumage Bill. Bull. B.O.C.,

AO, 1920; Pe 152.

— & others: Birds of Mesopotamia Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.,

28, 192, p.. 2ro. ditto’ Journ. Bomba Nat. Hist. Socye 23. 1922,

Ppp. 381, 650, 674, 937.

— & R. E. Cheesman: New races of Prinia etc. Bull. B.O.C., 42,

1924, Pp. 19.

— & H. Whistler: New races of Fulvetia and Ixulus. Buli. B.O.C.,

44, 1924, Pp. 71.

— & H. Whistler: Type locality of certain birds described by

Vigors. Ibis, 1924, p. 468.

— & R. E. Cheesman: Birds of Jabrin, Jafura, Hasa, in Central

& Eastern Arabia, and of Bahrain Island Persian Gulf. Ibis,

1925, opi 2.

— & Sir Percy Cox & R. E. Cheesman: Birds of Persian Gulf Is.

Journ. Bombe Nat. Hist. 2S0c., 30;,.1926, ps 725,

— Sir P, Cox & R. E: Ghecenent Additional Notes on the Avifauna

of Iraq. Journ. Bomb. Wat. Hist” Soc. -31,01920, p..om

— & J. K. Stanford: Birds of the Prome district of Lower Burma,

with notes by C.B.T. Journ Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., pt. Il, 34,

1931, p. 901, pt. 11l,% 35,1931; p. 32:

— & H. Whistler: What is Curruca affinis Blyth. Ibis, 1933,

P- 554:

REVIEWS

I. PRELIMINARY GUIDE TO INDIAN FISH, FISHERIES, METHODS

OF FISHING AND CURING’. Agricultural Marketing in India. Marketing

Series No. 24, pp. 154, pls. 57, 1941. Manager of Publications, Delhi.

Ierice: Re, 1 of 1s. 6d.

Though the potential wealth of Indian fisheries is immense, it is greatly

to be regretted that the exploitation of both maritime and riverine fisheries

occupies only a very minor place in the economic life of the country. The

Royal Commission on Agriculture directed attention to this unfortunate state

of affairs, but little has been done so far towards the development of the

fisheries. It is, however, a matter of satisfaction that a marketing survey

of the fisheries of the country has been included in the programme of work

of the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the Government ot India. During

the very early stages of such a survey it became evident that the multitude

of vernacular names of the fishes current in different parts of the country is

a great hindrance in the way of any marketing investigations and accordingly

a ‘Preliminary guide to Indian fish, fisheries, methods of fishing and curing’

was planned so that the marketing investigators and others engaged in the

trade should have a common nomenclature of the forms concerned.

Fishes.—It is explained in the ‘Foreword’ that ‘The aim has not been to

make the guide a scientific compilation and hence, all the detailed characteristics

which define a particular fish are not given in the description.’ This, however,

is no excuse tor some gross scientific inaccuracies which have crept into an

otherwise admirable and useful publication. For instance on plate 1, the length

of body (AE) is given as the distance between the tip of the snout and the base

of the caudal fin, while on plate 2, *Body’ is incorrectly shown as the region

between the posterior border of the operculum and the base of the caudal fin,

this mistake 1s unfortunate as on the page opposite the plate a correct definition

of the length of the body is given. Again on plate 2, the caudal fin is incorrectly

marked as ‘Tail’. The tail region of a fish is the portion of the body behind

the vent or the anal opening.

Another serious mistake is the inclusion of the Pearlspot, EKtroplus

suratensts (Bloch), in ‘The Carps Group’. The Carps, comprising the famous

Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, Mahseer, and a host of other similar forms, belong to the

order Ostarophysi, whereas Etroplus belongs to Percomorphi and as such should

have been included among ‘The Mackerels and the Perches Group’. The series

of spines in its dorsal and anal fins readily indicate its position among the fish

popularly known as the ‘Perches’.

In the section dealing with ‘The ‘‘Live fishes’’ or air-breathing fishes of India

Group’, the author has included only the Murrals and the Climbing Perch. The

stalls of the numerous fish-markets in Calcutta on the other hand show that

Magur (Clarias batrachus) and Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) form a large

proportion of ‘Jiol Machh’ or ‘Live Fishes’, An account of Magur is given

in another place (p. 20), but Singhi is not referred to in the ‘Guide’. In this

connection, a reference may be made to the reviewer’s article ‘Trade in Live

Fish (Jiol Machh) in Calcutta’ (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, N.S. vol. xxx, pp. I-15,

pls. i-vi, 1934).

The omission of any reference to the valuable Hilsa (known as Pulla or

Palo in Sind) fishery in Sind (p. 29) may also be noted, besides many

other minor faults of omission and commission to which attention could

be directed. Though for the scientific names of the various species of fish

listed in the ‘Guide’, Day’s nomenclature has rightly been followed, it would

have been advantageous to give in the account of each species its up-to-date

scientific name. Some of the scientific names are either incorrect, such as

Panulirus fascratus should be Panulirus polyphagus (p. 69), Ostrea circullata

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

should be Ostrea cucullata (p. 73), etc., or wrongly spelt, such as Muraenesoa

talabonoides (pp. iii, 13), Tvichiurus haumela (pp. iv, 39), Equula splendens

(Pp. iv, 42, 43).

Crustaceans.—The section dealing with Crustacea is, on the whole, a fairly

accurate summary of Dr. B. N. Chopra’s article listed in the Bibliography. A

few mistakes have, however, crept in which should be rectified in a later edition.

For instance, on page 68 it is stated: ‘In prawns which are found in the

sea or in brackish water, the first three walking legs end in claws... .’

Dividing the commercial prawns into ‘marine’ and ‘fresh-water’ and then

mentioning this distinction between the two would suggest that this character

holds good for the four species described as ‘marine’. In Leander, however,

the first three walking legs do not end in claws. This character really dis-

tinguishes the Palaemons from the Penaeids, and Leander for all scientific

purposes is very closely allied to Palaemon. The distinction between ‘marine’

and ‘freshwater’ species is unsatisfactory. On page 70, it is stated ‘In crabs

the last leg is in the form of a paddle.’ In the swimming crabs the last

leg is in the form of a paddle, but in most other crabs it is not so. In the

freshwater crab, Paratelphusa, for instance, the last leg is not paddle-like.

On page 71, in the account of the ‘Chilka Lake fishery’, it is mentioned that

‘enclosures are constructed with circular or oval openings’. As a matter of

fact the traps themselves are arranged in the form of a circle (or an oval),

and a small gap is left on one side close to the bamboo fence.

Molluscan Shell-fish.—The place assigned to the shell-fishes in the ‘Guide’

seems to give the impression that the shell-fishes are not of much value as

food or as articles of trade and commerce in comparison’ with fish sensu

stricto. It is claimed in the ‘Foreword’ that it is not merely intended as a

guide to the departmental men but also ‘to fishermen—-both amateur and pro-

fessional—as well as to traders, students and others.’ It is not a little sur-

prising therefore to find in this compilation very meagre information on the

shell-fisheries of India among which are included only clams and _ oysters

constituting minor shell-fisheries.

The pearl-oyster and chank fisheries of the Palk- Bay and the -Ramnad

Coast in S. India which have been carried on for many years find no place

in this publication. Nor is any mention made of the window-pane oysters,

the sea, backwater and the freshwater mussels so common along the coasts

of India, or of the top- and turban-shells which have been fished along the

Andaman and Nicobar coasts for over a decade and exported to Singapore and

other Far East markets. These shell-fishes which must be included among

the major shell-fisheries are commercially of very great importance.

General.—The descriptive part should prove useful for the identification of

various species, but here again considerable improvement could be effected by

a careful revision. However, the large number of excellent figures of various

species taken from different sources will be of particular help in this connection.

The sections of the work dealing with the ‘Preservation and curing of fish’,

‘Industrial products’, ‘The Fishing areas of India and the fishing gear used

in them’, and ‘Special note on the fishing methods for Crustaceans’ are

rather sketchy and could have been improved very greatly as a mass

of unsorted material already exists in a number of official publications of the -

different provinces and in other journals; this would have proved instructive

and helpful to industrialists, traders and others interested in the development

of fisheries. Perhaps, in a preliminary guide a more detailed knowledge cf

these subjects was considered beyond the scope of such a_ publication.

In the ‘Foreword’, an acknowledgment is made to the Zoological Survey

of India for their co-operation in compilation. It is, however, necessary to

make it clear that this co-operation consisted in making literature and _ speci-

mens available to the officer deputed by the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the

Government of India and in general guiding him in the execution of the work

through suggestions, discussions and criticisms. The manuscript of the ‘Guide’

was unfortunately not sent to the Survey before publication as its revision

by the specialists in the Department would not only have been useful for

eliminating errors but also for suggesting various improvements in the arrange-

ment and treatment of the subject matter.

Sic:

REVIEWS 647

Il.— HANDBOOK OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY FOR SOUTH

INDIA’. By T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, B.A., Pu.D. 8vo., i-xvili+528 pp.

Government Press, Madras, 1940. Price Rs. 4-12-0.

Good books on economic entomology in India are few and far between.

Only two come to our mind—Lefroy’s well known work, Indian Insect Life

(1909) which is a classic, and Fletcher’s excellent volume, Some South Indian

Insects (1914). It, therefore, gives us special pleasure to review the excellent

Handbook before us from the pen of India’s veteran entomologist, Dr. Rama-

krishna Ayyar, who was, until recently, Entomologist to the Madras Gov-

ernment. The book which is the ripe product of an experience of a life-time

of research and teaching, is at once up-to-date and authoritative Hundreds

of excellent illustrations add greatly to the utility of the volume, It is our

considered view that the Handbook will be found indispensable not only to

the South Indian entomologists for whom it is primarily meant, but also to

entomologists, whether teachers or research workers, all over India and in the

neighbouring countries, whose entomological problems are similar to those of

tropical India.

The book is divided into two parts. Part I, which covers the first eighty-

five pages, is divided into six chapters and deals with the fundamentals of

general entomology. Among the subjects dealt with are: the position of

insects in the animal world; the external and internal morphology of insects ;

reproduction, metamorphosis, growth and multiplication; general features of

insect activity in relation to food, temperature, humidity and other factors in

the environment; and finally, insect classification.

Part II deals with economic entomology. The first three chapters cover

the fundamental principles underlying insect control, and the methods employed

for that purpose, such as dusting, spraying, biological control, etc. Various

mechanical appliances necessary for thé purpose are also explained. This is

followed by a detailed account of the pests of the important crops and _ fruit-

trees in South India, such as paddy, millet, pulses, and palm-trees. A chapter

is devoted to the pests of stored products and to the insects affecting domestic

and farm animals. Another chapter deals with the household and disease-carrying

insects. Finally in the last chapter are discussed beneficial insects such as the

honey-bee, the silk-worm, and so on.

The most important and extensive part of the book from the point of view

of agricultural economic entomology is naturally devoted to chapters dealing with

the crop pests. Under each crop, its important insect pests are considered.

Under each pest, an account is given first of its economic importance, structural

peculiarities and distribution. This is followed by an account, usually with

illustrations of its life-history and habits. Finally, the measures required for

its control are discussed.

The book ends with five useful appendices. The first gives a list of the

South Indian crop pests, with their chief host-plants, arranged according to

the insect orders. The second contains synoptic keys for the systematic recogni-

tion of various insect orders and suborders. The third deals with the technique

for the collection and study of insects, and also gives some useful chemical

formulae for the killing, preservation and control of insects. The fourth deals

briefly with the crop-pests other than insects, such as eel-worms, snails and

slugs, mites, rats and birds. The fifth consists of a list of references on the

insects of economic importance in South India, a list which, incidentally, con-

tains some 154 titles. This is followed by an index.

Having said so much in praise of the book, a few remarks may be made

about its minor blemishes. Let it be stressed that these remarks are made

not with a view to detract from the general excellence of the book. On

page 12 it is stated that the insect head is composed of six segments. There

is now clear evidence for seven segments. On page 17, table, it is stated that

the compound eyes of insects are homologous to the segmental appendages.

This view was abandoned long ago, and there is no proof in its favour. On

page 34, under the different kinds of reproduction in insects, the author omits

to refer to the important and striking phenomenon of paedogenesis in which

insect larvae or pupae undergo parthenogenetic reproduction without first

attaining the adult stage.

18)

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

The chapter on classification, pp. 70-85, is in our opinion, the least satis-

factory portion of the book. The author prefers, for practical reasons, to

stick to the ancient g-order classification of insects, in contrast to the modern

23-order classification which he finds unpractical. This has resulted in strange

combinations which today seem odd and unfamiliar. Thus, Anoplura are placed

under Hemiptera, and Mallophaga under Neuroptera! Under Apterygota, only

two orders, Thysanura and Collembola, are included; the Protura being

excluded altogether. On page 71 the author gives Hemiptera and Homoptera

as separate orders; and Anoplura and Mallophaga are separated, with Isoptera

in between. These groupings are untenable. We would strongly urge the

adoption of the 23-order classification, as for example that given by Imms in

his Text-book. On page 73, the long-horned grasshoppers are referred to the

family Locustidae. This name was suppressed long ago by Tettigonidae.

We would like to congratulate both the author and the Madras Government

in producing a first-class book which will remain in the field for many years

to come. The printing and get-up are extremely good. We can_ heartily

recommend the book to all entomologists.

Be sd Mawel:

Mt —INSECT PESTS-OB BURMA.) By (C11C: iGosh.. 1070:

This is a recent work by Mr. C. C. Gosh, till lately Entomologist in Burma,

and published under the auspices of the Government of Burma. The outstanding

feature of the book is that it is very well illustrated with a number of full

page plates the great majority of which are in colour; in addition there are

numerous black and white text-figures. In view of the fact that the author

has confined himself only to the treatment of insects affecting field crops,

stores and households in Burma, it is rather unfortunate that the title of

the book should have so comprehensive and therefore liable to be misunderstood.

To justify its rather ambitious title, information on other insect pests of Burma—

such as pests of useful trees, cattle and other domestic animals, etc., should

also have been included in the work. Lastly in view of the fact that rats and

crabs have been unceremoniously included under insect pests, a more appropriate

title of the book would have been ‘Some crop pests of Burma’,

The subject matter of the book which runs to 215 pages is divided into two

parts; the first, of forty-two pages, is intended to deal with ‘general facts

in connection with the insect life and pests’, and the second with the ‘pests’.

To elucidate the facts in connection with the first part the author has selected

sixteen insects (perhaps as types?); this list which is headed by the degenerate,

nontypical Head !ouse, includes the bed bug, aphis, thrips, silver fish, etc.

One fails to find out what were the criteria in selecting these heterogeneous and

mostly nontypical forms to explain the general features of insects; a good many

of them are only sucking forms and at least two or three are degenerate,

absolutely nontypical examples of insects, quite unsuited for the purpose.

Even in dealing with these insects no attention has been paid to explain the

morphological features of such important structures as _ body

divisions, mouth parts, limbs, etc., or any of the outstanding physiological

features like locomotion, breathing, reproductive phenomena, etc. In speaking

of the metamorphosis, the author does not explain what the differences

are between complete and partial metamorphosis; and in this connection he

unfortunately characterises Lepisma as an insect with incomplete metamor-

phosis, though it is too well known that Lepisma and all other members of the

group Aptera are typical examples of insects without metamorphosis (Ametabola).

Nor is the insect group to which each of these types belongs indicated. In

this first part are also added notes on ‘Beneficial animals and insects’, a rough

classification of Insects and ‘Prevention and control of damage by insects’, which

includes insecticides, spraying apparatus, etc.

Though the major portion of Part II deals chiefly with insect pests of different

crops, the author has at the beginning selected nine which he calls general

pests, and deals with their features and control. If the idea was to. give

examples of different categories of pests and their treatment, the selection is

comparative

REVIEWS 649

extremely unfortunate. Six out of the nine are sucking forms, and the remain-

ing two are not insects at all! (rats among insect pests)! It is a pity the

author did not tind it more convenient to select some of the commonest types

of pests like grass-hoppers, caterpillars, beetles, etc. for the purpose. The

remaining portion of the matter in the book deals with insect pests of different

crops like rice, cane, etc. grown in Burma. ‘The great bull of this matter is

made up chiefly of the explanations of the various plates and text-figures. it

may be interesting to add in this connection that Mr. K. D. Shroff, who was

Entomologist in Burma before the author, as early as 1919, published a list of

the insect pests of Burmese crops (vide Rpt. of 3rd Ent. Meeting Pusa); and

though the author has not referred to this list, a comparison of the insects in

that list with those noted in this book might be interesting. In dealing with

the ‘pests of important crops like Rice, Sorghum, Cane, etc. it is very unfor-

tunate that attempts have not been made to get many of these insects properly

identified ; some are without names, others with wrong names, and others have

old or defunct names—for example: we have Paddy thrips p. 54, the Sorghum

chafer p. 68, Sorghum stem fly p. 69, the Wheat aphis p. 74, termite p. 76,

Cotton mealy bug p. 117, Blister beetle p. 119, beetle p. 160, etc. It is also

strange that even information as to the group or family to which the different

pests belong has not been given in most cases. Taking for instance a_ pest

like the saw fly (Athalia) p. 127, how is the reader to know that the insect is

neither a caterpillar nor a fly! The remark that the Cane mealy bug is the

same as the one on paddy (p. 87) is unfortunate; the one on Cane is Trionymus

sacchari and that on Rice is Ripersia oryzae G. On Cane a woolly aphis

(Ovegma lanigera) is mentioned; this appears to be an interesting record of

a pest not commonly recorded from India, but unfortunately the author has

neither given a figure of it nor sufficient information re its local distribution,

incidence, etc. In dealing with pests of pulses some of those previously noted

by Shroff have been left out in the book as for e.g. Adisura and Clavigralla.

It is a pity the author still retains the good old name Pectinophora (p. 114)

for the pink boll worm (Platyedra). The author does not refer to the grass-

hopper Aularches in connection with sesamum though Shroff says it was once

bad on that crop. The author’s explanation for the term death’s head moth

(p. 121) is indeed very amusing! The old name (Kuphalerus) is still retained

in the book for the Citrus phyllid (Diaphorina) p. 173. Similarly the old

names Dasychira and Pachyzancla are also retained. The title ‘White wax mealy

bug’ (p. 180) for Ceroplastes cereferus is not only unfortunate, but inexcusable,

since the insect is not a mealy bug at all! Under ‘Other minor pests’ of the

Coconut palm (p. 191) is included the butterfly Udaspes folus; this is not a

coconut insect, but a specific pest of turmeric, ginger, etc.; this name under

coconut palm appears to be a mistake for Gangar thyrsis, a butterfly which has

been noted before by Shroff on coconut in Burma. It is really unpleasant to

have to remark that in dealing with the various insect pests, greater attention

has been paid to already known forms—both in India and Burma—especially

to those in the colour plates, while those that appear to be specific to Burma

and about which we know very little have not received the treatment they

deserved—as for example: the woolly aphis p. 88, Cane weevil p. 82, Bean

stem borer beetle p. 107, the Citrus bark borer p. 171, Mulberry leaf roller

p. 179, Mulberry trips, p. 178, Mulberry stem beetles p. 181, Grape vine

Chrysomelid p. 183, Fruit flies on peach, etc. p. 185; the elephant beetle p. 180,

erca) ihe pests-or inuit trees have not ‘at all been “sufficiently treated (pp. 175,

182, 183 and 185). A fairly good number of insects listed by Shroff have also

been left out in the book, as for example insects like Naranga, Oxya, Menida,

Tettigoniella on Rice, Thrips on maize, Adisura, Clavigralla on pulses, Aularches

on sesamum, Gallobelicus and Phyllotreta on tobacco, etc., etc. The absence

of even a passing reference to the unique record of a fruit fly in Plantains

(Chaetodacus diversus) in Burma by Shroff (see p. 40 Second Notes on hundred

Indian Insects 1919) is indeed a great pity, since that is the only record of

fruit fly attack on Plantains so far from India and Burma. The sandwiching

of Rats (p. 49) and Crabs (p. 57) among insects without a word of explanation

is to say the least of it odd.

A few remarks may be made regard ing the illustrations on which the author

has laid a good deal of emphasis in his introductory remarks. There are in

all 87 full page plates and 106 black and white text- figures ; of the former over

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Voly XLT

75 are colour plates. The numbering of these plates lacks uniformity—some are

numbered Pl. xlvii (47) while others Pl. 46, etc. The names of insects in

Pl. 38 and 72 are quite different from the ones given in the text on the

opposite pages 100 and 147. Reference to Pl. 72 under mango fruit flies

on p. 166 appears wrong as D. cucurbitae is not a mango fruit fly. Though

all these plates and many text-figures have already appeared before in Gov.

ernment of India publications, the insects in a good many of them do not

show the correct mames—e.g., Pl. 1,. vj; x, “xi, ‘xlvity Ix, Ixviny etc, aihere

is no reference to Pl. ! on p. i127 when speaking of mustard aphis#

Fig. 104 p. 211 is T. abruptella W. and not tapetzella L (see Fletcher ‘Hundred

notes p. 34). Coming to the text figures a good many are without names or

wath wrong or imperfect names; for e.g.. Figs. 3. 10, U1, 14, 16,519, 21,27,

32, 34, 35) 50, 92, etc:, etc. It is a pity that the author could agit put down

the names of even many of the well known forms such as the housefly, the

honey bee, the flea, potter wasp! As far as cne could make out there are some

plates both coloured and black and white which do not appear to be prepared

at Pusa and which the author has not acknowledged for example Plates 12, 45, 83.

Some of the illustrations do not show the exact specific names of the insects

e.g. Colour Pl. of Earias, mango fruit weevils p. 165, Idiocerus p. 164, etc.

The author has baptized some well known insects with some new popular

names such as ‘Yellow shoot borer’ for the white borer, ‘Coconut leaf nibbling

caterpillar’ for Nephantis, ‘Rice grain nibbling caterpillar’ for Cirphis, ‘Rice

leaf binding caterpillar’ for Chloridea assulta, ‘grain binding caterpillars’ for

meal worms, etc. Such new names unfortunately only add to our confusion re

popular names.

As regards remedial measures suggested there are some which are _ truly

extraordinary : for mealy bugs on stored potatoes—Dip in strong rosin compound ;

for sorghum midge—resistent varieties should be grown; rosin compound for

thrips ; keep watch on fields for hispa, strip the plants of all side leaves for pink

mealy bug on Cane; for the leaf roller the teaves are better unrolled and the cater-

pillars destroyed! etc. Here and there in the text there are some astonishing

statements worth noticing—as for example the life history of Disphinctus (a capsid)

is similar to the green bug (Nazara)—, eggs are laid on the trees—, Scales and

mealy bug (lac) on custard apple—, the offsprings too never know or look after

the parents—, one and a half weeks—, ycung male bug turns into pupa—;

mites are tiny spiders—, caterpillars live from shoot to shoot or plant to plant—

the caterpillar occurs which is hatched from egg laid by a butterfly and in

its turn develops into a butterfly—, prevents the birth of fresh beetles in the

field p. 64!

As for spelling and other errors, many of which are perhaps printer’s devils,

there are a fairly good number, and it is unfortunate an errata slip was not

prepared and attached to remedy at least some of these. Some glaring examples

are Novia, Bollwarm, Disdercus, Cantarenia, Pempheris, Shaenobius, Gossary,

etc. The arrangement and size of the matter, proper types for headings and

pages, etc. could have been paid a little more attention. The first line on p. 43

begins ‘In this chapter’ (in the absence of division into chapters in this book

one wonders) what the Chapiey referred to here is! The big heading on p. 182

is Mole Rat and under it appear Tamarind, Papaya, Cashew, etc. in small

type headings.

On the whole, however, there is no doubt that as a handy reference collec-

tion of colour plates of many Indo-Burmese Insect Pests (which had appeared

previously in many different works), the book will always maintain its sub-

stantial worth. A list of the illustrations and plates in the book at the beginning

or end of the work could have enhanced its value for reference purposes.

IV.— BIRDS OF BURMA’ by B. E. Smythies, Burma Forest Service.

Edited by H.C. Smith, f-r.s., and P. F. Garthwaite, B.F/s.. With a: mapand

31 coloured plates from paintings by Lieut.-Commander A. M. Hughes, R.N.

Pp. xxix—589. American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1940. Price Rs. 1s.

The names of Eugene W. Oates in the seventies and eighties of the last

century, of H. H. Harington, J. C. Hopwood and J. M. .D. McKenzie in the

years slightly preceding and following the last World War (1914-18), and of

REVIEWS 651

J. K. Stanford, H. C. Smith, P. F. Garthwaite and B. E. Smythies (the present

author) within recent years, stand out prominently in the domain of Burmese

ornithology. The recent systematic work on Burmese birds of the late Dr. C. B.

Ticehurst will endure as a monument to the thoroughness and scientific acumen

of that widely celebrated ornithologist.

The sum total of the activities of all these naturalists, as well as of others

perhaps less heard of but nonetheless earnest students, has been embodied in

the excellent volume now before us. Its avowed object is to provide a concise

and accurate account of Burmese birds in simple and untechnical language, a

purpose which it admirably fulfils, since readability is here reinforced by good

coloured illustrations. The 31 coloured plates, illustrating 290 of the commoner

birds, specially painted for this book by Lieut.-Commander A. M. Hughes

form an attractive feature. It is obvious that Commander Hughes knew his

subjects intimately, and his drawings are not only lifelike but in most cases

they show the birds in their characteristic attitudes. A welcome item is the

scale given at the foot of each plate which enables the reader to get an idea

of the relative sizes of the birds. The reproduction of the plates is good on

the whole, but in some cases unfortunately it fails to do full justice to the

artist. The plain grey background to the illustrations is pleasingly effective.

The Introduction covers a wide range of information calculated to help the

beginner and the layman. The modern system of scientific nomenclature is

explained and a short section is devoted to Bird Photography. The account of

the general topography and meteorology of Burma is interesting and valuable

to the student since elevation and rainfall are now recognised as two of the most

important factors that control the distribution of birds in any area. From

another section entitled ‘Protection’ we learn that besides the Reserved Forests

which, cover 34,799 square miles (i.e. 13% of the total area of Burmia) there

are now 8 Wild Life Sanctuaries, in all about 600 square miles, where all

animals (including birds, cf course) enjoy complete protection from year’s end

to year’s end. In this matter Burma’s example is one that might be emulated

with advantage by our Indian provinces where, with a few notable exceptions,

practically nothing has as yet been done.

Following the Introduction comes the general body of descriptions of the

1253 species and subspecies that comprise the rich and varied avifauna of

3urma. <All the available information has been summarised from previous

publications under the following heads:

English and scientific name,

Allied forms,

Local names (where existing),

Identification.

Voice,

Habits and Food,

Nests and Eggs,

Status and Distribution.

It is a pity that the authors’ names have been omitted after the scientific

names. With the initial chaos in scientific nomenclature, especially following

the general acceptance of the trinomial system, absence of the author’s name

rather tends to confound confusion, and this at a time when we are just settling

down to the new order. Students will deplore the fact that once again the

archaic inch appears as the unit of measurement instead of the now universally

employed, and admittedly more rational and scientific millimetre. If it is argued

that the book is of a popular nature and written purely for the layman, the

reviewer’s reply is that in any case the layman, unaccustomed as he is to

handling made-up cabinet specimens—some with necks fantastically drawn out,

others comically telescoped—can at best derive questionable benefit from a

measurement of length thus obtained in relation to the living bird. Also in

the case of eggs surely a measurement like 1.37x0.6g inches cannot be less

vague to him than the same measurement given in millimetres. The latter

would at least have the virtue of conveying something more tangible to the

not-so-raw ‘student.

When a further edition of this book is contemplated it is hoped that the

author and editors will give due consideration to this point. It is further

suggested that the range of wing measurements in millimetres should be given

652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

parenthetically for each bird described. With these minor additions and altera-

tions this work could easily become a first class manual on the birds of Burma

even for the rather more advanced student, without in any way lessening its

appeal to the layman.

Traditional legends die hard, but it is certainly unfortunate that in spite of

the published and verified findings of competent observers, both in this country

and in Java, it should have been thought fit to repeat the old time-worn account

of the nesting of the Baya Weaver Bird. In the light of recent discoveries it

is not at all so difficult to explain the apparent, but not actual, excess of

males over females. Moreover, if the texture of a nest be examined in the

hand, it will be noticed that the strands do not pass right, through the fabric

as is implied by the alleged co-operation of the male outside with the female

within, in the weaving of the walls. Actually the weaving is done only by the

male from without, layer upon layer as it were. The female only occasionally

fetches and weaves in a strand inside, but her contribution is in fact no more

than what may be called ‘interior decoration’.

P. 190. It may be pointed out that the non-breeding plumage of the adult

Spotted Munia (both sexes) is also plain brown, as described for the young.

Under ‘Habits and Food’ the habitats and immediate environments of the

birds are well described, and the summaries of Nightjar and Owl calls on pages

306 and 310 will be found of much help in field identification.

The map at the end of the volume shows Burma divided into 10 Distribution

Areas. It is to be used in conjunction with the Systematic Handlist which

forms the last section of the book. These Distribution Areas and their respective

topographical features are more fully defined in the Introduction (pp. xvi-xvii).

Their division is based more or less on natural features, definitely a step in

the right direction. Civil and political boundaries are often fixed arbitrarily

and purely for administrative convenience; they mean nothing when ecology

is being studied and have, in the past, led to much confusion.

The text is particularly free from typographical errors. One item on p. 40

has apparently escaped the proof reader. The Lime-Rock Babbler (Gypsophila

crispifrons) is followed by the Short-tailed Wren-Babbler which also carries the

same scientific name. This should of course be Napothera.

This is a volume that every bird lover in Burma of course, but also in

India, must possess. It is the most concise, handy and up-to-date work on

the ornithology of this most interesting transition zone between the two main

zoogeographical subdivisions of the Oriental Region.

Saas

AN ABPEAL,.

SOCIETY FOR THE PRESERVATION OF

Pie PAUNATOR Tih EMPIRE.

In a recent issue of the Journal of the above Society the Editor

commented on the fact that he had received a letter describing the

Society as the ‘Talkie-Talkie’ Society; and another letter addressed

to the ‘Society for the Talk of the Preservation of the Fauna of

the Empire’.

One of the correspondents (if not both) is a member of the

Bombay Natural History Society. Such ill-considered criticism

betokens only ignorance, on the part of the writers, of the work

accomplished by the Society with its comparatively small member-

ship, and the very limited funds at its disposal. To take only three

instances: the Society’s efforts have largely contributed to measures

being taken to save the Moufflon of Cyprus; the Thylacine (or

Tasmanian Tiger or Wolf); and the Giant Panda from extinction.

In many other directions the Society’s interest and intervention

have helped to ensure the safeguarding of species in grave danger.

The Society’s work has been recognised and praised by naturalists

of all countries interested in the preservation of wild life.

I would ask those critics who seek to belittle the Society’s acti-

vities to help a good cause by persuading their friends to become

members—the subscription is small. By so doing the Society’s

influence will be the greater, and its means increased.

R. C. MORRIS.

HONNAMETTI ESTATE,

ATTIKAN-Mysor_E P.O.,

S. INDIA.

April 19, 1941.

MISCE LEANE OUSINOmES

I.—VARIATION IN COLOUR OF TIGERS AND PANTHERS.

(With two photos).

We are sending you two photographs which we think you will

find of sufficient interest to publish in the Journal. One is a photo-

graph of a Semi-Albino panther and the other is a unique photograph

of a red tigress skin together with a white tiger.

Panthers unlike tigers have no tendency to albinoism and except

for an instance cited by Mr. Pocock in his account in the Journal

of panthers, white panthers are unknown. The photograph is of

a Semi-Albino panther which was shot last year by the Maha-

raja Bahadur of Dumraon in Bihar. This panther is white with

a pale tan background and rosettes in a darker shade of tan.

The red tigress in the foreground was shot some years ago.

‘in Assam by the late Mr. W. G. Forbes. The skin was white

with the pale tan background and marked with fine stripes in a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 655

darker shade of tan. Curiously the three last stripes at the tip

of the tail were black.

The white tiger shown in comparison was pure white and

marked with chocolaté stripes. This tiger was shot by the Ruling

Chief of Korea also some years ago.

Mysore, S.I., VAN INGEN & VAN INGEN,

February 14, 1941.

i—UNUSUAL BEHAVIOUR OF PANTHERS AND TIGERS.

In your August 1939 issue appeared a note by Col. R. W.

Burton under the caption ‘Unusual behaviour of Panthers and

Tigers’. In this Col. Burton remarks that he has never known

of, nor seen recorded, previously the association of a half-grown

animal with the very small cub of a later litter and its parents.

In March 1921 Mr. A. S. Vernay and I sat up over a panther

kill for two evenings in succession on my Honnametti Estate on

the Billigirirangan Hills, S. India. A family of 6 panthers visited

the kill—the two parents, two half-grown and two little cubs. The

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

staid procession of all six, led by the male parent, followed by the

two half-grown, then the two small cubs, with the mother bring-

ing up the rear from a shola, across the cart-road, and into the

coffee—was a remarkable sight.

In the same note Col. Burton refers to the wanton killing of a

number of cattle by a tiger and of 33 sheep by a panther.

In 1940 a tiger killed 5 grazing buffaloes near my Honnametti

Estate. In 1935 or 1936 a tiger killed cleven head) of cattle oie

herd; and seven head of cattle of another herd were killed either

by the same or another tiger; near Udhatti at the eastern foot of

the Billigirirangans. In both cases the herds were returning to

their village pens in the evenings from their jungle grazing grounds.

TOBRUCK, R. C. MORRIS.

CYRENAICA, Lipya,

April 12, 1941.

Il1}.—AN .UNKNOWN VISITOR TO A LEOPARD CARCASE.

(With a photo).

Returning to camp late one evening I heard two jackals giving

their alarm call; deer, peafowl and jungle fowl took it up, so that

it was an easy matter to intercept the cause of their alarm, which

turned out to be a large male leopard. He dropped to’ the shot

and then disappeared into some grass. As by that time it was

dark and I had no torch IT left him.) On returning early next

morning I found him almost thirty yards from where he was stand-

ing when hit and I was very surprised to see that the entire skin

over the abdomen had been removed and eaten by some animal,

without injury to the inner membrane.

atten : The edges showed teeth

marks, but the rest of the

skin was not injured in any

way, not even where covered

with blood from the bullet

wound in his chest, and no

flesh had been eaten.

The only foot prints I could

see round the body were those

of a full-grown female leopard

and a hyena. The latter had

walked up to the dead leopard,

but not round it, and i scon-

cluded that the leopardess had

kept the hyena off during the

night and it was only when she heard me approaching that she

moved off, and the hyena then walked up, but had no time to take

even a single bite.

I have had experience of both leopards and tigers, which have

been left for any length of time after being shot, being eaten by

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 657

their own kind and by hyenas and jackals, but I have never heard

of only the skin being removed and eaten, without injury to the

flesh.

Can you or any of your readers throw any light on the matter?

I enclose a small photograph of the skin after it had been pegged

out and dried.

Rock HousgE, CoH. TRESHAM.

SIMLA.

April 2, 1941.

IV.—A FINE SWAMP DEER HEAD.

(With a photo).

The enclosed photograph is of a very fine swamp deer head.

It was shot by Mr. S. A. Vahid, I.F.S., Divisional Forest Officer,

Chanda. The head is an eighteen pointer and measures :—

Right horn 35” Pett norm 36"

12 6

Girth (Midbeam) 53”.

Mysore, | VAN INGEN & VAN INGEN.

February 14, 1941.

658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

V.—ELEPHANTS LYING DOWN.

The question as to whether an African elephant lies down or

not has now I think been settled. That it does so, and not infre-—

quently, has been confirmed by Mr. Roy Home and others in —

recent years.

The Indian elephant lies down more commonly than is supposed.

While out in the Palar Valley, North Coimbatore, with Mr. Salim

Ali (March 1940) we saw a tusker lying down flat on his side under

a large Tamarind tree. The elephant remained in this position

for some time, gently curling and uncurling its trunk or covering

itself with dust and tamarind mulch from the ground beside it,

while another and larger tusker stood on the other side of the

tree. This was one of a number of instances to my knowledge.

HONNAMETTI ESTATE, R. C. MORRIS,

ATTIKAN, Mysore, P.O., Captain.

S. INpIA.

june 16, 1941.

VI.—BIRD NOTES FROM BALTISTAN.

(With a map).

The following notes were made during a five-week trip through

Baltistan after Ibex, from July 15th to August 2oth. The notes

apply chiefly to the Deosai Plains and a stretch of about 80 miles

of the Indus valley. Here the Indus runs at about 8,oo0 ft. eleva-

tion, flanked by mountains running up to 16,000 ft. or more. The

average elevation of the Deosai Plain is about 13,000 ft., surrounded

on three sides by higher mountains.

I took with me the 2nd edition of the ‘Fauna’ and a collector’s

gun, and only those birds whose identity was definitely established

are included.

1. Corvus corax tibetanus (Hodgs.). Himalayan Raven.

Only noted once, when a pair was seen above Gol in the Indus

valley at about 14,000 ft.

2. Corvus coronoidess intermedius (Adams). Himalayan Jungle-

Crow. Occurs sparingly on the Deosai Plain and in the villages of

the Indus valley up to 12,000 ft.

3. Corvus corone orientalis (Eversm.). Eastern Carrion Crow.

Rare. One of a pair was obtained near Gol in the Indus valley at

8,500 ft.

4. Pica pica bactriana Borop. Kashmir Magpie. A common

and familiar bird in all the Indus villages.

5. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.). Red-billed Chough.

Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

SKETCH MAP OF

BALTISTAN

SCALE 1"=16 MILES

7 7701 Ft..co*

Re SATPURAG

aim LAKE

DB E\O S$ A

~ 13000—15000 Fr.

BURZIL a) p~

PASS

13750 Ft.

oe We

E fame ZOG! LA

Sire pp CS Wax 11570

SRINAGAR -

5200 Ft.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 659

6. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.). Yellow-billed Chough.

Both species are very common throughout the higher hills on

both sides of the Indus, up to 16,000 ft. at least, descending to

8,000 ft. in the neighbourhood of villages. Mostly, these two

species were found in company, the ‘Yellow-billed’ predominat-

ing round the villages, while at the higher elevations the ‘Red-

billed’ was commoner and found in great numbers. The curious

mewing note of the half-fledged young was one of the most per-

sistent noises at my camp in the Tseri nullah at 15,000 ft.

7, Parus major kaschmiriensis Hartert. Kashmir Grey-Tit.

Occurs sparingly in the Indus valley villages.

8. Lophopltanes rufonuchalis rufonuchalis (Blyth). Simla

Black-Tit. One specimen obtained above Tseri village at 10,000 ft.

The only one seen.

9. Trochalopterum lineatum gilgit(Hartert). Gilgit Streaked

Laughing-Thrush. Occurs fairly commonly in the Indus valley

villages up to 9,000 ft.

10. Tichodroma muraria (Linn.). Wall Creeper. Seen daily

at my highest camp above Tseri at well over 15,000 ft.

11. Oenanthe picata (Blyth). Pied Chat. One of the common-

est birds of Baltistan occurring throughout the whole length of the

‘Indus valley visited, haunting alike the outskirts of villages and

the boulder-strewn barren stretches in between. Family parties

with newly-fledged ycung were seen everywhere. On leaving the

Indus this bird is seen less commonly up to the mouth of the

Suru river below Kargil and then disappears altogether.

12. Oenanthe leucomelaleucomela (Pall). Noted and obtained

from about 10 miles east of Skardu, where the Indus broadens out,

to as far as Tseri Village, increasing in numbers as one progressed

westwards. .

13. Phoenicurus frontalis Vigors. Blue-fronted Redstart.

Only one specimen was seen—above Tseri at 14,000 ft.

14. Phoenicurus ochrurus phoenicuroides (Moore). Kashmir

Redstart. Occurs sparingly on the Deosai Plain, and more com-

monly on the higher slopes of the Indus valley above 14,000 ft.

15, Chaimarrhornis leucocephala (Vigore). White-capped Red-

start. Only one bird was seen—above Gol at g,oo0 ft.

16. Cyanosylvia cyanecula abbotti (Richmond). Fastern

White-spotted Blue-throat. Occurs ‘sparingly in the higher culti-

vated land above 10,000 ft.

17. Monticola solitaria pandoo (Sykes). Indian Blue Rock-

Thrush. Occurs fairly commonly throughout the Indus valley, both

in the most barren country and on the outskirts of villages,

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

_ 18. Myophonus temminckii temminckii (Vigors). Himalayan

Whistling Thrush. Occurs in small numbers in the Indus valley,

wherever there is cultivation.

19. Phyiloscopus affinis. Tickell’s Willow-Warbler.

20. Phylloscopus collybitus sindhianus. Sind Chiff Chaff.

These two species were only once definitely identified when

descending from the Deosai Mountains into the Indus valley.

21. Phylloscopus griseolus Blyth. Olivaceous Tree-Warbler. <A

family party was seen above Tseri at 10,000 ft. searching rocks

and boulders for food, almost like wall-creepers. |

22. Oriolus oriolus kundoo (Sykes). Indian Oriole. Occurs

commonly in all the Indus villages.

23. Pyrrhospiza punicea humii (Sharpe). Western Red-breasted

Rosefinch. Seen on several occasions above 14,000 ft. A family

party haunted my highest camp above Tseri. They have a very

metallic sparrow-like chirp uttered on the wing.

24. Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.). Hodgson’s

Rosefinch. Occurs commonly in the higher cultivated areas of the

Indus valley from Skardu eastwards.

25. Metaponia pusilla (Pall). Gold-fronted Finch. A common

bird in the larger Indus villages.

26. Passer domesticus parkini Whistler. Kashmir House

Sparrow. Common at Skardu and neighbouring villages. Much

rarer to the East, and not seen at all at Tseri on the West.

27. Fringilauda nemoricola altaica (Eversm.). Stolickza’s

Mountain Finch. Common on the Deosai Plain. Usually seen in

small flocks. 2

28. Emberiza cia stracheyi (Moore). Eastern Meadow Bunting.

Found in all the Indus villages. Commoner on the west than the

east. Not found on the Deosai Plain.

29. Delichon urbica urbica (Linn). House-Martin. All speci-

mens shot were of this sub-species. Frequents the more precipitous

villages of the Indus.

30. Ptyonoprogne rupestris Scop. Crag-Martin. A common

bird observed daily throughout the Indus valley at all elevations up

f@: TO,O00. ft,

31. Motacilla alba personata (Gould). Masked Wagtail.

Occurs sparingly in the Indus valley.

32, Motacilla alba hodgsoni. Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail..

Common throughout the Indus valley.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 661

33. Motacilla cinerea caspica (Gmelin). Eastern Grey Wagtail.

Fairly common in the cultivated areas of the Indus valley.

34. Motacilla citreola calcarata (Hodgs.). Hodgson’s Yellow-

headed Wagtail. Very common on the Deosai Plain. A nest with

four fresh eggs was found on July 17th. Not seen elsewhere in

Baltistan.

35. Anthus hodgsoni hodgsoni (Richmond). Indian Tree-Pipit.

Found breeding in the Deosai Mountains at 15,000 ft.

36. Anthus roseatus Blyth. Hodgson’s Pipit. A nest with

three young ones about a week old found on the Deosai Mountains

at 14,000 ft.

37. Otocorys alpestris deosai Meinertz. Deosai Horned Lark.

By far the commonest bird on the Deosai Plain. The place literally

swarmed with them, and newly-fledged young were seen every-

where and were very tame, some being caught by hand.

38. Alauda gulgula lahmarum, Ladak Skylark. Occurs

sparingly on the Deosai Plain on the higher cultivated and grazing

grounds east of Skardu.

39, Picus squamatus squamatus Vigors. Scaly-bellied Wood-

pecker. Found sparingly in most of the Indus villages.

40. Upupa epops epops Linn. European Hoopoe. Occurs in

all the Indus villages. Common round Skardu.

41. Micropus apus pekinensis (Swink.). Eastern Swift. A

common bird in Baltistan. Seen daily both on the Deosai Plain

and the Indus valley up to 15,000 ft. at least.

42. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine. Asiatic Cuckoo.

Heard calling daily on the Deosai Plain, usually from the tops of

the most desolate hills. A young bird was seen at Skardu in the

willows on the banks of the Indus.

43. Gyps himalayensis Hume. Himalayan Griffon. Found

throughout Baltistan up to at least 16,000 ft.

44. Haliaetus leucoryphus (Pall.). Pallas’s Fishing Eagle.

One bird was seen sailing high over the Deosai Plain, and two

birds were seen on the Indus.

45, Milvus migranslineatus (Gray). Black-eared Kite. Occurs

sparingly around Skardu and neighbouring villages.

46. Cerchneis tinnunculus (sub-sp. timnunculus?). A kestrel,

probably the European Kestrel occurs throughout Baltistan. No

specimens were obtained. |

47. Accipiter nisus melanoschistus. [Indian Sparrow Hawk.

Seen on the Deosai Plain.

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

48. Columba livia neglecta Hume. Hume’s Blue Rock-Pigeon.

Very common throughout the Indus valley up to about 11,000 ft.

49. Columba Jeuconota ‘leuconota Vigors. Snow Pigeon. One

flock was seen feeding on the edge of a river on the Deosai Plain.

Common above 12,000 ft. at Tseri. The note of this bird, always

uttered when taking flight and alighting is a prolonged, high-

pitched, and tremulous ‘coo’, rather reminding one of the note of

the Common Myna when taking flight.

50. Streptopelia orientalis ferrago (Eversm). Himalayan Turtle-

Dove. Common in all the Indus villages. All birds shot had the

pure white under tail-coverts of the true ‘ferrago’.

51. Alectoris graeca chukor. Meisner Chukor. Very common

up to 10,000 ft. throughout the Indus valley especially near the

villages. Very many coveys with half-grown young were seen,

never numbering less than 35 birds in a covey and two pairs of

adults.

52. Tetrogallus himalayensis himalayensis Gray. Himalayan

Snow-Cock. This fine bird was first seen on the Deosai Mountains

at 15,000 ft. It was. very common im the Ibex ground jaboye

Tseri, as many as 4o being seen in one morning. Above Gol,

too at 13,000 ft. it was frequently seen and heard. The wild

ringing call, so well described by Osmaston (B.N.H.S. Journal,

vol. xxxll, page 145) was a feature of the early mornings. The

note was always uttered before taking flight and on the wing, and

it was a magnificent sight to see half a dozen of these birds ‘power-

diving’ across a ravine with the wind literally screaming through

their wings. These aerial acrobatics which sometimes went on

for a couple of hours seemed to be inspired by sheer exuberance.

53. Cirrepedesmus mongolus atrifrons (Wagler). Pamirs

Lesser Sand-Plover. I thought I saw this bird twice on the Indus

at Skardu, but unfortunately was unable to procure a specimen to

make sure.

54. Tringa hypoleucos Linn. Common _ Sandpiper. A pair

seen on the Deosai Plain, where they must have been breeding.

55. Tringa totanus eurhinus. Eastern Redshank. Heard

calling at night on the Deosai Plain.

56. Sternahirundo tibetana Saunders. Tibetan Tern. Two

terns with very dark back and wings, like a black-backed gull, were

seen on the Indus at Skardu. They were undoubtedly of this sub-

species.

57. Phalocroccrax carbo sinensis (Shaw and Nod.). Large

Indian Comorant. Five birds, evidently summer residents, were

seen on the Satpura lake at 9,o0o0 ft. One bird was also seen on

the Indus.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 663

58. Casarca ferruginea (Vroeg). Brahminy Duck. A flock of

about 60 birds was seen on a sandy bank in the middle of the Indus

near Skardu on July 24th.

RuncLy RuNGLIoT P.O., W..H. MATTHEWS.

N. BENGAL. -

January 22, 1941.

VII.-_SOME NOTES ON BURMESE BIRDS.

1. Smew. (Mergus albellus).

While out fishing for Mahseer on the Nan Tebet (Myitkyina

Dist.) below Chinkram in Nov. last year, 1 spotted what appeared

to be 5 black and white duck and one rufous capped duck swim-

ming about on the far side of the stream. Closer inspection con-

vinced one that this was a party of 5 d and 12 smew though

unfortunately they never came close enough for me to have a shot

at them. I could clearly see the white heads and necks of the

drakes with black patches on their faces. The only other record

of this bird’s occurrence in N.-E. Burma is apparently from Fort

Hertz..

2. Glossy Stare. (Lamprocorax panayensis strigatus).

Early one morning in Dec. last year, I noticed a large party

of metallic green birds in a tall tree near Lake Hlawga, Rangoon.

They were jumping and flying from bough to bough while keep-

ing up an incessant chatter very much after the manner of Starlings

or Mynahs. Although the only record of this bird is an uncertain

one from Arakan, I can think of no other species to which these

birds could have belonged.

3. Burmese Black-crested Baza. (Baza leuphotes burmana).

A female seen on her nest in a tall tree in open teak: forest

6 miles down the Namkham road from Bhamo on May gth 1941.

It is reputed to be a very shy bird but I experienced the greatest

diffculty in making it forsake its nest and only achieved this by

continually throwing a stick up into the tree. Unfortunately I was

unable to reach the nest which was on the tip of a slender branch.

4, Daurian Redstart. (Phoenicurus hodgsoni).

A & specimen of what must have been this. bird was shot by

my friend Mr. Braund on a sparsely wooded hillside in the Hills

between Kyaukme and Mogok (N.S.S.) in Feb. this year. This

bird was in every way similar to the description given by Oates

except that the areas given as ‘chestnut’ by him were much nearer

‘chrome yellow’.

5. Indian Blue-eared Barbet. (Cyanops duvauceli cyanotis).

When out walking in open forest and scrub country near the

river at Bhamo in May, I saw a small barbet hopping about on a

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

large bare tree. I managed to get up within 30 yards of it and

clearly identified it as of this species. According to Smithies ‘Birds

of Burma’ this bird has not hitherto been recorded from N.-E.

Burma.

6. Van Hassalt’s Sunbird. (Cinnyris brasiliana).

A ¢ bird seen at Lake Hlawga Rangoon in Sept. last year.

7. Indian Grackle. (Gracula religiosa intermedia).

4 birds seen in a bare tree in deciduous forest at plain’s level

6 miles outside Bhamo in May this year.

8. Sapphire-headed Flycatcher, (Muscicapula sapphira).

3 birds seen on two occasions on the road up to Bernardmyo

near Mogok (March).

9. Indian Sultan Tit. (Melanochlora sultanea sultanea).

A ¢& bird seen in secondary growth on the hills behind Alexandra

Barracks Maymyo Feb. -

10. Siamese Red-vented Bulbul. (Molpastes chrysorrhoides

klossi).

Red vented Bulbuls with light brown cheek patches have been

seen by me both at Mogok (Feb.) and Bhamo (May). This cheek

patch is so outstanding that I am sure both these birds were of

the Siamese species.

ll. Yellow-throated Minivet. (Pericrocotus solaris solaris).

A party of 8 was seen in a tree near Lake Hlawga Rangoon

in December last year. This Minivet is not common in Burma and

is normally a bird of the higher hills though the party seen by

me was at sea level.

12. Burmese Black-necked Tailor Bird, (Orthotomus atri-

gularis nitidus).

I met a pair of these attractive little tailor birds in a low bush

some 4 miles outside Bhamo in May this year and though I imagine

they had a nest somewhere in the vicinity I was unable to locate

it. This bird has been recorded from Myitkyina but has not so

far as I am aware been seen in the Bhamo area before.

BuHaAmo, J. A. M. SYMNS.

May 24, 1941.

VIII.—BED BUGS AND SWIFTS.

In volume xli, No. 3 (April 1940) of the Journal, Humayua

Abdulali has written an interesting note on ‘Swifts and Terns at

Vengurla Rocks’ (Mise. Note No. xi). He describes finding the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 665

Swifts’ nests as ‘all swarming with a bug which proved on identi-

fication to be the common bed bug Cimex rotundatus’. Vidal is

also recorded as having taken these bugs from the nests of swifts,

and Dr. Annandale is reported to have collected specimens of this

bug at Calcutta from the nests of the swift.

In an excellent article—‘Confessions of a Hunter: Know your

animal before you raise your gun’, by Roy L. Abbott, Professor

of Biology, in the February 1940 issue of ‘Natural History’ the

following para occurs: ‘A neighbour’s boy and I used to stand for

hours ‘plinking’ with a .22 rifle at the swallows and chimney swifts

that sported around our old barn. They were under the ban

because they carried bed-bugs. We never learned that the so-called

‘Bed-bug's’ associated with these beautiful birds were not bed bugs at

all; nor did we ever discover that the Chimney Swifts built their

pretty little nests in our chimney by gluing sticks together with their

own saliva’.

The above article has also been reproduced in Part xl, Journal

of the Seciety for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire,

(August 1940). Can it be that the bugs found in the nests of the

Vengurla Swift, and also by Vidal and Dr. Annandale, have been

incorrectly identified too—that they are not the true bed bug: as

apparently is now known of the swifts in the U.S.A.?

TOBRUK, | R. C. MORRIS.

CYRENAICA, LIBYA.

April 19, 1941.

[The insects taken from the swifts’ nests at Vengurla were

identified at the Indian Museum, Calcutta, as Cimex rotundatus,

the Bed Bug. Eps. |

IX.—OCCURRENCE OF SWINHOE’S SNIPE IN ASSAM.

Since writing to you on November 8th I have shot two more

Swinhoe’s Snipe (Capella megala), making five bagged in the

season. The first was at Haltea, about ten miles south-west of

Silchar, on April 24th, and the second was shot in a valley some

three miles east of Shillong, on May 2nd. Both were solitary

birds, though I bagg@d some pintail snipe on the same day.

I can confirm Mr, Clough’s statement that the Swinhoe’s Snipe

is slightly larger than the average pintail.

BRIGHTWELL, J. C. HIGGINS.

SHILLONG, ASSAM. .

May 26, 41.

X.—HABITS OF THE SEESEE PARTRIDGE.

With reference to my notes in the last number of the Journal on

the habits of the Seesee Partridge (Ammoperdix g. griseogularis) I

_ would now like to add that the remarks as to the silence of these

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

birds apply only to Waziristan apparently. Formerly I had not

shot them outside this Agency and here they do not call either

on the ground or on taking off. However last week I was shooting

near Attock, and there I heard Seesee calling frequently, much as

Chuckor do though not of course the same call note. It could not

be reproduced as Seesee however. They also uttered an alarm note

when put up which I have never heard up here. They were in

addition considerably wilder and got up as a rule at about 30 yards.

Tocu1 SCOUTS, EP oteeiEs:

_ MIRANSHAH,

N. WaAZIRISTAN, N.W.F.P.

February 20, 1941.

XI.—RAT-SNAKES FIGHTING.

At 8 o’clock this morning I was informed that cobras were

mating in an adjoining garden. I hastened across with a stick

to find a pair of Rat-snakes or Dhamans (Plyas mucosus) stretched

out at length on the ground under a mango, entwined round one

another as when mating. Closer investigation, however, showed

that they slithered up and down each other’s lengths, and the

front part of their bodies raised a foot above the ground, swayed

to and fro. People had been watching this for quite a time, and

I was begged to destroy these venomous snakes. One was killed

and an attempt to catch the other resulted in my holding its tail,

while about 2° of its front portion took refuge in a pile of stones.

Two people bracing their feet against the stones, were unable to

dislodge the animal, and this was eventually too badly injured to be

preserved alive.. }

Dissection revealed that they were both males, one 7’ 6” and the

other 8/-3”.

Several people had been watching the proceedings for at least

40 minutes, ‘and everybody was certain that {the snakes were

mating. The chances are that the males were fighting, but no

attempt was made to bite each other. It might be interesting to

examine other pairs of snakes apparently in gcoitu.

ANDHERI,

May 6, 1941. HUMAYUN ABDULALI.

XII1.—THE MATING INSTINCT versus SELF PROTECTION.

(A Snake and Toad Incident).

On Sunday the 8th instant, I watched a 24! Natrix piscator

devouring a toad (Bufo). A closer examination showed two toads,

apparently in amplexu. The snake had seized the lower one (female)

by the hind legs, and had swallowed about half. The male still

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 667

hung on to the female, ignoring the snake whose head was now

under its belly! The snake continued to swallow, the male uttering

an occasional feeble note. When the snake reached the female’s

armpits, the male lost interest, calmly stepped off her back and

slowly hopped away. I then picked him up and he protested voci-

ferously. An attempt to catch the snake made him disgorge the

toad whose hind legs lay stretched out behind her. I did not

examine her very closely, but I believe she was dead. Two more

piscator were seen in a morning’s walk, a large one swimming

across the stream, apparently carrying a toad (or frog), and a small

10” youngster which hopped off the ground several times, in a

vigorous attempt to escape. The monsoon had just broken.

This was in north Salsette, along the Dahisar Nadi.

BoMBAY, HUMAYUN ABDULALI.

June 11, 1941.

XIII.—SUPPOSED CANNIBALISM AMONG SPIDERS IN

HIGH ALTITUDES.

In the ‘Comity of Spiders’ p. 118, Bristowe quotes Hingston

as saying that the spiders found on Mt. Everest at 22,000 feet

are the highest existing animals on earth . . .. and for food they

eat one another. Bristowe doubts this cannibalistic regime, and

suggests that thorough search would reveal springtails and other

small insects under stones. This receives confirmation from Eric

Shipton who told me last year (August 1940) that in July 1935

he found fish insects under rocks collected to build a cairn at the

summit of a peak of the Mt. Everest group, height 22,580 feet.

(Lat. N. 28° o4! Long. E. 86° 54’). These and probably other

forms of Aptera evidently provide food for the spiders on Mt.

Everest.

The same solution of the food problem for spiders is to be found

in caves. Collembola, and rarely Campodea, are to be found in

Indian lime stone caves. Cave spiders are present remote from

the entrances in caves on Moila Tibba near Chakrata. The large

adults make webs and apparently depend for food on hatches of

fungus gnats, and the chance arrival of insects for hibernation.

They live in a very sluggish and semi-comatose state. The

immature spiders are however very active, and are to be found

running about the cave floor in those situations where Collembola

(and millepedes) occur.

GEODETIC BRANCH OFFICE, E. A. GLENNIE,

_ SURVEY oF INDIA, Colonel,

DeEHRA Dun, U. P. Regional Recorder (India & Burma), -

March 19, 1941. : British Speleological Association,

668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

XIV.—EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN RANGE OF

THE BEETLE ALLOMYRINA DICHOTOMUS INTO ASSAM.

While I was in Darjeeling during the summer of 1940 I made

a small collection of stag beetles for Mr. Gilbert Arrow, F.R.E.S.,

of the British Museum (Natural History) and sent them to him.

As I do not know very much about beetles, a number of Dynastidae

were sent along with the stag beetles (Lucanidae). He has just

sent me a list of identifications, as follows, of the 15 specimens

sent :—

Lucanidae:

Nos. 1-4 Calcodes castanopterus, 3 and °&.

5 Dorcus fulvonotalus, ¢.

6 Dorcus reichei, co.

MVOYCUS CUYDIACNS, 42

8 Dorcus antaeus, &.

g-11 Calcodes baladeva, 3 and @&.

Dynastidae:

12 Eupatorus hardwickei, ¢.

13 Dynastes gideon, ¢.

14 Allomyrina dichotomus, °&.

15 Eupatonus hardwickei var cantor, o.

Speaking of the specimens of Allomyrina dichotomus @, he writes:

‘No. 14 is of very particular interest to me, as it has never been

recorded as an Indian species. ..... It is known only as a Chinese

and Japanese insect and its discovery in Darjeeling is surprising.

. The male of Allomyrina dichotomus is an extraordinary

insect with an enormous head-horn, broad at the end, with four

points. I should very much like to see an Indian example. It

may prove to differ to some extent from the typical form.’

There is no possibility of any mistake over this addition to the

Indian Coleoptera for all the specimens were caught alive and

killed personally by me.

DIBRUGARH, R. E. PARSONS,

LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, F.R.E.S.,

ASSAM.

Indian Police.

April 12, 1941. |

XV.—A NOTE ON THE ROOT-PARASITISM OF

CENTRANTHERA HUMIFUSA WALL.

Centranthera belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae, and is

allied to the genera Striga and Sopubia, most species of which are

known to be root-parasites. The members of the genus Centranthera

are described in the Flora of the Presidency of Madras as ‘probably

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 669

more or less parasitic’, but little or no definite information appears

to be available about the parasitism of the South Indian species.

Centranthera humifusa Wall. is not uncommon on the margins

of ponds and in other marshy places in the Chingleput District,

flowering during the N.-E. monsoon season. It is a small, more

or less prostrate herb with stems and leaves rather like those of

a striga, but the calyx is spathaceous, and the corolla is funnel-

shaped, about .6 in. long, with yellow lobes and reddish-brown

striated tube. There are several rather stout main branches to the

root system; these branches may be several inches long, are orange

in colour, and their surface is finely ridged longitudinally. From

‘these main branches numerous white or almost white thread-like

secondary branches spread. These when they come in contact with

the slender rootlets of certain other plants attach themselves by

small roundish suckers. These suckers are not terminal, as in

some root-parasites, for the thread-like rootlet continues and may

attach itself to a whole series of rootlets of other plants. Much

less frequently a main branch of the root system may be found

attached to the root of another plant by a larger haustoria. No

root hairs were found on the rootlets of this plant, and so the

root-system appears to be entirely parasitic in function. This plant

grows in marshy places where the ground is densely occupied by

grasses, sedges and other marsh plants, and where the soft wet

soil is consequently traversed by a tangled network of rootlets.

The fine rootlets carrying the suckers are brittle and the suckers

usually separate easily from the host. Consequently, it is difficult

to trace the host plant with certainty. Connection was, however,

traced to two sedges (Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl and F. polytri-

choides R. Br.) and to two grasses, one of which was Iseilema

laxum Hack. The haustoria were also found attached to the

nitrifying nodules on the roots of Desmodium triflorum DC.

This plant does not appear to be sufficiently common in this

district nor sufficiently large to be harmful to crops.

MADRAS CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, E. BARNES.

TAMBARAM,

CHINGLEPUT DIST.,

S. INp1A.

January 25, 1941.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

OF: THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY =sO@lERyes

The Annual General Meeting of the Members of the Bombay

Natural History Society was held on Wednesday evening, the 25th

June 1941, at 6-15 p.m. at the B.E.S.T. Lecture Hall, Electric

House, Fort, Bombay, Rt. Revd. R. D. Acland, Lord Bishop of

Bombay, presiding.

AGENDA.

1. Reading of the Annual Report of the Committee.

2. Presentation of the Balance Sheet and Statement of Accounts for the

past year.

3. Election of the Committee.

4. Such other business as may be properly brought before the Meeting.

The Honorary Secretary announced the election of 57 new members since

the last meeting held on 18th April 1940 :—

Mr. A. H. Baker, Bombay; Mr. F. Hessling, Bombay; Rev. R. A. Wilson,

Kolhapur; Mr. John H. S. Rawson, North Perak, F.M.S.; Mr. F. J. Connell,

Bombay; Mr. F. R. E. Malden, Khaur, Punjab; Mr. C. F. Hoey, Darjeeling;

Mr. B. D. Mirchandani, I.C.S., Nadiad; The Superintendent, Municipal Gardens,

Byculla, Bombay; The Honorary Secretary, East Indian Railway European

Institute, Allahabad; Mr. W. P. Keelan, Dehra Dun; Mr. J. D. Michael,

Simla; The Principal, V. V. Training College, Sandhurst Road, Bombay ;

The .Principal, Bengal Agricuitural Institute, Tejgaon, Dacca; Mr. B. A.

Buckwell, R.A., R.A. Mess, Meerut; Mrs. A. B.. M. Way, Jullundur .Cantt.;

Punjab; Shrimant Raja Saheb N. T. Patwardhan of Miraj State; H. H. Sri

Jayachamaraja Wadiyar Bahadur, Mysore State; The Commissioner of. Agri-

culture, Baroda State; Mr. W. Meiklejohn, I.F.S., Darjeeling; Major .E. J.

Palairet, Quetta; Dr. S.. Kamesam, B.E., Bangalore; The Director, Tawaza

Department, Srinagar, Kashmir; The Conservator of Forests, Orissa, Angul;

Major W. E. Merrill, I.A.,. Dehra Dun; The Director, Indian Forest Ranger

College, Dehra Dun; Mr. Madhavlal M. Bhatt, J.P., Bombay ; The Conservator

of Forests, Holkar State, Indore; Mr. Antonio Vieira Velho, Nova Goa; The

Conservator of Forests, N.W.F.P., Abbottabad; Mr. J. A. Douglas, Dehra Dun;

Miss A Avdall, Calcutta; The Secretary, Bengal Club, Ltd. Calcutta; The

Biology Teacher, Woodstock School, Mussoorie, U.P.; Mr. E. Lehner,

M.A., Ph.D., Khodaung, Upper Burma; Mr. E. P. Wiltshire, Shiraz; Mr. E. B.

Glenn, Calcutta; The University Librarian, University Library, Mysore, S.I.,

Mr. D. D. Belayew, Baghdad; The Conservator of Forests, Baroda State ;

The Station Executive Officer, Kharagpur; Mr. T. R. Stobart, B.Sc., Bombay ;

Mr. H. B. Gabb, Darjeeling; The Registrar, University of Travancore, Tri-

vandrum; H. E. General Sir Claude Auchinleck, Simla; Kumar Sures Singh

Kalakankar, Oudh; H. H. Shri Bhimsinghji Sahib Bahadur, Maharao of

Kotah; Mr. R. V. E. Hodson, I.P.S., Government House, Peshawar; The

Director, Bose Institute, Calcutta; Mr. James McFarlane, Calcutta; H. H.

Maharaja Anandrao Puar Sahib Bahadur, Dhar, C.I.; Mr. M. T. Bam, Meerut ;

H. E. The Governor of Sind, Karachi; Mrs. S. F. Jarman, Bombay; Mr. J. S.

Ker, Calcutta; Miss Maud E. Wolfe Murray, Nilgiris; The Honorary Secretary,

Allahabad Club, Ltd., Allahabad.

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

OFFICE BEARERS—I9Q4I.

The following gentlemen were elected to serve on the Managing Committee

for the ensuing year :—

President.—H. E. sir Roger Lumley, (Gere), vp...

Vice Presidents —H. H. The Maharao of Cutch, G.c.s.1., G.C.1.E.; Rev. Father

J. F. Caius, s.j., F.,.s.; Rt, Revd, R.. D. Acland, ma. |

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 671

Executive Commniuttee.—Mr. Farrokh E. Bharucha; Mr. A. Forrington;

Mr. J. B. Greaves, c.B.E., M.L.A., J.P.;. Mr. M. J. Hackney; Mr. R. E. Hawkins;

Mie HH.- Bill) “eR.G.s:,. J.P; Dre Mi Sharif, p.sc:; Ph.p., FiN.1¢ Lt.-Col.

S. S. Sokhey, 1.m.s.; Mr. F. Wadia; Mr. H. M. McGusty (Hon. Sec. and

Treasurer).

Advisory Committee.—Mr. Salim A. Ali; Dr. C. F. C. Beeson, pb.sc., M.aA.,

Es; lt.-Col. R. W. Burton; 1a. (Retd.); Mr.-C. H. Donald, r.z.s.; Dr. F. H.

Gravely, p.sc., Mr. C. M. Inglis, B.E.M.£.0.U., F.z.s.; Mr. R. C. Morris, F.R.G.s.,

Eez.S.;- Major “—E. G. Phythian Adams, r¥F.z.s., 1.A.; Dr. Baini Prashad, D.Sc. ;

Mitt. t@.) smith, TrS.; It.-Col, C.-G. Loogood; -c.Lr., D.s.o.; Mr. J.-H.

Williams.

Stajj.—o.-H.. Prater, M.L.A., J.P., €.M.Z.s. (Curator); and C. McCann, F.L.s.

(Assistant curator).

The proceedings concluded with an interesting lecture by Mr. S. H. Prater

on ‘The Region of Perpetual Night’.

The lecturer developed his theme very interestingly describing

first the various factors which affected animal life in the depths

of the sea. Prominent among these is the absence of the sunlight

and the consequent absence of plant food, the terrific pressure

from the weight and volume of water, freezing cold and diminished

supplies of oxygen. The lecturer showed how deep sea animals

had adapted themselves to life under these adverse conditions.

The lecture was illustrated by an interesting series of Lantern

Slides and of models of deep sea fishes prepared in the Museum

laboratories.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1940.

ADMINISTRATION.

President.—H. E. Sir Roger Lumley, G.c.1.E., D.L.

Vice-Presidents.—H. H. The Maharao of Gucchh G:C:S:I-, GC. Rev... Bis

feel. Caius, “S.j., F-L.S.3-Rt. Revd. R.. D. Acland,. m.a.

Executive Committee.—Mr. Farrokh E. Bharucha; Mr. A. Forrington;

Mr. J. B. Greaves, c.B.E., M.L.A., J.P.; Mr. M. J. Hackney; Mr. R. E. Hawkins ;

Mirus) Go Hill, Fer.Gis., j.p.; Dr. M. Sharif, D.sc., PhiD., F.N.I.; Lt.-Col.

=. 5, 90khey, 1.M.s.; Lt.-Col. W.-C. Spackman, I.m.s.; Mr. F. Wadia; Mr. H. M.

McGusty (Hon. Secretary and Treasurer)—Bombay.

Advisory Committee.—Mr. Salim Ali, Dehra Dun; Dr. C. F. C. Beeson,

D.SC., M.A., I.F.S., Dehra Dun; Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4., (Retd.), Bangalore ;

Mr. C. H. Donald, F.z.s., Dharamsala; Dr. F. H. Gravely, p.sc., Kodaikanal ;

Mr. C. M. Inglis, B.z.M.B.0.U., F.z.S., Darjeeling ; Capt. R. C. Morris, F.R.G.S.,

F.Z.S., Coimbatore; Major E. G. Phythian Adams, F.z.s., 1.4., Nilgiris; Dr. Baini

Prashad,- p.sc., Calcutta; Mr. H. C. Smith, 1.s., Maymyo; Lt.-Col. C. G.,

Toogood, C.1.E., D.s.o., Dehra Dun; Mr. J. H. Williams, Coimbatore.

Sia. 8 te. Prater, MLA, J-P.,- C.M.z.s.. (Curator); CC. McCann, §F-.:s:

(Assistant Curator).

THE HONORARY SECRETARY’S REPORT FOR

THE YEAR 1940.

The Society’s Journal. The forty-first Volume of the Journal

was completed during the year and the first number of Volume XLII

was published.

MAMMALS.

The large collections obtained during the Society’s Mammal

Survey have provided the basis for numerous papers leading to the

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

revision of Blanford’s standard work on Indian Mammals in the

Fauna of British India Series. The first volume of the revised

edition dealing with the Primates and the Carnivores was published

in 1939, under the authorship of Mr. R. I. Pocock. The author

now continues his preliminary studies, and during the year we

published two papers by him dealing with the Hogbadgers and

Otters of British India. Hogbadgers, whose name aptly describe

their curious appearance, are not found in Peninsular India, but

are fairly widely distributed to the north and east of the Bay of

Bengal. There has been considerable difference of opinion about

the status and correct nomenclature of the many forms and species,

described by various authors. Blanford, accepting the views of

certain previous writers, recognized two Indian species—The Large

Indian Hogbadger (Arctonyx collaris), found in the Eastern

Himalayas and Burma, and a smaller animal (A. taxoides), confined

more or less to Assam and Arrakan. Pocock, accepting the verdict

of recent American authorities, recognizes but a single species,

represented in the various areas of its wide range by racial forms.

His conclusion is based on a study of examples of practically all

the hitherto described forms, which, though they do not provide

complete evidence of intergradation, yet offer sufficient evidence

to support his view. Two races of the Hogbadger occur in India—

the typical form (A. collaris collaris), which inhabits the Sikkim

Terai, the Bhutan Duars and Assam, and a second form, with a

larger head and body, which Pocock describes as a new sub-species

under the name A. collaris consul. It is found in Assam, Burma,

and Tenasserim.

Pocock’s paper on Indian Otters is again an attempt to clear

the confusion around this group of animals. It is almost impossible,

from the plethora of names and vagueness of descriptions, to fix

the identity of the various species. The three Indian species in-

cluded in Blanford’s work under the genus Lutra are now separated

under three distinct genera: Lutra, the so-called Common Otter,

Lutrogale, the Smooth Otter, and Amblonyx, the Clawless Otter.

‘An interesting point connected with the distribution of otters in

India has been brought to light as a result of the study of the

material collected by the Society’s Mammal Survey. It has been

discovered that the distribution of the Common Otter and the

Clawless Otter is parallel to the discontinuous distribution of the

Thar and the Pine Marten, which are found in the Himalayas and

nowhere else in India, except in the hill ranges of the south.

Similarly, these two otters occur both in northern and southern

India, but are absent from the central area of the Peninsula.

Mr. Pocock in his paper describes two new races—the South Indian

form of the Clawless Otter (Amblonyx cinerea nirnai), and a desert

race of the Smooth Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata sindica) from

Sind.

The pages of the Society’s Journal where sportsmen and natura-

lists for half-a-century have recorded their observations have become

an encyclopaedia from which one may now write the natural history

of many Indian animals. Such is Col. R. W. Burton’s paper on

the Indian Wild Dog. It is a reswmé of all that has been recorded

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 673

in the Journal, over the space of 50 years or so, on these interest-

ing animals. Among other matters discussed, is the old question,

so often raised by sportsmen, as to whether there is a large and

small race of wild dog in India. Packs of females, which are

slighter in build, with their young, have probably given rise to the

notion. Fresh evidence that wild dogs can be tamed, if taken in

hand very young, is provided. The subject was first raised in our

Journal some 40 years ago, when a writer, who made the experi-

ment, said that for ‘gameness, staunchness and invincible tenacity’,

he was convinced that there was no breed of domestic dog to

compare with his domesticated wild ones.

Questions put to the Society often lead to investigations which

produce interesting results. Some time ago we received an enquiry

from the Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica as to the number

of tigers shot annually in India. While there are no reliable means

of ascertaining the numbers of tigers killed in open forests, reason-

ably correct data can be obtained relative to forests under State

control. The figures made available by the Chief Conservators of

Forests with the various Provincial Governments and States, show

that approximately 650 tigers were killed in controlled forests in

India, in the year 1937-8. The enquiry also shows that tigers

are more numerous in the forests of northern India, particularly

in the United Provinces. The numbers are well maintained in the

Central Provinces, but, as one goes farther south, there is a distinct

decrease in the tiger population. Another interesting point is that

there appears to be a far larger number of males than females. In

Northern and Central India, the proportion averages at about 2 to 1.

A ‘similar predominance in the number of males was revealed by

actual censuses taken some years ago in Palamau Division of

Behar. Lastly it has been shown that the granting of rewards for

shooting tigers or their withdrawal has had little effect on the

numbers shot in British India. The whole subject is discussed

in a note by Mr. Prater, the Society’s Curator, published during the

year under review.

Mr. McCann’s contributions to the Journal are always interest-

ing. His papers include one on the Fulvous’ Fruit Bat

(Rousettus leschenaulti) in which he discusses the life history

and habits of a species, which is not an uncommon pest in

orchards and fruit gardens in Western India. His study of the

feeding habits of this bat supports the discovery he made a few

years ago when investigating the food of the flying-fox. His con-

clusion is that these large fruit bats do not absorb solid food. All

that passes into their stomachs is nectar, or the juices of fruit

masticated by them. Solid pulp, seeds and skins are rejected

through the mouth. The litter under a tree where fruit bats have

been feeding is this rejected matter. There is after all a substratum

of truth in the popular Indian belief that flying-foxes and bats

excrete through their mouths.

BIRDS.

The Ornithological Survey of Mysore State was completed

during the year. The work was undertaken with the co-operation

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, which

paid part of the costs. Financial assistance was also received

from the Mysore Government. Reports embodying the results of

the Survey will shortly be published in the Journal. Of the many

bird surveys carried cut by the Society, this was perhaps one of

the most successful. Our thanks are due to Mr. Salim Ali, who

had charge of the work, and to various officials and friends in

Mysore who assisted him. In the course of the last ten years or

~ so the Society’s Ornithological Surveys have covered the greater

part of India. They have been directed particularly to areas which

were little known ornithologically. They have helped substantially

to provide a truer picture of the status and distribution of Indian

birds. Like the Mammal Survey for mammals, these Bird Surveys

undertaken by the Society have made more imperative a revision

of the standard work on the Indian avifauna. During the year

under review we published Part II of the Birds of Central India,

being reports of surveys carried out by Mr. Ali in Bhopal, Gwalior,

Indore, and Dhar.

Burmese birds feature in notes on the Birds of Nattaung,

Karenni District, contributed by Messrs. H. C. Smith, P. F. Garth-

waite, and B. E. Smythies, Burma Forest Service. The birds of

the Karen Hills have been the subject of scattered notes and obser-

vations, and the present paper provides the first connected account

of the bird life of this interesting zone. We should like to take

this opportunity to congratulate the writers of this paper on their

recently published book on The Birds of Burma—an excellent work

which summarizes the present day knowledge of Burmese birds,

and gives in simple language an account of the ways and habits

of the various species. Coloured illustrations of 290 species, excel-

lently done, quite apart from their attractiveness, supply exactly

what is wanted by laymen. The people of Burma are indeed for-

tunate in having this well written and well illustrated work on the

bird life of their Province, which serves as an attractive guide

and is well directed to increase interest in and knowledge of Burmese

birds.

A feature of our Journal during recent years has been

Mr. E. H. Lowther’s well written and beautifully illustrated notes

on Indian Birds. Mr. Lowther’s enthusiasm as a camera hunter

and his enjoyment of birds and their ways enlivens what he writes.

We are glad indeed that we have been able to persuade him to

publish his notes and fine pictures—a thing he was at first very

reluctant to do. His ‘Sportsman’s Gallery’ which we published

during the year gives charming pictures of some of our commoner

game birds. A second article by Mr. Lowther is associated with

many happy memories of camera hunting in the Manbhum District,

revived here in vivid description and in excellent pictures.

FISHES.

Three parts of Dr. Hora’s serial on the Game Fishes of India

were published. They deal with the Mahseers. The Large-scaled

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 675

Barbels collectively known as ‘Mahseer’ include a number of species

and forms about whose status and correct distribution there is little

exact knowledge. All anglers know of the mighty Mahseer, Barbus

tor. But which particular species answers to its description, and

where is this true Mahseer found? In the present state of our

knowledge it is not possible to be precise as to the range of Barbus

tor in the rivers of India. All that can be said is that this particular

species is widely distributed in the rivers and streams debouching

from the Himalayan foot hills into the adjoining plains. A second

species Barbus (tor) mosal appears to be commoner in Burma than

in the Himalayan streams. <A third north Indian species dealt

with by Hora is the Bokar of the Eastern Himalayas and Assam,

Barbus 1. hexagonolepis. Coloured illustrations and descriptions

of these species are included in Dr. Hora’s papers.

The intensive development of irrigation in the Punjab, involving

the construction of masonry dams and weirs across its rivers, has

had an adverse effect on its inland fisheries. Many species of food

fishes living in those rivers are migratory. During the breeding

season, they ascend to the higher reaches for spawning. The dams

and weirs constructed for irrigation purposes have become serious

obstacles to the spawning movements of the fishes. It is true,

that the weirs are provided with fish ladders to permit the upward

passage of fish, but Dr. Hamid Khan’s investigations have shown

that most of the ladders, from their faulty construction, serve little

practical purpose. The weirs and dams remain a serious obstacle

to spawning movements. The effect is increasingly demonstrated

in the very considerable reduction in the stock of fishes in the

upper reaches of the rivers. Barriers to spawning movements,

ineffective provision for surmounting them, and last but not least

the whole-sale indiscriminate slaughter of fishes in the canals during

the close season, are all factors responsible for the steady deteriora-

tion of the inland fisheries of the Province. While the supply of

water for the development of irrigation is supremely important,

there is little reason for the needless sacrifice of a valuable source

of food supply. In his paper Dr. Hamid Khan shows what is

wrong with the existing fish-ladders, and what should be done to

make them serve the purpose for which they were constructed.

His recommendations deserve the serious consideration of the

Government.

~ Detailed information of the life history of larvicidal fishes, parti-

cularly of species of proved utility in the destruction of mosquito

larvae are essential to the practical use of these natural agents.

A paper published under the joint authorship of Messrs. S. Jones

and T. Job describes the earlier stages in the development of the

Deccan Killifish (Apolcheilus lineatus), a species reported to be ot

special value in mosquito control. The habits of a second larvicidal

‘species (Horaichthys setnai) are discussed in a second paper by

T. Job, from observations made on fry collected in the backwaters

of Cochin and Travancore. The author’s conclusion is that this

‘species is suitable for use in malarious coastal areas and that it

is particularly effective in destroying mosquito larvae in the earlier

stages of development.

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

REPTILES.

Mr. McCann’s reptile and amphibian miscellany contains a

wealth of notes and observations on crocodiles, lizards, and frogs.

You might quite easily come upon Mr. McCann prowling around

his house in the dead of night looking for lizards with an electric

torch. For many months, a pet crocodile occupied the damp quarters

behind his bath tub, tortoises make free use of his garden, while

frogs and toads in homely aquaria, not to mention crowded jars

of pickled reptiles, are prominent in the decorative scheme of his

house. But of such stuff are naturalists made and from such

enthusiasm is derived the intimate knowledge that Mr. McCann

has brought to his very interesting paper. His notes on the food,

breeding habits, and development of common Indian reptiles form

the substance of his miscellany. They add much to the little that

is known about even the commonest species.

Worli Hill, one of the seven Islands which went into the making

of our fair city of Bombay, has been the subject of study by various

geologists, most recently by the late Mr. J. Rebeiro, who published

the results of his work in our Journal. Below the thick mass of

morum and trap which make up the dome of the hill lie highly

interesting sedimentary deposits in which the most persistent fossil

is the frog. The presence of these frogs indicate that the deposits

were originally laid in freshwater, suggesting that what subsequently

became an island was once part of the mainland. The frogs have

been described by various authors, and, because of their toad-like

characters, were included by Noble in a special genus, Indo-

batrachus. Specimens collected by Mr. G. W. Chiplonker of the

Hindu University, Benares, are described by him as a new species

under the name Indobatrachus trivialis.

INVERTEBRATES.

Butterflies and Meths.—Part II of Major-General Sir Harry

Tytler's Notes on New and Interesting Butterflies from Burma

was published during the year. Owing to the death of the author

the manuscript of this part was edited by Mr. G. Talbot, who also

corrected the proofs of both parts. The present part deals with

the Nymphalidae, Erycinidae and Lycaenidae, and contains descrip-

tions of 32 new races. Capt. W. C. Carrott continued his notes

on the butterflies of the Shan States and added supplementary data

to his original paper published during the previous year. In 1931,

we published an account of the butterflies of the Simla hills by

Mr. G. W. De Rhe-Phillipe, much fresh information made availa-

ble subsequently has made revision of the original paper necessary.

This work was undertaken by Mr. M. A. Wynter-Blyth with the

assistance of Mr. A. E. Jones. The present paper covers an area

roughly corresponding with the Simla Hill States and records

some 277 species. Reference is also made to species known from

the surrounding territory, which are likely to be met within the

area—in all the paper provides a very useful and up-to-date work-

ing list. The authors acknowledge their indebtedness to Brigadier

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 6747

Evans for his help in identifying many of the species listed by them.

Students and collectors in India, studying the earlier stages of

Indian butterflies and moths are frequently handicapped by the

lack of any information about the tood plants of caterpillars.

Mr. D. G. Sevastopulo’s informative article on the food plants of

Indian Bombyces is therefore welcome. It summarizes such inform-

ation as the author has been able to find on the food plants of the

caterpillars, adds supplementary information from personal experi-

ence and makes suggestions from what is known of the feeding

habits of allied species in other countries.

Mr. G, C. Bhattacharya wrote an interesting account of what

he describes as the ‘Death March of the Hibiscus Caterpillars.’ An

orderly procession of caterpillars was seen moving in single file—

their objective a mimosa plant growing in an earthen pot. The

procession climbed the wall of the pot and arrived on its circular

rim. Following the circle, the leading caterpillar soon found itself

at the tail-end of the procession. Its ingrained instinct to follow

in the wake of the preceding caterpillar compelled it to follow the

procession. In a persistent circle the procession travelled day and

night, till one by one its members dropped dead from exhaustion,

the last survivors of the interminable journey succumbing on the

6th day. The processionary instinct, highly effective in bringing

the caterpillars to their destination proved disastrous in the novel

circumstances in which they found themselves. They were unable

to deviate by a hair’s breadth from an instinctive mode of behaviour.

They followed its tyrannical urge even unto their own destruction.

Economic Entomology is represented by a paper on the Wax

Moth (Achroia grisella), a pest of honeycombs. The authors,

Messrs. M. C. Cherian and S. Ramachandra, discuss the status

of the moth as a pest in the Coimbatore District and suggest control

measures. The distribution, life history, and habits of Galerucida

bicolor, a minor pest of cultivated yam, were recorded by

Dr, T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar.

Much has been written on the courting habits of spiders. The

perils braved by the male in courting the female, usually his

superior in physique and prowess, has no parallel in the animal

kingdom. Not infrequently the too presumptuous male meets his

death and is added to the larder of his mistress. Such tragic

courtship is however not as universal among spiders as is generally

stated. Among some tribes, the relation between the sexes is more

pacific and may even approach domesticity. Among the Leaping

Spiders (Attidae) courtship takes the form of a love dance, Pro-

fessor Montgomery in his interpretation of this dance believes that

even this apparently nonchalant behaviour of the male is prompted

by fear and that the antics of the dance are for the most part

exaggerations of the spider’s ordinary reaction to fear and timidity.

Mr. Mathew, in his interesting study of the courtship of an Attid

Spider (M. plataleoides), shows that in this species the antics of

the male are the ordinary ‘on guard’ movements which the spider

carries out normally in the face of any suspected danger. The

female is not immediately recognized, as the eyes of the male give

it, at any distance, but a vague impression of what confronts it.

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

But, in circumstances where the male is sure that it is dealing with

a female of its own species, such as when it takes a female in its

nest, or is familiarized with her presence as co-captives in a cage,

the dance is dispensed with. The partners come to terms without

the preliminary demonstration. The male of this spider is stronger

and more powerfully built than the female and has no special reason

to fear her, but nevertheless he adopts his defensive attitude till

recognition is completed by actual contact with his desired partner.

BOTANY.

The three parts of Father Caius’s serial on Medicinal and Poison-

ous Plants published during the year deal with the very large family

of Composites and with the Flaxworts. It has been said that there

is no plant drug used in medicine the world over which cannot be

grown and produced in India, and yet India continues to be largely

dependent on external supplies for her needs. The exigencies of —

war have however given a great impetus to the development of

local products. Such data as the author is now providing in his

papers on local medicinal plants is a timely and valuable contribution

to the development of Indian plant products.

Mr. N. L. Bor continues his serial on Beautiful Indian Climbers

and Shrubs. When completed these articles will be produced as a

companion volume to the book by Blatter and Millard on Beautiful

Indian Trees. The last named work is now out of print and we

are unfortunately unable to meet the many demands made on us

for copies. A second edition under present conditions would mean

a considerably enhanced cost. We must wait for better times.

We anticipate the same demand for Mr. Bor’s work when it appears

in book form and the question of expediting publication of the

serial in the Journal by issuing a larger number of parts is now

being considered. Another serial in course of publication in the

Journal is M. Sayeedud-din’s work on Common Indian Herbs.

Parts 3, 4 and 5 were published. We also commenced publication

of a work on the Flora of the Punjab by Dr. T. A. Sabnis. The

work is based on the author’s study of the plant collections in the

Herbarium of the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, and in-

corporates notes made by the various collectors.

Ecological methods can be applied to many different branches

of animal or plant biology. This is a wide and almost virgin field

in India both for zoologists and botanists, we therefore welcome

Mr. S. V. Ganapati’s study of the conditions in a temple tank

which are conducive to the development of an algal pest, Microcystis

aeruginosa, which is found in permanent bloom in many tanks in

Madras City. The death and decay of these plants not only affect

the taste of the water, but also give it a characteristic foul odour.

The author discusses the physical and chemical conditions which

favour the development of these algal growths. In the particular

tank studied, the most important factors favouring development

were the high temperature of the water, absence of movement, and

the high content of phosphates and organic manurial elements.

Parallel studies of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 679

of the many ponds in Madras, which contain this pest, would help

to disclose the reasons for its permanent productivity and for the

periodically malodorous condition of the waiter. Apart from its

scientific interest, such a study would be of decided significance

from the health point of view.

SHOOTING AND FISHING.

Shikaris who have never bagged a rogue elephant and would

like to, are recommended by Mr. Hall to go to Assam as the most

likely spot for realizing the ambition. In his very entertaining

and vigorous style Mr. Hall describes his adventures with rogue

elephants in Assam, down to the grand finale enacted in a village,

at night in pyjamas and slippers. The meeting of Mr. Hall and

the elephant in the pitch blackness of a rainy night amid a frantic

chorus of screaming, panic-stricken men, women and children, and

the subsequent happenings have all the spice of adventure that the

most exacting could wish for. In the same number we published

Major Phythian-Adams’ account of small game shooting in Mysore.

Particularly interesting are the author’s records of game shot over

a number of years. They reveal that Pintail Snipe occur in far

larger numbers than Fantail in Southern India; among duck, the

Spot-bill is the commonest, Shoveller and Pintail making a bad

second and third; among the migratory Teal, the Garganey appears

in much the larger numbers, while among the resident species, the

Cotton Teal is the most common. In all, the State affords quite

good opportunities for small game shooting, and the author shows

what these opportunities are, and how they can best be enjoyed.

Col. R. W. Burton, to whose account of the ways of wild dogs we

have already referred, contributed three other articles to the

Journal. These deal with fish and fishing. His Mahseer River

of Southern India is the beautiful Bhavani, or rather, that stretch

of it, some 10 miles above Mettupalatyam where the river debouches

from a rocky gorge into an open valley and, for 25 miles or more,

becomes wonderful fishing water. August and September is the

time of the year for fishing in it. Col. Burton writes as one who

knows our streams and forests, as well he may, having taken,

for so many years, so much of his pleasure from them. The story

of his visit to the Laccadive Islands makes equally delightful read-

ing and provides those who would like to spend a holiday off the

beaten track with useful and interesting information. There are

coral reefs to explore, blue lagoons to fish in, barracouda and other

tough game fish in the seas around, and friendly islanders and

skilled fishermen for company. Col. Burton’s last article has to

do with Sword fish in the seas off New Zealand. It is a far cry

from the coasts of India; but big-game fishing is one of the many

attractions that New Zealand has to offer to its visitors. We take

this opportunity of thanking Col. Burton for his effort to provide

popular reading in the Journal. Col. Burton is one of the Society’s

‘old guard,’ his first contribution to our pages was written 35 years

ago. During all the intervening years he has frequently shared

his varied reminiscences of sport in the Indian jungles with our

readers.

680 «JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIs?. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil

We have constantly expressed the hope that more of our

members would do this, It is true we are living in much more

rigid times when leisure hours are fewer. But the charms of the

jungle and the wild will always remain and those who enjoy them

may yet share their good fortune with the many who cannot.

\ccounts of shooting, fishing, and travel are always welcome in

our Journal. If you have experiences to write about, please send

them to us.

PUBLICATIONS.

Snake charts.

During the year we brought out a new edition of the Snake

Chart. It has since been made available to most of the Hospitals

and Dispensaries in India, and to many Schools and Colleges.

Poisonous Land Snakes of India.

A book on the Poisonous Land Snakes of India is in course of

preparation and we hope to publish it during the present year.

Part I of this work which contains descriptions of our poisonous

snakes has been written by Dr. Malcolm Smith of the British

Museum. Part II, which has to do with snake poisoning and its

treatment will be the work of Dr. Burgess Barnett, the author of

recent discoveries relative to the use of Russell’s Viper’s venom

as a blood coagulant in surgery. Wall’s Poisonous Terrestrial

Snakes, which was published by the Society and which ran into

four editions has long been out of print. The new book will pro-

vide a modern standard work on a subject of much interest both

to doctors and laymen in India.

Lhe Book of Indian Birds.

This year will also see the fulfilment of a long cherished plan

to provide a moderately priced and well illustrated book on Indian

Birds. The Book of Indian Birds by Salim Ali exactly supplies

this need. It contains 171 full page picture plates in colour,

numerous photographs and simple readable accounts of the habits,

food, and nesting of the common birds seen about towns and

villages in the plains of India and around our coasts. People have

always wanted a book like this. The Society has now provided it.

Birds of Bombay and Salsette.

Of more local interest is the work on the Birds of Bombay and

Salsette which appeared in the Journal in serial form’ and which

has now been issued as a Museum Pamphlet with the series of other

pamphlets dealing with the Fauna of Bombay and Salsette.

Nature Calendar.

In 1041, for the first time, the Society published a Natural

History Calendar. It was an eleventh hour decision, but in spite

of this the 1,300 copies which we issued were sold out almost as

soon as they appeared, and many late applications had to be turned

down. The illustrations, for which ‘we are indebted to Major

R. S. P. Bates; Mr. ‘E. H. N. Wowther, Miro (Re bubbacks

and Major C. L. Boyle were of course the making of the calendar,

PROCEEDINGS AND ACCOUNTS 681

and we hope we may rely on the support of these gentlemen in

the production of future efforts along similar lines. The 1942

Calendar is already in course of preparation, and there is every

reason to believe that this will prove an increasingly popular

innovation.

REVENUE ACCOUNT.

Our total income for the year was Rs. 29,340-10-6 as against

Rs. 27,091-9-0 in 1939, an increase of Rs. 2,249-1-6, but even so

we failed to meet expenses by Rs. 3,548-10-4. Fortunately we

carried forward a surplus of Rs. 5,000 from the last balance sheet,

and enquiries received to date indicate that Salim Ali’s Bird Book

is going to be a marked success. The Society’s Calendar was also

very well received, and I think we can view the coming year with-

out any misgivings.

MEMBERSHIP.

4 members died during the year. Only 25 members resigned

as against 44 new members who joined; but we have written off

41 members who have not paid their subscriptions for some years.

Total membership is 810.compared with 836 at the end of 1939.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The Council of the Society would like to record its appreciation

of the continuous help which the Society has received from

Mr. W. S. Millard. Ever since he left India in 191g, and relin-

quished his post as Honorary Secretary, Mr. Millard has continued

his interest in the Society and has given it invaluable assistance

particularly in connection with printing of plates and publications

issued by the Society in London. On behalf of the members of

the Society we offer him our sincere thanks.

Our sincere thanks are also due to Mr. Theodore Hubback for

the generous contributions he has made to cover the cost of plates

issued with his interesting articles on Malayan Wild Life.

Mr. Hubback’s interest in the work of the Society and the

assistance that he has repeatedly given us is deeply appreciated.

STAFF.

The Committee wish to record their appreciation of the good

work done by the Curator and his staff during the past year.

rsth April, 1941. H. M. McGUSTY,

Honorary Secretary.

Vol. XLII

TRNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiST. SOCIETY,

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Eo oot BY

EC. STUART BAKER, C.LE., 0.B.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U., H.P.A.0.U.

Imperial 8vo. Half bound.

)

co VOL. IIL.

PHEASANTS AND BUSTARD-QUAIL.

About 320 pp. With 12 Coloured Plates and al ae a

numerous Black and White Plates.

; Price to Members who have not purchased

i Nols, E avi... re .. 4 1-15-0=Rs, 23

Members who have purchased one

of the above Volumes ... £ 1-10-0=Rs. 20

Members who have purchased both

the above Volumes... .. £ 1- 5-O=Rs. 17

_ Price to Non-members. Two Guineas=Rs. 28

Packing and postage extra.

pal to :—

a The Bombay Natural History Society,

ee : 6, Apollo Street, BOMBAY.

_jheels in the plains of India, and about our @

THE BOOK OF

INDIAN. BIRDS”

SALIM ALI

ve inexpensive, handy volume for every

one interested in the bird life of our

country. It contains 171 full page plates —

in colour, numerous excellent photographs, —

and simple, readable accounts of the habits,

food and nesting of 181 species of birds

commonly seen about towns, villages and

sea coasts.

Bound in soft Rexine. Price Rs. 14.

(To Members of the Society. Rs. 10-8)

Apply to 3

THE HONORARY SECRETARY,

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, __

| 6, Apollo Street, Fort, Bombay. —

ee yan nae |

— gournark, MARA

Vor Rents es | “Onar muses

‘OF THE ===

wBay Navurat History Socigry. —

Pie eed a EDITED BY

REV. J. F. CAIUS, S.J., F.L.S.. H. M. MCGUSTY,

AND S. H. PRATER, M.L.A, C.M.Z.S,

Raat PUBLISHED BY

THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

ye 6, Apollo Street, Bombay.

Lonpon AGENTS : |

DAVID NUTT. (A. G. BERRY) pots

212, SHAFTESBURY AVENUE, — i sere

LONDON, W.C. 2. a Oy:

os) hae SO AEN Bie ae

Bes pn aGatie Birds - 2 rae, Vol. ae (Woodcoek, ‘Snipe, ‘Bustards,

rst Edition. * :

* (Price to Members Rs. 3°):

Game Birds of India, Vol. III, Pheasants, 1st Edition. |

(Price to Members Rs. 17).

Set of Game Bird Plates ( 19), Vol. Lis Rs. 13.

(Price to Members Rs. 10).

Bird-Life in India, by Capt. R. ee aah: -M.B.O.U. Mlustrated. Rs. 6

ie to Members Rs. 3).

Birds of igbsbes sa Salsette. _ Rs. 2

Indian Pigeons and Doves’ with coloured illustrations, iat C. Stuart Baker,

Q.B:E.,° M.B,Q2U.; EZ.5 547 Cte. Rs. 37-8.

(Price to. Members Ris.) 30);

i The Book of Indian Birds, by Salim a8 with 171 coloured illustrations. Rs. 14,

: (Price Members Rs. 10-8).

] le

A Snakes. |

Identification of Poisonous Snakes—* ti” ey i oe Ved

Hanging Wall Chart, 30”x40”. (Revised in 1940). - , Rs. 5.

Folding Pocket Chart. : _ Rs. 1-12

Snakes of Bombay Island and Salsette, by S. H. Prater, C.M.Z.S. Re. 1

‘Miscellaneous. . |

Game Fishes of Bombay, the Deccan and the Neighbouring Districts. By

Sir REGINALD. SPENCE, Kr., F.Z.S., and .'S. H. Prater, ©.M.Z.S, 2 With

colour and black and white illustrations. Rs. 223

(Price. to Members Rs. 1- -8). :

‘Tdcatibicstign of Indian Butterflies, by BRIGADIER W.’H. Evans, C.S.1.,. GH: E.,

D-S:O% and edition, sirated vt LOS ARE 15.

(Pre to Members Rs. 10).

Wall Chart to aienevink a Wild Dog from a Domestic Dog or jackal p

etc. Rs. 2:8.

a A List of Indian Butterflies, by Cor. W. H. Evins! | Rs. 2.

-Wood-Destroying White Ants of the. Bombay Presidency, by JosEPu

he RseMUrE, (S.J. : Prien? Re. 1,

Back Numbers of the Jaucnal | : og

Back numbers of the Society’s Journal. Rates on application.

TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. ee ci eee

aS Members pay an entrance fee of Rs. 10 and a Life Membership fee of

Rs. 350. 7 os

Ordinary Members pay an entrance fee of Rs. 10 and an annual subscrip: -

tion ef Rs. 25. ; \ B

The subscription of members elected in October, November and December

covers the period from the date of their election up till the end of the following

_ year. : ) w :

MEMBERS RESIDING OUTSIDE INDIA.

The terms are the same for members living outside India. Such members

should pay their subscriptions by means of orders on their Bankers to pay the

: amount of the subscription, -plus postage—in all Rs. 26-8-o—to the Society ine

Bombay on the 1st January in each year. If this cannot be done, then the su

i of £2-0-6 should be paid annually to the. Society's London Bae

National Bank of India, Bishopsgate dea OR GOn, E.G:

a 5

5 ai eae an ea aoa

«eee th eae

Een

SOMEEN ES OF VOLOGME XLT, No. 2

SoME BeauTiFuL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SuHruBs. Parts VIII & IX. By

Vee eae Ole MtsLye DESC., UL EsI.S., o1E.S., and) M.’B. “Raizada, M.Sc.

(With two coloured plates, nine black and white plates, and thirteen

text-figures)

Tue Birps oF BaHnawarptr™(Punjab). By Salim Ali. (With one map

and four black and white plates) a

Tne Earty Staces or InpiAN Lepipoprera. Part VIII. By D. G. Sevasto-

pulo, F.R.E.S.

ON THE Banks OF THE NarpapDa. By Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.)

(With four black and white plates) ae ao ies wae

A StruDy OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT Foop In TROUT WATERS IN THE

Kuitvu VaLLey (Punjab). . By Hamid Khan, M.sc., LL.B., Ph.D., F.A.SC.,

and Harbans Lal Tandon, B.sc. (With two plates) ...

Tue InpraAn Cappts Fries (Trichoptera), Part VIII. By Martin E. Mosely,

F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. (With twelve plates) phe ae a

Notes ON Some InpIAN Birps, Part VI. AN InpIAN RIveER-BED. By

E. H. N. Lowther, M.B.0.u., F.z.s. (With eight plates) :

OccuRRENCE OF Synantherias sylvatica SCHOTT IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY,

AND Notes ON SOME OTHER Araceae OF INTEREST. By Charles McCann,

F.L.S. (With four plates)

A New FossoriaL SNAKE (Rhinophis dorsimaculatus) FROM CEYLON. By

Pee. PY Deraniyagala, M-A., A.M.) -F-C.P.S.,; F:L.S., F.Z.S.| (With one

plate and one text-figure) :

THe Game FisHes oF INnpia, Part XIV. THE MAHSEERS OR THE LARGE-

SCALED BarBELS OF INDIA. By Sunder Lal Hora, D.sc., F.R.S.E.,

F.Z.S., F.R.A.S.B., F.N.I. (With three plates and two text-figures)

SOME CoMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON THEIR ANATOMICAL CHARA-

cTErsS. Part VIII. By M. Sayeedud-Din (With three plates)

Diagora Nicevillei (Moore). By Lt.-Col. F. M. Bailey (With one plate)

Tue Foop anp Hasits oF tHE House SPIDER (Heteropoda venatoria, Linn).

By G. C. Bhattacharya (iVith two plates) ... vas

MESOPOTAMIAN Desert LeprpoprEra. By E. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.s.

Two New Niretras. By B. C. Kundu, M.aA., Ph.p., F.u.s. (With two

plates)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SOME SouTH INDIAN Coccips. By T. V.

Venkatraman, B.A., M.Sc. (With four plates)

INSECTICIDAL AND PIScIcIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA. By Col. Sir R. N. Chopra,

€.1.E., M.A., M.D., SC.D., F.R.C.P., R. L. Badhwar, B.sc., M.sc., and

SL. Nayar, .sc.

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H

THE Nizam’s Domintons, HyDerapab, Deccan. By M. Sayeedud-Din

M.A. B.SC., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., F.F.SC. (With one plate)

WAR 13 1982

PAGE

796

800

854

903

REVIEW :—

The Book of Indian Birds. — By

CONTENTS O12 MVol” OIE Noa

Salim Ali

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

Ile

IIT.

Vie

Rivers as Barriers to the Distribution of Gibbons. By

R. E. Parsons Aa ah

Where a Tiger sharpened his Claws.

‘ By C. E. Hewetson

(With a photo) x ae 5

On the Height and Age of an Elephant. By N. G. Pillai

(With one plate) ae ae aa aah

The Malayan Elephant. By R. C. Morris.

An Albino Nilghai. By T. R. Trivedi (With a photo)

Measurements of a fine head of the Indian Gazelle. By

Sardar. Shivdev Singh

King Crow bullying Werns.. By Aq. jones...

Nidification of the indian

By, Ava jomes

Presumptive Evidence of the

Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus Gould).

(With a plate}

The Great Black Woodpecker in the Neighbourhood of

Bombay. By Humayun Abdulali

The Becoming Bittern { Botaurus stellaris stellaris (Linn)], in

Lower Bengal. By M. L. Roonwal ae

By .N. G. Pillai

By Vor MeViasun:-

Bird ‘Bathing’ in Ants.

Survival of Birds after Injury.

Further Observations on the Egg-laying Habits of the

Lizard, Calotes versicolor (Boulenger). By J. J. Asana

Remarkable Feeding Habits of an Indian Carp [Barbus

(Puntius) dobsoni Day]. By M. Suter Be

A Mantis-Bloodsucker Tragedy. By C. McCann

Parasitization of Larva of the Hawk Moth (Oxyambulyxr

subocellata) by Flies. By R. E. Parsons ide

Effects of the Bite of the Large Mygalomorph

(Chilobrachys sp.). By T. Wooly Smith

A Centipede eating its Eggs. By C. McCann.

A Novel Way of Collecting Botanical Specimens (Wayside

Trees of Malaya by E. J. H. Corner, Hongkong Natura-

list: ‘vol. x. Noss ai & “4, Wrenn) 7 er ant

Spider

943

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc. Plate 8-A,

——————————————————_aaaaaEEtTt._aaLm_

—

“er

CMG Sin ig

Bipczacanyn ne

Large-flowered Thunbergia

THUNBERGIA GRANDIFLORA Roxb. |

(3 nat. Size. )

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

IQ4I. VoL. XLIE. NOe 4:

—

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS.

IN; Slams ORY MGAs a DaS@s, likeli Sa, lsFy Sas

Forest Botanist,

AND

M. B. RAIzapa, M.Sc.,

Assistant Botanist,

Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun.

Parts VIII anp IX.

(Continued from Vol. xiii, No.°3 (1941), p. 471).

Part VIII.

(With 1 coloured and 5 black and white plates and to text-figures).

Thunbergia Retzius.

The genus Thunbergia was erected by Retzius in honour ol

Karl Peter Thunberg, professor of Botany at Upsala, who died in

1828.

The species of Thunbergia (family Acanthaceae) are mostly tali

perennial climbers which are favourite garden plants on account of

the beautv and profusion of their flowers. They are extensively

cultivated in all parts of the world and in India, where several

are indigenous. A good many species are hardy out of doors

and are extremely decorative if grown to the best advantage.

CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS.

The leaves are opposite, petiolate (sessile in Thunbergia nata-

lensis) on the usually swollen joints of the stems, rarely subentire,

more usually lobed or toothed in various Ways; the nerves are, in

WAR 13 1242

686. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hist. SOCIETY, Voi, XLit

most cases, palmate, i.e. they arise and spread from the top of

the petiole. The flowers are large and showy and are arranged

in terminal pendulous racemes or solitary or in pairs in the axils

of ordinary leaves. Each flower is temporarily enclosed in a

spathe consisting of two large bracteoles cohering along the

margins. The calyx is very short, sometimes a mere rim, or, more

often, crowned by io to 15 teeth. The corolla has a narrow or

widely infundibuliform, often curved, tube ending in five sub-

orbicular lobes ali spreading, or a campanulate and strongly curved

tube arising from the short cylindrical or conical base ending in

five lobes of which the upper two are erect. The stamens are

four in number usually in pairs with filaments of different lengths,

inserted in the lower portion of the tube and included. The anthers

are two-lobed and are glabrous or with a fringe of hairs along the

margins, or the lobes bearded at the base or furnished with a

crest of hairs; sometimes one or both lobes spurred. The ovary

is seated upon a large annular disk, which is often larger than

the ovary. The ovary is 2-celled with 2 collateral ovules in each

cell; style straight or curved, surmounted by a stigma which may

be obconical in shape or, more often, distinctly 2-lipped, with the

upper lip erect and the lower spreading. The pollen grains are

globose, without germ pores, but with one or more often spirally

twisted grooves. The fruit 1s shaped rather like a bird’s head

and consists of a globose 2-celled capsule crowned by a stout beak.

On dehiscence the beak splits violently from apex to base and the

seeds are flung out. The seed is semiglobose in shape with a large

pit on the inner side.

The brightly coloured flowers of the species of Thunbergia are

an indication that the process of fertilisation is carried out through

the agency of insects. The construction of the flowers however

is such that only insects with certain characteristics are suitable

for the purpose. ,

Taking the flower of Thunbergia grandiflora as an example, it

will be observed that it can be divided into three portions; a lower

conical portion which directly surrounds the ovary and nectary, a

tubular-ventricose portion which carries the four stamens in a

groove on its upper surface, and the spreading lobes. _ The spread-

ing lobes are usually brightly coloured and their function is merely

to attract an insect. The tubular portion is important as the

transference of pollen must take place within it. As already stated

the four stamens lie together in a groove on the upper surface of

the corolla tube. On the lower surface of the tube inside is a

bulge corresponding to a groove on the outside. This bulge ensures

that the back of any visitor is pressed well up against the anthers

on the roof. The anthers of the upper pair of stamens are pressed

closely together and form a convenient groove in which lies the

style. The anthers of the lower pair lie on either side of the

upper pair. The style itself expands into the cup-shaped stigma

a little in advance of the stamens. The filaments of the stamens

though compressed are swollen at the base and the four of them

are so placed that they practically block the entrance to the

chamber in which the ovary is situated. A small foramen is left

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 687

through which passes the style. The anthers are bearded with

long thin hairs and bear one or two horny hooks on their posterior

margins. The nectary which secretes the honey is a fleshy disk

surrounding the ovary.

Fig. 1. A.—Cross section of corolla showing position of style and stamens ;

note the curvature of the corolla which ensures that the insect will

touch the stamens.

B.—Side view of stamens ovary and style; corolla tube removed. A, base

of corolla; B, ovary-seated on nectary disc; C, style; D, stamens;

I, stigma; F, path to honey which must be followed by proboscis of

misect ; “G, corolla.

The first thing that happens when an insect visits the flower

is that its dorsal surface touches the viscous lower lip of the

stigma which is pressed down and any pollen which the insect is

carrying is transferred. The insect pushes on still further and

comes into contact with the hooks on the anther, which results

in pollen being shaken down upon its back and thorax. Owing

to the smallness of the hole at the base of the stamens and its

distance from the honey only insects with a long proboscis can

reach the pooty. The proboscis must be passed upwards over

688 fOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

the style and then downwards to reach the honey. As the insect

«iy

Fig. 2.—Front view of stamens

ovary and stigma with portion of

the corolia cut away. (See Fig. 1.

for explanation of lettering.)

retreats its pollen-dusted back

presses up the lower non-viscous

edge of the stigma and prevents

self-fertilisation.

Burkill’ observed the process of

cross-fertilisation in this species in

Calcutta and discovered that the

agents were Xylocopa latipes and

X. aestuans. The bodies of these

bees just fit the antrum of the flower

and the proboscis is sufficiently

long to reach the honey. He ob-

served that the dorsal surfaces of

the insects were dusted with pollen

on their emergence from the flower.

A further refinement in the mecha-

nism of pollination is when the

stigma has two lips the lower of

which is non-receptive. This lip

touches the back of the insect and

drags down the upper receptive

lobe which duly collects the pollen

from the back of the visitor with-

out any danger of self-fertilisation.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers axillary, solitary.

Petioles winged.

Petioles wingless.

Colour of flowers white

T. alata.

1. {ragvans.

Colour of flowers blue or purple.

Plant erect.

Leaves petiolate

Leaves sessile

Plant climbing.

T. evecta.

T. natalensis.

IT. grandiflora.

Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes.

Flowers. blue.

Ieaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base. ua 1. ‘grandifiovas

Leaves ovate oblong to Janceolate-oblong, rounded

at the base.

Flowers yellow.

Flowers scarlet.

T. lauyifolia.

T. mysorensis.

T. coccinea.

a i a

1 Burkill, I. H., J.A.S.B. (1906) s11-14.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 689

Thunkergia alata Bo).

BLACK-EYED SUSAN.

(alata is a Latin word meaning winged and refers to the wings

on the petiole).

Fig. 3.—Thunbergia alata Boj. x3.

Description.—A slender herbaceous twiner with very hairy

shoots. Leaves opposite, seated on a narrowly winged petiole

which is often as long as the blade, sagittate in shape, up to

2 in. long by 1.75 in. wide, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces

and hirsute on the nerves beneath; margin entire, undulate, with

one or two broad teeth on either side. Flowers axillary, seated

on peduncles which are shorter than the’ subtending leaves.

Bracteoles spathe-like, ovate, apiculate, pubescent on both surfaces

and hirsute on the margins, persistent, about 0.5 in. long. Calyx

very short, bowl-shaped, surmounted by to subulate lobes, covered

with glandular hairs. Corolla tube infundibuliform, 0.75 in. long

and oe im. wide in the throat, ending in five yellow, orange or

rarely white lobes, deep claret coloured in the throat. Stamens

four, one pair of filaments shorter than the other; anthers of the

lower pair with two spurs, those of the upper with only one spur,

densely fringed along the margin and at the base with long club-

shaped hairs. Ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk; style 0.5 in.

long; stigmas 2-lipped, the upper lip about twice as long as the

lower but much narrower. :

690 jJGURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. oem

I’lowers.—September-November. Fruits cold season.

Distribution.—Native of south-east Africa. Cultivated or

naturalised throughout India.

Gardening.—This twiner closely resembles Thunbergia fragrans,

but is softly villous and has winged petioles and usually yellow

flowers with a brown or purple eve or sometimes shades of buff

or orange or even white. It is well suited for a small trellis-work.

Propagated usually by seeds. There are several varieties but the

following are commonly seen in cultivation :—

Thunbergia alata Boj. var. alba Paxt. has white flowers with

a blackish centre.

Thunbergia alata Boj. var. aurantiaca Kuntze is a variety with

bright orange flowers having a dark centre.

“Medicinal use.—In Malaya the leaves are made into poultices

which are applied to the head to relieve headaches.

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.

(fragrans is Latin for fragrant. Why this epithet should have

been applied to this plant, which has odourless flowers, is not known).

Description.—A slender herbaceous twiner with scabrid, or

more or less glabrescent, shoots. Leaves opposite on slender

Fig. 4.—Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. X1/I1.

wingless petioles which are usually’ shorter than the blade, lance-

olate, or triangular-ovate, cordate or subcordate at the base, almost

Pena up to 2.5 in, long by 1 in. wide, toothed on both sides”

MM. N. Bakshi

ote

x 5

wx A

oo)

bon

on &

rs}

JourRN. BomsBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Photo by

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN = CLIMBERS: AND SHRUBS 691

at the base, more or less rough on both surfaces, palmately 5-nerved.

Flowers axillary on peduncles which are usually longer than the

subtending leaf. Bracteoles spathe-like, ovate or ovate-lanceolate

in shape, less than 0.75 in. long, persistent. Calyx bowl-shaped,

very short, surmounted by 15 subulate teeth, glandular-pubescent.

Corolla tube infundibuliform, about 1 in. long, white and without

fragrance, lobes spreading about 0.75 in. in diameter.. Stamens

in pairs, the filaments of one pair as long as those of the other

which are about 0.5 in. long; anthers entirely glabrous and without

spurs. Ovary seated in a disk; style nearly 1 in. long; stigma

2-lipped, the upper lip slightly longer and narrower than the lower

lip. Capsule scabrid. Seeds reticulate.

Flowers.—September-November. Fruits cold season.

Distribution.—Throughout India and Malaya.

Gardening.—A herbaceous climber with beautiful snow-white

flowers. Easily propagated by seed which it produces abundantly.

It is suitable for growing over a screen. Contrary to what the

specific name would seem to denote, the flowers are not fragrant.

Thunbergia erecta (Renth.) T. Anderson

(erecta is Latin for upright and refers to the habit of the species).

Description.—This spec-

ies is a small shrub which

in Indian gardens reaches a

height of about 4 feet. The fx

shoots are quadrangular in e

section and each angle bears

a narrow wing, glabrous

when old but the younger are

covered with a mantle of

short crisp hairs near the

nodes; buds in the axils of

the leaves densely covered

with short golden or reddish

hairs. Leaves opposite, ex-

stipulate, but connected at

the base by a raised ridge

across the node, petiolate

(petiole o.1 in. long), ovate-

elliptic, acute and apiculate,

subacute at the base, gla-

brous, penninerved but the

first pair often arise near ,

the base; margin entire, un-

dulate, or occasionally with a broad triangular tooth above the mid-

dle. Fiowers axillary, solitary or paired, seated on peduncles up to

1.5 in. long, usually much less. At the top of the peduncle are a

pair of greenish white bracteoles, spathe-like, early or tardily

deciduous. Calyx very short, bowl-shaped, surmounted by 15

subulate calyx-teeth, densely covered with gland-tipped hairs.

Corolla tube 1.5-2.5 in. long, glandular outside, slightly conical at

Fig. 5.—Thunbergia erecta (Benth.)

Anderson X 4

692 fOURNAIL. BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIELY:;» Von Ver

the base swelling above, infundibuliform, curved, ending in five

subequal lobes; yellowish white at the base, central portion cream

shading into the dense violet lobes and mouth, ochre-coloured in

the throat. Stamens four, in pairs, the filaments of one pair o.5 in.

long, of the other o.4 in. long, covered with short. gland-tipped

hairs. Anthers shortly awned or mucronate, with a thick fringe

of hairs along the margins. Ovary seated in an annular disk. Style

up to 1.5 in. long; upper lip of the stigma erect and folded, the

lower spreading and very broad.

Flowers.—Chiefly during the cold weather.

Distribution.—Native of west tropical Africa, but is a very

common cuitivated plant in gardens throughout India. |

Gardening.—A hardy shrub, very pretty when in full bloom

during the cold season. It thrives best in bright sunshine and 1s

well adapted to the topiarist’s art. Easily propagated by cuttings

during the rains. It was introduced into India from Kew in 1859.

Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. And. var. alba is a variety with

white flowers, but it is by no means as beautiful as the «type.

Thunbergia natalensis Hook.

(The specific name refers to the home of the plant).

Description.—An erect

shrub, 2 ft. or more) iene

with four-angled stems, which

are almost hirsute in speci-

mens grown at Dehra Dun

but are stated by Hooker,

Bailey and others” to) ime

glabrous except at the inter-

nodes. Leaves _ opposite,

somewhat crowded, sessile or

very shortly petiolate, ovate-

acute or acuminate, sinuate-

dentate, cordate at the base,

palmately 3-nerved, slightly _

scabrous on both surfaces, -

glabrous above, hairy on the

nerves below, 4 in. long by

2 in. broad. The ‘axillamgm

solitary flowers are seated on

peduncles which are shorter

than the subtending _ leaf-

Fig. 6.—Thunbergia natalensis Hook.X3 plade. Bracteoles at the top

of the peduncles herbaceous, 3-nerved, hirsute on the nerves, ovate, -

spathaceous, nearly as long as the corolla tube, to which it is

closely appressed. Calyx bowl-shaped with six blunt teeth. Corolla

2 in. long, shortly conical below swelling above into an infundibull-

form curved tube and ending in five obcordate, nearly equal,

horizontally spreading lobes. Stamens four; filaments nearly equal,

filiform, thickened towards the base; connective bluntly apiculate,

anther cells shortly spurred and bearded below. Ovary seated in

Nat. Hist. Soc.

JRN. BOMBAY

}

as)

fo)

faa)

—

. >

aa)

, Dehra Dun.

New Forest

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS.AND SHRUBS 693

a fleshy disk. Style as long as the corolla tube, obconic, supporting

a concave stigma, glandular-hairy and bearded below the stigma.

Capsule 1.25 in. long, densely hairy or glabrous.

F'lowers.—April-May. Does not fruit in Dehra.

Distribution.—Native of Natal; but now cultivated in gardens

throughout India.

Gardening.—An undershrub up to 2 ft. high with handsome

pale blue flowers; the corolla tube yellow, 2 in. long. Propagated

by cuttings.

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

(grandiflora means large-flowered in Latin).

Description.—A large woody climber reaching a height of 20 feet

or more. Shoots four-angled or -ribbed, shortly hairy, rough,

becoming smoother and glabrous with age. Leaves opposite on

the swollen nodes, petiolate, (petioles up to half the length of the

blade, twisted at the base and scabrid) cordate at the base, palmately

7-nerved, coarsely toothed or lobed, 4 in. long by 3-4 in. broad,

ovate-acute or ovate-acuminate in shape, very rough on both sur-

faces. Flowers sometimes solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves,

but more often, appearing as terminal pendulous racemes, pedun-

culate (penduncles up to 2 in. long). At the top of the peduncle

will be found two velvety, obliquely obovate or oblong bracteoles

which are persistent. The calyx is reduced to a velvety rim.

Corolla tube shortly conical at the base, then very widely and

obliquely campanulate, up to 2.5 in. long, ending in five lobes,

the upper two of which are erect and the others spreading. The

upper surface of the corolla tube is grooved to take the stamens

and style. Corolla whitish in the lower half shading into the

blue lobes; yellow inside with blue stripes in the throat. Stamens

subequal; filaments about o.4 in. long, flattened and corrugated

at the base where they almost occlude the entrance to the lower

conical portion of the tube. Anthers of the lower stamens 0.3 in.

long, both cells spurred; those of the upper 0.4 in. long with only

one cell spurred; margins densely fringed with long thin hairs.

Style 1 in. long; upper lip of the stigma folded and erect, the lower

spreading. Capsule shaped like a bird’s head 1-2 in. long.

Flowers.—March-November. Fruits cold season.

Distribution.—Native of Eastern Bengal. Commonly grown in

gardens in the plains throughout the country.

Gardening.—A very extensive climber with pendent branches,

and dark, green, heart-shaped leaves. It bears large bluish flowers

from March right through the rains. It is of a very luxuriant

growth, and if allowed to climb a lofty tree will cover it with a

dense green curtain of. foliage. It-can, however, be made to

flower when small, by judicious close pruning. Easily propagated

by cuttings or layers during the rains.

Medicinal use.—-A decoction of the leaves is said to be used in

Malaya for stomach complaints. The leaves are used as a poultice,

694 JOUKNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vole iain

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.

(laurifolius means having leaves like a laurel).

Fig. 7.—Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. x8.

Description.—-A shrubby climber with terete, smooth and glabr-

ous stems. Leaves opposite, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,

rounded at the base, glabrous and smooth or slightly rough on

both ‘surfaces, palmately 3-nerved at the base, reticulation pro-

minent below, up to 7 in. long, 2 in. broad; margins entire or

distantly toothed; petioles up to 3 1n. long, thickened at the apex

and base. Inflorescence in pendulous axillary or terminal racemes.

Individual flowers pedicellate. Bracteoles spathaceous, cohering

along the upper margin, herbaceous. Calyx very small, cup-shaped ;

margin crenulate. Corolla tube cylindrical or broadly conical at

the base, swelling above, obliquely funnel-shaped, very wide at the

mouth. Lobes five, rotundate, emarginate, spreading. Stamens

four, inserted near the base of the tube; filaments broad subulate

curved. Anthers oblong, apiculate with two subulate spurs at the

base; margins fringed. Ovary globose, sunk in the crenately-

margined, fleshy disk. Style long, included; stigma _ two-lobed ;

lobes channelled.

Flowers and Fruits.—Cold season.

ce ee

= SS

pURN. BomBaAy Nat. Hist. Soc.

loto by M. N. Baksht

Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.

New Forest, Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 695

Distribution.—Upper and Lower Burma, Andamans and_ the

Malay Peninsula, now common in gardens throughout the country.

Gardening.—A large climber which bears during the cold season

large lavender-blue flowers in profusion. It is suitable for growing

over walls or strong trellis work. Yields seeds abundantly. Pro-

pagated by seed or layers.

Medicinal use.—In Malaya the juice of the leaves is said to be

efficacious in cases of menorrhagea. It is also applied to the ears

for deafness. . :

Thunbergia mysorensis T. Anderson.

(mysorensis refers to the home of the plant).

Fig. 8.—Thunbergia mysorensis T. Anderson xX}.

Deseription.—A glabrous twining shrub with slender glabrous,

often twisted, stems. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly

elliptic-acuminate in shape, 4-6 in. long by 1.25-2 in. broad, broadly

cuneate at the base, sinuate, entire or toothed on the margins ;

basal nerves 3, prominent with conspicuous venation between;

petioles .5-1.5 in. long. Flowers large, in long pendulous interrupted

racemes. Bracteoles spathaceous enclosing the corolla tube, ovate-

oblong, 1 in. long, parallel-nerved, margins cohering in the bud.

Calyx very shallow, salver-shaped; margins obscurely lobed or

crenulate. Corolla tube purple, 2 in. long, shortly conical below,

swelling above and ending in four lobes, the upper lobe erect with

reflexed side lobes, the lower lip of 3 subequal spreading lobes.

Lobes bright yellow or maroon, spotted with yellow or brown.

Stamens four; filaments hairy at the base; anthers bearded with

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

a short spur at the base of each cell.. Ovary immersed in the

thick fleshy disk; style long; stigma cup-shaped. Capsule 1.25 in.

long, glabrous, seeds rugose.

Flowers.-—-Cold season. Seldom “fruits in Dehra Dun.

Distribution.—South India in the Western Ghats, South Canara

and Mysore to Travancore and Tinnevelly up to 3,000 ft. Cultivated

in the plains throughout India.

Gardening.—An extensive glabrous climber with long slender

branches; flowers in long pendent racemes bright yellow or orange,

or maroon with a purplish tube. Usually shy of seeding and has

to be propagated by layering.

Thunbergia coccinea Wall.

(coccineus is a Latin word meaning scarlet-coloured, and refers

to the bright scarlet flowers of this species).

Fig. 9.—Thunbergia coccinea Wall. x2.

Description.—A slender climbing and widely spreading twiner.

Stems and shoots 4-angled, the angles shortly winged, smooth

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 697

and glabrous. Leaves opposite, shortly petioled (petiole twisted),

cordate at the base, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, the lower

variously toothed, the upper entire on the margin, undulate,

palmately 5-nerved, smooth and glabrous, green above, somewhat

glaucous beneath, up to 5 in. long, 3 in. broad; nerves prominent on

the lower surface.

Flowers in terminal or axillary pendulous racemes, up to 3 feet

long. Individual flowers shortly or long-pedicelled. Bracteoles

0.5-0.75 in. long, large, spathaceous, cohering along the margins,

concave, ovate-acuminate in shape, including the whole flower except

the lobes which are reflexed back over them, brown in colour. Calyx

bowl-shaped surmounted by to or more blunt triangular teeth.

Corolla tube infundibuliform, orange in the throat, enclosed in the

bracteoles, 5-lobed, emarginate, scarlet, lobes being reflexed over

the exterior margins of the spathe. Stamens four, in pairs, the fila-

ment dilated at the base; anther cells spurred, the lower with two

spurs, the upper with one only. Ovary seated in a disk. Capsule

globular; beak short, blunt.

Flowers.—December-March. Fruits March-April.

Distribution.--Outer Himalayas from ~Kumaon — eastwards,

Khasia hills, Tenasserim, commonly cultivated in gardens through-

out India.

Gardening.—A widely spreading climber with long pendent

branches. It bears during the cold weather scarlet or orange

flowers in lax pendulous racemes about a foot or more in length.

Usually multiplied by layers during the rains.

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Velo xii

PART JO

(With 1 coloured and 4 black and white plates and 3 text-figures).

Sophora Linn.

(The generic name is derived from the Arabic name, Sophera, for

Cassia sophera Linn.).

Sophora belongs to the sweet-pea family (Papilionaceae) which

is so well known as to obviate the necessity of a description. The

genus itself comprises trees and shrubs with alternate, stipulate,

odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes or panicles

and are yellow or violet-purple in colour. The calyx is gamosepal-

ous, oblique, broadly campanulate in shape, surmounted at the top

by short, deltoid teeth. The corolla consists of five clawed petals.

The upper petal is broad, erect and is termed the standard or

vexillum; the two side petals are narrower and are called the

wings or alae; the 2 lower petals loosely connate by their lower

margins are the narrowest and form the so-called keel or carina.

The stamens are 10 in number, free or obscurely joined at the

very base; the anthers are versatile. The ovary is shortly stalked,

with many ovules on the ventral suture. The pod is constricted

between the seeds and is termed moniliform, that 1s, somewhat

like the beads on a necklace.

The species of this genus are valued for their pretty often

fragrant flowers, and for their handsome foliage and curious pods.

They are inhabitants of the warmer countries of the world but

mainly at high altitudes, and therefore some of them have been

introduced with success into Europe. Sophora japonica L. was

introduced into France by Jussieu in 1747, and is common in that

country and in Germany. It has been found that it is capable

of withstanding the smoke-vitiated atmosphere of towns especially

in the neighbourhood of railway stations.

The brightly coloured and fragrant flowers indicate that these

plants are cross-pollinated through the agency of insects,

As has already been said the leaves of Sophora are odd-pinnate,

that is, they are composed of an odd number of leaflets arranged

on either side of a central rhachis. The leaflets can be distinguished

from ordinary leaves by the fact that they do not possess a bud ©

in the axil of the stalklet or pulvinus. During the night some of

these species arrange their leaves in the sleep-position. Towards

nightfall the pulvint move and the leaves drop downwards and

their under surfaces are pressed together. This is one of the ways

in which a plant avoids loss of heat and water through excessive

transpiration.

Several Sophoras are well known for their poisonous properties.

This is due to the presence of an alkaloid which is variously known

as sophorine or cytisine. It is a very dangerous drug causing

convulsions and death. The seeds and roots of Sophora tomentosa

Linn, contain cytisine, and are used as remedies in small doses for

cholera and diarrhoea.

JourN. BomBay Nar. Hist. Soc.

SOPHORA TOMENTOSA Linn.

(nat. Size.)

Plate 9.

———

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 699

The unopened flower buds and pods of several species give a

yellow dye; when used in conjunction with the indigo plant (Indigo-

fera flaccidifolius) the resultant coiour is green. In Baden, Germany,

the unopened flower buds are used to colour Easter eggs. In

Japan this yellow dye is said to be used exclusively to dye the gar-

ments of the Royal House.

The wood being extremely hard is of use in joinery and

parquetry.

INEY “10° THE SPECIES;

Flowers yellow.

Ceaflets: up, to .5. in. long ane BS Ss, Gripithu.

Leaflets 1 in. long or over ane Aor ig os. stomentosa.

Flowers blue to violet.

Leaflets leathery, over 1 in. long ... pax, i. .. Secundtflora.

Leatiets soft, up to .5 in. long bee be Sie gp ds VECHTONA.

Sophora Griiffithii Stocks

(The specific epithet commemorates the name of William Griffith

(1811-1845) one of that noble band who did so much for Indian

Botany in the early nineteenth century).

Description.—A small, erect de-

ciduous shrub. Young twigs

densely hoary. Stipules minute,

villous, often persistent after the

fall of the rhachis. Leaves alter-

nate, compound, odd-pinnate, 4-

8 in. long. Leaflets 21-41, oppo-

siren Or alternate,,.25-.5 in. long,

ovate, oblong or obovate in shape, .

thick, rigid, glabrous above when Ni 2

mature, densely appressed silvery- a

velvety beneath.

Inflorescence of — pedunculate ar saN| 7

racemes from old. leaf scars, 1.5- ay

5 in. long; peduncle usually leaf- .

pearing: Flowers .7 /in; long,

yellow, appearing with the young

leaves ; pedicels silvery hoary, .1-.2

in. long, in the axils of hoary buds.

Calyx gamosepalous, very oblique,

fain. long, densely ‘appressed

hoary, ending in 5 shorter triangu-

lar teeth. Petals 5, yellow; stand-

ard longer than the keel, markedly Wy,

veined, almost orbicular in shape, i

emarginate at the top, ending !

below in a long strap-shaped claw; _

win gs bliquely oblong-obtuse, Fig. 1.—Sophora Griffithii Stocks. x 1.

clawed beldw, toothed on either side above the claw; keel of two

petals loosely connate along the lower margins, upper margin

toothed above the claw. Stamens ten; filaments free to the base.

700 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

Ovary hirsute with appressed white hairs; style slender, incurved;

stigma capitate. Pod up to 4 in. long, with four winged ridges,

constricted between the ellipsoid seeds, hairy.

Flowers.—March-April. Fruits hot season.

Distribution.—Salt Range and trans-Indus hills, Baluchistan,

Afghanistan and Persia. Occasionally cultivated in gardens in

India.

Gurdening.—A small shrub with velvety, silvery grey leaves and

large bright yellow flowers appearing shortly before or with the

leaves. Usually propagated by seed.

Sophora tomentosa Linn.

(tomentosus means hairy in Latin).

Description.—A large shrub or small tree, the whole plant being

covered with a soft grey-velvety pubescence. Leaves alternate, odd-

pinnate, 6-10 in. long, with 15-109 leaflets; rhachis terete, tumid at

the base; leaflets often alternate on the rhachis, shortly stalked,

1-1.5 in. long, broadly elliptic in shape, rounded or obtuse at both

ends, dull grey-green in colour, thinly downy above, the lower

surface covered with a dense aT margins somewhat

fenexed:

Inflorescence a terminal raceme up to 6 in. long. Individual

flowers pedicellate, often crowded; pedicels densely silky, bracteate,

.25-.3 in. long, jointed just below the calyx. Calyx tube broadly

campanulate, .almost truncate with 5 very small obscure lobes,

minutely silky, oblique, .25-.4 in. long. Corolla yellow, of 5 petals.

Standard long clawed, .6-.75 in long; blade orbicular or elliptic,

shghtly emarginate. Wings oblong-obtuse, narrow, clawed. Keels

of two narrow, clawed petals. Stamens 10; filaments free to the

base or nearly so. Ovary shortly stalked, linear, tapering at the

apex, densely hairy; style straight; stigma capitate. Pod long-

stalked, issuing from the persistent calyx, moniliform, the joints

being separated by narrow necks as long as themselves, pointed,

covered with a brown velvety down ; seeds 1-8 in each pod, .35 in.

in diameter, nearly globular, pale brown.

Flowers.—Rainy season with a second flush in the cold weather.

Fruits cold season. |

Distributicn.—Cosmopolitan in the tropics on the sea coast.

Widely cultivated in gardens throughout the plains of India.

Gardening.—The shining, dark green, handsome foliage of thts

shrub contrasting with its bright yellow flowers, render it a very

ornamental plant. Unfortunately in Dehra it 1s liable to be infested

by a caterpillar which at times strips it of all its leaves and beauty.

Easily raised from seed during the rains. [t is apt to be damaged

by frost in northern India.

Medicinal and Economical uses.—Yhe seeds and roots of this

plant contain the alkaloid cytisine and are considered medicinal in

Malaya. Small doses of it are used as remedies in cases of cholera

and diarrhoea. According to Heyne pounded teaves are applied

on wounds caused by certain poisonous fish.

Burkill says that the timber is hard and heavy, but is not much

used.

fouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

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New Forest,

URN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc.

Pita by M. N. Bakshi

Sophora tomentosa Linn.

| New Forest, Dehra Dun.

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

M. N. Bait

Photo by

Sophora secundiflora DC.

New Forest,

Dehra Dun.

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 701

Sophora secundiflora Dc.

(secundiflora is a Latin word meaning flowering to one side, from

the fact that the flowers are arranged in one-sided racemes).

Fig. 2.—Sophora secundiflora De. xX}.

Description.—An evergreen shrub or a small tree, which may

reach 35 ft. in height, with smooth bark and young shoots covered

with an appressed silvery pubescence. Buds ovoid, densely covered

with short hairs. Leaves compound, alternate, odd-pinnate, 4-6 in.

long, with 7-9 leaflets; rhachis glabrous or hairy, grooved on the

upper surface; leaflets opposite, dark green and shining, rather

leathery, evergreen, oblanceolate or obovate in shape, with swollen

pulvini, r.25 in. long, emarginate at the apex; nervation reticulate,

very prominent below.

Inflorescence of one-sided, terminal racemes, 2-3 in. long. Indi-

vidual flowers very fragrant, about, 1 in. long, pedicelled; pedicels

-3 in. long, supported by a bract and bearing two small bracteoles

halfway up, covered with silvery, appressed pubescence. Calyx

gamosepalous, .3 in. long, including the lobes, brown in colour,

covered with appressed pubescence, lobes 5, the upper broadly

obtuse, the lower four deltoid in shape. Petals five; standard oblong,

-5 in. long, .5 in. wide, cordate at the apex, contracted into a strap-

shaped claw below; wings and keel obliquely oblong, rounded at

the tip, sagittate at the base, with a strap-shaped claw. The petals

702 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

are violet-blue or pale blue in colour, and the standard has a few

darker spots near the base. Stamens io, equal; filaments slightly

connate at the base, inserted on the hypanthium. Ovary narrowly

elliptic-oblong, stipitate, covered with coarse hairs, .3 in. long; style

slender, curved, glabrous; stigma small, capitate. Pod 1-7 in. long,

.5--75 in. in diameter covered with white hairs, constricted between

the seeds. Seeds bright scarlet.

Flowers.—March-April. Fruits rainy season.

Distribution.—Indigenous to the Southern United States and

North Mexico; now frequently cultivated in gardens throughout the

plains of India.

Gardening.—A shrub or a small tree with short slender trunk

and upright branches forming a narrow head. Flowers fragrant,

handsome, violet-blue. It is a very free flowering and ornamental

plant but its growth is slow. Raised from seed sown during the

rains.

Medicinal and economic uses.—The seeds of this species are

poisonous due to the presence of the alkaloid cytisine or sophorine.

This alkaloid if taken in big doses causes nausea, then convulsions

and finally death by asphyxia.

Sophora viciifolia Hance

(viciifolius expresses in Latin the similarity of the leaves of this

species to those of Vicia (the Vetch), another genus of the family).

; Se 1 We; A

Fig. 3.—Sophora viciifolia Hance X3.

Description.—-A small shrub reaching 6 ft. in height with striate

stems. Lateral branches covered with short white hairs, often

SOME BEAUTIFUL INDIAN CLIMBERS AND SHRUBS 703

arrested and then appearing as spines. Stipules spinescent. Leaves

alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, up to 2 in. long; rhachis cylind-

rical, covered with short appressed silvery pubescence; leaflets 11-15,

almost sessile, .25-.5 in. long, oblong or elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate,

glabrous above, covered with white pubescence beneath; nervation,

apart from the mid-rib, obscure.

Inflorescence of short axillary or terminal 6-i2-flowered racemes.

Individual flowers seated on hairy pedicels .3 in. long, bluish

violet or nearly white in colour. Calyx gamosepalous, violet in

colour, membranous, shortly 5-toothed, cylindrical in shape, some-

what oblique, covered with appressed pubescence. Petals 5;

standard spathulate-obovate, reflexed, clawed; wings oblong-obtuse,

with a tooth on one side: keel-petals clawed, oblique. Stamens 10;

filaments free or slightly connate at the base. Ovary stipitate,

oblong, pointed at both ends, covered with coarse hairs; style

curved, glabrous, slender; stigma capitate, small. Pod 2 in. long,

slender, long-beaked.

Flowers.—March-April. Has so far not fruited in Dehra.

Distributien.—Indigenous to Central and Western China, now

cultivated in various parts of India.

Gardening.—The violet calyx makes an attractive contrast to

the milky white corolla of this hardy graceful shrub. It was intro-

duced into the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1898, where it flowered for

the first time in July 1902. Easily grown from seed.

(To be continued)

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB)

SAuim ALI.

(IVith a map and 4 plates).

Thanks to facilities afforded by H. H. The Nawab’s Government

it became possible to undertake the much-desired survey of the bird

life of Bahawalpur State in the early part of 1939. During the

period from 27 January to 24 March 331 specimens, representing

some 115 forms, were collected in addition to a considerable amount

of field notes and ecological data. Unfortunately the time was far

too short for any but the most superficial study of some of the pro-

blems peculiar to desert conditions; the aim of this paper is mainly

to place on record the present position of the avifauna so as to

provide a basis for comparison at some future date when irrigation

and colonisation will have altered the face of the country still further.

Bahawalptir State in its present phase is a particularly promising

venue for the study of plant and animal successions since, like

other similar canal-irrigated tracts in the Punjab and Sind, it is

undergoing a process of profound physical changes, before our eyes

as it were. The vast system of irrigation canals originating in the

Sutlej River, which has been completed and brought into operatioi?

within the last 30 years, is responsible for this magical transforma-

tion. Arid, sun-scorched sandy wastes, broken only by a dreary

succession of shifting sand-dunes and dotted with a sparse and

scanty growth of desert plants, are being rapidly converted into a

prosperous, green and _ intensively cultivated region punctuated by

large leafy Banyan, Peepal, Neem and other trees sheltering the

newly sprung homesteads of the colonists, and by thriving forest

plantations of Shisham trees (Dalbergia Sissoo).

I must again record my thanks to Mr. Hugh Whistler for the

precise determination of the material collected and for his useful

taxonomical notes (in square brackets) thereon. Also for his many

helpful suggestions from time to time before, during and after the

work in the field. For we were then still at that happy period of

our civilisation, now alas in total eclipse, when aeroplanes did not

mainly signify bombers or fighters, but were the means of that

speedy and peaceful concourse between the ends of the earth which

enabled our close and constant collaboration in dealing with various

problems as they arose in the field.

PHYSIOGRAPHY.

Bahawalptr State, covering an area of 15,918 square miles,

lies in the extreme south-west of the Punjab between 27° 42! and

30° 25' N. and 69°. 31’ and 74° 1’ E. Its northern boundary ‘me

sone! he Sutlej, Chenab and Indus rivers. In the south-west the

Sukkur District of Sind abuts on to it, while south and south-east

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Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc,

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MAP OF BAHAWALPUR STATE

Seale approx. 1”=32 miles.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 705

it is bordered by the Rajpiitana desert States of Jaisalmér and

Bikanér. The greatest length of the area from N.-E. to S.-W. is

about 300 miles, the mean breadth being about 4o.

Devoid of hills and streams except the pools and backwaters of

the great rivers on its northern boundary, e.g. the duck-shooting

dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian, the State is divided lengthwise into three

great strips. Of these the first-—-the southernmost and_ broadest

—is a slice of the Great Indian Desert, largelv with rolling sand-

dunes and known as Rohi or Cholistan. It is separated from the

adjacent tract by a depression known as the Hakra, the ancient bed

of some bygone river and variously ascribed to the Sutlej, the

Ghaggar and the Jumna.

The central tract is chiefly flat desert or pat country a large

portion of which has recently been brought under cultivation by

means of canals. The. third is a fertile, irrigated, narrow, alluvial

tract in the river valley, called the ‘Sind’. In the ecological notes

that follow these three tracts will be referred to as I, II and III

respectively.

The elaborate network of irrigation canals and the colonisation

of erstwhile wastelands, is tending more and more to alter the

character of the landscape and to obscure the demarcation between

these three longitudinal belts. The central belt and the riverain

are fast losing—or have already lost in many parts—their distinctive

characters and are often difficult to distinguish. The canals have

not stopped at the central belt, but in many sectors have made

considerable inroads into the Chd6listan itself, thus depriving large

areas of their truly desert character. But the desert still holds

sway over much of its pristine domain and any vast change in

the hinterland is unlikely, at least for a considerable time.

The climate is characterized by excessive drought. Rainfall is

scanty and irregular, the annual precipitation for the State as a

whole rarely exceeding 5. Most of this falls during the S.-W.

monsoon season, but some also in winter. From April to the middie

or end of June the mean shade temperature is 103°F. The air is

dry and the wind scorching, so that the growth of vegetation is

imperceptible. But with only 1/ of rain a miraculous transformation

takes place and the country becomes fresh and green. After Nov-

ember the mean temperature falls to 60° or 65°F with frosty nights.

Vegetation corresponds with the physical aspects of the three

divisions. The scenery of the fertile riverain with its countless

date palms especially lining the inundation canals, is almost Egyptian

or Mesopotamian in character. A belt of tamarisk jungle stretches

for miles along the river. In the other two tracts (IT and I) wher-

ever irrigation canals have not altered the aspect, sparse desert

scrub—characteristic of so much of the Punjab and Sind—holds

sway. Most prominent among the species here met with are the

Kandi (Prosopis spicigera), the Ak (Calotropis gigantea), the Wild

Caper (Capparis aphylla), Salvadora oleoides, the Lani and Lana

(species of Salsola), and Suaeda spp. In Chiolistin there are, more-

over, stretches of Khar (Haloxylon Griffithii).

The desert areas worked by the survey are mainly (1) Yazmin

(20 miles south of Bahawalpir town), (2) Manthar (14 miles south

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

of Ahmadptr Lamma) and (3) Hartinabad (at the eastern end of

the State). Of these three localities more or less pure desert con-

ditions now prevail only at Yazman. In the proximity of the newly

introduced canals there are scanty fields of sirsiin (onset), wheat

and gram. Immediately beyond stretches a succession of sand-dunes

with their typical shrubs, interspersed with extensive pals of firm

level ground. The sand-dunes in places are hard crusted, but for

the most part they consist of loose, rippled, wind-blown sand.

Amongst the scanty xerophytic vegetation, the two species of Salsola,

locally known as Lani and Lana, predominate.

Manthar, while in general retaining its typically desert character,

represents a further stage in the evolution of the canal colonies.

The desert 1s here encroached upon to a greater extent than at

Yazman since this area was canalised and opened up to cultivation

some years earlier. The soil has, however, proved to be poor and

subject to water- logging, and large patches are kallar and covered

with a deposit of salt. The usual desert shrubs are in evidence

around the ‘island’ of cultivation and on and about the abandoned

crusty-surfaced fallow land. Beyond succeeds an infinity of sand-

dune wastes.

Haranabid is what may be termed the climax of canal-irrigated

desert cultivation in Bahawaiptr State. Pure desert until a few

years ago, it 1s at the present time an extensive, fertile, green and

intensively cultivated tract. Striking development has taken place

within the last twelve vears during which has sprung up the flourish-

ing town of Haranabiad with a large and important mandi or grain

market. Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo) and Babal (Acacia arabica)

trees of respectable size lining the canal banks, dotted about the

cultivation or growing in well-tended forest plantations, impart to

the country a refreshingly green and wooded appearance. The

numerous minor water channels that intersect the area are lined

on both banks with Ak (Caletropis gigantea) and clumps of the

tall coarse Sar grass (Saccharum). Beyond the island of cultivation

and with incongruous suddenness comes the desert—-an undisturbed

succession of hummocky sand-dunes with pats interspersed, as if

in constant watchfulness, ready to sweep in and reclaim lost territory

should the vigilance and industry of Man show the least relaxation.

LESERT COLOURATION.

A great deal has been written concerning the ‘effacing’

colouration of desert animals. The various problems in_ this

connection were constantly borne in mind but although a

quantity of factual and suggestive data was obtained, no nearer

approach to a solution of any of them can be claimed. The investiga-

tor in the desert is early beset by curious anomalies, but the general

truth is sufficiently obvious that the majority of animals here are

in fact coloured strikingly like the soil upon which they live. He

is naturally led to the conclusion that this close colour resemblance,

by rendering the animal inconspicuous in its environment, gives it

a degree of protection from its enemies, or if a predator it confers

advantage in capturing its prey. A _ little observation, however,

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 707

soon convinces him that for the colouration to achieve this end

effectively one vital condition must be fulfilled, and that condition

is complete immobility. Movement at once betrays an animal how-

soever obliteratingly coloured. One variety of bat commonly met

with in the desert, is pinkish and of a hue strikingly like that seen

in the wings and tail of the Desert Finch-Lark (Animomanes

deserti), I frequently observed that a scattered group of 3 or 4 of

these birds feeding on such soil only a few yards away could becoine

completely obliterated from view. But the effacement lasted only

up till such time as the birds remained perfectly motionless. The

slightest movement on their part sufficed to dispel al! illusion of

their invisibility.

It is a well-known habit of birds frequenting bare open spaces—~-

like bustard and stone-curlew—to squat down and stretch out their

necks, Ilving ‘doggo’ on the approach of an enemy as if conscious

of their natural camouflage. But under normal conditions it must

be only rarely that they receive sufhcient warning of impending

danger to enable them to resort successfully to this ruse. In nine

cases out of ten the predator’s attention has, in the first instance,

been drawn to its quarry by its movements while in search of food.

In such cases it is difficult to believe that obliterating colouration

even helped by such a manoeuvre can and does give them adequate

protection.

There seems no doubt, however, that effacing or obliterative

colouration may (and in fact does) at times serve to protect an

animal from a chance predator. For example, no seed- or fruit-

eating bird will fail to seize a juicy insect or spider if accidentally

come upon. But if that insect or spider happens to be effacingly

or unobtrusively coloured—and what is still more important, if if

remains motionless—it may stand a fair chance of being passed

by. Not so, however, from an insectivorous bird that habitually

preys upon such quarry. In that case the colouration alone will

not save its possessor. In other words it seems unreasonable to

suppose that effacing colouration by itself can give adequate pro-

tection to an animal against a predator who has been habituated and

trained from infancy to hunt effacingly coloured prey, often to the

exclusion of other prey not so coloured.

Apart from other considerations it is by no means certain that

the faculty of colour-perception in animals is sufficiently developed

for them to differentiate so keenly between colours, and even between

shades of the same colour, as to have evolved through Natural

Selection—-as some still hold—the remarkable similarity in the

colouration of desert animals to their sandy environment. Experi-

ments suggest that a bird’s vision and man’s are practically the

same towards the orange-yellow end of the spectrum (long-wave

Jengths), but that birds cannot perceive blues and violets at all.

Colour sense in mammals seems to be considerably poorer. A dog,

for example, is said to see objects only in monotones, something like

a sepia-toned photograph, and the proverbial red rag to a bull pro-

bably means no more than a rag of any other dark colour. This

being the case it seems futile to speculate on the true merits of what

we call the effacing colouration of a desert animal to its possessor.

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIS. SSOCLE?Y. Vol. exclaim

Whatever the benefits derived from desert colouration by its

possessors, to my mind at least it appears highly improbable’ that

the presence of such colouration is the direct result of Natural

Selection, i.e. that it came about by the gradual elimination of such

organisms as did not conform with the colouration of their sandy

environment. It seems more reasonable to suppose that the same

factors as are responsible for making the desert desert-coloured

are also responsible for making the majority of its animals, both

diurnal and nocturnal, desert-coloured: that the similarity is thus

primarily the result of some purely mechanical and extraneous process

or processes. That humidity has something to do with it, and may

even be the principal controlling factor, seems clearly established.

Animal forms living in moist evergreen forest biotope are invariably

darker pigmented than their representatives inhabiting a more arid

environment. Animals are palest coloured in the desert where

humidity is lowest, and darkest coloured in areas where it is highest.

An attractive theory, that has stood the empirical test, is advanced

by Col. R. Meinertzhagen (Ibis, 1940, p. 120). This authority who

has had considerable experience of deserts in Africa and Asia and

has made a special study of desert birds and life conditions, suggests

that the density of humidity (ozone?) in the atmosphere controls

the amount of ultra-violet radiation that gets through to the earth and

therefore to the life upon the earth. In the very low humidity of

the desert a very high percentage of the ultra-violet rays get through,

whereas in heavily saturated air their penetration is greatly impeded.

According to him wherever a large amount of ultra-violet radiation

gets through one finds comparatively lightly pigmented plumage

or fur among the resident animals, and wherever the radiation is

obstructed and reduced by atmospheric humidity comparatively darkly

pigmented plumage or fur is met. In a discussion on the relation

between plumage and environment (Ibis, 1934, p. 54) Meinertz-

hagen pointed out that in the Red Sea littoral which enjoys brighter

sunshine than Sinai, Egypt or Palestine and where rain is practically

unknown, 1s found the darkest form of the Sand-Partridge (Ammo-

perdix hayi cholmleyi). This seeming anomaly is explained by the

fact that the humidity in this region is double in density to that

cf the Sahara and much greater than that of Sinai, Egypt or Palestine

in all of which countries paler forms of this partridge occur. In

spite of the cloudless dazzling skies of the Red Sea littoral, the

suspended water vapour in the air reduces the force and effect of

the ultra-violet rays getting through to the earth and brings about

the same darkening of the plumage of birds as it does in humid

forested regions.

A suggestive fact noted by me in the course of the Bahawalpar

Survey was how after being drenched in a shower of rain the

colouration of desert birds, e.g. Ammomanes deserti and Cursorius

cursor, darkened to exactly the same shade of brown as that of

the sodden soil upon which they found themselves. These very

birds whose pale sandy colouration was of some obliterative value

to them in an environment of pale dry desert sand now enjoyed the

same advantage when the soil was rain-sodden and rendered con-

siderably darker. Here is a suggestion that it may in reality be

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate I.

Fig. 1.—Tamarisk and kandi (Prosopis) scrub on flood-inundated land, as in

Tracts II and III. (Haunts of Dryobates scindidnus, Molpastes leucogenys

Cyanosylvia swecica, Phoenicurus ochruros and several Phylloscopus).

Photos : the late F. H. Hallberg.

‘ig. 2.—An aspect of the desert in Tract II-I,

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PuateE II.

Fig. 1.—An aspect of the desert as in Tract I—Hartnabad environs.

the late F. H. Hallberg.

Fig. 2.—Cultivation in desert canal colony interspersed with sand-dunes, as

about Yazman and Manthar (Tract I). (Haunts of Chamydotis u. macqueeni,

Sylvia curruca and nana, CEinanthe xanthoprymna, U2. capistrata, Argya

caudata etc.).

Photos:

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 709

the same common factor (or set of factors) that is directly responsible

for the similarity in the colouration of desert animals and of their

environment. In this case that common factor was moisture.

I had also frequent occasion to remark how the slanting evening

sun, shortly hefore set, imparted to the desert the same pinkish or

vinaceous flush as is to be seen in the plumages of such desert birds

as Ammomanes deserti, Lanius phoenicuroides and LL. minor.

This may only be a coincidence, but the similarity is such that no

observant person can fail to be struck with it.

ITINERARY.

27 January-11 February; 8-11 March: Bahawalptr Town &

Environs (IIT)

12-19 February: Bhing (III)

20-27 February: Manthar (1)

28 February-7 March: Jajjah-Abbasian (IT)

12-17 March: Haranabad (I-II)

18-24 March: Bahawalnagar (III)

In the course of the Survey over tooo miles were covered by motor

car within the State, and every type of country visited. Public

roads as such are few in number and poor in quality, but the

excellent roads maintained by the Irrigation Department, running

along the canal bunds throughout the vast network that now spreads

over all but the remotest desert tracts, are open to private motor

traffic. They afford a speedy and fruitful access to distantly out-

lying localities, to explore which it would otherwise necessitate

tedious days on camel back and elaborate camping arrangements.

Thus collected, the specimens are naturally representative of a much

wider area than indicated by their labels. For convenience in plac-

ing the localities on ordinary maps, obscure place-names have been

avoided and those of better known landmarks. nearby substituted

in their stead.

During the limited time at the disposal of the Survey it was

naturally impossible to deterniine the correct status of the- various

species met with, i.e. whether: a species is a winter, summer or

rains visitor, and whether it breeds in the locality or not. In many

cases, as with most of the wildfowl, the status is of course well-

known, but the deficiency remains where resident birds and local

migrants are concerned. In the notes that follow, therefore, it must

be understood that such remarks as ‘Common’ , Occasional’ and

others, apply only to the period covered by the Survey.

S You EMATIC: LIST:

Corvus corax laurencei Hume. The Raven.

__ Specimens collected: 393, 40Q 2-2-39 Bahawalpir:- Town environs (II-ITT).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman, Manthar, Haritnabad (1).

—____.

eee

ah I=Desert (Ch6listan or Ro6hi); IT=Semi-desert (central belt); III=

Riverain tract (the Sind).

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY (NATURAL HIST, (SOCIETY? Wol.xieil

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Dacia 78 448 242 mm.

re OO sad:. 74 413 220 mm.--H. W.]

Fairly common in smali numbers. Usually pairs, but sometimes small parties

of 4 or § (once £5) about colonists’ homesteads in the canal-cultivated desert

areas (L and IT). Has a bell-like call which in the distance sounds rather like

bits of a Barred Owlet’s (Glaucidium).

Some of the birds on the outskirts of HarGnabad town-—where they largely

fed on offal—were evidently ruficollis.

The survey specimens were sexually mature and apparently breeding. Testes

22X15; largest ovarian follicle 5 mm.

Corvus splendens zugmayeril.aub. The Sind House-Crow.

Specimens collected: 14630, 147Q 18-2-39 Bhang (II-III). :

Elsewhere noted: Hartinabad town (1); Bahawalpur town and _ environs,

Bahawalnagar town and environs (III).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

I i ad: 52 264 163.5 mm.

1 92 imm. 44 243 149 mm.

—H. W.]

Very common and abundant in towns and villages in III, and also in the

fairly well established canal colonies in I as in Hartinabad and its environs.

It has not yet penetrated to the more recent colonies in I, e.g. Yazman and

Manthar, but its extension there is no doubt only a matter of time.

Within the village of Bhtng stand some large Banyan and Peepal trees

which are the nightly roost of hundreds upon hundreds of House-Crows. The

birds flight in every evening before sunset in straggling parties and flocks over

long distances and from all points of the compass. Although there are other

large trees in neighbouring villages the crows concentrate only upon_ this

particular grove in Bhing. This preference is, 1 think, explainable by the

historical fact that Bhtng is the oldest village in the locality. Its trees have

been used by the crow population since long before the outlying villages became

sufficiently established to provide similar amenities. The Bhung roosts therefore

continue to function as community centres to this day. Another very large

roost was seen in a shisham plantation on the outskirts of Bahawalnagar town.

Mangled and partly desiccated remains of several crows, one here another there,

were found lying on the ground under the roost trees. Two of these had their

heads completely wrenched off. Who was the culprit?

The gonads of the specimens were inactive.

No Jungle Crows were met with in Bahawalpir State.

Dendrocitta vagabunda pallida (Blyth). The N.-W. Indian Tree-Pie.

Specimen collected: 83 @Q 7-2-39. Bahawalptr town environs (III).

Elsewhere noted: Bhing, Jajjah-Abbasian, Chachran (II-III).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Lene |ad: 34 162 277, inti

—H. W.]

Not common. The first example seen in Bahawalptr town or its environs

was only after a whole week’s working in the locality, during which I had

specifically noted it as absent.

Met with singly or in pairs—occasional—in trees in Inspection Bungalow

compounds, well-grown shisham plantations and the like.

On 5 March (Chachran) a nest was found 30 ft. up in a Babul tree in the

Inspection Bungalow compound. One of the owners visited it several times and

sat in momentarily, but on examination it was empty !

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPOR (PUNJAB) 711

Remiz coronatus (Severtz.). The Penduline Tit.

Specimens collected : 68 0?, 69 Q 7-2-3g. Bahawalptr town environs (III-II) ;

2NOn, 262 ),'283 9 314-3-39. arumabad (1); 303 6, 304 2 19-9-39, 320 ¢

20-3-39. Bahawalnagar (III-II).

Elsewhere not noted.

{[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Cs HONIG 10 52-53-5 43-44 mm.

6 2° 10-11 52-54 39-43-5 mm.

This species had not previously been known to extend into N.-W. India

below the line Lahore, Mozaffargarh and Upper Sind about Ruk Junction so

its occurrence in some numbers in Bahawalpur State is a slight but interesting

extension of range.-—H. W.]

The Penduline Tit was not uncommon in the localities where the specimens

were obtained. It was inseparable from shisham trees (Dalbergia) wheiher

planted along the boundary of Inspection Bungalow compounds, along canal

banks cr in the various plantations of the Forest Department.

Small flocks were met with hunting insects in the foliage of these, especially

amongst the freshly sprouting sprigs. They have the typical tit habits of

clinging upside down and sideways to the leaf clusters in quest of food. The

birds utter mousy cheeping notes as they move about—swee .. . swee etc.-—

rether like those of Dumetia, but feebler.

Whether the birds here were merely winter visitors or had some other

status could not be ascertained.

Turdoides somervillei sindianus (Ticeh.). The Sind Jungle Babbler.

Specimens collected: 128 ¢ 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town and environs, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawal-

nagar (III-II); Hartinabad (1).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

at 24.5 105 11r mm.

—H. W.]

Patchily and locally distributed. Both in Bhung and in Rahimabad—two

villages about 3 miles apart isolated from each other by canal cultivation—

situated in the midst of semi-desert country, a single flock each of these

Jungle Babblers was observed within the small walled-in mango gardens belong-

ing to their respective zamindars. No others were seen, nor did the country

around seem a likely habitat.

In other localities the birds frequented tamarisk jungle on the margin of

dhands, and groves of trees about villages. In shisham plantations with tall

coarse grass and thickets the terrain of the Jungle Babbler overlapped that

of Argya earlit.

At Harunabad the species was met with in the wooded Inspection Bungalow

compound and in other similarly wooded patches. It has as yet not spread

to the younger desert canal colonies of Yazman and Manthar since the requisite

habitat has not developed there.

Argya earlii(Blyth). The Striated Babbler.

Specimen collected: 314 3 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-I]).

Elsewhere not noted.

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Wes 22 05 worn

—H W:]

Two flocks were observed in a dense patch of tall sarkan grass on the edge

of a shisham plantation, and a third amongst a bed of bulrushes in a dhand.

It inhabits better wooded, moister Jocalities than A. caudata.

The specimen, with testes enlarged to 16X8 mm., was probably breeding.

Wi2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY “NATURAL BIST SOCTET VV ole

Arzya caudata caudata (Dumont). The Common Babbler.

Specimens collected: 67 ¢ 6-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-IT); 136

3S 17-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman, Manthar (I); Bahawalnagar (ITI-II).

[ Measurements :

LSU Wing Tail

20d 20.5 81.5-84.5 123-128 mm.

26th these birds have remarkably long tails 123 and 128 mm., the length

usually associated with A.c. eclipes, but their colour and the identity of other

specimens from neighbouring areas in the S.-W. and S.-E. Punjab shows that

one is safe in calling them caudata caudata. Length of tail is very variable

in this species—for instance 2 ¢ ¢ collected at Dandot 2000’ in the Salt Range

within a month of each other, have tails of 113 and 130 mm. and I could quote

similar examples in other districts.—H. W.]

Common on the fringe of desert cultivation and on the banks of dry sandy

canals in a mixed growth of tall coarse sarkan grass and kandi (Prosopis)

bushes, scuttling about like rats from one clump to another. Also in II about

pats with Salvadora and Capparis bushes. Flocks were also met with far

out in the desert amongst sparsely scrubbed sand-dunes. In this biotope, along

with Sylvia c. blythit and S. minula it was the commonest bird species to be

met.

At Bahawalnagar the edge of its terrain overlapped the edge of that of

A. earlit so that frequently both species could be seen side by side in a circum-

scribed area.

The gonads of No. 136 (17 February). were enlarged te, 125) )mmi-), and

the bird was evidently preparing to breed shortly.

Chrysomma sinensis hypoleucus (Frankl.). The Sind Yellow-eyed Babbler.

Specimens collected: 220 Q, 221 G 4-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (IITI-I1); 327 6,

328 9 22-3-39 Bahawalnagar (IJI-II).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

28K 14-1465 67-67.5 95 mm. |

BOVe) 13-3355 64.5-67.5 99 mm.—H. W.|]

Not common. Frequents date scrub along dry canal banks and tall sarkan

grass intermingled with thorn thickets, on the edge of young Shisham plantations.

Two of the specimens were obtained from a flock which kept to heavy tamarisk

scrub standing partially submerged in a dhand.

A careful look-out was kept for Chrysomma altivostris but without success.

Molpastes leucogenys leucotis (Gould). The White-eared Bulbul.

Specimen collected: 116 ¢ 15-2-39 Bhuing (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III); Manthar, Harinabad (1).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

6k Gi 87 81 mm.-—H. W.]

Fairly common—usually in pairs or small parties—and generally distributed

in all three tracts. In I it is found for considerable distances in the interior,

but is absent in the most outlying and sandy desert portions. Partial to riverain

jungle subjected to annual flood inundation where tamarisk and kandi (Prosopis)

abound. On one occasion a gathering of over 30 birds was observed feeding

on black ants on the ground. In desert and semi-desert areas the fruit of

Capparis and Salvadora form the main attraction for this bulbul.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 713

Molpastes cafer [pallidus (Balker)]. The Central Indian Red-vented Bulbul.

No. specimens.

A single example (or pair?) was observed in the garden of the Guest House

(Abbas Manzil) on 10-2-39. Escaped cage bird?

Certhia himalayana limes. The Trec-Creeper.

Specimens collected: 81 @Q 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 129

Bahawalnagar (III-II). .

Elsewhere noted: Hartnabad (1); Bahawalptr town (III).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Lc 23 Tt <4 68 mm. .

3. oo 20.5-21 66-69 60.5-64 mm.—H. W.]

Obviously winter visitor. Common. Invariably present on shisham trees

in forest plantations, in groves about villages and in Inspection Bungalow com-

pounds even where these are isolated by miles of inhospitable semi-desert or

treeless cultivated tracts. The birds were met with singly working their way

up the tree-trunks and along the boughs in short spurts like a nuthatch and

extracting tiny insects from the crevices of the bark.

Saxicola caprata bicolor Sykes. The North-Indian Pied Bush-Chat.

Specimens collected: 17 ¢ 29-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III); 86 ¢

8-2-39 Dera Blakha (Bwp. town environs), (II); 141 9 18-2-39 Daulatptir (Sukkur

Dist. Frontier), (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar (IIJ-I]); Harunabad (ff).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

26d 13-14.5 Ti Ser S 50-55 mmm.

r 186 71:5 50.5 mm. —H. W.]

Rather rare in the environs of Bahawalpur town, but common _ elsewhere

in III and II as well as in the colonised parts of I. Noted as paired off, with

males in full song, from about the first week of March. Partial to the tamarisk

growth in the neighbourhood of dhands, canals and cultivation, commonly perch-

ing on the tips of the long, coarse grass clumps (Saccharum) growing on and

about the margins and bands.

The white in the wings of the male is displayed prominently while he is

singing, with tail depressed and wings partly drooping at the sides. The tail

is nervously twitched open now and again. In this race the white underparts

of the male extend in life well up to the lower breast, reminiscent rather of

(Enanthe picata. Its extent can be very considerably diminished in a_ badly

made-up skin.

As early already as 8 February the testes of a specimen had commenced. to

mature. They measured 4X3 mm.

Saxicola torquata indica (Blyth). The Collared Bush-Chat.

Specimens collected: 16 ¢ 2g-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 105

3 13-2-39 Bhing (III-II); 265 @ 13-3-39 Hartinabad (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

J Measurements :

Bll Wing Tail

PEON th 14-14.5 69-73 48-50.5 mm.

1 @ Ti 70 50 mm.

According to the criteria given by Ticehurst (Ibis 1938, pp. 338-341) No. 16

would pass as S. t. maura as it has a wing measurement of 73 mm. and the

white on the base of the tail feathers is more extensive than in No. 105 (wing

69 mm.), but the difference between the two forms is exceedingly slight and

714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

I am not sure how far they are worth recognition. No. 265, the female with

wing cf 70 mm., would also seem to be maura as it is larger than a large series

of Himalayan breeding birds—H. W.]

Evidently winter visitor. Not common. Met with singly about fallow canal

cultivation, the edge of tamarisk beds in the riverain, and dry reed-beds on the

margins of dhands.

(Enanthe picata (Blyth). The Indian Pied Chat.

Specimens collected: 23 9, 37 6 1-2-3g Bahawalpur town environs (II);

122 ¢ 15-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 189 3 27-2-39 Manthar (1).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1); Between Jajjah-Abbasian and Khanptr

(1I-II]).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing ail

eho) 17-5 90. 5-93 62-66.5 mm.

we 17 88.5 62.5

No. 23 is a typical female of the type in which the lower throat and upper

breast are a sooty black, almost but not quite so dark and pure as in the

male.—H. W.]

Numerically not abundant but generally distributed in its accustomed biotope

—stony semi-desert, and desert with sparsely scrubbed sand-dunes. The males

(which appeared to predominate). can be told from other confusing black-and-

white chats by their black head, crown, back and breast and white rump,

tail and underparts. The tail has a subterminal black band.

Met with singly perched on desert bushes, dipping forward violently from

time to time like the Redstart or the Brown Rock-Chat (Cercomela), especially

when alarmed. Usually very wild. Among the sand-dunes in the remoter

portions of the desert this chat was, along with Sylvia nana, about the only

bird species found.

These desert-haunting black-and-white chats present some of the most glaring

anomalies in the colouration of desert animals. Their diurnal habits make them

conspicuous (at least they are by no means inconspicuous) in an environment

of pale coloured sand, yet we have no evidence to show that they are handi-

capped in any way. The desert is as much their habitat as of the most

effacingly coloured species.

(Enanthe capistrata (Gould). The White-headed Chat.

Specimens collected: 20 Q 29-1-39 Bahawalptir town environs (11); 273 9

13-3-39, 297 S$ 16-3-39 Hartinabad (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

ra 18 05 69 mm.

2 900 16-16.5 88-90 60-66 mm.

These females are of the rather pale brown type with hair-brown ear coverts

which are usually recognisable without difficulty as the females of this

species.—H. W.]

Rare in Bahawalpur State. KFrequents semi-desert and fallow Jand in desert

canal cultivation. Biotope same as that of C#. picata. Usually seen singly.

Shy. The male is coloured like CG’. picata, but has a whitish grey-buff cap.

The specimen of 16 March was very fat and evidently preparing to emigrate.

(Enanthe deserti atrogularis (Blyth). The Desert Wheatear or Gould’s Desert

Chat.

Specimens collected: 15 ¢ 29-1-39, 46 Q 3-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs

(11); 52 3 4-2-39, 87 0? 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (JI).

Elsewhere noted: Bhiing (III-II); Manthar, Yaztnan (1).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Bue 16 93-5-90.5 60.5-64 min.

1 Ir 94 64.5 mm. —H. W.]

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 715

Fairly common. Met with singly in semi-desert, and amongst rippled sand-

dunes covered with half-buried scanty bushes.

(Enanthe xanthoprymna chrysopygia (De Fil.). The Red-tailed Chat.

Specimens collected: 42 9, 43 @Q 3-2-390 Bahawalpur town environs (II);

88 ¢ 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 92 Q 10-2-39 Yazman (I); 190 ¢, 191 Q

21-2-39 Manthar (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements :

Tail Wing Bill

PFO Gh alos 94-5-90.5 61.5-63 mm.

4 Q9Q — 18.5-19.5 91-95 58.5-63 mm. —H. W.]

The Red-tailed Chat was not uncommon in the sand-dune facies of the

desert, and was occasionally also observed on the outskirts of desert canal

cultivation. It was met with singly perched on iow bushes or running on

the ground, often far out in the dreary rolling expanses of desert where, besides

an occasional (Hh. picata and a stray Sylvia nana, no other bird life was visible.

In Sind, according to ‘Ticehurst, it is associated chiefly with rocky ground

and rocky hills. The birds were always inordinately shy, for some unaccounta-

ble reason even more so than the other species of chats. Two specimens, when

winged, ran swiftly and made straight for gerbille holes in a seemingly pre-

meditated manner and disappeared deep down the maze of subterranean tunnels.

Phenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides (Moore). The Kashmir Redstart.

Specimens collected: 10 ¢ 28-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (IIT); 133 ¢,

134 0? 16-2-39 Bhiing (III-I]); 155 @Q 21-2-39, 182 0? 25-2-39 (Manthar (I);

235 9 5-3-39 Chachran (III).

Elsewhere noted: Hartnabad (1); Bahawalnagar (III-1I).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

BGG | S15-15i5 83-86 62.5-63 mm.

2 (ONO) 7 15-15-5 77-81.5 5675-00 mim. li. W,|

Common in riverain tamarisk jungle and babool trees along the canals. Also

about villages and cultivation. The notes commonly uttered (by the male!)

are a mousy whit... whit... whit ete. like an unoiled, squeaking bicycle wheel.

The interval between one whit and the next is just about the time taken by one

revolution of the wheel when ridden at an easy pace.

Cyanosylvia suecicia ssp? . The Bluethroat.

104 6d

Specimens collected: 27 ¢$ 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III);

aay fo peze

3h 60 23039

13-2-39 Bhiing (III-II); 195 0? 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]);

Chachran (IIT); 277 3 14-3-39 Harunabad (I).

No. 195 (Bill 16, Wing 71, Tail 58 mm.) is clearly pallidogularis. The

remainder (4 dO Bill 15.5-17; Wing 72-78; Tail 55-56 mm.) are either in

winter dress or heavy moult on chin and throat, and I am unable to identify

them with certainty but they evidently are not pallidogularis.—H.W. |

Not numerically abundant anywhere, but fairly common and generally dis-

tributed in the better watered portions of the State. Riverain tamarisk beds,

and tamarisk scrub growing on the edge of wheat cultivation or dhands are

favourite resorts.

ates found the prevailing race in Sind to be pallidogularis. (Ibis, 1922,

pe 638).

Saxicoloides fulicata cambaiensis (Lath.). The Brown-backed Indian Robin.

No specimens collected.

Noted in the environs of Bahawalptr town, at Bhtng and Jajjah-Abbasian.

Unconimen. Met with sporadically about the canals, in scrub country dotted

with clumps of tall grass. It has not as yet penetrated to Haranabad.

716 JOURNAL, BOMEAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn.). The Indian Magpie Robin.

The only example seen during the entire Survey was in the Inspection Bungalow

compound at Bahawalnagar on 21 March. No others were met with even in

this locality.

It is of doubtful or exceptional occurrence in Sind also, although the Fauna

‘Distribution’ implies that it is common.

Turdus atrogularis Temm. The Black-throated Thrush.

Specimen collected: 28 ¢ 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III).

Elsewhere noted: Chachran (III).

The specimen was shot from a scattered party of 4 birds, hopping about

and feeding on the ground in voung gram, mustard and vetch crops and on

sparsely scrubbed-failow fields in the Sutlej riverain. The only other example seen

(5 March-—Chachran) was in identical facies near the Chenab river.

Prunella atrogularis alrogularis (Brandt). The Black-throated Hedge-Sparrow.

Specimen collected: 49 @ 3+2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-II).

Elsewhere not noted.

[| Measurements +

Biull Wing Tail

eet — 76 64.5 mm.

The races of this species are hard to discriminate, but the paler and more

lightly streaked back and the paler ‘halo’ round the black throat-patch seem

to distinguish the specimen from the race huttont which is the common form

in N.-W. India. The typical race is only a straggler to N.-W. India. There

is a female in the British Museum from Gilgit 5000’ 9 Jan. 1879, and Mr. H. W.

Waite obtained another female at Jhelum on 17 Feb. 1926. A male in my

own collection (Mochiwala, Jhang, 25 Jan. 1919) may well also belong to the

typical form.—H. W.]

The specimen was obtained from a small party feeding on the ground at

the edge of canal cultivation in sandy semi-desert. It was fat.

Muscicapa parva parva (Bechstein). The European Red-breasted Flycatcher.

Specimens collected: 78 Q 7-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (IIT); 288 ¢,

289 ¢, 290 dO 15-3-39 Hariinabad (I); 315 3G 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III).

{| Measurements :

Bull Wing Tail

Os 13.5-14 67.5-72-5 49-5-54 mm.

Ta 13.5 Fhe 54 inm.

It may be of interest to remark for the benefit of Indian ornithologists that

in May 1936 I was on the breeding ground of this species in Eastern Poland

near Tarnopol and Zalisczcezyki and collected a series of males which by their

organs were all clearly breeding. Half of these birds were red-breasted and

of the type familiar to us in India (e.g. Nos, 288, 290 and 315 above). Other

breeding males were, however, of two types, and these by their more worn

wings and tails were evidently first year birds though the distinctive juvenile

spotting had been worn off the tertiaries and ceverts. One of these types was

indistinguishable from the adult female. The second was very similar to the

female but the throat and breast were washed with reddish-fulvous, though not

so rich in tint as in the adult male. The grey border was absent. No. 289

represents this type-—H. W.]

This flyeatcher was not uncommon in the better wooded portions of the

State. It was particularly partial to shisham trees whether growing in groves

about villages and cultivation, in the compounds of Inspection Bungalows or in

forest plantations, both in the riverain as well as the colonised desert tracts.

The birds were noted as having become more abundant from about the middle

of March.

Three of the March specimens, as also the majority of males observed in the

second half of that month, were in freshly moulted, perfect red-breasted plumage.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 717

The specimen of 19 March moreover, was very fat suggesting that the birds

were preparing to emigrate.

Leucocirca aureola aureola (Less.). The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher.

Specimens collected: 130 ¢, 131 Q 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

Elsewhere noted : Manthar (1), Jajjah-Abbasian (II-III), Bahawalnagar (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

re 15 84 98 mm.

ree) — 80.5 97 Imm. —H. W. |

Not common, but a pair or so usually met with in the walled-in fruit gardens

in villages even where these are isolated by miles of semi-desert and inhospitable

treeless country from its next likely habitat. It frequents tamarisk jungle by

canals and bordering the dhands formed by seepage from these or from the

backwaters of the great rivers. It was less uncommon about Bahawalnagar where

the Forest Department’s shisham plantations were its favourite haunts. Here,

on 1g and 20 March respectively two nests under construction, nearly completed,

were observed both about 15 ft. up in shisham trees.

The male shot on 16 February had testes measuring 8x4 mm., therefore

with gonad development considerably more advanced than its mate whose ovaries

were merely granular. This pair was evidenily preparing to breed.

Lanius excubitor lahtora (Sykes). The Indian Grey Shrike.

Specimens collected: 14 @Q 29-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II); 218

3-3-39. Jajjah-Abbasian (II).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1), Hartinabad (1).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

eG 24.5 115 107.5 mins

i 2 24 111 110.5 mm. —H. W.]

Fairly common, but not abundant. Solitary examples occasional or frequent

in desert or semi-desert facies. The specimen of 3 March had maturing gonads

measuring 10X6 mm,

Lanius vittatus Valenciennes. The Bay-backed Shrike.

Specimen collected: 262 Q 13-3-39 Harunabad (I).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian (II-III).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

r 9 87 go mm. —H. W.]

Uncommon. Only 5 solos observed during the entire Survey. Usually in

babool trees about semi-desert canal cultivation.

Lanius schach erythronotus (Vigors). The Rufous-backed Shrike.

Specimen collected: 259 ¢ 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Io 2t 94 115 mm, —H. W.]

Rare. The specimen was the first and only shrike of this species met with

in Bahawalptir State. It was among young date palms lining a canal. Testes

3X2 mm.

‘Lanius isabellinus Hempr. & Ehr. The Pale Browa Shrike.

Specimens collected: 13 6 29-1-39, 22 @ 1-2-39, 66 9 6-2-39 Bahawalptr

town environs (III-IT); 96 9 10-2-39 Yazman (1); 137 gd 17-2-39 (Bhing (III-I]) ;

258 2 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II); 275 Q 14-3-39 Hartinabad (1).

¥ig JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2G Gs 19-5-20 QI1-93 80-82 mm.

eo OwO 18-19.5 89.5-92 74-82 mm. —H. W.]

Common. Occasional solos alternating with or in the same facies as L. e.

lahtora, i.e. on the edge of canal cultivation and fallow fields in desert and

semi-desert. The specimen of 14 March was very fat.

Pericrecotus brevirostris brevirostris (Vigors). The Indian Short-billed Minivet.

Specimens collected: 196 ¢G, 1079, 198 @, 199Q 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian

(II-III) ; 305 @, 306 0? 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town and environs (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

iat 14.5 93 TAA. 5 inl.

429 14.5-15.5 89.5-94 100-114 mm.

No. 196 is in female-like plumage, but it was sexed by Mr. Salim Ali personally

and the correctness of this determination is confirmed by the pinkish-red tinge

on odd feathers both of the forehead and of the chin and throat—a tinge of

colour which is found in none of the rest of the series; yet various new feathers

which are coming in quill on the chin and throat will evidently be yellow and

not red. Yellow males of this type are usually and naturally described as tst

year birds, but the possibility should be borne in mind that they are males

which will always retain the female type of plumage, i.e., that males in this

species may be to a limited extent dimorphic.—H. W.]

Not uncommon in the better wooded portions such as among the shishams

in compounds and forest plantations, and in tamarisk jungle by dhands and back-

waters of rivers. Mixed flocks of red and yellow birds were met with busily

hunting for insects among the foliage or flying from tree to tree uttering a

quick-repeated musical wee-twee?

Its status in Bahawalpur is uncertain. In Sind, according to Ticehurst, it

is a winter straggler from the Himalayas. (bis, 1922, p. 612.)

Specimen No. 305 (19 March) was very fat.

Pericrocotus peregrinus pallidus Stuart Baker. The Sind Small Minivet.

Specimen collected: 82 ¢ 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III).

Elsewhere noted: Harunabad (I).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

i -c 1215 69 76 mm.—H.W. ]

Rare. Small parties were seea on a few occasions only, in Shisham plantations

and in groves of trees and wooded compounds.

Dicrurus macrocercus albirictus (Hodgson). The Himalayan Black Drongo.

Specimen collected: 47 ¢ 3-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II-III).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (I); Bhung (III-II); Harunabad (I); Bahawalnagar

(II-III).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

ete} 23 153 106 mm.~-H. W.]

The Black Drongo was fioted as practically absent in Bahawalpir town and

environs between 29 January and 7 February. Indeed, during these 9 or 10 days

the specimen (very fat!) was the only example seen. After the latter date it was

somewhat more in evidence—singly or in twos and threes by canal cultivation—

but still far from common. The same proved to be the case over the rest of the

State also, though in the neighbourhood of Bahawalnagar it was perhaps slightly

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 719

more numerous than elsewhere. The scarcity of this species, so plentiful in culti-

vated areas over the greater part of India needs explaining. The more so as in

the adjoining province of Sind Ticehurst found it ‘very common everywhere except

in the hills and barest deserts.’ (Ibis, 1922, p. 546.)

Acrocephalus agricola (Jerdon). The Paddy-field Warbier.

Specimen collected: 268 3 13-3-39 Hartnabad (1).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing : Tail

Tc Tes 59 56 mm.—H. W.]

A solo, flushed in oat field.

Orthotomus sutorius guzurata (Latham). The Tailor-Bird.

Specimen collected : 239 ¢ 5-3-39 Chachran (III).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town (III), Bhtng (III-I]), Jajjah-Abbasian

(III-II), Hartnabad (I), Bahawalnagar (III-I1).

[ Measuremenis :

Bill Wing Tail

Tics 16 53 — mm.—H. W.]

On the whole rather scarce, but a pair or two were usually met with wherever

green shrubbery was present as in gardens in towns and villages, shisham planta-

tions and Inspection Bungalow compounds in canal colonies even where these

were isolated by miles of semi-desert.

The gonads of the specimen were maturing. They measured 4X3 mm.

Hippolais caligatarama (Sykes). Sykes’s Tree Warbler.

Specimen collected : 148 ¢ 21-2-39 Manthar (1).

[ Measurements :

_ Bill Wing Tail

ae 16 60 51 mm.—H. W.]

Shot in babool tree by tributary canal. I have no other specific sight records,

but feel that it may be less uncommon than this circumstance would indicate.

Ceitia cettia cettioides Hume. The Eastern Bush-Warbler.

Specimens collected: 215 ¢, 216 3 3-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II).

Elsewhere not noted.

The specimens were obtained at Tatar dhand where they kept hidden amongst

the partially submerged reeds and thickets at the edge of the inundated tamarisk

jungle. They are great skulkers and best secured by patient waiting and watching

when the restless bird will present momentary glimpses as it hops amongst the

stems. Snatches of a loud, clear song were uttered by the males.

Lusciniola melanopogon mimica Madardsz. The Eastern Moustached Sedge-

Warbler.

Specimens collected: 210 Q 2-3-39, 211 dG, 212.9, 213-9, 214 of 3-3-39

Jajjah-Abbasian (III-IT).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalnagar-Minchinabad (III-I]).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2 iG 16 64.5-05 54-57 min.

Gente 16 60.5-62 49-5-55 mm.—H. W.]

Not uncommon at dhands amongst partly submerged tamarisk thickets. It

picks its food from the surface of the water or the squelchy mud, clinging sideways

to the reed stems or hopping amongst the root stocks with cocked tail.

720) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIil

Laticilla burnesi (Blyth). The Long-tailed Grass-Warbler.

Specimens collected: 307 9, 308 3, 309 od, 310 CG 19-3-39; 329 6, 330 6

22-3-39 Bahawalnagar (II-III).

Elsewhere not noted.

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

5 3d 14-14.5 557-59 102-IIO mm.

ip 54-5 105.5 mm.—H. W.]

The Long-tailed Grass-Warbler was only met with in the environs of

Bahawalnagar. Here it frequevted an open clearing in a shisham_ plantation

littered with faggots, dry branches and stacks of firewood and interspersed with

sprawling clumps of the coarse saw-edged sarkan grass. The species appeared

to be common in this locality, but always kept to more or less identical facies.

In general efiect and habits this warbler seems to be midway between Prinia

sylvatica and Trochalopteron lineatum now reminiscent of the one now of the

other. It is a great skulker, hopping with agility in and out of the scrub and

thickets and can be flushed only with difficulty. When it finally does so it is

merely to fly feebly for a few yards and dive into cover again. It has a loud song

which, curiously enough, is again between those of the two species mentioned.

The specimens of 19 March were breeding; they all had fully mature gonads

(testes 10X8 imm., ovaries granular with largest follicle 2 mm diam.} On the

same date an individual was observed carrying a caterpillar in its bill, but no. nest

was found.

The 2 males of 22 March had testes 5x4 mm.

Franklinia buchanani (Blyth). The Rufous-fronted Wren-Warbler.

Specimens collected: 269 ¢ 13-3-39, 276 ¢ 14-3-39 Hartinabad (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2G 13.5 52.5+53.5 61-64 mm.—H. W.]

Uncommon. Met with in sparse semi-desert scrub about canal cultivation.

Males in full song, and breeding evidently in progress. Testes of specimens

10X6 and 5X4 respectively.

Sylvia curruca blythi Ticeh. & Whistler. The Indian Lesser Whitethroat.

Specimens collected: 18 ¢ 29-11-39, 25 0? 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs

(III-II); 135 o? 16-2-39 Bhung (II-III); 192 Q 27-2-39 Manthar (I); 238

Q 573-39 Chachran (III); 246 g 6-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]); 319 3 20-3-39

Bahawalnagar (III-I]).

Elsewhere noted: Hartinabad (1).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

PANG B-1305 64-66.5 61 mm.

ge OsO7 p 1285-18 67-67.5 54.5-59 mm.—H. W.]

A very common winter visitor. Found in tamarisk. Capparis and kandi

(Prosopis) jungle and scrub, usually on the margin of dhands amidst semi-desert.

Also amongst the partially submerged tamarisks and scrub. No. 319 was very

fat. It was moulting all its rectrices simultaneously and had a fresh, partly

grown stub tail.

Sylvia curruca halimodendri Suschkin. The Central Asian Lesser Whitethroat.

Specimen coliected: 193 0? 27-2-39 Manthar (I).

Elsewhere not differentiated.

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

12 69.5 59-5 min.

It is not surprising that this race should have been obtained in Bahawalptr

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 721

as Mr. Waite has procured a number of examples of it in the Jhelum Salt

Range and in the Shahpur and the Dera Ghazi Khan Districts.—H. W.]

This pale form of the Lesser Whitethroat, first obtained by me within the

limits of India proper at Philji, Larkana Dist., Sind, in 1926 (J.B.N.H.S., xxxii,

p- 376) is evidently less rare in this part of N.-W. India than it appears to be,

no doubt on account of possible confusion with blythi with which it corresponds

both in measurements and wing formula. It is, however, much paler than

blythi being the same in colour as minula.

Whitethroats, along with Argya caudata, were the commonest bird species

in the desert about Manthar. On 27 February (when this specimen was secured)

the weather was heavily overcast and there had been rain throughout the pre-

vious night. Whitethroats—especially blythi and minula—were literally swarming !

The specimen was very fat.

Sylvia curruca minula Hume. The Small Whitethroat.

Specimens collected: 26 0? 1-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-II); 53

Q 4-2-39 89 oP? 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 120 Q 15-2-39 Bhtng (II-III); 145

0? 18-2-39 Daulatpur (Sukkur Dist. frontier, IIT); 152 @Q 21-2-39, 165 @

22-2-39 Manthar (I).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

4 9Q 10.5-12 60-63 52.5-55 mm.—H. W.]

A ccmmon and abundant species. Met with singly amongst Capparis, tamarisk

and kandi (Prosopis) scrub in I, II and III. It is frequently found miles out

in absolute sand-dune desert amongst the sparse stunied Capparis bushes half

buried in mounds of wind-blown sand. It is easily differentiated in the field

form blythi by its smaller size and markedly paler colouration.

Sylvia nana nana (Hempr. & Ehren.). The Desert Warbler.

Specimens collected: 32 3,33 Q 2-2-39 Bahawalpir town environs (II);

I0I dg, 102 G 13-2-39 Bhing (II); 163 ¢, 164 ¢ 22-2-39 Manthar (I).

Colours of soft parts: Iris bright lemon-yellow; legs and feet yellowish flesh

colour; bill same but with upper mandible brown.

[ Measurements :

Wing Bill Tail

el eh II-11.5 50-60.5 47-5 mm.—H. W.]

I Q igi 57 46-51 mim.

Common in I and II. Seen singly hopping about on the sand amongst the

bases of scanty Saisola, Capparis and Prosopis bushes growing on the sand-

dunes and mounds. Its movements are somewhat reminiscent of Scotocerca.

Often met with miles out in the desert where the only other birds were perhaps

a stray Cfnanthe capistrata or a Small Whitethroat.

Phylloscopus griseolus Blyth. The Olivaceous Tree-Warbler.

Specimen collected: 318 3 20-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III).

Elsewhere not noted.

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

‘tre 14 67 52 mm.—H. W.]

The first and only example met with in Bahawalpur State. Very fat and

evidently on passage. Its habits differed from those of other Phylloscopi in that

it kept to tree-trunks more than to the foliage, running up and down them

rather like a Tree-Creeper.

Phylloscopus collybita tristis Blyth. The Brown Willow-Warbler or Siberian

Chiffchaff.

Specimens collected: 79 S$ 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (1G 8 Cnt paprs ee

113 Q 142-39, 121 Os 15-2-39 Bhung (RMIET). <n 1660's 22-2-39, 186 9 26-2-39

722) JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Manthar (I); 222 9 4-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II); 252 9, 253 2 9-3-39 Lal

Sohara (II); 270 ¢ 13-3-39, 286 Q 14-3-39 Hariinabad (I); 312 3 19-3-39

Bahawalnagar (III-II).

! Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

666d II-I2 62-65 49-52 mm.

6 99 II-12 57-62 44-48 mm.-—H. W.]

Very common. Singiy or twos and threes amongst roadside shisham or

babool trees, in tamarisk and kandi riverain jungle, and in wheat and cotton

fields. In the latter, especially after the crop had been picked, quite large

scattered gatherings were occasionally observed hunting insects on the bare

stalks. The birds were also plentiful on the dry lotus stalks and other partially

submerged vegetation in the dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian and_ elsewhere.

Four of the specimens obtained between 15 February and g March were very

fat and evidently getting ready to emigrate. According to Ticehurst, most birds

have left Sind by the last week in March. (Ibis., 1922, p. 563).

Phylloscopus neglectus neglectus Hume. The Plain Willow-Warbler.

Specimens collected: 1 G, 4 @ 28-1-39, 80 @ 7-2-39 Bahawalptr town

environs (III).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

266 10-10.5 52-5-53 40.5-41 mm.

ieee) 10.5 49 38 mm.—H. W.]

Not uncommon in the environs of Bahawalptir town, but curiously enough

not noted elsewhere within the State. Single birds were seen in tamarisk beds

along the Sutlej River, and in shisham plantations.

Specimen No. 313 0? 19-3-39 Bahawalnagar, of a Phylloscopus smaller than

tristis more olive above with a faint coronal band, appears somehow to have

gone astray and Mr. Whistler evidently never received it, It was a solo shot

in a shisham plantation.

Prinia gracilis lepida Blyth. The Indian Streaked Wren-Warbler

Specimens collected: 2 9, 3 ¢ 28-1-39, 38 ¢ 2-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs

(III-IT); 90 3 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 142 ¢ 18-2-39 Daulatptr (Sukkur Dist.

frontier IIT); 156 0? 21-2-39 Manthar (I); 260 ¢ 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II); 266 Q

13-3-39 Harunabad (1)

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

530 10.5-I1 43-46 67.5-72 mm.

3 22 10-10.5 40.5-45 58.5-66 mm.—H. W.]

Common in scrub and grass bordering canals and canal cultivation. Its call

(song) is almost indistinguishable from that of Prinia inornata, and in habits

also the two species are very similar. In appearance it is a small replica of

Argya caudata,

As early as 2 February breeding seemed imminent. The gonads of No. 38

were enlarged to 3X2 mm. No. 260 (9 March) as well as 266 (13 March) were

evidently breeding birds. The testes of the former measured 6X4 mm. ; the ovary

of the latter coarsely granular. About this period the birds had paired off, with

the males constanly warbling excitedly from exposed perches such as the tof

of a bush.

A nest was found on 13 March (Hartnabad). It was a small oval pouch

of grass strips, bound with vegetable down, with a lateral opening near the

top, wedged into the base of a clipped clump of saw-edged sarkan grass

(Saccharum) growing on the bank of a minor canal. Both parents were busy

feeding the 2 (or 3?) partly fledged chicks within.

Prinia inornata terricolor (Hume). The Indian Wren-Warbler.

Specimens collected: 126 Q, 127 3 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 143 ¢ 18-2-39

Daulatptir (Sukkur Dist. frontier, III); 267 9 13-3-39 Hariinabad (1),

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 723

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

26d 13-14 50-53 76 mm.

oe) £0) 13 48.5 75 mm,—H,. W.]

Fairly common and found in the same facies as Prinia gracilis viz. wheat,

gram and oat fields, especially about minor canals, and with the bordering

tamarisk scrub intermingled with clumps of sarkan grass. The two species

were frequently met with in the same patch. Nos. 126 and 124, in fresh pre-

nuptial plumage, were strikingly yellow on the underparts when freshly killed.

The gonads of specimen No. 143 (18 February) were enlarging preparatory

to breeding. They measured 4X3 mm.

Cisticola juncidis [cursitans (Frankl.)].. The Rufous Fantail Warbler.

No specimens. The unmistakable chip ... chip .. . chip uttered by this

warbler in its wandering, zig-zag overhead flight was heard above standing

wheat crops in the Chenab riverain at Chachran on 5 March.

Ticehurst (Ibis, 1922, p. 552) describes this warbler as a common resident

in Lower Sind but apparently scarcer in Central and Upper Sind. In the last,

T. R. Bell found it breeding in February.

Prinia socialis or Prinia flaviventris sindiana Ticch. ?

I have a record of a fleeting glimpse of a warbler which may be either

one or the other of the above, in some clumps of tall sarkan grass by cultivation

at Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II) 6-3-39.

Pastor roseus Linn. The Rosy Pastor.

During the entire period the Survey was in the field (27 January to 24 March)

no Rosy Pastors were seen in Bahawalptr State. I can only account for this

absence on the assumption that the Pastor is purely a passage migrant in

Bahawalptr and that the end of March was naturally too early for its spring

northward movement.

According to Ticehurst (Ibis, 1922, p. 616) the Pastor leaves Lower Sind

regularly about 6 May. A week later it has gone from Upper Sind returning

again to its Indian winter quarters as early as the second or third week of

July. The last date recorded by Mr. Whistler in the almost adjacent Jhang

District of the Punjab is 14 May.

Sturnus vulgaris poltaratzskyi Finsch. Finsch’s Starling.

Specimens collected: 12 Q 29-1-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III); 103 9

13-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Dail

2:99 = 29-30.5 126-131 61-65 mm.—H. W.]

Not very common, but small flocks were frequent in suitable terrain. The

birds sauntered about and dug with their bills on the moist grassy edges of

the drying-up dhands.

A grove of shisham trees in Bhtng village was the community roost of the

Starling population for miles around. Fleck upon flock flighted in from all

quarters at sunset every evening till the bare tree-tops were thick and black

with their multitudes. For the size of the assemblages, however, and contrary

to the case with roosting mynas, the birds produced surprisingly little noise.

Acridotheres tristis tristis (Linn.). The Common Myna.

No specimens.

Noted: Bahawalptr town and environs (III-II); Bhtng (III-II); Manthar

(I); Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1) ; Hartnabad (I); Bahawalnagar, Minchinabad

(III-Il),

“24 JOURNAL, ‘BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, | Vol, le

The myna is common in and about the older and well established towns,

villages and cultivated tracts of the State, and is steadily advancing into the

‘hinterland’ with the opening up and colonisation of desert and semi-desert areas.

It has, as yet, not penetrated to Yazman, the youngest of the desert colonies

investigated by the Survey. At Manthar, which represents the secondary stage

of this evolution of the desert, it was met with in small numbers about the

outlying homesteads of the settlers. At Hartnabad, which may be considered

the climax of desert colonisation under the new irrigation schemes, it has

already fairly established itself though as yet only in small numbers.

Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham). The Bank Myna.

No. specimens.

Noted: Dera Bakha (II); Bahawalptr town environs (III-II).

Sparsely and locally distributed. Small numbers were observed in attendance

on grazing cattle around the outskirts of villages, or following the plough on

fallow land on the margins of dhands.

Ploceus philippinus philippinus (Linn.). The Baya or Common Weaver-Bird.

No specimens.

I saw no Bayas at all during the time I was in Bahawalpur State, but

evidence of their presence in small numbers at other seasons was not wanting.

For instance on 16 February (Bhtng) two or three old nests were observed

hanging on a babool by a dry sandy canal. These nests were examined and

found to be made of strips of paddy leaf. Enquiry showed that water is let into

this canal between April and October and that paddy is cultivated on the

adjoining Jand during that time.

At Daulatptr (Sukkur District frontier—Indus riverain), a colony of 20 old

nests was noted on a shisham tree. No Bayas were about, but local information

that small numbers were still present in the locality was confirmed by a partly

desiccated specimen killed by the local zamindar’s falcon which I found lying

on top of his falcon shed. Evidently the baya is a marked local migrant in

Bahawalpitr as elsewhere, its movements—at least at nesting time—being largely

controlled by the incidence of paddy cultivation.

Ploceus manyar flavyiceps (Lesson). The Streaked Weaver-Bird.

Specimens collected : 321 @, 322 3, 323 Q 21-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-IT).

Elsewhere not noted.

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing alaut

2S = 18.5-19.5 72-725 45-47 mm.

TO 18 68.5 42 mm.—H. W.]

Several small flocks observed frequenting extensive bulrush beds in a dhand.

The breeding season was evidently at hand. The males had acquired breeding

plumage and the gonads of the 2 specimens showed indications of enlargement,

measuring 2XI mm.

The difference in the breeding seasons of the 2 species of Baya, due to their

respective ecological requirements—paddy leaf for nest material in philippinus

and reeds and bulrushes for nest sites in manyar—is noteworthy.

Uroloncha malabarica (Linn.). The White-throated Munia.

Specimen collected: 278 @ 14-3-39 Haritinabad (1).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III).

[ Measurements :

Wing Bill Tail

Io 11 58 50.5 mm.—H. W.]

Uncommon. Small flocks.

The testes of the specimen were enlarged to 4x3 mm. On 16 March a pair

was observed nest-building about 6 ft. up in a small ber tree (Zizyphus) near

the Inspection Bungalow at Harunabad,

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 725

Amandava amandava amandava (Linn.). The Indian Red Munia.

- Specimens collected: 224 9, 225 9, 226 @ Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II); 324 ¢

21-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Manthar (I).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

TG 10.5 49 38.5 mm.

3 29 10 48.5-49.5 36-36.5 mm.—H. W.]

Occasional small flocks seen amongst reeds and bulrushes at dhands, or

among clumps of sarkan grass lining the minor tributary canals through cul-

tivation and semi-desert country. Towards the end of February and in the

early part of March most males were in the intermediate plumage, i.e. rather

like the female but with a crimson band down centre of abdomen. By _ the

3rd week of March the males~had acquired breeding plumage and were observed

singing from the tips of reed stalks.

The Yellow-throated Sparrow Gymnorhis xanthocollis a marked local migrant

elsewhere, was definitely absent in Bahawalptr State during the period of the

Survey.

Passer domesticus indicus Jardine & Selby. The Indian House-Sparrow.

Specimen collected: 50 ¢ 4-2-39 Dera Bakha (II)- [Bill 13.5; Wing 78.5;

sail, 56.5 mim...

Passer domesticus parkini Whistler. The Kashmir House-Sparrow.

Specimens collected: 51 Q 4-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 153 9, 154 @ 21-2-39

Manthar (1); 256.9", 257 CG, 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (IJ).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

ayes 1435 20.5 59 mm.

Ags gee E3515 74.5-76 52-57 mm.

It is difficult to be certain of identifying these females in the absence of

any guide as to whether they belonged to the resident population or were migrants,

but on the whole they appear to be parkinii—H. W.]

Elsewhere noted (subspecies?) : Bahawalptir town; Yazman (I); Bahawalnagar

town.

Common in towns and villages in all the three tracts. Also seen about

outlying homesteads in the canal colonies and in the country surrounding culti-

vation, often miles out in desert facies. Flocks of 20 to 100 or more, often

intermixed with Passer hispaniolensis.

At Manthar large flocks of sparrows gathered every evening to roost among

Capparis bushes growing on sand-dunes. The din they set up sounded in the

distance rather like that of a building Baya colony.

Commencement of gonadal development was noticeable in the specimens of

go March: testes 3X2 mm.; ovary granular.

As no specimens were actually collected within the towns or villages I am

unable to say definitely that the resident race is indicus, which is presumably

the case.

Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth. The Sind Jungle-Sparrow.

Specimens collected: 29 ¢, 30 CO 1-2-39, 74 9, 75 Q 7-2-39 Bahawalpur

town environs (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2 1S ae. 67-70 49-55 mm.

ZOOL ON PRT 63-65 48-49 mm.—H. W.]

Very locally distributed. Not uncommon in the environs of Bahawalpur

town. Flocks among Capparis and Salvadora bushes and jungle in semi-desert.

726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Volk exaein

Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus Tschusi. Tschusi’s Sparrow.

Specimens collected: 84 ¢, 85 ¢ 8-2-39 Dera Bakha (II); 254 o, 255 o

9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (I).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

4G eeels 80-83 57-62 mm.—-H. W.]

Not uncommon. In small flocks as well as large ones of a hundred or

more, frequently in association with P. d. parkini, in the proximity of canal

cultivation in desert and semi-desert.

Gonads of the specimens of 9 March had commenced to enlarge. In both

cases they measured 4X3 mm.

Emberiza cia par Hartert. The Transcaspian Meadow Bunting.

Specimens collected: 48 ¢ 3-2-39 Bahawalpir town environs (III-II); 158 9

21-2-39, 183 Q 25-2-39 Manthar (I); 240 ¢ 5-3-39 Chachran (III-II); 249 9

9-3-39 Lal Sohara (II); 271 G@ 13-3-39 Harinabad (I).

Elsewere noted: Bahawalnagar (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Wing

Kelis! 13713-5 80-81.5 79-81 mm.

3 22 33-5-14 85-89 72.5-77 mm.—H. W.]

Generally distributed, but not abundant numerically. Single birds, pairs or

small parties were sparingly met with in semi-desert, and in the neighbourhood

of desert canal cultivation. As a rule the birds were very shy.

The only instance of any departure in the gonads from the absolute quiescent

condition was No. 240 (5 March) with testes measuring 2X1 mm.

Emberiza striolata striolata (Licht.). The Striolated Bunting.

Specimens collected: 184 ¢ 25-2-39 Manthar (I); 247 Jd, 248 3 9-3-39 LHX

Sohara (II).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2a Tiss 77-80.5 59-63 mm.—H. W.]

The specimens, with the addition of one example that was with No. 184,

represent all I saw of the Striolated Bunting in Bahawalpur State. On both

occasions the birds were observed in the vicinity of canals with tamarisk scrub

and sarkan grass clumps at hand. In flight, and at a distance, the rufous

wings and general effect are very reminiscent of the female Crested Bunting

(Melophus), minus crest.

The testes of the 9 March specimens measured 2X1 mm., therefore indicating

the commencement of maturity.

Riparia paludicola brevicauda Horsfield. The Indian Sand Martin.

Specimens collected: 227 9, 228 @ 4-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II); 236 ¢

5-3-39 Chachran (III).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town environs (IIT).

{Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

16 8 0355 38 mm.

299 8-8.5 92.5-96 36.5-40 mm.—H. W.]}

Common in the riverain tract. A colony of some 30 to 50 nest tunnels was

observed in the vertical face of a sandbank in the Sutlej river near Bahawalpur

town on 28 January, with the birds flying about and entering and leaving their

holes.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 727

Sp. No. 227 had a soft ovarian egg. The largest ovum in 228 was 3 mm.

in diameter and its distended oviduct indicated that it had laid. Both these

specimens were very fat. No. 236 (5 March), with testes 6X4 mm., was

obviously also breeding. It was shot in the vicinity of the sandy bank of the

Chenab River containing a number of holes occupied by the birds.

Hirundo rustica rustica Linn. The Common Swallow.

Specimens collected: 178 Q 23-2-39 Manthar (I); 229 <4 4-3-39 Jajjah-

Abbasian (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bhing (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Centr. Tail feathers Outer tail feathers

r 2 12 124 44 104.5 mm.—H. W.]

EG — {21 42 107 mm.

Not abundant, but small numbers were frequently met with hawking insects

about the dhands, cultivation, and along the larger canals.

The first meeting was not until 17 February after the Survey had been in

the field for over 3 weeks.

Both the specimens were fat. In the male the first signs of gonadal develop-

ment were discernible (2x1 mm.).

Motacilla alba dukhunensis Sykes. The White Wagtail.

Specimens collected: 11 ¢ 28-1-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III); 232 ¢

5-3-39 Chachran (IIT).

Elsewhere noted: Hartnabad (1).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

eon to 89-92.5 86-87.5 mm.—H. W.]

Fairly common in the riverains of the Sutlej and Chenab, and also found

sparingly about the canal colonies.

The specimen of 5 March was fat and evidently preparing to emigrate.

Motacilla alba personata Gould. The Masked Wagtail.

Specimen collected: 65 ¢ 6-2-39 Bahawalpir town environs (III).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

cG 18 04 93 mm.—H. W.]

This wagtail was observed in much smaller numbers than dukhunensis, also

in the riverains of the Sutlej and Chenab rivers.

Motacilla flava subsp.? The Blue-headed Wagtail.

Several birds with a bluish-grey head—presumably beema-—were seen on

ploughed land bordering a dhand between Bahawalnagar and Minchinabad

(21 March).

Motacilla feldegg melanogriseus (Homeyer). The Turkestan Black-headed Wag-

tail.

Specimens collected: 171 0?, 17 0?, 173 0? 23-2-39 Manthar (I).

[Measurements :

3. apparently ist. Bill Wing Tail

year dd 16-16.5 80-81 70-71.5 mm.—H. W.]

A flock of about 20 birds in a young vetch field, muddy and waterlogged

by rain overnight. All the specimens in heavy moult, ex

(28 -J[OURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. sSOCIEDY, Vol.» Kiem

Motacilla citreola calcaratus (Hodgs.). Hodgson’s Yellow-headed Wagtail.

Specimen collected: 331 GQ 22-3-39 Bahawalnagar (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

i 6h 19.5 87 76-—-H. W.]|

Several on the margin of a dhand.

Anthus trivialis haringtoni Witherby. Witherby’s Tree-Pipit.

Specimens collected: 125 ¢ 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

sd eh 15 88 60 mm.—H. W.]

These birds appeared plentifully among gram fields and other cultivation

on the morning of 16 February. Passage?

The testes of the specimen were beginning to enlarge. . They measured

2X1 “mim.

Anthus similis decaptus Meinertzhagen. The Persian Rock-Pipit.

Specimens collected: 123 9, 124 0? 16-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 167 ¢ 22-2-39

Manthar (1); 223 ¢ 4-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II); 250 9 9-3-39 Lal Sohara (IT)

Elsewhere noted : Bahawalptr town environs (ITI)

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2AGIO Alt 22.025 103-104 83.5-91 mm.

2 0709 520-23 98-101 86.5-87 mm.—H. W.]

Not uncommon. Single birds (almost invariably) were met with in among

young gram and mustard crops, on fallow land about canal cultivation or on

grassy canal banks. The specimens of 22 February and 9g March were very

fat, the former having testes 4X2.5 mm. and the latter a coarsely granular

ovary. In 223 (4 March) the testes measured 5X4 mm.

Anthus campestris griseus Nicoll. The Eastern Tawny Pipit.

Specimens collected: 24 ¢ 1-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II); 117 ¢,

118 9 15-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 174 @ 23-2-39 Manthar (I); 251 ¢ 9-3-39 Lal

Sohara- (II); 263-0, 264 ¢ 13-3239 HHarunabad (1):

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

6d0¢0 17-18.5 90-94 68-77 mm.

I Q 17 88.5 ' vo mm.—H. W.]

Abundant in gram and vetch crops on sandy soil and in fallow fields of

cotton, among the dry bare stalks. Specimens 263 and 264 (13 March) in

freshly moulted summer plumage were bright yellow underneath and their gonads

were beginning to develop. In either case the testes measured 2X1 mm.

Anthus roseatus Hodgs. Hodgson’s Pipit.

Specimens collected: 242 ¢, 243 d 6-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (ITI-IT).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2°66 15-16 89-89.5 66.5-68 mm.—H. W.]

Several seen on a snipe marsh on the edge of a dhand. 242 had gonads

2X1 mm., while in 243 they were in a quiescent condition, The latter bird

was fat.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 729

Anthus spinoletta blakistonii Swinh. The Chinese Water-Pipit.

Specimens collected: 19 ¢G 2-2-39, 63 Q 5-2-39 Bahawalpir town environs

(Ul); 108 6, 109 2 14-2-39 Bhung (II[1); 233 G 5-3-39 Chachran (III).

[ Measurements :

Biil Wing Tail

BuGre 16-17, 92-93 66.5-68.5 mm.—H. W. |

Common. Was usually seen in loose scattered flocks on the wet grassy

margins of dhands, and among mustard and other crops in the Indus and

Chenab riverains.

This pipit utters a characteristic monosyilabic si . . . si &c. In freshly

moulted summer plumage its vinous-grey and dark-streaked underparts are dia-

gnostic in the field.

Alaemon alaudipes doriae (Salvadori). The Persian Desert-Lark.

Specimens collected: 97 ¢, 98 @ 10-2-39 Yazman (1); 292 ¢ 16-3-39

Harunabad (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2:33 33-5-34 136-139 94-97 mm.

me) 28 120 81.5 mm.—-H. W.}

A pair on the first occasion and a solitary examplecon the second represent

my only meetings with the Desert-Lark in Bahawalpur State. It was found on

extensive pats among the sand-dunes in pure desert facies, with a sparse sprinkl-

ing of Suaeda and Salsola bushes half buried in wind-swept sand. The birds

had no others of their kind within a radius of at least 2 miles. Probably even

in localities where they are commener each pair inhabits a very wide stretch

of country.

In general effect this Desert-Lark is remarkably midway between the Crested

Lark (Galerida cristata) and the Cream-coloured Courser (Cursorius cursor).

The black and white in the wings is conspicuous in flight. In life, and when

freshly killed, the hind-crown is a delicate (almost pinkish) dove grey, as

curiously enough it also is in the Cream-coloured Courser. This colour is lost

in both species a few hours after death. In the china-white colouration of its

legs and feet, in the colour and shape of its bill and in the black and white

colour pattern in its wings, this lark bears a close similarity to the desert

courser.

In specimen No. g7 (10 February) the testes had commenced enlarging

(5X3 mm.). In 292 (16 March) they appeared to be mature (10X8 mm.). This

bird was singing and displaying, and I feel almost certain that he had his mate

(on eggs?) in the neighbourhood although owing to a dust storm in progress

we failed to locate her. The male has a clear beautiful song of three mellow

whistling notes tee-tee-tee followed by a prolonged note iike that uttered by

Ammomanes phoenicurus on the downward grade of its song flight. From

the top of the bush on which it was perched the bird sprang about 5 feet up

in the air every little while and nose-dived in the familiar manner of Kremopterix,

at the same time singing and displaying the black and white of its wings and

tail to greatest advantage.

Mr. R. C. Bolster found a nest of this Desert-Lark with c/3 on 18 April

1922, west of Dera Nawab, and has given a good description of it on p. 1132

of Vol. xxviii of the Journal.

It is a particularly fast runner, and I found to my cost beth in Bahawalpur

and previously in Sind that when merely winged it needs all-out sprinting to

get level with the bird!

Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinhoe. The Transbaikal Skylark.

Specimens collected: 110 ¢, 111 Q 14-2-39 Bhung (III),

730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. xLil

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

igaxet 15 115.5 70.5 mm.

I Q 14.5 108 67 mm.—H. W.]

Several observed in association with Water-Pipits in mustard fields on banks

of the Indus. Gonads indicated the first beginnings of maturity. Testes 2x1 mm;

ovary granular.

Alauda gulgula punjaubi Whistler. The Small Punjab Skylark.

Specimens collected: 99 ¢ 13-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 139 3, 140 Q 18-2-39

Daulatpur (III, Sukkur District frontier); 234 ¢ 5-3-39 Chachran (III).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpir town environs (III).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

BGG, 14-5-17 92.5-98 54-56 mm.

iva, 16 S755 5 anim.——H Well

Common in the riverains of the great rivers, in and about wheat and vetch

cultivation. Males soaring and singing aloft, often several together. By mid-

February the birds had paired off. The specimens of 18 February had mature

gonads and they were evidently breeding: testes 7X5 mm.; largest ovum 3 mm.

diam.-. Testes of No. 234 (5 March) 5x4 1mm:

Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis (Eversm.). The Yarkand Short-toed Lark.

Specimens collected: 93 3, 94 3,95 Q 10-2-39 Yazman (I); 132 Q 16-2-39

Bhing- (III-II); 179 6, 180 0?, 181 6. 25-2-39 Manthar (1); 241 d 5-3-30

Chachran (III); 296 o? 16-3-39 Hartnabad (1).

[ Measurements :

Bili Wing Tail

Fue! Taei4 g2.5-100 59-62 mm. .

aes 13 92.5-94 55-57 mm.—H. W.]

Common and abundant. Often in large flocks on pats and fallow land

about desert and semi-desert canal cultivation, and in the riverains.

A specimen of 25 February and another of 5 March were the only ones in

which any departure from the absolute quiescent state of the gonads was dis-

cernible. In both cases the testes measured 2X1 mm. The last specimen—

16 March—was very fat. and by that date also the flocks had coalesced into

very large concentrations indicating that the birds were preparing to emigrate.

Calandrella rufescens persica (Sharpe). Sharpe’s Sand-Lark.

Specimens collected: 34 9, 35 ¢ Bahawalptr town environs (II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

sie II 100 64 mm.

1 Q 168; 96 60 mm.

This form is doubtless often overiooked amongst the numbers of the last

few. There are several Punjab records.—H. W. ]

A flock of about 8 was seen feeding among sand-dunes with scanty bushes—

typical Sylvia nana facies.

Calandrella taytal adamsi (Hume). The Indus Sand-Lark.

Specimens collected: 5 3, 60?, 7 ¢ 28-1-39, 64 ¢ 6-2-39 Bahawalpir town

environs (III).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

4 SS 12.5-14 84.5-87 48.5-52 mm.—H. W.1]

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 731

Abundant on the sandy beds of the Sutlej and the other large rivers, running

about and feeding on the sand in twos and threes, or soaring and flying about

aimlessly overhead. Also met with in the sandy environs of semi-desert canal

cultivation. Two out of the 4 specimens were infested by endoparasitic worms—

in the body cavity of one, and in the intestine of the other. The specimen of

6 February had testes 4x3 mm.

Galerida cristata chendoola (Frankl.). Franklin’s Crested Lark.

Specimens collected: 9 ¢ 28-1-39, 21 G 29-1-39 Bahawalpir town environs

(III-I1); 100 Q 13-2-39 Bhiing (III-II); 293 ©, 294 S, 295 S 16-3-39

Harunabad (1).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing dean

43d _ 19-20 102-104. 50-63 mm.—-H. W.}

Common and abundant on dry sandy soil in the riverain, and also about

semi-desert canal cultivation. In song and evidently breeding by mid-March.

In No. 293 (16 March) the largest ovum measured 6 mm. diam. but the bird

had evidently not commenced laying. In both Nos. 294 and 295 the testes

were 10X6 mm.

Ammowmanes deserti phoenicuroides (Blyth). The Indian Desert Finch-Lark.

Specimens collected: 44 Q, 45 0? 3-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II);

149 2, 150 d 151 Q 21-2-39, 185 Dd 25-2-39, 194 ¢ 27-2-39 Manthar (I).

_ [Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

SECC. 15-16 98.5-107 65-70 mm.

Br O19 15-15-5 96-101 62-66 mm.—H. W.]

Common on pats in desert, and on fallow land in semi-desert canal cultivation,

in twos and threes or Icose flocks of up to 20. I found them drinking at a puddle

regularly (on 3 successive mornings) at about 9-30 not in flocks like sandgrouse

but in irregular relays of two or three at a time. Whether these larks also

have fixed drinking times or drink at all hours of the day I was unable to

ascertain. =

The only departure from non-breeding condition of the gonads was noted in

No. 150; testes 4X3 mm.

Eremopterix grisea siccata Ticeh. The Black-bellied Finch-Lark.

Specimens collected: 114 ¢ 14-2-39, 138 @ 17-2-39 Bhing (III-I]).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town environs (III-I]I).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

ea) 12 a7, 42 mm.

5 Ae) 1235 Tapes 41 mm.—H. W.]

Rather uncommen and patchily distributed. It was met with on sandy

fallow land in riverain cultivation, usually on more hard-crusted soil than that

preferred by Galerida cristata. ‘Testes 3X2, largest ovum 2 mm.

Eremopterix albifrons affinis (Blyth). The Incian Black-crowned Finch-Lark.

Specimens collected: 279 ¢, 280 3S 14-3-39 Hartnabad (I).

Not noted elsewhere.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2G 12 82 50-51 mm.——H. W.1

A party of 5 or 6 (of both sexes) in a fallow field. Testes of both 4x3 mm.

(32. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XLII

Zosterops paipebrosa occidentis Ticeh. The N.-W. Indian White-eye.

Specimens collected: 284 ¢, 285 ¢ 14-3-39 Hartinabad (I).

Elsewhere noted: Bhung (IJI-II); Chachran (111).

[Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

256 12.5 55-50 38-39 mm.—-. H. W.]

Uncommon. The specimens were shot among some shisham (Dalbergia)

trees in the compound of the Inspection Bungalow. They were in association

with Remiz coronatus and Phylloscopus c. tristis.

The White-eye furnishes a good example of a sedentary and _ thoroughly

arboreal bird of wooded country and gardens creeping in to what was until

quite recently pure desert, consequent upon suitable conditions produced by

canal irrigation. It is more than likely that the birds breed here now... The testes

of both the examples were enlarging. They measured 3X2 mm.; No. 285 was

very fat.

Cinnyris asiatica brevirostris (Blanf.). The Sind Purple Sunbird.

Specimen collected: 287 9 14-3-39 Harunabad (1).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1); Chachran (111); Bahawalnagar

(111-11).

[ Measurements :

Bilk Wing Tail

rae 19.5 EY, 38 mm.—H. W.]

Between 27 January and 4 March this species appeared to be completely

absent. The first example—a single male in breeding plumage—was observed

on the latter date. At Hartinabad only one other individual besides the specimen

was noted, also in full summer dress. None at all were present on the

Calotropis flowers, so beloved of the species, which were out in profusion about

the canal cultivation in this locality. In the third week of March (Bahawal-

nagar) it was less scarce than heretofore, though still only occasional and

singly. Curiously enough all the individuals seen during the survey were males

and in full summer dress. Not till the third week in March, however, were

they heard in song. The Purple Sunbird is no doubt a local migrant as it

is in Upper Sind, and likewise absent also from Bahawalptr during winter.

The Survey records presumably represent return arrivals for the hot weather

and breeding.

Dryobates scindeanus (Horsf. and Moore). The Sind Pied Woodpecker.

Specimens collected: 70 9, 71 Q 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II);

i44 9 18-2-39 Daulatpur (III, Sukkur District frontier); 169 ¢, 170 Q 23-2-39

Manthar (1).

Elsewhere noted: Bhung (III-II); Bahawalnagar (III-IT).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

to 28 116 71 mm.

4 @Q 24-26 I1I-115 65-70 mm.

This name would seem to be antedated by Dryobates assimilis Blyth. See

Ticehurst J].B.N.H.S., xxxiv, p. 468.—H. W.]

Not uncommen, A couple or so usually present in shisham plantations and

tamarisk jungle growing both in the riverain and on seasonally inundated land

by canals. At Manthar one such tamarisk jungle stood right in the midst

of sand-dunes, and the specimens were secured in this. Where trees are scarce

I have observed these woodpeckers clinging to the thin stems of tamarisk bushes. _

and once even to a stake near a cultivator’s hut used for tethering his cattle.

The specimens of 23 February were beginning to show gonadal development:

testes 3X2 mm., ovary coarsely granular.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 733

Brachypternus benghalensis ssp. The Golden-backed Wocdpecker.

Specimen collected: 231° J 5-3-39 Chachran (IIT).

Elsewhere noted: Bhung (Il1-f1); Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1); Harunabad (1).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Da) 41.5 146.5 87 mm.

This specimen is an intermediate between benghalensis and dilutus agreeing

with the birds that one finds throughout the Western Punjab.—H. W. |

Not common. Occasional pairs in roadside babool trees, date groves along

canals and shisham trees. planted about villages and in Inspection Bungalow

compounds. Testes of the specimen measured 10X6 mm.

lynx torquilla torquilla Linn. The European Wryneck.

» Bahawal-

Specimens. collected: 175 ¢ 23-2-39 Manthar (1); 317. ¢. 20-3-3

nagar (III-II).

| Measurements :

Biil Wing Tail

Lines. LS go 68.5 mm.

et) 18 ioe 72 mm.—H. W. |

The only two examples met with in Bahawalptr State. No. 175 was feeding

on the ground like a finch, the other on a low branch in a shisham plantation.

No Barbets were heard or seen in Bahawalptr territory between end January

and end Mareh.

Centropus sinensis sinensis (Stephen). The Common Crow-Pheasant or

Coucak

Specimen collected: 206 Q 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town environs; Bahawalnagar (III-I]).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

1,9 45 239 284 mm.--H. W.]

Uncommon. Single birds were occasionally met with chiefly in III. Several

examples were seen amongst the partially submerged tamarisk thickets in

Gagree dhand where the specimen was obtained.

_ The bird was fcund caught in a fish hock, one of many suspended by the

loca! fishermen from a rope stretched a few inches above the surface of the

water across a narrow inlet in the dhand. It had evidently perched on the

rope, pulled up the line and swallowed the bait together with the hook, the

point of which had pierced the gullet and was sticking outside. The stomach

of this specimen contained exclusively remains of small fish such as those with

which the hooks were baited, and the fish no doubt were the main attraction

to the crow-pheasants here. I do not remember to have seen the fish-eating pro-

pensities of the crow-pheasant recorded before.

Psittacula eupatria nipalensis (Hodgs.). The Large Indian Paroquet.

Specimens collected: 76 9, 77 ¢ 7-2-39 Bahawaiptr town environs (III-If).

Elsewhere noted: Daulatpur (Sukkur Dist. frontier, III); Jajiah-Abbasian

(I1I-II); Bahawalnagar (III-11).

| Measurenients :

Bill from.cere Wing Tail

Id 38 230 353 Ig mm.

ee 33 221 Bais 19 mm —H. Ws]

i ‘ . . we = .

The Large Paroquet was common and plentiful in Bahawalptr town and

its immediate environs, but scarce elsewhere. To Yazman and Manthar it

does nct as yet seem to have penetrated, no doubt owing to the absence of

"34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

suitable trees. Or it may be that it visits these localities after the breeding

season is over when tree-holes are no longer an indispensable requisite.

In Bahawalpur town breeding was noted in full swing between end January

and mid February. Holes in the trunks of Albizzia lebbek and Tamarix gallica

trees were in general occupation by the birds. 3 or 4 holes close to one another

in the trunk of a large Albizzia tree in the Prime Minister’s garden were tenanied

by as many pairs.

The gonads of the specimens were in breeding condition: testes’ 22x16 min.,

largest ovarian follicle 6 mm. diam. with oviduct distended.

Psittacula krameri maniflensis (Bechst.). The NRose-ringed Paroquet.

Specimens not collected.

Noted: Bahawalptr town, Daulatpur, Jajjah-Abbasian, Hartnabad, Bahawal-

nagar. .

Except in and about Bahawalptr town, where the numbers of the two

species are about equal, this paroquet is commoner in the State than its larger

relative. In the tamarisk jungles about the dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian (1-7

March) pairs were observed occupying all available holes, and breeding was in

progress. ‘This paroquet seems to have established itself in the. Harunabad canal

colony. by this time.

Coracias benghalensis benghalensis Linn. The Indian Roller.

Specimen collected: 200 Q 1-3-39 Jajja-Abbasian (III-I1),

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpiir town and environs (III-I1); Bhung (III-I]),

Hartnabad (1), Bahawalnagar (II1-II).

' [Measureinenis :

Bill Wing Tail

TO wag 188 126.5 mm.—H. W.]

The Roller was found in small numbers, usually singly, about cultivation.

The specimen was a sickly emaciated bird and killed with a. stick by a mohana

(boatman). No outward injury was apparent. Its plumage was in perfect con-

dition and ectoparasites were completely absent. At Bahawalnagar, a locality

in which the species was commoner than elsewhere, competition for tree holes

and the noisy aerobatic displays, indicative of imminent breeding, were noted

in progress between 21 and 24 March.

Merops orientalis orientalis Lath. The Common Indian Bee-eater.

Specimen collected: 36 do 2-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpir town (III), Bhung (III-I]), Manthar (1),

Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II), Harunabad (1), Bahawalnagar (T- JU)

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

aes BI 92.5 126.6 mm.—H. W.]

Evidently a migrant and absent from the area in winter. None were observed

in Bahawalptr town and environs between 27 January and 2 February. The

specimen (2 Feb.) was the first encountered; it was fat and there were only

two other individuals with it. Their increase thereafter from day to day- was

marked, and when Bahawalpur town was re-visited on 10 March the species

was found to have become quite common. It was then busy excavating nest

tunnels in sand mounds, earth banks etc. as was also the case at Hartinabad

on 12 March and onwards.

In other portions of the State it was likewise noted as much scarcer at the

beginning of the Survey than towards the end, by which time most birds had

evidently returned to their breeding grounds.

Ceryle rudis [leucomelanura Reichenb.].. The Indian Pied Kingfisher.

No specimen collected. 2

Noted: Bahawalpur town environs (III-II), Manthar (1), Jajjah-Abbasian

(111-11).

~aF

Go.

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPOR (PUNJAB)

Fairly common on dhands and about the rivers and larger canals. At

Manthar one was observed on a canal through pure sandy desert.

Alcedo attais pallasi Reichenb. The Central Asian Kingfisher.

Specimen collected: 201 @ 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-J1).

Elsewhere noted: Manthar (1).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Lg 43°5 77°5 37 min.

This is one of those indefinite specimens whose identity it is impcssible to

establish satisfactorily, but it seems most likely to be this.—H. W. |}

Not common. Occasional solos at dhands and canals—once on one through

pure desert !

Halcyon smyrnensis [smyrnensis (Linn.)]. The White-breasted Kingfisher.

No specimen collected.

Noted: Bahawalpur town and environs (III-II), Manthar (1), Jajjah-Abbasian

(111-1).

Not common. Occasional solos at dhands, rivers, canais and also about

gardens and plantations. Once on a canal through pure desert country.

Upupa epops epops Linn. The European Hoopoe.

Specimens collected: 115 ¢ 14-2-39 Bhung (III-II); 272 2 13-3-39 Harunabad

(1).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town and environs (III-II), Jajjah-Abbasian

(III-li), Bahawalnagar (III-I]).

[| Measurements ;

Bill Wing Tail

trvet 64 143 97-5 mm. -

eo 57 Laue 94.5 mm.—H. W.|

Not common but generally distributed in the riverain, and about canal

cultivation in both the other tracts also. It loves to feed in and on the sides

of dry sandy canals lined with date scrub and tall sarkan grass.

At Hartnabad an example was observed flying about like mad in and out

among the trunks of roadside shisham trees, crest and tait fully expanded, and

turning and -twisting in the air like a butterfly !

Both the specimens were very fat. Testes of No. 115 (14 Feb.) 3x2 mm.

Caprimulgus mahrattensis Sykes. Sykes’s Nightjar.

Specimen collected: 168 @ 22-2-39 Manthar (1).

Elsewhere not noted.

[ Measurements ;

Bill Wing Tail

ane) 19.5 170 99.5 mm.—H. W.]

The specimen—the only seen during the Survey—was obtained in a stretch of

rolling sand-dunes, far out in the desert. At the report of the gun fired at a

Desert Warbler it suddenly slithered at top speed half way down a bare sand-dune

on the summit of which it had been lying under a half-buried Capparis bush

completely unnoticed and unsuspected: Ovary granular. ‘

Otus bakkamena. ssp. The Collared Scops Owl.

Specimens collected : 316 ¢ 19-3-39, 326 0? 22-3-39 Bahawalnagar ({11-I1).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Tens 20 170 g2 mim,

Uh Oe 22 177 37 mm.

I have compared these 2 specimens with a series of O.b.gangelicus und 3

736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. Xi

specimens of O.b.deserticolor in the British Museum. If these two forms are

really separable these specimens agree best with gangeticus, but there is a certain

amount of individual variation in these small owls and I am not certain—on the

material before me—that gangeticus and deserticolor are separable. If they are

not, the name deserticolor of course takes precedence.—H. W. | j

The Scops Owl was met with only at Bahawalnagar where both the specimens

were shot on different nights off the identical stump of a babcol tree -in the

Inspection Bunglow compound. The birds advertised their presence soon after

dusk by their mellow wut... wut... wut calls repeated monotonously every

5 seconds or so, sometimes for over 10 minutes at a stretch.

The testes of No. 316 had enlarged to 108 mm.

Bubo coromandus (or bubo). The Dusky (or Rock?) Horned Owl.

Heard at a distance in a shisham plantation on the Dera Nawab road

(Bahawalpur town environs) on 7 February, and again at Bhtng on 19 February.

Athene brama indica (lrankl.). The Northern Spotted Owlei.

Specimens collected: 219 2 3-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalpur town environs, Bhung.

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

1 © 20 105 82 mm.—H. W.]

Not uncommon, but Jess abundant than it usually is in most parts of con-

tinental or peninsular India. Hollows in ancient tamarisk trees near. villages

usually held a pair, and it was also partial to groves of date palms growing

about the canals. My notebook records that its voice and. notes sounded slightly

sharper and different from those of the South Indian race brama. This same

ditference in voice I have noticed in the case of the northern and southern races of

several other well known birds as well.

The specimen was preparing to lay shortly. It had a mature ovary with

the largest follicle over 5 mm. in diameter.

Pandion haliaetus halia¢tus (Linn.). The Osprey.

Specimen collected: 205 ¢ 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian.

| Measurements ;

Bill Wing Tail

tos 41 481 201 mm.-—H. W.].

Shot at a dhand where this was the only example.

Torgos calvus (Scop.). The Black or King Vulture.

Noted only at Bahawainagar, where it was uncommon.

Gyps fulvus ssp? The Griffon Vulture.

Several were observed at the remains of a carcase at Yazman in pure desert on

the outskirts of the canal colony (10 February).

Pseudogyps bengalensis (Gmelin). The White-backed Vulture.

Commenly nesting (end January) in large roadside shisham trees along the

road from Lahore through Montgomery and Islam Headworks to Bahawalpur.

Neophron percnopterus [percnopterus (Linn.)|. The White Scavenger Vulture.

Noted in small numbers in Bahawalptr town environs, Yazman, Manthar,

Hartnabad Bahawalnagar and the intervening country, feeding on offal on

the outskirts of villages and canal colony homesteads.

On 21 March a nest was nearing completion—both birds working—about

15 feet up in a babool tree close to a village between Bahawalnagar and

Minchinabad.

THE BIRDS QF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) rey

Falco peregrinus subsp. The Peregrine Falcon.

No specimen.

Noted: Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalpitir town environs.

One or two examples were usually to be seen in the vicinity of the duck-

shooting dhands. One stooped on a wounded Chetlusia struggling in the water,

and so intense was its concentration upon the quarry that it stooped again

and again regardless of 3 charges of dust shot at fairly close range which sent

its feathers flying and blood could be seen on its underside. Another bird was

observed to dive with lightning speed at an angle of 45° at a coot that had

separated from its herd and to strike it in mid-air and bear it away, all in its

stride.

Falco jugger J. FE. Gray. The Laggar Falcon.

Specimens collected: 106 ¢, 107 Q 13-2-39 Bhung (III-IT).

Elsewhere noted: Harunabad (at edge of cultivation).

| Measurements :

Billy. Wing Tail

Teas 29 316 164 mm.

ee) 3a 359 198 mm.—H. W.]

In these specimens—obviously a pair—the development of the gonads was

much more advanced in the female than in the male. The testes measured only

1oX6 mm. whereas. the largest ovarian follicle was already over 4 mm. in

diameter. Similar discrepancy in the maturity of the gonads of paired birds

has been observed by me in several other instances before.

Faico tinauncuius tinnnncalus (Lion.). The European Kestrel. .

Specimens collected: 274 3d 14-3-39 Hartnabad (I).

Elsewhere noted: Dera Bakha (11), Bhiing (III-II), Daulatpur (IIT), Manthar

(I).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

vet 20 258 173,-mm.—H. W.|

Not common. Only occasional solos in semi-desert and in the vicinity of

canal cultivation. The specimen, with testes 5x4 mm., was very fat.

Aquila rapax vindhiana Frankl. The Indian Tawny Eagle.

Specimen collected: 31 Q 1-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (III-II).

Elsewhere noted. Bhing.

| Measuremenis :

Bill Wing Tail

iene bie 634 258 mm.—H. W.]

Generally distributed but not abundant. The specimen was shot off a large

stick platform nest at the top of a kikar tree (Acacia arabica) containing one

hardest egg, unspotted. greyish-white measuring 67X51 mm.

Aquila nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.). The Eastern Steppe Eagle.

No specimen.

Three examples were observed on the ground at Yazman_ in semi-desert

facies (10 Feby.).

Another large solitary eagle was seen on a canal bank at Manthar. It was

blackish with a broad white subterminal band to the tail and grey patches

under the wings visible in flight. As it was past dusk and the bird was very

shy I did not get a satisfactory view, but as far as could be told it was not

Haliaétus leucoryphus.

Aquila clanga Palias. The Greater Spotted Eagle.

Specimens collected: 203 ¢, 204 Q 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (GUD),

738. JOURNAL) BOMBAY NATURAL HEIST. SUCKER: ole earn

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Sh 53 500 2275

Te 54 514 242 mm.—-H. W.]

Several of these fine eagles were te be seen any day on the large duck-shooting

dhands in the Jajjah-Abbasian area: Gagree, Tatar, Bakkuvala and others.

Both the specimens were very fat. The stomach of one was empty; the

other contained a leg, bill and feathers of an adult tree-pie.

Hieraétus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.). Bonelli’s Eagle.

Specimens collected: 55 do, 56 @Q 5-2-39 Bahawalptr town environs (Kali

dhana).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Lae 46 466 252 mm,

Lee 50 483 258 mm.—H. W.]

Presumably a pair since they were both in the same tree and no others of

the species were about. Shot near a small dhand by the Sutlej river. Testes

of ¢ (adult plumage) 17X12 mm.; largest ovarian follicle of @Q (sub-adult

brown plumage) over 2 mm. in diam. At 9.30 a.m. the male’s stomach was

found ta be empty; the female’s contained remains of a Grey Partridge, the

leg with the spur being intact.

Haliaétus leucoryphus (Pallas). Pallas’s Fishing-Eagle.

Specimen collected: 202 ¢ 1-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (ITI-IT).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs, at Kali dhand and Sutlej river.

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

T och 59:5 559 262 mm.—H. W.]

A pair or so usually present on dhands and the large rivers. Its loud scream-

ing call is unmistakable. I liken it to the creaking on an unoiled wooden

pulley of the water lifting gear at a village well. Coots seem to form an

important item of its food. Its hunting tactics are to stampede a herd of coots

and isolate an individual before it drives the attack home, stooping upon it

as the bird patters along the surface of the water, and bearing it away in its

claws.

A pair of these eagles had a nest ca. 4o ft. up in an old peepal tree near

the Empress Bridge over the Sutlej (Bahawalptr town environs). The owners

constantly kept to its proximity, but when climbed up to on 5 February it was

found to be empty. The testes of the specimen measured 7X5 mm. and it was

not clear if breeding was over or had not yet commenced.

Haliastur indus indus (Boddaert). The Brahminy Kite.

No. specimen.

Noted: Bahawalptr town environs, Bhing, Daulatpur, Jajjah-Abbasian.

Fairly common by the large rivers and about dhands in the riverain tract.

Milvus migrans govinda Sykes. The Common Pariah Kite.

No. specimen.

Noted : Bahawalptr town and environs, Dera Nawab, Bhing, Jajjah-Abbasian,

Hartinabad and elsewhere.

Common in and about towns and villages. Breeding was in full swing

throughout the duration of the Survey and many nests were observed in shisham

trees with the birds brooding. As late as 4 March two pairs were noted in

copula,

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 739

Elanus coeruleus yociferus (Iath.). The Black-winged Kite.

Specimen collected: 119 ¢G 15-2-39 Bhung (III-II).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1).

Only two examples seen during the entire Survey. In tamarisk and kandi

(Prosopis) riverain jungle with clumps of tall coarse sar grass.

Circus macrourus (S. G. Gmelin). The Pale Harrier.

No specimen.

Rare. One or two noted at Yazman, Bhung and Hartinabad about the

wheat crops, but owing to possible confusion with pygargus these records should

be taken with reserve.

Circus zruginosus zruginosus (Linn.). The Marsh Harrier.

No specimen,

Noted: Bahawalptr town environs, Manthar, Jajjah-Abbasian.

Not common but one or two frequently present about dhands and occasionally

also canals. The Marsh Harrier was most in evidence at the various duck-

shooting dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian. One was observed persistently harrying a

moorhen (Gallinula), pouncing upon it repeatedly from the air into the reeds.

Buteo rufinus rufinus (Cretzschmar). The Long-legged Buzzard.

Specimen collected: 73 ¢ 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III-IT).

Elsewhere noted: Bhing (III-II), Jajjah-Abbasian (III-IT).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Id 42.5 412 224 mm.—H. W.]

Fairly common and frequent. Usually met with singly near canals and

cultivation. Once far out amongst desert sand-dunes. — ;

Butastur teesa (I'rankl.). The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle.

No specimen.

Noted: Bhang and environs, Jajjah-Abbasian, Lal Sohara.

Not common. Occasional solos by cultivation and in the surrounding semi-

desert.

Astur badius cenchroides Severtzof. The Sind Shikra.

Specimen collected: 261 @ 13-3-39 Harunabad (1).

Elsewhere noted: Bhung (III-II), Bahawalnagar (ITI-II).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

re 22 218 174 mm.

This is one of those specimens which it is difficult to be certain about and

the plumage is not paler than some specimens of dusswmieri, but I identify it

as cenchroides on the large wing which I cannot equal with a large series of

dussumieri.—H. W.]

Uncommon. Met with singly in fruit gardens and shisham’ plantations

about cultivation. The specimen had coarsely granular ovary with the largest

follicle 2 mm. in diam. so it was evidently preparing to breed shortly.

Astur gentilis subsp.? The Goshawk.

Among the falcons kept by zamindar Sardar Khan of Daulatpur I saw a

female Goshawk said to have been captured locally. It is said to be a rather

scarce winter visitor to these parts. This statement was confirmed soon after-

wards by 2 solos (or the same bird?) seen on 20 and 22 March in the environs

of Bahawalnagar. One of these made an unsuccessful stoop on a flock of

Jurgle Babblers.

__ According to the zamindar’s falconer the colour of the female Goshawk’s

iris which is lemon yellow at 3 years age, changes to ‘red’ when the bird reaches

AiO S=years. | ae

40" POURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCTETY. Vols abun

Pernis ptilorhynchus ruficollis Lesson. The Indian Crested Honey-Buzzard.

Specimen collected: 72 Q 7-2-39 Bahawalpur town.envircns (II1-II).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawainagar (III-I1).

[ Measurements :

Biil Wing Tail

ee) 44 425 263 mm.—H.. W.]

Rare. Solos met with in shisham plantations on two occasiens only. Ovary

of specimen coarsely granular.

Columba livia neglecta Hume. Hume’s Blue Rock Pigeon.

Specimens collected: 299 ¢, 300 GQ 16-3-39 Harunabad (1).

Elsewhere noted: Yaznian (I), Jajiah-Abbasian (IITI-I1).

| Measurements :

Bil Wing Tail

L Ge 25 234 120 mm.

eo) 24.5 214 110 mm.—H.W. |

Flocks—-sometimes of up to 50 or more-—gleaning in harvested or newly

sown fields. At Jajjah a colony roosted amongst a grove of date palms along

a dry canal. The specimens were breeding: testes 21X10 mm.; largest ovum

10 mm.; oviduct greatly distended.

Columba eversmanni Bonaparte. The Eastern Stock-Pigeon.

Specimens collected: 301 3, 302 CG 17-3-39 Harunabad (I).

Elsewhere not noted.

| Measurements :

Biil Wing Maul

2066 215-22 201-211 98-105 mm.—H. W.]

A grove of babool trees standing amidst wheat fields was the roost of a

colony of 100-200 of these pigeons. Parties and flocks flighted in every evening

to this spot from the surrounding cultivation, and provided excellent sport. They

are fast fliers and when thoroughly disturbed they turn and twist in the air

with great agility offering a variety of shots. In fading light when silhouetted

against the sky it is possible to confuse this species with the Ring-Dove, but

the relatively shorter tail of the pigeon is always diagnostic.

The gonads of the specimens showed only a slight departure from the quiescent

state. They measured 10X4 and 7X3 mm. respectively.

Streptopelia senegalensis cambayensis (Gmelin). The Little Brown Dove.

No specimen.

Noted: Bahawalptr town and environs (III-II), Bhtng (III-II), Manthar

(1), Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II), Haranabad (1), Bahawalnagar (III-I ).

Common. Usually in the same semi-desert canal cultivation facies as the

Ring-Dove. On 20 March one was observed carrying nesting material.

Streptopelia decaocto decaocto Frivalszky. The Ring-Dove.

Specimens collected : 176 3, 177 Q 23-2-39 Manthar (1)

Elsewhere noted: Piahawalptr town and environs (ITI-IT), Yazman (1),

Bhing (IT-IT), Jajjah-A\bbasian (ITI), Harunabad (1), Bahawalnagar (ITI-IT).

| Measurements:

Bill Wing Tail

Lie: 22 160 117° iim.

I Q 21 168 125 mm—H. W.]

Common in the desert and semi-desert canal colonies. At Yazman it was

the only dove species, but in the other localities usually-side by side with. the

Little Brown Dove. The gonads of the specimens gave no indication of breeding,

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPOR. (PUNJAB) 741

but on 20 March (Bahawalnagar) a nest was found 12 ft. up in a babool tree

with the bird brooding.

The Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis suratensis), which inhabits more

wooded country, was not met with in Bahawalpur State at all.

(Enopopelia tranquebarica tranquebarica (Herm.). The Indian Red Turtle Dove.

No specimen.

Uncommon. Only observed in the environs of Bahawaipur town (28 January).

Pterocles orientalis (Linn.). The Large Imperial, or Piack-bellied Sandgrouse.

Specimens collected: 41 @ 2-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (II); 54 6

4-2-39 Dera Bakha (II).

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1), Manthar (1).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

Decne 20-21 235-236 . 99-100 mm.—H. W.]

A fairly common and well-known winter visitor to Bahawalpur. Flocks of

20 to 4o and occasionally larger, usually seen on fallow fields about desert and

semi-desert canal cultivation. Smaller parties were also met with on pats far out

in the interior of the desert. Very wary. In flight the large size, black belly

and white underside of wings are diagnostic of this species.

The specimen of 4 February was very fat. After 26 February the birds

were not seen again, and by that date the majority had evidently left.

Pterocies alchata [caudacutus (Gmelin)|. The Large Pintail Sandgrouse.

A specimen was shot at Yazman (10 February), but the shikari in his zeal

had not only all but severed the neck in the name of Allah, but plucked off

handfuls of its feathers before I could intervene!

Several smali flocks of this sandgrouse were observed on pats and fallow

fields in semi-desert in this locality but not elsewhere, so it is evidently an

uncommon species.

Pterocles exustus ellioti Bogdanov. The Common Indian Sandgrouse.

Specimens collected 159 ¢, 160.9, 161 ¢, 162 G 22-2-39; 188 ¢ 26-2=36

Manthar (I).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptir town environs (II).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

A oS 18.5-20 179-185 108-142 mm.

I @ 18.5 ag 103 mm.—H. W.]

This sandgrouse seems to be much less common in Bahawalpur State than

the Imperial. Beyond occasional small parties of from 3 to 42 in the localities

mentioned, it was not met with.

Pterocles senegallus (Linn.). The Spotted Sandgrouse.

Speciment collected: gt ¢ 10-2-39 Yazman (I).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

> ey 18 195 30 mm.—H. W.]

Several small flocks were observed on pats on the outskirts of canal cultiva-

tion in this locality.

R. C. Bolster (J.B.N.H.S., xxvii, 807) records the Spoti2d Sandgrouse breed-

ing 10 miles west of Ahmadpur East in 1922 (?). On 7 April he found 2

downy chicks a few days old, and remarks that one of them who distinctly larger

than the other. As brooding in the open scrapes in sand in which the sand-

grouse lay their eggs must necessarily begin with the first egg in order that it may

not get baked by the fierce desert sun, this discrepancy in the age and size of the

chicks is not what one would expect.

42. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL iS. "SOCIED Ys Vol alin

Coturnix coturnix coturnix (Linn.). The Common or Grey Quail.

Specimen collected : 187 Q 26-2-39 Manthar (I)

Elsewhere noted: Bhung (ITI-I1)

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

i-9 15.5 107 36 mm.—H. W.|]

The Survey found the Grey Quail scarce. It may be more plentiful when on

actual passage in spring and autumn. Occasional pairs or loose parties of 3 or 4

birds were flushed in young gram and wheat fields.

Francolinus francolinus henrici Bonap. The South Persian Black Partridge.

Specimens collected: 157 ¢ 21-2-39 Manthar (I)

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III), Bhung (III-IT)

| Measurements :

Bill Wing ; Tail

ime 25 163 94 mm.—H. W.]

Frequents tamarisk scrub and tall sarkan grass patches in the riverain tract

and by dhands and canals. Not abundant now and steadily growing scarcer.

Almost completely wiped out from certain localities.

From what I gathered, this species and the Grey Partridge are very largely

netted in Bahawalpur by professionai bird catchers although of late the shikar

department has been making an effort to check the ravages. For a recent

official shooting camp and for the banquetting of high and mighty State guests

I was informed that each of several tahsildars had orders to supply 500 birds. It

is not difficult to conceive that many more birds must actually be captured for

the required number to filter through to the other end! Thus extermination

proceeds apace and unless stringent protection is enforced and_ professional

snaring and netting completely banned—and that without delay—it is not im-

probable that soon partridges may have to be looked for in vain.

Francolinus pondicerianus interpositus Hartert.- The Northern Grey Partridge.

No specimen preserved.

Noted: Bahawalptr town environs (III-I1), Yazman (I), Bhing (III-

II), Hartiaabad (1) and elsewhere. :

More abundant than the Black Partridge but equally persecuted. Frequents

riverain cultivation as well as canal colonies in desert and semi-desert.

Rallus aquaticus korejewi Sarudny. The Turkestan Water-Rail

Specimens collected: 244 G, 245 oO 6-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1).

| Measurements :

Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail

2 41.5-42.5 121-122 — 49.5-53.5 mm.—H. W.1

Shot in a reed-bed bordering Gagree dhand.

Porzana pusilla pusilla (Pallas). The Eastern Baillon’s Crake.

Specimens collected: 217. Q 3-3-39 Jaijah-Abbasian (ITI-IT)

| Measurements :

Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail

Ta 17, gI 45 mm.—H. W.]

Shot nea reed hed sat aiatarein are

Amaurornis phoenicurus subsp.? The White-breasted Waterhen.

No specimen.

Noted on Baggah and Tatar dhands, Jajjah-Abbdsian.

Journ, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc.

A winged Houbara taking cover behind a diminutive bush.

Priate IIT.

Sdlim_ Ali.

Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec. Piate IV.

j : 2 Ss 5 Mee $ 4

Photo : Sdlim Ali.

The Houbara (Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni) when lying ‘doggo’ is a

perfect example of obliterative desert colouration.

ere

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 743

Gallinula chloropus subsp.? The Moorhen.

No specimen

Fairly common on Baggah, Tatar, Gagree and other dhands at Jajjah-

Abbasian, and also at Bahawalnagar.

Porphyrio poliocephalus subsp. ? The Purple Moorhen.

No specimen.

Noted: Jajjah-Abbasian.

Common on Gagree and other dhands with reed-beds, on the edge of which

it occasionally showed itself. It is much prized by the mohanas (boatmen) as

food.

Fulica atra atra Linn. The Coot.

No specimens. Abundant on dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar and

and elsewhere.

Anthropodes virgo (LLinn.). The Demoiselle Crane.

No specimen. Noted at Yazman (1), Chachran (IIT) and Harunabad (1).

Said to be unusually scarce this season (1938/39). Only small occasional

flocks of 4 or 5 and up to 10 birds met with among young wheat fields in the

riverain tract or canal cultivation in desert.

On 16 March on a loose sandy pat among low hummocky sand-dunes in the

desert’ some 2 miles from the edge of cultivation, were observed recent foot-

prints of an enormous congregation of some hundreds of large crane-like birds,

possibly this species. Had they massed here prior to emigration?

Choriotes nigriceps (Vigors). The Great Indian Bustard.

No specimen. A pair was observed at Manthar on some abandoned fallow

land bordering cn sand-dune desert. The birds were excessively shy and _ diffi-

cult to approach even within fair rifle shot. Once on the wing, they flew

steadily on for miles and were finally lost to view. Said to be rare in Bahawalpir.

Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni (Gray). The Houbara.

No specimen.

Noted: Bahawalptir town environs (III), Yazman (I), Dera Bakha (11),

Manthar(I)

Common and plentiful among the sandy mustard fields and low tamarisk

scrub on the banks of the Sutlej river. Also in sparsely scrubbed desert and

semi-desert country, often on the outskirts of cultivation especially of sirsdn

(mustard) crops. Flocks of 4 to 7 birds were commonly met with.

The Houbara, at all times alert and swift on its legs, is well nigh un-

approachable on a cool cloudy day. It is apparently not much hunted by the

Punjabi settlers in the desert canal colonies, and it was difficult to find anybody

with a proper idea of manoeuvring a camel round the bird in ever-narrowing

circles as is the normal method of circumventing it in Sind. When pressed the

Houbara surreptitiously lies ‘doggo’ behind a bush or mound, and it must be

seen to be believed how thoroughly inconspicuous stich a large bird can thus become

in its sandy environment. In flight the white underparts and the round white

patches near the wing tips are’ prominent. The flight, seemingly heavy with

slow wing beats, head and neck extended as in the Stone-curlew, is in reality con-

siderably swifter than it appears.

Cursorius cursor cursor (Lath.). The Cream-coloured Courser.

Specimens collected: 291 Q 15-3-39, 2908 ¢ 16-3-39 Hartnahad (1)

Elsewhere noted: Yazman (1)

[ Measurements

Bill Wing Tail

TG 32 167 67 ‘mm.

Ue 33 165 64 mm.—H. W.]

Patchily and locally distributed but apparently not uncommon in desert areas

440 JOURNAL,* BOMBAY NALURAE HIST. SOCIKRTY. V ol. Slr

on pals among sand-dunes, the facies common also to the Desert Lark (Alaemon).

In colour scheme and general effect it is but an enlarged edition’ of the Desert

Lark. In overhead flight the bird is strongly reminiscent of the Pratincole or

Swallow Plover.

No. 291 was evidently ready to breed. Its largest ovarian follicle was over

‘ mm. in diam. No. 298, less sexually mature (testes 6X4 mm.), was very

at.

Chettusia leucura (Lichr.). The White-tailed Lapwing.

Specimens collected: 57 ¢, 58 ¢@ 5-2-39 Bahawalpur town environs (III).

Elsewhere noted: Jajjah-AbbAsian.

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

PEE 16) B5=s5-5 , 173-179 71-73 mm.—H. W.]

Not uncemmon, Small flocks of 6 to 8 birds were usually met with on the

marshy margins of dhands, The gonads of the specimens showed signs of

enlargement. They measured 4x2 and 3X1.5 respectively.

Lobivanellus indicus subsp? The Red-wattled Lapwing.

No specimen. .

Noted: Yazman (I), Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I1), Bahawalpur town | environs

(111-11).

Fairly common but not abundant. Pairs or small parties about irrigated

ploughed and fallow land in semi-desert canal areas. Also at dhands.

The Yellow-watted Laping [Lobipluvia malabarica (Bodd.)| was not met

with by the Survey between January and April. There is no information

for other seasons of the year, but it is not unlikely that it may he a_ hot

weather breeding visitor to Bahawalptr territory as it is in Sind and_ else-

where.

Charadrius dubius jerdoni (Legge). Jerdon’s Little-Ringed Plover.

Specimen collected: 8 @ 28-1-39 Bahawalpur town environs (ITI).

Elsewhere noted: Bahawalnagar (subspecies ?).

[| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail .

ie 15.5 114 60° mm.—H Waa

Not common. Small parties of 3 or 4 were occasionally seen on sandy river

beds and at dhands, Left testis of specimen 6X3 mm., right 3x2 mm.

Tringa totanus eurhinus (Oberh.). The Redshank.

Specimens collected: 59 9, 60 ¢, 61 CG, 62 Q 5-2-39 Bahawalpur town

environs (III). .

Elsewhere nected: Bhutng (III-I]), Bahawalnagar (III-II).

[ Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

206 1) 49-51 160-161 66-72 mm.

2tO7© 51-53-5 162-165 66.5-67 mm.

These birds belong to the grey eastern race for which I prefer to use the

name eurhinus and not terrignotae. here has, however, been considerable con-

troversy about the matter and for this consult. Ibis 1934, p. 115, 1936 p. 826

and 1938 p. 525.—H. W. |

Redshanks were seen in large flocks of 40 to 50 each at dhands in the environs

of Bahawalptr town. They were common here in early February. Elsewhere

solitaries or small parties of 3 or 4 were met with. The last date recorded is

21 March, by which time most birds had certainly left. There was of course

no development as such in the gonads of the specimens though in both sexes

a slight departure from the absolute quiescent condition was discernible. The

testes of No. 60 measured 3X1.5 mm,

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR (PUNJAB) 74

All the birds were infested with flukes in the posterior body cavity. One

had 28 of the parasites clinging in a mass to the ceiling of the lumbar region.

Outwardly the birds appeared perfectly healthy, and they were in good. condition.

Philomachus pugnax (Linn.). The Ruff and Reeve.

Specimen collected: 325 dO 21-3-39 Bahawalnagar (I1I-II.)

| Measurements :

1716;

Bill - Wing Tail

ABS 181 69 mm.—H. W.]

One of a pair at a dhand. Testes 3x2 mm. Very fat.

Tringa ochropus Linn. The Green Sandpiper.

Fairly common at dhands and puddles.

Tringa glareola Linn. The Wood Sandpiper.

Noted at a dhand between Bahawalnagar and Minchinabad. -

Tringa hypoleucos Linn. The Common Sandpiper.

Not common.

Noted singly on margins of dhands.

Glottis nebularia (Gunnerus). The Greenshank.

Noted Bhtng 16 February. Solo on a small open pond.

Erolia temminckii (Leisler). Temminck’s Stine.

Noted: Bahawalpur tewn environs, Bhung, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar.

Fairly common on damp grassy margins of tanks whence the water has

receded. In small parties of 3 or 4 and flocks of up to 20 individuals.

Capella gallinago gallinago (Linn.). Vhe Common cor Fantail Snipe.

Common. Shot

arcund the dhands at Jajjah, Bahawalnagar and elsewhere.

Lymnocryptes minima Brunnich. The Jack Snipe.

Fairly common.

Shot at Jajjah-Abbasian.

’ Larus ridibundus (or brunicephalus?). The Biack- (or Brown-?) headed Gull.

Two gulls in winter plumage were observed on Gagree dhand at Jajjah-Abbasian

on 2 and 6 Marchi.

gunshot.

They were extremely wild and impossible to approach within

Sterna aurantia Gray. The indian River Tern.

Common on the larger rivers—Indus, Sutlej, Chenab.

Sterna melanogaster Temm. The Black-bellied Tern.

Noted in Bahawalpur town environs and near Bhung, on the

Indus rivers.

Sutlej and

Phalacrocorax niger (Vicill.). The Little Cormorant.

Noted at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March.

Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Shaw & Nodder).

The Indian Large Cormorant.

Fairly abundant on Gagree dhand, Jaijah-Abbasian, 2-6 March.

Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephen. The Indian Shag.

Several on Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March.

746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST, SOCIETY) Vol. wxLit

Anhinga melanogaster Pennant. The Indian Darter or Snake-Bird.

Noted: Bahawalptr town environs, Jajjah-Abbasian, Bahawalnagar.

Common at dhands.

Ciconia nigra (Linn.). The Black Stork.

Noted only in Bahawalpur town environs in Sutlej river bed. Three on

28 January; solo 29 Jan.

Ardea purpurea (manillensis Meyen). The Eastern Purple Heron.

Two or 3 solos seen at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2 March.

Ardea cinerea subsp.? The Grey Heron.

Occasional solos observed at dhands in Bahawalpur towh environs and at

Jajjah.

Egretta alba subsp.? The. Large Egret.

Noted: Bahawalpur town environs, Jajiah-Abbasian.

Solos at dhands.

Egretta intermedia (Wagler). The Indian Smaller Egret.

Observed at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March.

Egretta garzetta (Linn.). The Little Egret.

Observed at Gagree dhand, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-¢ March.

Ardeola grayii (Sykes). The Indian Pond Heron.

Noted: Bhung. |

Apparently uncommon in Bahawalpur State.

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.). The Night Heron.

Noted :: Jajjah-Abbasian (Gagree dhand) 4 March.

Butorides striatus javanicus (Hors!.). The Indian Little Green Heron.

Specimen collected: 209 @Q 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-I]).

[ Measurements :

Bill (from feathers) Wing Tail

r 64 170.5 60 mm.—H. W.]

One of a pair amongst partially submerged tamarisk tangles in Gagree dhand.

Anas platyrhyncha Linn. The Mallard.

Evidently the most abundant wintering duck in Bahawalpur. Out of about

1000 duck killed during one of the big shoots at Jajiah-Abbasian between 26 and

29 January (1939) about 800, i.e. about 80% were Mallards. By the beginning of

March most birds of this species had left.

Spatula clypeata Linn. The Shoveller.

Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March.

Anas streperus Linn. The Gadwall.

Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March.

Anas penelope Linn. The 'Wigeon:

Common on dhands, Jajjah, 2-6 March.

Dafila acuta (Linn.). The Pintail.

Fairly common on dhands, Bahawalpur’ town environs & Jajjah.

“wT

—_

ban

THE BIRDS OF BAHAWALPUR PUNJAB)

Nettion crecca (Linn.). The Common Teal.

Common on dhands everywhere.

Casarca ferruginea (Vroeg.). The Ruddy Sheldrake or Brahminy Duck.

A couple were observed on a SCIONS in the Indus at Daulatpur (Sukkur

Dist. frontier) 18 February.

Netta rufina (Pallas). The Red-crested Pochard.

Common. By the end of the first weelk of March mostly this species, Althya

rufa and Nettion crecca were left on the various dhands at Jajjah-Abbasian.

Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétriés). The Marbled Teal.

I examined 2 specimens killed during the big shoot at Jajjah between 26 and

29 Jan.

Aythya fuligula fuligula (Linn.). The Tufted Pochard.

Observed on Baggah and Tatar dhands, Jajjah-Abbasian, 2-6 March.

Aythya rufa rufa Linn. The White-eyed Pochard.

Common on dhands throughout the area. One of the last ducks to leave for

their breeding grounds.

Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis Brehm. The Black-necked Grebe.

I examined a specimen killed’ during the big shoot at Jajjah between 26 and

29 January. No cthers were seen.

Podiceps ruficollis capensis (Salvadori). The Indian Little Grebe.

Specimens collected: 207 d, 208 9 2-3-39 Jajjah-Abbasian (III-II).

| Measurements :

Bill Wing Tail

2G 20.5-27 99-5-102.5 27-34 mm.—H. W. ]

Common and abundant on all dhands. No. 207 was very fat with testes

6X4 mm. Testes of 208 4X3 mm.

THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA.

Di G. SEVASTOPULO} “ERIE. S:

Part VIII.

(Continued from. Vol. xiii, No. 3 (1941), p. 517).

RHOPALOCERA,

PIERIDAE.

Delias berindu Moore. berinda.

Pupa looking very like a large bird dropping. Cephalic snout

slightly bifid with the points upturned. Two small spines immedi-

ately above the eyes. Thorax slightly keeled. A series of very

small dorsal tubercles decreasing in size towards the cremaster.

A dentate ridge on the abdomen subdorsally above the edge of

the wing case. Ground colour olive brown. The sides of the

mesathorax, a triangular patch on the wing case, its apex, a

lateral abdominal stripe, wider justi before the cremaster, and a

ventral stripe on the anterior portion of the abdomen white. A

ventral stripe and the dorsum of the last two abdominal somites

and the centre tooth of the ridge above the wing case black.» A

lateral tubercle on the mesathorax and the rest of the dentate ridge

above the wing case yellowish. Suspended by a girdle and tail

pad of white silk.

A number of pupae were found attached to rootlets under the

over-hang of a bank beside a path through woods. One was

found about six feet from the ground attached to a bamboo.

escribed from a number of pupae found in Shillong, from one

of which a male emerged 6-v-q1.

NYMPHALIDAE.

Precis orithya L., ocyale Hbn.

de Nice:; Butt. nd., ii,773. ° 1886.

Moore, Lep. Ceyl., 1, 41, pl. 22, Ho. HOSi. .

Moore, eps ind; my 69, pl. 311, figs. 1, Ia-1e. 18Q9-1g00.

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butteriies, 17° 358) 1905,

Head black, the clypeus filled in with orange, hairy and with

each lobe ending above in a short branched spine. Body black, a

paler double dorsal stripe, the area between sprinkled with white

dots, a very broken yellowish lateral line from the 4th somite

bacine ard and a yellow subspiracular line. «1st somite with a pale

orange collar. The lateral area with occasional minute white dots

arranged in transverse lines. 1st somite with a short subdorsal

black branched spine, a double sublateral branched spine, the upper

deep yellow, the lower black. 2nd and 3rd somites with longer

THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 749

subdorsal and lateral black branched spines .and a double shorter

sublateral one. 4th to roth somites with dorsal, subdorsal and lateral

black branched spines (five in all) and a double sublateral, the

upper with a deep yellow base. i11th somite similar but with two

dorsal spines, one before the other. 12th and 13th somites with

subdorsal black spines only. Two small branched black spines at

mnie" base or each ‘proles. Legs’ black. Prolegs “deep yellow

banded with black. Venter blackish grey.

Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape rather short and

stout, thorax hardly keeled. ,Colour dark brownish black, the

dorsum with a series of small subdorsal tubercles marked with pale

pinkish grey, and with a transverse pinkish grey band before the

cremaster. Traces of a pinkish grey dorsal line. Wing cases

more olive brown in colour.

Described from. a full fed larva found in Shillong 24-iv-41,

pupated 27-iv-41 and a female emerged 15-v-41.

Bingham, quoting de Niceville, writes:—‘Larva head and body

of a very dark shining black shading into brown . . . head on

a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short distance; caudal

extremity also tipped with orange. Body covered with perpendicular

spines armed with strong radial hairs... Head bifurcated, reddish

spot in centre of face, a small spinous process in the angle of each

eye. Pupa suspended by tail, naked; wing-covers of a muddy

yellow; rest of body of a purplish colour variegated by lines of a

dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature along

the abdomen.’ Moore describes the Ceylon form, now known as

ssp. swinhoei Btlr., as follows:—‘Larva dark purple-brown, each

somite with short branched spines, two lateral rows of small yellow

spots. Pupa ochreous, speckled and lined with dark brown. Feeds

on Acanthads.’ His figure shews a black larva with a double lateral

row of white elongated spots.

Vanessa cardui L.

Wioore bep. Ceyt., “1, 50,. pl. 27, fig: ta. 18S.

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, 1, 366. 1905.

Head black with short bristly pubescence. Body dull black

clothed with short erect white hairs. An indistinct double yellow

dorsal line, traces of a transverse yellow line intersegmentally and

a broad yellow sublateral stripe. 1st somite with a minute sub-

dorsal black tubercle and with a lateral and two sublateral yellow

ones. 2nd and 3rd somites with a subdorsal, lateral and two

sublateral short branched spines, pinkish basally and yellowish

apically. 4th to 11th somites with similar spines dorsally, subdors-

ally and laterally (five in all) and two yellowish spines sublaterally.

12th and 13th somites with the subdorsal spines only. Legs and

prolegs brown. Venter grey speckled with whitish.

Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Pale pinkish buff with a

darker subdorsal and lateral stripe. Wing cases darker and mottled.

A series of nine short stout golden spines subdorsally on thorax

and abdomen. ‘Traces of a gold tinged dorsal. abdominal stripe,

the keel of the thorax slightly golden. Shape, thorax slightly

250 fOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

keeled, wing cases slightly angled, head truncate, very slightly

bifd.

Food-plant—Thisties.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 8-v-41, pupated

12-v-41 and a male emerged 2g9-v-41.

Moore’s description, which is quoted by Bingham, is ‘Larva

blackish-brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each

side; the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on

Artemisia. Pupa tuberculate head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or

brown, more or less spotted with yellow.’ The figure shews a black

larva with greyish intersegmental stripes.

Vanessa canace L., canace.

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, 1, 372. “1905.

Head black, hairy, with an inverted reddish Y-shaped mark.

Ist somite reddish spotted with black, rest of the body with a

bright rust-red black-spotted transverse band across the centre of

each somite, the intersegmental area black transversely lined with ~

whitish. 1st somite spineless. 2nd and 3rd somites each with a

subdorsal and lateral white branched spine, the apical branches

black. 4th to 11th somites each with a similar dorsal, subdorsal,

lateral and sublateral spine (seven in all). 12th and 13th somites

each with a pair of subdorsal spines only. Anal plate black. Legs

black. Prolegs black banded with rust-red. Venter black trans-

versely lined with whitish.

The young larva is similar but the rust-red is replaced by bright

cadmium yellow. The rust-red colour develops after the last ecdysis.

Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Colour dark purple brown

mottled with darker and paler and varying considerably in depth.

The abdomen with a pale dorsal line, a double pale ventral line

and a pale lateral stripe from the edge of the wing case to the

cremaster. Wing: cases with a central triangular dark mark.

Metathorax and 1st abdominal somite with paired subdorsal golden

spots. 2nd and 3rd abdominal somites tinged with metallic copper

colour. Shape longer than the usual Vanessid pupa. The head

bifid and the cephalic horns long and curved inward. Thorax

keeled. Wing cases angled. Abdomen with a series of seven sub-

dorsal and five dorsal spines. remaster very long, the edges

pale.

Food-plant—Smilax.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-q1,

pupated 25-iv-41 and a male emerged I1-v-41.

Bingham, quoting a description by Hampson, writes :—‘Larva

segments alternately orange and white, with numerous black spots

on the orange segments and black streaks on the white; seven

white, branching, black-tipped spines on each orange segment.

Pupa variegated reddish brown, with frontal gold and silver spots ;

head produced and bifid.” “Moore (Lep. Ceyl., 1,49, pl. 25, te. 2a-

1881) describes and figures the larva and pupa of the Ceylon sub-

species haronica Moore. The description is ‘Larva light red,

spotted wth black, the segments divided by black and purple lines,

armed with eight longitudinal rows of delicate branched spines; anal

THE EARTY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 751

segment slightly humped. Feeds on Smilax. Pupa reddish-brown,

abdominal segments tubercular, thorax angular, head produced and

bifid.’ He further mentions that the larva also feeds on Wild

Yam. The figure shews a bright yellow larva spotted with black

and with the intersegmental areas streaked with black and purplish,

The pupa is too short and the shape of the cephalic horns is in-

correct. Bingham quotes another very similar description from

Moore. (Lep. Ind., iv, 94, pl. 315, fig. 2. 1899-1900) which gives the

spines as yellow and mentions that the head and legs of the larva

are black and that the pupa has two dorsal rows of small reddish

pointed tubercles on the abdomen.

Argynnis hyperbius L., hyperbius

dep Nices, bultwind., ti, 131. 1886.

Bingham, (Mauna, Brot; Inds, “Butterilies, 1.440. 1905.

Head dull black. Body velvety black with a broad dull orange

dorsal stripe. ist somite anteriorly with a long subdorsal

and posteriorly with a shorter lateral black branched spine. 2nd

somite similar. 3rd somite with the subdorsal spines only.

4th to 11th somites with a _ series of subdorsal, lateral and

sublateral branched spines, the subdorsal series longest, those

on the 4th somite black, on the others with the apical third black,

the basal two-thirds pink. 12th somite with a subdorsal and a

lateral pink and black spine. Legs black. Prolegs black, the feet

yellow. Venter black.

Pupa dark blackish brown, the wing cases slightly mottled with

paler. Dorsum with traces of 4 median stripe composed of chestnut

specks, the thoracic keel chestnut. The thorax with three and the

abdomen with two subdorsal golden spots. Shape head bifid and

produced into two short horns, wing cases angled, thorax keeled.

A small black spine in each of the thoracic and abdominal gold

spots and a series of six subdorsal outwardly curved spines, of

which the first is the largest. Suspended by the cremaster.

Focd-plant—Garden Pansy.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 5-v-41, pupated

8-v-41 and a male emerged 18-v-41.

Bingham quotes de Niceville as follows:—‘Larva head and legs

black; body black, this colour, however, obscured by orange-tawny

markings. A broad orange-tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight

horizontal simple black spines on head; spines on pectoral segments

black; on abdominal segments pink tipped with black; on caudal

segments pink faintly black-tipped. Pupa head and wing-cases pale

Indian red; ten pale metallic spots on back; abdomen dark pink;

spines faintly black-tipped. The head ends in two well-separated

blunt points; there area pair of spines anteriorly, another in the

middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the

latter being hunched and keeled, on the abdominal segments there

are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest.’ Moore,

in‘ Lep. Ceyl., i, pl. 31, fig. 2b: 1881, figures the larva and pupa of

the Ceylon subspecies taprobana Moore, he gives no description

but mentions Wild Violet as the food-plant. The figure shews a

dull black larva with a dull tawny dorsal stripe. The shape of

the pupa is not very accurate.

752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Fist SOCTE IW. Viol mace nl

Cethosia biblis Drury, tisamena Fruhs.

Head black. Body with the intersegmental areas black, each

somite with a transverse white, purple and white stripe, a black

stripe dividing the colours. An interrupted sublateral white stripe.

Lateral area and venter black. Legs and prolegs black, the feet

of the latter grey. Spiracles black ringed with white. Head with

a pair of long thin tuberculate black spines. 1st somite with an

anterior subdorsal and a posterior lateral similar but shorter spine.

2nd somite with similar but slightly longer spines. 3rd somite with

the subdorsal spine only, but rather longer. 4th to 11th somites

with a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral spine. 12th somite with

subdorsal and lateral only. On all the somites the subdorsal spine

is longest, the sublateral shortest, and, except for the 1st and 2nd

somites’ lateral spines, all arise from the purple stripe.

Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape—head truncate and

projecting laterally into a slightly upturned tubercle. Pro- and meso-

thorax with a subdorsal spine, wing cases with two lateral pro-

jections above, abdomen with three pairs of subdorsal spines, then

a rounded lobe terminating in a spine and then a further four spines

decreasing in size from front to rear. A lateral series of four spines

on the abdomen, the first fairly long, the fourth little more than a

tubercle. A pupa formed in captivity was ivory white with a sub-

dorsal and lateral series of small olive brown blotches. The wing

cases also blotched centrally with olive brown. Cremaster black,

last three abdominal somites marked with black dorsally and ventr-

ally. A double dorsal golden spot on the prothorax and two on

the anterior somites of the abdomen. A wild caught pupa of similar

shape, which unfortunately died but was almost undoubtedly of

this species, had a rich deep golden brown ground colour.

Food-plant—A small creeper with heart-shaped leaves. The

larvae refused to eat the ordinary cultivated Passion Flower.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 7-v-41, pupated

16-v-4£ and a female emerged 23-v-4I.

Pareba vesta Hs) vesia.

Moore, sLep: Ind.) v, 31,.pl, 387, Mes.) a-1s om. O3e

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butterflies, .1, 470. 1905.

Head yellowish brown, a pale inverted Y-shaped mark, the

arms filled in with black and edged with black externally. Ground

colour of body creamy-white, a’ chocolate brown dorsal, lateral

and sublateral stripe and with two transverse chocolate brown

stripes across each somite posterior to the spines and another

on the intersegmental area. Armed with the following slightly

branched spines, basally vellow brown and apically black and

arising from yellowish warts between the longitudinal stripes, rst

somite with a subdorsal spine, 2nd and 3rd with a subdorsal and

lateral, 4th to 11th with a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral, and

r2th somite with a subdorsal and lateral. Legs and prolegs black.

Venter whitish with a purplish brown lateral stripe.

Pupa suspended by the cremaster. Shape long, not prominently

angled, a series of short black spines subdorsally on thorax and

abdomen. Colour white. Abdomen with a black subdorsal,

THE PARE V STAGES, OF INDIAN CEPIDOPTERA 753

lateral and a median ventral stripe, the subdorsal and lateral bear-

ing seven and four deep yellow spots respectively, the ventral

with an interrupted yellow internal stripe. Wing cases veined

with black. Thorax with a central yellow stripe edged with black.

Antenna cases yellow outlined with black. Head and leg cases

marked with black.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-41, pupated

25-iv-41 and a male emerged 14-v-41.

Bingham, quoting Moore, gives the following description :—

‘Larva elongated; head unarmed; segments armed with a_ sub-

dorsal and a sublateral row of long, sharp-pointed, branched spines

and a lateral row of shorter naked spines. Head reddish ochrace-

ous, black-spotted, front with a white stripe; segments dark

purplish violet, with longitudinal’ rows of short transverse white

bars; spines ochreous with black tips; legs ochreous with black

bands. Pupa suspended. Elongated, narrow; head with two short

frontal points; thorax convex. and uneven; abdominal segments with

a dorsal and two lateral rows of short tubercular points. Colour

‘white, tubercles and streaks on wing-cases ochreous.’

LYCAENIDAE.

Rapala nissa Koll., rectivitta Moore. ,

Head small, black and _ retractile. mst somite hood-shaped.

2nd to 9th somite each with a subdorsal and sublateral fleshy tooth

ending in a few black bristles. 1oth somite with two sublateral

teeth but no subdorsal. i1th somite with one sublateral tooth.

Colour yellowish green with a darker dorsal line, the teeth some-

what paler and with an oblique triangular pale lateral mark on

each somite. Legs, prolegs and venter paler green. Ant gland

and tubercles inconspicuous.

Pupa of the usual Lycaenid shape. Pale pinkish grey, the

sides of the thorax and wing cases suffused with blackish. Formed

in captivity on a slight mat of silk on the bottom of the tin and

covered by a leaf, and secured by a slight girdle and the cremaster.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 21-iv-41, pupated

27-iv-41 and a female emerged 15-v-41.

HETEROCERA.

LYMANTRIIDAE.

Porthesia scintillans Wlk., limbata Btlr.

Head black. Ground colour of body black. A double orange-

red dorsal line on the ist to 3rd somite, the lines divide and

become subdorsal on the 4th and 5th somites and then join again

and continue dorsally very indistinctly to the roth somite. 4th

and 5th somites with small dorsal humps tufted with short black

hair. 6th to roth somites with round subdorsal patches of white

scale-like hairs, qth and 5th somites with smaller patches below

(94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY) NATURALAIST, SOCIETY aol eum

the dorsal humps. 12zth somite slightly humped and‘ with a few

of the white scale-like hairs laterally. An orange-red sublateral

line with a series of crimson warts bearing white hairs, the warts

continuing across the 12th somite. 1st somite with red subdorsal

tubercles tufted with blackish hairs. A few white hairs. Dorsal

glands pale lilac. Legs and prolegs yellowish grey. Venter black

streaked transversely with orange-red.

Cocoon of dark brown silk mixed with larval hairs. Pupa

olive brown, the abdomen tinged posteriorly with yellow, the wing-

cases with green.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 23-iv-41, spun

27-1v-41 and a female emerged 17-v-41.

A larva found at Peshoke (2,500 ft. Darjeeling District) in

December 1937 on Tea was similar to the larva of P. scintillans

scintillans (mihi, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., xl, 406), but un-

fortunately failed to emerge so that it was impossible to be certain

whether it was of ssp. limbata or not.

LASIOCAMPIDAE.

Metanastria Iidderdalii Btlr.

Head pale grey, striped with darker. Ground colour of body

whitish, overlaid with minute specks and streaks of grey, black,

pink, brown and green and giving a general greyish appearance

tinged, in some examples, with brown, pink or green. 1st somite

with deep crimson subdorsal blotches marked externally with dark

blue and with a broad dark dorsal stripe, which continues onto

the 2nd somite where it is lost in the dense hair. A dark zig-zag

subdorsal line from the ath to 11th somite enclosing a dorsal series

of dark shield-shaped marks. A constant feature is a pale grey

shield-shaped mark on the posterior portion of the 7th and anterior

portion of the 8th somite. 5th to rith somites with oblique pale

lateral stripes. Some larvae with deep cherry red blotches laterally.

2nd and 3rd somites clothed dorsally with a dense mass of. short

purple-blue hairs intermixed with a few longer white-tipped hairs

and with five transverse bands of short white spatulate hairs

running through them. A sublateral series of large tubercles bear-

ing fringes of grey hair. 4th to toth somites with subdorsal

pencils of a few longish black hairs. 11th somite slightly humped

and it and the 12th somite with a few single longish black hairs.

Venter pale grey with a deep pink central stripe. Legs deep pink.

Prolegs greyish. Spiracles dark grey ringed with whitish. When

at rest the hairs on the 2nd and 3rd somites are not very noticea-

ble, but when alarmed the head and 1st somite are doubled under-

neath the body, erecting a dense fuzz of sharp hairs, and the

whole of the forepart of the body is lashed from side to side.

Cocoon boat-shaped of tough greyish silk shaded with yellow,

and studded with the sharp larval hairs projecting point outwards.

Usually spun along a twig. Pupa brownish black, the interseg-

mental areas dark olive brown. The abdominal somites with a

THE EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA 755

few very short hairs. Cremaster a bunch of short reddish brown

hooked spines.

Food-plant—Pine.

Described from a number of full fed larvae found in Shillong,

one of which spun 1&-iv-41 and a male emerged 20-v-41.

LIMACODIDAE.

Mambarilla narosides Hering.

Head blackish, small, retractile. «Ist somite pale purplish

brown, retractile. Shape almost flat, very nearly diamond-shaped,

the lateral edges scalloped. 2nd somite cut straight across and

in four scallops. 8th somite broadest. 12th somite ending in two

blunt points. Colour dull dark purplish, a dark rust-coloured broad

dorsal stripe on 2nd to 4th somites, a dull whitish lateral mark

on the 6th somite, the lateral area of the oth to r1th somites

dull whitish, roth somite with a white dorsal bar with rounded

ends and a paler dorsal blotch on the r2th somite. The lateral

scallops ending in a few short bristles, white on the goth to rith

somites, brown on the others. Venter whitish.

Cocoon small, almost spherical, of the usual hard Limacodid

type. Colour silvery white with a slightly curved deep chocolate

brown stripe on the top and an incomplete circle of the same

colour at one end. ‘Some have more than one stripe on cop and

may be marked at both ends.

Food-plant—Pear.

Described from a number of full fed larvae and cocoons found

in Shillong 1-v-41, from one of which a female emerged 19-v-41.

NOCTUIDAE.

Acronicta indica Moore.

Head deep reddish chestnut or black, with an inverted V-

shaped paler mark. Ground colour black, the intersegmental areas

transversely lined with yellow. 3rd to roth somites with an orange

dorsal streak on the anterior portion of each somite and an oblique

white stripe subdorsally. A zig-zag creamy subspiracular stripe

with an erect pinkish-chestnut dash behind each_ spiracle. rst

somite with single longish pale hairs. 2nd somite with a double

subdorsal tuft of white hair, 3rd somite with a triple subdorsal

tuft of black hair, 4th to Sth somites with triple subdorsal tufts

of white hair. All somites with single longish hairs. Legs

chestnut. Prolegs pinkish-chestnut. Venter blackish. Spiracles

white. One larva had the ground colour deep brown instead of

black, the subdorsal tufts of hair pinkish brown instead of white

and the subdorsal stripes reddish orange instead of white.

Cocoon spun, in captivity, among leaves and of golden brown

silk. Pupa very dark purple brown, minutely punctate. Cremaster

broad, a short point on either side ‘and clothed with short straicht

dark brown bristles, |

756 .° JOURNAL, “BOMBAY, NABURAR HiSi-tSO ChE TA, alcole tlt

Food-plant—Plantago sp.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 12-v-41; spun

16-v-41 and a female emerged 27-v-4t.

The larva is very similar to that of the European A. rumicis

L., with which the present species was formerly considered synony-

mous.

GEOMETRIDAE.

Terpna ornataria Moore.

Head grey green, triangular and produced into a long point,

bifid at the extreme tip. Body grey green, a yellow subdorsal

line which ends by edging the anal flap, which is produced into a

longish point. The dorsum, under a lens, minutely speckled

with dull red, with larger dull crimson speck on’ the

anterior portion of each somite dorsally and another subdorsally

just external to the subdorsal line. A sublateral line, consist-

ing of a white, a yellow and a brown line, starting from the

posterior pair of legs and terminating on the 11th somite. Venter

frosted green with a white median stripe, joined by dark-edged

whitish oblique stripes with a dull red speck at the point of junction.

Legs green, the Ist pair very small, the 3rd marked with red

posteriorly. Prolegs green, the anal claspers with the apex dull

reddish. Rests with the legs tucked in and the projection on the

head forming a line with the dorsum, position slightly curved.

Pupa in a folded leaf spun together and lined with silk. Colour

pale watery yellow-green, the head and prothorax pale olive-brown

and with a pale spot ringed with chestnut enclosing the spiracle

on the 9th somite. In all pupae found wild, the leaf had a hole

bitten through it, through which this spot shewed.

Described from a full fed larva found in Shillong 24-1v-41, spun

26-iv-41 and a female emerged 17-v-41.

Anisodes obrinaria Guen.

Pupa shape triangular. Head truncate, thorax with the front

produced into a pair of horns. Thorax not keeled. Colour pale

green. Front edge of the thorax blackish brown, a dorsal red

brown line. Abdomen with a red brown line on the posterior

half, the line originating from a red brown spot. Formed on the

surface of a leaf without any cocoon, the cremaster being fixed

into a few strands of silk.

Described from a pupa fourd in Shillong 26-iv-41, from which

a female emerged 30-iv-41.

(To be continued),

ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA.

Lizut.-CoL. R. W. Burton, 1.4. (Retd.).

ParT I.

(With 4 plates).

“Narbada Mai’, or Mother Narbada as it is also. reverently

named, is considered by many Hindus to be the most sacred of

all the rivers of India. It rises to the east of the Central Provinces,

at Amarkantak on the borders of the State of Rewah, and enters

the Arabian Sea near the town of Broach after a course of some

seven hundred miles.

In earlier years it formed, with the forests and hills along its

course, one of the main barriers which then shut off the peoples

of Northern India from those of the Deccan. At the close of the

triumphant career of Samudragupta, the second king of the Gupta

dynasty, the Narbada was his southern frontier. He did not

attempt to retain conquests made south of the river, and returned

about the year A.D. 230 past the fortress of Asirgarh which is

nowadays seen by railway passengers between the stations of

Burhanpur and Khandwa.

The Narbada (Sanskrit, Nar-Mada, ‘causing delight’) is rightly

named for it is a beautiful river through most of its long course,

and to camp on its banks during the cold season is truly a delight.

In the hotter months of the year the pleasure may be somewhat

vabated; but tiger and panther are more readily come by, and at

(aa

certain places the fishing is good.

If one’s stay is leisurely suitable swims can be baited with

parched gram by means of which excellent sport is obtained. This

gram fishing is a method peculiar to the Central Provinces, and an

art in itself. Suitable equipment is a fly rod for fish up to tro Ibs.

or so, a gut cast as fine as you dare use, and size 8 ‘model perfect’

fools. Mine vane, tar of “1s the maxim to bear-in mind, and

the threaded peliet must swim naturally with the other grains

thrown in to accompany it down the stream; for any ‘drag’ will

be fatal to success. And unless there is a ripple on the water it

is likely that all the pellets will be sucked down except that to which

one is expectantly attached! It is expert angling, can be most

disappointing at times, and is not so simple as the chapter on the

subject in the ‘Rod in India’ by the immortal Thomas would lead

one to suppose. Anglers wishing to have the fullest possible

information and guidance as to gram fishing should refer to the

excellent article on the subject entitled ‘Fishing in the Rivers of

the €.P.’ by Maj: W. B. ‘Trevenen which was published in the

Journal of the Bombay Natural Hors. Society, Vol. xxxiv, No. 3,

p- 700 ef seq.

758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol: XLII

Where there are boisterous falls in the river, as at Dhariaghat,

there is excellent sport, using natural bait, with mahseer and a

number of other predaceous fish both for a period when the water

is subsiding after the rains and in the hot weather-—March being

the best month tf the intense heat is not objected to. To hit off

the former some considerable margin of time is necessary, or there

may be disappointment due to late floods. The waiting days can

be passed in pursuit of tiger and panther, in natural history observa-

tions, or just walks through an always interesting forest country.

One day three large stones had to be moved to one side of a

forest track to clear the way for the cart. Under one stone was

a snake, beneath the next a centipede quite eight inches long, and

the third harboured a scorpion! Trails of large pythons are

oecasionally seen in sandy places; huge spider’s webs are stretched

from bush to bush; the night’s tracks of all the jungle animals and

birds are along the paths: so jungle strolls can be full of surprises

to an inquisitive and observant eye.

There is much life on the river and along its sand banks and

islands. We see a crocodile on a sand-spit, and perched on the

near-by jutting branch of a submerged snag is a ‘snake bird’,

as the Indian Darter is called by Europeans, and very snake-like

he appears when his lean head and neck are protruded above the

surface of the water after a dive. The specimen we see has his

wings spread out to dry and looks like a bird on a lectern—or the

German Eagle! At a respectful distance from the seemingly sleep-

ing saurian are two brahminy ducks—Ruddy Sheldrake, to give

them their other name. Wary birds they are, and without good

reason, as they are not sought after by European sportsmen and

are protected by Hindus, who do not like them being shot. Grace-

ful river terns are seen sweeping over the water. with light and

airy flight, and kingfishers of three varieties are noticed; the black

and white species (‘The pied fish-tiger hung above the pool’) being

less common on this river than the larger and smaller coloured

ones—the common Indian kingfisher, with appearance and _ habits

of the one so familiar to us in the British Isles; and the Indian

white-breasted kingfisher, with large, conspicuous red beak.

Cormorants are common, and that curious bird, the Indian

Stone-Curlew, or Goggle-eyed Plover, is often flushed as we float

silently in the dug-out past the islets of the river. Among the

bright green toliage of the dwarf jamun bushes many small birds,

bulbuls, warblers, sparrows and the like are seen and heard; while

the ubiquitous king crows and their larger and more ornate

relatives the racket-tailed drongos, are seen hawking the air

from selected vantage points. -Screeching paroquets weave emerald

skeins among the tree-tops; egrets show dazzling white amid the

dark foliage of the trees; there is the occasional splash of fish;

and a wide ripple is caused by a crocodile having slipped silently

into the stream from a sloping bank.

Troops of monkeys and lungoors, an occasional otter: all these

and many other sights are the ordinary daily happenings; but all

that is to be seen and noticed would fill a volume. Indeed this

river is a delight not only on account of the many forms of life

to be observed, but because of the changing forest scenery; the

-ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA 799

gracefuily waving bamboos, grasses and tamarisks; the lovely lights

and shadows on the water; and the beauty of the crimson sunsets

followed by the softening light of the risen moon which makes

the wide river bed with the dark brooding forests on either bank

a fairy land of magic and mystery. ;

The rainy season in the north-western part of the Central Pro-

vinces is frequently prolonged into October, so when setting out

late in September we knew there might be some unpleasant weather

and cart tracks in a bad state. However, after two marches to

cover the twenty-four miles from the small wayside station we pitch

camp within sight and hearing of the falls under the scanty shade

of small teak trees from which the leaf has mostly fallen.

Above the basaltic barrier the river is now some four hundred

yards in width, narrows to a hundred and fifty, and tumbles in

separate cascades of varying volume over the rocks through which

it has cut its way during countless centuries. It is a fine sight.

Below the falls the perpendicular rocks confine the river in a

gorge eighty to a hundred yards wide, to open out and again con-

tract, and so make its way for twenty miles to Mandhata, where

are famous temples and a cliff from the summit of which human

sacrifices took place up to. the year 1824, when the country came

under British dominion at the close of the Third Mahratta War.

It is plain to the eye that the falls we now see were, ages ago,

some eight hundred yards further down; and aeons before that

again, several miles below.

By the side of the path approaching the sacred river is a small

temple dedicated to Mahadeo, from. within which issues the almost

unceasing chant of the solitary priest. All through the day and

night, with but short intervals for rest and food, he drones away ;

and so passes the monotonous days of his earthly existence in

contemplation and hope of the Nirvana he aims eventually to

attain. ‘He is one of the’ really earnest devotees. and has been

here three years, alone in the tiger-haunted forest, with no human

dwelling within miles of him on this side of the river.

In earlier days similar devotees were carried off from the

jungle temples at Amarkantak by man-eating tigers: and that may

be so occasionally even at the present time.

Early on the 4th October we are on the rocky bank below the

nearest fall. The water is beginning to clear; so a good sized

murral is seen cruising about. With us is a dhimar, a man of the

fisherman caste summoned from the Dhar State on the further bank.

Having lived much of his life with the roar of the falls in his ears

he has acquired a habit of conversing by signs, so interprets his

meaning by taking off his loin cloth which he fashions by means

of pieces of driftwood into a sufficiently serviceable net. Squatting

at the edge of the rough water he has in a few moments bait for

the undoing of Ophiocephalus striatus—and whitebait for our dinner !

‘He then takes the smail rod set aside for his use, attaches a treble

hook to the line, and, stalking the place, quietly drops his bunch

of wriggling fry into the rushing stream ten feet below. In less

than no time the reel is singing a merry tune. 4 Ibs. and 24 inches

long: one of the best eating freshwater fish of India. But all

murral are not so simple as that,

760° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIEIY: Wolo aelt

On the other side of the river, where the rapids from the main

fall sweep in rushing eddies. along the rugged rocks, are two men

with sixteen-foot bamboos and twenty feet of cord. Using dead

bait they search the likely places with perpendicular lines and we

see three large murral unceremoniously lifted out of the water.

‘Sometimes,’ says our henchman, ‘they catch as much as three

maunds of fish in a morning’. It is mahseer we want and: not

these coarser fish. The water is too celoured for spinning and

we try live bait without result, for the river is rising fast and

there must have been heavy rain higher up.

In the evening we go to see the reported tracks of a tiger: yA

fine fellow he is by his footprints, of which we see both old and

new, so know that the sandy ravine is where he passes regularly

on his rounds. A tree for a machan chair is selected. There being

no suitable root or stump to which the young buffalo can be pick-

etted, a trench eight feet in length and a foot wide is dug, with a

further length tunnelled at each end, so that a ten-foot log can be

sunk two feet below ground level. Round the log is passed a

flexible wire rope with a loop at the surface to take a similar rope

for attachment to the poor boda’s foreleg. The loop round the

animal’s leg is carefully padded. The sand being filled in and well

rammed down over stones, adding to the weight, all is secure. No

tiger can move such a fixture.

A tiger killing at this prepared dinner table should be as good

as bagged. There must be no wounding; for, the jungle, apart from

any other consideration, is so thick at this season that the follow-

ing up of a wounded beast would almost amount to suicide: yet

it would have to be undertaken for such are the ethics of the game.

Next day a thunderstorm makes everything damp and uncom-

fortable, but on the following morning a cloudless sky evidences

more settled weather. The water is now less coloured and a 3-lb.

mahseer is secured on a spinning dead bait, and in the afternoon

another -of the same’ size on “the further ‘side vof ‘the ;riveray Next

morning two mahseer of 5 and 6 Ibs. are taken, also on spinning

tackle, and then the uncertain weather brings the river down in

heavy spate. The rain to cause this six-foot rise must have been

a long way off and very heavy: probably it was around the head

waters on the Rewah border. Here is a cloudless sky, hot sun,

and chilly nights. At 6 a.m. it is 66° and 96° at 2 p.m.

For twelve days the river continues in flood. Neither we nor

the locals take many fish, and none of them are mahseer. For

days our desultory efforts produce only tengra of one to three

pounds weight. These scaleless fish afford no sport, but are good

to eat. Several perrun, also of the family Siluridae, are caught on

live bait, the largest 8 Ibs.—ugly fish having enormous mouths fuil

of rows of sharp teeth. All fish of this ‘cat-fish’ family are voraci-

ous feeders, and some of them grow to a great size—six feet in

length, and 200 lbs. and more in weight. .

In 1891 I hooked one quite six feet long, from the stern of an

Irrawaddy paddle-wheel steamer lying at anchor for the night below

Katha. <A lascar foolishly touched the taut line with the boat-hook

so the monster escaped. A wallago-attu—perrun—of 23 lbs. seized

a rohu (carp) of seven pounds while the smaller fish was being

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ON THE

Fig. 1.—Dasara F

Fig, 2.—Dhariaghat Falls on

BANKS OF THE NARBADA

the Narbada: tiger and

at Dhariaghat.

Pit e

mahseer,

PuateE I.

both are here.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ON THE B:/

NKS OF THE NARBADA

Fig. 2.—Perrun, 14 lbs.

Pate II.

1.—A 20 Ib. Mahseer.

ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA 761

played in the lake at Mahoba; after he let go a 2-lb. rohu fished

as live bait brought about his speedy capture.

Sometimes we sit and watch the leaping fish. Gallant efforts

they make to ascend the foaming falls and cataracts; some must

succeed, but most appear to fail. Our greatest admiration is gained

by the tiny heroes which leap from the foaming torrent against

the slippery sides of the rocky walls. There they cling, panting,

with down-pressed pectoral and ventral fins; wriggle up a little,

take a rest, wriggle again, and so, by difficult inches, climb five

feet of rock—mostly perpendicular and sometimes overhanging—

until they meet the water trickling over at an edge. Then a final

effort is made and the gallant mite rushes into the flood to be

instantly borne away down the fall he has been instinctively endea-

vouring to surmount.

It is only very wee minnows which attempt the ascent in this

manner. The others are ceaselessly leaping, leaping, mostly with-

Out avail: and the loin cloths are btsv all the time.

On the 13th October there was a great gathering of people

from far and near, the occasion being the annual Dasara festival—

the Durga-Puja of the Bengal Presidency. On this day there will

have been similar gatherings at all the ghats and temples through-

out the course of this sacred river.

It is a gay scene we look upon. The rugged, rocky shores of

the river are crowded on both banks with gaily apparelled men,

women and children, for this is a universal Hindu outing similar

to a British bank holiday. Bullock carts, palanquins, ponies, are

scattered among the throng, and the smoke from many fires rises

in the air. There is a great washing of clothes, performing of

various ceremonies, and offering of coconuts. Below the falls are

several large boats which have brought people from Mandhata,

and the boatmen are reaping a rich harvest of the nuts from the

stream, vieing with each other in racing down the flood to secure

them. By evening all these thousands of people have left to return

to their homes.

Next day there is news of a large cow buffalo having been

killed by a tigress five miles upstream. We hasten to the place

with a young companion who is in camp with us for a’ week or

so. Mr. Verdant Green—for so we may name him concerning all

that pertains to shikar, is full of hope, but it is not until 5-30 p.m.—

much too late for such an affair—that we leave him perched in

a machan chair for this first experience of sitting up for a tiger.

In the morning we find tracks of the tigress all around the kill,

and learn she was heard sniffing under the machan early in the

night but gave no other sign of her presence. She may have

been within hearing when the machan was being made ready, or

suspicious because the kill had perforce been dragged some twenty

feet; or, more likelv, had detected the occupant. Another all night

vigil by our young friend afforded him the further experience of

seeing five hyaenas at their loathly repast, for the weather was

warm, and the poor buffalo hastening towards dissolution.

On the way back to camp we see tracks of other tigers, and a

hear, along the sandy banks of the river, and at a village talk to

an old man—eighty he says he is, perhaps he is sixty. A couple

762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

of months ago he heard a disturbance in the caif-shed near his hut.

Entering with a man holding a lantern he found a large male

panther had seized a calf by the throat. Graphically he illustrates

how he severed the marauder’s spine with one stroke of his axe

and wholly disabled it with further blows, the final stroke almost

cutting its head in two. Such killing of panthers with axes is not

uncommon: even tigers have been slain in like manner by plucky

herdsmen.

In the evening we take our first large mahseer of the trip, large

for this river. He seized the spinning dead bait in a small eddy

just off the main rapid along the further bank so was into the

flood and eighty yards below in no time. The fish then reached

more placid water at the entrance to a bay, but the clamber along

the rocks took some time and there was a loose line now and then;

a fall would have been painful, and dangerous in places. However

all was well and the fish duly played out and netted. 20 Ibs., 31 ins.

long, girth 22 inches; a handsome mahseer with dark blue back and

portly outline.

The sky is dark and lowering as we take the photograph. The

dhimar, picking up his rod, hurriedly laid down when he heard

our yell above the roaring of the waters, finds his minnow has

been pouched by a mottled green snake and the line in a fine

tangle. The light is now too bad for a photograph and we are

eager for another fish. Several are seen to leap in the tumbled

turmoil of the rapids; there is one savage tug at the bait but no

hold taken; so we put up our tackle, trudge up the bank to the

boat, and cross the river after the most gorgeous sunset it is

possible to imagine.

This sudden activity of fish, and the flaming sky, was a sure

presage of the storm which gathered next day to burst upon us

from 3 p.m. to midnight. Every day we take coarse fish: tengra,

perrun, bekri, eels, and realize, as indeed we well know, that this

month of October is too uncertain for mahseer fishing in this

river. March is the month. Then are golden days and silver

nights, mahseer, tiger, all delights! The days more red-hot than

golden, but sport would compensate and risk of fever be less.

On the 25th October two small mahseer taken on spinning

tackle are returned to grow larger, and the twin brother of our

acquaintance of last Sunday is seen rolling like a porpoise in the

swirling foam. Now the water is clearing, and there will be no

more rain. Early: in the month there were flights of duck and

teal moving up and down, but none have been seen lately. Daily

we see the three varieties of kingfisher, fish hawks, kites, ubiquitous

crow, and blue rock pigeons. On only one day was a mugger

seen and he, a monster of his kind, cruising down the flood like

a Thames steamer.

When asked if. any of the villagers are ever taken by muggers

the dhimar relates a wonderful tale. ‘It was,’ he says, ‘about the

time of the great upheaval (meaning the Indian Mutiny) that a

boy took two bullocks to the river to drink. A mugger seized

the lad by the leg; he held on to the head ropes. The saurian

would not let go, nor did the boy, but the bullocks were strong

and dragged both boy and crocodile to the village where the latter

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate III.

YARBADA

ON THE BANKS OF THE

Fig. 1.—A Narbada Priest.

Fig. 2.—The Dhobi at work.

Journ. Bombay

Nat.

Hist. Soc.

ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA

Fig. 1.—A centre cataract.

SRO,

‘ig. 2.—My fishing boat.

SERS

Pirate IV.

ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA 763

was despatched and the boy released’. A stout-hearted, also strong-

armed village boy !

On the night of the 26th the tiger again took a stroll along

the sandy shore of the river, passing between the two bodas with-

out getting into touch with either of them. Yet the baits are

tethered in carefully selected places where tigers have passed, and

always do pass, on their nightly prowls. It is sheer bad luck and

only two nights remain, for this outing must come to an end on

the 30th October.

Now that the impetuous flow of the river has somewhat abated,

the dhimar accedes to the suggestion that we can venture to the -

several falls and cascades accessible from the rocks in the centre

of the rocky barrier. We go there in the afternoon and observe

much of surpassing interest. Plain to the understanding are demon-

strated the methods slow and sure by which the mighty force of

the water continues to erode a way through the rocks and gradu-

ally destroy them. Very evident it is that during the ages to

come the falls -will recede further and further upstream.

First there is a small! irregularity in the rock surface; a little

sand whirled round and round forms a slight circular depression ;

then a few small pebbles continue the work; the boil becomes

deeper, the pebbles larger: then arrive pebbles to size of a foot-

ball and a large ‘well’ is formed. All of these processes are seen

at work in the various stages. The result is that two wells are

formed in proximity to one another. As they grow larger the

sides give way and an arch is formed. Gradually the arch is

weakened at the summit and worn away; then the rocks are

tumbled into the irresistible flood to be eventually ground into

feand. so jt is that the relentless power of. Nature is.ever at

work and ‘grinds exceeding small’. As the various processes of

formation of these ‘boils’ and ‘wells’ can only take place during

the few months of the year when the river is in flood, and then

works intermittently and at various levels, ages indeed must have

gone to the making of the great gorge that we sce.

We go to the principal cascade, where the two branches of it

meet beneath an arch which will eventually collapse, and see two

fat murral busily at work among the fry; and a large mottled-green

snake—similar to he of the tangled line—is on a rock at the water’s

edge making quick lunges at the small fish leaping out of the

stream as they essay ascent of the tumbled water. We see him

catch one, and watch him dispose of it. Many he misses, and is

not such a skilful fisherman as the ‘pied fish-tiger’ which hovers

over a placid in-curving bay of the river further down.

At these centre cascades there is a great assembly of fish of

all sizes, from minnows an inch long to fish of two or more pounds

in weight: all of these in their countless millions are attempting

the ascent, and adding the glitter of their silvery forms to the

beauty of ‘the foaming water.

The dhoti arrangement is soon at work to procure live bait, and

in a few minutes a ten-pound mahseer, seizing it deep down under

the arch, makes off down the further channel. The movement

has been. foreseen as, should the fish be able to turn the corner,

all is lost for the line will be cut on the rocks and in any case the

764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. Xiil

fish cannot be landed. So no line is allowed and the struggler

hauled back by brute force, the hook-hold being fortunately sound,

and directed into the nearer rapid. Once in the swirl of that he

could not be denied and is fifty yards downstream in a moment;

then he is played out and brought to net in a small bay close by.

A six-pound mahseer is caught, and two much heavier ones

lost by the hook-hold not being good enough to withstand the

drastic methods necessary to prevent them going down the further

flood. As the day draws to a close a 14-lb. perrun is landed after

a good fight in the heavier water of another fall, and then we

reluctantly pack up to clamber over the rocks to the boat.

We have stayed overlong, and it is nearly dark when we com-

mence to pole upstream. Soon it is realized that it is not possible

either to see the rocks below the surface, or which way the currents

set, or to pole against the current. To be swept down either of

the main falls a descent of forty feet—as must happen if the boat

gets into the heavy force of the stream—means certain disaster ;

so we perforce return to the rocks resigned to the necessity of

remaining marooned for the rest of the night.

No food, shorts and shirt! But the sky is clear, the moon will

be up in half an hour, and a cleft in the rocks is found which will

afford some shelter from the chilly wind to be expected after

midnight. The dhimar collects driftwood; so has a fire and his

evil-smelling tobacco to comfort him.

Soon the familiar star patterns and constellations are pricked

clear upon a stainless sky shortly to be dimmed by the rising moon

which sheds silver radiance over the upstream placid reaches of

the river and enhances the magnificence of the wild turmoil of the

falls and cascades. The night is very beautiful.

We wander about the rocks and watch the cascades and the

leaping fish doubly silvered in the rays of the moon, a sight which

will always live in the memory. The dhimar slaps his tummy to

indicate it is time to roast some fish over the embers, so we are

soon full-fed and ready for slumber which is somewhat slow to

arrive owing to the vibration of the tortured rocks. The sun hat

makes a sufficient pillow. The fisherman settles down close to the

fire which he takes care to keep going through the hours.

Shortly after daybreak the friendly moon sets behind a giant

mango tree on the further bank, the stars fade out in the pale

blue sky, and the sun springs above the forest tree-tops to shed

welcome rays on the scene. The fisherman sets about making

arrangements to get the boat away. A long rope is signalled for

from camp. He wades and swims to the bank to fetch it and a

man to help. At the head of the rapid the man is left near a

rock, and the dhimar returns to the boat which we pole to a place

near the edge of the difficult water. Then the rope is fetched by

the otter-like native, and fastened to the boat; it is nervous work

to watch him, hampered by the long rope, swept in an instant

some twenty yards down before he obtains a footing.

The boat is taken as far upstream as can be managed, to

whirl rapidly down when let loose, but be pulled with success to

the eddy below the rock. At last the adventure is safely ended.

As we arrive the swollen bulk of a defunct bullock comes floating

ON THE BANKS OF THE NARBADA "65

down the river to be carried over one of the centre cataracts and

be wholly disintegrated in the process. It is glad we are to have

had a drink of river water before that came along !

In the afternoon we go again to the same place and have

further success with mahseer and perrun, but take care to stop

fishing in time to come away under similar arrangements to those

of the morning. This is the end of the October outing. Six miles

takes us to the forest rest house, near which is a sandstone fort

about 150 years old in which European officials, ladies, children,

refugees from Indore, were sheltered for some weeks during the

troublous times of 1857, before they were moved for greater security

to the Asirgarh Fort. The remaining eighteen miles to the rail-

way station is done in a bullock cart during the cool hours of the

night, and train taken at an early hour on the last day of October.

(To be continued),

A STUDY OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT FOOD

IN TROUT WATERS IN THE KULU VALLEY (PUNJAB).

Hamip KHAN, M.Sc., LL.B. (Punjab), ph.p. (Cantab.), F.A.Sc.,

Game Warden, Punjab,

AND

Harpans Lat Tanpbon, B.Sc. (Hons.), (Punjab),

Fisheries Research Assistant, Kulu.

(With 2 plates).

In 1937 study of the food of Brown Trout (Salmo fario L.) in

the Kulu Valley by examination of its stomach contents, had shown

that during the months of July and August the monsoon rains

caused heavy floods and produced disturbance in the supply of

available trout food in the river (Hamid Khan, 1938). The Brown

Trout in the Kulu Valley mostly feeds on insects and aquatic

larvae clinging to the stones, and during the heavy floods most of

the trout’s food is washed off the stones. But as soon as the

floods subside, it is found that the fauna of the stream has again

made its appearance on the stones lying submerged under water.

Investigations were, therefore, started in 1938-39 to study reappear-

ance of fauna in the trout waters. No previous record of such a

study is available in India, and its importance cannot be minimised.

The results of such investigations are of the greatest practical

utility tO pisciculturist and can be utilized by him to develop the

fisheries to their utmost capacity with due consideration to food

available in the streams.

METHODS AND APPARATUS.

The commonest type of substratum in the Kulu Valley is stony

and it is not practicable to use any dredging or grabbing method

for collection of stream fauna. In addition to the fauna adhering

to the stones, there is a swimming fauna and fauna lying in the

sand and shingle under the stones. It would, therefore, not suffice

to raise the stones over a given area for qualitative and quantitative

study of stream fauna.

In order to overcome these difficulties, the apparatus, used for

coliection of fauna from selected areas in the trout waters in the

Kulu Valley, was a modified form of the scoop recommended by

Moon (1935) for an ‘Investigation of the Littoral region of Oligotro-

phic Lakes’. The body of the scoop consists of a four-sided square

box like structure, made of galvanized iron sheet, measuring

12 inches by 12 inches and with angle iron frame. Anteriorly, there

are two iron hooks on either side of the frame for attachment of

ropes and at its anterior ventral edge, the frame has an iron blade

of two inches width. The iron blade is slightly inclined down-

wards. Posteriorly and situated dorsally, there is an iron socket

for a five feet long wooden pole. To the posterior face of the

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Fig. 2.—Dhe scoop in use.

Pvate I.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate Ii.

Fig. 1.--Washing organisms from

stones.

‘ig. 2.—Washing organisms from

stones.

A sfUDY OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT FOOD , "67

‘scoop is fitted a three feet long bag of strong coarse cloth, which

is open at the bottom end, but closed tightly when the scoop is in

Been ( blate I fio. 51),

To use the scoop, an area ‘of six square feet is measured, the

scoop is placed in shallow water near the bank with its face against

the current of water (Plate 1, fig. 2), the handle is pushed forward

and the scoop is dragged slowly by means of the ropes. The blade

of the scoop is pressed gently under a stone which is raised slowly

and placed in the bag of the scoop. All the stones lying within

the measured area are thus collected, washed carefully in a bucket

with a soft deck brush so as to collect all the organisms on the

stones, with due care so as not to damage them (Plate I, figs. 1

and 2). The swimming fauna, i.e. the fauna floating on the surface

of water, which falls on it from overhanging trees or from other

sources, within the measured area, is collected in the bag of the

scoop. 3

When all the stones have been collected, the scoop is then

dragged along the bottom, with its iron blade dug deeply into the

substratum; collecting the last traces of the fauna present. The

fauna, thus obtained in the bucket and net, is strained in muslin

cloth and preserved in 7o per cent. alcohol for study.

The scoop has been found to work satisfactorily for collection

of practically all the available fauna from the measured area.

MATERIAL.

The collection of the fauna was made from selected areas on

either bank of the river Beas in the Kulu Valley between Sultanpur

and Dramdhag-—a distance of twenty-eight miles. The fauna

clinging to the stones, lying within the measured area of six

square feet, and totally or partially submerged in water, was

collected, the stones were cleaned, and replaced in water and kept

under observation.

The fauna collected from the stones was classified as ‘rich’,

‘average’ or ‘poor’ according to the quantity collected. The observa-

tions were taken twice a day. The period of time required for

the fauna to reappear on the stones almost to its normal condition

was recorded, and it was found to vary with the different collections

made in different months.

The fauna collected from the stones mostly consisted of insect lar-

vae belonging to the orders Trichoptera (Caddis fly), Ephemeroptera

(May fly), Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Plecoptera

and Neuroptera. Trichoptera included the sub-families Sericosto-

matidae, Hydropsychidae, Philoptomatidae, and Rhyacophilidae.

The May fly larvae belonged to Ecdyurus (Hepata geniidae) and

Cloen (Baetidae). Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera were

meagerly represented. Neuroptera was represented by Sialitidae.

Of all the insect larvae, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera were the

commonest.

It is thus evident that Trout’s food, studied previously by

examination of stomach contents (Hamid Khan, 1938) corresponded

to a large extent to the fauna collected from the stones. ;

The total number of collections of fauna and number of

"68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL Hisi'. SOCIETY, Vol, XLil

observations on reappearance of fauna on the stones from July 1938

to October, 1939, was 337 in each case, on an average of about

30 collections every month. No observations were recorded during

winter months i.e. from November, 1938 to February, 1939.

Table I shows the average time taken in each month by the

fauna to reappear on the stones almost to its normal condition.

During the rains and just after the rains the fauna seems to take

a longer period to reappear than that it takes before the rains.

It may, however, be noted that such a comparison cannot be taken

too far as the time taken by the fauna to reappear also varies

according to its nature and its density. It is but natural that the

time required for the ‘rich’ fauna to reappear on stones to its

original condition is longer than the time that a ‘poor’ fauna takes

to reappear even under normal conditions. During the rains, how-

ever, heavy floods cause a great disturbance in the fauna available

in the streams, and it is very likely that the organisms clinging to

the stones are washed orf and get scattered in the stream. Con-

- sequently the reappearance of fauna on the stones takes a longer |

time.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FAUNA.

When the fauna had again made its appearance on the stones

almost to its original condition, it was recollected from the stones

lying in the measured area and compared with the original collection

of fauna made before the stones were cleaned, marked and replaced

in water for observations. Altogether eighteen such collections

were made. .

Table II gives the comparison of collections of fauna from the

stones ‘before cleaned’ and ‘after cleaned’ stages. ‘Before cleaned’

stage means the original collections and ‘after cleaned’ implies the

collection made after reappearance of fauna. It is to be remembered

that the observations recorded in Table II were made mostly on

collections from stones where fauna was ‘rich’. Consequently the

average period in Table I taken by the fauna to reappear during

various months of the year is different from that given in Table II.

From the observations recorded in Table II it appears that the

difference between fauna collected from the stones before they were

cleaned, and the fauna when it had reappeared is negligible. In

some cases Caddis and May fly larvae have appeared in excess and

in other cases the difference is not very great. But in almost all

cases the fauna! had reappeared to almost to its original strength.

CONCLUSION.

It has been interesting to find out from these observations that

the trout food on an average reappeared after four days’ time on

the stones which had been cleaned and replaced in the stream. It

can, therefore, safely be vouched that the disturbance caused by

the floods in the fauna of the trout streams is of a temporary

nature, and that the food resources of trout streams in the Kulu

seem to be inexhaustible. :

1 ‘Fauna’ implies animal fauna. Plant life which was found on the

stones along with the insect larvae in the collection is not included.

A STUDY OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT FOOD 769

SUMMARY.

1. Reappearance of fauna on stones submerged in water in

River Beas in the Kulu Valley was studied in 1938-39.

2. Scoop used for collection of material from large stones,

gravel and sandy substratum is described.

3. The fauna was collected from six square feet area from

selected areas ‘on either bank of river Beas.

4. The stones from which the fauna was collected were cleaned,

marked, replaced in water and kept under observation.

5. Average period taken by fauna to reappear varies from

63 hours in March to 138 in October.

6. The fauna collected originally did not differ much from the

fauna collected after its reappearance.

7. The results of the investigations show that food resources

of trout streams in the Kulu Valley seem to be inexhaustible.

REFERENCES.

Hamid Khan, ‘The Food of Brown Trout (Salmo fario L.)’. Journ. Bomb.

igi ist. Soc... Volv xl,°3, 428-38; 1938.

Moon, H. P., ‘Methods and apparatus suitable for an Investigation of

Littoral region of Oligotrophic Lakes’, Intern. Revue der gesamten Hydrol.

und Hydrog., 32, 319-33, 1935-

TABLE I.

Showing the average time for the reappearance of the fauna on the stones.

Average time taken

Year Month for reappearance of Remarks

the fauna on stones

1938 July aig 125 hours

a August one DOme 105 hours average. (During

and after rains.)

a September ... LOO,

.; October oh S02 5,

1939 March om GSI |

+ April ee SO 53 78 hours average. (Before’

rains.)

of May sis Olas

- June wie 130.

- July ais No observations

taken.

‘ August are 120 hours |

122 hours average. (Dur-

te september ... 251.0 ',5 j ing and after rains.)

9 October ae NSS Eas

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

770

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A STUDY OF THE REAPPEARANCE OF TROUT FOOD

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TABLE II

Showing the comparison of the Fauna at Before Cleaned and After Cleaned Stages,

| cS iS

eg KiyD OF FAUNA 2

g p =

a g : l

g Fl g | | | =

g ay 3 2 g 3 | 8 iS z

3 22 5 S rs B, bs Ea a LE 3 Remarks a

B ae s a | 2 | 8 Elaj2)e|5| 32 | 2 =

° og a a r= i) al2i/el|al\/si2/48lg =

Pr 3 ® is a S EW Pe ee CW Se ey) al cosh || =

3 2 Be 3 FI See eSalesh len isaieculesalipoia ies allecalicet 5

2 g BS 2 BE | 2] a BIS) Flele)elaeleie| = :

B a a < a Ba ANS eS an lia |S) |iei la, |e =

— } =

] ni = 3

1 | March | 146 hou pid P 9 | =

here hours | 6sq aoe ee «fi oie . | nas Rotors cleaned. c=)

es | ter cleaned. =

1939 | 50 minutes BRE fl easel nczseate cal casey lea eed loca cee lpm ocrlhneres eran nese 5

wee wee eee tee - ee nee cleaned. n

3 March | 122 hours | 6 sq. ft 51°F 28 26 | | zi

a | A ‘ 3 ype || -t00.|}/ co5-l 2053. || Goo,|| coo meraat devel | eee 54 Before cleaned. c

1939 | 55 minutes 53°F 48 UW | 55. |} cee || cco Jove fice) eee | ee +. |... | 63 | After cleaned. Ss

4 | April | 117 hours |6sq.ft. | 51°F | 102 | 15 | Waco | 5

1939 | 30 minutes fom [ie |e 13 (ee eee Fee aitarceeaae :

cos aoe wee || ove aes aoe oo eee c ned, —

5 April 119 hours 6 sq. ft. 50°F 62 25 eS

1939 | 15 minutes ise eee At ae erie |e cle tts eee [ay FA 8 enced 5

6 April | 170 hours | 6 sq. ft. 53°F 2 | fc

1639 | 30minutes | oe Reece eel eg meal eee [eater aes || eet aan e S

oe tee ane san ae ee see see cleaned. x

7 April 91 heurs 6 sq. ft. 53°

Apa oe nears sq Se 8 uf exe || aes 1 W652 |} S22 |f'ton at eee #3 Betcre enced

tee Pers eee nee one - - ase lean -

8 May 140 hours 6 sq. ft. 56°F 49 17 1 1 5h cece reo |) co 68 | Before cleaned.

1939 30 minutes 53°F 32 23 |... 8 63 | After cleaned.

| | |

9 May 71 hours 6 sq. ft. 56°R 34 21 TE) cas |) coo TN ceo tap} an ... |... | 57 | Before cleaned.

1939 45 minutes 56°F 10 47 EON eee Wl cay || xen PM al | cco «. |. | 64 | After cleaned.

10 May 141 hours | 6 sq. ft. 52°F 42 30 4 vse | ase | as: | .. | 76 | Before cleaned.

rey

1939 45 minutes 52°R 38 3 Nl cro cox |loco |} 2H) see |) cco «|... | 68 | After cleaned. S

il May 168 hours | 6 sq. ft. 56°F 142 PY Wore Werce || coc [foc |fcosd SEU) cag |) coe 172 | Before cleaned. °

1939 40 minutes 56°F 74 SSW eee con [Pace |fcu} coo |[ ce |} ts) cco 112 | After cleaned. 1

0 \) ae lstorems ((Geeuias | see |) 20 We WC Incfecallcn |fen fer) co feo |] ae ||) S| toe et, 2

1939 20 minutes 53°F aa FN eae saelloro lee leaf ess Ihre ang) Cee |) akscietteerteeh I

13 June 70 hours 6 sq. ft. 58°F 26 DP Abec lip eval onllens || cos |lcen yy one |p ce) SERS cleaned. g

1939 35 minutes 56°F 8 SCS eae | eatin Mera hora becoa,| Mega |e creel cee |fuccorl faecal eke cleaned. =

u4 June | 119hours | 6 sq. ft. 72°F 34 12 |... |. |e | ee | Len | se | |. | 47 | Before cleaned. is

1939 10 minutes 70°F 14 30 | GP ED | | oe | a |. [ae | 44 | After cleaned: 5

15 | August | 118 hours | 6 sq. ft. 63°F 37 B | oc | ace | coe | ove | cee [ee | see [esp es | 45° | Before cleaned. a

1939 15 minutes 68°F 23 ag |i ||| ce | ac] a. |. fe | 4i- | After cleaned. &

16 Sept. | 103 hours | 6 sq. ft. 52°F BP |e 52) || lew lbsseal| pees jam sl peweh eecll ervaed | evel ee-ell| Ou eBetorescleaned: )

1939 50 minutes 51°F eae FD AP Sa NS ea] haat | Nee | mead] Dimes Ney Ser en ALEC: cleaned,

7 Oct. 194 hours | 6 sq. ft. 56°F 85 72 |... | 2). |. | 3] 1) « |. |. | 163 | Before cleaned. 2

1939 | 30 minutes 50°F 79 | 78 |i |u| ve | oe | L] ae | = |e | | 158 | After cleaned. q

18 Oct. | 189 hours | 6 sq. ft. 54°F 90 44 ex) | vavanll (es 3|...| .. |... | «- | 137 | Before cleaned. SI

1939 30 minutes 45°F 72 53 eee cua! | een 1 2 |... |... | 128 | After cleaned. [S)

is}

is)

TAL

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (2 RICHOPTERA),

MartTIn E, MOSELY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

(With twelve plates).

Part VIII.

__ (Continued from page 339 of Volume xli, No. 2, L930),

SERICOSTOMATIDAE McLacutan. (Contd.).

LEPIDOSTOMATINAE Ulmer (Contd.).

Dinarthrum latum Martynov. Pl. 1. Figs. 1-4.

Dinarthrum (Indodinarthrum) latum Mart., Rec. Ind. Mus., 38,

pp. 283-284, figs. 53-54, a-c, 1936.

Martynov describes the species as follows :—

‘3. Punjab. Punj-pul Nuilah, about a couple of miles from

Dalhousie, on the Dalhousie-Bakloh Road, 6,500 ft., v-27, S. L.

Hora.’

‘$. Eastern Himalayas, Darjeeling, 11-vi-14, F. H. Gravely

(defective specimen).’

‘Similar and related to the foregoing species. Basal joint of

the antennae nearly as long as the whole body, armed with two

processes in the basal part. Anterior wings as in D. (I) punjabicum

_ Mart., but discoidal cell is longer, the cell between M,+CuA, and

CuA, much. longer, cell CuA,+CuaP, on the contrary, not ds 7

extended; anal stripe with spinules and scales, a little shorter

and somewhat arcuate.’

‘3. Dorsal plate of the rtoth segment short, with irregular

hind margin; from the side, the roth segment is higher than in

D. punjabicum. Basal joint of the pedes genitales more elongated,

second joint more dilated at its end; titillators also curved to the

right.’

‘Length of body 5-5°3 mm.’

Cotypes in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, I am

unacquainted with this species.

Dinarthrum punjabicum Martynov. Pl. 2. Figs. 1-4.

Dinarthrum (Indodinarthrum) punjabicum Mart., Rec. Ind. Mus.,

38, pp. 282-283, fig. 51, a-b, 52, a-c, 1936.

Martynov describes the species as follows:—

‘11d, 62. Punjab, Punj-pul Nullah, about a couple of miles

from Dalhousie, on Dalhousie-Bakloh Road, 6,500 ft., v. 27,

S. b.- Horas:

‘3. ‘Head and thorax brown above, head transverse. Basal joint

of d antennae brown, nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen,

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 773

curved, directed forwards and clothed with rufescent hairs and out-

standing thickened hairs; it bears at its inner side two processes,

the basal long and curved and the second shorter, thread-like,

yellowish, annulated with brown. 1st joint of d maxillary palpi

long, second shorter, slender. Coxae brownish, legs yellow, or

somewhat brownish; tarsal joints darker at their ends. Anterior

wings greyish-brown, clothed with yellowish rufous hairs and with

black scales before and behind the longitudinal subdiscoidal groove ;

whitish spots of hairs at the end of SC, somewhat nearer to the

base and at the end of M. Venation somewhat resembling that

in D. ferox McLach.; discoidal cell rather short, but somewhat

variable. M weak dividing at the base of discoidal cell into the

fore branch, reaching the end of wing, and the weak hind branch

soon uniting with CuA to form a common vein, then separating

and forming probably M,+CuA,. Anal groove or stripe straight,

distinct and extending a little beyond the end of DC; basal por-

tions of CuP and of A, present; fork 5 (between M,+CuA, and

Cu,) somewhat variable, but usually rather short; apical cell be-

tween the ends of CuA, and CuP extended, elongated; in ‘the

posterior wings discoidal cell sometimes closed by a cross-vein;

sparse blackish scales present. Jn females DC in the anterior

wings is also short, CuP, A,, A, and A, connected behind by

a post-costal vein, running near the hind edge of the wing; forks 1,

2, 3 and 5 present; basal joint of 2 antennae twice shorter than

in d, without processes.’ :

‘Abdomen dark brownish.’

‘3. -Side pieces of 9th segment with concave hind margins;

oth tergite almost triangular, with dark hind edge; roth dorsal

segment not entire, but divided by a median fissure into two

portions, which, from above, are band-shaped, with hind margins

-nearly parallel to the hind edge of oth tergite; side portions not

projecting above. Second joint of pedes genitales elongated,

slightly thickened in its distal portion; end part sub-divided by a

small incision above into two small lobes.’ |

‘Penis curved downwards; titillators originating from the left

side of the penis; they are rather thick and curved to the right.’

‘In 2 anterior wings DC is also short, forks 1, 2 and 3 begin-

ning at the same level.’

‘Length of body 4 mm.’

‘Remarks.—This species resembles D. (Paradinarthrum)

longiplicatum Mart. and D. (P.) mesoplicatum Mart. but differs

somewhat in the structure of d genitalia, as also in the venation

of anterior wings in ¢d.’

Cotypes in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. I am

unacquainted with this species.

Dinarthrena gen. n.

Spurs, 2, 4, 4. In the do, the basal joint of the antenna is

armed with either one or two processes. Wings clothed with hairs

and scales; in the anterior, the post-costal fold varies in length;

discoidal cell long and narrow; in the posterior wing, the discoidal

774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

cell is sometimes wanting, possibly aberrantly. Penis-sheaths

present. Inferior appendages branched or unbranched; no upright

branch at the base.

Genotype.—D. shanta sp. n.

Dinarthrena shanta sp. n. Pl. 3. Figs. 1-5.

Insect dark brown. In the d, basal joint of the antenna rather

short and stout with a claw-shaped, angular branch at the base,

somewhat transparent in the type; palpi short, probably two-

jointed but obscured under the thick clothing of hairs; anterior

wing rather narrow with an acute apex, both wings clothed with

hairs and scales; post-costal fold slightly more than half the length

of the wing, terminating in a wide cellule and with only one large

and rather shallow cellule between it and the posterior margin.

Genitalia ¢.—The apical margin of the ninth tergite produced

in a wide triangle with a rounded apex; the dorsal plate is replaced

by a pair of strongly chitinized and asymmetric spines arising from

bulbose bases, that on the left with a basal spur arising on its

upper margin; that on the right, with a small spur before its

apex; penis short and curved; sheaths asymmetric, of unequal

length; inferior appendages unbranched and terminating in a long,

trumpet-shaped, narrow-stemmed, from above, extension arising

from a broader basal part armed with various projecting processes ;

from the side, the extension terminates in a diamond-shaped

dilatation.

Length of the anterior wing d 6 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna ‘84 mm.

S. Shan States: Road 4o km. E. of Taunggyi, 13-x-1934, R.

Malaise.

Type ¢ in the collection of the Stockholm Museum.

Dinarthrena steelae sp. n. Pl. 4. Figs. 1-6.

Insects brownish; in the d, the anterior wings are clothed with

hairs and scales; there is a scale-lined, longitudinal groove through

the centre and the usual fold in the post-costal area; all forks

sessile and two large cells in the post-costal region; in the posterior

wing, fork No. 1 with a footstalk in both sexes; an additional fork

in both wings in the 2; in the d, basal joint of the antenna

of medium length, elbowed about midway; in the unique type,

membranous with two membranous processes at the base but: the

remaining joints normal in texture; maxillary palpi two-jointed,

basal joint long, terminal joint short; labial palpi, basal joint very

short, second shorter than the third; spurs 2, 4, 4.

Genitalia ¢.—Dorsal plate from above, with the centre of the

apical margin rounded, margin somewhat serrate, outer angles

strongly produced; from the side, tapering to narrow, obliquely

truncate apices, with a pair of triangular plates, directed down-

wards, arising from the centre of the dorsal plate, on the under

surface ; penis slender, arching downwards; sheaths symmetrically

directed tailwards; inferior appendages perhaps two-jointed, stout

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 775

at the base, terminal joint partly welded to the basal joint with

the apex produced in a small, inwardly directed plate.

Length of the anterior wing ¢ 6.5 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna d 1'9 mm.

Burma: Mishmi Hills, Chhaglon, 5,350 ft., 25—-26-i1-1935, M.

Steele.

Type o and paratype 2(?) in the collection of the British

Museum.

These two insects, ¢ and 2, belonging to the same genus and

taken in the same locality on two successive days, probably belong

to the same species but there is no direct evidence that they have

been correctly associated.

I have pleasure in dedicating the species to Miss M. Steele

who has devoted much time to collecting insects of many Orders in

Burma and Assam.

Agoerodella gen. n.

Spurs, 1, 4, 4. In the ¢, basal joint of the antenna without

processes. Maxillary palpi, basal joint very long, terminal short,

almost rudimentary. Wings covered with hairs and scales; in the

anterior, post-costal fold short, less than half the length of the

wing; discoidal cell narrow. Penis-sheathes wanting. Inferior

appendages single-jointed and unbranched.

Genotype.—A. punkata sp. n.

Agoerodella punkata sp. n. Pl. 5. Figs. 1-6.

Insect yellowish; in the d¢, wings covered with hairs and scates;

anterior, discoidal cell rather short and narrow, shorter than its

footstalk; post-costal fold short, cell between it and the posterior

border long and narrow; seventh apical cellule closed with a broad

cross-vein just beyond the termination of the post-costal fold;

neuration of the posterior wing irregular, no discoidal cell, only

fork No. 1 present; basal joint of the antenna about as long as

the width of the head with the oculi, shrouded in dense hair which,

when removed reveals a close row of stout spines of varying

length; the inner surface of the joint is excavated to leave a ridged

hollow darkly pigmented towards its distal half; maxillary palpi

two-jointed, basal joint long, stout and curved, terminal joint very

small; spurs 1, 4, 4, anterior tibiae considerably dilated; femur

in the type, notched on its inner surface towards its distal end.

Genitalia ¢.—The apical margin of the ninth tergite produced

at its centre; beyond is a dorsal plate forming a pair of long,

finger-like, parallel and adjacent processes arising above the centre

of a broad, triangular plate; penis broad and short, slightly arched,

apex excised; inferior appendages single-jointed and unbranched,

tapering from broad bases to much produced and rounded apices.

Length of the anterior wing d 7°5 mm.

Length of the basal joints of the antenna 1.25 mm.

N.-E. Burma: Punkataung, 16-ili-1934, R. Malaise.

Type ¢ in the collection of the Stockholm Museum,

716, JOURNAL,” BOMBAY NATURAL (Hist. SOCTELYS Vol. Lit

Adinarthrella gen. n.

Spurs, 2, 4, 4, or 1, 4, 4.. In the ¢,. the basal joint of jiu.

antenna rather short and without processes. Maxillary palpi two-

jointed, basal joint abnormally bent and thickened before the apex,

terminal joint normal. Wings covered: with hairs and scales; in

the anterior, costa folded over the wing towards its base; post-

costal fold varying in length. Inferior appendages with the apices

branched but without an upwardly directed process at its base.

Genotype.—A. brunnea sp. n.

Adinarthrella brunnea sp. n. Pl. 6. Figs. 1-5.

Insect dark brown; in the 6d, basal joint of the antenna not

very long, without any basal processes and slightly elbowed before

the apex; it is furnished with the usual hairs and scales; maxillary

palpi two-jointed, basal joint elbowed in the basal half and enor-

mously dilated at the bend, then the joint is narrow to the apex,

second joint slender, about the same length or slightly longer than

the narrow part of the basal joint; wings clothed with hairs and

scales, the latter mainly confined to the veins; anterior, costal

margin rounded, the costa at its base, doubled over the sub-costa,

enclosing a pencil of hairs; discoidal cell long and narrow; no

median groove; post-costal fold rather long; in the posterior wing,

the 4th apical cellule extending not so far inward as the basal angle

of the discoidal cell; spurs 1, 4, 4.

Genitalia d.—-oth tergite produced at its centre in two long,

slender, triangles separated from each other by a narrow excision;

penis rather long and straight, apex excised, a pair of very slender

sheaths along the upper surface but the structure is difficult to

make out; inferior appendages single-jointed, branched with a broad

base extending for about half its length; seen from the side,

there is a somewhat slender branch arising from the apex of the

broadened half, apex inturned, from above; the apical portion of

the appendage is thickened with a convex lower margin; the upper

margin of the appendage along the basal half, is strongly sinuate

or S shaped; from above, the apices are dilated and rounded, parti-

cularly in the inner margins.

Length of the anterior wing ¢ 7 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna ¢ 1.5 mm.

Assam: Shillong, 5,000 ft., 20-31-x-1934, Fletcher coll.

Type d and paratypes d and @ in the collection of the British

Museum.

Adinarthrella inconspicua sp. n. PI. TSS. mer:

Insect brown; in the o wings clothed with hair and scales,

much denuded in the type, broad and rounded; anterior with

the costa bent over along the basal third and there bearing long,

stiff hairs; discoidal cell long and narrow; a faintly indicated fold

in the post-costal area terminating on the margin of a rather large

and somewhat round cell; posterior wing with the nervure closing

the discoidal cell very weak, perhaps absent in one wing; fork

No. 1 sessile; basal joint of the antenna about as long as the width

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 77%

of the head with the oculi; maxillary palpi two-jointed, basal joint

very stout and rather short, slightly curved, terminal joint slender

and inconspicuous; basal joint of the labial palpi short and stout

slightly curved; spurs 2, 4, 4, those of the anterior tibiae con-

spicuous.

Genitalia ¢.—The apical margin of the ninth tergite produced

in a large, bifid process with a minute, triangular process at its

base; penis short and straight, apex slightly excised; sheaths long

with very acute apices; inferior appendages apparently two-jointed,

from beneath, broad at thé base and produced in a slender process

of about the same length as the basal part; from the side this

produced portion has a small projection on each side of its base,

the lower bearing a peg-like tooth; from beneath, the appendages

are widely separated with a slight projection at the centre of each

inner margin.

Length of the anterior wing d 6 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna 0.86 mm.

N.-E. Burma: Kambaiti, 7,000 ft., 11-v-1934, R. Malaise.

Type do in the collection of the Stockholm Museum.

Adinarthrella kimsa sp. n. Pl. 8. Figs. 1-5.

Description ot the male; head fuscous, clothed with dense fuscous

hairs; | oculi “black; basal, joint of the antenna rather short,

fuscous, densely clothed with fuscous hairs, remaining joints

very pale ochraceous or golden with dark fuscous annulations ;

maxillary palpi two-jointed, basal joint bent at right angles

about midway, terminal joint short; labial palpi, basal joint,

as long as the second but shorter than the third; wings

ochraceous, anterior with the costa doubled over at the base and

enclosing a pencil of hairs; there is a central, curved groove lined

with dark scales and a fold parallel with the post-costa; pubescence

short and golden, excepting in the folds where it is darker; fringes

. dark; legs ochraceous, spurs 2, 4, 4.

Genitalia d.—Ninth segment produced in the centre of its dorsal

margin in two long processes divided from each other by a narrow

excision; from the side, the process is broad at the base with a

deep, angular excision on the under surface before the apex which

is stout and downwardly directed; penis short and arched, the

sheaths as in Dinarthrum, directed asymmetrically to one side but

perhaps aberrant; inferior appendages single-jointed, stout, from

the side, a small process arising from the upper margin towards

the base, apex bifurcate, the forks lying one above the other, the

upper more strongly chitinized than the lower which arises from

a somewhat swollen basal portion; from beneath, the lower fork

is constricted before the apex which is triangular, its obliquely

truncate margin covered with strong spines; the lower margins of

the appendages are fringed with strong hairs.

Length of the anterior wing d 6 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna 1°2 mm.

Sikkim: Kurseong, 18-30-iv-1922. Fletcher collection. Type 3

in the collection of the British Museum.

773 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisT. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

Adinarthrella parva sp. n. Pl. 9g. Figs. 1-7.

Insects small and yellowish. Anterior wing d with the costa

folded along rather more than its basal half; post-costal fold long,

extending nearly to the border of the wing; four large cellules

between it and the posterior margin, the two nearest the apex

about equal in size, the next the largest, basal cellule small; wings

covered with hairs and scales. There are additional forks in both

wings in the 2. Basal joint of the antenna in the do, rather longer

than the width of the head together with the oculi, no processes

at the base; maxillary palpi membranous, possibly two-jointed,

basal joint stout and elbowed, terminal, slender and_ straight;

Spurs, 1,.4,04.

Genitalia d.—Dorsal plate produced in a long triangle with

an excised apex; from the side, the plate is deep at its base, taper-

ing to a rounded apex, lower margin straight, upper sloping down-

ward; penis short and stout with a pair of short, slender sheaths;

inferior appendages bifurcate towards the apex, no basal branch

but a slight, hooked projection of the upper margin about mid-

way; upper fork, from the side, slightly shorter and more slender

than the lower.

Length of the anterior wing d 6mm., ¢ 7 mm.

Length of the basal joint of the antenna d °86 mm.

N.-E. Burma: Kambaiti, 7,000 ft., 28-v-1934; I-v-1934.

Type ¢ in the collection ‘of the Stockholm Museum. Paratypes

of both sexes in the Stockholm and the British Museums.

Goerodes Ulmer.

Goerodes Ulm., Coll. Selys, Fasc. 6(1), pp. 37-38, 1907.

Goerinella Ulm., Deut. ent. Zeit, 1915, p. 67, 1915.

Crunobiodes Mart., Ann. Mus. Zool, Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., 28,

Pp. 471, 1927.

Spurs, 2, 4, 4. In the od, basal joint of the antenna without —

processes. Maxillary palpi one- or two-jointed. Wings with a

clothing of either hairs or scales or both; costa sometimes folded

over the wing, sometimes normal; post- costal fold varying in length.

Penis-sheaths absent. Inferior appendages branched, always with

an upwardly directed branch at the base. Dorsal plate generally in

the form of a pair of spine-like processes but sometimes the processes

are fused together to make a plate of varying shape.

Genotype.—G. cornigera Ulmer.

Goerodes indica Martynov. Pl. 10. Figs. 1-7.

Maniconeura indica Mart., Rec. Ind. Mus., xxxviii, pp. 289-201, )

figs. 60-62, 1936.

Insect brown generally; in the d, basal joint of the antenna’

about as long as the breadth of the basal part of the head without

the oculi; second joint short, third longer than the second or suc-

ceeding joints ; maxillary palpi two jointed, basal joint darkly pig-

mented and pressed closely in front of the face, terminal joint small

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 779

and membranous, transparent; wings clothed with hairs only; there

are no intermingled scales; a fold in the post-costal region of the

anterior wing in which the discoidal cell is long and narrow; neura-

tion in the post-costal region slightly aberrant in the type; in the

posterior wing, the base of the fourth apical cellule extends very

slightly further inwards than the basal angle of the discoidal cell; .

spurs 2, 4, 4.

Genitalia ¢.—oth dorsal segment with a triangular production

of the centre of its margin; beyond it extends a dorsal plate dilat-

ing immediately beyond the base, constricted again before the trun-

cated and excised apex; the upper surface of this plate is set with

peg-like spines or teeth; penis short, curved, with a dilated and

excised apex; no penis sheaths, inferior appendages possibly two-

jointed, branched; terminal joint welded to the apex of the basal

joint; this terminal joint forms a plate with a broadened, obliquely

truncate apex and carries two minute finger-like processes on its

inner surface, one of which is furcate; from the side, there is the

usual short, upwardly directed branch arising from the upper

surface of the appendage towards the base, and from beneath,

each appendage has a short, stout branch arising towards its base

along its inner margin.

Length of the anterior wing d 5 mm.

Type ¢ and paratypes dg and @ in the British Museum and in

the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Peninsular

India, Castle Rock, N. Kanara District, x.16; S. W. Kemp.

Ceylon: Matale, 4-i-24; Pundaloya, vii-98.

Goerodes inequalis Martynov. Pl. ir. Figs. 1-4.

Dinarthrodes inequalis Mart., Rec. Ind. Mus., 38, pp. 284-286,

figs. 55-506 a-c, 1936.

Martynov describes the species as follows :—

‘2d, ¢. Western Himalayas, Kumaon Hills, Bhowali, bushes

and trees, 12-v-30, H. S. Pruthi.’

‘Head and thorax brown; head transverse; basal joint in o

antennae long, but shorter than the body, curved inwards, without

any spines. Maxillary palpi densely clothed with greyish and black

elongated scales, apparent basal joint probably represents an out-

growth of the palpiger; second (first) joint slender and directed

upwards, third (second) joint slender, shorter than the foregoing.

Labial palpi pale, fairly long, as usual three-jointed.’

‘3. Anterior wings greyish-yellow; DC elongated, but shorter

than its pedicel; M dividing into two branches at the middle of

DC, M,+, near its base connected with a short cross-vein with

CuA; this vein is long and curved at its end backwards and then

prolonged with CuA,; CuA, absent; cross-vein between CuA, and

CuP long; before CuP and the basal part of A, is the anal groove

with hairs, concealing the venation in the basal part. Posterior

wing's greyish, DC subelliptical ; cross-vein rs-m connecting basal

parts of RS,+, and M,+,.

‘d. gth segment roel narrowed above ; side pieces with convex

hind margins; sternite provided with two brownish lateral, straight,

780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

chitinous thickenings. Median portion of roth segment elongated,

with a narrow cleft divided into two portions, bearing short erect

hairs; seen from the side this portion of the roth segment is narrow

at base, gradually thickening to its end. Side portions of t1oth

segment (morphologically they probably represent preanal append-

ages) extended as two long sinuate processes of unequal length,

the left being considerably shorter than the right. The right pro-

cess is directed backwards, then curved upwards and outwards;

acute end portion is turned backwards; the left process is curved

in a similar manner, but its end portion is directed somewhat in-

wards. Basal joint of the pedes genitales brown, thick, straight,

bearing on its end portion a tuft of long bristles; second joint pale,

almost twice shorter, slender in its middle, at base uniting

with first joint; internally from it originates the inner slender

branch, and from the base of the first joint arises on each side

another pale slender process directed rather upwards. Penis slender,

arcuately curved downwards (titillators invisible, probably shortened

or absent).’

‘?. Anterior wings brownish, venation as usual in females; forks

I, 2 and 5 present. Basal joint of antennae somewhat longer than

“tae! chead/ with® eyes.”

‘Length of body about 5-5.5 mm.’

‘Remarks.—Allied to D. albardana Ulm. but distinct, differing

mainly in the structure of the roth segment.’

Co-types in the collection of the India Museum, Calcutta. 1

am unacquainted with this species.

Goerodes kanda sp. n. Pl. 12 figs. 1-5.

Insects brownish; description of the ¢; basal joint of the

antenna rather shorter than the breadth of the head with the oculi;

maxillary palpi membranous, single-jointed with a small membran-

ous nodule at the base and a sinuous apex; the whole palpi clothed

with short broad scales with the lower half bearing long stiff hairs

as well; the effect of this vestiture is to give to the joint the appear-

ance of a bottle-brush; labial palpi, basal joint nearly as long as

the second whichis only slightly shorter than the third; wings,

anterior, costal margin much more rounded than in piscina, costa

folded over the sub-costa, rather more deeply towards the base;

discoidal cell long and broad; post-costal fold extending practically

the whole length of the wing, slightly dilated at the base; in the

posterior wing, the fourth apical cellule extending further inwards

than the basal angle of the discoidal cell; both wings clothed with

scales as well as hairs; spurs 2, 4, 4.

Genitalia 3.—The margin of the ninth dorsal segment produced

in two pairs of processes, the outer, which are the longer, slightly

asymmetric, stout at their bases, strongly chitinised, gradually

tapering to acute apices; the inner are also strongly chitinised

with broad bases side by side and touching each other in the lower

half, then diverging widely; penis short, arching downward deeply

4 —————

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE I

Dinarthrum latum sp. n. g. Fig. 1, Anterior wing. Fig. 2, genitalia

dorsal. Fig. 3, lateral. Fig. 4, ventral.

(After Martynov.)

Journ. BomsBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE II

. re Py CLE CLL —

Dinarthrum punjabicum sp. n. g. Fig. 1, Anterior wing. Fig. 2,

genitalia lateral. Fig. 3, dorsal. Fig. 4, ventral.

(After Martynov.)

Journ. BomsBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE III

17"

She NS ot? be.

ANY

\ AN N

Dinarthrena shania sp. n. g. Fig. 1, Wings. Fig. 2, basal

joints of the antenna. Fig. 3, penis and sheaths dorsal. Fig. 4,

genitalia lateral. Fig. 5, ventral, penis and sheaths omitted.

if ‘ ; : r : ulna Ds:

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JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IV

Dinarthrena steelae sp. n. 6. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, head. Fig. 3,

genitalia dorsal. Fig. 4, lateral. Fig. 5, ventral. Fig. 6, wings, 9.

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE V

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Agoerodella punkata sp.n. G. Fig. 1, head. Fig. 2, anterior leg, dorsal.

Fig. 3, wings. Fig. 4, genitalia dorsal, penis omitted. Fig. 5, genitalia

ventral, dorsal plate omitted. Fig. 6, lateral.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE VI

Adinarthrella brunneasp.n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, head. Fig. 3,

genitalia lateral. Fig. 4, dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite and inferior

appendages.

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE. VII

Adinarthrella inconspicua sp. n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, basal

joints of antenna. Fig. 3, palpi. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 9,

penis dorsal. Fig. 6, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 7, ninth sternite and

inferior appendages.

ees

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE VIII

Hf if gE g

_ gE

. _——

—ISS :

| EX Qe Vara

| ‘NS (/ Wwe

Adinarthvella kimsasp.n. G. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, head. Fig. oF

genitalia lateral. Fig. 4, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite

and inferior appendages, bristles from ome apex removed.

sia om

at ist Byes cea

PreK see iy

ut ‘6 GN Se Ms

a " a

ee i Dia ee

’ ‘

{

a ie

. Ed é =

Sees

: f 1 oF ,

‘

. .

Journ. Bomsay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IX

Adinarthrella parva sp.n. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, maxillary palpus.

Fig. 3, basal joints of antenna. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 5, penis

and sheaths lateral. Fig. 6, genitalia dorsal. Fig. 7, wings, Q

PEATE. XxX

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. SOC:

Goerodes indica Mart. ¢. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, palpi. Fig. 3, basal

joints of antenna. Fig. 4, genitalia lateral. Fig. 5, inferior append-

ages from above. Fig. 6, dorsal plate. Fig. 7, genitalia ventral.

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PEATE Xi

Goevodes inaequalis Mart. g. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, genitalia

lateral. Fig. 3, dorsal. Fig. 4, ventral. (After Martynov.)

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE: XT

Goerodes kanda sp. n. gO. Fig. 1, wings. Fig. 2, palpi. Fig. 3, genitalia

lateral. Fig. 4, dorsal. Fig. 5, ninth sternite and inferior appendages.

THE INDIAN CADDIS FLIES (TRICHOPTERA) 781

furrowed on its upper surface; inferior appendages very broad,

five-branched; from beneath, four short branches are situated in

the apical third, directed inwards and tailwards; the fifth branch

arises on the upper surface of the appendage towards its base;

it is short with a slender stem and clavate apex.

Length of the anterior wing ¢ 7 mm.

Ceylon: Mousakande, Gammaduwa, 19-24-x1-1933, Colombo

Museum.

Type ¢ in the collection of the British Museum.

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS.

E. H. N: LowTHER, M:B.0.U., F.Z.S.

(With 8 plates).

gia Aor RIVER-BEb.

(Continued jrom page 777 of Vol. xli, No. 4).

March gave place to April a fortnight ago, and already the

heat in the United Provinces is such as to necessitate the closing

of all doors, windows, and shutters, by 8 o’clock in the morning

at the latest, the bungalow thereafter remaining in a dark and

more or less air-tight state for some nine hours until the air

without becomes cooler. ’Tis then that the Coppersmith tonks

his loudest and the koel repeatedly informs us we’re ill, till we

begin to think such reaily is the case. Unnecessary noises leave

our nerves on edge; the sight of the cook with his hissab makes

one itch to wring his neck; everybody and everything seems to

conspire to make us thoroughly crossgrained, and we wonder

‘if we had only known before that it was going to be like this’

whether we would have come out to India to earn our living.

Although, with the advent of the hot weather, such thoughts

annually assail many of us, the true bird-iover is not rattled by

the rising thermometer; rather does he welcome the arrival of

April, because he knows it is during the next three or four months

that the nesting season in India reaches its peak. On all sides

now—except at the jhils—there is plenty to interest him, nowhere

more so than on the bare sandbanks in our large rivers where,

already, the little pratincoles, skimmers, and the different species

of terns and plovers are nesting. In spite of the fact that a

visit to the breeding haunts of these birds means braving a relent-

less sun, and is made with the knowledge that we are going to

be well ‘cooked’ long before we are back home again, we decide

that we cannot let the month pass without seeing again how

the several river-bed birds are faring. But whereas formerly we

made the rather tiresome journey to the river in the early morning,

we now go overnight, so as to be on the scene of operations with

the first blush of dawn. Thus we not only conserve our energies—

very necessary aS we grow older—but are likely to see far more

of interest during the early hours of the day. Nor is this all:

between 6 and 8 a.m. the light is more favourable for photography

in the river-bed than during the remainder of the twenty-four

hours. And so, having dined well, we proceed about ten miles

by car; then, boarding a small boat, are rowed some five or six

miles up the Jumna, a full moon making our passage through

the shallow channels easier, and showing up an occasional country

boat laden with ballast or fodder, anchored for the night. Not a

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 783

human sound is to be heard, though other noises keep us awake

for a while. The croaking of frogs never ceases—a sure sign

we have had rain recently; now and again spur-winged plovers

or red-wattled lapwings leave the small islands on which melons

are being grown, and where their nests are, to circle over the

beat, rending the night with their piercing alarm notes. At this

late hour we can note more accurately than is possible during

day-light the difference between the notes of the two species: how

the former’s call is neither so frequently uttered nor so penetrating

as that of the did-he-do-it bird. Then, as we soliloquise, jackals

ululate from the river’s bank; which.makes us’ communicative too.

Asked for his views concerning the war,.the manji (boatman) holds

forth on the Hindu-Muslim lara: (war). Questioning him further

we learn he has not heard that the Empire is at war with Germany ;

this inspite of the fact that he lives within ten miles of the de jure

capital of the United Provinces. Surprising though this may

seem, the incident is not without parallel in our experience. We

recall a friendly talk round the Christmas camp-fire in a wild part

of the. Hazaribagh district in Bihar, when several of the beaters

denied all knowledge of the Great War of 1914-18; which shows

how little the masses in India are affected by Armageddon, so

we!l are they cared for, in spite of its many imperfections, by the

SARKAR.

It is soon after this ‘discovery’ that the batrachian chorus and

the rhythmic beat of the oars lull us to sleep, but not before we

have donned a cardigan and pulled a blanket over us, so chilly

does it become on the water towards midnight even at this season

of the year.

We tie up at our destination at 3 a.m., skimmers and terns

protesting at this unwarranted intrusion of their haunts, but con-

tinue sleeping for another two hours. Then, as Rosy-fingered

Dawn, Child of the Morning, appears, we step ashore and climb

the right bank in order to obtain the best possible view of the

sand islands below us, and to observe through the glasses the

teeming bird life on them. A sight fit for the gods is presented

to our astonished view, and as we regard it with bated breath

we instantly feel as must that hushed throng have felt which

gazed on Aeneas as he addressed Dido, the crowd whose bearing

is so graphically described in the opening line of the Second book

of the AENEID :—

Conticuere omnes intentique ora tenebant.

We cannot believe that so many birds or so many species can

breed in such close proximity to one another: literally hundreds

of Indian river terns, black-bellied terns, and little terns are sitting

on their eggs, a duty which numbers of skimmers and _ little

swallow-plovers are also performing. Many young birds too are

to be seen running about the bare sand. Our pulses are quickened

by the sight; and though we realise that to-day our time will be

well occupied photographing the nests and eggs, as well as the

young, of the several species, we decide we must attend to ‘the

784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

requirements of the ‘inner man’ before investigating matters

further.

While breaking our fast with chicken cutlets, and bread, and

butter, washed down with copious draughts of delicious iced coffee

from. the several flasks, we needs must observe the unceasing

pageant of bird-life which passes before us. On the stake to

which our boat is secured sits a pied kingfisher, watching the

water below for some unsuspecting fish to appear near the surface.

Something frightens the bird and it leaves its point of vantage,

only, however, to quarter the river in front of us, bill pointing

downwards and hovering in the air much like a kestrel. Twice it

drops almost vertically, but when within a foot of the water,

changes its mind, and rising, hovers once more, wings beating

rapidly. Down it dives again—no_ half-heartedness about the

plunge now—and this time the bird strikes oil, or rather a fish,

and uttering a squeal of delight, flies off with the victim. A pair

of large pied wagtails keep flying to and fro between our bank

and the sandy islands, returning always with food in their bills.

Investigation shows that they have a nest tucked well away under:

the exposed roots of a tree.a little further. up the river.” Pine

contains four large young. We learn later that 7m our boat is

another nest of this species, also containing four well-feathered

young birds. The parents have not accompanied us on our. outing,

so their offspring will have to remain unfed for some hours,

which incident seems to indicate that the adults do not remain

overnight with the young. when they are a week or more old.

This discovery reminds us of a number of other large pied

wagtails’ nests we have seen on ferry-boats plying on the same

river, and of the numerous occasions that we have noted the

adult birds visit the old and dilapidated tubs when in midstream,

in order to feed their young. Most nests of this species that we

have seen, however, have been built on the underside of pontoon

bridges, immediately over water.

Yet other birds we notice are sarus cranes, blacknecked storks,

and a Pallas’ fishing eagle. Normally the sarus is, seen in pairs,

or in family parties of three or four, according as to how the

parents succeeded in hatching off their eggs, but at this time of

the year numbers of these birds foregather on the banks of rivers,

apparently for feeding purposes. To-day we count fifty- three

collected together, and a wonderful spectacle Antigone a. antigone

always presents, whether standing proudly or flying with slow,

measured wing-beats, red legs and long neck outstretched, and

uttering the loud trumpet-like call which is one of the most familiar

sounds near jhils in many parts of northern India: The black-

necked storks—a family party of four—are feeding not far from

the cranes, moving about energetically in a shallow stretch. We

note the manner of their progression, how the foot is first removed

from the water by a slightly backward movement, then is raised

and finally advanced clear of it, and not forced forward through

the element as one might expect. Wonderfully handsome the

parents are in their glossy black and snow-white plumage: how

dowdy though are the young in their smoky brownish-black

garments. The Pallas’ fishing eagle flies from a large pipal tree

Pee

‘Sunod Ss} JOF poof YM Joysysury prtg YW

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 785

standing back a short distance from the left bank. On it is the

bird’s eyrie which, to our knowledge, has been used every year

for the past fifteen years, and, according to the villagers, for a

very much longer period. Nesting duties are now over, and the

young gone out into the world. We are impressed by the large

size of the eagle, the yellowish-white colouring about the head

and neck, and the wide white subterminal band in the tail, all of

which, together with the loud clanging call, make identification

easy.

The sight of the eagle reminds us of a visit made during an

earlier year to the same place, when both birds were observed to

swoop down again and again to the far end of the island, there

to remain for short periods, all the time chased and mobbed by

skimmers, terns, and plovers. Investigation later showed they had

ravished countless clutches of these birds’ eggs. No young ones

were to be seen. Was this due to none being left or because they

had not yet: hatched out? We believe the latter was the case as

what eggs remained were either fresh or only slightly incubated.

The Pallas’ fishing eagle is not the only enemy of these river-

bed nesting birds. Common or garden house crows, and even kites,

plunder the eggs in exactly the same manner—indeed I possess

quite a good photo of a pair of house crows at a skimmer’s nest,

one of them with an egg in its beak. Jackals too are partial to the

eggs of terns and skimmers and not one escapes their attention

when the birds have laid on a peninsula instead of an island. |

am not sure the great stone plover does not also occasionally help

itself to the eggs or young: of this more anon. The manjis, for-

tunately, do not seem to be interested in these birds’ breeding

arrangements.

In spite of the season being so late a small colony of sand

martins is still engaged in nursery duties. By the margin of the

far shore numbers of little stints—smallest of all waders—are

feeding. Energetic creatures, they are constantly on the move in

their quest for food. Often also they take to flight; at one time

they appear to be all brown and the next moment all white, this

depending on whether we see their: upper or lower plumage as

they ‘bank’. On a spit of one of the islands some forty or fifty

teal are attending to a leisurely toilet. Elsewhere Brahminy ducks

stand in pairs, all suspicion and ready to take to wing for little or

no reason, calling honk-honk. They, as well as the stints and teal,

will soon be departing to cooler climes—in fact they ought to

have gone ere this.

Closer at hand the fowls of the air whose nests, eggs, and

young we shall shortly study, are going about their lawful occasions.

River terns and little terns fly past us, upwind, twenty feet or

more above the water, on the look-out for the tiny surface-feeding

fish on which they live. As one is spotted, down the tern plunges,

perpendicularly, or nearly so. If the dive is successful, the fish

‘is either eaten, head first, on the wing, or is taken to the. mate

sitting on eggs Each piece of water is quartered two or three

times before the terns seek pastures new: frequently this is the

same stretch but nearer the bank, or further out towards the

middle of the river. Now and again the terns strike a shoal of

786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY.NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

tiny fish; then, flying round in graceful circles, they help them-

selves freely at the banquet provided. At times, however, fish

are apparently not to be found, or had easily. I have seen a

little tern, with a fish in its bill, flying in the direction of its

breeding ground five miles away. This I had just visited. There

was no other nesting haunt in between. There can be no doubt

that the fish was being taken to a sitting mate. Thus the capture

of the fish, and the return journey to the nesting island, meant a

flight of at least ten miles. /

_ The black-bellied tern’s feeding arrangements differ some-

what from those of the river and little terns. Certainly the bird

flies over water and obtains much of its food from that element, but

this seems to consist of insects more than fish, though the latter

are also taken. It also hawks over the bare sand banks for what

it may consume; in which respect its departure from the normal is

similar to that of the white-breasted kingfisher which, even the

casual observer will tell one, lives more on insects than on fish.

Identification of the different species of terns with which we

are concerned here is, fortunately, a simple matter, size alone

making this easy. Largest of them all—I do not include the

skimmer, to which I shall refer presently—is the river tern; then -

comes the black-bellied tern, and smallest in size, the little tern.

All have the tail long and forked; all have a french-grey upper

plumage, with the top and sides of the head, and nape, black, the

little tern in addition possessing a conspicuous white forehead. In

the colouring of the lower plumage, however, the three species

differ; while the under parts of the river tern are a greyish-white,

the black-bellied tern’s lower plumage, is either chocolate or black.

The little tern has the under parts a chaste white. All three

species have the bill yellow, though the depth of colour varies from

deep yellow in the river tern to light yellow in the little tern, and

orange-yellow in the case of the third species. The legs of the three

species are also different in colour: the river tern’s legs are red;

those of the black-bellied tern orange-red, and of the little tern

yellow.

I have said that size alone makes identification of the terns

easy, and that the river tern is the largest of the three. But the

river tern must not be confused with the skimmer which has a

wider expanse of wing, and differs markedly from the terns in other

respects also. It is a large black and white bird—much of the

black is really a dark brown—with very long pointed wings. At

rest, and above, when the bird is flying, the wings are black;

viewed from below, the wings in flight are white. The forehead,

the lower sides of the head, and from the end of the nape right

down the back are white, as is the entire lower plumage and the

tail, excepting the central feathers which are dark brown. The

rest of the skimmer’s plumage is brownish-black. It will be seen

therefore that the skimmer is a very distinguished looking bird.

Even more compelling than its plumage, however, is the bill. In.

size, shape, and colouring this is distinctive. It is large, some-

what arched, the upper mandible noticeably shorter than the lower.

and a lovely shade of coral in colour, with the ends tipped yellow.

Should the reader have the good fortune to examine a skimmer

RN. BoMBAY NAT. Hist. Soc. PLATE II

A Little Tern brooding its eggs.

The River Tern—the largest of them all.

‘00S “LSI ‘LVN AVAWOg ‘NyNof

_ NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 787

really closely, he will notice that the mandibles are closely com-

pressed, so that they look like two fine knife blades set edge to

edge. The reason for this highly specialised structure of the bill

becomes immediately apparent if the skimmer is watched obtaining

its food. The bird skims over the water with the beak wide

open—it is amazing how the wings do not touch the water at

all—the lower mandible cutting through the water like a plough,

the upper one clear of it. Any fish or other food met with must

run up the incline formed: there is no escape. In much the same

way, in British railway practice, an express train locomotive picks

up water, while running at a high speed, from troughs placed

between the rails.

By 6 a.m. those skimmers which are not covering their eggs

are collected in packs twenty to thirty strong, at the water’s

margin, there, except for occasional flights, or to relieve their

mates, to spend the best part of the day, leading a thoroughly

idle life. If we would watch the skimmer feeding freely and see

the bird at its best we must visit its haunts late in the evening—-

the hour before sundown is the best time. Feeding begins again

at the false dawn but lasts only a short while. Observation at

this early hour is, moreover, difficult, and at best guess work. Even

under the most favourable circumstances, however, it is difficult

to determine what exactly is the nature of the skimmer’s diet.

Very small fish are certainly taken but mv observations go to

show this is not the staple food; indeed a skimmer usually holds

a fish crosswise in its bill for such long periods, and toys-so much

with the wretched creature that I always feel it regards the victim

with lack-lustre eyes. On the other hand I[ have seen a skimmer

pass a fish over to another of its kind; the gift was promptly

accepted though some minutes passed before any attempt was

made to swallow the fish. More usually, it is my belief, the

skimmer prefers insects for its food, and probably also small

shrimps. One would imagine dissectign should settle the problem,

but apparently even this has not elucidated matters greatly as I

see Stuart Baker states that the stomachs of those examined held

nothing but a thick oily fluid. es

The different species of terns, and the skimmers, naturally

attract our attention most, but there are two other species that

have their being on the sand banks, which we cannot fail to observe

from our vantage point, though at this range we must use the

glasses to see whereabout exactly is the main stronghold of the

little pratincoles or swallow-plovers; these birds being the colour

of the sand it is not an easy matter to pick them up with the

naked eye.

The little swallow-plover has the upper plumage a sandy-brown

with a black line close to the eye. The lower parts are white,

including the tail which, however, is tipped black. There is some

black and white in the wings which are long and pointed and give

this small aberrant plover a swallow-like appearance in flight,

though it is appreciably larger than any swallow. Much of the

bird’s time is spent in the air, both over water and sand, where

it captures its insect food; in which respect it differs from the

true plovers who obtain their meat from the soil. Lest it be

788: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIBTY, Vol: XLII

thought that the little pratincole does not obtain its meals from

the ground also I hasten to add that it does, in considerable

quantities, and possesses short legs which take the bird over the

sand at a very creditable speed.

The spur-winged plover is of much the same size as the did-

he-do-il bird, but possesses none of the self-assurance of that

species. It has a small black crest, black head, chin, throat and

bill, and a black band across the abdomen. The upper plumage

is a greyish-brown, the under parts a greyish-white; there is a

good deal of white in the wings and tail, and a black terminal

band as well in the tail. Always--in the breeding season at all

events—the spur-winged plover seems to be sneaking away from

our direction, body and head lowered; always it appears wishful

to avoid our gaze, as though it had committed some foul deed,

and was now thoroughly ashamed of itself. It is strange that

those very methods which the bird employs to escape our notice

usually bring the spur-winged plover under observation. Not

flashily clad, its alarm note is not so penetrating or interrogative

in character as is the red-wattled lapwing’s. It is usually a clear

did, or did-did.

But we have tarried too long over breakfast, and must be up

and doing if we would avoid the sun’s fiercest rays, and the dust

storm which is such a trying feature of the month of April. So,

boarding the boat once more, we are rowed across to the largest

of the islands, on which the different river-bed birds are breeding.

As we land, river and little terns fly overhead, and make an appal-

ling noise. Presently an unusually bold river tern swoops down

on us repeatedly, without, however, actually striking us, its loud

and rather drawn out note—ping—sounding like the scream of

a bullet whistling past us. But before we have seen a single

hest or young bird we halt to enquire the explanation for a number

of holes going vertically into the sand. The manji tells us they

have been made by the goo-goo, which lives at the far end of

the burrows. Intrigued to see the creature, we have not long to

wait, for, as the boatman pours some ,water down a burrow, up

pops a remarkable looking cricket with a thick body some two

inches in length, over which is a finely checked grey sheath.

Over the tail is an object that looks like a watch spring. On

either side of this is a single spike about a quarter of an inch

in length. Other remarkable features are the very long, fine

whiskers, the fierce-looking jaws, the prominent black eyes and

the three sets of feet, all powerfully arrayed with spikes, the centre

pair armed both fore and aft, the leading pair in front, and the

trailing pair in rear. All these feet end in ‘hands’, used apparently

first to dig up the sand or earth, and then to throw it away. The

general colouring is light brown, with dark brown markings.

The boatman volunteers the information that goo-goos, when

matched against each other, fight to the death; that they are

nocturnal in their habits, and those that return to their homes

late are greedily snapped up by kites and crows. A reference to

the Society, however, tells us that the goo-goo is less terrifying

than its appearance, in spite of scientists having saddled it with

the appalling name of Schizodactylus monstruosus; that it is a

JouRN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE IV

The Little Swallow Plover hunts its insect food in the air or on the ground.

A Spur-winged Plover approaching its nest.

JOURN. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. Soc.

Baby Skimmers are even more difficult to detect than the eggs. They are

indistinguishable from the indentations of crusted sand in which they lie.

A young Skimmer hiding after its first flight.

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 789

species of cricket which burrows into the sand banks in rivers,

and into the loose soil in fields. We learn too that it occurs in

the drier parts of northern and north-west India, and is described

as doing a certain amount of damage to cultivation by cutting the

roots of plants in the course of burrowing. Very little, however,

is known of the insect’s habits.

But we came not to study goo-goos, fascinating though these

must be to the bug-hunter. Let us theretore press on and see —

what the teeming bird-life has to show. Ah! here’s the first

lot of eggs . . . Yes, three is the largest number I have known

ide by any tern ... Not much of a nest, is it? ... The eggs

lie on the bare sand. House furnishing is a very simple matter,

all that the female has to do being to turn round once or twice,

the circular depression so formed serving as a nest. Sometimes,

however, a few straws line the nest; particularly is this the case

when the eggs are laid near the water’s margin, where the sand

shows signs of remaining damp . .. Judging by the size of the

eggs, and the greenish tinge in their ground colour, I should say

this clutch is the property of a pair of river terns. The skimmer’s

eggs are about the same size as the river tern’s, but are invariably

of a buff or stone colour. However, eggs of both species are

commonly similarly coloured, so that identification is by no means

always easy. The only certain method of identifying the eggs

of the river tern and skimmer is to watch the parent bird to the

nest . . . All terns and skimmers’ eggs are spotted or blotched

with dark brown or reddish-brown markings on the surface, with

under-lying patches of a purple shade. In the case of the little

tern these markings frequently form a pronounced band about

one-third the way down the egg, though the remainder of the egg

is also marked . . .The eggs blend astonishingly with their sur-

roundings . . . More nests? Yes, of course, skimmers and _ all

these terns are very colonial in their breeding arrangements .. .

Hereabouts all three species of terns are nesting together,

hopelessly mixed up. Not many black-bellied terns though—they

always seem to remain somewhat aloof. At other times territory

appears to be carefully parcelled off, so that each species keeps to

itself. The eggs are seldom deposited on the bare expanses of

fine, glistening sand; usually the nests are made along the ridges

left by the receding water at the close of the previous monsoon... .

A clutch of four eggs? . . . Without doubt they are a skimmer’s.

Every year I happen on one or more clutches of five laid by this

species. . . Hullo! eggs sprinkled with water ... More treated

in this wise?. . . From mid-April onwards, when the sun is well

in the heavens, I usually come across eggs, and young birds too

in the down state, sprinkled with water. I suppose the parent

birds do this to prevent the eggs being baked . . . Just put the

back of your hand on the sand . . . Wickedly hot, isn’t it? ...

Ah! some young birds . . . Sandy-brown in colour with buff

markings on the head and back .. . Lying stretched out full

length, as flat as pancakes, and not moving a hair, they are even

more difficult to distinguish from their surroundings than are the

eggs, particularly when they rest in indentations in the ‘crusted’

sand, These are baby skimmers. Young terns have the down a

790. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

richer brown, and are more heayily marked about the head and

body . . . I wonder when the young skimmer’s bill becomes shaped

like, and assumes the colour of, the adult’s? Certainly not before

it has learnt to fly. At this age the young skimmer’s bill and

feet are of a horn colour. The bill has assumed, more or less,

the shape of two knife blades placed edge to edge, but the two

mandibles are of much the same length, and the upper is. not yet

arch-shaped. Now we are approaching the breeding territory of

the little swallow-plovers ... . Becoming a bit excited, are they.

not? Yes, as they flutter about before us, every single one

apparently either with legs or wings broken, they look as though

some sportsman (sic) had ‘browned’ them. Actually they are as

hale and hearty as either of us. They have eggs or young, and

this is their method of decoying us away from their treasures . . .

No good your chasing the birds, Pokhi. Look about for their eggs

instead . . .. We must be right on the spot now—the swallow-

plovers are almost dancing on their heads in their anxiety.

Yes, here» are the eggs—only two im each nest. At one.’ time

and another, I suppose I must ,have examined quite oné

thousand nests of this species, but only once have I seen one

with more than two eggs—a clutch of three . . . Must be quite

fifty nests hereabouts. Most of them on caked sand; some in

the shelter of a small plant that looks like groundsel. Some in

no nest proper, others in a slight depression. Like terns’ eggs,

those of the swallow-plover vary greatly in colouring, the ground

ranging from light fawn to grey and pale green, with brown,

reddish-brown and purple blotches, spots and pencillings super-

imposed . . . There are a couple of newly hatched pratincoles.

Already they know how to lie low. What large gapes they have—

rather. like voung nightjars. Clothed in grey down—different

from the baby terns and skimmers . . . Here’s an interesting find—

a light blue-coloured egg of the little swallow-plover, and without»

any spots on it. I remember seeing a clutch of river tern’s eggs

similarly coloured. The species possesses notes which I would

never have dared to attribute to it had I not heard and seen them

uttered while inside a hiding tent photographing a little swallow-

plover at the nest. Some sounded like the tuck-tuck-tuck call of

the house lizard; others made me feel I was listening to a green-

finch singing . . . Look at that spur-winged plover on our left,

sneaking away, ventre a terre. Its nest is probably alongside

those derelict bajra stalks about thirty yards our side of the

bird:. . . As I thought, the four eggs lie in a noticeable’ depres-

sion, their pointed ends meeting in the centre. A real effort at

nest building here, the eggs lying on several small pieces of straw.

A favourite situation for the nest is among the melon beds on

these islands. The owners do not usually demonstrate while we

examine the nest. However, a member of this species once endea-

voured to draw me away from its eggs by playing the broken

wing game. It is a different matter when the spur-winged plover

has young: then the parents show their anxiety by flying over us,

calling the while.

We now make for the island’s ‘coast line’, the ground there

being. firmer and walking consequently easier than over the soft

N. BoMBAY Nat. Hist. SOc. PLATE VI

Like Terns’ eggs, those of the Skimmer vary greatly in colouring.

A young Swallow Plover hiding.

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

A Little Ringed Plover comes to its nest.

‘A little ball of fluff, mottled grey and brown above’

Little Ringed Plover.

———

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 791

sand we are traversing at present. We have not gone far when

we see a little ringed plover running from inland towards the

water’s margin. About six inches in length ‘and assimilating with

its surroundings to a remarkable degree, the bird is always hard

to spot and its eggs even more difficult to locate. I ‘am con-

fident, however, that the bird we have just seen has a nest; other-

wise it. would not have been such a distance away from the water.

Mark carefully the place where we first saw the plover and look

about ten .or fifteen yards to the right, as the bird had probably

run that distance before we spotted it... We search diligently,

each step taken with the greatest care lest we crush the eggs.

Soon they are found, within seven yards of where they were

expected to be, lying in a depression of the ‘caked’ sand

Notice how the little ringed plover stands by the water, not uttering

a sound but, every now and then, pretending to be searching for

food. ‘The bird’s conduct is in strong contrast to that shown by.

another of the same species whose downy babes I once examined.

Hearing the plaintive notes of an adult ringed plover and fancying

these indicated the presence of young birds I commenced looking

for them, my search made to the accompaniment of even more

plaintive calling. As I examined her children-—little balls of fluff,

mottled grey and brown above and pure white below, wearing the

inevitable ‘collar’ peculiar to baby plovers and possessing con-

spicuous black-eyes—the parent ran close up to me and literally

seemed to beg me not to harm her young. . . Nests of this species

which I have found in the plains have never contained more than

three eggs; in Kashmir all my nests contained four eggs.

Two personal experiences immediately come to mind in con-

nection with the photography of the little ringed plover. The first

concerns a hide which had been put up against a nest of this species

on the left bank of the Chumbul river. [I was inside the hide and

my shikari had taken his departure, when the sound of heavy foot-

steps was borne in on me. Thinking the obtruder would soon veer

off I remained quiet. The steps came nearer and before I could act,

the hide and camera, to say nothing of myself. were knocked over

by a cow which had come to graze off the branches, grasses, etc.,

stuck on to the outside of the tent for purposes of camouflage.

The camera shutter was broken; so were the three eggs in the

nest . . . The second experience produced far more satisfactory

results to everybody concerned. I had taken a number of photos

of a little ringed plover at the nest. The plates on development

being found to be heavily over-exposed, I returned the following

day to the hide-—fortunately it had been Jeft in situ over night—

to correct my error. The ringed plovers were now very tame.

Having made a few exposures I dismantled the tent and sat down

less than five feet away from the nest, in full view of its owners.

This made no difference to the birds who proceeded to incubate

and even change places on the nest as though nothing untoward

had occurred. During this session too I was to learn that birds

sometimes continue to woo each other after the eggs have been

laid. The male ringed plover not only courted his mate vigorously—

rushing up to her with the lower plumage fluffed out—but indulged

792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

in the sex act, the female leaving the three hard set eggs for the

purpose,

We are now nearing the extreme end of the island. It was

a fortunate thought that made us tell the manji to meet us here

with the boat, for it is now 10-30 and the sun uncommonly hot.

Before, however, we commence the journey home, we must (as we

are so near) investigate that long, narrow limestone or kanker

reef standing only two or three feet out of the water some two

hundred yards upstream; it is just the sort of place where we may

expect to find the great stone plover nesting . . . That tiny bird

you nearly trod on then did not delay its departure for nothing...

It. was a Ganges sand-lark . . . There is the nest, a snug little

affair, made of grass and fine roots, lined with vegetable fibres,

tucked away in a small cavity in the ground where the great heat

has cracked the clay soil till huge fissures appear. The nest con-

tains three eggs, in general appearance very similar to miniatures

of those laid by the large pied wagtail. How difficult it is to

realise, even as we stand almost over it, that we are looking into

a bird’s nest. In this terrible glare the structure harmonises

wonderfully with its surroundings.

Now we are in for it—here comes the sand storm. We can do

nothing, situated as we are, except bear its full force. The sand

will get into our mouths, our hair, down our throats, into our

eyes and ears, penetrate everything, even the cameras in their

cases and the loaded dark slides . . . I shall have to be more than

careful when I take out the plates to develop . . . Ugh! how

beastly it is crunching sand, and how it /ashes one in the face. . .

Every year I make up my mind never to bother again with these

river-bed birds; every succeeding year they appeal with even greater

force . . . Yes, I suppose there is no fool like an old fool .

But our sufferings are nothing compared with those of the young

skimmers and terns. After such a storm I have seen large numbers

of these young birds practically buried by the drifting sand, only

the tops of their bodies, heads and bills visible. However, they

soon crawl out of their temporary tombs, the sand that still adheres

bearing eloquent testimony to the discomfort they have suffered.

On such occasions the parent terns and skimmers do overtime

splashing water over their eggs and young. Many clutches of

eggs also become completely buried; only the tops of others are

to be seen. Matters are, however, soon put right and in a few

minutes all the eggs again lie in neat, circular depressions.

The storm having spent itself at last, we board the boat to

see whether our surmise is correct with regard to the nesting of

the. great stone. plover; . ... It 2s; by Jove . -* i Bere so0es one

of the pair, running as hard as it can. It is a considerably

larger bird than the stone plover, and essentially a denizen of the

river bed, where outcrops of rocks, mingled with patches of sand,

occur. The hird’s most conspicuous feature is (to my mind) the

bill which is shaped very much like a mortising chisel... Now

the second bird comes into view—standing still, watching us.

Very likely the female, and in all probability she has just come

off the eggs. . . Here they are—beautiful objects, of a stone

colour with bold dark brown blotches and underlying markings.

e ®

TTA aLVv Td

LSI} “LV

NI AVdWOg

Nuno[

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 793

No nest worthy of the name really ... Two is the full clutch...

The egg is about 2.1”X1.6” in size.

Earlier I hinted that the great stone plover may possibly be

an egg-lifter, a baby-snatcher. I have very little to advance in

support of this view and possibly the facts can also be used in

argument against my theory; any way, here is the evidence for

what it is worth. Passing a small island one morning, on which

some driftwood and small babool branches lay scattered about, 1

noticed river and black-bellied terns swoop constantly at something

under one of the aforesaid branches. The glasses showed it to

be a great stone plover; and a thin time old ‘goggle-eyes’ was

having, judging by the manner in which he—perhaps she—I shall

revert to this presently-—flinched every time a tern dived at him.

Obviously the great stone plover was incubating eggs, and equally

obviously the bird was thoroughly scared. An hour later, on my

return from a visit to a crested lark’s nest, I waded out to the

island. Now no mobbing was taking place, nor were there any

signs of a great stone plover under the lopped off babool branch.

A pair of these birds were, however, standing at the end of the

island, each on one leg, looking the forlorn souls they often do.

Past them flew an occasional tern, now taking no notice of the

great stone plovers. Investigation of their nest showed that a

tragedy ,had very recently occurred: the two eggs were broken,

their yolks still drying in the sand. Did a tern smash them? or

did the great stone plover itself cause the damage, exasperated

beyond measure at being persistently mobbed, and having to incubate

under such trying circumstances? Personally, I incline to the latter

view. But why did the terns mob the great stone plover in such

determined manner before, when now they took no notice of the birds?

We can only speculate as to the reason, but the impression that was

created in my mind at the time still remains to-day, that the great

stone plover had been caught in flagrante delicto filching an egg

or young bird, and the terns were determined that Justice should

be done.

Somewhere I have read that only the female great stone plover

incubates. This may be the case generally but it is not the in-

variable rule. At the one and only nest on which I have succeeded

in photographing this species, the ‘change over’ took place three

times during the course of two days. Certainly the bird which

I took to be the female incubated for long periods, but on one

occasion the male (presumably) sat continually for a little over

two hours.

This brief study of the great stone plover concludes the list

of breeding birds we may normally hope to study when visiting

a river-bed. There are, however, two other species I constantly

meet with when proceeding to the nesting haunts of skimmers

and terns; not that the nests of the two species referred to are not

found also in localities far removed from the neighbourhood of our

large rivers, because they are, the wire-tailed swallow’s some-

times even in the verandahs of our houses, and those of the cliff

swallow under the arch of a canal bridge. But the cliff swallow’s

nesting site, par excellence, is the high bank of a river, such as the

Jumna or Chumbul. These high banks are cliffs to all intents

794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

and purposes, and are a feature of parts of the Agra and Etawah

districts, through which these rivers flow. Similarly the nesting of

the wire-tailed swallow is associated in our minds with shelving

rocks, whether these be on the river’s bank, or piled one on

another in mid-stream.

_ Never shall I forget my first glimpse of the nests of the cli

swallow. I was on the right bank of the Chumbul and noticed,

upstream, on the face of the left bank, something that looked

like a large map of India. Due to the shimmer that was coming

off the sands I was unable to tell, even with the glasses, what the

‘map’ was. I therefore waded across and in due course investigated

matters. The ‘map’ turned out to be between two and_ three

hundred nests of the cliff swallow! They looked just like so many

carafes, their bases stuck to the cliff face, the mouths of the

bottles protruding towards the river. What a scene of activity

pervaded the colony—birds flying in and out. of their nests the

whole time, feeding the young, twittering the while. The ubiquitous

sparrow had taken possession of a number of nests, and where

this was the case the tubular entrances were broken away in vary-

ing degrees. ; |

A beautiful and striking bird is the wire-tailed swallow, with

its bright steel-biue upper plumage, chestnut-capped head, spotless

white under-parts and long wire-like outer feathers some seven

inches longer than their companions. The nest of this species, a

shallow, pellet constructed affair, lined scantily with dried grass

and a few feathers, and containing up to three eggs, ground colour

white, with reddish-brown spots and speckles, mostly collected round

the broad end; is commonly attached to the under surface of a

sloping rock, sometimes only a foot or two above water.

I cannot conclude this article without some reference to the

photography of river-bed birds. A hide placed in the tree tops is

quickly accepted by spoonbills, cormorants, etc. as part and parcel

of the tree in which their nests are located, but the sudden appear-

ance of a hiding tent on a large sandy island is regarded with

disfavour by terns and skimmers, even though at first this is

placed at some distance from any nest. This suspicion of the

hide is only natural, as whether it is erected to look like a bush,

or a large pimple or wart in the sand, the creation is, to say the

least, something quite out of the ordinary on what, after all, is a

bare desert island.. With the river-bed birds, therefore, the photo-

grapher starts at a;disadvantage. But this is not all. The west

wind, or loo, which blows throughout April and the first half. of

May, the principal breeding season of the terns, skimmers. and

swallow-plovers, literally speaking. rocks the hide, no matter how

deep the uprights go into the sand, or how tight-fitting on its

frame, is the canvas work. Every bird-photographer knows there

is nothing that, alarms a sitting bird so much as movement of

the hiding tent... And what shall I \say of ‘the heat inside the

hide? This is greater than anything one can conceive. Many a

time, on crawling out of, the tent after photographing a tern or

swallow-plover, blinded with perspiration and almost in a state

of collapse, have I felt;..on exposure to the sun,,as though I had

suddenly been transported to the Arctic regions, ,-so cool is it in

<<<

NOTES ON SOME INDIAN BIRDS 795

the open after the stifling heat within. I do not exaggerate the

conditions; I merely state the facts so that the would-be photo-

grapher may know what he is up against. But if the obtaining

of pictures of skimmers and terns is attended with difficulties, the

photographer is, at all events, a constant spectator of most interest-

ing and exciting episodes in the bird-life around him, as the fol-

lowing extracts from my diaries indicate :—

‘From time to time I am a silent witness of the most affectionate

intimacies in the lives of these birds and cannot help feeling a

horrible Peeping Tom. One little tern brings a small fish which

it holds proudly and delivers to its sitting mate, to the accompani-

ment of much loving chit-chat on the part of both birds. A photo

of such an incident might well be entitled ‘‘From the Bridegroom

to the Bride’’ Sometimes, after presenting the fish, the donor

proceeds to incubate the eggs, while his mate flies off; at others,

on the approach of her mate, the sitting bird runs off ‘the eggs

to greet her husband, and having swallowed the fish, returns to

incubate. Occasionally one bird relieves the other without first

having presented it with a fish, and when this is the case I think

it must be the female returning to ‘the nest.’

‘I have just witnessed a most amazing incident. A little tern

‘arrived at one nest with a fish in his bill, and the bird’s move-

ments indicated that he intended presenting it to his wife who,

by her movements also, obviously anticipated receiving the dainty

morsel. Instead he withdrew, and then strutted round his sitting

mate three times, finally ‘‘treading’’ her on the nest; which done,

he pranced round and round his wife again, and once more ‘‘trod”’

her, whereupon he presented her with the fish and then flew. aw ay.

ie nest holds three eggs.”

‘A disappointing day so far but I have just seen pOmeine: that

compensates for a great deal. A young river tern-—no young birds

here are more than two or three days old—ran across the open

sand and was about to pass a sitting skimmer when the latter leit

its eggs and attacked the young bird. The baby tern bolted in

alarm, hotly pursued by the skimmer who tried to pick up the

tot in its feet. At the third attempt the skimmer was successful

in doing this and carried the little thing off, vigorously’ chased by

a pair of river terns. All three birds ‘twisted and turned during

the hurly-burly, and eventually the skimmer dropped the ternling

in the river. I feared the worst had happened to the mite but

presently saw it heading for the island, on reaching which it at

once went into hiding.’

OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT

IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY, AND NOTES ON SOME

OTHER ARACEAE OF INTEREST.

CHARLES MCCANN, F.L.S.

(With 4 plates)

Synantherias sylvatica Schott. Gen. Avoid. (1858)t. 28.

As far back as 1917, soon after I had commenced my _ botanical training,

I had seen the leaves of an aroid which appeared different trom the species I

was familiar with. Perhaps I had seen the fruit also, but had mistaken it

for that of one of the more common species of Amorphophallus—quite an easy

mistake in this instance. The leaves were characteristic enough, but in the

absence of the inflorescence, they could not be identified with any degree

of certainty. I repeatedly tried to obtain the inflorescence, especially at the

time when I made a special study of some of the local aroids, but without

success. I visited the known habitat, Bhandup, Salseite Island, repeatedly in

all weathers, but I seemed doomed to failure. The reason tor the disappoint-

ment was obvious, I was not at the spot at the right time, a most important

point when dealing with many of the aroids. Then again, DEE conditions

may retard or accelerate the flowering period.

Some years ago, I was in the same locality towards the end of the rains

and I came across a number of the plants in leaf. The old longing to solve

the problem of this baffling aroid returned, and so I brought some of the plants

home and planted them in a pot in my garden. The corms leafed regularly

every year at the break of the monsoon, but never flowered. The reason for

this non-flowering was obvious to me, the corms I had brought were not yet

large enough—this fact is common to many species of the order. At last,

towards the end of May 1941, an inflorescence appeared in the pot, and on

the 24th of the month was fully open. It was Synantherias sylvatica Schott,

a plant excluded by Cooke* from the Flora of the Bombay Presidency. At

long Jast, almost after a quarter of a century I was able to fix the identity

of this illusive aroid! Elated with my ‘discovery’, I sat down at once and

worked late into the night to complete the accompanying drawings. Next

morning I made the colour notes and took the necessary measurements before

setting off for work. No rain had fallen up till now.

On. the 3rd June there were a few showers with all the signs of the

approaching monsoon. On the 4th I visited Bhandup with the sole purpose

of obtaining further material for examination and preservation, thinking that

Synantherias, like Amorphophallus, flowered soon after the first showers. This

was precisely my mistake all these years. Most of. the inflorescences I now

found were already in well advanced fruit, which clearly indicated that the

former flowered some time before the rains.

In the Journal B.N.H.S., xxxv, p. 29, Blatter and I recorded the occurrence

of this species in the Presidency from a sheet in the Herbarium of the Economic

Botanist, Poona, from Bedoli, N. Kanara. The date on the sheet ‘Sept. 1893’

indicated that it flowered in September. Likewise there is a xeference to

the flowering period in Trimen’s flora as ‘September 1885.’ Why there should

be this difference between the Kanara and Ceylon specimens and the Salsette

plants I fail to understand. Amorphophallus generally blooms only after the

first showers of rain. Another point of difference between the two genera is

that the corms of Amorphophallus either flower or leaf in the same season,

but do not do both in the same season, whereas the corms of Synantherias

flower and then bear leaves in the same season—a point worth consideration.

Authors appear to be undecided as to whether this plant should be con-

sidered as a species of Amorphophallus or be treated as a member of a separate

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate If.

C. McCann del.

Synantherias sylvatica Schott. 1, Inflorescence; 2, Inflor. in section; 3, grain

of pollen; 4, top view of stigma; 5, pistil; 6, anther; 7, neuter; 8, 1. s. of

fruits) 9, t. ss of fruit,

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate II.

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume. 1; entire plant; 2, bud; 3, spadix;

4, T. S. of bacea; 5,.open flower ; 6, seed ; 7, tube of spathe in fruit; 8, seed.

OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT 797

genus, Synantherias Schott. Hooker? (1893) considers it as a species of Synan-

therias; Cook* (1908) follows Hooker; but Fischer? (1931) considers it as a

species Of Amorphophallus! In the absence of firsthand knowledge of the plant

Blatter and I’ followed Fischer when revising the Araceae of the Presidency,

but in the light of my recent cbservations I feel that Synantherias should be

retained as a separate genus.

Blume created the genus Amorphophallus, and according to the works I

have at my disposal, distinctly says, ‘neuters 0’. ‘In Synantherias neuters are

present. Hooker* under the generic characters of Synantherias writes, ‘Charac-

ters of Amorphophallus, but male and fem. infl. distant, with oblong depressed

interposed neuters.’ Fischer, ‘Neuters 0 or few.’ This appears a departure

from Blume’s definition. I do not know of any of our species of Amorphophallus

in which neuters are present. Therefore, as neuters are present in Synantherias

I consider it worthy of generic rank. Coupled with the presence of the neuters

is the absence of a distinct limb to the spathe. Then again, there are the two

field characters already referred to, namely (a) the earlier flowering period,

and (b) the production of inflorescence and leaf by the same corm in the same

season—both physiological character, perhaps of some importance. The

size of the leaf or the inflorescence is relative to the size of the corm.

Colour is also often a variable character. Though the general tones are

similar there is much individualism, and it is also dependent on age, i.e.

whether the inflorescence is fresh or old. :

Measurements and colour notes taken from fresh specimens: Peduncle reach-

ing 550 mm., dark green with lighter longitudinal markings, or pinkish with

or without the markings, the markings when present are greenish brown.

Inflorescence reaching 310 mm. Spathe 86X36 mm. dia. (when in bloom)

similar in tones for the basal third as the peduncle then passing into deep

purplish tones with or without markings. Internally, deep’ red-purple for

the upper two-thirds, passing downward to almost black at the base. Spadix

305 mm. the flower-bearing portion reaching 59 mm., included within or

exceeding the opening of the tube; appendage reaching 240 mm., smooth or

slightly wrinkled, olive green or purplish-brown. Males purplish; female

flowers at first creamy, the ovaries passing to green, the stigma yellow; neuters

14X14 mm. at first creamy, smooth, turning light earthy brown (like the

skin of a potato) and finally becomes pinkish and somewhat rugose. The portion

of the spadix bearing the female flowers alone enlarges in fruit. [Fruit at first

dark green then turning scarlet. Corm 80X50 mm. creamy or earthy brown.

Distribution.—‘The Deccan Peninsula, from the northern Circars to the

Concan, and southwards to Ceylon’ (Hooker).* ‘A native of the mountainous

parts of the Circars’ (Roxburgh)'. Cooke* mentions it under the ‘Excluded

Species’ and gives the following reasons for its exclusion :—

‘I cannot find any satisfactory evidence for the occurrence of this as a

Bombay plant. [Engler D. C. Monog. Phan. v. 2 (1879) p. 320] gives Bombay

as its habitat from the specimens in the Herbarium of Hooker and Thomson,

which were however obtained from the Nilgiri Hills and Kurg, localities quite

outside the Bombay Presidency. There is in Herb. Kew. a solitary specimen

which was presented to the Glasgow Botanic Gardens by Mrs. Nimmo, but

this is accompanied by no authentic note of locality and may have been collected

anywhere. Woodrow gives Marmagao in his list, but the Marmagao plant is

Amorphophallus commutatus, Engl., which though quite distinct, has often been

mistaken for this.

The plant occurs in S. India and is common in the drier parts of Ceylon.’

Localities: The only place where I know this species exists is at Bhandup,

Salsette Island. It is very common in the area. Here it grows in the open

among rocks or under mango trees. Elsewhere, I do net remember having

seen the plant.*

_— Illustrations.—Wight’s® table 802 though it certainly gives a good idea of

the plant is a little defective in detail, The spathe, as far as I have been

able to observe (I have examined several) does not fold over on the left side,

but on the right. The spathe seldom opens to the middle (old fls.) it usually

———$————— ES wee

* Since writing the above, I discovered this plant in leaf in the forest along

the road to Vajrabai, near the Tansar river, on the 13th July 1941.

798 jJOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST: SOCIETY; Vol. XEI1

fits closely round the spadix. The neuters are not the correct shape. The

details of the female flowers are not quite correct.

Note.—-Both in the wild state and in my garden example .I found species

of small cockroaches (Blattidae) within the tube, bui it was not clear whether

these insects were just tenants, or whether they were concerned with pollina-

tion. The pollen is spherical, smooth and yellow.

Aniorphophaltus commutatus Engler.

On the 25th June 1934 I came across an outsize of this species on the banks

of the Powai lake, Salsette Island. Some of the measurements are as follows :—

Tuber 210 mm. across, and weighing 3 Ibs. 10 oz. Cataphyl, the longest

3065 mm. Spathe 420 mm. by 130 mm., rough within to the height of the

male and female flowers. Appendage of spadix 420 mm., purple, tip subacute.

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Biume.

I have had ample opportunity cf observing this plant both in the wild state

and in pots in my garden. Jo my detriment I introduced this plant into my

garden. It is most prolific, the parent corm gives off innumerable small

bulbils which give rise to new generations—it is a pest. The reason for this .

co)

prolife propagation by budding was soon apparent. The plant flowers profusely,

but does not set seed in proportion. It is the frequent infertility of the flowers

which is counterbalanced by a generous tuber formation.

With regard to the colouration of the spathe there is a difference of opinion :—

Hooker’, ‘lurid red, papilose within.’

Cooke*t, does not mention this point.

Trimen®, “spathe 4-5 in., -peduncled, green.’

Fischer®, ‘greenish, white or lurid without, red within.’

Strangely, very little is mentioned in any of the works of the colour of the other

parts of the inflorescence. My own observations after several years are as follows :—

Spathe at first pale green with a very narrow, faint purplish margin. The tube

becomes intensely green with age, then yellows before it dies off. The limb

is at first a transluceni pale green turning whitish as it-dies. The limb first

falls away from the appendage, flat, then soon after becomes spirally twisted

and falls back. The tube thickens, becomes strongly winged (ribbed)—a

character omitted by most authors. Trimen being the only one who mentions

this point. The neck closes tightly. The appendage is a pale sulphurous or

orchreous yellow. Male flowers yellow; upper neuters white, lower neuters

white with deep purple tips; females pale yellow turning greenish. In no instance

have I found the spathe to be lurid or réd in this species. Attention was

drawn to this point in vol. xxxv, 22, of the Journal.

Trimen® has got the disposition of the neuters in his description all wrong—

there are no neuters above the male flowers—all the neuters are between the

male and female flowers. The subulate neuters are below the males and below

these are the clavate neuters followed by the females as in the accompanying

illustration.

Measurements.—Peduncle 95 mm. Spathe, tube 35 mm., limb 170 mm.

Spadix, appendage 152 mm. ¢@d 5 mm; upper neuters 8 mm. lower neuters

Io mm: 99 5 mm.

Illustrations.—Wight’s table 791 is a figure of a robust plant with the

inflorescences still in bud. The corm is too bulb-like.

Localities.—T. flagelliforme is an extremely common plant in some of the

roadside gutters at Andheri often forming dense tufts. The plants continue

to produce leaves as long as there is moisture. It flowers profusely in August

and September, but may continue to do so later into the year.

Typhonium amboinense Blatt. & McCann.

On the 21st June 1940 Mr. J. Jacobs, Secretary of the Prince of Wales

Museum gave me a specimen of this species in flower which he had found in

the Museum grounds. I saw a second specimen which was in bloom collected

by Fr. Santapau in the grounds of St. Xavier’s College, Bombay, during the month

of May 1941.

The colour of the museum specimen was recorded as follows :—Spathe deep

red-purple within, darker outside. Spadix appendage deep purple, male flowers

Piate IIT.

t. Soc.

ourn.. Bombay Nat.

Tastee sae!

EN:

SN =

‘

Typhonium amboinense Blatt & McC, -

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Pate Iv.

Nak

. iN

i : bp at

ss : ees

a 8 -

wa =

ena 9 carina nan St

OST,

Theriophonum indicum ‘Dalz. 1, entire-plant; 2, fruit; 3, inflorescence in section

X23; 4, bacca; 5, bacca in section; 6, seed.

OCCURRENCE OF SYNANTHERIAS SYLVATICA SCHOTT 799

pinkish; neuters yellow; females purplish. The spathe opens flat, but becomes

twisted towards the tip as it gets older—a point common to the spathe of

several aroids.

Wight’s table 803 is the figure of a robust specimen. The corm is much

too bulb-like. Comparing table 803 with table 790 there seems little to choose

between, but a closer examination shows a difference; t. 803, T. amboinense

has the neuters recurved whereas t. 790, T. divaricatum, portrays the neuters

erect.

Theriophonum indicum Dalz.

This plant is common on the eastern faces of some of the Salsette Hills

in the neighbourhood of Mulland. I have come across it at Borivli, but it is

less frequent on the western side of the island. The leaves appear soon after

the break of the rains followed by the inflorescence. Generally there is only

a single inflorescence to each plant. The tube of the spathe is at first pale

green, it then turns almost white. The limb is red-purple. Appendage of

spadix purple. The leaves are very variable in size and may reach 300 mm.

long, by almost half. as broad.

In fruit the peduncle clongates and becomes twisted. The interval between

the appearance ot the flowers and the formation of the fruit is almost a

month (22-7-"35 to 18-8-'35). ae ei

LITERATURE.

Roxburgh.—Flora Indica, vol. ili.

Hooker, J. D.—Flora British India, -vol. vi.

Schott, H. G.—Prodromus Systematis Avroidearum.

Cooke, F.— Flora of the Bombay Presidency, vol. ii.

Fischer, C. E. C.—Flora of the Madras Presidency.

Trimen, H.—Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon, vol. iv.

Blatter, E.—Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency, Part XV.

Vigsoss NH. S., vol. xxxv.

Wight, R.—Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis, vol. iii.

Oo SW DNbwW dh 4

A NEW FOSSORIAL SNAKE (RHINOPHIS

DORSIMACULATUS) FROM CEYLON.

P, E. P,. DERANIYAGALA, M.A. (Cantab.), A.M. (Harvard),

BP: CIP] Sa8 Fk. Dec, ehezes

Director, Colombo Museum.

(IVith one piate and one text-figure).

The new snake here described belongs to the genus Rhinophis

Hemprich, a genus restricted to southern India and Ceylon and

representing one of the mosi advanced phases of fossorial adaptation

in the suborder Serpentoidea.

In this genus not only are the head shields and tail strongly

modified for such a habitat but the pigmentation is remarkable in

that a number of species, particularly those from the more arid

districts, display the reverse condition to that usual in ordinary

snakes by being light dorsally, and dark ventrally. The variety

of bright colors displayed by this family, the Uropeltidae, and the

related Ilysiidae, atfords a striking contrast to the sombre pig-

mentation of either the equally fossorial Typhlopidae, or some of

Ceylon’s fossorial lizards of the family Scincidae. Members of the

family Uropeltidae are remarkably stenotopic, and the variety and

abundance of the species of Rhinophis in Ceylon as compared with

India, suggests that this Island is the original home of the genus

from whence it apparently entered the sub-continent during one of

the more recent Pleistocene connexions between the two countries.

Six of the seven species recorded from Ceylon possess large caudal

shields which are longer than half the shielded area of the head.

These are further sub-divided into species in which the rostral

shield is at least half the length of the shielded area of the head,

and into those in which it is shorter. Another method of sub-division

is by estimating the relative lengths of the rostral and parietals

in fractions of the length of the frontal shield. When the species

is not uniformally colored the easiest method of identification is by

attention to pigmentation which is more or less constant for each

species, but this is not’ possible in decolorized spirit specimens.

The large rostral and caudal shields and distinctive color pattern

of black vertebral blotches along an orange dorsai band assist in

the ready identification of the new Rhinophis for which the speci-

fic name dorsimaculatus is here proposed.

In Ceylon there are two recorded species with large caudal and

rostral shields, the rostral being twice as long as the frontal or

longer. In one of them, R. punctatus Miller, the frontal is as long

as the parietal; in the other, R. porrectus Wall. it is only about two

thirds (Wall Snakes of Ceylon tg21, fig. 13). The following compa-

rison of these two species, as described by Wall, with the new form

shows the relationships between the three. Features of interest in

A NEW FOSSORIAL SNAKE 801

the new species are its reduced number of scales and body length,

the larger rostral, and the breaking up of the black vertebral band

into blotches which might be regarded as signs of progressive

specialization.

“s R. dorsimaculatus

R. porrectus|R.tfunctatus sp. nov.

Frontal length in rostral length. twice twice more than twice

Frontal length in parietal length. | two-thirds equal twice

Caudal shield length in shielded

part of head length zat three-

quarters equal three-quarters

Number of ventrals ee 281 24€-236 238

Anterior and posterior costal

counts re on NU ee taney ey 17, 16-17

Body diameter contained in

total length ee wa 76 49-47 43

Dorsal yellow band marked

with dark vertebral oa band band blotches

Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov., pl. tr.

This snake is readily distinguished from other species of Rhinophis by the

characters tabulated above. It is known from two specimens, in one of these

Fig. 1. Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov.

(a) dorsal view of head.

(b) ventrilateral view of head.

802. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST] SOCIETY, Vol XL

the head.is missing. The snake possesses a strongly arched, overshot snout

and the body is not noticeably enlarged anteriorly.

Colour. One of the most conspicuously coloured snakes of Ceylon (PI: 1).

In the freshly preserved specimen the héad shields are brown, suffused with

bright orange. Dorsally there is a broad orange vertebra) .band occupying

about five or six longitudinal rows, and in it the three more or less median

rows possess black centres and form a zig-zag band tor about five head lengths,

after which it breaks up into a series of about forty black blotches, each

larger than the head. The remaining body scales are black with yellow margins

which form fine, zig-zag, yellow, longitudinal lines both laterally and ventrally.

The sixth or seventh longitudinal scale row from the ventrals lacks black

pigment as in a few other species of Rhinophis. The caudal shield is brown

suffused with orange and possesses a dark *U’ shaped mark opening dorsally.

Pholidosis. Shielded portion of head slightly longer than caudal shield,

rostral shield strongly carinate, arched, equals half the head length and. com-

pletely separates the nasals; prefrontals contiguous and about twice as long as

broad; frontal subtriangular as broad as long, is less than half the length of

rostral and equals half the length of the parietal. Ocular about thrice length

of pupil and somewhat narrowly in contact with frontal which it slightly

exceeds in size. Supralabials four, the last being the largest head shield.

Mental with a broadly rounded posterior margin, infralabials three, the second

the largest; the suture between the first and second infralabials is under the

suture between the second and the third supralabials, that between the second

and third is under the suture between the third and fourth supralabials. The

first row of post-mental scales is elongate and does not extend behind the

anterior halves of the second infralabials (fig. 1b). Body scales as wide as

long, subequal, 17 costals at two head lengths behind head, 17 or 16 at mid-

body, ventrals 238 extremely feebly enlarged, preanals enlarged two or three

in one or two rows, subcaudals entire 6, (fig. 1c), scales round caudal shield 12,

caudal shield convex, rugose with numerous small tubercles and is about three-

fourths the length of the shielded part of the head. .

Dimensions. The type specimen No. 86 Colombo Museum, measures as

follows :—length of shielded area of head 7.6 mm., diameter of body 8 mm.,

total length 350 mm., tail length 8.5 mm., width of frontal 1.7 mm., length

of frontal 1.7 mm., length of rostral 3.8 mm., length cf parietal 2.8 mm.,

interorbit 2.6 mm., length of gape 6 mm., caudal shield 6 mm. long 5.2 mm.

wide.

Distribution, Known from two specimens, one obtained in February 1938

the other in March 1941 from the coastal village of Marichchukate, North

Western Province, Ceylon. This area is unusually arid, and is of special interest

in possessing such Indian dry zone reptiles as the scaly gecko Lophopholis

scabriceps (Annandale), the sand boa Gongylophis conicus Russell, and the

saw-scaled viper Echis carinata Russell.

In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Baini Prashad, Director

of the Zoological Survey of India, Indian Museum, Dr. A. Aiyappan, Acting

Superintendent, Madras Government Museum, and to Mr. S. H. Prater of the

Bombay Natural History Society for comparing photographs of this snake with

the specimens in their collections,

ENPLANATION (OM FrPiEAt bet:

Photographs of Rhinophis dorsimaculatus sp. nov.

(4) Showing size of caudal shield, black dorsal blotches and lack of anterior

enlargement of the body xX #2 natural size.

(pn) Ventrilateral view of head x 7 #5 natural size. ° ai

size.

qatee

seeeaeautts

é ee

at 44 we *

Rhinephis

Prare I.

dorsimaculatus sp. nov.

For explanation see end of article.

THE «GAME FISHES, OFS INDIA.

SUNDER: EAL TLORA,. D.SC., E:RtS:E., -F.Z:S., F.R-A.S-B., F.N.1.,

Assistant Superintendent, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta,

(With 3 plates and 2 text-figures).

(Continued from page 532 of Vol. xlii, No. 3).

XIV. THE MAHSEERS OR THE LARGE-SCALED BARBELS OF INDIA.

7. THE BLACK MAHSEER WITH NOTES ON OTHER COLOUR VARIETIES.

Mir, UR, Eo Parsons;: F£.RiE.S-,.. Indian, Police, . Dibrugarh,

Lakhimpur District, Assam, .directed the attention of the Bombay

Natural History Society to the lack of information about Black

Mahseer in my series of articles on the Game Fishes of India and

made the following interesting observations in his letter of May 5,

1941 :—

‘I have read with great interest Dr. Sunder Lai Hora’s series, The Ganre

Fishes of India, with particular reference to Mahseer. I have not, unfortunately,

got the numbers: of the Journal in which they were published before me at

the moment, but one point has struck me, which I think is correct and that

is that Dr. Hora makes no mention of a black Mahseer. I do not know

whether these black fish are a distinct species of Mahseer or whether they

are instances of melanism. They inhabit the same water, take the same bait

and fight in exactly the same way as-the ordinary Mahseer that one usually

obtains in Assam rivers. They are also of the same shape, but the colour

is definitely black with a little white about the belly scales. I have personally

caught only two of these black Mahseer. The tirst I obtained on the roth

November 1934 on the Sisseri river in the Sadiya Frontier- Tract, Assam. It

weighed 16 lbs. and was a game fish, giving an excellent fight on a light 7 ft.

‘Victor’ rod. The other I caught at Ukiam on the Um Khri river in Kamrup

District, also in Assam, on the 29th December 1937. This latter fish weighed

112 Ibs. and had a little more white about the belly. These black fish are

evidently very rare, although they are occasionally caught. Mr. F. Needham

of Munkongselek, in -the Sadiya Frontier Tract, has obtained several, the

biggest being just over 20 Ibs. I enclose photographs of the specimen I

obtained on the Sisseri where it is photographed with the remainder of my

catch for that day; the contrast in colour is very striking. It is noticeable

that even the fins are black, as well as the tail. I do not think that it can

possibly be that the black colour of these fish is due to the nature of the hed

of the river they inhabit, for there are the ordinary type of Mahseer in the

Um Khri and the four fish on the right of the enclosed photograph, including

the black specimen, all came from the same pool in the Sisseri. The other

three fish show the usual colouration. This pool was not very deep and had

a sandy bottom at the lower end with small boulders at the top end. The

river is in a wide valley at this point and was by no means in a dark gorge.

‘There was no doubt that the two specimens I got were Mahseer and not

some other species. The general shape and appearance were quite unmistakable.

It was only the colour which was so completely different. It is, I suppose,

quite possible that melanism is met with in fish as in other orders.’

* Published with permission of the Director, Zoological Survey of India,

804 JOURNAL, BOMBAY: NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

In a_ subsequent letter, dated 31st May 1941, Mr. Parsons

referred to two more records of Black Mahseer from Assam and

stated:

‘On looking more closely through my records, I find that I have. caught

two other black Mahseer besides those mentioned in my previous letter. The

two fish I did not mention previously were caught (1) on the Syon River, a

tributary of the Brahmaputra on its right bank about 40 miles north of

Pasighat in the Sadiya Frontier Tract. This fish weighed 18 lbs. and the

name of the place I caught it was Pangin. (2) The other fish was caught at

Rongdoi near the confluence of the Brahmaputra and the Lohit on 29th January

1937 and it weighed 10 Ibs. Rongdoi is also in the Frontier Tract.’

Mr. Parsons’ surmise about the identity of his Black Mahseer

is correct and morphologically the black specimen photographed

by him (Plate ii, fig. 2) is indistinguishable from the common

Mahseer of Assam, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). It may be

pointed out that though melanism is not so common a phenomenon

in fishes as albinism, several interesting cases of melanism in

divers types of fishes are on record. Attention is directed below

to some of these cases.!

In 1871, Giinther (6) recorded a black specimen of Platyglossus

notopsis Blkr., and observed:

‘We have received from the Godeffroy Museum a specimen from Savay of

a uniform black colour; however, the two ocelli on the dorsal fin are present,

and it has also thirteen soft dorsal rays, so that it rust be regarded as merely

a variety.’

In 1875, Fatio (4) discussed melanism in Phoxinus laevis and

concluded that though the nature of food is generally responsible

for melanism, in the case of P. laevis presence of Helminth parasites

encysted in the skin of the fish were probably the cause of the

change in colouration. Knauthe (13) was of the opinion that

melanism in fishes resulted not from the nature of the food taken

by them, but through lack of food, i.e., starvation. He had

observed melanism in Cyprinus carpio var. nudus v. alepidotus,

Carassius carassius, Gobio fluviatilis, Leucaspius delineatus,

Leuciscus phoxinus, Nemachilus barbatulus and Esox luctus. In

an important contribution on melanism in animals in general, Klun-

zinger (11, pp. 280, 281) dealt with some of the earlier records

among fishes and considered the secretion of black pigment under

the following headings: (a) inner constitutional peculiarities and

(b) external factors, such as (i) influence of light, (ii) influence of

temperature, (iii) influence of humidity (iv) influence of food and

(v) influence of climate. Four years later, he (12) observed a

large proportion of frogs and trout of certain ponds with a uniform

black colour and ascribed this colour peculiarity to the acids pro-

duced: by the humus soil. At the same time, he referred to the

changes of colouration in the males of certain fishes during the

breeding season. Annandale (1) described certain melanic speci-

mens of Barbus ticto, but Hora, Misra and Malik (8, p. 267) found

them to be males of B. conchonius and stated (p. 270) that during

* Numerals in thick type within brackets refer to the serial number of the

various publications listed in the bibliography at the end of the paper,

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 805

the breeding season males of several species of Carp-Minnows

develop melanic colouration.

In 1935, Goff (5) recorded a case of melanism in Lepisosteus

osseus and observed :

‘During Apri! 1933, while gigging gars in Lake Harris, Lake County,

Florida, a melanistic specimen was picked up. It was the common long-nosed

gar, Lepisosteus osseus. At first it was thought that it might be covered with

some foreign substance but a vigorous washing and closer examination showed

the coloring to be in the specimen itself. Since the writer had never seen

a gar that approached this one in color a picture was taken of the specimen

beside a normally colored individual. This picture brings out fairly well

the degree of darkness in comparison with the normal.’

The observations recorded by Gott are similar to those made

by Mr. Parsons regarding the Black Mahseer (vide supra, p. 803).

An interesting case of localized cutaneous melanosis occurring

in lungfishes (Lepidosiren) of the New York Aquarium is recorded

by Smith and Coates (19). They are of the opinion that ‘Abnormal

black pigmentation of the skin of fishes seems to depend on both

genetic and post-embryonal factors.’ Further, it is stated that

‘Pathologic pigmentation of the skin caused by an increase in the

number of melanophores occurs, for example, when certain parasitic

larvae gain access to the skin and become encysted.’ Attention

is also directed to the fact that ‘Experimental studies covering a

wide biological field attribute pigmentation to disturbances involv-

ing the endocrine system or enzyme activity.’

So far as I am aware, the melanic pigmentation of Black

Mahseer has not been properly investigated, but from the nature

of the records available it seems that it may either be due to some

genetic or pathological causes. As pointed out by Mr. Parsons,

there is no difference in the ecological conditions of the Black and

Ordinary Mahseer which could account for melanism among these

giants of fresh waters.

The first reference to Black Mahseer I have been able to find

is by Macdonald | (14, p. 305) who regarded it as a distinct variety

and characterized it as follows:—-

"3ehe “black and of a stocky build. ~

Head small and black, mouth small. Barbels and eyes black.

‘This fish is marked by a jet black line two half scales above the lateral

line, scales above having a tinge of gold on the scale tips running to jet black

on the back. Below lateral line scales are lighter but dirty white, almost

shot black to the scales on belly, which are dirt ty white with a black fringe.

Fins black with grey at base. Best fish talken 19 pounds.’

The above description is not sufficient to distinguish the variety,

but fortunately a good photograph of the black variety along with

4 ordinary Mahseer is published by Macdonald (plate i, fig. 2). A

study of the figure shows that though the depth of the body is propor-

tionately greater than that in the ordinary type, the length of the

head is considerably ereatermthan.the depth of, the body. On. this

character alone, it is possible to regard it as conspecific with the

ordinary type—Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). The greater

depth of the body may be due to its being a mature female.

In 1933, Macdonald (Lo) described once again the varieties of

Mahseer in Burma and regarding the Black Mahseer stated (p. 107)

806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SSOCLEDY, "Volant

that <a 1s common in all the rivers of Burma, where the

cece are thickly wooded. Earlier, on p. 106, it is mentioned

about the Black Mahseer that it ‘is common both in India and

ae where the banks of streams are overgrown with thick

orest. Accerding: to Macdonald, therefore, there is a correlation

between melanism in Mahseer and the type of locality frequented

by such specimens. There. is no doubt that ‘environment plays

considerable part in determining the colouration of a fish, but how

far melanism in Mahseer is due to the shade-factor in its habitat

I am unable to say. (For further discussion on_ this point see

below pp. 811-814).

Shebbeare (18) described a Dark Variety of Mahseer from the

Eastern Himalayas and _ stated:

‘The dark fish, or this specimen at any tate, was in shape far more like

a Katli than a Mahseer. The fins were partiy the yellow of the Mahseer and

partly the slate colour of the Katli—the general colour of the fish was inter-

mediate but the eye was golden, asin the Mahseer; only one spot on one iris

Was Copper as in the Katli, but this may have been bloed-shot. There were

no tubercles on the upper lip.’

The Dark Mahseer of Shebbeare was a_ thick-lipped specimen

with the length of head, as shown in the sketch, considerably

shorter than the depth of the body. There seems hardly any doubt

that Shebbeare was dealing with a partially melanic specimen of

Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton).

From South India also there is a record of a Black Mahseer.

Van Ingen (10), in his observations on Mahseer Fishing in Mysore,

gives a figure of a Black Mahseer which is not unlike the ordinary

Mahseer of the Mysore waters—-Barbus (Tor) khudree Sykes (Hora,

Ss. L. and Misra, K. $.—Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xl,

pp. 24-28, 1938).

From the records of Black Mahseer referred to above, it ‘is

clear that it cannot be regarded as a distinct variety, since melanic

specimens belonging to different species have been described or

figured as Black Mahseer.

Though relying on the authoritative work of Day (3), different

kinds of Mahseer have been treated as one species, Barbus tor

(Hamilton), the anglers have long been familiar that there are

more than one kind of Mahseer in Indian waters. _ But unfortunately

in recognising varieties, anglers have been influenced by the colour

of their specimens or by the nature of the lips. It has been pointed

out in my. articles on Mahseer (9) that these characters are not

constant and, therefore, very little reliance can be placed on them

for distinguishing species. In this connection, it may be recalled

that Hamilton (7), who was the first person to make Mahseer

known to science, recognised three species from the Himalayas,

Cyprinus putitora, C. tor and Cy mosal. Hamilton: was familiar

with the affinities of the three species and under C. putitora he

observed:

‘This and the two following species have, in many points, a strong resem-

bLlance, being very large fishes, affording an excellent wholesome nourishment,

free from bones, although not quite so delicate as the Rohita. They are all

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PEATE le

Fig. 1.—A Black Mahseer from Mysore.

(Reproduced from fourn. Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x

facing page 30, 1937).

—e

Fig. 2.—A Black Mahseer (15 lbs.) from Burma in the centre with four

ordinary Mahseer (38, 21, 9 and 6 Ibs. respectively). (Reproduced from Journ.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xxxiii, facing page 304, 1929. This illustration

has also been published in the Journ. Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, 1933).

whe GA EES it Se Ole INDIA 807

also. strong, well formed, handsome fishes, peculiarly distinguished by — the

enormous size of their scales, which, in large individuals, almost equals the

{ hand, insomuch, that cards for gaming are sometimes made of them at Dakha.

: Mahasaula and Tora, variously altered or corrupted, or with various additions,

may be considered as generic appellations among the natives for these fishes,

all: of which frequent large rivers.’

Wea, s

ae eae”

Text-fig. 1.—Outline sketches of Black Mahseer from different parts of India.

a. A specimen from Assam (From a photograph sent by Mr. R. E. Parsons,

vide Plate ii, fig. 2); b. A specimen from Mysore (After van Ingen, vide Plate i,

fig. 1); c. A specimen from Burma (After Macdonald, vide Plate i, fig. 2);.d. A

specimen from the Eastern Himalayas (After Shebbeare, Journ. Darjeeling Nat.

Hist. S0¢., Vi, Pp. -73; 1931).

8038: JOURNAL, BOMBAY: NATURALS HIST. SOCIH TM oman

Though in the 3rd edition of his Rod in India, Thomas (20, p. 27)

bowed before the authority of Day and recognised Barbus tor as

equivalent to Mahseer, he made it clear that:

‘Further experience has confirmed me in the view advanced in 1873, that

there are more Mahseers than have been named, and that if it were possible

that as much accurate attention could be given to the Mahseer as has been

devoted to the Salmonidae of Great Britain, of Europe, and of America, it

would be found that the Mahseers of India would likewise grow in numbers.’

Thomas, chiefly dealing with South Indian Mahseer, was ot

the opinion ‘that there are at least three distinct forms with differ-

ence of external structure, and many more with differences in

colouring.’

This has been the feeling of all subsequent writers on angling

in India, but no one dared to challenge the views of Day as regards

the scientific nomenclature of this important group of fishes. In.

1919, Annandale (2, p. 134) broke away from the orthodox view

and while commenting on the systematic position of the Indian

species assigned to Barbus Cuvier made the following remarks

concerning Mahseer:

‘Indeed, there is no group in which confusion is greater than that of the

Mahseer so familiar to Indian sportsmen.

‘I have not the material to attempt a revision of the Mahseer group,

specimens of which are difficult to preserve in large series on account of their

size, but two species have recently come to my notice which it seems justifiable

to rescue from the oblivion of synonymy as they possess differential characters

of a marked nature and likely to be constant. These species are Barbus

putitora (Ham. Buch.) and Barbus mussullah, Sykes. That Hamilton’s mossul

and Jerdon’s hamiitoni differ in some respects from the forma typica of Barbus

tor the collection in the Indian Museum provides abundant evidence, while

specimens from the upper Kistna seem to differ from any of these; but the

question whether the differences should be considered specific or merely racial

must be left to be answered with more extensive experience.’

In the preceding articles on the Large-scaled Barbels of India,

I (9) have attempted to differentiate between the forms found in

North India and shown that, besides the three species described by

Hamilton, there is probably another species, Barbus (Tor) progeneius

McClelland, in the rivers of Assam (Jungha of the Assamese). The

Katli of the Nepalese or Bokar of the Assamese, B. (Lissochilus)

hexagonolepis McClelland has also been described, but this fish is

not a Mahseer in the true sense of the word, for its labial groove

is interrupted in the middle and the lips never form flaps. I have

thus recognised 5 species of Large-scaled Barbels from Northern

India and Burma, but the specific identity of progeneius is rather

doubtful. From these ‘regions, Macdonald (44; 15), Shaw and

Shebbeare (16) and Shebbeare (17, 18) have recognised * several

varieties of Mahseer and it may be worthwhile to comment here

on their scientific position.

From his experience of fishing in the Myitkyina District, Northern

Burma, Macdonald (14, p. 304) recognised six different varieties

of Mahseer, though he noted that ‘They all fit the description of

Dr. Day’s Barbus for in the main points i.e. Barbels, ‘‘Fin’’ rays,

and lateral line, etc.’ His first variety is the Golden or Himalayan

tHE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 809

Mahseer with a decided black line down the side. His photographs

show that this is Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton). The ‘Chick-

lipped variety is described as ‘Same colouring as Himalayan Mahscer

duuering only in the head. Chief features are the thick lips with

the adipose extension which is well illustrated in Thomas’ Rod in

India.’ It has been shown in my previous articles (9) that extensions

ol ips may occur in several species Of Harvus o1 Soutn-eastern

Asia and Africa and though the true significance of these structures

is not clear, they cannot be regarded as specific or racial characters.

the ‘lhick-lipped variety is also statea to be fairly common.

Regarding the Black variety, it has been shown above (vide supra,

p. 006) that it is only a convenient name for the melanic specimens

ot ditterent species. His photographs of both the ‘Thick-lipped

and Black varieties show that they are referable to Barbus (Lor)

putitora (Hamilton). Mr. Macdonald sent me another photograph

ol his Black variety from Burma and this proved to be B. (Lisso-

cnilus) hexagonolepis. it would thus appear that colouration

served as the main character for differentiating varieties. ‘1 he photo-

graph of the Copper Mahseer shows that 11s head is almost equal

to the depth of tne body and on this character it is possible to

assign it to Barbus (Lor) mosal (Hamilton). ‘Lhis species is more

commonly met with in Burma. 1he Chocolate Mahseer, with thin

lips-and bright orange spots under lower jaw on chin, is probably

bv, (LISSOChuUS) hexugonolepis MCUleland, while the specific identity

of tne Ked Mahseer 1s diimcult to ascertain as the author has not

published a figure of the variety. Mr. Macdonald has very kindly

sent me a photograph of this variety (PI. ii, fig. 1) which shows that

this is also reteraple to B. (Lissochiuus) hexugonolepis.

{n 1929, Shaw and Sheppeare distinguished four varieties of

Manhseer trom the Dooars, the Teesta and North West Assam.

iheir ‘Commonest’ type and the ‘Greyhound’ type are undoubtedly

Be (Lor) -putitora. 1 he very thick-lipped and red-finned type, the

so-called cock-fish, was at first regarded as a separate variety, but

hext year Shebbeare (1/) considered it to be a ‘breeding phase rather

than a variety’, The fourth variety, from the description given,

seems 10 abe 8.1 (lor) tor,- The specimen fogged’ as: Young, of

Commonest Type (?)’ has a head shorter than the depth ot the

body and would thus seem to belong to Tor Mahseer. In 1931,

Shebbeare (18) described a Dark variety which has been referred

to above and seems to be a melanic specimen of B. (Yor) tor.

In commenting on Shebbeare’s articles, Macdonald (15, p. 105)

redescribed the varieties of Mahseer met with in Burma, and reitera-

ted that the Thick-lipped variety is quite distinct and not a sex-phase

of some other variety. According to him, the cock-fish of this type

has ‘a bump on the nose, and a more developed appearance about

his whole form’. The distinction between the two sexes is given

as follows:

‘The male fish can easily be distinguished by the swelling or fleshy pro-

tuberance on the nose being extended farther and being more fully developed

than in the female. The lips of the male fish are also much thicker and coarser

than those in the female fish.’

810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY*NATURAL -HIST. SOCIETY, Vol XLT

I (9) have discussed fairly fully the causes which may be res-

ponsible for the enlargement of the lips in Mahseer, but observations

are lacking to elucidate the exact significance of the hypertrophied

lips. In view of the fact that individuals with hypertrophied lips

wy ora». ; =

KRY KAA ce BLE

————

———

LL SSS===

KATLI OR BOKAR, BARBUS (

LISSOCHILUS

HEXAGONOLEPIS Mc Clelland.

MOSAL MAHSEER, BARBUS (TOR) MOSAL (Hamilton)

Text-fig. 2,.—Mahseers or Large-scaled Barbels of Himalayan waters.

are to be found in practically all the species of _Mahseer, this

character cannot be regarded as a specific or racial feature,

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 811

The following key may help to distinguish specimens, over

g inches in length, of the species of the Large-scaled Barbels of

Northern India and Burma.

I. Labial groove interrupted in the middie; lips comparatively thin and

never hypertrophied; cheeks covered with tubercles.

Barbus (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis McClelland.

The Katli of the Nepalese and Bokar of the Assamese. The Choco-

late, Olive, Black or Red Mahseer of Burma.

Il. Labial groove continuous ; lips thick and well formed, sometimes produced

into adipose flaps; cheeks smooth.’

A. Length of head considerably greater than depth cf body.

Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamilton).

The Golden or the Common Himalayan Mahseer including Grey-

hound and thick-lipped varieties.

B. Length of the head considerably shorter than or more or less equal

to depth of body.

1. Length of head considerably shorter than cepth of body.

Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton).

The Deep-bodied Mahseer.

. Length of head more or less equal to depth of body.

Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton).

The Copper Mahseer.

is)

ADDENDUM.

Copies of ‘the typescript of the above article were sent to a

number of well known anglers in India and their suggestions were

solicited. Messrs. R. E. Parsons (Assam), A, Macdonald (United

Provinces), C. Fairweather (Bengal) and Lt.-Col. R. W. Burton

(Mysore) have very. kindly sent their comments which throw further

light on Black Mahseer and other races and varieties of this game

fish.

Mr. Parsons notes that. though Mr. R. W. Godfrey, Indian

Police, Political Officer, Sadiya Frontier Tract, Assam, has caught

several -Black -Mahseer, he has kept no records of them. ‘The

only one about which he was able to give me any details was a

fish of about a pound in weight, caught on the Deopani river near

Sadiya. This seems to indicate that the black colouration is inherent

in this type of fish from a very early age.’ Mr. Godfrey also

mentioned to Mr. Parsons ‘that while fishing i in the Siang (Brahma-

putra), some considerable distance into the hills north of Pasighat

in the Frontier Tract, he noticed that the Bokar he killed were. of

a dark purple-plum colour instead of being the usual type. The

Siang Valley in that locality is very shut in and even the water

and stones in it looked black. It therefore seems that the dark

colouration of the Bokar in the area referred to is due to conditions

of environment and not to any question of melanism. However,

1 : x 7 5 > 4 E

In some of the true Mahbseers of the Deccan and Southern India, tubercles

are present on the cheeks. These forms will be dealt with in the subsequent

articles of this series.

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

the Mahseer caught there were not different from the usual type.’

Mr. Parsons onthe basis of his records of Mahseer fishing

finds that one black specimen turns up for about every 800 fish

caught in Assam waters.

Mr. C. Fairweather in his communication to Mr. C. M. Inglis,

Curator, Natural History Museum, Darjeeling, stated ‘ ““Black’’

Mahseer are quite common: I am inclined to agree that ‘‘wooded’’

banks have something to do with this protective colouring. . . I

aiso caught Black Mahseer and Ordinary Mahseer from the same

pool but the fish were-travelling up at that time so the ‘‘same pool’’

means nothing.’

Mr. Fairweather also directs attention to another type of

Mahseer—-nicely streamlined, which is found in the Champamati,

District Goalpara, and looks like a Katli with a sharper head but

has the eyes and scales of a Mahseer. it is stated to be ‘Very

short and very deep in the belly . . . His tail and fins were bright

red’. He suspects it to be a cross-breed and states ‘There must

be innumerable ‘‘crosses’’ between various types of Mahseer with

infinite modifications of ‘‘lips’’. I cannot see the males of one type

carefully selecting temales of the same type for attention or ratner

‘attendance’. ‘lherefore “‘noses’’ will get graded up or down.’

Hybridisation 1s a tairly common phenomenon among Carp or

Cyprinid fishes and several instances have already been descrinped.

I (Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. 36, pp. 307-310, 1934) have myself described

cross-breed between two snow trouts—Schizothorax labiatus

McClelland and Oreinus sinuatus var. griffithit McClelland and

shown the occurrence of all gradations between the _ trilobed

lower lip of the former and the papillated, flat lip of the latter.

Mr. Fairweather’s suggestion is very valuable and needs close

scrutiny at the hands of those who have opportunities to handle

large series of specimens of these game fishes. It_is likely, how-

ever, that the nicely streamlined Mahseer of the Champamati may

have been Barbus (lor) mosal (Hamilton).

Col. Burton also states that Black Mahseer are found in the

Cubbany River near Kartikolam below Manantoddy and he caught

one black specimen of 5 lbs, (Plate i, fig. 3) from the Bhavani

also. He is also inclined to attribute variations in colouration to

environmental factors. He states that:

‘The pool in the Bhavani river where I caught the Black Mahseer was

deep and shadowed by giant trees. The upper waters of the Cubbany river

are in many places ‘similarly dark and gloomy. So I feel sure that environment

has much to do with the colouration of Black Mahseer.

‘Many of the Mahseer taken by my party in the upper waters of the

Kakki Ar in.Travancore in 1933 were very deep in colour. That was a stream

with much peaty looking water and running through thick forest.

‘From the fact that during many years I never saw a Black Mahseer in

the open sunlit rivers of Central India and Hyderabad—Godavery, Beema,

Kistna, Tungabadra—it would seem that Mahscer of this colouration are not

in those rivers, at any rate in the plains portions of them.’

Col. Burton has so far collected only one specimen of the Thick-

lipped type in the Indravati on the Central Provinces border.

—

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. PraTe II.

(Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. A.

Fig. 1.—A Red Mahseer from Burma.

St. John Macdonald.)

Fig. 2.—A Black Mahseer (second from left, 16 Ibs.) from Assam with siz

ordinary Mahseer. (Reproduced by courtesy of Mr. R. FE. Parsons.)

Fig. 3.—A Black Mahseer (5 Ibs., smallest specimen) from the

River with two ordinary Mahseer. (Reproduced by courtesy of Lt.-Col. R. W.

Burton.)

Fig. 4.—-A Black Mahseer from the Kumaon Hills. (Reproduced by courtesy

of Mr. A. St. John Macdonald.) .

Bhavani

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA i 813

Mr. Macdonald has also written to say that melanic specimens

of the Ordinary Himalayan Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) putitora (Hamil-

ton), are fairly common and may frequently be seen (one or at the

most two) cruising about in shoals with the golden variety. He

has found such specimens ‘from 4 a pound to 37% lbs., over. as

wide a range and as far as the Indus and the Jhelum and Mahl

in the West Punjab; in the Ganges and Surju rivers in the U.P.;

in the Girwa and Bhagmati in Nepal; and in Burma.’ Mr. Mac-

donald has never collected a black specimen of the Putitor Mahseer

with thick lips and this is certainly a matter of unusual interest and

well worth further investigation.

Mr. Macdonald has observed that the black variety of Mahseer

of the Naini Tal Lake ‘can be seen in shoals by themselves, and

aloof from the other fish, (putitora)’. It seems probable that in

the lake there are two distinct species which do not mix with

each other, but any further information on this point will be very

interesting.

Regarding the stocky-type of Black Mahseer, Mr. Macdonald

has sent the following further information :—

‘I have only taken these fish in N. Burma in the Nant and Sahmaw

Chaung. I have also seen them taken in the Mali H’Ka. In shape it resembles

the Katli or Bokar far more than putitora. The Sahmaw Chaung is a small

gin clear stream, no more than io yards across, and 15 miles over its total

length. The Namti Chaung was a river of greater depth and size, but so far

as my observations went here too, only this black variety of fish was caught.

I never saw or caught a‘Chocolate Mahseer or Bokar in its common or more

general colouring.’

A photograph of the stocky-type sent with the above description

clearly showed that Mr. Macdonald had specimens of the Katli,

Barbus (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis McClelland. As I have shown

in my two articles on this species in the present series, this fish

is liable to vary considerably in colouration. In fact, in Burma

alone it has been called as ‘Chocolate Mahseer’ of the Myitkyina

District, ‘Olive Mahseer’ of the Pegu District and ‘Red Mahseer’

of the Myitkyina and Tavoy Districts. The stocky-type Black

Mahseer of Mr. Macdonald seems to correspond in colouration and

habitat to Mr. Godfrey’s Bokar of dark purpie-plum colour from

the Siang in. Assam. ,

Regarding the development of thick lips, Mr. Macdonald has

sent the following very interesting observations :—

‘While fishing in the Ladaya in Kumaon, we used the casting net for catch-

ing small fish, smaJl Mahseer provided the chief bait. These fish were from

4 to 10 inches in length, and in shoals of from too to 200 fish. We could

get a dozen or more in the net at a time. In one place all would be of the

thick-lipped variety, and in another the ordinary type. Is it possible that these

fish all came from the same spawner, or through environment all developed

these lips, or coilected together for some special reason? Until I read your

article 1 was inclined in the belief that they must be yearlings from the early

spawn and had not separated. We caught some two hundred and fifty fish on

this trip, and fully half were the thick-lipped variety. This is excepticnal as

the ratio is usually one in ten.’

As noted in my previous articles, I am unable to throw any definite

light on the causation of the hypertrophy of the lips in the large-

814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

scaled barbels of India and the neighbouring countries. Even some

very young specimens possess this character in a marked degree,

but we do not know what changes these structures undergo with

growth and sex. These points are still open for investigation by

enthusiastic anglers.

About his Red Mahseer, Mr. Macdonald has sent me the fol-

lowing further note:—

‘These fish were in fairly large numbers at the same confluence in Burma

in 1928: They were chiefly seen in quiet water of pools cruising about in shoals

‘of 15 to 20 fish, and appeared to keep apart from the other varieties. They

were in habit more like the Bokar, sucking vegetation from the surface and

avoiding fast water so beloved of putitera.’

The photograph (Plate ii, fig. 1) that accompanied the above

description showed that this variety is also referable to B. (Lis-

sochilus) hexagonolepis. It may be noted that Mr. D. E. B. Man-

ning sent specimens of the Red Mahseer of the Tavoy District

which were found to be B. (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis.

To sum up, there appear to be four species of the Large-scaled

Barbels in the Himalayan waters of which two, Barbus (Tor)

putitora (Hamilton) and B. (Tor) tor (Hamilton) are found all over

this region, while the remaining two, B. (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)

and B. (Lissochilus) hexagonolepis (McClelland) are found towards

the west only as far as Nepal but are more common in Burma.

The last species is very variable in colour and is known to anglers

under several names; its range has been extended to Nepal (Garwa

and Bhaghmatti rivers) on the data supplied by Mr. Macdonald.

Through the courtesy of Mr. B. S. Bhimachar, Fisheries Officer,

Department of Agriculture, Mysore, I have received two specimens

of Mahseer from Bangalore which show normal and melanic coloura-~

tion. Though I have not yet studied the races and varieties of

Mahseer found in South Indian waters, I give here the drawings

(Plate iii) of these specimens to show differences in colouration

and at the same time their structural identity. The systematic

position of these specimens will be discussed later. In sending

these specimens Mr. Bhimachar observed that ‘among the Mahseer

at Bangalore, the local people distinguish two types—the ordinary

tvpe and a black variety’. It would thus appear that the melanic

specimens are of frequent occurrence in those parts. In this con-_

nection reference may also be made to Col. Burton’s observations

given above (vide supra, p. 812).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

As will be seen from the text and descriptions of figures, in

writing this article I have received much help from several persons

interested in the study of Mahseer and it gives me great pleasure

to extend my sincerest thanks to Messrs. R. E. Parsons, A. St.

John Macdonald,C.E.. S\ Bairweather, S. Ti. Prater, (CMa atineinc.

B. 'S. Bhimacharsand Lt.-Col. R? W.. Burton. .lvam)indebted Gre

the Darjeeling Natural History Society for the loan of blocks used

for plate 1, and to the Bombay Natural History Society for bearing

the entire cost of the illustrations.

{lay 8

42 R ys

‘(ayvys asoshyy ‘4adtf{{O Satsagstg ‘avqovuigg °§ ‘qd

* AJOTIVA Yryq v pur adj ATvuIpIO 94}

—d OSA

AYAT

07) Juas

‘aroyesurg

suautgags mod, aprul adam SSutnvscqy y

wory Jasyeyy JO sanonvaA OM} OY,

THE GAME FISHES OF INDIA 815

List OF REFERENCES. !

1. Annandale, N.—‘Melanic specimens of the Putia (Barbus ticto)’. Rec. Ind.

Mass, vol. 1; pe. 81 (1907):

2. Annandale, N.—The Fauna of certain small streams in the Bombay

Presidency. V. Notes on Freshwater fish mostly from the Satara and Poona

Districts. Rec. Ind, Mus., vol. xvi, p. 134 (1919).

3. Day, F.—Fishes of India, p- 564 (London, 1878).

4. Fatio, V.—‘Sur un cas particulier de mélanisme chez le véron’. Journ.

Zool. Gervais, vol. iv, pp. 222-9 (1875).

Grothe. C.—A case of melanism in Lepisosteus osseus’. Copeia, peat

(April, 1935).

6. Giinther, A.—Report on several Collections of Fishes recently obtained

for the British Museum’. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 667 (1871).

>. Hamilton, F.—‘An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and

its branches, pp. 303-307 (Edinburgh, 1822).

8. Hora, S. L., Misra, K. S. and Malik, G. M.—A study of variations in

Barbus (Puntius) ticto (Hamilton).’ Rec. Ind. Mus., vol. xli, pp. 263-279

1939

( Dee S. L.-—‘The Game Fishes of India. VilIl.—The Mahseers or the

Large-scaled Barbels of India. 1. The Putitor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) putitora

(Hamilton).’ Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 272-285 (1939);

2. ‘The Tor Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) tor (Hamilton)’. ibid., pp. 518-525 (1940) ;

3. ‘The Mosal Mahseer, Barbus (Tor) mosal (Hamilton)’. tbid., pp. 784-794

(1940); 6. ‘The Jungha of the Assamese, Barbus (Tor) progeneius McClelland’.

ibid., vol. xlii, pp. 526-532 (1941).

10. Ingen, J. D. van—'Mahseer Fishing in Mysore’. Journ. Darjeeling Nat.

Hist. Soc., vol. xii, pp. 28-31 (1937).

11. Klunzinger, C. B.—‘Ueber Melanismus bei Tieren im allgemeinen und

bei unseren einheimischen insvesondere’. Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturk. Wurt-

ere vol. lix, pp. 267-297 (1903).

Klunzinger, C. B.—‘Ueber neue Funde von schwarzen Froschen und

Fomilen im Murgtal’. Jahresh. Ver. vaterl. Naturk. Wurttemberg, vol. \xili,

pp. -lxxv, ixxvi (1907).

13. Knauthe, K.—‘Ueber Melanismus bei Fischen’. Zool, Anz., vol. xv,

P25 (1892):

14. Macdonald, A.—‘Mahseer (Barbus tor) in Burma and their habits’. Journ.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xxxiii, pp. 302-308 (1929).

15. Macdonald, A.—-‘The Mahseer and, its Varieties in Burma’. Journ.

Darjeeling Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, pp. 105-108 (1933).

16. Shaw, G. E. and Shebbeare, E. O.—‘Varieties of the Mahseer’. Journ.

Darjeeling Nut. ist. Soc, vol. av; pp. 22-25. (1929).

17. Shebbeare, E. O.—‘Varieties of the Mahseer’. Journ. Darjeeling Nat.

tSta SOC. = VOlmiV, py SQ (1930).

18. Shebbeare, E. O.—'The Dark Variety of Mahseer’. Journ. Darjeeling

INGize T1tSt SOC VOl. Vi, (pps. 73-75, (1931).

1g. Smith, G. M. and Coates, C. W.—‘Cutaneous Melanosis in Lungfishes

(Lepidosirenidae).’ Biol. Bull. Woods Hole, vol. Ixxi, pp. 282-285 (1936).

20. Thomas, H. $.—The Rod in India, 3rd ed., pp. 24-33 (London, 1897).

* In this list only those papers are included which were consulted by the

author. The foliowing papers dealing with melanism in fishes are not available

in any of the libraries in Calcutta. 1. Arnold, J. P.—Ueber Melanismus bei

den lebendgebirenden Zahnkarpfen. Wochenschr. Aquar. Terrar. Kunde,

PP. 377-379 (1912); 2. Siebold, C. T.—Ueber den melanotischen Hautausschlag

der Gyprinoidens ‘Amtl. “Ber: Vers: ‘Deutsch. ‘Naturf..'vol. 35, pp. 138) 139,

1860 (1861).

SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS WITH NOTES ON

THEIR ‘ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS.

M. SAYEEDUD-DIN,

Professor of Botany, Osmania University,

Hyderabad—Deccan.

(With three plates).

(Continued from page 601 of Vol. xlii, No. 3).

VIL{.—EvoLvuLus ALsInowweEs Linn.

(CONVOLNV ULACEAE).

SYNONYMY AND SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION.

Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.~.Sp...Pl. ed: 2 °(1762) p. 302:

H:F:B.1:, IV, 220;> Cooke; LS Pres: Bombs: Ve ihr tae 22a,

Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras, Pt.-V, 923; Duthie, Fl. upper Gangetic

Plain, Il, 104; Trim., Fl Ceyl., Ill, 2275 Watt) Dict. eon nr nodm

Ind. .Vz-DETy +305:

Syn.: Evolvulus hirsutus Lamk. Encyc. Méthod., V.. III, 538;

Dalz; and" Gibs= Bomb. mie ero2:

A perennial herb with a small woody root stock; annual branches

numerous, prostrate, spreading, slender wiry, clothed with long

hairs. Leaves alternate, 1/4-3/4 by 1/6-1/3 in., elliptic-oblong,

strongly apiculate, densely clothed with appressed silky hairs;

petioles very short or sometimes almost o. Flowers light-blue,

usually solitary, or sometimes two from a pair of lanceolate bracts

on the peduncle; peduncles very long, axillary, filiform; pedicles

filiform. Calyx densely silky; sepals 5, lanceolate, very acute.

Corolla sub-rotate; limb 5-plaited. Stamens 5, included; anthers

ovate; pollen grains spherical. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4; styles 2,

each cleft into 2 subclavate stigmas. Fruit a globose, thin,

4-valved capsule. Seeds usually 4. (Plates I & II.) Flowers

practically throughout the year, but more abundant from July-

November. Medicinal (Kirtikar, 6).

INDIAN NAMES.

Sankhpushpo (Punjab); Shankaveli (Bombay); Vishnukrandi

(Tamil); Vistna--clandi (Malayalam); Vishnukranta (Telugu)

HaBITAT.

Throughout India and Ceylon, very common; rare in very damp

regions (Hooker, 4); common everywhere in the Bombay Presidency

in grassy places (Dalz. & Gibs., 2); very common in Madras

Journ, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Sayeedud-Din.—Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

PuaTe I.

Mee), it TOS

| tae lee ee

}

Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. Pate II.

Sayeedud-Din.— Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

For explanation see end of article,

Prate III.

bee

= Be 7)

Sere

@z558

AJ)

Hist. Soc.

Journ. Bombay Nat.

For explanation see end of ariicle.

Sayeedud-Din.—Evolvulus aisinoides Linn.

SOME COMMON INDIAN HERBS 817

Presidency in grassy places except in the driest months (Mayura-

nathan, 7); commonly wild in Hyderabad on grassy lands and waste

places (Sayeedud-Din, 10); very common in most parts of the

Upper Gangetic Plain, especially on open sandy ground and by

roadsides (Duthie, 3). Distrib.: Tropical and subtropical countries.

ANATOMICAL NOTES.

Structure of the leaf. (Plate III, Fig. 1.) The cuticle is thin

and striated. The epidermal cells are enlarged, and their outer

walis are arched convexly outwards. The stomata are developed

on both surfaces where they are deeply sunk, and are accompanied

by two subsidiary cells placed parallel to the pore. The leaf-

structure is isobilateral.

Oxalate of lime occurs in varied shape in the leaf and stem.

The clustered crystals occur only in the veins of the leaf. Secretory

elements occur in the form of isclated cells containing whitish

substance in the mesophyll, and in the cortex and pith. They do

not, however, possess the surrounding specialised cells as, for

example, those figured by Mullan (8) in the case of Ipomaea pes-

caprae Sweet, or described by Sabnis (9) in the case of some species

of the Convolvulaceae. Epidermal cells in the leaf and stem hold

tanniniferous contents. |

The clothing hairs consist of two cells. In the stem the long

terminal cell is simple and unbranched, and inserted vertically on

the short stalk-cell (Plate III, Fig. 2), whereas in the leaf the

terminal cell has two nearly equal horizontally placed arms (Plate II],

Fig: 1).

The glandular hairs consist of a short and unicellular stalk-cell

seated on an epidermal cell. In the leaf the head is flat, and

consists of four cells. In the stem the head is ellipsoidal and is

divided by horizontal and vertical walls (Plate III, Fig. 2).

Structure of the axis. The cuticle is striated. The outer and

inner epidermal walls are thickened and arched convexly outwards

and inwards respectively. The lateral walls are straight. The

primary cortex consists of chlorenchyma. The pericycle contains

stone-cells in a broken ring. The vascular bundles are bicollateral.

The vessels are numerous and arranged in rows, and the medullary

rays are narrow and uniseriate. The intraxylary phloem is deve-

loped in the form of isolated groups of soft bast. |

The above observations tally a great deal with those recorded

by Solereder (11) in other species of Evolvulus.

CONCLUSIONS.

The following is a brief summary of the characteristic features

revealed by the anatomical study of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

1. Stomata are surrounded by twe subsidiary cells parallel to

the pore of the guard-cells.

2. Oxalate of lime occurs in the form of ordinary solitary

crystals in the stem, and in the form of clustered crystals in the

veins of the leaf.

3. The hairy covering consists of two kinds of 2-celled hairs.

The hairs on the stem possess a long straight terminal cell, whereas

818 “JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL VATSI SOG IY aol aiein

those on the leaf have a 2-armed terminal cell, the arms lying

horizontally. |

4. The glandular hairs are of two types. In the stem the head

of the hair is elongated and is divided by horizontal walls, but a few

vertical walls are also seen. In the leaf the head is spherical

and divided by vertical walls into four cells.

5. Isolated secretory cells with whitish contents occur in the

mesophyll of the leaf, and the cortex and the pith of the stem.

Those in the leaf are elongated horizontally. The epidermal cells

in the leaf and stem hold tanniniferous contents.

6. The vascular bundles are bicollaterai.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

I am thankful to Mr. Sri Ramloo for the photograph and the

drawings which were prepared under my _ supervision, and_ to

Mr. M. Moinuddin for kindly preparing the slides.

LITERATURE (CONSULTED. .

1. Cooke, T.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 229

1904). :

2. Dalzel, N. A. & Gibson, A.—The Bombay Flora, p. 162 (1861).

. Duthie—Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain, ii, p. 104 (1911).

. Hooker, J. D.-—The Flora of British India, vol. iv, p. 220 (1885).

. Gamble, T. S.—Flora of the Presidency. of Madras, pt. 5, p. 923 (1923).

. Kirtikar, K. R. & Basu, B. D.—Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd edition,

vol. ili, pp. 1738-1739.

7. Mayuranathan, P. V.—The Flowering Plants of the Madras City and

Immediate Neighbourhood, p. 192 (1929).

8. Mullan, D. P.—'Observations on the biology and physiological anatomy

of some Indian halophytes.’ j.J.B.S., vol. xti, No. 2, pp. 172-175 (1933)-

9g. Sabnis, T. S.—‘The physiological anatomy of the plants of the Iadian

desert.” fl sB., vol. ii, Noi sp. 66-715 1(1920):

10. Sayeedud-Din, M.—‘Some of the common Flowering Plants of the

Hyderabad State; their distribution, economic and medicinal importance.’

JSALS<BeSce volari,, ING si,..0. 202m (1035): ‘

11. Solereder, H.—Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Engl. Ed.,

vol, i, pp. 562-574 (1908).

tn & Go

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

PLAnEe tT.

Photograph of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

CAME on.

Fig. 1. Black and White drawing of Kvolvulus alsinoides Linn, (Nat. size).

Fig. 2. Corolla, opened out, (Xs 10):

Fig. 3: Silky “calyx, (x to):

Fig,..4:, Bistily (i710):

Fig. «5: Pollen; grain. (x7 215):

PLATE TIT.

Fig. 1. Leaf-epidermis, showing a 2-armed hair, stomata, cells with tannini-

ferous contents, and a gland. (xX 215).

Fig. 2. T. S. Leaf, showing, s; secretory cell. (x 215):

Fig. 3. T. S. Stem, showing, ch, ordinary clothing hair; gh, glandular hair ;

chl, chlorenchyma; ct, cells with tanniniferous contents; c, cells with

whitish contents; st, stone cells; p, intraxylary phloem. (X 215).

Journ. Bomsay Nat. Hist. Soc.

DIAGORA NICEVILLEI

(Moore)

(Type) ¢

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

DIAGORA NICEVILLEI

(Moore)

(Neallotype)

Godaveri, Nepal.

6000 feet. 16.5.37.

(Upperside).

APORIA AGATHON

(Gray) &

from Nepal.

DIAGORA NICEVILLEI (Moore).

Ea-CoL. Ee Me BaiLey:

(With a plate).

This butterfly was first described by de Nicéville (1883, Journ.

is; .50c. bene... 42) pt. lh pwes, "Pir lo Pio. 2\iasithe .O -of Hestina

zella (Butler). De Nicéville stated that the insect was taken on

the forest-clad road between Chamba. and Kujiah on 22nd May

18709. :

Mooke im isogeecp,. Unda lio p37.) Pls 202) Wiss: -2-& 2a)

reproduced de Nicéville’s figure and described the insect as a ¢o

under the name of nicévillei, quoting de Nicéville’s statement as

to locality and date. Moore probably saw the specimen as he

figures the underside (Fig. 2A.) which was not shown by de

Nicéville. Moore said that only this single example was known

to him.

The specimen it the Calcutta Museum bears a label with the

same data as given by de Nicéville and is certainly the insect

figured by Moore and must be the type of nicévillei. It is appar-

entiy a & as stated originally by de Nicéville who was qualified to

know. Authorities in the British Museum helieve the figure to

represent a 9 ;. but on the other hand, the authorities in Calcutta

declare the insect to be a ¢d.

On the outskirts of the Nepal Valley near Katmandu, I obtained

specimens of a Diagora which is described below. De Nicéville’s

single type specimen was presumably an outlier in its extreme

western range; but it is curious that this butterfly should never

have turned .up in the six hundred and odd miles between de

Nicéville’s locality and the area where I found it not uncommon.

In this stretch of 600 miles lies Simla which has been pretty

thoroughly searched for butterflies.

Another curious fact is that de Nicéville’s single specimen should

have been a female. I obtained over 20 males and no females.

The female is probably a skulker and seldom seen, like many similar

butterflies.

In view of the above facts it is possible that the Nepal butterfly

may belong to a separate sub-species. It is to be hoped that

someone will eventually find either the d of de Nicéville’s species

in Chamba or the 2 of the insect here described in Nepal.

I first took a single specimen a few. miles N.-W. of Katmandu

at 4,500 feet on 11-5-35. j

About 20 more specimens of this butterfly were taken in the

middle of May 1937 in the hills S.-E. of the Nepal Valley at

OOO" Gk: ~

This insect is an excellent mimic of Aporia agathon which flies

with it, but Niagora seems to be more plentiful at slightly higher

altitudes. In fact, A. agathon, in the locality where D. nicéville;

820 JOURNAL, BOMBAY \NARURAL HIST SOCIEDY. 9 Volt oul

was mostly found, does not occur much above 4,500 ft. D. nicévillei

is partial to excreta and less often sucks the moisture from damp

sand.

So good is this mimic that I was at first completely deceived.

I was casually watching a group of A. agathon at damp sand when

I suddenly noticed that one of them had a yellow proboscis. It

did not take me long to capture it and realise that I had a

Nymphalid and not a Pierid. At first I thought that I had a new

species of Diagora, but in view of the fact that I did not obtain

a female, and that the male of Diagora nicévillei has never been

seen or described, it seerns probable that the insect here described

is the male of D. nicévillei. The above is written on this assumption.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Baini Prashad, Superintendent of

the Indian Museum, to whom I am indebted for information about

the Calcutta 2 holotype, I am able to figure the upperside of that

insect. I also show a photo of the upperside of a Nepal 3 specimen

as well as of Aporia agathon from the same locality which it so

closely mimics. I am also much indebted to Mr. G. Talbot of

the British Museum, for his help generally and especially for looking

up the previous data regarding this butterfly.

DESCRIPTION.

'. Upperside: As compared with the Q type in Calcutta, the light

areas are much reduced, but post-discal spots conspicuous, somewhat

elongate, and with well defined rounded edges. Forewing post-

discal spots in areas two and three not produced; Cell. much

darkened. Hind wing, post-discal stripes in areas 5 and 6 shorter

and narrower than in the female. |

Underside: The whole with a curious greasy appearance. Fore-

wing cell stripe narrower than in the 2 forming at the end of the

cell a somewhat oval patch which tends to become separated from

the proximal stripe; other markings as.on the upper side, but some-

what larger especially the patch below vein 2 which is as large

as in the female. Hindwing with light markings tinged with

yellow excepting the cell stripe; inner stripes yellow as in the

female; no prominent stripe in area 1C; post-discal spots in 2 and

3 minute; stripes in 4 to 6 short, those in 5 and 6 shorter than

the stripe in 4 and much shorter than on the upper side; basal

costal yellow stripe much shorter than in the female. The tongue

is yellow; head, antenna, palpus, body and eyes as in allied species.

Expanse: 80 mm.; length of forewing 38 mm.

Hab. : Nepal, Godaveri Valley, 6,o00 ft. 1oth to 16th May, 1937.

The neallotype and 5 paratypes have been deposited in the British

Museum.

THE FOOD AND HABITS OF THE HOUSE-SPIDER

(eH wOP ODA Vos NAO ILA’ - TIN.)

G. C. BHATTACHARYA,

Bose Research Institute, Calcutta.

(With two plates).

All spiders are carnivorous and generally live on the more help-

less invertebrates. But instances of their preying upon vertebrates

also are not wanting. Accounts of the capture of fish, rats, snakes,

frogs, lizards, etc., by some species of spiders have been recorded

(1-9), but an instance of a spider preying upon a bat is unknown

to me. Some months ago, I came across such an instance.

One evening, early in May, 1940, while observing the preying

habits of a species of gregarious spider, M. faltana, (10) in the village

of Kristapur, near the salt lakes of Calcutta, my attention was

drawn by a cow-boy who cried out that a big spider was struggling

with a peculiar creature in an adjacent cow-shed. Entering the

shed I came upon an astonishing sighi—a tiny bat (Pipistrellus sp.),

caught as in a trap between two bambco-strips of a matted wall,

was struggling hard to free itself from the grip of the powerful

mandibles of a big house-spider, Heteropoda venatoria (11), clinzine

toy itseneck. with all its might (Plate Il, Fic. 1).. The. bat screamed

at intervals and gasped. As it was getting dark inside the shed a

torch was focussed on the spot. The bat squeaked as the light

fell upon it, and suddenly came out of the trap vigorously flapping

one of its wings. The spider tried its utmost to maintain its original

hold. The bat dragged itself out with the spider on its back and

crawled a short distance to a smoother part of the wall with the

peculiar gait of its own. It was tired and could not move far. It

gasped hard and its voice was weak. It remained stationary for

about 15 to 20 minutes, when all at once it -tegan to flap its right

wing and finally stretched it out to the fullest extent. After a

minute or two the stretched wing began to fold itself back like an

organ in atonic condition. In order to capture them in situ 1 very

cautiously covered them with a crystallizing dish. A piece of plain

glass was then slowly pushed under the dish so that both of them,

the aggressor and the victim, were transferred on to the flat glass.

Notwithstanding the slight disturbance caused by this process the

spider did not release its grip but clung to its prey more firmly than

ever. While carrying the captives to my laboratory the spider

released its victim and took its stand on the vertical wall of the

glass dish. For the night they were kept in a suitable place. Next

822°, JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. .S OG bien Vain iain

morning the spider was found with its legs outspread resting upside

down at the top of the inverted dish. Its victim with its wings

folded lay slightly inclined on its right side. It was taken out

and found to be stone dead, rigor mortis having started long before.

Evidently it remained untouched by the spider during the whole of

the night because no wounds or scratches, other than the first,

were traceable.

This strange incident led me to investigate the habits of these

spiders, some of which are highly interesting and peculiar.

Barring a few species, spiders are not social creatures. Besides

most of them are cannibalistic. Fights often occur when two

happen to meet. H. venatoria displays this habit. If by chance

one happens to come within close range of another of its species,

both at first, try to avoid an encounter by running away, or by taking

cover, but failing this they fight.

I had an opportunity of witnessing such a fight. The encounter

took. place on the wall of a rodm. Two big ‘spiders; faced

each other at a distance of not more than ten to twelve inches

(Plate I, fig. 1). Both were females each carrying its egg-case

under its breast. All quiet on the sooty wall,—a lull before the

storm! Suddenly one of the antagonists, raising the front pair of

legs high up in the air, rushed at its opponent, which, at first,

showed signs of retreating, then stood its ground, meeting the

onslaught with its two front legs raised. They stood at the ‘on

guard’ for a while, then the aggressor fell upon its enemy with sur-

prising agility (Plate 1, fig. 2). They wrestled for two or three

seconds only and then separated; the breathing space was short—an

interval of two or three minutes—and the spiders joined combat for

the second time. Throughout the grim struggle they kept a firm

hold on their great egg-cases with the help of the pedipalpi. In

the fury of the fight they suddenly lost their balance and fell into

an enamelled tub at the foot of the wall. The fall in no way per-

turbed the fighters and the struggle continued with the same intensity.

One of the combatants lost a leg, but did not evince the slightest

sign of submission. Now they disengaged themselves a_ second

time, there was an interval of a few minutes and the third round

commenced. The spider with the lost limb showed signs of weaken-

ing and presently lay still. The victor turned it over till it lay

flat on its back, then bit into its body maintaining its hold for

a long time. The legs of the prostrate spider moved spasmodically,

expanding and retracting. The egg-case was still held to its breast.

This, the victor now removed, and holding it with one of its legs

made off with its booty (Plate I, fig. 3). But the steep walls of

the tub compelled it to remain a captive. I permitted it to enjoy its

victory for a while.

At nightfall these spiders come out of hiding in search of prey

and lie stationary in some suitable place with legs outspread. Inno-

cent crickets (Gryllus domesticus), cockroaches are also night-

roamers. At night they too come out of their crevices and move

about in search of food and frequently fall victims to the spider

lying still in ambush. Careless in their movements they come

within easy reach of the spider which pounces upon the unwary

Pate I.

ourn. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Fig: '2.—They come to grips.

Fig. 3.—The victor kills her opponent and carries off her ege-sac.

HOUSE SPIDERS (Heteropoda venatoria) IN COMBAT

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

VICTIMS OF THE

ashe oman

HOUSE SPID

(heteropoda ‘venatoria).

Fig, 1.—An_ un-

usual victim :

House Spider grip-

ping pipistrelle

bat in its mandi-

bles.

Fig. 2.—A __use-

ful service: “These

spiders help in rid-

ding the house of

cockroaches.

Fig. 3.—House

Spider attacking a

scorpion.

SOME PECULIAR HABITS OF THE HOUSE-SPIDER 823

victim with lightning speed. Over-powered by its powerful bite and

its poison a cricket dies almost instantaneously, but the cockroaches

resist for some time. The spider carries the struggling cockroach

from place to place until the poison takes effect and the insect’s

struggles cease, when it begins to chew the body to a ball-like mass

sucking at the same time the juice out of it (Plate II, fig. 2). Their

ways with house-flies are quite different and extremely interesting.

This I had an occasion to observe while rearing and feeding them

with flies. Flies were released into the rearing chamber one by one

and the spider took them one by one in its jaws—a fly thus held

cannot escape when the jaws open to receive the next victim. I

have seen a spider take and keep in its jaws from ten to fifteen

flies at a time. When it can hold no more, it starts to chew them

en masse. In half an hour or so the juice is sucked to the last

drop and the dried mass is ejected.

Once I came across a house-spider, H. venatoria, on the wall of

a house with a young scorpion in its jaws. I tried in vain to

capture the spider, but during the chase it dropped the scorpion.

It was dead. The scorpion was identified as Isometrus macula-

tus (De Geer) and measured about one and three-fourths of an

inch in length. Presumably it was preyed upon in the early hours

of the morning. Scorpions are formidable, venomous creatures

and it is astonishing that such a creature should be overpowered

by a spider. In order to observe how this is accomplished I put

a big spider, H. venatoria, in a spacious, flat, enamelled dish with

high vertical walls. Here it was kept for some days after which a

scorpion about two inches in length was let into the dish. The spider

did not move at all. The scorpion remained stationary in the yeele

of the dish for a few minutes and then began to crawl akout. /Then

it stopped and lay still at a point farthest from the spider. Noth-

ing happened for two hours. Then the scorpion moved slowly along

the angle of the dish till it came within reach of the spider; immedi-

ately the latter sprang upon the scorpion’s back and firmly gripped

the anterior portion of its body with its sharp fangs. The scorpion

tried its utmost to sting its opponent reverting its tail over the

spider’s back, but it failed to drive its sting home perhaps because

of the hard chitinous shell of the carapace. Unable to sting, the

scorpion seized the legs of the spider in its pincers hut could not

Keepeats oldmiog a Jone -tine,) Iliithien tried hard. to. free stself

trom: the rip of the spider, by .contortions, of .its body.. The

manceuvre did not succeed. The spider, seemingly yielding to the

movements of the scorpion kept its grip on the victim as rigidly as

ever. As the struggle continued the scorpion grew visibly weaker

until it ceased to move at all and lay with its tail stretched flat on

the surface of the dish. It was to all appearance dead. A few

minutes elapsed. The spider now slowly moved its abdomen side-

ways and finally sat astride the scorpion’s back. This seemed to

bring the scorpion back to life. It suddenly swung its tail upwards

-and, bending it in an arch, tried over and over again, but without

success, to sting the spider (Plate II, fig. 3). The spider avoided

the thrusts shifting its abdomen with peculiar alertness. This was

the scorpion’s dying effort, in a while it collapsed and moved no

more. The struggle had lasted for about an hour.

At about 8 o’clock, on a mid-August night in the year 1940,

I was sitting inside a thatched cottage near Barrackpore, when a

peculiar sight attracted my attention. I saw a big house-spider,

HA. venatoria, with its distended abdomen moving around a spot on

the vertical matted wall of the room. I kept a watchful eye on it.

The spider displayed a peculiar movement of its abdomen. Evidently

it was not spinning a web as these spiders are not known to spin for

shelter. So I waited to see what it was’about. A few minutes later,

I was surprised to see a round cup-shaped thing. about three-fourths

of an inch in diameter gradually emerging. Was it making its sac

for the deposition of its eggs? Never before had I an opportunity of

observing H. venatoria making its egg-sac. It took half an hour

to complete the lower half of the sac. With the lateral movements

of its abdomen there issued fine threads of silk, which adhering

together in layers, gradually took the form of a cup-shaped structure.

The complete sac is composed of several layers of finely woven

silk which give it great strength. Having completed the under

half of the sac, the spider rested a while. Then lowering its

akdomen it began to extrude its yellowish globular eggs in rapid

succession into the cup-shaped capsule. The extruded eggs are

covered with a thin film of adhesive fluid which hardens immediately

on contact with the air, and are laid on the inner surface of the

capsule in a layer. In quick succession eggs were deposited layer

upon layer. In half an hour’s time a goodly number had accumulated

in a pile on the floor of the capsule. Laying continued at intervals

till the capsule was full. When the egg-laying was over the

spider paused for a while and then started spinning the cover for

the capsule. The complete egg-sac looked like a double-convex

lens, about an inch in diameter. The spider held the sac firmly

azainst its sternum with the help of the pedipalpi which work like

a pair of fasteners or holdfasts. Then it slowly walked some

distance where it rested for a long time. These spiders carry

their egg-cases for ten to fifteen days; when the young emerge

from the sac and hang suspended by means of fine silk threads

in clusters. The empty case is then discarded by the mother spider

who takes no more interest in her brood. Remaining suspended in

this way for two or three days the young spiders gradually disperse

and begin to take up their independent existence.

The young spiders possess a sort of aeronautic habit which

they utilize for dispersal to distant places. They climb to some

height and, turning their heads to the breeze, raise the abdomen

up in the air and extrude from it, fine threads of silk. -When the

thread is sufficiently long it catches the wind and exerts a pull on

the spider. The young spider then releases its grip and is carried by

the breeze. One might think that the process of climbing, lifting

the abdomen and spinning the thread preliminary to the aerial

flight takes some time, but far from it, these actions are often

all. but simultaneous and take little time. A tiny spider may in

an instant run up a small twig and take straight to the air. Such

an aerial journey may be short, or may cover miles. Thus carried

through the air the spider establishes itself in a new territory,

MOD PN ANHBWNH

— —

SOME PECULIAR HABITS OF THE HOUSE-SPIDER 825

REFERENCES.

i@ampbridge, Proc. Zook Soc. ond.) -1903,- I, 152 and 158."

Davis, -Lnt. News, -2,) 77.

CHUM me NAtULe.s LONS, Ol, 130:

Gudgers Nate list. Mag., 1925.) 25) 206.

Waren, wank. 2Natal Mats. 1923) 15." (O35

Hutton; Journ: Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1842, 11, °860.

Bhattacharya, Sci. Monthly, N.Y., 1934, 39, 176.

. Abraham, Ann. Natal Mus., 1923, 5, 89.

“Dhattachagya, sci. ned Cul. 1935, I) 159.

. Pocock, Faun. Brit. Ind., (Arachnida) 1900, 260.

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA!

BP] WiltsHir: eR. bes:

THE DESERT.

The desert with which this article deals covers a wide area;

yet it cannot be clearly separated: from the Syrian and Arabian

deserts by any line of demarcation, and indeed also merges, though

less imperceptibly, into the mountainous desert regions of Southern

Iran. The localities at which the insects in the list were taken are

in Syria, Iraq and Iran, though mostly in the second, but faunistic-

ally the area concerned can be regarded as one and the same and

may suitably be termed ‘Mesopotamia’, a name now devoid of

political connotation, The area’s homogeneity does, however, allow

of certain minor climatic differences, between the northerly and

southernmost localities. For instance, the average humidity on

the desert shores of the Persian Gulf is between 70% and 80%,

that at Bagdad 56%, and that at Mosul well below 50%; and the

average rainfall at Bagdad is g inches (230 mm.), and at Bushire

12 inches (300 mm.). This rain only falls in the winter.

The Mesopotamian desert is geologically of two kinds: the

stony upland, and the alluvial plain. The former lies northward

of the latter, but encircles it like a horse-shoe. To the north-east

of the alluvial plain are the foot-hills and ridges of the Zagros

range; to the south-west of it, the low plateau of scorched steppe

whose northern part is the Syrian, whose southern, the Arabian,

desert. A line drawn from Ramadi to Balad, about fifty miles

north of Bagdad, approximately marks the northern limit of the

alluvial plain. This plain is geologically very recent. Until, and

probably during most of the Pleistocene period, the waters of the

Persian Gulf covered it. Then the swiftly-advancing delta of the -

Karun and Kerkheh turned the sea-arm north of these two rivers

into a vast lagoon, which gradually silted up with the slower

advance of the Euphrates and Tigris delta, and passed, after a

transitional marsh stage, into its present desert condition, only

relieved by the more or less extensive irrigation systems of ant-

quity and today. This alluvial desert is less rich in life than the

upland desert for reasons given below; so that, even after Central

* This article is an abbreviated version of an article already announced as

under preparation with the title ‘The Saharan and other affinities of the Meso-

potamian Fauna’. The present state of Europe has made it impossible to

complete the zoogeographical analysis of the desert insects here recorded, and

I have therefore excised the zoogeographical sections, as the change in the

title indicates; the analysis will, it is hoped, appear later, together with one

or two additions to the list of species not yet determined. The present article

is thus a truer companion to those already published about Iragian lepidoptera,

viz : ‘Lepidoptera of a Bagdad Orchard’ (Ent. Rec. Feb. 1939), ‘Autumnal Lepidop-

tera in Kurdistan’ (Ent. Rec. Aug. and Sept. 1937) and ‘More Notes on Kurdish

Lepidoptera’ (Ent. Rec. July and October 1939).

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 827

Iraq became dry land this alluvial plain was a barrier to some of

those steppe species that inhabited the western and eastern shores

of the former Gulf and prevented the races which had there grown

up from any re-admixture. This explains the eastern and western

Iraqian races of Euchloe charlonia and Zegris eupheme.

The alluvial plain is composed of a light calcareous loam,

unusually rich in lime, and in many places salty,—-the eroded waste

of the limestone hills of Armenia and Iran. This soil forms a fine

dust when dry; frequent strong winds scour its surface; in the

spring it is liable to extensive inundation, and the lakes so formed

usually stand for months, and sometimes for a year, but eventually

dry up. Such conditions are particularly unfavourable to animal

and vegetable life. The upland desert, however, (gypsum, con-

glomerates, sandstone, etc.) is a scorched steppe and boasts a more

varied vegetation, its stony soil providing plants with a firmer hold

and rocks and in places Cliffs giving shelter to the more sensitive

kinds. After rains, the desert blossoms, sometimes becoming a

mass of colour for a short period; on the other hand, standing pools

quickly drain away. Such are the conditions responsible for the

greater richness of the upland desert fauna. Similar causes alse

operate to favour the desert hills of the south-east. In southern

Iraq and Khuzistan a degree of confusion between the alluvial

desert and the marshes occurs and the higher humidity of these

parts alsc enriches the desert-fauna to a certain extent. The foot-

hills of the Zagros however lack this ambiguity and prolong our

desert. eatea, on, the east. shores’. of: the Persian Gulf,

towards India. The mountains and coastal plain here however

enjoy a more humid climate than the northern and western fringes

of our area, while remaining typically desertic. The true boundary

of our desert area along the whole length of the vast Zagros chain

is the lowest limit of the woodland zone, though in many places

deforestation has obscured its a ea oute hey is, at about 1,500

feet in the north, (Kurdistan) and at about 3,000 feet in the south

(Fars). The easterly offshoots of the Taurus, and the southward-

running Lebanon range may be said similarly to demarcate this

vast desert in the north and west; I am unable here to discuss

the Anti-Lebanon and Transjordanian hills which are steppe-like

and resemble the Persian mountains. Just as the Mesopotamian

desert’s ground rises slowly northwards towards Mosul, so the

Syrian desert rises imperceptibly but steadily westwards towards

Palmyra and Damascus; in fact one could say the same of all

Arabia. Climatic conditions therefore obviously must differ at

different localities in the Arabian-Syrian-Mesopotamian desert, but

the translation from the low desert with mild winters to the high

with regular snowfalls is gradual. In no part however is the area

as high as the high steppes of Anatolia and Iran; and even the

latter, of course, are not in the same class as the Russian steppes,

which are covered with deep snow during a longer winter, and,

indeed sometimes enjoy summer rainfall. There is comparatively

little sand in those parts of the desert with which this article deals, —

certainly nothing to compare with the dunes of Arabia or the

Sahara.

828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AIST. SOCIEDY Vol XLT

The Desert Insects..

The list which follows is one of species of lepidoptera taken

by myself during the last five years. J have endeavoured to confine

it to desert-species, leaving those characteristic of other biotopes

to be dealt with elsewhere; in a word, it deals with an ecological

category of insects, not with a zoogeographical category; for the

former, I use the word ‘desert-species’ or ‘desert-insect’ (just as I

use ‘desert-tree’ and ‘desert-animal’)—meaning one regularly found

in the desert, whereas for the latter I use the term ‘eremic’.

Desert-insects, by the above definition, are those for whom

the desert is a means of distribution; they may feed on desert

plants, or, breeding elsewhere, may be regular migrants over the

desert. But desert-flora itself varies locally, not only according

to the latitude and altitude, but according to the nature and the

drainage of the soil at any one place. Certain valleys or quite

shallow depressions, which are not oases because they contain no

wells, no cultivation, and, except immediately after heavy rains,

no surface water, nevertheless boast a denser and more varied

vegetation, and consequently a richer insect-fauna, than the sur-

rounding ground. Such flora and fauna must be regarded as of

a desert kind. It is however rare to find tamarisks growing in

the Mesopotamian desert except where there is perennial surface-

water, and I class the tamarisk as an oasis-tree here. In other

deserts this may not be so. The nebek or sadr tree (Zizyphus

Spina-christt) however must be considered a true desert-tree of our

area, though limited only to certain parts of it, in the south. One

might also include the wild pistaccio (Pistacia mutica) as a desert-

tree of Mesopotamia, for it is still to be found on the Jebel Abdul

Aziz, Jebel ~Sinjar, “and some* of the hills- “between Raqqa

and Palmyra, and once grew on other desert-hills in N. Iraq,

its disappearance from which is probably due to centuries of

charcoal-burning ; no entomologist has however visited these desert-

mountains where the tree still grows, so I do not here record the

species usually associated with this tree, such as Thaumetopoea

solitaria and Oulobophora externata, which one might expect in

these places. Perhaps these surviving trees are the relics of a

wocdland which in the several pluvial periods of the Pleistocene

(Age may have covered a great deal of the desert.

Oasis-insects, if not also desert-insects, are excluded from this

paper :—1.e. those species biologically dependent on poplar, tamarisk,

fruit-trees, crops, shady undergrowth, or marsh-plants, which do

not also migrate over the desert. They are treated in two separate

papers, one concerned with the orchard species, the other with the

river species. The first of these papers is quoted in footnote (1),

p. 826 while the second, dealing with the insects attached ‘to

tamarisk and Euphrates poplar, has not yet been published.

Such plants as Alhagi camelorum and Prosopis stephaniana, ,

which are typical desert-plants, thrive also in oases; similarly

many true desert-moths are to be found breeding in numbers in

oases. Oases therefore are much more ambiguous biotopes than

the desert, in which one finds few species from other biotopes, and

those few wandering intruders.

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 829

The ecology of desert-insects has been ably discussed by Buxton’,

Bodenheimer’, and Amsel*, so no detailed account of it is here

called for. Suffice it to say, that insect activity is concentrated in

the early summer and autumn, the two seasons when the climate

is most favourable, with larval activity in late autumn and spring.

Between these two active periods come the winter and summer

pauses, during which imaginal flight is much rarer. Ocnogyna

loewi is the principal winter moth, while Zizera galba and several

Cossids are the most successful midsummer fliers. Rootfeeding or

diurnally subterranean larval habits enable many species to appear

in the utmost profusion as adults, even in the most dry- and torrid

parts of the desert.

The facies of desert insects is in general lighter than that of

lJepidoptera from colder and moister climes. Bold disruptive colour-

ing appears on the wings of several species, though not so frequently

as on the Iranian plateau; more frequently black bands on a white

hindwing form a striking contrast to ‘desert-coloured’ forewings,

and operate as ‘flash’ colouring in flight. Dayflying is more frequent

in the Agrotidae than in less hot climates. Metallic gold or fiery-

brown markings on a white satin ground, are another colour-scheme

favoured by the representatives of unrelated families. A desert-

collector’s cabinet thus recompenses him, by its attractive contents,

for the cheerless scenery in which he coilects.

The Agrotidae and the. Pyralidae are the families of Lepidoptera

best represented in the desert. Geometridae, which are to a large

extent a wood-loving family, are comparatively few.

While many of the desert-species in the list have vast range,

there are one or two notable local species (e.g. Lithostege buxtoni,

Armada leprosa) which seem only to range from the Iranian plateau

to the plains below.

A brief summary of the faunistic affinities of the desert-species

was given in my article ‘Insect Biotopes in Syria Iraq and Iran’

(Ent. Rec. April 1940), anticipating the analysis referred to in

footnote (1).

DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES.

1. Mosul Desert (M. D.)

The exact place is Kharbat al Bayadir near Tel Hawa, 1,200 ft.: undulating

steppe-desert between Jebel Sinjar and the Turkish foothills. Inhabitants,

Shammar Arabs. Visited in vi-viii, 1935.

2. Mosul (M).

Similar country, 700 ft., on the banks of the Tigris. There is practically

no irrigation here, but in places spring barley is grown. Visited, mid-v to

ix-35, and x-36. Inhabitants mixed Arab, Kurd, and Christian (Semitic).

3. Fatha Gorge (F. G.)

The Tigris here breaks through the Jebel Hamvrin, a ridge whose height is

nowhere more than 600 ft. No cultivation or river trees. A brief day-time

Visit 30-1ii-36. Arabs.

* Animal Life in Deserts by P. A. Buxton, London, 1623.

2 Animal life in Palestine by F. S. Bodenheimer, Jerusalem,:.1035:

* Die Lepidopteren Palastinas, by H. G. Amsel; Zoogeographica Oct. 1933:

fe)

830 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLil

4. Baiji (Bi.)

A few miles S.-W. of 3. Open steppe-desert. A single night, at the pipe-

line station, 1-x-36. Arabs.

5. Haditha (H.)

At 400 ft., in typical Syrian-desert country, a mile or two east of the

Euphrates. One night at the pipe-line station, 30-ix-36. Arabs.

6. Palmyra (P.)

In the centre of the Syrian desert. Height, 1,300 ft. Visited on two

nights, 7-iv-34 and 29-ix-36, the latter visit being to station T. 3 on the pipe-

line. Arabs.

7. Table Mountain (T. M.)

The Dyala here breaks through the Jebel Hamrin. Height, 200-400 ft.

Visited several times in iii and iv-36. No cultivation. Arabs.

8. Qaraghan (Q.)

The Dyala here flows between low hills and plateaux, the foot-hills of the

Zagros. Close by is the similar locality of Qizil Robat, where Peile took

many of the butterflies described in Journ. Bombay N.H.S., Dec. 1921 and

March 1922. Quite similar to 7. Visited in iii-37. Arabs and Kurds mixed.

Y. Jebel Darwishka (J. D.)

Height 750 ft. (Fasilah Pass). The road here passes over one of the foot-

hills mentioned under 8, before dropping down to locality 10. Bare arid hills

of conglomerate. Visited, iii-36, iii-37, and xi-xiil-36. Arabs and Kurds,

10. Khanikin (Kh.)

On the Dyala, between 9 and the Zagros. Some palm-gardens and other

cultivation on a narrow alluvial strip between stony hills and plains. Visited

same times as g. Arabs and Kurds.

11. Naft-i-Shah (N. S.).

On the Persian side of the frontier, but similar country to localities 8, 9, 10,

und adjacent to them. Visited on one night, 14-xi-39.

12. Bagdad (Bd.}

Alluvial plain, irrigated by lift from the Tigris. 100 ft. Was collected in

all the year round. Orchards, gardens, and river trees make this a _ very

ambiguous locality. Arabs.

13, Seleucia (Sa.)

In the alluvial plain, near Bagdad. Irrigated crops, but few trees. Arabs.

14. Kerbela Desert (K. D.)

Steppe desert, 600 ft., more arid than the Mosul Desert, but even so with

some thick patches of local low vegetation. The actual locality is 150 miles

west of Kerbela, 20 miles north otf Nukhaib Post, at Habbariyah well. I

visited this place for two nights in late iii-37, and from that date until vi-37

Mr. Diamond, who was in camp there, collected regularly for me everything

that came to light. This material therefore gives a fairly complete picture of

desert moths in this area flying before the midsummer pause. Anizeh Arabs.

15. Ukhaider (U.)

Similar to 14 but rockier. 400 ft. 50 miles west of Kerbela. A fine

ruined castle is the focal-point for butterflies here. A short daylight visit,

2g-iii-37. Anizeh Arabs.

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 831

16. Nejf (N.)

400 ft., steppe desert, even more arid than 14. Arabs. Visited, 26-11-37.

17. Salehabad (S.)

Irrigated steppe desert, a flat plateau at 600 ft. Near. Dizful, Persia. Also

called Andemeshk. Visited cn single nights, 4-iv-38, 29-x-38. Bakhtiari winter

quarters.

18. Ahwaz (A.)

A ridge of sandstone outcrops from the alluvial plain of Khuzistan. Height,

200 to 4oo ft. With a south wind, the climate can be very humid; the winters

are also milder than most of the preceding localities. Was collected in during

iv, V, Vi, Vii, ix. @nd x-38.' Population, mixed Arab and Persian. The river

Karun breaks through the ridge, and provides water for a certain amount of

cultivation. Some nebek trees.

19. Maidan-i-Naftun (M. N.)

Arid limestone and gypsum hills (c. 1000 ft.), with considerable low herbage,

and water in the principal valleys. Visited 5-v-38. Bakhtiari Inhabitants.

20. Bushire and Dalaki (Bsh. & D.)

Though my collecting in Farsistan is not concluded yet, it will not be out

of place to add to this article several records made at and near Bushire in

xi-g4o. Bushire is a low peninsula of mixed sand, gypsum: and sandstone, with

a certain number of nebek, Prosopis and other trees, The Filfil Pass near

Dalaki, is a completely arid but hilly locatity, 800 ft. in the lowest Zagros

foothills. Both these localities are unpleasantly hot and humid in summer,

pleasant in winter. Inhabitants, of mixed ‘ race.

The initials in brackets are used as abbreviations for the above localities in

the following records.

Pow... K. Dy U., and N. are. west of the Euphrates.

MEMEO: oy. D., Kh. and N:) S. might be regarded: all ‘as: one! locality,

and they, together with S., A., M. N., Bsh. and D. are east of the Tigris

and subject to a strong Iranian influence.

The localities are given above in order north to south.

M. D., and M. are well north of the limit of palm-cultivation, while F. G.,

Boe eand Poche slightly: north’ of the- limit.

Specimens collected at Kh., Bd., Sa., S., and some of those at A. were taken

on ambiguous ground (i.e. oasis and desert fauna), those at M, M.N., and Bsh.

on slightly ambiguous ground; the rest of the localities collected at were

unrelieved desert. “4

List oF DESERT LEPIDOPTERA.

(Taken by the author at the above localities).

If no locality. is indicated for an insect below, it may be taken that that

species is generally distributed in the whole .area.

_RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio machaon L. centralis Stgr.

On low foot-hills, at Q

ww)

etc., in spring.

Zegris eupheme Esp. tigris Riley and dyala Peile.

The form tigris occurs from Transjordan eastwards into Iraq where F. G.,

east bank of Tigris, is its easternmost known limit. The Jebel Hamrin,

however, on which it breeds and flies, extends hence without interruption into

the territory. of the other form, dyala, which, first taken near O by its author,

flies also on Jf. D. and extends thence south-eastwards into Farsistan, where

Brandt took it at about 2,550 it.

832 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisT. SOCIETY, Voi. XLit

Detailed information about this and other butterflies was given by Peile,

loc. Cit., so I abbreviate my comments on this and other Rhopalocera, to

avoid repeating.

Short migrations have been recorded of this species but it cannot be a

long-distance-migrant.

Glycestha aurota Fab. (= mesentina)

This species passes the winter as an imago in the low hills around Q, and.

thence south-eastward.

Euchloe ausonia Hbn. persica Verity.

Euchloe belemia Esp.

Euchloe charlonia Douz. mesopotamica Stgr. and transcaspica Stgr.

The bright yellow form mesopotamica occurs at U., while the whiter

transcaspica flies in iii and iv at T. M., Q., and J. D., and,thence into Fars

where Brandt took it with dyala. Pfeiffer regards this race as distinct from

tvanscaspica, to which Riley and Brandt attribute it. | .

Pontia daplidice L.

Pontia glauconome Klug. iranica Bien.

Colias croceus Fourc.

Noted in the Iraqian plain in every month except vili and ix.

Teracolus fausta Oliv.

Catopsilia florella IF.

- At.J. D. and F.,G., in iii and iv, Perhaps not every year, for, Peile: did: not

record it.

Eumenis telephassa Hbn.

Eumenis persephone Hbn.

Eumenis pelopea Klug.

The third of these species I only found at M.D., but the others are wide-

spread.

Pyrameis cardui L.

On the wing all the winter, but less seen in summer than croceus, the

other migrant which breeds here. Foodplant: malva parviflora, etc.

Melitaea ttivia Schiff.

Not seen on the alluvial plain.

Danais chrysippus L.

At Bd. a garden insect, feeding on Asclepias curassavica, but associated

with Calotiopis procera in the desert in the south-eastern corner of our area.

Chilades galba Led.

Chilades trochilus Frey.

Tarucus theophrastus Fab.

Tarucus mediterraneae B-B.

Tarucus balkanicus B-B. areshanus Frr.

_ At Bagdad the nebek is an oasis-tree but in the south-east corner of our

desert area it grows in the desert, accompanied by the above three species.

Hesperia geron Wats. (det. Evans).

Three dwarf specimens near A, 16-x-38.

‘Eogenes alcides H. S. elama Wilts.

M. N., 6-v-38. This remarkable local form ? differs in having the less-

pointed forewing unmarked except for three small contiguous apical spots in

spaces 6 to 8.

Adopaea thaumas Hufn.

VieeN Ge tena Vic

HETEROCERA.

Syntomis aurivala Schaw.

This rare species has been re-taken at Abu Wajna near Mosul, on 7-v-29,

by Yusuf Lazar, the collector for the Field Museum Chicago. I do not know

the exact whereabouts of this locality.

Utetheisa puchella L.

This species breeds in Iraq. Commonest in autumn.

Ocnogyna loewii Z.

Widespread except on the alluvial plain.

Axiopaena maura _ Eich.

One perfect specimen indoors at Bsh, in v-40, a most surprising date,

since I had previously only taken the species in the autumn in the Kurdish

hills. Watkins (in Journ. Bombay N. H. S., Dec. 1921) recorded a specimen

of Lasiocampa grandis taken at Amara in May 1917. Until my capture of

maura I almost inclined to think that that date was an error, but it may

be that certain species, normally autumnal, regularly emerge in early summer

in very torrid desert localities and perhaps aestivate. The perfect condition

of my maura was in strong contrast to the usually ragged condition of this

moth in the hills in autumn, and this suggests to me that perhaps the

specimen was sexually immature, and that aestivation plays a part similar

to hibernation in Vanessa urticae in England. I have however no proof that

aestivation takes place, nor has the specimen been dissected. But these two

records certainly raise a point which desert collectors should not lose sight of.

(I have taken L. grandis at 5,000-6,o00 ft. near Shiraz in the autumn, thus

confirming Watkins’ record. Its occurrence at Amara and Shiraz would make

it probably eligible for inclusion in this list as a desert-moth.)

Chondrostega aurivilli? Pungl. feisali Wilts.

larva often swarms in iii and iv.

This form (1) is about the same size as fasciana Stgr., which is probably

conspecific, but with a white ground colour, and brown median and_ sub-

marginal bands, which often almost vanish. Typical avzrivillii are apparently

more heavily marked and smaller. In Arabia an extreme development of

feisali occurs, in which the wings are pure white and unmarked. The larva

is described in the full description referred to in footnote (1), p. 826.

* A full description, with photographs, of the two new forms elama and

feisali is being published elsewhere; but if these should prove not to have

priority the above brief descriptions must be taken as the preliminary but

yalid ones,

834 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Chilena proxima Stgr.

The commonest Bombyx in Iraq, and a characteristic insect of the Nidso!

potamian desert, from the Turkish foot-hills to Khuzistan. The pretty lackey

caterpillar, described at length and figured in Ent. Rec., June 1940, feeds in

rapid successive broods on Prosopis stephaniana. aah ca og

Celerio lineata livornica Esp.

Two broods occur in spring and early summer, and the larvae are often

to be seen in profusion in the desert at that season; the imago sometimes

appears in the auturnn. A well-known migrant.

Macroglossa_ stellatarum L.

A well-known migrant.

Dyspessa asema Pungl. (det. le Cerf)

Two specimens at K. D. in early v.

Dyspessa wiltshirei Dan.

QO., 14-iii-37; the types.

Stygia saharae Luc. (det. le Cerf.) lipahelds Ret ok!

Common to light, M. D., vii-viii. This is’the first record of this species

outside Africa.

Holcocerus gloriosus mesopotamicus Watk.

Most variable in extent of markings and size. Common to light at K. D.

from 20-v to 20-vi-37. A single specimen taken at A on 16-viii is apparently

f. laudabilis Stgr., which I have little doubt is the Palestinian form of this

species, and not a distinct species.

Bryophila divisa oxybiensis Mill.

M.D.,. in -v.

Bryophila tabora Stgr.

Bryophila probably eucta Hamps.

These two species were taken at M.,.3-x.. Stone is plentiful here, . but

desert conditions in most other ‘ocalities do not favour this genus, which

feeds on lichen, so it is not surprising that I only tock representatives in the

north. sabes

Euxoa conspicua Hbn. eas ;

Common in iv-v, and again in ix-x; widespread except in alluvial plain:

Euxoa canariensis Reb. diamondi Brsn.

18-iv-37, K. D. (the type of the subspecies.). The same form of this widely

distributed Eremic species has been taken by Brandt in Fars. ves

Agrotis segetis Hbn.

Agrotis ypsifon Rott.

This species seems to appear, in the desert and oases’ of ihe ‘Mesopotamian

plain, only in the cooler months between ix and vi. It has been suggested

that a migration to higher ground accounts for its summer absence, but this

“suggestion seems to me to be unnecessary, aestivation being so frequent in

lepidoptera in the desert, though I have certainly taken it on the wing in

high mountains during those months when it is not to be seen at lower eleva-

tions. The same seems to be the case with segetis Hbn. These species that

fly continuously during the cooler months are not in the same class as those

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 835

which have two distinct generations, in autumn and spring, such as Dyscia

plebejaria, Elaphria bodenheimeri, and Cornifrons ulceratalis.

Agrotis crassa golickei Ersch.

Golickei is perhaps an oasis-insect at Bagdad, but further north seems to

be a true desert habitant. Autumnal.

Agrotis flavina H. S.

This species, typical of the high steppes of Turkey and Iran, occurs in

the desert only at the higher elevations, e.g. M., 18-v-35. I have also taken

it, in the Bekaa (Syria), and at Hamadan and Tehran, and Brandt has recorded

it from as far south as Farsistan.

Agrotis puta Hbn.

Kh., 27-xi. Also at Kirkuk in iii-36.

Agrotis (Powellinia) lasserrei Ob.

The reddish hue of Iraqi specimens seems to put them closer to N. African

than Central Asian forms. Very common in xi on both alluvial and stony

desert.

Agtotis (Powellinia) matritensis Vasq. |

Bsh. 21-23. xi. These examples have rather dark grey hindwings: males:

to light. (Also taken at Bi. by Peile, 1919).

Agrotis haifae Stgr. (det. Brsn.) ;

J. D., 7-x. Boursin gives as synonyms or races of this species: hoggari

Roths., securifera Tur., and saracenica Tams.

Rhyacia flammatra Schiff. centralasie Wagn.

A steppe insect, with a similar range to flavina (vide supra) M. and M. D.,

in) \V, = Vin ands x.

Rhyaciataurica Stgr. (b. sp.) (det. Brsn.)

M., x-36.

Triphaena pronuba L.

Ke sDi iv:

Actinotia hyperici Schiff.

M.D. uincvi.

Polia consanguis Guen.

P., 30-ix.

Pronotestra silenides Stgr.

KseD:, iii:

Scotogramma trifolii Rott. (=taylori Roths.)

Discestra arenaria Hamps.

A, late iv and x, 38, with a partial brood in captivity in v. The larva was

described and figured in Ent. Rec. June 1940.

Discestra eremistis Pungl.

Near A, 14-x-38. Boursin wrote of this example: ‘Si ce n’est pas eremistis

c’est vaciva; mais du point de vue biogéographique, c’est la méme chose,’

836 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL ‘HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Cardapia sp.

Pres Onixe

Hphilare loreyi Dup.

Brachygalea albolineata Blach.

One specimen, 5-iii-37, Bd. Previously only known from Tunis \and

Algeria. :

Cucullia boryphora F-Wald. (det. Boursin).

K. D., iii- and iv-37. Known from Central Asia, S. Russia, Armenia and

Anatolia, and, according to Boursin, ‘probably the same as the Spanish achillea

Guen.’ ve

Cucullia strigicosta Brsn.

The types were reared from larvae found on the ridge of J. D. in iv-36,

hatching in iii-37. Foodplant, Scrophularia.

Cucullia wredowi Costa (det. Boursin).

T. M., Bd, Sa, and A. Also on the Iranian high plateau, and known

from Anatolia, Italy, S. France and N. Africa. The larva of the Iraqi moth

differs’ recognisably from that of the Lebanese wredowi-judaeorum Strand.

Lithophasia = (Hypomecia) quadrivirgula Mab. (det. Brsn.)

Three females to light, J. D., 14-xi-36. They belong to the N. African

form, not to the Palestinian, jordana Stertz.

Copiphana gaisana Blach. (det. Brsn).

K. D., 28-iii-37. Previously only known from Tunis.

Metopoceras delicata Stgr. (det. Brsn).

The rather dark-rose female from T. M. was determined by Boursin as

this species, and not as pilleti Brsn, which I thought it was on catching it.

The type of pilleti was taken at Deir es Zor, on the Euphrates (Syria) from

which I have ordinary specimens of delicata. Only one female of pilleti has

ever been caught and I suspect it to be an extreme aberration of delicata.

The T. M. example was taken in xi, and a series from K.D. (1-v-37) is paler,

and more typical. nan

Metopoceras omar Ob.

The form caspica Alph. certainly occurs in Iraq but this name cannot be

used, as by Rothschild, to describe the race. The species varies here from

ash-grey to deep red-brown. I infer that there are two consecutive spring

broods from the following records: T. M., 13-ili-37, a very varied series ;

K. D., 1 to 6-v-37, a paler, less varied series. Common at A. in iv. Brandt

refers his Farsistan examples to felix Stfs.

Cleophana pectinicornis Stgr. (det. Brsn).

A common spring moth on the stony*desert, previously only known from

N. Africa.

‘Cleophana jubata Ob. (det. Brsn).

A N. African species, flying in Iraq commonly together with baetica QO, K. D.

Cleophana baetica diluta Roths.

T. M., Q, K. D. Common to light in iii and iv. Also known from

- MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 837

Calophasia pampaninii Krug.

K. D., 31-iii-37, one. Previously only known from Cyrenaica.

Metalopha liturata Chr.

S, 4riv-38.

Acrobyla kneuckeri Rebel.

Two, in iv at A. The type being inaccessible, the species has been deter-

mined according to the British Museum’s examples from Arabia. The Ahwaz

form is darker than these, though closer to them than to ariefera Hamps.

Derthisa lederi Christ.

Kh., in xi. Commoner a little earlier higher up in the Zagros range.

Aporophila nigra ssp. n. dipsalea Wilts.

This remarkable desert form (perhaps also occurring in the Zagros hills)

differs from the typical by its lighter, ‘drier’ coloration. Forewing, above:

pale wood-brown, with a somewhat obfuscated median area, and a narrow

dark grey marginal shade, approaching which the nervures become dark grey

also. Lines, clear, outlined in sooty brown. Orbicular stigma, with grey

-centre and pale outline; reniform, similar, the distal outline being whitish.

Fringe, smoky grey with lighter brown interruptions at the nervures. Under-

side, greyish white with a pale coppery glint; nervures and post- and ante-

median lines distinctly outlined in faint brown; reniform stigma, darker brown ;

fringes darker brown. Hindwing (male) white, with nervures marked in pale

brown and margin in rather darker brown. Expanse, 4o mm.

Holotype, ¢, 14-xi-39, Naft-i-Shah. In coll. m.

The distinctly brownish race found in the Lebanon seems to be an inter-

mediate between the normal and the desert forms, and is larger than dipsalea,

spanning 46 mm.

Antitype canescens Dup.

This typically Mediterranean moth also flies commonly in autumn in the

Zagros up to at least 5,000 ft. (Kermanshah and Shiraz), but also comes down

to the lowest desert: Bsh., and D., late xi, The larva is here polyphagous,

but especially fond of Calendula. :

Autophila limbata Stgr. (det. Brsn).

M. D., vi-35.

Autophila cerealis ssp. amseli Drdt.

A, K. D., common in iv and v, the 10-footed larva feeding on Salvia,

Autophila cymaenotaenia Brsn. ssp.

K. D., 4-v-37, one.

Apopestes spectrum Esp.

M. D., in vi. In the Lebanon, it flies in ix, at Suleimani (S. Kurdistan)

a specimen was taken in xii; at Hamadan, it first emerged in early vi. I

have never seen any sign of second-brood larvae, and believe the late Suleimani

date can be explained by its habit of long rests and ultimate hibernation indoors.

In Mediterranean areas it feeds on Spanish broom, but in the interior of

Iran I have found Glycyrrhiza bushes amidst cultivation infested locally with

its larvae and cocoons. This is prohably its chief foodplant in Mesopotamia,

Tathorhynchus exiccata Led,

K. D., 14-iv-37, one, ,

838 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Scythocentropus inquinata Mab.

P., 30-ix. Previously known from Tunis.

Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga Ramb.

Prodenia litura F.

Hypeuthina fulgurita Led.

Kh. and Bsh., xi. At 3,000 ft. in the Bekaa (Syria), at coast-level in the

Lebanon, at about 2,000 ft. in Kurdistan, and at 3,000 ft. in Farsistan (Shapur),

this species is associated with Stilbina hypaenides Stgr, which flies with it,

but I have not yet taken hypaenides in the desert proper, unless Shapur (an

intermediate locality) be considered such.

Rhabinopteryx subtilis Mab.

Ke De and bd... 111

Laphygma exigua Hbn.

Elaphria clavipalpis Scop.

Elaphria bodenheimeri ssp. chlorotica Brsn.

M, QO, J. D., Kh., S and A. The autumn brood (x and xi) is very numerous ;

the spring brood, which consists of larger specimens, is the reverse. (iii and iv).

This race comes closer to the Iranian race (plesiarchia Brsn) than the nomino-

typical Palestinian-Lebanese race, and indeed fuses with the former by transitional

forms difficult to assign to either.

Elaphria flaya Ob. (det. Brsn).

K. D., 27-iii to 11-iv-37. Boursin considers old records of this species from

Palestine an error for bodenheimeri, which had not then been described. These

are the first sure records out of N. Africa, and its occurrence in the southern

desert parts of Palestine seems likely after all.

Elaphria belucha Swinh. b. sp. (det. Brsn)

P., M, and Kurdistan, in x. The type came from Quetta.

Catamecia minima Swinh.

A, 7-v and late x. The relation of this Sindian species to congeners described

from Palestine and N. Africa requires further investigation,

Pseudathetis fixseni Chr.

A, in iv and again more commonly in x.

Dysmilichia bicyclica Stgr. (det. Brsn).

One, Q, 13-ili-37. Also at Tehran, ii-v-39, on hilly steppe at 5,000 ft., a

quite waterless locality.

Hadjina viscosa Frr.

A, 27-iv, and 6-v-38.

Aegle ottoi Schaw.

Originally described from near M, I have a short series of this species from

K. D., taken in v, and a longer series from A, taken in late iv. The markings

vary somewhat in intensity.

Aegle rebeli Schaw. bet

M, D. and M. in v; M, N., 5-v-38, Also Kurdistan,

MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOPTERA 839

Metaegle pallida Stgr.

M. D. and M, common. in Vv and vi. Also Kurdistan.

Chioridea peltigera Schiff.

Chioridea obsoleta Fab.

Chariclea detphinii f. darollesi Ob.

M. D., one (3-vi-35).

Aedophron phlebophora Led. -

M. D., in vi and vii. This and the foregoing species only occur at the

higher levels of the desert.

Porphyrinia parva Hbn.

Porphyrinia aibida f. peralba Schaw.

Of this form, probably the Iraqi subspecies, described from M, I have

two examples from K. D. (4-v-37). :

Glaphyra lacernaria Hbn. cretula Frr.

Mo De via35-

Tarache biskrensis Ob. orientalis Brdt.

4 Bde, De. A:,.1v and. early v.

- Tarache lucida Hfn.

At A it was noted that the specimens flying in iv were typical, while those

flying in v and the autumn were f. insolatrix or f. albicollis F. It is generally

distributed.

Anua tirrhaca Cr.

P., iv-34. Cannot occur far from the wild pistaccio tree,

. Mormonia neonympha Esp.

M. Dz,, early vi. *

Anophia sp.

M., 10-vii-35.

Cortyta vetusta . Walk. or profesta Chr.

Pericyma’ squalens Led.

Pericyma albidentaria Frr.

_. Cerocala sana Stgr.

I have only taken the autumn brood, which shewed considerable variation,

but, on the whole, had less yellowish hind wings than Beirut specimens, Flies

near A, sin) x.

- Leucanitis kabylaria B-Haas.,

A., 21-iv and 16-x.

Syngrapha circumflexa L.

Phytometra gamma L.

Phytometra ni Hbn,

840° JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Raphia cheituna Brdt.

I took three examples of this species, “recently described from Bander- Abbas,

at Bsh., in late xi-qo. es

Pandesma anysa Guen.

M. (vii-ix), Bd. (ii-ix), K. D. (10 to 26-vi-37). The larvae were found in

great numbers on Populus euphratica in iii and iv on’ an island in the Tigris.

The main emergence at Bd occurs at the end of iv though odd specimens are

seen earlier; larvae and imagines then continue to be found, at Bd, through-

out the: summer. At K. D.. (far from’ the river), the species appeared in

great numbers at light in vi, but not a single specimen before. The inference

is that it can only breed continuously ° on the cultivated riverain' tracts, and

that desert examples are emigrants from such breeding grounds. A specimen

was taken in an Elburz river valley at about 5,000 ft. on 28-v-39.

Anumeta spilota Ersch.

- K. D.,-in early vy...

Anumeta major Roths.

A,, 26-v-38. This species may be the same as spatzi Roths.

Aleucanitis flexuosa Men.

Armada leprosa Brdt.

D., 25-xi. Common about two months earlier at 606 fhe on the Bushire.

Shiraz road.

Armada panaceorum Men.

A common insect from mid iii to early v on the stony desert. The eastrn-

most localities (T. M., Q, etc.) seem to produce slightly browner specimens than.

the Syrian-Arabian desert ide:

Armada hueberi Freck:

“Common to light along the Kurdish-Persian foothills, Om T. M. to’A.

(iii and iv).

Armada ornata Brdt.

16-x-38, near A. A Persian species.

Rhynchodontodes revolutalis Z.

Very common along the river valleys bit occurring also in unrelieved desert,

in bushy places. I consider eremialis Swinh. and syriacalis Stgr. synonyms of

this species, which thus ranges from Sind to Egypt, perhaps further west.

The type of revolutalis is in the British Museum, and came from South

Africa! There is no other specimen like it from S. Africa in the Museum

collecHany rich though it is in S. African material.

Pingasa lahayei Ob.

A., 22-v., and Bsh., late xi. Probably associated with the Zizyphus (nebek)

tree. .

Neromia pulvereisparsa Hamps. |

N. S., 14-xi-39. Known from Aden, the Persian Gulf, and Palestine.

Microloxa herbaria Hbn. advolata Ev.

K. ’ D., v-Vi.

...... MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT. LEPIDOPTERA. 84d

Rhodometra sacraria L.

M.D), svi Ae vac: on wile beta in hollows (the more usual foodplant

is Polygonum),

‘Scopula beckeraria Led.

A characteristic insect of the poor steppes of the Middle East, appearing

in a spring and an autumn brood. It is ccmmioner at higher ‘elevations, but

occurs in the desert: Kh., xi; A., x.

Glossotrophia asellaria semitata Prt.

1D Vso Nia Ne, vey MoD: i vi

Lithostege palaestinensis Ams. ssp. n. ali Wilts.

Rather resembles griseata than the nominotypical form from Palestine, being

darker grey, especially the hindwings. Varies somewhat in size. This must

be the same species that was recorded in 1921 by’ the Bombay N.H.S. as

farinata. It flies in iv and v at practically all the localities from F. G. south-

wards. At K. D. and N dwarf forms occur, doubtless due to the eicat aridity

of the desert here.

Lithostege notata B-Haas.

T. M. (14-iii-36),

Lithostege dissocyma Prout.

The type was taken at T. M. on 14-iii-36: It laid eggs but. I failed to

persuade the young larvae to feed. No other specimen has yet been taken.

Lithostege buxtoni Prout. ;

One of the two types came from Shergat, a stony locality near Bi. The

other came from between Kermanshah and Hamadan, Iran (c. 5,000 ft.) I

have taken examples at Suleimani (Kurdistan), Kermanshah and Shiraz in xii.

Eupithecia tesserata Brdt. ora e

A., iv. A common insect in Farsistan.

Macaria Syriacaria Stgr.

Widespread, common in oases, but also a. habitant of the unrelieved desert.

Larva feeds on prosopis stephaniana and was described in Mitt. Muench. Ent.

Ges.) 19395), lett: I.

Dyscia plebejaria Ob.

The typical Saharan form occurs at M. and K. D., in a spring and autumn

brood.

Gnopharmia erema Whirli.

In early v at K. D. and M. N.

PyrALs AND Micros.

The determination of these is not yet complete, so they are otnitted in toto

from this paper.

DovuBTFULLY DESERT SPECIES,

The following were taken at ambiguous localities, and not enough is known

about them yet for one to attribute them with certainty to the ecological classes

of desert-insects,

Taragama siya Lef.

This Indian species reaches as far as Bagdad, where it is chiefly attached

to river and garden trees (Populus euphratica, apple, willow, pomegranate,

$42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XLII

tamarisk) but also feeds freely on the small thorn Prosopis stephaniana ‘on

cultivated ground.. There seems no reason why it should not accompany: this

thorn into the unrelieved desert, but the fact remains that the moth has not

yet been noted there. In Bsh., and S. Mesopotamia it feeds on the Prosopis

tree. ia" ae

Dyspessa bipunctata marginepunctata Wilts.

A., iv-38. This is the only place in the desert where-I have taken this

species, common higher up in the Zagros range. Its early stages are unknown.

Ancther species of Dyspessa was also taken near Ahwaz but has not yet been

identified.

Agrotis exclamationis

M., 25-vii-35, one only.

Elaphria zobeidah Brsn.

M., Bd. in iii and x. Ir also occurs in high Persia.

Spodoptera latebrosa Led.

A. in iv. and=ix. “shy, ving xi:

Chioridea nubigera H. S.

AS eee

Leptosia velox rubescens Schw.

M. N., 3-v-38.

Thermesia arefacta Swinh.

Like siva, feeds on P. stephaniana and has only so far been taken on

Chioroclystis lita palearctica Brdt.

A., 28-iv.

Zamacra flabellaria Heeg.

Bd., 18-xii-35. Peile also took a series at Mirjana, on the Dyala near T. M.

and I do not know if this locality was or was not ambiguous.

TWO NEW NITELLAS.

Be Ce KUNDU) OMA. ):PH. Ds, F.L.S,

- Presidency College, Calcutta.

(With 2 plates).

In the present paper two new Nitellas have been described.

For N. pseudotenuissima I am indebted to Dr. H. Chaudhuri of the

Punjab University who kindly placed at my disposal the specimens

collected by Prof. Dewan Mohindranath, a former student of his,

from a shallow tank at the foot of the Murree Hills. I take this

opportunity of thanking Rev. Father Pew of St. Xavier’s College,

Calcutta, for the Latin version of the descriptions. |

DESCRIPTION,

Nitella pseudotenuissima sp. nov.

Arthrodactyla homoeoclema ccnoteles subflabellata gymnocephala macrodactyla

monoecia. ;

Caulis tenuissimus, 235-305 # crassa, non incrustata, verticilli duplicis

generis: principalis caulis radiantes et dispersi atque ramorum maxime congesti

et monilitormes; ambo fertiles, generaliter tantum unus ramus ad nodum caulis.

Ramuli caulis sex ad nodum et semel vel bis furcati, radii primarii 2/5 longitudinis

ramuli, radii secundarii 6, .raro 5; sex secundariorum radiorum quatuor iterum

dividunt in 2-4 ultimos radios et inequales longitudine sunt. Parviores verticilli

cum ramulis brevissimis et capitibus densis, ramuli generatim 6 ad nodum,

2-3-furcati, primarii radii circiter 3 longitudinis totius ramuli, radii secundarii

4-5, radii tertiarii 3-4, tantum unus vel raro duo tertiariorum radiorum divident

in 3 vel 4 ultimos radios. Dactyli bicellulati, apex penultimae cellulae rotunda

apicis cellula conica. Fructificationes non invenluntur in prima furcatione

ramulorum. Oogonia solitaria vel frequenter geminata, ovoida. Oospora sub-—

globosa subflavo maura cum 6 iugis non altis; 188 # longa, 174-178.5 / lata;

membrana flavo-aurea, vermiformis granulata. Antheridia 158-162.5 in

diametro.

Stem very slender, 235-305 in diameter, not incrusted ; internodes 3-6.5 cm.

long. Whorls of two kinds: those on the branches much congested and more

or less moniliform. Both kinds of whorls are fertile. One or more frequently two

branches develop at a stem node. Branchlets on the stem 6 at a node; .1-2 times

furcate; primary rays about 2/5 the entire length of the branchlet; secondary

rays 6, rarely 5; of the 6 secondary rays 3-4 divide again into 2-4 ultimate rays

and the other 2 or 3 do not divide and are usually much longer than the dividing

secondary rays, sometimes more or less equalling the combined length of the

secondaries and their ultimate rays. Smaller whorls with very short branchlets

forming dense heads; branchlets usually 6 at node, 2-3 times divided; entire

length of branchlets g00-1650 #. Primary rays about 1/3 the entire length of

the branchlets, 300-600 # long, 85-136 # thick ; secondary rays 4-5, 235-300 /&

long, 45-70 # thick ; tertiary rays 3-4, 225-300 Mlong, 52-75 & thick ; only one

or rarely 2 of the tertiary rays divide into 2-4 ultimate rays (dactyls) ; sometimes

the secondary rays do not divide at all. Dactyls 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, 47-84 ft

thick ; in the case of the smaller whorls 405-600 # long; apex of the penultimate

cell rounded; apical cells conical, 35-105 “long, 18-28 # broad at base. ~~~

Fructifications not found in the first furcation of the branchlets. Oogonia

solitary or in many cases 2 together, ovoid in shape, 282-310 # long (including

844 jOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLii

coronula), 221-258 #4 broad, showing about 8-9 convolutions; in mature oogonia

the convolutions are often displaced; coronula small, persistent, 24 # high, 58.5

/ broad at base. Oospore subglobose, yellowish brown with 6 low ridges often

ending in a short crown; in most cases the ridges are irregularly arranged ; 188 (4

long, 174-178.5 & broad. . Oospore membrane golden yellow brown, verniformly

granunate. The membrane of a young .oospore does not show any decoration.

Antheridium158-162.5 # in diameter. ~

Shallow ditch at Kahatu at the foot of the Murree Hills, Dewan Mohindranath,

March, 1940.

It is a very slender plant and can be at once recognised by the branched

nature and by the two kinds of whorls. The whorls of the branch appear more

or less moniliform to the naked eye.

It is allied to N. tenuissima Kutz. and agrees with that species in having

6 branchlets at a node, the first branchlet-node sterile, but can at once be

' distinguished from that species by its regularly branched nature, the whorls of

two different kinds, the branchlets less frequently forked (especially in the case

of the stem whorls), the smaller number of secondary (in the case of the whorls

of the branches) and tertiary rays, the occasional presence of 3-celled dactyls,

oogonia being geminate in many cases, only 6 ridges in the oospore and by

the entirely different decoration of the oospore membrane.

Distinguished from N. habrocoma Groves and Stevens in having the follow-

ing characters :—(i) shorter primary rays, (ii) smaller number of secondary and

tertiary rays (iii) not having a central ray, (iv) in N. habrocoma the lower cell

of the dactyls somewhat narrowed at the apex where they are not broader than

the base of the conical upper cells; in N. pseudotenuissima the lower célls are not

narrowed towards the apex, apex rounded and broader than the base of the

conical upper cells; (v) the decoration of the oospore membrane.

It differs from N. batrachosperma Braun in having less numerous branchlets

in a whorl, the first branchlet-node sterile, the low ridges of the oospore and by

the different decoration of the oospore membrane.

‘From N. mucronata Mig. and N. gracilis Agardh, and their various varieties

it is distinguished by the first furcation of the branchlets sterile, smaller oospore

and fae decoration of the oospore membrane and also by the general habit of

the plant.

Nitella bengalensis sp. nov.

Arthrodactyla homoeoclema conoteles subflabellata gymnocephala macrodactyl

monoecia.

Caulis 360 / in diametro, verticilli 6 ramulorum, sterilis et fertiles dissimilares.

Verticilli steriles—ramuli bis vel ter divisi, primarii radii circiter 4 longitudinis

totius ramuli, secundarii radii 4-6, tertiarii radii 2-4; quando 2 unus non dividitur

et quando 3-4 duo non dividuntur; quaternarii radii 2-3. Verticilli fertilis densi

et congesti, ramulorum 6 inequales, bis vel ter divisi; primarii radii circiter 3

longitudinis totius ramuli; secundarii radii generatim 4-5, inequales cum unus

centralis, tertiarii radii 2-4, 1-2 dividuntur in 2-3 ultimos radios; aliquotis omnes’

tertiarii radii non dividuntur. Dactylus 2-celluloris, cellula penultima attenuata

ad finem distalem, cellula ultima conica, acuta vel parve acuminata.

Fructifitiones generatim in. secunda et tertia furcatione ramulorum, aliquoties

in prima. Oogonia solitaria generatim cum una antheridia, 432-450 longa

(incl. coronula), coronula persistens, aliquoties decidua, cellula superiora aliquan-

tulum elongata. Oospora subglobosa, parums subflavo-maura cum 6 iugis,

240-270 longa, 210-240 #4 lata; membrana tenuis, tranlucens, exquisito reticulata,

11-12 spatia in fossula. Antheridium 225 / in diametro.

Plants monoecious. Stem 360 in diameter. Whorls of 6 branchlets, sterile

and fertile whorls dissimilar. Sterile. whorls—branchlets 4.5-7 mm. long;

2-3 times divided; primary ray about 1/3 to 2/5 of the entire length of the

branchlets, secondary rays 4-6, nearly equal in each branchlets, varying in

length in different branchlets; tertiary rays 2-4, one where there are only 2,

or 2 where there are 3-4 tertiary rays do not divide; quaternary rays 2-3,

nearly as long as or longer than the penultimate rays, rarely shorter.

Fertile whorls overlapping, congested ; branchlets 6, unequal, 1800-4500, / long,

2-3 times divided; primary rays about 1/3 to 3/5 of the entire length of the branch-

lets, 450-1800 “long; secondary rays usually 4-5, rarely 3, very unequal in

lerigth, one being central, 405-945: long; tertiary rays 2-4, 495-675 / in length;

Pirate I.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

iB. C, Kundu.—two NEW NITELLAS.

For explanation see end of article,

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate II. |

Zio IES

> . NN

SON GET, mS

CNC OE

\agh

AG + Ly, A We,

SHY Dri ups RWW

Wa ) VEZ vr

pis ia . We

Pee

B. C, Kundu,—tTwo NEW NITELLAS.

For explanation see end of article.

TWO NEW NITELLAS 845

1 or 2, of the tertiary rays usually divide again into 2-4 ultimate rays; in some

cases all the tertiary rays do not divide again. Dactyls always 2-celled,

2025-2475 / long, go-112.5 thick, penultimate cell slightly tapering at the

distal end; ultimate cell narrow, conical, acute or slightly acuminate, 58.5-126

long, 31.5-40.5 / broad at base.

Fructifications usually at the second and third furcations of the branchlets,

sometimes also in the first. Oogonia solitary, usually along with an antheridium

at the second and third furcations of the branchlets, but without an antheridium

when in the first furcation of the branchlets, 432-450 / long (including coronula),

315-350 & broad; spiral cells showing about 7-9 convolutions ; coronula persistent,

occasionally deciduous, 31.5-36 # high, 51 #broad at base, upper cells somewhat

elongated. Oospore subglobose, 240-270 # long, 210-240 / broad, light yellowish

brown, showing 6 slightly flanged ridges; membrane thin, translucent, finely

reticulate, 11-12 meshes across the fossulae. Antheridium 225 in diameter.

Dhapdhapi, about 20 miles south of Calcutta, 30-1-40.

The plant was collected from a shallow ditch near Dhapdhapi Railway

Station, which was fast drying up. The entire area round about the small

ditch was covered with, water during the rains and formed part of a shallow

lake ‘the. Kalidaha’. At the time the specimen was collected a large part of

the lake had already dried up excepting small ditches formed here and there,

the places being slightly deeper than the surrounding area. The plants were

growing under 6 inches of clear water in the middle of one of such ditches.

It is a rather slender plant, not more than 8-10 cm. in height and is some-

what tufted in habit. It is covered with annular incrustations or in some

cases incrusted all over its body.

Its nearest relation seems to be N. mucronata Miq. from which it is separated

by the following characters :—(i) dactyls uniformly 2-celled, (ii) shape of the

apex of the lower cell and of the end cell, (iii) short internodes, (iv) first

furcation of the branchlets frequently sterile, (v) branchlets being unequal in

ihe fertile whorls, (vi) presence of a central ray, (vii) small oospore with low

ridges, (viii) colour of the oospore.

From N. gracilis Agardh it is distinguished by the above characters and

also by the character of the oospore membrane.

It resembles N. tenuissima Kutz. in having 6 branchlets at a node and the

first branchlet-node being frequently sterile, but differs from that species in its

entirely different general habit and having internodes shorter than branchlets,

overlapping and congested fertile whorls, the branchlets of the fertile whorls

being unequal in length, smaller number or ridges in the oospore and the

nature of the reticulation of the oospore membrane.

SUMMARY.

Two new Nitellas N. pseudotenuissima Kundu and N. bengalensis Kundu

are described. N. pseudotenuissima has the general habit of N. tenuissima

Kutz., but is sharply distinguished from the latter by its regularly branched

nature, the whorls of two different kinds, the branchlets less frequently forked

especially in the case of the stem whorls, the oogonia being sometimes geminate,

less number of ridges in the oospore which are often irregularly arranged and

by the entirely different decoration of the oospore membrane. By the above

characters it is dstinguished from all other Nitellas. N. bengalensis Kundu is

characterised by short internodes, overlapping and congested fertile whorls,

the branchlets of the fertile whorls being unequal in length, dactyls uniformly

2-celled, fructifications mostly at the second and third furcation of the branch-

lets, oospore showing only 6 ridges and the oospore membrane being finely

reticulate, having 11-12 meshes across the fossulae.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Allen, T. F. (1896).—Characeae of America, part ii, fascicle iii.

Braun, A. and Nordstedt, C. F. O. (1882).—Fragmente einer Monographie

der Characeen, Berlin.

Groves, J. (1935).—Primary divisions of the genus Nitella. Journ. Bot., Vol.

Ixxiii, pp. 46-49.

846 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Groves, J. and Bullock-Webster, G. R. (1920).—The British Charophyary

Vol. I, Nitel lae. London.

Groves, J. and Stephens, E. (1933).—New and noteworthy South African.

Charophyta, II. vans. Roy. Soc. South Africa, Vol. xxi, part iii.

Kundu, B.C: (1937).--A new Nitella from Rajshahi, "Bengal. Journ. Ind.

Bot. Soc., Vol. xvi, pp. 223-226.

Migula, W. (1900) ).—Die Characeen in Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen

Flora. Leipzig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Prate I.

Figs. 1-16.--N. pseudotenuissima Kund. |

Fig. .1.-—Part of a plant with branches (nat. size).

Fig. 2.—A well developed branch with small congested whorls Whe size).

Figs. 3-9.—Ends of dactyls. x 65.

Figs. 10-11.—2 branchlets from a branch with fruiting organs. XxX 65.

Fig, 12.—-A young oogonium. x _ 188.

Fig. 13.—A mature oogonium showing displacement of the convolusions. X 65.

Figs. 14-15.—Oospores. xX _ 188.

Fig. 16.—Part of oospore membrane showing decoration. X 575.

Figs. 17-30.—N. bengalensis Kund.

Plate II.

Fig... 473-—A “plant. :) x 011/16. ,

Fig. 18.---A fruiting whorl showing unequal branchlets. In this fructifications

are not found in the first furcation of the branchlets.

Figs. 19-25.—Ends of dactyls. xX 62.

Fig. 26.—Part of a young fruiting whorl with antheridium and oogonium. xX 22.

Fig. 27.—A mature oogonium, xX 45-

Fig. 28.—Top of an oogonium showing the coronula. xX _ 179.

Fig. 29.—An oospore. X 4lI.

Fig. 30.—Part of oospore membrane showing decoration. X 550.

aie

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SOME

SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS.

T. V. VENKATRAMAN, B.A., M.SC.,

Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.

(With 4 plates).

The insect group Coccidae constitutes one of the largest and

most important families of Homopterous bugs, and from the

economic point of view this family is one of the most important

groups of insects which man has to deal with.

With the idea of supplementing our knowledge of the species of

this group found in South India, an attempt is made in this paper

to give descriptive accounts and life-histories of three species, one

of which is recorded for the first time from India. The results of

the studies embodied in this paper are based mainly on the material

collected by the writer during his stay as a research student in

the laboratory of the Government Entomologist, Agricultural College,

Coimbatore, during the year 1934.

-Pulvinaria durantae, var. nov?

(Plate I; figures 1 to 11).

Ayyar (1936) recorded this new variety for the first time from India on

the roots of cultivated Amaranthus plants in and around the Agricultural College

Estate, Coimbatore.

On plants which are badly infested with this scale, almost all the different

stages of the insect can be found at any time. The attacked plants have a

sickly appearance, with the foliage faded and drying up. In fact these insects

were revealed when such withered plants were pulled out.

Adult female: The mature female measures 2.86 mm. in length (average of

6 adults) and 2.4 mm. in breadth at the broadest region, which is very near

the posterior extremity. The anterior portion is slightly pointed. The general

shape is ovoid with the dorsum highly convex. [In older specimens the posterior

‘region is flattened. The body is covered all over with long curved spines

which are longer and more numerous towards the posterior end. The anal

cleft extends to about one-fifth the length of the body. The limbs and antennae

are well-developed. The anal operculum is quite prominent and darker in

colour than the rest of the body. The general colour of the insect is dark

brown, more or less obscured by a white powdery secretion. The stigmatic clefts

are shailow, transverse grooves and are not very clearly demarked in life.

The development of ovisac and oviposition are in P. maxima Gr., (Ayyar,

1925). The sac attains a maximum length of 8 to 10 mm. There is a median

longitudinal groove along the ovisac with two lateral ones on either side.

The Formosan species, P. durantae to which this species is allied, is described

by Takahashi (1931) as below :—

_ ‘Adult female: Very closely related to P. psidit Mask., but differs from it

in the following characters.

1. Marginal setae simple, not dilated nor furcated apically, nearly half

the length of the longest stigmatic spine but longer than the shorter one ;

about 0.0277 mm. in length.

2. Legs shorter; hind femur about 0.18 mm.; hind tibia about 0.16 mm.:

hind tarsus about 0.097 mm. in length. }

848 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

3. The three setae arranged in a row near the base of each antenna,

a little smaller.

The body of the adult female is about 3 to 4 mm. in length and is provided

with many circular or sub-circular small pores over the dorsum and the abdominal

and thoracic segments are defined on dorsum.’

The adult female when mounted, is broadly ovate, with the anterior end

pointed. The antenna is well-developed, eight-segmented. In some specimens

the third segment shows a division, making the antenna nine-jointed.

The lengths of the various antennal: segments, of. six specimens are as fol-

lows. he right antenna is taken into consideration and Mic asureMmients are

given in microns. ;

SEGMENTS

Specimens

1 | 2 | Sa ae PT | SE Weta a are een

I 15 17 20 13:54 <4 tO ey, 10

II 16 17 21 12 | 15 9 8 12

III 15 16 19 11 Tae sea ad 6 mt

IV 13 Jk igs [iso ale dse |e 92 hewn F

V 12 15 19 11 Ae Ze, 6 Broken

v1 14 15 20 11 142 6% Guy ey 1t

The average length of antenna is 0.44 mm. The antennal formula is

3. 2, I,.5, 4, 8, 6, 7. The third segment is ‘the ltorigest and the second is the

stoutest and next to the third in length. The terminal segment carries four to

five hairs. The stigmatic cleft is shallow and in older specimens: not demarked.

There are three stout spines marking the stigmal’ région, central one twice

as long as the lateral. The spiracular opening is wide and conspicuous. There

is a series of pores leading from the margin up to the stigmata. The margin

of the body is fringed with slender spines. In this variety the spines are of

'two kinds. There’ are the usual spiny curved hairs intermingled with stout,

dilated and furcated hairs as in P. psidit Mask.

The leg is well-developed. The femur is longer than Aisiae tarsus more

than half the length of tibia. The claw is well-developed and curved. The

tarsal digitules are short, stout and dilated distally. The unguals arise from

the sides of the claw. The anal cleft extends to about one-fifth the length of

the insect. The anal plates are more or less triangular, the inner side the

longest. The outer angle carries a very long seta. On the distal end also

there are smaller hairs. ‘The anal region is provided with numerous multilo-

cular pores.

Remarks.—This form appears'to be a variety of P. auneniae Tak., the adult

female agreeing with it in possessing smaller legs and_ shorter setae arranged

near the antennae, but differing in that some of the marginal hairs are dilated

and furcated apically as in P. psidit Mask. This form is intermediate between

P. psidti Mask., and P. durantae Tak. In external appearance and production

of ovisac it resembles very much P. psidii Mask.

Ceronema koebelei Green.

(Plates I, 11; figures 12° to128:)

This coccid was found by the writer on the branches and stems of Caesalpinia

coriaria, a familiar tree around the Agricultura! Farm, Coimbatore, during January

1934. Ayyar (1936) recorded this insect for the first. time from India. It was

originally described by Green (1909) from Kandy, Ceylon, on branches of

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pate f.

Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS.

For explanation see end of article.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Sec. Piate II.

i Totten en 08 7 7 !

| oe CA,

or oe Tuy. del.

Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS.

For explanation see end of article.

stan

OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 849

Sapium sebiferum collected by Alber Koebele after whom it is named. Accord-

ing to Green it has never been noted as a pest in Ceylon. Rutherford (1915) has

recorded it from Ceylon on the twigs of Pithecolobium saman.

Description, life-history and habits. The adult females were noted on the

older branches of the tree and the freshly hatched nymphs were seen migrating

slowly to the tender shoots.

The mature female insect measures from 7.5 mm. to 8.2 mm. in length

and 6 mm. to 7.25 mm. in breadth. The broadest region is just behind the

middle. The general shape is elongate oval, convex above, with an inconspicuous

carina on the dorsum. The general colour is greenish brown. The ventral

surface is slightly lighter in colour. The eyes and the anal operculum are

chocolate brown in colour. THe mid-dorsal area is covered with a fine coating

of mealy material. The anal cleft extends to about one-sixth the length of

the whole body. The anal valves are small.

The ovisac is made up of a felted buff-white secretion, secreted by special

glands found on the dorsum of the insect. The ovisac is formed by the fusion

of seven to eight pairs of coiled-up creamy white processes arising from either

side of the dorsum. These processes spread outwards coiling and fixing them-

selves on the host plant. The fusion of these processes are clearly indicated

on the ovisac by prominent ridges. Due to the formation of the ovisac the

adult is carried up and assumes a tilted position as in the genus Pulvinaria.

In the early adult female a crenulate line of white secretion along the sides

marks the formation of the future ovisac. The margin of the body is fringed

ail round with stout. pointed spines. The female insect, after maceration in

potash agrees with Green’s description. The following remarks may, however,

be added to his description. |

The body is broadly ovate. The dermis covered irregularly with more or less

polygonal cells. The spinning glands corresponding ta the ridges of the ovisac

are placed round the margin of the body just dorsal to marginal spines. Anal

lobes are furnished with a variable number of spinose hairs and the anal oper-

culum. is provided with eight,4to ten long hairs. The margin of the body is

provided with a close series of pointed spines. The stigmatic clefts are furnished

with ten to eleven spines each, including a large central spine and the cleft is

bordered by a lunate chitinous plate. The antenna is eight-jointed; third and

fourth joints apparently without any hairs and sixth with a very long hair.

Legs are well-developed; foot with four digitules, dilated distally. Claw is

_bent strongly at the tip, and provided with a minute denticle on -the inner

side near the extremity.

The adult females with their eggs are found grouped together on the same

branch. The ovisac under normal conditions, is fairly big and handsome. The

interior of the ovisac is smooth. Each ovisac encloses numerous eggs, all

beautifully and closely packed together. The number of eggs in a single ovisac

was found to be 640. The eggs are greenish in colour, smooth, elongate and

measures about 0.28 mm. in length. The eggs in each mass do not hatch

all at’ the same, moment, but it takes three to four days for all the nymphs

in one mass to hatch cut. The nymphs break through the walls of the ovisac

and emerge through small slits made on the ovisac.

The eariy larval stages. The just hatched larva, which is a fairly active

creature, is elliptical and reddish in colour. It bears a pair of caudal setae

as long as the body. The margin of the body is fringed with fine curved

hairs. The antennae and legs are well-developed. The antenna consists of six

segments the third segment is longest and the fifth carries a very long seta.

The fifth and terminal segments show traces of segmentation. The anogenital

ring is provided with six stout hairs. Length 0.72 mm., breadth 0.6 mm.

The just hatched larva after moving about for some time near to its birth

place, migrates slowly to a favourable spot and settles down to feed. The

nymphs are restless only for five or six days after which they permanently

settle down on the food plant. The nymphs are very slow in developing. They

moult thrice before they attain the adult stage. In the process of moulting

the whole outer covering is involved including the rostral apparatus and anal

plates. aye

Although the male puparia were found in large numbers adult males could

rot be noticed, :

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

The female insect is clearly marked out in the second stage; the insect

grows broader and the waxy spots appear on the dorsum. The life-cycle is

found to occupy 95 to 100 days.

Natural enemies.—A few adult coccinellids, Scymnus coccivora Ramakrishna,

were found feeding inside the eggsacs.

Lecanopsis ceylonica Green.

(Plates II and III; figures 29 to 53.)

These: insects were collected by the writer on the roots of grass in Coimbatore

during April 1934. They were mostly found on the roots of grass covered by

stones or pebbles. Green (1922) first described the species collected from Ceylon,

‘at the base of a grass plant, below a large stone’. It is clear that these insects

require a cool and shady place to thrive well. This is the first record of this

insect from India.

The nature of the damage done by the insect.--A number of adult females

with conspicuous eggsacs were revealed on removing a few stones, mostly

attached to the lower sheathing base of the stem and roots of the grass. They

were noted in all stages and generally the mature females selected the broad

blades of the grass fer oviposition. The attack spreads rapidly all over the

place and the plants dry up. The young nymphs are very active, crawling

over long distances in search of a suitabl2 place. A species of black ant visits

them in large numbers to feed on the honeydew secreted by the maturing

female. The ants sometimes go under the soil in search of the sweet sugary

fluid.

Description, life-history and habits.—On grasses which are pretty badly

infested with the scale, almost all the different stages can be noted at any

time.

The mature female, just before it develops the ovisac measures from 3.0

to 3.5 mm. in length and 1.5 to 1.7 mm. in breadth; more or less ovate,

broadest portion near the posterior end. The derm is highly convex and the

insect is partially surrounded by a white felted test.

Specimens collected by the writer are larger than the Ceylonese form and

are very closely pitted on the dorsum.

The antenna is six-segmented, without any trace of ne segmentation.

The 6th segment carries a very long lateral seta which is longer than the

antenna itself. Antennal formula may be noted down as 3, 2, 1, 6, (5, 4).

Measurements of the right antennal segments of 6 adults are as below: (Measure-

ments in microns).

SEGMENTS

Adults

I | II | Ill | IV | Vv | 7 VI.

1 So 9 20 5 6 7

2 8 10 21 3 5 6

3 7 9 20 5 6 7

4 7 10 19 5 5 6

5 8 10 22 6 6 8

6 6 9 21 6 6 8

Legs well developed, 2.7 mm. in length with the tibiotarsal articulation sub-

obsolete. Tarsus is about half the length of tibia. Tarsal digitules slender,

long and knobbed, The ungual digitules are dilated, Anal plates surrounded

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate III.

TVV. deb.

Venkatraman.—SOUTH INDIAN COCCIDS.

For explanation see end of article,

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pirate IV.

Adult female of Ceronema koebelei gr. with egg-sac in situ. (nat. size).

OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 851

by a narrow, densely chitinised area, the base about equal to outer margin;

outer angle rounded; three dorsal and one sub-apical spines; stigmatic spines

two, of equal length, stout, curved, pointed and wide apart; the distance is at

least equal to thrice the length of the spine. Dorsum rather densely chitinised,

thickly set on the margin with small circular openings leading to tubular ducts.

Margin with long setae. There is also another shorter series slightly more

internal. Some of the spines of this series are branched. This species is closely

related to Loemica ghesquierei L., a subterranean form found on the roots of

grass in Belgian Congo (Laing, 1929).

The early larval stages.—The newly hatched larva is a very active creature,

crawling up the blades of the grass. It is about 1.0 to 1.2 mm. in length;

0.5 to 0.7 mm. in breadth, with fairly well-developed limbs and antennae. The

general colour is yellowish, with brownish eyes. Antenna of larva apparently

6-segmented, but the 4th and 5th segments show clear traces of division, thus

making the antenna 8-segmented instead of 6. The terminal segment carries

nine hairs including one long lateral hair, which is longer than the antenna

itself. Legs robust; tibia and tarsus approximately of equal length and the

articulation is distinct. Claws slender and strongly curved. Stigmal spines

as in the adult. The anal lobes are prominent, with 3 to 4 long setae. The

anal ring is provided with 6 long hairs.

The male insect.—-The male puparia have the usual glassy test with longi-

tudinal and transverse ridges on the surface. It is about 2.0 mm. in length

and 0.8 mm. in breadth. It is more or-less elongate and made up of a shining

secretion of wax. The adult emerges in about 10 days after pupation. The

waxy caudal filaments are seen protruding from the posterior end of the

puparium just before emergence.

Males are comparatively fewer than females and the emergence of males

‘takes place mostly in the afternoon. Soon after emergence they remain

stationary for some time, drying their wings and body. Then they try to move

about slowly and in about 3? to 1 hour they begin to react to the presence of

females, by raising the tips of their abdomen. The male wanders about climbing

up various females, and finally selects a fairly mature one for copulation. It

clings on to the posterior end of the. female and slowly introduces the genital

sheath into the aperture of the female. Copulation lasts for two to three

minutes. In the course of about an hour, a single male was observed to

copulate with 5 females.

The adult male is a delicate active creature, yellowish-red in cclour and

with transparent wings. It is about 1.8 mm. long. Ocelli black. Antennae

and legs long and slender. The antenna consists of 10 segments, the terminal

segment carrying a few curved hairs. Wings fairly large, about 1.2 mm. in

length, clear, with very few lines. The genital sheath is long, curved and

with a pointed tip (about 0.34 mm. in length)... There is a pair of long waxy

filaments, rising from the caudal end of the abdomen. The caudal end bears

two rounded prominences on either side, carrying a number of spines.

Natural enemies.—This scale is subject to the attack of a very interesting

Epipyropid caterpillar which feeds on the eggs and young nymphs of the insect.

The caterpillars were found under the soil feeding voraciously on the eggmasses.

In the Insectary, a single caterpillar, in the course of week, devoured about

18 fully matured eggsacs and a few young nymphs. The young larva is pale

white in colour and hardly distinguishable from the bases of the grass.

Fully developed caterpillars are 15-18 mm. in length. General colour is

brownish. The anterior end is tapering and the posterior bulging out. The

stoutest portion is about 5 to 8 mm. broad. The dorsum is covered with

numerous, regularly arranged, long hairs. Each segment bears about 8 to

10 hairs. Head chocolate coloured, with well-developed dark mandibles. The

prolegs are flattened and fringed with a complete circle of crochets. The true

legs are well-developed, with robust, recurved claws. The curved claws help the

larva in crawling through the soil.

The caterpillars pupate under the soil, often attached to the leaf-sheath of

the plant. The cocoon is made up of tough silk, mud particles and remnants

of eggsacs of the scale. devoured. by: the caterpillar. The cocoon is oval, about

12) sto. 43) mim. long. The adult moth emerges through a circular hole near

the anterior extremity of the cocoon. The adult moth is bright rufous; head

brownish; thorax with scales tipped with Ta as wing with small spots,

Expanse 40 mm,

852 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

My thanks are due to Dr. T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, Retired Government

Entomologist, Madras, for kindly going through this paper and offering helpful

suggestions.

REFERENCES.

1. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1925).—Pulvinaria maxima Gr., Bionomics, Mem. Dept.

Agri. "nt! Ser. vil, pp. 127-155.

2. Ayyar, T. V. R. (1936).—Notes on Coccidae (Homoptera) from South

India. - Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. “Soc..39; No. 1; \pp:* 146-148:

3. Green, E. E. (1909).—Coccidae of Ceylon, Part iv, London, pp. 255-257.

4. Green, E. E. (1922).—Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon,

Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. xxviii, pts. 3 and 4, pp. 1007-1037.

5. Laing, F. (1929).—Descriptions of new and some Notes on old species

of Coccidae. Ann. Mag. Nai...Hist. Volo v,' ps 465.-

6. Rutherford, A. (1915).—Some Ceylon Coccidae. Bull. Ent. Res. Lond. V,

pp. 267-268.

7. Takahashi, R. (1931).—Coccidae of Formosa, Part iii. Trans. Nat. Hist.

So¢.. Formosa, 21, pp.) 1-5.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Pulyinaria durantae var. nov?

Fig. 1.—Adult female before gestation, dorsal view, x8.

Fig. 2.—Insects on Amaranthus roots, (2/3 nat. size.)

Fig. 3.—Adult female with eggsac, x6.

Fig. 4.—Adult female before gestation, after maceration in potash, ventral

view, X18. ’

Fig. 5.—Anal operculum and pores, adult female, X 180.

Fig. 5a.—Multilocular pore in the anal region, female, x 400,

Fig. 6.—Different kinds of setae, adult female, Xx 180.

Fig. 7.-Stigmatic region with spines, adult female, xX 180.

Fig. 7a.—Quinquelocular pores in the stigmal area, female xX 400.

Fig. 8.—Mid leg, adult ‘female, xX 36.

Fig. 9.--Just hatched larva, x18.

Fig. 10.—-Right antenna, adult female, xX 180.

Fig. 11.—Tarsus of midleg and claw, adult female, X 400.

Ceronema koebelei Green.

Fig. 12.—Adult female with eggsac, in situa (2/3 mat. size). — egy

Fig. 13.—Adult female, beginning to oviposit, x8. cam |

Fig. 14.--Larva, 15 days old, ventral view, X18.

Fig. 15.—Larva, 15 days old, dorsal view, X18.

Fig. 16.—Adult female, after maceration in potash, x8. bs |

Fig. 16a.—-Quinquelocular pore from stigmal region, X 400. |

Fig. 16b.—-Multilocular pore from anal region, X 400.

Fig. 17.—Stigmatic area and spines, adult female, xX 180.

Fig. 18.—Anterior spiracle, X 400.

Fig. 19.—Different kinds of setae from adult female, x 4oo. |

Fig. 20.—Antenna, adult female, X 180. ;

Fig. 21.—-Foot of mid leg, adult female, x 4oo0.

Fig. 22.—Mid leg, adult female, xX 180.

EXPLANATION OF Puate II.

Ceronema koebelei Green. (Contd.).

Fig. 23..—-Posterior Extremity, larva, (15 days old) ventral view, x 180.

Fig. 24.—Posterior extremity, larva, (15 days old) dorsal view, xX 180,

Fig. 25.—Right antenna, larva, xX 18o0. 5

Fig. 26.—Mid leg, larva, x 180.

Fig. 27.—Stigmatic region, larva, x180,

Fig. 28.—Male puparium (entarged).

Fig,

. 50.—Anterior pro-leg of caterpillar (enlarged).

. 51.—Anal pro-leg of caterpillar (enlarged).

. 52.—Cocoon of caterpillar, x2. . |

/83:-—Cocoon “of caterpillar. ‘on “grass, .(2)3! nat. Size)... 0h ei 3

OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY OF SOME S. INDIAN COCCIDS 853

Lecanopsis ceylonica Green.

. 29.—Test of male (enlarged).

. 30.--Insects on grass (sligthly reduced). |

. 31.—Adult female, dorsal view, (enlarged). 4

. 32.—Adult female, before oviposition, dorsal view, ((enlarged).

. 33-—Adult female after maceration in potash, ventral view, x 400.

. 33¢.—-Quinquelocular pore from stigmatic area, adult female, x 400.

. 33b..—Multilocular pore from anal region, adult female, x 4oo.

. 34.—Adult female, before oviposition, ventral view, (enlarged).

- 35.—Anal valves, female, x 180.

. 36.—Antenna, female, x 180.

. 37-—Mid leg, adult female, x 180.

. 38.—-Tarsal claw, adult female, x 180.

. 39.—Posterior extremity, female, x 180.

. 40.—Anterior spiracle and stigmal spines, adult female, x 180.

. 41.—Different kinds of setae, adult female, x 180.

EXPLANATION OF P rate ITI.

Lecanopsis ceyloniea Green. (Contd). 6

. 42.—First stage larva, after maceration, ventral view, X28.

. 43.—Antenna, first stage larva, xX 180.

. 44.—Abdominal extremity, first stage lava, xX 180.

. 45.—Leg, first stage larva, xX 180. Ss

. 46.—Female nymph, 2nd stage, (enlarged). ‘ os

. 47.—Foot of adult male, xX 400. aoe

. 48.—Adult male, xX 180. |

. 48a.—Terminal segments, antenna, adult female, x 4oo. -

. 49.—Leg of predatory caterpillar on L. ceylonica Gr., showing the c

urve

Dike jones

iv kt 3

claw. (highly magnified).

EXPLANATION OF PrateE IY.

54-—Adult female of Ceronema koebelei Gr., with eggsac, in situ,'’(nat.

size). Bi

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

Cot. Sir R. N. CHOPRA, \C.1.E., M.A., M.D., SC.D.

(Cantab.), F.R.c.Pp. (Lond.);_

R. L. BapHwar, B.sc. Hons., m.sc. (Pb.);

. | AND

5. L. .NAVAR; Msc.

(Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, Imperial Council

of Agricultural Research, School of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta.)

The discovery and application of cheap insecticides for the

diverse needs of agriculture, destruction of household pests, and

preventing of vectors of malaria and similar insect-borne diseases

play a very important part in the economy of nations at the present

day. At a moderate estimate the total annual loss to India through

insect pests has been computed at roughly 2,000 millions of rupees

and over a million and a half of human lives. Added to this is

the fact that, in spite of all efforts to the contrary, advances in

civilization are producing conditions specially suited for insect

multiplication in most areas.

Most of the insecticides used in India at present are very

expensive as they have to be imported from foreign countries.

Further, owing to shipping difficulties and the rise in prices due

to war conditions, the situation has become so acute that even

ordinary well-to-do people are unable to afford these protective

remedies against the ravages of insects. The great masses of

India, whose economic condition is proverbially low, could il-afford

to use the costly imported commodities even before the outbreak

of war while the present-day prices are entirely beyond their means.

The ever-increasing demands of the large fighting forces has

further made it imperative to fall back on the easily available

indigenous supplies which may replace the imported materials. The

Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry has of late received

many inquiries from various parts of India and overseas for in-

formation in regard to the medicinal and insecticidal plants of this

country. Thanks to the foresight of the Imperial Council of

Agricultural Research for financing this Inquiry six years ago, it

is now possible to help with advice scientists, agriculturists, and

commercial concerns interested in this field. Chopra and Badhwar (1)

recently discussed the vast potential resources of the country in

these directions and published a comprehensive survey of Indian

plants poisonous: to man, livestock, insects and fishes. Their

studies revealed that a much larger number of potential insecticidal

plants are available in India than in any other area of a similar

size. In this paper we deal with the distribution, chemistry, and

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 855

other details with regard to the Indian insecticidal and piscicidal

plants. |

Arsenicals, lead and _ silicofluoride insecticides, etc., are very

efficacious but have the serious drawback of being injurious to

human beings and other warm-blooded animals generally. It is

for this reason that increasing attention is being directed nowadays

to insecticides of vegetable origin which, besides being effective

against insects, are less harmful to man and animals. A large

number of plants have been the subject of investigation in different

countries, and, in this field of research, workers have taken

advantage of the fact that quite a number of plants which are

employed by the local natives as fish poisons from time immemorial

have also been found to possess insecticidal properties. It is for

this reason that we deal with the commonly recognized Indian

insecticidal and piscicidal plants in this article, so that workers

may be able to select plants for investigation from as large a list

of suitable material as is known at the present day. The most

outstanding results of the investigation of native fish poisons have

been the discovery of the important insecticidal properties of

certain species of Derris, Lonchocarpus, and Tephrosia. It does

not, however, follow that, because a particular plant possesses

piscicidal properties, it is necessarily of equal value as an insecticide.

Pyrethrum, for example, which yields pyrethrin as its active

constituents, 1s one of the very potent and widely used insecticides

at the present day, but its use as a local fish poison is not recorded

anywhere.

Biological investigations are very essential to evaluate the effect

of insecticides on various kinds of insects, before any plant can

be pronounced as a suitable insecticide. No plant must without

detailed experimental data be regarded as universal insecticide,

for, several which cause cent per cent mortality in one species of

insects, may be less efficacious or even useless for others. Attention

has recently been drawn to the fact that the total toxic effect of

a mixture of two different insecticides is greater than the sum

total of the individual effects of the two component insecticides

taken independently (2). This phenomenon is known as synergism,

1.e., working together or co-operating, and is important not only

from the point of view of increasing the efficiency of known insecti-

cides by making suitable combinations, but also for the utilization

of many insecticidal plants of ‘Indian origin that may not be quite

up to the standard when used alone.

- IMPORTANT VEGETABLE INSECTICIDES

Among vegetable insecticides of proven value may be mentioned

some species of Chrysanthemum (pyrethrum), Derris (tuba root),

Lonchocarpus (cube root), Tephrosia, Nicotiana (tobacco), Picrasma

(quassia), Delphinium (larkspur), Veratrum, etc. Of these Chrysan-

themum cinerariifolium Vis. and Derris elliptica (Roxb.) Benth. have

acquired great importance as plant insecticides during the last

15 years.

On account of the proved effectiveness of the flower-heads of

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium in destroying insects and mosquito

larvae, Japan, Kenya, Yugoslavia, Brazil and some other countries

856 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIEIY)..Vols MACTI

have taken up extensive cultivation of this plant. According to

Holman (3), the total world production of pyrethrum flowers at the

present time is probably over 15,000 tons. Various types of

powders, dusts and sprays, with pyrethrum as the main ‘insecticidal

constituent, are available in the market for horticultural, household,

and veterinary use. Recently the ‘control of insect pests, which

damage stored products in warehouses, has been successfully

attempted with the help of pyrethrum sprays. At least two efficient

aqueous base pyrethrum insecticides are now available in the

market for destroying insects and mosquitoes in the interiors of

aircraft, thus preventing the transmission of diseases, such as

yellow fever, where for obvious reasons it is imperative to use

non-inflammable spray (4).. A very important use to which pyrethrum

is being put nowadays is as a mosquito larvicide in antimalarial

measures. A large number of the known larvicides are unsuitable

for this purpose as they are definitely injurious to the aquatic

vegetation and fishes in the areas treated, but a pyrethrum larvicide

prepared according to a formula developed by Guisbug (5) is stated

to be free from these disadvantages, and still a very useful larvicide.

As suggested by Chopra and Badhwar (6), outer temperate ~

Himalayas and hill stations'in other parts of India are likely to

prove suitable for the cultivation of pyrethrum in this country;

and it may be noted that the plant, on the whole, has grown well

at altitudes of 5,000 to 6600 ft., but it is advisable to avoid areas

of high rainfall. A ‘series’ ‘of samples analyzed at the Calcutta

School of Tropical Medicine from plants grown in Kashmir and

the Murree Hills were found to be of as good a quality as any

produced elsewhere. Both the total oytethrin: content of the flower-

heads and biological tests compare favourably with the imported

stuff. Large areas in the North-West. Himalayas, especially in

Kashmir, are available where good quality of pyrethrum could be

grown in practically unlimited quantities and where ideal conditions

for successful cultivation prevail. Amongst the attempts so far

made for the’ cultivation of pyrethrum in India may be mentioned

those at Baramulla and Tangmarg in Kashmir, Murree Hills, Kulu

Valley, Palampur and Kasauli in the Punjab, Parachinar in the

Kurrum Agency, North-West Frontier Province, the United Pro-

vinces, Bengal, Madras, and Mysore State. Cultivation has so far

failed at Ranchi, Poona, Kasauli, and in Sind. The failure of

pyrethrum germination at Kasauli in the Punjab and at Ranchi

must be regarded as accidental, and further attempts to grow it

are likely to meet with success.

Dervis elliptica is found in Burma, Siam, Cambodia, Cochin-

China and Malaya, and also in the East Indian: “Archipelago and the

Philippines. It‘is found'in India only to a limited extent in Chitta-

gong. Practically all the tuba root of commerce is produced: in

Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Philippine. Islands and Sarawak,

where large-scale cultivation of the plant is carried out. It has

also been successfully cultivated experimentally in other tropical

countries, such as parts of East and West Africa, the Congo and

West Indies.:. Of the other? species of) Derrisy examinedjq,only

D. malaccensis Prain-has: assumed commercial value equal in im-

portance to D. elliptica, and is being largely cultivated. Experi+

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 857

mental cultivation of D, elliptica and D. malaccensis has been

attempted, in Travancore, the Punjab, Kashmir, Mysore, and Dehra

Dun; that grown in Mysore has been found to contain up to 7 per

cent of rotenone in its roots, which is encouraging. Over 20 species

of Dervis are found in India, several. of these growing abundantly.

There is a great possibility that some of these at least may prove

to be of important insecticidal value. Of the Indian species so

far examined, only D. ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. has been shown

to contain rotenone, and may prove a good insecticide. A number

of species of Derris are known to be used extensively in tropical

countries for catching fish. The crushed portions of these plants

thrown into streams and ponds stupefy fishes, and make them float

up to the surface.

Of other plants containing rotenone and = allied compounds,

mention may be made of species of Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia, and

Mundulea, which, like derris, are locally used as fish poisons. Some

species of Lonchocarpus, such as the cube root (L. utilis A.C. Smith

and L. uruca Philip and Smith) have assumed importance as

insecticides equal to that of derris. Commercial supplies of both

L. utilis and L. uruca at present are obtained only from Peru and

Brazil, where their cultivation is being successfully carried out.

No attempts so far have been made to cultivate any of the cube

roots in India, but there seems little doubt that successful planta-

tions could be raised in Bengal and the Madras Presidency. Some

of the foreign species of Tephrosia have been shown to possess

marked insecticidal properties, while others have been found to be

of little or no value. T. vogeli Hook..f. has been shown in Africa

to be an efficient insecticide for fleas, lice and ticks, and has been

suggested as a cheap commercial dip for cattle. JT. vogelii is largely

cultivated in the tea gardens of Assam for use as a nitrogenous

manure. Chopra and collaborators (7) have recently found that the

leaves of the Assam-grown plants do not possess insecticidal proper-

ties to any marked degree. It is possible, however, that this con-

clusion may have to be modified when leaves plucked at various times

of the year are examined. Its seeds, which are stated to be the most

toxic part of the plant, have not been investigated so far. Mundulea

sericea (Willd.) Greenway (M. suberosa Benth.) is extensively found

in South India; some samples of its leaves, bark, seeds, and root

have been shown to be fairly toxic to certain types of insects (3).

Tobacco and its preparations in the form of sprays, dusts and

fumigants are widely used as insecticides in horticultural and to

some extent in veterinary practice. The very simple but quite effici-

ent method used in many places is to prepare tobacco extracts by

soaking or macerating tobacco leaves in water. In fact, a large

proportion of the insecticides based on nicotine consists of crude

tobacco extracts. Other insecticides prepared from tobacco contain

nicotine sulphate, nicotine tannate, nicotine bentonite, etc. Nicotine

is generally regarded as a contact insecticide, but it appears to

act principally as a fumigant and sometimes as a stomach poison.

Tobacco (both Nicotiana tabacum Linn, and N. rustica Linn.) is

extensively cultivated in India, and the agriculturists should be edu-

cated to use it against insect crop pests.

858 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Quassia (Picrasma excelsa Planch.), a foreign species, is also

used as an insecticide, and there is every likelihood that some of

the allied Indian species possess similar properties. We have recent-

ly been iuformed that powdered young leaves and twigs of P.

javanica Blume, var. nepalensis (Benn.) Badhwar nov. comb. (2.

nepalensis Benn.) are used to destroy mosquito larvae in Assam.

Several Indian species of Delphinium are even now used for

destroying maggots in wounds and may be potential insecticides.

It has also been stated that the alkaloid cytisine is an important

constituent of the Persian and Australian insect powder. This

alkaloid, which resembles nicotine in its action, has been found

in at least six genera of which Euchresta and Sophora are repre-

sented in India. The rhizomes of hellebores (Veratrum album

Linn. and V. viride Ait.}, both foreign plants, are quite efficient

insecticides, but they have failed to survive the introduction of

rotenone-containing insecticides, and are very seldom used nowa-

days.

INSEC c-REPELLENT PLANTS

The importance of insect-repellent plants in the economy of

nations is obvious. ‘The cheaper and larger the number of effec-

tive insect repellents that could be used from amongst the common

indigenous plants, the greater the likelihood of the masses of India

benefiting from their use. The leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica

A. Juss.) and of patchouli (Pogostemon heyneanus Benth., syn.

P. patchouli Fl. Brit. Ind., non Pellet.), and the roots of costus

(Saussurea lappa C. B. Clarke) are used to protect woollen fabrics

from insects. Articles placed in boxes made of sandalwood (Sant-

alum album Linn.) are immune from the attacks of these pests.

Some essential oils, such as the eucalyptus oil from Eucalyptus

globulus Labill. and citronella oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.)

Rendle (Andropogon nardus Linn.), when applied to the body, give

relief from the bites of mosquitoes so long as the odour lasts.

- Hemp (Cannabis sativa Linn.), if spread under a bedsheet, affords

ample protection against fleas which disturb sleep at night in many

of the hill stations of India. The simple device of mixing of the

leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., Vitex negundo Linn.,

etc., with the grains before storage, especially during the rainy

season, as practised by the agriculturists in some parts of this

country, saves the produce from the ravages of insects. All

these plants contain essential oils, which are well known for

their repellent or attracting properties for different kinds of insects.

Research is being directed nowadays for finding suitable essential

oils for use against particular insects. Pine oil in dilute solution

appears to have repellent properties and is being increasingly used

as an ingredient of plant sprays, household fly sprays, and cattle

sprays. It has a greater solvent power for rotenone than mineral

oils, and is believed to possess the important property of increasing

the toxicity of pyrethrin and rotenone. Similarly, citronella oil,

eucalyptus oil, and oil of wintergreen constitute one of the ingredi-

ents for several sprays. The use of repellent sprays for protecting

cattle from the attacks of flies nowadays constitutes an integral

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 859

part of routine protective measures in all progressive countries of

the world, although opinion appears to be still divided as to whether

the protection thus afforded results in an actual increase in the

yield of milk. Sen (8) reports that the use of a spray consisting

of high-speed Diesel oil, ‘Pyrocide 20’ (a concentrated extract of

pyrethrum flowers), and pine oil, when applied on Sahiwal cows

for 21 consecutive days proved very effective against some species

of biting flies, and resulted in an appreciable increase in the yield

of milk. Investigation of suitable plants which, when grown, will

keep away mosquitoes from habitations has been engaging the

attention of malariologists for some time. No really effective plant

for this purpose has so far been discovered but extended trials

with the shrubby basil (Ocimum gratissimum Linn.), absinthe:

(Artemisia absinthium Linn.), and other plants, which diffuse strong

fragrance in the surrounding atmosphere, are likely to yield valuable

results.

CONTROL OF Mosquito LARVAE BY VEGETATION

Hackett, Russell and others (9) have discussed the naturalistic

methods practised for the control of mosquito. larvae, and have

referred to the role of plant kingdom in this connection. It is

stated that pollution by vegetable matter in the form of industrial

wastes has often been tried with success as an antimalarial measure.

Bagasse from sugarcane mills in the Philippines in one reported

case seemed to keep a stream free from Anopheles flavirostris ; the

refuse from the Government Sisal Experiment Station is said to

have a similar action, and numerous large pits used for macerating

canepa hemp in Italy did not breed anophelines. Stagnant pools,

such as engineering borrow-pits into which green-cut vegetation

has been thrown are stated to breed culicines only, as no anophe-

lines were found. The lethal effect of a fortnight-old brew of cut

grass is said to be remarkable. The extension of this method

in the form of ‘herbage-packing’ to shallow, small volume running

channels has been advocated by Williamson and these authors.

They are of the opinion that the effect is biological and not mechani-

cal, and advocate the use of green-cut vegetation only, for dry

straw results in a hay infusion favourable to larval growth. It

is not every plant, however, that is suitable for use in running

waters. According to these authors: ‘The best so far found in

India are Cleistanthus species and Holorrhena antidysenterica (sic).

The first of these are fish poisons; the latter contains several

alkaloids’. We are confident, however, that many more plants

mentioned in the conspectus, which is appended, would be found

to be equally good or even better for this purpose. The piscicidal

plants cannot, however, be used if the waters contain fishes, or

drain into tanks or reservoirs which contain such animal life.

PLANTS POISONOUS TO FISHES

For centuries, vegetable products of diverse nature have been

used in different parts of the world for poisoning or stupefying

860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

fishes in streams, ponds and pools for facilitating their capture.

Wholesale poisoning of fishes by means of these plants is very

uneconomical and is not allowed in any civilized country, but cases

are known where such plants have come into contact with water

and enormous number of fishes have died as a result. As pointed

out already a knowledge of the local fish poisons has assumed a

great importance in modern times, and a systematic investigation

of these plants is gradually leading to discoveries of several potent

insecticides. A comprehensive list of Indian piscicidal plants was

published by Chopra (18) and lately considerable additions to it

have been made by Chopra and Badhwar (1).

POTENTIALITIES IN INDIA

-* India with its great variety of climatic and edaphic conditions

is particularly well suited for the cultivation of almost every. plant.

Vegetable insecticides of such proved value as pyrethrum and derris

can be extensively grown in a number of suitable areas. The

indigenous vegetation also abounds in potential insecticides and

insect repellents, and a search from amongst the resources existing |

in this vast country will repay scrutiny. A list of those already

in use as insecticides and insect repellents, as well as of those which

are reputed to have piscicidal properties, is given below. The

distribution of such plants in India, their active principles and pro-

perties and uses are also briefly mentioned. In addition to the

plants detailed in the list, a number of essential-oil-bearing plants

could be usefully investigated, especially as insect repellents or for

use as valuable adjuncts in sprays.

A perusal of the following conspectus shows that the family

Leguminosae contains the largest number of reputed insecticidal

plants. Other important families in this connection are: Araceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae, Ranunculaceae and Rubia-

ceae. The family Leguminosae also contains the largest number of

piscicidal plants, while other important families in this respect are:

Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Thymelaeaceae.

Cy A

861

INSECTRICIDAL AND ‘PISGICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

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863

AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

INSECTICIDAL

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NAME OF PLANT

| DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

10.

11.

12,

13.

14.

15.

16.

Agaye americana Linn.

Albizzia chinensis

(Osbeck) Merr. (Syn.

A. stipulata Boiv.)

Albizzia procera (Roxb.)

Benth.

Anacardium occidentale

Linn.

Anagallis arvensis Linn.

Anamirta cocculus (Linn.) |

Wight & Arn,

Audrachne cordifolia

Muell.-Arg.

Annona reticulata Linn.

Annona squamosa Linn.

Apama tomentosa Engl.

(Syn. Bragantia tomen-

tosa Blume)

Arenga obtusifolia Mart.

A stout shrubby plant with a rosette

Acrid volatile oil in the leaves | with

Wall paper impregnated

of spiny leaves. A native of America ;) (19). A crvstalline saponin in| juice of the leaves is said to be

planted in parks and gardens through-

t India.

jou

A large tree found throughout India,

| ascending to an altitude of 4,000 ft. in

the Himalayas.

A tall tree found in the Sub-|

| Himalayan tracts from the Jumna)

| eastwards; also in Bengal, Bihar and

| Orissa, Central Provinces, Bombay}

Presidency and South India, usually |

|in moist places. . Occasionally seen as}

| an ornamental or roadside tree. |

A small tree from South America;

now established in the coastal districts

of South India, Chittagong and the

Andaman Islands.

An erect or procumbent annual found

over the greater part of India up to

an altitude of 8,000 ft. in the Himala-

yas. The red-flowered variety is found

in Kashmir, but the blue-flowered one

is more common in India.

A large climbing shrub found in{

Assam, Eastern Bengal, Oudh,

Orissa, and Konkan southwards to

Ceylon.

An erect shrub met with in the

temperate Himalayas from the Indus |

eastwards to Nepal at 4,000 to 8,000}

ft. ; common in shady places, |

A small American tree. Cultivated, |

but not so extensively as the following

species, A, sguamosa.

the roots (20). Leaves likely to| proof against the ravages of white

contain saponins, ants (21). According to Pammel

(17), the plant is used as a fish

poison in some countries.

Pammel (17) records it as a fish

poison.

Saponin (20).

Raizada & Varma (10), on the

authority of Watt (21), state that

the bark of this tree, if pounded

and thrown into a pond, stupefies

fish, We do not, however, find

any such reference in his book

which they quote. Kirtikar &

| Basu (16) mention that the leaves

| have insecticidal properties.

A black, caustic, oily juice} Juice used to protect timber,

| containing phenolic compound | books, ete., from white ants.

|cardol, anacardie acid and an}

ether-soluble substance (22).

Volatile oil (11) and two! Used in India to intoxicate fish

| glucosidic saponins have been and to expell leeches from the

isolated from the herb, while the nostrils of livestock.

root contains cyclamin which is} ;

also a glucosidic saponin (20).

Picrotoxin in the seeds (20). A kind of ointment prepared

from the drupes employed as an

insecticide. ‘I'’hey are also used to

| poison fish.

Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, Leaves believed by people in

(17). Jammu to have insecticidal pro-

perties.

| ‘Lhe powdered root-bark of 4.

| ovalis Muell.-Arg. of Africa, used

asa fly exterminator by the Zulus,

|after it is mixed with milk (19).

An alkaloid anonaine in the)

Properties similar to 4. sgua-

| bark (23).

| mosa.

An American tree about 20 ft. high. |

Cultivated and naturalized in several

parts of India.

Herbaceous plant found in Assam

and Manipur.

A Malayan palm, found in India

only under cultivation.

| (25).

Seeds contain an oil and a’ The seeds, leaves and the

resin which contains an acrid | immature fruit contain an acrid

| Principle (21). Leaves and seeds | principle fatal to insects ; the dried

contain an amorphous alkaloid unripe fruit, powdered and mixed

| (24). | with gram flour, used for killing

| {cena and the seeds to kill body

lice.

| The powdered seeds and an

| Aqueous infusion of leaves have

|valuable insecticidal properties

Pammel (17) records the

| plant as a fish poison.

Recorded as a fish poison (17).

In the Philippine Islands it is

used for poisoning fishes (16).

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NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION | CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

17. Arisaema speciosum Tuberous herb found in the tempe- Acrid juice. Properties similar to A. tortu-

(Wall.) Mart. rate Himalayas from Hazara to Sikkim osum.

and Bhutan at 7,000 to 10,000 ft.

18. Arisaema tortuosum A tall tuberous herb found in the} Acrid juice. The tubers are used to kill

(Wall.) Schott temperate and subtropical Himalayas worms which infest cattle during

| from Simla to Bhutan atabout 8,000 ft.; | the rainy season, A decoction

also in Khasia Hills, Manipur, Chota | from the tubers prepared from

Nagpur, Ranchi and Parasnath. In some other species of Arisaema

Western India, met with in Konkan i| also used to kill insects in India

and in the Madras Presidency in} | and abroad.

|Rampa Hills at 4,500 ft., Horsley- |

konda at 4,000 ft., and in the Western |

Ghats at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. |

19. Aristolochia bracteata; Aslender prostrate herb growingon| A nauseous volatile substance| Juice applied to foul and neg- |

Retz. the banks of the Jumna and _ the |and an alkaloid (26). lected ulcers to destroy insect

Ganges, and in Bundelkhand, Sind and larvae. The vernacular name,

Konkan. In the Madras Presidency | kivimar (insect killer), is expres-

found in the Northern Circars, the | sive of this fact.

| Deccan and Carnatic, on dry especi- |

ally the black cotton soil. Its occur-

rence in Bihar is doubtful. |

20. Artemisia Absinthium|) An aromatic herbaceous perennial | Volatile oil (20), a bitter] Used to protect garments from

Linn. |met with in Kashmir and Kurrum glucoside absinthin (27) and a| moths.

| Agency at 5,000 to 7,000 ft. | bitter substance anabsinthin

(20).

21. Artemisia vulgaris Linn. A gregarious shrub-like herb found! Yields an essential oil con-| Used to prevent moths and

throughout the mountainous tracts of| taining o(-thujone, borneol, etc. | other insects from infesting clothes

India, especially between 5,000 and | (28). and furniture.

| 12,000 ft. |

a cs

- OO ———— a

22, Asclepias curassayica A uati :

: ative of the West Indies ; oft ° F =

Linn. grown in gardens and has bere On Baa BO ae I Used Lolprocure Asuyinithe West

naturalized in many parts of India. roots contain vincetoxin (31) ndies:snd:in, Queensland

| which closely resembles emetine|

\in its physiological action (26

23. Azadirachta indica A.Juss. | A large ever, lay : 3 ).

0 p Teen tree pl yer ; eee

(Syn. Mella azadivachta | India = doubtfully Aa aeebnet vents g Amorphous, bitter principle] Leaves largely employed to

Linn.). Dnetemavalleys ies a crystalline substance, | protect woollen fabrics and books

margosopicrin. Seeds also con- | from insect attacks.

| tain a bitter fixed oil with objec- |

| tionable sdour due to the|

presence of sulphur compounds

F and some fatty acids (32

24. Balanites roxburghii| A shrub o te y ek

r small evergr t 0 ; + nN E

Planch. |found in the drier nae pratndie ee ae oleae fiat GOMES |) WS Lae IS este fin Sewer

extending from) South-Hast Punjab (33) 2 per cent of saponins} places in India and by African

ual Delhi to Sikkim, Bengal, Central : Arabs as a fish poison.

aoe Bombay Presidency and South | |

25. Bambusa arundinacea) A @ i | = |

Willd. Seatac anata Beene cice and| x Benzoic acid and traces of| Shoots have lethal action on

places in North-West adie eet Foote Ge). Biceae gy muced ute larvae (oe).

| Bengal. ml , ;

26. Barringtonia acutangula| As: : : |

H mall or medium-sized t 5 t} its ¢ i } » 5

(Linn.) Gaertn. pexitan aa Hsecei, Sctialiy moe Bian fruits contain two Saq| The bark is used to stupefy fish

|the coast beyond the tidal range. It : lee aaa parts of India. The

is also frequently found in. Kanara and | seeds and roots are also said to be

27. Barringtoni iati Bombay along the banks of streams. used for the same purpose (26).

<7. ngfonia’ asiatica) A rather small or mod -Si r iv inci

(Linn.) Kurz (Syn, B. | tree which is a native of Rue ore ga, Lhe’ active principle. cb bark | ine! plant ‘posessese narcotic

speciosa Forst.) Islands, Singapore and Ceylon ae eoanicen aa yea (2iy.| oat cling Sa eA a

also occurs on the Southern Deccan Th WEED Be, {Fest ./out killing them. ‘he seeds are

2 2 i |The seeds contain 3:27 ~ per | also said t i

Peninsula, but not in a wild state. cent of a glucosidic ceo | Hel Yo ea [pOwON,

barringtonin, and 1 per cent of |

a substance designated as

barringtogenetin (35).

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NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENYTS

28. Barringtonia racemosa

(Linn.) Roxb.

Berberis aristata DC.

(possibly some other

species of Berberisalso)

30. Butea monosperma (Lam.)

Kuntze (Syn. B. fron-

dosa Koen. ex Roxb.)

31. Caesalpinia nuga (Linn.)

Ait.

Callicarpa

C. B. Clarke

33. Calonyction muricatum

(Linn.) G. Den (Syn.

Ipomoea muricata

Jacq.)

Calophyllum

Linn.

Inophyllum

Cannabis sativa Linn.

36. Careya arborea Roxb.

37. Casearia graveolens Dalz.

38. Casearia tomentosa Roxb.

39. Cassytha filiformis Linn,

longifolia |

Lam., var. lanceolaria |

]

An evergreen ornamental tree com-

mon along the Western Coast from

| Konkan to Travancore and from the|

| Sundarbans eastwards.

A robust shrub found in Garhwal,

Jaunsar and Nepal.

A small or medium-sized tree com-

mon throughout the greater part of

India up to 3,000, sometimes up to

4,000 ft.

A large prickly climber found on the

| banks of rivers near the coast, eé.g., in

bans and Eastern Bengal near Chitta-

| gong, and in Sylhet.

A shrub occurring plentifully in

Central Bengal, Tippera, Chittagong

jand in the Khasia Hills up to an

| altitude of about 3,000 ft.

A large twiner found in the Hima-

|layas from Kangra to Sikkim up to an

| altitude of 5,000 ft., and also in the

|Upper Gangetic Plain, Bengal and

Deccan Hills; it is often cultivated for

|the sake of its thickened pedicels

| which are edible.

|Konkan, West Ccast, Orissa, Sundar- |

seeds (18).

Seeds contain a resin (19).

An exceedingly handsome moderate- |

sized tree cultivated throughout India, |

especially near the sea, as an orna-)

mental plant.

| An aromatic resinous annual herb

|found in several parts of India on}

waste ground and by the roadside. In

|the Himalayas it grows wild and is|

| widely distributed. |

A medium-sized tree frequently

|found in the Sub-Himalayan

|from the Jumna eastwards, and in

Bengal, Central, Western and Southern

jJndia, ascending to an altitude of |

5,000 ft.

A shrub or small tree found in the |

Upper Gangetic Plain, westwards to}

Chenab ascendmg to an altitude of

| 5,000 {t. and in Garhwal, Kumaon and

|the Deccan Peninsula. In Sikkim it}

is found at an altitude of 1,500 ft. |

A shrub or small tree common

throughout Irdia especially in open

|Jands, ascending to 3,000 ft. in the

| Himalayas.

| A wiry leafless twining parasite

found throughout the greater part of

India, especially near the seacoast.

Sapoains (17).

Resinous substance which

contains about 33 per cent of a

toxic red oil (37, 38, 39).

The leaves and wood contain

tract | (annins, the former tothe extent

of 19 per cent (20).

Alkaloid (40).

Fixed oil, a small quantity of |

a resin and a large quantity of a

water-soluble albuminoid in the)

REMARKS

The seed is used as a household

| vermifuge in Madagascar and is

| stated to be a fish poison (17).

The plant possesses toxic and

| insecticidal properties (36).

| The plant is mentioned by Pam-

mel as a fish poison (17).

Maggots are killed by sprinkling

the powdered seeds over them

(16).

The pulped fruit and stems

yield a fish poison (10).

Pammel (17) records C. longi-

folia as poisonous to fishes. It is

\ likely, that the variety danceolaria

| also is a fish poison.

| The juice of the plant is used to

destroy bugs (21).

| The plant according to Pammel

| is a fish poison (17),

| Has the property of driving

|away bugs. For this purpose, the

jleaves or the whole plant are

|scattered under the bedsheet,

which is effective in getting relief

from these pests.

The Mundas of Chota Nagpur

use the root, bark and the leaves

to kill fish (16). In Mysore the

inner bark is rubbed on the shoes

|to ward off leeches and is said to

| be quite effective for this purpose.

The fruit is used to poison fish.

According to Brandis, the fruit

| yields a milky acrid juice which is

{employed to poison fish (21).

|Sometimes the crushed fruit is

| used for the same purpose.

According to Pappe, quoted by

Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (19),

jit has been used as a wash in

‘scald head and for the destruc-

tion of vermin’.

nn eee

998

‘TyNuAOL

AVaNod

“LSIH IVWYOALVN

“ALGIIOS

‘10d

IITX

VIGNI JO SINVTd T¥CIDIOSId GNV TVCIOILIASNI

198

XLII

Vol.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL USI SOCMETY,

868

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SUUVNAY SINHALILSNOD NOILOAAIALSIG INVIg 4O ANVYN

869

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

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| “PITEM

WN3HI9I0) WhwayeskIyy ‘Ch

NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS | REMARKS we

= gn Nt ———— ae ~

40. Centratherum anthelminti- A tall annual met with throughout | Bitter principle in the seeds} In Travancore, the bruised =

(Syn. Vernonia anthel-) and Khasia Hills. | |lime juice are largely employed =

mintica Willd.). | | for destroying vediculi in the head >

‘ | and body. The plantroastedina _

| room, or pounded and thrown 5

| about the floor, is believed to =

| expel fleas; hence the popular 5

| English name, purple fleabane 2

| (21).

| | eh

41, Cerbera manghas Linn. | A smal! tree or a large shrub found; ‘I'he seeds contain a poison-| Pammel (17) records the plant &

(Syn. C. odollum | throughout India in the salt swamps! ous glucoside, cerberin, having as a fish poison. S

Gaertn.) |or on the seacoast. It is abundant on |a digitalis-like action. | a

“|\the Malabar coast but not very com- | 5

= | mon in the Bombay Presidency and! =

| elsewhere. | | et

| a

42, Chrysanthemum cinerarii-| A glaucous perennial, experiment-| Pyrethrin I and pyrethrin Il/ The flower-heads of pyrethrum =

folium Vis. jally cultivated in some parts of in flower-heads (42). These, have of recent years gained very 4

| Himalayas. the only insecticidal principles insecticidal properties. They are

of the flower-heads are also} or as a prepared extract for use as ia

toxic to mosquito larvae (43). | (a@) household insecticides, (6) as ~~

| | livestock sprays, and (c) as horti: =

| | cultural dusts and sprays. Till =

| recently Japan and Yugoslavia .,

| were the biggest producers of WN

| |pyrethrum, but of late years =

| Kenya is assuming increasing im-

| | portance: It is also being grown

OO ee ae a ii a

on a commercial scale in Persia,

| Algeria, Australia, Brazil, France,

Spain and Switzerland.

| Examination of various samples

of flower-heads of C. cinerarii-

| folium cultivated in Kashmir and

|Murree hills has shown 0°702 to

| 1-300 per cent of pyrethrins, which

| compares favourably with foreign-

| grown commodity which is im-

|ported. The biological tests

|against different species of mos-

quitoes ard flies have also shown

| |that the Indian-grown stuff com-

| pares favourably with the flower-

|heads imported from Japan and

also with another powerful pro-

|prietary extract sold under the

name of ‘Pyrocide 20’. Thus

| beth the chemical and biological

‘tests carried out in connection

| | with pyrethrum grown in India,

| lead to the conclusion that the

cultivation of C. cinerariifolium

| should be extended at a rapid rate

|so that the large and growing

‘demand for it in this country is

met with (43).

TV CIQILOASNI

43. Chrysanthemum coccineum A glabrous perennial, experimentally|See under C. cinerariifolinm. | A very important insecticide but

Willd, cultivated in Murree and some other /not nearly as efficacious as C.

places in India, cineraritfolium, at least in case

| of specimens grown in India (43).

——es_s«=see_eee oo

VIGNI JO SLINVId TVCIDIOSId ANY

698

XLII

Vol.

SOC MIs

Cre, Seni

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATL

870

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NOILOAGIULSIG INVIg HO FWVN

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INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICGIDAL PLANTS’ OF INDIA

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dn popunod st }insy Sanod ay J,

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NAME OF PLANT

———— ia)

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

44, Cimicifuga foetida Linn.

45. Cinochona calisaya Wedd.

C. calisaya Wedd., var.

ledgeriana Howard

46, Cinchona officinalis Linn.

47.

ex Klotzsch

48. Cinnamomum camphora

Nees & Eberm,

49,

Cinchona succirubra Pay.

Cieistanthus collinus Benth.

A tall robust perennial found in the |

| Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan |

, at 7,000 to 12,000 ft.

A native of Bolivia and Peru, this

| species may be said to have succeeded

| well under Indian climatic conditions, |

| ard is largely cultivated in Sikkim at|

elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 ft. above

sea level.

}

| Cultivation of this variety is now

being developed in all Indian planta-

tions and is gradually replacing C.

| succirubra Pay. ex Klotzsch. It is

largely cultivated in Java and yields

the most plentiful supply of quinine of |

) all the species. |

| 20 in number), which resemble

| chonidine.

| some

|colouring matters,

Rhizomes of C. racemosa|

(Linn.) Nuttal, a foreign |

species, contain a saponin, a

glucosidic tannin, a water-

soluble glucoside, and a gluco-

side insoluble in water but

soluble in alcohol (44). They |

also contain an essential oil. It |

is possible that the Indian plant

contains identical or

constituents.

A number of alkaloids (about

leach other in their chemical

and pharmacological properties,

have been isolated from this and

other species of Cinchona. The

best known of these are quinine,

quinidine, cinchonine and cin-

Besides these alka-

loids, cinchona bark contains a

few free organic acids, tannins,

neutral substances,

traces of

volatile oil, ete.

Ditto.

similar |

The roots are used to drive

away bugs and fleas in Siberia ;

| the flowers and unripe fruits have

an extremely foetid smell and

| probably have the same property ;

| hence its English name, bugbane.

| According to Pammel (17),

various species of Cinchona are

poisonous to fishes.

Ditto,

This species, with several varieties, |

is anative of Peru and Ecuador at an|

elevation of 5,000 to 7,500 ft. It is

cultivated in South India in the

Nilgiris near Ootacamund and thrives

at higher altitudes (between 6,000 to

| 8,000 ft.) better than any other species.

|The cultivation of this species has

been practically abandoned in Sikkim,

as the climate is found to be too moist.

This plant is a native of Ecuador

jand is largely cultivated in South

| India at an altitude of 4,500 to 6,000 ft.

}It is also grown in the Government

of Bengal Plantations at Mungpoo

(Sikkim), and in parts of the Satpura

Range in Central India. It has

proved to be the hardiest and most

easily cullivated species and succeeds

well at altitudes of 3,000 to 6,000 ft.

A small tree indigenous to Formosa,

China and Japan; planted in some

gardens in India up to 4,000 ft. in the

North-West Himalayas.

A small tree found in the dry forests |

& Hook. f. of Bundelkhand, Chota Nagpur,

|Central Provinces, Orissa, Northern

Cirears, Carnatic, the Deccan especial- |

ly in Hyderabad, and Malabar.

5¢. Corypha umbraculifera; A magnificent palm found in the

Linn. moist forests of the Kumpta and

Honavar talukas of North Kanara,

Ditto.

Source of camphor.

The bark contains saponins

|and tannins (45).

Ditte

Ditto.

Camphor is used to protect

woollen fabrics against insects

and enters into the composition of

several insecticidal preparations.

The root, leaf, bark and fruit

are employed as a poison for fish.

The young fruit is pounded up

and used for stupefying fishes (46).

048

‘ISIH TVYQLVN AvVaNOd ‘TVNYNOL

“A LFIIOS

LITX

VIGNI HO SLNVTd ‘IVCIOIOSId GNV THCIOILOASNI

148

NOL

Vol.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY-NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY,

872

‘asodind |

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INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

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NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

51.

57,

59.

60.

covering extensive areas near the

Gairsoppa and Yena rivers, also on the

|Yellapur Ghats. It also occurs in|

Malabar and Travancore but in a}

doubtfully wild state. In the rest of

tropical India it is occasionally culti-

| vated.

A small deciduous tree found in the

Sub-Himalayan tract from Oudh east-

wards; also in Bengal, Sylhet, Chota}

Nagpur, and in the Central, Western |

| and Southern India. |

Corypha umbraculifera

Linn.—(continued.)

Croton oblongifolius Roxb.

A small evergreen tree planted in|

gardens more or iess throughout)

India ; almost becoming naturalized iy

| Bengal and Assam.

Croton tiglium Linn.

A hispidly hairy climber cultivated |

in all warm and warm-temperate

countries. It is also found wild in

Northern India.

Cucumis sativus Linn

(wild form)

i |

A tuberous herb, extensively culti-

vated all over India for its rhizomes

known as turmeric.

Curcuma longa Roxb,

A tall aromatic grass cultivated for

Cymbopogon nardus

Accord-

(Linn.) Rendle (Syn.| the sake of its aromatic oil.

Andropogon nardus ing to some authors, this plant is also

Linn.) found wild in India.

| |

Cynanchum Arnottianum An erect plant found in Kashmir at

Wight /6,000 to 8,000 ft.; also in Balu-

| chistan.

A large climbing shrub, often a

small erect tree found in the Eastern |

Himalayas up to 4,000 ft.; also in

| Assam, Khasia Hills and Chittagong.

brunonianum

Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb. |

An erect simple herb found in the

Western Himalayas and Tibet bet-

ween 13,000 and 17,000 ft.

Delphinium

Royle

An erect herb met with on the

alpine Himalayas from Kumaon to

Sikkim; common in the Sutiej basin

at 8,000 to 17,000 ft.

Delphinium caeruleum Jac-

quem, ex Cambess, |

Delphinium elatum Linn, | Sparingly branched herb found in

|the temperate Western Himalayas

|from Kashmir to Kumaon and in the

jinner Tibetan Valleys at 10,000 to

12,000 ft.

Seeds contain an oil which is

the most violent of all cathar-

ts. They also contain an

| alkaloid, ricinine, and two toxic

proteins (20).

The fruits contain a proteoly- |

tic enzyme resembling erepsin

(47). They are also found to

|contain a bitter substance, the

nature of which has not been

ascertained.

Essential oil, alkaloid (18).

Essential oil known as oil of

citronella obtained from the

leaves.

Note.—Various species of

Delphinium contain alkaloids,

such as ajacine, ajaconine,

delcosine, delphinine, delphin-

oidine, staphisagroine, etc.;

of these delphinine and staphi-

Sagroine are the most import-

ant. D. byrunonianum and

D. caerulewn have not been

analyzed so far.

Alkaloids (49).

REMARKS we

: ~

jo)

The seeds have an oil with pro- Ss

perties similar to those of C. =

figlium. oe

The oil is sometimes used as an >

insecticide. =

The fruit is employed in some I

foreign countries to poison fishes &

(17). a

| Fa

It bas been said that the juice 5

banishes wood lice and fishinsects; 5

freshly cut slices are strewn in a

their haunts for this purpose. =

| y

Turmeric is used to drive away 5

ants by sprinkling in powder -

| form on the ant holes. There are rs

about fifteen species of Curcuma is

| growing wild in India, and most =

| of these could be used for similar

| purpose.

a =

The commercial supply of oil

of citronella is obtained princi-

pally from Ceylon, Burma and

the Straits Settlements. It is an

important constituent of mosquito >

repellents found in the market. a

The leaves are dried and =

| powdered, and used to destroy the IS!

maggots which infest wounds in| >

animals. &

The bark and root of this plant

}are stated to be used to poison

fishes (10).

Aitchison (48) remarks that the

juice of the leaves is used in

Kurrum Agency to destroy ticks

on animals, particularly when they

affect sheep.

The root is applied to kill mag-

gots in the wounds of goats (21).

In Europe the seeds are used as

an insecticide (21).

—————— eee

VIGNI JO SLNVTd TVCIOIOSId ANV

el8

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

874.

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INVIg 40 ANVN

SCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA 875

INSECTICIDAL AND PI

sec SS SSS SS SS:

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NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

61.

62.

63.

64,

Derris elliptica (Roxb.)

Benth.

Derris ferruginea (Roxb.)

Benth.

Derris scandens (Roxb.)

Benth.

Derris trifoliata Lour.,

var. uliginosa (Roxb.

ex Willd.) Badhwar

nov. comb. (Syn. D.

uliginosa = Benth.;

Robinia uliginosa Roxb.

ex Willd.)

A large, handsome climber reported

from Kodala Hill near Chittagong.

Commercial supply comes mostly

from Malaya, Sarawak, British North

Borneo, and the Dutch East Indies.

| Attempts being made to cultivate this |

| plant in different parts of India, such

| as Travancore, the Punjab, Kashmir, |

Mysore and Dehra Dun. |

A woody climber found in the ever-

green forests of Upper Assam down to

Darrang and Sibsagar.

Avery large climber found in the

forests of North Oudh, Konkan, Kanara,

Madras Presidency from Northern

Circars southwards, Bengal especially

near Chittagong, and Orissa. It is also

sometimes cultivated in gardens.

A large climber found on the

muddy seacoast and creeks of the

Bombay and Madras Presidencies and

| near the sea from Cuttack tidal forests

| to Puri (near the Chilka Lake) ; also

in Sundarbans and Chittagong in

| Bengal, and in Assam.

{important (20, 50, 51, 52). In

|Tegarded as a measure of its

| toxicity

|@mourt of crystalline rotenone

Roots contain rote none,

deguelin, tephrosin, isotephro-

sin, toxicarol, dehydrorotenone

and other substances ; of these

rotenone is said to be the most

The root, known as tuba root or

derris, is an important article of

| commerce on account of being a

valuable horticultural and agricul-

jtural insecticide. It is useful

against many caterpillars, proba-

bly all larvae of leaf-eating wasps,

many beetles and their larvae,

turnip fleas, flower wasps, plant

lice and red spider. In animal

husbandry it has proved very

effective against the larvae of

warble fly, poultry pests such as

ted poultry mite, and forms the

basis of proprietary sheep dip.

An insecticidal wash effective

| against a wide range of pests may

be made by adding 11b. of powder-

ed root and 4 oz. of soft soap to 1

gallon of water (50). The powder-

ed root mixed with forty parts of

talc makes a very good insect

powder for dogs and cats

| The toxicity of tuba roots varies

with the age of the plant, Har-

vesting of plant about 23 months

after planting is recommended.

The tuba root is also poison-

| ous to fishes,

Note.—Over twenty other

species of Derris are found in

|India. It is very likely that a

‘number of them possess piscicidal

commercial assay of tuba roots

the total resinous content is

irrespective of the

because noncrystalline resin is

also equally toxic. The fine

lateral roots have been stated to

contain higher toxie content

than the larger tap roots.

and insecticidal properties, and it

| would be worth-while investigat-

ing their properties. Besides the

| following species, only D. robusta

(Roxb. ex DC.) Benth. has so

far been investigated and shown

to be devoid (53) of insecticidal

| properties.

Yields a fair amount of rote-| Because of the presence of rote-

none—up to 2°4 per cent (54, none, it is very likely that this

55) |plant possesses piscicidal and

; insecticidal properties. ,

ch Used <s a fish poison. Devoid of

pi | insecticidal properties (54).

Power (56) examined the| The bark of this plant is used as

stem-bark and found it to con- a fish poison. :

tain 9.3 per cent of tannic acid) ‘The plant possesses aie poor

and some resins, and concluded | insecticidal properties (54).

that the toxic effects of the|

plant were probably due to}

some constituents of the ee

Krishna & Ghose (54), who exa- |

mined the roots in different}

seasons of the year, state ‘the |

total ether extract of these roots |

which is supposed to exttact

most of the insecticidal princi- |

ple, was found to vary from 1:2}

to 1:9 per cent and although the}

ether solubles gave distinct colour |

test for rotenone and allied}

bodies, no rotenone could be}

| isolated’. |

FL8

Avawog ‘TYNYnoOL

“ESTH IVUALYN

‘A LAIIOS

———————————

TUCIOILOTSNI

FIGNI JO SLNVTd TY¥CIOIOSId (NV

$48

Vol.

SOCIETY,

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST.

876

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SINHALILSNOD

NOILAAIAISIG

INVIg 40 ANVN

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

138.

139.

140.

141,

Ruta graveolens Linn.,

var. angustifolia Hook.

ft,

Santalum album Linn.

Sapindus mukorossi

Gaertn.

Sapindus trifoliatus Linn.

Cultivated in gardens.

A small evergreen tree, parasitic on

roots to start with. Found in Mysore,

Coorg, Coimbatore and Salem districts,

southwards to Madura and north-

wards to Kolhapur; wild or culti-.

vated.

A handsome tree cultivated through-

out North-West India, Bengal and

Assam ; also found wild in the Hima-

layas up to an altitude of 4,000 ft.

A handsome tree common about the

villages in South and West India;

also cultivated in Bengal where it is

doubtfully native. It is occasionally

planted elsewhere also.

A volatile oil in the leaves,| The plant is sometimes spread

roots and seeds. Also a gluco- | on beds to keep off insects.

| side, rutin, and a coumarin-like |

| odoriferous principle (19).

The essential oil is an efficient

insecticide and insect repellent.

The wood is largely used in orna-

mental carving and _ cabinet

work; its odour drives away

insects and it is, therefore, of

|value for making chests and

boxes. Small chips and raspings

of the heartwood would serve the

purpose of keeping off insects,

when placed among clothes, at the

same time imparting a pleasant

| odour.

Essential oil in the aromatic |

heartwood of the tree; also in

roots.

The fruits contain fairly large

amounts of saponins—10°5 pPeR|

cent (33).

The plant is described as a fish

poison by Pammel (17). ;

The pericarp contains a fairly

large quantity of saponins—11°5

per cent..(99). . According to| It is more than probable that

Brannt, quoted by Watt (20),|S. emarginatus Vahl, which is

no saponins are containedin the | treated’ as a synonym of S. tv-

stone foliatus in the Fl. Brit. Ind.,

but which is now regarded as

Pammel (17) records it as a fish

poison.

properties.

distinct species, possesses: similar

The fruits of both are

ITX ‘194 ‘ALAIQOS “SIH TWANLYN AVAWO ‘TYNYAO!

668

135.

136.

137.

(Nh SPD EE FR A GRE SSE A AL DI ET ES LT TS A OE EIS DIDI EA EE EE EI

Randia uliginosa DC.

Rauwolfia serpentina

Benth. ex Kurz

Rhododendron

Wall. ex G. Don

Rhododendron falc oneri

Hook. f.

Ricinus communis Linn.

barbatum |

A small rigid tree found in the

Eastern, Central and Southern India,

but is not common northwards.

An erect shrub found in Sub-Hima-

layan tracts and in the plains near the

foot of the hills from Sirhind eastward

to Assam, ascending to an altitude of

4,000 ft.; also in Konkan, North

Kanara, Southern Mahratta Country,

Western and Eastern Ghats of the

Madras Presidency (up to 3,000 ft.),

many districts of Bihar such as Patna

and Bhagalpur, and in North and

Central Bengal.

A tree .found in the temperate

Himalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan

at altitudes of 8,000 to 12,000 ft.;

common in Sikkim.

A tree common in the Himalayas

from East Nepal to Bhutan at alti-

tudes of 9,000 to 13,000 ft.

A tall stout annual, or perennial

and sub-arboraceous. Originally pro-

bably from America, it 'is now extensi-

vely cultivated for its oil-bearing seeds

and has also become naturalized near

habitations in many parts of India.

Chemical analysis of the root

has yielded five crystalline alka-

loids which can be classified

into two groups: (A) the ajma-

~The unripe fruit is used to

intoxicate fish, and according to

Watt (21), the bruised root is also

employed for this purpose.

The unripe fruits are employed

for poisoning fish.

| Pammel (17) records this plant

as a fish poison, but such use has

not been observed by the present

authors in India.

line group—ajmaline, ajmalin- |

ine and ajmalicine ; and (B) the

serpentine

and serpentinine (97).

these, there are

alkaloids present in both the

group—serpentine

Besides |

some more.

ajmaline as well as the serpen- |

tine group.

Contains the toxic substance

andromedotoxin (88).

Contains a toxic substance,

andromedotoxin (88).

Seeds contain a fixed oil and

a toxalbumin, ricin, which does

not pass into the oil (98).

| The plant is mentioned by

Chopra (18) to be.a fish poison.

Chopra (18) mentions the plant

'as a fish poison.

Castor oil is said to be an active

poison for flies (98).

Pammel (17) records the plant

| as a fish poison. ,

VIGNI dO SLNVTd TIVCIDIOSId ANV TVCIDILOASNI

T68

Tne a aaeaeaeaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaasaaaaaaaaaaaa

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

129.

130.

131. .

132.

Polygonum hydropiper

Linn .—(continued) .

Pongamia pinnata (Linn.)

Merr. (Syn. P. glabra

Vent.)

Pygeum gardneri Hook.

Randia dumetorum Lam,

[Split up into three

Species by Gamble

(126) ]

A moderate-sized almost evergreen

tree met with all over India, on the

banks of rivers and streams, especially

near the seacoast and some _ forest

localities ; often planted as a roadside

tree. It sometimes flowers as a shrub

on the seacoast. . |

A medium-sized tree found in the

Western Ghats of Madras and Bombay

Presidencies, in the hills of Travan-

core, Malabar, Nilgiris, Pulneys, the

Deccan, Southern Mahratta Country,

and Konkan at altitudes above 3,000

ft.; common on the Mahableshwar

plateau.

A small tree or rigid shrub found in

the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Rawal-

pindi district eastwards, ascending in

Sikkim up to 4,000 ft. Southwards it

extends to Chittagong and the Penin-

sular India.

CONSTITUENTS

Root said to contain oxymethyl-

anthraquinones (93).

The seeds contain 27 to 36°4

per cent of a bitter fatty oil and

traces of an essential oil (18).

The seeds smell strongly of

hydrocyanic acid.

The fruits contain saponin

in the pericarp, a glucosidic

Saponin in the pulp, and the

seeds are said to contain traces

of an alkaloid (95). An essen-

tial oil also present (18).

REMARKS

'are intormed that it is used as a

| fish poison in the Punjab hills.

It is very likely that some other

plants belonging to the genus

Polygonum, especially P. persi-

caria Linn., possess similar pro-

perties.

The seeds and roots are said to

be poisonous to fishes.

A 2 per cent P. glabra oil-

resin spray has been stated to be

highly toxic against the nymph

and adult stages of the green bug

(Coccus viridis) on coffee (94). -

The kernel of the fruit is used

as a fish poison.

In Konkan the bruised fruit is

mixed with grain to preserve it

from the attacks of insects (26).

Subramaniyam (96) found that a

10 per cent aqueous extract of the

root sprayed against the green

scale of coffee yave an 80 per cent

mortality of the insects in 4 days.

068

HTX ‘9A ‘ALFIOOS ‘LSIH TWUALVN AVAWOE “TVNANO!L

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

129. Polygonum

Linn.—(continued).

130. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.)

Merr. (Syn. P. glabra

Vent.)

131. Pygeum gardneri Hook.

132, Randia dumetorum Lam,

[Split up into three

species by Gamble

(126)]

———————_ ——.

133. Randia uliginosa DC.

Rauwolfia serpentina |

Benth. ex Kurz

134,

135. Rhododendron _ barbatum |

Wall. ex G. Don

136. Rhododendron falconeri

Hook. f.

137, Ricious communis Linn.

hydropiper

A moderate-sized almost evergreen

tree met with all over India, on the

banks of rivers and streams, especially

near the seacoast and some forest

localities ; often planted as a roadside

tree.

on the seacoast.

A medium-sized tree found in the

Western Ghats of Madras and Bombay

Presidencies, in the hills of ‘Travan-

core, Malabar, Nilgiris, Pulneys, the|

Deccan, Southern Mahratta Country, |

and Konkan at altitudes above 3,000)

ft.; common on the Mahableshwar

plateau.

A small tree or rigid shrub found in

the Sub-Himalayan tracts from Rawal-

Pindi district eastwards, ascending in

Sikkim up to 4,000 ft. Southwards it

extends to Chittagong and the Penin-

sular India.

A small rigid tree found in the

Eastern, Central and Southern India,

but is not common northwards.

An erect shrub found in SubrHima-

layan tracts and in the plains near the

foot of the hills from Sirhind eastward

to Assam, ascending to an altitude of

4,000 ft.; also in Konkan, North

Kanara, Southern Mahratta Country,

Western and Eastern Ghats of the

Madras Presidency (up to 3,000 ft.),

many districts of Bihar such as Patna

and Bhagalpur, and in North and

Central Bengal.

A tree -found in the temperate

Himalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan

at altitudes of 8,000 to 12,000 ft.;

common in Sikkim.

A tree cOmmon in the Himalayas

from East Nepal to Bhutan at alti-

tudes of 9,000 to 13,000 ft.

A tall stout annual, or perennial

and sub-arboraceous. Originally pro-

bably from America, it ‘is now extensi-

vely cultivated for its oil-bearing seeds

and has also become naturalized near

habitations in many parts of India

It sometimes flowers as a shrub |

Root said to contain oxymethyl-

1 are intormed that it is used as a

anthraquinones (93).

| fish poison in the Punjab hills.

It is very likely that some other

plants belonging to the genus

Polygonum, especially P. persi-

caria Linn., possess similar pro-

perties,

The seeds contain 27 to 36:4

per cent of a bitter fatty oil and| be poisonous to fishes.

traces of an essential oil (18) . A 2 per cent P. glabra oil-

| resin spray has been stated to be

highly toxic against the nymph

and adult stages of the green bug

(Coccus viridis) on coffee (94).

The seeds and roots are said to

The seeds smell strongly of

C The kernel of the fruit is used

hydrocyanic acid.

as a fish poison.

The fruits contain saponin

in the pericarp, a glucosidic

|saponin in the pulp, and the

| seeds are said to contain traces

| of an alkaloid (95). An essen-

tial oil also present (18).

In Konkan the bruised fruit is

mixed with grain to preserve it

from the attacks of insects (26).

Subramaniyam (96) found that a

10 per cent aqueous extract of the

Toot sprayed against the green

scale of coffee gave an 80 per cent

mortality of the insects in 4 days.

The unripe fruit is used to

intoxicate fish, and according to

| Watt (21), the bruised root is also

|employed for this purpose.

The unripe fruits are employed

| for poisoning fish.

Chemical analysis of the root) Pammel (17) records this plant

has yielded five crystalline alka- | as a fish poison, but such use has

loids which can be classified | not been observed by the present

into two groups : (A) the ajma- | authors in India

line group—ajmaline, ajmalin-

ine and ajmalicine ; and (B) the

serpentine _ group—serpentine

and serpentinine (97). Besides”

these, there are some more

alkaloids present in both the

ajmaline as well as the serpen- |

tine group.

The plant is mentioned by

Contains the toxic substance i

Chopra (18) to be a fish poison.

andromedotoxin (88).

| .

Contains a toxic substance,| Chopra (18) mentions the plant

andromedotoxin (88). {as a fish poison.

Seeds contain a fixed oil and| Castor oil is said to be an active

a toxalbumin, ricin, which does | poison for flies (98).

not pass into the oil (98) . Pammel (17) records the plant

as a fish poison. ,

068

‘LSIH TVYALVN AVAWO ‘THNUNOL

“ALFIIOS

‘194

ITTX

VIGNI JO SLNVTd TVGIDIOSId ANV TWOIDILOASNI

168

Ws,

126.

127,

128,

129...

Pieris ovalifolia D. Don

Pithecellobium bigeminum

Mart. (Syn. Pithecolo-

bium bigeminum)

Benth.)

Pogostemon heyneanus

Benth. (Syn. P. pat-

chouli Hook f. in Fl.

Brit. Ind., on Pellet.)

Polygonum flaccidum

Meissn.

A small deciduous tree found in the

outer Himalayas from the Indus

eastwards, usually from 3,000 to

8,000 ft.; common east of the Ravi

and in the Khasia Hills between 3,000

to 5,000 ft.

A middle-sized unarmed tree found

in the Eastern Himalayas, Khasia and

Jaintia Hills, Konkan, North and

South Kanara, the Western Ghats of

Madras Presidency from Mysore to

Anamalais and Travancore, ascending

to an altitude of 3,000 ft.

A strongly aromatic herb found in

Western Ghats from South Kanara

southwards, in open forest land ; often

cultivated and then run wild. Also

about Kotagiri in the Nilgiris at

6,000 ft. Sometimes cultivated in

gardens in the: Bombay and Bengal

| Presidencies.

Common ‘throughout India in wet

places,. ascending.the Himalayas to

4,000 ft., and extending to Ceylon.

Polygonum hydropiper| A rather robust annual found in

Linn.

damp places more or less throughout

India up to 7,000 ft. in the Himalayas.

A toxic substance, androme-

dotoxin (88).

The bark contains 0°8 per

cent of an alkaloid, which acts

as a fatal poison to fish in a

dilution of 1: 400,000 (89) ; it

also contains a saponin (90).

The leaves contain two acids

but no alkaloids, glucosides or

tannins (91).

Essential oil.

The herb contains formic

The young leaves are believed

by people in Jammu to have in-

secticidal properties.

The plant is poisonous to fish.

The dried leaves are extensively

employed for scenting linen and

other clothes and to keep off in-

sects from shawls, etc.

It is locally. used in Assam as a

vermicide and asa fish poison. The

greenish mucilaginous-juice of the

plant kills off mosquito larvae in

15 minutes, but it is not lethal in

dilutions (124).

It is stated that insects avoid

acid, acetic acid and baldrianic | this plant ; when dried and strewn

acid, much tannin and small|among clothes it

amounts of an essential oil (92).| attacks of moths.

prevents the

The authors

ere

VIGNI JO SLNVId TVGIQIOSId ANY TVAIDILOASNI

688

120. Ougeinia dalbergioides

121

122.

123.

124,

NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

A small or medium-sized tree found

‘in the Sub-Himalayan tracts and outer

Himalayan valleys and slopes up to

, an altitude of 5,000 ft. from the Punjab

‘to Bhutan; also in Oudh, Bundelk-

hand, Chota.-Nagpur,. Central India,

Orissa, the Cirgars, the Central Pro-

/vinces, Bombay, and Marwar of

|Rajputana.

Benth.

Pachygone ovata (Poir.); A lofty climber found in the sandy

Miers ex Hook. f. &|seashores of~the Coromandel Coast

Thoms. from Nellore to Tanjore and Tinne-

| velly ; also in the Deccan in Bellary,

Cuddapa2h and Mysore.

Peganum harmala Linn. A densely foliaged bushy herb, com-

mon in the drier waste places and

fields of Baluchistan, Waziristan,

Kurrum Valley, Sind, Cutch, the

Punjab, Kashmir, Delhi, United Pro-

vinces, Bihar, Konkan and the West-

‘ern Deccan.

Phylianthus urinaria

An annual or rarely perennial herb

Linn.

found throughout the plairs of India

from the Punjab to Assam and Madras

Presidency up to an altitude of 3,000 ft.

A moderate-sized

Assam and Nepal.

Picrasma javanica Blume,

var. nepalensis (Benn.)

Badhwar nov. comb.

(Syn. P.nepalensis Benn.)

tree found in

eee

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

Seeds contain the alkaloids

harmine, harmaline, harmalol

and peganine (86); also a soft

resin (21),

The plant is said to contain

a neutral bitter substance and

an alkaloidal principle (26).

The bark is employed to poison

fish.

The stem-bark and leaf are

stated to be toxic to some cater-

pillar pests (56).

The dried fruit is used for the

purpose of destroying vermin and

Stupefying fish (16). Pammel

(17) also records it as a fish

poison.

The smoke of the plant is com-

monly used in the Punjab as a

disinfectant-fumigant, and is be-

| lieved to keep off mosquitoes.

According to Watt (21), the

powdered root, mixed with must-

ard oil, is applied to the hair to

destroy vermin.

| Pammel (17) records the plant

as a fish poison.

We are informed that the pow-

of this plant are used as a larvicide

| in Assam,

| dered young leaves and the twigs:

883

19A ‘ALHIOOS. “LSIH TVHALVN AVAWNO “TYNYNO!

ITTX

NaME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

120.

121,

122.

123,

ConstTITUENTS

REMARKS

Ougeinia dalbergioides

A small or medium-sized tree found

Benth.

in the Sub-Himalayan tracts and outer

Himalayan valleys and slopes up to

| an altitude of 5,000 ft. fromthe Punjab

| to Bhutan ; also in Oudh, Bundelk-

| hand, ChotaNagpur, Gentral India,

Orissa, the Cirgars, the Central Pro-

vinces, Bombay, and Marwar of

| Rajputana.

Pachygone ovata (Poir.) | A lofty climber found in the sandy

Miers ex Hook. f. &|seashores of~the Coromandel Coast

Thoms. from Nellore to Tanjore and Tinne-

velly ; also in the Deccan in Bellary,

Cuddapah and Mysore.

Peganum harmala Linn. A densely foliaged bushy herb, com-

mon in the drier waste places and

fields of Baluchistan, Waziristan,

Kurrum Valley, Sind, Cutch, the

Punjab, Kashmir, Delhi, United Pro-

vinces, Bihar, Konkan and the West-

{ern Deccan.

Phyllanthus urinaria

An annual or rarely perenni

L al

yan yp herb

| found throughout the plairs of India

| from the Punjab to Assam and Madras

Presidency up to an altitude of 3,000 ft.

Seeds contain the alkaloids

harmine, harmaline, harmalol

and peganine (86); also a soft

resin (21).

The plant is said to contain

a neutral bitter substance and

an alkaloidal principle (26).

The bark is employed to poi

Fe ploy: poison

The stem-bark and leaf are

stated to be toxic to some cater-

pillar pests (56).

The dried fruit is used for the

purpose of destroying vermin and

stupefying fish (16). Pammel

(17) also records it as a fish

poison.

The smoke of the plant is com-

monly used in the Punjab as a

disinfectant-fumigant, and is be-

lieved to keep off mosquitoes.

| According to Watt (21), the

powdered root, mixed with must-

ard oil, is applied to the hair to

destroy vermin.

Pammel (17) records the plant

jas a fish poison.

124,

Picrasma javanica Blume,

A moderate-sized tree found

var. nepalensis (Benn.) | Assam and Nepal.

Badhwar ov.

comb.

(Syn. P.nepalensis Benn.)

125. Pieris oyalifolia D. Don

126; Pithecellobium bigeminum

Mart. (Syn. Pithecolo-

bium bigeminum)

Benth.)

127. Pogostemon heyneanus

Benth, (Syn. P. pat-

chouli Hook f. in Fl.

Brit. Ind., zon Pellet.)

128. Polygonum flaccidum

Meissn.

129.. Polygonum hydropiper

_Linn.

A small deciduous tree found in the

outer Himalayas from the Indus

eastwards, usually from 3,000 to

8,000 ft.; common east of the Ravi

and in the Khasia Hills between 3,000

to 5,000 ft.

A middle-sized unarmed tree found

in the Eastern Himalayas, Khasia and

Jaintia Hills, Konkan, North and

South Kanara, the Western Ghats of

Madras Presidency from Mysore to

| Anamalais and Travancore, ascending

| to an altitude of 3,000 ft.

A strongly aromatic herb found in

Western Ghats from South Kanara

southwards, in open forest land ; often

cultivated and then run wild. Also

about Kotagiri in the Nilgiris at

6,000° ft. Sometimes cultivated in

gardéns in the+ Bombay and Bengal

Presidencies.

Common ‘thfoughout India in wet

places,.ascending.the Himalayas to

4,000 ft., and extending to Ceylon.

A rather robust annual found in

damp places more or less throughout

India up to 7,000 ft. in the Himalayas.

A toxic substance, androme- |

dotoxin (88).

The bark contains 0°8 per

cent of an alkaloid, which acts

as a fatal poison to fish in a}

dilution of 1: 400,000 (89) ; it

also contains a saponin (90).

The leaves contain two acids |

but no alkaloids, glucosides or

tannins (91).

Essential oil.

The herb contains formic

acid, acetic acid and baldrianic

acid, much tannin and small

amounts of an essential oil (92).

| _ We are informed that the pow-

dered young leaves and the twigs

of this plant are used as a larvicide

}in Assam,

The young leaves are believed

by people in Jammu to have in-

secticidal properties.

The plant is poisonous to fish.

The dried leaves are extensively

employed for scenting linen and

other clothes and to keep off in-

sects from shawls, etc.

It is locally, used in Assam as a

vermicideand.asa fish poison. The

greenish mucilaginous-juice of the

plant kills off mosquito larvae in

15 minutes, but it is not lethal in

dilutions (124).

It is stated that insects avoid

this plant ; when dried and strewn

among clothes it prevents the

attacks of moths. The authors

VIGNI JO SLNVId TVGIQIOSId ANY TWOIDILIASNI

688

888

‘LSIH TVUALYN APANO “TYNUNO!

‘ALIIOOS.

198A

IITX

117. Nicotiana tabacum Linn.

118.. Nigella sativa Linn.

119. Ocimum gratissimum Linn.

An erect herb cultivated throughout

India; sometimes met with as an

escape.

‘A pretty herb extensively cultivated

in many parts of India for its seeds.

Cultivated in gardens throughout

Bengal, East Nepal and the Deccan

Peninsula; said to be a common wild

plant in Western India.

Leaves, stems and _ roots

contain volatile alkaloid, nico-

tine. Leaves also contain

several other alkaloids (86), and

two glucosides (87).

Seeds stated to contain 0°5 to

1:4 per cent of an essential oil}

and a saponin-like glucoside,

melanthin.

Essential oil, thymol, euge-

nol, methyl chavicol (18).

Preparations from the leaves

and crude solutions of nicotine

are extensively employed as

insecticides in horticulture by

dusting or spraying or by vapori-

zation. Similar preparations are

sometimes used for external appli-

cation and as parasiticides in

veterinary practice. Tobacco

leaves are also used to ward off

leeches, for which purpose they

are placed under the stockings

during marches in damp forest

localities that are infested with

these pests.

It appears to be a common

practice in India to scatter the

seeds between the folds of linen or

woollen clothes to prevent them

from being eaten by insects.

The shrubby basil is popularly

believed to be a good mosquito

repellent and its plantation has

been suggested as a measure of

‘biological controlof mosquitoes ;

‘it diffuses a stronger fragrance

‘than any other member of the

genus Ocimum. In this connec-

tion it may be remarked that O.

sanctum Linn, is also believed to

have similar properties.

VIGNI JO SINVTd TVCGIDIOSId GNV ‘IVGIDILOASNI

L383

NAME OF PLANT

113. Mandutlea sericea (Willd.)

Greenway (Syn. M.

suberosa Benth.)—

(continued. )

114. Myrica nagi Thunb,

115. Nicandra_ physaloides

Gaertn.

116. Nicotiana rustica Linn.

DISTRIBUTION

A small evergreen dioecious tree

found in the outer Himalayas from

the Ravi eastwards at altitudes of

3,000 to 6,000 ft.; also in the Khasia

Hills and Sylhet.

An erect annual herb introduced

from Peru, but now found as a weed

on rich soils in many parts of India up

to 7,000 ft. on the Himalayas; often

grown in gardens.

An erect herb cultivated in Western

Punjab, Baluchistan, Bengal and other

places in India, but sparingly as com-

pared with V.. tabacum.

_—

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

According to Hooper, 100

parts of the ‘ kino’ produced by

the bark contain about 60 to 80

parts of tannin (20).

see WV. tabacum.

driving them away from the river.

He also states that the people of

Tanganyika sometimes tie the

strips of bark round the legs of

ithe cattle, when they are taken to

the river to water, in order to

'protect them from these reptiles.

It is very likely that the root is

also poisonous to fish.

The bark is stated to be almost

as toxic to various insects as the

roots of Derris elliplica, in spite

of the low content of rotenone

(84).

According to Gamble (85), the

bark is used in the Khasia Hills to

poison fishes.

In Madagascar, a decoction of

the leaf is stated to be used to

destroy Pediculus capitis (16). It

is also stated to be used as a fly

poison in parts of the United

States of America (17). |

| Properties similar to

tabacum.

‘ALHIOOS “LSIH TVHYNLVN AVAWO “TYNUNO!L 988

ITTX

———

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

ConsTITUENTS REMARKS

113. Mandulea sericea (Willd

suberosa

(continued. )

114. Myrica nagi Thunb,

115. Nicandra_ physaloides

Gaertn.

116. Nicotiana rustica Linn.

= ——

117. Nicotiana tabacum Linn.

118,. Nigella sativa Linn.

119. Ocimum gratissimum Linn.

np REIN oa le ee th eS

Greenway (Syn. M.

Benth.)—

found in the outer Himalayas from

the Ravi eastwards at altitudes of

3,000 to 6,000 ft.; also in the Khasia

Hills and Sylhet.

An erect annual herb introduced

| from Peru, but now found as a weed

on rich soils in many parts of India up

|to 7,000 ft. on the Himalayas; often

| grown in gardens.

An erect herb cultivated in Western

Punjab, Baluchistan, Bengal and other

places in India, but sparingly as com-

pared with WV. tabacum.

An erect herb cultivated throughout

India; sometimes met with as an

escape.

A pretty herb extensively cultivated

in many parts of India for its seeds.

Cultivated in gardens throughout

Bengal, East Nepal and the Deccan

Peninsula; said to be a common wild

plant in Western India.

A small evergreen dioecious tree}

\yewears

| driving them away from the river.

He also states that the people of

Tanganyika sometimes tie the

|strips of bark round the legs of

| the cattle, when they are taken to

the river to water, in order to

| Protect them from these reptiles,

It is very likely that the root is

also poisonous to fish.

The bark is stated to be almost

as toxic to various insects as the

|roots of Derris elliplica, in spite

a low content of rotenone

According to Hooper, 100

parts of the ‘ kino’ produced by

the bark contain about 60 to 80

parts of tannin (20).

According to Gamble (85), the

bark is used in the Khasia Hills to

poison fishes.

In Madagascar, a decoction of

the leaf is stated to be used to

destroy Pediculus capitis (16). It

is also stated to be used as a fly

|poison in parts of the United

States of America (17).

See AV. tabacum. Properties

tabacum.

similar to WN.

Preparations from the leaves

and crude solutions of nicotine

are extensively employed as

insecticides in horticulture by

dusting or spraying or by vapori-

zation. Similar preparations are

sometimes used for external appli-

cation and as parasiticides in

veterinary practice. Tobacco

leaves are also used to ward off

leeches, for which purpose they

are placed under the stockings

during marches in damp forest

localities that are infested with

these pests.

Leaves, stems and_ roots

contain volatile alkaloid, nico-

tine. Leaves also contain

several other alkaloids (86), and

two glucosides (87).

It appears to be a common

practice in India to scatter the

seeds between the folds of linen or

woollen clothes to prevent them

from being eaten by insects.

Seeds stated to contain 0°5 to

1-4 per cent of an essential oil

jand a saponin-like glucoside,

| melanthin.

Essential oil, thymol, euge-| The shrubby basil is popularly

nol, methyl chavicol (18). | believed to be a good mosquito

|repellent and its plantation has

been suggested as a measure of

| biological controlof mosquitoes ,

lit diffuses a stronger fragramce

(eee any other member of the

genus Ocimum. In this connec-

tion it may be remarked that O.

sanctum Linn, is also believed to

have similar properties.

988

“LSIH TVWNYOLYN AVANOd “TYNYNOL

‘ALFIIOS

190A

IITX

VIGNI JO SLNVId TIVGIDIOSId ANY T¥CIOILOASNI

188

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

Melodinus

Roxb.

monogynus

Millettia auriculata Baker

ex Brand.

Millettia pachycarpa

Benth.

Millettia piscidia Wight &

Arn.

Mundulea sericea ( Willd.)

Greenway (Syn.

suberosa Benth.)

A tall climber found in the Sikkim

Himalayas, Assam,’ Sylhet and the

Khasia Hills, ascending to an altitude

-| of 4,000 ft.

A large robust woody climber, com-

mon in theouter Himalayas from Sutlej

eastwards to Sikkim up to 3,500 ft.

| Abundant in the forest tracts of Dehra

Dun, the Siwalik range, Rohilkhand,

| North Ouch, Gorakhpur, and Bundel-

khand; also in Bihar, Orissa and

Benga], and in the forests of Ganjam

and Vizagapatam up to 4,000 ft.

A large climber found in the forests

of Garo and Khasia Hills, Sikkim and

Assam up to an altitude of 4,000 ft.

Found in Sikkim and Assam,

A stout shrub or small tree found in

| Western and Southern India in Kon-

kan, the Circars, the Deccan asts

Carnatic to Tinnevelly, in dry forend

| on rocky hills and up to 4,000 ft. above

sea level.

The plant contains a large

amount of saponin and possibly

also considerable quantities of

rotenone.

According to Pammel (17),

the bark and the root contain a

very toxic glucoside but we have

not been able to verify this.

The bark is reported to contain

only 0°8 to 0°9 per cent of rote-

none. me

Roxburgh, while steeping some

of the young shoots in a fish pond

in order to accelerate the removal

of the bark and to clean the fibre,

found that many it not all the fish

were killed, hence his name Verz-

um piscidium for the plant.

The powdered root applied to

sores in cattle to kill vermin; also

used to poison fishes (21).

Known as ‘ fish poisoning vine ’

in China, the root being common-

ly used for this purpose.

Mixtures of this plant with soap

or tea oil serve not only as a good

insécticide but also as contact and

stomach poisons, the efficiency

for the latter purposes being not

‘inferior to that of derris (82).

As the name suggests, it is very

likely to be poisonous to fish.

The seeds are used for poison-

ing fish in Southern and Western

India; the bark also possesses

piscicidal properties. According

to Greenway (83), the plant is

stated to be poisonous to croco-

diles and to have the effect of

RR TE PE TT SIS 2 ‘

VIGNI AO SLNVTd TVCIOIOSId ANV IVCIOILOYUSNI

$38

NAME OF PLANT

104. Linostoma decandrum

Wall.

105. Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.)

Macbride (Syn. Bas-

sia latifolia Roxb.)

106. Madhuca longifolia (Linn.)

Macbride (Syn. Bas-

sia longifolia Linn.)

107. Maesa indica Wall.

108. Melaleuca leucadendron

Linn.

DISTRIBUTION

An erect evergreen shrub found in

Sylhet and Chittagong.

A large deciduous tree found in

Oudh, Bihar, Central Provinces,

Central India, Gujerat, Konkan, North

Kanara, Southern Mahratta Country

and the Deccan. Largely planted else-

where and liable to run wild.

A large tree found in the forests of

Western India from Konkan south-

wards to Travancore; common in

Malabar, Mysore, Anamalais and the

Circars at low elevations.

A large shrub found throughout

India up to an altitude of 6,000 ft. ;

common in the North-East Hima-

layas, Eastern Bengal, Darjeeling

district, Manipur, Kanara and along

the Ghats.

An evergreen tree found in Tenas-

serim, Mergui, Malacca, MalayIslands

and Australia. Var. Jleucadendron

Duthie is cultivated in India.

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

The seeds contain a neutral

saponin (80). Leaves contain

a glucosidic saponin and traces

of an alkaloid (81).

After extraction of the oil|

from seeds, a sapo-glucoside

called mowrin is obtained from

the residue.

Essential oil, known as caju-

put oil, distilled from the leaves

and twigs.

poisons are made from the puiped

| ee ee

| Accordir g to Rodger (79), fish

| this

up fruits and stems of

plant. ;

The smoke produced during the

burning of the oil cake is reported

to kill:insects. The oil cake used

as a worm killer for lawns—4 oz.

-per sq. yd. (50). The residual

‘cake, ‘mowrah meal’, after the

extraction of the oil from the seeds

is said to be used to poison

fish,

The residual cake ‘ mowrah

meal’ after the extraction of the oil

from the seeds, is used as a worm

killer for lawns as in the case of

MM. latifolia (50). It is also said

to be used to poison fish.

Leaves used as a fish poison

in Kanara (21).

Cajuput oil is an excellent mos-

quito repellent: and. has the ad-

vantage over: oil of ‘citronella in

that it volatilizes more slowly.

P88

IITX ‘1°94 ‘ALFIIOS “LSIH TWHNLVN AVENOT “T¥YNNNOL

NAME OF PLANT

| DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS | REMARKS

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

Linostoma

Wall.

Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.)

Macbride (Syn. Bas-

sia latifolia Roxb.)

Madhuca longifolia (Linn.)

Macbride (Syn. Bas-

sia longifolia Linn.)

Maesa indica Wall.

Melaleuca —_leucadendron

Linn.

decandrum

An erect evergreen shrub found in

Sylhet and Chittagong.

| A large deciduous tree found in

Oudh, Bihar, Central Provinces,

Central India, Gujerat, Konkan, North

Kanara, Southern Mahratta Country

and the Deccan. Largely planted else-

| where and liable to run wild.

A large tree found in the forests of

Western India from Konkan south-

wards to Travancore; common in

Malabar, Mysore, Anamalais and the

| Circars at low elevations.

A large shrub feund throughout

India up to an altitude of 6,000 ft. ;

|common in the North-East Hima-

layas, Eastern Bengal, Darjeeling

district, Manipur, Kanara and along

| the Ghats.

An evergreen tree found in Tenas-

Melodinus

Roxb.

monogyous

Millettia auriculata Baker

ex Brand.

Millettia pachycarpa

Benth.

Millettia piscidia Wight &

Arn.

Mundutea séricea ( Willd.)

Greenway (Syn. M.

suberosa Benth.)

| Dun, the Siwalik range, Rohilkhand,

| Bengal, and in the forests of Ganjam

|kan, the Circars, the Deccan asts

serim, Mergui, Malacca, MalayIslands

and Australia. Var. Jeucadendron

Duthie is cultivated in India.

A tall climber found in the Sikkim

Himalayas, Assam, Sylhet and the

Khasia Hills, ascending to an altitude

of 4,000 ft.

A large robust woody climber, com~-

mon in theouter Himalayas from Sutlej

eastwards to Sikkim up to 3,500 ft.

Abundant in the forest tracts of Dehra

North Ouch, Gorakhpur, and Bundel-

khand; also in Bihar, Orissa and

and Vizagapatam up to 4,000 ft.

A large climber found in the forests

of Garo and Khasia Hills, Sikkim and

Assam up to an altitude of 4,000 ft.

Found in Sikkim and Assam.

A stout shrub or small tree found in

Western and Southern India in Kon-

Carnatic to Tinnevelly, in dry forend

on rocky hills and up to 4,000 ft. above

sea level.

Accordirg to Rodger (79), fish

poisons are made from the pulped

| |up fruits and stems of this

plant.

The seeds contain a neutral) ‘The smoke produced during the

saponin (80). Leaves contain) burning of the oil cake is reported

a glucosidic saponin and traces) to killinsects. The oil cake used

of an alkaloid (81). as a worm killer for lawns—4 oz.

per sq. yd. (50). The residual

cake, ‘mowrah meal’, after the

extraction of the oil from the seeds

{is said to be used to poison

fish,

After extraction of the oil The residual cake ‘ mowrah

from seeds, a sapo-glucoside| meal’ after the extraction of the oil

called mowrin is obtained from| from the seeds, is used as a worm

the residue, killer for lawns as in the case of

| A. latifolia (50). It is also said

| to be used to poison fish.

cette Leaves used as a fish poison

)in Kanara (21).

Essential oil, known as caju- Cajuput oil is an excellent mos-

put oil, distilled from the leaves | quito repellent: and, has the ad-

and twigs, vantage over: oil of citronella in

that it volatilizes more slowly.

| Roxburgh, while steeping some

| of the young shoots in a fish pond

| in order to accelerate the removal

of the bark and to clean the fibre,

found that many it not all the fish

were killed, hence his name NVer7-

um piscidium for the plant.

The powdered root applied to

| sores in cattle to kill vermin; also

used to poison fishes (21).

Known as ‘ fish poisoning vine’

in China, the root being common-

ly used for this purpose.

Mixtures of this plant with soap

| or tea oil serve not only as a good

| insecticide but also as contact and

|stomach poisons, the efficiency

|for the latter purposes being not

| inferior to that of derris (82).

As the name suggests, it is very

likely to be poisonous to fish.

The seeds are used for poison-

the bark and the root contain a| ing fish in Southern and Western

very toxic glucoside but we have | India ; the bark also possesses

not been able to verify this.| piscicidal properties. According

The bark is reported to contain|to Greenway (83), the plant is

only 0°8 to 0:9 per cent of rote- stated to be poisonous to croco-

none. diles and to have the effect of

The plant contains a large

amount of saponin and possibly

also considerable quantities of}

rotenone. |

According to Pammel (17), |

ae eae eee a Cee a eee ee NSN ee

AVIWOT “TYNYAO!l — P88

“LSIH TVHOLVN

‘ALAIIOS

‘10a

IITX

VIGNI JO SLNVId TVCIDIOSId GNV THCIIILIASNI

$38

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

Juglans regia Linn.

Kalanchoe spathulata

(Poir.) DC.

Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz.

[Many authors view

this species as synony-

mous with L. ovata

(ings): 2 Hew --4 of

Ceylon].

Lasiosiphon eriocephalus:

Decne.

Lepidium draba Linn.

also found in a semi-wild condition in

the vicinity of villages.

The walnut tree is found in the

temperate Himalayas and Western

Tibet at altitudes of 3,000 to 10,C00 ft.,

both wild and under cultivation. It is

cultivated in the inner valleys of

Kagan, Kashmir, Chamba, Kulu and

Bushahr.

‘

A succulent perennial found in the

tropical and subtropical Himalayas

from Kashmir to Bhutan generally

between 1,060 to 4,000 ft. ; near Simla

/ascends to 6,000 ft.

A herb found in marshes and along

watercourses, often growing gregari-

ously in Konkan, Southern Mahratta

Country, North Kanara, Mysore,

Coorg, and throughout the West Coast

and Ghats of the Madras Presidency

up to 4,000 ft.

A shrub found in the open forests of

the Western Ghats of the Bombay and.

Madras Presidencies, ascerding to an

altitude of 7,000 ft. in the Nilgiris.

A weed of cultivation in the Punjab.

contain a toxalbumin known as

curcin (78), which is a blood

poison.

The plant contains essential

oil, tannins and a_hydroxy-

napthaquinone derivative (20,

76).

Acrid juice.

| The seeds yield an essential

oil, containing sulphur com-

_pounds. The young leaves

yield hydrocyanic acid (20).

According to Kanjilal (77), the

rind of the unripe walnut fruit is

used in Jaunsar and Tehri Garh-

wal to intoxicate fish. The authors

have never heard of this very well-

known plant being put to such use

in other parts of the North-West

Himalayas.

The leaves are stated to be

poisonous to insects.

Plant said to have insecticidal

properties (16).

The bark and the leaves are

frequently used for poisoning

fish.

The plant is stated to be a fish

poison (17).

SSS sen)

SINVId TVdIDIOSId GNV ‘TVGCIOILOASNI

VIGNI 4O

€88

97.

98.

NAME OF PLANT

Hydnocarpus kurzii (King)

Warb. (Syn. Tarak-

tongenos kurzii King)

Hydnocarpus laurifolia

(Dennst.) Sleumer

(Syn. H. wightiana

Blume)

Hydroeotyle javanica

Thunb.

Jatropha curcas Linn.

DISTRIBUTION

A tree common in the evergreen |

forests of Upper Assam and Chitta-

gong.

“A tree common

Peninsula ; endemic in tropical forests

along the Western Ghats from the

‘Konkan southwards and below the

Ghats in Kanara and Malabar, in damp

situations especially near water. In

Travancore it is Common up to an

‘altitude of 2,000 ft.

A creeping herb with erect flexuose

branches, found from Kashmir to

| Bhutan at altitudes of 2,000 to8,900 ft ;

in the Khasia mountains between

(2 ,000 to 6,000 ft.; and in the moun-

‘tains of the Western Ghats and the

_Nilgiris and Pulneys, in shady places.

A shrub or small tree which is a

native of America , grown in various

parts of India as a field barrier. It is

in the Western |

CONSTITUENTS

ee SSS SS SR

REMARKS

| Fresh seeds contain hydrocya-

nic acid, the yield being about

0°036 per cent of the kernels.

They also contain a fatty oil to

the extent of about 38 per cent

(of the entire seeds; this oil

/consists of the glycerides of

chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic

acid and their lower homologues

together with some _ palmitic

acid (73). Other acids, such as

-taraktogenic acid, zsogadoleic

acid and probably arachidic

acid, are also present (74).

cent of an oil (21), which con-

sists of the glyceryl esters of

chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic

acid and some of their lower

homologues. They have not

been found to contain any

cyanogenetic compounds (75)

Seeds contain 20 to 40 per

cent of a fixed oil which is a

drastic purgative. They also

Seeds contain about 44 per

The hill tribes in Sikkim use the

pulp of the fruit to poison fish.

Fruit reported as poisonous to

fishes.

Referred to as a fish poison by

Pammel (17), but no such use is

reported in India.

According to Pammel (17),

plant is poisonous to fishes.

G88

190A ‘ALHIOOS (LSIH TWHNLVN AVEAWO “TYNYNOT

ITTX

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

95. Hydnocarpus kurzii (King)

Warb. (Syn. Tarak-

tongenos kurzii King)

96. Hydnocarpus laurifolia

(Dennst.) Sleumer

(Syn. H. wightiana

Blume)

Hydroeotyle javanica!

Thunb. |

97.

Jatropha curcas Linn. |

98.

. ae

Juglans regia Linn.

100. Kalanchoe spathulata

(Poir.) DC,

101. Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz. |

[Many authors view

this species as synony-

mous with L. ovata

(Linn.) Thw. of

Ceylon].

102. Lasiosiphon eriocephalus

Decne.

103. Lepidium draba Linn.

|tropical and subtropical Himalayas

A tree common in the evergreen Fresh seeds contain hydrocya-

forests of Upper Assam and Chitta-| nic acid, the yield being about

gong, 0:036 per cent of the kernels.

They also contain a fatty oil to

the extent of about 38 per cent

of the entire seeds; this oil

consists of the glycerides of

chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic

acid and their lower homologues

together with some palmitic

| acid (73). Other acids, such as

taraktogenic acid, isogadoleic

acid and probably arachidic

acid, are also present (74).

A tree common jn the Western Seeds contain about 44 per

Peninsula ; endemic in tropical forests| cent of an oil (21), which con-

along the Western Ghats from the} sists of the glyceryl esters of

Konkan southwards and below the| chaulmoogric acid, hydnocarpic

| Ghats in Kanara and Malabar, in damp

situations especially near water. In

Travancore it is common up to an

altitude of 2,000 ft.

A creeping herb with erect flexuose

branches, found from Kashmir to}

Bhutan at altitudes of 2,000 to8,900 ft ;|

in the Khasia mountains between

2,000 to 6,000 ft.; and in the moun-|

tains of the Western Ghats and the

Nilgiris and Pulneys, in shady places.

A shrub or small tree which is a

native of America , grown in various

parts of India as a field barrier.

| homologues.

| been found to contain any

cyanogenetic compounds (75).

Seeds contain 20 to 40 per

cent of a fixed oil which is a)

It is| drastic purgative. ‘They also}

contain a toxalbumin known as|

curcin (78), which is a blood)

poison.

also found in a semi-wild condition in

the vicinity of villages. |

The walnut tree is found in the

temperate Himalayas and Western|

Tibet at altitudes of 3,000 to 10,000 ft., |

both wild and under cultivation. Itis

cultivated in the inner valleys of

Kagan, Kashmir, Chamba, Kulu and

Bushahr.

The plant contains essential

oil, tannins and a hydroxy-

napthaquinone derivative (20,

76).

A succulent perennial found inthe) 4 4 4 22 waa

from Kashmir to Bhutan generally

between 1,000 to 4,000 ft. ; near Simla

ascends to 6,000 ft.

A herb found in marshes and along

watercourses, often growing gregari-

ously in Konkan, Southern Mahratta

Country, North Kanara, Mysore,

Coorg, and throughout the West Coast

and Ghats of the Madras Presidency

up to 4,000 ft.

Acrid juice.

A shrub found in the open forests of

the Western Ghats of the Bombay and.

Madras Presidencies, ascerding to an

altitude of 7,000 ft. in the Nilgiris.

A weed of cultiyation in the Punjab.| ‘The seeds yield an essential

oil, containing sulphur com-

pounds. The young _ leaves

yield hydrocyanic acid (20).

acid and some of their lower)

They have not}

The hill tribes in Sikkim use the

| pulp of the fruit to poison fish.

| _ Fruit reported as poisonous to

| fishes,

Referred to as a fish poison by

| Pammel (17), but no such use is

reported in India.

According to Pammel (17), the

plant is poisonous to fishes.

According to Kanjilal (77), the

\rind of the unripe walnut fruit is

| used in Jaunsar and Tehri Garh-

wal to intoxicate fish. The authors

have never heard of this very well-

| known plant being put to such use

in other parts of the North-West

Himalayas.

The leaves are stated to be

poisonous to insects.

Plant said to have insecticidal

properties (16).

The bark and the leaves are

frequently used for poisoning

fish.

The plant is stated to be a fish

poison (17).

Avawod ‘TWNYNOL

ISTH TWYOLVN

TIOS

‘AL

‘LOA

IITX

VIGNI JO SINVId TVGIOIOSId GNV TVCIOILIASNI

£88,

90.

91.

92.

93.

94,

Gnetum scandens Roxb.

Gynandropsis gynandra

(Linn.) Merr. (Syn.

G. pentaphylla DC.)

Gynocardia odorata R. Br.

Harpullia cupanioides

Roxb.

Hedera helix Linn.

-A lofty dioecious climber found in

the tropical Eastern Himalayas from

Sikkim eastwards to Assam and the

Khasia Hills, and through Chittagong,

Chota Nagpur and Bihar to the Anda-

mans. In Western India it extends

from Konkan southwards to the Ghats

of both sides of the Madras Presidency

at altitudes of 500 to 5,000 ft.

Strong-smelling somewhat foetid

herb, abundant throughout the warmer

parts of India.

A glabrous tree common in the

evergreen forests of Sikkim and

Assam, extending eastwards across

Chittagong as far as Tenasserim.

A small tree found in the hill tracts

near Chittagong.

An evergreen climbing shrub found

_in the Himalayas from 6,000 to 10,000

'ft., and in the Khasia Hills at 4,000 to

6,000 ft.

An acrid volatile oil (26).

The seeds freed from the shell

yield about 65 per cent of a

fatty oil known as gynocardia

oil, which does not contain

_chaulmoogric acid or its homo-

logues. but consists of glycerides

| of linolic, palmitic, linolenic,

_zsolinolenic and oleic acids.

They also contain a cyano-

genetic glucoside, gynocardin—

5 per cent of shell-free seeds

(68, 69).

Saponins (20).

Nearly all parts of the plant

contain the glucoside < -hederin

and probably other glucosides

(70, 71). Leaves also contain a

saponin which is closely related

_to &-hederin (72).

According to Pammel (17), the

plant is used as a fish poison.

The seeds, rubbed with oil, are

used to destroy head lice.

The seed pulp is employed in

Sikkim to poison fish.

Pammel (17) records it as a fish

poison,

A decoction of the leaves said to

be applied externally in some

places to destroy vermin in the

heads of children (21).

—_-————————————

VIGNI JO SINVId TVGIDIDSId GNV TVCIOILOASNI

188

NAME OF PLANT

85. Fluggea leucopyrus

(Koen.) Willd.

86, Fluggea virosa (Roxb. ex

Willd.) Baill. (Syn. F.

microcarpa Blume)

87. Gardenia campanulata

Roxb.

88. Gaultheria fragrantissima

Wall.

89. Gloriosa superba Linn.

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

A large rigid bushy shrub found in|

the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Kheri

(North Oudh), ard Gorakhpur, outer

ranges of the Kumaon Himalayas up

to 5,000 ft., in the Puniab plains,

Sind, and throughout Bombay and

Madras Presidencies usually in open

places.

A large unarmed shrub or small

tree found throughout India, from the

Indus and Kashmir eastwards to

Assam in the Himalayas up to an

altitude of 5,000 ft., and in the rest of

India in deciduous forests.

A shrub found at the foot of the

Sikkim Himalayas, Assam, Sylhet,

Chittagong and at the summit of

Parasnath in Bihar.

A stout herb met with from Nepal

to Bhutan at 6,000 to 8,000 ft.; also

on the Khasia Hills, Western Ghats,

the Nilgiris, the Pulneys and hills of

Travancore at altitudes over 5,000.

ft.

A tall herbaceous climber found

throughout tropical India up to 7,000

ft. on the hills; common in Mysore

State.

The bark contains about 10

per cent of tannins (26).

The bark contains about 8.9

per cent of tannins (26).

Saponin (324).

Essential oil in leaves and

other parts of the plant (18, 65).

Rootstock contains a_ toxic

‘bitter principle, alkaloid col-

chicine, and two other bases

(66, 67).

The bark is stated to be used as

a fish poison.

The bark is stated to be used as

a fish poison.

The fruit is used as a fish

poison,.and the fruit juice is an

efficient larvicide in dilutions up to

1 in 80 (124).

Essential oil a constituent of

several insecticidal and _ insect-

repellent preparations.

Juice of the leaves used in

Guiana to destroy lice in the hair

(16).

088

HTX 1°A ‘ALIIOOS “LSIH TVHALVN AVENWOd “TYNNAO!

NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS REMARKS

85. Fluggea leucopyrus

A large rigid bushy shrub found in

(Koen.) Willd.

the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Kheri

| (North Oudh), ard Gorakhpur, outer

ranges of the Kumaon Himalayas up

to 5,000 ft., in the Puniab plains,

Sind, and throughout Bombay and

Madras Presidencies usually in open

places.

86. A large unarmed shrub or small

tree found throughout India, from the

Indus and Kashmir eastwards to)

Assam in the Himalayas up to an

altitude of 5,000 ft., and in the rest of

India in deciduous forests. |

Fluggea virosa (Roxb. ex

Willd.) Baill. (Syn. F.

microcarpa Blume)

87. Gardenia campanulata| A shrub found at the foot of the)

Roxb. Sikkim Himalayas, Assam, Sylhet,

|Chittagong and at the summit of

Parasnath in Bihar.

88. Gaultheria fragrantissima A stout herb met with from Nepal}

Wall. to Bhutan at 6,000 to 8,000 ft.; also}

on the Khasia Hills, Western Ghats, |

the Nilgiris, the Pulneys and hills of|

Travancore at altitudes over 5,000

ft.

89, Gloriosa superba Linn. A tall herbaceous climber found

throughout tropical India up to 7,000

ft. on the hills; common in Mysore

State.

90. Gnetum scandens Roxb. | A lofty dioecious climber found in

|the tropical Eastern Himalayas from

Sikkim eastwards to Assam and the

Khasia Hills, and through Chittagong,

Chota Nagpur and Bihar to the Anda-

mans. In Western India it extends

from Konkan southwards to the Ghats

of both sides of the Madras Presidency

at altitudes of 500 to 5,000 ft.

91. Gynandropsis gynandra

(Linn.) Merr. (Syn. |

G. pentaphylla DC.)

Strong-smelling somewhat foetid

herb, abundant throughout the warmer

parts of India.

92.

Gynocardia odorata R, Br.| A glabrous tree common in the

}evergreen forests of Sikkim and

| Assam, extending eastwards across

Chittagong as far as Tenasserim.

93. Harpulliacupanioides

A small tree found in the hill tracts

Roxb,

near Chittagong.

94, Hedera helix Linn,

An evergreen climbing shrub found

in the Himalayas from 6,000 to 10,000

ft., and in the Khasia Hills at 4,000 to

6,000 ft.

The bark is stated to be used as

a fish poison

The bark contains about 10

per cent of tannins (26).

The bark is stated to be used as

| a fish poison.

The bark contains about 8.9)

per cent of tannins (26). |

The fruit is used as a fish

poison, and the fruit juice is an

Saponin (124). |

| efficient larvicide in dilutions up to

lin 80 (124).

Essential oil in leaves and| Essent‘al oil a constituent of

other parts of the plant (18, 65).| several insecticidal and insect-

| repellent preparations.

Rootstock contains a toxic) Juice of the leaves used in

bitter principle, alkaloid col-| Guiana to destroy lice in the hair

chicine, and two other bases | (16).

‘ISTH TYYALVN AVIWOT “TYNYAOL

(66, 67). |

An acrid volatile oil (26).

The seeds freed from the shell

yield about 65 per cent of a

fatty oil known as gynocardia

oil, which does not contain

chaulmoogric acid or its homo-

logues but consists of glycerides

of linolic, palmitic, linolenic,

isolinolenic and oleic acids.

They also contain a cyano-

genetic glucoside, gynocardin—

5 per cent of shell-free seeds

(68, 69).

Saponins (20).

Nearly all parts of the plant

contain the glucoside -hederin

and probably other glucosides

(70, 71). Leaves also contain a

saponin which is closely related

to -hederin (72).

According to Pammel (17), the

| plant is used as a fish poison.

The seeds, rubbed with oil, are

used to destroy head lice.

| The seed pulp is employed in

Sikkim to poison fish.

Pammel (17) records it as a fish

poison.

A decoction of the leaves said to

be applied externally in some

places to destroy vermin in the

heads of children (21).

a ee eee

Oss

‘ALAIIOS

10A

IITX

: —

VIGNI JO SLNVId TVGIDIOSId GN¥ TVGIDILOASNI.

188

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

a ee

Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.

Euphorbia royleana Boiss.

Euphorbia

Linn.

Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.

Excoecaria agallocha Linn.

thymifolia.

ous leaves. Found in dry places

throughout the hotter parts of India up

to 2,000 ft. Occasionally cultivated

as a hedge plant in villages.

A large fleshy shrub or small tree

occasionally planted in villages as a

hedge plant throughout Irdia and is

sometimes found to run wild on waste-

land. In Orissa and in the Deccan it

is said to occur in a state of nature in

rocky places.

A glabrous fleshy shrub or small

tree common on the dry and hot rocky

slopes of the outer ranges of the

Western Himalayas from the Indus to

Kumaon, ascending to an altitude of

6,000 ft. ; also on the Salt Range inthe

Punjab. It is commonly grown in

hedges in the Sub-Himalayan tract

and the adjacent plains.

A small prostrate annual found

throughout the greater part of India,

up to 4,000 ft. on the Himalayas.

An unarmed shrub or small tree

which is a native of Africa and has

become naturalized in several places |

in India, It is often grown as a hedge

or occasionally as a roadside tree.

A small evergreen tree found in

tidal forests and swamps on all the

coasts of India.

Essential oil.

The milky juice contains

about 20 per cent of resins (20).

Bevcee

Juice also used by the Mundas

of Chota Nagpur to stupefy and

catch fish (16),

According to Pammel (17), the

plant is a fish poison.

Paminel (17) records the plant

as a fish poison.

Essential oil used in sprays to

keep off flies and mosquitoes from

inhabited rooms (64),

Used as a fish poison in the

Southern Mahratta Country.

Pammel (17) records the plant

as a fish poison.

VIGNI JO SINVTd TVCIOIOSId AGNV TVCIOILOASNI

648

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

“REMARKS

74,

75.

76.

78.

79.

Entada pursaetha

(Syn. E. scandens

Benth.)— (continued)

Eremostachys superba

Royle ex Benth.

Eremostachys vicaryi

Benth.

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Eupatorium odoratum Linn.

Euphorbia antiquorum

Linn.

DC. |

especially in damp forests situated at

higher altitudes; also in the forests

along the Ghats of the Bombay Presi-

dency. In the Madras Presidency it

is found in the hill forests of the

Northern Circars, the Deccan and

on the Western Ghats from South

Kanara to Travancore in evergreen

forests.

An erect herb which has been re-

ported from Garhwal in the Western

Himalayas and from Peshawar in the

North-West Frontier Province. |

An erect herb common on the Salt

Range, ascending up to 2,500 ft.: it is

also met with in and near Peshawar

and in Baluchistan.

A gigantic tree of Australia and

Tasmania. Introduction into India; a

complete success in the Nilgiris. Does

not thrive in the plains nor on the

outer Himalayan ranges.

An obnoxious weed introduced from

the West Indies; covers extensive

areas in Bengal and Assam.

A fleshy much-branched large

shrub or small tree with a few decidu- |

The bark and the wood con- |

tain toxic saponins but these are

absent in the ieaves (63).

@erveos

Ce ey

Essential oil,

Acrid milky juice.

‘the juice of the leaves is employ-

'ed in Ceylon for stupefying fish’.

Pammel (17) records the plant

as poisonous to fish.

The plant is employed as a fish

poison in the Eusafzai country

near Peshawar (2)).

Eucalyptus oil obtained from

the leaves is largely used as a

mosquito and vermin repellent and

is an important constituent of

many insecticidal and_ insect-

repellent preparations.

Recorded as poisonous to fishes.

Milky juice used to kill maggots

in wounds.

8248

WTX. 1°A ‘ALZIOOS./LSIH IVYOLVN AVENOE: THNYAO!

NAME OF PLANT DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS “REMARKS

74. Entada pursaetha DC. especially in damp forests situated at

The bark and the wood con-

(Syn. E£. scandens} higher altitudes; also in the forests

‘ the juice of the leaves is employ-

tain toxic saponins but these are

Benth.)— (continued) | along the Ghats of the Bombay Presi-

| absent in the leaves (63) .

In the Madras Presidency it}

is found in the hill forests of the}

| Northern Circars, the Deccan and}

\degeys

ed in Ceylon for stupefying fish’.

os,

| | S

jon the Western Ghats from South) =

| Kanara to Travancore in evergreen | BS

| forests. | =

75. Eremostachys superba, An erect herb which has beenre-| ——aasaee Pammel (17) records the plant <

Royle ex Benth. | ported from Garhwal in the Western | as poisonous to fish, =

| Himalayas and from Peshawar in the | | ol

| North-West Frontier Province. | 2

76. Eremostachys yvicaryi| An erect herb commonontheSalt); 4 4 4 wa... | The plant isemployedasa fish _

Benth. | Range, ascending up to 2,500 ft.; it is) |poison in the Eusafzai country t=

also met with in and near Peshawar | near Peshawar (2). a

and in Baluchistan, | | a5

i} wn

77. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | A gigantic tree of Australia and| Essential oil. | Eucalyptus oil obtained from 8

| Tasmania. Introduction into India; a the leaves is largely used as a

| complete success in the Nilgiris. Does | | mosquito and vermin repellent and ra

not thrive in the plains nor on the| |is an important constituent of

| outer Himalayan ranges. | ymeny insecticidal and insect- ~

| | repellent preparations. >

78. Eupatorium odoratumLinn.| An obnoxious weed introduced from) tases Recorded as poisonous to fishes.

the West Indies; covers extensive) | <

| areas in Bengal and Assam. | Sy

79. Euphorbia antiquorum| A fleshy much-branched large! Acrid milky juice. Milky juice used to kill maggots

Linn. | shrub or small tree with a few decidu- in wounds.

—

ous leaves. Found in dry places| Juice also used by the Mundas

| throughout the hotter parts of India up of Chota Nagpur to stupefy and

to 2,000 ft. Occasionally cultivated | catch fish (16).

as a hedge plant in villages.

80. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. A large fleshy shrub or small tree 00 According to Pammel (17), the a

occasionally planted in villages as a plant is a fish poison. &

hedge plant throughout Irdia and is ‘s

sometimes found to run wild on waste- x

land. In Orissa and in the Deccan it @

is said to occur in a state of nature in S

rocky places. ES

81. Euphorbia royleana Boiss. A glabrous fleshy shrub or small} —_ Pammel (17) records the plant 5

tree common on the dry and hot rocky as a fish poison. 8

slopes of the outer ranges of the

Western Himalayas from the Indus to x

Kumaon, ascending to an altitude of te

6,000 ft. ; also on the Salt Range inthe =~

Punjab. It is commonly grown in) 2)

hedges in the Sub-Himalayan tract S

and the adjacent plains. =

82. Euphorbia thymifolia| A small prostrate annual found| Essential oil. Essential oil used in sprays to 2g

Linn. throughout the greater part of India, keep off flies and mosquitoes from =

up to 4,000 ft. on the Himalayas. inhabited rooms (64). S

| va

83. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. An unarmed shrub or small ia The milky juice contains} Used as a fish poison in the

which is a native of Africa and has| about 20 per cent of resins (20), | Southern Mahratta Country. 2

become naturalized in several places} re

in India. It is often grown as a hedge | =

or occasionally as a roadside tree. S

84. Excoecaria agallocha Linn. A small evergreen tree found in ie Pammel (17) records the plant

tidal forests and swamps on all the as a fish poison.

coasts of India,

re ee

618

€1

70.

Tae

72.

73.

74,

Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.)

Jacq.

Dolichandrone

Seem.

. Duranta

(Syn.

Jacq.)

repens

falcata

Linn.

plumieri

Edgeworthia gardneri

Meissn.

Entada pursaetha DC.

(Syn.

Benth. )

scandens

An evergreen shrub, rarely a small

tree, met with in the North-West} (60).

Himalayas up to an altitude of

4,500 ft.; also in Sind and South

India up to 8,000 ft. in the Nilgiris.

Commonly planted in Northern Irdia

as a hedge plant.

A deciduous tree found in Rajpu-

tana, Bundelkhand, Bihar, Central

Provinces, Berar, Konkan, Deccan,

Mysore and most districts of the

Madras Presidency in dry deciduous

forests and often on rocky places.

An evergreen shrub, one of the com-

monest hedge plants in Indian |

gardens.

A large much-branched bush found

along the Himalayas from Nepal to

Sikkim and Bhutan, between 4,000

and 9,000 ft. It is also plentiful in

Manipur.

A gigantic. woody climber found)

in the Central and Eastern Himalayas

ascending to 4,000 ft. in Sikkim ; also

in Eastern Bengal, Bihar and Orissa

The plant contains saponins

The leaves contain a saponin |

(125). The berries contain an

alkaloid analogous to narcotine

(124).

According to Pammel (17), the

plant is poisonous to fishes.

The bark is used in the neigh-

bourhood of Poona and other

places as a fish poison.

When macerated - the - berries

exude a juice which is lethal to all

anophelines and culicines. Man-

son (124) has found that the juice

‘is'lethal’' to anophelines and culi-

Cines in dilutions up to 1 in 100,

but not in weaker strengths. The

action on culicines is less marked

than on anophelines.

Pammel (17), on the authority

of Greshoff, records it as a fish

poison.

The seeds contain two toxic

saponins (61) ; also said to con-

tain a glucoside which is hydro-

lyzed by emulsin (62).

The seeds are used as a fish

poison in some parts of India,

|South Africa and in the Philippine

Islands. Watt (21) records that

cS SSS SSS SSS

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L18

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( E——E—e————EEeeeeeeeeee

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CoNSTITUENTS

REMARKS

144. Saussurea lappa C.B.

Clarke

145. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.)

Merr. (Syn. S. trijuga

Willd.)

146. Scleria pergracilis (Nees)

Kunth

147 Sophora mollis R. Grah.

148. Sphaeranthus indicus

Linn.

149, Stephania _hernandiifolia

(Willd.) Walp.

150. Strychnos colubrina Linn.

151. Strychnos nux-yomica

Linn.

152. Taxus baccata Linn.

—_—_—_aave—e eee amore — — — — — —

A tall stout perennial herb found in

Kashmir and the surrounding country.

A large tree found in dry forests

of the Sub-Himalayan tracts, from the

Sutlej eastwards and throughout Cent-

ral and Southern India.

Widely scattered from Garhwal at

an altitude of 5,000 ft. to Assam,

Bihar, Chota Nagpur and the Deccan.

A low shrub found in the Himalayas

and Sub-Himalayan tracts of North-

Western India from Gilgit, Chitral,

Hazara and the Salt Range to Knmaon

and Nepa! up to7,000 ft. Locally com-

mon near Malakand, in Kagan and

Kilba, Bushahr and Sahansradhara

near Dehra Dun. -

A strongly scented herb found

throughout India, especially in damp

places and in cultivated fields after

harvest, ascending in the Himalayas

up to an altitude of 5,000 ft. from

Kumaon to Sikkim.

A slender twining shrub found on

the West and East Coast, Cachar,

Sikkim, East Bengal and Assam.

A large climbing shrub found in

Western and Southern parts of India

in Bombay, Konkan, Poona, Kanara,

Carnatic, Veligonda Hills of Nellore,

Western Coast from South Kanara to

Travancore to the lower forests of the

Western Ghats.

A deciduous tree found in the forests

of Gorakhpur, Bihar and Orissa,

Konkan, North Kanara, Southern

Mahratta Country, Northern Circars,

in deciduous forests and up to 4,000 ft.

in hilly country.

A small or medium-sized evergreen

tree met with in the temperate Hima-

layas at altitudes of 6,000 to 11,000 ft.,

and in the Khasia Hills at altitudes of

5,000 ft.

Essential oil, alkaloid saus-

surine, resin, traces of a bitter

substance, etc. (100).

Seeds contain a fixed oil and

small quantities of a cyanogene-

tic compound (101, 102).

An alkaloid, sophorine, which

is identical with cytisine has

been isolated from S. {fo-

mentosa Linn. found in the

Andaman and Nicobar Islands,

and also occasionally cultivated

in Indian gardens. This alka-

loid has insecticidal properties

although the use of the plant as

an insecticide is not recorded.

It is likely that S. mollis cont-

ains similar or identical alkaloid.

The herb contains 0:22 per

cent of an essential oil (104); it

is also stated to contain a bitter

alkaloid (26).

wood contain the alkaloids bru-

cine and strychnine (20).

Strychnine is the most import-

ant alkaloid contained in this

plant ; besides this there are pre-

sent brucine and others. These

the Deccan and Carnatic; also on the} compounds exist not only in the

West Coast of the Madras Presidency | seeds, the most important part

of the plant, but also in the

root, wood, ‘bark, leaves, fruit

pulp, etc.

glucoside loganin (20).

contain a toxic alkaloid, taxine

The seeds also contain the

The leaves, shoots, and fruits

The roots of costus are used in

India to protect woollen fabric

from insects. It is believed by

Indian ladies that they do not

tarnish gold embroidery on their

clothing as does naphthalene.

The powdered seeds are applied

to ulcers in animals for removing

maggots.

The lemon-scented leaves are

used to drive away mosquitoes

(103).

The seeds are stated to be useful

for destroying vermin (16).

The Mundas of Chota Nagpur

bruise the whole plant and throw

it into water to Kill fish. It is

also stuffed into crabs’ holes to

kill them,

Probably contains saponins} The extract acts as a strong

| (105). | poison to frogs (16).

The roots, seeds, bark and The seeds are likely to be poi-

sonous to fishes.

Nilgiris as a fish poison.

as a fish poison.

Watt (21) states that the seeds

are used by the hill tribes of

Pammel (17) records the plant

(86).

According to Lander (106),

the sap contains a yolatile oil.

Blyth (107) states that the leaves

contain much formic acid. The

leaves also contain the glucoside

taxicatin (108), and small

amounts of ephedrine (109),

AVINWOT “TENNNOL F68

“LST TWYALVN

‘A LAIIOS

IITX

VIGNI JO SINVId TVGIOIOSId ANY TVCIOILOISNI

S68

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HisT. SOCIETY, fol. XLIt

896

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ge eee a ee ee ee

| |

SHUVNAY | SINAN LIISNOD NOILNGIALSIG INVIg JO ANVN

897

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

‘IoyJeomM Aurel SULINp sjoosul

JO syov}je wo Wey} o}01d

0} Jopio ut ‘séeq ut dn pealojs

SuIvIs 94] YUM jUBId palip oy}

xia qelung 3} Ul JOI1]SIp vIsuey

ey} Ul sjslinjnouse ‘ juajjedes

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‘(ZI}) uostod ysy e se poAojdurs

useq sey jev{d ou} [Izeig UT

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UI BIPU[ UL osn wv YonNs Jo pivoy

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-UsT SB ‘YOryM “Slog Vang Ang * 7

pue ‘uUly vpzpuvo -f, jo Ajyetoodsea

‘asoy} Jo saizzedoid § yeptorjoesut

94} SUNVSISOAUL O[IUM YIIOM

oq pinomM J *YyyAA your AjuoulmIOD

oie Uley} Jo oulos pu vIpPUy Ur

punoj 918 sotoeds uszop 8 jnoqy

‘UOT]ELIVA [BUOSBOS MOUS

S2ABI 94} Jey} viqissod stjyp “1BaA

*[IO [B’1]UaSSo

pue ‘(gy) ourjouosis} plolexly

“(Q]]) WNaAeq} UTe}]UOS 0} puNoj

ussq cs[e@ eAey sjool oJ,

“UIJOA

94} pue ‘urydryoy ‘urenoye

‘uljolsysojAyd ev—soaourjsqns

QUI]]RISAID InoJ puv ‘[ausay

94} jo Jus tod 7g UPy. 910M

Suijny1jsuos ‘{Io Ayey B pops}

-xo savy (OTT) WUD BW usyD

°(97Z) wluuy} Jo JuI0

tad /[ 0} ¢ UleyUOD s}InJj oy,

‘wIpuy jo sjred Auvur

UL poyeAl[no Afaprm fure,gd oesuey

roddq ey} pue qelung oy} ‘r1urysey Ul

PIIM punoj qioy [enuue o1}eWIOIe UY

‘ospoy v jou Jr ‘sqniys

MOJ @ JNOUWM sureid oy} UL Uapies

e A[a01vOS SI oI0y,J, ‘“seovjd somos UI

PaZI[VInjeU JSOW]? MOU SI 991} [[eUIS IO

QNIYS UI9IBIIAD 9S1¥] SIU} ‘SOIPUT SIM

puv vollouly jo sATeU @ AT[BUISIIO

‘JSIM 9} UL SjoOeI}

ple 94} jo uorjdeoxe oy} YIM eIpuy

JHoysSno1y} s[[iy 1eMo, pus sured sj

UI WIOWIMIOD 931} SNONplosp s61el V

“uUry

WNIDBIS“WNVIO] BIJOVOSIIL, “SCL

(‘pnojg Ya ‘ssnue BOY

-jos0u yy, “UAG) “IAI

(‘s19q) BuBIANJad BHOADYL “2ST.

“qxoy (‘u}19¥y)

BOTTI, 9 q Biyeuimdey, “SSL

NAME oF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

153. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.)

DC.

154. Tephrosia purpurea

(Linn.) Pers.

155. Tephrosia vogelii

Hook.

A weak shrub found in the tropical

Himalayas from Garhwal to Khasia

and Assam, ascending up to an alti-

tude of 5,000 ft. in Sikkim ; in Chitta-

gong and the Sameshwar hills. It is

occasionally grown as an ornamental

plant.

A sub-erect herbaceous perennial

found all over India, ascending in the

Himalayas up to an altitude of

6,000 ft.

Reported to be cultivated in Assam

by tea planters as a green manure.

The roots contain tephrosin,

deguelin, zsotephrosin, rotenone,

etc. (110, 111).

The leaves contain about 2 per

cent of a glucoside, osyritin

(112).

Leaves contain tephrosin and}

deguelin (113). Seeds contain

tephrosin, deguelin, dehydro-

deguelin, a//otephrosin and iso-

deguelin (114, 115).

The plant has been recorded by

Gamble (85) as a fish poison in

Eastern Bengal and Burma; the

bark and Jeaves are chiefly used

for this purpose.

An extract (56) of the seeds has

been tested for its insecticidal pro-

perties on small-scale field trials,

and found to be quite efficacious,

The root is used to poison fish in

French Guiana, but no such use

has been reported in India,

The leaves are said to be an

efficient insecticide against fleas,

lice and ticks; in the dry state

they are used as a flea powder.

| In fact, it has been suggested that

| the plant might be usedas a com-

mercial dip for cattle (19).

Chopra and collaborators (7)

have recently found that the leaves

of Assam-grown plant do not

possess insecticidal properties to

any marked degree. Further work

is necessary to find out whether

the leaves possess potent insecti-

cidal properties at any time of the

year. It is possible that the leaves

show seasonal variation.

About a dozen species are found

968

JITX ‘19A ‘ALFIOOS “LSIH IVWNALYN AVAWod “TYNYNOL

in India and some of them are

‘ commonly met with. It would be

worth while investigating the

insecticidal properties of these,

especially of 7. candida Linn. and

T. purpurea Pers., which, as men-

tioned above, are used as fish

poisons.

WR, A large deciduous tree common in

the plains and lower hills throughout

India with the exception of the arid

tracts in the West.

Terminalia bellirica

a vs The fruits contain 5 to 17 per

aertn.) Roxb.

The plant has been reportedas a

cent of tannin (20).

fish poison (17), but we have never

heard of such a use in India in

spite of its great abundance.

157. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.)

Merr. (Syn. T. nerei-

folia Juss. ex Steud.)

Originally a native of America and

West Indies, this large evergreen shrub

or small tree is now almost naturalized

in some places. ‘There is scarcely a

garden in the plains without a few

shrubs, if not a hedge.

Chen & Chen (116) have ex-

tracted a fatty oil, constituting

more than 62 per cent of the

kernel, and four crystalline

substances—a phytosterolin,

ahouain, kokilphin, and the-

vetin.

The roots have also been

found to contain thevetin (118).

In Brazil the plant has been

employed as a fish poison (117).

158. Trigonella foenum-graecum

0 An aromatic annual herb found wild

Linn.

in Kashmir, the Punjab and the Upper

Gangetic Plain; widely cultivated in

many parts of India,

Alkaloid trigonelline (18), and

a Fenugreek is used as an insect

essential oil.

repellent; agriculturists in the

Kangra district in the Punjab mix

the dried plant with the grains

stored up in bags, in order to

protect them from attacks of

insects during rainy weather.

V—__—_— V7

VIGNI JO SINVTd TYQIOIOSId GNV TVCIOILOXSNI

168

JOURNAL, BOMBAY, NATURAL AIST... SOCIETY) (Val. Caerr

898

9U} Jey} Ssj1ode1 wosuTy}y oTIyM

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‘ysy AIVUIPIO Uy} 1e9 0}

SUIOSIIOYM SSI JOU oI JYSnvI

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0} psAojdwia. Ajasiel st yivq oy}

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WHY SUIMOT[OJ pue YsinqxoYy

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SHUVNAY

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INVIg 4O ANWVYN

899

INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA

"(FZ1) Aep

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sfep ¢ Joye Aousjod s}t sasoy

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SUBS 94} IO} pasn ose st jimIy

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ul pue ‘13 900s PU 000‘Z peers ile

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wnyjAxoyjueZ

‘POL

ne et EEE Gee eee

NAME OF PLANT

DISTRIBUTION

CONSTITUENTS

REMARKS

159. Verbascum thapsus Linn.

160. Vitex negundo Linn.

161.

Walsura piscidia Roxb.

162. Wikstroemia indica (Linn.)

C. A. Mey., var.)

viridiflora (Meissn.) |

Hook. f,

163. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. |

| hot valleys of the Sub-tropical Hima-

164. Zanthoxylum

anum Wall.

hamiltoni-

| throughout India up to 3,000 ft. in the |

A stout woolly herb found in the

temperate Himalayas between 5,000

to 12,000 ft., and in Western Tibet.

It also occurs in the Western Ghats

and in the Nilgiris in the neighbour-

hood of Ootacamund where it has

been introduced and is now rapidly

spreading.

A large aromatic shrub common|

North-West Himalayas

A small tree found in the Western

Ghats from North Kanara to the

Anamalais, Pulneys and Travancore ;

Northern Circars, Carnatic, the

Deccan, Hazaribagh, Gaya Ghats,

and in the Puri Division.

A bushy shrub found in Chittagong,

A shrub or small tree found in the

layas from the ‘Trans-Indus area

eastwards to Bhutan up to an altitude

of 7,000 ft.; also in the Khasia Hills

between 2,000 and 3,000 ft., and in

the hills of Ganjam and Vizagapatam

at about 4,500 ft.

A climbing thorny shrub of Sikkim

and Assam.

The leaves contain an amor-

phous bitter substance and a

saponin (119); the flowers a

saponin and the seeds 0°37 per

cent of a saponin (120). The

roots contain a glucoside (121).

Alkaloid (18).

The plant is stated to contain

saponins (122).

The fruits contain about 1°5

percent of an essential oil (123).

The bark contains a_ bitter

crystalline principle, which is

identical with berberine. It

also contains a volatile cil and

resins (21).

According to O’Shaughnessy

(21), the seeds are used for

poisoning fish. The present

authors have not come across

the use of the seeds as a fish

poison. It is however, likely

that the whole plant possesses

piscicidal properties, as is

apparent from its chemical

composition. Pammel (17) also

records the plant as a fish

poison.

The leaves of Indian privet

are laid over stored grains to

keep off insects.

Roxburgh and following him

many other workers state that

the bark is largely employed to

intoxicate fish and that fish so

caught are not less wholesome

to eat than ordinary fish.

The plant has been recorded

by Pammel (17) as a fish

poison.

According to Brandis, the

bark is used for killing fish,

while Atkinson reports that the

fruit is also used for the same

purpose (21).

The roots are used as a fish

poison by cutting them into

pieces and putting these in a

bag which is thrown into a pond

containing fish. The action is

fairly rapid and the fish become

stupefied and their eyes congest-

ed in about half an hour. In

the laboratory a boiled fresh

solution of the roots killed 100

anopheline larvae in 7 minutes.

It acts equally on anophelines

and culicines but has no action

on pupae. The diluted juice

loses its potency after 3 days

and becomes inert on the 5th

day (124).

868

Avawog ‘TyNunol

‘ALFIIOS “LSIH TWYALVN

IITX

VIGNI JO SLNVId TVGIDIOSId GNV TVCIOILOASNI

668

900; JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST..SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

REFERENCES

Chopra & Badhwar: Indian J. Agric. Sct., 1940, 10, 1.

‘Bliss: Ann. Appl. Biol., 1939, 26, 585.

- Holman:A Survey of Insecticidal Material of Vegetable Origen, 1940.

Mackie & Crabtree: Lancet, 1938, August 20th, p. 447.

Guisbug: Proc. 22nd. Ann. Meeting N. J. Mosquito Extermination

ASSOCs, W935) (prla7.

Chopra & Badhwar: Agric. Live-Stk. India, 1938, 8, 222.

Chopra, Roy & Ghosh: J. Malar. Inst. India, 1940, 3, 185.

Sen< indian =]. Vetmscrs (igaqs a nage.

Hackett, Russell, Schraff & Senior White: Bull. Hlth. Organ., League

of Nations, 1938, 7, 1016.

10. Raizada & Varma: Indian For., 1937, 63, 108.

11. United States Dispensatory, 1926.

12..' Kelkar & “Rao. Indian distinct Sevan loca ao.

13. Qudrat-i-Khuda, Mukherjee & Ghosh: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 19309,

16, 583.

14. Thoms: Arch. Pharm., 1886, 224, 465.

rm. Kimura? J. Pharm. iSocs japan,a1o20. NOv6531 350:

16. Kirtikar & Basu: Indian Medicinal Plants, revised by Blatter, Caius

& Mhaskar, 1933, Vols. 1-4.

17. Pammel: A Manual of Poisonous Plants, 1911.

18. Chopra: Indigenous Drugs of India, 1933.

1g. Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of

Southern Africa, 1932.

20. Wehmer: Die Pflanzenstoffe, 1929-1931, Bd. 1-2, Supplement 1935.

21. Watt: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, 1889-1896,

Vols. 1-6.

22. Joseph & Sudborough: J. Indian Inst.. Sci., 1923, 5, 133.

23. Santos: Philip. [> Sct., 919030, «43. 561-

24. . lrimurtic of.indian @insta Scr. O24. Wine.

25. Subramaniyam: Rep. Mysore Agric. Dept., 1932-33, 58-61 (1934).

26. Dymock, Warden & MHooper: Pharmacographia. Indica, 1890-1893,

Vols. 1-3.

27. Van Rijn: Die Glykoside, 1931.

28. “Schiunmel. (Rep.: 1012,, 28.

29. "Gram, « “Arch. “Exp. “Pathol, 21885) 19.) 350.

30. Harnack: Arch. -Exp. ‘Pathol., 1885, 2, (303,- 434.

31. Vanret: -C.. R. Acad. Sc.) Pars, 1885, 100,277]. Pharm Chim,

ESo4 9,02 TO: .

32. Watson, Chatterjee & Mukherjee: J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1923, 42, 387.

33. Weil “Avch “Pharim., ootw 12395 6363.

34. Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1936-37, p. 3.

35. Van den Driessen-Mareeuw: Pharm. Weekbl., 1903, 40, 7209.

36. Worsley: Ann. Appl. Brol., 1934,°21, 646.

37- Wood, Spivey & Easterfield: J.. Chem. Soc. 1896; p: 530:

25. Marshall: Lancet,, 1897)0l,..235:

39. Chopra & Chopra: Indian J. Med. Res., Memoir No. 31, 1939.

40. Greshoff: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1898, 25, 23.

41. Chopra, Ghosh & Mukherjee: Indian J. Med. Res., 1934, 22, 183.

42. Gnadinger: Pyrethrum Flowers, 1936.

43. Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1939-40.

44. -Mercier & Blansard:: Ck. Soc. Brol.,, Paris, 1935, 118, 2606.

45. Dekker: Pharm. Weckbl., 1909, 46, 16.

46. Cooke: The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, 1901-1908, Vols. 1-2.

47- Chopra & Roy: indian Jv Meds Res7,91933,- 21,17,

48... Aitchison: Jo Linn. Soc, 188i el Sanone

49. Keller: Arch. Pharm., 1925, 263, 274.

50. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 1936-39, Vols. 1-2.

51. Butenandt & McCartney: Liebigs Ann., 1932, 494, 17.

52. Butenandt & Hilgetag: Liebigs Ann., 1932, 495, 172.

53. Krishna & Ghose: Curr. Sci., 1936, 4, 32.

54. Krishna & Ghose: Curr. Sci., 1936, 4, 857.

55- Krishna & Ghose: Curr, Sci., 1938, 7, 32

OIA Noy do

“INSECTICIDAL AND PISCICIDAL PLANTS OF INDIA — 901

Power: Pharm. Arch., 1902, 5, 145; ibid. 1903, 6, 1.

Leyva ScouGutiernez fon bel.) Med. ASSOC. .11937,, 173, 340.

Prain & Burkill: Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta, 1936-39, 14, parts 1

& 2.

Gimlette: Malay Poisons and Charm Cures, 1929

. ,Greshoff : Apoth. Ztg.,, 1893,. 589.

Chopra: Rep. Medicinal Plants and Food Poisons Inquiry, 1937-38.

Bourquelot & Bridel: J. Pharm..Chim., 1909, 30 (6), 162; C. R. Acad.

Sci., .Paris, 1909, 149, 36r.

Gane; Amer. Druge. Pharm. Kees, 1895, Sept. 5; uide,Wehmer (2a).

Freise: Perfum. Essent. : Oil; Rec.,.. 1935, 26, 219.

Puran Singh’: ‘Indian: For. ‘Rec., 1917, 9, 333.

Warden : Indian Med. Gaz., 1880, 15, 253.

Clewer, Green & Tutin: J. Chem. Soc., 1915, 107, 835.

Power & Less: J. Chem. Soc., 1905, 349.

Power & Barrowcliff: J. Chem. Soc., 1905, 884.

Van der Harr: Arch. Pharm., 1912, 250, 434; ibid., 1913, 251, 650.

Block: Arch. Pharm., 1888, 226, 953.

Kuwada & Matsukawa: J. Pharm. Soc. Japan, 1934, 54, 8.

Power & Gornall: J. Chem. Soc., 1904, 838.

Hashimoto: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1925, 47, 2325.

Rosenthaler: Arch. Pharm., 1913, 291, 56.

Brissemoret & Combes: C. RK. Acad. Sct., Paris, 1905, 141, 383.

Kanjilal: Forest Flora of the Siwalik and Jaunsar Forest Divisions,

IQII.

Droit: Bull. Inst. Colon. Marseille. Mat. grasses, 1932, 16, 270.

Rodger: Handbook of the Forest Prcducts of Burma, 1936.

Weil: Arch. Pharm., 1901, 239, 369.

Boorsma: Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1902, 14, 30.

Chen: Science, China, 1935, 19, 1405.

Greenway: Kew Bull., 1936, No. 4, p. 245.

Worsley: E. Afr. Agric. Res. Sta., Amani, 7th Ann. Rep., 1934-35,

23-6.

Gamble: Manual of Indian Timbers, 1922.

Henry: The Plant Alkaloids, 1939.

Yamafugi: Bull, Agric. Chem. Soc. Japan, 1932, 8, 1.

Plugge: Arch. Pharm. 1891, 229, 552.

Greshott :> Ber, Dtsch. “Chem. Ges.,; 1890,. 23, 3537.

Rosenthaler: Z. Oesterr. Apoth-Ver., 1906, 44, 147.

Chakravarti & Ganapati: Proc. 20th Indian Sci. Congr., Patna, 1933,

22,00.

Steenhauer: Pharm Weekbl., 1919, 56, 1084.

Maurin:: Bull. Sci..Pharm., 1925, 32, 27.

Subramaniyam. J. Mysore Agri. & Exptl. Union, 1932, 13, 57.

- Vogtherr: Arch. Pharm., 1894, 232, 480.

Subramaniyam: Mysore Dept. Agric. Ann. Admin. Rep., 1933-34.

Siddiqui & Siddiqui: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1931, 8, 667.

Sollmann: A Manual of Pharmacology, 1936.

Kesava Menon: J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1910, 9, 1431.

Ghosh, Chatterjee & Dutt: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1929, 6, 517.

Bose & Sen: Indian Med. Gaz., 1919, 54, 413.

Rosenthaler : Schweiz. Apothztg., 1920, 58, 17.

Hooker: Flora of British India, 1894, 6, 685.

Dymock: Pharm J., 1884, 14, 985.

Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1897, 97; 1898, 31, 124; Bull.

Inst. Bot. Buitzenzorg, 1902, No. 14, 14.

Lander: Veterinary Toxicology, 1926.

Blyth: Poisons, 1920.

Lefebvre: Arch. Pharm., 1907, 245, 486.

Callow, Gulland & Virclen: J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 2138.

Clarke: “Science, 1930, 71; 306; 1bid. 1931, 735. 17;

Clark & Claborn: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1932, 54, 4454,

Clark & Banerjee: Proc. Chem. Soc., 1910, 25, 16,

Clarke: J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53, 729,

Merz: Arch, Parm., 1932, 270, 362.

902 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XLII

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120,

1217

122:

123;

1243

125.

126.0%

Merz & Schmidt: Arch. Pharm., 1925, 273, 1.

Chen & Chen: J. Biol. Chem., 1934, 105, 321.

Waddell: Lyon’s Medical Jurisprudence for India, 1928.

Ghatak & Pendse: Bull. Acad. Sci. Allahabad, 1933, 2, 259.

Latin: Amer. J. Pharm., 1890, 62, 71.

Kobert: Saponinrubstanzen, 1916. |

Bourquelot & Bridel: C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1910, 151, 760; J. Pharm.

Chim., 1910, 2, 481.

Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1900, 31.

Simonsen & Rau: Indian For. Rec., 1929, 9, 133.

Manson: J. Malar. Inst. India, 1939, 2, 85.

Boorsma: Meded.’s Lands Plantent., 1899, 31, 122.

Gamble: Kew Bull., 1921, p. 312.

pene ieee retried pay i ecmenneemewenter seamne Si we) etl = bene® act asgnts Oe

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Sayeedud-Din.

Fig. 1.—A view of part of the Ajanta Hills where the forest is of the monsoon type.

Sayeedud-Din.

Fig. 2.—A thicket of Calamus Rotang Linn, near the Ramappa tank in Mulug.

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FLOWERING

PLANTS OF H. E. H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS,

HYDERABAD, DECCAN.

M. SAYEEDUD-DIN, M.A., B.SC., F.L.S.. F.R.M.S., F-F.SC.,

Professor of Botany, Osmania University.

(With one plate).

DICOTYLEDONS.

It is now nearly three years since a contribution was made to

the pages of this Journal. During this period a number of collec-

tions have been made from several districts, viz., Mulug, Sirnapalli,

' Vikarabad, Amrabad (including Mananur and Farahabad), Adilabad,

and from the suburbs of Hyderabad city. This report deals with

only such material as has been carefully identified, and later on com-

pared with the type specimens at the Sibpur and Dehra Dun

Herbaria. The families and species dealt with number 53 and 170

respectively.

The author is now in a position to say something about the

types of forest, and the dominant species met with in the above-

mentioned districts. There is really no typical rain-forest in the

Dominions. An intermediate form between rain- and .monsoon-

forest is met with, viz., near Salvoy in the Mulug Talukha of

Warangal District (Fig. 1), near Mananur at Pedda Omamahesh-

waram, in the vicinity of Kuntala (in Both Talukha of Adilabad Dis-

trict), and along the Ajanta Hills (Fig. 2). The dominant species

common to most of these forests are Tectona grandis Linn., Olax

scandens Roxb., Erythroxylon monogynum Roxb., Termuinalia

tomentosa W. and A., Balanites Roxburghii Planch., Buchanania

latifolia Roxb., Semecarpus Anacardium Linn., Cleistanthus collinus

Benth., Bombax malabaricum DC., Diospyros tomentosa ‘Roxb.,

Diospyros Melanoxylon Roxb., Chloroxylon Swietenia DC., Phylian-

thus Emblica Linn., Aegle Marmelos Correa, Strychnos potatorum

Linn., and others. Strychnos Nux-vomica Linn. is, however, very

common in the Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad Districts.

Dendrocalamus strictus Nees is common in hilly regions. Calamus

Rotang Linn. is found only in the Warangal District in Mulug

below the Ramappa tank (Fig. 3).

The second type of forest is the open-forest which is common.

The dominant species in such forests are Boswellia serrata Roxb.,

Bassia latifolia Roxb., Tectona grandis Linn. of stunted growth,

species of Gardenia and Randia, Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.,

Anogeissus latifolia Wall., Feronia Elephantum Correa, and others.

* “A further contribution to some of the common flowering plants of the

Hyderabad State; their distribution and economic importance—Dicotyledons,’

(vol. xi, No. 2, Sept. 1938).

904 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

The last type of forest met with in the Dominions is the thorn-

forest or scrub-jungle. It is common on laterite and on rocky soil.

Amongst the trees, members of the Leguminosae family form gre-

garious patches. Species of Zizyphus, Gardenia, Wrightia and

Grewia, Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. and Anona squamosa

Linn. are common. Amongst low shrubs Cassia auriculata Linn. is

very wide-spread and dominant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

._ I am thankful to all my colleagues, particularly Messrs. M. A.

Salam and M. R. Suxena for the help rendered in connection with

the collection, preservation and identification of the material. While

working at the Sibpur Herbarium,:-Mr. Salam compared some of

our collections with the type specimens there. Mr. Suxena did the

same during his work at the Dehra Dun Herbarium.

I. : RANUNCULACEAE.

1. Naravelia zeylanica DC. Syst. 1. 167; H. F. B. I, i, 7; Dalz. & Gibs.

it: Prim., F.-Ceyly i, 2;, Watt. Dict. Econ; sProdscl.. Vi. 317) talon Ofte

Bompb:./ Press, al) 7. Cooke. i "Press: Bomiben sinc.

Habitat.—Found in moist forest on the paves of Dayyum Murgu near Salvoy

in Mulug (Warangal District).

Flowering Season.—Nov.-Dec.

II. DILLENIACEAE.

2. Dillenia indica Linn. Sp. Pl. 535, H.F.B.I., i, 36; Talb. For F. Bomb.

Pres., I, 10; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iii, 113; Cooke F: Pres. Bomb.,.I, 6.

Syn.—D. speciosa, Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc., I+ (1791), 200; Dalz. &

Gibs,, 2° Wtr ler S823.

Indian Names.—Chalta, Girnar (Hindi); Motakarmal (Mar.); Kalinga,

Peddakalinga (Tel.); Chalta (Beng.); Bettakanigala (Canarese); Chalita (Mala-

yalam).

_Habitat.—Cultivated in gardens.

Flowering season.—May-June.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

III. ANONACEAE.

3. Saccopetalum tomentosum H. f. & Thos. Bl. Ind. “(8§s5)}; “HF B19,

88; Dalz. & Gibs.,.4; Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 31; Watt. Dict: Econ. Prod.

I, VI, Pt. 2; 3815. Cooke, FY Press) Bombs ay 16:

Habitat.—Found in the Anantgiri rapes (Vikarabad).

Flowering season.—April-June, fruits in Aug.

1. MENISPERMACEAE.

4 Tinospora malabarica Miers Contrib. iii (1864), 32; H.F.B.L., i, 963.

Dalz. ‘& > Gibs. 5 trimer bee Ceylac i, 385 Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 36;

Cooke. FB.) Pres: Bomb... 17 118.

Syn.—Cocculus malabaricus DC. Syst., i, 518.

Indian Names.—Giloe, Gulancha, Gurch (Hindi); Gulvel (Mar.); Potchindil

(Tam.); Padmagaluncha (Beng.).

Habitat.—Common in most forests.

Flowering season.—Collected in Feb,

Uses.—Medicinal. (Nirtikar),

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 905

5. Cissampelos Pareira Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 1031; H.F.B.I., i, 103;

Daizgs7& .Gihs.,:<;° Trim. Ul. -Ceyl., 1, 46; Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i) 45 ;

Cooke. b. Pres.s-bomb.,) i, 22);) Watt. Dict.. Econ. Prod. I. “ii, 327.

Syn.—Cissampelos convolvulacea Willd. Sp. Pl., V, 863.

Indian Names.—Akandi, Dakhnir-bissi, Harjeuri (Hindi) ; Ambashtha, Brihat-

tikta (Sans.); Padavali, Pharmul (Mar.); Pahadmul, Pahadvel (Bomb.); Appatta

(Tam.); Adivibankatige (Tel.). — a

Habitat.—First collected in the Mulug forest (Warangal District), also sub-

sequently collected at Ooperpalli and elsewhere.

Fowering season.—April-Sept.

Uses.—Medicinal (IKirtikar).

V. BERBERIDACEAE.

6. Mahonia nepalensis DC. Svst. ii, 21.

Syn.—Berberis nepalensis Spreng. Syst. ii, 120; H.F.B.I., i, 109.

Indian Names.—Amudanda, Chiror (Punjab); Gurm, ‘alike (Garhwal) ;

Chatri (Nepal).

Habitat.—Native of Temperate Himalaya. Cultivated in the Botanic Garden,

Osmania University.

Flowering season.—Collected in flower in March.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

VI. CRUCIFERAE.

7. Lepidium sativum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 644 (The Cress), H.F.B.1., i,

1593) Watt. Dict: Econ. “Prod..f., iv, 627; Cooke: F: Pres: Bomib:; «1,735:

Indian Names.—Half, Hurf, Harfulabaz (Arab.); Chaunsar, Halim, Hurf

(Hindi); Rukhame ispanda (Pers.}; Chandrik (Sans.); Aliverai (Tamil); Adala

vitulu (Tel.); Halim (Urdu).

Habitat.—Commonly cultivated.

Flowering season.—March and April.

Uses.—-A good pot-herb, also. medicinal.

VII. CAPPARIDACEAE.

8. Cleome felina Linn. f. Suppl., 300; H.F.B.I., 170.

Syn.—Polanisia felina DC. Prodr. i, 242.

Indian Names.—Ariavila (Malayalam).

Habitat.—Wild throughout the Dominions.

Uses.—Medicinal.

9. Maerua arenaria H. f. & T.; H.F.B.I., i, 171; Trim. F. Ceyl., i, 58.

Syn.—M. ovalifolia Cambess. in Jacquemont, Voy. Bot. (1844), 23, t. 243

Talb. For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 48; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 41. Niebuhria

oblongifolia Royle, Ill. Himal. Bot., 73; Dalz. & Gibs., 8. Capparis hetero-

clita Roxb. F. Ind:,: ii, 570.

Indian Names.—Bhumi-chakkarai (Tam.); Bhuchakramu (Tel.).

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

10. Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.. Prodr. (1786), 35; H.F.B.1.; i, 172; Talb.

For. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 64; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 42; Watt. Dict. Econ.

Prod= Ie, ° 1150583.

Indian Names.—Varvunna (Hindi); Nirvala, Kamla, Waiwurna (Mar.).

Habitat.—Planted near temples. Apparently wild.

Flowering season.—March-April.

Uses.—Useful in turnery.

906 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

11. Cadaba indica Lamk. Encyc., i (1783), 544; H.F.B.1., .i, 172; Trim.

EF. Ceyl-5 1,603 °\Talb> For. ¥.” Bcenib. Pres@ei,. 50% Geek. F. Pres. Bomb.,

i Age Dalz. & Gibs., 9. ; ;

Syn.—Stroemeria tetrandra Vahl., Roxb. F. Ind., ii, 78.

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug. Grows in dry situations.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Feb.

VIII. BIXACEAE.

12. Bixa Orellana Linn. (The Arnatto) Sp. Pl. (1753), 512; H.F.B.I., i,

190; Roxb. Bo Ind.,7i1, 31; Dalz. & Gibs: Suppl, 54. Wight i, ater.

Indian Names.—Japhar, Kesari, Shendri (Mar.); Kuppamannal (Malayalam) ;

Arnuttu, Kesari (Canarese); Amudadaram (Tamil); Jabura (Tel.); Jolandhar

(Beng.).

eis Sie American plant, cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Osmania

University.

Flowering season.—Sept.

Uses.—The pulp surrounding the seeds gives a flesh coloured dye, used for

colouring butter and for dyeing silk fabrics. Bark yields. a good cordage.

The West Indians rub two pieces of wood to produce fire. Medicinal.

IX. POLYGALACEAE.

13. Polygala elongata Klein in Willd. Sp. Pl., iii, 879; H.F.B.I., i, 203;

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 60

Syn.—P. campestris Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot., ii (1850), 40; Dalz.

& Gibs., 13.

Habitat.—Wild at Adigmet and elsewhere in the Dominions.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov.

X. CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

14. Polycarpea corymbosa Lam. Ill., ii (1793), 129; H.F.B.I., i, 245;

Wt. Ic. t. 712; Cooke.: F. Pres. Bomb., i, 66; Dalz. & Gibs., 16; Trim: iP.

Ceyl., i, 88.

Indian Names.—Bhistta (Sans.); Nilaisedachi (Tam.); Bommasari, Rajuma

(Tel.).

Habitat.—Common throughout the Dominions.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XI. MALVACEAE.

15. Hibiscus vitifolius Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 696; H.F.B.I., i, 338; Dalz.

& Gibs., 20; Trim, F. Ceyl., i, 154; Cooke. F. Pres..Bomb., i, 109.

Indian Name.—-Van-kipas (Mar.).

Habitat.—Collected from Humpii ruins, Raichur district. Not common.

Flowering season.—Feb. ae

16. Hibiscus canceilatus Roxb. Hort. Beng., 51; F.I., iii, 201; H.F.B.I.,

igaor

Habitat.—Collected from Sirnapalli forest (Nizamabad District). It is strange

that this plant which is not found either towards Bombay or towards Madras,

has been collected from this place.

Flowering season.—July-Aug.

17. Hibiscus schizopetalus Hook. f.; Bailey, Ency. Hort., 1487.

Habitat.—Cultivated as an ornamental shrub.

Flowering season.—Throughout the year.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 907

18. Urena lobata Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 692; H.F.B.I., i, 329; Dalz. &

Gibs., 18; Trim. F. Ceyl., i, 147; Cooke. F. Bomb. Pres., i, 100; Watt. Dict.

eon. Prod.v.,) viv pta 4, 212.

Indian Names.-—Bachata, Bachita (Hindi); Otte (Canarese); Rantupkadu

(Mar.); Van-bhendi (Bomb.); Vanachenda (Sans.); Ottatti (Tam.); Peddabenda

(Tel.).

Habitat.—Common ; first collected from Nizamabad.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XII. STERCULIACEAE.

19. Eriolena Hookeriana W. & A. Prodr., i, 70; H.F.B.I., i, 370; Cooke.

F. Pres. Bomb., i, 131; Watt. Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iii, 265.

Indian Names.—Bute, Bother (Bomb.)

Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—March-April.

20. Waltheria indica Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 673; H.F.B.I., i, 374; Dalz. &

Gibs., 23; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 135; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., i, III.

Habitat.—Common everywhere in waste places, on roadsides, and as under-

growth in forests.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Oct.

21. Melochia corchorifolia ~Linn. Sp. Pi. (1753), 675; H.F.B.I., i, 374;

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., 1, 134. a

Syn.—Riedlea corchorifolia DC. Prodr. i, 491; Dalz. & Gibs., 24.

Indian Names.—-Ganugapindikura, Sittanta kura (Tel.); Pinnakkuppunda,

Punnakkukkirai (Tam.); Seruvuram (Malayalam); Tikidkra (Beng.).

Habiiat.—A widely spread weed, commen at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Collected in October.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

XIII. TILIACEAE.

22. Grewia aspera Roxb. Hort. Beng., 42; Fl. Ind., ii, 591.

Syn.—Grewia abutilifolia Juss. in Ann. Mus. iv, 92; H.F.B.I., i, 390;

Dalz. & Gibs., 26; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., i, 144.

Habitat. _-Common in Sirnapalli forest as an pudeser ony in shady situations.

Flowering season.—June-July.

XIV. MALPIGHIACEAE.

23. Banisteria laurifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, 611.

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Flowering season.—Jan.-April.

XV. OXALIDACEAE.

24. Biophytum sensitiyum DC. Prodr. i. (1824), 690; H.F.B.I., i, 436;

Dalz. & Gibs., 42; Cooke, F. Pres. Bomb., 167; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., i, 133.

Indian Names.—Lajalu, Lakhshana, Zarer (Hindi); Jalapushpa (Sans.) ;

Jharera, Ladjiri (Mar.); Jhalai (Beng.),

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

XVI. CELASTRACEAE.

25. Celastrus paniculata Willd. Sp. Pl., i, 1125; Roxb. Fl. Ind., i, 621;

Dalzs & Gibs., 747s Wt. lil! “t72\5 Ic. t., 158:

Indian Names.—Malkakni, Malkamni, Malkangni (Hindi) ; Kangani, Malkan-

gani (Mar.); Bavanji, Malkanguni, Maneru (Tel.) ; Kangli, Kangondi (Canarese) ;

Lataphatakai, Malkangni (Bomb.); Sankhu (Punjab).

908 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XLII |

Habitat.—Common. First collected. from the Rare Ha = ce aeapad

District).

Flowering season.—July- Aug. | | hat f . a wh ert i

Uses.—Medicinal.

‘26. Gymnosporia Rothiana M. Laws. 1. c.' 620; H.F.B.I.,' i, 620; Cooke.

PF. Pres.) Bomb.) it 232, eit

Syn.—Celastrus Rothiana Wt. & Arn. Prodr., 159; Dalz. & Gibs.,\47 &

318. \ Bib 462)

Indian Name.—Yenkli (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Common throughout the Dominions..

Flowering season.—April-June.

XVII.” VITACEAE.

27. Vitis repanda Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (i834), 125; H.F.B.I., i. 648; ‘Trim.

PF. Ceyl., 1,. 292"; Cooke. F. Pres: Bomb:;'ai, 251; alb: Wer, 4°. s0mb: ites,

hice j an re

Syn.—Cissus repanda Vahl., Symb., iii, 18; Dalz. & Gibs., 39...

Indian Name.-—Gendal (Bomb.).

Habitat—Common in moist forest. First collected from ‘Mulug forest

(Warangal District).

Flowering season.—March-April.

XVIII. ANACARDIACEAE.

28. Rhus mysurensis Heyne, ex Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (1834), 1172; Cooke.

F. ‘Pres. Bomb.,<ii, 272° Talb. Por. F, Bomb. ‘Pres)))1,.347 ) Watt. Dicta con.

Prod. l.f.vir Ets; 407-

inion Names.—Amani, Amoni (Bomb.).

Habitat,—Very common throughout the Dominions in oy situations, a and

in scrub jungle.

Uses.—Bark used in tanning. Wood is employed in fuel (Watt).

29. Schinus molle Linn. Sp. Pl. 388.

The so-called Weeping Willow of Nursery men. .

Habitat.—A native of Tropical America. Cultivated.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb.

XIX. LEGUMINOSAE.

30. Heylandia latebrosa DC. Mem. Leg. (1825), 201; H.F.B.I., ii, G5);

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, 291; Dalz. & Gibs., 54.

Indian Name.—Godhadi (Bomb.). i nisstalap te

Habitat.—Very common throughout the Dominions. First collected at

Adigmet. ou

Flowering season.—-March-June. Sp tessa

31. Crotalaria hirsuta Willd. Sp. Pl.. iii, 978; Roxb. F. Ind. ii, 270;

HUE. Bo, 1,7 68s Gamble. B.Pres.. Madi. 1, 2oa.

Syn.—C. dichotoma Heyne, ex Roth, Nov. Sp., 340.

Habitat.—-Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Collected in Sept.

32. Crotalaria pusilla Heyne, ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821), 335;-H.F.B.L,

li, 70; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, 296; Gamble. F..-Pres..Mad., ii; 296.

Habitat.—L.ike the last species common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Oct.

33. Crotalaria albida Heyne, ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (i821), 3333: H.F.B.I,,

ii, 71; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, 29s.

Syn.—Crotalaria punctata Grah. in’ Wall. Cat. 54or.

Habitat.—Common in the Dominions.

: AO

LOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 909

_ 84. Crotalaria verrucosa Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 715; H.F.B.L, ii, 77; Cooke.

Howetes: Bomb: .11, 2995 ° Dalza-& Gibs., 155); Urim.. -F., Ceyl., i1,,15 3 Watt:

Dict Econ. “Prodi: 1s aw 614.

Indian Names.—Banshana, Jhunjhunia (Hindi); Ghagari (Mar.); Dhavani,

Shanapushpi (Sans.); Ghelegherinta (Tel.).

Habitat.—Commen at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Nov.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

35. Crotalaria juncea Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 714; H.F.B.L., ii, 79; Cooke.

I) Pres BOM wil, gol.

Indian Names.—Ghagahi, Patashana, Shanahuli (Hindi); Son (Pers.); Gha-

gharu, San, Tag (Mar.); Dhanahari, Sana (Sans.); Chanaka, Sanam (Malaya-

lam); Chanai, Kuttiram (Tam.); Janumu, Gilaka (Tel.).

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

Uses.—The fibre is the Sunn Hemp of commerce. Leaves, flowers. and

seeds are medicinal.

36. Crotalaria medicaginea Lamk. Encyc. Method., ii (1786), 201; H.F.B.1.,

ienot ss. . rime We Ceyl. 31, 18> Cooke. Fb.’ Pres: (Bomb., 1, 302.

(Gujerati).

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec. p

Uses.—Officinal (Kirtikar).

37. Crotalaria trifoliastrum Willd. Sp. Pl., iii, 983; H.F.B.1., ii, 82.

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Collected in Aug.

Uses.—The root is medicinal (Kirtikar).

38. CrotaJaria umbellata Wt. & Arn., 191; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., ii, 294.

syn.—-C. nana Burm., H.F.B.1.; 1, 71.

Habitat.—-Collected from Mulug where it is very common,

Flowering season.—Dec.

39. Indigofera cordifolia Heyne, ex Roth. Noy. Pl. Sp. (1821), 35753

HP Bas, i193; Dalz: & ‘Gibs., §8; Cooke, F. Pres. Bombi, ii, 311.

Indian Names.—Godadi, Bechka (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Collected in April.

Uses.—Seeds are eaten in times of famine (Watt.).

40. Indigofera enneaphylla Linn. Mant. ii (1771), 571; H.F.B.1., ii, 94;

Dalz. cy Gibs., 555) Urim. ib. “Ceyls in, 225, Cooke, i. “Pres. ‘Bomb.,, 11,312 ;

Kirtilkar, 41," 709.

Syn.—I. semitrijuga Forsk. Fl. Aegypt—Arab., 137;

Indian Names.—Kenneggilu (Canarese) ; Bhuiguli (Mar.) ; Chalapachi, Cherra-

gaddamu, Yerrapalleru (Tel.); Vasuka (Sans.), Cherupullate (Malayalam).

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Oct.

Uses.—Medicinal.

4). Indigofera hirsuta Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 751; H.F.B.1., ii, 98; Dalz.

So Gibss e60.) imma by Cevl- 114 265) Cocke. Ea Pres. Bomb... ti, 310.

Habitat.—Common in all districts. First collected from Nalgonda.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec.

42. Mundulea suberosa Benth. Pl. Jungh., iii (1851-55), 248; H.F.B.I., ii,

Lio 1GOolkes Ws ebess bombs. wil, 322); Kairtikar, ul. ‘Med. .Plis.. 01,5722!

Syn.—Tephrosta suberosa DC. Prodr ii, 249; Dalz. & Gibs., 60.

y10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIit

Indian Names.—Bettahuruli (Canarese) ; Supti, Surti (Bomb.); Kadupporasu,

Pirala-varam (Tam.); Kondavempali, Palasaram (Tel.).

Habitat.—-Collected from Nalgonda, common elsewhere also.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec.

43. Zornia diphylla Pers. Syn. Pl., ii (1807), 318; H.F.B.I., ii, 147; Trim.

I. (Ceylt, a1; 35; ‘Cocke. ko Pres, Bombs, mi, 334.

Syn.—Z. angustifolia Sm.; Dalz. & Gibs., 62.

Indian Names.—Landgu (Bomb.); Nelammari (Malayalam).

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Sept.

Uses.—Medicinal.

44. Alysicarpus rugosus DC. Prodr., ii (1825), 353; H.F.B.I., ii, 159;

Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., ii, 338.

Syn.—A. Wallichii W. & A. Prodr., 234.

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Sept.

45. Desmodium latifolium DC. Prodr., ii (1825), 328; H.F.B.I., ii, 168;

Dalz. & Gibs., 66.

Frim. Fs Ceyl.ii, 514, Cooke. Kh. Pres, Bomb: s,.-350-

Habitat.—Common in the moist forest at Mulug.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov.

46. Desmodium gyrans DC. (Telegraph Plant) Prodr., ii (1825), 326;

HRB... ai, 174; ‘Trim. Fo Ceyls, i, 56;5'Cooke. Pa ires ss Bomb.,u tipegso:

Habitat.—Hitherto not found wild. Cultivated. in the Botanic Garden,

Osmania University, for its well-known movements.

47. Atylosia lineata Wt. & Arn. Prodr. (1834), 258; H.F.B.I., ii, 213;

Cooke. (he bres Bomb: ails soz,

Syn.—A. Lawi Wt. Ic. t. 93; Dalz. & Gibs., 74.

Habitat.—Common in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

48. Atylosia scarabeovides Benth. Pl. Jungh., ili (1851-55), 243; H.F.B.L.,

il, 2155, Trim: bo rCeyl. ii, 79%, (Cooke... “Pres, sBomb., ain gst

Syn.—Cantharospermum pauciflorum W. & A. Prodr., 255; Dalz. & Gibs.,

Habitat—Common in Mulug in hilly tracts.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Nov.

LEGUMINOSAE.

(Caesalpiniaceae).

49. Cassia Leschenaultiana OO«., Prain in Jour. As. Soc. Beng. cxvi, ii,

477°

Syn.—C. Wallichiana DC.; W. & A., 292. C. mimosoides var. Wallichiana

Baker; H.F.B.1., ii; 266.

Habitat.—Not common.

50. Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Encyc. Method., i (1783), 390; H.F.B.I., i,

276; Cooke. FF. Pres. ‘Bomb:, in, 431 ;)-Dalz) & Gis, 432:

Indian Names.—Ashta, Asoda, Papri (Hindi); Ara, Ayata (Canarese) ; Apata,

Kanraja (Mar.); Are, Manjiyare, Pachare (Tel.); Anupushpaka (Sans.); Banraj

(Beng.); Apta, Vanu-raja (Bomb.); Kotapuli, Mandaram (Malayalam).

IIabitat.—Common in some of the deciduous forests. :

Flowering season.—April-June.

Uses.—The fibre of the inner bark is used for making ropes. Leaves are

pickled by the Burmese, and they are also used for making bidis in India.

Medicinal.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 911

XX. SAXIFRAGACEAE.

51. Hydrangea hortensis Sm. Ic. Pict. xii.

Habitat.—Cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Osmania University.

XX. (CRASSULACEAE,

52. Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. in Harv. & Sond. Fl. Cap., ii, 380.

Habitat.—Cultivated in rockeries. A xerophytic plant, multiplying by means

of bulbils.

Flowering season.—Jan.

XXII. COMBRETACEAE. .

53. Terminalia citrina Moxb. (Citrine Myrobalan). ex. Fleming in As. Res.

Xt (TS10)7 1530 ROxb. ‘Hort. Beng., 335: HE. BP, it,--446.

Indian Names.—Haritaki, Harra (Beng.). — +

Habitat.—Common in the Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

54. Combretum decandrum Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 59; H.F.B.I., ii, 452.

Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.

XAT. UY LHRACEAE,

55. Ammania peploides Spreng. Syst. Veg., i, (1825), 444; H.F.B.L., ii,

S00) s Crimwwh Ceyl..nit, 22305 Cooke, 1h bres. bombs, lil, 2500;

Syn.—Ameletia indica DC. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Genev., iii, Pt. ii, 82;

Dalz. & Gibs., 96.

Habitat.—Collected from a field in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

56. Ammania baccifera Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii (1762), 175; H.F.B.I., ii, 569;

Cooke. ‘Pres; (Bomb., iii, 509); “lrim. i. Ceyl.,, 11,1224 3 Dalz... & Gibs., 97.

Syn.—-A. vestcatera Roxb. F. Ind., i (1820),)/427; Wirtikar, Ed. 1, 11; 1072.

Indian Names.--Agya (Urdu); Dadmari, Jangli Mehndi (Hindi); Agnivenda-

paku (Tel.); Bharajambhula (Mary.); Kallarivi (Tam.); Kshetrabhusha (Sans.) ;

Dadmari (Beng.).

Habitat.—Also collected from a moist locality in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

U'ses.—Medicinal.

XXIV. ONAGRACEAE,

57. Ludwigia parviflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), ii; H.F.B.1., ii, 588;

@ooke;- i. 2 Pres, Bomb., au, 517; Dalz. ‘& Gibs., 99; Trim: Fs Ceyl., 11, 234;

Wight. “ll< t:; 101.

Habitat.—Hilly places in Mulug and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Nov.—rather uncertain, because the old material in the

Osmania University Herbarium is not dated.

XXV. TURNERACEAE.

58. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. 271. var. angustifolia Willd. ; Gamble

F. Pres. Mad.,) iii,- 523. Mayuranathan. Fl. Plts. Madras City., 124.

Habitat.—Collected from an old well in the ruins of Mushk Mahal, and

later on from a waste place towards Osmansagar. It is interesting to note

that this plant, a native of the West Indies, should be found growing wild in

a few places in Hyderabad. It has not, however, propagated profusely. Neither

has Hooker nor Cooke recorded it.

Flowering season.—Aug.

912 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLti

XXVI. PASSIFLORACEAE.

59. Passiflora edulis Sitas. Bot. Mag. t. (1989); Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts. II Ed.,

ily \TIOR"

Habitat.—A native of Brazil, cultivated for its fruit,

Uses.—Fruit edible and medicinal.

XXVIII. CUCURBITACEAE.

60. Ctenolepis Garcini Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 5, vi, 13; H.F.B.L.,

li, 629.

Habitat.—Collected from Sirnapalli (Nizamabad District).

Flowering season.—July-Aug.

XXVIII. FICOIDACEAE.

61. Mollugo voppositifolia Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 89; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb.,

ill, 658 Wsirt. ind...Med,. Pliss 911, id. ier ren

Syn.—M. Spergula Linn. Syst. ed. 10 (1759), 881.

Indian Names.—Jima (Hindi); Parpataka (Canarese); Jharasi (Mar.); IKaipa-

jira (Malayalam); Phanija (Sans.); Kachantarai (Tam.); Chayun-tarashiaku

(ier):

Habiiat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Oct.

Uses.—Medicinal.

62. Mollugo pentaphylla [inn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 89; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb.,

li, 9658; Dalz. .& Gibs. 16. :

Syn.—M. stricta Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii (1762),..131.

Indian Names.—Jharasa (Mar.); Verrichatarasi (Tel.); Julpapra (Beng.)..

Habitat.—Common_ elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov.

Uses.—Occasionally eaten for its good properties. Medicinal.

XXIX. UMBELLIFERAE.

63. Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. (Asiatic Penny-wort) Sp. Pl. (1753), 2343

HE. B.1, di,3 660; “Dalz.” & “Gibs.,) 1053, Wt.> Icon! t) soci Goole. Manes.

Bomb., iii, 562.

Indian Names.—Barhmi (Urdu); Brahmamanduki (Hindi & Beng.) Babassa

(Tam. & Tel.); Brahmi (Mar.); Kodagam (Malayalam).

Habitat.—Near water-courses. First collection from a shaded moist situa-

tion near a stream in Mulug.

Flowering season.—May-Oct.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XXX. ARALIACEAE.

64. Panax fruticosum Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii, 1513; H.F.B.I., ii, 725; Dalz.

& Gibs. Suppl: 142; Cooke. F: Pres. Bomb., iii, 574.

Habitat.—Commonly grown for its foliage.

XXXII. RUBJACEAE.

_ 65. Stephegyne parvifolia Korth. in Verh. Gesch. Nat. Bot., 161; H.F.B.L,

Lit, mass

Habitat.—Common in Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Nov.

66. Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), ii; Fl. Ind., i, 424;

Cooke. Fo Pres.) Bombs). 11,.1680: ;

Syn.—O. Heynit G. Don. Syst. iti (1834), 531; H.F.B.L., iii, 65. Hedyotss

herbacea Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 102. Hedyotis Heynii Br. in Wall. Cat., 867;

Dalzs & Gibbs. 176.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 913

Habitat.—Collected from Nalgonda, also common elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Aug.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

67. Oldenlandia dichotoma Koen: “HF B.1S lin; 67; Cooke. “hb. Pres;

Bomb., iii, 590; Gamble. F. Pres. Mad., iv, 601. :

Syn.—Hedyotis dichotoma W. & A. 416 in part. Hedyotis Heynei Bedd.

Fcont: blinds On, 257.35:

Habitat.—Nalgonda, in moist places.

Flowering season.—July-Sept.

68. Randia dumetorum Lamk. Tab. Encyc., ii (1793), 227; H.F.B.T., ii,

110; Dalz. & Gibs., 119.

Syn.—Randia longispina DC. Prodr., iv, 386; Dalz. & Gibs., 119; Cooke. F.

Pres. Bomb., iii, 600.

Indian Names.—Mainphal (Urdu); Arar, Mainphal (Hindi); Gehela (Deccan) ;

Galay, Ghela, Madan (Mar.); Madanamu (Tel.); Kadudam, Karai (Tam.).

Habitat.—Common in the Mulug and Sirnapalli forests.

Flowering season.-—May.

Uses.—The fresh fruit is roasted and eaten. The wood is used for agri-

cultural implements and for fuel. The plant is sacred amongst Hindus.

Medicinal (Watt.).

69. Gardenia latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew., i (1789), 294; H.F.B.I., iii, 116;

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 602; Dalz. & Gibs., 120; Wt. Icon. t., 759; Trim.

Pa @eyvie il, nae

Habitat.—Very common in Mulug, Sirnapalli, and Vikarabad,

Flowering season.—April-June, fruit in Aug.

U’ses.—The wood is used in making combs.

70. Canthium parvifolium Roxb) Hort.a:Beng,, 15 bl, tnd: a) 524;

Dip aloe, tie iiss

Habitat.—Vicinity of Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Collected in the fruiting condition in Aug.

71. Pavetta indica Linn. (Indian Pellet Shrub) Sp. Pl. (1753), 110; H.F.B.TI.,

iii, 150; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 612; Dalz. & Gibs., 112; Wt. Icon. t.,

148.

Syn.—Ivora Pavetta Roxb. FI. Ind., 385.

Indian Names.—Kankra, Papari (Hindi); Pappadi (Canarese) ; Papadi (Mar.) ;

Nallapapidi; Tapra (Tel.); Pavaltai (Tam.); Papat (Bomb.); Kukurachura

(Beng.).

Habitat.—Common in hills in the Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—April-May.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

72, Hamiltonia suaveolens Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 15; H.F.B.I., iii, 197;

Cocke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 621.

Syn.—Hamiltonia mysorensis Wt. & Arn. Prodr., 423; Dalz. & Gibs., 115.

Indian Names.—Gidasawa, Gidesa (Bomb.); Mahabal (C.P.); Fisauni,

Gohinla, Kanera (Punjab).

Habitat.—Coliected from the hills in Khuldabad (Aurangabad District).

Flowering season.—Feb. Fruit in June.

Uses.—Medicinal. .

73. Spermacoce stricta Linn. f. Suppl. (1781), 120; H.F.B.L., iii, 200;

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., iii, 623.

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Oct.

XXXII. COMPOSITAE.

74, Vernonia cinerea Less. in Linnaea, iv (1829), 291; HBB laa 23516

Dalz, .&)Gibs:,, 12m: Cooke, FB. Pres; Bomb:, Vol: ii, Pt. 1; 10)

914 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Indian Names.—Dandotpala, Sahadevi (Hindi); Osari, Sadodi, Sahadevi

(Mar.); Garitikamma (Tel.); Puvamkurundal, Sahadevi (Tam.); Sadodi, Shedardi

(Guj.); Puvankuruntal (Malayalam) ; Sahadevi (Punjab); Dandotpala, Devasasha,

Devika (Sans.).

Habitat.—A common weed.

Flowering season.—Dec.- Feb.

- Uses.—Medicinal.

75. Ageratum mexicanum Sims., Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 239.

Habitat.—A much-cultivated annual.

Flowering season.—Winter, about Dec. and Jan.

76. Blumea Wightiana DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 14; H.F.B.I., iii,

261; ‘Cooke. I. Pres; Bomb!, Vol: ii, Pti 1, 193 DalzitenGibs anc

Habitat.—Common in waste places round about Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb.

77. Helichrysum sp. (Everlasting Straw Flower).

Habitat.—A hardy annual grown for its beautiful flowers.

78. Pulicaria angustifolia DC. Prodr., v, (1836), 479; H.F.B.1., iii, 299;

Cooke. Fis Pres. Bomb., Vol. 1i,) Pteat 34¢Clarke, (Comp. Ind; Gro:

Syn.—Callistephus concolor Dalz. in Kew Jour. Bot., ii, 344.

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Nov.

79. Lagasca mollis Cav. in Anal. Cienc. Nat., vi (1803), 332; H.F.B.I.,

ill; 302.

Habitat.—Common in grass lands.

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

80. Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Gam. F. Pres. Mad., Pt. iv, No. 4,

7OAs

Habitat.—A South American plant spreading rapidly here.

Flowering season.—Aug.

81. Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq. Icon. Pl. Rar., (1782), 17; H.F.B.I.,° iii,

305; -Cooke., °F. Pres: Bomb., Voli i,) Pty af 39; (Dalza& iGibsi e126) ae lance,

Comp: Ind? 9134:

Habitat.-—-Common in the Dominions in hilly regions.

Flowering season.—July-Aug.

82. Tridax procumbens Linn; “Sp. - Ph (1753), 19005) GHEE Bel ti aie

Clarke, Comp. (nd., 142; Cooke. B./Pres. Bomb:,;" Vol. 1, Bt 15845-

Habitat.—Although a native of Central America, it is found as a common

weed throughout the Dominions...

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

83. Flaveria australasica Hook., Benth. FI. Aust., iii, 546; Gamb. F.

Pres. Mad., Pt. iv, No. 4, 711; Mayuranathan, FI. Pits. Mad. City., 152.

Habitat.—A herb introduced from Australia, now common in moist places.

84. Gynura nepalensis DC. Prodr. vi, 300; H.F.B.I., iii, 333; Clarke,

Comp.) Inds; “171.

Habitat.—Much grown for its handsome foliage and flowers.

85. Emilia sonchifolla DC.; H.F.B.I., iii, 336; Gamble, F. Pres. Mad.,

iv,’ 716.

Habitat.—Common in rice-fields.

86. Notonia grandiflora DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 24; H.F.B.1., iii, RGe pe

Clarke. Comp. Ind., 176; Cooke. F, Pres,. Bomb., Vol.. ii, Pt, i,. 50; Dalz.

& Gibs., 133.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 915

Indian Names.—Gaidar (Bomb.); Wander-roti (Mar.); Kunde-lucheviyaku

(Tel.).

Habitat.—Not wild. Often grown in gardens.

Uses.—Medicinal (Kirtikar).

87. Tricholepis radicans DC. Prod., vi (1837}, 564; H.F.B.1., ii, 381;

Clarke; Comp: Ind., 239; Cooke. Fs Pres. Bomb. Vol. ii, Pt. i, 56; Dalz: &

Gibs., 131.

Habitat.—Nalgonda.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Jan.

88. Dicoma tomentosa Cass. in Bull. Soc. Philom (1818), 47; H.F.B.T.,

it, 387. Clarice, Comp. Ind... 245'; (Cooke. i, ‘Pres: “Bomb, Voli. 11, Pt. 1, 58.

Syn.—Dicoma lanuginosa DC. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 26; Dalz. & Gibs.,

132;

Indian Names.—-Navananjichapala (Belgaum); Gholoharnacharo (Gujerati).

Habitat.—Common on gravelly soil.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb.

Uses.—Medicinal.

89. Cichorium Intybus Winn. (Chicory), Sp. Pl. (1753), 813; H.F.B.I., iii,

391; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., ii, 1433.

Indian Names.—Kasani (Urdu, Pers. and Gujerati); Kasni (Hindi); Kasini

(Tel.); Kashini (Tam).

Habitat.—It is rather strange that Abdus Salam found it growing wild near

a canal at Himayathnagar. Since then its development and distribution is

under observation.

Flowering season.—Feb.

Uses.—Medicinal.

90. Sonchus oleraceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 794; H.F.B.I., iii, 414:

Cooke. Fy Pres.. Bomb.,0ii, 61. Sonchus ciliatus Lam. F.°Fr., ii, (1778), 87;

Wits (cone. ty) 1rr4 1.

Indian Names.—Ratrinta (Tel.); Mbhatara (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Apparently wild in cultivated lands and gardens, also on road-

sides. Probably an_ introduction.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Jan.

Uses.—Medicinal.

91. Launaea pinnatifida Cass. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 1, xxiii (1831), 85;

Heke Beliaui e4160 Cooke. by) Press Bomb.gei, Pt. 1, 64; "Kirt. ‘Ind. ‘Med.

Plts. ii, 1447.

Syn.—Microrhynchus sarmentosus DC. Prodr., vii, 181; Wt. Ill. t., 131;

Clarke, Comp. Ind., 277; Dalz. & Gibs., 132. Prenanthes sarmentosa Willd.

Sp. Pl, iii,. 1540; Grah. Cat., 94.

Indian Names.—Bankan (Hindi); Bhonpatri, Pathradi (Mar.) ; Pathri (Bomb.) ;

Bhonpatri (Gujerati).

Habitat.—A common _ sandbinder.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XXXIII. EBENACEAE.

92, Maba nigrescens Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI. (1861), 142; H.F.B.I., iii,

ger: Cooke. BF. - Pres. Bomb;,° ii, Pt.- i, (97.

Indian Name.—Rakta-rora (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Common in Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Feb.

Uses.—The wood is used in making rafters.

XXXIV. OLEACEAE.

93. Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. Symb. Bot., iii (1794), 1; H.F.B.I., iii

600; Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. i, 113; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., ii, rs2q.

Indian Names.—Adavimolla (Tel.); Hurinaballi (Canarese); Mullaikkod)

(Tam.); Ambashtha, Jai (Sans.).

916 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Mabitat.—Common at Anantgiri Hill (Vikarabad).

Flowering season.—May-Aug.

Uses.—Medicinal.

94, Ligustrum robustum Blume Mus. Bot. i, 313; H.F.B.L., did nome

Habitat.—Cultivated., °

XXXV. SALVADORACEAE.

95. Salvadora persica Linn. (Tie Tooth-brush Tree). Sp.2 Place) 1221

H.F.B.}., iti, 619; Cooke. F,. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. i eras

Syn.—S. indica Wight Ill. t. 181. S. Wightiana Planch. in Thw. Enum.,

190 3) BeddujElor.” Sylvat. it..247.

; Indian Names.—Pilu, Pilva (Mar.); Khakan (Bomb.) ; Waragarwenki (Tel.) ;

Pilu (Sans.); Arak (Arab.); Darakhti-misvak (Pers.).

Habitat.—Probably a cultivated tree.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb.

Uses.—-Fruits are eaten. Wood is employed ior making tooth-brushes.

Medicinal.

XXXVI. APOCYNACEAE.

96. Rauwolfia serpentina | Benth. ex Kurz For. Fl. Brit. Burma, ii (1877),

171; Hib BL, “ii,6323" Cooke. Fo Prec. Bombiami. bt 127:

Syn.—-Ophioxylon serpentinum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 104; Dalz. & Gibs.,

1434) Noxb.; Fis lnds3 491604,

Indian Names.—Chhotachand (Hindi); Chandrike (Canarese); Dumparasna,

Patalagandhi (Tel.); Harkaya, Harki (Mar.); Sovannamilbori (Tam.); Chandra

(Beng.); Amelpodi, Chandra, Chhotachand, Harkai (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

. XXXVII. ASCLEPIADACEAE.

97. Calotropis procera R.Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii (1811), 78;

HF .B.T.,. iv,,18; Cooke.. F. Pres.) Bomb: 11, “Pt.4, 152 ; Dalz 3&.Gibs) so.

Witivilc. ats ‘278:

Indian Names.—Ak, Madar, Safedak (Hindi); Mandara (Mar.); Jilledu,

Mandaramu, Nallajilledu (Tel.); Vellerukku (Tam.).:

Habitat.—Common in dry situations throughout the Dominions.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

98. Pergularia pallida Wt. & Arn. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 42; HF Bas

iv, 38; Wet: Icon. t. 585; Cooke. Pi" Pres... Bomb.) ty" Pil ti, 6a.

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Feb.

99. Pergularia extensa N. EF. Br. in Fl. Cap. iv, i, 758; Gamble. F. Pres.

Mad, v; 8373) Kirt.) Ind, Med.) Plts.- pin, 1616:

Syn.—Daemia extensa R.-Br:, H.F-.B.I.,. iv, 20; Wit... Icon. . 506:

Indian Names.—Jutuk, Utran (Hindi); Utarana, Amaradudheli (Mar.);

Dushtupatige, Guruti (Tel.); Belihatti (Canarese); Achanimuli, Kudagaram

(Tam.); Veliparutti (Malayaiam); Amaradudheli, Nagaladudhi (Gujerati); Utarni

(Bomb.); Chagulbanti (Beng.); Karial (Punjab).

Habitat.—Common in Nalgonda District.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—-Medicinal.

100. Tylophora macrantha Hook. f.; H.F.B.I., iv, 40; Gamble. F. Pres.

Mad., v, 842.

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec, ;

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 917

101. Tylophora asthmatica W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 51; H.F.B.1.,

Ivy 4g a WVite Lest, 277); Cooke: i. Pres: Bomb... i1, Pt: i, 164

Indian Names.—Antamul (Hindi); Kakapala, Kukkapala (Tel.); Pitakari

(Mar.); Adumuttada (Canarese); Vallippala (Malayalam) ; Antomul (Beng.).

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Nov.

Uses.—Medicinal.

102. Ceropegia pusilla W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. 31; Wight Icon. t. 1261;

iP BT) iv,) 66; Gamble. Fs Pres. Mad., v, 856.

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet from a grassy hillock.

Flowering season.—July.

103. Ceropegia spiralis Wt. Ic. t. 1267; H.F.B.I., iv, 66; Gamble. F.

Pres. Mad., v, 856.

Habitat.—A common herb in dry, hilly situations.

Flowering season.—May-June.

104. Ceropegia hirsuta W. & A. in Wt. Contrib. (1834), 30; H.F.B.I.,

ivy, 7a; Cooke: bh. Pres, Bomb:, ii, Pt: «1, 177; <aamble FF.’ Pres: Mad:; v; 850.

Indian Name.—Hamana (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Collected from the Mananur forest.

Flowering season.—Feb.

105. Stapelia grandiflora Masson, Stapel (1796), 13, t. 11; Cooke. F. Pres.

Bombs ii, Pt. 71) F180.

Habitat.—A native of S. Africa, kindly presented by. Dr. Gravely to the

Botanic Garden, Osmania University.

Flowering season.—Summer, about April-June.

106. Stapelia variegata Linn. Sp. Pl. 217.

Habitat.—A native of S. Africa. Kindly presented by Dr. Gravely to the

Botanic Garden, Osmania University.

Flowering season.—Summer—April to June.

XXXVITI. GENTIANACEAE,

107. Canscora diffusa R. Br. Prodr. (1810), 451 in Obs.; H.F.B.I., iv,

103; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb.:, ii, Pt. i, 191; Gamble’ F. Pres. Mad., v, 878;

Korte Inds. i Med. Plts:, iit, 1759.

Syn.—C. Lawtt Wt. Ic. t. 1527 (not of C. B. Clarke).

Habitat.—A common herb at Adigmet and _ elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Jan.-April.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XXXIX. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

108. Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl Symb. Bot. ii (1791), 46; H.F.B.I., iv, 133;

Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. i, 197; Gamble F. Pres. Mad., v, 884; Kirt.

Ind. Med. Plts., iii, 1672.

Indian Names.—\angali (Sans.); Cheruvallel (Malayalam); Ishangulya,

Kasschra (Beng.).

Habitat.—A common marsh herb.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

XL. BORAGINACEAE.

109. Coldenia procumbens Jinn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 125: H.F.B.I., iv, 144;

Cooke: Hs) Press) Bomb., 11; Pt. i, 205 Dalz: & Gibs:, 171; Kirt. Indy Med:

PICS), elit,g st. 1083.

Indian Names.—Tripungki (Hindi); Tripunkhi (Mar.); Hampadi (Tel.); Seru-

padi (Tam.); Basriookharad (Guj.); Tripakshi (Sans. & Bomb.),

Habitat.—Found in moist places.

Flowering sedgon.—Sept.-Oct.

Uses.—Medicinal.

918 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLI!

110, Heliotropium brevifolium Wall. Cat. 914. H. strigosum var. brevifolia

Clark; H-F.B.1.,. iv, 15x.

Indian Names.—Chitiphul, Safedbhangra (Hindi); Gorakh-pamo (Punjab).

Habitat.—A common herb. )

Flowering season.—Aug.-Sept.

U'ses.—Medicinal.

XLI. CONVOLVULACEAE.

111. Argyreia cymosa Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. ii, 373; H.F.B.I., iv, 190;

Wt. Ic. t., 839; Cooke. K. Pres. Bomb., si Pt. ii, 257; Gamble °F. Pres.) Mads

Vv, 908.

Habitat.—Found in hedges and scrub jungles.

Flowering season.—May.

112. Ipomaea chryseides Ker in Bot. Reg. t., 270; H.F.B.I., iv, 206;

Wits MEGS etay nine.

Syn.—Convolvulus chryseides Spreng. Syst., i, 598. Convolvulus dentatus

Vakl \Symib., i, 25.

Habitat.—-Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.

! 113. Ipomaea Turpethum Br. Prodr., 485; H.F.B.I., iv, 212; Dalz. & Gibs.,

165.

Syn.—Ipomaea triquetra Roem. & Sch. Syst., iv, 231. Convolvulus turpe-

thum Linn.; Roxb. Hort. Beng., 14.

Habitat.—Common in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

114. Ipomaea Horsfalliae Hook. Bot. Mag. (1834) t., 3315; Cooke F. Pres.

Bomb aijePr 1i,2528

Habitat.—A native of W. Indies, grown for its beautiful crimson flowers.

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

XLIT. SOLANACEAE,

115. Solanum pubescens Willd. Phyt. (1794), 5; H.F.B.1., iv, 230; Wt.

Te: <t.; 414025 (Cooke osPres) Bomb 7.11, Pts, 26a.

Habitat.—Cultivated.

lowering season.—Aug.-Nov.

116. Solanum toryum Swartz | Prodr.,. 14755 A Bale pivge 23d), si alZ ane

Gabs.,, 175; (Cooke FonPresy Bomb., dinibhte) i 4260,

Indian Names.—Kondavust (Tel.); Chunta (Malayalam); Titbaigum (Beng.).

ITabitat.—Collected from the city environs.

Flowering season.—July.

Uses.—Fruits are eaten as vegetables, also medicinal.

117. Solanum trilobatum Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753), 188; H.F.B.I., iv, 236;

Cooke ‘F. Pres. Bomb), “ii, -Pt. it, 267 ;-\Kirt.) Ind. Med.” Pits, 1m,. 1762:

Indian Names.—Alarkapatramu (Tel.); Ambusondeballi, Kakamunji (Canar-

ese); Achuda (Sans.).

Habitat.—Common in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

118. Solanum Seaforthianum Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 504. (Blue Potato Creeper).

Habitat.—A native of Tropical America. Grown for its pretty white and

blue flowers.

XLITI. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

119, Celsia -coromandeliana Vahl Symb. Bot. iii (1794), 79; H.F.B.I., iv,

251; Cooke F, Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 281; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts,, iii, 1807.

Indian Names.—Gadartambaku, Kokshima (Hindi); Kolhala, Kutki (Mar.};

Kohhal (Bomb.); Kalhara (Guj.); Koksima (Beng.). ”

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 919

Habitat.—Collected from Khuldabad.

Flowering season.—June.

Uses.—Medicinal.

120. Limnophila racemosa Benth. Scroph. Ind. (1835), 26; H.F.B.I., iv,

271°; Dalz. & Gibsy 177 > Cooke WH: Pres. Bomb., 11, Pt.. ii, 2901; Wt.,1c. t. 86%.

Indian Name.—Mahaka (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Common in marshy places in Mulug and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Dec.

121. Bonnaya veronicaefolia Spreng. Syst. Veg., i (1825), 41; H.F.B.I., iv,

285; Cooke KF. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 298; Dalz. & Gibs., 178.

Indian Names.—Shewal (Bemb.).

Habitat.—Common in moist places towards Vikarabad, Mulug and else-

where.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

122. Angelonia grandiflora C. Morr. in Ann. Soc. Hort. Gand, iii, 93, ¢.

119.

Habitat.—Extensively cultivated in gardens.

Flowering season.—Winter.

XLIV. BIGNONIACEAE. :

123. Bignonia venusta Ker—Gawl. in Bot. Reg. t. 249.

Habitat.—Cultivated for its beautiful flowers.

Flowering season.—Dec.-March.

124. Tecoma jasminoides Lindl. Bailey, Encye. Hort. 3317.

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

XLV. ACANTHACEAE.

125. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Cor. Pl., 1 (1795), 47, t, 67; H.F.B.E.,

iv, 390; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 342; Dalz. & Gibs., 183.

Indian Name.—Chimine (Bomb.).

Fabitat.—A common garden escape.

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

I agree with Cooke that the specific name is a misnomer. I have examined

many flowers from several plants, and have satisfied myself that there is

absolutely no fragrance.

126. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 45; H.F.B.I., iv,

392; Cooke F.. Pres: Bomb.,: 11, Pt. ii, 343.

Habitat.—Commonly grown in gardens.

127. Thunbergia mysorensis JT. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867),

448; H.F.B.I., iv, 393; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 342; Dalz. & Gibs.,

183.

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Flowering season.—Dec.

128. Elytraria crenata Vahl Enum., i, 106; H.F.B.I., iv, 394; Dalz. &

Gibs., 183.

Habitat.—Collected from the Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.-March.

129. Hygrophila polysperma TT. Andres, in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867),

406. Hebe bel iv, 406), Cooker hi. Pres. Bomb: , ity st. ti, 4363"

Syn.—Hemiadelphis polysperma Nees. in Watt. Pl. As. Rar., iii, 80; Wt.

lcs 1492" ‘

Habilat.—Common in marshy places throughout,

Flowering season.—Nov,-Dec, ;

920 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

130. Hygrophila spinosa T. Andres. in Thwaites Enum. 225, and in Jour

Linn. Soc., vii; 22; H-E-B-1., “iv, 408.

Habitat.--Common in ditches near tanks and fields.

Flowering season.—Feb.

131. Ruellia longifolia TT. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix (1867), 460;

HF Bil. iv. 4r2 5" Watt, Dict Econ. Pied al van bt asso:

Syn.—Dipteracanthus longifolius Stocks, in Kew Jour., Bot., iv (1852), 177.

Habitat.-—Vicinity of Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Undated sheet in Herbarium Hyderabadense.

132. Ruellia tuberosa Linn. Sp. Pl. 635.

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet, a cultivated plant.

Flowering season.—Undated sheet in Herbarium Hyderabadense.

133. Phaylopsis parviflora Willd. Sp. Pl, iii, 342; H.F.B.L., iv, 417.

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.

134. Strobilanthus Kunthianus ‘J. Andres. in Jour. Linn. Soc., ix, 465;

EE Beal iy, 434:

Habitat.—Common in the vicinity of Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

135. Blepharis bcerhaaviefolia Pers. Syn. 41 (1807), 71805HAE BT, viv,

478; Caoke FP: Pres. Bomb.; 11; -Pt))it; 549; Dalz.-7& iGibss, sio2- Wie le mt-.

458.

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

136. Barleria cuspidata Heyne; Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., iii, 93 and

in. DC. Prodr:, xi, 239;,H.F-B.N, iv, 483; Cocke FY Pres: Bomb.) ii) (Bee i

B80 7 Wits ATC tas:

Habitat—Common at Adigmet,.

Flowering season.—Dec.

137. Barleria strigosa Willd. Sp. Pl., iii (1800), 379; H.F.B.1., iv, 489;

Cooke F: Pres. .Bomb., ‘ii, Pt. ii, 384; Kirt. Ind.“Med. Plts.) ii,” 1880:

Syn.—Barleria terminalis Nees in DC. Prodr., xi (1847), 225; Dalz. &

Gibs., 188..B. coeruiea Grah. Cat., 161.

Indian Names.—Nilam baramu (Tel.); Nilambaram, Nili (Tam.); Nilakurinni

(Malayalam); Wahiti (Bomb.); Dasi (Beng.); Nilakurantaka (Sans.).

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug forest.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

138. Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 113 and in

DC.. Prodr.,. xi, 320; H.F Bi. av, 5115,Cooke —. ’Pres., Bomb: aii ol eal,

Habitat.—A native of khasia mountains, cultivated for its showy brick-red |

flowers.

139. Rhinacanthus communis Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii, 109, and in

DCveProdr) xi, 7 442); Job Ble av, sa.

Habitat.—Doubtfully indigenous.

140. Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii, 113 and in

DC. Prodr. xi; 496; H.F.B:1.,/iv;.554; Cooke... Bres:sibombs, ing Pt. en ange

Dalz. & Gibs., 197.

Indian Names.—Atrilal, Itrelal, Masi (Hindi); Ghatipittapapada, Rankirayat

(Mar.); Chebira (Tel.); Pitpatra (Sans.); Nasabhaga (Beng.).

Habitat.—Common in Mulug and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Nov.-Dec.

U'ses.—Supposed to be medicinal.

141. Fittonia argyroneura F. Coem. in FI. des Serres, xvi (1865), 103.

Habitat.—A_ native of Peru, grown in gardens, .

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 991

XLVI. VERBENACEAE.

142. Vitex Negundo Linn. (Indian Privet) Sp. Pl. (1753), 638; H.F.B.L.,

iV, 583; \cooke |.) Pres’ Bomb.s11; Pte i 428:

Syn.—Vitex bicolor Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol, 660 (in note); Dalz. &

Gibs., 201; Vitex trifolia Grah. Cat., 155 (not of -Linn.).

Indian Names.—Nirgandi (Hindi); Shamalu, Shambalu (Deccan); Nirgunda,

Lingur (Mar.); Nallavavili (Tel.); Nochi (Canarese) ; Nirkkundi (Tam.); Banjan-

gasht, Sisban (Pers.); Aslag, Fanjangasht (Arab.); Indrani, Nilapushpa (Sans.) ;

Nirgundi (Bomb.); Bankhu (Punjab).

Habitat.—A common targe shrub along roadsides near villages,

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

Uses.—Medicinal.

143. Clerodendron phiomidis Linn. f. Suppl. (1781), 292; Cooke F. Pres.

Bomb.taije Lt i, 480,

Syn.—Clerodendron phlomoides Willd. Sp. Pl., iii (1800), 386; H.F.B.L., iv,

500, Dalz.1d))Gibs.,, 2003, Wits Te. t.2 14732

Indian Names.—Arnl, Piran (Hindi); Talaki, Tekkali (Tel.); Sayandi,

Takkari (Tam.); Arni, Irun (Guj.); Tirutali (Malayalam); Arani, Agnimantha,

Gandhapushpa (Sans.).

Habitat.—Common in Mulug and elsewhere, growing in hedges in dry

situations.

Flowering season.—-Noy.-F eb.

U'ses.—Medicinal.

144, Clerodendron serratum Spreng. Syst. Veg., ii (1825), 758; H.F.B.!.,

iv, 592; Wt. Ic. t) 1472 3; Coske F--Pres. Bomb., ii; Pt: ii, 432'; Dalz. & Gibs.,

200.

Indian Names.—Barangi (Hindi); Bharangi (Urdu and Bomb.); Barangi.

Bhramaramari (Tel.); Bharangi (Mar.); Gantubarangi (Canarese); Cherutekku

(Malayalam); Bharangi Bhargavi, Bramhi (Sans.).

Habitat.—Common on the Telangana side.

Flowering season.—Sept.

Uses.—Medicinal.

145 Verbena chamaedryfolia) Jus. in Ann. Mus. Par., vii (1806), 73;

Cooke, b= Pres’. Bombs; +t, Pts 7105.5 437.

Habitat.—A native of S. America, several hybrids of which are grown

largely in gardens. ¥

146 Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. Obs. fasc., vi (1791), 31: Cooke IF.

Pres:, Bomb., it; Pt. “ii, 437; Watt.- Dict. Econ... Prod. J,; iv, 260:

Habitat.—A native of the subtropical Himalaya. Its large rounded red

calyx is remarkable. Commonly grown in gardens.

XLVII. LABIATAE.

147, Coleus spicatus Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., ii (1831), 15; H.F.B.1.,

iV, O24. Wt. le. t.. t4ar-) Cooke i Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 440;

Syn.—Coleus Zatarhendi Dalz. & Gibs., 206.

Habitat.—A strongly scented herb. Collected from Mananur. It was grow-

ing among bushes on stony ground.

Flowering season.—Dec.-Feb.

148. Hyptis suaveolens Poit. in Ann. Mus. Par., vii (1806), 472; H.F.B.I.,

iv, 630; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. ii, 476; Kirt. Ind. Med. Plts., tii,.2032.

Habitat.—A native of Tropical America, has become naturalized in many

parts of India. Collected from Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

Uses.—Medicinal.

149. Dysophylla myosurvides Benth. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar., i (1830),

Bor tebe. wiv. 6398 Cooke Eo Pres: Bomb, a1, Pt. aii) 56:

Habitat.—Collected from a rocky place in Mananur forest.

Flowering season.—Jan.-Feb.

923 «JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLit

150. Meriandra bengalensis Benth. (Bengal sage) Lab. 189; H.F.B.I., iv, 653;

Cooke. F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iii, 475; Kirt. «Ind. Med. Plts., iii, 1996.

Indian Names.—Kafur-ka-patta (Deccan and Bomb.); Kafurkapat (Hindi);

Simakarpuramu (Tel.); Sayayilai (Tam.).

Habitat.—-A native of Abyssinia—cultivated in gardens.

Flowering season.—Almost throughout the year.

Uses.—Medicinal.

151. Leucas mollissima Wall. Pl. As. Rar., i (1830), 62; H.F.B.L., iv,

682; Cooke F: Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iii, 469; Watt, Dict. Econ. Prod. I., iv,

634.

Habitat.—Common in the vicinity of the city. First collected from

Umberpet from a_ hedge.

Flowering season.—Oct.-Dec.

XLVIII. NYCTAGINACEAE.

152. Boerhaavia repanda Willd. Sp. Pl., i (1797), 22; H.F.B.1., iv, 700;

Daiz.. & Gibs., °213; Wt. Ic. t.:1766; Cooke F. Pres. Bannb., ii, Pt. ii) 480;

Indian Names.—Punarnava, Pungali (Bomb.).

Habitat.—Collected from Mahboobnagar.

Flowering season.—Dec., but it is in flower more or less throughout the

year.

XLIX. AMARANTACEAE.

153. Alternanthera echinata Sm., in Rees, Cycl. Suppl. n. 10.

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Jan.

L. POLYGONACEAE.

154. Polygonum glabrum Willd. Sp. Pl. ii (1799), 447; H.F.B.1., v, 34;

Dalz: & Gibs.,* 214; Wt. Ic. t.,. 1790; Cooke Fc Pres. Bombs, 11) 9PG i) 514s

Watt Dict. Econ. Prod. I., vi, Pt. 1, 3185" Kirt. Ind Meds Plts= 111, 2098.

Indian Names.—Sheral, Raktarohida (Bomb.); Atalari (Tam.).

Habitat.—Found in ditches and wet places. :

Flowering season.—Oct.-Feb.

Uses.—Leaves are medicinal.

155. Polygonum tomentosum Willd. Sp. Pl., ii (1799), 447; H.F.B.L.,

v, 30; Tyim. F: Ceyl., ii, 411; ‘Cooke F. Pres. Bomb.) 11," Pt. ii, 5055) Gam:

F, Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1189.

Habitat.—-Common in wet places at Adigmet and elsewhere.

Flowering season.—Dec.-April.

156. Muehlenbeckia platyclados Meissn. in Bot. Zeit., xxiii (1865), 313;

Cooke F. Pres: Bomb., ii, Pt. i, 519; Gam: PF. Pres. Mad\ivuy No vit, 71102:

Syn.—Coccoloba platyclada F. Muell. in Bot. Mag., xix (1863), t. 5382.

Habitat.—A native of Solomon Islands, often grown in gardens.

LI. PIPERACEAE.

157. Piper nigrum Linn. (Pepper)) Sp. Pl. (1753), 28; H.F.B.1., v, 90;

Dalz. & Gibs. Suppl., 84; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii; Pt. iii, 526.; Gam. F.

Pres.. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1206; Wt. Ic. t. 1935; Watt Dict. Econ. Prod, 1,

Vi, PEG 2 200;

Syn.—Piper triotcum Roxb. FI. Ind. i (1832), 151.

Indian Names.—Kalimirch (Urdu) ; Golmirch, Kalimirch, Safedmirch (Hindi) ;

Filfilesiyah (Pers.); Filfiluswud (Arab.); Marichamu (Tel.); Kalimirch (Mar.) ;

Agutlam (Tam.); Kalimari, Kalimirich (Guj.); Menasu (Canarese) ; Golmorich

(Beng.) ; Golmirich (Punjab).

Habitat.—Cultivated. Kindly presented to the Botanic Garden, Osmania

University by Mr. Chacko of Cocanada.

Uses.—-Economic and medicinal.

FLOWERING PLANTS OF H.E.H. THE NIZAM’S DOMINIONS 923

LI. EUPHORBIACEAE.

158. Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss. Cent. Euphorb. (1860), 9; H.I’.B.i.,

v, 240; Gam. FF.’ Pres: Mad., ‘viii 1274; Cooke F. ‘Pres. Bomb.; i1;) Pt. ‘iii,

505.

Habitat.—Collected from Mulug.

Flowering season.—Dec.

159. Euphorbia Clarkeana Hook. i. F. B. I. (1887), 253; Cooke F. Pres.

Bombs, gti, Pe t.crill, 570:

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet.

160. Euphorbia tortilis Rottler, ex Wight Ic. t. 898; H.F.B.L, v, 256;

Gam. K. Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii, 1277.

Indian Name.—Pedda jamadu (Tel.).

Habitat.—Common in dry situations in some of the districts.

161. Bridelia montana Willd. Sp. Pl. iv (1805), 978; Kirt. Ind. Med.

Pitss, ellis 2204.

Indian Names.—Geia, Khaja (Hindi); Asana (Mar.); Gundu bigalu, Pantangi

(Tel.); VWengaimaram (Tam.); Asano (Guj.).

Habitat.—Common in the hilly tracts in Mulug.

Flowering season.—Sept.-Nov.

Uses.—Medicinal.

162. Phyilanthus simplex Retz. Obs. Bot. fasc. v (1789), 29; H.F.B.L.,

Vi0 2055) Wala .&- Gibs.. 2345) Cooke, lc) Pres. Bomb... 11, Pt. . iti, 587 ;,: Kirt.

Indi Meds 7 Pits. a1, 2224.

Indian Names.—Bhuiavali (Mar.); Uchchiyusirika (Tel.); Motibhonyaanmali

(Guj.).

Habitat.—Common at Adigmet.

Flowering season.—Aug.-Nov.

Uses.—Medicinal.

163. Phyllanthus manus Hook. f.; H.F.B.1., v, 298.

Habitat.—Collected from the vicinity of Adigmet.

164. Phyllanthns debilis Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. (1828) sub-n. 7892;

le nsBaleay..2oo.7), Cooke fjPress Bomb...) Pty win 58S:

Habitat.—Collected from Adigmet.

165. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit., Gam. F. Pres. Mad., vii, No. vii,

1346.

Habitat.—An American shrub cultivated in gardens.

166. Plecospermum spinosum Trecul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iii, Vol. viii

(is47) wei2teei Eh b.L av. 40n5 Wits [eo t. .1903 5. Cooke’, H.. Pres) Bomb... “41,

Rtv. oO42rn Gamewe as bres. Mads ebt. viii, INO. Vili, 1352:

Indian Names.—Koriti (Tel.); Achingudi, Daiyal (Tam.); Bendaka (Canarese).

Habitat.—Cultivated.

Flowering season.—April-June.

LI. URTICACEAE.

(MORACEAE).

167. Ficus tomentosa Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814), 103; H.F.B.L., v, 507;

Wt. Ic. t. 647; Cooke F. Pres. Bomb., ii, Pt. iv, 646.

Indian Names.—Jivi, Juvi (Tel.); Kallu-goli (Bomb.); Ichchi, Kal-ichchi

(Tam.); Kal-al (Malayalam); Kallatti (Canarese).

Habitat.—A common tree in the hilly tracts in Mulug.

Flowering season.—April.

168. Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. iii, Vol. x (1848),

2662 Hak Bolsa vy 48u59 Dalz. c& Gibs., 238; Wt. Ic.t. 1968); Ceoke Es! Pres.

Bomb., ii, Pt. iv, 629.

924 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

Syn.—Ulmus integrifolia Roxb. Corom. Pl. I. (1795), 50, «t: 478" Kirt ain

Med.” Pltse mii, 2203 ,

: ere Maran Kumba, Papri (Hindi); Kaladri, Tapsi (Canarese) ;

apara, Vavli (Mar.); Aval (Malayalam); Avali (Tam. ; Nevili, Tz i (a

Chirabilva (Sans.). : emg ta

Habitat.—Grown in gardens, doubtfully indigenous.

Uses.—Medicinal.

(URTICACEAE PROPER).

_ 169. Pilea microphylla} (Gun-powder or Artillery Plant). Liebm. in Vidensk.

Skr. ser. v, Vol. ii (1851), 296; Cooke F. Pres. Bombs, 11,, Pt. ive 650)-Gam

F. Pres. .Mad., : Pts’ viii, No. viii, 1379.

Syn.—Pilea mucosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. (1821) t. 4; H.F.B.L., v, 551.

Habitat.—A native of S. America, extensively cultivated as a border herb.

_ An interesting feature about the pollen is that, when ripe, it is discharged

in clouds from the anthers when the plant is slightly shaken. :

170. Pellionia Daveauana N. E. Brown, in Gard. Chron. (1880), Pt. ii,

262; Cooke I*. Pres. Bomb.,, ii,/ Pt. "av, 650: ;

Habitat.—A native of Cochin-China, grown in baskets as an ornamental

plant, and also in rockeries.

Regarding the ejection of pollen the same remark applies to this plant

as to Pilea microphylla.

LITERATURE CONSULTED.

Abdus Salam, M.—On the occurrence of Cichorium Intybus Linn. (Chicory)

tn Hyderabad, Deccan. J.B.N.H.S., vol. xli, No. 3, 1940.

Bailey, L. H.—The Standard Encyclopedia of Horticulture {1937).

Brandis, D.—The Indian Trees (1906).

Cooke, T.—The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay (1903-8).

Dalzell, N. A. and Gibson, A.—The Bombay Flora (1861).

Fischer, C. E. C.—Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Part VIII (1928).

Gamble, J. S.—Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Parts I-VII (1915-25).

Hooker, J. D.—Flora of British India (1875-9).

Jackson, Dayden B.—Index Kewensis (1893).

Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D.—Indian Medicinal Plants, 2nd Ed.

Mayuranathan, P. V.—The Flowering Plants of the Madras City and its

immediate Neighbourhood (1929).

Partridge, E. A.—Forest Flora of the Hyderabad State (1911).

Roxburgh, W.—Flora Indica (1874).

Sayeedud-Din, M.—Some of the Common Flowering Plants of the Hyderabad

State; their distribution, economic and medicinal importance. (J.A.S.B., vol. i,

No. 1 (1935).

Sayeedud-Din, M.—A Further contribution to Some of the Common Flowering

Plants of the Hyderabad State; their distribution and economic importance.

().B.N.H-S:,) vol: “xl y Now. 2, (1938):

Sayeedud-Din, M.—Preliminary Notes on a recent Botanical Tour to Amrabad

Forest Reserve, H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions, Hyderabad (Dn.). J.B.N.H.S.

vol. xli, No. 4, (1940).

Talbot, W. A.—Forest Flora of the Bombay Presidency and Sind (1909).

Watt, G.—Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (1889-96).

Wight, R.—Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis (1838-53).

Wight, R.—Illustrations of Indian Botany (1839).

EXPLANAPION OF YPLATE.

Fig. 1.—Photograph of a moist forest near Salvoy in Mulug. In the fcre-

ground is a river—-Dayyum Mudgo, in the background are lofty trees.

Fig. 2.—-A panoramic view of a part of the Ajanta Hills where the forest

is. of the Monsoon type.

Fig. 3.—Photograph of a thicket of Calamus Rotang Linn. near the. Ramappa

tank in Mulug.

REVIEW

THE BOOK OF INDIAN BIRDS by Salim Ali. With 171 coloured, 18 blacls

and white plates, 3 line plates and a map. Bombay Natural History Society,

Bombay, Rs 14.

Every one enjoys birds. The beauty of their forms and _ colouring, the

vivacity of their movements and the sweetness of their songs make bird-watching

past time for the out-of-doors that for fascinating is without equal.

In spite of the wealth and variety of birds, closer acquaintance with them

has hitherto been difficult due to the scarcity of a handy, well illustrated and

simply written volume which every one could conveniently carry into the field

and which at the same time would be within the reach of the modest purse.

Such a book has now appeared and wili, we are sure, be welcomed. It con-

tains 171 full page coloured plates and descriptions of 181 of the commoner

birds to be met with about cultivation, towns, and villages, jheels and scrub

jungles in the plains of India and about the seabound.

The coloured plates, while they do not as a whole claim to reach a high

artistic standard, will certainly serve the purpose for which they are intended

namely to enable the reader to name his bird. They are the same as were

used in the Bird Charts the Society issued some years ago, and with which

most people interested in Indian Birds must by now be familiar.

Opposite each coloured plate is the description of the bird ‘ites a This

is subdivided into the following sections: Size, Field Characters, Distribution,

Habits, Nesting. In addition the book contains a number of chapters of

general interest including an Introduction to bird study, nesting, migration,

economics and bird watching.

What we consider to be a feature of the book is the keys to identification

by prominence of crest or bilf and by colour which should prove of great help

to the beginner and the layman.

Another detail we are glad to see is that the size of the bird is indicated

not in inches as is customary, but by comparison with a standard of size which

must be familiar to most people such as crow, sparrow, bulbul, myna and so

on. As the author points out size given in inches for a bird in the field means

little to the layman and may be even misleading where abnormal necks, bills

or tails have to be dealt with.

All the latest information gained in the various ornithological surveys carried

out in India during recent years, as regards distribution, habits, taxonomy and

other branches of bird study have been embodied in the text.

The 18 odd black and white plates, reproduced from the author’s own

photographs and from those of such well-known bird photographers as E. H. N.

Lowther and R. S. P. Bates add considerably to the attractiveness of the volume

and the migration map specially prepared for the book is of much interest.

The Society are to be congratulated on this their latest effort to popularise

natural history and we feel that this is decidedly a book that must be on the

shelf of every bird lover be he young or old.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

I.—RIVERS AS BARRIERS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF

GIBBONS.

With reference to my note on Gibbons published on page 434

of volume xli of the Journal, I have now had an opportunity of

investigating the status of this animal at Sadiya and have found one

small party in the jungle to the north of the station. This means that

these animals are present east of the Dibang River, but not west

of it, thus further defining the area mentioned in my _ previous

note where they are quite definitely absent. I still have to obtain

information with regard to the area west of the Subansiri River.

D1rBRUGARH, R.cE. PARSONS;

LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, Indian Police,

ASSAM, August 31, 1941. FRIES?

I.—WHERE A TIGER: SHARPENED IS CLAWS.

(With a photo).

I enclose two photos I found when going through my collection

which you might like to publish. The tree was on the side of a jungle

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 927

road, along which a particularly large tiger used to promenade. The

tree is an Arjan (T'erminalia Arjuna). The fire-watcher is standing

on a slightly lower level than the ground at the near edge of the

tree; the top claw mark was 10! 6” from ground ievel. The deeply

scored claw marks indicate the energy put into the process, and if

one pictures the tiger standing against the tree in the position

indicated by the marks, one gets a vivid idea of the might of the

tiger. It is a good illustration of paragraph 1 on page 63 of Dunbar

Brander’s ‘Wild Animals in Central India’.

BETUL.Y Cz 5P.;

August 3, 1941. CE SHEW BEESON. \1.6.S:

|The passage from Dunbar Brander book reads as follows —

‘Another habit of tigers, which they occasionally practise, is to

sharpen or clean their claws on trees. This habit seems to be more

an individual peculiarity constantly practised, rather than a general

habit occasionally practised; as where the marks on trees are seen

they are usually numerous and made by the same animal, whereas

miles of jungle containing tigers may be devoid of all signs of the

habit. I knew a particular Mohwa tree in a certain valley in the

Melghat where a tiger regularly scraped his claws every three weeks

or so. He evidently stood up on his hind legs and pulled his claws

down, making deep incisions in the bark. This practice had been

going on for years, but no other tigers for miles round indulged in

it.’-—Eps. |

IIIl.—ON THE HEIGHT AND AGE OF AN ELEPHANT.

(With a plate).

-The fine tusker, Chandrasekharan, belonging to H. H. the Maha-

raja of Travancore, died last year of old age.

He was a magnificent animal standing 10/ at the shoulders.

Captain S. S. Flower (later Major), Director, Egyptian Government,

Zoological Service, who visited Travancore in 1913, described him

in his Report on a Zoological Mission to India {p. 14) as the ‘tallest

male elephant’ that he ‘saw actually measured in India’. After death,

the Museum Taxidermist deputed to prepare the animal’s skin,

reported his height as 10’ 7”. Major Stanley in the Report quoted

above mentions three instances of elephants going over to! in

height—a male ‘measured by Sanderson as 10! 75”; Col. Hamilton’s

record of Sir Victor Brooke killing one of 11/ and a skeleton in the

Indian Museum of Mr. W. M. Smith’s Bilkandi Elephant, measuring

11! 3”’—which would indicate that the animal must have been nearly

12! high in the flesh, if the skeleton was properly mounted. Regard-

ing his skeleton, Mr. W. T. Blanford has a footnote in his Fauna

of British India-—Mammalia—(p. 464) which explains that he was

told by Mr. Sanderson that the femur of the mounted skeleton and

of another elephant known to have been less than 10! high, on com-

parison, showed only a difference of 1/8”,

638 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLIi

The elephant Chandrasekharan died on to-4-1115 M.E., i.e.,

A.D, 1940. The records about his age vary and are conflicting.

From his appearance he must have been past y5 at the time of

death. He was taken over to the Royal Stables on 15-8-1058

(A.D. 1883) from the Travancore Forest Department. His tusks

were symmetrical and graceful and swept up in a semicircular curve.

The weight of the tusks is 1424 pounds. —

Major Stanley writing on the age of Chandrasekharan in the

same report, says that he had an ascertained minimum age of

twenty-five and a supposed approximate age of forty years in 1913.

This would mean that the animal might have been between 52 and

67. years of age at the time of death. This is considerably low,

compared with Mr. W. T. Blanford’s statement that an ‘elephant

is fully grown, but not fully mature, at 25 years of age, and indi-

viduals have been known to live over 100 years in captivity; in a

wild state their existence probably extends to 150 years’, and the

evidence furnished by ‘Ortela’ the famous 170-year old elephant of

Ceylon described on p. 619, Vol. xxxix of the Journal of the Bombay

Natural History Society. Major Stanley’s study on the duration of

life in vertebrate animals which appeared in the P. Z. S., 1931, based

on actual observations for a number of years brings out 50 as the

average life of elephants. It is interesting to note that the thirteenth

century Jain Zoologist, Hamsadeva, has said in his ‘Mrigapakshi-

sastra’ that the maximum age attained by elephants in captivity

iS 100. :

The elephant was particularly remarkable for his sagacity, gentle-

ness and almost human intelligence. He never harmed <a living

creature till his death. Various stories are current evidencing one

or other of his qualities, an authentic one being his refusal to erect

a pillar in one of the pits dug for the purpose in connection with

one of the Murajapam festivals in Trivandrum. Usually the elephant

was a very willing worker and his refusal to hoist the pillar which

he held still with his tusk and trunk surprised the mahout who on

looking into the pit found that a dog which had strayed in had got

into the pit had fallen asleep. It was only after the dog was roused

and driven away that Chandrasekharan lowered the pillar into the

it.

‘ The death of an animal so remarkable for his size and intelligence,

was a personal loss to H. H. the Maharaja, whose kindness to

animals is proverbial. As a tribute to this mighty pachyderm, its

head is set up and given a prominent place in the Royal Art Gallery,

‘Ranga Vilas’ at the Fort, Trivandrum.

TRIVANDRUM, Ne-G: PILLA

August 22, 1941. Curator, State Museum, Trivandrum,

IV.—THE MALAYAN ELEPHANT.

There are four points in Mr. Theodore Hubback’s excellent

article under the above caption (August 1941 Journal—Vol. xlii,

No. 3) I should like to touch on.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

* Chandrasekharan * in a placid mood

—and in ‘ Musth ’

vgs esd apt Raat Seine ae

5 ip sing aataain

’ a 7

+ . a

, 4

% ard

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 929

Firstly the description of the young of Malayan Elephants hav-

ing sometimes... . ‘a thick coat of black, and in part, bristly hair’. . ,

in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1914, may well. apply

to the young of Indian Elephants also. Mr. Hubback just describes

the appearance of a two-day old elephant calf I saw, and filmed,

a few yards from me, in 1936—in the North Coimbatore jungles.

I have never seen any other young calf so covered with black

‘bristly’ hair as this was.

2. The Malayan idea that the ‘pengasoh’ (foster-mother) is the

more aggressive when both female elephants are with the calf may

not be far wrong. Some years ago I was out in the Minchiguli

Valley of North Coimbatore with a friend, and we came on a herd

of elephants—a bit separated from which were 2 cow-elephants and

a small calf. While we were watching the calf’s antics with its

mother the wind suddenly changed, betraying our presence. The

mother-elephant shuffled off with the calf between its legs: while

the other cow swung round and made a determined charge on us.

We had to run for it! ;

3. I found about 18 inches of an elephant’s tusk embedded in

a tree once: it was a clean break: and the tree was split.

4. Elephants bite each other’s tails when fighting: the loser on

turning to flee, is ‘speeded on’ by having a portion of its tail bitten

off.

5. I am particularly interested in Mr. Hubback’s description

of an elephant using a waterfall as his trail (vide last para on

page 503). In 1929, while following a rogue elephant on the

Baragur Hills, I was amazed to find that the elephant had climbed

the face of a small dry waterfall—in a ravine—leaving a good path

to do so. Had I not personally verified this I would never have

believed it to be possible. Further, there was no apparent reason

‘for the climb—which was quite 12 feet, possibly more.

6. I once watched a bull elephant with most abnormal tusks

(quite 6 feet long outside and so wide apart that they must have

been almost useless to him in a fight) standing on the outskirts

of a herd, in which there were two other fine tuskers, and spending

his whole time trumpeting loudly. I think he was made to keep

his distance from the herd: and was furious! On another occasion

a bull elephant, after being disturbed by three successive flash-

lights in a nulla (set with trip-wires) vented his wrath on the trees

in the vicinity of the third camera, laying them all flat!

R. C. MORRIS,

Captain.

REINFORCEMENT Camp,

BomBay,

September, 15, 1941.

V.—AN ALBINO NILGHAI

(With a photo).

_I enclose a snapshot of a fawnish white Nilghai (male) shot by

His Highness the Thakore Saheb of Palitana the other day in the

State, which may interest your readers,

$30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY: NATURALT AIST ASOCTE DY. Vol. = xin

It was shot in open country about ten miles from the Capital

and is the first of its kind ever seen this side.

i soe 2

The animal was in .very good condition, about 5 to 6 years old,

with 63” horns and had an orangeish-coloured mane and tassel.

THE PALACE,

PALITANA,

KATHIAWAD, aeRe GRE BD

August 9, 1941. Private Secretary to H. H. Palitana.

VI.— MEASUREMENTS OF A FINE HEAD OF THE INDIAN

GAZETTE:

I am sending you by passenger train the head of a Chinkara or

Indian Gazelle (Gazellu bennetti) which has been shot by my brother

Sardar Gurbachan Singh and shall be obliged if you will kindly have it

measured and the measurements recorded in your Journal.

NABHA, | SARDAR SHIVDEV SINGH,

August 20, 1941. ‘Prime Minister,

Nabha State, Nabha (Punjab).

[The measurements of the Chinkara head sent to the Society

by the Prime Minister, Nabha State, are recorded by us as follows :—

Length on Circumference, Tip tout:

front curve.

15” Ae 63 WY

The measurements of the record head given in Rowland Ward’s

Records of Big Game are:—

Length on Circumference. Tip to: tip:

front curve. ‘

153” | 43 WY : 34”

This animal was shot at Bhalinda? (Punjab) and the trophy is

in the possession of Major-General Sir P. C. Palin, ‘Bhalinda’

is probably a misprint for Bhatinda.—Eds. ]

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 931

VII.—KING CROW BULLYING TERNS.

An interesting incident was witnessed by several of us at

Ferozepur on 26-2-1941, and as I have not noticed an account of

such behaviour in any of the publications to which I have had

access, it may be worth recording.

The scene was one of the canals which still held a few stretches

of shallow water wherein a number of small fry (fish) attracted

a gathering of some dozen or so River Terns (Sterna aurantia).

Seated on a small tree on the canal bank was a King Crow (D.

macrocercus) which, as soon as one of the Terns had made a

successful plunge, gave chase and forced the latter to drop its

prey which was then caught in mid-air, taken to its perch and

devoured piece-meal by the King Crow, the fish being held down

by the latter’s feet and torn to pieces much as a Falcon does with

its prey.

SIMLA, A. E.- JONES.

April 1941.

VIII.—PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF THE

NIDIFICATION OF THE INDIAN CUCKOO (CUCULUS

MICKOPTERUS GOULD).

(With a plate).

Six years ago while staying at Dehra Dun I visited the late

O. C. Ollenbach on several occasions when we used to talk

‘Natural History’. During one of these visits our conversation

turned to the question of cuckoos’ eggs and he asked me if I had

ever found a cuckoo’s egg in the nest of a king-crow, or drongo.

I had. to:admit that I hadn’t; neither had I heard of it but I made

a mental note of it.

Uhat:same year, or the next, I forget .which, my friend Mr.

Edwin Hotz, who is a keen naturalist, up in Simla on a bit of

leave from Delhi, voluntarily told me he had seen a young

cuckoo being fed by a king-crow. Here was confirmatory evidence

of some member of the genus cuculus victimizing some of the

Dicruridae.

Looking through the list of vietims of Cuculus canorus and

its subspecies in both the Fauna (2nd edition) and Nidification

I found no mention of any of the members of the Dicruridae

being victimized.

Now taking in order the other cuckoos, as per the ‘Fauna’ we

have Cuculus optatus, and C. policephala we find the eggs of both

are well known, moreover the eggs of both species are considerably

smaller than the egg of C. canorus.

Next in rotation comes C. micropterus Gould, the Indian

Cuckoo, and here we find that except for (a) the remains of an

oviduct egg obtained by La Touche which he described as ‘pinkish-

white marked with rich red and carmine, very much like some

eggs of the Dicruridae, and (b) the record of a complete oviduct

egg obtained by Stewart in Travancore, which is described as

‘all blue, of rather a grey shade’. Finally we have Rattray’s

assumption (Nidification, vol. ili, p. 347) that blue eggs which

932 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

he found in nests of Trochalopteron lineatum, Hodgsonius pheeni-

curoides, Larvioora brunnea and Saxicola torquata indica all of

which birds lay blue eggs pertained to C. micropterus. About

these Stuart Baker remarks; ‘They are probably correctly identified

as those of the present bird, but in appearance are not distin-

guishable from those of the Common Cuckoo.’ Besides _ this

evidence we have the case of Major R. E. ‘Skinner’s collector

who ‘saw one of these Cuckoo’s sitting on the nest of a Paradise

Flycatcher, and waiting until it flew away, examined the nest

and took a Cuckoo’s blue egg and two eggs of the owner from

it.’ How this man could identify the species of cuckoo in the

field except from ‘the call of the male is ‘beyond me. Even in

the -hand the identification ‘of C.canorus;. C. ‘opiatus. and C.

micropterus is difficult. The ‘Water-bubbling’ notes of the females

of all three are practically the same.

Now for my own evidence. For the last three or four years

we have been used to hearing the mellow call ‘kyphul pukka’ (as

we syllabalize it up here) of C. micropterus during April and May

mostly, but occasionally in June, at elevations between 5,000 ft.

and 7,000 ft., while at lower altitudes, i.e. 3,000 ft. to 4,000 ft.,

its call may be heard as late as September.

Personally I have not taken a nest of a king-crow (Dicrurus

longicaudatus) for a number of years, but this year my elder son

has taken two, both of which call for notice. The first was taken

on May 18 and contained five eggs but due to an accident three

of these had been broken. However, on examining the two

remaining eggs it was obvious that one was a cuckoo’s of some

species. On the 30th he found another king-crow’s nest this

time containing one more or less normal egg of the rightful

owner while the second egg was exactly like the Cuckoo’s egg

taken on the 18th.

Next, a young friend of ours, David Cotton, an extraordinary

good field naturalist, hearing about these presumed cuckoos’

eggs looked up the three clutches which he had taken this year

in the same locality as the two nests above mentioned and brought

two of them to me for critical examination. Here again each

of these nests contained one egg exactly like the two cuckoos’

taken by my son, and all five eggs evidently, so alike are they,

laid by the same bird.

A most extraordinary feature with regard to four clutches

of the king-crows’ eggs is that they are pure white without a

mark and slightly rough in texture as are also the Cuckoos’.

The colouring of the supposed five cuckoos’ eggs is dead

white ground, sparcely marked with blotches and spots of pale

brick red scattered evenly all over the surface of the shell. In

size they are slightly smaller than the drongos’.

At these elevations we find Cuculus canorus victimizing Lannius

S. erythronotus, saxicola t. indica, Enicurus maculatus and, rarely,

Oreocorys sylvanius and know all the various types of this

cuckoo’s eggs fairly well, having on three separate occasions

actually witnessed it lay its egg in the nest of the Stone Chat

(S. torquata indica). The five eggs in question are like no cuckoo’s

eggs previously seen by me,

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Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc.

Photo : Col. E. A. Glennie

Nidification of the Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus)

For explanation see end of note.

MISCELLANEOUS. NOTES 933

To sum up, we have :—

1. T'wo independent accounts, i.e., Hotz and Ollenbach of

King-Crows being cuckolded by some species of Cuckoo.

z. Five cuckoos’ eggs, taken in one circumscribed locality,

all from nests of Dicrurus longicaudatus.

3. No record either in the Fayna (2nd ed.) nor in Nidifi-

cation of the eggs of Cuculus canorus ever having been taken

(among thousands of records of other victims) from drongos nests,

but the record of fragments of an oviduct egg from C. micropterus

obtained, as previously cited, by La Tuche, described by him as

resembling some eggs of the Dicruridae. Now these five eggs

(the cuckoos) might easily have been passed over for poorly marked

king-crows’ had it not been for the fact that the eggs of the latter

happened to be unmarked in four cases (nests) out of five.

4. Detection was due to there having been five eggs in the

first nest taken by my son, this being a most unusual number

laid by any of the Dicruridae.

5. The cuckoo, whatever its species, had taken up its breed-

ing quarters amidst a ‘pocket’ of king-crows (four out of five of

them) whose eggs are quite abnormal, being un-marked, pure

paper-white. This we must however allow is purely fortuitous, but

I mention it because had these king-crows’ eggs been normally

poorly-marked ones (at times one finds very handsomely marked

ones) it would have been more than likely that the eggs of the

interloper would have been overlooked.

6. The dates on which four of these nests were taken are

May 14th e/4, 18th e/5, 21st e/4, and 30th e/2. Elevations between

G 500) tt. sand. 6,000 ft.

SIMLA, A. E. JONES.

uy AG 4a.

The photograph, for which I am once again extremely indebted

to Col. E. A. Glennie, shows the four sets of eggs. Of the top

pair the right-hand egg is the more or less normal type of drongo

or king-crow egg, while the one alongside it is one of the supposed

cuckoos’ eggs, which will also be seen (one in each) in the other

three clutches. The photograph shows the actual size of the eggs.

The photograph is also valuable in showing the rather unusual

type, unmarked, of drongo or king-crow (Dicrurus) egg.

IX.—THE GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER IN THE

NEIGHBOURHOOD OF BOMBAY

On the ist June, 1941, I was out at Suriamal (45 miles north

of Bhiwandi, along the Wada Road on the southern border of

the Nasik District), with Messrs. C. McCann and Dinshah Pan-

day. During the course of a morning’s tramp through mixed

moist deciduous forest along a hill-side, we saw a Great Black

Woodpecker (Macropicus javensis subps. ) at very close quarters,

9384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

This woodpecker is large and unmistakeable, and this record

extends the known range considerably northwards. In flight it

has a grotesque resemblance to a cross between a hornbill and

a crow! The white patch on the lower back is distinctive. A

loud cackling laugh appears to be commonly uttered. A. pair

seen near Sirsi (Dharwar Dist.) on the 8th Sept. 1939, also kept

in touch in a similar manner. The female of this pair was shot

and had dormant ovaries. Her stomach contained a mass of

large black ants, as well as slivers of wood 4 in. to 2 in. long.

Among other birds seen around Suriamal, Grey Tits (Parus

major) were common, and one of them was observed carrying

nesting material. The Little Sunbird (Leptocoma minima) was

also common. Both these species are unrecorded from the im-

mediate neighbourhood of Bombay.

BomBAY, HUMAYUN ABDULALI.

June i20, (Oar,

X.—THE BOOMING BITTERN [BOTAURUS STELLARIS

STELLARIS (LINN.)| IN. LOWER BENGAL.

Recently, the Director, Zoological Survey of India, received

from Mr. D. J. McMullin, Assistant Superintendent, Coaching,

East Indian Railway (Calcutta), a beautiful female specimen of the

Booming Bittern. Mr. McMullin writes that he shot the bird on

the afternoon of January 7, 1940, among hugla grass in a Dhil

(lake) about two miles south-west of Barasat (Barasat Sub-

Division, 24-Parganas District, Lower Bengal), and adds _ that

‘it was accidentally shot as it was taken for a Bengal florican

whem it; n0se: ;

The measurements of the bird are as follows :—Body-length,

485° mm.; Wing, 3c0 mm; Tail 120, mm: ;) Varsus,,.oe mm. @ul=

men, 66 mm.; and Mid-toe with claw, 120 mm.

The Booming Bittern is a palaearctic bird resident in the

temperate areas from Western Europe to Manchukuo and Japan.

It migrates in winter largely to the countries around the Mediter-

ranean and to South-West Asia, and in much smaller numbers

to India, Burma and Southern China. Within Indian limits it

occurs in small numbers throughout Northern India and as far

south as Bombay, the Deccan and even, it is said, Bangalore.

It does not breed in India. (Curiously enough, Hartert in his stand-

ard work Die Vogel palaarktischen Fauna, vol. II (1920), pp. 1262-

1263, does not mention India, Burma and Southern China within

the over-wintering range of this bird.)

Owing to its rarity, the bird is seldom encountered in India

and I have, therefore, thought it fit to record a recent instance

of its .occurrence in Bengal. Apart from rarity, its capture is

made difficult by the fact that it is a nocturnal bird, hiding by

day in long, dense beds of rushes and reeds in swamps,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 935

Intimation of any future Indian records of this bird, as well

as skins of it, will be welcomed by the Zoological Survey of

India, Calcutta.

CALcupyta, VEE. “ROONWAL,

foth April, 1941, M.sc., Ph.p. (Cantab),

Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

XI.—BIRD ‘BATHING’ IN ANTS.

I wonder if the following note on the ‘anting’ habit of the

Common Mynah will be interesting to the readers of your esteemed

journal.

On the morning of December 14, 1940, I saw a pair of Com-

mon Mynahs (Acridotheres tristis) ‘anting’ themselves on the

lawn in front of the Museum. The birds were seen to hop about

in the midst of a colony of Red Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) pick-

ing them in their beaks one after the other, rubbing them against

the underparts of their wings and tail and finally dropping them.

After being thus engaged for about three minutes, they flew away.

On the scene of their activities, I. found a number of red ants

strewn about, dead and dying. All had their abdomens flexed and

crushed at the pedicel and were reeking of formic acid recently

liberated.

Again, on June 28, 1941, at the same spot, I saw a pair of

mynahs engaged in the same act. This time I had noticed the

birds at a distance feeding among the grass and working’ their

way in the direction of the ants. As my curiosity was roused,

I took my stand nearby to watch. On seeing the ants they at

once set to pick them up in their beaks and behave exactly as before,

spreading and quivering the tail during the act. They did this

for nearly a minute and then moved on. Soon, a pair of White-

headed Babblers (Turdoides striatus) feeding in another part of

lawn came that way, but took no notice of the ants, and hopped

clear of them to the adjoining lawn. I made an examination

of the spot as soon as the birds had left, but there was no sign

of the shambles I expected to see, save for a disabled ant which

[ removed to my table. Under a lens, the legs appeared intact

and though the abdomen was bent over on its stalk, it was free

from rupture and presented no trace of any body juice. At first

the ant could hardly move, but soon it recovered and was able

to get about as vigorously as ever, so I had it restored to its

comrades.

According to the notes previously published on the subject

in this Journal, the following birds have been observed to pick

up and press on their plumage insects with obnoxious effluvia : —

(1) Dryonastes coerulatus and the nestlings of Trochalo-

plerum nigrimentum and erythrocephalum, Dendrocitta baylet,

(Rhynchota)—B, B. Osmaston,

2 Ap

936 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

(2) Jerdon’s Chloropsis—(Red Ants)—Humayun Abdulali.

(3) Song thrush—(Red Ants)—Major R. S. P. Bates.

(4) Drongo—(Ants—Red ?)—T. B. Fletcher.

In all the above cases, the insects were swallowed afterwards,

but in (3), as well as in the instances described above, the birds

were observed to drop them.

Besides these, the Magpie (Pica pica), Jay (Garrulus glanda-

rius), Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), the crow (Corvus corone and

cornix), Leiothrix lutea, Lioptila capistrata and Garrulus species,

the Thrushes (Turdus musicus and philomelos) and _ Dipper

(Cinclus cinclus) are also known to indulge in this habit, using

in addition to ants, cigar ends, mealworms and Floh-Kerbs (?)

and many acid fluids such as lemon juice and vinegar.

TRIVANDRUM, N.. GeePIELAL

August 12, 1941. Govt. Museum, Trivandrum.

XII.—SURVIVAL OF BIRDS=AFTER INJURY.

Mr. W. P. Keelan’s note in this Journal (Vol. xii, No! 7,

p- 191) on a Mallard which lost portions of the web and toes,

the latter being mere stumps, the cause of which he attributes

to frost-bite or a jaw-trap, reminds me of the injuries to one of

my pets, a Baya (Ploceus philippinus), which survived in spite

of the total loss of a leg.

Early in 1940 I was living in a small village, but the house

I was occupying was comparatively good as it was the property

of the State. One morning one of my pets, a bulbul, was miss-

ing. I found its feathers under its cage which lay on a ‘shelf.

The cage had a wire netting, but the door had a slit 4 by 3H

inches and I suspected the marauder had dragged out its victim

through this slit, but left the other bulbuls untouched. Worried

for the safety of my other pets, I took them to another room.

I was afraid the unknown visitor might come from the roof, so

I placed the half a dozen cages on a cot until better arrangement

could be made. My pets included parrakeets, bulbuls, munias,

larks, a pair of koels, a grey partridge, a Nepal mynah and

a cockatoo. Nothing untoward happened for some days. Then

one night I was awakened by the alarmed twittering and calls

of my birds. My wife and I rushed to the room which had no

access to cats. We shuddered at the horrible carnage we saw

in one of the cages occupied by White-backed Munias, Spotted

Munias, Red Amadavats, larks and a baya. The victims were

bleeding profusely. Some were already dead, some were dying.

A pair of Spotted Munias was unscathed. The baya had lost

its left leg entirely. Nothing was left of its leg except a blood

clot on the belly. No time was lost to reach and search the

room, but no trace of the enemy was found. Wire-mesh of the

cage hardly allowed entry of the tip of one’s first finger. The

cage measured 14 by 14 by 1% ft. Near the top of the cage, on

one side, some feathers were clinging and there were blood stains

indicating where the enemy had unsuccessfully tried to draw out

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 937

its victims. No bird was missing. The only survivors in the

cage were the pair of the Spotted Munias and—to my extreme

surprise and pity—the one legged Baya. I cannot yet imagine

the author of this carnage. The other cages on the cot were

untouched.

Next night I placed the one legged baya in the same cage

on the same cot and lay in wait in the adjoining room for the

enemy. Nothing happened; only a musk rat was heard chirping.

I had seen it the previous night when I searched the room, but

I had not suspected it of the crime.

The Baya with its one leg lived many months in quite good

health. The loss of one leg hampered its movements, but it could —

support itself on the perch and at night it perched quite firmly.

When I returned home I had, due to circumstances, no alternative

but to set it free in a garden. |

Can you suggest the name of the mysterious enemy? Could

it have been the musk rat?

PORBANDER, Ve MESV ASU.

August 14, 1941. Advocate.

{The common musk shrew is_ insectivorous—insects, cock-

roaches in particular being the object of its entry into houses—

but these shrews have been known to eat meat and may attack

small birds or mammals—this taste for meat-eating may be more

developed in a particular individual; or the culprit may have been

an ordinary house rat. The attacker undoubtedly seized its victim

from outside, the frantic fluttering of the birds against the wire-

mesh giving it the opportunity to seize them.—Ebs. |

XIIL--FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE EGG-LAYING

HABITS OF THE LIZARD, CALOTES VERSICOLOR

(BOULENGER).

In a paper (Asana °31) published in this Journal the writer

has given an account of some natural activities of this lizard

including his observations on the egg-laying habits of this creature

and the number of eggs normally laid. Subsequent to the publi-

cation of this paper there appeared in the year 1935 in the well

known series The Fauna of British India, a work by Malcolm

A. Smith, entitled ‘Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. II—Sauria’. In

this work is included a short account of the breeding habits of

the species, Calotes versicolor, in which reference is made to some

of the observations made by the present writer in his paper

(Asana 731) mentioned above. In this connection Malcolm A.

Smith (’35) on page 193 of his work says, ‘These observations

are not in accordance with my own, made in Indo-China or with

those of Deraniyagala made in Ceylon. I have never known

them to be buried more than a couple of inches below the earth,

and the number deposited may vary from 4 to 12. They vary

in size from 14-15 mm. long by 8-9 mm. broad’.

On July the 20th of this year an excellent opportunity luckily

came my way to confirm those of my observations in which

938 . /OURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

Malcolm Smith differs from me, barring one observation, the

depth of the hole in the soft earth in which the creature lays

her eggs. On this occasion I have been fortunate enough to

watch at close quarters in the compound of my bungalow a

female performing all her operations for laying the eggs, almost

from the beginning to the end of her effort, literally under my

very nose.

On the morning of the date mentioned above, my wife, while

returning from the garden, accidentally caught sight of a calotes

digging a small pit in the somewhat moist earth on the surface

of the ground. The hole, the animal was making, was quite

close to the wall of the low-plinth verandah, not even two inches

distant from it. When my attention was first drawn to it, it was

about 15 minutes past 10 o’clock in the morning. I could watch

the creature from a very favourable position without disturbing

ic in the least. Myself bending low on the window-sill I could

see her working directly below me on the ground hardly 4 feet

away.

She was intensely preoccupied and had. nearly completed

digging the pit. While she was shovelling out the scraped earth

from the bottom of the pit, employing only her fore feet in both

these operations, more than half the length of her body was inside

the hole. Noting the rate at which she worked one could esti-

mate that she must have started digging the hole somewhere

between 9-30 and 9-45 that morning working without a_ break.

I intentionally use the words, ‘that morning’, because I infer that

she had been working continuously the previous 30 to 45 minutes.

The reasons for this inference are that (1) the earth that had been

scraped out looked quite fresh, moist and granular, and (2) during

her subsequent operations, when I was watching her closely and

continuously, she never left the spot and worked continually.

The colour of -her fore feet’ and. that of 14 imches: Jéength. of

the spines-bearing ridge on the dorsum just behind the occiput

was dull crimson or brick red. She worked all the time with

her fore-feet using each limb alternately one after the other. The

scraping and throwing out of the soil, both these operations,

were performed by the fore feet alone, never by the hind limbs,

which simply rested on the brink of the hole supporting her body.

At intervals she would rest for a few seconds. The hole was made

ready to receive the eggs at about 34 to 35 minutes past 1o o’clock,

she having taken nearly an hour to complete it. The completed

hole, as observed later, was about 3 inches broad at the rim

outside, narrowing down below to the depth of about 34 to 4 inches.

Having finished this part of her job, she took her head and

body out of the hole and sitting on the pit turned towards the east

in a direction opposite to that when she was digging. She rested

for a while, her hind limbs stretched over and across the _ hole.

Then she began to eject out of her body and cloaca the eggs,

which dropped one after the other down the pit, the process

starting at about 10-36 a.m. During this time she lay almost

motionless, across the pit her fore limbs pressed back on either

side of the anterior part of the trunk. A few seconds before an

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 939

ege dropped out of the vent, a wave of contraction would pass

over the abdominal wall pressing the egg outwards. In the early

stages of the process, the interval between two successive eggs

was about 45 to 55 seconds. Later it increased to about 60 to

70 seconds.

Twenty-one eggs were counted as they dropped into the hole,

the actual egg-laying operation lasting for about 23 to 25 minutes.

All this time the creature lay entirely motionless across the pit,

except for the periodic contraction of her abdomen, the head and

anterior half of the body pressed against the ground. The last

egg laid she rested for about a minute and a half, then turned

round over the hole, her head again directed towards the south.

Then she lowered the anterior part of her body and her fore

limbs again into the hole. Resting these fore limbs against the

opposite sides of the pit, she began spreading out and pressing

the egg heap with her snout as if to arrange the eggs inside.

About two minutes were devoted to this part of her work, the

operation of scraping the earth for covering the eggs commencing

ade aOMien TT asin, |

Bringing her fore feet again into use she began to scrape out

the earth from the sides of the pit, throwing it all on the eggs.

After collecting a certain quantity she would beat the loose, granu-

lar earth with her snout and press it hard on the egg mass, resting

at intervals. She toiled and laboured in this way for about half

an hour, gradually filling in the hole. During this time she never

changed her position, nor did she bring her hind limbs ever into

play. The pit was completely filled in at about 11-32 in the fore-

noon. During this half hour too she was continually at it and

never left the spot. After the hole was filled in she levelled the

disturbed area, again with her fore feet, stayed there for a couple

of minutes and left the spot.

If we presume that she first commenced marking out the area

near the wall and scraping the earth for a hole some time between

9-30 to 9-45 a.m., she took about 2 hours to finish the job. During

this period she worked almost continuously, taking little or no

rest, and she never left the spot, certainly from about 10-15 to

I1-35 a.m. and most probably from 9-30 or 9-40 a.m. to the end.

This seems to be a remarkable feat in more ways than one for 2

creature so small.

I examined the spot after waiting for about half an hour for

her return. If the creature had not been seen working there, _it

would have been difficult to say that a hole had been dug out in

that little area, so cleverly it had been filled in and all traces ot

disturbance removed. The eggs were unearthed and counted again

in, the presence of our assistant, Mr. R. G. Kharadt, B.sc... \There

was no mucous on them and they were not glued together and were

quite clean, spotlessly white and exactly 21 in number. In size

they did not differ from those mentioned in my previous paper

(Asana ’31), being about 1o-11 by 4-5 mm. But they were founc

laid in fairly soft, moist earth the female calotes had raked up

not more than 24 to 3 inches below the earth.

940 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

It was a most interesting experience watching this fascinating

phenomenon of nature at such close quarters. If it could have

been reproduced in a film the mother Calotes might have well proved

a star performer. One regrets having missed the opportunity.

GUJARAT. J. J. ASANA,

2oth July, 1941. Gujarat College,

Ahmedabad.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Asana, J. J., 1931.—The Natural History of Calotes versicolor (Boulenger),

the. common Bloodsucker. , Bom. ‘Nat... Hist. Sock, iwol. xxxiv, No:/ 74.

2. Malcolm A. Smith, 1935.—The Fauna of British India, vol. ii Sauria,

(Reptilia and Amphibia), p. 193.

XIV.—REMARKABLE FEEDING HABITS OF AN INDIAN

CARP [BARBUS (PUNTIUS) DOBSONI DAY}.

The following observation may prove of interest to fellow

fishermen and naturalists.

On repeated occasions I found the stomach and intestine of the

Carp, Barbus (Puntius) dobsoni caught in rivers around Poona,

much distended with a mass of finely disintegrated vegetable matter

in. appearance like chewed-up grass.

The source of this diet intrigued me greatly, as I could not

detect much aquatic vegetation in the gravelly pools, where the

fish were caught.

The explanation came forth, when I noticed a number of large

carp disporting themselves close to a herd of village buffaloes

wallowing in a pool of the Nira river. Observation with field

glasses from an elevated point disclosed fish approaching the pos-

teriors of the ruminants and gorgeing themselves on their freshly

produced dung, thus obtaining this predigested diet so to say

‘straight from the horses mouth’ or rather the reverse.

My observations were confirmed by Mr. McCann, who had

noticed a similar occurrence near the Pinjrapole at the Ulhas rive-.

The fish weighed from 4 to 14 lbs. and tallied with the parti-

culars given in books of reference for Barbus dobsoni, a common

carp in our parts.

Nearly all of them were caught on an unshelled groundnut used

dry fly fashion.

116, KOREGAON Park, M. SUTER,

Poona.

22nd July, 1941.

XV.—A MANTIS-BLOODSUCKER TRAGEDY.

While watering my garden on the evening of the 28th July f

spotted a Mantis (Deiphobe ocellata) making a meal of a young

Bloodsucker (Calotes versicolor) almost as large as itself. The

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 941

mantis was facing earthwards with the lizard firmly secured in its

fore legs. It had eaten the greater part of it. About six inches

below, a large bloodsucker was seated on the same pole watching the

proceedings. I watched carefully for quite a while when suddenly

the large bloodsucker rushed at the mantis. The mantis immedi-

ately dropped its prey and assumed a defensive attitude with the

forelegs outstretched and ready to strike. The wings were also

wide spread. The large bloodsucker snapped up the remains otf

the little one as they fell and swallowed: them, but did not dare to

attack the menacing mantis. The bloodsucker then went away.

The mantis remained in the defensive attitude for a considerable

time after the event.

Those who have handled one of the larger mantids can well

appreciate the painful results of a grip of its well-armed pincer-like

forelegs, no wonder the bloodsucker was not anxious to tackle

the insect. Bloodsuckers do take mantids when they can get them

at a disadvantage, but I have on several occasions seen a_blood-

sucker drop its captive soon after it caught it. D. ocellata is no:

uncommon in Salsette, and there is a good figure of it in Lefroy’s

Indian Insect Life.

Bompay NaturaL History Society.

BoMBAY. C. McCANN.

2oth July, 1941.

| That the larger mantids sometimes hunt ‘bigger game’ is cer-

tain. In the Society’s Museum there is a specimen of a Purple

Sun Bird taken in the grip of a mantis. The bird was partly

scalped when captor and prey were secured.—Eps. |

XVI.—PARASITIZATION OF LARVA OF THE HAWK MOTH

(OX YAMBULYX SUBOCELLATA) BY. FLIES.

Mr. Sevastopulo’s note on the parasitization of Rhyncholaba

acteus Cr. by Yachinid flies on page 449 of vol. xlii of the Journal,

and Mr. McCann’s previous note on a similar subject but dealing

with Theretra lycetus Cr., has reminded me of a case in which I

found a larva of the Hawk Moth (Oxyambulyx subocellata Feld.)

parasitized by flies of the genus Blepharipoda; but in this’ instance

no caking of the soil was noticed. The pupae of the parasites were

distributed in various parts of the breeding cage.

DIBRUGARH, R. E. PARSONS,

LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, E-R-E.Sp

ASSAM. Indian Police.

28th June, 1941.

XVII.—EFFECTS OF THE BITE OF THE LARGE

MYGALOMORPH SPIDER (CHILOBRACHYS SP..).

I have today despatched under a separate cover a large spider

of the tarantula type and shall be pleased to have your opinion on

it. I have never seen such a large spider or one of this hairy type

942 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XLII

in this part of the world and it would be of interest to know if it

is of a species commonly found in India.

It was disturbed in a stack of fire-wood which was inside the

house of one of the labourers on the Keyhung Division of this

Company. A girl aged eight years took some firewood from the

stack and in doing so dislodged the spider which bit her on the

hand causing a very painful swelling.

A report on the case has been drawn up by Dr. K. P. Hare,

the Medical Officer of this District, from particulars given him by

our Indian Assistant Medical Officer.

Dr. Hare unfortunately was not able to examine the case as it

was not reported to him. His report is now given.

REPORT ON CASE OF SUPPOSED SPIDER BITE AT KEYHUNG T.E.

‘First day.—A female child aged 8 years came in contact with

a large spider which was said by the parents to have bitten her on

the dorsum of the left hand.. She was seen by the A.M.O. 2-3 hours

later when the dorsum of the hand was swollen and red all over.

The swelling was not hot. In the centre of the swelling there was

a black mark, circular in outline, about + inch in diameter but no

puncture could be seen.

Second day.—The swelling had increased and had become hot.

The black centre was unchanged.

Third day.—The black centre had become vesicular and burst,

exuding a serous discharge. There was no slough in the base of

the vulecr:

Fourth day.—The main swelling was subsiding but the central

ulcer had increased to a diameter of about 1 inch. There was some

slough in the base but the exudate was still serous.

Fifth day.—The size of the ulcer was increasing, and sloughing

was more marked. The exudate was still serous.

Sixth day.—The ulcer had further increased in size, and suppura-

tion had commenced.

The condition: remained fairly stationary until :—

Tenth day.—The slough separated and the exudate again

became serous and the inflammatory swelling subsided.

From this day granulation commenced with slow healing.

Throughout the course there was no rise of temperature.’

PINGRIMDEAYCO.. Lrpy

HooGcRiAN be: OF sal @ TE. WOOLY “SMP:

LEE 4) Une. LOAT:

[The spider has been identified as Chilobrachys sp. (probably

fumosus). These large hairy spiders are commonly called Tarantulas

—though the true Tarantula takes its name from the town of

Tarentum in Italy and is confined to the Mediterranean littoral.

All spiders possess a pair of poison glands opening near the tip of

the fangs, but few seem to have the power of injecting their poison

into human beings. It is believed that the poison is not auto-

matically ejected whenever the fang is used, but is under the spider’s

control. Dr. Gravely in his interesting article on Indian Spiders

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 943

(Journ., B.N.H.S., vol. xxviii, p. 1045) gives a few instances of

poisoning by large Mygalomorph spiders. The bite may be attended

with pain and swelling which may extend up the bitten limb and

may persist for 24 hours.—EDbs. |

XVIII.—A CENTIPEDE EATING ITS EGGS.

It is well-known that the centipedes display a certain amount

of parental care; brooding their eggs and coiling round their young

till they are able to fend for themselves. The centipede (Scolo-

pendra sp.) in question is a small metalic bluish-black species found

very commonly in the Ghats. On the 2oth July, at Khandala |

. found one coiled round her creamy coloured eggs under a stone.

I put her, together with her eggs, into a tube. In the tube she

also coiled round the egg mass. On the 25th morning I found

that she had devoured all her eggs. This eating of the eggs was

evidently occasioned by hunger as I had put nothing into the tube

for her to eat, and is, of course, not habitual, especially in an

animal that displays parental care. However, it points to one thing,

namely, that under normal conditions the parent periodically leaves

her eggs or young to feed.

This centipede breeds commonly between the months of July

and September during which period I have frequently found it with

either eggs or young.

BompBpay NATURAL History SOcIETY,

BOMBAY. C. McCANN.

29th July, 1941.

XIX.—A NOVEL WAY OF COLLECTING BOTANICAL

SPECIMENS.

(Wayside Trees of Malaya by E. J. H. Corner, Hongkong

Naturalist, vol. x, Nos. 3 & 4, 1941.)

Anyone who has ever visited a stretch of jungle in any State

in Malaya will have realized that it is by no means easy to study

and to know the trees. When a tree is 150 feet high and has no

branches for the first 60 or 80 feet it is difficult to collect specimens

of leaves, or flowers or fruits for determination and study. Mr.

Corner uses a telescope, not binoculars, to bring the foliage nearer

but specimens are essential. One method is to use a .12 bore

shotgun and to hope that a lucky shot will bring down enough

fragments to be of value. But Mr. Corner evolved a new technique.

He recruited, as an experiment, a berok monkey, Macacus nemes-

trina, the well-known Pig-tailed Monkey which is widely used in

the East by Malayas for gathering coconuts. Merah, as it was

named, proved a great success. ‘On one occasion in Johore, for

instance, it worked in the crown of a Wild Chempedak at the

height of 170 feet: on another day it collected specimens from

24 trees, all of which were over too feet in height.’ ‘At the end

944 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL) HIST. SOCIETY, Vol xia

of his days, Merah was able to find in the trees flowers and fruits

which had been shown him on the ground: and he knew the

meaning of 18 words of Malay.’ It took a genius to think of

training monkeys to collect botanical specimens but it took a man

of infinite patience and equipped with a rubber-neck to use them

successfully. Monkeys so often ‘behave like mischievous childrer

and the effort of gazing up at the crown of a tall tree, minute

after minute, whilst shouting directions to a disobedient monkey in

an atmosphere like a Turkish-bath and attended by swarms of thirsty

mosquitoes, requires considerable strength of character and calls

for physical fitness of a high order. Unfortunately Merah deve-

loped an obscure disease and had to be put away but he was

followed by two others, Jambul and Puteh, which were purchased

by the Department and probably were the first two monkeys ever

to enter Government service! In this book Mr. Corner has limited

his attention to wayside trees and the study of these in only rare

instances necessitated the assistance of his monkeys, but we have

mentioned them as an illustration of the thoroughness and enthusi-

asm with which he carries out his researches on the flora of the

country.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY V. M. PHILIP AT THE DIOCESAN PRESS, 18 CHURCH ROAD,

VEPERY, MADRAS

EDITORS : H. M. MCGUSTY, J. F. CAIUS AND S. H. PRATER, 6 APOLLO STREET,

FORT, BOMBAY