ERRATA.

Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIV.

Page 252, Title, line 2 from top, for ** Afghaniston * read “ Afghanistan.”

Page 253, line 4 from bottom, for “ Du ” read Dun.”

Page 255, \ine 1, for * Jual ” read “ Jubal”.

Page 256, line 3 from bottom, for ‘* invenitit ” read “invenit.”

Page 257, line 3 from top, for ** from” read “ for on.”

Page 257, lines 10 and 11, for ** Thumb.” read “ Thumb,”

Page 258; line il from top, for “ F. B. T.” read “ F. B. 1.”

On Plate XXVI.—To note 9, add “ enlarged.”

Page 259, line 12 from bottom, “ for Miguel’s ” read “ Miquel’s.”

Page 260, about middle, for “ Diplozium ” read “ Diplaziwm.”

Page 260, line 14. from bottom at end of line, ‘ equami” should be “ sguami.”

Page 262, line 9 from bottom, “ deta ” should be “ dela.”

Page 262, line 2, Inde ” should be “ I’Inde.”

Page 265, line 16 from bottom, at end of the line, “ frond” should be “ fronds.”

Page 287, line 13, for “* rufitarsis of the second recurrent nervure,” read “of the

second recurrent nervure straight, oblique . . . vrufitarsis”

Page 295, line 10, for “ apical ” read “ anterior.”

Page 297, line 23, for “‘simllar ” read “ similar.”

Page 298, line 7, delete “ Type placed in British Museum.”

Page 298, line 15, for “ Seephanitidi” read ‘‘ Stephanitidi.”

Page 301, line 5 from bottom of page, delete = “ P. poecilus, H. Schaff, 1844, 1. c.

WET figs 69927

Page 302, line 14, for ‘“‘abelmoshus ” read “abelmoschus.”

Page 303, line 6, delete ‘‘posteriorly ” after “‘ trituberculate.”

Page 303, line 15, for “ Pl. X.” read “ Pl. A.”

Page 303, line 7 from bottom of page, for “ Berge * read “ Beret.”

Page 304, line 15, after ‘“‘due,” read ‘due),”

Page 304, line 17, for “ Lybantine * read “ Hygiine.”

Page 304, line 19, for “ fig. 15” read “ fig. 13.”

Page 304, line 9 from bottom of page, insert semicolon after second.

Page 304, line 8 from bottom of page, for “‘nimacute” read “ -ium acute.”

Page 305, line 14, for “ fig. 13” read “ figs. 14 and 13.”

Page 308, line 5, for “ Zanna dohrus ” read “ Zanna dohrni.”

Page 401, line 3, should read—“ stated in Vol. IV of “ Birds ” of the Fauna of British

India series to be probably fairly” :

Page 436, line 12, from bottom of page for “ Pycnobreon ” read “ Pycnobracon.”

Page 459, line 15, for “* Harrbagh ” read “‘ Harrabagh.”

Page 459, line 16, for 21,51 ” read 24351.”

Page 464, middle of page, for “‘ imordinate ”’ read “inordinate ”

Page 466, line 2, for “ Hat ” read “ Hatu ”’

Page 466, line 8 from bottom, for “ Macleod’”’ read “ Macleod.’

iv ERRATA.

Page 469, line 15 from bottom, for “ stalklets ” read “ stalkless. °

Page 470, line 5 from bottom, for “ II” read “11,”

Page 470, line 2 from bottom, for “ T ” read ‘¢ Y.”

Page 470, line 4 from bottom, for “11” read “10”, and alter the number of the

succeeding species accordingly, down to the end of the genus,

Page #71, last line, for “a n w one ” read “ a new one.”

Page 471, line 4, for “and” read “to.”

Page 474, line 11 from bottom, for *Filicine ” read “ Filicine.”

Page 561, line 12 from bottom of page, for “ there” read “ three.”

Page 561, line 11 from bottom of page, for “ Katretar™ read “ Kabutar.”

Page 562, line 12 from bottom of page, for “ Phasisanidae ” read “ Phasianide.”

Page 720, line 14, for “ MeDonel” read ‘* McDonell.”

Page 720, line 3 from foot, insert a full stop after “ Hills.”

Page 721, middle of page, after “ Beddome”’ delete “‘has therefore.”

Page 7 Le line 11 from top, for “had” read “ have.”

Page 722, line 11 from top, insert a comma after the first “ have.”

Page 724, \ine 11, middle of page, for “ previlum” read “ prolimum.”

Page 724, line 16 from bottom, for ‘‘n. sp.—Hope Plate VIII” read “ n. sp. Hope :—-

Plate VIII.”

Page 725, line 9 from top, for “ affino”’ read.“ affine.”

Page 725, line 15 from bottom, for “sub patent” read “‘subpatent.”

Page 726, middle of page, for ‘‘ fadyenoid ” read “ fadyenioid.”

Page 727, line 2 from top, Desv. should be in italic.

Page 727, middle of page, for “ Harris” read ‘* Harriss.”

Page 730, line 9 from top, dele comma at end.

Page 731, line 7 fom top, for “ criniate ” read “ erinite.”

Page 731, line 15 from top, after “then ” insert * to”.

Page 732, middle of page, after “ very” insert ‘ marked.”

Page 735, line 18 from top, for ‘ var. 6” read “ var. 6.”

Page 733, line 17 from top, the Greek » is too small.

Page 733, line 17 from bottom, tor *'Kharsoli” read “ Kharsali.”

Page 734, line 12 from bottom, the Greek » is too small.»

Page 764, line 11 from bottom, for Greek v read Greek 3,

Page 737, line 19 from bottom, for “ Harris” read “ Harriss.”

Page 737, last line and word, for “ Gambel” reud “¢ Gamble.”

Page 740, line 16 from top, “Afghan” should be in caps.

Page 740, line 18 from top, for “ Harris.” rcad “ Harriss.”

Page 740, line 22 from top, after “ valley ” insert a comma.

Plate X X XJI—in the deseription—for “ Sovus’’ read ** Forus.”

Page 741, line 3 from foot, for ‘* Pilicum” read “ Filicum.”

Page 746, line 11 from top, for “ (——)” read “ [ ee

Paye 746, line 4 from bottom, for “ mole” read “ mole.”

Page 747, line 1, for “Sunw. der” read “Sw. under.”

Page 749, line 21 from foot, for 1892” read “1872.”

ERRATA,

Vol. XIV, page 252, in Title, 2nd line from top: for ‘Afghaniston read

”

¢ Afghanistan.’ :

253, 4th line trom bottom : for ¢ Du’ read ‘ Din.’

255, in Ist line: for ‘Jual’ read * Jubal.’

256, in &rd line from the bottom : for *invenitit” read ‘invenit-

257, in 3rd line from top: for ‘from’ read ‘for on.”

257, in 10th and 11th lines : for ‘Thumb.’ read ‘Thumb.°

268, in 11th line from top: for ‘F. B. T. read‘ F. B. I.’

On Plate XX VI.—To note 9, add ‘ enlarged.

Page

bh)

259, in 12th line from bottom : for ‘ Miguel’s” read ‘ Miquel’s,’

260, about middle: for * Diploziwm’ read * Diplazium.

260, 14th line from bottom at end of line, ‘eguamé’ should be

* squami.”

262, 9th line from bottom: ‘deta’ should be ‘dela.’

262, in 2nd line from bottom ; ‘Inde’ should be ‘1’Inde,’

265, 16th line from bottom: at end of the line: ‘frond” should be

‘fronds.

287, line 13: for “rufitarsis of the second recurrent nervure,”

read ‘of the second recurrent nervure straight, obli-

que . . . rufitarsis.”

401, line 3, should read—*stated in Vol. IV of “Birds” of the

Fauna of British India series to be probably fairly ”

GONTENTS OF VOLUME XIV. y

PAGE

TST OF CONTRIBUTORS .ccccesercer core. ces ccctesccssecercccorees roses

TAT! ORME AHS)! eispbeitesseciccscauseriasesss« DU eS eat aaiat

Tur Lites oF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. By W. P. heeds,

A Cirirodee. OF THE ea OF San AND Boone By

G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.8., with Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.ES., F.2.8.,

&c., and Additions by Sir George Hampson, Burt., B.A, F.ES.,

Tue Porsonous Pants or Bompay. By Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar,

LMS.) F.LS., Civil Surgeon, Rutnagiri. Part XOX : With

Plate U) . Pebeee cosgoceceseesocat Wuciaselsasine Weep 20)

MeEmotrs ON Ona Ratner By @ W. Rae F.ES

(With Plates A, B and C).. casa lusvedude ne chean Dae steerer EO

Tar Harwics or CeyLon. By Malcolm Die es Pie A

and B).. PAPE N eet RBstet ete aie ioelels toceet Oe,

NEW SPECIES OF Tennis Hveeopras By B ‘Major C Os &. Nike

13th Bo. Infantry. (With a Plate) .. Seaates vole masuceumente Lin Ue,

Tan DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN PeasoNGe AND

Now-poisonous Snakus. By Capt. 1°, Wall, 1m.s. (With

Fellaige AW IB. (C)Gye ID ebkec copectecsecnocoosaecmcubece oostod cokes Ue)

Tur Morus oF INDIA. SUPPLEMENTARY ee TO THE Voleue

in“ Tue Favna or Britisn Inpra,” Series I., Part V. By

Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.2.S., FES. ...... . 103

Tue Ferns oF NortH- Tas Tenet ee C. W. Hope. Pe

Titi thivs (Gramanaal| JbNetn, sebceoncaconotes beam odoosogadocsocaccccen. Els

NovES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE Vinonts

Garpens, Bombay, DURING THE past 8 Years. By Cavas}i

DeMalalumiyalae tart lame en cucmaracses-csssseucciessnoreesca lO

Tue BIrps OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DARBHANGA

District, Trrnot, with Norrs oN SPECIES NOTICED ELSE-

WHERE IN THE Drsrricr. By C. M. Inglis. Parr II. ...... 132

MMAR ANI RE MRUNTCHVIMUE ce ec recctessueckicsucos = coveoseeaacn LAO

MisceLLANgEous Notes—

1.—-A Snake anda Fish. By Col. H. D, Olivier, R.z. .. ... 142

9.—Occurrence of the Laggar Falcon in Burmah. By K, C.

Macdonald ...........cc2e see ceeeoeesesceess Beal uusaamele ae teen mua

3.—Birds’ Nesting rine Boone and plnct Here, By R. M.

Betham, Major, 8th Bom. Infantry ........-seseeraceerees 143

vi CONTENTS.

MisceELLaANEous Nores—contd.

4,—Hyzenas hunting with Jackals. By EH. O’Brien............ 146

5.—Strange behaviour of a Panther. By Geo. BH, Bright ... 146

6.—The Migration of Butterflies in tne Kangra Valley. By

G. C. Dudgeon, F.£.S. Boon .. LA7

7.—Occurrence of the Biel aces oe Credle oa

pogon) near Bombay. By HE. Comber ......... . 148

.8.—Oceurrence of the Bronze- ae Teal (Banta fiat)

in Sind. By HE. Comber.. a se asese ad

9,—Habits of the Lungoor Monee “Ee th 7 ic yA

10,—Some notes on the Indian Hlephant. By C, “W. Aw

Bruce, F.L.s., Forest Dept., Burmah ......... vont

11.—Probable Hybrid between the Indian Bae eles (ee

risorius) and the Spotted Dove o urtur oe

By G. Dalgliesh . Sbocdes 5 5G

12.—Occurrence of the Mute Bee (Dee gnus ln) in “Sind.

By G. C. McMullen ............ Jie caleceoek eOG

13.—Wild Animals at Water. By R. G. Bae sauenciate sfap Seema

14.—Elephant Shooting in Upper Burma. By EH. R. Tandines 160

15.—Artifices practised by Bulbuls. By H. H. Aitken ...... 162

16.—On the deposits of Fossil remains of extinct Animals

in the Sewalik Hills on the Punjab and North-West

Provinces. By Lt.-Genl. W. Osborn, 1s8.c. ......... 163

17.,—Habits of the Indian Tree Magpie (Dendreitta rufa). By

t= Genle Wie Osborni.SiCarseccceer. seviceesesivonsen ila

18.—Indian Sheep Dogs, and another Indian Dee By bike

GenleoWe Osborne TSG ccs sues ss sll65

19.—Extract from the Annual Report of Ae act ee the

Botanical Dept., Northern India, for the year 1900-

1901. By J. F. Duthie, Director, Botanical Dept.,

Wl Waele Soscs6eemcce ces -- 168

20.—-Hxtract from the Boo on ve Bota ee Opes

tions in the Bombay Presidency for the year 1900-

1901. By G. A. Gammie, F.L.s., Officer in Charge

of the Botanical Survey, Bombay Presidency ......... 169

21 —A Pied-Crested Cuckoo’s Egg ( Coccystes jacobinus) found

in the nest of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul

(Molpastes bengalensis). By H. HE. Tooth......ccseccu 172

CONTENTS, vil

PAGE,

MiscetLansous Nores—coneld. —

92.—Unusual abundance of Sandgrouse at Deesa. By C. G.

Nurse, Major, 13th Bombay Infantry ......... 2. dd

23.—The Masked Finfoot (Helzopais te in Guiae

By A. M. Primrose.. Wasieses tacos aces) LO

94.—‘* Birds of Prey.” By C. EL Teak inesinesccsossml C4:

25.—Nesting of the Coot (Fulica atra) at Poon By RM:

Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry .. BS eek let

26.—The Flowering of Bamboos. By W. J. Putcher Se aseejsoui lian

27,—Mizration of Butterflies. By 0. G. Nurse, nie 13th

Bombay Infantry ........ ay Al)

28, —Nidification of the Desert Sad. Die iene ie

rum). By Harrington Bulkley.........::2++-sseseerer ees 179

9—The Banded Crake at Khandalla. By R. M. Betham,

Major, Sth Bombay Infantry... IRR RESUS Spa srae USL)

30.—A Rare Snake. By Major A. H. MEM aoa Hee eoa LO

31.—On the New Species of Butterflies recently fetal by

Mr. A. G. Butler. By aoe N. Manders, r.a.m.c... 182

32.—List of Birds’ Skins.. 305 .. 183

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ilomreie8 hele on he 16th eel 9th z si

20th August, 17th September and 19th November 1901......... 188

Tur Morus oF Inpia. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES

iw Tar Fauna or Brrrisu Invi,” Series IL., Part VI.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart., F.2.8., F.ES.sessssreseeerer seers 197

SNAKE Venoms: THEIR Poys1oLoGicAL AcTION AND ANTIDOTE.

By George Lamb, Capt., M.B., LM.S.ecseseeseeeceesensescorseseee 220

On New aAnpD LirrLe-KNoWN BUTTERFLIES, MOSTLY FROM THE

OrientaL Recion. By Lionel de Nicéville, F.z.S., C.M.Z.8.,

&o. (With Plate FF)... bod . 236

Tue Ferns or NortH- Wasnaan. eee By C. W. ee The

IlI—The General List.. bans Epa meaded QusbCOGdO | CAae

Dzscriptions or NEw Cuan. AND a on OF Fes

COLLECTED BY Magor ©. 8. Nurse at DeEsA, SIMLA AND

FrrozeporE. By P. Cameron. Part. (With a Plate)... 267

MeMorrs ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. a Ga W. ae F.ES.

(With Plates A, B and C.)....0 cescceees Laer

Notss on THE Hoc Deer 1n Bonus. 33 eG Cain G. H.

Evans, A.v.D. (With 2 Plates)... Ld senetieascus le derseesesciOLe

viii CONTENTS.

Tae Harwics or CEYLON. a Malcolm Burr. (With Plates

PAGE,

A and B.).. ay saelaceneieceioee se Genel 2s scam OlO

AlDs TO THE Mr aneeanio OF cree i Capt. F. Wall, 1 LMS. 337

A CaTaLoGuE or THE Heterocera oF SIKHIM AND Buuran. By

G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.s., &e. With Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.z.s.,

F.E.S., &c., and Additions eh Sir Cee F. Hampson, Bart.,

B.A., F.ES., &c. Part XII.. BeccH bocdhG ooodoa ocaron,, GHAD

NOTES ON SOME OF THE Baal INTRODUCED INTO THE vierone

GARDENS, BOMBAY, DURING THE PAST 8 YEARS. oa Cavasji

D. Mahaluxmiwala. Part II.. Uae ssc seccanten cen mOOO

Tue Birps of THE MADHUBANI Sune -DIVISION OF THE Dae

BHANGA District, TrRHUT, WITH NOTES oN SPECIES NOTICED

ELSEWHERE IN THE District. By C. M. Inglis. Part ITI... 362

MiscELLanzous Nores—

1.—Some further notes on the Narcondam Hornbill (Rhyti-

doceros Narcondami). (With a ie By Crake

Cory (Chaplain)... 500 Be 2)

2.—On some Deep-sea F hes uollectod t DY y Mr. y. W. oan

send inthe Sea of Oman. (With a Plate.) By

GiwAc MBoulen Ger WEAR Ssececeneneecterlescisasscese eee emails

3.—Notes on some Lakhimpur Birds. By H.N. Coltart... 374

4,—The Occurrence of the White-faced Stiff Tail Duck at

Mardan. By F.J. H. Barton, Major, Q. O. Corps of

Guides .. Sore aA RCo Sade eubsnuarasddoaacsce: aS OS)

35 2 Re traoedinay aeaiide ae a ‘Suakes eae “(With a

Plate jes By he Walls Capt: Misa con tececenccestseess-eeen ee

6.—Natural History Notes from Fryer’s Travels. By N. C.

Macleod) i cco i lithe ss stewsacurcec.seoec ee tarese ean emmmeSTa GG

7.—Occurrence of the Avocet (Recurvrostra avocetta) near

Poona. By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bom. Infantry. 386

8.—A novel method of catching a Jackal. By D. Thomson,

Major, 28th Bombay Pioneers ......... wee. 886

9,—Travancore Snakes. By H. 8. Ferguson, F..s.. we. 386

10.—Sandgrouse in Northern Gujarat. By C. G. | Non,

Major, 13th Bombay Infantry... eee Seceeee OO

11.—Tiger netting in Mysore. By S. M. hee LCISe. .. 388

12,—Birds collected in Hylakandy, Cachar. By Chas. UL.

Inglis PPR eae seat OF seb eeeaetoee BOC neo GAG eee oeassee nest SO gen Ot bee

391

CONTENTS. ix

MiIscELLANEOUS Nores—contd.

13.—The Masked Fin-Foot ( Heliopazs ey u Chas.

ME mais ssn sescce . 392

14.—Nestiny cf the Coot (Pallina doom i an uM ie 392

Do. do. do. By A. M. Primrose... 392

Do. do. do. By W. Howard Camp-

(elles Ssh sb sda GE

15.—Occurrence of the Sheldrake (TL. cornuta) and the Goos-

ander (J/. castor) in the Darbhanga District, Tirhut.

Dy Chass Merlino lish aah scene ue. . 893

1¢6.—Note on the habits of Raliina super ee DS | Shae a

Gorsachius melanolophus, Blyth. By T. R. Bell ...... 395

17.—Cannibalism in Snakes. By W. 8. Millard, Hony. Sec-

TED A | adn acoeeoacaadbodobos anole. scerencoce OOD

18.—Miscellaneous Notes on Birds’ Nera on Boous and

elsewhere. By R. M. Betham, Major, 8th Bombay

Infantry seseenaeeteseescoe cen settecseeenseceatssevesterserses OOO

19.—Pteromys tnornatus. By C. H. Donald ..............-0..00. 400

20.—Occurrence of the Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser

serrator) near Quetia. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 13th

Bombay: Infantry e.:5. css 5s. sccanco A010)

21.—Nesting of the Grey Pelican one phlepporen & in

the Cuddapah District, Madras Presidency. By W.

Howard Campbell ............... . 401

PROCEEDINGS OF THE Muurrnes held on the ith Dee 1901,

21st January, 18th February, 18th March, and 22nd

Apri GO 2 isseeccemun een . 402

Tue Kriye-Cosra, on Hamapryap Nes ee (Cason,

Ophiophagus elaps ui ie By Vety. cee GE

Ryans. (With a Plate)... SG au AvOR BOER AUAEEaE w- 409

Descriptions or New eaeae AND Stacie OF Th, ee

COLLECTED By Mayor C.G. Nurse at Dussa, Simna ann

WEROZEPORE. By P. Cameron, Part Il. ...,...20.00....... 419

On New anv Lirrie-KNown BurrErriizs, MosTLy FROM THE

OrrIENTAL Recion. By Lionel de Niceville, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S,,

oc Meare ey ue lr ee ee ae sreveee 450

THE Ferns or Norta-Wesrern Invi. S C. W. Hope. Rant

IlI—The General List wioiete etahelstataina erartclea claiclamel ae grams hs a cn MOURNE

x CONTENTS.

Tae Burrerruiss or tHE Lucknow District. By Geo. W. V.

de Rhe-Philipe ......... See GRaes cs Sed aicleabntv be «tab tresiteatematsdoeeses

THE Morus or Inpia. SupPpLEMENTARY IE ara TO THE VOLUMES

In “ Tue Fauna or British Inpra.”’ Series II., Part VII.

Dyas Geek. Eampson, Dante miZas sii ensn) pc ssaeeeecmeton sae

Les Formicipes DE L’Eurire pus InpEs nr pE Cryzan. Par

AveustE Forrt, Part IX.. Sebo CLAM OROOS aap Capdoasendaocd.

A CaTALOGUE OF THE ee OF ee AND TBAeTi By

G. C. Dudgeon, F.z.s., &c. With Notes by H. J. Elwes,

¥.Z.8., F.E.S,, &c., and Additions by Sir George F. Hampson,

Dalia As sEEAS2; mn OCcb arin Nol Dsus e oh. meio t tera eercneden

Te Brrps or THE Mapuusant Sus-Drvision of THE DARBHANGA

District, Tirsur, wirn Nores ON SPECIES NOTICED BLSE-

WHERE IN THE District. By C. M, Inglis. Part IV..........

''ae Cagu-Birps oF Caucurra. By F. Finn, Depy. Supdt.,

indian Wuseum\Calcuttal-oy....0eacse ee iseeerecuessseeee cence

rie UATE) MR AOrivEry COLLET sacs. cnt ncocs ceases son

Review—Gyats or Mosqortons. By Lieut sseloneven M. Gake

I.MS- > F.R.C.S, OCB Der EMH DeL Lee OTe > CHE aese OO senoer HEeRlitsessesaer *

MtscELLANEous NotEs—

1.—White Anis’ Castles. By G. P. Millett, nr.s. .........

2.—Small Game shooting prospects : Western India. By

HI. D. Olivier, Lt.-Col., r.u., ¥.z a tee Sa ee

3.—Curious course taken by ite Bysid Cornua or tongue

Muscles in certain Woodpeckers. By 5, B. Osmaston,

Deputy Conservator of Forests ..........-.ss0sceerssesces res

4,—Identification of Accipitrine Birds. By C, H. Donald...

5.—Note on the occurrence of certam Birds in South Sylhet.

Lia Velo ils Jeaehambitolse) daAsrcnbancbcomancdace siaeneetee easine- ceneate

6,—Luthalia lepidea in Western Kumaon. By G. W. V. de

une=Ibthine dec .cevansesesacesss Wane hereswesauntews

7.—A Man-eating earthen ( With al enn a W.A.

Womauitinge wens -csectcecessieck sis: sce uetiosbshsieeeinestiate

8,—Notes on Birds’ Nodes in the es Sie ‘States oe

Burmah, By H. H. Harington, Capt..........

9.—Food of the Krait. By Geo. H. Evans, Vety. Major ... 5

10.—Notes on the occurrence of certain Birds in the Southern

Shan States of Burma. By H. N. Thomson, r.z.s.,

ans Waste Craddock i. iskss55. eee ect dee latent meeneeeees

DAT

600

CONTENTS. xi

MisceniaNnous Nores—contd.

11.—Sword-Fish striking a ye By F. A. Smith, Capt.,

MADE Wins, Bos pqaces Ae apean oe NG re UENO 8) O00

12,—Notes on Birds near icin, ‘By T. E. Marshall, Capt.,

RaNuicamacaie ae eae te AO OIE

13.—Euryale po ay hese). fe Fr. i Fide. Pcccesicecees 606

14,—The Painted Sandgrouse (Pterocles fasciatus) and the

Wood-Snipe (Gallinago nemoricola) in the Peshawar

Valley. By F.J. H. Barton, Major, the Guides ... 606

15.—Occurrence of the Chestnut-headed Shortwing (Oligura

castaneicoronata) and Nesting of the Black-chinned

Yuhina ( Yuhina nigramentum) in Kumaon. By 8. L. |

Whymper .esissceseceseecccnsccsnsscesssaeasenscsses ces cee 607

16.—* Indian Hobby ” and “ Bulbul.” By E, Ernest Green 608

17.—The Camel Bot Fly. By C. G. Nurse, Major, 13th

Bombay Infantry ...1..00> erseecosanveccsesenecessenetees 609

18.—Nidification of Ogle’s Laughing Thrush (Dr ote

nuchalis). By H. N. Coltart .. Soodeocnp acess . 609

19.—Note on a Species of Gordius erate in the Bey of a

Mantis. es BE. Ernest Green, Govt. Entomologist,

Ceylon .. GaN iaet ousisis qeeeea scare OO

20.—Robin eae in ene s [Neat ie Be Wieldicascrcsceeen OL

21.—Bat seizing a Shuttle-cock. By G. H. Coles............ 611

22,—Artifices practised by Bulbuls. By W. D. Cumming... 611

23—Crow and Koel’s Egg. By C. D. Lester, Capt. ......... 612

24,—Note on a Flying Squirrel (Pteromys oral) found in the

g Thana District eens By G. M. Ryan, LF.s.,

F.LS.. RAAT sco) een eee nen eects casiveaseeas codes s/O1L2

25.—On Mothods ea 5 erates ee in ae ‘En

tomological specimens. e Col. J. G. Pilcher,

FRCS. Bet icmescocics sales cet a bectsatt 613

26.— Vipera Russelli faethe in eee c Wiss:

Millard, Hon.Secy., Bombay Natural History Society. 614

27.—Drought-resisting Fodder Plants. By W. Wedderburn... 614

28.—Birds’ Nesting at Ootacamund. By R. M. Betham,

Major, Sth Bombay Infantry ......csescssessceseeee serene 620

29.—Weevils in Mangocs. By H, H. Aitken ............s0020. 624

30.—Birds’ Nesting in Kumaon, By 8. L. Whymper......... 624

xii CONTENTS,

PAGE

MiscELLsaNEous Notes—coneld. |

31.—A_ Correction... Turdinulus Roberti. Suppression of

Corythocichla squamata ms By HE. C. Stuart

BakeryF Zs.) | GCs cas eteccest ses te sheeseneee O26

32,—Occurrence of the Mandarin ee in Ted “By IDS OE

Stuart Baker, ¥.z.8., &c.. Ue lsbolsenus stiecrivenecoines oat O20,

33.—Merops apiaster breeding in | Bannon By C. G.

Nurse, Major, 18th Bombay Infantry .................. 627

34,—Occurrence of the Sooty Tern (Sterna fuli dicey in ie

Darbhanga District, Tirhut. By Chas. M. Inglis ... 627

39.—Notes on the Himalayan Nut-cracker (Nucifraga

hemispila). By W. Osborn, Lt.-Genl., 1.8.C............. 628

36.—Food of the King-Cobra. By E. H. Aitken............--. 629

ProckepINGs oF THE Meretrnes held on the {dth July, 19th

August and 23rd September 1902.............s.0c0sce00. 631

Tue Morus or Inpta. SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES

“ Tae Fauna or British Inpra.” Series I1., Part VIII.

By Sir G. H. Hampson, Bart., F.2.8., EVES. cc: deccovses sci aecsee) OOO

InpiAN Ducks ayD THEIR AtuiEs. By E. C. Stuart Baker,

THE ede ERFLIES OF cee By Major G. A. Leslie, R.E., and

Lieut. W. H. Evans, r.u. NbAcoGeer seBoodoEnodecdaeactoncs WUE

Les Formicripes pE L’Emprre pes INDES ET DE CEYLAN. Par

INUGUSTE OREN, (arhieX cesses GG

Notes ON Ceyton Burrerriizs. By Major XN. aoe F.Z.Se5

T.E.S. Lee ee ee or ee ee are @ eeecos pet pet eesage Fee 716

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SEA SNAKE FROM ee oe G. A.

Boulenger,wersss. \(iWeth ai Plate) (ence dee eet eeensechemaple.

THE Ferns or Norra-Western Inpia. By C. W. Hope. Part

HG ——The ‘General List) 35.3. .05cssen seeker sean caemeeteeee noes one DO

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND rts PostTIoN IN ZOOLOGICAL Grocna-

PHY. guile Combennk: Zs.) csaeeqsccewo ase Bee siecacee | NOOO

RovucH NOTES oN THE MAMMALIA OF Gon By Cine i. Folton 758

A CataLogus oF THE Heterocera or SikHIM aND Buutan. By

G. C, Dudgeon, F.£,s. With Notes by H. J. Elwes, F.8.8., &c.,

and Additions by Sir George F'. Hampson, Bart., B.A., F.E.S.,

Bic. Parte SUV dh. sac leit siseviaswapwaue eedenei daetae eeaeiee neem

CONTENTS, xili

PAGE

Tae Birvs oF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DARBHANGA

District, TrrHut, with Norns oN SPECIES NOTICED ELSE-

WHERE IN THE District. By C. M. Inglis. Part V ......... 764

Famine Foops. Dioscorea pentaphylla. By G. M. Ryan, Lr.s.,

NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA

GARDENS, BoMBAY, DURING THE PAST 8 YEARS. By Cavasji

ID, Welelinecammeles Jeb O00 ice Oncaea sanqneencobecuoodocepeosne Uk

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS FROM THE ANDAMAN

AND Nicopar IsLaNps 782

Dan ATE MR is A STERNDADE.....cescesent oe 804

Rin Gare Mrw@HARLESeWLARINS!) VeMHescaaccscvccdess cee scteeecee es. CUS

MisceLiaNEous Norrs—

1.—The Identification of Accipitrine Birds. By C. H. Donald 805

9.—The Banded Crake (Rallina superciliaris). By R. M.

Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry.. ee coseepee moll

3.—The Eggs of the Long-billed Babbler (hina ee

tilus), By E. C. Stuart Baker, £.2.8., &C......s00s0000+ « 814

4.—Curious site for nesting chosen by the Malabar Whist-

ling Thrush (Myophoneus horsfieldi). By R. M.

Betham, Major, 8th Bombay Infantry... soacac COLL)

5.—Notes on the Nidification of some birds, ae Nee ma

Eggs of which have not been previously described.

By B. B. Osmaston, 1.¥.s.... 3 . 815

6.—Bipedal locomotion of a Conloners ae E,

Ernest Green... OL

7.—The Nidification ae the Eira oe sae “(Meto-

ptdtus indicus). By Ernest Ei. Tooth.. soecag Oe

8.—The Himalayan Nut-cracker (Wuczfraga lami. By

B. B. Osmaston.. = econ, (els)

9.—The Chestnut- herded Shorting Onna hats

nata). By B. B. Osmaston.. Cebu doles e st eceue Oe.

10.—Some observations on Humenes eee a

Huge Cretiniit.-Coly PB.CS., TM.S.2:):sassoccse<> <r seozes) O20.

PROCEEDINGS oF THE Mretines held on 27th November 1902 and

Sth) camuamy QO cee <ecccccdverans -cince\csvesersavesssse.) O28)

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

VOLUME XIV.

PAGE

AITKEN, EH. H.; Artifices practised

by Bulbuls ... a0

—_—_—___-——- ; Weevils in Mangoes 624

- ; Food of the King-

Cobra 508 et ae tee

BAKER, E.C. Stuart, F.Z.8., &c. j

Occurrence of the Mandarin Duck

in India Aas see 500 eee

~-——--——.; A correction—Turdi-

nulus Roberti. Suppression of

Corythocichla squamata (Baker).

—- ; Indian Ducks and

their Allies ... .

; The een of the Long-

billed Babbler (Rimator mala cop-

tilus) eas SC woe

BARTON, MAgor J. i, Q. 0. tonnes

Or GUIDES ; The Ooarmene of

the White-faced Stiff Tail Duck

at Mardan ... 500 50¢ es

; The Painted Sand-

Grouse (Pterocles fasciatus) and

the Wood-Snipe CGallinago nemo-

SS eee

ricola) in the Peshawar Valley ... 6

BELL, T. R.; Note on the Habits of

Rallina superciliaris, Sharpe, and

Gursachius melanolophus, Blyth... :

BeTHaM, Mason R.M., HIGHTH

BoMBAY INFANTRY; Birds’ Nest-

ing round Poona and elsewhere ...

; Nesting of the

Coot (Pulica atra) at Poona cod

-; TheBanded

Crake at Khandalla bo0 on0

—_——__-———-; Occurrence of the

Avocet Ciecuneinesira avocetta)

Loe eee

———

near Poona ... ABD oh0 Seerie

— +

; Miscellaneous

notes on Birds’ Nesting round

Poona and elsewhere se S608!

-; Birds’ Nesting at

Ootacamund ene 500 eco

; The Banded Crake

(Rallina swperciliaris) a. ove

; Curious Site for

Nesting chosen by the Malabar

Whistling Thrush (MW, eS

WOUQRAMKD) poo op) eae

eee

—_— +

Cte es

PAGE

BoULENGER, G. A., F.R.S.; On

some Deep-sea Fishes collected by

Mr. F. W. Fownsend in the Sea

of Oman, (With a Plate) ... ees

——_——-—— ; Description of a new

Sea Snake from Rangoon (With a

plate) ese ess 200 ood

BRIGHT, GEO. E.; Strange bee

haviour of a Panther :

Bruce, C. W. A. F.L.S., FOREST

DEPARTMENT, BURMA; Some

Notes on the Indian Elephant ...

BULKLEY, HARRINGTON; Nidifica-

tion of the Desert Sand .Lark

(Alemon desertorum) — vs OC

Burr, MAucoum; The Earwigs of

Ceylon. CWith Plates A and B) 59, i

Burton, R.G.; Wild Animals at

Water eee 200 coe ae

CAMERON, P.; Descriptions of New

Genera and Species of Hymeinep-

tera collected by Major ©, G.

Nurse at Deesa, Simla and Feroze-

pore. Parts land 2, (Witha

Plate) ae see sore Olly

CAMPBELL, W. HowArD; Nesting

of the Coot (Fulica atra)... ese

; Nesting of the Grey

Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis)

in the Cuddapah District, Madras

Presidency ... 300 200 600

CoLEs, G.H.; Bat seizing a Shuttle-

ee ac6 aie be eee cog (BILI

CoLtTaRT, H. N.; Notes on Some

Lakimpur Birds S06 es 500

eS -Nidificationy of) Osles;

Laughing-Thrush ( Dryonastes

nuchalis) ss. eels aoe seo 609

ComBER, H.; F.Z.S8.; Occurrence of

the Black-bearded Bat (Zaphozous

melanopogon) near Bombay ae

—- : Qeeurrence of tke

Bronze-capped Teal (Lunetta fal-

cata) in Sind 900 60 ew. 149

-—— ; The Oriental ioedan

and its Position in Zoological

Geography ... n08 200 spo TO

XVI LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE

Conpuit, W. A.; A Man-eating Pan-

ther. (With a Plate) «... eee BOD

Cory, C. P., (Chaplain); Some fur-

ther Notes on the Narcondam

Hornbill (Rhytidoceros Narcon-

dami). (With a Plate) ... wus B12

CrAnpocr, W. H.; and H. M. THom-

SON, F.Z.S.; Notes on the Occur-

rence of certain Birds in the

Southern Shan States of Burma. 600

CRETIN, Lt.-Con. Euc., F.R.C.S,,

I.M.S.; Some Observations on

Bumences dimidiatipennis ... coe O20

CumMING, W. D.; Artifices practised

by Bulbuls ... con p06 cog (BILE

DALGLEISH, G.; Probable Hybrid

between the Indian Ring Dove

Clurtur risorius) and the Spotted

Dove (Lurtur swratensis) oe S56 UND

DoNALD, C. H. ; Birds of Prey dao, Ihe

—-——— ; Pteromys inornatus. 400

; The Identification.

of Accipitrine Birds ... - 588, 805

DupGEON, G. C., F.E.S.; A Catalogue

of the Heterocera of Sikhim and

Bhutan, with Notes by H. J. Elwes,

F.Z.S., F.E.S., cte, and Additions

by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart.,

B.A., F.ES., ete. Parts 11, 12, 13

and 14 .. o. 6, 346, 547, 761

—_-—— ; The Migration of

Butterflies in the Kangra Valley. 147

Duruis, J. F., Director, BOTANICAL

Dept, N. INDIA; Extract from

the Annual Report of the Director

of the Botanical Dept., Northern

India, for the year 1900-1901... 168

Epr, F.J.; Luryale i (Nym-

eae soe coe eee 606

Evans, VETY.-Capr. G. H., oe.

Notes on the Hog Deer in Burma

(With Plates A and B) ... «oe 310

————-; The King-Cobra,

or Hamadryad, Waia bungarus

(Boulenger). Ophiophagus elaps

(Gunther). (With a Plate) .. 409

—— |" Hood of the Krait. v9

PAGE

Evans, LIzvT. W.H., R.E,; and

Mason G. A. LESLIE, R.E.;

The Butterflies of Chitral coe 666

FERGUNSON, H.S., F.L.S. ; Travan-

core Snakes... 500 oad «o. BOO

FIELD, F.; Robin lJaying in a

Babbler’s Nest ee coc «ee 610

Finn, F., DeEpuTy SUPERIN-

TENDENT, INDIAN MUSEUM,

CaLtcuTTA; The Cage-Birds of

Calcutta ... 50 on0 «e. 564

FOREL, AUGUSTE; Les Formicides

de Empire des Indes et de Ceylan.

Parts 10 and 11 oo0 . 520, 679

FRASER, 8. M., 1.0.8. ; Tiger Netting

in Mysore «e. 200 «2 OOO

| Funton, Capr. H.; Rough Note on

the Mammalia of Chitral.. nin (xs)

GAMMIE, G. A., S., Officer in’

charge of the Botanical Survey,

Bombay Presidency ; Extract from

the Report on the Botanical Sur-

vey Operations in the Bombay

Presidency for the year 1900-1901. 169

GREEN, EH. ERNEST, GOVERNMENT

ENTOMOLOGIST, CEYLON ; Indian

Hobby and Bulbul... 506 ee 605

; Note on a Species

of Gordius parasitic in the body

of a Mantis... 500 coe O10

; Bipedal feomainan

of a Gertenece Lizard ay veo O17

HAMPSON, SIR G. F., BART., F.Z.S.,

F.E.S.; The Moths of India.

Supplementary Paper to the

Volumes in “The Fauna of

British India,” Series 2, Parts 5, 6,

Tand 8 cos «-» 103,197, 494, 689

HARRINGTON, Capt. H. H.; Notes

on Birds’ Nesting in the Southern

Shan States of Burma... ee 596

Hopg, C. W.; The Ferns of North-

Western India, Part 3—The Gene-

ral List. (With Plates XXII to

2O2O-4 INDY oo +. 118, 252, 458, 720

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

In@LIs, C. M.; The Birds of the

Madhubani Sub-division of the

Darbhanga District, Tirhut, with

Notes on Species noticed elsewhere

in the District. Parts 2, 3, 4

and 5 ey OS PSR. sGaNa5eN 764

~; Birds collected in

Hylakandy, Cachar : doo eel

; The Masked Fin-

foot (eliopais personata) s-- O92

= ; Nesting of the

Coot (Pulica atra) Shc se. O92

; Oceurrence of the

Sheldrake (7. cornuta) and the

Goosander (JZ. castor) in the

Darbhanga District, Tirhut eee 893

; Occurrence of the

Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa) in

the Darbhanga District, Tirhut ... 627

—__— —=

J.F.G.; Habits of the Lungoor

Monkey ... ACC 606 wee LAD

JARDINE, H. R. ; Elephant Shooting

in Upper Burma ... soe «-» 160

KIRKALDY, G. W., F.E.S., Memoirs

of Oriental Rhynchota. (With

Plates A, Band C.)... 46, 294

KirtTikaR, Lr.-Cou. K. R., I.M.S.,

F.L.S., CIVIL SURGEON, RATNA-

GIRI; The Poisonous Plants of

Bombay, Part 19. (With Plate U.) 20

LAMB, Capt. GEORGE, M.B., 1.M.S.;

Snake Venoms: Their Physiologi-

cal Action and Antidote ... eee 220

LESLIE, Major G.aA., R.H., and

Lizut. W. H. Evans, R.E. ; The

Butterflies of Chitral onc ... 666

Lester, Capr. C. D.; Crow and

Koel’s Egg ... see ene se Oey

MACDONALD, K.C.; Occurrence of

the Laggar Falcon in Burma ... 142

MaCLEOD, N.C.; Natural History

Notes from Fryer’s Travels we O16

McManon, Magor A. H., A Rare

Snake 200 ele ooo 1S]

McMULLEN, G. C. ; Occurrence of

the Mute Swan (@ygnus olor) in

Sind ... ote soe 500 -.. 156

xvii

PAGE.

MAHALUXMIVALA, CAVASJI D.;

Notes on some of the Plants intro-

duced into the Victoria Gardens,

Bombay, during the past 8 years.

Parts 1,2and3. ... 128, 356, 776

MANDERS, Magor N., R.A.M.C.,

F.E.S., Onthe New Species of

Butterflies recently described by

MineAniGa Butleran sss : eo. 182

, Notes on Ceylon

Butterflies ... eee 00 ae Cals

MARSHALL, CAPT. T. E., R.A.;

Notes on Birds near Quetta eee 601

MILLARD, W. 8. ; Honorary Secre-

tary, B. N. H. Soviety ; Cannibal-

ism in Snakes 50d eels coo OD

_ ; Vipera Russelli

breeding in Captivity eenold

MILLETT, G. P., L.F.S.; White Ants’

Castles ves wale oe. U8]

NICEVILLE, LIONEL Ds, F.E.S.,

C.M.Z.8., &c.; On New and Little-

known Butterflies, mostly from

the Oriental Region. Parts 1 and

2. (With Plate FF.) 236, 450

Nurse, MAgor C.G., 13TH BOMBAY

INFANTRY ; New Species of

Indian Hymenoptera. (With a

Plate) cAC occ 500 ooo - 0)

— ; Unusual abundance

of Sandgrouse at Deesa ... aco

—— ——— _; Migration of Butter-

flies... 600 00 400 too 10D

————,; Sandgrouse in

Northern Gujarat ... ee oes BOT

——_—_—— —; Occurrence of the

Red-breasted Merganser (WMer-

ganser serrator) near Quetta ... 400

—_—_——_——_; The Camel Bot Fly. 609

; Merops apiaster

breeding in Baluchistan ... eee 10210)

O’BRIEN, E.; Hyzenas hunting with

Jackals 600 000 206 oo. 146

QOuivizerR, Li-Cor. H.D, RB.E.,

F.Z.S.; A Snake anda Fish «. 142

shee - ; Small Game

Shooting Prospects in Western

India ... ooo ove e200 200 583

XVili

PAGE,

OSBORN, LT.«GENL. W., I.8.C.; On

the Deposits of Fossil Remains of

Extinct Animals in the Sewalik

Hills of the Punjab and North-

West Provinces «.. --- 163

- ; Habits ‘of the

Indian Tree Magpie ee one

TUFA) os “00 ane -o. 164

8 iediant ones

Dogs and another Indian Dog ... 165

——-———-; Notes on the

Himalayan Nutcracker (Nwei-

fraga hemispila) ... sole coe 628

OsmMASTON, B. B., Deputy Conser-

vator of eres: Curious course

taken by the Hyoid Cornua or

Tongue Muscle in certain Wood-

peckers S00 coc 200 «es. DOT

; Notes on the Nidifica-

tion of some Birds, the nest and

eggs of which have not been

previously described coe eee O15

; The Himalayan Nut-

cracker (Nucifraga hemispila) .. 818

—

-—; The Chestnut-headed

Short-wing (Oligura castaneicoro-

Rata) 500 os S00 on lt)

PincHER, Cou. J. G., F. R.C.S.;

On Methods used to preserve

Colour in relaxing Entomological

specimens «.. cece 613

PRIMROSE, A. M.; The Masked Fin-

foot (aeons tae in

Cachar cet coslifie

— eeerinel of ne Coot

(Fulica afr) toe vee 392

——.; Note on the Onarmuanee

of malo) Birds in South Sylhet... 594

RHE-PHILIPE, GEO. W. V. DE; The

Butterflies of the Lucknow Dis-

trict ... eve see ove «- 481

; Buthalia lenidea

in Western Kumaon 400 sony toe)

RYAN, G. M,, I.F.S., F.L.S.; Note on

a Flying Squirrel (Pteromys oral)

found in the Thana District,

Bombay “D0 ere re «7- 612

———_

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

PAGE.

RYAN, G. M., 1.F.8., F.L.8.; Famine

Foods. (Dioscorea pentaphyllum), 772

SmitH, Capt. F. A. M.D, 1.M.S8.;

Sword-Fish striking a Ship... 600

Symonps, W. P., 1.C.8.; The Lilies

of Mahableshwar and others Seon

THomson, MAsor D., 28TH Bom-

BAY PIONEERS, F.Z.5.; A Novel

Method of Catching a Jackal ... 386

——; AND W.H. CRADDOCE ;

Notes on the Occurrence of certain

Birds in the Southern Shan States

of Burma ... S06 eee coo 600

TootH, E. E.; A Pied-Crested

Cuckoo's Egg (Coecystes jaco-

binws) found in the nest of the

Bengal Red-vented Bulbul (Mol-

pastes bengalensts) o. SH, Sq Ne

; The Nidification of

the Bronze-winged Jacana (Meto-

pidius indicus) eve Bae coo S17

TutcHER,W.J.; The Flowering of

Bamboos_... 206 ove Ay Leer

———— =

WALL, Capt. F., I.M.8.; The Dis-

tinguishing Characteristic between

Poisonous and Non-poisonous

Snakes. (With Plates A, B, C and

IDS); 5 coo a Sie 65128)

ee ; Aids to the Differ-

entiation of Brees feds cos Bat!

——-—— ; Extraordinary

magnitude of a Snake’s Meal.

(With a Plate) “06 cos ee OID

WEDDERBURN, W.; Drought resist-

ing Fodder Plants ... 340 eee G14

WHYMPER, S. L.; Occurrence of the

Chestnut-headed Short-wing

(Oligura castaneicoronata) and

Nesting of the Black-chinned Yu-

hina (Yuhina nigrimentum) in

Kumaon 400 on a5 cae ODT,

; Birds’ Nesting in

Kumaon sa... ace ce eer 624

——oe

LS! Of PLAT ES,

VOLUME sFiv.

The Gadwall, Chaulelasmus streperus, Plate XI... 208 eee ove

Datura faswosa, Linn. Nat. Ord. Solanaceae, PlateU ... eee : :

Oriental Rhynchota, Plate A ... BoC ae see C00 oo seo one

Ceylon Porficularia, Plate A . ae Hee ete ae ars aA0

Hymenoptera from Deesa and sania wee Bee S06 aes O00 Bee

The Distinguishing Characteristics etween Poisonous and Non-Poisonous

Snakes, Plate A ...

th) 9 9 ” 23 tp) B

or ? 39 ” > 0 C 200

$F) ” 2 ” ” » D vee

Asplenium Tenuifrons, Wallich, Plate XXII 506 ove eee

Mackinnoni, Hope, in Journ. Bot., March 1896, Plate XXII ane

_ FKilix-Femina, Bernh. forma Dinter (sp). Wall, Plate XXIV

op Duthiei, Bedd., Plate XXV oon one

The Pintail, Dafila acuta, , XII

Oriental Butterflies, . FF 500

Asplenium squamigerum, Mett., Plate XXVI se odo 060 000 sos

Hymenoptera from Deesa and Simla 500 600 S00

Oriental Rhynchota, Plate B ... one eve 500 aes 5p ae aes

5 5 Bue Cae ace S56 600 625 wae ove

The Hog-Deer (Cervus por bnua): Plate A... A00 uae ese 200

5 (é m Dyer yexedse nce ec eae S08 eve ae

Ceylon Forficularia, Plate B ... sot 006 os oes S00 504 soc

The Narcondam Hornbill Rhytidoceros narcondamé

Parascolopsis townsends aes one 50 eve eve

The Relative Proportions of a Snake and its ae 00 con 500

The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal, Querquedula ae Plate xls: S00

The King-Cobra, or Hamadryad— aia bungarus (Boulenger), Ophiophagus

elaps (Giinther) ... ove S008 00 cae ase

Aspidiwm marginatum, Wallich, “Plate XXVIT Senter soe eee

INS) gs auriculatum, Swartz

B. 5 lentum, Don Plate XXVIII... eon 500 BH eee

C. ,, obliquum, Don

Aspidium (Polystichum) acanthophyllum, Franchet, Plate XXIX ...

A Man-eating Panther andits Kill ... 366 nae 50 ote

The Pochard or Dun-Bird, Wyroca ferina .. exe ven ate a0

Distira henderson’. New Sea-snake from Rangoon ... 406 atic nae oo

Nephrodiwm cochlesatum, Don., Plate XXX eee Bos) gmt 500

5p odontoloma, Moor., Plate XXXI 665) 8.900 ao elo.

op ramosum, Hope., Plate XX XII 500 eee ace 500 000

€ marginatum, Wall. (Sub Aspidiwm), Plate XXXIII Aaah! 086

6 motlliusculum, Wall, (under Aspidium), Plate XXXIV

‘O2S FON? Hy

‘snueders snusepetneyy

uopuo T UAT out ay sorg Wt3a Fu alg VMd V9 a H 4 jep aspo7y a t)

20C ‘4ST 7 eN Aeguiog winoe

JOURNAL

OF THE

ls CO Ug es gy OS a :

dlatural History Society.

Vol. XIV. BOMBAY. No. |.

THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS.

By W. P. Symonps, I.C.S8.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 20th August 1901.)

The word “lily” surprises in himself, as Count Smorltork said,

an interesting study of no inconsiderable magnitude. Botanists use

the word to denote either a member of the order Lilzacec, or a species

of the genus Lilium of that order. If this paper were confined to the

latter sense it would come to an abrupt end, like the chapter on Snakes

in Ireland, as there are no true lilies in this Presidency. There is only

one Lilium south of the Himalayas, the iarge white lily of the Nilgiris,

Lilium neilgherrense. Lilium longiflorum is said by Firminger to

flourish in gardens, and Mr. Woodrow says that Lilium auratum, the

Golden-rayed lily of Japan, has been introduced into gardens in this

Presidency, but seems to have died out. Lilies do not transplant well.

The lilies of our gardens, like the wild lilies of Mahableshwar, are

Amaryllids, members of the order Amaryllidew, which is put by

botanists in a different series from Liliacew. The word lily is

commonly used to denote any lily-like flower, generally, but not

always, white, of the monocotyledonous or endogenous class, which

consists of plants usually with hollow stems, parallel-veined leaves, and

parts of flower in threes. This leaves out of account the water-lilies

which belong to a class totally different. Shakespeare makes Perdita

say :—

Bold oxlips, and

The crown imperial ; lilies of all kinds

The flower-de-luce being one,

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

The crown imperial is believed to be the imperial fritillary, which

with the tulips is nearest to the true lily in botanical classification, but

no one would ordinarily speak of a fritillary or a tulip asa lily. On

the other hand, the flower-de-luce is alily only in name. The fleur-

de-lis or royal lily of France is believed to have been originally an

Tris, probably Iris pseudacorus, the Yellow Flag, or rather a white

representative of that flower. With Shakespeare the lily is always

pure white, the type being Lilium candidum of English gardens.

Harry V. could hardly have referred to a yellow flower when he said

to Katherine: “Shall we not? What sayest thou? My fair

flower-de-luce ?”” To which she very properly replied: “ido not

know dat.” The flower-de-luce was borne in the Arms of England for

many years, and what is of more importance it still marks the north

point of the compass-card. An old traveller writes: ‘“ But sailing

further it veers its lily to the west,” which is just what happens on

the voyage from India to Europe. There are no representatives of

the order Irzdece south of the Himalayas and very few in our gardens,

the Gladiolus, that much mis-provounced word of short syllables,

being a notable exception. A little spotted flower, orange and red,

Pardanthus, or Belamcauda, seems to have established itself on Singhar,

a survival from the gardens that once flourished in that neglected spot.

The place of the Iris is taken by the showy Canna belonging to the

great tropical order Scitaminee. A member of this order, Kampferia

scaposa, is called the Rice lily. Inthe month of September the

plateau between Lonauli and Karli, on either side of the railway, is

white with these delicate three-petalled flowers, Belonging to the

same order one of the wild turmerics or arrowroots, Curcuma

angustifolia, probably with beautiful coma of pink bracts, is often called

the Khandala lily, and the orchid men of Mahableshwar commonly

give this name to the wild ginger with yellow coma, or the white

arrowroot, Another well-known plant which has no claim to the

name but the whiteness of its spathe is the Cobra lily, Ariseema

Murray?, a member of the order Arotdec, like the English Cuckoo-

pint or Lords and Ladies, to which it is nearly related. Another

plant of the same order often seen in windows at home is Richardia

africana, called the Arum lily or Trumpet lily or Lily of the

Nile, ee

THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. 3

But it is time we come to the Liliacew. Perhaps the commonest

plant of the order at Mahableshwar is the little Indian squill, Scilla

indica, which springs up everywhere in May, even on the much- °

trampled Golf-ground. ‘The uninitiated commonly refer to itas an

orchid, probably confusing it with the white orchid Habenaria, which

springs up a little later. It hasan upright raceme of small pinkish

flowers with long purple stamens, and looked at closely each flower can

be seen to have six petals (perianth-segments more properly), each pink

with a green stripe down the middle, turned back like a Turk’s-cap

or Martagon lily. The flower is a near relation of the wild hyaciuth or

blue-bell of England. The fieshy green leaves with black spots are

used as food, and poor people may now be seen gathering them near

Yeraoda. A little pinkish-white star-like flower, Iphigenia indica,

may be seen at the same time or a little later, and later still, when

visitors have mostly left the hills, appears a pretty white flower with

yellow anthers, Chlorophytum breviscapum. It may be seen in July, in

compounds in Kirkee and near Yeraoda Jail, carpeting the ground

like snowdrops, which it much resembles though not so tall. A taller

species, Chlorophytum orchidastrum, bears similar flowers on a scape

two feet high. This appears at Mahableshwar in the rains, and may

also be found at Sakharpathar. Another lily which, though not seen’

at Mahableshwar, must on no account be passed over is the grand

climber, Gloriosa superba, fitly described by its name. The long

reflexed waved petals are scarlet and yellow. Tho only other members

of the order at Mahableshwar are both climbers and very unlike lilies.

Smilaz macrophylla has broad oval leaves with strong veins not

parallel, insignificant greenish flowers, and conspicuous clusters of

shining green berries, red when ripe. ‘The Asparagus creeper,

Asparagus racemosus, has pointed cladodes in place of leaves and

racemes of small white fragrant flowers. A standard Asparagus, with

no tendency to climb, is found near Poona and is perhaps Asparagus

Jacquemonti?, A lovely climber, Myrsiphyllum asparagoides, has lately

been introduced into Bombay gardens.

The lily of Mahableshwar gardens is the Blue African lily

Agapanthus umbellatus, which belongs to the same tribe as the homely

necessary onion and the intrusive garlic. It does not do well in lower

regions, Hemerocallis fulua, the Day lily, is sometimes seen. It

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

somewhat resembles the Tiger lily. The commonest flower of the

lily order in our gardens is the absurdly-named Tnbe-rose, Polyzena

or Polyanthes ¢uberosa, really the tuberous-rooted Polyanthes. It is

largely grown in native gardens. The other lilies are mostly foliage

plants, <Aspidistra, Phormium, Aloe, Yucca, Dracena, Cordyline.

Yucca gloriosa, or Adam’s needle, bears at intervals a magnificent spike

of white flowers.

To arrive at the lilies of Mahableshwar we must again consider

the lilies of the field. The well-known text has given a name to the

Solomon’s Seal, or Polygonatum, a little flower resembling the Lily

of the Valley, a member of the lily order which however does not

grow in Syria. The Greek word used is Krina, but Crina are not

conspicuous in Syria, and no doubt the reference was to flowers

generally. But the lilies of Mahableshwar are Crina, and though

Amaryllids are well worthy of the name of lily. The commonest spe-

cies is Crinum brachynema. The huge bulbs may be seen resting on the

bare ground on the plateau beyond the old Mahableshwar temple and

also just above Kate’s Point. ‘This lily may be distinguished from the

larger one more commonly used to decorate dinner-tables by its shorter

petals and stamens on the throat. The larger lily has perianth-tube

8 or 4 inches long, perianth-segments narrow, long-pointed, as long as

the tube and protruding red filaments. After the publication of the

Flora of British India, Mr. Woodrow discovered that this lily had

never been properly identified, and sent specimens to Kew, where it

was named Crinum Woodrowi. It had formerly been confounded with

Crinum asiaticum, a coarser plant. Crinum Woodrowi may be found

in great abundance on the slopes below Kate’s Point, lower down than

the window and to the west of it. What generations of picnickers

have passed by and never seen where grow the lilies! Another

beautiful lily, white tinged with red, Crinum lalifolium, is found near

Panchgani. These three lilies have their own haunts and never seem

to flourish anywhere else. Crinum ensifolium is common in the Poona

river, and other Crina are seen in gardens, Practically all the lilies of

Indian gardens are Amaryllids—Zephyranthes or Swamp lilies, one

white, the other rosy ; Hippeastrum or Knight’s lily, red or white ;

the Jacobean lily (Amaryllts or Sprekelia formosissima) ; the Hucharis

lily, Pancratium or Spider lily, and others, A little Pancratium,

THE LILIES OF MAHABLESHWAR AND OTHERS. 5

identified at Kew as P. triflorum, is found at Mahableshwar. The

filaments in this genus, asin Hucharis, Hymenocallis, Eurycles and

others, are united to forma membranous cup within the periauth,

resembling the crown of the Narcissi. A little yellow star-like flower,

scarcely above the ground, is also found at Mahableshwar, which is

Curculigo. orchioides. Its root, called masli, is valued for medicinal

virtues. Mr, Birdwood’s catalogue gives Curculigo malabarica also,

but this is probably the same. Larger male flowers appear by them-

selves and look like a different species. The only other plant of the

order to notice is the common hedge agave, Agave vivipara, often

wrongly called Aloe, which isa lily. The difference between the

Amaryllidee and the Liliacee is mainly in the position of the ovary.

In flowers of the latter order the immature seed-vessel may be seen

standing in the middle of the perianth. In the Amaryllids it is only

perceptible as a thickening of the green pedicel or flower-stalk below

the perianth, This is very conspicuous in the Crina, the Snowdrop and

others, The Jrzdew and the Scztaminee have the same peculiarity and

are placed in the same series with the Amaryllidee. The Orchids

have also the ovary inferior, but the seeds being microscopical, it is not

conspicuous until the perianth falls off, though it issometimes coloured

like the perianth. Dendrobium speciosum, a near relation of the early

orchid of Mahableshwar, is called in New South Wales the Rock Lily.

But the Liliacew and the Amaryllidee, though unimportant orders

in India, provide us with sufficient flowers of great beauty and interest

without going further afield in search of lilies.

A CATALOGUE OF THE H“TEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G, C. DupGEzON, F. &. s.

Wirn Norss sy H. J. Eiwes, F. £. s., F. Z. 8., &C.,

AND

ADDITIONS BY Sir GEORGE Hampson, Bart., B. A., F. E. S., &C.

Part XI.

( Continued from Vol. XIII, page 674.)

Family HYPSIDAi—continued.

Genus Macroprocuis, Herr Schiff.

1308. MM. gigas, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. A very common species which may often be

seen flying during the day. The form leucospilota, Moore, is perhaps

the one most frequently met with, but atrata, Butl., and albzsans, Butl.,

with their intermediate forms are not rare. It occurs in May, June

and September. The top of the head in all specimens I have seen

is invariably orange.

Family ARCTIADZ.

Sub-family NOLIN At.

Genus Nronoua, Hmpsn.

NV. mesosticta, Hmpsn.

>Sikhim, 1800 feet up. Not common at the lower elevations.

I obtained two specimens in July and August attracted to light.

Genus CeLama, WIk.

1532. C. lativittata, Moore, (Piate II, Fra. 11.)

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. I have four specimens which

I took at Fagoo attracted to ight in August and October. I never

captured it in Sikhim. Three of my specimens are males and have the

antenne strongly pectinated.

1538. C. encausta, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1800 feet. This is rather rare and my only epee were

taken at Punkabaree at light in October.

1530. C. fasciata, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—38000 feet. A well marked species, not un-

common. A fresh specimen of a male in perfect condition in my

collection has dorsal tufts of pale brownish scales on the first and second

abdominal segments and the extremity of the abdomen with a

-- HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHOTAN. 7

buff-coloured tuft of long hairs over the claspers. It occurs from June

to November.

C. disticta, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. Common at light i in May, June and

1526. C. astigma, Hmpsn. :

Sikhim. Ihave not taken this. (The only Sikhim specimen I

have seen, the type of the female, was taken by me at light at Darjee-

ling in July.—H. J. £,)

| C. ‘duplicilinea, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 6800 feet. Rare in August in Darjeeling station,

1528. C. internella, W1k.

Bhutan, 2500 feet. I took two males of this species at F ag00 at

light in August.

1541a. CC. erythrostigmata, Hmpsn. (PLATE II, Fra. 31. )

Bhutan, 3000 feet. I have only procured two specimens of this both

taken at light in August at Fagoo. Pisaramedioronata, Hmpsn,, is

synonymous,

1520. C. teniata, Snell.

Bhutan, 3000 feet. Only one specimen, a female which I took in

November 1894 at Fagoo. This may be referable to C. mesomelana,

Hmpsn., but is pure white, not brownish-white.

C. suffusa, Umpsa.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. J have not seen a specimen.

C. mesomelana, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, I have not received this unless the insect I have fdentited

as C. teeniata, Snell, isa female of it. The male only is described

by Sir Geo. Hampson. (A very distinct pale brownish species with

prominent black medial band.— G. F. /7. )

1534a. C. marginata, Hmpsn. (Puate II, Fic. 27. )

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—8000 feet. I have several specimens of

this from these two localities. I have also taken it in the Kangra Valley

Punjab, It occurs in March, April, May, August, September and Octo-

ber. It is therefore probably double-brooded.

| 1527. Ci squalida, Staud.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet, Rather scarce in May and June at

light,

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

1531. C. pumila, Snell.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2500 feet. Very common from March to

July and again in September.

1523. C. fleauosa, Pouj.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6800 feet. Iam very doubtful concerning my

identification of this species. I have one specimen marked J, confusalis,

Dup., by Sir Geo. Hampson which I think may belong to this. (1

took a specimen on Tonglo in July which has been identified with Nola

confusalis by Snellen. I have one of Moore’s types of WN. sikhima

which appears to me different, though Sir G. Hampson considers it a

synonym. ‘This form or species | took at Darjeeling on June 21st.—

Jeb dhe. 10p)

C. polia, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. I have not seen a specimen.

C. pheochroa, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800 feet up. This occurs in great numbers at

the commencement of the rains at Fagoo, and is of the small suffused

form.

Genus Nous, Leech.

1534e. NV. tenebrosa, Hmpsn. (Puare Il, Fic. 24.)

Sikhim, 1800 feet ; Bhutan, 2500 feet. This is not rare at light in

May and June. I have specimens also which I took in April, Septem-

ber and November.

N. loxoscta, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen.

1537. LN. brunella, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have one specimen which I am, however, not

sure about, but which corresponds fairly well with Hampson’s figure in

Ill. Hot. IX. My specimen was taken at Fagoo at light in June.

1524a. N. punctilineata, Hmpsn. ( Prats Il, Fic. 25.)

Bhutan. I obtained two females only at Fagoo at light, one of which

bears the date July.

1535. NV. argentalis, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Occurs not commonly in July. (I have

twelve specimens varying somewhat of this, some of which I took at

Darjeeling in August, others from Miller’s, Knyvett’s and Atkinson’s

collections, I should call it one of the commonest of the Nolince at

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 9

Darjeeling, perhaps some of them belong to the following, but only a

specialist can name such insects with any certainty. —H. J. ee

NN. melanota, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This species is so like the iast that I do not

think it is really veparable. WV. argentalis has the markings more

clouded and is larger, but the same markings can be traced in NV, mela-

nota better defined. The postmedial line being punctiform is scarcely, I

think, sufficiently characteristic. Itis found from 18.0 feet up to 7000

feet in Sikhim, and I have one specimen from Bhutan from 2500 feet.

July to October are the months during which I have taken it. (Quite

distinct ; much smaller ; antennze with the branches shorter and paler

than WV, argentalis, patagia wholly white— G. F. H.)

1533. NN. distributa, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. This is a common species at

light at Fagoo and is to be taken at light from May to September. I

have a specimen from Kangra also, which difters from Sikhim speci-

mens in having the forewing broader and shorter.

N. tristicta, Hmpsnv.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6400 feet. This species is apparantly very

nearly allied to MN. distributa and N. microphasma. I have one

specimen taken in September at Rissoom and another, which Iam not

quite sure belongs here, taken in June.

1534 6. N. microphasma, But]. (Puate II, Fic, 26.)

Bhutan, 2500 feet. i have taken this at light in July and August.

1520 a. WN. laticincta, Hmpsn. ( Puare II, Fie. 28. )

Bhutan. The type which is now in the British Museum is the only

specimen I have seen.

1534 d. N. nigrisparsa, Hmpsn. (Prats II, Fia. 21. )

Sikhim and Bhutan. Five specimens have been taken by me at light

at from 1800—3000 feet, in May, August, October and November.

Genus Pacitonota, Hmpsn.

15416. P. seminigra, Hmpsv. (Puate II, Fie. 30. )

Sikhim, 1800 feet ; Bhutan, 2500 feet. I have eight specimens, six

of which were taken by me at light at Fagoo and one at Punkabaree.

Three of my specimens are males and differ only from the female in

having the antennz bipectinate, with the branches shorter towards the

apex. It is on the wing in June, July and August,

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Genus Me_anocrapuia, Hmpsn.

M. tympanistis, Hmpsn. (Puate II, Fre. 22. )

Sikhim,1860 feet. I obtained two specimens at light at Punkabaree,

one of which bears the date August 1897. It is attracted to light.

Genus DraLitHoprERA, Hmpsn.

1545 a. D. gemmata, Hmpsn. (Prats II, Fic. 29. )

Sikhim, 1800 feet. I have nine specimens taken by me at light at

Punkabaree in May, July, September and October, The fovea at the

upper angle of the cell of the forewing in the male is partially hidden

beneath a large tuft of metallic scales.

Genus RasELia, Hiibr.

15456. BR. lignifera, Wk.

Sikhim, 1860 feet ; Bhutan, 2000 feet. I first met with this insect

in the larval stage in 1894, having discovered a colony of them upon

a felled tree ai Fagoo. From these, six or seven perfect insects were

obtained all emerging in December. The caterpillar has the appear-

ance of a snowflake, as it is covered with a downlike easily detached

substance similar to that found upon the larva of Epicopeia. The

successive cast skins of the head are attached one above the other to a

tuft of long hair behind the head. Subsequently at Punkabaree I

obtained five more of the perfect insect in February, May, July,

November and December.

1546. &. scripta, Moore.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. Occurs but not commonly in Darjeeling in

July and August. (This pretty and distinct species occurs from April

to July at Darjeeling at light—H. J. EF.)

1547. RR. strigivena, Umpsn.

Sikhim. I have only taken this on one occasion. It must be a rare

species. (I never took this myself, the type came from Moller’s cellec-

tion and seems very distinct.— H. J. E.)

R. triangulalis, Leech.

Sikhim. There is one female in the British Museum from my

collection, but I have never taken it again.

1544. FR. argyria, Hmpsn.

Sikkim. I never obtained this. {A well marked species of which

I have but one specimen and do not know its date or exact locality.

SE)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 11

1549. R. ntida, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1800 feet; Bhutan, 3000 feet. I obtained three males at

light in November 1894 and 1897 at Fagco and Punkabaree. I have

since taken one female in the Kangra Valley in September. The male

has the antennee bipectinated.

1540 a. R. argentescens, Hmpsn. ( Puate II, Fic. 32. )

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet. A rare species of which I only

obtained two females at light, one of which bears the date August.

1545. R. semirufa, Umpsn.

Sikhim. - I have not received this species. (I have only one speci-

men, the type which I believe came from Knyvett’s collection. —

JG Sh, 185)

1547 a. R. cuneifera, Wik. (Prats II, Fie. 13.)

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. In my figure of this species the

abdomen is represented as pargially dark-brown, this is incorrect. In

the seven specimens in my collection it is greyish-white. My speci-

mens were taken by me at light in April, May, June and August. I

only once procured it at Badamtam, the others being all from Fagoo.

Selca ruficosta, Hmpsn., is synonymous.

1522. R. denticulata, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not taken this. (My specimens were taken at

Darjeeling in August and have been compared with the type in the col-

lection of Atkinson. Snellen has the same insect trom Java, —H. J. E.)

1548. &. aseripta, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1800 feet. I took one male of this in September at

Punkabaree.

Sub-family LITHOSIAN A.

Genus Nrosnavia, Hmpsn.

1379 a. N. scoteola, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 2600 feet. The type in the British Museum is from

Dr. Pilcher’s collection. I have not met with the species.

Genus Poxios1a, Hmpsn.

1381le. P. muricolor, WI1k.,

Sikhim, I have not taken this.

13816. P. punctivena, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1800 feet. Rare at Punkabaree where | obtained three

specimens only in June, July and September.

ig JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

1347. P. brunnea, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan 2500—6400 feet. “I have only one pair of this

obtained at light in June and September.

1353. PP. cubitéfera, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. Occurs commonly at light from

May to September at Fagoo.

Genus Lexis, Wellen.

L, julveola, HAmpsn.

Sikhim, 2600 feet. Type in British Museum. Two specimens are

recorded from Dr. Pilcher’s collection.

Genus Mirauna, Moore.

1372. M. quadriplaga, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500-6700 feet. A common insect with a great

range of distribution in this locality. It occurs from June to October.

1872b. MM. strigifera, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not obtained this.

Genus InemA, Hiibn.

1363. JI. tortrécotdes, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. Common in May, July, August

and Octobere (Occurs at Mongpo in June.— H. J. E. )

1373. JI. tumida, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. I have taken this only in the latter

locality from July to September. I have four males and four females

in my collection all captured at light.

1374. JI. protuberans, Moore.

Sikhim aud Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. I have often taken the female

of this species, but only once have I found a male. It is attracted to

light in May, June, August, September and November.

1336. J. distorta, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet up. CommoninJune, Males scarcer

than females.

1329. TI. tetragona, W1k.

Sikhim, 5000 feet. Ihave never taken this myself, but have two

specimens brought in by collectors. (I have several from Méller’s and

Knyvett’s collections taken in April, but never saw it alive myself. It

yaries much in size and it looks as though two species were confused

under this name.— H, J. LH.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 3

1331. I. venosa, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000—6800 feet. I have four specimens. This

is either a variable species in markings or two of my specimens belong

to another species. (I also think 1 have two species under this name

but not enough of them to form an opinion upon. I have taken it in

the Khasia hills in September at about 4000 feet.—H. J. E.)

1334. JI. plumbeomicans, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 4000 feet. I have not seen this. (I also have never seen

this from Sikhim, the types are from the Naga hills. —H. J. E.)

1334b. I. brunnea, Moore.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. Number 1347 in Hampson’s Moths of India is

Poliosia brunnea, Moore, not this species.

1348. J. auriflua, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet. I have only one pair taken in

October.

1371. JL. vagesa, Moore.

Sikhim, 1800 feet. I have only two females which I took at light

in May and July. Both sexes are very common in the Kangra Valley

Punjab, during the rains. (I have both sexes from Modller’s collection

but never took it myself.—H. J. E. )

1354. J. oblitterans, Feld.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6400 feet. I took two specimens at Rissoom in

April attracted to light. Numbers 1355 and 1354 are the same

species. :

1358. IL. conformis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan. ‘he neuration of the forewings of specimens

from Sikhim differ from those from Kangra Valley. In the former

veins, 10, 7, 8 and 9 arestalked in the order given with 6 from below

the angle of the cell, but in the latter 10, 9, 8 and 7 is the eH.

with 6 close to the origin of them.

I, perdentata, Druce.

Bhutan. I have two males corresponding with the figure in Cat.

Lep. Phal. There isa deep groove in the forewing from the base

along the lower sides of vein 2 and another below vein 38. The Bhutan

specimens agree with the figure of the female in Hampson’s Plate, but

the interspaces beyond the medial angled line are fuscous leaving the

yeins rather broadly ochreous. The neuration is as follows :—Forewing;

14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

2 from middle :of cell curved near the base, 3 and 4 en a long stalk,

6 from below angle, 7, 8 and 9 on a long stalk, 10 free, 11 and 12

anastomosing : hindwing normal. Taken at light in July and August,

at Fagoo.

1352. JL. reticulata, Moore.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. I have only one specimen in my collection

which was taken by Dr, Pilcher in May. (I have two pairs of this

distinct species but without exact indication of locality —H. J. EL.)

1362. J. guadrisignata, Moore.

Sikhim. I do not know this, (1 cannot identify this trom Moore’s

plate though I have one which Sir G. Hampson thought might be

it—_H, J. LE.)

1368. J. terminalis, Moore.

Sikhim. This also is not known tome. (I do not know on what

grounds Sir G. Hampson treated L. semijusca, Elwes, P. Z. 8,, 1890

p. 20, fig. 204, as aform of /, termenalis. My type is most unlike

Moore’s figure.—H. J. E.)

1366. J. cucullata, Moore.

Bhutan, 2500 feet. [have one male taken in July which corresponds

to this in the head and thoras being black and the forewing brown.

There is no areole ; 10, 7, 8 and Y are stalked and 6 is from just below

the angle of the cell.

1348a. J. chrysophleps, Hmpsn. (Puars I, Fie. 10)

Bhutan, 3000 feet. The type inthe British Museum is the only

specimen I have taken.

1342. I. fumidisca, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have never received aspecimen. (I have two specimens

so named by Sir G. Hampson from Méller’s collection, one of which

seems to me identical with what he calls J. antica, but I have not

examined the venation. Whether mine are the same as the types from

Tenasserim is, I think, doubtful—H. J. 4.)

1341. J. vicaria, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. Common in June, July and

August. J. antzca, WIk., is a synonym of this species.

1343. JI. griseola, Hibn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have taken this in May, Juneand November

at Funkabaree.

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN, 15

1850. I. wanthocraspis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have nothing to correspond with the figure given in Cat.

Lep. Phal. Hampson. J. nigripars, Hmpsn., is a synonym.

1382. I, basinota, Moore.

Sikhim. I have only one specimen taken in April by Dr. Pilcher

(I have one from Moller taken in May, another from Knyvett. It

seems rare.— 7], J. FE.)

1356a. I. nigripes, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2£000 feet. The ferewing of the male is

broader and paler than that of the female. I have nine specimens, all

taken in May at light.

: 1370. I. nigripars, W1k.

Sikhim. Ihave never received this from this locality but have

recently taken it in the Kangra Valley. JL. pallens, Moore, is a

synonym. (I have § specimens taken at Darjeeling in July and

August referred to this by Sir G. Hampson. They vary a good deal

and I cannot draw the line with certainty between some of them and L.

reticulata, Moore, as identified by him and Mr. Butler, of which I have

4 from Moller’s collection. A Khasia specimen is also intermediate.

1 think they require further study —H. J. E.)

1338. J. varana, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6700 feet. Ihave only one female which I

took at Pasheteng. This was attracted to light in October. (This was

not uncommon at light at Darjeeling during the rains of 1886.—

Hf, J. E.)

Genus CHrysorABpia, But].

1327. C. viridata, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6000—7000 feet. I have taken this at light in

June, July and September. (Taken by me at Darjeeling and at light

on Tongloo, 1000 feet, in July and August— H. J. EL. )

1328. C. divitta, Wk.

Sikhim. Ihave not received this. (I have two males of C. dis-

juncta, Moore, from Moller’s collection both taken in September and

two females of what Sir G. Hampson has identified as C. bivitta, taken

in May and June. Ido not believe they are sexes of the same species ;

the patagia of the female being quite different, as are the markings

of the forewings from those of C. désjuncta. As Walker says the

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

thorax of C. dcvitta has a green spot on each side, these females

cannot in my opinion belong to that species and may require a new

name, if, as I suppose, they are not the females of C. disjwncta.—

EPI E:)

13280. C. aurantiaca, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 6700 feet. I took one male at Pasheteng in September

attracted to light. ( Walker’s description of C. bévitta, I consider

applies better to this species than to what Sir G. Hampson has identified

with it, and I believe the name aurantzaca should be sunk as a synonym,

The types were in Mr. Saunders’ collection from ‘“ Hindostan.”

I have it from the Khasias whence many of Walker’s types came.—

lala dh, J8p))

13285. C. alpina, Hmpsn.

Yatung, 10000 feet. This may probably occur at similar altitudes in

Sikhim proper and Bhutan. The Chumbi Valley, in which Yatung lies,

is situated on the Southern watershed of the Himalayas and possesses a

similar fauna to that ef N. Sikhim.

Genus Curysaneiia, Butl.

1325. C. magnifica, W1k.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. I do not think this is uncommon in Sikhim, but

I have only one specimen in my collection without date. (I have two

pairs from Méller’s collection. The femalesare much larger than the

males. Mr. Knyvett told me he had taken it at Jor-pokri at about 7000

feet on the road to Tongloo.— H. J. LE.)

Genus Acytia, WIk.

1312. A. apicalis, Moore.

Sikhim, 5500 feet. I have only procured two examples at Tukvar.

I do not think it is separable from A. albefinis, Wik. The specimen

remaining in my collection has the cilia of the hindwing white from the

apex to vein 4, (I have one male and three females from Sikhim, of

which two females only have some white on the cilia of the hindwing,

A pair of A, albifinis from Sabathu, N.-W. Himalayas, have much

more white, but 1 expect Mr. Dudgeon is right about their being

varieties of the same species—H. J. £.)

1320. A. divisa, Moore.

Sikhim. (A single specimen from Moller’s collection is exactly like

those I have from the Khasias— H. J. E.)

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 17

1313. A. beema, Moore.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. Rather scarce in Darjeelingin June. Mr. Elwes

remarks that he took it at 5000 feet in May and at Darjeeling in June,

bui; did not find it uncommon.

1308. A. metawantha, Hmpsn. (Plate Die jig lia): :

Bhutan, 2500—3000 feet. The type in the British Museum is the

only one I have procured.

1321, A. rufifrons, Moore.

‘Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. I took this at Fagoo in May at light.

1319. A. albocinerea, Moore.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. Occurs in August in Darjeeling. (Seems rare

as I have only three specimens which resemble A. sericeipennis closely,

but have not the orange colour of that species. —Z. J. E.)

1809. A, prasena, Moore.

Skhim and Bhutan. This species was included in she genus

Macrobrochis inthe Moths of India, Vol. 11 ; it resembles MM. gigas,

Wik., somewhat in markings. Not common from May to September.

1315. A. ramelana, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5000—7000 feet. A common insect in Darjeeling

down as far as Tukvar from June to September. (The females vary

very much, in one, the spots of the forewing are absent, in another,

they are almost obsolete on both wings. In the male the band of the

forewing varies in size and shape.— H. J. EF.)

1316. A. dzpars, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6700 feet. I have only one male from the last

locality. It differs from the description given in that, the terminal half

of the forewing is brown witha bluish metallic lustre. (I have a

similar male from Atkinson’s collection which is distinct from my only

female which has the markings of a male of A. ramelana. I havea

third one (sex doubtful ) with yellowish hindwings, the same size and

with similar markings to A. ramelana.— H. J. E.)

1314. A. maculata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—2500 feet. Rare, I have only obtained

four males and two females in April, July and August. In one female

only a small black spot remains on the hindwing. ( I have three males

anda female from Moller’s collection, but never took it myself.—

Jie, Sha)

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Genus Lrrnosta, Fabr.

1326. ZL. quadra, Linn.

Sikhim, Occurrence based upon one abnormal specimen in the col-

lection of Mr. Elwes. (I hardly think this specimen can be the same

as J. quadra, but it is hardly fit to describe and we must hope that

others will be found to settle the question of its identity.— H. J. E.)

Genus Aaristus, W1k.

13806. A. guttivtta, WIk.

Sikhim, 7000 feet. Not common at light in Darjeeling. (I found

this common in 1886, but there is evidently much difference in the

abundance of some species in different seasons.—H. J. LE.)

Genus Sricrane, Hmpsn.

1390. SS. fractilinea, Snell.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—3000 feet. I have taken this at light in

June, July and October. In all my specimens the medial band on the

. forewing is continuous and unbroken. 4mene mult¢puncta, Hmpsn., is

asynonym. ( Probably this is what I have as Oemene maculifascia, but

I should not like to identify it with certainty— A. J. EL.) d£mene

maculifascia, Moore, is placed in the genus Parasiccia by Hampson.

Genus Loposasis, Hmpsn.

1598a. L. nivetmaculata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2500 feet. The type is the only specimen I

have taken.

Genus GarupiniA, Moore.

1400a. G. biplagiata, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2500 feet. The type in the British Museum is the only

specimen taken by me.

Genus Hucyctorera, Hmpsn.

1394a. E. plagidiscea, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2500 feet. I obtained two specimens only of this, one of

which is in the British Museum. The one in my collection was at-

tracted to light at Fagoo in July.

Genus PapEntA, Moore.

1401la. P. duplicana, Wk.

Bhutan, 2500—38000 feet. I took one specimen of an insect which

seems intermediate between P. transversa, WIk. and P. duplicana, W1k.,

in March 1895 at Fagoo. The forewing is yellowish white with

HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM AND BHUTAN. 19

cupreous narrow bands, the antemedial one being slightly angled below

the cell, and the postmedial one arising from just beyond the middle

of the costa and running obliquely to vein 2 where it is sharply angled

downwards and continues parallel to the outer margin.

Genus Oxacmz, Hmpsn.

1393. O. dissimilis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, Ihave not seen this. It is said to occur at 2800 feet. (I

have the typefemale of this curious little species which must be very

rare in Sikhim.— H. J. £.)

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.

By Lieut.-Cotone. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S., F.L.S.

‘Crivin SurGEON, RaTNaAGIRi.

Part XIX.

(Wirth Pate U.)

(Continued from page 623, Vol. XI.)

DATURA FASTUOSA, Linn.

NatuRAL ORDER—SOLANACES.

Maratat:—8qt (Dhatixd), FAI (Dhitrd), aaa (Dhotard.)

This is a herbaceous, coarse, rank-scented plant, with a colourless

juice. Older parts of the plant, glabrous; younger and growing

parts covered with evanescent whitish pubescence, otherwise known as

“ silvery-down,”

STEM.—it is irregularly zigzag ; 1-2 ft. high, even 4 or 5 ft. some=

times ; rather succulent from containing much pith.

Bark—polished, greenish generally, with a puplish tinge most

marked at the nodes; at times slightly rough either with minute

scattered hairs, or when without hairs, showing scars wherever any

hair existed in the early stage of the bark.

BraANcHES—divaricate ; marked with scars of fallen leaves.

LEAVES—generally 5 to 6 inches long ; triangular or ovate, but

acuminate always, even if rounded.

LEAF-MARGIN sometimes entire, oftener with a few large

lobes ; at times these large lobes have a few coarse short teeth.

The leaves appear to the naked eye quite glabrous, but the magnifying-

glass often shows a very minute pubescence on the upper as well as the

under side of the leaf. The leaves, as a rule, are glaucous-green

above, and paler beneath. he Mrp-r1s is prominent below, with

a dash of purple; so are its main branches. The VeINs are pellucid

‘«sinuate and pinnate.” The leaves, says Clarke, are ‘‘ ovate entire or

deeply toothed, glabrous.” (Hooker’s Fl. Br. Ind., Vol. IV, p. 242).

PETIOLE—1-2 inches long. SrrpuLes—absent.

FLOWERS—hermaphrodite, very large, solitary, erect from the

node, but not axillary. Hooker remarks that the flower-buds in early

stage are puberulous; so they are under a magnifying-glass,

PrpuncLes—short stout, purplish, solitary. Bracts—absent.

R.J.Budhavarkar del Mint ern Bros.Chromo hth. London.

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY.

Datura fastusa linn Nat.Ord Solanacec.

Alp Nok. Ste «

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 21

CALYX.—Tubular, free, 3 inches long, sometimes a little longer ;

very minutely adpressed-pabescent: circumsciss, SEGMENTS—5 ;

often only 3 or 4; 4-4 inch, wide; green, triangular, acuminate,

acute. The lowermost portion 3-3 inch, persistent and enlarged in

fruit. Lobes at apex $ inch long, ovate-lanceolate, according to some

writers.

COROLLA—tubular, funnel-shaped (otherwise called trumpet-

shaped). Tuse—over 7 inches, generally, gradually widening upward.

Lmp—recurved, 4 inches or more in diameter. Lopes—five ; pubes-

cent on the back ; their plait or midrib terminating in a short linear

or recurved acute tail. MstivatioN—plicate or valvate in funnel-

part of the corolla ; and contorted at apex, 2.e., spirally twisted in bud,

as also after the flower is fully open.

ANDRCGCIUM,

STA MENS —ineluded ; about as long as the corolla-tube.

FinamEents—filiform ; adnate to the corolla-tube from base half-

way up ; free further on.

AntrHERs—linear ; bi-lobed ; each lobe nearly ? inch long. Dr.

Trimen says they dehisce vertically, meaning of coarse—longitudznally.

Connective—of the same length as the anther-lobes, filiform,

_less than half the thickness of the filament.

PoLLEN—white.

GYNCCIUM,

OVARY—papillose ; the papillae subsequently mature with progress

of the pericarp of the fruit into sharp-pointed short prickles. Doubt-

less most of the papillee are abortive. The ovary is superior, 2-celled,

or imperfectly 4-celled ; seated on a yellowish Disk, 1-12 inch broad,

and burying as much of the ovary in its substance.

OvULES—numerous, on prominent peltate white placentas.

PLACENTATION—axile.

StyLe—linear, over six inches in length; at times half an inch

longer than the stamens, at times half an inch shorter.

Sticma—shortly two-lobed, often conical, mostly capitate ; 4 inch

long, at times 3 inch.

_ FRUIT—A capsule sub-globose, 4-celled, 4-valved, nodding on a

curved peduncle ; supported at base on the reflected accrescent calyx.

The pericarp is fleshy, green, covered with numerous scattered short

22 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

straight sharp conoid prickles, the base of the cone resting on the

pericarp.

5 DenisceNcE—irregular (Trimen). Clarke describes it thus :—

* Capsule sub-indehiscent, or irregularly dehiscent near the apex.”’

SEEDS—very numerous, somewhat compressed, sub-reniform,

close-packed’; pale-brown when the fruit is mature and dry ;

albuminous. Trimen says that the seeds are “nearly smooth.’ The

general testimony, however, is that the outer coat or the cuticle of the

seed-is ‘‘rugose.” It isso, not only when the seed is examined old

and dry, but also when it is fresh, There is an excellent figure in

Guy and Ferrier’s Med. Jurisprudence (page 534, 5th Hd., 1881),

of the rough honey-combed cuticle of the dry seed of D. stramonium,

a congener of the plant I am describing, the seed of which latter is

not far different from that of D. fastuosa. A detailed description

of the seed will be given further, where the Hmeryo is also described

in detail. It is enough to say here that the embryo is curved round

the central endosperm, that is to say the embryo is peripheric. In this

the seed of D. fastuosa resembles in structure the seed of D.

stramonium.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The description given above is mostly based on that of Dr. Trimen’s

as published in Part III of his elaborate and exhaustive Flora of Ceylon,

a work, which it is much to be regretted, he did not live to complete.

The first part of his Flora of Ceylon was published in 1893, The

second part appeared in 1894, and the third in 1895. The climate of

Ceylon, where Dr. Trimen worked zealously from 1879 as the Director

of the beautiful Gardens of Peradeniya, proved fatal to him. He died

on the 16th October 1896 to the regret of the entire botanical world,

without finishing his Flora of Ceylon. It was left to the venerable

veteran botanist Sir Joseph Hooker to bring out the fourth and fifth

parts of the work undertaken by Dr. Trimen. Dr. Trimen’s Ceylon

Flora must be considered an elaborate supplement to Sir Joseph

Hooker’s Standard Flora of British India, The latter is the conjoint

work of several distinguished botanists, whereas the former is the work

of a single hand, the product of the patient researches of a man

possessed of a wide and marvellous capacity for original botanical

work,

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 23

THE Synonyms of Datura fastuosa are numerous. I wish to devote

a few lines to consider them with a view to show how the nomencla-

ture of the Indian species of the Genus Datura has been determined

by various European, American, and Indian botanists of note. It

seems al] the more necessary to do so, as it will be seen from Clarke’s

description of the N. O. Solanaceze (Hcoker’s Fl. Br. India, Vol. IV),

that under Genus Datura, (pp. 242, 243), there are queries and

doubtful varieties referred to, which are somewhat perplexing. It

would be useful, therefore, to study page 720 of Fasciculus I of Sir

Joseph Hooker’s Index Kewensis (1893), where we find the following

synonyms for Datura fastuosa, Linn. :-—

1, D, Mgyptica, Vesl. &. | 8. D. levis, Schkuhr.

2. D.alba, Nees. 9. D. Metel, Mill.

3. OD. Bojeri, Delile. 16, D. muricata, Link,

4, D, dubia, Rich. 11. D. Nilhummatu, Dun,

5. D. humilis, Desf. 12. D.stramonium, Thunb.

6. D. hummatu, Bernh. 13, D. Wagmanni, Steud. Nom.

7, D. inoxia, Mill. Ed, IT; I. 484,

The following are the synonyms of Datura Metel, Linn., as given

in Hooker’s Index Kewensis :—

1, D. fruticosa, Hornem, &c. 3, D. timoriensis, Zipp.

2. D.guayaquilensis, H, K.& B.

Under this head I may mention the synonyms of Datura Meteloides,

D, C. ex. Dun., especially as Emeritus Professor Marshall Woodrow

of Poona College of Science mentions D. Meteloides in his work

on Gardening in India (p. 401, 3rd Ed. 1899, Bombay). They are

as follows :—

i. D.Metel, Moc, and Sesse, ex Dun. D, 9. Prod. xiii. 1,

2. D. Wrightii.

The following are the synonyms of Datura stramonium, Linn., as

given in Hooker’s Index Kewensis :—

1, D, Capensis, Bernh.

2. D. ferox, Nees. D, pseudo-stramonium, Sieb,

3. D. loricata, Sieb. D. tatula, Linn,

4, D, lurida, Salisd, 8, D. Wallichii, Dun., D. C.

Dr. Norman Chevers in his Medical Jurisprudence for India

mentions a species of Datura under the name of D, ferox, on the

authority of Dr. W. Palmer, as found in India. In Hooker’s Index

Kewensis, D. ferox is referred to China only. In Johnson’s Gardener’s

D. parviflora, Salisb.

SEO TEN

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Dictionary also D. ferox is mentioned as a China plant, bearing white

flowers. In Hooker’s Index Kewensis the following synonyms are

given for D, ferox :—

1, D, Bertolinii, Parl, &e,

2. D. levis, Birtol, Fl.:Ltal &e.

To sum up, although Clarke in Hooker’s F]. Br. India describes

D. fastuosa and D, Metel as separate species as originally named by

Linneus, Dr. Trimen says that the two species are scarcely sevarable

(Flor. Ceylon, p. 238-239, Pt. ILI, 1895). Fltickiger and Hanbury

hold the same view. They say that D. alba, Nees, appears to be

scarcely distinct from D. fastuosa, Linn. PD, alba and D. stramonium

according to these writers are different, as they say “the seeds of

D. alba are very different-in appearance trom those of D. stramonium

being of a light yellowish-brown, rather larger size, irregular in shape

and somewhat shrivelled.” (Pharmacographia, p. 462, 2nd Ed., 1879).

The Datura plant is mentioned in Amarkosh, one of the oldest

Sanskrit Dictionaries extant. Its author’s name is Amarsinha.

Horace H. Wilson, a celebrated Sanskrit scholar, in the preface to the

first edition of his Sanskrit-Hnglish Dictionary (1819), has it that

Amarsinha flourished in the fifth century A. D.; the same view is

held by another eminent Sanskrit scholar, Professor Monier Williams

of Oxford. He says that the Amarkosha of Buddha Amarsinha

belongs to a period not later than A. D.500. (See “ Indian Wisdom,”

Monier Williams, p. 171, Lond., 1875). Thus it will be seen that

the Datura plant has been known in India for several centuries. There

are many synonyms in Amarkosh for Datura. We are chiefly

concerned with two of them. They are as follows :—

1. 3-4a=(UOnmatta). This Sanskrit word is changed by European

writers into Hummatu through the Tamil word Umattaz. The same

Sanskrit word is adopted by some European writers as Vil-hummatu

through the Telugu word Na@lla-ummitte, or Nalla-umetta.

9. HIte—(Mdaiula). Vhis Sanskrit word is changed by some

European writers into Metel. I may here mention that the term

Metelordes, which is used by some European writers, seems to be derived

from the Sanskrit word AlMd%y—=(Matulunga). It must be noted

here that the three Sanskrit words mentioned above indicate the white-

flowered plant. For in Raja Nighant and in Bhay-Prakash there is

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 25

the term ®S14q%—(Krishna-Dhattura)—Black Datura. It bears

purple or violet flowers, single or double. Note, however, that the

purple or violet colour is seen here and there on stems, nodes, and

petioles, and on the outside only, of the single and double-flowered

corollas. The inside of the corolla-tube is pure white, or cream-coloured.

There is no Datura flower which is absolutely as black as charcsal.

I find in Roxburgh’s Flora Indica {p. 188, Oarey’s Calcutta Ed.),

that Ramphius gives D. rubra as a synonym of D. fastuosa of

Willdenow. Moreover I find in Dr. Norman Chevers’ Med, Juris-

prudence (p. 179, Calcutta Hd., 1870) that the purple species named in

Sanskrit as Krishna-Dhattura is known in Bengal as kald@,1.e., black

Datura, or as l4l, i.e., red Datura. In Western India, especially in the

Konkan from where I am writing this paper, the k@/@ Datura means

the purple or violet variety. The red variety is unknown here. At

least, I have not seen it, in the town and island of Bombay, in Salsette,

in the Satara District (Dekkan), nor in the very heart of the Konkan

—namely Ratnagiri District. [have been in the Ratnagiri District

since 15th May 1898, examining the local flora. I have found no red-

flowered variety of Datura.

The third variety of Datura mentioned in old Sanskrit works

such as Raja-Nighanta, Bhayva-Prakasha and others is named Taye

(Raja Dhattéira)—the Royal Datura, Probably this included the double-

flowered varieties in the olden days when the Sanskrit writers saw the

plants actually growing before them. Under the common head TIATAT

(Raja Dhattira) are included Datura plants which bear white, bluish,

purple or violet, yellow, or red flowers. I give the Sanskrit terms

seriatim indicative of these colours, as follows :—

1. faq (Sita)—White, single and double-flowered,

2. #16 (Nila)—Blue or dark blue. Note that this Sanskrit word

signifies blue or dark-blue inrelation to animals, plants, clouds, minerals,

etc. From this appellation the Telugu name Nallé-Ummité appears to

be derived ; and thence the name Nilhummatu of those European writers

who studied the plant on the Malabar Coast where Telugu is spoken.

_ This is probably the same as the following variety :—

3. FT (Krishna)—Purple or violet-flowered variety. This is the

pame, I think, as Krishna-Dkattura—Datura fastuosa mentioned above,

or perhaps, the double-flowered variety of it.

26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

4, ajq (Pita)—Yellow-flowered variety, single or double-flowered,

or both. Both these varieties are found in India, I had them once

in my garden in Thana. ‘The single-flowered yellow varieties as

named by European and American botanists and horticulturists are as

follows :—

D. humilis (pale yellow) ; D. chlorantha and D. lutea (yellow).

5. oifgq (Lohita)—Red-coloured variety known in Bengal, accord-

ing to Norman Chevers as a;s (Lal) datura, ¢.e., either of the colour

of iron-rust, or that of blood. It may also mean “of the colour of

copper.” I have not seen such a variety on this side of India. But

Firminger of Calcutta has mentioned a double-flowered and a single-

flowered variety also of the red or scarlet-flowered Datura named D.

sanguinea (see p.531, Manual of Gardening, 4th Hd., Calcutta, 1890).

Firminger says that the flowers of this variety are of a deep red colour.

The plant “thrives wellin Ootacamund,” he adds. Nay, he says,

this, that he obtained from Ootacamund plants of this deep-red-coloured

variety of Datura for both the Calcutta Botanical Government Gardens

and for his own private garden. But, says he, the plants soon perished

seemingly unsuited to the climate of Calcutta. Note that the Caleutta

Botanical Government Gardens, which I visited not long ago, are on

alluvial soil on the banks of the Hooghly River in low-land regions ;

whereas the plants bearing blood-red flowers were taken by Firminger

for growth in Calcutta from the high-land plateau of Ootacamund,

which is 6,000ft. above sea-level. Ido not know whether this red-

flowered variety oxists in the beautiful gardens of Bangalore. Dr.

Cameron’s elaborate catalogue of the plants growing or nursed in those

gardens is just now not with me, or else I might have heen able to

say something more with regard to the prevalence of the red-flowered

variety in Southern India. Practically the red-flowered variety is

extinct in Western India. If it could not live in the lowlands of

Bengal, it cannot possibly live, or if at any time it lived in the low-

lands of the Konkan, it could not survive. In this connection I must

add that in Roxburgh’s Fl. Indica (op. ezt, p. 188), D. rubra (Rumph)

ig mentioned as a synonym of D. fastuosa (Zinn). I gather from

Hooker’s Index Kewensis (Fasc. I, p. 720) that in America, among

the Columbian plants, there is the single-flowered D. coccinea and

the single-flowered D. sanguinea of Peru. Then again, among the

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 27

double-flowered plants, there is the D. fastuosa—rubra of South

America. The following note on D. sanguinea (Ruiz. et. Pav.) by

M. Berthold Seeman, Naturalist, H. M.’s Herald, may perhaps interest

my readers as an illustration of popular faith in the plant—a mere

superstition—among the American Indians of Darien and of Choco,

These superstitious people of tropical America prepare from

the seeds of the plant a decoction, which is given to children to

produce a state of excitement in which they are supposed to

possess the power of discovering gold. In any place where the un-

happy children happen to fall down, digging is commenced ; and as

the soil nearly everywhere abounds with gold-dust, an amount of more

or less value is obtained (p. 170, Vol. XI., Pharm. Journal 1852), This

passage I find particularly worth quoting, as in India the administra-

tion of datura seeds to unsuspecting victims is not for collecting gold

likely to be found in Indian soil-dust, but for searching the pockets of

travellers and shop-keepers and depriving them of the gold and silver

that may be with or about them, after they are well stupified with

Datura seeds administered in various articles of food and drink. This

will be amply evident in my remarks to follow under the head of

“ Poisonous Properties. ”’

I wish to dwell for a moment in naming the DoUBLE-FLOWERED

varieties of the genus Datura, as in my experience I have found them

of great garden-beauty, having grown them in my garden, in Thana

and Ratnagiri. The double-flowered varieties have been named (by

writers well worthy of recognition) as follows :—

I, (a) Datura cornigera florepleno,

WHITE (6) Datura Knightii.

II, Purrie, Datura fastuosa—florepleno,

III, Yettow, Datura chlorantha-florepleno,

IV. PurpLe-Wuits, Datura fastuosa—rubra (S, America),

Synonym—D,. Wagmanii (Hooker’s Ind. Kew.).

It must be noted here that in the double-flowers of Datura of all

colours the anther-bearing stamens are changed into petals or perianth

either antherless, or bearing anther-lobes more or less modified, on the

extreme margin of the inner corolla-tube. “ Indeed,” says Kerner,

“there are grounds for believing that all petals are originally modified

from stamens.” Be it noted here that double-flowers remain on the plant

on which they grow, two or three days longer than the single-flowers,

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

I now proceed to say a few words about the Scent of the flowers.

Opinions on this point vary ; there is the old saying :—“ Quot homines,

tot sentent?ee—as many men, so many opinions. This is the same as

saying in the gustatory line, de gustébus non disputandum.” Lindley

says that the flowers of Datura are sweet-scented, especially at night.

Note that the flowers of Datura of all kinds open about sunset, or just

after, and close about or soon after sunrise. Bishop Hebr’s lines are

well worth quoting here :—

“The broad Datura bears her breast

Of fragrant scent, a virgin white,

A pearl amidst the realms of night.”

These lines are somewhat differently worded in Rev. Mr. Nairne’s

“ Flowering Plants of Western India” (p. 209, 1894), but the fragrance

of the flowers is referred to. Mr. Donald McDonald says the Datura

shrubs produce amidst a mass of elegant foliage large and fragrant

trumpet-shaped flowers. ‘‘ Those flowers that are lasting may be taken

under glass to impart a delicate yet powerful scent throughout the

green-house.”*

As regards the odour of the leaves of Datura the general testimony

is that they are rank, smoky. The odour is characteristically offensive ;

herbivorous animals shrink from it, says Kerner. Lauder Brunton

says that the leaves have a heavy odour, which is strongest while

they are drying, and of a mawkish faintly bitter nauseous taste.

Over four hundred years ago John Gerarde, of London, made

the following remarks on the Thorn-apple plant in an elaborate

and wonderfully accurate work entitled ‘The Herball’ :—‘“ The

flowers are of strong ponticke savour offending the head when smelled

unto. * * * The herbe itselfe is of astrong savour and doth stuffe

the head and causeth drowsinesse.” (P. 347). In Sowerby’s later

work first published about the middle of the nineteenth century, and

entitled “ British Poisonous Plants,” it is said that the leaves of D.

stramonium have a slightly foetid odour, but the flowers are sweet-

scented though producing stuper if their exhalations are breathed

for any length of time. (P. 29, 2nd Hd., 1861, London). “The whole

plant smells of bean meal.” (P. 134, Loudon’s Eneyclopcedia of Plants,

1829, London). The flowers, says Loudon, have an agreeable odour

* See p. 37, 1895, “ Sweet-Scented Flowers,”

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 29

first, but if smelt long they become less agreeable, and are narcotic.

Whether the odour of this flower or that of the several species or

varieties of the Datura genus be considered sweet or otherwise, frag-

rant or offensive, depends entirely on individual capacity to appreciate

the differences or even the degrees of scents. Mr. J. Ch. Sawer,

F.L.S., very wisely remarks, that ‘‘ odours are differently appreciated

by ditferent people, and what pleases one person may have a reverse

effect on another ; thus the strong odour of Tagetes patula (French

marigold) and Tagetes erecta is not unpleasant to some, while others

consider it very objectionable.’ (Odorographia ; Introduction, p.

xvi, 1892, London.) The same remark may be applied to the Datura

plants.

Apart from the fact that the Datnra plants are rank weeds, grow-

ing amidst hedges, fields and dunghills, where no human hand has

sown them, often prevailing where they are not wanted, it is unques-

tionable, that the Thorn-apple is artistically speaking, a plant of great

beauty, and quite a garden-ornament. Dr. Christison of Edinburgh

remarks in his work on Poisons (1845), that the Thorn-apple in his

day had become quite an ornament of Hdinburgh Gardens, Firmin-

ger of Calcutta, on the other hand, is quite of a different opinion,

although he is an able writer on Gardening. He would destroy the

Thorn-apple plants after their flowers cease to bloom. Jor, he says,

‘‘ they take up much room and look unsightly.” Evidently Firminger

has not the artistic eye or talent of Ruskin, or even of Kerner, The

latter observes, that in the Datura plant the various forms, and the

distribution of the green leaves, young and old, on the surface of the

stem is very characteristic. Their position and form aftord much

room for observation. The unequal size of adjoining leaves on the

same branch or stem is quite an artistic phenomenon. Looking down

upon a horizontally projecting branch of the Datura plant, the larger

and smaller leaves will be found arranged in quite a peculiar and

striking manner. The smaller leaves are seen in the gaps between

the larger ones. This mosaic-like fitting-together of larger and

smaller leaves appears to be combined with the want of symmetry of

the leaf-base most marked in the old long-stalked leaf.* It requires

an artistic eye to appreciate these observations. It is not always that

* See Kerner’s Nat, Hist, of Plants, Oliver’s English Version, Vol. I, p, 422, 1894.

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

a gardener’s eye is artistic. It appears from Loudon (op. cit),

that the Stramonium plant was known to the Greeks as the mad-

apple. It is not mentioned by Professor Daubeny in his Oxford

Lectures on the Trees and Shrubs of the Ancient Greeks and

Romans.

POISONOUS PROPERTIES.

All the species or their varieties hitherto known of the Datura genus

are decidedly poisonous. ‘he purple or violet-coloured variety is

more deadly. All writers, Huropean, American, or old Indian, are

agreed that every part of the plant is deleterious to human life, The

seeds are the most poisonous of all parts of the plant, wherever it

grows, A detailed description of the seed, therefore, may not be out

of place here. I give it on the authority of Dr. William Palmer

(Norman Chevers’ Med, Jurisprudence for India, pp. 184—185, Cal-

cutta Ed., 1870). It runs thus:—The seed is almost kidney-shaped ;

its outline, angular ; its size is rather more than a quarter of an inch

long, and rather less in width ; its colour greenish-brown when fresh,

changing to yellow, I may add deep brown, when dry; it is attached

to the placenta by a large white fleshy mass, which separates easily,

leaving a deep furrow along half the length of the concave border

of the seed; the outer surface of the seed is scabrous, almost reti-

culate, except on the two compressed sides, where it has become

almost glaucous from pressure of the neighbouring seeds; the convex

border of the seed is thick and bulged, with a longitudinal depres-

sion between the bulgings caused ky the compression of the two

sides. When the seed is divided into two, by cutting with a knife

placed in the furrow on the convex border, the testa is seen irregular

and angular in outline, and the embryo is curved and twisted ina

fleshy albumen.

The active principle of the plant is an alkaloid once known as

Daturine. The seed contains it in larger proportions than any other

part of the plant weight for weight. The alkaloid was also known

at one time as Daturia. Sohn says that commercial Daturine is

frequently a mixture of Hyoscyamine and Atropine or the for-

mer solely. Datura stramonium, he says, also contains Stra-

monine which is an alkaloid like Hyoscyamine and Atropine, but

it is not bitter. Hyoscyamine hasa sharp and disagreeable odour ;

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 31

Atropine has a disagreeable metallic taste.* Erhardt and Poehl dis-

pute the identity of Atropine and Daturine, says Sohn. Professor Dra-

gendorff says+ that “according to the more recent researches of Laden-

burg, henbane contains two alkaloids, one of which Hyoscyamine, is

isomeric with Atropine, and identical with Daturine and Duboisine.”

Ladenburg distinguishes Hyoscyamine from Atropine by the melting-

points of the alkaloids, and their gold-salts, Professor Schmiedeberg

of the University of Strassburg sayst that Atropine occurs in Daturine

of the Thorn-apple ; Hyoscyamine, which is isomeric with Atropine is

also said to be contained in the Thorn apple. But he doubts the identity

of Duboisine with Hyoscyamine.4 Dymock and his collaborateurs

who have carefully examined the plant, say that Prof. EH. Schmidt

and Mr. Schute have found, as the result of their researches, that the

seeds of D. stramonium contain much Hyoscyamine, with smal] quan-

tities of Atropine and Hyoscine (Apoth. Zig., 1890, 511). Stramonine

is not mentioned along with these. But in Dymock’s Ph. Indica it is

stated that M. Gérard has prepared a new fat acid, Daturic acid, from

the seeds, which yield 25 per cent. oil when extracted by ether. Puri-

fied with petroleum, this oil is of a peculiar greenish-yellow colour.

M. Gérard places Daturic acid between Palmitic and Stearic -acids,

They have analogous properties. Daturic acid crystallizes by cold

from 85 per cent. alcohol giving groups of fine needles, It is fairly

soluble in cold alcohol and very soluble in ether and benzene. I have

po comments to offer on the quotations I have given above from

celebrated pharmacological investigators; but I have yet to place

before my readers the most recent opinions expressed by Dr. Murrelllj

as regards the nature of the active principles found in the different

species of the datura plant and some of its congeners such as Bella-

donna, Hyoscyamus and Duboisia myoporoides. Dr. Murrell says

that according to the old classification the active principles were as

follows :—

1. Belladonna contained Atropine.

2. Hyoscyamus—Hyosciamine and Hyoscine.

3. Stramonium—Daturine.

* See p. 14, Sohn’s Dictionary of the Active Principles of Plants, 1894, London,

{ Plant Analysis—English Translation by Greenish, p. 60, 1884, London.

{ Elements of Pharmacology, Dixon’s English Translation, Edinburgh, 1887,

¢ Pharmacographia Indica, p. 588, Vol. II., 1891, Bombay, by Dymock, Warden, ‘and

Hooper. ;

| A Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Pages 430—452, London, 1896,

32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

“Ladenburg,” adds Dr. Murrell, “has re-investigated the matter

and says there are only three natural mydriatic alkaloids,* They are as

follows :~=

1. <Atropine—which occurs in Atropa belladonna, and in Datura stramo-

nium, (I may add in the Indian Datura, varieties and species of all Datura

plants, #&.R.K.)

2. Hyoseyamine—which occurs in Belladonna, Datura, Hyoscyamus, and

Duboisia myoporoides.

3. Hyoscine—which occurs in Hyoscyamus.

Duboisine is identical with Hyoscyamine; and Daturine is a mixture of

Atropine and Hyoscyamine,

N.B—I am all at sea here,for Sohn, whom I have quoted above, says

that the Datura stramonium contains Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine, and

Stramonine. The reader may accept the views of any of the pharmaco-

logists I have cited above.

The term ‘“ Atropa,” says Murrell, “ is derived from Atropos (Gr.),

one of the evil destinies, whose mission in life was to destroy life,

and it is supposed to be indicative of the fate of those who came

under its influence.” These “evil destinies’”-—so named by Dr.

Murrell—were known as the Parce or the Fates among the ancient

Romans. They were three :—(1) Clotho, or the spinning Fate ; (2)

Lachesis, or the Fate assigning to man his fate ; (3) Atropes, or the

Fate that cannot be avoiled. (See Dr. William Smith’s Classical

Dictionary, p. 455, London, 1868). Reader mine, pray pardon this

classical intrusion! It is at times refreshing to fly to old classical

literature, in considering the hard facts of this our scientific age.

Dr. Murrell says that Atropine, Hoscyamine and Hyoscine are

isomeric, each answerable to the formula O 47 H °°? NO3. They

can all three be resolved thus :—

1, Atropine yields tropic acid and tropine (base) ;

2. Hyoscyamine yields the same, 7.¢., tropic acid, and tropine (base) ;

3. Hyoscine yields tropic acid, and pseudo-tropine.

Note here, that, in chemical parlance, Atropine is a compound of a base

called Tropine, and Tropic acid, Ladenburg calls the compound Tropeine,

I pass on now to consider the action of the alkaloids hitherto

recognized in the Datura plants-and its congeners Atropa belladonna,

Hyoscyamus niger and Dubosia myoporoides.

* N.B.—Dr. Murrell does not give the date of the re-investigation made by Ladenburg,

whose name has been mentioned in my quotations in the foregoing remarks—K.A.K.

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 3a

I, Arroprne.—The medicinal dose prescribed in the British

Pharmacopeeia is 5), to ;}5 grain. It is in comparison with this dose

that the following remarks must be supposed to be made.

(1). General action on man.—A full dose (B. P.) produces great

dryness of the tongue and roof of the mouth, extending down to the

pharynx and larynx, giving rise to frequency and difficulty in

swallowing, and exciting a hard, dry cough. The face becomes

flushed, the eyes are bright and injected, the pupils are dilated, the

sight is dim and hazy, whilst the power of accommodation for distant

objects is lost. There is mental disturbance often amounting to

decided delirium, the delusions, as a rule, being of a pleasant nature.

The patient is extremely restless, and cannot be kept quiet. The

skin is dry and a rash appears closely resembling that of scarlet

fever. (Murrell.)

(2). General action on the lower aniémals.—Pigeons and rabbits are,

according to Murrell, almost insusceptible to the action of Atropine ;

so are horses and donkeys, “As a rule,” says Murrell, “ vegetable

feeders do not respond readily to its action, the most pronounced

effect being observed in the class of flesh-eating animals.”

(3). Acteon on the Heart and Circulatory System.—In most animals

there is an increase in the frequency of the pulse. “ The first effect

in man,” says Murrell, “‘is to increase the frequency, fulness, and

force of the pulse to the extent of fifty to sixty beats in the minute.”

Atropine paraiyses the pneumogastric nerve. This may be due to

an action on the trunk of the Pneumogastric nerve (otherwise briefly

ealled Vagus), or on its peripheral terminations, or on the intra-cardiac

branches which terminate in the intra-cardiac ganglia, Lauder

Brunton puts it briefly that Atropine paralyses the efferent Vagus-

ends in the cardiac ganglia. Moreover, says Murrell, ‘ Atropine

stimulates the vaso-motor centre, and so contracts the blood-vessels,

and heightens the arterial pressure.”

(4). Action on the Respiratory System.—A large dose of Atropine

accelerates respiration. This is due to the stimulation of the respiratory

centre powerfully. In consequence, the chest-movements become

deeper and more frequent. This effect is independent of blood-

pressure. (Murrell), A large dose of belladonna, says Dr. Ringer, will

sometimes induce dryness of the Schneiderian membrane, which

3B4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

though nasal, forms a part of the respiratory, and not of the olfactory

tract of the nose.

(5). Action on the Nervous System—The delirium following

Atropine-poisoning shows that Atropine acts on the cerebral cortex.

Hence the symptoms noted above and others not noted,—vzz :—

‘ oxhilaration of the mental functions, giddivess, restlessness, and

automatic chorea-like movements. There is usually loud, disconnected

talking delirium and raving. The delusions are ofa pleasing nature,

and weeping or lamentation is rare.” (Murrell). With regard to the

kind of delirium, Lauder Brunton says, that it is characterized by

being very active and busy; the patient always wants to be doing

something, At the same time, says Lauder Brunton, “this very

business is accompanied by a great deal of languor and disinclination

to move, because the peripheral ends of the nerves are weakened, and

so there is difficulty in the way of the excited centres causing any

movements in the muscles. It is only in very large doses that

Atropine will paralyse the motor nerves completely, or at least the

motor nerves going to the voluntary muscles.”

(6), Action on the Muscles.—Read with the foregoing views of

Lauder Brunton quoted above, that Murrell observes thus :—‘* The

voluntary muscles are not affected.” “The unsteady gait,” says

Murrell, “‘ often noticed in man, is due to an action on the (spinal

cord or on the motor nerves, and not on the muscles.” Murrell further

observes that Atropine increases the contractile power of involuntary

muscular fibre, (such for instance as is found in the heart and in the

intestines of man—K.R.K.). “ But,” says Murrell, “it has been

maintained that the increase in the persistaltic movements of the intes-

tines is due to depression of the inhibitory branches of the splanchnics.”

(7). Action on the Glandular System.—As noted above, “ one of

the earliest and most notable effects of Atropine is dryness of the mouth,

from suppression of the secretions of the mucous and_ salivary

glands.” (Murrell.) This, says Lauder Brunton, is due to the para-

lysis of the salivary nerves. Apropos of this, Murrell makes the

following remarks :—“ According to Heidenhain’s hypothesis with

regard to the salivary glands, there are two kinds of secretory fibres,

one, the secretory, the other, trophic, causing an increase in solubility

in the stored-up gland-substance. On the assumption of the different

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 35

kinds of secretory fibres there is ground for supposing there is a

third variety—anadolie jibres—causing the formation of fresh substance

by the cells. After an injection of sulphate of Atropine there is no

increase either in the percentage of salts in the sympathetic saliva

produced by stimulation of the chorda tympani, as there would be

it the trophic fibres of the chorda escaped paralysis. It would seem

that atropine paralyses the trophic as well as the secretory fibres of

the chorda tympani.* Atropiae checks the sweat secretion, says

Murrell, by paralysing the efferent sweat-fibres which accompany the

vaso-motor fibres. Lauder Brunton corroborates these remarks, for he

says, insmall doses Atropine will paralyse the efferent nerves which

end either in voluntary muscular fibres, in glands or in ganglia.

Atropine paralyses the lacteal nerve-terminations in the manimary

gland of the human female. The secretion of milk is consequently

arrested. Atropine similarly arrests secretion of the pancreas. The

action of the liver is also affected. The quantity of bile is lessened.

Murrell says that the effect on the urinary system is somewhat doubtful.

(8). The Rash on the Human Skin.—Dr. John Harley affirms that

generally it is nothing more than of a mere temporary kind; ‘‘ but

in rare cases, and in persons who are liable to vascular irritation of the

skin the redness remains, and its disappearance is attended by slight

roughness and desquamation.”” He mentions two cases, in one of

which “ the pationt was scarlet from head toe foot,’ and another in

which after the fourth dose, there was a scarlatinous tint of the skin.”

Dr. Gillespie has met with a case in which after injection of a small

quantity of extract of belladonna into the urethra of a patient, the

patient became “as red asa lobster” in less than five minutes

(Murrell).+ Lauder Brunton also notes that a red rash appears on the

skin like that of scarlatina,t Schmiedeberg says, ‘‘ the redness of the

skin resembling scarlet fever so often observed, especially in the upper

part of the body, and the similar colour with turgescence of the

features, are probably connected with increase of the frequency of

the pulse, with the increase of blood pressure caused thereby, and

with the simultaneous dilatation of the vessels of the skin.” §

* Murrell, op. cit., p, 437. Tt Murrell, op. cit,, p. 438,

{ Text Book of Pharmacology, p. 904, 2nd Ed., 1885, London,

Englich Translation, pp. 53°54 (Edinburgh, 1887), by Dixon cf Sydney University,N,S.W,

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

I have said above that Atropine checks perspiration and causes dry-

ness of skin. But in one case of poisoning, says Schmiedeberg,

“ the burning hot skin was here and there covered with perspiration

(Gerson). The perspiratioa that comes in this manner has the same

origin as that in the death-agony.’’ Such sweats, cold and clammy,

are the precursors of death. In contrast with this case, it may be

noted that Lauder Brunton says that the temperature of the human

body is increased by small doses of Atropine and lessened by large

ones.

(9). Action on the Hye.—-When Atropine is applied topically to only

one eye, it dilates the pupil of that eye alone, and not of the other eye.

When Atropine acts indirectly,?.e., through the circulation of blood, both

the eyes have dilated pupils ; the eye becomes bright, dry, and injected

both by topical application and through circulation. ‘ The power of

accommodation is lost, and after large doses intraocular accommodation

is lost, When Atropine is applied locally so as to affect the pupil of one

eye only, the large amount of light entering through the dilated pupil

produces contraction of the pupil of the other eye.” (Murrell.) The

pupil is normally under the control of two antagonistic mechanisms :—

(a) The contracténg mechanism, reflex in nature, ef which the Third

Nerve acts as an eferent, and the Optic Nerve as the afferent tract.

() The dilating mechanism, tonic in nature, of which the cervical

sympathetic nerve is the efferent channel. Murrell says that when

the Third Nerve or the Optic Nerve is cut, the pupil dilates from the

action of the Sympathetic. When the Sympathetic is cut, the tonic

dilating influence ceases, and the pupil contracts. On stimulating the

Third Nerve, or the Optic Nerve, the pupil contracts. On stimulating

the Sympathetic, the pupil diletes. The dilatation of the pupil produced

by the local application of Atropine might, at first sight, be attributed

to paralysis of the Third Nerve. This view is untenable, says Murrell,

for when the Third Verve is cut and the pupil dilates under the in-

fluence of the Sympathetic nerve fibres, the application of Atropine,

still further, dilates the pupil. From this it follows that Atropine

says Murrell, exerts an action on some local mechanism. This mecha-

nism, says Murrell, is probably situated in the Zris, or in the Choroid,

where ganglionic cells are abundant. The paralysis of accommoda-

tion is due to the paralyzing action of Atropine on the Oculo-motor

ti POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 37

Nerve-terminal-ends. Note that Ringer observes thus :— “ A large

dose of Atropine will sometimes induce dryness of the Schneiderian

membrane. This does not necessarily mean loss of the sense of smell.”

It mus be observed here, that the foregoing observations are mainly

intended for such of my readers as have a fair knowledge of Human

Anatomy and Physiology.

Murrell observes that of all the tropine alkaloids, Atropine is the

slowest in inducing its effect on the eye, but it lasts a long time, even

many days. Homatropine induces its eftects rapidly, but they dis-

appear ina few hours. Hyoscyamine, in this respect, occupies an

intermediate position.

This leads us on to consider the special actions of Hyoscyamine,

which is one of the alkaloids found in Datura plants.

II. Hyoscyamine or Hyoscyamia is found in several Datura plants.

Murrell says ‘it is csmomerée with Atropine and Hyoscine. It is

identical with Duboisine, avd mixed with Atropine constitutes what is

known as Daturine. It may he split into tropine and tropic acid.”

When pure it is in snow-white minute crystals, soluble both in spirit

und water. A substance is sold under the name of Amorphous hyoscya-

mine, which is a mixture of Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. It is a dark

brown substance looking like an extract, and has a strong disagrceable

odour.

The following observations are curtailed from Murrell, as regards

tle active principle Hyvscyamine. Hyoscyamine dilates the pupils

(but moderately, A. 2. K.); dries the mouth, and arrests secretions ;

flushes the face and produces arash on the skin. It gives rise to a

drunken gait, and excites delirium and hallucinatious, but more

frequently acts as a narcotic, inducing comatose sleep—the very sleep

of death. Asa rule, says Murrell, the raging delirium is not present,

but there is a desire for rest and sleep, probably due to the Hyoscine

it contains. As noted above, itis a less powerful mydriatic than

atropine—midway between atropine and homatropine. Schmiedeberg

quotes the following remark from V. Schroit :—‘ Hyoscyamine acts

on the brain somewhat differently from Atropine. In men, after the

administration of the Amorphous modification, the raging delirium is

as a rule not present, but even after small doses a hankering after rest

and sleep predominates,”

38 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

III. Hyosetne.—tThis is the second alkaloid found in Hyoseyamus.

It isalso found in Datura. It is a syrupy liquid alkaloid. It is

largely found in the substance spoken of abcve as amorphous

hyoscyamine. In man Hyoscine produces dryness of the mouth,

flushing of the face, and deep sleep, associated with semi-delirious

muttering and giddiness. Mydriasis is usually, though not always,

pronounced, ‘The respiration is slow and full, and is sometimes of the

character known as “‘ Cheyne-Stokes.”’ The skin, so far from being

abnormally dry, is often bathed in perspiration. It is asserted that

there is a rise in temperature. There is sometimes paralysis of the

pharynx, and of the museles of the larynx. The mydriatic effect is

associated with paralysis of accommodation and the maximum effect

is produced in a third of the time required by atropine. Its influence

in producing sleep is very marked. Nausea, constipation, and other

disturbances of the stomach and alimentary canal are rarely witnessed.

These remarks are based by Murrell on the authority of H. ©. Wood

of Philadelphia.

Just a word about Duboisine referred to in my foregoing obser-

vations. It isan alkaloid contained in Duboisia myaporoides, a tall

shrub growing plentifully in the forest lands of Hastorn Australia. It

contains an alkaloid known as Duboisine identical with Hyoscyamine.

The general action of Duboisine, says Murrell, is the same as that of

Atropine. The former is so powerful, says Ringer,* that a 1 in 120

solution specially applied to the eyes often excites great giddiness,

weakness, and a drusken gait.

IV. Daturine—Lauder Brunton says that this alkaloid is a mixture

of atropine and hyoscyamine.t He does not mention Hyoscine as a

component of the Daturine—an “impure alkaloid” as he calls it.

Fifteen years ago, Hyoscine was not determined. Ringer does not

mention it in his Therapeutical work just referred to. Murrell even

does not mention Hyoscine as a component of Daturine. In speaking

of Daturine he only says “‘it is nota simple body,” but a mixture of

Atropine and Hyoscyamine. ‘ The physiological action of Datura is

identical with that of Belladonna, whilst Daturine has the same

* A Hand Book of Therapeutics, p. 5389, 8th Ed., London, 1880.

+ A Text Book of Pharmacology, Therapeutics, &c., p, 909, 2nd Ed., London, 1885,

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 39

action as Atropine, says Murrell. The symptoms cf poisoning by

Stramonium differ in no respect from those of poisoning by Belladonna.

“The same accelerated pulse, the same elevation of temperature, the same

wild delirium, the same increased frequency of respiration, the same

widely dilated pupils, the same red efflorescence on the skin, the same

restlessness or convulsions occur in both cases, and when the dose has

been sufficiently large, end alike in abolition of the functions of

circulation, respiration and innervation—stupor, general paralysis, weak

rapid thready pulse, threatened asphyxia constituting the phenomena

of the closing scene in poisoning from either narcotic (H. C. Wood).

Having so far, and so freely dwelt on the pharmacological offects

of the alkaloids found in Datura, it is time I considered the clinical

evidence to he gathered from works on Medical Jurisprudence, chief

among which stands the work of Norman Chevers. It is not my

intention to dwell on the nefarious deeds of the infamous Dhaturids—

who were known, in days gone by, as professional poisoners of

travellers and tired wayfarers, poisoned because they were unsuspect-

ing. The deeds of such professional poisoners will be best seen in

Chevers’ work. I therefore pass on to show instances wherein

the above-mentioned physiological effects were confirmed by

various clinical observers, in cases of poisoning by Datura. Dr.

Morehead of J. J. Hospital, Bombay, so far back as 1860 says, that

in cases of Datura poisoning, the symptoms are in many respects

allied to those of delirium tremens. The delirium is mcre mut-

tering, not so busy as that of delircwm tremens ; but there is the

same rambling of the mind on subjects not present to the senses.

There is the same power of controlling the thoughts for a few

moments, the same desire to appear rational, and above all, the same

picking at small objects, as if they were indistinctly seen, which is

often observed in the advanced stages of delirium tremens, Where

the quantity of the poisonous stuff taken is large, there is coma

with agitated movements of the hands and lips, and picking move-

ment of the fingers: in fact, the same class of deranged nervous

actions which characterize the third stage of delirium tremens.

There is, however, this great difference in these latter phenomena

when caused by Datura,—they are very generally recovered from,

not by a return from coma to a state of health, but the coma ceases,

40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, X1V

and then succeeds the delirium, and the other phenomena which

attend those slighter cases which have never passed into coma.

Dr. H. Giraud’s papers on cases seen by him at the J. J. Hospital,

Bombay, namely one contributed to the Bombay Medical and Physical

Society, and another cited in Appendix C of Dr. Norman Chevers’

Ind. Med. Jurisp. (p. 838, 38rd Ed., 1870, Calcutta) are well worth

studying. Dr. Lyon quotes in his Medical Jurisprudenes, Bombay,

Dr. Giraud’s remarks.

It must not be supposed that it is always that the Datura plant is

used for criminal purposes ; even when so used, it is generally not

with the intention of causing death, although Norman Chevers

cites cases where such was the intention. There ara instances of

persons having died from eating the leaves by mistake, while more

than one little child has either died or suffered very severely from

swallowing its seeds. (Anne Pratt.) When the first settlers arrived

in Virginia, says Sowerby, some ate the leaves of Datura and expe-

rienced such strange and unpleasant effects therefrom, that the colonists

called it the ‘ Devil’s Apple’ a name by which it is still known in

the American States. In most cases it has been eaten by children

in mistake for some other wild plant. Dr, H. Cleghorn, of the Madras

Medical Service, notes a case, (quoted by Norman Chevers),* in which

fragments of 3 or 4 Jeaves were found in the stomach of a pcisoned

Indian child 2 years old. “The mother of the child was reaping

ina raggy field, when it was discovered that her two children were

eating the leaves of Datura. A leaf was found convulsively grasped

in the hands of one of them. It was the leaves of D. fastuosa that

the children had been eating. One of the many species of Thorn-

Apple possessing the poisonous properties mentioned above, is said

to have been used in ancient days by the Priests of Delphi “to

produce those semi-delirious paroxysms which they palmed off on

the multitude as the results or manifestations of divine inspiration.

The seeds of another species of Datura were similarly employed by

ancient Peruvians.” (Sowerby.)

I have at present under my care, in the Ratnagiri Lunatic Asylum,

an inmate named Dhondnak Kannak. He admits to have been an

inveterate smoker of Datura leaves, and believes he is an “inspired

* Page 194, Ind. Med. Jurisprudence, Hd, 3rd, 1870, Calentta, eh Sie

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 4}

being”. He never smoked the leaves for committing suicide as

some persons are known to have eaten them, or the seeds for self-

destruction. He has for a long time smoked the leaves to find

relief from the asthmatic fits to which even now he is a subject as

an inmate of the Ratnagiri Lunatic Asylum. Of course he gets no

Datura smoke in the Asylum.

Professor Robert Christison, of Edinburgh University, says that

the cases of poisoning from Thorn-Apple which occurred in his

country (Scctland) up tothe time he published his work on Poi-

sons (1845), were all accidental. There are several such instances

of accidental poisoning in other countries. Thus for instance, in

America, in 1765, when some of the British troops under Sir

John Sinclair were stationed in the vicinity of Elizabeth Town

(New Jersey ), three of the soldiers collected some quantity of

the Datura plant which they mistook for the safe simple table-green

food named Chenopodium album, dressed it, and ate it. ’* One of

these soldiers became furious and ran about like a madman; the second

was seized with genuine tetanus and died; what happened to the third

is not mentioned. Beck on the authority of Orfila, cites a case in

which a man after having been poisoned with the Thorn-Apple sur-

vived, and was cured of an intense long-standing headache. Even the

bruising of the leaves of Datura in a mortar is known to have caused

dilatation of the pupil. The application of bruised leaves of Datura on

raw abraded human skin is known to have produced dangerous

symptoms of poisoning. The empyreumatic oil of Stramonium is said

to be poisonous to animals. ( Beck. )

Taylor says that the seeds of fruit scarcely ripe are not very bitter,

Children, therefore, eat them taking the fruit for some other fruit, not

knowing its poisonous nature. The seeds retain their poisonous properties

notwithstanding exposure to heat. Mr. Lobo met with the case of a

child aged five who ate more than a drachm of the seeds slightly roasted.

Tn about an hour poisonous symptoms appeared. (Taylor on Poisons,

p. 784, Ed. 1848 ), Dr. Chevers mentions a case of non-criminal poison-

ing fromthe leaves of Datura which is very remarkable. In March 1866,

*This case is recorded by Dr, Barton and mentioned in Beck’s Med. Jurisp., p. 910,

1836, London.

I was once very nearly eating the fruit myself when barely five years old with my little

brother, aged three years, I took the Thorn-apple for custard apple. K, 2. K,

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

somewhere near Midnapore, a whole family consisting of father, mother

and children ate the cooked young shoots of Datura as ‘ greens’ by

mistake, supposing them to be harmless. The parents died, but the

children recovered.* The stomachs of the parents were sent to

Calcutta for chemical examination. The analysis was scientifically

made. The active principle which caused death was physiologically

tested on a puppy. The essence cbtained from the stomach-contents

of the deceased parents was injected into the stomach of the puppy.

Vomiting set in imniediately afterwards ; very soon after that the

puppy performed a few antics and fell over on his side into a deep

sleep from which tickling failed to rouse him. He, however, recovered

after six hours, but the pupils were exceedingly dilated and they

continued more or less so the whole of the next day. Lucky puppy!

He did not die !!

Chevers describes another case which is well-worth reproducing. In

this case it is a kitten that is experimented on. In the Midnapore

District, in September 1866, a sub-inspector of police died while he was

in custody. It was reported he had taken opium. His stomach was

sent to Calcutta for chemical examination. Noopium-trace was found,

but particles were found in the stomach which had the appearance of

Datura seeds. A decoction of these particles and the whole stomach

was made, and half of it was given toa kitten at noon on 27th

September. ‘The little cat soon began to breathe with difficulty, and

to froth at the mouth; in ten minutes her pupils were dilated, and

they continued to remain so, only to a still greater extent, the rest of

the day, never for a moment being contracted, or even less dilated

even when exposed to a strong sun-light. After 20 minutes the

kitten was placed in the middle of the room, and encouraged to walk

but she staggered and fell on attempting to do so. In half-an-hour

from the time of administration, she was quite unconscious ; up to this

period she had felt pain when pinched with forceps, but now a severe

* Some years ago I had a similar case of poisioning ofa whole family under treatment at

the Thins Civil Hospital, It was accidental, and not criminal, A father, mother with a

baby in arm, and two othe children were brought to hospital, reeling and staggering, try-

ing to catch imaginary objects in air, The infant nursed by the mother did motions of

hands as if to brush off something from its face. This shows that before the mother’s milk

was arrested the infant was poisoned. They all recovered. I have a photo-group of them,

but it is not handy just now. (K. R, K.)

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY, 43

pinch only caused a slight movement of the limb, without any expres-

sion of pain. The respiration was laboured ; she continued to froth at

the mouth, and the pupils remained very widely dilated. Consciousness

began to return at two o'clock; she then got up, sat staring wildly and

commenced to perform a series of grotesque actions, uttering a slow

moan from time to time. When pinched, she felt pain, but not yet

very acutely. She appeared very irritable, almost wild, but was

neither vicious nor bad-tempered. At 3 p. m., the pupils were dilated

extremely, the iris being a mere thread. By 4 p.m., she had recovered

so far as to come when called, and to feel acute pain when pinched,

the pupils continuing as large as ever,” (P. 190. Chev. op, cil. ).

Fortunate kitten! She did not die!! From this experiment, and

from a similar one, confined only to the eye of another kitten, it was

evident that the sub-inspector of police referred to above had died in

the lock-up, not from self-administered opium as was suspected, but

from Dztura poisoning. Herein is the triumph of Western learning

and scieitifie chemistry and chemical analysis over Hastern ways of

crime and misadventure !

The motives for administering Datura seeds or leaves—seeds especially

—are various. They do not necessarily meana desire to kill the victim

to whom they are administered in various forms,—in drink, in common

bread, or sweetmeats.. They are given for instance, says Chevers, to a

shopkeeper, to rob him, when intoxicated, of his articles of merchandize ;

toa Fakir, to make him yield up the contributions of the jious ; the

drug again is given frequently through jealousy to secure revenge ; it is

likewise given out of pure fun. Dr. Ralph Moore, says Chevers, was

once sent for suddenly to the jail Dr. Moore was in charge of, ( some-

where in Bengal ), where he found the entire jail-guard scattered

about on the floor, under the influence of Datura, As there was no

attempt on the part of the prisoners to escape, it would appear that

this wholesale intoxication of the jail-guard was probably a mere

practical joke, without any the slightest intention of committing.a

crime. In one ease mentioned by Chevers, the intention of administer-

ing Datura poison was not crime, but the mere desire on the part of a

widow to stupify three persons from whose company she wanted to

escape ! One of the three victims was a man who admired her for

her good looks, but he did not know that she had sense enough to

44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

escape from one she had no regard for. I can add many more

instances like those mentioned above regarding the non-criminal use of

Datura, but I must consider the space I can reasonably claim in this

journal,

Dr. Norman Chevers dwells a great deal on the criminal use of the

Datura plant by the natives of India, numely, for stupifying the

victims and then robbing them of their money, by the administration

of either Datura leaves or pounded Datura seeds in bread, sweetmeats

or drink. But I must add here that the practice of poisoning for

criminal purposes is well known to have been followed even in

European countries, as testified to by Huropean writers. It only

means that human criminal nature is alike, all over tne world, where

gain by sordid means is concerned. Dr. Christison has it, in his work

on Poisons cited above, that the Thorn-apple in his day was being used

in Germany to cause loss of consciousness and lethargy, preparatory to

the commission of various crimes. Itis known to have been used in

France also for making men énsens¢ble with wine, in which Thorn-a pple

seeds had been steeped. Note that thereafter the insensible and help-

less men were robbed of their personal effects. Vicat in his treatise

on the Poisonous Plants of Switzerland mentions a case of poisoning

by the Thorn-apple plant.

Dr. Chevers cites cases in which Datura is used for suicidal purposes.

( See p. 203. op. cit.). Dr. Shortt of Madras has recorded that a middle-

aged Brahmin returned as usual in the morning from his field, and

fell, admitting, on being questioned by the women of the house, that

he had eaten Datura leaves. Dr. Shortt says, that the suicide of

this Brahmin was imitated by two girls who lived not far off, and

who poisoned themselves with Datura while the sensation caused by

his death prevailed. It is a well-known fact that suicide is often a con-

tagious infirmity of the human mind. Dr. Norman Chevers’ work

is replete with many more instances of accidental or non-criminal,

as well as criminal intentional poisoning with Datura. But I

must say Buss after having so largely quoted him in the foregoing

remarks.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE U.

Note that the name of the plant is Datura fastuosa, and not D,

fastusa as printed on the plate.

THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF BOMBAY. 45

No. 1 denotes an open flower and two small flower-buds at the

apex of a flowering branch reduced 4 in size.

No. 2 denotes the full-blow top of the tubular corolla, showing

partly some stamens reduced 4.

No. 3 is the capsule, normal size almost.

No. 4 horizontal section of fruit ( normal size). The brown part

shows the seed arrangement ; the white part shows the fleshy axile

placentation,

No. 5 shows the brown seed, with a part of the white piacenta.

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA.

By G. W. KrrKatpy, F.E.S.

With Plates A, B and C.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Nov. 1901),

The present memoir consists principally of notices of a portion of

the miscellaneous material from Ceylon sent to me for study by my

friend, Mr, EK. Ermest Green, Government Entomologist of Ceylon, to

whom my best thanks are due. I am indebted to this Society for

defraying the cost of the coloured plate; the other has been prepared

from drawings made by myself, except the homopterous tegmina

which have been photographed by a friend.

Species of which 1 have recently examined the types are marked

with a dagger (+ ).

TloMOPTERA.

Family—Fulgoride.

Sub-family—Fulgorine.

Modern authors have restricted the genus Fulgora, Linn., to the

species of which Cicada candelaria, Linn., may be considered as the

type, Laternaria, Jiinn., being employed for Cicada laternaria, Linn ,

and Pyrops, Spin., for Tettigonia tenebrosa, Fabr., and its congeners.

This does not appear to be correct. Laternaria was erected by Linneeus

in 1764 for some species of his original genus Crcada, but as no generic

description was adjoined, I have not considered it valid (1). Three

years later the same author included these species in his new genus

fulgora laternaria being fixed as the type by Lamarck in 1801. In

1839 Spinola monographed the family (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, VII,

pp. 183-454, Pls. 10-17), founding nineteen new genera, of which

Pyrops embraced a heterogeneous assemblage of species for which no

type was then fixed. A preliminary notice, however, in which all

these genera were diagnosed and types fixed (1839, Revue. Zool., ps.

199-206 ), has been overlooked apparently by later authors; in this

the type of Pyvops was stated to be candelarius (Linn. ) , a certainly

(dl ) phosphor eu Sine is ieually, quoted as the type oF Takarmneos iy but L, Coe ea, Linn.,

1764 (not Fulgora phosphorea, Linn., 1767, » hich isnot a Fulgurid ) is the Cicada laternar ia

Linn., 1748, so that if Laternariu be considered valid as a genus, its type must be known as

Laternaria laternaria (Livn.). In any case the specife name «ught not to be alt-red. It is

to be noted that the restoration cf Laternaria asa genus ought not to interfere with the

application here given of Pyrops and ANE for Fulgora is syntypical with Laternaria,

Journ. BombayNat. Hist

SOC.

Horace Knight del-et hth,

MinternBros.Chromo.London.

set

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 47

more suitable exponent of the genus than éenebrosus (iabr.), subse-

quently selected by Amyot and Serville (1843, Hémiptéres, p. 491), who

at the same time proposed Hotinus for candelarius. The following

synonymy will, therefore, be necessary :

1. Fuoucora, Linn., 1767; Am. Serv., 1842.

= JSaternaria (Linn., 1764, haud descr.), Stal, 1866, et auctt.

Type laternaria (Linn.), Lam., 1801.

Z. Pyrops, Spin., 1839.

= AHotinus, Am. Serv., 1843.

= Fulgora, Stal, 1866, ot auctt.

Type candelarius (Linn.), Spin., 1839,

3, ZANNA, D.n.

= Pyrops, Am. Serv., 18438, et auctt.

Lype tenebrosa (Fabr.), Kirk., 1900.

Pyrops.

This genus, as now restricted, is entirely Oriental in its distribution,

the majority of the species being more ox less local. There are three

Sinhalese species, all of which appear to be confined to the island. (2)

P. MAcULATUS (Oliv.)

isrepresented on PI. A, fig. 1, and of this Hotinus fulvirostris, Walker,

is doubtless an insignificant variety. The only precise locality I have

is “ Kandy, June, 97 (&. E. G.).”

+ P. coccingus (Walker),

perhaps the handsomest species of the genus, is shown on P] A, fig. 2;

I have examined specimens from Kandy (July and Nov.), Dambu

and Putlam (4. E. G.).

+ P. insuLaAris (Kirby)

is somewhat similar to coceineus but differs abundantly by the shape

of the cephalic process (which is much broader and more parallel-sided,

as seen laterally) and by the colour of the tegmina and abdomen.

I have seen only the imperfect unique type (in the British Museum )

which is figured in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., XXIV, P!. vi, fig. 4.

¢ P. qi@anrrus (Builer) and ¢ P. suurana (Adams and White. )

Gerstiicker (1895, MT. naturw. Ver. Neu.-Vorp. Riigen, DOXSVALIG a.

19) remarks : “ Wodurch sich...... Fulgora gigantea, Butler, von Hotinus

(2) P. maculatus is recorded by Westwood (T. Linn. Soc, Lond., XVIII, p. 140) from

India, but this has not been confirmed.

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

sultana, Adams and White, unterscheiden sollen, ist weder aus de

Abbildung noch Beschreibung zuersehen.”

The types of both species are, nowever, in the British Museum, and

the species, although very closely allied, are sufficiently distinct.

giganteus. sultana.

Larger— Smaller—

A number of pinkish spots on No pinkish spots on the basal

the basal half of the tegmina. half of the tegmina.

No whitish spots on the apical A number of whitish spots on

half of the hindwings. the apical half of the hindwings.

Basal half of tegmina yellowish Basal half of tegmina black,

rather than blackish.

These slight differences are constant in the 10 ex. of giganteus and

3 examples of sultana which I have seen. SBuitler’s figure of giganteus

does not give a good idea of the colouring of the tegmina (1874,

P. Z. S., Pl. 15, fig. 2), in which the yellow nervures are sufficiently

pronounced to afford a yellowish rather than a blackish appearance

to the basal half. I possess a small specimen of sultana from Kina

Balu, Borneo.

ZANNA

occurs in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions; the species are

usually local and scarce. The two Sinhalese are closely allied, but

while the upper surface of the abdomen is blackish in aFFINIS (Westw.),

itis pale flavous in DoHRNI (Stal), The latter is figured on Pl. 1,

fig. 3.

Z, TERMINALIS (Gerst.)

== Pyrops terminalis, Gerst., 1895, MT, Naturw. Ver. Neu.-Vorp.

Riigen, X XVII, p. 19.

I have seen specimens from British Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore

and Penang. It is closely allied to 2. nobilis (W estw.) and differs

from the typical section by the very long, curved, tuberculate, strongly

carinate capital process and by the somewhat feebly carinate scutellum.

The neuration of a specimen in Mr. Stanley Edwards’s collection is

abnormal in the right tegmen, the interior basal nervure of the

clavus bifurcating near its apex, the interior veiniet meeting the

apical nervure of the clavus apical to the junction of the latter with

the exterior veinlet,

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 49

POLYDICTYA KRISNA, sp. Nov.

PI. A, fig, 4.

Head not produced anteriorly, rostrum reaching to middle of

abdomen, posterior tibie with 6-7 spines.

Head, pronotum, and scutellum greenish-testaceous, metanotum and

abdomen sanguineous, genital segments luteous. Femora brownish,

tibie and tarsi black, the former banded with brownish at base

and in the middle. Rostrum fuscous. Ocelli stramineous. Eyes

and antenne brownish-testaceous. Tegmina: basal two-thirds ivory-

white, nervures greenish ; apical third brownish ; whole surface plenti-

fully spotted with black, Hind wings sanguineous, apical third

brown, with sanguineous or brownish nervures.

Long. 114 mill., Exp. tegm. 354 mill,

Cryton : Kandy [type] Dec. 97 and Pundaluoya, Dec. ’97 (E. E.

Green—collns, Green and Kirkaldy). I think a poor specimen from

Inp1a (British Museum) belongs to this species.

Probably closely allied to P. pantherina, Gerst., 1. c., p. 26., from

Ceylon, but smaller and different in colour.

KaLIDASA SANGUINALIS (Westw. )

Aphana sanguinalis, Westw., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), VII, p. 208

(1851).

Phoronis sanguinalis, Stal, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., Kalidasa sanguinalis,

Kirkaldy, 1900, Entom, XX XIII, p. 243.

As this species was not included in any of Atkinson’s papers, or,

indeed, lately, anywhere eise (to my knowledge), except a reference

in Kirby’s Catalogue (1. ¢., p. 183), I reproduce the original descrip-

tion which is contained in a now scarce Journal. “ Sanguinea, capitis

rostro (3) filiformi recurvo supra prothoracem recumbenti, nigro ; alis

anticis nigro maculatissimis, costa maculis circa 10 majoribus quadratis,

apicibus castaneis immaculatis ; alis posticis albofarinosis, maculis

apicibusque pallide albidis; abdomine supra dense albofarinoso,

corpore toto subtus cum promuscide sanguineo; tibiis tarsisque

4 anticis nigris. A discolor, Guér. proxima, Exp. al. 24 une,

CEYLON.

(3) Rostrum, Westw.==cephalic process mod. auctt ;

promuscis, Westw,=rostrum mod. auctt,

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Sub-family DicryopHarIn”.

DicHorTErRA, Spin.

Stal’s figure of the tegmen (1866, Hem. Afr., IV, Pl. 1, fig. 3)

is incorrect, the transverse claval nervure {by the presence of which

the Swedish Master distinguishes this genus and its allies from Dicty-

ophara, Germ., etc.) not being represented. Brongniart (4) has

figured beautifully the flight organs in D. hyalinata ( Fabr. ), and a

tegmen is also correctly enough represented in Spinola’s Monograph

( Pl. 13, fig. 3), but as both these works will be inaccessible to a large

number of workers, the neuration ofthe tegmina of the allied D.

hampsoni, Distant, is portrayed on Pl. 2, fig. 1.

D, HAmpsont, Dist.

D, hyalinata, Kirby, 1891, J. Linn. Soc., XXIV, p. 133 ( nee.

Fabr.)

D, hampsoni, Dist., 1892, Trans, Hnt. Soc., p. 278.

The true hyalinata does not apparently occur in Ceylon; hampsoni

is separable at once by the distinctly longer cephalic process.

Piprocua, gen. nov. (5)

iD ophare affinis, capite processu longo producto; clavo inter

nervuram interiorem et clavi suturam nervula transversa instructo,

preeterea nervulis transversis destituto ; costa hand dilatata, stigmate

opaco, binervi ; Tegminibus apicem versus nervulis transversis instructis,

Pedibus longiusculis, tibtis posticis 3- aut 4-spinosis, tibiis anticis

femoribus multo longioribus. Typo Dictyophara (?) egregia, Kirby.

Head porrect, eight times as long as pronotum (medianly ), _ basal

third of dorsal part not much narrower than the two eyes together,

finely and closely rugulose transversely, carinate medianly and’ later-

ally, the latter sinuate ; somewhat superficially carinate transversely

behind the central line of the eyes, the head above behind this

carina being produced laterally, and as wide at the base as the anterior

margins of the pronotun. At about one-third of its length the head

is suddenly contracted, the central carina of the dorsal part becoming

quite obsolete on the basal half, .e., of the contracted portion, and

somewhat superficial on the apical half ; the lateral carinee are sub-

parallel up to a short space from the apex, when they suddenly diverge

(4) Recherches surles Insectes fossiles des Temps Primaires (1893) 1894, Vol. I, p. 275

Vol. II, Pl. 28, figs. 8 & 9.

(5) Pibroch, English corruption of the Gaelic Piobaireachd, gathering music performed

on the pipes.

MEMOIRS ON GRIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 51

at an obtuse angle; apex truncate, carinate transversely. Frons

quadricarinate, the lateral carinze meeting the lateral carine of the

dorsal surface at the apex in a subacute angle, the two central carine

continuing tothe apex where they meet fornicately, much elevated

above and beyond the rest of the frons. The space between the two

central and two lateral, frontal carinee is transversely catinate near

the apex, the apical portion concave and its apical margin rounded.

Clypeus laterally carinate. Ocelli large and distinct. Rostrum

reaching to middle of abdomen. Antenne: Ist segment of peduncle

very short, second long, stout, subglobular, covered with sensory organs,

armed extero-laterally with a long acute spine. Pronotum and scutel-

lum longitudinally tricarinate. Tegmina reaching far beyond the

apex of the abdomen ; furnished with a number of transverse nervures

towards the apex; clavus with a short transverse nervure between

the claval suture and the interior claval nervure, otherwise without

transverse nervules. Costa not dilated, stigma opaque, with two

nervures ; longitudinal nervures of the apical haif of tegmina spinulose.

Anterior and posterior tibize much longer than their respective femora,

posterior tibize 3- or 4-spinose, connexiva very narrow, carinate on both

sides, and in the depression thus formed lie the large spiracles. (6)

The genus is closely allied to Dictyophara, Germar, but, beyond

other differences, is readily recognisable by the transverse nervure in

the clavus, which thus allies it to Dichoptera, Spin. I know only one

species, the type, vz. :

P. ecREeciIA (Kirby)

Pe Bonioee2:

= + Dictyophora (2) egregia; Kirby, l.c., p. 135, Pl. v, fig. 4. I

have examined the type and specimens from Pundaluoya and

Harragam (Ceylon, EL. E. G.).

Sub-family Issn.

= Hurybrachyine auctt.

EURYBRACHYS CRUDELIS, Westw.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) vii, p. 208 (1851).

This is another species which has not, to my knowledge, been

described or referred to, except in Kirby’s Catalogue (1. ¢., p. 183), since

its original publication half-a-century ago.

(6) LIwould have lik-d to figure the weird head and the connexiva, etc., but these insects

‘do not dry well and the delineation of the parts has been postponed till I can examine fresh

or alcoholic material.

52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

“ Pallide fusco-albida, alis anticis dilatatis margine anticis sinuato,

venis obscurioribus, strigis punctisque numerosis minutissimis

nigris; alis posticis niveis, dimidio basali coccineo, maculisque 3

nigris rotundatis, prope marginem apicalem ; pedibus corpore

concoloribus, tibiis dilatatis, nigro parum irroratis, posticis interdum

nigris ; promuscide ad pedes intermedios tantum extensa. EL. insigni

Westw., proxima. Exp. 2 unc, Ceylon.”

Sub-family Astracina.

= Delphacida, Stal.

PUNDALUOYA, gen. nov.

Antennis sat brevibus, plus minus: incrassatis, non autem dilatatis,

segmento secundo primo longiore ; pronoto capite latiore: genis haud

parallelis. Scutello tricarinato. Tegminibus planiusculis. Pedibus

anterioribus haud dilatatis. Typo Delphaci ernestz, Kirby.

Dorsal part of head very short, hemispherical, medianly longitudinally

earinate, anterior and lateral margins carinate. Eyes large and oblique,

ocelli distinct. Frons hexagonal, about one-third longer than wide, with

a median longitudinal carina which forks close to the base ; all the

margins carinate. Clypeus carinate laterally and medianly. Anten-

ne : second segment of peduncle one-half longer than the first, subtu-

berculate furnished with short spiny hairs. Pronotum very short,

transverse, hexagonal, medianly longitudinally carinate, the antero- and

postero-lateral margins carinate, the three carine entire and subpar-

allel. Scutellum much longer than pronotum, tricarinate, Tegmina

longer than the whole body; clavus subgranulate, the granulations

piliferous ; nervures on apical half of tegmina sparsely furnished with

hairs, Posterior tibize with a single spine, Not very closely allied to any

other genus, though apparently belonging near the Ugyops Guérin group,

Type P. ernesti (Kirby).

Pieb tiger:

{ Delphax ernesti, Kirby, |. c., p. 140, Pl. v, fig. 14.

N.B.—In Kirby’s description, the length “ 4-5 lin.” is a misprint

for “ 4-5 mill.”

Sub-family PoEKILLOPTERINA,

= Flatida + Ricaniida, Stal.

POCHAZIA ANTIGONE, sp. nov.

Brunnea, tegminibus margini apicali leviter convexo, margini

costali leviter sinuato, membrana costali albomaculata. Long. corp.

81-94 mill., long. (tegm. inclusis) 14 mill., exp. 813 mill.

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 53

CryLon: Kandy (July. 1897); Haragam (Aug. 1897); collns.

Green and Kirkaldy.

Frons with strong lateral carinee, the central carina apically obso-

lete ; apical margin of tegmina slightly, but noticeably, convex ; costal

margin slightly sinuate. Brownish- or reddish-testaceous; tegmina

dark-brownish, basal half of costal membrane black a long-isosceles

white spot on costal membrane about the middle ; apical margin wide-

ly infuscate, two narrow transverse cloudy lines nearer the middle of

the tegmen. Hind wings of the general ground colour of the tegmina.

Allied to the variable P. obscura (Fabr.), but differs by the sinuous

costal margin, the apically obsolete central carina and the strong lateral

caringe of the frons; the brownish- or reddish-testaceous abdomen,

and the noticeable white spot on the costal membrane.

RIcANIA MELICHARI, n. n., for R. subfusca, Mel., 1898, Verh. Zool-

bot. Ges. Wien., p. (nec Stal, 1865, O. V. A. F., p. 162),

| FLATA OCELLATA (Fabr.)

At stione os

As this well distributed species is the type of the genus and has not

been accessibly figured, a coloured representation is now given. The

size and number of the tegminal spots varies somewhat.

FLATA CORNUTIPENNIS, n. 0.

= + Phylliphanta acutipennis, Kirby, 1891.

nec | Cromna acutipennis, Walker, 1851.

PHROMNIA MARGINELLA (Oliv.).

Fulgora marginella, Oliv., 1791, and Ene. Meth, VI., 566.

Phromnia marginella, Ind, Mus. Notes, 1891, H, p. 95, Pl. XVI.

Phronima (7) marginella and deltotensis, Kirby, |. ¢., p. 155.

P. deltotensis appears not to differ structurally from the greenish

marginella.

HANSENIA, gen. nov.

Cerynie, Stal, affinis ; antennis pedunculi segmentis primo ultra ge-

narum margini laterali multo extendenti, secundo primo circa } plo

longiore. Tegminibus maxime decumbentibus, serie una regulari ner-

vularum instructa ; membrana costali dilatata, basi angustata, Abdo-

mine compresso. Typo Peciloptera glauca, Kirby.

(7) Walker & Kirby spell this Phronima, which is, however, a crustaceous genus,

54 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Frons longitudinally convex, genz anteriorly rotundate, neither

(frons nor gene) produced in the middle, Ocelli distinct. Antenne ;

segments of the peduncle elongate, first extending considerably beyond

the lateral margins of the genze, second about one-fifth longer than

the first. Tegmina very greatly decumbent, very ample, sensibly

widened towards the apex, rotundate, with a single regular series of

transverse nervures towards the apex ; corium, etc. (except at the base)

with numerous transverse nervures ; many of the longitudinal nervures

furcate. Costal membrane dilated, basally narrowed more than twice

as long in the middle as the costal area. Posterior tibise with one

spine. Abdomen compressed.

I have great pleasure in dedicating this genus to my friend, Dr. H.

J. Hansen, to whom Homopterists are indebted for the essay upon the

more minute structure of the auchen norrhyncha. It is allied to

Cerynia, Stal, but differs abundantly in the neuration, etc. It is

superficially exceedingly like Copsyrna, Stal, as represented by C.

tineoides (Oliv.) [= C. stollzi (Spin.)], but in the latter the neuration of

the tegmina is quite different, there being no regular row of transverse

nervures near the apex, while the head is much wider and the first

segment of the peduncle very short. C. téneodes is at once distinguish-

able (beyond the structural characters) by the curved whitish streak

and the whitish specks on the tegmina. The only species of Hansenia

known to me is

H, PULVERULENTA (Guér.}) (7a)

= Pezciloptera pulverulenta,Guérin (? 1843), Icon. Régne Anim.,, p.361.

= | Peciloptera glauca, Kirby, 1891, 1, ¢, p. 154, Pl. VI, fig.

14,

Apparently confined to Ceylon, “ It sometimes covers the leaves of

certain Eugenia trees upon which the larva feeds, and when disturbed

flies out in clouds.” (/. #. G., Dec. 13, ?99.)

Family CrcapiIpZ.

DUNDUBIA LELITA, sp. n. (8)

2 Obscure brownish-castaneous, with golden yellow pubescence ;

ocelli rubid, Head (except the anterior and posterior central parts)

I had commenced the figuring of the details of neuration, etc., of several Sinhalese

Poekillopterinae, but as I find, since this paper was in proof, that my friend Dr. Melichar

of Vienna is monographing the group, these details have been omitted here. -

(8) lelita, one of the thirty-six musical keys mentioned in the holy Hindu book ‘ Soma,’

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA, 55

and pronotum (except some obscure markings and two submedian

longitudinal black stripes) ochraceous, posterior margin wholly

ochraceous ; three longitudinal black lines and two yellow incurved

raised lines on the mesonotum. Underneath obscure brownish-castan-

eous ; rostrum pale (except apical segment). Costa brownish-castaneous,

basal cell ochraceous. Apex of exterior ulnar area narrower than in D.

mannifera (Linn.), Dist.

Opercula short, not reaching apex of 2nd abdominal segment,

subtriangular. Anterior femora with two strong spines.

Long. 30 mm., exp. 89 mm.

BririsH Borneo (collns, Edwards and Kirkaldy),

This species seems to belong to the typical subgenus by the short

rostrum which just passes the intermediate cox, but it differs from

its consubgeners by the less swollen and narrower frons and by the ocelli

being about twice as far from the eyes as from one another ; unfor-

tunately, I have seen three females only.

CRYPTOTYMPANA EDWARDSI, sp. n. (9)

Belongs to Distant’s Section F, (Monogr. Orient. Cie., p. 88.)

&. Shining blackish ; eyes, a central longitudinal line on the head and

anterior part of prouotum, a sublateral wedge and the posterior margin

of pronotum (except in the middle), an undulatory line on mesonotum,

cruciform elevation, ete. —ochraceous ; tympanal coverings ochraceous ;

soiled with blackish laterally. Beneath (including the opercula) ochra-

ceous ; head and rostrum, basal abdominal segment, a spot at apex of

penultimate and whole of ultimate segment, anterior and intermediate

femora outwardly, anterior tibie tarsi and all the claws—black,

Tegmina and wings hyaline; costa (except ochraceous basal part),

basal cell, base of anal area, etc.—blackish ; nervures, ochraceous,

Head rather swollen in front ; anterior femora armed with two strong

spines (basal one the larger), and two minute spines before the anterior

large spine ; opercula long, reaching to the middle of the 4th segment,

their inner margins contiguous for about their basal half, then diverg-

ing curvedly, incurving about the middle of the second segment, apices

remote, subacute.

Long. 463 mill., lat. 28 mill., exp. 115 mill.

‘ Typra’ (coll. Hdwards).

(9) Named after Mr, Stanley J. Edwards, F.L.S.,who kindly entrusted me with some

interesting material from India and Borneo.

56 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.

Apparently very different from the other species of the genus by

the form of the opercula.

HETEROPTERA.

ARTIFICIAL Group CRYPTOCERATA.

I had hoped to include in this memoir a synoptical revision of the

Oriental species of the Notonectide and Corixidae, but I have had

to defer this, owing to my present inability to fix the specific limits

of several species of Hnithares, Spin., Andsops., Spin., Nychia, Stal, ete.

It appears almost impossible to deal satisfactorily with these genera

without alcoholic material, which has been available in a few cases only.

Family Mirw2.

=Capsidee auctt. (10)

THAUMASTOMIRARIA, divis. nova.

Head vertical, transverse as seen from above, transversely depressed

near the base between the eyes. Pronotum with a narrow apical

collar, posteriorly elevated, lateral margins sinuate, antero- and

postero-lateral angles obtuse. Cuneus somewhat indistinct except

at the lateral margins. Membrane with a single entire longitudinal

nervure. Hindwings without a hook in the cell. Legs simple, tarsi

with 3 segments, apical the thickest, with long curved claws and large

aroliz. Abdomen short, not reaching nearly to the apex of the elytra.

Not at all closely allied to any other divisions of the Miride known

to me, and at once distinguished by the entire longitudinal nervure

in the membrane.

THAUMASTOMIRIS, gen. nov. (11)

Head vertical, transversely depressed between the eyes, transverse

as seen from above, not longitudinally sulcate. Eyes large, together

almost equal to the width of the head at base. Antennze : Ist segment

longer than head above, 2nd three-eighths longer than the first, 3rd

slightly longer than first, 4th slightly longer than the second ; fourth

thinner than third, both much thinner than 1 and 2 ; second thinner

than first. Rostrum reaching almost to posterior coxee, Pronotum

densely punctured, narrowly collared in front, callose submedianly

immediately behind the collar ; posterior half subconvex ; anterior

(10) Miris, Fabr., 1794, is the oldest genus in the family, capsus, dating 1803.

(11) The component ‘ Miris’ does not infer aclose relationship or resemblance to the

genus Miris, Fabr., but refers to its affnity to the Miride as a family. As it is the cnly known

genus the division, I reproduce the divisional characters in the generic description,

“MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA,

margin roundly excavated, lateral margins sinuate, posterior margin

truncate and slightly sinuate ;. anterior and posterior angles obtuse.

Scutellum not suleate. Hlytra extending far beyond apex of abdomen,

subrugose with short, somewhat close, hairs (not pubescence) ; cuneus not

distinctly separated from corium, except at the lateral margin, in shape

very long triangular, apex curved round to nearly the apex of the mem-

brane, which is ovoid with a single strong nervure running longitudinally

(slightly exterior to the median line ) and terminating at the cuneus :

slightly behind the apex of the latter. Wings without a hook in the

cell. Legssimple, femora slightly incrassate. Arolia large, round,

widely separated ; claws long, curved. Underside and legs with

somewhat long, pale hairs. Anterior cox rather more than twice

as long as wide. ‘Tarsi with 3 segments, the apical one thickest.

T. SANGUINALIS, sp. n. ( type).

IAG ho Om Comte, Dyatlan4.

Sanguineous, membrane infuscate. Hyes deep-crimson ; antenne

blackish, Ist segment more or less reddish; tarsi blackish, Wing

nervures more or less infuscate, except the costa which is sanguineous,

Long. 5 mill.

Frequents Crinium asiaticum, Peradeniya, CryLton ( E. BE. Green).

The types( @) have been placed in the British Museum.

Division Laboparia-

BERTA, gen. nov.

Pilose, head very small, almost roundly perpendicular. Antenne :

second segment subincrassate, thickest towards (but not at) the

apex, two-fifths longer than the first, two and-a-half times as long as

the third, which is a little slenderer than the first and somewhat

curved ; third and fourth subequal in length, fourth thinnest. Rostrum

reaching to intermediate coxee. Pronotum and prosternum very con-

vex, the former not constricted anteriorly, and margins rounded, not

sinuate nor reflexed, posterior margin very slightly sinuate. Scutellum

large. Type Capsus lankanus, Kirby. Not closely allied to any

Laboparian known to me.

B, LANKANA (Kirby).

IDA, fo. 7 & Pl. By fe. 5.

= Capsus lankanus, Kirby, 1. ¢., p- 107.

Of this very pretty myioplianous bag, I have examined two

females from Ceylon, wz.,\the'type ‘from Nitagala (British Museum,

58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

BK. E. Green) anda specimen from Pundaluoya (H. E. Green, Feb.

1899 ) from which the figures are taken.

Division Capsaria.

HYALOPEPLUS, Stal.

This genus seems to be well represented in the Oriental and Poly-

nesian Regions. To it should be referred Carsus RAMA, Kirby, l. ¢., p.

106, which is now delineated on Pl. 1, fig. 8 and Pl. 2, fig. 6. I

have seen H. rama from Cryton, Pundaluoya ; and Morowa, Korale

(Feb. 1900) Reg. No. 127 Tea, Peradeniya Oct. 1898 (E. E. G.) and

Inp1A, Sikkim.

Capsus lineifer, Walker, trom Malacca belongs either to this genus

or to @ new one very closely allied, while for C. discoidalts, Walker,

rom Malacca and Singapore, anew genus, closely allied to Ayals-

peplus, will be necessary.

ISABEL., n. g-

Hyalopeplo affinis sed a forma pronoti, antennarum, membranze

arearum, facillime distinguenda.

Antennarum seemerto secundo primo fere triplo longiore, tertio

duplo longiou, primo cum quarto subsequali ; primo crassissimo sed

haud maxime incrassato quam apud Hyalopeplum. tiostro fere ad apicem

coxarum posticarum attingente. Pronoti angulis posterolateralibus

prominentibus, acutis. Hlytra quam apud Hyalopeplum, sed membrane

cellula interiore perlongo, ultra cunei apicem extendeus, angulo apicali

acuto ; cellula exteriore maiore quam apud Hyalopeplum. Alee posterio-

ris cellula sine hamo. Typo Capso ravana, Kirby.

Head triangular subhorizontal ; rostrum reaching almost to apex of

posterior coxe ; antennz : second segment nearly three times as long

as first, and twice as long as third, first and fourth subequal ; first the

thickest but not greatly incrassate. Pronotum collared in front, con-

stricted a little before the middle, transversely rugose, postero lateral

angles salient, acute. Elytra as in Hyalopepdus, but the exterior cell

of the membrane is much larger ana the interior cell much longer,

and is acute-angled apically. Wing cell without % hook, -

TsarmL RAVANA ( Kirby ),

Pl. A, fig. 9 and Pl. B, fig. 7.

This beautifully sculptured little insect is superficially very like

Ih es es wie ba differs considerably in detail,

(To be continued.). Tee Bee pac

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON,

By Matcoum Burr,

Wirsa Prates A, B.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th November, 1901.)

CHIEF WORKS QUOTED.

BOLIVAR, I. Les Orthopteres de St. Joseph’s College a Trichinopoly. (Ann. Soe, ent.;

Fr., 1897, p. 282.)

BORMANS, A. de. Quelques Forficulaires nouveaux ou peuconnus, (Ann, Soc, ent.,

Belg., xxvii, pp. 59-90, Tabs, 2 & 3, 1883.)

Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanfa e regioni vicine. VII. Dermapteres. (Ann,

Mus. Civ. Gen., 1888, (2), vi., pp. 431-448.)

————— LXI, Dermapteres, (2de

partie), (op. cit., 1894, (2), xiv., pp. 371-409.)

& Krauss, H. Forficulidee and Hemimeride, in Bronn’s Tierreich. 11 Lieferung.

Orthoptera. Berlin, 1900.

BRUNNER, C. von Wattenwyl. Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren. Leipzig,

1882,

BURMEISTER, H. Handbuch der Entomologie, II, 1839.

BURR, M. British Orthoptera. Huddersfield, 1897.

On the Species of Dyscritina reared by Mr. Green, (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1898,

pp. 387-390.)

—— Notes on the Forficularia, LIV. (Ann, Mag. N.H., (7), iv., pp. 252-260.)

DOHRN, H. Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren, (Stett. ent., Zeit., 1863-67.,

xxiv., pp. 35, 309: xxv., pp. 285,417: xxviii. p. 341.)

DUBRONY, A. Enumeration des Orthopteres rapportes par MM. J. Doria, O. Beccari et

L. M. d’Albertis des regions Indienne et Austro-Malaise. I. Dermapteres. (Ann,

Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., pp. 348-383, 1879.)

FIEBER, Fr, X. Synopsis der Europaischen Orthopteren; aus dem III. Jahrgang der

Zeitschrift “‘ Lotos” besonders abgedruckt. Prag., 1853 (the date given is 1854),

FISCHER, L. H. Orthoptera Europaea. Lipsia, 1853.

GERSTAECKER, A. Baron Carl van der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika, 2 Abth, Glieder-

thiere, Insekten, (Taf., III., Leipzig, 1873.)

bE Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orthopteren-Fauna QGuinea’s nach den von R. Buch-

holz wahrend der Jahre, 1872 bis 1875, daselbst gesammelten Arten, (Mitth. naturw.

Ver. Neuvorp. und Rugen, I, 1883.)

GREEN, E.E. Notes on Dyscritina Longisetosa, Westw. (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1896,

p. 299.)

—— Dyscritina Longisetosa, Westw. is a Forficulid larva. (Ent. mo, Mag, (2), VIII

p. 205, 1897.)

Further notes on Dyscritina. (Tr. ent. Soc., London, 1898, p. 381, Pls. XVIII. &

XIX.)

HAAN, Dr. W. de. Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Orthopterea. (Verhandl. over de

natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen, 1842.)

KIRBY, W.F. A Revision of the Forficulide, with descriptions of New Species in the

British Museum, (Linn, Soe. Journ, Zool., XXTIL., pp. 502-531, Tab. 12.)

MOTSCHULSKY, Essai d’un Catalogue des Jnsectes de Vile de Ceylan. II. Dermap-

teres. (Bull, Soc. Kmp. Moscou, ¥xxvi., IJ., pp, 1-4, 1863.)

SCUDDER, §. H. Critical and Historical Notes on the Forficularia, (Proc. Bost, Soe.

N.H., xviii., 9876, reprinted in his Entom, Notes, V.)

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

SERVILLE, A. Ilistoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthopteres, Paris, 1839,

WESTWOOD, J,O. An Introduction to a Modern Classification of Insects, London,

1839.

PREFACE,

The following account of the Forficularia known to occur in Ceylon is

written to encourage entomolegists residing in or visiting that island to pay

attention to this interesting, but neglected, group of insects,

Earwigs form a very compact and well-defined suborder of Orthoptera,

and, roughly speaking, about four hundred species are known to Science,

For some reason they have met unjustifiable neglect at the hands of orthop-

terists, and almost all workers who give their attention to this fascinating

order have passsd over the earwigs, contenting themselves, from time to time,

with describing a few novelties.

This is no doubt due to the lack of any comprehensive work upon the sub-

ject and it is hoped that this short paper will, to a certain extent, remove this

defect, The writer hopes that by its help entomologisis in Ceylon and in

the neighbouring regions will commence to make collections of earwigs, and

to publish the results of their observations, so that in a short time there may "

be sufficient material at hand to compile an account of the Forjicularia of

British India, if not of the whole Oriental Region,

Thanks to M, deBormans, the authority upon the group, our knowledge

of the earwigs of the Malay Archipelago, of Burmah and of Central America

is more extensive. But in spite of the numerous and valuable publications

of this author, new species come to hand in considerable numbers from

almost every locality. The scope for the discovery uf novelties alone should

encourage interest and study ia the group in question.

Much, too, remains to be done concerning the development, life-histcries

and general biological questions of earwigs. As an example, we cite the

discoveries made by my friend Mr, H, E, Green is the anatomy and develop-

ment of Diplatys, set forth in his admirable paper, a work which is as valu-

able for its suggestiveness as on account of the actual facts and observa-

tions recorded.

It is to Mr. Green’s energy in collecting that the balk of the material for

this paper is due, and I take this opportunity of acknowledging my indebted-

ness. ee :

Further material has been afforded. from the work of H. Dohrn, and from

the collections of the British Museum, University Museum of Oxford and

of the Royal Natural History Museum of Brussels, Iam indebted to the

courtesy of M, George Severin for the opportunity of examining at leisure

the collections of the latter museum, *nd to my esteemed friend and

colleague M, A. de Bormans for advice and information in the preparation

of this paper. Ialso have to thank Prof. E. B. Poulton, of Oxford, and

Mr, W. F. Kirby, of the British Museum, for their fcmednens when eee’

with the specimens in their respective collections,

Plates Av

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

Chromo-hth. London.

Mintern Bros.

E.E.Green del..

CENMEON BORE GUBAR TA

eireety ae

Mt cca

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, © oll

INTRODUCTION.

The HEAD, in the Forficularia, is more or less flattened and heart-shaped,

It offers few characteristics which are of any value for specific distinction

except the number and form of antennal segments, These may vary from

9 to 30 in number, and form a useful generic character. The segments are

usually pear-shaped, or abruptly conical, Green has detected an oval

glandular (?) body on the under surface ofeach segment, its presence indicated

by a depression and a minute pore. This organ is visible from the earliest

stages and are most probably a sense organ of some kind.

The PRONOTUM is small, either narrower or broader than the head,

more or less square in shape, The angles may be either rectangular or

rounded, and sometimes the anterior border of the pronotum is rounded,

sometimes straight, as also the posterior border, A small SCUTELLUM

is visible between the elytra and the base in certain genera, The

MESO and META-NOTA are visible when the elytra are absent or

rudimentary.

The ELYTRA are sometimes absent, and sometimes rudimentary, in

which case they are cemented to the thorax, and usually more or less

triangular in shape; when they are perfectly developed they are small,

_oblong, shining and veinless ; they may be rounded, emarginate or truncated

at the apex.

_ The WINGS are voluminous and very delicate; they are shaped like an

ear, and veined from the basis of a hard horny scale which occupies the

basal half of the anterior margin, From the apex of this scale the small

veins radiate fanwise, being crossed by a curved vein which runs completely

round the outer border, parallel with the outer margin itself. In repose

the wings are folded fanwise from the apex of the scale and then again at

right angles, being thus folded up extremely neatly into a very minute and

compact flap, which is covered by the small elytra, although these ure about

half the size of the wings, or less; when these organs are closed the horny

seale is exposed, and is often of the same colour as the elytra. In appearance

they resemble a second pair of elytra, and in repose they perform similar

functions, When wings are mentioned in descriptions it is this hard scale

that is meant, unless it is expressly stated otherwise, In very many cases

the wings are entirely absent.

The STERNA are flattened plates.

The ABDOMEN is the most conspicuous part of an earwig, The segments

are imbricated together in a beautiful and delicate manner, Whex the

abdomen is distended, and the uniting membrane drawn taut, the minute

spiracles are visible in the membrane. In some cases the second and third

dorsal segments bear at each side a small fold, or “ stink-gland,” which is a.

useful character, In the male there are nine se: ments, excluding the last or

anal segment ; in the female there are seven visible. Some species are armed

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

with strong lateral spines on the first segments. (Forcipula), and sometimes

the sides of the segments are laterally produced into strong recurved hooks

(Ancistrogaster.) The form of the anal segment, which varies considerably

with the species, is an important character, There is no exserted ovipositor,

The subanal plates bear a small projection between the legs of the forceps

called the pygidium which is a useful specific character,

The FORCEPS are homologous with the cerci of other Orthoptera, They

are horny and unsegmented, of varying shape, which differs even in indivi-

duals of the same species ; they are always more simple in form in the 9

than in the @. Inthe genus Diplatys, Green has shown that these organs

are long and segmented in the larval stages. In the penultimate stage

they are lost, except the basal segment, which becomes transformed

into the well-known forceps. The process very probably takes place in

other genera, but in very young Pygidicrana-larve there is no visible

trace of segmentation in the already formed, though simple, forceps.

The forceps of the larve usually resemble those of the adult 9. Their

function is uncertain.

The LEGS are formed for running, and offer few characters, The second

tarsal segment is very small, and may be simple and cylindrical,as in many

genera, or produced into a long lobe beneath the third segment, asin Cheli-

oches, or simply lobed or heart-shaped, as in Forjicula,etc., etc. In some

cases, however, the first segment is no longer than the second (Apachys), but

this is said not to be very constant.

There is a pulvillus between the tarsal claws, but this contracts and

shrivels on drying, and so is useless as a character,

The EGGS are simple leathery bags, and are all laid separately, 7.¢., not in

an ootheca, as in Blattodea, etc, It is a remarkable fact that the mother

earwig shows a certain degree of interest in her eggs, and even in the young

larvee after they are hatched. The eggs are usually deposited under a large

stone for protection.

The LARV are always more lightly coloured, the integument is:softer,

the forceps more simple, than in the imago, but it is often difficult to distin-

guish them from the adult in the apterous forms. The larve, however,

shrivel up on drying, while the harder and horny imagines retain their shape.

In the winged forms the sculpture of the wings is visible upou the notal

plates at an early stage,

The phenomenon of GYNANDROMORPHISM® is: not unfrequent in

earwigs and has been recorded in several species. ‘The asymmetry of the for-

ceps is at once noticeable.

* More frequently it is probable that the so-called cases of (ynandromorphism are merely

males with one branch of the forceps undeveloped, z.e., simple and resembling those of the

female. In all the instances that I have seen, there have been nine abdominal segments visible,

as in the normal male.

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 63

Earwigs feed chiefly upon animal or vegetable refuse, but also devour ripe

fruit, the petals of flowers, ete. They are nocturnal insects, and in daylight

take shelter under bark, under stones, in holes and crevices, etc. They can

be found almost everywhere, and are often attracted into the houses by light.

The flattened forms are said to live chiefly under bark, and Brachylabis and

Opisthocosmia under dried leaves or in very ripe fruit. In Europe only

Labia minor, L., is known to make any use of its wings, but in the Oriental

Region crowds are often taken at light.

Little is really known in detail of their habits and economy, and careful

observation would be of inestimable value. Of their development

and economy all that is known we owe to Mr. Green’s paper quoted

above.

The chief characters that are used to discriminate the various species and

genera of earwigs are as follow :—

In the head it is important to notice the number of segments in the

antenne ; these are naturally fragile, and liable to be incomplete, and so it is

as well tp note the number as soon as possible after capture before they are

broken ; even in the living insect they are frequently mutilated. In some

genera ieee are more than thirty segments, in other there may beas few as

nine, It is also important to notice the shape, especially of the first few

segments, In those species in which the antenne are dark, with certain

segments white, no great reliance is to be put upon which actual segment is

thus coloured, as this is a very variable character, The head offers no other

characters of much note,

It is useful to observe the shape of the pronotum, and whether it is

broader or narrower than the head. The presence ofa small scutellum

at the base of the elytra is characteristic of Neolobophora, Pygidicrana

and Diplatys.

The elytra are most characteristic when rudimentary,in which case the

shape differs very considerably ; this is a most important point in the genera

Neolobophora and Anisolabis, The wings are of little use for distinctive

purposes.

The small tubercles which are present on the second and third abdominal

segments are useful characters, but sometimes they are small and difficult to

distinguish. This is especially the case in Carcinophora, where they are pres

sent, but barely distinguishable, and in Diplatys, where they are difficult to

observe as being covered by the wings in repose.

The shape of the last abdominal segment and of the penultimate ventral

segment is also to be noted. The legs do not offer many points ; the form

of the second tarsal segment is important. This is simple and cylindrical

iu many genera, and heart-shaped or lobed in others, This is a note-

worthy character, and specimens should be set in such a manner as to make

the tarsi easily accessible with the magnifying glass,

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

The form of the forceps, although very variable, is also an extremely use-

ful character, as well for separating species as genera,

Earwigs may be mounted according to the fancy of the collector, It is,

perhaps, most satisfactory to pin them with long slender pins, upon which

the label with full data may be fixed. The pin may be inserted in the suture

between the elytra, or through one of the elytra themselves. With the

smaller species it is better to fix them with a drop of cement upon a

small triangular card, which may be pinned. In dried specimens the abdo-

men is very brittle, and often the different segments drop off,and are very

ditficult to replace in their proper position. It is, therefore, advisable to

cement a narrow strip of card along the undersurface, upon which the abdo-

men may be fastened, The wings are so delicate that it isa matter of con-

siderable difficulty to expand them. It is, however, not very important,

though in some species, ¢.g., of Anechura, tuey are brightly coloured, Unless

done with the greatest care and skill they sre almost certain to tear and be

spoilt. Care should be taken that the specimens dry with the legs extended,

so that the second tarsal segment may be readily examined,

For packing earwigs to send through the post, ordinary triangular papers

may be used, or they may be packed between layers of velvet. In any case,

of course, fullest data should be given, In spirits the bodies become dis-

tended and liable to drop off or all to pieces,

LITERATURE.

In the way of literature there is but little to reeommend, Dohrn’s great

work, Versuch einer Monographie der Dermapteren, published in the Stettiner

entomologische Zeitung in 1863—67, is long out of date, though still indispens-

able to the student of exotic forms, It is, however, very difficult to obtain

though it may be found in entomological libraries, I do not think it was

ever issued in separate form. There has been no systematic work since

published, but very many species have been described by various authors

in different journals. De Bormans gives an account of the earwigs of Burmah

from the collections made by Fea, in the Annali del Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale di Genova, second series, Vol, XIV, pages 371—409, but it is a paper

that is chiefly of use to the specialist,

A highly important work upon the development of Diplatys is the well-

known paper by Mr, E, E, Green, Further Notes on Dyscritina, Westw., in

the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1898, pp, 3881—3887.

Tt is a work of high value, the result of very careful and exact observation.

By the time this article is published a complete monograph of the ear-

wigs of the world, by M. de Bormans, the great authority upon the group,

should appear, It will, however, be in German, and only include species

known up to 1898,.*

_—_————

* This has since appeared in. Das Tierreich, under the title oe For, ficulide and

Hemimeride von A, de Bormans and H, Krauss, Berlin 1900,

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 65

CATALOGUE OF FORFICULARIA KNOWN TO OCCUR IN CEYLON

Neolwbophora, Scudd—

1, tamul, n.

Pygidicrana, Serv.—

3, annulipes (Luc.).

?4. brunneri (Dohrn).

Brachylabis, Dohrn—

1. picta Guer. 1. philetas, n.

2, marmoricrura, Serv. Forcipula, Bol.—

3, nietneri, Dohrn, 1, quadrispinosa (Dohrn).

4, cumingi, Dohrn, Labia, Leach.—

5 angustata, Dohrn. 1. mucronata (Stil.).

26, dilaticauda (Motsch.). 2. curvicauda (Motsch.),

Diplatys,Serv— | 8. pilicornis (Motsch.),

1, gersteckeri (Dohrn.).

2, nigriceps (Kirb.).

Platylabia, Dohrn— 2. pulchella, Gerst.

1, thoracica, Dohrn, Carcinophora, Scudd.—

Echinosoma, Dohrn— | 1. dohrni (Kirb,).

1,: parvulum, Dohrn, | Apterygida, Westw.—

Psalis, Serv.— 1. arachidis (Yers.),

1, femoralis (Dohrn), 2, bipartita (Kirb.),

Labidura, Leach— 3, cingalensis (Dohrn),

1, riparia (Pall ) Opisthocosmia, Dohrn—

| Chelisoches, Scudd.—

| 1, morio (Fabr,),

2. bengalensis, Dohrn. 1. humeralis, Kirb.

3. dufourii (Desm,). | 2. simplex, Borm.

Anisolabis, Fieb—. | 3, ceylonica (Motseh.).

1, greeni, Burr, | 4, neolobophoroides, n,

2, kudagee, n.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1, Scutellum distinct.

2, Antenne with 12 segments ; elytra rudimentary ;

WAN OSM ADSONG Peer wean calsvesteicesicslaiaiaceusueesternaree NEOLOBOPHORA,

2°2, Antenne with more than 12 segments, elytra

and wings well developed.

3, ‘Large species ; antennz with more than 25 seg-

MEM LSiiee teeta Rae se vanes Stan im Lees Nests) PYGIDICRANA,

3'3, Small species ; antennz with less than 25 seg-

MUCUS Ses oedacetccauecs cooeeuuscheocveneces dt attnatamciee DIPLATYS.

_ Na scutellum visible,

ae Second tarsal segn cnt simple, cylindrical.

3, Second and third «bdominal segments with no

lateral tubercular folds,

4, Elytra and wii gs well developed,

Daa Bodiyede presse diccssasvenceseesncessceteseunaccss PLATYLABIA,

5°5, Body convex, i de

66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

6, Body pubescent, short, broad .as..ssereesee ECHINOSOMA,

6°6. Body not pubescent, long, not parti-

cularly broadened.

7. Force;s stout, the branches contizu-

ous, simple, denticulated but not

UGOLNEM ian. ass scesacscaerecncieh conceeeetend PSALIS,

77, Forceps more slender, with the

branches remote at the base ...... LABIDURA,

4:4, Elytra rudimentary or absent; wings

PINS Lats soporceoeBoetodes OoCoDsbaaQUccadancaceosoLe abo ANISOLABIS.

3°3, Second and third abdominal segments fur-

nished with lateral tubercular folds or spines.

4, Wings absent ; elytra abortive..........cssessceeee BRACHYLABIS,

44, Elytra always, wings usually well developed.

5, Large species; lateral tubercles of the

abdomen developed into spines. Forceps

VET lCM@usecntesecnstenes SeiesnueSasssdasiencesactse FORCIPULA.

50 Size small or medium ; folds of the

abdomen very small, Forceps very

short (long in one or two species not

occurring in Ceylon) .........-...000 s«00....LABIA,

2. Second tarsal segment lobed or heart-sbaped.

3. Second tarsal segment produced into a Icbe

beneath the third, ......:..c0.s0000:. puensecuecnoss ...CHELISOCHES,

3°3. Secon’ tarsal segment simply lobed,

4, Forceps with the branches depressed or di-

lated, contiguous, or nearly so, at the base,

at least in the @.

5. Forceps dilated at first, then simple, always

Ge pressed coisas cs ccasecteccasasressoccoeateeeet FORFICULA.

5°5. Forceps stout, the branches contiguous,

or nearly so, throughout their length,

COnLGalIes. sess dasiceseaicnrscectenere sierbadode CARCINOPHORA.,

44, Forceps with the branches remote at base,

slender and cylindrical.

5, Abdomen cylindrical ; forceps simple or

toothed on the inner margin only ...... APTERYGIDA,

55, Abdomen more or less dilated in the

middle ; forceps, very sleider, armed

with knobs and two teeth in the #, on

BDY MALL... 2.2. sevsesderrecesercecee seuss DELS TH OCOS MLA,

Neolobophora and Opisthocosmia are practically the same genera, divided

by the presence or absence of wings. In Carcimophora he lateral tubercles

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, 67

are very faint or almost obsolete, and sometimes extremely difficult to

distinguish ; they are simply Psalis without wings, or Anisolubis with well

developed elytra, They are always shining-blackish in colour, Psalis is

barely distinguishable from Labidura, The forceps of Psalis are conical

as arule, and never so varied in shape as in Labidura. The females of

Apterygeds and Forjicula cannot be distinguished. The males differ in the

shape of the forceps alone, Labia is very difficult to distinguish from

certain species of Spongophora—a genus that is not represented in the island

as far as we know yet, Platylabia is only discriminated from Sparatta,

another genus not yet recorded from Ceylon, by the absence of lateral folds.

Anisolubis are invariably black, are very dark-brownin colour, In Echinosoma

the body is either quite round or nearly so, that is, cylindrical and not at all

depressed. Small specimens of Echinosoma and Bruchyl. bis are very much

alike to look at, but the former genus has always the elytra and wings well

developed, Forcipula can be recognised at a glance by its great size, and the

very long and slender toothed forceps, as well as by the prominent spines

upon the sides of the abdomen,

NEOLOBOPHORA, Soudd,

Medium-sized insects. Elytra rudimentary, wings absent; forceps of the

¢ long and siender ; abdomen cylindrical, convex, Tubercles of second and

third segments developed. Small scutellum visible between the elytra at

the base,

Neolobophora, Scudd., 1875, Ent. Notes,, IV., 36, Proc, Bost. Soc. N, H.

Xvil., 202. Borm., 1900, Forf. 22,

This genus may te recognised by its slenderness, elongated forceps, absence

of wings and rudimentary elytra. It is very closely allied to Opisthocosmia.

On the strength of the scutellum it is often removed to the neighbourhood

of Pygidicrana, but it more naturally falls in near the firstementioned

genus,

NEOLOBOPHORA TANUL, sp. nu.

_ Fusco-testacea, glabra, nitida, Elytra longiora quam latiora, parallela,

formam efficientia triangulorum duorum, apicibus truncatis attingentibus,

sicut in quibus’am Cheliduris; scutello patente. Alix nullis, Abdomen

convexum, ultra medium paullo dilatatum, segmento ultimo valde attenuato,

declivi, segmento penultimo dorsali inermi, Forcipis crura, @, basi contigua

subdeplanata, dehince divergentia, ovatoarcuata, gracillima, intus medio,

denticulata. @.

Long. corporis ..........9 mm,

“i FOLCIPIS:..«o406---0) MM,

HEAD convex, darkish-testaceous, eyes black, not very prominent,

Antennae with nine segments, pale, testaceous near the base, becoming

darker towards the apex, all the segments being elongate and pear-shaped,

each segment, after the first, being somewhat longer than the last,

68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

PRONOTUM slightly narrower than the head, almost square, but

slightly broader than long; the anterior and posterior borders are’

straizht.

ELYTRA are small, formed as in certain Chel/dure, parallel, obliquely

truncated posteriorly, the anterior borde: also being oblique to reveal the

scutellum ; the form of the elytra is like two equilater.] triangles with the

apices truncated, being placed tozether, this truncated pait of each being

conti uons with that of the other. Near the base of each elytron there

is a small obl ng depression.

WIN:+5 absent.

FERT slender, testaceous,

ABDOMEN smooth and slender, slightly dilated beycnd the middle, the

last dorsal segment being strongly attenuated and narrowed. The second

dorsal segment fears a faint, the third a prominent lateral tubercle; the

penultimate dorsal segment is unarmed, The last segment is furnished with

a small tubercle at each posterior angle,

FORCEPS are very slender and elongated; the branches are very slightly

dilated near the base ; at the base itself they are remote, but become conti-

guous almost immediately for ashort part of their length, then diverging, to

form an elongat> oval, the apices just meeting; the inner marginis armed

beyond the contiguous part with two minute teeth.

The 9 is unknown.

Habitat,—Ceylon (Thwaites, in coll. Hope, ex-coll., Westwood),

This species is closely allied to NV. aséatica (Borm.), but may be distinguished

by the shape of the forceps, which are quite straight, seen from the side, and

not undulating ; the penultimate dorsal segment is also unaimed, and the

elytra are different in shape, as is also the pronotum,

There is-a doubtful winged species of the genus known from Madagascar,

but it is otherwise confined to the Neotropical Region.

Genus 1.—PYGIDICRANA (Serville.)

Large insects. General colour yellowish-brown, varied with black or yellow,

Antsine with more than 25 segments. Pronotum scurcely as bioad as the

head, oval-round, or more or Jess rectangular in shape. The elytra are well

dev loped, rounded at the apex, The scniellum is triangular, always distinct.

The wings ure developed, and in most species project more or less beyond the

elytra. The abdomen is long and cylindrical, without tubercular folds on

tle second and third segments ; the last segment large, broadened in the @,

The forceps are stout, the branches usually move or less conical in the @ and

incurved, armed with strong teeth at the base, more or less. flattened; in the

Q they are simple, straight and unarmed, The feet are short; the femora

broad and flat, the first tarsal segment is zuaycely, as Ioug as.the’ third, the

second is small and cylindrical,

Pygidicrana, Serville, 1831, Rev, Meth, atic 1839, Orth, 19,

THE BARWIGS OF CEYLONG. 62°22. 769

Borm.,, 1900. Forf, 15,

Dohrn, Kirb,, Karsch., Burr., Scudd, eu

This genus may:be recognised by its large size, general colouration, long

antenne and distinct scutellum, It contains a Jittle less than thirty species,

of which five are known to occur in Ceylon.

PYGIDICRANA.

1. Head broader than pronotum.

2. Wings showing beyond elytra,

3. Head testaceous above, the borders

black, with a black median line... 1, PICTA, Guerin,

3°3. Head black above, witha cen-

tral testaceous star-shaped mark, 2, MARMORICRURA, Ser.

2°2, Wings not showing beyond elytra,

je) Bilytra unicolorous) <-.--ccccss--sseeses 3° NIETNERT, Dohrn.

3°3. Elytra yellow, edged with brown, 4. CUMINGIT, Dohrn,

1:1 Head narrower than pronotum.......... 5. ANGUS'ATA, Dohrn.

PYGIDICRANA PICTA, Guérin.

Medium sized,

Head yellowish, with black borders, and a black central line ; mouth parts

varied with black, The antenne have more than thirty segments, which

are brownish, Pronotum slightly narrower than the head, yellowish, with

two black longitudinal bands; the corners are rounded, Scutellum, small,

plain-yellow. Elytra brown, with three pale lines, the middle one broken

obliquely truncated at apex. Wings well developed, yellow, with the suture

darker and the outer margin darker. Sternum uniform yellow, Feet yellow,

the femora banded with black, the tibie with a few indistinct black marks,

First tarsal segments longer than the third, Abdomen reddish-brown, smooth,

the last segment broadened, darker in colour, granulated, the hinder bcrder

rounded, slightly emarginate at the corners, which end in a sharp point. For-

ceps black, flat beneath, keeled above, the branches stout, straight, gradually

converging, to form a small narrow oval, granulated on the ‘nner margin at

the part meeting near the apex, and then contiguous until the apex itself,

where the points decussate. In the Q the branches are contiguous their

whole length, and toothed on the inner side, _The whole body is pubescent.

Length of the bod y............csssvee 6 2 27mm,

i pete LOCO DSi ecenceesene wee & 7mm, Q 3-5 mm,

‘Pygidicrana picta Guérin,, Magasin de Zoolog., 1838, VIII 70, tab. 236, fig, 1.

Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Eut. Zeit,, xxiv., 50.

; Borm, 1900, -Forf. 18,

Habitat, —India, Madras (Guérin) ; Ceylon (Dohrn), Ceylon (Mus, Brux.).

PYGIDICRANA MARMORICRURA, Serv.

Large, General colour dull-black, the aifferent organs varied with light.

testaceous, The head is dark-fuscous, with a testaceous patch in the centre

70- JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

of the occiput. Antenne with more than thirty segments, The pronotam

is oval, narrower thn the head, pale-testaceous, with two parallel fusccus

bands, The scutellum is distinct and testaceous, The elytra are large and

broad, fuscous, with a testaceous spot. The visible part of the wings is

testaceous, The feet are light-testaceous, with fuscous spots and markings.

The body is cylindrical, black and shining, the last segment large and some-

what dilated, especially in the g. The forceps are, in the @, stout, the

branches contiguous at the base, dilated and flattened, but almost immediately

diveiging, forming a so ewhat elongate oval, the branches meeting a little

short of the apex, where there is a tooth, The branches are then contiguous

to the apex itself, where they decussate. In the Q the branches of the

forceps are cylindrical, and straight, contiguous, unarmed, the apices slightly

decussating,

The amount and depth of the coJouration varies very considerably, The

forceps are usually black, but sometimes brownish, and often covered with

golden hairs.

g 2

Length of the body......... ..23-28 mm....... 23-25 mm,

‘ ,, LOTCEPS.......6. Soll Oe arssemee ereeoe (OD

Pygidicrana marmoricrura, Serv., 1839, Orth., p. 20.

Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv., 51.

Scudd., 1876, Ent, Notes, V., p. 69.

(nec Dubr., 1879, Ann. Mus, Civ, Gen., xiv,, p.

351=P, finschi,:Karsch.),

Borm. 1900, Forf. 19.

Pygidicrana marmoricauda, Sharp, 1895, Insects, I, 215. (Cambridge Nat.

Hist.)

This species appears to be extremely common in Java, There is a specimen

in the Hope Collection, Oxford, labelled, “ Thwaites, Ceylon,” and I have

received from Mr, Green asingle female that I refer with some doubt to this

species, from Matale, VI., 97, from beneath loose bark on the stems of cocos-

trees,

Ae PYGIDICRANA NIETNERIT, Dohrn.

“ Yellowish-fuscous, the antenne, feet and pectus testaceous, the latter

with a dark spot in the middle of the segments; the head yellow markings ;

the forceps redcish, with a yellow spot at the base; hairy. Length of body

20, breadth 3, length of forceps 44mm,

Pygidicrana nietneri?, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent. Zeit., xxiv, 53, Borm, 1900,

Forf, 21.

Head brownish-yellow, the frontal and occipital sutures bright-yellow, as

also, parallel with these, two short stripes, like the underside and antenne,

The hinder border is slightly rounded. Pronotum longer than broad, with

parallel sides ; in the centre is a clear yellow furrvw, on each side of which

is a small dimple, brown, the narrow border clearer, with stiff hairs.

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 7

Scutellum broad, short, coloured and pubescent like the pronotum, Elytra

somewhat longer than the pronotum, uniform-brown, with stiff hairs,

Pectus bright-yellow, with a brown spot inthe middle of each segment,

Feet uniform-yellow, with long hairs, the first tarsal segment longer than

the third. Abdomen somewhat clearer than the elytra, especially the

hinder borders of the segments, clothed entirely with fine grev hairs; the

last dorsal segment is truncated in the middle of the hinder border, on the

sides strongly (ausgebuchtet), slightly puckered up at the corners, Forceps

straight, the underside flat and smooth, the upperside flat at the base,

keeled towards the point, hairy, toothed on the inner side as far as the apex,

reddish-brown, with a yellow spot at the base,”

Habitat.—Ceylon (Nietner, Dohrn, B. M.),

PYGIDICRANA CUMINGI, Dohrn,

This is one of the smaller species of the genus. The head is dark, with

a pale central spot; the pronotum is narrower than the head, oval, pale,

with two parallel pale bands, The elytra «re ample, with a black border

on each margin, broadest on the outside. The wings are not visible,

The feet are uniform-testaceous in colour, The abdomen is black, broadens

ing towards the apex, The last segment is large, each posterior angle being

furnished with a small warty ridge in the ¢. In the 9 theanglesare simple,

The forceps of the g are stout, the branches flattened and dilated, sub-

contiguous, with a stout tooth on the outer margin near the base, the inner

margin being unarmed ; near the apex the branches become more slender,

and are curved upwards; at the apex the points meet, but the branches are

curved asymmetrically, the left branch outwards, the right inwards, but

the left branch is curved inwards strongly at the apex itself to meet the

point of the right branch, In the 9 the branches of the forceps are stout

and flattened, but simple and unarmed, contiguous throughout their length,

decussating at the apex.

d ?

Length of the body...... 19°5-21 mm. 19-21 mm.

3 byt PROLEGP Shee iO seeceatseccuces 4

Pygidicrana cumingi, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxiv,, 54.

Borm, 1900. Forf, 21.

This species was described by Dohrn from specimens from Ceylon, where

it appears to be common. I have received numerous examples from

Mr. Green from Punduloya, There is one specimen in the British Museum

labelled “Ceylon”? The insect is adult in May, September to November,

and I have larve from June and July. It is to be found under stones,

loose bark, etc., and often comes in buildings.

PYGIDiCRANA ANGUSTATA, Dohrn,

I have not seen this species myself, and therefore give a translation of

Dohrn’s description,

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.

Reddish-black, the head marbled with yellowish, the antenne greyish,

a median line and the margins of the pronotum, the scutellum, the suture

_of the elytra to the base and a median spot on the elytra, the apices of the

wings, and the feet yellow, the femora spotted with black, the margins

of the abdominal segments reddish,

Length of body 17, breadth 23, length of forceps 3mm, ¢&.

Pygidicrana angustata, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv., 56.

Borm, 1900, For f. 23,

Habitat—Ceylon (Neitner),

Head with shallow sutures, yellowish-grey, marbled ; underside pale-yel-

lowish-grey ; antenne grey, with thirty-seven segments, Pronotum longer

than broad, the sides paralle!, brownish-black, the median line pale-yellow

with a narrow furrow ; near the hinder border the line is broadened out into

-a yellow triangle with a black central line ; the sides are yellow with a some-

what dilated spot near the shoulder, The body is bristly, Scutellum narrow,

elongated pale-yellow, Elytra somewhat longer than the pronotum, brown,

with a long yellow central spot, and the basal half of the suture is yellow,

Wings but slightly projecting, clear-yellow. Sternum yellow, with brown

spots on the centre of the segments, Feet greyish-yellow, femora with two

black stripes onthe anterior side, with one black spot beneath ; tibize with a

black ring at the base, and a black line in front, :first tarsal segment l:-nger

than the third. Abdomen brownish-black, clothed with silky hairs, with the

exception of the last segment ; this is shining, finely punctulated, the hinder

‘border convex. Forceps smooth beneath, keeled above, curved to the points

‘inwards, reddish-brown, with a yellow spot above at the base, Q in the

Berlin Museum.

The most noticeable point in this species is that the head is narrower

than the pronotum, The only other species in which this is so is P. liturata,

Stal., an African form.

PYGIDICRANA (?) DILATICAUDA (Motsch,)

Elongated, depressed, shining-black ; last ten antennal segments, the edges

of the abdominal segment, the forceps and cheeks more or less. reddish-

yellow ; head subtransverse, subbilobed behind, transversely subimpressed,

with three foveole ; fourth antennal segment equal to the third ; thorax

slightly. narrower than the head, somewhat elongated, depressed, anteriorly

with three faint longitudinal impressions, the hinder border arcuate, the

margin slightly sinuate in the middle, the sides slightly elevated, with a

distinct triangular scutellum, Elytra broader than the head, quadrate, pos-

teriorly excised triangularly at the suture, the shoulders rounded ; wings pro-

duced well beyond the elytra, coriaceous, shining-blackish, abdomen as broad

as the elytra, scarcely dilated in the middle, depressed, sparsely punctulated,

last segment broad, with a punctulation on each side, with a foveola in the

middle, at the hinder margin with two impressions and two tubercles ;

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 73

forceps a little longer than half the abdomen, laminiform, with a strong

tooth at the base on the inner margin, dilated into an angle in the middle

with three teeth, arched at the apex ; femora oval, stout.

Long corp. 3 1, lat. 3 1, long forcip, 3 1, Des Montagnes de Nura

Elia. |

Forfiscelia dilaticauda, Motsch,, 1863, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxxvi.,

3, pp- 3 and 4,

Lalia dilaticauda, Scudd., 1876, Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H.,, xviii., p. 319.

Platylabia dilaticauda, Borm. 1900, Forf, 75.

This species is totally unknown tome, Scudder places it in the genus

Labia, but the presence of a distinct scutellum shows nearer affinity to

Pygidicrana, as well as the: complicated and strongly toothed forceps. I

have translated Motschulksy’s description word for word, He does not

mention the sex,

de Bormans places it in Platylabia as a “sehr zweifelhafte Art” and con-

siders it related to Platylabia Major, Dohrn,

Dohrn makes no mention of it in his Monograph.

DIPLATYS, Serville.

Body more or less depressed, Hyes very prominent, Antenne with

15-16 (occasionally 17) segments, Pronotum narrower than the head, nearly

semicircular, the angles rounded. Scutellum small, Elytra ample, more than

twice as long as the elytra, obliquely rounded at the apex. Wings project-

ing well beyond the elytra, the membraneous folds showing at the suture,

the exposed part being about half as long as the elytra, Abdomen cylindri-

eal, in the @ dilated more or less near the apex. Second and third seg-

ments beariug a lateral fold, often difficult to distinguish. In the 9Q

the abdomen is attenvated nearer the apex, Forceps with the branches

short and simple, in the @ slightly dilated at the base, contiguous or

subcontiguous, unarmed, the apices meeting, In the female the branches are

contiguous, conical, short and unarmed.

Diplatys, Serville, 1831, Ann, Soc. Nat., xxii., 33, id., 1839. Orth., 50,

Borm, 1900, Forf. 8,

Scudd., Kirb., Burr.

Nannopygia, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxiv,, 60 (nec Kirb.)

Dyscritina, Westw., 1881, Trans, Ent, Soc,, London, p, 601, pl. xxii., fig. 1

Green, 1898, Trans, Ent. Soc. London, 381.

Cylindrogaster, Kirb. (partim),

This remarkable genus 18 not likely to be confused with any other, except

perhaps Cylindrogaster, Stal., from which it may be distinguished by the pre-

sence of the lateral folds on tH second and third abdominal segmenis,

I have not examined the type of Dohrn’s Nannopygia, but the description

of his N. gersteckeri corresponds exactly with D. longisetosa, Westw., and I

cannot refrain from regarding them as identical, Westwood described the

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

larva under the name Dyscritina, being unable to place it, owing to the extra-

ordinary caudal segmented set, which have since been explained by

Mr, Green’s observations,

Mr, Green’s work upon the life-history and development of the two

Ceylonese species has since become historic, and should be consulted by

everybody iuterested in the subject,

1, Colour red, varied with fuscous ............1. GERSTACKERI, Dohrn,

1, 1. Colour black, varied with brown-and-white......2. NIGR/CEPS, Kirb.

. DIPLATYS GERSTACKERI (Dohrn.)°

Colour reddish-testaceous, varied with brown, Head te-taceous, sometimes

darker anteriorly ; eyes prominent, black. Pronotum reddish, sometimes

varied with brown, Elytra red, with an occasional brownish pa ch in the

centre. Wings with the scale reddish, brownish on the outer border, Abdo-

men durker-reddish, shining, Feet testaceous: the tubercles of the second

and third segments are small and dificult to distinguish, Branches of the

forceps stout, simple.

LOng. COLpOTiS.......0.s0seeeseecee-seeee lO? 5-14°75 mm,

aS HOBSONS qpetwopanacnceosact cbosos Ail? Zi) mmien.

This species varies is colour froma uniform bright-red to a dull-brown

in colour; the elytra may be plain-red or dull-brown, The whole body is

pubescent.

Nannopygia gersteckeri, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent, Zeit, xxiv., p. 60.

Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 6¢.

Kirb,, 1890, Linn,, Soc. Journ, Zool., XXIII , p. 508

Borm., 1894, Ann. Mus, Civ, Gen, (2), xiv., 372, id.

1900, Forf. 11.

fa AR eS PU a DS es es

* As to the identity of Nannopygia gersteckeri, Dohrn, and Diplaty longiserosa, Westw., I

am indebted to Herr Dr Mobius, Director of the Konizl, Museum fiir Ndtaurkune of Berlin

for the following notes, made by Herr Dr. Kuhlgatz, of the same museum, Dohrn’s type of

Nannopygia gersteckeri is in the Berlin collection, “ Diplatys longisetosa, Westw., is very

closely allied to this species, but not actually identical with it. \annopygia gersteckeri

is entirely brunze-coloured with black eyes; in Diplatys longisetosa the head is black. The

forceps increas a little more in thickness from the apex t) the bas than in Nannopygia

gersteckert. The elytra of the latter are uniform in colour and broader ‘han in D, longise-

tosa, in which on the two posterior third of the elytra there isa long blackish shadow) streak

(at least in the two specimes in the Berlin Museum), Bh forms prob bly beléng to

one and he same ginus (?). In structure they scarcely differ at all.’

From this it will appear that I was perfectly justified in rejecting Dchr:’s genus

Nannopygia, as identical with the earlier Diplatys, but apparently the two s ecies are

disiinct, though very closely allied: it is possi le that t ey may !e dimorp ic forms cf one

species, v hich i doubtless moe r1 ss v riab e in size and colour.

De Bor ans se; arates them by the form : f the last abdominal segment, wh'ch is scuare

in Diplatys and scarcvly or not at all produced in Nannopygia; in the form:r the head is

narrower behind, the se¢ nd tarsal segment is broader in the latter, I still prefer to regurd

the two as one genus making .V. gersteckeri identical with D. longisetose and moving

N. dohrni Kirb, to Carcinophora, q. v.

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 75

Dyscritina longisetosa (larva), Westw., 1881, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 601,

pl) xxi, fig. 2.

Green, 1896, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 229, id,

ibid,, 1898, 581. pl. xviii, figs. 4, 5, 16, pl. xix.,

figs, 9—14,

Diplatys longisetosa, Burr,, 1848, Trans. Ent, Soc,, London, 388,

Borm. 1900, Forf. 10,

Patria-—eylon (Dohrn); Punduloya, Ceylon (Green), Ceylon (Thwaites

in coll. Hope.)

Mr, Green tells us that this species is:not uncommon in the district

of Punduloya; in the larval stage, at least, it is to be found under

stones, or under moss on rocks, or under loose bark on trees, It is

extremely active, and the adult insect flies by night, and may be taken

at light,

DIPLATYS NIGRICEPS (Kirb.)

General colour dull-black, palpi testaceous, Elytra slightly palerin the

@ than inthe @. Scale of wings blackish, shorter than in the last species ;

membraneous part ample, iridescent, Femora blackish, tibiz paler, blackish

at the base, tarsi paler, Abdomen, in the @, slender, dilated at the apex ; in

the ¥ shorter, attenuated towards the apex. Branches of tle forceps, ¢

simple, remote, gradually incurved to meet at the apex; of the @ simple,

straight, conical.

WOMSMEOLPOLIS eccwesesssos) O De sscctreavess . 7mm,

ER EOLCIDIS) sexesaccevcece te Deceaceccess bcos (be

Expanse of wings ......... 19.

Cylindrogaster nigriceps, Kirb., 1890, Linn, Soc, Journ, Zool., xxiii.,

507,

Diplatys nigriceps, Burr., 1898, Trans, Ent. Soc,, London, 389, pl, XVIII.

fig. 1—3 ; pl. XIX., figs, 6—8 and 15.

Borm, 1900, Forf. 11.

This species is quite distinct from the former, being very different in

colour. The two species may also be separated in the larval stages

by the colour; this species being considerably darker, with shorter caudal

sete,

Patria,—Hong Kong ; Bombay (Kirb., B.M.) ; Ceylon, Punduloya, Ceylon

(Green).

The type from Hong Kong has the pronotum varied with white.

PLATYLABIA, Dohrn,

Body strongly depressed. General colour bright-reddish-testaceous and

shining-black, Antenne with 10-12 oblong segments ; pronotum narrower

than the head ; second tarsal segment simple ; abdomen without the lateral

tubercles on the secundand third segments. Elytra and wings well developed,

7% JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Sides of the abdomen parallel. Branches of the forceps remote at the base

in both sexes, more or less depressed.

Platylodia, Dohrn, 1867, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxviii, 347,

Kirb,

Borm, 1900, Forf, 73.

Latidophora, Scudd,, 1876, Proc, Bost., X. c, N. H., xviii, 297,

Ent. Notes V., 37,

Scudder proposed to change the name of this genus, as there already exist-

eda genus Platylabus, Wesmiel, in Hymenoptera, 1845, but his suggestion

was not adopted, He still maintains that it is desirable.

This genus closely resembles Sparatta, and in the form of the

antenne it approaches Labia, but it may be distinguished from either

by the absence of the lateral folds on the second and third abdominal

segments,

PLATYLABIA THORACICA, Dohrn.

Head dark-red-brown, the antenne paler; pronotum yellowish-brown,

Elytra and wings black, well developed; sternum and feet yellow;

abdomen and forceps yellowish-brown, darker near the apex, the anal

segment with the hinder border straight; the pygidium in the ¢ is square,

with a small point in the middle ; the forceps are flat, straight, with a tooth

in the middle of the inner margin inthe ¢, curved gently in at the apex ;

the forceps of the Q are the same as in the @, but without the median

tooth,

In Dohrn’s description the forceps are ‘ deutlich zweikantig” onthe inner

margin, but Iam uncertain whether this may apply to the actual edges, or

to two projections,

Length of body, 4-5 mm, of the forceps 1-5 mm, (after Dohrn).

Platylabia thoracica, Dohrn, 1867, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxviii, 348,

Borm, 1888, Ann. Mus, Civ. Gen. (2), vi. 436, id.,

1694., op. cit, (2), xiv., 380,id., 1900. Forf, 73,

Labidophora thoracica, Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 61.

Habitat.—Ceylon (Nietner, Dohrn),

The specimens which I refer to this species are from Ceylon (Mus,

Brussels), and Punduloya, X.97, and V., 97, and Peredeniya, VI., 98, (Green.

in, coll, mea.),

The species also is recorded from Penang (Dohrn), Aru Is, and

Ternat (Durb), Burmah, Tenasserim (Borm,), Lombok and Java (coll, mea.).

I have seen no specimens which correspond exactly with the above des-

cription, which is taken straight from Dohrn, but have examined a number

of specimens which apyear to belong to this species, in which the head and

pronotum are both shining-black, The forceps are not exactly toothed on

the inner margin, but are slightly dilated about the middle, which gives the

appearance of two small teeth, The colouration of the head and pronotum

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. a0

is certainly very variable. The specimens which I have seen approach

nearer to Pl. gestroz, Dubr., except in size, I cannot regard them as distinct

from Pl, thoracica,

ECHINOSOMA, Dohrn,

Small, convex, pubescent, Antenne with nearly thirty segments, of which

the first and third are of equal length, and the remainder very short, scarcely

longer than broad. Pronotum barely as broad as the head. Elytra twice as

Icng as the pronotum, Wings well developed, Abdomen short and broad,

broadest in the middle. Forceps short, simple and incurved, almost semi-

circular; inthe @ straight, or gently incurved in the Q. Feet short, not very

slender,

Echinosoma, Dohrn,, 1863, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxiv., 63.

Borm. 1900. Forf, 26,

This genus may be recognised by the small, rounded, fully-winged, hairy

insects,

ECHINOSOMA PARVULUM, Dohrn,

Dark ; the mouth parts, segments 2 and 16 of the antenne, and wings

sternum and feet pale ; the wings have a dark spot at the apex, and the

femora and tibie are dark at the base. The body is covered with yellow-

ish pubescens, The head has the occipital suture very distinct, and is

blackish-brown in colour ; the antenne are dark with the exception of the

second and sixteenth segments which are pale ; pronotum dark with a pale

central line and pale sides. The elytra are about twice as long, and are

thickly granulated. Abdomen granulated and warty, dark-brown with

indistinct reddish-brown specks,

Length of the body 7 mm,

2 » forceps 1mm, 9,

Echinosoma parvulum, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxiv., 66.

Borm, 1900. Forf, 29.

This is the smallest species of the genus, and the only one known to occur

in Ceylon; I know of no specimen other than the type of Dohrn in the

Berlin Museum except one inthe B. M. The male is unknown,

PSALIS, Serv.

Body stout, antenne less than half the length of the body, with less than

twenty segments, the first segment as long as segments 4-5-6 inclusive,

Elytra and wings well developed. First tarsal segment equal to the other

twa. Abdominal tubercles absent. Forceps simple, somewhat stout, arcuate,

remote at the base in the @; in the Q stout, conical, subcontiguous,

incurved at the tip.

Psalis, (part) Serv., 189, Orh., 1831, Ann. Sci, Nat,, xxii,, 34,

Borm, 1900. Forf. 36,

This genus approaches more nearly to Labidura, It may be distinguished

by its shorter antenne and shorter, simpler ¢ forceps,

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

PSALIS FEMORALIS (Dohrn.)

Dark-brown; head black ; antenne fuscous or testaceous, very variable

in colour, with at least 16 segments. Mouth pale ; eyes black ; pronotum

chocolate-brown, very slightly narrower than the head, the anterior border

straight, t e hinder bor errounded. Elytraampie chocolate-brown, shining,

rou ded at the »pex ; wings projecting w ll beyond the elytra, of the sa e

colour, but slightly paler at the base and along the suture. Feet pubescent,

testaceous, sometimes ban ed with black, Abdomen dark-brown, not shining,

with extremely fine granulations; anal segment squarein the @, attenuated

in the Q Forceps, in the ¢, with the branches stout, not distant at the base,

flat beneath, convex above, reddish-brown, denticulated along the inner margin,

straight, slightly incurved at the apex, where they decussate; the right

branch is incurved considerably more strongly than the left, Inthe 9

the branches are stout, straight, subcontiguous their whole length, the

apices curved in and meeting. @ Q.

oe 2

Length of body....... ad0d000 Settee tL OAT eens es SOUND 9-11°5 mm.

Wength ior fOLcepsS.cesssssle teehee) aassconsectoee eee

Labidura femoralis, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent, Zeit., xxiv., 321,

Seudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 62. (nee Dubr,)

Psalis femoralis, Borm,, 1888, Ann, Mus Civ. Gen, (2). VI., 434, id, 1894,

op. cit., xiv., 378, id.,1900, Forf, 38.

Habitat.—Ceylon (Dohrn) ; Ceylon, 1872 (Thwaites, in Mus. Hope) ; Pun-

duloya, Galagedara, VII., 97 (Green, in coll, mea.).

Occu s also in Burmah \ Borm.)

Dohrn only describes the female, and the male has not been described

before. The colour varies to some extent in density, but the general

appearance of the insect is dark-brown, shi ng brightly ; the legs and

a tenue vary very considerably in colour, The insect referred to as Labi-

dura femoralis, Dohrn, by Dubrony, 1879, Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen., XIV., 353,

is really Nunnopygia dohrni, Kirb., q. v.

(Zo be continued.)

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA,

By Masor C. G. Nurs, 13TH BomBay Inrantry.

(With a Plaie.)

In my short paper on Sport and Natural History in Northern

Gujarat, published in Vol. XIIJ., No, 2, of this journal, I promised to

write a paper describing new species of Hymenoptera collected by

myself during the past four years. This promise I am only able to

partially redeem personally, as owing to the unexpected curtailment of

my leave to Hurope, I had not the opportunity of comparing my

specimens with those in other collections, I took home with me

some 38,JU0 specimens, the result of about 32 years collecting, and

among them it appears there were some 10 new genera, and over 100

new species. ‘The following paper contains, therefore, descriptions of a

few only of the new species contained in my collection, but it will be

followed by papers by Mr, P. Cameron, a well known authority on

Hymenoptera, describing the new genera and the remaining

species.

I have described below only species of the families dealt

with by Colonel Bingham in his Vol. I. of Hymenoptera of the

Fauna of India Series, which appear to be undoubtedly new,

Mr, Cameron’s paper will include a considerable number of new

species of the same families, as well as of Hymenoptera Tarasitica,

Tubulifera, &c.

‘Ihe present paper does not inciude the Apide, which will be dealt

with later on.

MUTILLA SONATA, 0. sp.

d Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and abdomen finely, median segment

coarsely, punctured ; eyes emarginate, three shallow groves on tke

front, each terminating in an ocellus; median segment rounded and

somewhat depressed posteriorly ; first abdominal segment rather short.

Jet black ; head, thorax, and legs with sparse greyish pubescence ;

abdomen with bands of tawny pubescence on apical margins of sezments

}-5 ; apical segment with black pubescence. Wings fusco-hyaline

tegulz black, nervures dark fuscous.

Length 11 mm.; exp. 16 mm.

Hapirat: Simla,

Nearest to M. déscreta (Cam.)

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

MUTILLA KALLALA, 0. sp.

& Head, thorax, including tegule, and first two abdominal segments

somewhat coarsely, remaining abdominal segments finely, punctured ;

head narrower than thorax, the portion near the ocelli somewhat

raised, eyes small, and not emarginate ; median segment rather short,

rounded; first abdominal segment long and sub-petiolate. Head,

scape of antenne, thorax, legs, basal portion of first, and the whole of

abdominal segments 5-6 black ; apical portion of first, and the whole of

second (sometimes also of third and fourth) abdominal segments more or

less orange red ; flagellum of antennee black variegated with red, above,

red below ; the head, thorax, legs, abdomen, and scape of the antenne

covered with a somewhat sparse greyish pubescence. Wings hyaline

at base, apical portions fuscous; the radial, cubital, and second dis-

coidal cells more or less hyaline ; tegulee black, nervures dark testaceous.

Length 12 mm. exp. 20 mm.

Hasirat: Deesa.

Near M. argenteomaculata, in A. a. 6”, of Bingham’s Key.

MUTILLA EKKA, 2. sp.

9 Head and thorax somewhat finely, abdomen very finely, punc-

tured ; head rather wider than basal portion of thorax, the latter

widening posteriorly ; first abdominal segment very short. Black, the

thorax and abdomen, especially the latter, with a dark reddish tinge,

the whole covered with a sparse greyish pubescence; second abdominal

segment with two lateral ovate spots of cream-coloured pubescence,

the spots diverging apically ; third segment with two smaller spots

of snow-white pubescence, converging apically.

Length 7 mm.

Hapsitat: Deesa.

In group C. of Bingham’s Key, forming a new section.

MUTILLA CHOTA, 0. sp.

Q@ Head and thorax closely and regularly, abdomen much more

finely, punctured ; head very large, rounded above, half as wide again

as thorax ; thorax rounded posteriorly, with a medial carina along

apical portion. Black, thorax bright red ; mandibles, scape of antennz

and front darker red; pubescence sparse, greyish ; two lateral spots,

converging apically, of somewbat sparse greyish pubescence or pile or

apical portion of second abdominal segment. .

CAPYC.S.NURSE.

_ Journ.Bomb. Nat.Hist.Soce.

West,Newman lith.

hiSwAy Gey SIMULTA.

ROM DE

MENOPTE

Jal\g

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA, 81

Length 5 mm.

Hasirat: Simla.

In group B of Bingham’s Key; a d’.

TIPHIA CONSCIA, 0. sp.

Q With the exception of the median segment, which is smooth, the

whole of the head, thorax, and abdomen are more or less punctured,

the punctures somewhat sparse and shallow except on the pronotum ;

median segment truncate posteriorly, with three longitudinal carine.

Black, apical segments of abdomen testaceous, pubescence white but

very sparse; forewing flavo-hyaline, hindwing clear hyaline, nervures

and tegule testaceous, stigma dark brown.

Length 7 ;

Hasrrat: Deesa.

This species comes nearest to T. hirsuta (Smith), but is a smailer

insect, and differs in the sculpturing.

TIPHIA NERVOSA, 0. sp.

6 The punctures as in Tiphia conscia, but it differs from that

species in the following respects : the tibie and tarsi are more or less

testaceous, both wings are clear hyaline, and the pubescence on the

apical portion of the abdomen has a golden tinge.

Length 8 ; exp. 12 mm.

Hasirat : Deesa.

Near to 7. conscia above, and it may be the ¢ of that species, but I

do not like to describe it as such without more evidence than identity

of habitat, as it differs considerably in general appearance.

MYZINE HORTATA, N, Sp.

@ Head and apical portion of mesonotum with scattered punc-

tures, pronotum closely and more deeply punctured, basal portion of

mesonotum smooth, median segment with very minute, and abdomen

with fine but somewhat sparse, punctures; a shallow groove from

between base of anteane to anterior ocellus, median segment with

a deep longitudinal groove, narrowing posteriorly, not quite reaching

the apex Black, with a sparse white pubescence, the spines on the

legs testaceous; forewing light flavo-hyaline, hind wing clear

hyaline, nervures and tegule dark testaceous,

exp. 10 mm.

Length 10; exp. 16 mm,

HABiTaT : Deesa,

$2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

This species is nearest to MM. clar¢pennis (Bingh.), and would fit

thus into Bingham’s Key.

a’ Median segment smooth and shining, with a short trian-

gular longitudinal impression at base ............clarépennts

b3 Median segment opaque, finely rugose, with a longitudi-

Nal LUELOW, iy tise; mid dle; waster deeusactaseacdeesl . hortata.

ScoLIA PILA, Nn, sp.

& Head, thorax, and abdomen somewhat sparsely punctured ; the

portion of the front between the bases of antenn raised, a deep

groove, widest posteriorly, from the anterior ocellus towards, but not

reaching, the bases of antennee ; median segment short, broad, and

truncate at apex. Black; the mandibles, except their tips, the

centre of the clypeus, the antenne, legs, and apical abdominal segment,

light red ; the clypeus, except the centre, a triangular spot above it,

the portion of the head round the eyes, the pronotum, lateral margins of

the mesonotum, the scutellum, postscutellum, and broad lateral maculee,

covering nearly the whole of the dorsal portions of abdominal segments

2—5 (sometimes also 1st segment), yellow, the ventral portions of

abdominal segments 2—5 have obscure yellow spots towards their

apical margins laterally; wings with two cubital cells, bright flayo-

hyaline at base, apical portions fuscous, nervures and tegule light red.

Length 10; exp. 20 mm,

Hasrrat: Deesa,

This species would come in Bingham’s Key near S, elezabethe |

(Bingh.), having antenne light red, but it is abundantly distinet, and.

has quite a different general appearance.

Pompitus PAUvLus, n. sp.

Q Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth ; clypeus short and broad, its

anterior margin slightly rounded, a deep groove from base of antennze

to anterior ocellus, scutellum much raised, long and narrow; legs stout,

anterior tarsi ciliated, intermediate and posterior tibie and tarsi spinose.

Head and thorax black, abdomen, femora, tibiae, and tarsi of legs bright

red, antenne dark red or reddish black; a line along both the inner

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 83

and outer orbits of the eyes, the posterior margin of the pronotum and

sometimes a spot on the scutellum, pale. yellow ; head and thorax

covered with sparse silvery pile, first abdominal segment with golden

pile ; wings hyaline, infuscated at apex, tegule red, nervures black.

Length 8; exp. 14 mm.

Hapirat: Deesa. 3 =

Nearest to P. acceptus (Bingh.).

PoMPILUS CERTATOR, 0. sp.

Q Head and thorax pruinose, giving it the appearance of being

very minutely striate, abdomen smooth ; clypeus transverse anteriorly,

head about twice as broad as pronotum, thorax narrow, median

segment long, depressed and roundly truncate posteriorly, first abdo-

minal segment subpetiolate, second ventral segment with a transverse

furrow, legs extremely long and slender, almost destitute of spines.

Black, the basal three abdominal segments red ; wings hyaline, forewing

narrowly infuscated at apex, tegule black, nervures testaceous, The

wings when seen in certain lights have a bluish tinge.

é Similar, the sides of the clypeus and front, a line on the pronotum,

a spot on the scutellum, and the apex of the median segment, yellowish

white ; anterior tibiee and tarsi, and intermediate tibie red.

Length 8; exp. 13 mm.

Hapirat: Deesa, ;

_, This species, having a ventral furrow on the second segment, comes

into the Ferreola group of Pompilide, near to P. pedestr’s (Smith),

POMPILUS ARRESTUS, N. sp. |

& Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth ; clypeus transverse anteriorly

its sides rounded, pronotum much depressed anteriorly, median

segment rather short, roundly trancate posteriorly ; lees moderately

stout, but not very long. Black, the base of the mandibles, sides of the

clypeus and front, a line behind the eyes, the apex of the pronotum,

a quadrate spot on the mesonotam, a smaller one on the scutellum,

and a band at base of second, third, and fourth abdominal segments

yellowish white ; the antenne and legs more or less red, tibial calcaria

of intermediate and posterior legs, and base of posterior tibie whitish,

Wings hyaline, narrowly infuseated at apex, tegule red, nervures

blackish. This species seems somewhat variable. One of my speci-

mens has the median segment covered with silvery, and the first

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V

abdominal segment with groyish, pile. The third cubital cell seems to

vary considerably in size ; in one specimen this cell is petiolate on one

side, and very much narrowed above on the other.

Length 7-9 ; exp. 12-16 mm.

Hasrrar: Deesa.

This species would come in Bingham’s Key after P. capztosus

(Smith).

PoMPILUs BRUTUS, 0. sp.

@ Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, clypeus broad, slightly

emargipate anteriorly, the sides rounded, eyes very slightly emarginate,

an impressed line from between bases of antenne t) anterior ocellus ;

pronotun short, its posterior portion slightly depressed, scutellum

much raised, median segment rather long, with a median longitudinal

groove posteriorly, first abdominal segment long, about half as wide at

base as at apex, intermediate and posterior legs stout and very long,

all tibiee and tarsi with minute spines. Red, the median segment,

posterior coxee, and base of first abdominal segment, black, the median

segment with sparse silvery pile; wings sub-hyaline, infuscated at

apex and across recurrent nervures, tegulee red, nervures black.

Length 12; exp. 22 mm.

Haprrat: Deesa,

POMPILUS CASSIUS, n. sp.

onteriorly, an impressed line from base of antennee to anterior ocellus ;

pronotum short, its posterior portion slightly depressed, median

segment long, rounded and steeply sloped posteriorly and transversely

striate, with a median longitudinal groove ; first abdominal segment

subpetiolate, with a transverse furrow ; legs long and slender, tibie

and tarsi sparsely spinose. Red, the median segment, intermediate and

posterior coxze, and extreme base of first abdominal segment black ; a

little silvery pile on coxe ; forewing sub-hyaline, hind wing hyaline,

both wings infuscated at apex.

Length 11; exp. 18 mm.

HABITAT : eocn:

PoMPILUS HORATIUS, n, sp.

& Resembles P. casscus, above, but is smaller, and differs as follows :

clypeus transverse anteriorly, median segment smooth and pilose, not

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 85

transversely striate, no furrow on second ventral segment, intermediate

and posterior tarsi black, except at base ; both wings hyaline, infuscated

at apex.

The three species—P. brutus, horatéus, and cassius —herein described

have a strong superficial resemblance, but in my opinion and that of

Mr. Cameron they are distinct. They would come into Bingham’s

Key as follows :—

A; ¢. a.

a’ Apex of scutellum incised in the middle ............horateus.

6° Apex of scutellum not incised.............0.s0ecer seee OrULUS.

a> First cubital cellule more than twice the length of

Second ; median segment not transversely striate. brutus.

6° First cubital cellule not twice the length of second ;

median segment transversely striate ...........c008 CASS2US.

CEROPALES JUDICATRIX, n. Sp.

2 g Vertex of head and mesonotum somewhat sparsely punctured,

median segment and abdomen slightly pruinose ; clypeus very slightly

concave at apex, the sides rounded ; head considerably wider than

thorax, pronotum anteriorly with two lateral tubercles ; scutellum and

postscutelluin very much raised, median segment compressed above,

rather wider at apex than at base, steeply sloped, with a deep median

longitudinal groove, the apex of the segment roundly truncate ;

posterior legs remarkably long, the apex of the femora reaching as far

as the apex of the abdomen ; eyes distinctly emarginate. Black ; the

labrum, clypeus and face below the base of antennz, the scape and first

joint of the flagellum below, the emarginations of the eyes, the tuber-

cles, the posterior margin of the pronotum, apical margin of scutellum,

the postscutellum, irregular apical bands, more or less medially inter-

rupted, on abdominal segments 1—4, and the apical abdominal segment

pale yellowish white ; first and second abdominal segments except at

apex, and the legs, red, the latter with a few pale yellowish white

markings ; antenne dark red below; wings hyaline, with a very

slight fuscous or flavo-fuscous tinge ut apex ; tegule red, with a yellow

spot, nervures black, reddish at base.

Length 6-8; exp. 12—16 mm.

Hastrat: Deesa.

- This species would come after C. Clartpennds in Bingham’s Key.

86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

GORYTES CAPITATUS, 0. sp.

Q Clypeus smooth, front sparsely punctured, thorax and abdomen,

more closely and deeply punctured, enclosed space at base of median

segment longitudinally striate; eyes slightly convergent below,

clypeus convex, transverse anteriorly, with a tooth at each angle

below ; a deep groove from the base of the antenne: to the anterior

ocellus, median segment sbort, rounded at apex, first abdominal

segment short, but not sub-petiolate, the margins of the abdominal

segments slightly constricted. Black ; the mandibles except at apex,

the clypeus, scape of the antenna, a line along the inner orbits of the

eyes, the apex cf the pronotum, sides of the mesonotum, the episternum,

scutellum and postscutellum, a large oval spot on each side of the

median segment, broad bands on the first, second, fourth, and fifth

abdominal segments above, and of second ventral segment, yellow ;

base of the first abdominal segment, and the cox, trochanters and

femora of the legs, red; tibieze and tarsi yellow at base, black at apex ;

wings hyaline, with a subapical fuscous spot, tegule red, nervures

reddish black.

Length 9; exp. 18 mm.

Hapitat : Deesa. .

This species would come in Bingham’s Key after G. amatorius

(Smith),

PHILANTHUS PUNJABENSIS, n. sp.

Q Head somewhat sparsely, thorax more closely, punctured ; base of

median segment and abdomen smooth and shining, clypeus bisinuate

anteriorly, eyes sub-emarginate, converging above, median segment

somewhat short, steeply sloped posteriorly, first abdominal segment

sub petiolate. Black ; the mandibles, except their tips, the clypeus

sides of the face, scape and first two joints of the flagellum of the

antenne, an irregularly oval spot on the front behind the bases of

the antennee (absent in some specimens), a spot behind the eyes,

a line on the pronotum posteriorly, a line on the seutellum (sometimes

the whole scutellum), the postscutellum, brosd lateral oval spots, some-

times meeting and forming sub-marginal bands, on first and second

abdominal segments, a narrow medially interrupted band on third,

and broader bands on fourth to sixth segments bright yellow ; legs with

the tibiae and tarsi yellow; the greater part of the coxz, trochanters,

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA, 87

and femora, black ; a little greyish pubescence on head and thorax and

on abdomen below.

Length 8—10 ; eap. 15—18 mm.

Hapitat: Ferozepore.

This species, which is very variable as regards the amount of yellow

in different specimens, is nearest to P. sulphureus (Smith).

PHILANTHAS SCRUTATOR, Nn. sp. _

2 6 Head and thorax closely, abdomen sparsely, punctured ; slypeus

arched anteriorly, eyes sub-emarginate, the bases of the antenne

situated in hollows, a very faint impressed line from between them

to the anterior ocellus, median segment with a median longitudinal

line. Black; the clypeus, except a large spot in the centre anteriorly,

the labrum, a broad mark along the inner orbits of the eyes below

their emarginations, a narrower line along the outer orbits, not

reaching the vertex, spots behind the base of antenne, a narrow line

from the anterior ocellus reaching about half way to the base of

antenne, a line on the pronotum posteriorly, narrowly interrupted

above, a spot on the tegulz, another below the base of the wings, the

postsecutellum, irregular oval spots on the lateral margins of first abdo-

minal segment, narrow subapical bands on the second, third, and fourth

segments above, and two large irregular macule on each below, pale

yellow ; flagellum of antennze at base, and base of first abdominal

seoment, red ; legs red, except the coxe and the tibie above, which

are pale yellow ; wings hyaline, with a faint fuscous spot at apex,

teculee red, nervures testaceous.

— Length 9 ; exp. 16 mm.

Hasitat: Deesa.

This species would come in ‘ A”’ section of Bingham’s Key, after P.

avedus (Bingh.)

CRABRO PULVERIS, 0. Sp.

@ Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, opaque ; enclosed space at

base of median segment with divergent striz ; head very large, an

impressed line from the base of antennee to anterior ocellus, a longitu-

dinal line bisecting the pronotum posteriorly, and continued on to

the mesonotum, petiole of about the same length as remainder of

abdomen ; clypeus, front, and cheeks with silvery pile, thorax with

very sparse greyish pubescence. Black; the mandibles, except

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

their tips, the scape and first joint of the flagellum of the antenne,

the pronotum posteriorly, two large contiguous spots on the scutellum,

lateral ovate spots on the first and second abdominal segments, and

usually the greater part of the fourth abdominal segment, yellow; legs

yellow above, red below ; wings hyaline, tegule red, nervures reddish

black.

Length 7 ; exp. 12 mm.

Hasirat : Deesa.

This species comes after C. brook? (Bingh.)

CRABRO PETIOLATUS, 2. sp.

Q@¢ Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, the two former opaque,

the latter shining ; an impressed line from tie base of antennee to ante-

rior ocellus ; median segment convex, narrowed posteriorly, with a few

longitudinal striz at extreme base, and a median longitudinal furrow ;

abdomen petiolate, first segment nearly as long as the rest of the

abdomen, its ap9x constricted ; posterior tibie very much dilated ;

clypeus and cheeks with silvery pile. Black; the antennz and tarsi

dark red ; wings hyaline.

Length 6-7 ; exp, 10-12 mm.

Haprrat ; Simla.

Near C. flavopivtus (Smith), but quite distinct.

CRABRO ASWAD, 0. sp.

gd Head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, the two former opaque, the

latter polished and shining ; an impressed line from hase of antenne

to anterior ocellus, median segment narrowed at apex, almost

triangular, with a few longitudinal strize at base ; abdomen petiolate,

the first segment much narrower than the second about half the

length of the remainder of abdomen ; clypeus, front, and median

legment with sparse silvery pile. Black; wings sub-fuscous, a

little lighter at base, nervures and tegule black,

Length 5; exp. 9 mm,

Haprrat: Matheran.

Next to the preceding species.

CRABRO TRADUCTOR, 0. Sp.

@ Head and thorax opaque, very minutely punctured, abdomen

smooth and shining; a narrow groove from base of antenne to

anterior ocellus, a median longitudinal impressed line on pronotum,

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 89

terminating ina slight incision at its apex ; enclosed space at base

of median segment smooth and shining, with a broad median furrow ;

abdomen petiolate, clypeus with dense silvery pile, thorax and median

segment below with sparse greyish pubescence. Black ; the scape of

the antennze below yellow; a line on the pronotum posteriorly,

the lateral angles of the scutellum, and ovate lateral spots on the

first, third, and fifth abdominal segments, red ; the mandibles rufo-

ferrugineous, the “knees” of all the legs more or less red; wings

fusco-hyaline, nervures and tegule black.

Length 11 ; exp. 22 mm.

Haprrat : Simla.

CRABRO EQUES, 0. Sp.

9 Head with minute scattered punctures, thorax opaque, smooth,

median segment longitudinally striate at base, abdomen smooth and

shining; vertex of head large, almost flat, the front steeply sloped

from the vertex, and forming an angle with it: an impressed line

from base of antenne to anterior ocellus, and another along the

centre of pronotum and mesonotum ; median segment rounded and

steeply sloped at apex, with a medial groove, abdomen subpetiolate,

first segment about half the length of the remainder of abdomen,

second segment narrower than the third ; posterior tibise very much

dilated ; clypeus with somewhat dense, cheeks and median segment

with sparse, silvery pile. Black; the anterior tibizw above, base of

intermediate tibis, first two joints of intermediate tarsi, and a spot on

posterior tibise at base above, yellow ; anterior tarsi testaceous ; wings

hyaline, nervures and tegule_black.

Length 7; exp. 12 mm.

Hasirat : Simla.

CRABRO SIMLAENSIS, 0. Sp.

9 Head and thorax minutely and closely punctured, abdomen

smooth and shining, clypeus bisinuate anteriorly, the central portion

projecting, a median impressed line from the base of antenna to

anterior ocellus ; median segment rounded, somewhat steeply sloped

at apex, longitudinally striate at base and sides, leaving a central

portion, divided into two parts by a median groove, smooth and

shining ; abdomen sub-petiolate, increasing in width to the third

segment, first segment less than half the length of the remainder of

qed

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

abdomen; clypeus and cheeks with dense silvery pile. Black; the

scape of the antennz, pronotum posteriorly, scutellum, anterior tibie,

and. base of intermediate and posterior tibiz, yellow ; mandibles and

tarsi more or less testaceous; wings hyaline, tegule dark red,

nervures reddish black.

Length 6 ; exp. 10 mm.

Aasrrat ; Simla.

These three species, which appear to be quite distinct, should follow

C. nitédus (Cam.)

MoNTEZUMIA GUJARATICA, 0. Sp.

Q Clypeus with minute and sparse punctures, head, thorax and

first abdominal segment closely and coarsely punctured, remaining

abdominal segments more finely punctured; clypeus convex, its

anterior margin notched; median segment concave posteriorly,

the sides produced; first abdominal segment with two small

tubercules on each side at base; head, thorax, and abdomen more

or less covered with sparse greyish pile. Black; two. spots on

the anterior margin of the clypeus, the scape of the antennz in

front, a spot between and just behind the bases of antenne, two

spots on the pronotum posteriorly, two minute spots behind the

tegulz, a line on the anterior tibie above, and the apical margins

of the first two abdominal segments pale yellow, or yellowish white ;

the mandibles, antenne beneath and anterior tarsi, more or less red ;

wings hyaline, a fuscous spot in the radial cell, tegule testaceous,

nervures black.

Length (to end of second abdominal segment) 9—11 ; exp, 16—18

mm,

Hasirat : Deesa.

This species should come after 1. burmanica (Bingh.)

ODYNERUS HOSPES, n. sp.

Q@ Clypeus with shallow and somewhat sparse punctures, remainder

of head, thorax, and first abdominal segment coarsely punctured, the

other abdominal segments minutely and somewhat sparsely punctured ;

clypeus deeply emarginate anteriorly ; a raised spot behind the base

of antenne, with a short carina connecting it with the clypeus ; two

parallel Jongitudinal impressed lines on the mesonotum, and one on the

cutellum, median segment with a deep groove, its sides rounded ;

NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN HYMENOPTERA. 91

first abdominal segment much narrower than the second segment.

Black ; the clypevs and scape of the antennz in front light yellowish

red, all the tibize and tarsi more or less light red; two spots on the

pronotum, and a narrow apical line on each abdominal segment darker

red, or reddish testaceous ; wings subfuscous, nervures and tegule

black.

Length (to end of second abdominal segment) 8; ep. 18 mm.

Hasirat : Simla.

Next to O. punctum (Fabr.)

ODYNERUS PUNJABENSIS, 0. Sp.

6 Head, thorax, and abdomen closely punctured, the punctures on

the second and (probably following) segments much shallower than those

on the remainder of the body ; clypeus very deeply emarginate

anteriorly, the projections on each side of the emargination form-

ing blunt teeth ; antenne set in deep hollows; thorax rounded

anteriorly, pronotum with a median groove, median segment with

a deep A shaped hollow, the sides rounded ; first abdominal seg-

ment much narrowed. Yellow ; the vertex of the head, the meso-

notum, epimeron, a broad line dividing the scutellum from the post-

scutellum, a narrow line dividing the latter from the median seg-

ment, the A shaped hollow, a subapical broad line on first abdo-

minal segment, the base and a median transverse band on the second

segment, the latter continued below, black; (the remaining abdominal

segments are withdrawn into the second in the type specimen, and

therefore cannot be fully described, their apices are yellow, the

apical segment being entirely black); flagellum cf antenne black

above, red below ; posterior femora red, except at apex; wings

hyaline, a faint fuscous cloud in radial cell, tegule yellow, nervures

black.

Length (to end of second abdominal segment) 5; exp. 11

mm.

Near to O. fistulosus (Saauss.) but a much smaller species,

Hasirat : Ferozepore.

In describing the Humenide I have followed Bingham in giving

the measurements to the end of second ahdominal segment only, the

remaining segments being generally withdrawn telescopically into the

second segment after death.

92 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATE.

1. Mutilla kallala ¢

2. + sonata @

3. 35 chota 92

4, i ekka 9

5. Scolia pila ¢

6. Myzine hortata

7. Philanthus scrutator @

8. 9 punjabensis 2

9. Pompilus cassius 9

10. ” horatius, wing.

JE -. certator 9

14, “ arrestus @

13. Crabro pulveris ?

14. » petiolatus 9

15. Ceropales judicatrix ¢

16. Montezumia gujaratica

THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN

POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES.

By Capt. F. Watt, I.MLS.

Wire Puates A, B, C & D.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 11th Dec., 1900.)

Perhaps no section of the study of snakes is of such universal

interest to those who have to reside in tropical countries as that

which deals with the distinctions between the poisonous and non-

poisonous varieties. Many who do not care to enter the subject of

ophiology deeply nevertheless show keen enough interest in this

particular direction, and I have been led to believe that some easy and

reliable guide, by which even those ignorant of the subject might

with certainty discover for themselves the poisonous nature or other-

wise of any snake, would be welcomed, and I have endeavoured in

this paper to supply this guide.

There have been at least 270 varieties of snakes hitherto described

as inhabiting India (with which is included Assam, Burmah and

Ceylon), and of these no fewer than 61 are poisonous, and this fact

alone must convey to any thinking individual the complexity of the

question, and serve to dispel a somewhat common belief that the

matter is an easy one which can easily be settled by a single: hard and

fast rule.

The methods adopted by many are full of fallacies, and I will point

out some of these.

1, Perhaps one of the commonest guidés in use and one con-

sidered by many an absolutely certain one is the presence or absence

of a fang. This test in the case of some of the larger vipers may be

a fairly easy point to determine, as the fangs are particularly large in

this class of snakes.

Fallacies.—(a) In many poisonous snakes with less developed fangs,

and especially in the Kraits (Bungarus) in which fangs are prover-

bially small, it is extremely easy to overlook them concealed as they

usually are to amore or less extent in folds of mucous membrane.

(>) In all the small varieties of the poisonous kinds with which I may

include the young of the larger species it is often a difficult matter

to see, much less investigate accurately, the characters of a supposed

fang. (c) It must not be lost sight of, too, that fangs may be broken off

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

as a result of accident, or even be wholly absent during the shedding

process which occurs periodically. (d) Certain harmless snakes,

notably members of the Lycodon and Dipsas genera, are peculiar

in haying in their maxille a lengthened fang-like tooth in the

identical situation in which a true fang is placed, and unless this be

broken off and carefully examined beneath a lens, it is often impossi-

ble to decide whether this is a solid tooth contained in the maxilla of

a harmless variety, or a grooved, or canaliculate one, the characteristic

lethal weapon of a poisonous species.

2. Another favourite rule which is applied by many, and one pro-

vocative of many erroneous conclusions, is with reference to the

presence or absence of a loreal scale.

Fallacies.—(a) Nowa very great deal of confusion has been occa-

sioned with regard to this scale by the fact that various writers on the

subject hold different views, and some regard asa loreal what others

of equal repute and authority designate by some. other appellation.

It follows, therefore, that where a difference of opinion exists in the

minds of experts it must necessarily be conveyed to the minds of

those who have had to acquire their knowledge in the first place from

works written by these experts. Jor this reason I have carefully

refrained in my appended key from making any allusion to the

loreal, though at the same time its significance with the aid of other

points has by no means been lost sight of.* (6) At best, the presence

or absence of a loreal, such as I have represented it in the footnote,

is an uncertain guide, as poisonous snakes are met with possessing a

* The median of three or more scales intervening between the eye and the nostril lying

above the labials in a more or less horizontal direction and distinct from any of the scales

situated on the crown of the head constitute loreals (see l. fig.8). If more than one scale

occupies this median position all are called loreals (see fig. 5). Should scales occupying this

position be a continuation of any scales from the top of the head on to the face as often

occurs in the whipsnakes (Driophis) they are not loreals (see I, Prf. fig. 4). Again, if only

two scales intervene between the eye and the nostril a loreal cannot exist (see figs, 1 and 2).

Where the nostril is situated in the middle of a scale (as in figs, 4 and 6) that scale must

always be counted in. It appears to me unreasonable to consider it possible for a loreal

either to touch the eye or the nostril as some authors describe, In the first case such a scale

has every claim to be considered a pre-ocular, and in the latter a nasal, and in both cases

the term loreal should be dise rage las a misapplication. It is inconsistent and confusing

to call identically situated scales, in one instance, a pree-ocular, and in another (only on the

plea of being somewhat lengtheved) a loreal. To simplify is the first step towards popularis-

ing a subject, to confuse on the other hand is to breed disgust and discouragement.

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Voi. xiii,

Dendrophis pictus €é 3)

R Te Jeyip Fr 2

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. xii,

Fig..5.

Fig.-6. Silybura brevis (x4)

Fig. 7,

oes

Trimeresurus gramineus es 1)

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. xiif,

Vertebrals,

Rostral

Parietal

Rave. a

Frontal

Pri. ........----Praefrontal S...-...--.--- Supraocular Gee Costals:

Internasa!

-Dorsals.

-Temporal

-Occipital

Ocr--

Ce)

LK)

ged from young specimen)

Naia bungarus (Enlar

; ? (DXi? () “i Kn iN

h Alri

UREN

(20

—

SEA

LES

Reed

Fig. 9.

Trimeresurus gramineus G ]

Fig. 16.

Bungarus caeruleus (x 2)

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. xiW,

SUD ese Subcaudais.

An. _ Anal Ven,..______ Vertrals

Tropidonotus piscator (x 2)

. C....Ant. chin shields M..__._...Mental

vu >

. €.._Post chin shields (27 eee Lower labials

POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES. 95

loreal, whilst others have none, and in the same way whilst the

majority of harmless snakes possess a loreal, many do not. It isa

character, therefore, when taken by itself, of no weight in one direction

or the other.

3. Other methods, such as shape of head, characteristic contour

of body and peculiarities of tail, etc., which some affect to be able to

judge by, are of still less value than the foregoing, and must lead

many, except those of more than ordinary knowledge of the subject,

into frequent mistakes,

4, A note of warning should here be offered to those who attempt

to learn to recognise snakes solely by their colour and markings, for

of all the methods employed this is perhaps the most faulty.

Fallacies.—(a) Even supposing the colour and markings were

invariably the same in the same species, it is highly improbable

that any ordinary man will carry away so perfect a mental picture

of these, that they would be of any use to him, say six months

later, when he happened to kill a somewhat similar specimen.

(>) It happens, however, that the colour and markings vary

considerably in different specimens of the same species. The young,

in very many instances, areso different from the adult as to pre-

clude the possibility from colour alone of being recognised. Even

adult specimens are often so different that various colour varieties in

many species have received special names. A snako before casting its

slough is often very different in appearance from what it is after this

process, when fresher and brighter hues and well defined marks

replace dingy colouring and obscure markings. Colours alter and

fade, some more than others, in spirit, and fresh specimens by com-

parison may appear very different. For the above reasons also even

the best coloured plates are of very doubtful value, for though they

may assist one very often, they undoubtedly mislead one at times.

Tt will be readily appreciated after the foregoing remarks that none

of the usual rules made use of are trustworthy, and that this bemg so

other methods must be sought if positive information is to be gathered,

and the only methods that will yield satisfactory results, and permit of

accurate conclusions being drawn, consists in a study of the arrange-

ment and variations of the scales of different parts. By the aid of the

appended outlines I hope to make this matter not only comprehensible

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

but easy. These methods have to commend them, firstly, the wonderful

constancy of arrangement of scales in individuals of the same species ;

secondly, the fact that reliable information can often be gathered from

badly mutilated specimens, by careful ablution, and restitution of the

parts, where other points, such as shape of head, presence of fang, etc.,

have been hopelessly crushed out of recognition ; thirdly, by pursu-

ing this course, one is equally enabled to identify a snake from its

slough alone, and acquaint oneself withthe nature of the tenants of

one’s bungalow and compound which may happen to shed their skins

there.

Before entering further on the discussion it would be as weil to

specify what snakes are here considered as poisonous and what harmless.

The 61 varieties of snakes that are incladed here as poisonous are all

endowed with a perfect poison apparatus, 7. e.(1) a gland in which

poison is secreted and stored for use ; (2)a duct to convey the poison to

the fang ; and (3) a fang situated in the front of the mouth furnished

with either a canal or groove through which the poison gains access to

the wound after penetration. Many of these snakes, it is true, even in

their mature form, attain such small dimensions that a fatal issue is not

likely to supervene from their bite in healthy adult man. In cthers the

poison has a comparatively moderate virulence, causing, perhaps, slight

or severe constitutional symptoms, but rarely or never death. Others

are of such rarity that the effects of their poison on man are as yet

little or unknown. One class of snakes which possess a poison apparatus,

and which are endowed witha fang situated at the dack of the mouth,

and whose bite is known to be harmless to man, is for this reason

excluded from the poisonous and incorporated with the harmless

varieties.

Perhaps it will be as well to consider first the characters by which

the commonest and most deadly of the poisonous snakes may be

recognised, and I will begin with the cobra. The technical names of

the scales hereafter mentioned will be easily understood by a reference

to the appended figures. .

Cobra—Naia tripudiaus (including the anocellate, monocellate and

binocellate varieties).

The majority of people, I have no doubt, think the identification of

a cobra an easy matter, but though it is usually easy to diagnose if

POTISGQNOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES, 97

seen during life, it is sometimes a difficult matter, and this arises

through basing one’s opinions upon the presence of a hood, or one of

the characteristic marks on the back of the hood (wiz., the spectacle in

the binocellate variety, and the saturnine mark, 2.¢., a black ellipse

round an elliptical black spot, on the monocellate variety).

Fallacies.—These creep in in many ways. (a) During life the hood

is seen in other snakes, viz., in the Hamadryad, Naza bungarus, and in

:ome harmless snakes. Most of these, however, can only dilate the neck

to a moderate degree, but one in particular, Pseudoxenodon macrops,

according to Giinther, dilates its hood to such an extent as to simulate,

and consequently be mistaken for, the cobra. (6) When a cobra is

dead the hood collapses and the neck presents 2 contour similar to the

rest of the body, and when the stiffness of rigor mortis has set in,

it is difficult and often impossible to detect the hood at all. (c) The

loose skin on snakes permits the neck being drawn out with ease in a

lateral direction, and one may imagine a hood to exist where in reality

none is present. (d) With regard to the characteristic marks on the

back of the hood above referred to, though usually one or other is pre-

sent, it is not unusual to find specimens with absolutely no mark at all

and many with marks modified, and hence misleading. { have myself

had ocular proof of these last three fallacies, which were demonstrated

to me unwittingly by intelligent men who had been years in India.

The only reliable means of recognising a cobra will be seen by referring

to fig. 1, im which it will be noticed that the pre-ocular scale (Pr.)

touches the inter-nasal (1). Compare fig. 1 with figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5.

This little point will distinguish this snake from all other snakes but

one, viz., Aylophis perroteti, some specimens of which share this

peculiarity. In Xylophis, however, there is only one pair of chin

shields, in the cobra there are two (as in fig, 13).

Hamadryad—WNaza bungurus vel Ophiophagus elaps, etc., etc.

This in its younger days might be easily confused with the meno-

cellate variety of cobra, and the same fallacies mentioned under cobra are

equally applicable here. The only certain test lies, in the presence

behind the parietals, of a pair of Jarge scales which are in contact

with one another (see Oc. fig. 8). In almost all snakes small scales

begin on the head immediately behind the parietals, One other snake

is peculiar in having large scales behind the parietals, viz. Aenopeltis

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

unicolor, but this can easily be distinguished by the parietal scales

being quite separated, and not in contact as in the hamadryad (see

Pa, fig. 8).

Kraits—(Bungarus).

There are at least six varieties of these poisonous snakes within our

limits, but as all these possess common characters by which they may

be separated from other snakes they had best be included together for

our purpose.

Probably more confusion exists with regard to identifying kraits

than over anything else. The characters as usually assigned to them

by the general public, wz. (a) being small, and (() killed in the

bungalow, I need hardly remark are insufficient! In the first place,

my longest common Indian krait (Bungarus ceruleus) was four

feet two inches, and I have seen askin measuring four feet six and-

a-half inches, but though specimens approaching these lengths are

not often met with, three feet and over isacommon length. Almost

any snake may come into the house at times, including tree snakes

and water snakes.

The points which separate these snakes from everything else are

the following :—

1, A row of enlarged, hexagonal scales down the middle of the

back (see fig, 10).

2, *A single anal scale (see An. fig. 11, and compare with

fig. 12).

3. }A round pupil (see figs. 1, 2 and 3, and compare with

figs. 4 and 7.)

All these three things must co-exist im the same specimen.

Many are aware of the hexagonal row of median back scales

(vertebrals) and still go wrong in their conclusions because they lose

sight of the fact that these must be distinctly enlarged as compared

with their adjacent back scales as well as being hexagonal. If this

* This scale, lying in front of the anus or vent, denotes the boundary

between the body and the tail.

+ In certain snakes notably “ Bungares ceruleus” and “Lycodon aulicus”’,

the iris is as black as the pupil and hence the shape of the pupil cannot be

discerned, Where this is the case the head should be immersed in any

alcoholic solution for an hour or two, This renders the lens opalescent and

the shape of the pupil is then readily discovered,

POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES. 99

sign is not present the snake cannot bea krait, if this is present

it may be a krait ; but since a few other snakes and harmless ones

share this peculiarity, notably Xenelaphis hexagonotus, many Dipsas,

some Amblycephalus together with Dendrelaphis and Dendrophis,

signs Nos. 2 and 3 must co-exist to clinch the diagnssis.

Vipers—

Fallacies of methods in common use. (a) The characters frequently

taken as a guide to differentiate these snakes and found in many books,

viz., triangular head, contracted neck, stout body, and short rapidly

attenuating tail, must prove uncertain guides to those unfamiliar with

these creatures. It is manifestly impossible for the ordinary man to

appreciate what neck is considered contracted, what body stout, and

what tail short, unless there are other specimens at hand with contrary

peculiarities with which to compare any given specimen ; (0) all these

characters may be found either singly or conjointly in other snakes

of a harmless kind, so that these guides must be considered as very

unsatisfactory. Vipers may be divided into two classes. One of these the

Crotaline, including twelve varieties, is very easy to recognise, be-

cause all the species are provided with an opening or pit in the side of

the face between the eye and the nostril (see fig. 7).

These vipers from this peculiarity are called “ Pit Vipers.”

The second class, the Viperine or true vipers, includes at least

four varieties, of which two are common. They are not quite so easy

to distinguish as the last, but may readily be recognised by—

1. Absence of large scales on the head (see fig. 9, and compare

with fig. 8).

2. Ventrals stretching right across the belly (see fig. 11, and

compare with fig. 12),

In all the harmless snakes that have no large head scales Zryz,

Gongylophis, etc., when laid on the back, a complete row or more,

of scales will be evident on each side of the ventrals simultaneously

(see fig. 12).

(N.B.—Xenopeltis is not one of these snakes, and this figure

is only given to illustrate this particular point).

The two vipers that share these peculiarities which concern us at

present are Russell’s Viper Vipera vel Daboia russelliz, etc.,

and the little Indian Viper Echis carinata.

100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

These may be distinguished by the former having the scales beneath

the tail (subcaudals) divided (as in fig. 12) and the latter undivided

(as in fig. 11).

For the sake of completeness I have framed a key by which all the

poisonous may be separated from all the harmless varieties, but care

must be taken in employing this to take each point in the sequence

therein laid down, or wrong conclusions will be arrived at, and it must

be distinctly understood that this key will only hold good so far as

the snakes of India and the limits referred to above are concerned.

A. Hye in a single shield (as in fig. 6.) ...... Harmless.

B. Bye surbeunded by many shields (as in figs. 1,

2, 3, 4 and 7.) .. Seon andovasetNecdonan

at, Tails yinaih Matteneee decal as

a”, Head with large scales fey ‘bo 5. , Poisonous.

Includes all the sea-snakes except one,

ZO WVATICUOS pictesiseselaciecsseei)-Wacisen)se

b?, Head with small scales (oe ie Oe Harmless.

The only exception to the rule that

sea-snakes are poisonous, viz.,

Chersydrus granuldtus v1.00 .c.e+e0e-

61, Tails round ‘or nearly round .;,.......+.

a”. A pit in face between eye and nostril

(as in fig. 7). Includes all the pit

vipers, “ Crotaline ’? 12 varieties. Poisonous.

b>, No pit in face between eye and

nostril, (See figs. 1, 2, ete.)\..-.02,6

a°. No large scales on i of head

(see fig. 9) ..

a. ‘Wea als bea (ee in “he. ‘LL.

Includes the true vipers

“ Viperinee*” 4 varieties ...... Poisonous. —

b+, Ventrals, so narrow as to allow

a complete row or more of

scales to be seen on each side

simultaneously when snake laid

on back (see fig. 12), Includes

the sand-snakes Liye and

Gongylopiiey sicdseesescscnantes Harmless.

POISONOUS AND NON-POISONOUS SNAKES,

oe.

at.

Large scales on head (as in fig. 8.)

3 scales or more in a kori-

zontal direction between eye

and nostril (see figs, 3, 4 and

5). Includes a host of

the commonest varieties

and constitutes one of the

most important rules. Hxcep-

tion 1, which for all practical

purposes may be ignored, wiz,,

Azemeops fee. Only one

specimen has hitherto been

recorded, and that from the

Kachin Hills, Upper Burma..

b*, Only two scales between the

eye and the nostril (as in

figs Wandl2) veswsseoneere ae.

a. Inter-nasalsin contact with

pre-oculars (as in fig. 1),

a°, Scales 13.—Count the

rows of scales from one

side of the ventrals

over the back to the

other side in the mid-~

dle of the body, 2e.,

exclusive of tail (as

shown in fig. 10.) ...

b®, Scales 19-23 (separates

GG} COWTH) sestera son ss ee

L®, Vertebral row of scales en-

larged and hexagonal,

(see fig. 10), and

round pupil (see fig. 1)

includes the Kraiis

(Bungarus), 6 varieties

6°. ‘Two large scales in con-

tact behind the parie-

tals, and parietals also

Harmless.

Poisonous.

101

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

in contact (as in fig. 8)

separates, Hamad-

ryad (Naia bungarus) Poisonous.

d°®, Scales more than 13—

count as before (as

shown in fig. 10) ....0. Harmless.

van wcalesml Sronllyeeeasasenctes

a°. 2 pairs of nn Shoe

(san) figs lo) ARC:

anidtere O)ercdcsueapeneee

a‘, Round pupil (as in

fig. 1). Includes

the genera Callo-

phis and Adenio-

POIOS race se stan ts Poisonous.

6°, Vertical pupil a

in fig. 7, but not

so pronounced, so

look carefully) ... Harinless.

6°, One pair of chin shields

only ae with

fig a pls) es. BHA Harmless.

Before closing these remarks I comuil Tet out that fright will

produce symptoms so serious, and so closely resembling the toxic effects

of snake poison that even medical men may find it impossible to say

how far the condition of collapse is due to fright or poison, and there-

fore should the key lead one to the opinion that a harmless snake has

inflicted a bite and serious symptoms ‘supervene, it must not be

taken that the key has misled. I have known -several instances of

this kind, in the most notable of which a man bitten by a Tropidonotus

piscator, or common paddy field snake, at 7 a.m. on the morning of

the 9th June, 1899, at Rangoon, shortly became moribund, and

remained so till about 12 noon on the 10th June (17 hours). The snake

was captured alive and identified by me, and the man as was to be

expected, recovered.

Honaxona, 4th November 1900.

103

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,”

SERIES II, PART V.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, Bart, F.Z,S., F.E.S.

(Continued from page 591, Volume XIII.)

Sub-family Nonna,

KEY TO THE GENERA,

A. Forewing with veins 7°8 stalked,

a. Forewing with veins 9°10 absent,

a’, Hindwing with vein 5 from lower angle of

Colle ecco tansers seeswecesrcescteee seuscaronies Neonola,

6’. Hindwing with vein 5 from well above angle

of cell or middle of discocellulars,

a>, Forewing with veins 3°4 stalked ......... Pisara,

b?, Forewing with veins 3°4 from cell ...... Celama.

b, Forewing with vein 9 absent; 10 stalked

with 78,

a’, Hindwing with vein 4 absent,

a*, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 after 10... Pwcilonola,

6?, Forewing with vein7 from 8 beforel0 Nola,

6’, Hindwing with vein 4 present.

a’, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 after 10... Melanographia,

b?, Forewing with vein 7 from 8 before 10, Dialithoptera,

c, Forewing with veins 9°10 present.

a1, Forewing with vein 10 stalked with 78:9 ... Reselia,

b*, Forewing with vein 10 from the cell .......... Zia,

B, Forewing with veins 8-9 stalked, 7 from cell,

a. Forewing with vein 10 absent ....ss.sscstecsrvessseeee Melaleucia.

b, Forewing with vein 10 from the cell .........00. «.. Pexinola.

Genus NEONOLA.

Type.

Neonola, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., II. P. 41900). mesosticta,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending about the length of

head and thickly scaled above and below, the 3rd joint short; frons with

projecting tuft of scales; antennz of male ciliated, the basal joint with

tuft of scales, Forewing with veins 3-4 stalked; 5 from angle; 6 from

upper angle ; 7°8 stalked ; 9°10 absent; 11 free, Hindwing with veins 3 and

5from angle of cell, 4 absent; 6°7 from upper angle; 8 from middle of

cell,

Neonola mesosticta, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., II. p. 4 (1900).

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Grey,more or less suffused with white; head whitish. Forewing with

brownish patch at base of costa bound-

ed by a short dark antimedial line from

costa ; a tuft of dark scales at middle of

cell with a line from it to inner margin,

angled below the cell; a triangular

brown spot on middle of costa with some

Neonola mesosticta @ 3. dark scales on its inner edge and witha

more or less prominent dark waved line from it to inner margin, angled on

vein 2; the postmedial line waved from costa to vein 2 where it is obtusely

angled, then oblique, a diffused patch of brownish suffusion beyond it from

middle to apex ; an irregularly dentate subterminal line, Hindwing whitish,

suffused with fuscous, especially towards costa and apex,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7000! ; Ceylon, Pattalam ; Borneo, Sandakan ; Pulo Laut,

Exp. 16 mill,

Genus PISARA,

Type.

Pisara, W\k., Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool., VI., p. 117 (1862) ............ opalina,

Necla, Wik,, XX VII, p. 99 (1863).

1519, PisARA OPALINA, WIk., Journ,

7 ; Linn, Soc, Zool., VI., p. 118 (1862) ;

Swinh., Cat, Het, Mus. Oxon., p, 131,

pl. 4, f. 14,

Pisara opalescens @ 2.

Necla canioralis, W1k., XX VII, p. 100 (1863),

Nola basimicans, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., IT., p. 189 (1894).

Habitat—Burma ; Borneo,

Genus CELAMA,

Type.

Celamm, Wik., XOX, py, 500864) eeeccscc-ccactonestasecens scebonbo bifascialis,

‘Aradrapha, Wik., XXXIV, 1182 (1865).

Epizeuctis, Meyr., Trans, Ent, Soc., 1889, p. 463.

Deltapterum, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., IT., p. 138 (1894).

Sect, I. Antenne of male pectinated.

A, (Deltapterum). Forewing of male with elongate foveal depression in cell ;

hindwing with fold on inner area containing a tuft of hair, the tornus pro-

duced to a point.

1518. CELAMA PEGUENSIS, ;

B. (Epizeuctis). Hindwing of male with patch of rough scales on under- ;

side at tourns,

1528, CrLAMA INTERNELLA, WI1k., XXXI. (1864).

Reselia pascua, Swinh,, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 293, pl. 20, f. 6.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 105

Habitat —Natal ; Formosa ; Bhutan ; Calcutta ; Bombay ; Nilgiris ; Ceylon }

Borneo ; N. Guinea ; N.S. Wales, Hap, 16—18 mill.

C. (Celama). Wings of male normal.

a. Forewing with broad black medial band

angled at middle and conjoined to a wedge-

shaped patch on terminal area.

a1, Forewing with the medial band arising

from base of Costa.......c00e0 -s.cesesseees. 1532, lativitiata.

b’, Forewing with the medial band arising

from costa near middle ....,,..0sesseseeene - 1534¢. tesselata.

b, Forewing rufous from near base to the sub-

LOLININ als INC) eessseseeossccse/feceras)icecieccceteets rufa.

c, Forewing with brown and on inner aide “of

postmedial line ...... BosEe Cecdos isomoharocnnaech 450 1520, teniata.

d, Forewing with erect medial band and no

wedge-shaped patch on terminal area . ... 1538, encausta.

e. Forewing without medial band.

a‘, Forewing with large oblique eliptical

brownish antemedial and medial costal

stigmata.

a”, Forewing with black points on the post-

medial line and prominent spot at vein 2.

a*. Forewing with the antemedial line

angled on median Nervure ....es....-s 1530. fasciata.

b*, Forewing with the antemedial line

angled below median nervure......... 1529. tumulifera,

b°, Forewing without black points and spot

on the postmedial linc ...... - spocccoeoncac disticta,

b'. Forewing without large oblique brown

antemedial and medial stigmata on costa,

a”, Forewing with the antemedial line

strongly defined by black......... Meececeas 1526, astigma.

b?, Forewing with the antemedial line not

defined by black,

a*, Forewing with the small blackish

tufts of raised scales in cell on ante-

medial line and at upper angle.

a*, Forewing with the postmedial line

COMLIMMUOMSecesessescessere watever secsee 1539, cingalesa,

b+, Forewing with the postmedial line

double and punctiform .........006 duplicilinea,

6%, Forewing without tufts of. black:

Beales mmrcelly, WizAiscccrdsccaecvehaceras sts streptographia.

106 JOURNAL, BOUBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

1534f, Celama rufa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M., II. P. 8, pl. 18, £, 2

_ (1900).

_ *&. Head, thorax and abdomen white, palpi at sides, pectus, legs and

abdomen tinged with rufous. Forewing white, rufous from near base to the

subterminal line ; the tufts of scales very large and tipped with white ; some

fuscous suffusion below cell on medial area ; a black point above the tuft at

upper angle of cell ; the postmedial line white, erect, slightly excurved at

middle; the subterminal line trisinuate with some black in its upper sinus

and large black patches in the two lower ; the terminal area white with

some black at middle; the cilia fuscous. Paine pale-fuscous, .whitish

towards base and costa, “ty

| Habitat —Ceylon, Pundaloya (Green), jet 16 mill.

1520, CELAMA TANIATA, Snell,, Tijd. v. Ent., xvii, p. 65, pl. 6, £.1 (1874),

Nola candida, Butl, 1l.:Het B, M. IIL p. 9, pl. 43, f, 3 (1879).

Reselia fragilis, Swinh., Trans, Ent, Soc., 1890, p. 184.

Sorocastia mesogona, Lucas, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W. (2), iv,p. 1075

(1890).

Habitat,—Japan ; China ; Punjab ; Ceylon; Burma ; N.S. Wales.

1538. CELAMA ENCAUSTA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p.8, pl. 18,

£. 3 (1900),

Rhynchopalpus fasciatus, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., IL., p. 144 (nec, WIk.).

Habitat,—Sikhim ; Naga Hills,

1530. Crnama FasciaTa, W1k., XXXV, 1903 (1866); Swinh., Cat. Het.

Mus, Oxon, p. 99, pl. 4, £. 20.

. Nola nigrifascia, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., II., p. 141.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Nilgiris ; Ceylon ; Borneo ; Sula.

1530a. CrLAMa vbIstTicTA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M., IL, p. 11, pl. 18;

f, 5 (1900). Ane

&. Grey ; head and tegule white ; genital tufts ochreous. Forewing with

oblique eliptical brown antemedial and medial stigmata on costa, the former

with the oblique fuscous antemedial line from it to inner margin ; the post-

medial line excurved from below costa to vein 2 on which it is angled

inwards ; an irregularly sinuous subterminal line. Hindwing white, tinged ~

with fuscous towards termen,

Habitat—Bhutan, Ceylon. Ezp, 16 mill,

15300, CELAMA DUPLICILINEA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 12,

pl. 18, £. 8 (1900).

Grey ; head and thorax slightly irrorated with fuscous; abdomen tinged

with fuscous, Forewing slightly irrorated with fuscous and tinged with

brown to the postmedial line ; a blackish antemedial line strongly angled on

median nervure; tufts of brown scalesat middle and end of cell ; a double

punctiform black postmedial line, excurved from below costa to vein 2

where it is angled inwards ; an irregularly sinuous subterminal line strongly

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 107

bent inwards to costa and with slight black streaks on it at the veins, Hind-

wing whitish, tinged with fuscous towards apex ; a discoidal point.

Habitat—Sikhim, 7000’. Exp, 22 mill.

1530c, CELAMA STREPTOGRAPHIA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., IL, p.

13, pl. 18, £. 10 (1900).

@. Head whitish ; palpi and antennz brown and fuscous ; thorax whitish ;

tegule and meta-thorax brown irrorated with fuscous; abdomen whitish.

Forewing whitish, largely suffused with brown and irrorated with black ; the

costal area brown to beyond middle ; a fine black line from vein 5 beyond

the cell to origin of vein 2 where it is angled, then to inner margin; an

oblique postmedial series of black points bent outwards between veins 5 and

2; the terminal area suffused with fuscous except towards apex ; traces of an

irregular subterminal line.. Hindwing white tinged with brownish towards,

apex,

Habitat——Ceylon, Puttalam. Lzp. 14 mill,

Sect. II. (Aradrapha). Antenne of male with fascicles of cilia.

A. Forewing with prominent blackish band or suffusion on inner side of

postmedial line,

a, Forewing with antemedial dark wedge-shaped band from costa,

a’, Forewing with the whole area between

the ante- and postmedial bands filled

in With fUSCOUS .......00..0000 Sng) Ho0ce vaveeolD21, erythrostigmata,

6’, Forewing with whitish area beyond the

antemedial band ...........2. aecenedases wel541, lucidalis,

b, Forewing without antemedial wedge-

shaped band,

a, Forewing suffused with fuscous from

base to the postmedial line...........000 suffusa.

6}, Forewing with band of black suffusion

before the postmedial line ......... Seeee mesomelana,

B. Forewing without prominent blackish band on

inner side of postmedial line,

a. Forewing with large fan-shaped medial

and postmedial tufts of scales ............ 1534a, marginata,

b. Forewing with the tufts of scales small.

a’, Forewing with the tufts of scales at

middle and end of cell placed at ex-

tremities of more or less distinct ob-

lique costal spots,

a®?. Forewing with the antemedial line

strongly defined by black.......0.00001525. angulata,

b?, Forewing with the antemedial line

not strongly defined by black,

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

a®, Forewing with the postmedial line

CUILING Ap ser se heeeaceeesnciesneeneees eee Sraterna.

b°, Forewing with the postmedial line

punctiform,

a*, Forewing with the postmedial line

very oblique towards costa...-,. * cretacea,

b+, Forewing with the postmedial line

slightly bent inwards to costa... squalida,

b', Forewing without oblique costal spots

at middle and end of cell.

a’, Forewing with the postmedial line

strongly excurved from below costa

to vein 3,

a*, Forewing with the ground colour

brownishiseesiccsetehscsesaleresssetosces LODOL suicicumar

b*, Forewing with the ground-colour

TMS GO OoresceS500¢ Neo raes bite rceoccains polia,

b?, Forewing with the postmedial line

angled at middle...... cara Gua uee Nees pheochroa,

1521, CELAMA ERYTHROSTIGMATA,

1541a. Pisara mediozonata.

Habitat.—Bhutan ; Naga Hills ; Borneo.

1541, CELAMA LUCIDALIS.

Nola dimidiata, Snell., Tijd. v. Ent., xvii, p. 66, pl. 6, f. 2 (1874).

Habitat,—Ceylon ; Borneo ; Java.

1520b, CeLaMA surFusa, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B, M., II. p. 18, pl. 18, £,

13 (1900).

Fuscous grey ; head and thorax irrorated with black ; palpi blackish at

sides ; tuft on basal joint of antenne black ; abdomen tinged with fuscous.

Forewing strongly suffused with black to the postmedial line and irrorated

with a few leaden scales, especially at end of cell; slight tufts of scales near

base and at middle and end of cell; the postmedial line oblique from costa

to vein 4, then strongly incurved ; the terminal area irrorated with black and

brown and with traces of an irregularly waved subterminal line. Hindwing

pale-fuscous,

Habiiat,—Sikhim, 7000’, Hap, 18 mill,

1520c. CELAMA MESOMELANA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal, B, M., IT. p. 19, pl.

18, f, 14 (1900),

&. Head and tegule white ; thorax and abdomen brownish-white, Fore-

wing brownish-white ; a medial black band suffused with silvery leaden-grey

scales, bounded by the ante and postmedial waved lines, the former angled

in cell, the latter bent outwards from below costa to vein 3, traversed by a

waved medial black line and with tufts of scales on it at middle and end of

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 109

cell ; an irregularly sinuous subterminal fuscous line ; termen brown expanding

towards apex and with some white spots on it, Hindwing white with

fuscous discoidal spot.

Habitat—Sikhim, Ezp, 20 mill,

1525a. CELAMA FRATERNA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 393.

Sorocostia desmoter, Turner, Trans. R, Soc. 8, Austi, 1899, p. 15,

Hab. Simla ; Kulu; Kangra ; Ceylon ; Queensland, zp, 14-16, mill.

15256, CELAMA CRETACEA, Hmpsn, A, M. N, H, (7), viii, p. 177 (1901),

2 White tinged with reddish brown; palpi rufous at sides; tarsi banded

with rufous, Forewing with the costal edge towards base and some spots

on costa rufous; the tufts of scales rufous; a fine dark antemedial line,

angled outwards to the tuft in middle cf cell, then sinuous; the postmedial

line punctiform, bent outwards below costa, acutely angled outwards at vein

4, then strongly incurved ; an indistinct irregular subterminal line, angled

outwards at vein 6 and excurved at middle. Hindwing white slightly tinged

with brown towards termen, Hab. Bombay. LEzp, 14 mill,

1531, CaLama squaLipa. Stand, Bqrl. Ent, Leit. XIV, p, 102 (1870), Mill

Scar Lep, IIT, p. 407, pl. 150, ft. 15-16.

Nola pumila, Snell,, Tijd, v. Ent,, xvii, p. 68, pl. 6, £, 4 (1874).

Nola musculalis, Sanlm, Ber., Senete, Gis., 1879, ». 261, (1880), id. Lep.

Madag. I. p. 171, pl. 6, f. 85.

Nola spreta, Butl., P. Z. 8., 1880, p. 671,

Sorocostia tetrophthalma, Meyr., Trans, Ent. Soc., 1889, p. 463,

Nola minuta, Hmpsn., M. Het. B, M.,-viil, p. 48, pl. 139, £. 14 (1891).

Nola van hasselti?, Heyl. C. R., Soc. Ent, Belge. XXXVI, p. 44 (1892),

Nola ceylonica, Hmpsu, Il., Het. IX. p, 88, pl. 158, £, 13 (1893), id. Moths,

Ind., IL, p. 141.

Nola hampsoni, Kirby, Cat, Het., p. 376 (1893),

Habitat—Spain ; Syria; W. Africa; Madagascar; Japan; Shanghai :

Formosa ; Sikhim; Khasis ; Bombay ; Nilgiris ; Burma ; Borneo ; Celebes ;

N, Guinea ; Australia ; Tonga,

1523, CrLAMA SIKKIMA, Moore, Lep. Alk,, p. 287.

Nola confusalis, Hmpsn, Moths, Ind., II., p. 140 (mec. H. 8.)

1523a, CxELAMA POLIA, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal, B, M., II.,p. 28, pl. IG) ais, DP)

(1900),

Greyish white ; palpi tinged with fuscous at sides ; tarsi ringed with

fuscous, Forewing irrorated with pale-fuscous ; some black points on costa ;

small tufts of fuscous scales at middle and end of cell ; a punctiform black

postmedial line strongly bent outwards from below costa to vein 3, then

incurved and with traces of a line parallel to its inner edge; an irregular sub-

terminal line angled outwards below apex and at middle ; obscure fuscous

spots on termen and cilia. Hindwing‘ white, tinged with fuscous towards

apex ; a discoidal point.

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7,000’. Exp. 18-20 mill.

15236, CrLAmMA PH@ocHROA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 29, pl.

18, £, 24 (1900).

- 9, Grey ; head and thorax strongly irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen

banded with fuscous, Forewing irrorated with fuscous ; a diffused blackish

patch at base of costa ; small tufts of blackish scales near baseand at middle

and upper angle of cell ; an oblique antemedial series of black points arising

from a blackish patch at middle of costa ; then oblique and ending ina

blackish patch on inner margin connected with a patch on costa by some

obscure points ; an irregularly sinuous subterminal line with slight dark

streaks on it at the veins ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white

tinged with fuscous towards apex,

One specimen is more evenly suffused with fuscous.

Habitat—Sikhim, 7,000’ ; Java, Mt. Arjuno, Exp. 21-23 mill.

Genus Nota.

Type.

Nola, Leach, Edinb, Encycl., IX., p. 135 (1815).......00.ce0ee cucullatella.

Dimona, WI1k., XV., 1650 (1858) .....csessecseersorsercescereeres porrigens.

Selea, W1k., XXXIV., 1218 (1865) ........c.seseesceseenseeees -. latifascialis.

Tribunta, W1k., XXXIV., 1506 (1865) «20... ceeeresceereenes scabralis.

Rhynchopalpus, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., IT., p, 142 (1894)...... argentalis,

Sect. I. (Selca), Antenne of male bipectinate with

long branches, simple towards apex.

A, Forewing with the ground colour red-brown

strongly suffused with fuscous to middle, 1534e. tenebrosa,

B. Forewing with the ground colour greyish.

a, Forewing suffused with red-brown to the

postmedial line ; black streaks on veins

and an oblique fascia above inner margin. loxoscia.

b. Forewing with reddish-brown suffusion

before the postmedial lime and on

CETMEN .ee..sreeee Stednbe eaooooecdoas0608 ee... 1537. brunella.

c. Forewing without red-brown suffusion.

a}, Forewing with the ante and postmedial

lines represented by prominent oblique series

of black spots ......+eeseen- Badonciscokosdanocd 1524a punctilineata.

b}, Forewing with the lines continuous or puncti-

form.

a?, Forewing with blackish subbasal and

medial patches on costa.

a*, Forewing with the blackish patches

subquadrate, large.

a*, Ground-colour dark fuscous grey ..... phe,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 111

6. Ground-colour without grey.

a°®. Forewing with the postmedial line

continuous, dentate, Exp. 36 mm. 1535 argentalis.

b°, Forewing with the postmedial line

punctiform, Hxp. 24 mm, ......... Pauses melanota,

b*, Forewing with the blackish patches

subtriangular, smaller,

a*, Forewing without black spot on inner

margin at postmedial line ...... .. 1533, distributa.

b*. Forewing with black spot on inner

margin at postmedial line ..... peace ... tristicta.

b?, Forewing without blackish patches on

GOSUEE Gbodaosoced jodinesSoetecserciescccse 15346, microphasma.

1534h, Nota Loxoscia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., II. p., 33, pl., 18, f.

33 (1900),

Head and thorax pale reddish-brown; palpi blackish at sides; tegule

and metathorax with black bands; metathorax with black patch; abdomen

fuscous with dark dorsal tuft at base. Forewing pale suffused with red-

brown to the postmedial line ; small tufts of scales near base and at middle

and end of cell ; the subcostal and median nervures and bases of veins 3°4

streaked with black ; an oblique black shade from vein 2 to inner margin

before middle ; the postmedial line reduced to acurved series of black points ;

an interrupted irregularly sinuous subterminal line strongly retracted to

costa ; the termen rufous. Hindwing whitish suffused with fuscous towards

termen, especially in female.

Habitat,—Sikhim, 7000’, Ezap. 22 mill,

1533a. Nowa pHeA, Hmpsm, Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M,, IL., p. 35, pl. XIX. f, 2

(1900).

@ Greyish fuscous irrorated with black, Forewing with blackish patch at

base of costa ; traces of a curved antemedial line ; are ill-defined subtriangular

blackish patch on middle of costa; an indistinct oblique postmedial line,

dentate between veins 5 and 2; traces of a sinuous subterminal line,

Habitat,—China, Ichang ; N. W. Himalayas, Kulu. Exp. 20-24 mill,

_ 15354. Nowa MELANora, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep.: Phal. B, M., IL,, p. 35, pl. 19,

£, 3 (1900).

Head and thorax white, palpi blackish at sides, meso- and meta-thorax

with black patches; abodmen tinged with fuscous, Forewing greyish-

white irrorated with some silvery scales, the medial area tinged with brown;

small tufts of black scales near base and at middle and upper angle of cell ;

large blackish patches on costa near base and at middle and on inner margin

at the postmedial line ; a minutely dentate antemedial black line angled

inwards on vein 1; the postmedial line punctiform, curved, angled inwards

on submedian fold, then with obscure line parallel to its inner edge ; an

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

indistinct irregularly sinuous subterminal line with some slight black streak,

on the veins at middle ; termen suffused with fuscous with a series of black

points ; some fuscous spots on cilia, Hindwing white, tinged with fuscous

towards termen, especially in female.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7000’; Khasis, Hap, 22-24 mill,

1533, NoLA DISTRIBUTA, W1k., Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool., vi, p. 113 (1862).

Nola major, Hmpsn., M. Het. B, M., viii, p. 48, pl. 139,13 (1891).

Habitat.—Shanghai ; Sikhim ; Bhutan; Calcutta ; Canara; Nilgiris ;

Burma ; Borneo ; Bali.

1533a. Nowa TRISTICTA, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., IL., p. 37, pl. 19, f.

4 (1900).

White ; palpi black at sides ; thorax, legs, and abdomen slightly tinged

with fuscous. Forewing slightly irrorated with fuscous ; small tufts of

scales near base and in and beyond upper angle of cell ; a prominent black

streak at base of costa and spot at middle ; faint traces of-an antemedial

line ; the postmedial line reduced to points, slightly curved from costa to

vein 3, then oblique and with prominent black spots on inner margin ; a very

indistinct sinuous postmedial line with short black streaks on the veins ; a

terminal series of black points, Hindwing slightly tinged with fuscous

towards termen, more strongly in female.

Habitat—Sikhim, 7000’; Khasis. xp, 18-20 mill.

Sect. II. (Nota) Antenna of male bipectinate to

apex With fine short branches .........:+000 15400, fuscibasalis.

Sect. III. Antenne of male ciliated,

A. Forewing of male with the cell very short,

the lower angle produced and the dis-

cocellulars approximated to veins 3-4-5 for

SOME CIShaA NCO psc ee eseneessaesstec rete sa-ceneenenvas 1520a, laticineta.

B. (Dimona), Forewing with the cell normal.

a. Forewing with oblique fuscous bar from costa

before the postmedial line ...... 1534d, nigrisparsa.

b. Forewing without oblique bar from costa

before the postmedial line ...... 1524. grisalis.

Genus PdacrLoNoa. Type.

Peecilonola, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., IL, p, 47 (1900). plagiola,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint moderate-

, lyscaled,the 3rd minute ; frons with tuft

of scales ; antenne of male ciliated, the

basal joint with tuft of scales ; tibie

with the spurs long. Forewing short

and broad’; vein 3 from before angle of

; cell; 5 from-well above angle; 6 from —

Pecilonola plagiola & 4. below upper angle ;7°8 stalked from 10; -

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 113

J absent ; 1! oblique. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell; 4 absent - 5

from near middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 shortly stalked ;8 from middle of cell.

A, Forewing with the basal half white,

a, Forewing without medial black patch on

Costa......... popoodsne ecodenponanscon soibcotccodonet 15410. seminigra,

b, Forewing with medial black patch on costa chionobasis.

B, Forewing with the inner area white tinged

WAU MMOTAN SO Mlosancnecle sacececcmsnaadeteee ses eenaea ochritincta,

C, Forewing brown with white patchesat base

of inner area and before the postmedial

TimW escee'= ropa cpansebgodassoonbeesocs Meh, esac 1550a. plagiola,

1541c. Pd@cILONOLA CHIONOBASIS, Hapa A.M.N. H. (7) viii p. 178 (1900).

@ Palpi and pons black, vertex of head and thorax pure white, the anten-

ne towards tips and a patch on metathorax fuscous ; pectus, legs, and abdomen

tinged with fuscous, tarsi mixed with white. Forewing pure white, a large

triangular black patch on middle of costa with a few silvery scales on it,

its apex extending to median nervure, its outer edge strongly indented; the

terminal area fuscous black, its inner edge waved and angled inwards to cell

at vein 3; a subterminal irregular series of black marks, Hindwing with

the basal half white, the terminal half fuscous,

Habitat—Kangra Valley, 4500’. Exp. 14 mill.

1541d, PacILonoLa ocHRITINCTA, Hmpsn,, A, M, N. H. (7) viii,p. 178

(1901).

@ Head, thorax and abdomen white ; palpi, antenne and legs fuscous.

Forewing with the basal area white tinged with ochreous, its outer edge

oblique from costa before middle to tornus ; short dark streaks on and below

vei: 1 just beyond middle, the apical half greyish fuscous with a diffused

whitish patch extending from apex to discocellulars; some minute white

specks on apical half of costa; an obscure irregularly trisinuate subterminal

whitish line with some rufous on its inner side and a tuft of black scales

below vein 3, Hindwing white tinged with fuscous,

Habitat—Ceylon, Haputate, Exp, 16 mill.

Genus MELANOGRAPHIA, Type.

Melanographia, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B. M., II.,p, 48 (1900), jlewilineata:

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi obliquely upturned, the 2nd joint moderate-

ly sealed, the 3rd moderate ; antenne of male ciliated ; tibie with the spurs

long, Forewing with vein 5 from well above angle of cell ; 6 from below

upper angle ; 7°8 and 10 stalked ; 9 absent ; 7 from 8 after 10 ; 11 oblique

Hindwing with veins 3°4 stalked ; 5 from near middle of discocellulars ; 6°7

from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell,

Sect. I. Frons and basal joint of antennz with tufts of scales ; forewing

with vein 3 from angle of cell approximated to vein 4 for some dise

tance ; alarge fovea at upper angle of cell on underside with a clubbed

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

corneous process in it from veins 7:8, which are much curved round the

fovea at base.

1534, h. MBLANOGRAPHIA TYMPANISTIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., IT,

p. 49 (1900). Dudgeon, J. Bomb. N.H, Soc. 1899, pl. IL. f. 22

@. Head and thorax white ; palpi and

” lower part of frons deep-bleck; legs

black, grey, and white ; abdomen fus-

cous with segmental white linas,

Forewing white from costa near base

to tornus; the apical half brown

Melanographia tympanistis @ 2, irrorated with black with tufts of

leaden scales on its inner edge ;some tufts of black and leaden scales on costal

area above end of cell ; a small triangular blackish patch on inner margin

beyond middle ; some dark marks forming traces of an irregular postmedial

line ; a subtermenial line retracted to costa, angled at veins 6 and 4, and

obsolete towards inner margin. Hindwing fuscous, the inner area whitish.

Habitat--Sikhim, 1800’. Hap. 20 mill,

Sect Il. Frons smooth ; antenne without tuft

on basal joint ; forewing with veins 3 from

near angle of cell ...........0.. secticeeprasstisenecte 1534f. flewilineata.

Genus DIALITHOPTERA,

Type.

Dialithoptera, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep, Phal. B. M., II. p. 56

(1900), ...cesseerereeseeersereareeeseeeanes Pet A eetenies Saher 15456. gemmata.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, extending about the length of head,

the 2nd joint roughly scaled above and

below, the 3rd minute; frons with tuft of

scales ; antenne bipectinate in both sexes,

the apical fourth serrate, the basal joint

with tuft of scales ; tibiz with the spurs

long. Forewing with vein 3 from close to

Diulithoptera gemmata @ 3. angle of cell; 5 from just above angle 3

6 from below upper angle ; 7°8 and 10 stalked ; 9 absent ; male with a fovea

covered on upperside by a scale flap above base of vein 10; 11 oblique.

Hindwing with veins 3-4 stalked from angle of cell ; 5 from near middle of

discocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell.

Genus RasELIA. Type.

Reselia, Hiibn., Verz, p- 397 (1827) ......--.seeseeeseseseerneues . togatulalis,

Sarbena, Wlk., Journ, Linn, Soc. Zool, VL, p. 137 (1862) . lignifera,

Mimerastria, Butl., A.M. N. H, (5), VII.,p. 236 (1881)...... mandschuriana

Callinola, Butl., Ill. Het., VIT., p. 33 (1889) ....sseereereeess scripta,

Proneca, Swinh,, Trans, Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 193....... comes fola,

Cyphotopsyche, Hmpsn,, Trans.Ent, Soc,, 1895, p. PA lescnee lignifera. , +

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 115

Sect. I. Antenne of male bipectinate, the apical fourth serrate,

(A, Sarbena), Tegule held projecting forwards so as to form a hood over head

a. Forewing with oblique dark fascia from

termen below apex, widening to inner margin. 1545). fola,

b, Forewing with longitudinal dark streaks...... lignifera,

1545d, Raseiia tigNiFERA, W1k,, Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool,, VI., p. 137 (1862),

Cyphotopsyche ustipennis, Hmpsn., Trans. Ent, Soc., 1895 p. 297 ; Moths, Ind.,

IV., p. 506. Bhutan ; Ceylon ; Borneo,

B, (Reselia), Teguiz normal,

a. Forewing witha prominent irregularly dentate line before the postme-

dial line,

a’. Forewing with the postmedial line

double, angled inwerds on vein 2... ..... 1546, seripta.

b*, Forewing with the postmedial line single,

a*. Forewing with the postmedial line

angled inwards on vein2 .....+0+.0..-.1547, sirigivend.

6*, Forewing with the postmedial line

aimostistralehty awe sacar s ar eccecreont triangulalis.

6. Forewing without prominent dentate line

before the postmedial line.

a’, Forewing with the ground colour silvery-

white

a*, Forewing with prominent black spot

below middle of cell........... .....0.2:1544. argyria.

b*, Forewing without prominent black

spot below middle of cell.

a*. Vorewing with the terminal area

tinged with rufous, the subtermi-

nal line connected with the termen

by streaks below apex and at

MAG Me rareeceserecedicceeecesseeeeceree LOA a amscean

b*. Forewing with no rufous tinge on

terminal area, the subterminal line

not connected with termen ...... 1540a. argentescens,

6’, Forewing with the ground colour not

silvery.

a’, Forewing with the apical half bright-

TUPELO Sioa omniscient aheee ee tage lea A 1545. semirufa.

6°, Forewing with triangular rufous

patch from costa to lower angle

OF Cel]... .ccscscregrersccssereerseresseol OAT. cuneifera,

c*, Forewiny without rufous patch on

Pane middle of costa,

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV:

a°, Forewing with the basal area

yellowish, the terminal arearufous

SXCEPhiat COStAs esse or este eee eeeeass flav basis,

56°, Forewing with the basal area not

yellowish, the terminal area not

rufous,

a*, Forewing with the whole medial

area suffused with black ......... 1522. denticulata.

b*, Forewing with the medial area not

suffused with black,

a°, Forewing without fuscous fascia

from cell to termen............... 1550, idistincta.,

6°, Forewing with fuscous fascia

from cell to termen..:..-...-....... 1548, ascripta.

1547b, R@SELIA TRIANGULALIS, Leech,, P. Z, S., 1888, p. 608, pl. 31, £. 12.

Grey ; head and thorax largely mixed with black; abdomen tinged with

fuscous, Forewing irrorated with fuscous ; large tufts of scales near base and

at middle and upper angle of cell ; a blackish patch at base of costa; a large

blackish triangular medial patch on costa with itsapex on vein 2; the post-

medial line straight except that it is very slightly angled at vein 4, a fine line

on its inner side, sinuous from costa to vein 3, then highly dentate ; a sub-

terminal line retracted to costa, angled at veins 6 and 3 and bent outwards to

tornus ; a terminal series of black points, Hindwing fuscous ; vein 4 stalked

with 3.

Habitat—Japan ; Sikhim ; Khasis, Hap, 22 mill,

1547a. R@SELIA CUNEIFERA, WIk., xxxii., 338, Swinh., Cat. Het, Mus.,

Oxon., p. 132, pl. 4, f. 22.

Selcu ruficostata, Hmpsn., Moths Ind., IV., p. 507.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Borneo.

1522a, R@spELia FLAVIBASIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., IL, p. 63, pl.

20, £. 3 (1900).

@. Head and thorax white irrorated witha few black scales ; palpi at sides

and antennz brown ; tegulze with blackish band ; abdomen brownish, Fore-

wing white irrorated with black scales and tinged with pale yellow towards

base ; the tufts of scales small ; costa rufous ; the antemedial line represented

by an oblique striga on costa and a very oblique fine black line from cell to

inner margin with some diffused rufous between it; a very oblique post-

medial dentate series of black marks on the veins ; the terminal area broadly

rufous except at costa and traversed by a sinuous black subterminal live

obsolete towards inner margin, Hindwing brownish ; vein 4 stalked with 3;

palpi about twice length of head,

Habitat—Ceylon ;Colombo, Lap, 22 mill,

Sect, Il. (Mimerastia). Antenne of mole viliated...15390, ditcisignata.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 117

Genus Zia, Type.

Zia, Wik, xxvii, 109 (1863) nec, Kock, Crust, (1834) non 2e er, tactalis.

Aquita, W1k. xxvii, 200 (1863) ........ Soadsodecnnoanoscaconcestasilc .... tactalis,

Proboscis well developed ; palpi porrect, projecting about the length of

head, the 2nd joint roughly scaled above and below ; frons with tuft of scales :

antenne of male fasciculate.; the basal joint without tuft of scales ; tibise with

the spurs long. Forewing short and broad ; vein3 from before angle of cell ;

5 from above angle; 6 from below upper angle; 7°89 stalked ; 10'11

from cell. Hindwing with veins 3°4 stalked ; 5 from just above angle of cell

or near middle ot dicocellulars ; 6°7 from upper angle ; 8 from middle of cell.

A, Forewing with dark triangular patch on costa

from base tovend ot cell).csvesssczecenese cate ace re 1540. acontioides. °

B, Forewing with dark triangular patch from

medial part of ccsta to below angle of cell...1543, laminata

C. Forewing without dark patches ; grey with a

lunulate black spot at upper angle of cell ...15349. Iwnisigna.

1548, Zr1a vaminata (Q) = 1542 rufescens (@).

Genus MELALEUCIA.

Type.

Melaleucia, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal. B, M., I1.,p. 78, (1900), 1532a, obliqué-

JORGE Proposci well developed; palpi oblique, projecting about the length of

f head, the 2nd joint roughly scaled above

and below, the 3rd naked acuminate ; frons

smooth ; antennz of female simple, the basal.

joint not tufted ; tibie with the spurs well

developed, Forewing with vein 3 from

Melaleucia obliquifasciata 9 2, before angle of cell; 4°5 from angle ; 6 from

below upper angle ; 7 from angle ; 8-9 stalked from before angle ; 10 absent ;

11 oblique. Hindwing with vein 3 from angle of cell ; 4 absent ; 5 from

midéle of discocellulars ; 6°7 stalked, or from middle of cell,

118

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the TRANS-INwUS PROTECTED STATES and KASHMIR

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filscwm, and other

works, with New Species added.

By C. W. Hops.

(Continued from Volume XIII, page 671.)

Part IJII.—THE GENERAL LIST—(continued),

20, A. macrocarpum, Blume; Syn. Fil. 227 and 489; ©, Rh. 488.

Athyrium macrocarpum Bl., Bedd. H. B. 165.

PUNJAB :—Chamba: Chatri Forest 7000’, McDonell.; 5-9000', J. Marten ; Simla

Reg. —“Syree” Edgew ; Simla 507000’, seven stations,Gamble, Bliss, Blani., Trot-

ter ; Bhajji State, Bliss.

N.W.P.: D. D. Dist —Sowdrna Nala 4-5000’, Mackinnons; Brit, Garh—above

Guinji 9000', Duthie nce); Kumawn—Binsar and Pindar 7-7500', Strachey ; near

Naini Tal, Hope 1861 ; Gori Valley 7-8000', Duthie 1884; Dhankuri Pass, Trotter

1891; Shama 8000’, Gori Ganga Valley 8,000’—11,0L0', Rachpula Pass, 6750’

MacLeod 1893.

DistRIB.—Asia : N Ind. (Him.).—Sikkim and Bhotan 2-9000', very common ;

Assam—Khassi Hills 2-6000', very common. S. Ind.—* very common on the W.

Mts. above 3000'” (Beddome). Ceylon, Burma, Malay Penins, and Isles, N. China—

Sbantung Dr. Maingay. Japan.

Beddome and Clarke do not mention this species as being found to the

westward of Garhwal. Some of the Simla and Kumaun specimens have been

ticketed var. Atkinsoni, Clarke, and being small and sharply cut look distinct ;

but there are intermediate forms of all sizes and textures. MacLeod’s specimens

from the Rachpula Pass, Kumaun, are large, tripinnate, stiff, with very little

lamina in the frond ; possibly they are A. folioswm, Wall. (No. 32, infra), with

sori larger than usual. Blanford says of the type, at Simla—‘ very rare, I have

never met with it myself. But it was collected last year by a Simla resident a

little below the Simla bazar, I believe, about 7000’, or rather lower.” And of

var. Atkinsont he says—‘‘ also very rare. I have found it only at the Chad-

wick Falls at 5820 ft., and not at al] during the last two or three years.” In

1886 Mr. Bliss gave me a specimen collected by himself in Simla : this habitat

was new to Mr. Blanford. Mr. Bliss’s diligence since ther: has proved that A.

macrocarpum is to be found in several places all over Simla. Much of the

N.-W. Indian material is very simply cut and membranous, and looks very

different from the stiffer and more compound N.-E, Indian plant ; but the sori

are always much the same. Clarke’s variety l=yinnata, from Assam, I should

make a separate species.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 119

21, A. nigripes Bl. MSs., Aspdium nigripes Bl. Enum., p. 162.

Aspl. nigrives Mett., in Miquel’s Annales, Vol. IL,, 240, and Vol. 1V., 169 ;

Syn. Fil. 227 ; Cl, Rev. 490. Athyrium mgripes Mett., Bedd. H. B. 166.

Blume’s description, at p. 162 of his ‘‘ Enumeratio,” is as follows :—

“A, fronde bipinnata membranacea glabri-scula, pinnis petiolatis oblongo-

larncoelatis acutis, pinnulis subdecurrentibus cuneato-oblongis obtusiu-

sculis, infimis sub-petiolatis profunde pannatifid, is superioribus inciso-serratis

confluentibus, soris costulis approximatis, rachi glaberrima stipite trigono

inferne paleaceo nigro.”

“ Crescit in paludibus inter mortes Burangrang et Tankuwan—Prahu Javee

insule, 7?

Mattenius, after giving the reference to Blume’s “ Enumeratio,’’ says :—

“ Folia cum petiolo basi preesertim dense paleato quadripedalia ; yinne

inferiores 8 poll. longz, pinnule infimee 2-3 pull., pinnatifide, seomentis

ovalibus serrato-pinnatifidis. Prostat Insus foliis tri nec quadri-pinnatis

oblongioribus augustioribus, pinnularum segmentis ovalibus, mucronato-denti-

culatis Allantodia paludosa (Zipp.)”

The type specimen in the Kew Herbarium, which has Blume’s ticket—

* Herb. Lugd. Batav. Asplenium nigripes, Java, Blume,”—is a small

plant with erect black or dark-brown candex, black roots, and bases of stipes

clothed with small brown scales: it has 8 fronds, with stipes 6-7 in. long, as

long as or longer than the fronds, straw-coloured, and naked except at base,

bipinnate, pinne few, secondary rhachises winged, lowest pinnee as long as any

but frond not deltoid, pinnse nob acummate, pinnules narrowest at base, blunt,

rounded, very setulose.

Some specimens from the Khasi Hills in Assam, 4-5000’, from Clarke and

Mann, agree with Blume’s type specimen, and are also somewhat like my next

species, especially in haying sete on the upper side of the costa ; but they have

much longer stipes than A. denellum has, and the pinne are short and not

much acuminate. Mr. Mann has named one of these A. solenopleris Kze., but

except for having more lamina it is identical with another he has named A.

nigripes Mett. and some high-level plants got in Sikkim, for which Mr, Clarke

has (in MSS) suggested a variety name, alpina, may be the type plant. But

the bulk of the material in herbaria from the north-east and south of India as

well as from the north-west, ticketed A. nigripes, is quite different from Blume’s

plant. The type plant has not been got west of Nepal, that I know of. Most

of the N.-W. India specimens I originally had in my A, négripes wrapper I

have removed to A, Mackinnoni, Hope ; and only five remain, of which only

one, from Kumaun, somewhat bears out Blume’s name and description by

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

having very dark-coloured scales which extend some inches up the stipe; but

the rhachis and costa are not setulose, and there are other material differences.

These five N.-W. Indian specimens agree generally with the bulk of material

in herbaria which is named A. nigripes, but which seems to me not to belong

to Blume’s plant ; and I leave them here only to keep a place ope nfor the

species which has yet to be described and named. I cannot find a place for

them under any other named species. They are—

1. Punsas: Hasdra Dist.—Changlagali 7500’, Trotter No. 547, 1890.

8. Kasamrr: Gulmarg 75-80004 Trotter 1888.

3. & 4. PuNJAB: Chamba, McDonell? Simla Region—ridge east from Simla.

8800', Hope 1886.

5b. N-W.P: Kumoun—Gori Ganga Valley—Bugdiar 10500’, MacLeod 1893. e

22. A. tenellum, n. sp. Allantodia tenella, Wall. in Herb, 1821,

under Asplenium tenwifrons, Wall. Cat, No. 206. Plate IV. (See Part II.

p. 529.)

23. A. tenuifrons, Wall. Cat. 206. A. tenuifrons, Wall., Blanford in

Journ. Asiat, Soc., Bengal, 1888. A. Filia femina, Bernh,, Syn. Fil. 227.

A. Clarkei, W. 8. Atkinson, MS., Cl. Rev. 489, A. nigripes, Mett., var.

@ Clarke, Bedd., Bedd. H. B. 166. A. nigripes, Mett., var. tenwifrons,

Wall. Bedd. Suppt. H. B. 33. Plate XXIT.

The following is Beddome’s description of this fern, given in the Supplement

to his Handbook. Except in two particulars—“ very like the type ”, and—

“ not rooting at the apex ’’—it applies to the plants I call A. tenw/frons, which

are the same as Wallich’s tpye specimens im the Linnean Society’s Herba-

rium :—

“ Very like the type ”’ (A. mzgripes) “ but fronds gradually attenuated

towards the base, intermediate between the type and Clarke:, not

nearly so narrow or elongated as the latter, and not rooting at

the apex ; the channelled secondary rhachis, the channelled midrib

of the pinne ” (pinnules ?), “and sometimes the veins furnished

with weak sefe on the upper surface, as in the type and in Clarkei

(which distinguishes this species easily from some of the varieties

of Filix-fenwna). Referred in the synopsis to /2lix-femina, and

by Clarke as a synonym of Clarket. Considered as a species by

some pteridologists.”

PANJAB : Chamba.—Kalatop Forest 6000’, McDonell ; AKudlu 6-7000', Trotter ;

Simla Regiom—Simla 7000’, Hope 1871 and 1886, at the same station; Gamble

6000’, 1878 ; 55-6000’, Blanford 1886 ; Trotter 1887 ; Bliss 1800-92,

N.-W. P.: D, D. Dist.a—Jaunsar 5-8000, 1894; 7. Garh, 7000’, Mackinnons 1878;

7500’, Gamble 1893 ; Awmawn, Davidson 1878; 4-7000', MacLeod 1893,

Pwo Ne

ASPLENIUM TENUIFRONS, Walch.

; B} va

Portion of lower part of a frond, nat. size.

Apex of same frond, proliferous.

aoe of ancther plant, nat. size.

inna from middle of a frond, nat. size.

PLATE XXII.

rad ——*S

SO ole

eer te

A.C. Mukerjei ith.

Pinnule of No.4 x 4 diams. upper side.

Under side of pinnule, x 4diams.

Portion of costa, enlarged 12 diarns.

Portion of secondary rhachis, x 2 diams.

i aaata

me vole See re wah

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 121

DISTRIB,—Asia : N. Ind. (Him,) Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim’ (A Clarkei) T 7.;

627000’ W. Se Atkinson and C, B. Clarke; Assam (A. Clarkei)—Naza Hulls 5500’,

Clarkes

Both Beddome and Blanford say A. ¢enuifrons does not root at the apex, as

A. Clarkei normally does ; but I think it probable that sometimes it does so

root, for not unfrequently the fronds bear buds or bulbils near the apex, just

as A. Clarke does, which produse young plants; and if late in the season,

from decay, such fronds should bend downwards the buds or plants would

have a chance of taking root, or—the young plants may drop off and take root.

I have a large frond collected by Mr. McDonell in Chumba, stipe 12 in., frond

27% in. 1, which has produced a young plant at two inches from its apex,

one inch in length, stipe and frond together,—an aerial growth. Another

plant, collected in Kullu by Mr. Trotter, with five fronds, has two buds on

each of three fronds, and two of these have produced aerial plants about

half an inch long. There are two minute buds on Gamble’s No, 6311

from Simla; and some very large fronds -got in Tehri Garhwal by the

Messrs. Mackinnons are proliferous, one having four buds. <A frond from

Kumaun (Colonel Davidson) has two buds, both of which have thrown out

minute fronds. And, finally, Wallich’s specimens of this plant, in the

Herbarium of the Linnean Society have bulbils and young plants: one plant

has five or six young plants on it. These are named—some Aspleniwm tenai-

frons, Wall., and some—Allantodia denticulata, Wall. in Herb. 1823.

Mr. Clarke gives Asplenium tenuifrons, Wall., Cat. 206 (part of type sheet)

asasynonym of A. Clarke: (and also Allantodia denticulata Wall.), but there

are such differences in the shape of the fronds and of the pinnules that I

hesitate to say that they are the same specifically. Both seem to like a moist

soil, Clarke writes of the rhizome of Atkinson’s plant— stout, tufted, stand-

ing 2 inches out of wet sand, with a cluster of stipes at the top, radiating

round and rooting inacircle, at aradius of about 2 feet from the central

rhizome : the sub-termina] rooting bud seems always present in well-developed

fronds ; rarely are there two rooting buds.”’ At my Simlasiation A. tenuifrons

erows in the bed of a torrent, and the caudex must often be under water in the

rainy season. To make A. Clarkei a var. of A. nigripes seems to me, unreason-

able ; butas it is not a North-West Indian fern, I am not here concerned in

advocating its claims to be a species.

T have already indicated some of the principal features of A. tenwifrons. It

is stiff and upstanding, though young plants approach A, ¢enellwm in habit.

Tf plants of the latter species should be found much longer than I have seen

(one or two large ones, ¢. g., Mr. Duthie No. 3634 from Kumaun, the frond

16.

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

of which, without the stipes, is 21} in, 1. by only 4 in. br.) and with a thick

erect caudex, I might be disposed to unite the species, but—“‘as ab present

advised ?—I must consider them distinct plants. Perhaps the most decided

difference between both of these species on the one hand, and A. migripes on

the other, at least after the shape of the fronds, is the absence in the first-

mentioned pair of the mass of long, narrow, light brown scales at foot of stipes,

which is a prominent feature of A. migripes. The scales in A. tenwifrons are

dark brown, tapering to a hair point from a broad base ; and though they clothe

the stipes of young fronds before the fronds unsurl, they soon drop off, leaving

the stipes quite glabrous, except for one or two inches ab the base, which are

sparingly clothed. A largespecimen of A. tenmifronsin Mr. Bliss’s collection

is quite diplazoid ; and I see a tendency to that form of sorws in other speci-

mens also,

Mr. Blanford evidently formed a strung opinion as to the specific difference

between A. denuifrons and A. mgripes, and his remarks seem worth quoting in

full; but most of what he called A. nigripes, in the Simla Region, was my

A. Mackinnoni :—

“Mr. Clarke regards this as merely a form of A. migripes. In this view I cannot

agree with him ; differing as it does so greatly in habit and habitat, while neither

exhibits a great range of variation. It is restrieted to well shaded ravines, growing

in the beds of streams at elevations below 7000 ft. The fronds, numbering 4 or 5 or

more, form a circular tuft on the short erect rhizome. They vary in form from ovate-

lanceolate to acute-lanceolate, and the width of my broadest specimen is less than

half the length of the frond ; in the narrowest it is less than one-fourth. The texture

is thin and the upper surfaces of the partial rhachises and coste bear long-glandular

filaments. The colour of the frond in the fresh state is bright green, forming a

beautiful contrast: with the.delicate pink tint “(purplish sometimes) ” of the rhachis

and stipe. Itis nodoubt near A. Clarkei, and apparently grows in similar situation:

but the fronds are broader and never root at the ends ”

What Mr. Blanford styles long glandular filaments, and Colonel Beddome—

weak sete, are called in the “ Synopsis Filicum”’—firm yellow spines or sirigillee.

They seem to me to be quite soft, broadening at the base, and decurrent on the

veins. Their function seems to me to be—to bother pteridologisis,

24, A. Mackinnoni Hope, in Journ. Bot, March 1896, p. 124 :

“ Rh. quasi-erect, clothed, as is also the base of the stipe, with bright

castaneous filiform scales, S¢, tufted, straw-coloured or pale

brown, glabrous except near the base, or with a few scattered

scales for some inches upwards, 8-20 in. long. Fr. sub-deltoid or

almost rhomboidal (lowest pair of pinnee slightly shorter than next

pair above), 13-23 in. 1. (average of sixteen measured—18: in.)

by 8-18 in, br, (average of twenty measured—-127 in.), bipinnate,

_ PLATE XXII.

A.N. Banerjee lith.

in Journ. Bot. March1896,

WN. E. Brown delt.

Hope

ASPLENIUM MACKINNONI,

Gans

sec)

a>< ><

ve a

oy @

a 2

Bee

Fish tg

ets

ead 5

q ©

Aaa

oA on

rove)

nog

Eee

6.& 7.

1, Rhizome, natural size.

4. Portion of frond, slightly reduced.

3. Portion of Beale from stipes, X 10.

ynatural size.

3.t0 5. Pinnules from different size fronds

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 123

glabrous. Pznn. about 20 pairs, rarely more or less, distant, sub-

patent or ascending at an angle of less than 45°, lowest few pairs

sometimes widest ab one-third from main rhachis, others hardly

diminished towards base, and with lowest pair of pinnules some-

times elongated, always accuminate, 6-113 in. 1, by 13—83 in,

br. Pinnls. 20 or more pairs on longest pinne of large fronds,

cut away at the base on the inferior side, and slightly auricled on

the superior side, $—3 in. br. at base, cut down two-thirds

towards costa into 6-12 lobes with two or more teeth each,

gradually narrowing and sometimes blunt at apex, decurrent on

rhachis with sometimes a broadly winged base. 'cature her-

baceous. Colour, when dried, pale olive-green. Ven. of pinnules

pinnate, and veinlets forked in the lobes, pinnate in the lowest.

Sort mostly one on superior veinlet of each lobe, near to or ab some

distance from costa of pinnule, but more numerous in lowest

lobes of large pinnules ; involwres large, straight, athyrioid, or

hippocrepiform, and sometimes severed at the curve. Plate

XXIII.

‘Hab. Asia: Trans-Indus Protected States :—Baraul 8500, Harriss 1895 ;

Kashmir, We : 6-10,000', Trotter 1888, MacLeod 1891, McDonell 1892-93

Duthie (several stations) 1893. Punjab: Chamba—7-9000', Baden-

Powell 1879, McVonell : Simla Region, 8200' and upwards, Blanford

1885, Hope 1886, Bliss 1390=91. W.-W. Provinces : Mussooree or neigh:

bourhood, Herschel 1878; Tehri Garhwdl State 8000’, P.W. and V. A.;

Mackinnon 1879; 10,000’. Davidson 1875,; 38-9000’, Duthie 1883

7500, Gamble 1894; Awmaun: 9-10,000', Duthie 1884. Bengal :—

Sikkim, Phulloot 11,500’, Levinge 1880 (Gamble’s No. 8528),

“A large broad-spreading fern, with a long stipe, and when dried

reminding one of Nephrodium marginatum Wall., and me some-

times of NV. ramosum, Hope. The scales at base of stipe are like

those of A. migripes Mett., but pale in colour, as is the frend.

The sori do not lie in rows parallel to and near the costa, like

those of A. nigripes, but are generally aparb from it, curving out-

wards, and the involucres are generally much more curved. No

doubt specimens of this fern are to be found in herbaria mixed

with A, mgripes, but I think they ought to be separated. I

erroneously entered it in the Saharanpur catalogue as A. sele-

nopterts, Kze,, but I must now separate them, and I name the

species after the brothers Mackinnon of Mussooree, in whose

collection I first saw it, and whose specimens are the largest I -

have seen, and also bevause they have largely added to the

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

number of species of ferns found westward of Nepal, and have

found species which are absolutely new.”

The above-quoted description was written in India for my paper on the

‘‘ Ferns of the Chitral Relief Expedition,” which was published in Zhe Journal

of Botany in March 1896, Since coming from India I have verified my

surmise that specimens would be found in herbaria mixed with A, mygripes :

those so found, and with other species also, in the Kew Herbarium, have now

been separated. Earliest in date of collection is a sheet from Kashmir, Winter-

bottom No. 349, 5th June 1847 ; and next comes one with a ticket—“ Ind, Or.,

Hook. fil and Thomson, Coll. T. T. 28th August 1849, ” which has been

marked by Mr. Clarke Aspl. nigrives Mett. Sir W. J. Hooker had pencilled on

the sheet —“ V. A. decipiens, Mett. Aspl., p. 195, t. 6, figs. 9 and 10, quite

accords.” These figures are like bits of my fern, ‘There is another specimen

of Dr. Thomson’s, dated 2nd June 1848, and one—“ Kashmir, W. 8. Atkinson,

September i874, com. C. B.C. No. 24177.” In the British Museum Herba-

rium, among A. wmbrosum, Sm., and A. anstrale, Brack., is another frond—

“Kashmir— Winterbottom.’ In Kew I also found two specimens from the Simla

Region, of my own collecting in 1886, named by me A. nigripes ; and one

from Hattu Mt. 9000’, Collett 1885. In so naming this fern I then followed

Blanford, who I believe followed precedent. It is, in greater part at least,

his No. 42 (in List) Asplenvwm (Athyrium) nigripes Mett., of which he says—

“The typical form of this fern is common in the partially shaded banks and

hill sides, on the northern face of Kamalhori and Hatu, at elevations between

8000 and 9500 ft., but not nearer Simla. There are rarely more than 2 or

3 fronds on the rhizome, and they are firm in texture and, in general, nearly as

broad as long.” The position and shapes of the sori and involucres, together

with the total absence of se¢e on the secondary rhachises and coste, are quite

sufficient to separate this fern from typical A. migrapes. Other records of this

species, which have come to light since I returned to Great Britain are—The

Kagan Valley, to the westward of Kashmir, 5000’, Duthie’s native collector

1896, and Chamba 7-8000' (3 sheets), J. Marten 1897, both in the Saha-

raupur collection.

25. A. Filix-femina Bernh; Syn. Fil. 192. A. Filix-femina,

Bernh., C. R. 491, var. 1, dentigera only. Athyrium Filiz-femina Bedd. H. B.

168, and Suppt. H. B. 35, var 1 dentigera Wall. only. Polypodiwn dentig-

erum Wall, Cat. 334.

Forma typica.

AFGHAN : 9-10,000', J, E. T. Aitchison,\No. 330, 1880.

KASHMIR : Sarpat!9500' McDonell 1891 ; near Gurais and near Gulmarg 8-9000',

Duthie 1892. ;

S.C. Mondul lith.

eee

ae BF

g © ,

one d

eon og

é oO

a n oO 5

(1b) 5 (a!

moa ge 5

< Sel Ss ne)

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Oe g gs

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Be 6 57 ie ©

a) Gey eel ig

= md Oo &

BA oa dro &

4 g Do Gy

Zi Bg Boy

meee § go

Sets ee B

GaSe ore) teen

TM pe gh

G saunas

BANGS del.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 125

PUNJAB: Chambae—Dalhousie 6000’, Clarke No. 22540, 1874 ; Sara 10,000’, Clarke

No. 24111, 1874 : Herb. Hort. Calcutta ; near Langera 6000’, and below Sabrundi

9500’, McDonell 1882 ; Simla Reg. Hattu Mt. 9-10,000’, T, Thomson 1847.

N.-W. P.: Kumaun—J. R. Reid 1886, in Herb, Saharanpur and Kew (Duthie’s

Nos, 6242 and 6285),

NEPAL Wa: Opposite Budhi Village 10-11,000’, and Nampa Gadh 12-13,000',

Duthie 1886,

Forma dentigera.

(sp.) Wall., including probably var. 3, attenuata, Clarzse. Plate XXIV,

AFGHAN, : 9-10,000', Aitch., No. 330, 1880, in Herb. Saharanpur : var. attenuata,

on ticket.

TRANS. IND. STATES : Baraul 85-10,000’, Harriss 1895.

KASHMIR: 6-12,000', T. T., Clarkes Trotter, MacLeod, Gammie, McDonell, Duthie :

common.

x¢ PUNJAB: Hazdra—Trotter, in list of Punjab Ferns; Siran and Kagan Vys.

10,200’, Chor. 10,000’, and Nila—Duthie’s Collector 1896-97. Chamba—Ravi Valley,

8-10,000’, McDonell: frequent?; 10,000’, J. Marten; Kullu 6-8000', Coventry,

Simla Reg.—north face of Kamalhori and Hattu Mts. 83-10,000’, Blanford, Hope:

Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar—Chachpur Peak 10,000', Gamble, and Herschel

in Herb. Hort. Sahar; 7. Garh.—9-14,000', Duthie ; AKwmauwn—Milam 11,500’

S. and W. 1848 ; Raélam Vy. 11-13,000’, and Byans—Napalcha 12,000’, Duthie.

DIsTRIB.—(Forma typica), America: Sitka and Labrador to Canada, British

Columbia, and United States; Cuba, Caraccas,and Venezuela. Hurope : Throughout

the continent from Lapland, Russia and Scandinavia to Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece,

Crete, and the Caucasus. Asia (forma dentigera) Sikkim 10-13,000', rare : collected

there by J. D. Hooker and C. B. Clarke. Kamschatka, and Japan. A/fr.: Azores

and Macaronesia ; Algeria; Kamerun Mts; Abyssinia; Natal.

In the Synopsis Filicum it is not expressly stated that the European form of

A, Filiz-femina has been got in the Himalaya, and the following Indian names

are given as synonyms, namely, A. pectinatum, Wall., A. tenwifrons, Wall.,

A. gracile Don., A. stramineum, J. Sm., A. tenellum, Wall., and A. proliferum,

Moore. Agreeing, as Ido, with Clarke and Beddome, that the two first of

these plants do not belong to A. Filia-femina, and observing that in his Supple-

ment of 1892 Beddome has put A. stramineum under A. nigripes, and

A, tenellum under A, pectinatum, I find that there are left in the ‘‘ Synopsis ”,

as Indian representatives of A. Fulia-femina, only A. gracile Don. and A. proli-

ferum, Moore, of neither of which have I seen specimens in India, collected

there. Until a few years ago I agreed with Mr. Clarke that exactly the typical

form had not been found in India. But latterly, while I was still there,

a comparison of the specimens from Kashmir, Chamba, Kumaun, and West

Nepal, enumerated above, with my British specimens mostly collected by myself,

compelled a change of opinion, and I decided to count typical A. Hilia-femina

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

as an Indian fern, though a rare one. I have since found other Indian

specimens of uhe typical plant at Kew. Most of the seven varieties which

Clarke adopted or seb up have already been upset or reduced to other species of

Athyrium, and his var. 1, dentigera (Polypodium dentigerum, Wall. Cat. 334),

I cannot distinctly separate from the type, the only real differences being in

the shape of the pinnules, which are more equal-sided and less pointed than are

those of the type, and in the cutting of the segments, which in dentigerum are

always sharply toothed. I have seen the latter plant growing in the Simla

Region, and at first I thought it was distinct ; but I had no living specimens

of the type with which to compare it. The type plant has not yet been found

in the Simla Region by me or by any other collector in recent times ; though

there is a specimen of Dr. Thomson’s in Kew marked as from Hattu Mountain.

Without taking into account sports and cultural varieties, there is so much

variation in individuals of A. Filiz-femina found in Europe, that I could not

expect European pteridologists to agree with me were I to separate A. dentigerum ;

but the fact remains that it is the common Himalayan plant, and that it does

nob vary, except in size. The smaller, and sometimes narrower-fronded, plants

are Clarke’s var. attenuata of the type.

26. A. rupicola, n.sp. PuaTe V. (See Part IL., p. 531.)

27. A. Duthiei, Bedd. in Journ. Bot. vol. XXVII., No. 315, Mar.

1889, p. 72 ; Baker in Ann. Bot. Vol. V., No. XVIII. Bedd. Suppt. H. B.

24, under Athyrium, Plate XXV.

I quote Colonel Beddome’s description :—

Athyrium Duthie: Bedd. Rhizome wide-creeping, black, nearly naked ;

stipe 3—4 in. long, furnished with a few ovate or lanceolate

deciduous scales, glabrous, pinkish ; fronds narrow, cvate-lanceolate,

about 12 in. long by 83—4 in. broad; pinnee lanceolate, alternate,

about 20 on each side ; lower ones gradually reduced, the central

ones 13—2 in. long, 3—# in. broad, pinnatified nearly or quite

to the rhachis into sharply-toothed obovate or lanceolate lobes

about two lines broad ; texture herbaceous; rhachises glabrous,

pinkish, furnished with a few deciduous large lanceolate scales ;

both surfaces glabrous ; veinlets forked ; sori asplenioid or hippo-

crepiform, 6—8 to each pinnule or lobe, 7. ¢., 3—4 on each side

on the lower veinlets midway between the edge and the midrib.

“Collected by Dr. Duthie in the N.-W. Himalayas, No, 389,

Gangotee ” (Gangotri 7), near the source of the Ganges, No. 392

under Srikanta 12-13,000.. No. 8667, at Ralam Glacier, Ku-

maun, 12-13,000',

PLATE XXY,

JN. Fitch del. A.C. Chowdhary lith.

ASPLENIUM DUTHIEI Beda.

1 Lower half of Frond, nat. size. 6. Portion of same scale, 30 to 1.

2 Rhizome, natural size. 7, 8.& 9. Scale from Rhizome, and

3 Rhizome of another frond. enlargements 6 & 40 diams.

A.& 5. Scale from rhachis, nat. size, 10. Portion of Pinna, enlarged 3 diam.

and enlarged 8 diam.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 127

“Tt is very similar in cutting to Lastrea Brunoniana. Dr. Duthie’s

three specimens had been sorted into that packet at Kew, where

they were detected by Mr. Hope.”

The entries in the Saharanpur Catalogue are :—

N.-W. P.: 7. Garh. —Ganges Valley, Duthie No. 389, Aug. 1888; Lekhun Gadh

under Srikanta 12-13,000’, Duthie No. 392, Aug. 1883 ; Brit. Garh.— amongst

bushes ”, near Kuari Pass 12-13,000’, Duthie No, 5165, Sept. 1885; Kuwmawn—near Ré-

lam Glacier 12-13,000, Duthie No, 3667, Aug. 1884 (Specimens from Tehri Garhwa,

and Kumaun were contributed by Mr. Duthie to the Kew Herbarium).

DISTRIB, (as now known)—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim Ta-ne-doo Dr King’s

Collector, No, 4464, Aug 1877, 2 sheets—no rhizomes, and Goomthang 12,000’ Dr

King’s Collector, July 1888, 2 sheets. Bhotan—Jongri, Dr King’s Collector, Aug.

1887, 1 sheet, with rhizome.

I “ detected ” this Athyrium some years before I showed it to Colonel

Beddome in the Kew Herbarium; but I had not then begun to write about

Ferns. The creeping rhizome is a very characteristic feature of the plant.

The frond diminishes in width from the middle very gradually to the tip : WV.

Brunonianum maintains its middle width of frond to within a few pinnee of

the apex, and is then suddenly rounded off. A. Duthied is glabrous except for

afew scattered scales on the main rhachis: WV. Brunonianum is shaggy on

stipe and main rhachis almost to the tip. It has been thought that the

shagginess of the last-mentioned fern ana its congener, NV. barbicerum, Hook,

is a natural protection against the cold of the high altitudes at which they

grow ; but A. Duthier grows as high up, and yet is remarkably glabrous. If

it always grows among bushes, as in one instance at least Mr. Duthie found it

growing, the scaly clothing is not so necessary,

To the instances in which A. Duthiec has been collected I have now to add

the following :—

Kumaun—R. Blinkworth 1827 : 2 fronds, with incomplete stipes, and no

rhizome : one with a Wallich’s ticket “ dentigerum, Wall.” and another sheet

1 frond, marked by Bentham “ Polypodium dentigerum, Wall., Kumaun,

Wall. 1829.” ‘These are two more specimens on a sheet in the Kew Herba-

rium which was among A. filix-femina, and has on it also an incomplete

frond of forma dentigera, Wall., with Wallich’s ticket.

(Zo be continued.)

128

NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED

INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, BOMBAY,

DURING THE PAST 8 YERARS.

By Cavassr D. ManaLuxMivaLa.

Part I,

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 9th July 1901.)

1. ScHINUS MOLLE,* Z, (ANACARDIACEZ), commonly known as the Austra-

lian Pepper tree or Peruvian Mastic tree. It is a South American tree,

remarkable for its gracefully drooping branches of numerous pinnate

leaves somewhat of a glaucous hue, and for its beautiful rose-coloured fruits

of the size of peas resembling the ripe berries of pepper from which it has

probably derived its common name of pepper tree. The flowers are minute,

pinkish white, appearing in March and April, the fruits forming a month later.

A few seedlings were obtained in exchange in 1894 from Professor H. Page,

of the College of Science, Poona, but they all died soon after receipt, Another

young plant, however, was afterwards obtained in 1897 from Bangalore’

It has been propagated by layering, A few seeds collected from one of the

plants in May 1900 were sown, but did not germinate. It is suitable for

planting as a single specimen on lawns and in mixed shrubberies. It does not

seem to bear much moisture at the roots, as some of the plants planted in the

Victoria Gardens, the subsoil of which generally contains stagnant-water,

died in the rains, It is said to grow to a height of 20 feet.

The leaves of this plant contain a fragrant resinous fluid which when the

leaflet is cnt into pieces exudes with such force that the cut pieces thrown

on the surface of water move about in jerks in consequence of the recoil,

having an appearance of spontaneous motion.

2. FarTstA (ARALIA) PAPYRIFERA,f B, and H. (ARALIACER), Rice-paper

tree, It is a Chinese shrub, about 8 feet high, with very large seven-lobed

gracefully hanging leaves which are covered on the back with a cream-coloured

down, The plant was purchased from the Botanical Garden attached to the

College of Science, Poona, in 1894, It seems to thrive only in partial shade

and in dry open soil, stagnant water at the roots being injurious to it,

Several plants planted in the ground in the Victoria Gardens died owing to

their being exposed to the sunand to the water-logged condition of the

subsoil. It is not only an ornamental foliage plant, but is interesting as the

source of the rice-paper of the Chinese, which is prepared from its pith,

Itis propagated from the offshoots thrown up from the ground around it,

* The name is derived from Schinos, the old Greek name for the Mastic tree (Pistacia

lentiscus), and from muti, the Peruvian name for this plant,

+ The name Fatsia is derived from the Japanese name of one of the species (F'. Japonica)

and from papyrus, a rush-like plant (Cyperus papyrus) from the stem of which the

Egyptians made a kind of paper, and fero, to bear,

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 129

3. RUSSELIA ROTUNDIFOLIA* (floribunda) (ScCROPHULARINE®). This is

a Mexican shrub like the other species Russelia juncia so common in Bombay

gardens, Its habit is not gracefully pendulous like that of Russelia juncea

and the branches are clothed with much larger leaves, while the flowers

are smaller but of a darker red colour, The plant was introduced in the

Victoria Gardens in 1894 by purchasing it from the College of Science

Garden, Poona,

4, SANTALUM ALBUM,} Linn. (SaNTALACE&), Sandal-wood tree, Chandan,

It is common in the Deccan Peninsula on dry hills ascending to 3,000 feet.

Several attempts were made to grow it in the Victoria Gardens, plants being

obtained from Poona in 1894 and 1896, and from Baroda in 1896, and seeds

from Madras in i895, and again in 1898 from Poona, The seeds germinated

well, but all attempts to grow the plants failed entirely, the moist climate

of Bombay appearing to be quite fatal to them.

5. GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE,t Br, (ASCLEPIADEZ), Wdkhandi. Is is an

evergreen woody climber indigenous in the Deccan Peninsula, It is in

no way a garden plant, having neither ornamental leaves or flowers, the

latter being small and yellowish, appearing in May and June. It is, however,

very interesting on account of the peculiar property possessed by its leaves,

If the leaves are chewed thoroughly so that the juice comes in contact with

the whole of the lining membrane of the mouth and then some sugar is put

in the mouth, no sweet or any taste whatever is felt for some time, the sugar

feeling like so much sand put in the mouth. The plant was purchased in

1894 from the College of Science Garden, Poona, and seems to thrive well

in Bombay.

6, MacaDAMIA TERNIFOLIAS§ “Ff. V. J, (Proveace®), Queensland Nut

tree, tis an ornamental small evergreen tree about 30 feet high, from

Hastern Australia, The leaves are shining, leathery, dentate, oblong-lanceo-

late and whorled, The fruit is described as a kind of drupe, with a fleshy

exterior, encircling a hard shell, like a walnut, containing at maturity a white

firm kernel as crisp as that of the hazelnut with a remarkable rich and

agreeable flavor resembling but much superior to that of the filbert, The

plants were obtained in exchange in 1894 from Mr, Walter Hill of Brisbane,

Australia, They are growing very slowly and the one planted out in the

ground in an exposed position seems to suffer from the effects of the hot

noon sun, the leaves appearing burnt and stunted. It should, therefore,

be planted ina situation protected from the noon sun. It has not yet

* It is named after Alexander Russel and from rotundus, round, and folium, leaf.

{ The name is derived from its Persian name chandal, Samnscrit chandana, and from

albus, white, the colour of the wood of a variety cf this plact.

¢ The name is derived from gymnos, naked, and nema, a filament, owing to the stamineous

corona being absent in the genus, and from sylvestris, growing in woods.

§ It is named after John Macadam, M. D., of Victoria, and from terni, by threes, and folius,

leaf, from its le ves being in whorls of three,

130 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

flowered here, It is said to bear fruit in from 7 to 8 years after sowing

the seed.

7. Guoxinra’ mAcuLATA,* L’Herit (GESNERACE®). A South American

bulbous plant of a more hardy growth than the beautiful garden varieties

of Ginningia commonly knewn as Gloxinias, The leaves are shining green

above and reddish beneath and the flowers are large, tubular and purplish

blue. It thrives very well in Bombay in a greenhouse cr in partial shade.

The bulbs started in the beginning of the rains begin flowering at the end

of the monsoons, The bulbs were got in exchange in 1894 from the Superin-

tendent of the Baroda Gardens,

8. SrropILANTHES DyeRiIANust (ACANTHACEX), A _ beautiful shrub,

vative of Burma. The leaves of this plant are very ornamental, the upper

surface being dark green with bright purple bands between the ribs which

become whitish as the leaves become old, the lower surface being entirely

bright purple. It thrives well in Bombay in conservatories or in partial

shade. The plant was obtained in exchange in 1894 from the Superintendent:

Baroda Gardens.

9, PENTAS CARNEA Tt Benth. (RUBIACEH), A handsome dwarf herbaceous

shrub from South Africa growing to a height of only about a foot and a half,

with soft bright green hairy leaves and beautiful heads of lilac or pale

lavender-coloured flowers. It flowers chiefly in the cold weather, oceasionally

flowering afterwards throughout the year, It is easily propagated by cuttings

and from seeds. The plant was got in exchange in 1894 from Professor

Page of Poona,

10. Buppuera Linpieyana,§ Fortune (LoGantace®), A very crna-

mental Chinese shrub of a graceful habit, with angular branches and ovate,

serrate leaves and long spikes of pale-pink or violet flowers. This plant

was also obtained in 1894 from Professor Page of Poona and thrives

well in Bombay, flowering from February onwards throughout the hot

and the rainy seascns.

11. SrRYcHNOS NUx-vomIcA,|| Linn, (LOGANIACER), Kdjra or Kuchla.

This is a tree about 40 feet high found throughout tropical India. The

seeds of this tree are a well-known commercial product which yields one

of the most powerful of poisons, viz., strychnia, The plants were grown

in the Victoria Gardens from seeds obtained from Goa in 1895. They

* It is named after Benj, Petr. Gloxin, a botanist of Colmar, and from macula, spot, the

stem of the plant being spotted.

+ The name is derived from strobilos, acone, and anthos, a flower, from the form of its

inflorescence in a young state. .

+ The name is derived from pente, five, referring tothe generally pentamerous arrange-

ment of the flowers, and carneus, of flesh or flesh-coloured.

§ It is named after Adam Buddle, an English botanist, and after the celebrated botanist

Lindley.

{, The name ts derived from sérychnos, an old Greek name of some solanaceous plants

now applied to this genus of Loganiacex, and from nua, a nut, and vomere, to vomit,

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 131

appear to be making very slow growth here, the largest plant in the pot

being now only about 2 feet high, Several plants planted in the ground

have died kere. This seems very peculiar, as the tree is said to be very

common in the Konkan in moist forests. It is said to flower in from 10 to 12

years’ time. There isan old large tree about 30 feet high in the compound

of the Hindu temple in Love Lane in Byculla, probably the only one in

Bombay, It is growing against the wall of a house there partly overhanging

it, and does not appear to be in a very thriving condition, It is said not to

have flowered and fruited yet,

1Z, Mimusops HExXANDRA,® Roxb, (SapoTacE®), Rajan, Rayan or Khirny,

Tt is a large evergieen tree common in the Deccan Peninsula. The ripe

yellow berry though very astringent is eatable and sold in the Bombay market

in the hot months under the name of Amddvddi Mevdé. The trees isin the

Victoria Gardens were raised from fruits purchased in the Bombay Market in

March 1895, and though slow growing appear to be doing well,

13, Doponma viscosa, + Linn, (SAPINDACE#), called the Switch gorrel in

Jamaica from the sour, bitter taste of the leaves, “ Jakhmi” or “ Lutchmi.’

An evergreen stiff-looking rounded shrub found throughout India and in all

warm countries, having more or less viscid shining leaves, insignificant flowers

and winged capsules. It thrives in open situation in the driest districts

and is only useful in the garden for making hedges or fences on dry stony

ground. The plants have been grown in the Victoria Gardens from seeds

obtained in 1895 from the Inspector of the Bhandarwada Reservoir, Mazagon,

where it has been grown as a hedge.

14, Myroxyton (Myrospermum) ToLuireRvuM,t H, B. K, (Lrcuminosz-

PAPILIONACEZ), Tolu Balsam tree, It is a South American evergreen tree

about 40 feet high with bright shining green, pinnate leaves marked with

pellucid dots, Its spreading habit and bright shining leaves makes it suitable

as a road-side tree or for forming avenues, An incision into the bark yields

the drug known as Tolu Balsam, similar to the Balsam of Peru. The seeds

were obtained in 1895 from the Garden of the Agri-Horiicultural Society of

Madras, and the plants seem to thrive well in Bombay. One large tree was |

subsequently found to exist in the compound of the Sir J. J. Hospital.

15, SOLANUM JASMINOIDES,§ Past. (SoLANCE). It is a small creeper

from Brazil with small white flowers. The plant was presented to the

Gardens in 1895 by Mr, C. Maries, Superintendent of the State Gardens,

Gwalior. It appears to thrive well in Bombay.

* The name is derived from mimo, an ape, and opsis, a face, on account of the form of the

corolla, and from hexandrous, with six stamens,

+ The name is derived from Dodonzus (Reubert Coddens),a Belgia1 botanist and phy-

sician of the 16th century, and from gviscidus, clammy.

¢ The name is derived from myron, myrrh, and zylon, wood, as the wood is resinous,

and from ¢olu, tolu balsam, and fero, to bear.

§ The name is derived from the old Latin name solanwm used by Pliny and from

jasminoides, Jasmin-like,

132

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION OF THE DAR-

BHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES

NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT.

By C. M, INaLIs.

Part II.

(Continued from Vol, XIII, page 631.)

Family Muscicapide,

(50) SrpHiA PARVA.—The Huropean Red-breasted Fly-catcher.

Oates, No. 561; Hume, No, 323 bis,

Common in the cold weather, First arrival noted and shot on the 24th

September, They leave about the beginning of April,

(51) §. auiciLua.—The Eastern Red-breasted Fly-catcher,

Oates, No. 562; Hume, No, 323.

Mr. Baker identified a bird I sent him as this species, All that I have shot

with red-breasts, I have, however, identified as parva.

(52) CyYORNIS SUPERCILIARIS.—The White-browed Fly-catcher.

Oates, No, 568; Hume, No 310.

A single male of this species was shot at Narhar on the 14th March 1898,

At first I took it to be C. astigma, but afterwards noticed the white on the

tail which distinguishes the species, I never came across it before nor have

T seen it since and think it must be very rare here, This is, as far as Jam

aware, the first record of its being got in this neighbourhood,

(53) CO. RUBECULOIDES.—The Blue-throated Fly-catcher,

Oates, No. 575 ; Hume, No. 304.

Rare here and only a cold weather visitant. Two females were shot in

some bamboos in January and February 1898. I saw a fine male in a mango

tope at Narhar on the 18th April 1899, Thad no gun with me at the time

go did not secure the bird,

(54) STOPAROLA MELANOPS,—The Verditer Fly-catcher,

Oates, No. 579 ; Hume, No. 301.

Not uncommen during the cold weather. The only note I can find on this

species is that I saw one ona large sisso at Jainagar on the 17th November

but that it kept well out of range of my collecting cartridgcs.

(55) CuULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS.—The Grey-headed Fly-catcher,

Oates, No, 592 ; Hume, No. 29,

Very common during the cold weather, The first arrival was noticed about

the middle of October. I have no date of departure,

(56) TERPSIPHONE PARADISI.—The Indian Paradise Fly-catcher.

Oates, No. 598; Hume, No, 288.

Very common during the breeding season, They arrive towards the end

of March and leave about the end of October. Building is commenced about

the middle of April and some have finished by the end of the month. They

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 133

lay from May to August, I found a nest on the Ist of the latter month, but

most eggs are got in June, According to Mr, Scroope they are uncommon

about Madhubani. All nests were found on mango trees at from 7 to 30 feet

from the ground ; the majority being between 10 and 20 feet, Some nests are

cup-shaped and some cone-shaped according to the shape of the fork in which

they are placed, Four is the full complement of eggs, but many birds only

lay three, Usually the eggs have a warm back ground but I have a clutch

in which it is dull creamy white and the only markings on one of the eggs

of the clutch are one or two minute spots at the large end. Both sexes are

engaged in building and hatching, I have seen chestnut males with lengthened

tail feathers, parti coloured ones and white ones sitting on nests, Parti

coloured ones, I mean those which have one lengthened tail feather white and

the other chestnut, are seldom seen, Many nests of this species are deserted

_ and many destroyed by D. rufa. One of the notes of this species is very plea-

sant, the harsh notes are generally uttered on the wing.

(57) Hyporuymis azurea.—The Indian Black-naped Fly-catcher,

Oates, No. 661; Hume, No. 290.

Rather uncommon birds here, More are seen during the cold weather than

at any other time, I once shot a male in June which, according to the testes,

was evidently breeding, but failed to find the nest, Their note is exactly

similar to the less harsh one of T. paradisi.

(58) RuHIPIDURA ALBIFRONTATA.—The White-browed Fantail Fly-catcher,

Oates, No, 604; Hume, No, 292.

Exceedingly common, They don’t start building here before the first week

in March, the earliest nest was taken on the 1st of April, the latest being on

the 30th July ; most eggs are to be found in June, The twig on which the

nest is placed is generally horizontal, but sometimes it is at an angle, in the

latter case of course one side of the nest is deeper than the other. Many

birds only lay two eggs, three being the full complement, I haye taken two

young and a perfectly fresh egg from the same nest, and very often nests are

found to contain two highly incubated eggs and a fresh one. Both birds

are engaged in building and hatching; they are very close sitters almost

allowing themselves to be caught on the nest before moving off.

Family Turpip#,

Subfamily Sazicoline,

(59) PRATINCOLA CAPRATA—The Common Pied Bush-Chat.

Oates, No. 608; Aume, No. 481.

Locally common and probably resident, A nest built in June was latterly

deserted though the birds remained near it till the middle of July.

(60) P. maura,—The Indian Bush-Chat.

Oates, No. 610; Hume, No. 483.

Very common cold weather visitant. First arrival noticed on the 3rd of

September, I have no notes on the departure of this species,

134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

(61) P, LeNcuRA.—The White-tailed Bush-Chat,

Oates, No, 611 ; Hume, No, 484,

Lsaw a bird at Narhar and several at Baghownie which I took to be

this species, They had the abdomen, and vent white.

(62) PP. 1NstGNis.—Hodgson’s Bush-Chat,

Oates, No, 613; Hume, No. 485,

This species was obtained by Hodgson in Behar and ought, I think, be got

in this district which borders on Nepal. There is a good deal of sugarcane

grown which would make its occurrence all the more likely, Mr, Scroope

sent me the following note :—“ I saw a species of Pratincola near Motipur on

26th June 1899 which I couldn’t identify. It certainly wasn’t either of the

ones we ordinarily see.’ It may perhaps have been this species.

Subfamily Ruticilline,

(63) RUTICILLA RUFIVENTRIS.—The Indian Redstart,

Oates, No, 644; Hume, No, 497.

Very common during the cold weather, The earliest arrival being seen on

the 30th September. It leaves in April.

(64) CyaNnrcuLa succicA.—The Indian Blue-throat,

Oates, No. 647; Hume, No, 514.

Very common during the cold weather, They arrive and depart about the

same time as the former species, They keep largely tothe sugarcane and

rice fields.

(65) CyanEcuLaA woLF1,—The White-spotted Blue-throat.,

Oates, No. 648 ; Hume, No. 514 bis.

Hume obtained a specimen in Tirhut, but I have not come across it.

(66) CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS.—The Common Ruby-throat.

Oates, No. 650 ; Hume, No, 512.

I have only twice seen this bird here and both times at Narbar, On the

28th December 1898 I had a shot at one on a mango tree and missed, it flew

off and settled in a large bamboo clump, I had another shot which I think

took effect as it never left the clump, the bird, however, was never found,

I am certain it was this species, as I know the bird well, The second time I

saw one wason the 26th February 1900, as I was riding through a bamboo

avenue, The bird was on the ground at the base of a bamboo clump and

within 3 yards of me, I had no gun with me and though myself and shikari

hunted for it during the afternoon we did not come across it again.

(67) CorsycHUs SAULARIS.—The Magpie Robin.

Oates, No. 663 ; Hume, No, 475.

Very common. It commences building in the first week of March and lays

till the end of July. I have found two incubated eggs in a nest, The

ground colour varies greatly and all eggs of the same clutch have not

invariably the same pattern, One clutch of three eggs is coloured as

follows :—Two eggs have a pale greenish back ground and are pretty densely

streaked with a dull brownish red, the markings forming an irregular cap at

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION, 135

the thick end ; the other egg has a pale blue ground and a dense brownish red

cap at the thick end, the remainder of the egg being almost devoid of marks,

An egg of another clutch has a beautiful pale blue ground the only markings

on it being a small reddish brown blotch, a couple of spots and a pale under-

lying spot of a purplish colour at the large end. The other two eggs of the

clutch are more profusely marked but even they are very slightly marked

for eggs of this species.

(68) CITTOCINCLA MACRURA.—The Shama,

Oates, No, 664; Hume, No. 476.

The only bird of this species I have ever seen in the district is a fine male

shot by my shikari at Narhar on the 22nd February 1900. It was ina bamboo

tope a little west of where I saw the Ruby-throat, He says it was shy and

kept flying from one clump of bamboos to another, always settling in the

densest part. I think it must have been a straggler.

Subfamily Turdine.

(69) MERULA ATRIGULARIS,—The Black-throated Ouzel.

Oates, No, 677 ; Hume, No. 365,

A rather uncommon cold weather visitant, February is the only month in

which I have noticed them, They go about in small parties, I came across

some in February 1900 on a tree in jungle along the Nepal frontier, near

Jainagar, there were about 15 birds; when I got near them they flew off

calling as they flew. During the same month Mr. Scroope saw a party ina

mango tope at Bhagwanpur.

(70) MerRrvLa unicotor.—Tickell’s Ouzel.,

Oates, No. 678 ; Hume, No, 356.

Mr. Scroope saw some birds on the 28th November 1898, which he took

to be this species,

(71) GeocicHLA cirriIna—The Orange-headed Grovnd-thrush.

Oates, No, 686 ; Hume, No. 355.

A rather scarce cold weather visitant. My specimens, all of them males,

were shot in March and November. Isenta note on this species to the

Journal some time ago, Here it seems to mostly frequent bamboos,

(72) OREOCINCLA DAUMA,—The Small-billed Mountain-thrush,

Oates, No. 698 ; Hume, No, 371.

Very rare cold weather visitant, The only year in which I saw these birds

was 1899. I saw one on the 14th January at Narhar in a mango tope and

on the 16th March a pair were shot at the same place.

Family PnLocripa@,

Subfamily Ploceine,

(73) PuLoceus saya—The Baya.

Vates, No, 720 ; Hume, No. 694,

Very common and breeds from the middle of J uly to the end of September,

Two is certainly the full complement of eggs. I have, however, got 3 young

from a nest,

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

(74) P. meGARHyNcHUS,—The Hastern Baya,

Oates, 721; Hume, No, 694 bis.

I have several birds of this species, but they are scarce as compared with

the last species. These are not the true megarhynchus, Hume as discriminated

by Mr. Finn and will stand as P, atrigula.

(75) P. BENGALENSIS.—The Black-throated Weaver-bird,

Oates, No, 722; Hume, No. 696.

Very common, Jam not sure whether they are resident or not, as I have

never shot any from December to the middle of June, The earliest nest

was taken on the 10th July and the latest on the 14th September. I have

found their nests in sugarcane and also in ekri. Out of 103 eggs taken, 54

were got in August, 47 in July and only 2 in September, Three or four is

the usual complement of eggs, twice or thrice I have found five and once

I took seven out of the same:nest, probably the latter were the produce of

two pairs of birds. I have also found a single young one in a nest. Many

eggs are destroyed by the pretty little long-tailed Tree-mouse V. oleracea, I

have several times caught it in these birds’ nests.

(76) P. manyaR,—The Striated Weaver-bird.

Oates, No. 723 ; Hume, No, 695.

I have not noticed this species in this subdivision, but probably it is to be

found in the rushes near the large jheels. I have,lamsorry to say, never had

an opportunity to visit any of them,

Subfamily Viduine.

(77) Munia aTricapiLLa,—The Chestnui-bellied Munia,

- Oates, No, 726 ; Hume, No, 698.

Very common round about Jainagar and Narhar during the breeding season,

It arrives about the third week in June and remains, I think, till the end of

November. It commences laying in July, the earliest nest being taken on

the 15th of that month and finishes by the end of September. It builds its

nests in the same situations as P, bengalensis, both species often breeding

together. All ihe nests were from 5 to 6 ft. from the ground, The

usual complement of eggs is five or six. I once found seven and haye

taken three young froma nest. The greatest number of eggs are got in

August.

(78) URoLoNCHA MALABARICA.—The White-throated Munia,

Oates, No. 734; Hume, No, 703,

Very common. January and June are the only months during which I have

failed to find their nest, Besides building in the orthodox ‘situations, v2z.,

thorny bushes, they also build on mango and kheirirees (A. catechw) bamboos,

coccanut palms and in sugarcane; one nest I took froma small hole ina

seet stack and one from a jack tree (A. integrifolia) sapling. One pait

took possession of a nest of Ploceus bengalensis, I have never found

more than seven eggs in any nest, and have several times seen only @

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 137

single young one. On the 22nd August 1897, I took a nest containing two

slightly incubated eggs of normal size and one, very small one, which was

yolkless,

(79) U, puncruLATA.—The Spotted Munia.

Oates, No, 735 ; Hume, No. 699,

Very common, Breeds in Marchand from July to December, The earliest

nest was found on the 18th March and latest on the 15th December, Most

were situated on babool and kheir trees (A. arabica and A. catechu), several

were on Palmyra palms (8B. flabelliformis) and a very few on mango (I, indica)

and jack trees (A. integrifolia), Those on mango trees were about 15 feet

from the ground, but those on palms were very high up. Seven is the maxi-

mum of eggs I have even found in any nest.

(80) SrokacinTHUS AMANDAVA.—The Indian Red Munia,

Oates, No. 738 ; Hume, No. 704.

This species is rarer than any of the other munias, I have seen a few in

May, but most are seenin July and August, It breeds during July, August

and October. I have no nests taken in September. The earliest nest was

taken on the 23rd of July and the latest on the 9th of October, I have never

found over seven eggs in any nest, the smallest number of incubated ones was

three, I have taken two very highly incubated and two fresh eggs from the same

nest, In August 1897 I saw several large flocksinthe millet fields near Jainaga,

one nest taken during that month was in sugarcane, but all the others were in

grass, the stems of which were incorporated with the nest, The native name

is lal.

Subfamily Fringilline,

(81) CaRPODACUS ERYTHRINUS.—The Common Rose Finch,

Oates, No. 761; Hume, No. 738.

This is a rare visitant to the district, I have only come across four or five

during my three years residence in the subdivision, they were single birds

seen in February, March and April.

(82) GyYMNORHIS FLAVICOLLIS.—The Yellow-throated Sparrow.

Oates, No. 775; Hume, No, 711.

Flocks are seen from May to October. On the 14th May a nest was being

made in a hole in a rotten stump of a mango tree about 8 feet from the

ground, it was latterly deserted. {n April another nest was found,it was also

‘deserted ; those are the only two I have ever come across,

(83) PAsseR DOMESTICUS.—The House Sparrow.

Oates, No. 776 ; Hume, No. 706.

Abundant, It builds most of the year. Ihave taken no nest however

during January, June, July, August, and December, but I may have overlooked

them, Six is the greatest number of eggs I have taken from a nest. I have

sometimes found a solitary young one. On the ist April 1898 I took an egg

which was pear shaped fromanest at Narhar; on the 19th March I took

138 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

three eggs from a nest, and on the ist April it was found to contain

six more, Ihave also takena tiny egg quite yolkless, The native name

is buggera.

Family Hirundinide.

(84) CoTILE rIPARIA.—The Sand-Martin.

Oates, No. 808; Hume, No, 87.

I have never shot this bird in this subdivision, but in February 18938, my

shikari shot one flying over a river at Hassowlie Fly, some nine or ten miles

from Somastipur. lam sure I identified it correctly as there was a tuft of

feathers on the tarsus ; the skin unfortunately got destroyed and I have been

_ unable to obtain another,

(85) C. sivensis.—The Indian Sand-Martin.

Oates, No, 809 ; Hume, No. 89,

Exceedingly common. They breed here in November, December, January,

aod also in April as I found on the 6th of that month an addled egg and two

newly hatched young. Ihave found them breeding in the banks of the

Kamla wherever they were fairly steep, Four is the greatest number of eggs

ever taken from anest; most eggs were got in November, one burrow

measured was 36” deep and the hollow in which the nest rested was 5” x 43” ;

the nest being a loose pad of grass.

(86) Hirunpo rusrica.—The Swallow.

Oates, No. 813; Hume, No. 82.

I shot a few swallows in January 1990 ; those of this species had a perfect

band across the breast, but the lower plumage was almost pure white, There

were several very dark rufous bellied birds, but I didn’t secure one ; they may

have been H. tyéleri, but more probably were only deeply coloured A, rustica.

I have noticed swallows in considerable numbers from July till the end of

the cold weather. On the Ist of April many were seen flying northward

towards Nepal.

(87) H, GcurruraLis.—The Hastern Swallow.

Oates, No, 814 ; Hume, No, 82 bis.

A bird shot on the 15th January has a narrow pectoral band well broken

_ by the rufous of the throat, but the lower plumage is very pale rufous, darker

on the undertail-coverts and the measurements are more those of H, rustica

than of this species. I have several birds which I take to be gutturalis, but

most appear to be hybrids. P

(88) H. NEPALENSIS,—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow.

Oates, No, 822; Hume, No, 85 bis.

This is not such a common species but a fair number of birds are seen

at the same time of the year. I saw about half a dozen flying over the

indigo at Narhar on the 11th April but after that month they appear to

leave the district till July as Ican find no notes on them during the

intervening months,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION, 139

Family Motacillide.

(89) Moracitta aLba,—The White Wagtail.

Oates, No, 826; Hume, No, 591 bis,

Very common cold weather visitant. They arrive aboutthe first week of

September and most have left before the end of April.

(90) M, reccopsis,—The White-faced Wagtail.

Oates, No, 827; Hume, No, 590.

I have few specimens of this species and consider it uncommon,

(91) M. personara,—The Masked Wagtail.

Oates, No, 829 ; Hume, No, 591.

This is one of our rarer wagtails. I have only two specimens, both got

in January 1898.

(92) M. Hopesont.—Hodgson’s Pied Wag tail.

Oates, No, 830 ; Hume, No. 589,

Common, My specimens were obtained from October to March.

(93) M, mapERAsPATENSIS,—The Large Pied Wagitail.

Oates, No. 831; Hume, No, 589 bis.

I have never come across this species in the subdivision, but Mr. Scroope

says he has seen it, I shot a specimen however at Doodpoora Factory, near

Somastipur, in January 1896. I also found a nest at Belahi Factory, in the

Mozufferpur district in the side of a well, unfortunately the eggs were

destroyed.

(94) M. mMELANoPpE.—The Grey Wagtail.

Oates, No, 832 ; Hume, No, 592,

I have failed to secure a single specimen of this species though Oates

remarks it is a Winter visitor to every portion of the Empire. I may perhaps

have overlooked it, but out of a series of about a hundred wagtails not one

belongs to this species,

(95) M. BOREALIS.—The Grey-headed Wagtail,

Oates, No, 833 ; Hume, No, 593,

This is not a common species. I have only five specimens in my collection,

(96) M. rnava.—The Blue-headed Wagtail.

Oates, No. 834; Hume, No, 593 ter (part.)

Not uncommon, I sent some wagtails to Mr. Baker, which he kindly went

through for me, some belonged to this species,

(97) M. sEEma.—The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail.

Oates, No, 835 ; Hume, No, 593 ter (part.)

Exceedingly common, The earliest arrival noted was on the 7th Septem-

ber and all had left by the 3rd May.

(98) M, crrrEoLA,—The Yellow-headed Wagtail.,

Oates, No. 837 ; Hume, No, 594 ter,

Rather uncommon, I have noticed none after the middle of April,

(To be continued.)

140

THE LATE Mr, ©, L, pz NICEVILLE.

Charles Lionel Augustus de Nicéville, the entomologist to the Government

of India, died in Calcutta last Tuesday, and the world of science loses a

brilliant and successful worker. He was born in 1852, and came of a noble

Huguenot family long domiciled in England, and was the last baron of his

line, His father was a member of the medical profession. He was educated

at St. John’s College at Hurst Pier Point, near Brighton, and gave early

evidence of entomological tastes, as a schoolfellow informs us that he spent

all his spare time in studying insects instead of participating in the ordinary

school games, After leaving school he was for some time employed in a

bank, but came out to India, and held non-gazetted appointments from 1876,

his last one being that of clerk of the Calcutta Small Cause Court, in which

employment he was well-known for many years in Calcutta, His holidays

and daily leisure he employed in the study of Oriental butterflies, on which

he was recognized as the greatest authority. His papers on this subject

were over 70 in number, and were of the very greatest importance, as he was

a naturalist of the all-round type, not only studying his specimens in the

cabinet, but collecting largely for himself, and:devoting much attention to

breeding. By this method he experimentally proved that in no less than

four cases seasonal forms of the same butterfly had been wrongly separated

as species, and by applying this knowledge was able greatly to elucidate the

history of other forms, He described many new species of butterflies and

contributed much to our knowledge of the distribution of these insects,

travelling in the course of his entomological researches far and wide in the

East from Ladakh to Japan and Sumatra, His researches were carried on

for many years in a room allotted to him in the Indian museum, where he

kept his very fine and extensive collection, which has lately been acquired by

purchase by thatinstitution. It was his custom to daily resort to the museum

for two or three hours’ study before breakfast, and thus he was able to get

through a great amount of work during the many years in which he pursued

his studies,

His results were published in several scientific journals, especially in those

of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and of the Bombay Natural History Society.

Of both of these he was a member, in the latter case an honorary correspond-

ing one, and he served them loyally and well, More than once he officiated

as Natural History Secretary to the Asiatic Society, and once as the Secre-

tary for Anthropology, and from his long connection with the Society, dating

from 1881, he was a living repository of its observances and traditions. To

the Bombay Society he was of the greatest assistance, as he long undertook

the task of correcting the proofs of their journal, at which he was most

painstaking and assiduous. The qualities of method and industry were,

indeed, most characteristic of him, and make his published work of the very

highest value,

THE LATE MR, C.L. DE NICEVILLE, 141

He was a constant contributor to The Asian, an ever ready reference on

the special subjects with which his name will be remembered, and a writer

who spared bimself no trouble whenever and in whatever connection his

assistance was sought. Personally we lose in him a staunch friend, while the

paper is the poorer by the removal of one of our most valued co-adjutors,

In addition to his connection with these Indian scientific societies, he was

a member of the Linnean and the Entomological Societies, and in 1888 was

elected a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London, to

whose proceedings he also contributed,

His great work on the Butterflies of India, Ceylon and Burma was unfor-

tunately never finished, but such portions of it as were published have been

of the very greatest use, For three years, from 1881 to 1884, he was put on

special duty in the Indian Museum, whose collection of butterflies he arrang-

ed, and at the beginning of the present year, to his great satisfacticn, he was

attached officially to that institution on the creation of the post of Govern-

ment Entomologist. He attacked the work of economic entomology with

his wonted energy, and in the pursuit of his studies in the Darjeeling Terai

contracted the fatal attack of fever and pneumonia which caused his untimely

death.

This has come as a terrible blow to his numerous friends, for his singu-

larly kind and genial disposition had erdeared him to all, With a wide

capacity for enjoyment he combined singularly simple tastes, and both in

this and in his equanimity of temper and cheerfulness of mind showed him-

self a true philosopher ; while he also realized in the fullest degree Chaucer's

noble definition of the true gentleman as one who is always courieous and

ever on the alert to do a kindness whenever hecan, He leaves but one child,

a daughter, and the heartfelt smypathy of all who knew and loved him in

the East and at home will be with this young lady and her relatives in their

sad bereavement.—The A sian.

CaxcurrTa, 10th Dec., 1901.

142

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. 1—A SNAKE AND A FISH.

This morning, walking round the Lake, I saw a large water-snake

Swimming towards the shore, and on nearer inspection I found he had in his

mouth quite a large fish which he held firmly by the extreme end of the tail

and which lay on its side apparently helpless underneath the suake, I donot

know what sort of fish it was, but it was about 8 inches long or a little more,

and about 3 inches deep,—very narrow, like a small sole ordab. It appeared

to be dead, The snake swam to the edge which consisted here of a walk of

rough stones about 5 feet high,down which it was quite impossible to get,

and presently finding a hole proceeded to enter and pull the fish in, This at

first it had some ditticulty in doing and on my throwing a stone down, the fish

showed renewed signs of life and getting round into a vertical or natural

position, made a bit of a fight and pulled the snake’s head and some eight or

nine inches of its body out of the hole. I dropped a stone right on to the top

of the snake, but the result was not what I expecied, for it gave its bodya jerk, |

and getting the fish on to its side, again pulled it clean out of sight into the

hole. As I say, it was impossible to get down, so I cannot surmise how the

snake disposed of the fish, which would, of course, in time be drowned, in‘fact

it seemed greatly advanced towards that condition when I sawit, due probably

to being towed along backwardsthrough the water. Snakes are, we know, pretty

handy at swallowivg, but the process of absorbing a fish tail foremost back

fins and all is rather a large order, I do not know whether my experience is

& COMmMon One, so send it on chance,

H. D. OLIVIER, Cot., R.E.

Mount Axu, March, 1901.

No, I1—OCCURRENCE OF THE LAGGAR FALCON IN BURMA,

T am sending the skin of what I take to be the Laggar Falcon (f. jugger)

and shall be glad to know whether my identification is correct, In the Fauna

of British India (Birds, Vol, III,p. 420) it is mentioned as not having been

observed in Burma, but it may have been recorded since the publication of

that work.

At any rate the bird in question is fairly common in this district, and

during the last two years I have found five nests—three of which contained

eggs and the other two young birds. Two of the latter I kept for some months,

but both unfortunately died before attaining to the acult stage of plumage.

On the same larg» cotton tree, on which was the nest from which I took

the young birds on 23rd March, there were also some four or five nests of the

common Heron, some of which contained eggs, Two days previously I shot

a Falcon of the same species off her nest, from which I got thiee eggs of

much lighter colour and smaller than the others I have, and on this same

tree was the nest of a Black Ibis (Jnocotis davisoni) containing a young bird

almost fully fledged and one addled egg, The Herons and Ibises on both

“MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. E 143

occasions appeared to be breeding on quite friendly terms with the Falcons

within a few feet of each other. Ontwo other occasions I found the old or

deserted nest.of a Heron or Stork had been occupied by the Falcons.

; K, C, MACDONALD.

_ Myineyan, Upper Borman, 13th March, 1901. |

Notr.— The specimen sent, which is the skin of an adult bird, has been

. carefully examined and there is no doubt Mr, Macdonald is correct in his

identification, So far as I know the species has not previously been recorded

from Barma and the fact of its now being found to be fairly common in the

Myingyan district only goes to show how much we have still to learn of the

distribution of many species. Mr. Blanford, in noting the absence of records

of this falcon from Burma, also mentions Assam. It has since been reported

from Cachar by Mr. Inglis and others, although Mr. Stuart Baker writes in

- our Journal (Vol, XI, p. 403) of the latter district that ‘it must be a very rare

bird, as I have never seen one, nor have any of my collectors managed to get

me one,

EK. COMBER.

BomsBay, 27th March, 1901. Honorary Secretary (Birds).

No, II.—BIRDS’ NESTING ROUND POONA AND ELSEWHERE,

In the cold weather one has to be content with quality not quantity ; it may

be termed the “ dull season,” ; nesting being confined practically to birds of

prey which necessitates a good deal of travelling in order to cover a large

amount of ground, Onthe whvle, however, I have met with a considerable

measure of success,

Toe Kine ok Buack VULTuRE (Otogyps calvus)—During the past two

"seasons, I have obtained three nests, two round Poona and one in the Shola-

pur District, The latter nest was an enormous steucture and was placed on

the top of a lofty tamarind tree, in taking which rather an amusing incident

occurred, During my tour I was accompanied by a friend, who made use of

a horse as a means of locomotion, while I relied on my bicycle, He sar-

castically told me he thought Ishould probably have to foot it most of the

_ way as the roads were bad and hoped [ was fond of walking, As luck would

have it, I had only ridden a very few miles on the first day, when my byke

punctured badly ; I, however, managed to repair it very quickly and reached

camp safely tobe met with further sarcasm, As the sequel shows my turn

came and I had rather the best of the laugh, My friend constantly chatted

me regarding my passion for nesting. When proceeding to take the above

nest, he accompanied me : on seeing it, he observed “ why, that’s only a dove’s

nest !’’ While engaged in this banter, he was getting through a hedge,

when he rana babul thorn into his leg : we tried our utmost to get it out

_ but failed, even though we enlisted the aid of the village barber ! As most

people are aware, a babul thorn in the flesh is most painful. I assisted my

chum into camp and next day we made tracks for Sholapur to obtain medical

144 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

aid, I on my byke, my friend in a bullock gharry ! his leg being far too painful

to admit of his riding. As I passed him, jolting along, I had the laugh of

him as I told him I was sorry he had been so badly punctured ! I obtained a

perfectly fresh egg out of this nest. Date 19th January.

On the 6th March, I obtained a much incubated egg from a nest placed in

a small Pipal tree, situated ina lonely and bare glen, where it was easily reach-

ed. On the 4th February 1901, obtained another perfectly fresh egg, The

rest was ahuge mass placed onthe top of a high and large mango tree ina

tope, to climb which a rope had to be thrown over one of the lower branches,

On finding the nest I threw up stones to try and dislodge the bird, though

I could see none from below, owing to the size of the nest, and as this had no

effect, I fired a shot iato the tree when Mrs, Vulture made a most hasty exit.

THe Patiip VuLtruRE (Gyps pallescens)—It is not easy to obtain

eggs of this species, They usually select the faces of precipitous cliffs to

nest in, such as Shivner Fort near Junnar, This season, I came on

one which was accessible and within easy reach. I consequently wrote and

asked a gentleman, who very kindly obtained and sent me a fresh egg, which

reached me on X’mas Day. I only remained a day at the spot, so could not

arrange to take the nest myself.

THE WHITE ScavENGER VULTURE (Neophron ginginianus)—I have found

mavy nests of this species this season, They take a long time over their

domestic arrangements, The favourite site seems to bea mango tope, some

little way from human habitation. A fairly large tree is se ected and the nest

is built in the hollow made by the large limbs branching away from the

trurk, which gives a good foundation ; as often as not very little of the nest

is visible from below and it is not as a rule very far up. Ihave found most

nests by seeing a pair hanging about a tope, and on _ searching a nest

is invariably disclosed. The same nestis used for several seasons ; the

birds begin to hang about and repair the old nest in December, though they

lay chiefly towards the end of February ; two seems the complement of eggs,

and if one lot is taken they will lay again. The eggs are very handsome, being

richly and boldly blotched, streaked and spotted with brick red, while some

of the richer eggs are almost entirely of that colour,

Tue Inpian Tawny Eacte (Aquila vindhiana).—I observed a vest of this

bird on the top of a lofty mango tree early in January, my attention being

drawn to it by one of the birds being perched on the tree ; at this period the

nest had only just beencommenced, and I could see through it, I visited the

nest shortly after and came to the conclusion it had been deserted, as neither of

the birds were in the neighbourhood and the nest did not seem to have pro-

gressed, Being in the vicinity of the nest still later, I just went to have a

look at it, when the bird quitted it. I sent a man up by means of a rope

thrown over a lower branch, and obtained two perfectly fresh eggs, Date—

4th February 1901,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 145

Tae BragMiny Kits (Haliastur indus) is fairly common on the river here,

but seems to withdraw itself for nesting. This year, however, I found a

nest building in a mango tope about half mile from the river, I noticed the

birds hanging about the tope in December, though I did not get the egg till

the 25th February, This particular pair only laid one egg, but asa rule, two

is the complement. I obtained another nest containing two fresh eggs on the

22nd February, which was built ona bare mango tree on the banks of the

Mina, north of Poona. The nest rather resembles a crow’s nest, being much

smaller and more compact than that of the commen kite, From observing the

habits of this bird the female seems to sit on the nest before the eggs are laid.

THE Inp1an Barn Ow. ( Strix javanica), I believe, is fairly plentiful

round Poona but escapes observation owing to its nocturnal habits and its

retiring down old and disused wells, during the day, I have not had

luck this year but hope to obtain several clutches next, as I found nests

with young and believe this species invariably breeds year after year in

the same place. On the 25th November, two eggs were found, so I left them

in the hope that I might get more, but unfortunately something or some-

body took them and I had to do without. On the 30th December, I explored

two more wells only to find half-grown young,

Tau Brown Fise Ow (Ketupa ceylonensis)—While nesting on the Banks of

the Mina, north of Poona, a large nest was observed about 40 feet up a large

Banyan tree : judging by the site, I thought it was an old nest of the White

Scavenger Vulture. On throwing up stones, one lodged in the nest, when a

large owl flew off. A boy was sent up, who reported one egg. I left this

and reiurned three days later, On this occasion the bird had to be roused

off the nest by the boy and as there was still only one egg I took it. It was

hard set but Icleaned it by the water process, This was on the 22nd

February. The village near which I was encamped was surrounded by

mango topes and I heard and saw several owls, As I was not sure of the

species I am sorry t) say I shot the owl ; she was in bad condition, so far as

feathers were concerned but was very fat. Immediately on leaying the nest

she was beset by crows, who mobbed her unmercifully, tweaking her feathers

and pecking her and they were so thick about her that one was knocked over

by the shot which killed her,

Tus SpoTreD OwnetT (Carine brama) is very common about here, I fancy

they nest in any convenient place, I have obtained several clutches of eggs

this year, which I have found in holes in trees, usually in mango topes,

Nearly every tope near here has its spotted owlets, which are seen to flit away

fron holes in the trees on one’s approach : these holes if examined from the

middle of J anuary to March, will usually be found to contain eggs,

R, M. BETHAM, Mayor,

8th Bombay Tnfanters

Poona, 31st March, 1901,

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

No, IV.—HYANAS HUNTING WITH JACKALS.

The night before last a hyena visited my camp accompanied by a jackal,

My shikari and other servants saw them quite distinctly in the faint moon-

light as they came very close to the camp—the jackal keeping just behind the

hyena, I was at dinner and heard the jackal howl. My shikari came up

and told me the hyena was close by, so I went towards the cook-house and

saw him followed by a jackal cantering past, I had ashot at the hyena and

missed him, but he came again an hour afterwards unaccompanied and I

rolled him over with a charge of SSG, Ihave read of tigers having their

attendant jackal but have not heard of a hyena and jackal hunting together,

It gave me great satisfaction to encompass this one’s death as he is credited

with killing two of my predecessor’s dogs, They went down an earth after

him and never came out again.

E, O'BRIEN.

Camp VELAN,

AMRELI, KATHIAWAR.

No, V.—STRANGE BEHAVIOUR OF A PANTHER.

In Part I, Vol. XII, Mr. Lester gave an account of the strange behaviour of

a panther, A very similar occurrence happened at D—— the other evening,

Qnd February. It was first reported to me about the 15th January that aman-

eating panther had been doing a lot of damage on the outskirts of D—— and

on making enquiries I found that two men and a woman had been mauled

and that one of the former died on the 31st, or sixteen days after he had been

mauled, I could find no evidence of the man-eating part of the story, but

think that the brute emboldened by constant success, viz. picking off goats

and dogs from the compounds, hadcome to regard man as a very indifferent

animal. However I determined on sitting up for him ; so on the Ist instant

two goats were sent out to be tied up within:a quarter of amile of each

other at the foot of the hill behind the Railway Station. On visiting the

spot next morning I found one of the goats had been killed and only a few

bones left, but I found panther pugs near by. I sent my men out to build a

machan and was sitting up by 5-30 p.m, I thought it quite likely the panther

would turn up before dark, although there were a lot of huts within 150 yards

of the kill. Just before dark, however,a couple of men came up to the goat

with the intention of carrying it off, thinking, I suppose, it was a stray one.

The men had not been gone fifteen minutes when [heard a noise at the back of

the machan, and on looking round saw the panther coming out of a coyer not

20 yards from the machan and alittle below it. I was afraid to turn round

and fire thinking he would see me and be off, so I waited and in about

five minutes saw him kill, Immediately after killing he looked up at the

machan. I fired and to my disgust heard him going off up the hill. I might

say it was just too dark to see my foresight clearly, Thinking he might by

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 147

chance pay another.visit, I remained quiet,and to my surprise just as I was

getting ready for a long spell, I heard him coming back, This time he walked

straight to the goat and commenced dragging or trying to drag it away, but

finding he could not do so, he walked about five paces off and sat down and

looked at the kill, I fired again and missed him, This time, instead of

bolting up the hill, he, as far as I could guess by the noise, only went off

about 30 yards, As I had given my men orders to turn up with lights, &c,,

at 10 p.m.,I decided to stay up in the machan tillthey came, Imagine my

surprise when, about ten minutes after my last shot, I saw the panther stand-

ing over the kill but looking up towards the machan, I was resolved, however,

not to fire too quickly and waited, He would not touch the kill but stood

over it for quite ten minutes or such it seemed to me, I then let him have

another shot. He dashed off, making straight for the tree I was on which

however he passed, and I think he made for the cover he had originally come

out of, It was about 8 o’clock when I fired my third shot. I still had two

hours to wait, About 9 o’clock the panther again put in an appearance

going straight to the kill and commencing tofeed. I waited for a few

minutes, fired and missed, when he went straight off up the hill,

I was using a ‘577 rifle with a bit of cotton wool for my foresight, and on

examining the spot next morning found that my shots went over him.

I firmly believe it was the same panther that turned up each time.

I should be obliged if any of your shikari readers would let me know

through the Journal whether it is the rule or exception for panthers to be

so daring,

GEORGE E, BRIGHT.

Rarpor, C.P,

No. VI.—THE MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE

KANGRA VALLEY.

Butterflies of widely separated genera have constantly been recorded as

haying been observed in different parts of India pursuing an almost uninter-

rupted flight in a fixed direction, the reason of their so doing is not however

quite clear. On the 12th of August 1900, I observed a very large flight of

Catopsilia crocale, Cramer, interspersed with a few examples of C. pyranthe,

Linnzus, travelling in an easterly direction, the wind at the time being from

the S.-E, All the well-known varieties of the former were procured by me,

females being nearly, if not quite, as numerous as males. Of C. pyranthe I

only obtained females and saw no males on the wing. The flight lasted all

day and numbers of the insects were to be seen at a great height above the

ground all travelling in the same direction, Occasionally a specimen or two

might be seen stopping for a very brief space on a flower, but for the most

part the flight was a continuous one, My examples pointed to their having

only recently emerged from the pupa, On the 7th of April 1001, another

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

flight of butterflies was seen, but on this occasion the species was Belenois

mesentina, Cramer, witha few examples of Danais plexippus, Linneus (genutia,

Cramer). On this occasion the direction of flight was from the East to the

West. For some days previously rather strong winds had prevailed, and

judging from the tcrn state of the specimens caught by me,I should be

inclined to think that they had been damaged by gales which had probably

carried them from their original locality, to which they were now returning,

In a distance of about 20 yards B. mesentina crossed the line of sight at the

rate of about 25 per minute, whereas D, plexippus only passed at about 2 or 3

.n the same time, The wind was light and from the East. In the migration

of Cutopsilia in August there was no possibility of computing the number

passing, as the whole sky as far as it was possible to see, was filled with them —

whereas in the Belenois and Danais flight the insects seemed to be all close

to the greund, but flying without hesitationin the uniform direction, Resi-

dents who have lived in the Kangra Valley for some years have informed me

that these migrations of butterflies are not unusual.

G, C. DUDGEON, F.E.S.

Hotta TEA Estate,

PALAMPUR, KANGRA.

No. VII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BLACK-BEARDED BAT

(TAPHOZOUS MELANOPUGON) NEAR BOMBAY,

In Mr. Wroughton’s most interesting paper on “Some Konkan Bats”

(Vol. XII, p. 716) allusion is made to one species only of the family Emball

lonuide or Sheath-tailed Bats as represented, so far as his collection was

concerned, in the district. When visiting the Kenery Caves in Salsette last

February, I found a number of bats in the main cave-temple, but being with-

out proper mezns for obtaining specimens, I was only able to secure one—

knocked down witha stone. This turned out to be a male of Taphozous

melanopogon, the Black-bearded Sheath-tailed Bat. On referring to Mr.

Wroughton’s paper and finding that he had not come across this species, I

sent my skinner up again, with the result that he brought me a series of 13

specimens,

The most notable feature about them is the much darker colour of the fur

generally of the females compared with the males, In measurements they

come out slightly larger than those given in the Fauna of British India

(Mammalia), viz., head and body, average of 14 specimens, 80 mm,, ranging

from 8% down to 75 mm., and forearm 65 mm., average, ranging from 67 down

to 63 mm,

E, COMBER,

Bomsay, 15th May, 1901.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 149

No, VIIIL—OCCURRENCE OF THE BRONZE-CAPPED TEAL

(EUNETTA FALCATA) IN SIND.

The Society has lately received the well-preserved skin of an adult male

specimen of the Bronze-capped teal (Eunetta falcata) from Mr. L, Robertson,

1.0.3., who writes that he shot it on 10th January last ina jheel in the

(Eastern) Nara Valley about 20 miles from Mirpur Khas, Sind. This species

is ordinarily an inhabitant of Eastern Asia, only occasionally visiting India

in the winter months, and few records of its occurrence in India proper exist,

though probably the females and young males are at times, when obtained,

passed over without notice in a mixed bag of ducks, Since Mr. Stuart

Baker's article on the species appeared in our Journal (Vol, XII., p. 18) one

of our memkers has recorded seven specimens brought to him during the

cold weather of 1899-1900 in Tirhut, The present instance is however the

more interesting, as it is undoubtedly the most western point from which the

species has been recorded in India, the limit of range having previously been

Bahawalpur, and next to that Ferozepore and Delhi.

E, COMBER.

BomBay, August, 1901.

No, IX.—HABITS OF THE LUNGOOR MONKEY,

At the Village of Mallegaon Jageer, during the cold weather, I one day

went out alone with my gun, partly to see what I could get, and also to think

over at my leisure a case which was before me for decision, To the west of

the Akola road, near which my tents were pitched, there was then a large

grove, almost big enough to be called a wood, in which the trees were of

great size, but owing to the shade they gave, there was very little under-

growth, Wishing to find some shade, as the sun was becoming uncomfor-

tably hot, I turned my steps to one end of the grove, and soon became aware

that there was a great stir in the monkey werld that inhabited the trees.

They were lungoors, monkeys about as big as a Newfoundland dog when full

grown, and they were running about in a very agitated manner, Living go

much in camp, [ had, of course, seen hundreds of lungoors at nearly all times

and seasons, but now I saw at once that something unusual was goingon, As

the trees grew on both sides of a nullah that ran through the wood I

wondered at first if a panther were in the nulla or anywhere about, and if

the commotion were due to his unwelcome presence ; but after looking on for

a few minutes I saw that the real reason of the scrimmage was the return to

the herd of all the young males, which are yearly driven away by the

principal male monkey, the strongest and biggest, and, therefore, the

Sovereign, generally called “ the rajah,”

I had heard from the natives that this happened every year, and that the

rajah never kept undisputed possession of his harem for more than one year,

and it was my good fortune to see how he was driyen av ay or killed. The

bark of a full-grown male lungoor cannot, after being once heard, be

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

mistaken, and the deeper the note the older and stronger the monkey.

Therefore, hearing a chorus of deep-throated barks, I went in the direction

of the sound to see what was happening there. The monkeys were far too

engrcssed in their own affairs to pay any attention to me whatsoever, so I

took a post behind the trunk of a large tree on the main branch of the

nullah, which was shaliow and quite dry. Soon after I took up my position

a number of half-grown monkeys passed me ata rush, some of them racing

along the ground, others bounding from branch to branch of the trees,

Having gone a certain distance, they all pulled up, and looked round in the

direction from which they had come.

Evidently they were ina state of great fear, and chattered incessantly to

each other, Soon a couple of dozen ordinary full-grown lungoors also passed

meatarush, They, too, appeared to be very much afraid, but halted on the

edge of the grove of trees, Last of all some half dozen very big ones passed

me, but stopped when they came among their smaller brethren. They seemed

afraid, too, but, ran,as it were, unwillingly from a big fierce-looking monkey

whose size and solitariness proclaimed him rajah, He came to within 50

yards of the crowd of monkeys, who, I suppose, had fled from him, and then

took up his position:in the bed of the nullah, and faced them, giving several

loud, deep barks, but all the time keeping a wary eye over his shoulder,

Suddenly from the crowd of males a big one ran out and placed himself on

the edge of the nullah, about halfway between his friends and the rajah, who

was now at bay, at the same time looking round on the groups of waiting

ones, as much as to say “ Who is coming?” The challenge was instantly

accepted, and another large monkey went over to the opposite side of the

nullah and posted himself. Then they both looked round, evidently not

averse to still further assistance, on which a third monkey came forward and

took up his position between his two friends in the centre of the nullah; so,

that finally, at about a distance of 15 yards or so, the rajah, still facing his

enemies, had three opposed to him, who looked as big as he was, though

probably they had not his weight and age.

Suddenly the three champions, on some signal which I did not catch,

rushed simultaneously at the rajah, who turned tail, and were immediately

followed at full speed by the whole crowd, each and. all making the echoes

ring with their deep barks, Whether they caught the rajah, and having

caught him, killed him, or merely satisfied themselves by making sure that he

would never wish to be rajah again, I do not know, but Iam sure that they

put it out of his power to again attack them singly and so master them. All

that I saw and could find out that day was that the largest and strongest

monkeys were all in full cry after the rajah, and that they drove him

altogether out of that grove of trees, but when and where they overtook him

I do not know and could not find out, Having been master of a herd of such

numbers, it is probable that the rajah was pretty soon overtaken,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 151

The temporary absence of all the large monkeys was promptly t:ken

alvantage of by the younger and weaker ones, who tried to separate small

parties, of females from the general herd, and get them away to some other

grove of trees. Probahly the bigger ones, when they had settled their

account with the rajah, would find ont these little parties, and having chased

away their younger brethren, would take possession of the not unwilling females

until they, in their turn, were ousted by some bigger and stronger lungoor,

Judging from appearances, I should say that the rajah would not allow him-

self to be disposed of without a fierce fight, which probably left those

engaged init very sorry for themselves, and until they had fully recovered

their strength they would not be in a condition or have the wish to fight, for

another’s harem, In the end that monkey who had suffered least in the fight

and who was the biggest and strongest, would collect from the others their

respective flocks until he became master of an immense crowd of unwilling

bachelors, These in time would be unwilling to bear the sight of their

victorious brother, and as soon as they were strong enough would combine

to drive him away as I have described. The intense fear they have of the

rajah shows that when he catches them singly he is utterly merciless, and

probably in escaping from him they, or their friends, have suffered so in body

or mind as to make them very apprehensive of being caught. The natives

have an idea that when the rajah or any other male monkey catches another

poaching on his preserves he renders him pewerless for the future, Whether

this be true or not I do not know. Anotber thing I should like to find out igs

what becomes of the dead monkeys, as I have never yet met any one who

came across the corpse or skeleton of one, The natives say that when a

monkey, with the instinct of a wild animal, feels that his end is coming he

gets into the fork of a tree and clasps the trunk, dying in that position, but

I have never heard this assertion either confirmed or contradicted, It may

be true, but one would think that vultures and other carrion birds would be

attracted by bodies so placed, and would pull them out of the fork of the

tree, when they would naturally fall to the ground, and other wild animals

would eat what the birds had left, excepting the skulls and larger bones ; but,

so far as I know, these have never been found, Apparently the numbers of

monkey neither increase nor decrease ; younger ones are always being carried

about by their mothers, but what becomes of the dead ones I do not know.

J. F. G,

(Lie above appeared in the “ Field,”)

No, X.—SOME NOTES ON THE INDIAN ELEPHANT.

During ten years’ residence in Burma I had many opportunities of close-

ly observing elephants, both in a tame and wild state, During that period

Thad from two to ten elephants under my immediate charge. For six

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

years I was in charge of the forests in one district where there were over

500 tame elephants, belonging to a single timber trading firm, besides num-

erous herds of wild animals, which I made it my business to observe when-

ever I could spare the time, I was then transferred to a district where

the same firm (the Bombay-Burma Timber Trading Corporation, Limited)

had over 600 animals at work in the forests under my charge, there being

also two small herds of wild ones, the whereabouts of which (the district

being a fairly well populated one) were always known, it can be seen that

I have had exceptional chances of learning a little of their habits, both in

a state of semi-domestication as well as in a feral state, My observations

if not of value, may be at least of interest. I put them forward with

some diffidence, as 1 have come to conclusions directly opposed to those

formed by such famous authorities as the late Mr.G. P. Sanderson and

Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S.

Now both these gentlemen make little of the intelligence of the elephant,

IT have kept a great number of pets, ranging from porcupines up to hooluks

(Hylobates hooluk), and, with the exception of the latter, I do not think

I have ever been so struck with the intelligence of any animal as I have

with that of the elephant, I give examples, which any forest officer in

Burma could, I have no doubt, confirm.

It is common to see an elephant break off a branch with its trunk and

use the bit broken to scratch some portion of the body ungetatable by

any other means, Again, in a long march I have often ridden on one of

the baggage animals passing the time by reading a book, no portion of my

body even touching the animal, and there being no mahout on the neck;

the animal has steadily marched along the narrow forest track, carefully

guiding itself in and out of the trees, so that no tree shall strike the bagg-

age, ane at the same time carefully pulling down and breaking low branches

which might scrape me off the heaped-up pile of miscellaneous kit, Once

I saw a female e'ephant run away. She had attached to her front leg a

long tethering chain, On being called on to stop by her attendant, who

ran after her and tried to grab the end of the chain trailing behind, she

picked the end up with her trunk, so that she should not be hampered by

stepping on it, and so that the man also should not be able to seize it, and

made off into the jungle,

These few cases out of many which I could record certainly seem to me

to denote great reasoning power. Another point which both the above

quoted authorities emphasise is the rarety of the elephant breeding in

captivity. The trouble I experienced, in common with other Government

forest officers and forest aanagers of timber firms in Burma, is to prevent

the female domestic elephants from having calves. It is very inconvenient

for a forest officer to find that one, or sometimes both, the baggage animals

allowed him by Government are heavy with calf,and have to be put out of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 153

work for a time, whereas the loss to a timber firm of keeping a good drag-

ging female idle for a considerable period is a serious one,

For some time I had five females and a tuskless male attached to my

division as transport animals, Four of.the females in one year gave birth

to young ; three of the calves were born at various times during one rainy

season, while one was born in the middle of the following hot weather,

the morning after the mother had made along march with a heavy load

of baggage. Two of the calves were males and both tuskless, corroborating

the assertion of the mahouts that the tuskless male was the father, I felt

quite convinced that this tame male was the father, as the females were

always under my personal supervision, and I know that no wild elephant

had any access to them; moreover, my experience is that tame females,

as well as males, show great terror for even the propinquity of wild elephants,

Of course there are exceptions to this. All these calves when I left Burma in

1900 were still alive, and on the books of the Forest Department, being then

rising five years old, strong and healthy. The elephantsof the Forest Depart-

ment in Burma have calves continually being born, and numerous ones are on

its books ; some, indeed, are now at work as baggage animals. One particu-

larly fine little tusker, twelve years old, was a special favourite of the

Conservator of the Southern Circle, Upper Burma. My experience is that

elephants are affectionate and careful mothers, though male full-grown

animals seem to object to youngsters near them. In the Salween district

of Tenasserin almost every Karen village has a few female elephants, which

are kept for breeding purposes, There are no wild elephants about, and

elephant breeding from tame males is a well-known and lucrative source

of income to the villagers, the elephant being used as pack animals, and

often in the rains for ploughing the paddy fields, Mr, Roberts, Manager

of the Bombay-Burma Trading Company, Limited, Pyinmana, kindly collected

statistics of :births among elephants under his charge (some 600, male

and female). I regret to say that I have mislaid his most interesting

statement, but it may be summarised as follows:—It is so common an

occurrence as to give rise to no comment, beyond a little strong language,

The calves are invariably strong and healthy, and only 3 per cent. die,

The cause of death can always be traced to the mother being put on to

heavy work too soon after the calf is born, which tends to stop the flow

of milk,

The Bombay-Burma, Timber Company have many elephants now in work

which were born from dragging or transport females, and their mahouts

all assert the fathers are nearly always also domestic elephants, The mother

cannot be worked while the calf is small, as she is frightened of damaging

her child, the latter’s favourite position for walking being just underneath

the mother, almost between the front legs. Elephants in Burma are not

kept in stables, but are hobbled (either the two front legs or the two hind

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

legs being tied together), and are then turned out to graze, Hence it is

not a matter for surprise that they do breed, I regret I have no data of

my own absolutely reliable to quote as to the period of gestation, but I give

the following extract from an interesting letter on the subject which appear-

ed in the /ndian Forester, April, 1899 :—

“In June, 1897, one of the mahouts reported that his elephant had been

covered by the tusker attached to the division whilst the animals were

turned out to feed, The act was observed every evening for about a week,

from about May 18 to May 25,1897. Neither of the animals showed signs

of sexual excitement previously, though the male paid assiduous court to

the female for a few days before coition was permitted. They were both

at work at this period, dragging logs, and gave no trouble to their

attendants, The report was noted, but, I am sorry to say, forgotten,

till Nov. 3, 1898, when, in the evening, the elephant gave birth to a

female calf,

Fortunately that day she had only carried a light load for a short march,

The baby, though so weak that it had to keep itself upright by holding on

to a bamboo with its mouth, was perfectly healthy and well formed, and

after a day could stand and suckle, The period of gestation, therefore,

had been a little over seventeen calendar months, or almost exactly eighteen

lunar months.—C, B, 8.”

I have carefully noted the habits of tame elephants, and find that healthy

animals sleep twice in the night, from about twelve o’clock to two o’clock

and again about four o’clock till dawn; some, however, only sleep cnce,

z.e., from four o'clock till dawn. If an animal sleeps oftener it is not well.

They lie down full length on their sides tosleep, This early morning time

for sleeping explains why it is so injurious to the health of elephants to

march for days together before dawn, as is frequentiy done in the hot wea-

ther by officers wishing to spare these animals the torture of marching in

the sun, My experience also is that if a tame elephant lies down during

the day the animal is going to die, As regards “must,’ I am of an opinion

it is of a sexual nature, as I have noticed that it is rarer and not so intense

among males if allowed free access to females as when they are excluded

from all female society.

Now for another matter—the finding of remains of wild animals in the

forest. This subject has given rise to many very pretty fables, and sportsmen

have, because they personally have not found dead animals themselves,

believed all sorts of fairy tales, I would ask sportsmen to try and remember

how many times they have found the remains of any of the larger species

of mammalia, such as gaur, rhino, or tsaing, in the forests ; very, very

seldom I venture to think; tropical rains, birds, animal, and white ants

will soon destroy all traces of uny organic matter. However, the finding

of dead wild elephants is not quite unknown, In 1893 I was camped some

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 155

ten miles (in very thick forest) from an assistant, Mr, A. M. Burn-Murdoch,

now Deputy Conservator of Forests; he wished tosend me a note on busi-

ness, and sent a peon with it, The peon, after having been gone a few

hours, returned to his camp saying he had found a dead wild tusker in the

forest, quite fresh, Mr. Burn-Murdoch informed the head man of the

nearest village, and ordered him to proceed to the carcase to take charge

of the tusks as Government property. The villagers ate the flesh, and on

my interviewing the head man he informed me that it was perfectly fresh,

and had not a mark on its body to show how it come by his death. I notified

the find all over the district. There was no Government animal missing,

nor any belonging to the Bombay-Burma Trading Company. I examined

the tracks, and was convinced the animal belonged to a herd of about a dozen

which had recently crossed towards the Chin Hills, The tusks were

consequently sold as Government property, and the sum paid for them

may be seen in the books of the Forest Department of the division to

this day.

In the same division one of my hunters told me that a large male tuskless

elephant died one rainy season on a sandbank in the river after having

been on the sandbank two days. AsI could not confirm this with any

Huropean evidence, owing to the animal being tuskless, it was not reported

to the Government, I give this report for what it js worth, though I knew

the hunter well for six years, and always found him truthful and not given

to exaggeration, That large game do find their way when dead into the

rivers, however, I can prove, as in 1894 a huge bull gaur came floating down

the Yu River, Upper Burma, dead, but quite fresh, It was salved and

eaten by the villagers, and the head man brought the remarkably fine head,

to me, and I gave the head to Capt, Perkins, L.S.C., who, I believe, has it

now,

Again, Mr, Hannyngton, of the Bombay-Burma Trading Company, once

wher tracking wild elephants in the Teungchoingyi forests, came on to a dead

wild female ; she had been dead about two days, She was not a Govern-

ment anima! nor one belonging to the Company, and Mr, Hannyngion told

me that he was convinced she was a wild one,

I was for six years in charge of the frontier revenue station, where all

forest produce from the semi-independent country had to pay duty, Tusks,

old and brown, were continually being brought down for the payment of the

Government royalty, and on my questioning the Chins they declared they

had found them in the forests. This, however, is little proof, for I believe

the wild Chins use poisoned arrows, which, of course, would account for

dead animals being found,

C. W. A. BRUCE, F.L.5,,

Forest Department, Burma,

(Te above appeared in the “ Ficld.’”’)

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No. XI.—PROBABLE HYBRID BETWEEN THE INDIAN RING

DOVE (TURTUR RISORIUS) AND THE SPOTTED DOVE

(TUTUR SURATENSIS).

On the 27th of last month I saw a dove which I take to be a hybrid

between the Indian Ring Dove (Turtur risorius) and the Spotted Dove (Turtur

suratensis), The bird was feeding on the ground alone. ‘he general

appearance of the upper parts of the plumage resembled 7. swratensis, while

the lower parts were like those of 7. risorius, and it hada distinct black

collar round the neck, The size was intermediate between the two species.

As hybrid doves have been bred in captivity I see no reason why they should

not occasionally cross with each other in a wild state.

G. DALGLIESH.

HATTOMRIE FACTORY,

Hya Guat, Tiruur, 4th June 1901.

No. XII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE MUTE SWAN (CYGNUS OLOR)

IN SIND.

I am sending you the head and feet of a mute swan, Cygnus olor, that was

captured by some Mohanas (fishermen) in February 1900, at Sita Road in

Upper Sind.

During the months of January, February and March 1900 it was extremely

cold in Sind, and several swans were seen, of which some were shot and

some were captured, I send you a few notes of this occurrence :—

January 10th.—Nine swans were seen on the Hubb River, about fifteen

miles from Karachi, Two were killed by Mr. Janes, of the Indo-European

Telegraph Department, who says the birds were very tame. One was killed

with a rifle and one with a shot gun, the remaining seven birds did not

appear to be much alarmed, for they flew some five hundred yards down

stream and settled again.

Saturday, 13th January 1900,—Eight swans flew over the tennis courts

at Kotri, about one hundred yards off and thirty high at about-5-30 p.m,

Several people were on the courts at the time ; I could clearly see what the

birds were, and called out, “Swans.” One of these birds came to grief

against the telegraph wires that span the Indus here and was captured by

Mr. Canning, Platelayer, who says that the bird was unable to rise off the

ground, but ran at great speed three or four times, one hundred yards ata

go, before it was killed by his coolies. This bird is stuffed (after a fashion)

by the taxidermist of the Karachi Museum, It is quite a young bird of a

sooty white color, and fairly long buff colored crest at back of head.

February 1st—Two swans, adult birds, were captured in ordinary duck

nets, at Sita Road station : one died soon after its capture (head and feet

sent you), the other bird I procured and presented to the Karachi Gardens

on the 6th February 1901. This bird is still living.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 157

Some time early in February 1900 eight swans were seen at Bostan, on

the Beluchistan frontier: four of these birds were shot, three dead and one

winged ; this latter bird is still alive, I believe ; Mr. Mathews, Platelayer,

who shot them, saysit was bitterly cold at the: time, and the birds were

fairly tame,

About the middle of March a swan was shot on the Munchar Lake by

Mr. Cross, of the I. C.'S., who says the bird was amonga lot of duck ane

fairly easy of approach,

At the end of March ten swan were seen for three consecutive days on the

Laki Lake. On the third day, Mr. Vivian, Platelayer, fired uine shots at

them before they flew away ; he used an ordinary 12-bore gun and No, 1

shot ; he says that the birds were about 100 yards off on the water, and that

he could hear the shot rattle against them.

On 27th April one was shot by Mr, Wragge, Platelayer, Meting—the

river Indus runs about twelve miles from Meting, The bird was seated on a

small sand drift close to the bank, No, 2 shot at about 40:yards. The weather

was very warm at the time, and the bird was sent to Karachi to be cured,

but the man there threw it away finding it too much for his olfactory organs,

This was an adult bird.

G, C, McMULLEN,

Korri, SIND, 8th June 1901,

No. XIIIL—WILD ANIMALS AT WATER.

A considerable amount of misconception appears to prevail, even among

scientific naturalists, regarding the drinking habits of wild animals, In order

to illustrate this I may quote from several works on the fauna of India, to

which my knowledge is limited. Thus Mr, Blanford believes that the Indian

gazelle never drinks, and states that he “never saw the easily recognised

footprints of gazelles among those of the animals that habitually came to

drink at the pools.” Mr, Sterndale, in his Natural History of the Mammalia

of India, tells us that it is his belief that sambur drink only every third day.

In his lately issued work on The Great and Small Game of India Mr. Lydek-

ker remarks that “nilgai can exist with but a small supply of water; and it

is probable that, in the cold season at least, they drink only every second or

third day and at apinch could go fora considerably longer period without

liquid”’ Again, with regard to the Indian antelope we are informed in the

same publication, “ whether it ever drinks is a matter on which there may be

some difference of opinion among observers, but that it can exist perfectly

well without taking liquid food is demonstrated by the existence of a herd ona

narrow spit of land between the Chilka Salt Lake in Orissa and the sea,

where, for a distance of thirty miles, the only fresh water obtainable is’

derived from wells.” As this question of animals being “addicted to drink”

is one of some importance both to naturalistsand sportsmen, and as conflicting

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

views appear to prevail on the subject, it may not be uninteresting to

adduce some evidence drawn from personal experience.

That most animals in torrid climates are generally very impatient of thirst

is a fact well known to all observers. In fact the first undertaking of the

sportsman in search of game is usually the examination of the vicinity of

water for the footprints of animals that have been to drink, so that their

presence may be discovered, The great felidw nightly visit the water ; tigers

are seldom found far from it, and are fond of lying immersed in it during

the heat of the day. The panther appears to find water less necessary, but

my observation tends to show that he drinks nightly, although he frequently

lies up at a considerable distance from water. The black bear of the Indian

plains (Ursus labiatus) visits the forest pool by night, and I have seen him

before sunset scratching for water in the side of a hill where a thin spring

was oozing and trickling down the slope. The gaur drinks frequently—at

least once a day—and wanders far in search of liquid in the secluded forests

where he loves to roam, The spotted deer lives on the shady banks of

jungle rivers, drinking often from the pools in which its graceful form is

reflected,

The naturalists above referred to do not apparently dispute these facts with

regard to the foregoing beasts, so 1 will turn to those of which they make

special mention in this connection, With reference to the sambur, my obser-

vation does not agree with that of Mr. Sterndale. It is many years since

T have seen much of this deer, but to the best of my recollection, the

evidence of footmarks and the movements of the animal all pointed to its

habit of visiting the water once every twenty-four hours, usually by night. I

can speak with more certainty of the nilgai, having closely observed this

animal for many years, and having been frequently encamped amid its haunis,

and within my observation it isa fact admitting of no doubt that it drinks

daily —sometimes in the evening and sometimes aiter nightfall, according to

locality. That it does so also during the cold weather I have unmistakeable

evidence, During the season of 1899-1900, I was several times encamped

at a place where a few of these animals, whose numbers were known to me,

existed, The season at the commencement of the great famine was one of

drought and all the water-courses were dried up, The only water was

contained in the wells and irrigation channels in the vicinity of villages.

At these wells the patient, laborious cattle toiled all day to draw the water

that ran down the channels to irrigate the fields, At night, when all was quiet

and the watchmen slumbered cn their platforms amid the crops, the nilgai

always came down and drank where the water was collected, and especially

at the shallow wooden troughs, hollowed out of the trunks of trees, which

were placed for the cattle near the wells. The marks of their feet were plain

in the soft mud, and might be seen every morning. At night, too, the

prowling panther visited such a spot where he might find a victim among the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 159

herds of gazelle that trooped down during the hours of darkness from the

neighbouring stony and arid hills, or might pick up a stray goat or dog

belonging to the hamlet, or a calf that was perishing of want, The Indian

gazelles, too, drank here in numbers, leaving a regular beaten pathway from

their jungle haunts.

Around the life-giving water all that passes during the night, all the

comings and goings of the beasts of the fields, may be read from the book

of nature that lies open to the observant eye, There isa beaten track of

many dainty little pointed feet—the marks of the gazelle, and the larger

spoor of the antelope. The pugs of the panther may be looked for upon

any of the paths that approach the trough or water channel, All animals

prefer to keep to 4 beaten track, and their wanderings are thus more easily

followed. The porcupines, most nocturnal of creatures, have come down

from their cave dwellings in the banks of the dry ravines and in the hill sides,

and one has dropped a quill on the margin of the tiny rivulet, whilst another

has pierced through the heart a goat that was tied up as bait for a panther

in the adjacent nullah, Jackals, wild cats, foxes, hares, peafowl, partridges,

quail, all these and many others have been here to quench their thirst, and

have left unmistakeable impress of their presence. At one point the panther

has crouched, and crept toward some animal stalking his prey, Then he has

made a rush, but his intended victim has escaped him. There is sucha

mingling of footmarks here that it is impossible Lo tell what was the spotte |

one’s quarry ; only a buck gazelle has galloped off from the place, and may

have been the object of the chase, All this,and much more, can he read

upon the dusty path and on the surface of the soft earth of the field that

lies crumbled into powder under the heat of the sun, Not only haye I

observed the marks of gazelle at water, but bave seen one in the act of

drinking ata pool, and there is a family of three animals near the canton-

ment, where I was lately residing, which drink nightly at one place.

Perhaps the poet’s observation was more accurate than that of the naturalist

when the former wrote :

The wild gazelle on Judah’s hills

Exalting yet may bound,

And drink from all the sacred rills

That gush on holy ground.

With regard tothe Indian antelope, I have frequently observed these

animals going to water in large herds, and I know many places to which they

resort every evening to quench their thirst. I have also a photograph,

taken in Rajputana, of a herd of these antelopes in the act of drinking, In

fact, there can be no question of their drinking daily when they can get

water, With regard to the herd living in the vicinity of the Chilka Lake,

most careful observation is necessary. As there are wells there, it is prob-

able that there are irrigation channels, and perhaps also troughs for caitle.

160 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

In this case the animals would have no difficulty in obtaining a daily supply

of water. No doubt there are deserts in Sind and Bikanir where animals go

for considerable periods without.water. But the results of my observation

convince me that where water is obtainable all animals in India drink every

day.

R, G. BURTON.

(The above appeared in the “ Freld,’”)

No, XIV.-ELEPHANT SHOOTING IN UPPER BURMA.

South-East of Katha, Upper Burma, lies a delta formed by the junction

of the Irrawaddy and one of its large tributaries the Shweli.

Viewed from the high bank of the river on the Katha side, the prospect is

somewhat uninviting; the delta has no Government forest reserves, and

consists chiefly of low-lying areas, sparsely cultivated here and there, but

mostly abandoned to wilderness of giant grass 10 feet high, known in the

vernacular as khine,

The delta is intersected by one main and several branch creeks connecting

the Irrawaddy and the Shweli, along whose tree-shaded banks are numerous

picturesque villages. Further inland there are considerable forest areas

covering the higher elevations, but the main factor of the locality is khine,

and its concomitants elephants, tigers, sambur and wild pig.

It was here, “ owing to that excellent institution privilege leave, and the

courtesy of the Deputy Commissioner of Katha” that I found myself during

part of April and May, under the guidance of an experienced Burmese track-

er, to be initiated in the highly exciting and interesting sport of elephant

shooting,

Of the danger of following and shooting elephants in khine there appears

to be a consensus of opinion among certain well-known sportsmen in Burma,

and as a tyro, 1 am precluded from expressing an opinion, but after practi-

cally living in khine for a month, I can only say, I was never charged in it,

I saw one big stampede, and was stampeded myself at 10 yards by a herd of

not less than thirty. Danger there is no doubt, but itis very largely dis-

counted by the knowledge and tactics of an experienced tracker, who knows

when and where to approach the animals, My chief objection is the terrible

hard work, and the difficulty of eliminating a tusker from the herd, coupled

with the necessity of negotiating the less desirable but certainly more danger-

ous female, or tuskless male, when they present themselves.

Without detailing the numerous and various stages of funk through which

I passed during my novitiate, or the failure to find the fatal spotat the

psychological moment, when the long sought quarry did present itself at the

familiar distance of 15 or 20 yards in the khine, I pass on to the more pleasing

subject of my first tusker,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. i6i

About 8am, on the 4th May,I left my comfortable, if somewhat airy

quarters in the Burmese rest-house at Kummongyun accompanied bya track-

er, two local hunters, two villagers carrying my tiffin basket and my Burmese

servant who acted as interpreter. I carried a hammerless double 8-bore rifle by

- Greener weighing 163 Ibs. but beautifully balanced, the tracker had my double,

‘577, and the rest carried weapons of the pop-gun description in which, however,

they appeared to place a confidence it would have been a sin to deprecate,

_ Our information was that 2 miles distant seven elephants including a tusker

had been seen the previous evening near the hamlet and rice-fields of

Myoungyi, and to this place we trudged across country alternating in paddy

fields and khine grass. Here further enquiries were made, and then we pro-

ceeded to some high half-burnt khine intersected with numerous old

elephant tracks. The ground was very rough and the khine stubborn and

difficult to get through, but we soon came on fresh tracks which we lost

after following them for an hour, Thesun by this time was beginning to

make itself felt, and I was giad to avail myself of my water bottle, After

some little delay and a dispute between the tracker and the local hunters, we

again found fresh tracks, which led us about 11 am, to a large irregular

track of high khine bordered by a thin belt of jungle, The tracker went up

a tree, and after along observation, came to the conclusion that the tusker

was not far off. ‘the khine was too bigh for the elephants to be seen,

but the movement of it in certain directions indicated their presence,

Now following the tracks into the khine meant taking the first beast that

presented itself, and as this was not my object, we decided to burn the khine

on the side where we thought the tusker was; and to watch the operation

from the secure, if somewhat ignoble, position of the tree-tops.

Three men were sent round to burn the khine, and I with my Burmese

servant took up a position in one tree while the tracker went up another.

No sooner had the khine begun to burn than a commotion in the high

khine showed the presence of elephants and through the occasional clearings

I saw four elephants emerging and coming straight for my tree, A female led,

then came the tusker closely followed by two more females, one of which

was only half-grown. At this juncture, one of the Burmans in another tree

who had descended to get my water bottle, began climbing my tree, and hear-

ing that the elephants were in sight got flurried and made a noise, with the

result that the elephants turned off at right angles to the left and went a

quarter of a mile to some trees from whence they emerged to continue their

original direction,

We then left the trees and burnt the khine on three sides to drive out the

remaining three elephants, but though we waited anxiously for an hour until

nearly all the khine was burnt they broke back and went away to the right.

Now we took up and: followed the tracks of the four elephants to the trees

where finding shade and water we were both ready and glad to tackle our

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

mid-day meal, After food and anhour’s rest we again took up the tracks of the

four elephants which led us a “ Follow the man from Oook’s” dance through

half-burnt’ khine until we came to some very high khive bordering on jungle.

Here we proceeded with great caution, The tracker led, I followed, and then

came the following with the pop-guns just in the middle of a Jong tunnel of

khine, in which it would have been quite impossible to shoot. A rushing

sound about 5 feet on the left indicated an elephant, much too close to be

pleasant. Fortunately the beast was moving away from us and not towards

us, or the sequel might have been different, With difficulty we extricated

ourselves from the khine as soon as possible, and sought a small nulla which

separated the khine from the jungle and along this we raced to intercept the

elephant before he should enter the jungle. Arriving breathless we again

plunged into the khine, but not before the practised eye of the tracker had

caught a glimpse of the tusker as he passed through some low khine. Judg-

ing with an unerring instinct the place where the tusker would come out, the

tracker led the way to a small clearing 5 yardsin radius centred by a small

tree about 15 feet high and about as thick as aa oarhandle, Here we formed

up to see the tusker emerge three seconds later. He wasa big beast 9 feet

high and as he was standing on raised ground he appeared to be only 15 yards

off, I aimed at the nasal base of the trunk, and as the 8-bore spoke the

tusker tottered, turned, and fell, Thetracker and retinue, however, loosed off

immediately, which drove off a large female who came up just in time to see

the tusker fall.

The tracker ran in and gave the tusker his coup de grace by a shot

from the °577 through the chest, but it was a work of supererogation, for he

had already breathed his last, and I found that my steel-pointed bullet had

hit just below the nasal base and passed through it in an upward direction,

It was now 2 p.m., so after I had photographed the dead beast with the

tracker sitting upon him holding my 8-bore, and the tracker had cut off the

trunk we worked our way back to my camp, leaving the task of cutting up

the animal until the next day.

Unfortunately the tusks turned out to be small, together weighing only

about 50 Ibs., but the front feet were 18 inches in diameter indicating a

height of 9 feet, and the 40 men who turned up to eat the beast the

following day were not able to turn him over and had to content themselves

with the meat on one side only.

E. R, JARDINE,

RANGOON, 25th June 1901.

No, XV.—ARTIFICES PRACTISED BY BULBULS.

On the 24th of May I was walking at Mahabuleshwar, when I came upon

a young Red-whiskered Bulbul (Otocampsa fuscicaudata) which had left the

nest before it was able to fly. The parents were .twittering about in great

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 163

alarm, for of course it was at the merey of any crow, or other enemy, that

might pass that way. When I went up to it, their alarm reached fever heat,

and suddenly one of them fell with a gentle slope, like a wounded snipe,

into the middle of the road, twenty yards from me, and, making its way to

the side with much apparent difficulty, proceeded to scramble away among the

fallen leaves, falling on its face at every other step, with wings outspread, and

screaming piteously, When I followed it to see what was the matter, it flew

up into a tree and twittered to me airily. I could scarcely credit a Bulbul

with so much cunning, so I went back to the young one and pretended to be

trying to catch it, when the trick was repeated, the other parent this time

abetting its mate by pretending to pursue and attack it. I rewarded them by

putting their young one into a place of safety. A few days later I saw an-

other pair of Bulbul successfully deceive a crow by the same trick and draw

it away from a place where its presence was not desired.

E, H, AITKEN,

9th July 101,

No, XVI._ON THE DEPOSITS OF FOSSIL REMAINS OF EXTINCT

ANIMALS IN THE SEWALIK HILLS OF THE PUNJAB

AND NORTH-WEST PROVINCES.

While shooting along the base of the Hoshiarpur Sewaliks, I heard of some

limestone quarries not far off, so I rode over to see them, On my way I

found the so-called limestone being brought to a village near my camp to be

burnt into lime in kilns of which there were many built of circular mud

walls.

On examining the stone, I found it to be, not limestone, but phosphate of

lime formed by the fossilized bones of prehistoric animals, among which I

recognized the teeth of the Mastodon, and the bones of elephantine creatures,

probably of Mastodon, Elephas ganesa and Elephas bombifrons. Ilost no time

in going to see the quarries, about a mile and-a-half from the village, and I

found them to be excavations in the side of one of the hills of this range,

Large cavernous holes had been dug in many places in the hill side wherever

it was suspected that this fossil deposit lay beneath. The bones were never

very far from the surface, and here again I identified the bones Thave already

described. There were others that I could not recognize. All these re-

mains were being loaded on camels and donkeys, and were sent off to the

village kilns,

The sloping surface of the hill side was covered with the semi-pulverized

debris of the fossil deposits from the quarries, and upon this crops of

chenna and mustard were growing. The extraordinary luxuriance of these

crops showed me at once (what is of course known) the immense value,

as a fertilizer, of this phosphate, which is daily being wasted in the lime

kilns,

164 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Tt was in this range of hills that the fossil skeleton of the Sivatherinm (now

in the British Museum) was found, a gigantic bovine animal of extraordinary

form and stature.

Starting from the left bank of the river.Beas, near Talwarra, and following

the Sewaliks along to the Jumna, and again across the valley of the Dehra

Dhun to the Ganges, there are many known places in the hills where these

fossil deposits are found, and as I stood near the quarries I have described,

watching the immense bones that were exhumed, my mind became lost ina

maze of speculation as to what sudden catastrophe it could have been, which

overwhelmed and buried such a large concourse of now extinct creatures in

this sub-Himalayan region. For the part I am now writing of, is not more

than thirty or forty miles from the main range of the Himalayas,

As I have already mentioned, the fossil bones were not far from the surface,

the soil of the hills is throughout the Hoshiarpur Sewaliks composed of sand,

here and there indurated into a soft sandstone, and the range was probably

created by the same tremendous agency which involved all these now extinct

monsters in one sudden and common destruction.

The most prominent of all the points presented by this mere cursory

examination of one of the phenomena of this hill range, interesting alike to

geologist and naturalist, are, first, might not a more thorough search for

fossils than has already been made, reveal fresh discoveries to science, And

secondly, bearing in mind the poverty of the soil in most parts of the Punjab

and adjacent provinces, would it not be possible, as well as profitable, to turn

these valuable phosphate deposits to their proper use as fertilizers, and

prevent their being wasted, as they are now, on the production of inferior

lime.

W. OSBORN, Ligvt.-GEneERAL, L8.C.

JUGATSICK KULLU—PUNJaAB,

June 24th, 1901,

No. XVII.—HABITS OF THE INDIAN TREE MAGPIE.

(Dendreitia rufa.)

This bird, like the English Magpie, is a great destroyer of the eggs of other

birds, and, though I have not seen it do so, f have no doubt that it captures

and devours young nestlings, for this Magpie seems to be of a well developed

carnivorous habit, and to havea special liking for flesh.

Last year while | was encamped at the foot of the Hoshiarpur Sewaliks, on

a shooting trip, I had some joints of a Black Buck hung up to a tree close to

my tent. A pair of Tree Magpies at once took possession of one of the joints

tearing off pieces of meat with their strong bills, I would not allow them to

be disturbed, and remained watching them from time to time. They were at

work on the meat, with intervals, nearly the whole day, and the quantity of

flesh these two small birds managed to dispose of quite surprised me, Probably

they had a nest of young ones in the vicinity,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 165

_ This year I was encamped within ten miles of the same spot and the same

thing was repeated. A pair of these marauding Magpies at once alighted on

some Black Buck’s flesh that was hung upon a tree for my dogs, and as on the

former occasion, the birds were at the meat nearly the whole day, going away

for a rest, and returning for more.

W. OSBORN, Lirut,-Gen., LS.C.

JUGALSUK, KuLLU—PoUNJapB,

June 20th, 1901.

No. XVIIL—INDIAN SHEEP DOGS, AND ANOTHER

INDIAN DOG.

After reading Miscellaneous Note No, 23 in the Journal of the Bombay

Natural History Society, published on the 18th of May 1901, on Indian Sheep

Dogs, I can fully endorse all that “J. F. G,. has therein written on their instinct,

courage, and training, as I have had during my travels, and shooting rambles,

very many opportunities of seeing, and watching the working of these

valuable assistants to the Indian shepherd. That these dogs can, and do

drive off wolves, I think there isno doubt, Ihave seen a pair of wolves

watching a flock of sheep, during the temporary absence of the shepherd,

The dogs being on guard, the wolves were evidently afraid to attack, though

everything was in their favour, except the Sheep Dogs. So intent were these

two wolves on the business before them, waiting fora chance, that I was

able to shoot one of the pair, the female.

From the large hairy sheep dog of the Gadaiel who come down with their

sheep and goats from Chamba, Lahoul, and Spiti, into the North Punjab

during the winter, down to the sheep dogs of Southern India, these animals

are nearly all trained in the manner described by “J. F. G.” Of their ferocity,

and capability of attacking any animal whatsoever that approaches their

flocks, I once had an interesting experience. I was black buck shooting on

the plains between Bellary in the Ceded Districts and Hurryhur in the

Mysore Country, I had wounded a fine buck, and was riding him down with

the spear. The buck was practically mine, for the plain extended for miles ;

my nag had plenty of go left in him and the buck was getting done, when

unluckily for him, he took a course which led him quite close to a sheep-fold,

Directly he passed it, three large sheep dogs bounded over the thorn fence,

attracted by the sound of the buck galloping over the stony ground. At this

point of the chase I was only thirty or forty yards behind, The dogs laid

into the buck in first rate style, and pulled him down in about a quarter of a

mile, I jumped off my horse, intending to give the coup de grace, but so fierce

and determined were the dogs that I thought it most prudent to stand out,

and let the fight go on without me. The buck was dead and mangled by

the time the shepherds came up, and they rescued the venison for me, Had

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

I interfered, I think I should have fared badly, especially as I am sure the

dogs had never seen a Feringhee before, When the rally was over Igral-

loched the buck and threw the whole of the viscera to the dogs, to

reward them for their assistance, and for the interesting piece of sport they

had shown me. |

These sheep dogs of the Deccan, the Ceded districts and the adjacent

province of Mysore, are all of the same class, chiefly red in colour, a few

black and tan, and a very few :quite black, Many of the red ones are

feathered on the ears, tail and down the forelegs, and there are many quite

smooth, like the ordinary red pariah.

It is not all about sheep dogs, however, that I am writing ; I wish to say a

word or two on behalf of the common dog of the country, the unjustly des-

pised Pariah, I don’t mean the Mongrel that onesees about Indian towns

and cantonments but the true Indian Pariah Dog, mostly red in colour,

That we have neglected this animal as a faithful companion, good watch

dog, and anexcellent assistant in many field sports, there is no doubt, though

it is not strange that we should have done so, as sportsmen are a conservative

body, many of whom consider that there is nothing good in the sporting line

out of England. But of the good qualities of the true Pariah, as I have to

call him, I have seen many instances. Notably when passing the hot weather

months on the Ramandroog Hills, not quite 40 miles from Bellary, I found

there were sixteen men of a tribe called “ Bender” in the village below my

camp who used to hunt with their dogs which were of the same class as I

have described the true breed of country dog from which the sheep dogs

are taken,

These sixteen men had a pack of eight dogs, Hach man was armed with

a spear, a small axe, and a knife. In addition to these, he carried a flint and

steel, and tinder in his pouch, Iam writing of a time years ago, when there

was a fair head of game on this small range of hills, consisting of tigers,

panthers and leopards, many sambur, pigs, &c, These Benders used to turn

out for a hunt regularly twice a week, their game being always sambur, and

in those times it was not long before the pack of eight were in full chase of

a stag or hind, I never saw these dogs lose a sambur once. When they

found they stuck staunchly to their quarry, and the end was always the

same, stag, or hind, at bay, either against a rock, or ina pool of water, the

pack laying around, and the Sambur slain at last by the spears of the Benders

exactly, from start to finish as is described by Sir Samuel Baker in his des-

eription of Sambur hunting with hounds, in his Book “ The Rifle and Hound

in Ceylon.”

1 ain not writing a sporting article but I am endeavouring to show the good

qualities of the Indian dog. Sometimes these same “ Benders’’ used to hunt

hares in the grassy plains below the hills, Assisted by their eight dogs (all

red ones) and armed only with their throwing sticks, a curved hardwood stick

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 167

with a knob at one end shaped something like a boomerang, I have seen them

bring home fifteen to twenty hares, not one of which they could have secured

without their dogs.

Once I was after a man-eating tigress; two Benders and one of their dogs

were with me. JI wounded the tigress which took refuge in a deep rocky

glen, thickly covered in with a species of climbing, thorny mimosa, Entrance

through this net work of hooked thorns was impossible to a man, but the

dog, a red pariah was able to crawl in, found the tigress, and bayed her inces-

santly for half-an-hour, When the dog got too close, the tigress would

execute a charge with the usual music, but could not get home, as her back

was injured, However, the dog stuck to his work, and I was able to mark

the spot where the tigress lay by the moving of the bushes, and meeting each

charge with a couple of barrels, at hazard,a lucky shot at last finished the

business, and I bagged the tigress which I certainly should have lost but for

the doz.

These dogs are trained by native shikaris to other kinds of sport, Once

when duck shooting in Mysore country, I was seated on a hillock watching a

flight of ducks on a sheet of water, when I saw a performance that surprised

me. Inahole dugin the ground about twenty yards from the brink of

the water was seated a shikari, well concealed from the birds, He had with

him his old gun and a red pariah dog: His object was to attract the birds

to within shooting distance, To accomplish this, every now and then, at

fairly regulated intervals, he threw a lump of a thick kind of chupattie they

eat in these parts, down tothe margin of the water. The red dog would

then jump out of the hole, run to the chupattie, eat it, and return at once to

his master, This was repeated till the attention of the ducks was attracted

and it was continued, the flock swam gently on in the direction of the dog

in that curious mauner in which many birds will follow, and mob their

natural enemy, At length coming well within range, bang went the old

musket, and the shikari emerged from his pit to gather in the slain,

The interesting point here, apart from the performance of the dog, is the

well-known habit of wild birds following their natural foes, In this instance

the ducks evidently mistook the red dog for their enemy the fox or jackal.

In English decoys this habit has been taken advantage of, The Decoy man

trains a small red dog to show himself at different points to the ducks on the

water. These invariably follow the dog slowly till he leads them into the

mouth of the decoy net, and onwards, till the birds enter the fatal chamber

from which there is no escape. Here we have an Indian shikari following a

practice that has been for ages in use in England, Did we learn this trick

from the Hast? The Indian fowlers could hardly have got it from us.

W. OSBORN, Lirvut.-Gen., 1.8.C,

JUGALSUK, KuLtLu—Ponsap,

_ June 30th, 1901.

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No, XIX.—EXTRACT FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT,

NORTHERN INDIA, FOR THE YEAR 1900-190),

BoranicaL Tours,

Northern Oudh and Nepal Terai.—My head plant collector, Inayat Khan,

was sent off early in April to collect botanica! specimens in the northern dis-

tricts of Oudh and the adjacent portions of the Nepal Terai, I wish to

acknowledge the great assistance he received from the officers in charge of the

forests in the Gonda, Bahraich and Kheri divisions. Of the many interesting

plants found during this tour is a small tree called Piptadenia oudhensis,

Brandis For. Fl, 163, belonging to the natural order Leguminose, and allied

to Adenanthera. It was originally discovered in 1871 by Mr. Richard

Thompson, formerly in the Forest Department, in the northern portion of

the Gonda district, My plant collector saw it there, and also more abundant-

ly in ravines within the Nepal frontier, growing near water. He was fortu-

nate in finding the tree in flower as well as in fruit, The genus Péptadenia

contains about forty species, mostly natives of America, Another interesting

plant discovered by him is Cephalanthus occidentalis, L., a shrub belonging to

the natural order Rubiacew, It was found growing in jhils in the Kheri

district, and specimens of the same plant were collected by Inayat Khan in a

similar locality in the Pilibhit district in 1898, Previously it was not known

to occur westward of Assam, It is also recorded from Burma, Central China

and North America where it is known under the names of “ Button Bush” or

“Globe Flower,’ Two new species of Brachystelma (Nat. Ord, Asclepiadacez)

were also discovered during this tour, and specimens of several interesting

orchids were collected.

Kumaon Tour.—A very successful and extensive tour was undertaken by

my head plant collector, Inayat Khan, through a large portion of Kumaon

during the rainy season of last year. He started from Saharanpur on the

18th of July and returned on the 6th of October. His instructions were to

collect specimens of every kind of balsam (Impatiens), as well as flowering

specimens of all the orchids he could find, As both balsams and orchids are

with difficulty determinable if collected and dried in the ordinary way, he

was ordered to put into a preservative solution some flowers of each kind,

also to dry very carefully the separated portions of the flowers, The balsams

were collected specially at the request of Sir Joseph Hooker, who is now

preparing a revised account of all the Indian species, The collection from

Kumaon, representing 110 gatherings, were despatched as soon as possible to

Sir Joseph Hooker, together with the glass tubes containing flowers in solu-

tion, and it was gratifying to hear from him how completely satisfied he was

with this collection and with the excellent condition of the specimens

prepared by my collector, The latter also was much pleased on hearing that

Sir Joseph Hooker had proposed to name one of the many novelties of this

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 169

collection after him, The collection of orchids was also a very good one, and

contained many varieties, such as:—

Bulbophyllum affine, Lindi.

Ceelogyne ovalis, Lindl.

Cymbidium macrorhizon, Lindl.

% pendulum, Swartz,

Dendrobium chrysanthum, Wall,

Habenaria arietina, Hhf,

Hlisabethz, Duthie (ined.)

ys n. sp. allied to H. reniformis, Hi.

Herminimum Duthie, Hif.

Liparis Duthiei, H//.

, longipes, Lindl,

Orchis habenarioides, King and Pantling.

Ornithochilus fuscus, Wail.

Saccolabium papillosum, Lindi.

A large number of very interesting plants belonging to other natural orders

were also collected.

Tours undertaken in the neighbourhood of Mussoorie-—One of my plant

collectors was employed during the rainy season in procuring from Dehra Dun

and the Siwalik range specimens of certain plants required in connection with

my “ Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain.” He was also sent, in company

with a trained collector belonging to Mr. Phillip Mackinnon, to Bok Hill in

Tehri-Garhwal, where many rare orchids were found, also a very curious and

rare Orobanchaceous plant, called Boschniackia himalaica, found on the roots,

of Rhododendron arboreum, Specimens of another very remarkable leafless

parasite, belonging to the same natural order, were sent to me from Deoban,

beyond Chakrata, by Mr. B. B. Osmaston, It was originally discovered three

years ago by Mr. Gleadow, Deputy Director of the Forest School, and has

recently been described and published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal, by Dr. Prain and Mr, Gamble, under the name of Gleadovia ruborum,

It is found abundantly on the roots of Rubus nivens, which forms a large por-

tion of the undergrowth in the forests on the northern slopes of the Deoban

range,

J.F, DUTHIE,

Director, Botanical Dept., N, India.

Mussoorie :

The 5th June 1901.

No. XX,._EXTRACT FROM THE REPORT ON THE BOTANICAL

SURVEY OPERATIONS IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY FOR

THE YEAR 1900-1901,

1. Yours.—During the hot-weather vacation I travelled through parts of

the Dharwar and Kanara Collectorates, and also the forests bordering on Goa

170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

territority from Castle Rock to Londa, During the autumn vacation I

toured along the Ghits on the southern and western sides of the Poona

District, re-collecting many of Mr, Woodrow’s discoveries to provide material

for distribution. I also paid a visit to Nandgaon to inspect the experimental

plantation of Sisal Hemp. Mr, Bhide, the Herbarium Keeper, completed a

tour from Poona to Nagotna. He found many interesting plants, but his

purpose was more especially to collect good material of Podostemon hookercanus

and other species on behalf of Mr, J. C Willis, the Director of the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, who is making a special study of the

order Podostemonacee. Mr, Willis, during his visit to the Bombay Presidency,

in search of these plants, was good enough to give us valuable information

and identifications of the materials in this Herbarium,

During the tours special attention was devoted to obscure plants and many

—specially orchids—were brought back alive to Poona, so that Mr, Bhide

could figure them at ieisure as they came into flower.

Drawings of many Bombay orchids were despatched to the Bombay Natu-

val History Society for future publication in its Journal.

To Mr, Symonds, the Director of Agriculture, who is an enthusiastic

botanist, Iam indebted for interesting plants collected by him when travelling

and also for samples of plants, said to have been utilized by the people when

reduced to straits by famine. I append a list of these plants identified by me

as the information may prove of interest to botanists :—

Plants used for their leaves are :—

Portulaca suffruticosa, Wight. (vern. Morad).

i quadrifida, Linn, {vern. Chighal),

Abutilon indicum, G. Don, (vern, Kachnia).

Tribulus terrestris, Lénn, (vern, Sarata),

Rhus mysorensis, Heyne. (vern, Ambogna).

Launea nudicaulis, Less, (vern. Pathari).

Dregea volubilis, Bth. (vern. Phandi).

Rivea hypocrateriformis, Choisy. (vern. Fangi).

Hygrophila Serpyllum, 7, Anderss. (vern, Godadi).

Digera arvensis, Forsk, (vern. Kemjar).

Chenopodium album, Linn, (vern. Chil),

The only bulbous plant used was :—

Cyperus bulbosus, Vahl. (vern. Theg).

The plants utilized for their seeds and grains are :—

Indigofera linifolia, Retz. (vern. Pandarphale).

glandulosa, Willd. (vern, Defri, Barbada),

a cordifolia, Linn, (vern. Vakal, Godadia).

Ocimum canum, Sims.

Cyanotis axillaris, 2. & S. (vern, Damrs, Narids, Ichaka),

Scirpus maritimus, Linn, (vern, Dero, Chids).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 17d

Panicum prostratum, Lamk. (vern, Puhatu, Bateru).

5 colonum, Linn, (vern.. Samo).

5 flavidum, Retz. (vern. Garin),

Setaria verticillata, Beauv. (vern. Kulelu),

luropus villosus, Trin. (vern, Del.).

Elusine xgyptiaca, Desf. (vern, Manacha; Manachobi; Manchi;

Anchi Manchi),

Dinebra arabica, Jacq, (vern. Kharin).

Polytoca barbata, Stapf. (vern, Khad-Khadio).

Apluda varia, Hack. (vern, Bhangaru).

Anthistiria ciliato, Linn, f (vern. Ratadin).

Iseilema Wightii, Anderss. (vern, Gadhu),

7" laxum, Hack.,(vern, Rahu tholvi).

Ischemum rugosum, Salish. (vern, Varchu),

Andropogon anuulatus, Forsk, (vern. Zangroo),

Re, contortus, Linn. (vern, Soorwalu).

Chloris pallida, Hook. f. (vern. Chakalio).

Aristida (sp. inc,) (vern, Tholvi),

Sporobolus diander, Beauv, (vern, Dhul),

Eragrostis interrupta, Beawv, (vern. Dhadi).

Of all these plants, Panicum colonum (Samo} seems to have been most

esteemed as a makeshift for better food.

Information regarding doubtful plants was supplied te Dr, T, Cooke, C.1.E.,

who is elaborating a Flora of Bombay in the Herbarium at Kew, and he in

return, from time to time generously sends notes which supplement or correct

our knowledge of Bombay plants.

Mr. G. M. Woodrow, my predecessor, still retains an interest in the Survey

work, for which he did so much during his service, and, while drawing up the

final part of the list, he supplied me with correct names for many gatherings

of specimens.

4. Experimental Culture of Sisal Hemp,—The station at Nandgaon was

fully planted up during the early part of the rains and the plants under obser-

vation there now number 3,000, The plants were in a flourishing condition

at the time of my visit, and there is a certainty of the plantation ultimately

proving a success. Twenty-one thousand young plants and bulbils were

distributed to various applicants and a large number have been promised for

this season to the Divisional Forest Officer at Nasik. As the area at my

disposal is so circumscribed and as Sisal culture has become established in

several parts of India, this Department may now resirict itself to the growth

of plants solely for distribution.

G. A, GAMMIE, F.L5S.,

Officer in charge of the

Poona, June, 1901. Botanical Survey, Bombay Presidency,

172 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No, XXI,—A PIED-CRESTED CUCKOO’S EGG ( COCCYSTES

JACOBINIUS) FOUND IN THE NEST OF THE BENGAL

RED-VENTED BULBUL (JIOLPASTES

BENGALENSIS ),

While strolling round my garden the other evening I found a Bulbul’s nest

which I bad not previously observed, I have been leaving all the eggs of

this bird in order to get the young ones for my aviary, so only wished to

examine the nest, and as it was about 10 feet from the ground I had to get

into the tree, but could not see into the nest even then, On putting my

hand inside I felt 4 eggs, so determined to take them, as this was the first

clutch of four I had ever found of this bird’s, but the second egg removed

proved to be that of a Pied-crested Cuckoo, I recognised it at once by its

being almost round,

T have both this bird and the common Hawk Cuckoo ( Hierococeya varius )

in the garden, but as the Crateropus (Babblers) are not laying at present,

I never expected to find the eggs of the Pied-crested Cuckoo for sometime to

come, and then not in a Bulbul’s nest,

The common Hawk Cuckoos have been in the garden since February and

after L had taken a few clutches of Grateropus canorus I left the others, only

examining them for Hierococcyx varius of which I found none, nor have I

seen young of the latter bird. Coccystes jacobinus has only been about the

garden for a month or 6 weeks so I expected to have to wait for its eggs also.

I have searched dozens of Bulbuls nests since, but have failed to find any

more eggs of Coccystes jacobinus,

HK, E. TOOTH.

Dum-Dum, 14th June 1901.

No, XXII.—UNUSUAL ABUNDANCE OF SANDGROUSE AT DEESA,

The common Sandgrouse (Pterocles ewustus) has been unusually abundant

near Deesa this year. Ifeel sure they have increased in numbers largely

since I first came here, now nearly 5 years ago. Possibly the last few years,

which have been unusually dry, have been especially favourable to their

increase. A few weeks ago over 400 were shot over a running stream one

morning by a party of 7 or 8 guns, and this ata place where more than 200

had been killed on several previous occasions during the course of a few weeks,

The painted Sandgrouse (Pterocles fasciatus) appears also to have increased

in numbers. It is usually only found in small flocks, but this morning, when

shooting over some ravines covered witha little grass and a few bushes, I

came across a large number, not less than two or three hundred. They were

chiefly in packs of from two to six, but there were several packs of ten or a

dozen, and one flock of sixty or eighty birds. They were very wary, and I

seldom succeeded in getting within 35 yards of them. However, I managed

to shoot 21, which is the largest number of this species I haye ever killed in

a day, chiefly by standing behind a bush and having them driven towards me.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 173

T could certainly have got more if I had cared to stay later, as they did not

fly to any great distance, and could generally be marked down,

As regards shooting both these species in the hot weather, and rains, I have

no compunction. P, exustus breeds all the year round, and P. fasciatus during

the greater part of the year, as I believe it does not usually breed in the

rains, If they want the benefits of a close season, they should limit their

breeding season to, say, six months in the year, like most other respectable

game birds.

C, G. NURSE,

Deersa, 11th August 1901. Major, 13th Bombay Infantry,

No, XXIII—THE MASKED FINFOOT ( HELIOPAIS PERSONATA)

IN CACHAR.

I write to record the occurrence of Heliopais personata, the Masked

Finfoot in the Chutla Bhil, Cachar, A pair of these birds were shot by

Mr, C. B. Antram of Kuttal T. E., Cachar, in June last and the skins after-

wards given to me,

Both birds appear to bein fully adult plumage and were mosi probably

breeding at the time, as they were noticed to frequent only one reach of the

river.

As Mr. Baker in his Birds of North Cachar, Vol. XII, notes it being

extremely rare, the following description of the plumage may be of interest :--

Male—Forehead, lores, supercilium, and throat black, narrow white line

bordering throat patch ; neck above slaty grey, sides olive brown, as is also

back, rump, escapulars, upper tail coverts, and the whole of the wing, sides

of the body are brown barred lighter, breast and abdomen white tinged pale

brown, in fact the upper part of the breast is brown.

Female wants the black throat patch of the male, this being replaced by

white margined with black, the rest of the plumage is very similar to that

of the male, with the exception that the breast and under parts are much

lighter, and the sides barred with almost white.

Colours of soft parts in life said to be—Bill bright orangein the male, paler

in the female, legs and feet in both apple green. Irides brown,

This bird, I am told by Mr, Campbell, Kuttal T. E., has been shot by him

on several occasions and that in former years he did not consider it a rare

bird though always more or less local and frequenting those parts of the

Bhil around whose edges there was a heavy growth of Nijal trees and cane,

into which it could make its way if alarmed, The Chutla Bhil is now

very much clearer of jungle to what it was some years ago and this may

perhaps be why the bird is less often met with,

A. M, PRIMROSE,

Rema 'l. H,, CoaRDPUR BaGaN,

S, SYLHET, 9th August 1901,

174 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

No, XXIV.—‘ BIRDS OF PREY,”

‘Under the above heading, Major Rodon asks the question, as to what

becomes of the bones of birds, after they have been struck by hawks and

whether a hawk eats his prey, where he struck it, or carries it away elsewhere,

Vol, XIII., page 185. To begin with the second question. It depends

entirely on the locality, in which the hawk has struck, as to whether

it will attempt to eat its quarry where it has caught it. If the place is well

wooded, or otherwise offers good cover, for the hawk to sit and enjoy its meal

in peace, it will pluck and devour it there and then, but very few will attempt

it in the open, where the keen eyes of their bigger cousins, are liable to see.

A peregrine may, sometimes, be seen on an open plain, or on the bed of a

river, eating its prey, but im that case, it has probably caught a duck and

more than it can conveniently carry, or it finds, that, by flying across an open

plain, with a bird in its talons, it is much more liable to be seen, by one of the

large sea-eagles, always to be found in such localities, than if it remained

where it killed. Of course a hawk may occasionally be seen having its meal

in the open, but it is the exception. As to what becomes of the bones, is a

question which must be answered by first taking into consideration the

different kinds of hawks and what is most likely to be the extent of their

prey, for all hawks, in their wild state prefer tackling something considerably

smaller than themselves, with the exception of the peregrine (/. communis)

and some of the Himalayan eagles, but we will come to them later on, A

hawk’s digestion is nothing short of marvellous and all ordinary bones that it

can break with its beak, it swallows together with the feathers and they seem

to rather agree with it than otherwise. The feathers are expectorated every

morning in a ball before the hawk goes out to search for its morning meal,

I shall begin with the small hawks, such as the merlins, sparrow-hawks,

&c, They seldom rise to anything bigger than sparrows, finches, wagtails

and similar birds and these are eaten till not a vestige remains to tell the tale,

except a few feathers. The luggur falcon (Ff. juggur) generally preys upon

rats, bats, lizards, &¢., but will also tackle minahs, babblers and even seesee and

partridges, but as they invariably hunt in pairs eyen a partridge is by no

means a big meal between two. The same rule is applicable more or less

throughout, viz., that a hawk will nearly always prey upon something it is

capable of eating every scrap of. The Chirug (Hierofalco saker) though it

can be easily trained to kite, hare, houbara, &c., prefers in its wild siate to

live on rats, lizards and small birds, The peregrine (£’. communis) and some-

times the Shaheen (2. peregrinator) prey a good deal on duck which they

certainly cannot devour entirely, but as I mentioned before their hunting

grounds are chiefly open plains, river beds or jheels where any remnants lying

about, would very soon catch the eye of some passing harrier, or kite ani be

made short work of or carried away. In the Himalayas we have the eagles

which tackle monaul, tragopan, snow-cock, &c,, and it is chiefly to these that

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 175

Major Rodon refers, Among these big birds the chief depredators are the

golden eagle (A, chrysctus), the spotted hawk eagle (Spizetus nepalensis), the

Imperial eagle (A. heliaca), and the Goshawk (Astur palumbarius) sometimes,

The goshawk in his wild state however seldom exceeds a kalij or koklass,

Others too I daresay prey on monaul but these are I think the chief. Some

of the bones of the monaul or snow-cock, take for instance the tibia, would

be a hard nut to crack even for the powerful beak of the golden eagle, but

my reason for its non-appearance among the feathers, which are frequently

to be found lying about in heaps, are as follows: —

Between the months of March and October their absence is easily accounted

for, All the larger eagles pair in February and March and begin building

their nests very soon after, and from that time on till the young birds are

fully fledged and able to follow their parents, all the game is brought to the

nest daily, minus the feathers, which are plucked by the parent birds, pre-

sumably where the bird was caught. I had an opportunity of watching the

actions of a pair of spotted hawk eagles, only a short time ago and finally

sent up a man for the young one, which had only just begun getting a few

of its back feathers. In the nest was a whole dove, with the exception of its

feathers, a few, but very few feathers, of koklass and monual but any number

of bones of all sorts and sizes, The young bird leaves the nest in August,

but not to wander far from it and does not accompany its parents, till nearly

the middle of September when it gets its first training and is initiated into

the mysteries of “striking.” I have frequently seen the young birds, getting

a lesson, The mother soars into the heavens with her offspring following

close behind and with a tender morsel in her talons, When sufficiently high

to give the youngster a good fly, she drops it and lets him stoop after it,

keeping near enough herself to catch it before it reaches the ground, in case

the young one fails to get it, However itis only one or two of the largest

eagles that dare resort to this style of amusement, as any of the smaller ones

attempting the experiment would soon have their breakfast snatched from

them, It is from October to March that the absence of bones is hard to

account for. Of course during these months not many sportsmen yisit the

haunts of monaul and snow-cock to notice,and even then in the majority of

cases the eagles are usually followed by crows who bother the life out of them

as soon as they (the eagles) leave their perch, The keen eyes of the lammer-

geyer (Gypactus barbatus) too are ever on the watch for scraps. Then again

there are pine martens and foxes, neither of which would despise even the

bones of a pheasant, It must also be remembered that eagles are by no

means the only enemies that pheasants have, The pine marten is an adept at

climbing trees and watches its opportunity when the birds go to roost and

last but by no means least, comes the curse of the Himalayas, véz., the

“pahary” with his snares. One frequently finds 4 or 5 consecutive spurs

lined with nooses from top to bottom, chiefly set for muskdeer, but birds

176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

by no means come amiss and keep the men in food till a few un-

fortunate muskdeer also fall victims. I have taken the greatest delight,

on several occasions, in cutting every noose and have gone up and down

the spurs from end to end especially for the purpose, thereby demolishing

in one day what has taken two to four men a-:couple of weeks hard work

to put up, Tam glad to add we are pretty free of snaring in this district now.

Well, to come to the point: the birds found hanging in the nooses, each

morning, are carried off in triumph and plucked, in some cases, near the first

stream the men come to or carried off to their camp, usually some well con-

cealed cave or a large and thickly foliaged tree. Since these men change

their camp every three or four days for fear of attracting attention, by stay-

ing in one place where their fires might be noticed, it stands to reason, the

heaps of feathers of monaul and tragopan are pretty considerable and would

strike a casual observer in each case as the work of a hawk, but a short

search somewhere in the vicinity will bring to view bits of charred wood

and ashes and some leaves and grass well flattened out which the men have

used as beds, These signs together with those of a spur that has been

noosed, though it may be a couple of miles away, tell their own tale. The

feathers would naturally be plucked a few yards away from where the cook-

ing takes place, if not as I mentioned above at the first stream the man comes

to and thus easily accounting for the absence of bones among the feathers,

C. H. DONALD.

BHADARWA, KAsuMir STATE, 27th July, 1901.

No, XXV.—NESTING OF THE COOT (FULICA ATRA) AT POONA,

Oates in editing “ Hume’s Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds” states “The Coot

preeds throughout India in large jheels and lakes that contain water

all the year round.” Further on he only mentions two recorded instances of

eggs of this bird having been taken outside Cashmere, viz., Lieut. Burgess

at Ahmednagar in 1849 and Col. Butler near Belgaum in 1879, Person-

ally, though I have searched water in various parts of this Presidency on

many occasions, until this year, I have never found this bird breeding,

Pieces of water where these birds abound in the cold weather usually con-

tain a few birds, which I have always taken to be those who have been

wounded or otherwise crippled so that they were unable to migrate and did

not breed, It may therefore interest ornithologists to hear that this year

they are breeding fairly commonly round Poona. I visited a jheel on the

14th July with a view to seeing what waiter birds I could pick up and was

wading very nearly waist deep in water, in which reeds were growing freely,

when I saw a floating mass of rushes, I sent a coolie out to see whether

it was a nest or not: he reported that it was and contained 6 eggs. On

inspection I found it was a Coot’s (Fulica atra) nest and saw the hen swim-

ming away in the offing. The nest was avery solid structure, the foundations

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 177

being of rushes collected together and welded into a rough sort of mat,

on this the nest proper was built, principally of rushes which had evidently

been green but were dry and brown: it was neatly finished off and lined :

the whole structure was floating and appeared to be attached or entangled

in the reeds, so that it should not float away. Onthe 4th August, I found

another nest containing 2 chicks and 6 eggs on the point of hatching, On

the 11th idem a nest with 9 practicilly fresh eggs and on the 17th another

with 5 fresh eggs, The nests in all cases being similarly situated and con-

structed, Capt, Payn, of the King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, has also

found them breeding. On the large pieces of water there are a few pairs

and onall small ones just a pair, but they seem to be nesting on any place where

found, AsI have never found the bird before and have always been on the

look out, I am very interested in the find and should like to know whether any

other ornithologists have found the bird breeding in India excluding Cashmere.

R, M. BETHAM, Major,

Poona, 20th August, 1901. 8th Bombay Infantry.

No. XXVI.—THE FLOWERING OF BAMBOOS.

In the issue of The Garden: for June 16 of last year (page 435) “8, W. F,”

mentions the flowering of Bambusa Simoni striata at Abbotsbury, Dorset-

shire, and comments on the flowering of Bamboos as follows :—“It has been

asserted that with regard to the flowering of Bamboos, the whole species

blossoms simultaneously, and not isolated examples, and that subsequent to

flowering the clumps die.” In the following week’s issue, at page 456, corro-

boration of this is given by quoting an extract from the Westminster Gazette,

based on some remarks in the annual report of H. B. M, Consul, Pakhoi, I

take the following remarks, in connection with the subject, from Munro's

“ Monograph of the Bambusacex.” In regard to Bambusa arundinacea the

author says :—“ Bambusa arundinacea takes a long time in coming to the

flowering stage. Dr, Hooker is of opinion that this Bamboo does not flower

at any particular age, but at any period when full grown, and the circum-

stances of the season are favourable to its flowering.” Of other species the

following interesting information is given :—‘‘The late Sir W, Sleeman

stated, as a fact observed by himself, that in 1856 all the large Bamboos in

the Deyrah Shoon which had been the principal feature of beauty in the

valley for the last twenty-five years, ran to seed and died.” “Dr, Wallich

mentions that a celebrated grove of Bamboos which surrounded the city of

Rampoxe, in Rohilcund, blossomed universally in 1824, and every stem died,

and he was informed that the same event happened forty years previously.”

“Mr. Spilsbury states thatall the Bamboos between Jubbulpore and Mundlah

seeded in 1839, and died shortly afterwards. Melocanna bambusoides flowere

ed generally in Tipperah, Rungpore, Arracan, and Chittagong in 1863-66,

and died immediately afterwards,” ‘Dr. Anderson, Superintendent of the

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, states that in 1857 and 1858 many of the Bamboos

near Calcutta and on Parasnath flowered and seeded, but in no case that he

was aware of did a general death of the Bamboos follow. So far as he observ-

ed only the flowering shoots died, and their place was taken by young shoots

springing from the roots, but during the flowering and seeding the foliage

almost entirely disappeared. He adds: Bambusa gigantea at Calcutta.flowered

for the first time after thirty years in 1861, and remained alive although

the plants were weakened.” “ Arundinaria hookeriana, Munro,” Dr. Hooker

says, ‘‘ After maturing its seeds and giving off suckers from the root, the parent

plant dies,” “‘ Bambusa flexuosa, Munro, Osbeck during his travels in China in

1751, mentions that it is said to flower once in sixty years.’ Munro says

of Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees, that it lowers frequently, if not every year,

and does not die down after flowering. Roxburgh states, according to Munro,

that he never saw Bambusa Balcooa more than once in flower, and Humboldt

according to the same authority, “ Mons Mutis herborised for twenty years in

the country where Bambusa guadua formed marshy forests, several leagues

broad, without being able to procure a flower.’ Munro also says : “Some of

the Arundinaria which die down every year, and springing up again, flower,

annually,”

From “ Hooker’s Flora of british India,’ Vol. VII., I take the following :—

‘“* Arundinaria walkeriana, Munro ; probably flowers frequently.” “ Arundina-

ria wightiana, Nees, flowers annually.” Arundinaria recemosa, Munro ;

flowers rarely, and only in the higher elevations, 6,000 feet to 12,000 feet.”

“ Arundinaria griffithiana, Munro; only once seen in flower.” “ Bambusa

Tulda, Roxb; flowers gregariously, and in single clumps.” “ Bambusa

arundinaria, Willd; flowers gregariously and in small clumps,”

Hance, in hissupplement to the “Flora Hongkongensis,’ at page 49, has

the following remarks on the flowering of Dendrocalamus latifiorus, Munro:—

“ This fine species, the ‘Great Bamboo’ of the Chinese, which has culms

about 40 feet high, instead of 7 feet—as stated by Munro—flowers, favente

jove annually without dying down or being apparently weakened.” On the

same page, he says of Bambusa flexuosa, Munro:—“ A curious and distinct

species, forming dense clumps, apparently flowering less regularly than

Dendrocalamus latiflorus, but also not dying afterwards, ”

As regards the flowering of Bambusa tuldeides, Munro, I can say from

personal observations that it has flowered aonually in Hong Kong for the last

six or seven years without dying subsequently, and also that clumps of

apparently the same age do not flower simultaneously, This species flowers

from March onwards, and at the time of writing (the beginning of August)

many clumps of it are in flower. It becomes considerably weakened by

flowering, and loses many leaves, but ultimately recovers, Schizostachyum

dumetorum, Munro (Bambusa dumetorum, Hance), also flowers annually

without dying down. Phyllostachys bambusoidus and an Arendinaria I

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 179

obtained in flower in 1897, but I have not seen them in flower since, I know,

however, that they did not die after flowering. Although it is an undoubted

fact that many Bamboos die immediately after flowering, it will be seen from

the foregoing remarks that many others do not. The popular notion that all

bamboos die subsequently to flowering has probably arisen from observations

made in India, where large forests of bamboos exist. Each bamboo forest

is composed principally (probably) of one species, and if that particular

species dies after flowering it does not require much stretching of the

imagination to come to the conclusion, when a whole forest disappears, that

all bamboos die after flowering.

W. J. TUTCHER,

Botanic GARDENS, Hone Kona,

( The above appeared in “ The Garden” on 9th Murch 1901.)

No, XXVII.—MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES,

It is now nearly thirty years since I first began to take an interest in Lep-

idoptera, and although I have, of course, read of the migration of large bodies

of butterflies, I never witnessed any flight that could be considered migration

until the last few days. When riding back from shooting three days ago, I

noticed a large number of Catopsilia :pyranthe, all flying against the wind

in a north-westernly direction. I first saw them about 7 miles from Deesa,

and the swarm continued until I reached cantonments; in every direction

there appeared to be about an average of one C. pyranthe to every 10 0r 12

square yards of ground, There was plenty of other butterflies about, chiefly

various specis of Teracolus ; these, however, were flitting about the bushes

as usual, but there was scarcely a single C. pyranthe that had not urgent busi-

ness towards the N-W. The flight or migration continued all that day

and the next, and to-day there have also been a considerable number of the

same species flying in the same direction, but not nearly so many as on the

two previous days, so I conclude the flight is now over, An observant friend

tells me that the same migration of this species has taken place about

this time every year for the last three years at least, but I have never been here

at the end of August before, sol bave not seenit. C. pyranthe is common

enough in this neighbourhood, the larva feeding onasmall shrub with

yellow flowers, of which Ido not know the name; but I have never seen a

tenth of the numbers I saw during the last 3 days,

C. G. NURSE, Major,

DEESA, 27th August 1901. 13th Bombay Infantry.

No, XXVIII—NIDIFICATION OF THE DESERT SAND LARK.

(ALGMON DESERTORUM.)

I have at last obtained the eggs of the Desert Sand Lark, for which I

have long been on the look out, A few days ago my shikari (who is also

my understudy as an oologist) came to me and said he had seen out in the

180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Runn, on one of the many small islands, a curious bird the like of which

he had never seen before. He is not clever at noting the colouration

of the birds but on this occasion he had noticed that the bill was slightly

curved and that the legs were white ; he further added that the bird has

a curious way of throwing itself up into the air and at the same time utter-

ing a shrill whistle. He had foundthe nest and there wes one egg in it

which Fe had not taken as he supposed more would be laid, Strongly sus-

pecting that this must be the Desert Sand Lark, I sent him out:a few days

later with my gun, telling him to shoot the bird as it left the nest

and to bring me the bird and eggs. Two days ago he brought in the

bird (which is undoubtedly Alemon desertorum) and a nice clutch of 3

eggs which are now in my collection. I have had the bird’s skin pre-

served and hope to send it to you -for inspection, From the notes on

the breeding of this species to be found in “Hume Oates’? and “ Blanford

by Oates” I find that the breeding season is in May and June, whereas my

clutch was obtained on 19th August. The lateness of the monsoon this

year (and consequent extension of the hot weather) may account for the

late breeding of this bird in the present case.

The eggs are white with bold yellowish-brown spots, the shell rather glossy

and they are rather larger than any of the otber lark’s eggs,

HARRINGTON BULKLEY.

KHARAGHORA, 22nd August, 1901.

No, XXIX.—THE BANDED CRAKE AT KHANDALLA,

Last year my shikari, at Khandalla, brought mea clutch of seven creamy

white eggs, in the middle of August, together with a nest and said they

belonged to a bird which he described as a “barra bhagné wallah” that

lived in grassy swamps, He called the bird “lekhir,” As I could not iden-

tify the eggs, I sent them to Mr, Stuart-Baker for an opinion, He

returned them saying he thought they were the eggs of the Little Bittern

(Ardea minuta). They certainly are of that type. My shikari said the bird

was fairly common at Khandalla and says it is not a “ bagla” at all. I gave

him orders to look out again this year, which he did and towards the end

of August brought me a nest of the same bird containing 8 eggs and a bird,

which I could not identify, but on sending it to the Bombay Natural History

Society it was found to be the Banded Crake No, 1395 (Rallina superci-

liaris). The shikari says he shot the bird with an arrow on the nest; as

he is not reliable I cannot accept his word, but merely record the fact, The

nest looks more like a Bittern’s than a Rail’s. Early in September, I went to

Khandalla myself as the skékari told me he had another nest marked down.

On arriving at the place, I was disappointed as the nest contained no

eggs, It was situated in swampy ground and,I believe, was the nest of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 181

the Blue-breasted Banded Rail (Hypotenidia striata} and not of the bird

laying the white eggs, an opinion I arrived at by finding the egg shell of

that bird in the vicinity of the nest. I shall endeavour next year to make

sure of the bird that lays the white eggs, for although the latter are not

the type of egg one would expect the Banded Crake to lay, it may be so,

That the Banded Crake is to be obtained at Khandalla during the monsoon

there is no doubt as the bird was shot there.

R. M. BETHAM, MajJor,

8th Bombay Infantry.

Poona, 21st September 1901,

No, XXX.—A RARE SNAKE.

I have much pleasure in sending for our Society’s collection, a specimen

of a rare snake Contia angusticeps obtained by me in Malakand and possibly

a few notes about it may be of interest to our Members.

The first specimen I got was sent to Calcutta, where Major Alcock was

unable to identify it, and concluded it was a new species. Mr. Boulanger

of the British Museum, to whom it was sent, identified it as the Contca

augusticeps, of which one specimen was found several years ago, and it,

the type specimen, was said to be in the Indian Museum at Calcutta, Tt

cannot be found there and must have been lost.

The specimen I have sent you is one of eleven specimens obtained

by me (all at Malakand) and therefora one of the twelve only specimens

(including the lost type specimen) yet discovered. The others are in the

Indian Museum, British Museum, Dublin Museum, and one in my own

possession.

This snake in life, is a very lively little creature. The markings on the head

are jet black in life, but fade rapidly in spirits, The measurements of the 1]

existing specimens are :—

Body. Tail, Total length.

Nes es 500 SOC SPU) 3°0’ 12°75”

2 9:257 2:25" 11-5"

3 ues ac 9°25" DEC Se 12°0”

4 see etd mon 2:0” 8°75”

5 ASO La 10° Doe 13°90”

6 ses one coe don CEae

( aeee ea wate aan ooe 11”

Shikviase des Bee a 500 13”

9 500 nee ae Ok 14’

10 coe cae Aue nos 157

11 B00 — a0 PG

A. H, McMAHON, Masor.

ZIABAT, 4th August 1901,

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

No, XXXI— ON THE NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES

RECENTLY DESCRIBED BY Mr, A. G. BUTLER

Mr, Butler in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. 7, No. 39,

has separated the Ceylon species of Zraota from the Indian and has bestowed

on it the name J. Nicérillei. He writes, “ Iraota mecenas. Moore, Lep.

Ceylon, Vol, 1. p. 102, pl. XL. figs, 2,2a @, 1880-81. This species differs from

the true J. mecenas (dry phase of I, timoleon) in the much more restricted

and metallic morpho like colouring of the patches of colour on the upper sur-

face. According to Moore these patches are metallic blue; but it would be

more correct to call them green, as it is difficult to get them so placed as to

eliminate all yellow from the blue ; and when facing the light, the colouring is

clittering metallic green, On the under surface the differences are not strik-

ing between the two species, but the white discoidal markings are less silvery

in the Ceylonese insect and the discal white lunules on the primaries are

reversed, their concavities being directed towards the base instead of the

outer margin. Our examples, which are females, differ from the rich purple

females of timoleon in their longer secondaries and with more slender tails ;

indeed in their general aspect they more nearly resemble the male than the

female of I, timoleon.”

This insect was apparently described from specimens in Mr, Mackwood’s

collection,

In a small collection of the rarer Ceylon butterflies collected by Mr, Pole and

now in the Colombo Museum, I was interested to note two specimens of /raota

and made the following notes on them, Both specimens are males, The first

specimen has the patch on the primaries brilliant metallic green in all lights,

Two small white markings on the disc beneath the lower one the larger

almost square, the upper consists of a few white scales. The white marking

on the costa touches the discoidal spot,

The other specimen is a deep mettallic blue in nearly all lights sometimes

with a purplish tinge. The markings on the under-surface more distinct, the

lower and larger somewhat triangular with the base downwards, and almost

touching the upper one which is similar to the other specimen, The white

costal markings are much reduced and scarcely touch the discoidal spot,

These two specimens come from the Hambantotte district in the South of the

Island, Mr, Butler would, I presume, describe these specimens as I, Nicévillez §

put it will be seen how much they differ from each other, both the upper and

under-surfaces presenting many points of difference. I think before the

Ceylon insect receives specific rank, something more should be known about it,

In the same number of the Annals Mr, Bulter describes Spindasis minima

sp.n. He states that it is probably nearest to /ilacina, a species so far as

I know that does not occur in Ceylon, But he goes on to say that it is

very distinct from all known species. He further says that the general

disposition of the markings of the under-surface is thaty;of S, fusca, The

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 183

specimen or specimers from which the description is made were taken by

Mr, Pole on the Segersta Estate near Matale at an elevation probably of

1,0C0-2,000ft. Mr. Pole.writes to me “ Minima I took in the Segersia Estate

amongst high grass . . . . Iam sending two specimens to Bulter for

identification,” While not wishing in any way to invalidate this species,

I would wish to warn Entomologists including Mr, Bulter from describing as

a new species a member of the genus Spindasis from Ceylon unless they possess

a very full series, This genus in Ceylon varies to an extraordinary extent and

until extensive breeding operations are carried on, the confusion is only likely

to increase with each new species described, Mr. Bulter also describes

S, trifurcatus as occurring in the island ; as far as I can gather from Mr Pole

from a single specimen captured at Chilaw, Mr, de Nicéville, Brit, Ind., Vol.

III, page 362, appears to consider Spindasis (Aphneus) trifurcata as identical

with ictis,a common Ceylon species,

N. MANDERS, MaJor, R.A.M.C,

CEYLON, 21st August 1901,

XXXIIL—LIST OF BIRDS’ SKINS.

RECEIVED From THE LypIAN Musxum, Catcurra (in exchange),

February 1901.

1 | Corvus coraz ... ee ae ...| Raven.

12 | Urocissa occipitalis ... Ais .ee: Red-billed Blue Magpie.

13 » flavirostris ... toe ...| Yellow-billed Blue Magpie.

14 | Cissa chinensis Pe ae -- | Green Magpie,

24 | Garrulus lanceolatus... mek .--’ Black-throated Jay.

35 | Zgithaliscus erythrocephalus ..- | Red-headed Tit.

42 | Machlolophus xanthogenys «+. »-| Yellow-cheeked Tit,

44 | Lophophanes melanolophus ... .-- | Crested Black Tit,

69 | Garrulaxz leucolophus es .«- | Himalayan White-Crested

Laughing-Thrush,

70 3 belangerz ... er .-- | Burmese a x

72 9) pectoralis.c. —.. ..- | Black-gorgeted | Laughing-

Thrush,

83 | Trochalopterum nigrimentum ---| Western Yellow-winged

Laughing Thrush,

108 | Argya subrufa ao Liste ... | Large Rufous Babbler,

116 | Pomatorhinus schisticeps Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler.

129 ‘5 erythrogenys ... .. | Rusty-cheeked i

135 | Dumetia hyperythra .. ies ... | Rufous-bellied Babbler.

144 | Pellorneum ruficeps ... Be ... | Spotted Babbler.

145 » subochraceum ... ...| Burmese Spotted Babbler,

160 | Turdinus abbotti ... Bos ... | Abbott’s Babbler.

163 | Alcippe nepalensis ... ete .-. | Nepal Babbler.

172 | Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps ... ... | Red-headed Babbler,

174 i pyrrhops ... ... | Red-billed is

176 | Mizornis rubricapillus nee ..» | Yellow-breasted Babbler,

182 | Sittiparus castaneiceps ae ... | Chestnut-headed Tit-Babbler,

219 | Siva strigula ... hoes Ae see | Stripe-throated Siva,

232 | Iaulus flavicollis aoe »2o | Yellow-naped Ixulus,

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

LIST OF BIRDS’ SKINS.—(contd.)

234 | Herpornis xcantholeuca sts ... | White-bellied Herpornis.

236 | Cutia nepalensis vie ... | Nepal Cutia,

250 | Chloropsis chlorocephula ... ... | Burmese Chloropsis.

255 | Melanochlora sultanea ole ... | Sultan-bird.

261 | Psaroglossa epiloptera (00 ... | Spotted-wing,

263 | Criniger flaveolus ... 500 ... | White-throated Bulbul.

282 | Molpastes bengalensis sie ... | Bengal Red-vented Bulbul.

285 leucotis ... fh ... | White-eared Bulbul.

321 | Sitta castaneiventris ... ane ... | Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch.

323 | ,, lewcopsis... 520 343 ... | White-cheeked Nuthatch,

325 Frontalis... ee “ids .. | Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch,

364 | A crocephalus orientalis _... ... | Eastern Great Reed-Warbler,

367 agricola sa ... | Paddy-field Reed-Warbler,

381 | Cisticola cursitans ... a ... | Rufous Fantail-Warbler.

382 | Franklinia gracilis ... a ... | Franklin’s Wren-Warbler.

394 | Hypolais rama es ae ... | Sykes’s Tree-Warbler.

395 3 wallda s. aS ... | Olivaceous zm

396 » caligata ... sal .-- | Booted

399 | Sylvia jerdont 00 oo ... | Hastern Orphean Warbler.

ANON 4, nana) --. 550 as ... | Desert Warbler.

402 » Oaffinis ... Bar S50 ... | Indian Lesser White-throated

Warbler.

405 | Phylloscopus affinis ... sac .-- | Tickell’s Willow- Warbler

407 | os tristis ... O00 ... | Brown i

408 io indicus... ..- | Olivaceous

410 ; fuscatus 500 .-- | Dusky a

415 Va proregulus —«.. ... | Pallas’s i

416 A subviridis aay ... | Brooks’s ‘a

417 Pa superciliosus ... ... | Crowned A

418 | humit ... ae ... | Hume's 2

421 Acanthopneuste nitidus 635 .. | ureen s

422 viridanus ... ..- | Greenish i

426 nf lugubrig —... ... | Dull-green

428 | i occipitalis ... ... | Large Crowned Willow-Warbler

458 | Suya crinigera ues ae ... | Brown Hill-Warbler.

462 | Prinia lepida... ee a ... | Streaked Wren-Warbler.

464) ,, socialis 350 555 ... | Ashy x

465 3 sylvatica — «.. oe ... | Jungle a

466 », é@nornata, was ea ... | Indian

474 | Lanius collurioides ... ae ... | Burmese Shrike.

486 | Tephrodornis pelvicus dea ... | Nepal Wood-Strike.

490 | Pericrocotus speciosus ue .-. | Indian Searlet Minivet,

499 ii TOSEUS cee as ... | Rosy Minivet.

514 | Oriolus indicus oe So .. | Black-Naped Oriole,

524 | Eulabes intermedia ... Sa ... | Lndian Grackle,

30 | Sturnus porphyronotus nae ... | Central Asian Starling.

532 » menabiert +. So .. |Common Indian _,,

533 , poltaratzskiz ... te ... | Finsch’s

538 | Sturma malabarica ... aan ... | Grey-headed Myna.

557 | Muscicape grisola ... ber ... | Spotted meee

558 | Hemichelidon sibirica ate ... | Sooty

575 | Cyornis rubeculoides... ot ge Blue-throated ,,

592 | Culicicapa ceylonensis ee ..- | Grey-headed_,,

599 | Terpsiphone affinis ... ee ... | Burmese Paradise Fly-catcher,

605 | Rhipidura albicollis ... + ...| White-throated Fantail

626 | Saxecola deserts dee ae -. | Desert Chat,

349

801.

874

882

887 |

890

912

915

919

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

185

(LIST OF BIRDS’ SKINS.—(contd.)

Ruticilla: frontalis

| Calliope camtschatkensis

. jp. pectoralis

lanthia rufilata fea

' Merula boulboul ;

» obscura

:| Petrophila solitaria .

Cinclus kashmiriensis

_Lharrhaleus fulvescens

Ploceus megarhynchus

‘| Stictospiza formosa ...

Pyrrhula aurantiaca

»< erythrocephala

Jy “@mepatlensis...

‘Propasser thura —....

5 grands

- 4,2 rhodochrous:

Procarduelis-nepalensis

Hy pacanthis spinoides

Passer hispaniolensis...

» - montanus

Emberiza fucata

=~ pusilla: se

»! aureola

Ptyonoprogne rupestris

Hirundo gutturalis ‘..

», _ fluvicola s+

Motacilla alba

55 leucopsis

a personata

» » fodgsoni::... bo0

-. ‘wtaderaspatensis ...

» melanope’'.. —

align ee borealis f+ «ye toe

» flava eas

» . feldeggi wai!

» .. Citreola

» ettreoloides ;

Anthus richardi ie SED

» © cervinus wee

» spinoletta ;

Otocorys pencillata ... eee

» . longirostris ..

1 | Clwest ewe

Alauda arvensis

» gulgula tes

Galerita cristata «se

thopyga scheriee ...

Mispene Cane ate

is VIGOTSt - woe

pees ignicauda...

sha saturata ...

5 nepalensis re

Diceeum cruentatum-s. eee

9) tgnipectus ...

yy» erythrorhynchus

coos

| Blue-fronted Redstart.

Common Ruby-throat,

Himalayan

Red-flanked Bush-Robin.

Grey-winged Ouzel,

Dark Ouzel,

Eastern Blue Rock-Thrush,

White-breasted Asiatic Dipper.

-| Brown Accentor, .

Eastern Baya.

Green Munia.

Orange Bull-finch,

Red-headed ,,

Brown :

White- browed Rose-finch., |

Red-mantled a

Pink-browed ~~ ,,.

Dark Rose-finch,

Himalayan Green-finch,

... | Spanish Sparrow.

.-| Tree-Sparrow.

-Grey-headed Bunting, °

Dwarf

.- | Yellow- breasted Bunting.

eect

Crag-Martin.

Pastern Swallow.

Indian Cliff-Swallow.

White Wagiail,

White-facei Wagtail.

Masked Wagtail.: —

| Hodgson’s Pied Wagtail.

.| Large Pied Wagtail.

es Grey.

Gray headed Wagtail,

..| Blue-headed ._,,

| Black-headed, 95

Yellow- meen! i

Hodgson’s Ylw. headed, Wagiatl.

. | Richard’s Pipit,

. | Red-throated Pipit.

Waier Pipit.

... | Gould’s Horned Lark.

.., Long-billed _,,

Elwes’s i

| Sky-Lark,

Indian Sky-Lark.

| Crested Lark.

| Himalayan Ylw, backed Sun-bird

.. | Tenasserim

.. |, Vigor’s Yellow-backed Sun-bird.

.. | Fire-tailed 5 eee

.- Black-breasted ,, a fiakt

... |. Nepal

oo Scarlet-backed Flower- pecker,

... Fire-breasted 4;

.. 1 Lickell’s;.. - ;

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

931

933

940

944

949

960

964

973

983

988

1025

1031

1055

1069

1073

1074 °

1075

1077

1085

1086

1096

1101

1112

1140

1156

1160

1173

1178

1183

1199

1212

1213

1230

1234

1235

1241

1260

1261

1267

1283

1286

1296

1298

13u4

1308

1327

1336

1339

1344

1370

1415

1425

1434

Pitta cyanoptera

» brachyura eae ce

Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus

Psarisomus dalhousie

Gecinus viridanus

Fypopicus hyperythrus

Dendrocopus darjilensis

LIyngipicus semicoronatus

Micropternus pheoceps

Tiga javanensis boc tee

Eurystomus orientalis eae

Nyctiornis athertonz ... us

Rhytidoceros subruficollis ...

Cypselus apus

» affinis atic seo

» subfurcatus soe

Tachornis butassiensis on

Chetura nudipes —.w. aes

| Collocalia linchi

Macropteryx coronata

Lyncornis cerviniceps tee

Harpactes erythrocephalus .

Cacomantis passerinus

Paleornis rosa

Asio otus eee see S60

Syrnium indrane aes

Scops gi sxe Soc vee

,» bakkamena ... 500

Glaucidium cuculoides

Gy paétus barbatus

Spizaetus limnaetus os.

» mnepalensis --. veo

Milvus melanotus

Circus Cineraceus are

» cyaneus ees

Buteo desertorum

Falco sub-buteo

) SCVETUS woe

Microhierax Bulolnue |

Sphenocercus sphenurus

Ducula insignis nde

Columba leuconota a:

Palumbus casiotis ... i

Turtur orientalis ees aoe

,, tigrinus +

Polyplectrum chinquis a

Genneus albicristatus

» horsfieldt ..

Tragopan satyra tee

Caccabis chucar wos ooh

Houbara macqueent ...

Glareola orientalis ae

Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis...

LIST OF BIRDS’ SKINS.—(contd.)

Lesser Blue-winged Pitta.

Indian Pitta.

Black-and-red Broad-bill.

Long-tailed ara f

Burmese Scaly-bellied Green

W ood-pecker,

Rufous-bellied Pied Woodpecker.

Darjeeling Pied

Pigmy

Northern Rufous

Common Golden-backed. three-

toed Wood-pecker.

Broad-billed Roller.

Blue-bearded Bee-eater,

Blyth’s Wreathed Hornbill.

European Swift,

Common Indian Swift.

Malay House-Swift.

Palm-Swift.

White-necked Spine-tail.

Horsfield’s Swiftlet.

Indian Crested Swift.

Great-eared Mightjar.

Red-headed Trogan.

Indian Plaintive Cuckoo.

Eastern HES ENS BL. Paro-

quet,

Long-eared Owl,

Brown Wood-Owl.

Scops Owl.

Collared Scops Owl. .

Large Barred Owlet..

Limmergeyer.

Changeable Hawk-Eagle.

Hodgson’s

Large Indian Kite,

Montagu’s Harrier,

Hen

Common Buzzard,

Hobby.

Indian Hobby.

Red-legged Falconet,

Kokla Green Pigeon.

Hodgson’s Imperial Pigeon,

White-bellied Pigeon.

Eastern Wood-Pigeon,

Rufous Turtle-Dove,

Malay Spotted Dove.

Grey Peacock-Pheasant,

White-vrested Kalij ” SCERES

Black-breasted

Crimson Horned

Chukor.

Houbara.

Large Indian Pratincole.

Burmese Wattled Lapwing.

”?

”

1436

1438

1459.

1461

1477

1478

1490

1491

1492

1495

1496

1501

1503

1504

1506

1548

1575

1586

1594

1601

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

LIST OF BIRDS’ SKINS.—(concld.)

Vanellus vulgaris 4

Chettusia leucura ... See

Terekia cinerea Ace ses

Totanus glareola

Tringa subarquata ...

» alpina

Larus ridibun tus

brunneicephalus

hemprichi

» cachinnans ... 0

Hydrochelidon ares ae

Sterna media.. ; ae

”

y SEEND see vee

» melanogaster ..

» fuviatilis

Dissura episcopus

Phenicopterus roseus

Rhodonessa caryophyllaced...

Eunetts falcata

Querquedula circia ...

Lapwing or Peewit.

White-tailed Lapwing.

Avocet Sandpiper.

Wood os

Curlew Stint.

Dunlin,

Laughing Gull,

Brown-headed Gull.

Sooty

Yellow-legged Her ring-Gull,

Whiskered Tern.

Smaller Crested Tern,

Indian River es

Black-bellied fs

Common

White-necked Stork,

Common Flamingo,

Pink-headed Duck.

Crested Teal.

Garganey or Blue-winged Teal.

187

SATBB 5 eS

PROCEEDINGS...

OF THE MEETING HELD -ON 167TH APRIL, 1901, ~

A MEETING of the members took p! lace on Tuesday last, the 16th | Ai,

1901, Colonel Olivier, R,E., presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The following elections of new members. were - announced : lees hs

Lieutenant H, Wood, R.EH, (Mussoorie), Lieutenant G, G. “Young, EMS

(Baroda), Mr. William Jesse, M.A, (Lucknow), Lieutenant RB, R. Henderson

(Lucknow), Dr. J. D. Gregerson (Dibrugarh), Mr. Mirza Nazir Beg « (Hydera-

bad), Mr. E. W. Trotter (Pyapon, Burma), Lieutenant’ Allen R. B. Shuttle-

worth (Zhob Valley), and Dr, Morrison, M.D, (Bombay). -

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM. ; ts

Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary. Secretary, ‘acknowledged receipt of ; the

following contributions to the-Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

2 Snakes.....scoee acbodecaqo00009 Ablabes calamaria, Sitybura| Mr. RB. C. Wroughton,I.F,S.

macrolepis

1 Russell's viper .....0.:+.0s. Daboia russellti ...0. pecmesecss Mr. H. Yeo.

1 Snake (alive) ....... cocceces| LLY COMOM AULICUS .srcccccereeees Col. A. 8. Croly, R.A.M.C,

1 Gargeny teal ............... QYuerquedula circia ec. M. W. F. Biscoe.

1 Orange-breasted green| Osmotreron bicincta ....0..-. Do.

pigeon.

1 Anderson’s squirrel ...... Sciurus quingwuest riatwe.c.eve Mr. H. H. Harrington.

1 Striped Himalayan squir-|Sciwrus macclellandt ...... te Do,

rel.

1 Malay Tree-shrew ....002..| Tupata ferrUgined s.eresseeeee Do.

pHs MM oa Calteesestinscasceerions FELIS ViVer rind ..cecsecrcsccccers Do.

1 Capped monkey ............ Semnopitheus a Do.

1 Lagegar falcon ........-c0000.| MGlC0 jugger oo "1 Mr. K. C. Macdorald.

2 Jackals @live)....+-esscce-s- CANIS BUIGUS....0.c0ccccrereocone Mr. C. Merrony.

1 Albino snipe ............+0 Gallinago caclestés ssccoeeee- Major G. H, Evans,

3 Kalij pheasants .. ...ccs0-| GEMMEUS -BP)-vercvsececes e-oveene Mr, W.G. Nisbett.

1 Arakan hill-partridge. 050003 Arboricola intermedia ..c» Do.

UG reyacuallacccsstorcsesese: Coturnie COMMUNAS ....00000000 Do.

I ERIDUTE, doscacopendaooases GoceaK00d Pavoncella PUgnal cover... ».| Lieut. J. W. Watson.

1 Indian turtle dove ....... «| Turtur ferrago ....0.« pasodcacon4 Do.

1 Black-throated ouzel ...... Merula atrigularis ..sccccoee Do.

IGIROBGNHIMCI NE Neecesscesesseneeo: Rhodospiza obsoleta ......006 Do.

EME UNCHatioasescrcnsssesccnsccs Sacicola picata .....s0ecc0e6 S05 Do.

1 Isabelline chat.........s0..«. Saxicola isabellina ...00. eenees Do.

1 Indian redstart ............ Ruticilla rufiventris ses. Do.

1 Pale-brown shrike ......... Lanius isabellinus ...seccceoee Do.

IL IMENWEO, ooo, c0d0q0d 0008 N000G0000 COTVUS COAL. 2.0 ssececerccornres Do.

1 Bronze-capped teal ....... «| Hunetta falcata sesrcecocereoee Mr. L. Robertson.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM

A. L. Alexander, Miss Hume Henderson, Mr. 8. F, Melling, Mr. C.S, F,

Crofton, and Mr, E, W. Trotter,

_ PROCEEDINGS. ee Pea ay ene Gt!)

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S LIBRARY.

. Thirty-first Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1900;

Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3; Through Unknown African

Countries (A. D. Smith), J. Johnston ; Island Life (A, R. Wallace), J.

Johnston ; The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (Sir Sam, Baker), J, Johnston ;

Rambles in Polynesia, J. Johnston ; American Hydroids, Part I ; Fishes of

North and Middle America; Society of Protection of Birds, Report; and

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XX XIII, Part, I.

ae PROTECTION OF BIRDS IN INDIA, Ay

; The Honorary Secretary drew attention to the fact that the Society for the

Protection of Birds, which was founded in England 1889, now propose to extend

their operations to this country, and asa preliminary step were anxious to enrol

the names of all those who sympathize with the objects of the Society, which

are embodied in the following rules :—

I, ° That members shall discoarage the wanton destruction of birds, and

interest themselves generally in their protection.

II, That members shall refrain from wearing the feathers of any bird not

killed forthe purposes of food, the Ostrich only excepted. (The attitude of

the Society is strictly neutral on the question of the killing of game birds and

legitimate sport of that character.) ; :

Mr, Wm. Jesse, M.A., of La Martiniere College, Lucknow, is at. present

acting as Honorary Secretary of the above Society, and all communications

should be addressed to him.

BISONS IN CAPTIVITY. Bus oect

Mr, R. Gilbert exhibited an excellent photograph of two cow Bisons (Bos-

gaurus) in possesion of his Highness the Maharajah of Mysore, The animals

which were caught when only a few months old, have now been in captivity for

four years, They are quite tame, and are allowed to graze under the custody of

an attendant in the Maharajah’s garden, their food being grass, bamboo leaves

and cooltee.. ~- : Se eepie: Aye

It was resolved that the photograph, which was taken by Mr, Hughes, the

Superintendent of the Maharajah’s Zoological Collection at Mysore, should be,

placed in the Society’s album,

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were read and discussed :— ;

1, Bird-Nesting in the Neighbourhood of Poona, by Captain R, M, Betham,

2, Notes on the Narcondam Hornbill, by Rev. ©, P, Cory,

. 3s.’ Occurrence of the Laggar Falcon in Burmah, by E, Comber,

“4, Nesting Difficulties of the Coppersmith, by E. Tooth.

5, Bulbuls, by E. H, Aitken,

PROCEEDINGS

_ OF THE MEETING HELD ON 9ru JULY, 1901.

- A meeting of the members took place at the Society’s Rooms on Tuesday ’

last, the 9th instant, the Ven’ble Archdeacon Scott presiding,

190 JOURNAL ,BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

NEW MEMBERS,

The ueetion of the following new members was duly announced :—Mr. N.

W. Kemp (Bombay) ; Lieut, W, A, Payne (Poona) ; Cant. H. D, Foulkes, R.F.A;

(Ferozepore) ; Mr, G. B. Dawson (Rangoon) ; Mr. A. J. Harrison, C.E, (Assam);

Mr. H, Fagan (Rangoon) ; Mr, A. E, Wilenan (Kobe, Japan); Lieut, D.

Campbell (Deolali, Life Member); the Superintendent, Mysore Government

Museum (Bangalore) ; Lieut, A, Delmé Radcliffe (Saugor); Mr. J. W. Oliver,

I.F.S, (Dehra Dun); His Highness the Maharajah of Cooch Behar (Life

Member) ; Lieut, N.S. H, Sitwell, R.A, (Bombay) ; Lieut, B,C, Graham (Drosh, .

Chitral); Mr. E, D, Mackay (Assam); Mr. M. E. Nigel-Jones (Assam) ;

Lieut-Col, G, D. Bourke, R. A. M, C. (Rawul Pindi); Mr.R, Oaken,I.C, 8.

(Meerut) ; and Mr. Robert 8, Hole, I.F.S. (Jubbulpore),

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr. H. M, Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

re ac Os a a

Contributions. Description, Contributor.

Ce a ay a a arn a hea vem ART en ay

A number of Birds’ Nests..; $= = aeeeenns Mr. Isaac Benjamin.

1 Tawny Hagle-Owl......... Bubo coromandusa... S00G0cd00 --.| Mr. C. Maries.

1 RU ..ccceccncccsecsssoosse coe! PAVONCELIA PUGNAL .eveveeeeeee Do.

1 Hastern Baillon’ 8 Crake..| Porzana pusilla ceo... coves Do.

1 Indian Blue-Rock Pigeon| Columba intermedia ...-.. 206 Do.

1 Bastern Stock Pigeon ...| Columba evarsmannt .....000. Do.

1 Lizard ......ccccecrccrcccsseee Huplepharis macularius......| Mr. A. R. Shuttleworth.

2 Indian Wolf Cubs (alive).| Canis pallipes ... ~ sssccc0.....| Mr. H. H. Dean.

1 Green Tree Viper (alive) | Zrimeresurus go amaneus..... .| Mr. Paul Girhardt.

1 Silver Pheasant.........00. GEMNCUS SP. cove seoe.e-| Capt. W. G. Nisbett.

1 Arakan Hill Partridge ...) Arboricola inter media Bee pOOHOCDOD

1 Palm Civet ...... aeapacivcees PArAAOLUTUE MUSANGA.....0006 Mr. A. H. Stephens.

1 Brown Tree Snake........- Dipsas trigonata ....00+.. .-.| Capt.G.1T. Birdwood,I.M.S,

A number of Birds’ Skins aeeens Col. R. C. Temple.

VT Wulfure <.c0.0-.0-+6 nactnodad Vultur monachus dedeeesce oeoee| Genl. Osborne.

1 Flying Lizard .........00- Draco MACUlatus ....ccccceeee ..| Mr, F. Andersen.

3 Nests of Lora ccosssevccerene Tora tiphia ....000e sonosnen00. .-| Capt. H. Kelsall, R.A.

1 Nest of Flower Picker.. oo] Dic@um CrUCNEALUIM ceoeeeeee Do.

1 Nest of Black-throated) Ploceus megarhynchus sscove Do.

Weaver Bird.

1 Nest of Black Racket-| Crypsirhina varians....00... 000 Do.

tailed Magpie.

1 Nest of Azure Fly-| Hypothymis acured...o.0,..0. 7 Do.

Catcher.

1 Flying Lizard...... secccecee| LGCO MACULATUS seveeere pooddor Capt.G. W. Nisbett.

1 Snake .......00...ceeeee ..| Zropidunotus Stolatus ...-00e..| Mr. T. Glover Wright,I.C.S.

1 Flying Lizard. Soaancsgccnc[7 DAO AUSSUMIUTE seocceeve... 008 ee On Laird-Macgregor,

=r)

Large Pin-tailed Sand) Pteroclurus alchata .........| Lieut. Howse, R.N.

Grouse (alive).

Florican (alive)...cs0ccc.| SYPNCOLIS AUTIEG sscrseveeeveeee| Major H. Hazelgrove.

Crocodiles (alive) .. .| Crocodilus palustris evovee eee} Mr. C. Merrony.

Snake (alive) ...reeree- ..| Dropidonotus plumbicolor ... ME ve Laird-Macgregor,

a od

3 PROCEEDINGS. 191

- Contributions. Description. | Contributor.

Eggs of Common Heron ...| Ardea cinered «006. .../Dr. G. McMullen.

Eggs of Large Heret......... Herodias Ghd: sc... coesectexooe | Do.

Eggs of Great Stone Plover.| Lsacias recurviros tris -....+ Do.

Eggs of Purple Coot......... Porphrio poliocephalus ....+ Do.

Eges of Seesee Partridge .... Ammoperdix bonhami......0.. | Do.

Eggs of Laggar Falcon...... FAUCO GUG GA .....ccscercccscosees Do.

1 Screech Owl (alive) ...... SErEL MLAMIMED .oeeee...scsescree Mr. RB. F. Smith.-

MMS Kindiccssesscsececcenescances Calcides ocellatus...... .|Mr, A. Baglehole.

1 Grass Snake .cccccccoceeeee Tropidonotus stolatus ...... ..| Mr. Paul Girhardt.

1 Water Snake ..........06 toe Do. PiSCAatOr.. 006 Do.

2 Tree Reng assess Trimeresurus JrGMIiNCUS ....0» Do.

1 Brown Tree Snake......... Dipsas ceylOnensis .s...00000- Do.

1 Lizard ...4.. ...- ee-| Hemidactylus sp . 200 Do.

1 Giew Slaty-backed Wood- Hemilophus pulverulentus .. ‘|My. C. B. Smales.

pecker.

1 Tickell’s Golden-backed| Chrysocolaptes gutticris- Do.

Woodpecker. tatus.

1 Northern Rufous Wood- Micropternus [email protected]. ae Do.

pecker.

1 Indian Grackle ...... coccee| HULADYS INLEPMEMIA.. 0000000 Resenses

1 Black-bellied Tern ...... Sterna melanogaster ...000.. Do.

1 Phoorsa ....000. =200000 cocece| LICHIS COTINGEG coceecececee «v0 Mr. H. Bulkley.

A number of Scorpions......) «=| ssesesewe Do.

TRSMAKCR ecosweseecessasccos ee o-| Contia ANGUSEICEDE roereveceees Major A. H, McMahon.

Specimens of New Zealand ; eoorectre Mr. E. L. Barton.

Woods. |

1 Large Photograph of an} =-——__ ewneeeeee es E. R. Jardine.

Elephant.

There were minor contributions from Messrs.

O’Brien, C. F. Spencer, W. Gonsalves, G. E. Bright, Marshall Reid, and D. A.

MacMillan.

H. D. McLaughlin, E,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

“ Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France,”’ 1900 ;

“The Structure and

Life History of the Harlequin Fly” (from Mr, L. C, Miall) ; “Annuaire du

Musée Zoologique de St. Petersburg”; “ Boletin del Instituto Geologico de

Mexico ” ; “ Botanical Notes and Papers ” by Major D, Prain,1I.MS, ;

“Transactions of the Entomological Society of London,’ 1900 ; ‘‘ Memoirs of

the Geological Survey of India” ; “ Researches on the Past and Present His-

tory of the Earth’s Atmosphere,” by Dr. T. L, Phipson; “Indian Deep Sea

Crustaceans ” ; ‘‘ Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniza,’ Pt. I.,

Vol. I.

SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS,

With reference to the announcement made at the meeting on 16th April

last regarding the Society for the Protection of Birds, efforts are now being

made to secure the sympathy and support of the members of the Bombay

Natural History Society to the movement. Mr. E, Comber has been appoint-

ed local Secretary of the Indian Branch, to whom subscriptions may be

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

sent by those willing to become associates of the Society. Associates who

pay Re. 1 a year will receive a copy of the annual report and those subscrib-

ing Rs, 5 a year will be entitled to all publications issued by the pecs

SNAKES’ SLOUGHS.

Mr. E, L. Barton exhibited a number of pieces of the slough cast by the

large Python in the Society’s rooms, mounted on different materials, with a

view of ascertaining what use, if any, these sloughs might be putto, The

Specimens mounted on bright-coloured calicoes, especially green, were by

far the most successful, and the concensus of expert opinion appeared to, be

that from a millinery point of view the sloughs might. be used. with advantage.

sneae

for the purpose of trimming hats ! Pb ano

THE SOCIETY'S COLLECTION OF BIRDS’ SKINS, :

Mr, E, Comber announced that the Society’s collection of birds’ ‘skins now :

consisted of 2,109 specimens, comprising 767 species, and that. they had. all

been recently re-arranged and completely catalogued. They now forma

fairly representative collection of the birds of the Indian Peninsular with |

the exception of South India and Ceylon, from which. region specimens

are much wanted, A revised list of desiderata is in course of preparation, )

and wall be pus aee shortly.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :—

1. ‘Notes on some Plants which have been introduced into the Victoria

Gardens, Bombay, during the past eight years,’ by K. D, Mahaluxmiwalla.

2. “Curious Habits of the Bulbul,” by E, H. Aitken,

3. “The Migration of Butterflies in the Kangra Valley,” by G. C.

Dudgeon, F.E.S.

4, ‘¢ Occurrence of the Black-bearded Bat (Taphozous... melenononony near

Bombay,’ by E, Comber,

5. ‘Occurrence of the Bronze-capped Teal( Eunetta falcata) i in Sone * by E, |

Comber, :

Mr, K. D, Mahaluxmiwalla exhibited several of the pamals referred toi in his

paper,

PROCEEDINGS |

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 20rn AUGUST, 1901.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society's Rooms on ‘Tuesday

last, the 20th instant, Dr. D. Macdonald presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

Captain H. C. Tytler (Dinapore) ; Mr. C, H. Blathwayte, I.0.8. (Dharwar) ;

Mr. J. Mumford (Bombay); Mr. E, Brook-Fox, C.E. (Bankipur) ; Mr, W. L.

Dickinson (Sibsagar) ; Mr, C, Ittensohn (Bombay) ; Mr. G. W. D. Rhe-Philipe

(Lucknow); Lieuteriant C, W. Prescott (Poona) ; and Mr. H, W. Few (Pakkoku, :

Burma), His Highness the Monee of Kotah has HEED a life member

fy ry

of the Society.

PROCEEDINGS. 193

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr. H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contributions. Description. Contributor.

1 Brown tree snake ......... Dipsas forstentt ......00...00) Mr, F', Dundas-Whiffin.

1 Scaley ant-eater.........00. Manis pentadactylus ...+-006 Mrs. Faweett.

1 Snake (alive) .....0......00 Zamenis fASCIOlACUS seserscree .o|Mr. F. G,. Hutchinson.

Hees of the following :—

Whitc-winged myna.......06| SEUTNIA MEMOTICOLA coseeceevene Capt. H. H. Harrington.

Siamese MYDA......ccccce..- oes AGthiopsar JrANAIS coccereovees Do.

Burmese pied-myna ......... Sturnopastor superciliar ts... Do.

Magpie robin ........scecccceee CopsyChus SAULATIS oo.000-.000 Do.

aie aWood, nek aay Gecinus chlorelophus ...0.06 Do.

Indian skimmet...... eac0n0s0¢ Rhynchops albicollis ....... Major C. R. Bartlett, R.A.

M.C.

Little tern .......+. acecsecescce SEETNA MINUEA ...ccececocsececee Do.

Brown rock-chat ....0.00...- ClTCOMElLG FUSCH .o0.0-c0rovceee Do.

MePalimuciivietiacnsccesrsacsssccss Paradoxcurus Niger ...0«...00¢| Mr. F. L. Goldsmid.

2 Red-billed blue Magpies..

1 Chestnut bellied rock-

thrush.

Tree lizard’s C888 .....+c0e00 d

GeOkO'S CLES cescsnseseeernnces

TE WiOOdCOC ar eccccesclncs'eocicecls

Urocissa occipitalis ............| Mr. 8. L, Whymper.

Petrophila erythrogaster ... Do.

Calotes versicolo7’......cerccocces Rev. H. Mould.

Hemidactylus Sp. se.ssecceeeees Mr. W. I. Hamilton.

Scolopax rusticola e..0.0+004 Mr. J. W. Fellowes.

COLLECTION OF BIRDS’ SKINS,

Mr. Comber drew attention to a most interesting collection of bird skins

mostly excellent specimens, received lately from Captain H, H. Harrington,

which he had collected around Kamaing, and other parts of the Myitkyina

district, Upper Burma, The collection consists of 112 specimens representing

74 species, and of these 27 are new to the Society’s? collection, as

follows :—

No, 87, Trochalopterum phoeniceum crimson-winged laughing thrush ; No.

137, Gampsorhynchus rufulus, white-headed shrike babbler ; No, 143,

Pellorneum minus, Sharpe’s spotted babbler; No, 169, Stachyris nigriceps,

black-throated babbler ; No, 203, Sibia picaoides long-tailed sibia; No. 222,

iva scrdida, dull siva ; No, 228, Zosterops simplex, Swinhoe’s white-eye ; No.

238, Pteruthius eralatus, Tickell’s shrike-tit ; No, 257, Mesia argentaris, silver

eared mesia ; No. 276, Hemixus tickelli, Tickell’s bulbul} No, 287, Xanthixus

flavesceus, Blyth’s bulbul; No. 290, Otocompsa flaviventris, black-crested

yellow bulbul ; No, 333, Dicrurus cineraceus, grey dronga ; No, 522, Oriolus

traillii, maroon oriole ; No, 535, Spodiopsar cineraceus, grey:starling ; No, 539

Sturnia nemoricola, white-winged myna ; No, 553, Aithiopsar grandis, Siamese

myna ; No, 554, Aithi psar albicinctus collared myna ; No, 559, Hemichelidon

Serruginea, ferruginous flycatcher ; No,:569, Cyornis melanoleucus, little pied

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,-Vol. XIV.

flycatcher ; No, 723, Ploceus manyar, striated weaver-bird ; No, 922, Pipri-

soma roceevan) Hume’s flower-pecker ; No, 974, Ignipicus pygmaeus, Hima-

layan pigmy: wood-pecker ; No, 1001, Picumnus innominatus speckled piculet ;

No, 1002, Sasia ochracea, rufus piculet; Coturnix japanica, Japanese gray

quail,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :—J. Our Collection

of Indian Pigeons, by E, H. Aitken, 2, Elephant Shooting in Upper Burma,

by E. R, Jardine. 3, On the deposits of fossil remains of extinct animals in

the Sewalik Hills of the Punjab and North-West Provinces, by General W.

Osborn, 4, The Lillies of Mahableshwar and others, by W. P. Symonds,

LCS,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 17TH SEPTEMBER 1901.

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday last, the 17th September,

the Ven’ble Archdeacon Scott presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

H.H.the Maharajah of Travancore (Life Member), Mr. G. H, White,

(Nasik), Mr. W.M. Crawford, I.C.S8, (Khandwa), H.H. the Gaekwar of

Baroda, who was already a member, has now become a life member of

the Society.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-

tions to the Society’s museum since last meeting :—

PN 8 EST i ess Mane Re LED RPG ats Pcie ee Roce SNE IS, OE Pn

Contributions. Description. Contributor.

1 Indian Monitor (alive)...| Varanus bengalensis ...-.2., Mr. C. L. Burns.

1 Krait...... coscocemoccaoce weeee| BUNGATUS COCTULEUE....000» .«-.| Mr. T, Dundas Whiffin.

WUSMAKE, cocvecccscwccesceceose o-| Dipsas forstemti ececceceeececce ‘ Do.

L Smake ..csecccscecscserscecees| DEMSAS TPIGONALA ooveecerecee eee Do.

DUSDAKES ececcercscccessases eveee| LY COGON BULICUS -.eseeeeee Do.

Wl Mee Snake ccceieccenccss Reopen as plumbicolor: «. ...|Col. B. H. Light.

A Collection of Spiders and cecutese Mr. Chas. Gray.

Scorpions.

4 Eeegs of Kastern Purple) Ardea manillensig ....cceveres| >)

Heron.

4 Eggs of Night Heron ...| Vycticorax griseus secccccecee-|

4 Kegs of Lesser Cormorant| Phalacrocorax javanicus o.

3 Eggs of Pied Ground) Geocichla wardi ......2.-e. ~Mr.S. L. Whymper.

Thrush.

2 Eggs of Red-billed Blue) Urocissa occipitalis......cc.--.

Magpie.

2 Eggs of Spotted Wing ...| Psaroglossa spilopterd...... | J

PROCEEDINGS. 195

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

From Mr, A. H, Simcox, I.C.8., Mr. J. Fraser, and Mr, Gerhardt.

THE SOCIETY'S JOURNAL.

A special vote of thanks was passed to Mr, E, Comber for having prepared

a complete index (subjects as well as authors) of the Society’s Journal from

its commencement to the endof Vol, XIII. This most useful work will be

published in a few days in part 5 of Vol, XIII, and enable one to find, at a

glance, all the papers which have appeared inthe Journal on any subject

since it was started in 1886.

On looking through the thirteen volumes, and taking the illustrations as a

criterion, it will be seen that there have been published 55 plates of butterflies,

moths, larve, &¢., 23 plates of other insects, 40 plates of birds, eggs, nests,

-&c., 79 plates of plants, 38 plates of animals, and 25 plates of miscellaneous,

besides a large number of electro blocks and wood-cuts.

The average cost of the coloured plates amounts to about £23 each for

1,000 copies. A complete set of the Journal from its commencement with all

the plates is now of considerable value, as many of the earlier numbers are

now out of print and the “ reprints’’ now being issued naturally do not contain

any plates,

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were then read and discussed:—1. “Habits of the

Indian Tree Magpie,” by Lieutenant-General W, Osborn. 2, “The Masked

Finfoot in Cachar,’ by A.M. Primrose, 3, “Birds of Prey,” by C, H,

Donald, 4, ‘ Nesting of the Coot at Poona,’ by Major R. M. Betham, 5.

“Migration of Butterflies?’ by Major C.G. Nurse. 6. “ Our Collection of

Partridges and Pheasants,” by E. Comber,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING HELD ON

19ta NOVEMBER 1901.

A meeting of the members took place at the Society’s Rooms on Tuesday

last, the 19th November 1901, Captain G, Lamb, I, M.S., presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following members was announced :—Colonel J, G.

Harwood, R, A. M. C. (Bombay); Captain B. T. Ready (Ahmednagar) ;

‘Captain L, W. 8S. Oldham, R. E. (Raipur) ; Mr. E, Musprati, D, 8. P.

(Sibsagar), Life Member ; Mr. O. S. Wickwar (Colombo) ; Lieutenant J. CO. S.

Oxley, I. M. 8. (Mandalay) ; Captain W. McG, Armstrong (Kasauli) ; Captain

Ht. T, Fulton, D. 8, O. (Chitral), Life Member; Lieutenant J. S.M Har-

‘court (Chitral) ; Dr. C. Bach (Bombay) ; Mr, K. G. Menon, I, F,S. (Trichor,

Cochin); Mr. W. P. White (Mandla) ; Mr. J. C. H. Mitchell (Assam) ; Mr,

George E. Coles, C. E, (Agra) ; Mr. J, A. Higgins, D. S. P, (Mandla) ; Mr.

Ardesir B, Kotewal (Bombay); and Mr. Robert D. Richmond, I. F. 8.

(Madras, )

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MUSEUM,

Mr, H. M. Phipson, the honorary secretary, acknowledges receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

1 Egg of Sarus Crane.......0- GPUS ORETGONE ..sececcveceserere Mr. A. Hawkins.

5 Eggs of the Coot ..........- EUlICG AtTA ....000.0020.0ee0000e| Major R. M. Betham.

pind eactalescescssnsasesesst Pitta DraGChyY Wr veccesersrees ..| Mr. S. Brewin.

gene Sea-Turt le s| Chelonia viridis +... ......| Mr. F. W. Townsend.

alive)

A Framed Picture of the) Ocapia j ohnstoni...... .....| Khan Bahadur C., M,

Okapi. Cursetjee.

2 Snakes (alive) coccsssceceeees Ly codon AUlicus ...cc0++eeeee-| Capt. Lamb, I.M.S,

Tropidonotus stolatus.....so0e Do.

1 Wild Cat . scscoes| LCULS EEMLININERE smocorcceseesens Mr. C. W. Allaa.

1 Black Cobra ‘Calive).. Veseseres Naga tripudians oo... Spo80000 .-| Capt. Lamb, I.M.8.

1 Snake (alive)... concee| SIMOCES ATMENSTS sovccerceceaves Do.

2 Hggs of the Snow-Cock. | Zetr aogallus himaluyensis... Major G. A. Leslie, R.E,

1 Red-billed Chough ......... Graculus CVCMITA.....0000++ 00 General W. Osborn,

1 Merten Spot-billed Fork-| Henicurus maculatus... Do.

tail. \

SPECIMENS OF BLOOD.

The honorary secretary read a letter from Dr. G. H. F. Nuttall, Lecturer

in Bacteriology at Cambridge, asking members of the Bombay Natural His-

tory Society to help him to obtain specimens of the blood of all vertebrates

(mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and batrachians) to enable him to carry on the

researches in which he is at present engaged. The results obtained from an

extended series of bloods have given such striking reactions that the study

requires to be taken up on a larger scale, and the help of naturalist

and sportsmen in all parts of the world is now being solicited. The

method of collecting dried specimens of blood, on strips of filter paper

is exceedingly simple, and full details will be sent by the honorary secretary

of the Bombay Natural History Society to all those who are willing to assist,

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were read and discussed :—The Harwigs of Ceylon,

by Malcolm Burr; Memoirs on Oriental Rhynchota, by G. W. Kirkaldy,

F.E.S. ; Nidification of the Desert Sand-Lark, by H. Bulkley: A Rare

Snake, by Major A. E. McMahon, C.1.E., C.S.I.; The Banded Crake

at Khandalla, by Major R. M, Betham; Onthe New Species of Butterflies.

recently described by Mr, A, G. Butler, by Major N. Manders, R.A.M.C. ;

Our Collection of Indian Snakes, by Rev, F, Dreckmann (S,J.) and Mr, H.

M. Phipson.

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JOURNAL

OF THE

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Aatural History Society.

Vol. XIV. BOMBAY. No. 2.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,’

SERIES II, PART VI.

By Sir G, F, Hampson, Barv., F.Z.S., FES,

(Continued from page 117, of this Volume.)

Moths of India—5a,

Genus PEXINOLA,

Type.

Pexinola, Hmpsn., Cat, Lep. Phal. B, M., II., p. 79 (1900)... longérostris,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi porrect, extending quite three times the length

of head and strongly curved downwards

the 2nd joint fringed with hair above and

with tuft at extremity below, the 3rd well

developed ; antennz of female minutely

ciliated ; legs long and slender, the spurs

Pewxinola longirostris Q 4, long. Forewing elongate, narrow, the

apex produced and acute ; veins 2 and 3 curved, the former from close to angle

of cell, the latter from angle ; 4 from angle ; 5 from above angle ; 6 and 7

separate from below angle of cell; 89 shortly stalked ; 10°11 from cell.

Hindwing with vein 2 from middle of cell ; 3 and 5 from angie ; 4 absent ;

6°7 coincident ; 8 from middle of cell ; the median nervure and vein 1 strongly

pectinated above.

1550c. PEXINOLA LONGIROSTRIS, Hmpsn., Cat. Lep. Phal, B. M., II.,,

p- 79 (1900).

©. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-white strongly mixed with black,

Forewing grey suffused with olive-brown and strongly irrorated with black ;

an antemedial ridge of blackish scales tipped with white from subcostal

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

nervure to vein 1 ; tufts of similar scales below the cell at origin of vein 2 and

at upper angle, the latter with indistinct blackish line from it bent outwards

above inner margin ; a diffused waved dark subterminal line. Hindwing

grey-white.

Habitat—Tibet, Yatung, 10500’, Exp, 32 mill,

1534, Nowa nicRitTA belongs to the Noctuide. Genus MIMORUZA.

1536, RHYNCHOPALPUS DENTATUS belongs to the Noctuide, Genus LABANDA,

1543a, PISARA ARGENTISPARSA belongs to the Noctuide. Genus ZAGIRA,

1650a, SELEA NIGRA belongs to the Lymntriuade, Genus LYMANTRIA,

AGARISTID A.

1554. CHELONOMORPHA VULCANIA, insert, (syn) Eusemia glossatrix, Westw.,

Oates? Matebeland, p. 356,

1581. MimeEvsrmiA BASALIS.—A Q from Sikhim has the orange patch of

hindwing absent except for a streak on end of median nervure on underside,

1581a. MIMEUSEMIA DAVIDSONI, Swinh., A, M. N, H. (7), 3, p. 112.

&. Differs from basalis in the hindwing, having a yellowish-white patch in

and below cell conjoined at lower angle to the discoidal patch; the orange

on inner area reduced to slight streaks,

Habitat—Karwar. Exp, 52 mill.

Nocrtuipaz.

1657a, AGROTIS DERAIOTA, n, sp. (pl. B., f. 7),

Q. Head and thorax dark chocolate-brown ; tegule ochreous-white with

two brown lines, the tips chocolate ; abdomen brown, Forewing brown

suffused with grey; a short bisinuate subbasal grey line ; an antemedial grey

line with two sinuations between costa and vein 2, then strongly excurved

and obsolescent ; orbicular grey, Y-shaped on a brown patch in cell not

suffused with grey and diffused below cell; reniform with grey outline and

centre ; an indistinct dentate postmedial line with two series of dark points

on the veins ; an indistinct sinuous submarginal line. Hindwing brown,

Habitat—Maturatta, Ceylon (Mackwood). EHap.48 mill. Type—in B, M.

1679a. HADENA AXYLIDES, n, sp.

@. Head and thorax dark-brown mixed with grey scales ; abdomen ochre-

ous. Forewing grey ;a ferruginous patch on basal area from cell to inner

margin ; a very highly dentate antemedial line, rather indistinct and inter-

rupted in places, running out to two very long points in cell, the angle below

the cell conjoined to the blackish claviform stigma ; the orbicular indistinct

lanceolate ; the renifurm indistinct, defined by rufous and with blackish

suffusion between it and the double waved postmedia) line which is excurved

from costa to vein 4, then retracted to below end of cell ; a series of dark

points just beyond it ; anirregularly sinuous rufous subterminal line with

blackish suffusion beyond it except towards apex. Hindwing white witha

slight yellowish tinge towards termen,

Habitat—Sikhim 1800’ (Dudgeon); Belgaum (Watson). zp. 30 mill,

Type—in B, M,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 199

1682a, HADENA CHRYSONA, Borkh., Naturg. Eur, Schmett, IV., p. 264 (1792),

Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with grey and fuscous hair ; patagia

edged with orange ; tarsi banded with black. Forewing grey and fuscous p

waved subbasal and antemedial lines with the area between them rather paler,

the former with orange points on it below costa and cell, the latter with some

orange on it below the cell, then with two stronger sinuations; the orbicular

and reniform with some orange on their edges, the former small ; the post-

medial line crenulate, excurved from costa to vein 3, then incurved, the

area beyond it paler ;a subterminal series of small Y-shaped black marks

with orange points between their arms ; a terminal series of small lunules ;

cilia chequered white and fuscous, Hindwing whitish, the veins and terminal

area broadly fuscous ; some white on termen towards tornus ; cilia with a

dark line through them, yellowish at base, white at tips, underside with dis-

coidal point and curved postmedial line,

Habitat—Kurope ; Syria; W. China; Kashmir, wp, 36 mill.

Under Euplezia insert (syns) Borbotana, Wlk., 1V., 1651 (1858) and Choluata

Wik., Journ, Linn, Soc., VII., 57 (1863).

1717a, HUPLEXIA OXYDATA, n. sp.

6. Ferruginous-red; head somewhat variegated with reddish-ochreous ;

meso- and meta-thorax reddish-ochreous ; tarsi banded with ochreous. Fore-

wing variegated with ochreous, especially in base of cell, on inner margin and

before the postmedial line ; the veins streaked with fuscous ; the lines

ochreous defined by fine ferruginous lines ; a short curved subbasal line ; the

antemedial line angled inwards in cell and on vein 1, outwards below the cell

and below vein 1 ; orbicular small ; the reniform with a white mitre-shaped

mark on it ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, oblique from costa to

vein 4, where it is angled, then incurved ; a subterminal series of small wedgee

shaped marks, the area beyond them tinged with fuscous except towards

apex ; cilia ferruginous and fuscous, Hindwing dark-brown; the cilia pale-

ferruginous ; underside with the veins irrorated with ochreous and fuscous ;

a prominent dark cell spot.

Habitat,—Sikhim, 7000’ (Pilcher). Exp, 50 mill, Type—In B, M,

1717). HUPLEXIA PURPURINA, n, sp,

9. Head, thorax and forewing deep purplish-red; abdomen greyish-

brown, the extremity and ventral surface reddish, Forewing with a silky

texture; the veins slightly streaked with fuscous ; the orbicular almost

obsolete ; the reniform white strongly irrorated with black ; a postmedial

series of white points on the veins. Hindwing fuscous-brown, the cilia pale-

chestnut ; underside with dark discoidal lunule and sinuous postmedial line.

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatung (Hobson). Exp, 42 mill, Type—In B, M,

W717c, EUPLEXIA ASKOLDIS, Oberth, Et. Ent, v. p. 72 pl. 3. f. 13 (1880),

Apamea niralis Butl. Trans. Ent, Soc, 1881, Daledis

6- Head and tegule red-brown and black mixed with white ; thorax and

abdomen pure white; legs fuscous with whitish bands on tarsi : abdomen

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

with the extremity and ventral surface irrorated with brown, the anal tuft

with some fulvous hair, Forewing red-brown; the inner area white, its

irregular upper edge bounded with black, the white extending before middle

nearly up to costa and before the postmedial line to vein 2; a large irregular

patch beyond the cell extending to termen at apex and vein 2, and leaving a

small fuscous patch on middle of termen; the orbicular with white centre

and ochreous ring ; the reniform white ; the postmedial line white with fus-

cous edges, dentate, strongly excurved from costa to vein 4, then bent inwards

to lower angle of cell ; an indistinct curved, slightly waved subterminal line ;

three white points on costa towards apex ; cilia reddish. Hindwing yellowish-

white slightly tinged with fuscous towards apex; an indistinct discoidal

spot and traces of a curved postmedial line,

Habitat,—Siberia, Askold ; Japan; W. China; Assam, Khasis, Exp,

30-46 mill.

1725. Euplexia subcurva, Larva black with irregular dorsal and lateral grey

patches streaked with black ; head red, some orange on ist somite; stigmata

white; alarge irregular dorsal orange patch on terminal somite (Fellowes

Wilson).

1734a, HUPLEXIA MESOMELANA, 0, sp.

@. Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous-black ; tegule in front clive-green ;

the hair on frons and the tuft behind tegule white tipped; the anal tuft

greyish, Forewing pinkish-grey ; the costal area olive-green with a series of

black striz and some white points towards apex ; a white mark in base of cell

and curved black streak below the base with an olive and blackish patch

beyond it on vein 1 ; the orbicular with olive-green centre, whitish ring and

black line round it ; a Y-shaped black medial band with its arms on each

side of the orbicular,and becoming olive-green on inner margin; the reniform

with black centre, some olive-green on its inner side and white on its outer,

and with a black line round it; the postmedial line minutely dentate, indis-

tinct, excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved ; a subterminal whitish

line angled at veins 7 and 3, with some black suffusion on its inner side and

olive-green on its outer, Hindwing pale-fuscous with discoidal lunule and

sinuous postmedial line more distinct on underside; cilia of both wings

whitish with a fuscous line through them,

Habitat.—Simla, 7000’ (Pilcher), Ezp, 36 mill, Type—In B. M.

17345, HUPLEXIA CHLOROGRAMMATA, Nn, sp.

@. Head and thorax moss-green, mixed with dark-brown scales; palpi

ochreous in front ; pectus and legs ochreous, the latter irrorated: with black

and with patches of green above ; abdomen fuscous mixed with ochreous,

Forewing black-brown and pinkish-brown suffused in parts with green; a

green spot at base of costa ; a short green subbasal line ; an irregularly waved

antemedial green line with black line on its outer edge; a series of small

green spots on terminal half of costa ; the orbicular.and reniform large, brown-

centred, ringed with green and edged with black ; the latter with pale patch

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 201

at upper extremity ; a green postmedial line edged by waved black lines and

excurved beyond the cell; a sinuous green subterminal line connected with

the postmedial line by a streak on inner margin and with a pale spot on its

inner side above vein 5 ; a terminal series of black lunules ; cilia brown and

green, Hindwing pale-yellowish with obscure fuscous discoidal ‘spot and

sinuous postmedial line ; the terminal area broadly suffused with fuscous ;

cilia ochreous with a blackish line through them,

Habitat,—Sikhim 1800’ (Dudgeon), Exp, 42 mill, Type—In B. M.

Sec. ILle, (Borbotana). Forewing of male with elongate foveal depression

between bases of veins 6°7 which are thickened and curved,

1756a, HurLexiA Nivirascia, W1k., XV., 1651,

Choluata eburneifera, W1k., Journ. Linn, Soc., VII, 57.

Head and thorax dark red-brown ; abdomen paler with the dorsal tufts rufous.

Forewing dark red-brown ; a pure white antemedial band with irregular edges,

the outer edge being slightly toothed outwards below costa and strongly

below cell ; a white point in cell and irregular discoidal lunule with white

spot above it on costa and two points beyond it ; a white line from vein 4 io

inner margin, dentate inwards above vein 1 in the Bornean specimens, deve-

loped into a quadrate patch on inner area in the Sikhim specimen ; an indis-

tinct oblique red streak from apex and patch at middle, Hindwing dull red-

dish-brown, whitish towards base, Underside of both wings irrorated with

white ; hindwing with discoidal lunule,

Habitat—Sikhim, Borneo. Exp. 28-30 mill.

1758. HoUPLEXIA SUBPURPUREA, Leech. Trans. Ent. Soc, UCB 99), ile

Head and thorax purple and grey, meta-thorax chestnut-red, palpi below,

coxe and parts of pectus fiery-red ; tibiz# purplish-fuscous, tarsi whitish :

abdomen whitish, brown,and purplish, the dorsal tufts chestnut-red, the anal

tuft pale-chestnut, the ventral surface crimson. Forewing ochreous, irrorated

and suffused in parts with brown; a purplish patch in and below base of

cell; the orbicular somewhat Y-shaped, with purplish edges and brownish

centre ; the reniform with parallel edges, a chestnut patch onit and a purplish

line on its inner edge; a purplish line with dark edges from lower angle of

cell to above middle of inner margin, then recurved to submedian fold and

with bright chestnut suffusion in its angle; a double fuscous postmedial line

from just below costa, angled at vein 5, then incurved to the line from angle

of cell and with its outer line sinuous ; a pale slightly sinuous subterminal

line from vein 7 to inner margin, defined on each side by olive-brown ; the

termen irrorated with blue-grey. Hindwing pale-ochreous, the costal and

terminal areas tinged with pink, the inner area with brown ; an indistinct fine

sinuous postmedial line ; two indistinct fine subterminal lines coalescing and

becoming diffused from vein 2 to inner margin; some grey suffusion on

termen. Underside suffused with fiery-red ; forewing with curved, hind-

wing with sinuous postmedial-line; both ae with rather eau subter-

minal line and dark blotches on termen, Wachee

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Habitat.—W. China; Simla, 7,000’. (Pilcher). zp, 54 mill.

1770a, ANCARA VIRIDIPICTA, n. sp. (pl. B., f. 6).

@. Dark red-brown ; palpi with the third joint whitish ; vertex of head

and thorax pale moss-green; abdomen with the two medial dorsal tufts

green, Forewing with some white point on costa; two ill-defined subbasal

waved blue-green bands, two antemedial and two postmedial, the last with a

series of points beyond them excurved at median nervules ; some spots in end

of cell; traces of a dentate subterminal line developed into irregular patches

below middle. Hindwing with four small white subtermina, spots towards

tornus,

Habitat. —Khasis. Exp. 48 mill, Type—In B. M.

1789a. POLIA OBLIQUISIGNA, n. Sp.

@. Grey; head, thorax and abdomen mixed with black scales; tegule

with a black transverse line the area behind it and the patagia whiter.

Forewing with black-edged whitish patch on base of costa ; some black striz

and white points in cell and on vein 1 before the slightly sinuous black ante-

medial line ; the orbicular large and white with fine black edge and with an

irregular white patch below it defined on lower side by the -shaped clavi-

form mark ; reniform large, grey-white with fine black edges ; the postmedial

line represented by a series of white and black points on the veins ; an indis-

tinct pale subterminal line defined in parts by black, angled inwards above

vein 1 and with some streaks from it to the terminal series of lunules. Huind-

wing fuscous with indistinct discoidal lunule and darker terminal line; cilia

whitish chequered with black at middle ; underside whitish irrorated with

fuscous, the discoidal spot prominent ; an indistinct curved postmedial line,

Habitat.—Simla 7000’. (Pilcher), Zap, 40 mill. Zype—In B, M.

1795a. POLIA PYROXANTHA, 0, sp.

@. Head and thorax yellow mixed with bright-ferruginous ; abdomen

yellowish-grey irrorated with fuscous, the anal tuft pale-rufous, Forewing

yellow very largely suffused with bright ferruginous ; the veins and costal

area brownish; a dark waved antemedial line ; the orbicular yellow ; a dark-

edgei white discoidal lunule ; a crenulate postmedial line excurved from

below costa to vein 3, then incurved, Hindwing ochreous-yellow with traces

of discoidal spot and curved postmedial line more distinct on underside,

Hubitat.—Tibet, Yatung (Hobson), Ezp. 30 mill. Type—In B. M,

1798a, PoLiA FUMEA, 0. sp.

&@. Head and thorax black ; antenne pale; abdomen fuscous. Forewing

fuscous-black irrorated with a few white scales ; the orbicular and reniform

small, ringed with white and with greyish centres; slight subterminal black

streaks on veins 4°5, and a terminal series of black striez, Hindwing fuscous,

the inner area tinged with yellowish-brown ; a discoidal dark point and a fine

terminal line ; cilia whitish at tips.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1800’ ;(Dudgeon). Exp. 30 mill. Type—In B, M.

1806a, CUCULLIA POLIORHIZA, 1. sp. (pl. B., £, 27),

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 203

Head and thorax fuscous mixed with grey ; abdomen brownish-grey, Fore-

wing grey strongly irrorated with black-brown ; an oblique black striga from

base of costa ; a short sinuous streak below base of cell ; the antemedial line

irregularly dentate, strongly angled outwards below the cell and conjoined to

the small diamond-shaped claviform stigma ; the orbicular greyish, narrow,

oblique, its lower end conjoined to the lunulate reniform, the two stigmata

defined below by a sinuous black streak ; the postmedial line excurved, indis-

tinct, dentate, and angled inwards on vein 1; a subterminal series of short black

streaks, those on veins 4°5 displaced inwards and the two above inner margin

longer and with a blackish mark between them ; cilia of both wings whitish

with fine dark line through them, Hindwing grey with darker streaks on the

vein,

Allied to C, petrorhiza, Bork., from Europe, but darker and without the dark

lines on tegule and patagia.

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatung (Hobson). Lap, 50 mill, Type—In'B, M.

1813. AcRONYCTA ANEDINA, insert (Syn.) Acronycta iria, Swinh,, A, M,N,

H, (7):3, p. 113.

1838a. CALLOPISTRIA NOCTURNA, 0. Sp.

Q. Head and thorax clothed with black, fascous, and red-brown scales, many

of them tipped with grey; abdomen black-brown. Forewing fuscous tinged

with blue-grey, many of the scales having pale tips; some reddish-brown

suffusion in parts, especially on medial inner area ; the basal area with traces

of waved black lines; a grey antemedial line defined by black scales, waved

from inner margin to subcostal nervure, then curved downwards to median

nervure in end of cell, and up again to costa ; the reniform with grey outline ;

a postmedial fine black line defined by grey, strongly excurved from below

costa to vein 3, then incurved, with a double rufous streak defined by black

from it to subterminal line on vein 6 and whitish mark above and below

vein 4; a fine irregularly waved:grey subterminal line; a terminal series of

black lunules defined by grey. Hindwing fuscous-brown ; cilia fuscous with

grey tips.

Habitat——Cuddapah, Horsleykhonda, 3500’ (W. H. Campbell), zp, 30

mill. Type—In B. M.

18395. CALLOPISTRIA HARMONICA, 0. sp.

@. Head, thorax and abdomen variegated with pale-brown, madder,

black, and white scales; palpi white towards extremity ; sides of frons and

tegule with white stripes; small fulvous tufts behind patagia ; abdomen

with rufous dorsal tuft, Forewing olive-brown suffused with purplish and

grey scales to beyond middle, and some purplish suffusion on inner area; two

subbasal purple-brown spots with a striga beyond them ; three antemedial spots

with a spot on costa beyond them and a striga below the cell ; the orbicular and

reniform indistinct, grey with brown outline, with quadrate purple-brown

spot between them and spot on costa above it; a grey band with purple-

brown edge beyond cell from below costa, curved to below end of cell, then

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

erect and with a curved grey band beyond it, followed by a large quadrate

purple-brown patch on costa with decreasing spots below it on inner side of

the sinuous grey subterminal line which has some brown beyond it towards

costa ; a series of purple-brown terminal points forming an elongate spot

below apex, the cilia beyond it dark. Hindwing fuscous-brown with dark

discoidal spot; cilia pale with a dark line through them ; underside clothed

with grey and red scales ; the discal spot prominent; an indistinct dentate

postmedial line.

Habitat,—Sikhim (Dudgeon), 1800’. Exp. 30 mill, Type—In B.M.

1849a@. CALLOPISTRIA C@LISIGNA, n, sp.

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen dark-brown mixed with grey-brown.

Forewing grey-brown suffused with red-brown and irrorated with black;

a strongly curved antemedial dark line defined by pinkish-white on each side ;

a curved comet-shaped whitish mark from lower angle of cell extending

along costa to near apex with a rather darker centre on the discocellulars ; an

ill-defined blackish line from just above lower angle of cell, angled at vein 4,

then incurved ; an indistinct grey subterminal band, excurved at middle and

with slight pinkish lines on each side of it ; an oblique whitish streak from

apex and another to middle of termen ; cilia intersected with white towards

apex. Hindwing fuscous-black, the underside paler with indistinct medial and

curved postmedial lines.

Habitat.—Ceylon, Labugania (Macwood). zp. 32 mill. Type—In B, M.

1874a, CARADRINA DISCOPHORA, 0, sp,

@. Frons with large rounded prominence with flattened plate below it

and dise with raised rim and point in centre at its extremity ; antennz lami-

nate,

Head and thorax ochreous slightly mixed with fuscous; palpi and legs

with black scales ; abdomen ochreous. Forewing ochreous strongly irrorated

with black and with numerous indistinct waved lines ; the basal area tinged

with pink ; a pink streak in submedian fold and a less prominent streak in

discal fold; the orbicular, reniform and eliptical claviform tinged with pink

and with black edges ; the subterminal line irregular ; a terminal series of

black strie, Hindwing pure white.

Habitat.—Cuddapah, 500’ (W. H. Campbell). Exp. 26 mill, Type—In

B.M,

1874b, CARADRINA TENEBROSA, 0. sp.

Q. Frons with large rounded prominence with disc with raised rim at its

extremity,

Head and thorax grey mixed with brown and black ; abdomen brownish-

ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Forewing grey strongly irrorated with

brown and fuscous ; subbasal, antemedial, medial and postmedial oblique

black lines from costa, the first two short, the third reaching lower angle

of cell, the fourth the upper angle; an ill-defined triangular black-brown

patch on costa towards apex with three whitish points on it; an obscure

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. \ 905

blackish mark on middle of inner margin and another before termen above

middle ; a terminal series of black points, the cilia somewhat crenulaie,

Hindwing whitish suffused with pale brownish-ochreous, the terminal area

with fuscous ; cilia whitish at tips,

Habitat —Cuddapah, Horsleykhonds, 3500’ (W. H. Campbell), Ezp, 30

mill, Zype—In B. M.

1990a, ERASTRIA DORATA, Nn. sp,

_ Q. Head and thorax golden-yellow mixed with reddish-brown ; abdomen

pale-ochreous mixed with fuscous, Forewing pale largely suffused with

ferruginous and dark-brown and irrorated with a few black scales; some

white scales below basal half of costa; an antemedial white line ; an irregu-

lar medial white edged golden mark, toothed on outer side in cell; a similar

S-shaped reniform stigma ; the inner area golden from just before the ante-

medial to the postmedial line, which is strongly excurved from costa to vein

4, then angled inwards, defined on inner side below vein 4 by a golden band

and on outer side by a slender white line ; the termen and cilia golden with

fine black terminal line, Hindwing yellowish-white strongly irrorated with

fuscous ; a discoidal spot and minutely waved postmedial line more distinct

on underside ; a fine terminal black line.

Habitat —Ceylon (Mackwood), Ezp.30 mill. Typve—In B. M.

1993a, ERastTeiaA NIVEIGUTTATA, Dudgeon, Ined,

Q. Head pure white ; antennez black except basal joint; palpi with the

second and third joints ringed with black; frons with triangular medial black

spot and lateral points ; thorax black ; patagia with some white scales; meta-

thorax with white patch ; abdomen grey with dorsal black tufts. Forewing

black with irregular subbasal ante- and postmedial white patches on costa, the

first small, and ante- and postmedial patches on inner margin ; some white

points on costa near end of cell and near termen, Hindwing whitish with

two obscure fuscous medial lines and the terminal area fuscous,

‘Habitat —Sikhim, 1800’, zp. 40 mill.

1996a. MALIATTHA PLUMBITINCTA, n. sp,

Head whitish and olive-yellow ; abdomen whitish irrorated with fuscous and

with the dorsal tufts fuscous. Forewing with the base olive-green turning to

yellow ; the medial area darker-green irrorated with black and becoming

brownish towards costa, defined on inner side by a sinuous white line from

cell to inner margin, defined on outer side by a dentate leaden-grey line edged

with black, slightly excurved at median nervules and becoming white below

vein 2; a leaden-grey discoidal spot and the median nervules streaked with

grey to the postmedial line ; some diffused black beyond the postmedial line,

its outer edge sinuous, excised between veins 4 and 6, and with patches of leaden

scales beyond it at costa, vein 5, and above inner margin ; the terminal area

bright-green ; the cilia grey irrorated with white, Hindwing white, the inner

area slightly irrorated with fuscous ; a terminal series of dark striz; the

cilia tipped with fuscous towards apex,

206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatung, 10,500’ (Hobson), Exp. 16 mill. Type—In B.M.

2092, MrraACHROSTIS SEPARATA, insert (syn.) Cosmia ozela, Swinh., A, M,

N, H. (7), 3, p. 114, and transfer to Catephia next flavescens. Habitat—

Bhutan; Karwar. Ezp, 2 34-40 mill.

2110a. PACHYLEPIS ROSEATA, 0, sp.

@. Head black; the vertex and antenne whitish ; thorax pinkish ; abdo-

men fuscous except towards base; tibie and tarsi banded with black.

Forewing whitish tinged with pink and irrorated with a few black scales ;

three elongate black spots on costa and a truncate triangular patch towards

apex ; an oblique bar-shaped black discoidal spot ; a terminal series of black

points and a somewhat triangular mark at tornus. Hindwing pale-fuscous

with bar-shaped discoidal black spot and whitish postmedial line somewhat

angled at middle, then defined by black on inner side, and with blackish patch

and white point beyond it towards tornus ; a terminal series of black points,

Habitat—Simia, 7000' (Pilcher). zp. 20 mill, Type—In B, M.

2114a, HUBLEMMA BILINEATA, 0, sp,

d@. Head and tegule orange ; thorax grey, whitish in front ; legs and

abdomen brownish-orange. Forewing grey irrorated with white ; the costal

area whitish ; the costal edge orange towards base ; a black point with a

minute yellowish striga from it at middle of costa; two fine grey post-

medial lines arising from black points on costa, strongly excurved below

costa, then oblique ; the costal area orange towards apex, where there is a

white patch with a black spot on it and some orange below it; cilia with

fine white lines at their base and near tip. Hindwing pale yellowish grey-

brown ; traces of an oblique postmedial line ; cilia with a yellowish line at

base,

Habitat—Simla (Harford) ; Kulu (Pilcher), Ezp, -20 mill, Type—In.

B. M.

2130d. HKUBLEMMA VINOTINCTA, 0. Sp. ;

@. Head and tegule pale red-brown ; thorax whitish slightly tinged with

vinous-red and with dorsal red-brown stripes; abdomen’ pale-brownish.

Forewing whitish suffused with vinous-red, especially towards tornus, the

costal edge pale red-brown, slightly waved red-brown antemedial and medial

lines angled below costa, then oblique ; the postmedial line oblique from

costa to vein 6, then sinuous, incurved below vein 3; traces of a pale

irregular subterminal line with blackish points on it towards costa. Hind-

wing vinous-red, whitish towards base and costa; indistinct antemedial,

medial and subterminal whitish lines, the last with some black scales on it ;

both wings with fine white terminal line, Underside tinged with fuscous-

brown,

Larva.—Coccidiphagous, feeding on a species of Lecanium and forming a

covering of their scales,

Habitat—Ceylon, Pundaloya (Green), Exp, 16 mill, Type—In B, M.

] THE MOTHS OF INDIA, LLEVA MOOG,

2130e, HUBLEMMA SUBANGULATA, u, sp. (pl. B., £. 5).

Greyish-ochreous irrorated with a few dark scales, Forewing with indise

tinct antemedial line angled inwards in cell and outwards below it; dark points

at middle and end of cell; crenulate medial and post-medial lines, excurved

beyond cell, then oblique; three blackish subapical marks; the outer margin

somewhat angled at middle, Hindwing with slightly waved antemedial and

medial lines ; a diffused postmedial line and traces of a submarginal series of

points ; both wings with a fine ochreous line at base of cilia,

Larva—Coccidiphagous ; preys on Maskellia zonata, Green,

Habitat—Pundaloya, Ceylon (E, E. Green), Exp. 20 mill, Type—In B, M.

2130f.. EUBLEMMA RUBRICILIA, n. sp.

é. Grey irrorated with purplish-fuscous scales ; palpi, frons and basal joint

of antenne black, Forewing with very cde Get dentate antemedial, medial,

and postmedial lines, the two latter bent outwards to inner margin and arising

from small black costal spots; a diffused discoidal spot; a subterminal

series of dentate marks; a terminal line. Hindwing with faint traces of

dentate antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines, the terminal area

strongly irrorated with fuscous ; cilia of both wings bright-rufous with pale

line at base. Termen of forewing strongly angled at middle,

Habitat—Sikhim, Bhutan (Dudgeon) ; Singapore (Ridley). wp. 16 mill,

_ 2130g. EvuBLEMMA RUBRA, 0. sp,

Bright red-brown ; abdomen with fine white segmental lines. Forewing

with antemedial white line acutely angled below costa, then incurved ; a post-

medial line oblique and white from costa to vein 5, then grey and sinuous, a

yellowish mark from its angle to the oblique white striga from costa terminat-

ing in two white-edged black dentate marks with some grey beyond them

and followed by some black subterminal points, Hindwing with obscure-

oblique antemedial grey line, sinuous postmedial line and:subterminal black

points,

Habitat—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon); Singapore ; Java. Exp, 16 mill.

Type—In B. M.

21316. EUBLEMMA SEMIRUFA, n. sp.

Grey ; head and tegul pale-rufous; abdomen with 3rd to terminal seg-

ments rufous above, the 3rd, 4th and 5th with whitish segmental lines. Fore-

wing with traces of short subbasal and waved fuscous antemedial lines ; an

oblique medial rufous striga from costa ;a waved post-medial line, angled below

costa, and a dentate whitish subterminal line angled outwards at middle, the

area between them filled in with rufous except the costal area and traversed

by an obscure waved line, Hindwing with nearly straight antemedial and

somewhat irregular subterminal line, the area between them rufous irrorated

with ochreous traversed by an irregular medial line; cilia of both wings

rufous,

The N. Guinea specimen has the rufous area on forewing extending more

towards costa and the subterminal line of both wings whiter and more

irregularly dentate,

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Habitat—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon) ; N, Guinea (Wallace), Zap, 18, mill,

Type—In B. M.

2146a. CoRGATHA OLIVATA, 0. sp.

@. Head and collar olive-brown; thorax and abdomen grey-brown.

Forewing olive-green, the basal area grey-brown ; an antemedial dark line

angled below costa ; reniform greyish with dark outline and two black specks

at centre ; a dark postmedial line excurved beyond cell and with grey-

brown suffusion beyond it ; a series of brown-edged grey submarginal spots

and of black points just inside margin, Hindwing olive-green with the base

grey-brown ;a medial brown line with grey-brown sufiusion beyond it; a

very indistinct postmedial series of grey spots and a submarginal series of

black points,

Habitat—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon), Exp, 24 mill. Type—In B. M.

2155a, ORUZA XANTHOPERA, 0, sp.

. Deep purplish-red-brown ; collar and anal tuft ochreous, Forewing

with slight pale streak below basal half of costa;some yellow at base of

inner margin ; a pale oblique antemedial line with dark outer edge ;a pale

point at upper angle of cell and black point at lower;an oblique slightly

sinuous postmedial pale line defined by fuscous on inner side; an obscure

irregular subterminal line ;a large ochreous patch on outer margin below

apex ; a small spot above tornus ; a terminal series of black points, Hind-

wings with obliquely sinuous medial line with large irregular patch beyond it

below costa and small patch at tornus;a terminal series of black points.

Underside of forewing mostly pink ; hindwing ochreous suffused with pink

in places.

Habitat—Khasis, Exp, 30 mill. Type—In B. M.

2168a, DINUMMA INANGULATA, 0, Sp.

Y. Brown irrorated with black ; patagia with their outer edges black ;

abdomen with the dorsal tufts black, Forewing with black patch at base of

costa ; a deep black band just before middle with irregular edges, its inner

edge angled inward on vein 1, its outer slightly angled outwards in cell ;

the postmedial line erect, minutely dentate and with some grey on its outer

edge ; an indistinct, minutely dentate subterminal line slightly angled out-

wards below costa ; a subterminal series of white and black points developing

into a patch with a black spot above it just above middle. Hindwing fuscous-

brown, Underside grey irrorated with black ; hindwing with dentate fuscous

and white subterminal line; both wings with terminal series of black and

white points.

Habitat—Sikhim, 2800’ (Pilcher), Ezp. 34 mill. Type—In B. M.

2174a. CALLYNA CHALCOELA, 0, sp.

Head dark-brown, yellowish on vertex; thorax pale-yellow; abdomen

brownish, the dorsal tuft at base pale-yellow, the 2nd segment tinged with

orange. Forewing with the inner area brassy-yellow shading to greyish and.

to olive-brown on costal area ; some bluish white at base and some. oblique’

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 269

marks on costal area ; an orange subbasal mark on costa ; traces of a waved

antemedial line ; reniform very large and quite round with yellow medial

spot and edge ; traces of an oblique waved postmedial line with black spois

on its outer edge at middle of inner margin and above veins 2 and 4 ;some

irregular white marks just inside and on termen below middle. Hindwing

fuscous with obscure ante and postmedial and terminal lines; a yellow

patch on inner area at tornus. Underside of forewing mostly suffused with

grey and fuscous,

Habitat—China ; Sikhim (Dudgeon), Ezp,40 mill. Type—In B, M.

2180a, WESTERMANNIA CELISIGNAW—@. Antenne fasciculate ; the basal

joint with tuft of hair above, the base of shaft excised,

21806. WESTERMANNIA EUPREPIA, Nn. sp.

@. Head and tegule dark-chocolate ; patagia and thorax grass-green ; pectus

pale ; legs pale-brownish with dark band at end of tibia ; abdomen orange,

the terminal segments suffused with blackish, the ventral surface pale brown-

ish, Forewing grass-greon ; the costal edge brown ; a white discoidal lunule ;

the apical area brown from costa above discoidal lunule to tornus; an

indistinct double postmedial line on the brown area, angled at vein 5 and

with two dark teeth from it above the angle ; faint traces of an irregular

subterminal line with slight dark marks on it below apex, angled inwards

on vein 6 and with faint greenish suffusion between it and postmedial line

from vein 5 to below costa; a fine dark waved terminal Jine ; cilia crenulate

with dark tips. Hinding orange with brown suffusion on apical area,

Habitat—Cuddapah, Horsleykhonda, 4000’ (W. H. Campbell) ; Ceylon

(Mackwood), zp, 40 mill. Type—In B. M.

_ 2186c. BrevirrcTEN AprcaLis, Leech. Trans, Ent. Soc, 1900, p. 514,

@. Antenne ciliated,

Pale-red-brown and ochreous. Forewing with pale oblique antemedial line

excurved to inner margin ; the orbicular and reniform rather dark, or brown

with pale rings, the former large, the latter very large, the postmedial pale

line oblique from costa to vein 6, then excurved, incurved below vein 4, 4a

large subquadrate dark-brown patch on its outer edge on costa with a’ point

of the same colour below it, another point below vein 3 and larger spot below

vein 2, Hindwing fuscous.

Habitat—China, Chekiang (Pryer) ; Burma Hsipaw (DeNicéville), Ezy, 36

mill.

B. cosmiodes also belongs to this section.

21942, TRIORBIS AUREOVITTA, n, sp. (pl. B., £. 16).

_ . Head and thorax dark red-brown ; abdomen brown, yellowish towards

base with dark dorsal tufts, pinkish towards extremity, Forewing red-

brown shading to purplish and pink; a metallic golden fascia below the

cell: becoming ochreous and dark streaks along vein 2; an obscure, very.

irregularly dentate antemedial line ; orbicular round, pale brown with tuft

of dark scales in it ; reniform similar but small, pear-shaped, emitting a long

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

tooth to the postmedial line which is ochreous defined by brown and very

highly dentate towards costa and inner margin; a sinuous submarginal

ochreous line angled inwards at veins 5 and 2 and with dentate dark marks

on its inner edge ;a fine waved ochreous line just inside margin and black

line through cilia, Hindwing red-brown, costal area whitish ; a dark mark

with pale line on it at tornus, underside whitish with dark discoidal lunule

and diffused curved subterminal line,

©. Thorax and abdomen darker, the latter with sides of basal segments

distinctly yellowish, Forewing darker with the medial part of costal area

and cell suffused with fuscous ; the fascia below cell streaked ochreous and

blackish to base ; hindwing dark-brown,

Habitat—Margharita, Assam (Doherty) 9 ; Penang @. Exp. @ 56, 9 46

mill, Zype—In B. M.

2196. ARIOLA C@LISIGNA, insert (syn.) Ariola ransonneti, Feld, Reis, Nov.

pl. 108., £. 1.

2271a. HUTELIA DIAPERA, 0. sp.

@. Head and thorax variegated brown, black, and grey ; abdomen olive-

grey with dorsal red-brown patch extending to 5th segment, Forewing

grey suffused in parts with purplish and olive; a purplish-brown mark at

base of costa ;a straight antemedial line; the orbicular and reniform grey

with fuscous between them and a slightly sinuous line from former to inner

margin ; a double postmedial line acutely angled above vein 5, then oblique

and sinuous ;acurved dark mark from angle of postmedial line to outer

margin below middle ; a waved white subterminal line excurved from costa

to vein 3, then incurved ; a waved white line across apex with grey beyond

it and a black spot on its inner side near termen. Hindwing fuscous-brown,

the base of inner area whitish ; cilia white with waved fuscous line through

them, Underside grey irrorated with brown; forewing with minutely

dentate postmedial line; hindwing with discocellular point and dentate

antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines, the 1st angled outwards at

middle,

Habitat——Bhutan (Dudgeon), Exp. 28 mill, Type—In B, M.

2203a. PLOTHEIA VIRESCENS, n. sp. (pl. B., f. 25).

‘Hindwing with veins 3°4 on a long stalk, 5 from angle of cell.

@. Head and abdomen grey ; thorax pale-green. Forewing white, almost

entirely suffused with green; an indistinct sinuous black subbasal line

followed by black spots in and below cell; double sinuous ante and post-

medial lines, the former angled outwards above inner margin, the latter

inwards below vein 2 ; a bright rufous discocellular spot ; an indistinct irregu-

larly dentate subterminal line and a series of points on the termen, Hind-

wing grey tinged with fuscous,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 7000’(Pilcher), Zwp. 26 mill, Zype—In B,M.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 211

2227a, PTISCIANA SCOTIA, nN, sp.

Q. Red-brown; palpi at sides, fore-legs, and patagia blackish, Forewing

suffused with black to the postmedial line and with a diffused streak from

angle of the line to apex; tufts of greyish-black scales near base and at

middle and end of cell; the antemedial line greyish, dentate and acutely

angled outwards below the cell ; the postmedial line defined by greyish scales

becoming white towards costa, arising from costa before middle, very oblique

to beyond angle of cell, then inwardly oblique and acutely angled inwards

on vein 1, some fine black streaks from it on the subcostal veins ; the sub-

terminal line greyish and minutely dentate. Hindwing with the cilia whitish

at tips.

Habitat,—Sikhim, 1800' (Dudgeon). E«p.34 mill, Type—In B. M,

2236a,. HyYPOTHRIPA VERNA, 0. sp.

&. Head and collar white-and-grey ; palpi marked with brown ; patagia and

thorax variegated with purplish-brown-and-black ; abdomen grey. Forewing

grey, alarge area on disc suffused with grey-green ; a large rounded patch at

base of costal area, yellowish-white at middle, then olive-green and edged by

brown ;a sinuous white antemedial line angled inwards on vein 1 ; a discocel-

lular line; an irregularly dentate postmedial line, oblique to costa and with

some black points on medial part of its inner edge ; an irregular fuscous sub-

terminal line; some black points on costa and termen, Hindwing pale-

fuscous,

Habitat,—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon), Exp, 22 mill, Type—In B. M,

22366. DENDROTHRIPA MACKWOODI, 0, sp.

@. Forewing with fringe of short pink hair on underside of costal vein ; a

fringe of long ochreous hair below the cell; hindwing with th2 costal area

largely expanded and fringed with rough hair ; the apex with large triangular

excision ; the discocellulars almost obsolete,

Head, thorax and abdomen pale-ochreous ;frons with black bar above. Fore-

wing greyish-ochreous, tinged with fuscous from costa to submedian fold to

the postmedial line, the terminal area suffused with green ; a blackish patch at

the base of costa ;a sinuous medial line from costa to submedian fold with

black suffusion on its outer edge ; the postmedial line strongly excurved be-

yond the cell, defined by whitish on outer side and with some vinous, then

fuscous suffusion beyond its excurved portion ;a sinuous subterminal line

with some black suffusion in its medial sinus; some vinous suffusicn on ter-

men below apex and at middle; a fine terminal black line. Hindwing ochre-

ous-white, the cell slightly irrorated with black scales, Underside with the

costal area of both wings and terminal area of.forewing tinged with pink,

Habitat.—Ceylon, Colombo (Mackwood), zp, 18 mill.

2253, EUTELIA PICTICOLOR, insert (syn). Ptisciana ioda, Swinh., A.M. N. H,

(7), 3, p. 114, Karwar,

No. 22580. Hure.ia stIcToproctTa belongs to Sect. III. with the antennz

strongly bipectinate,

212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

2258c, HUTELIA CATEPHIFORMIS, n. Sp.

‘&. Head pale red-brown ; palpi dark at base ; thorax and abdomen fuscous-

brown. Forewing dark red-brown ; the basal area blackish with traces of

waved lines and two more prominent lines on its outer edge angled inwards

above vein 1; an ochreous discoidal lunule ; a fine medial waved line very

strongly bent outwards round the discoidal lunule;a double similar more

prominent postmedial line with small ochreous spot beyond it above vein 1;

traces of irregularly waved lines on outer area and an obscure olive-yellow

and dark fascia across apical area, Hindwing fuscous-black with white patch

on basal half of inner area. Underside greyish with numerous minutely

dentate dark lines on terminal area,

Habitat,—Naga Hills (Doherty), Exp. 30 mill, Type—In Coll,, Elwes,

2274a, EKUTELIA PICTATRIX, n, Sp,

Head, thorax and abdomen brown-pink mixed with dark-brown scales ; = init

men with some blackish patches, the male with dorsal white patch on 4th

segment, Forewing pink strongly mixed with dark red-brown scales; very

numerous waved fuscous lines; double antemedial, medial, and postmedial

lines rather more prominent, the 1st strongly curved, the 2nd bent outwards

below costa, the 3rd excurved from below costa to vein 4 ; tufts of bright-red

scales in cell near base, at middle and at upper angle; pale wedge-shaped

streaks on median nervure from before middle to the postmedial line, and

in submedial interspace from near base to termen; a short white streak

below costa towards apex with an irregular dentate subterminal line from

below it to inner margin ; a fine terminal black line and some blackish white-

irrorated marks on termen from below apex’ to below middle, some similar

spots on cilia, Hindwing yellowish-white ; the terminal half strongly suffus-

ed with fuscous from costa to vein 4,the veins on it black; the submedian

interspace pale; vein 2 and the inner margin with alternating red and black

marks ; cilia bright red-brown with fine pale line at base.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Gampola (Mackwood), Dickoya (Green), wp, 32 mill.

Type—In B. M,

2290a, SrICTOPTERA LUCTUOSA, Nn, Sp.

9. Head and tegule fuscous-black ; thorax ochreous-brown ; abdomen fus-

cous, Forewing fuscous-black, the basal third pale brownish ochreous with a

browner patch on it from costa to median nervure traversed by a black sub-

costal streak, the antemedial line just inside its outer edge ; the dark area

with traces of numerous minutely dentate lines, the subterminal line with

two ochreous marks on it below costa and one insubmedian fold, Hindwing

black-brown,

Habitat,—Ceylon (Mackwood), Exp, 42 mill, Type—In B, M.

2290b, STICTOPTERA NEGRETINA, 0, sp.

g. Black-brown. Forewing with a purplish tinge; a waved. aise

black line ; a medial line oblique from costa to submedian fold, then erect,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 213

the area between it and antemedial line black with three tufts of raised

scales ; a medial line from costa to median nervure, angled on subcostal

nervure, two discoidal tufts of scales; a double sinuous post-medial line

angled below costa and at middle ; an indistinct highly dentate subterminal

line, Hindwing almost black ; underside with two indistinct medial lines,

Habitat— Khasis. Exp. 32 mill. Type—In B. M,

2293a. GYRTONA CRISTIPENNIS, 0, sp.

9. Head whitish ; thorax grey and brown, ochreous at extremity ; abdo-

men greyish tinged with ochreous. Forewing violaceous-grey, the base and

costal area tinged with ochreous; an oblique double dark brown costal

striga near base; a whitish antemedial band with two slightly waved dark

brown lines on it, the inner expanding into a diffused patch of scales in cell ;

a tuft of raised fulvous scales beyond the band in cell and another blackish

below median nervure; the end of cell and costal area above it brown

variegated with pinkish with some black striw and a blackish discoidal tuft

of scales defined by white lines; a large ochreous lunulate mark from costa

beyond cell defined by a fine dentate black line on its outer edge ; a sub-

terminal line of white striez and a terminal line of white and black strie,

Hindwing semi-hyaline, the terminal half suffused with fuscous,

Habitat—Khisis. Exp, 36 mill, Type—In B, M.

2332, CAREA XANTHIA, n, sp.

Forewing with the apex produced; the termen slightly angled at vein

4, Bright chrome yellow; palpi and antenne red, the former white in

front; pectus white; tibie and tarsi with red-brown and orange scales.

Forewing slightly irrorated with black ; aslight red and black streak on inner

margin before middle; pale brownish spotsin middle of cell, above middle

of inner margin, on Siscaecliulans and in submedian fold beyond middle ;

an oblique red-brown patch from apex with some white scales on Mie ite

red-brown with some patches of white scales. Hindwing rather pale valle

with rufous suffusion from lower angle of cell to apex and middle of

termen.

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon). Exp, 28 mill. Type—In B. M.

2358a, CATOCALA TRISA, Swinh., A, M. N, H. (7), 3., p. 115. (1899).

Head and thorax dark-fuscous-brown; abdomen yellow; pectus and

ventral surface of abdomen whitish. Forewing dark brown ; a short subbasal

line ; a double waved antemedial line, the outer stronger, especially towards

costa ; the postmedial line minutely dentate, very strongly angled below

costa, less strongly angled on vein 3, then retracted to origin of vein 2 and

outwardly oblique to inner margin; an obscure highly dentate curved

subterminal line; the apex greyish, Hindwing pale yellow with fuscous

band from costa just before apex expanding to termen between veins 6 and 2

where it terminates,

Habitat—Bombay, Satara, Exp. 42 mill,

214 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

2450a, MeELiroris caiLino, Lef, Ann. %. Linn., Paris 1827, p. 94,

plone ;

Head whitish ; antenne black ; thorax grey suffused with black ; abdomen

grey irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with the base grey ; a short subbasal

black line with a short streak from its lower extremity below the cell ; an

antemedial black line sinuous and oblique from costa to submedian fold

where it is angled, the area between it and the subbasal line blackish ; the

medial area grey-brown, whitish towards costa on outer side of antemedial

line ; the postmedial line very strongly excurved beyond the cell, angled at

veins 6 and 4, and incurved between those points, then very strongly

retracted to lower angle of cell and sinuous to inner margin ; a black line on

discocellulars with some dentate white marks beyond it in the sinus of the

postmedial line, the area beyond it blackish to the subterminal line which is

angled outwards at vein 6 and excurved at middle; the terminal area grey.

Hindwing white suffused with fuscous; a dark discoidal lunule with a

white patch beyond it; a white patch on termen at vein 2; cilia white with

a black patch at middle. Underside of forewing with the basal half whitish,

the terminal half fuscous with a white patch beyond the cell ; hindwing

white with black discoidal lunule, postmedial band and black patch on

middle of termen.

Habitat.—France ; Greece ; Armenia, Kashmir (Pilcher), zp, 40 mill,

2532, Serrodes inara, Larva purplish white specked with black ; head and

lateral band on thoracic somite flesh colour ; a flesh-coloured band on the swol-

len 4th somite vith irregular black markings behind it ; dorsal, two lateral

and sublateral interrupted waved flesh-coloured fascice on 5th to terminal

somite. Pupa black with purple bloom. (Fellowes Wilson).

2535, SYMPIS RUFIBASIS, The specimen figuredis a 9 ,the @ has tufts of hair

on extremity of 2nd joint and on 3rd joint of palpus and at base of antenne,

2538b. BANIANA NODA, Swinh,, A, M,N. H. (7), 3, p. 116 (1899).

Head yellowish white, the vertex, antenne and tegule black; thorax grey

with a purplish tinge ; abdomen fuscous, Forewing reddish brown suffused

with greyish purple and irrorated with black ; an antemedial black-brown

mark from cell to inner margin with white outline, its inner edge sinuous,

its outer angled on vein 1, traces of a fine line from it to costa; a more or less

prominent discoidal dark lunule edged with grey; an obscure sinuous post-

medial line ; some pale specks on costa towards apex ;a fine terminal series

of dark points, Hindwing fuscous, the cilia brown.

Habitat.— Karwar ; Nilgiris, Exp. 38 mill,

2545. Bocuxa lutosa, insert Agrotis iconciusa, Wlk., Journ. Linn Soe,

Zool., vi., p. 188, Borneo which has precedence,

2643, Ophideres hypermnestra, Larva: @ purplish fuscous speckled with

blue; irregular blackish patches. on thoracic and terminal somites ; stigmata

with black points ; 5th and 6th somites with large lateral black - ocelli ringed

with red and yellow, 4th somite with lateral orange spot; irregular yellow

lateral marks on 7th and 8th somites and their prolegs.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 215

@ with the spot on 4th somite and the irregular marks on 7th and 8th

pinkish-white. (fellowes Wilson).

2697b. CALESIA CANESCENS, 0, sp.

Q@. Pale-grey-brown ; head, collar, thorax below, and abdomen crimson ; 3rd

joint of palpi, antenne, and tarsi black ; wings quite uniform grey-brown,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon), Ezp,50 mill. Type—In B. M.

2705a, MucopINA CYANODONTA, Nn. sp.

Q. Rufous brown ; thorax except collar and abdomen suffused with bluish

grey. Forewing with the basal half suffused with blue-grey ; fine indistinct

waved rufous lines on basal area followed by a black point in cell ; an oblique

medial rufous line; reniform outlined with rufous; outer half rufous with

indistinct blue-grey line near its inner edge, excurved below costa, then very

highly dentate ; darker rufous streaks in the interspaces of outer area; traces

of a waved subterminal blue-grey line below apex and some points towards

tornus, Hindwing with the basal half suffused with blue-grey ; the outer half

rufous with dark streak in the interspaces ; a blue-grey patch on termen at

apex and some points towards tornus, Underside brown with traces of three

darker lines on medial area.

Habitat—Khasis, Exp. 44 mill, YType—tIn Coll., Elwes,

2710a. Mecopina suByecTA, W1k,, xxxiii, 1012,

Q.. Yellow-brown ; head and collar grizzled with white ; thorax and

abdomen tinged with fuscous and with grey below. Forewing with

bisinuate fuscous antemedial line ; a whitish line on discocellulars ; a medial

line highly excurved beyond cell, then oblique; a postmedial oblique line

angled below costa; the outer area suffused with fuscous and with a deeper

fuscous mark on costa before apex. Hiniwing with fuscous antemedial

line excurved below costa; a medial line oblique towards inner margin; an

obscure bisinuate subterminal! line; the apical area suffused with fuscous,

Underside with white suffusion beyond the postmedial line.

Habitat—Bhutan (Dudgeon); Sierra Leone (Clements); Cape Colony.

Exp. 52 mill. Type—In B. M.

The specimens from Africa are more suffused with fuscous than the one

from Bhutan,

2729a,. ZETHES STENIPTERA, 20. sp.

@. Dark-brown ; head and thorax slightly pencilled with grey ; tarsi

and abdomen with greyish segmental lines. Forewing with dark

antemedial line edged with ochreous on inner side, slightly curved and bent

inwards above inner margin ; the postmedial line straight, hardly angled

at middle and edged with ochreous on outer side, between it and the pale

sinuous punctiform subterminal line suffused with purplish grey. Hindwing

dark-fuscous, the underside irrorated with grey.

Habitat—Sikhim, 1800! (Dudgeon), Exp, 28 mill, ZType—In B, M.

2737, ZErHES NIGRILINEA, insert (syn.) Zethes oohrodes, Swinh., A. M,N. H,

(7), 8, p.115,

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

2738a, ZETHES APICATA, 0. Sp.

@. Head and thorax dark-purple-brown; abdomen pale ochreous-brown.

Forewing pale ochreous-brown with numerous pale striz and irrorated with

a few black scales ; a subbasal purple-brown band edged by rufous lines ;

the postmedial line angled at vein 5, dark brown above that point, pale below

it; a quadrate purple-brown apical patch extending nearly to cell and to vein

4 with an oblique pale mark on it from costa; a pale crenulate subterminal

line and almost terminal series of points, Hindwing pale greyish brown ;

two discoidal points ; a medial pale line defined by brown on outer side, the

area between it and the crenulate postmedial line reddish ; some black spots

on the postmedial line towards inner margin ; a subterminal series of small

lunules ; a fine pale terminal line,

Habitat,—Khasis. Exp. 30-32 mill, Type—In B, M.

9740a, ZETHES MACARIATA, Dudgeon, Ined.

Q. Pale-ochreous tinged with pale-rufous in parts and irrorated with a

few dark scales ; palpi and autenne blackish, Forewing with two indistinct

curved and waved antemedial lines; a black point in middle of cell and

white discoidal bar with somewhat excised outer edge ; a pale highly sinuous

medial line running out to an angle below costa and with bluish-white suffusion

between it and the postmedial line becoming almost white near costa; the

postmedial line angled outwards below costa and at middle and bent

outwards to inner margin, the area beyond it red-brown with a whitish patch

at apex and traces of a subterminal series of black points. Hindwing with

indistinct subbasal line angled at middle ; a sinuous medial line with red-

brown suffusion on its inner side ; an indistinct curved and slightly waved

posimedial line ; a very indistinct sinuous subterminal line with dark red-

brown patch beyond it towards tornus with three black points on it, the termen

straight from apex to the angle at vein 4,

Habitat —Sikhim, 1800! (Dudgeon), Hap. 48 mill. Type—In B, M,

2738a, CAPNODES PURPUREA, 0. sp.

@. Dark purple-red ; abdomen blackish above towards extremity. Fore-

wing with small oblique fulvous spot below middle of costa ; black point

in cell and two grey points on discocellulars ; a small white lunule on costa

beyond middle and three points towards apex ; a treble black and brown

line from apex to middle of inner margin of hindwing ; both wings with

minute series of white points just inside termen.

Habitat—Khiasis. Eup, 34 mill, Type—In B. M,

2769a. DIoMEA LIVIDA, 0, sp.

@. Head black ; thorax rufous, the tegule ochreous in front ; abdomen

fuscous, the dorsal tufts rufous, the anal tuft ochreous. Forewing purplish

brown, the costal area suffused with reddish-ochreous ; small subbasal and

antemedial black spots defined by whitish on the costa ; traces of an ante-

medial line on inner area and of a double line just beyond the middle ;a

large deep black discoidal lunule with diffused black above it on costa ;a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 217

crenulate black postmedial line with white points on its teeth ; an irregularly

sinuous subterminal line with the area beyond it deeper red-brown,’ Hindwing

pale brown suffused with fuscous to the indistinct postmedial crenulate line

which has some white points on it ; an irregularly sinuous subterminal line

with the area before it pale purplish grey, beyond it red-brown ; both wings

with terminal series of small ochreous spots with black striz on their inner

side. Underside greyish irrorated with fuscous with black cell spots and

medial and:postmedial lines.

Habitat,—Simla (Pilcher), zp, 36 mill, Type—In B, M,

2785a, AVITTA INSIGNANS, n.'sp.

@. Head and thorax brown; abdomen grey-brown. Forewing brown

suffused with purplish grey, the basal area brown ; two indistinct fine oblique

antemedial lines ; a diffused medial line not reaching costa ; an obscure

discoidal lunule ; two fine sinuous indistinct postmedial lines followed by a

diffused band not reaching costa; a waved subterminal Jine and some

diffused brown ontermen, Hindwing fuscous, Underside grey with an

ochreous tinge ; forewing fuscous except the costal and terminal areas ; hind-

wing with slight discoidal lunule.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp, 48 mill. Type—In Coll., Elwes,

2785b, AVITTA PASTEA, 0. sp.

@. Head and thorax dark-brown, the scales pencilled with pale brown;

palpi paler ; tarsi with ochreous rings ; abdomen black-brown, Forewing dark

red-brown, finely irrorated with grey forming a large patch on costal area

from end of cell to apex ; two obscure waved antemedial lines incurved

below cell ; a nearly straight medial line ; a discoidal spot ; two minutely

dentate postmedial and a, subterminal line. Hindwing blackish with a bluish

tinge, the cilia grey. Underside grey with discoidal lunules and curved

postmedial lines,

Habitat.—Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon) ; Margharita, Assam (Doherty). Exp, 46

mill. Zype—In B. M,

2889a. TALAPA ACYPERA, 0. sp,

Forewing with the outer margin very acutely angled at vein 4,

&- Head, tegule and base of patagia and meso-thorax pinkish grey-brown °

the rest of thorax dark rufous ; abdomen pinkish grey, Forewing pale irro-

rated with brown ; an oblique antemedial pink line defined by rufous on outer

side and with diffused rufous beyond it ; dark points in ce)l and on discocel-

lulars ; a curved slightly sinuous postmedial pink line defined by a fine rufous

line on inner side and with diffused rufous beyond it ; an oblique streak from

apex with an oblique rufous line from below its extremity to tornus;a

slight series of terminal points. Hindwing ochreous suffused with fuscous

with traces of medial and postmedial lines; underside with discoidal black

spot.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp, 40 mill, Type—In BM.

218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V-

2912a, RHYNCHINA ALBILUNA, Nn. sp.

@. Pale ochreous-brown ; abdomen whitish at base, Forewing with slight

black suffusion just beyond end of cell; a white lunule on inner area just

beyond middle; a subterminal line, finer highly dentate and whitish from

costa to vein 4, then strongly incurved, blackish and diffused ; a fine pale line

at base of cilia. Hindwing pale brownish ; the terminal area fuscous.

Habitat,—Sikhim, 2800’ (Pilcher), Exp, 28 mill, Type-—In B, M.

2985a. HyYPENA UMBRIA, 2. sp,

g@. Dull ochreous-brown ; palpi black ; meta-thorax with blackish patch ;

wings irrorated with fuscous, Forewing with blackish patch at base; a small

black spod in cell and eliptical discoidal spot with brownish centre ; traces, of

waved antemedial and medial lines and a more distinct subterminal line with

blackish patch on its inner side towards costa ; a terminal series of black

points. Hindwing with discoidal point and indistinct waved medial, post-

medial and subterminal lines; the terminal area suffused with fuscous; a

terminal series of black points,

Habitat—Ceylon, Puttalam, Maturatta (Pole), Exp. 20 mill. Type—In

B. M.

2998a, CHUSARIS SEMIALBA, 0, Sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen greyish white ; palpi, pectus, and rental anpinee

of abdomen black, the last suffused with fuscous above towards extremity,

Forewing with the basal half greyish white ; a dentate antemedial dark line ;

4 sinuous medical line angled at lower angle of cell ; a waved postmedial

line bent outwards at middle; the apical third of wing greyish brown from

middle of costa to inner margin beyond postmedial line; a waved sub-

terminal line with some black marks beyond it, Hindwing white with medial

brownish band not reaching costa irrorated with black and with waved

black edges ; terminal area brown with white line and black and white marks

on it, Underside blackish.

Habitat. —Sikhim, 1800’ (Dudgeon); Rangoon. uzp. 20 mill, Type—

In B. M,

3000a, CHUSARIS NIGRISIGNA, 0. Sp.

&. Dark grey-brown ; palpi blackish, the 3rd joint ringed with white.

Forewing irrorated with blue grey and black scales ; small dark basal and

antemedial spots on costa ; a larger black spot in end of cell with some spots

above, beyond and below it; a subtriangular black patch on costa before

apex, some points on termen, Hindwing fuscous, the inner. area greyish

brown with some black striz.

Habitat—Sikkim, 1500’ (Dudgeon), Hzp. 22 mill. Type—In B. M.

Section II. Palpi extending about three times length of head; forewing

with vein 7 stalked with 8°9°10 and 11 approximated to them at middle -

hindwing with veins 3°4 and 6°7 stalked ; the costa somewhat excised beyond

middle. ea: P Me

THE MOTHS OF IND/A. 919

3008c, PROLOPHOTA BISIGNATA, N, Sp,

&. Ochreous-white ; palpi, abdomen and wings sivrorated with ai few black

scales ; meta-thorax with prominent black patch. Forewing with the costa

blackish towards base ; an antemedial series of four minute points angled in

cell; two prominent obliquely-placed discoidal points placed on an obliquely

curved fuscous band with rather darker edges and not reaching costa on

which there is a black point ; a pair of prominent postmedial spots below

costa and two points between veins 3 and 5 ; a subterminal series of points,

Hindwing with slight discoidal point ; a slightly sinuous brownish medial

band edged by black lines and not reaching costa; traces of a postmedial

line ; a subterminal series of black points,

Habiiat,--Ceylon, Pundaloya (Green), Hap, 24 mill, Type—In B, M.

220

SNAKE VENOMS: THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION

AND ANTIDOTE.

By Gzorce Lams, M.B., Capt., IMLS.

(From the Research Laboratory, Bombay.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 21st January 1902.)

At a recent meeting of our society Mr. Phipson and Father Dreck-

man showed us the beautiful collection of snakes, which, as a rule, is

kept shut up ina cupboard. On this occasion Mr, Phipson indicat-

ed to us the way by which naturalists tell a poisonous from a non-

poisonous snake: he also told us about the structure of the poison

apparatus and about the mechanisms by which the so-called erection

of the fangs and the ejection of the poison take place. It is, therefore,

unnecessary for me to again enter into these most interesting subjects,

Further, Father Dreckman told us, that, although there are many

varieties of poisonous snakes in India, there were only four terrestrial

snakes which could be said to offer any danger to man, and that

naturalists put these four into two great groups, wz. (1) two of the

Colubrine family—the Cobra and: the Kraits; (2) two Viperine,

viz., Russell’s Viper or Daboia and Echis Carinata or Phoorsa.

This evening I propose to tell you something about the nature and

physiological action of the venoms of these snakes. At the outset,

however, I should like you to understand that my remarks on this

subject will be strictly confined to a summary of the observations which

Ihave made with the poisons of the two most deadly of these snakes,

viz., the Cobra and the Daboia. I have little or no experience of the

poison of the Kraits or that of the Hchis, nordo I know of any

thoroughly trustworthy scientific observations which have been made

with the venoms of these two species. And let it be clearly under-

stood, that, although the Krait is a Colubrine snake and the Nchis

a viper, it by no means follows, as I have good reason to know, that the

poison of the Krait has the same physiological action as the venom of

the Cobra or that of the Hchis the same as the venom of the Daboia.

On the Method of procuring the Poison for Experimental Purposes.

All the older experiments with snake venom were made by allow-

ing the snake to bite some animal or other. This method is, of

course, a crude one and affords us no information as to the amount

of poison which a snake can inject nor as to the exact quantity

which can prove lethal to a given animal. Nowadays all investigators

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 221

work with dried and weighed quantities of venom. The poison may

be collected in one of two ways: (1) the snake is caught by means

of a guillotine arrangement or a strong pair of forceps behind the neck.

If these are not available, a trained snake-man will serve the purpose

equally well. The animal, caught in either of these ways, is then

securely held with one hand behind the head. The lower jaw is then

forcibly opened by catching the skin covering it. The fangs become

erected and the duct continuous. In the case, however, of the Daboia,

which has exceptionally long fangs, it is well to pass a piece of string

behind them and pull them forward with this. With the finger and

thumb of the other hand firm and steady pressure from behind forwards

is made over the glands situate behind the orbits. The poison escaping

from the fangs is caught in a watch-glass held by an assistant in a

pair of long forceps. The process is, you will understand, a process of

squeezing, not, as we sometimes call it, one of “ milking ;” (2) the

snake, held securely behind the head, is allowed to bite through a piece

of rubber stretched over a watch-glass or other suitable receptacle.

The liquid poison is then quickly and thoroughly dried over lime or

sulphuric acid. I have carefully estimated the average amount of

venom which can be got in this way. I find that a medium-sized

Cobra, that is, one from 500 to 1,000 grammes weight (# to 14 Ibs.),

will yield about 200 milligrammes of dried poison ; the larger-sized

Cobras will give as much as 240 to 250 milligrammes or even more, #

The amount of water contained in fresh Jiquid cobra poison varies

from 60 to 75 per cent., so that fresh cobra venom is a 25 to 40 per

cent. solution of the dried material.

Let us say that a Cobra gives 200 milligrammes of dried venom.

This is sufficient to kill 5,000 ordinary rats. It is, of course, without

actual experiment, impossible to say how much Cobra venom it takes

to kill a man ; but, calculating this amount on the basis that man is as

susceptible, weight for weight, as a rat, and from my experiments

on mice, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and horses, I have no reason to

think that he is less susceptible, then 200 milligrammes of poison—-the

amount which can easily be got from a Cobra—would be sufficient to

kill eight ordinary-sized men, that is to say, that a medium-sized Cobra

can. inject eight times the quantity, which would be sufficient to kill a

man, A large Cobra would have ten times the nocessary amount,

“1 gillicramme=" 015 grain, or abeut 2: part of a gtain, ay

923 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Venom.

Fresh liquid poison is of a yellowish or straw colour. Cobra venom

is quite clear, while Daboia poison has, asa rule, a small quantity of

undissolved suspended matter. The reaction of both venoms is

invariably acid to litmus paper, unless there bas been much admixture

with the alkaline secretions of the mouth. Cobra venom has a very

bitter astringent taste ; chewing Daboia venomis like chewing ordinary

gum acacia— there is no taste at all.

Venom dried rapidly in a thin jayer over calcium chloride cracks

into small pieces. In the case of Cobra poison these particles are of

an irregular shape, as broad as they are long ; they are yellowish and

translucent. In the case of Daboia venom the cracking is more or

less in longitudinal striae, and, in consequence, fine reedle-shaped

particles are found. I show you here good specimens of both these

varieties of snake venom.

Thoroughly dried venoms retain their toxic power for an indefinite

period. ‘hey dissolve again readily and completely in water or salt

solution.

It is quite unnecessary for me to enter into the complicated question

of the chemical constitution of these poisons. At one time, not very

long ago, it was thought that the toxie constituents of all snake venoms

were alkaloids, similar to the poisonous vegetable alkaloids, such

as strychnine. This, however, has been shown to be an entirely

erroneous supposition; and I think I am right in saying that all

investigators are agreed that all snake venoms owe their poisonous

properties to the proteid or albuminous substances which they contain

in solution—substances similar in composition to the albumen or

white of egg. All snake poisons are, in fact, almost pure solutions of

proteids, and contain little else beyond a trace of inorganic salts and

a small quantity of an organic acid and colouring matter. Further,

there is no doubt that each venom contains two or more different

proteids, and that the physiological action of a particular venom depends

on the nature of the proteids which it contains, Organic chemistry

has, unfortunately, not advanced far enough as to be able to separate

in pure form these various proteids or to arrive at any estimate of

their chemical constitation. We have, therefore, to content ourselves

at present with various crude methods of studying the physiological

actions of the different proteids in snake venoms.

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION, 223

Effect of heating Snake Poison.

When a solution of snake venom is heated the poison is affected

in two ways :—

(1). Some of the proteids present become coagulated, in the same

way as the albumen of egg is coagulated for breakfast.

(2). The toxic power of the proteids which are not coagulated is

impaired, while their solubilities are not altered.

Whether the toxic power is completely destroyed by heating or

not depends on the degree of heat used, the duration of time for

which it is applied, and the strength of the solution which is heated.

Different poisons are affected in different ways. Thus, while a 0°1

per cent. solution of Cobra venom can be heated for half an hour at

73° C., with the result of only slightly diminishing its original toxicity,

heating a 0°1 per cent. solution of Daboia venom at the same temper-

ature for the same length of time completely destroys its toxic power,

so that large quantities can now be introduced into the blood stream

of an animal without causing any symptoms.

You will appreciate from this, then, that we have arrived at the

stage when: we can say that the poison secreted by a Cobra is, in all

probability, of quite a different nature from the venom manufactured

by a Daboia, In this connection I may say, without entering into

tedious details and long explanations, that I feel to-day in a position

to state, without fear of contradiction, that Cobra venom contains no

poisonous element which is contained in Daboia venom, and vice versa

that Daboia venom is necessarily quite free from any of the toxic

constituents of Cobra poison. I know that this opinion is in contra-

diction to the working hypothesis put forward by Martin of Mel-

bourne some years ago—an hypothesis which, however, was only

provisional and fitted to the facts then available.

Physiological Action of Venoms.

We have, therefore, now to pass on to a brief consideration of the

manner in which each of these venoms brings about its fatal result

when injected into an animal.

Let us begin with Cobra venom, the poison which has received

more attention from investigators than any other. If one injects

a solution of Cobra venom into a hot-blooded animal, no matter what

the species of the animal may be, one observes a train of symptoms

which there is no doubt points to the poison having acted directly

224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

on the central nervous system, that is, the spinal cord and brain.

The animal after a while becomes lethargic and disinclined to move ;

there is no preliminary stage of excitement : then one observes that

the hind legs have become paralysed, the animal drawing them after

it when endeavouring to progress. The paralysis of the hind legs

gradually becomes more marked, while at the same time the paralysis

spreads forwards and-involves the forelegs. Ultimately the animal be-

comes completely paralysed and lies down unable to move. The breath-

ing still continues. Thus one sees in all such experiments a most

striking and typical picture—the animal, be it bird or mammal,

mouse or horse, lying on the ground completely unable to stir, the

breathing still going on, and the saliva trickling from its mouth.

This, however, does not last long. The paralysis soon involves

the respiratory centres; gasping in the search for air becomes

marked, and the scene is closed with the total cessation of respiration.

Just before this, however, there may be slight general convulsive

movements, due to the accumulation of carbonic acid gas in the

system. Mark you, there has been no word of failure of the heart ;

there has been no diminution in the strength of the pulse. After

the breathing has completely stopped, if one opens the chest, one

sees the heart beating away as if nothing had happened. I have

observed this beating go on for twenty minutes to half an hour after

the chest has been laid open and gradually to become weaker and

weaker and ultimately cease altogether.

As well ag this action on the central nervous system, Cobra venom

has got an action on the blood. It has got a very wonderful power of

breaking up the red corpuscles of the blood, with the result that a

certain amount of the colouring matter is set free, Thus, when a

sample of the blood is taken into a test-tube after death and allowed

to clot, the serum is noticed to be dark-red in colour, due to the

hemoglobin which has been set free. Further, Cobra venom has an

action on the normal coagulability of the blood, that is to say, on the

property which blood has of coagulating or setting when withdrawn

from the vessels. The clot which forms is not so firm or so compact

as in normal blood, and the time which it takes to form is much

lengthened. As far, however, as my experiments have shown me,

I cannot find any possible relation between the nervous symptoms

which I have described and this action which Cobra poison has on

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION, 225

the blood. This conclusion is, | know, contrary to the opinion of

Cunningham who, however, is the only observer who contends that

the action on the blood isthe primary one, and that the nervous

symptoms are dependent on and result from this destruction of the

blood cells. This isa long and complicated story and one which,

I hardly think, would give us much profit to pursue at this time.

If Cobra venom be injected directly into the blood stream—into

a vein, for example—the same train of symptoms as I have described

above is observed, the only difference being that the symptoms come

on more quickly and march to a fatal termination much more rapidly

than when the injection is given under the skin.

When a man is bitten by a Cobra, the same general symptoms,

which I have sketched above as following the artificial injection

of the poison into an animal, are observed. As well there is, as a

rule, at the beginning sickness and vomiting and a feeling of lethargy

and disinclination to work ; paralysis, however, soon sets in, and life

ends, as we have seen, by cessation of respiration.

In addition to these general symptoms, however, there are marked

signs of poisoning locally at the site of the bite. There is very

severe pain which follows immediately on the infliction of the wound.

The parts around become swollen and tender, and a bloody serum

oozes away from the punctures. If the bite has been inflicted on

a dependent part, such as a finger, the swelling spreads up the digits

which soon becomes exceedingly tense and extremely painful. Should

the patient ultimately recover from the general condition, the tissues

fora short distance around the bite die, a black slough forms, and

on separating leaves a deep hole. This hole heals up very slowly,

and there is left an ugly depressed scar.

To complete the picture, I may state that in man the general

symptoms, as a rule, do not set in for an hour or two after the bite, and

that on the average death takes place about three to six hours later,

The fatal result, however, may-be accelerated, or, on the other hand, it

may be delayed for some considerable time, even a day or two, ac-

cording to the amount of poison which has been injected. You

will appreciate, nevertheless, that we have got in all cases a certain

interval of time, as a rule some hours, between the bite and the onsot

of symptoms and death—an interval of time precious, indeed, as you

will see, when I come to speak of the treatment of these cases.

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Such, then, is a short sketch of Cobra venom intoxication. We may

now pass on to the consideration of the effects of an injection of the

venom of Russell’s Viper or Daboia. Hxperiments with this poison and

clinical observations on actual cases show quite a different picture

to what I have described in the case of Cobra venom. I have had

the privilege of studying the action of Daboia poison on many varieties

of animals—mice, rats, fowls, pigeons, guinea-pigs, rabbits, monkeys,

dogs aad horses, At the outset it would be well to clear the ground

by stating that, as far as my experience goes, it would appear that

Daboia venom has no direct action on the central nervous system. I

have never seen paralysis of the legs, even in the prolonged cases, follow

its injection. The respiration is only interfered with as a result of its

action on the blood and heart. Its action seems to be confined en-

tirely to the circulatory system, v7z., the blood plasma—that is, the fluid

part of the blood,—the blood corpuscles, the capillary walls and the

heart.

We may divide all cases of Daboia intoxication into two groups—

(1) those cases in which death follows very rapidly—say, within

10 or 15 minutes or sometimes it is only a few seconds—after

the injection of the venom ; and

(2) those cases in which death is prolonged for some hours or even

some days after the injection of the poison.

Let us take the first group.

When a small quantity of Daboia venom is injected directly into the

blood stream of an animal—say, into the marginal vein of the ear of a

rabbit,—or when a comparatively large quantity is put under the skin, —

say, of a pigeon,—death follows rapidly, sometimes ina few minutes.

You will notice that the animal first becomes unsteady on its legs,

its powers of equilibration are seriously affected ; then it falls down,

and almost immediately violent convulsions set in. Death follows

ina few seconds after the onset of these convulsions. From the

observation of these symptoms Cunningham was led to believe that

they resulted from the direct action which the poison had on the

central nervous system. This, however, I have shown to be quite

an erroneous hypothesis. What, then, has really taken place? On

opening the animal immediately after death, if the dose has been at

all a large one, the whole of the blood is found to be clotted solid ;

the cavities of the heart, the veins of the lungs and abdomen, and even

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 227

the arteries are found full of solid clot. The heart has, of course, ceased

to beat. Ifthe dose has been a smaller one, the clotting may be con-

fined to the pulmonary arteries, the right heart and the portal veins.

The degree aud extent of the clotting depend on the amount of venom

injected and the rapidity with which it has been injected. But, in all

eases of rapid death resulting from Daboia intoxication, there can be

no shadow of doubt but that the fatal result has been caused by this

most extraordinary and remarkable intravascular clotting. The

symptoms which Cunningham interpreted as resulting from a direct

action of the poison on the central nervous system are due to carbonic

acid poisoning, the result of the non-aération of the blood in the

lungs.

In the second group of cases, viz., that in which death is delayed for

sometime, we have several different phenomena presenting themselves.

In the first place, death may fellow in a few hours after the

injection. In sucha case the fatal result is, I am sure, due to the

depressing action which the poison has on the heart. Thus I bave

seen a horse, which had received into a vein a quantity not sufficient

to cause clotting, fall down quite collapsed ; its pulse has become

feeble, hardly to be felt; its body cold and covered with perspi-

ration—a typical picture of cardia¢ depression or syncope, known

popularly as a faint. There was no paralysis: after a rest the

animal got up and walked about, only, however, to fall down again

in another faint. This condition sometimes ends in death, while, on

the other hand, it may be recovered from.

In the second place, should the fainting condition be recovered

from, then a whole series of phenomena develops, which is dependent

on the action of the venom on the blood corpuscles, the coagulability

of the blood and the capillary walls.

I have told you that when large doses are given either intra-

venously or subcutaneously, the coagulability of the blood may

become so increased as to lead to rapid intravascular clotting and

death. Should, however, the quantity be not sufficient to cause this

clotting, and especially will this be the case if the subcutaneous method

of injection has been used, then the very opposite condition of blood

coagulability results. In some cases the blood remains absolutely

unclotted when drawn into a test-tube, while in others it clots only

after a long interval of time, and the clot is very loose and soft, As.

2298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

well as this action on the coagulability of the blood, Daboia venom,

somewhat similar to Coora venom, has a very marked destructive

effect on the red-blood corpuscles. Further, Daboia venom has a

great destructive action on the capillary walls, making them more

permeable to the blood they contain--a blood by its deficiency in

coagulability more ready to exude out, Asa result of these various

effects on the blood and capillary walls, it comes about that bleeding

is very common in these chronic cases of Daboia poisoning. Thus,

around the site of the actual punctures or injections in experimental

cases there are a large bloody extravasation and much swelling. This

swelling spreads rapidly up the limb. The tissues all around the place

of injection die and offer a suitable pabulum for all sorts of bacteria.

Thus it happens that death in these cases usually results from some

bacterial poisoning, such as malignant cedema or general septicemia. As

well as this local action haemorrhage may take place from every

orifice of the body—from the nose, from the mouth, from the bowel, or

from the kidneys and bladder. The blood is in a fluid condition and

clots badly, while the destruction of the small vessel walls allows of it

to exude easily. The blood-stained fluid which exudes contains

few red corpuscles; the colouring matter of these has been dissolved

out and now stains the plasma.

‘Such, then, is the picture of a typical case, either actual or experi-

mental, of chronic Daboia intoxication, and it is this state which

is usually seen to follow the bite of a Daboia in the human subject.

This condition can be and often is recavered from, the great

danger being, as I have indicated, a secondary bacterial infection,

Thus, while I have said that a man bitten by a fresh medium-sized

Cobra, if the snake succeeds in injecting even a modicum of its

poison, will invariably die if left untreated, it often happens that

authentic cases of bites from Daboia recover, even after serious

hemorrhages have occurred from mapy places. As I have said, 1

have never seen paralysis in all my experiments with Daboia venom,

nor can I find any authentic record of such having occurred in actual

cases.

To sum up, then, it would appear that Daboia poison acts mainly,

if not entirely, on the circulatory apparatus—

(1), It affects the coagulability of the blood. Injected directly

into the blood stream, or in large doses under the skin, it so mereases

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 229

this as to cause extensive intravascular clotting. In smal! doses

it causes, after no doubt a short-lived phase of increased coagulability,

a marked and prolonged phase of diminished coagulability, so that

in some instances I have noticed the shed-blood remain absolutely

unclotted even after 24 hours.

(2) It hasadestructive action on the red-blood cells, breaking

these up and setting free the colouring matter contained in

them.

(3) It has a marked destructive action on the capillary walls,

rendering them more permeable to their fluid contents.

(4) Ithasa marked depressing action on the heart, so marked,

indeed, as to sometimes lead toa fatal termination from this action

alone.

(5) It has no action on the central nervous system; and there

is therefore no paralysis ever observed.

Such then, as far as 1 know it, is the physiological action of the

venom of the Daboia Russellii.

As regards the Bungarus, or Krait family, I have had little or no

experience. From a few experiments recently made with the poison

of Bungarus fasciatus, it would appear that in large doses this venom

has the property of causing intravascular clotting, while in smaller

doses it causes paralytic symptoms similar to, but more prolonged

than, those resultiag from Cobra venom. Beyond this I cannot go for

want of material.

With the poison of the Echis carinata I have, from lack of venom,

made no experiments whatever.

The Treatment of Cases of Snake-bzte.

In conclusion, I have a few words to say as regards the treatment

of cases of snake-bite. When we consider the terribly dramatic, even

tragic, circumstances attending these cases, it is not to be wondered

at that the treatment of cases of snake-bite has been surrounded

by all kinds of quackery and roguery, especially in a country like

India, where the people’s emotional reflexes are easily stimulated

to belief. Who has not heard of the method, still in vogue, of ap-

plying the cloacz of fowls to the bite? One after the other the fowls

mysteriously die almost as soon as the application is made, until

there is arrived a tims when the poison has all been “ sucked out”

230 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

and the fowls no longer die. Who has not heard of the magic stone,

of the virtue of ném leaves, both when locally applied and when

internally administered, of spells and incantations? What remedy

has not been tried and vaunted as a specific for these cases 2 Strych-

nine, alcohol, pushed to cause helpless drunkenness, &c., have all

at various times been praised and put forward as absolutely infallible.

All these methods and drugs, and many others besides, have had,

however, to give way before the test of scientific research. While,

however, scientists have so ruthlessly demolished ali these so-called

specifics, they have given usa eae certain and trustworthy, for

at least all cases of Cobra bite. I speak, ladies and gentlemen, of the

anti-venomous serum prepared by Dr. Calmetie of Lille, which

can be procured and easily used by any one. I have carefully guarded

myself by sayiag that this serum is useful at least for all cases of

Cobra. bite, for while Martin of Melbourne has shown that it has

little or no power to neutralise the poisons of two poisonous Australian

snakes, vz., Pseudechis and the dreaded Hoplocephalus, I have demon-

strated in many experiments with different animals that it is of no

avail whatever in counteracting the poisonous effects of Daboia venom.

I have not yet tested it with the venom of the Krait family or with

that of the Hchis, but from @ priori reasons it is almost certain

that it would have no power whatever to neutralise either of these

poisons.* But it is a great step in advance that we have at hand an

antidote to the venom of the Cobra, certain and reliable if properly

administered. If such is possible to obtain, then we have hopes,

amounting almost to certainty, that anti-toxic sera will ultimately

be obtained for the poisons of our other snakes, Such, then, is the

position of the question at the present day as far as our Indian

snakes are concerned, [Iam quite aware that Calmette claims that

his serum is equally effective against every kind of snake venom. But

Martin, Cunningham, Stephens, Hanna and myself have shown beyond

a doubt that this statement. is an untrue one and must be considerably

modified, As regards the reasons for this opinion, both & prior? and

experimental, it is unnecessary for me to enter into any polemical

discussion. I have already done that elsewhere.

Novre.—Since writing this I have made some series of experiments with Calmette’s

serum and the venom of Bungarus fasciatus. These experiments, which are im

process of publication, definitely show that this serum has no neutralising action with

this venom. My @ priori reasoning was, therefore, correct.

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION, 231

What, then, is this serum, and how and in what doses is it to be

administered ?

You are, no doubt, aware that an animal reacts to the injection or

some toxins or poisons, if the dose is not a fatal one, by manufacturing

in its body an aunti-toxin, that is to say, a substance which is

chemically antagonistic to the toxin, and which by combining with

the toxin in some obscure way or other forms a substance which is no

longer poisonous. This action is, as far as we know, quite specific,

Thus the anti-toxin got by injecting an animal with a toxin called A

will neutralise that toxin A and not toxin B, no matter how closely -

allied these two toxins may be to one another. Further, there are

only some poisons to which animals react in this way. Among these

may be inentioned the poisons manufactured by the diptheria and

tetanus bacilli, the vegetable poison abrin and the venom of the Cobra

and possibly of other snakes.

The method, then, of preparing an anti-toxin is to inject an animal

with asmall non-fatal dose of the toxin to which an antidote is

desired. Some small amount of anti-toxin is then prepared by the

animal, This enables the animal to stand a larger dose of toxin the

next time. In this way, by gradually increasing the dose of the

poison at each injection, and by allowing a sufficient interval of

time between each injection for the formation of more anti-toxin, the

animal becomes immunised, that is to say, becomes able to stand

enormous doses of the toxin, each of which dcses would represent .

many times a single fatal dose for an untreated animal. To get an

animal up to this state of immunity requires a leng time, six months

to a year and in some cases even longer. Calmette takes 18 months

to two vears to immunise his horses. No one knows how and where

the antidote is manufactured, But what is important is, that this

antidote is present in considerable quantity in the circulating

blood. All that has to be done then is to tap the animal and collect

the blood. The blood is allowed to clot, and the clear fluid or serum

which exudes from the clot contains the anti-toxin desired.

Horses being large animals and yielding a large quantity of blood

at one time without damage to themselves are, asa rule, the beasts

employed for this purpose. You will, perhaps, be astonished when

I tell you that a horse can be bled to the extent of a gallon or more

without doing it the slightest injury.

232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

If you have followed me inthis rather technical explanation, you

will now understand that anti-venomous serum is the serum of a

horse which has been immunised with snake venom, that is, a horse

which has been treated over a length of time with gradually increasing

doses of venom. The serum thus got is put up into small bottles

containing 10 cubic centimetres * each.

What, then, is the method of administration of this antidote, and in

what doses should it be given ?

In the first place, it is necessary for you to understand—and, if

you have followed me so far, you will understand—that to be of any

good whatever the anti-venomous serum must come into actual

contact with the venom. Now after a man is bitten by a snake the

poison is rapidly absorbed from the side of the bite and circulates

freely in the blood. Our aim, therefore, is to get the serum as quickly

as possible into the blood stream, if possible befcre the poison has

done any damage to the central nervous system, in other words, before

any symptoms have appeared.

This, of course, can be easily done by injecting the serum directly

into a vein, such asa vein at the bend of the elbow. If competent

medical assistance is at hand, I should certainly advise all cases of

Cobra bite being treated in this way. Less serum is required, and the

results would be more satisfactory. But, unfortunately, in these cases

such assistance is not usually available. We have then to fall back

on injecting the serum under the skin and allowing it to be absorbed

into the blood from there, a process which Martin has shown occu-

pies a considerable time. The best site for injection is, I think, the

loose tissues of the flank. A large quantity of serum can be injected

there, if the needle is plunged deeply enough, without giving the

patient the slightest inconvenience. If time permit, the syringe

should be boiled before being used; but if symptoms have already

developed, this preliminary boiling may be dispensed with.

As to the dose to be injected, Calmette contends on very slender,

in fact on empirical grounds, that from 10 to 20 cubic centimetres,

that is, from one to two bottles, is sufficient for any case of Cobra bite.

In my opinion—and I speak from a jarge experimental experience with

this poison, as well as from some most interesting observations which I

* A cubic centimetre is about 16 to 18 drops,

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION, 233

was privileged to make recently on an actual case of Cobra bite at the

laboratory at Pare—this dose would in many cases fail to save the life

of the patient.

A short account of this case might perhaps interest vou. An

officer of the laboratory, while assisting in extracting the poison from

a full-sized Cobra, put his fingers where he had no business to, that

is, in the neighbourhood of the snake’s mouth. In a moment the animal

had buried one of its fangs in the point of the right thumb. The

thumb was at once withdrawn, but not before the total amount of

poison in the gland had been injected. The symptoms, both objective

and subjective, &c., which followed, were carefully noted as they

occurred. Locally there was much pain at the site of the injection.

Swelling of the parts soon began and gradually became well marked.

A bloody serum oozed out from the puncture and continued to do so

for 24 hours.

Fortunately for the experiment no fresh serum was available, and

we had to inject two bottles of a serum which had been the property of

this Society and which was atleast four years old. Just the week

previous to the accident I had tested this serum with Cobra venom on

rats and had found that it had little or no neutralising power. The

patient then went on with his work. About three hours after the bite

he began to get lethargic and lazy, did not wish to work and preferred

to lie down. This was soon followed by sickness and violent vomiting.

Then he noticed that his legs were weak, he was unable to move

about and had perforce to adopt the prone position. It appeared then

that the serum had had little or no effect and that the case was

hopeless. Just at this time, however, some fresh serum arrived. Ten

cubic centimetres were at once injected and the symptoms watched.

In about half an hour the paresis of the legs showed signs of improve-

ment, A short time later our patient was able to walk away and

drive to the club. Locally, the pain and swelling continued for some

time. A small slough formed. This, on separating, left a deep hole

which gradually healed up. A depressed scar is now the only sign of

the accident remaining.

It is, of course, apparent to you that the dose of antidote

necessary in the case of any cobra bite must depend on two un-

known quantities, vz.:(1) on the amount of venom injected by

the snake, and (2) on the smallest quantity of venom which can

234 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

kill a man, It is also apparent that we must, however, always

calculate on the assumptions that the snake has been a full-

sized one and that it has injected the maximum quantity which

can be squeezed out from the gland, and, further, that man

is as susceptible, weight for weight, as the most susceptible animal

with which we are experimentally acquainted. Granted these as-

sumptions, there is no doubt that from 30 to 40 cubic centimetres

would be necessary in some cases of snake-bite in order even to save

the life of the patient. It is, of course, evident that in many cases,

such as, when the snake has been a small one, when it has already

exhausted its poison, when it has not got properly home with its bite,

&e., a much smaller quantity would suffice. I should, however, recom-

mend you to inject right off in all cases of Cobra bite three bottles of

serum and to watch the result. Ifno symptoms appear, nothing further

need be done. Should symptoms come on after this injection, another

injection of the same amount should be given.

The above doses apply only in those cases in which marked

nervous symptoms have not developed before the patient comes

under treatment. Should paralysis have begun, then intravenous

injection should be made of at least 30 cubie centimetres and, if neces-

sary, repeated, Thesymptoms show us that the venom has already

joined on to the nerve centres, and to affect it now, “ mass” action

must be resorted to. The poison must be separated from its connection

with the nerve centres by means of an overwhelming amount of

antitoxin.

If the antidote is used in this way and in these quantities, I am

convinced that, if a patient is not absolutely moribund when he

comes under treatment, every case of Cobra bite should be saved.

~ Now a word, in conclusion, as regards the local treatment ot these

cases. Nothing should be done, with the exception, perhaps, of ap-

plying a tight ligature above the bite. This delays the absorption

of the poison and gives the serum time to be absorbed into the

blood and to neutralise the poison circulating there. Cutting open

the wound, sucking, cauterising with the actual cantery or with

strong acids and such like heroic measures are of little avail. They

may destroy a small quantity of the poison with which they come

in contact, but in animal experiments it has been definitely shown

that they do not or only slightly delay the march of the symptoms.

SNAKE VENOMS, THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. 235

In the cases where recovery has resulted after the use of these

measures alone, the explanation undoubtedly is, either that a fatal

dose has not been injected or that the snake has been a non-poison-

ous one or, perhaps, a lizard.

The injection of chloride of lime, permanganate of potash or

chloride of gold at the site of the bite has been, I know, recommend-

ed by Calmette. Martin, however, has shown that this also has no

effect in delaying the symptoms if a ligature has not also been

applied. When a ligature has been applied along with such an

injection, it is the ligature and not the injection which has been

beneficial.

As regards the treatment of Daboia intoxication I know of no

specific. These cases have to be treated on general principles—

stimulants of a diffusible nature to tide over the stage of cardiac

depression might be given. Beyond this I can suggest nothing

which would be at all likely to influence these cases for the better.

I have told you that the whole problem of the physiological action

of the venoms of the Kraits and of the Echis has still to be worked

out, and that antidotes have still to be got for the poisons of the

Daboia, the Kraits and the Echis. Should any of you be in the

position to procure living specimens of these snakes, especially

Kraits, I earnestly beg of you to send them to me. There is no limit

to the number I can receive, and I am willing to pay any expenses

which may be incurred. If you help me in this, I promise you that

I shall do my part of the work to the very best of my strength and

ability.

236

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES,

MOSTLY FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION.

By LIONEL DE Nicevit HE .Sey) O.Mezess, Cs

(With Plate FF.)

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th Nov., 1901.)

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily DanaIna.

1, Hupia@a (Crastia) KINBERGI, Wallengren. Plate F.F., fig. 19.

E. kinbergi, Wallengren, Wien, Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 35, n. 8 (1860) ;

idem, id., Kongl. Svensk, Fregat. Eugenies Resa, Zool. p, 352, nu. 4 (1861)

Insecta ; Crastia kinbergi, Butler, Journ, Linn. Soc. Lond,, Zoology, vol. xiv,

p. 297, n. 6 (1878) ; Yronga kinbergi, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883,

p. 269,n.12; EHuplea lorquinii, Felder, Reisi Novara, Lep., vol. ii, p. 340,

n. 472 (1865) ; Euplea felderi, Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc., Lond., 1866, p. 275,

n. 20; idem, id,, Journ. Linn, Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 300, n. 18

(1878) ; Euplea (Crastia) frauenfeldi, Walker (nec, Felder), Trans. Ent, Soc.

Lond., 1895, p. 447, n. 11; Crastia frauenfeldii, Moore (nec Felder), Lep.

Ind,, vol..i, p. 87, pl. xxvii, figs. 1, 1a, male (1890).

Hasirat : Southern China (Hongkong Kowloon, Macao).

Through the kindness of Professor Chr. Aurivillius of Stockholm

I have received the very beautiful coloured drawing of the type

specimen of L. kinbergi, Wallengren, here reproduced. It was

originally described from “ China, December” an extremely vague

locality, China being so vast a country. Professor Aurivillius writes

to me, however, that the unique specimen, a female, which Wallengren

described “ was taken during the cruise of H. M.S. ‘ Eugenie,’ ang

must, therefore, be from the neighbourhood of Hongkong, the only

place in China, which, as far as I know, was visited by the ‘ Eugenie *

frigate.” Wallengren failed to give the sex of his type specimen

which, however, is a female. Professor Aurivillius further writes :

‘““E. kinbergi is probably the female of a common and well-known

species,” a very just remark, as LE. knberg? is the commonest

Euplea in Hongkong, flying all the year round. It is extremely

variable, some are strongly glossed with blue on the upperside of the

forewing, others, like the specimen Dr. F. Moore has figured in

Lep. Ind., lack this gloss almost entirely ; the maculation also is very

inconstant, as it is in so large a number of species in the genus,

but it would be tedious to recapitulate these numerous variations.

L.de NICEVILLE - Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc Vol. XIV. Plate FF

GCChakrabutty del. West;Newman chromo.

ORIENTAL BUTTERFLIES.

__ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 237

Its name occurs but rarely in the literature of butterflies, Dr. A. G.

Butler records it correctly from China as a Crastia, Dr. F. Moore in

1883 gives it from China, but places it imeorrectly in his genus

Tronga, and Herr H. Fruhstorfer incorrectly records it from Hast

Java, As regards its synonyms, Dr. Felder re-described it as E.

lorquinti from Southern China, and Dr. A. G. Butler as EF. felderi

from Hongkong and Sumatra, the type specimen being apparently

from Sumatra. The association of these two habitats is unfortunate,

no species of Huplea occurring both in China and Sumatra as far as

Iam aware. If the “type” of H, felder: is a Sumatran insect, the

synonymy should read “ E, felderi, part.” Dr. Butler has noted

that E. felderi “is the E. lorquinii of Felder”. Mr. James J.

Walker in his Preliminary List of the Butterflies of Hongkong

records it as Huplea (Crastia) frauenfeldit, var. a lorquini, Felder,

and says that the larva feeds on Strophanthus divergens. Lastly,

Dr. Moore has described and figured it from “a single male, in

the collection of the British Museum, which was taken at Trincomalee

on the north-east side of the island.” I am very incredulous that

this specimen ever came from Ceylon*; moreover the true L. frau-

enfeldii is a Nicobareese species, and a synonym of it is the L. espert of

Felder, as Felder has himself admitted.

2. Hupia@a (Chirosa) ERA, n. Sp. Plate FF, fig. 2 @.

Hasitat: Santa Cruz, one of the Solomon Isles.

ExPansE: @, 2°9 and 3:1 inches.

Description: Matz. Near to Luplea [ Chirosa] netschert Snellen,

Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxii, p. 384, pl. VIII, fig. 3, male (1889), from

New Guinea (Snellen), in my collection from Humboldt Bay and

Andai, in the north-west of that island, and from Stefansort, in Ger-

man New Guinea, from which it differs on the UPPERSIDE of both wings,

having the ground-colour darker, and the margins paler, much less

rufous, and narrower. Forewing has the sexual brand straight instead

of curved. Andwing has the dark-ground colour’ very much more

extensive, occupying two-thirds of the area instead of about one-third.

UNDERSIDE both wings with the same differences as on the upperside ;

the markings the same as in FZ, netscheri, they consist of a small

bluish-white spot in the discoidal cells, the forewing with two smal]

spots beyond the oo divided a the ee median nervure, and a

238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV:

larger elongated one in the first median interspace ; hindwing with

five small spots arranged in a curved band beyond the cell, one in each

interspace.

Described from two specimens kindly given to me by Mr. Henley

Grose-Smith.

Subfamily Saryrinz.

3. CALLEREBIA NIRMALA, Moore. Plate FF, Fig. 3¢.

Erebia nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1865, p. 501, n. 91 ; Callere-

bia nirmala, id,, Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 100, pl. xvi, figures 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e

(1893).

Hasirat : Drosh, Chitral, Western Himalayas.

ExpansE: ¢, 2°0 inches.

Dxscription: Matz. The specimen figured is an aberration or

“sport” of the common C. xzrmala, Moore, which is found all over

the Western Himalayas. It was sent to me by Mr. W. H. Evans,

R.E., without date of capture. It differs from typical specimens of

true C. nirmala taken at Drosh in July and August by having no

ocelli on the UPPERSIDE whatever ; on the UNDERSIDE of the forewing the

sub-apical ocellus is very small, less than half the normal size, and

the héndwing has no ocelli. It isa far more aberrant form than the

vars, intermedia and cashapa of Dr. Moore figured in Lep. Ind. It is

apparently scarce, as the specimen figured is the only one Mr. Evans

has obtained, whereas typical C. nirmala is very common in Chitral.

Subfamily ELymninz.

4, Huymyias (Dyctis) MELA, un. sp. Plate FF, figs. 48,59.

Haprrat: Ké Islands.

EXpansE: @, 3'1 to 34; 9, 3°4 to 3°6 inches.

Description : Maus, Upprrsipg, both wings deep indigo-blue

more or less shaded with green. Jorewing with a sub-apical curved

macular fascia commencing just behind the costa and ending on the

anal angle, the fascia is widest anteriorly decreasing posteriorly, ante-

riorly it is whitish mixed with green, posteriorly entirely green, in one

specimen the submarginal oval black spots on the underside appear

also on the upperside on the above-described fascia. Aindwing with

a large outer discal patch, white shaded with green at the edges,

outwardly bearing two, three or four round black spots. UNDERSIDE

both wings fuscous, in old specimens this blackish colour fades to «

dull ferruginous. Forewing with the sub-apical fascia as on the upper-

ON NEW-AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 239

side, but narrower aud entirely white, at-its outer edge or just beyond

its edge there are sometimes as many as four oval black white-pupilled

spots, which may be reduced to three, two, one or none. Hindwing

with the outer discal patch of the upperside much narrower and

entirely white, bearing as many as five round black white-pupilled

ocelli, the posteriormost ocellus the largest and bi-pupilled, the ocelli

decreasing in size towards the apex of the wing, the anteriormost

ocellus sometimes wanting, the two anteriormost ocelli, often blind,

the three posteriormost ocelli broadly surrounded with orange. Cilia

throughout white, but marked with black at the ends of the veins.

Antenne, thorax and abdomen black. Famate. Uppersipe, both

wings of acurious shade of dull fuscous, outwardly darker, almost

black. Forewing with a large discal white patch divided by the fuscous

veins, inwardly powdered with dull fuscous scales, posteriorly tinged

with bluish, the fascia is broadest anteriorly, rapidly decreasing in

width posteriorly. Hindwing also with a large discal white patch,

beyond which are four round black spots, the two anteriormost blind,

the other two sometimes with a bluish pupil, the anteriormost spot,

the smallest, the penultimate spot the largest, the two anteriormost

spots placed on a bluish ground. UNperstpx, both wings dull fuscous,

Forewing with the discal white patch as on the upperside but poste-

riorly it is broader, at its outer edge are four round black spots, the

two anteriormost pupilled with pale-blue, the others blind, the one in

the upper discoidal interspace the largest, faintly appearing on the

upperside. Hindwing with a large discal white patch, anteriorly

sharply bounded by the second subcostal nervule, posteriorly ending in

the middle of the submedian interspace ; with five ocelli at the

outer edge of the patch asin the male, but the ocelli are all larger

and all pupilled. C7lia asin the male. Antenne and thoras fuscous.

Abdomen chrome-yellow.

Mr. Hewitson in Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 465 and plate LV,

described a male and three females (which latter he called varieties

of an Hlymnias which he named Melanitis melane, giving the habitat

as New Guinea. He remarked :—-“ Greatly as the four examples of the

plate differ from each other, I cannot separate them, except in colour :

their chief variation seems to consist in the differing distance of the

eye-like spots from the outer margin. This may be noticed in the

genus Drusilla [Tenaris], in which the beautiful large eyes of the

240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

posterior wing vary muchin their relative distance from the outer

margin.” With regard to this last remark I may note that the two

species (one each) of H/ymnzas which are found in the Ké and Aru

Archipelagos respectively appear from the considerable series of both

in my collection to be quite constant as regards the position of the

ocelli on the hindwing.

Dr, A. R, Wallace in Trans, Ent, Soc. Lond, 1269, p. 329 n. 29,

in speaking of Elymnias melane, Hewitson, records that species from

the Aru and Ké Islands only, and not from New Guinea, the habitat

given by Mr. Hewitson. He noted :—“ Males. Mr. Hewitson’s fig. 1

represents a male from the Aru Islands; one from the Ké Islands

[my /. mela] has the whitish band on the hindwings much broader,

and the black spots without ocelli. Females. Mr. Hewitson’s fig. 2.

represents one from [the] Ké Islands [this figure does not agree with

my JZ. mela, as the figure has no white patch on the hindwing, the form

figured probably occurring in the Aru Islands]; another from Aru is

much darker, and has the white patch on the anterior wings reduced.

Fig. 3 is from the Aru Islands. [1 have seen no female from

the Aru Islands agreeing with this figure, which shows an almost

entirely white insect on the upperside. Is Dr. Wallace correct in

saying this very distinct form is found on the Aru Islands? ] Fig. 4

[also fig. 5] is from the Ké Islands. [This figure does not agree

with my Ké Islands females ; the ground-colour of the forewing on

the upperside is ferruginous instead of dull fuscous, and the white

areas on both wings on both surfaces as shown in the figures are

much more extensive ; it probably is found in New Guinea only. |

It is difficult to determine whether the forms from these two isiands

should be separated, There are some differences in neuration, but a

close examination of all my specimens has shown that these are not

constant in both sexes. It will, perhaps, be better therefore to leave

them together till a more extensive series from both islands may

enable us to determine if any constant differences exist.”

I may note, in conclusion, that all writers (Ribhe, Standinger,

Kiilin and myself) have hitherto followed Dr. Wallace in recording

E. melane from the Ké Islands, but as the Hlymnias from thence

agrees with none of Hewitson’s figures of &. melane, and is, moreover,

within certain slight limitations constant, it appears to me that it is a

distinct species, and I have here figured both sexes.

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 241

Since the above was written, Mr. H. Fruhstorfer in Stet. Ent, Zeit.,

vol. lx, pp. 839-342 (1899) has given a revision of the species of

Elymnias of the agondas group. He gives “ FE, agondas melane,

Hewitson and Wallace” from the Key Islands (p. 342), although

Hewitson described it from New Guinea, and none of Hewitson’s

fioures agree with any examples I have seen from the Ké Archi-

pelago. He describes Z. agondas arvana, new subspecies, pp. 341,

342, from the Aru Islands. The female can at once be distinguished

from that sex of EZ. mela from the Ké Isles both by having the abdomen

yellow instead of black ; both sexes of species differ greatly in

coloration and markings.

‘ 5. Exymnias (Dyctés) MELANE, Hewitson,

Melanitis melane, Hewitson :(part), Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond,, 1858, p, 465,

pl. lv, figs. 1, male; 2, female.

Hasrrat. Aru Islands ? ; New Guinea (Hewitson). Mr. Hewitson’s

figure of the male of this species is quite good and agrees with my

specimens from the Aru Islands ; the figure of the female, however,

is not correct, as it shows the ground-colour of the upperside ferru-

ginous, whereas in my Aru Island specimens it is greenish-plumbeous,

Hoewitson calls it ‘light rufous-brown.” Whether or no, true EF,

melane as here restricted really occurs in New Guinea or not I am

unable to say, as I have no specimen from New Guinea which agrees

with Hoewitson’s figures. Dr. A. R. Wallace does not quote Hewit-

son’s habitat for it, but says that H. melane is found in the Aru and

Ké Islands only. The female figure quoted, he says, represents a Ké

Island specimen, but it does not agree with my females from the

Ké Islands. Mr. H. Fruhstorfer has named the Aru Islands form

E. agondas aruana.

6. Exymnras (Dyctis) MELETUS, n. n.

Melanitis melane, Hewitson (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1858, p. 465, Py

ly, fig. 3, female.

Hasirat: New Guinea (Hewitson).

I propose to re-name Mr. Hewitson’s figure quoted above. He

thus describes it : “ Differs from the last [figure 2, typical EZ. melane,

Hewitson, female] (which appears to be the most typical) as repre-

sented in the plate. On the under side it differs from that figure in

having the costal margin broadly brown, the eye-like black spots

surrounded with orange, the spot nearest the anal angle marked with

two dots of light blue.”

242 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

As the females of Elymnias are never dimorphic as far as I am

aware, I think it more than probable that this form represents a dis-

tinct species. Dr. Wallace says that it is found in the Aru Islands,

but it differs widely from my females from thence.

7. Hxymntas (J/yctts) MELITIA, n. n.

Melanitis melane, Hewitson (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 465, pl.

lv figs. 4, 5, female.

Hasitat : New Guinea (Hewitson).

I also propose to rename Mr. Hewitson’s figures above quoted. He

describes this form thus :—‘‘ Has (more than the other varieties) two

indistinct black spots on the upperside of the anterior wing. On

the under side there ave three such spots (two only, dotted with light-

blue). On the under side of the posterior wing there is a fifth black

spot.” Dr. A. R. Wallace says that this form is found in the Ké

Islands, which, however, is not my experience. Like £. meletus, mihi,

it probably occurs in New Guinea as Mr, Hewitson says it does.

ATELLA ARIEL, 0. sp.

Hasitat: Humboldt Bay, N-W. New Guinea.

ExpansE: @, 2°0 inches.

Description: Mats. Nearest to A. fraterna, Moore, from the

Nicobar Isles. UPpERSIDE, forewing differs from that species in having

no black markings on the disc and base below the median nervure,

the black band on the outer margin broader. Hindwing differs in

the discal and basal black markings in A. fraterna being absent in

this species, the outer black border darker. UNDERSIDE both wings

of a darker shade of fulvous, all the black markings more conspicuous,

the discal macular fascia tinged with lilac instead of being pale

tulvous. It is also near to A. arruana, Felder, from the Aru Isles,

but is of a different shape, the wings being shorter, the ground-colour

of the upperside paler, the black markings more numerous.

Mr. Henley Grose Smith in Noy. Zool., vol. i, p. £48, n. 87

(1894) has recorded A. arruana from Humboldt Bay, Dutch New

Guinea, collected by the late Mr. W. Daherty, from whom I received

A. ariel, and it is probable that Mr. Grose Smith’s specimens are

really the latter species. Herr Th. Kirsch in Mitth. Zool. Mus.

Dresden, vol. ii, p. 124, n. 81 (1877), also records A. aleippe var.

arruana from north-western New Guinea. From Tule Island, New

Guinea, A. cervina, Butler, has also been described, but it is apparently

quite distinct from A. arvel.

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 243

The following species of the alczppe group of the genus Atella have

been described. I have arranged the species chronologically.

(1.) Papilio alcippe, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iv., p, 207, pl.

ecclxxxix, figs. G., H., female (1782).

Hasirat: Amboina (Cramer); Ceram ; Batchian ; Gilolo (Wallace) ;

Ambonia ; Batjan ; Halmaheira (Pagenstecher) ; Great Ceram (£2bbe) ;

Kaisir Wilhelmsland, German New Guinea (Hagen); Moluccas ;

Halmaheira (/’ruhstorfer); Amboina; Ké Isles; Moluccas (Moore);

Bhatjan ; Halmaheira (coll. de Nicéville).

(2.) Afella arruana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monatsch., vol. iv, p. 236,

n, 84 (1860).

Hasirat: Arru Isles (Felder); Aru Isles ; Mysol (Wallace); Aru

Isles (Aibbe) ; New Guinea (Kirsch) ; Aru Isles (/ruhstorfer) Aru Isles

(coll. de Necéville.)

(3.) Atella celebensis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., 1859, pp.

343, 344,

Hasirat : Macassar in Celebos( Wallace) ; Celebes (Hopfer) ; S. W.

Celebes (Snellen) ; North and South Celebes (Fruhstorfer),

I have not seen this species.

(4.) Abella cervina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 767,

pl. Ixxvii, fig. 5, female.

Hasirat: Yule Island off New Guinea (Butler) ; Hattam, Kapaur,

Dorey—all in New Guinea (Fruhstorfer).

I have not seen this species, which is apparently nearest to A.

arruana, Felder.

(5.) Abella aleippe, var. pallidior, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 48

(1889).

Hasitat-; Palawan Isle in .the Philippines ; Sikhim ; Andaman,

Isles ; Malacca ; Borneo ; Philippine Isles (Staudinger),

Under this name I would place the A. alcippe of Semper, Schmett

Philipp., p. 127, n. 149, pl. xx, figs. 8, male; 9, female (1888), p. 344,

n. 149, (1892), from North-East Luzon, Ceniral Luzon, Cebu,

Camiguin de Mindanao, East Mindanao, Mindoro—all in the Philippine

Isles ; Sulu Isles (Semper); the A. alcippe of Distant, Rhop, Malay.,

p- 174, n. 2, (with a woodcut of a male (1882), from Sylhet; the

_ Andaman Isles ; Burma ; Tavoy; Penang and Province Wellesley

(Distant) the A. alcippe of de Nicéville, Butt. of Ind., Burmah and

Ceylon, vol. ii, p. 31,m. 315 (1886), from Sikhim ; Sylhet; Mergui,

244. JOURNAL, BOMBA Y NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Tavoy ; Malay Peninsula; Andaman Isles (de. Nicéville); the A.

aleippoides and A. semperi of Moore, and the A. aleippe violetta of

1) ruhstorfer, mentioned below. fF ruhstorfer records A. pallidor

[sic !] from Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Palawan in the Philippines, and

Flores. It occurs in the hills of North-Hastern India, Assam, Burma,

the Malay Peninsuia, in Kanara in South India, the Andaman Isles,

Sumatra, Java, Rorneo, the Philippine Isles (I have it only from

Bazalan Isle), and probably from Engano Isle from whence Mr,

Doherty has recorded A. alcippe. In South India (Kanara) the larva

of this. butterfly feeds on <Alsodeia zeylanica, Thwaites, Natural Order

Violacew, not on Hydrocarpus, sp., as recorded by Messrs, Davidson,

Bell and Aitken. . .

(6.) Atella alcippoides, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 199, pl. coclxi,

figs. 1, la, male ; 1b, female, wet-season ee le, 1d, male, deuce

form (1900). : Ay

Haprrat : Sikhim ; Silhet ; Khasias ; 8. India ; Burma ; Tener

Andamans ; Malay. Berea Borneo (Moore).

This species is a synonym of A pallidior, Staudinger, which Dr.

Moore restricts to Palawan in the Philippines.

(1) Atella fraterna, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 201, pl. ceclxi,

figs. 2, male ; 2a, 2b, female (1900).

Hasirat: Little Nicobar, Nankauri, Teressa, Kutschall—all in ate

Nicobar Isles (Moore). . =

This species may perhaps be retained, though it is vem ‘close

to Andamanese specimens of A. pallzdzor, Staudinger. S

AGE) Atella sempert, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 201 (1900).

Hapirat : Luzon in the Philippine Isles (Moore).

“Dr. F. Moore has re-named Herr Georg Semper’s As alcippe,

Schmett, Philipp., p. 127, n. 149, pl. xx, figs. 8, male; 9, female

(1888), p. 344, n. 149 (1852), recorded by him from North-Hast

Luzon, Central Luzon, Cebu, Camiguin de Mindanao, Hast Mindanao

and Mindoro, all in the Philippines. I can discover no character by

which to separate this species from A. pallidior, Staudinger.

9. Atella alcippe violetta, F ruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitecle vol.

xly, p. 17, n, 41 (1900).

Hasirat: Bazilan in the Philippines ; Jolo Asle ; UMagenmne 3

Nicobars (Fruhsiorfer).

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 245

This species was described in the same year {1900) as A. alcippoides

and A. semper? by Dr. Moore, As all three species are synonymous

with the much older A. pallidior, Staudinger, it is unimportant whose

species, Moore’s or Fruhstorfer’s, is the older. The Nicobar race

given by Fruhstorfer as A. violetta is the A. fraterna of Moore.

Subfamily NymPHauinz.

8. ARGYNNIS VITATHA, Moore. Plate FF, Fig. 69.

A vitatha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 568.

Hapirat: Ziarat, Chitral, Western Himalayas.

EXPANSE: 9, 2°8 inches.

Description: Femaue. The specimen here figured was sent to me

by Mr, W. H. Evans, R.E., and is quite unique. I have seen nothing

at all like it. If it is true A. witatha it bears the same relation to that

species that the dimorphic second form of the female (valezina, EF. sper)

does to the normal first form of the female of A. paphia, Linneus. It

is much larger than normal females of A. vitatha, the upPERSIDE of both

wings are of a rich deep glossy purple colour instead of being fulvous,

the hindwing with a rounded spot at the end of the discoidal: cell, a

streak beyond it, behind the latter a small round spot in the upper

median, another four times the size in the lower median, and a third

similar in size to the second in the submedian interspace, and the sub-

marginal series of seven lunules all whitish instead of fulvous. On

the UNDERSIDE of the forewing all the black markings are larger and of

a deeper shade than in A. vitatha, and the green ground-colour of the

hindwing is much deeper and richer.

Normally coloured A. vitatha occurs in Gilgit, which is close to

Chitral ; the single female here described, which was caught in

August, is the only specimen of that species I have hitherto received

from Chitral. It probably bears the same relation to normal A. wtatha

that the dark females of A. aglaia, Linneus, found in England, do

to the ordinary light females, as mentioned by Mr. H. J. Elwes,

(Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond,, 1889, p. 559), A. vitatha being a local race of

A, aglaia.

Family LYCANIDA,

9, CYANIRIS SHELFORDII, n. sp. Plate FF, Fig. 7¢.

Hasitat: Matang, 3,200 feet, Sarawak, Borneo,

E:XPANSE; 2°2 inches,

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings shining, rather dark-

blue. Forewing with the costa as far as the subcostal nervure, the

apex broadly, and the cuter margin less broadly and slightly decreas-

ingly towards the anal angle black ; a conspicuous narrow black line

on the disco-cellular nervules. Hindwing with the costa broadly

blackish ; the outer margin rather broadly black, with a series of six

bluish lunules anterior to this black border, again inwardly bounded by

a narrow blackish lunulated band. Unpezrsipe, both wings dead white,

the markings black (not fuscous), rather smal] and very conspicuous ;

with the usual narrow black line defining the outer end of the cell ;

an anteciliary black thread. Forewmg with an outer discal curved series

of six smal] linear spots, placed transverse to the veins and not

in echelon; a similar sub-marginal and marginal series, the

latter inconspicuous. Hindwing with the usual basal and discal spots,

rather small and uniform in size ; a submarginal lunulated line ;

and a marginal series of six oval spots placed between the veins.

Of the known Bornean species of Cyaniris this is nearest to

C, plauta, H. A. Druce, which, however, I have not seen. From the

description and figure of that species it differs in being smaller, on

the upperside of the hindwing in having no white areas ; C. plawa

has a marginal series of black spots which in C. shelfordi are developed

into a continuous band. On the underside the coloration and mark-

ings appear to be very similar in the two species.

Mr. H. H. Druce in Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1895, pp. 571-575,

and 1896, p. 655, records ten species of Cyaniris from Borneo,

namely—{1) C. dilectissima, H. H. Druce, (2) C. puspa, Horsfield,

(3) C. placidula, H. H. Druce, (4) C. lugra,H. H. Druce, which

undoubtedly is the same species as C. musina, Snellen, from Perak in

the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and Lombok, (5) C. salma, H. H.

Druce, (6) C. strophis, H. H. Druce, (7) C. plauta, H, H. Druce,

(8) C. ripte, H. H. Druce, (9) C. camene, de Nicéville, and (10)

C. sonchus, H.H. Druce. Of these I possess specimens from the State

of Sarawak of Nos. 2,3 and 4. Ihave besides (11) C. shelfordii,

de Nicéville, and (12) C. melena, Doherty. Ten species are known to

me from Sumatra, and nine from Java, so Borneo is the richest of

the three islands in this genus, Dr. A. G. Butler in his “ List of the

Species of Cyaniris, a well-known Group of the Family Lyceintde” in

Ann. and Mag. of Nat. His. seventh series, Vol. V, pp. 441-451

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 247

(1900), gives only three species of Cyaniris, from Sumatra,

cosscea, corna and corythus, all described by myself, and five from Java

akasa, Horsfield, puspa, Horsfield, coaleta, de Nicéville, and catreus

de Nicéville. He records C. ceyx with a query from Java ; I possess

seven males from thence, and three males and a female trom

Celebes. He says he has specimens of C. ceyx from Foo Chow in

China; these probably represent a distinct species, as excepting

C. akasa, Horsfield, and C. puspa, Horstield, the oriental species

of the genus are not widely distributed. As regards C. cara, de

Nicéville, he notes “ Mr de Nicéville knows his genera of Lycenide ;

otherwise, I should certainly have supposed this to bea Lyccenesthes

near to ZL. turner?, Miskin”. But the last named species has the

apox of the forewing in the males typically produced, while C. cara

has it rounded as is typical of the genus Cyaniris, and the latter

has no sign of the ciliated “tales” to the hindwing usually found

in Lyceenesthes, I think therefore that C. cara-is a true Cyaniris,

lv. Nacapusa NI, n. sp. Plate F F, Fig. 8 2.

Hasitat; N.-E. Sumatra; W. Java.

BxpansE: @, 1*1 to 1°2 inches.

Desorption : Mare. Nearest allied to N. dhutea, de Nicéville,

from Sikhim, but is tailloss, whereas that species is tailed. Uprrr-

SIDE, both wings similar to those of that species. Unprrstpn, both

wings with the ground-colour more ochreous. Forewing with the

spots forming the discal catonulated band separated further from

one another, the band more regular, the spot in the first median

interspace nearer the margin of the wing, and with an additional

spot behind it in the submedian interspace ; and, most important of

all, the base of the wing up to and including the spot in the middle

of the discoidal coll heavily clouded with fuscous; otherwise similar.

Hindwing as in NV. bhutea,

This species differs markedly from the same sex of the tailless,

form of WV. noreta, Felder, in its larger size, more pointed apex

and straighter outer margin of the forewing, and on the undorside

‘of the forewing in the discal band forming a regular curve instead

of being dislocated behind the second median nervule. The black

clouded base of the wing will distinguish it from all the species

of Nacaduba known to mo Mynheer P. C. T. Snellen has

kindly sent me coloured drawings of his Lyewna datarica and

248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

L. glauca, described from Java in Tijd. voor Ent., Vol. XXXV,

pp. 140, n. 5, and 142, n. 6 (1892), taken from the types, which

are reproduced on Pl. FF, figures 8 and 9, respectively. Both

represent the male sex, and are tailless species of the genus Nacaduba.

They are certainly distinct from NV. mz, but are very near to

NV. noreia, Felder, the tailed form of which has heen described as a

distinct species by Dr. F. Moore as NV. ardates, to N. hampsoniz, de

Nicéville, and to WN. dana, de Nicéville, the latter probably being

the same species as Plebeius tombugensis, Rober, Iris, Vol. I, p. 63,

pl. V, fig. 18, male (1888), from Tomboegoe in Hast Celebes, and

Lycena ardeola, Staudinger, Ivis, Vol. II, p. 97 (1889) from

Darjeeling, Calcutta [this latter locality is certainly incorrect],

and Palawan, one of the islands in the Philippine Archi-

pelago. The drawing of “Zycana” glauca agrees almost exactly,

except in being taken from a larger specimen, with specimens of

N. noreta from Java in my collection. Another allied species is

NV. nelides, de Nicéville, Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. IX,

p- 280, n. 16, pl. O, fig. 24, male (1895), from N.-E. Sumatra.

The typical form from Sumatra is tailed, but on page 281, I de-

scribed a tailless variety from West Java of the same species. ‘This

also is very close to the drawing of JV. glauca. ‘Till the types or

typical specimens of these various species are brought together and

carefully compared, it will, I fear, be very difficult to say definitely

how may of them, or if all, are really distinct species or not.

Dascribed from many males from N.-H. Sumatra, and a single

male from Sukabuni, 2,000 feet, W. Java, collected by Mr. H. Fruhstor-

fer in 1893.

11. QURETIS PARACUTA, 0D. sp.

C. acuta, Pryer (nec. Moore), Rhop. Nihonica, p. 11, n. 26 (1886),

pl. iv, figs. 1A, male; 1B, female (1888); id., Leech, Butt, from

China, Japan, and Corea, p, 349 (1893).

Hapirat: Japan.

EXpaNnsE: @, 2°0 to 2°1 ; Q 2:0 to 2°2 inches.

DuscrreTion : Mane. UpprrstpE, both wings may be distinguished

from all known species of the genus by having the red areas of a duller

colour, ferruginous rather than cupreous; as usual, the extent of

the red colouration varies greatly, in some specimens being twice

as great as in others. Fsmatz, UPpprrsipg, both wings differen-

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 249

tiated in the same way by the white areas being heavily frosted

with hluish scales, the extent of these bluish-white areas being as

variable as in the male ; and the apex of the forewing also varies in its

greater or lesser acumination.

All writers on Japanese butterflies have called the species of the

genus Curetis occurring there C. acuta, Moore, which was originally

described from Shanghai in North China, and of which the C,

truncata of Moore, and the C. angulata of Moore are, in my opinion,

synonymous. C’. acuta occurs from the eastern coast of China (Shan-

ghai and Hongkong) to the Western Himalayas. The female has

the wings above with white central areas. The late Mr. H. Pryer’s

figure of the female of the Japanese Curetés is very bad, as it shows

the upperside of both wings white instead of bluish-white as it is,

I believe, invariably. Ho describes it as “blue.” C. paracuta appears

to be a fairly common species in Japan, Pryer giving four localities

for it, Leech the mountains of Central Japan, and Ihave it from Tokio

and Nikko, besides other places not specified.

12, CHRYSOPHANUS EVANSII, n. sp. Plate FF, Fig. 112.

Hasirat: Drosh, Chitral, Western Himalayas,

~EXxpanse: ¢, 1'3 inches.

Description: Mate. Closely allied to C. sarthus, Staudinger*,

from the Pamirs, from which it appears to differ in being larger and

the forewing narrower and more elongated. UppErsIDE, hindwing

has the anal orange patch much smaller, reduced to a small and

narrow streak on the submedian nervure. UNDERSIDE, forewing has

the orange area larger, occupying nearly the entire surface, the black

spots fewer in number, the spot behind and opposite the one in the

middle of the discoidal cell in C. sarthus absent, and the discal series

entirely absent; the spots of the submarginal series are smaller.

Hindwing the same as in C. sarthus.

- Described from a single specimen kindly given to me by Mr. W. H.

Kvans, R.E., who captured it,

Family PAPILIONID®.,

Subfamily PIERINz.

13. Cotas Eocene, Felder, Plate FF, Fig. 12 9.

C. eogene, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. ii, p. 196, n. 197, pl, xxvii, fig. 7,

male (1865); id, Erschoff in Fedtschenko’s, “ Travels in Turkestan,” series

ii, Zoology, vol. v, pt. 3, p. 6, n. 15 (1874); id., Lang, Butt. Europe, p. 366

(1884); id., Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 136; idem, id., Trans,

* Polyommatus sarthus, Staudinger, Stet. Ent. Zeit, vol. xlvii, p. 202 (1886) ;id., Groum

Gtshimailo, Mém, Lép., vol. iv, pp. 53, 95, 361, n. 56, pl. vi, fig. 8 male (1890),

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Ent, Soc. Lond., 1884. pp 6,8, 13, 14, 15; idem, id., Journ, Bomb, Nat.

Hist. Soc., vol. xi, pp. 465, 466 (1898); id., Alphéraky, Stet. Ent, Zeit.,

vol, xliv, p. 493 (1883) ; id., Groum-Grshimailo, Mém, Lép., vol. iv, pp. 59,

246, 248, 266, 269-276, 278—282, 288, 298, n, 23,329, n, 39, pl. v, fes. la,

male; 1b, 1c, female (1890); C. myrmidone, var. a, eogene, Keferstein, Verh.

Zool—bot, Gesells, Wien., vol, xxxii, p, 452, n. 2 (1883),

C. eogene, var.? stoliczkanus iste, ined Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884.

p. 6 ; C. eogene, var. stolicekana(?) Alphéraky, Mém, Lép., vol, iii, p. 404 (1887)?

C. ineton var. stoliezkana, id., Mém, Lép., vol. v, p. 74, n. 10, pl. iv, figs. 4a,

4b, male; 4c, 4d, female (1889) vid, Shearinine G nel neti, Mém. Lép., vol. iv,

p. 298, (1890); C. eogene, var. stoliczkanus, Groum-Grshimailo, Mém, Lép.,

vol. iv, p. 266 (1890).

C. eogene var. arida, Alphéraky, Mém. Lép. vol., p. 76, n. 11 (1889); id.,

Groum-Grshimailo, Mém, Lép., vol, iv, p. 266 (1890); idem, id., Hor, Soc.

Ent, Ross., vol. xxvii, p, 382, n, 12 (1893); C. eogene, var.? arida, Groum-

Grshimailo, Mem. Lép,, vol. iv, p. 258, n. 23 (e) (1890),

C. eogene arida, ab. auritheme, Groum-Grshimailo, Hor. Soc, Ent. Ross.,

vol. xxvii, p. 383, n. 13 (1893).

C. ecogene arida, var, et ab. ? wanda, Groum-Grshimailo, Hor, Soc, Ent.

Ross, vol. xxvii, p, 383, n. 14 (1893),

C. eogene, ab. cana, Groum-Grshimailo, Mém, Lép., vol. iv, pp. 298, n. 23

(a), 333 (1890),

C. eogene, a var. erythas, Groum-Grshimailo, Mém, Lép., vol. iv, pp. 298,

n, 23 (b), 332 (1890),

C. eogene, var. elissa, Groum-Grshimailo Mém, Lép., vol. iv, pp. 298, n. 23,

C. eogene, ab, hybrida, Groum-Grshimailo, Hor, Soc. Ent, Ross., vol. xxvil,

p. 381, n. 10 (1892).

C. eogene, var. leechi, Groum-Grshimailo, Hor. Soc, Ent. Ross,, vol. xxvii,

p- 382, n, 11 (1892),

Hasitat: Female Form II, Skoro-la, Baltistan, Western Hima-

layas, 15,000 feet.

ExpPanse: ¢ Form II, 2:3 inches.

- As will be seen from the synonymy given above, C. eogene, Felder,

has received many names, I do not propose toadd to them. C.

stoliczkana, Moore, is now considered to be a distinct species, though

three writers have placed itas a variety of C. eogene. The names arida,

auritheme, wanda, cana, erythas, elissa, hybrida and leeche all represent

varieties or aberrations of the parentiform. As far as I can ascertain

C. eogene throughout its extensive range in the Himalayas and to the

north of them in the Central Asian plateau which includes the Pamirs,

has never been recorded to be dimorphic in the female but on the

Skoro-la [la—pass] in Baltistan, it certainly is so, This second form

differs from the first form in having no orange coloration whatever

on the upperside, that-colour being replaced by bluish-white. On the

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 251

underside of the forewing the usual orange coloration is replaced by

bluish-white. On the Skoro-la the late Mr. H. J. Leech and Tin |

1887 found C, eogene fairly common (though this species, as far as

my Himalayan experiences go, is never really common), a fair propor-

tion of the usual [Form I] females being obtained. But Form II

was very rare, we got one on July 31st, one each day on August 3rd

and 4th and two on August 5th, five in all, and we caught all we

saw. No other Coléas occurred on the pass while we were on it, and

there is no doubt that the bluish-white females of the Colias we took

there in company with many males and ordinary females of C.

eogene are actually a dimorphic female form of that species.

Family HESPERIIDA,

Genus Baroa, n. n.

Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell in “ The Entomologist”, vol. xxxi, p. 45

(1898), having pointed out that the name Dejeania, Oberthiir, Et.

d’Ent., vol xx, p. 40 (1896), of which Dejeania bicolor, Oberthiir,

l.c., pl. ix, fig. 163, male, is the type, is preoccupied in Diptera,

I propose the name Barca for this handsome hesperid, found in

Tse-kou, Ta-tsien-lou, Mou-pin, and Sias-lou—all in Western China,

of which Mr. Oberthiir bas kindly sent me seven male examples,

The female appears to be unknown, The genus has been described

by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards in Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv,

p. 169 (1897), under the name Dejeania.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE FF,

Fig, 1. Huplea (Crastia) kimbergi, Wallengen ... 2, p-

2. »» (Chirosa) era, n. sp, Bas sop (64) 0b

3. Callerebia nirmala, Moore ... oes son ic [ie

4, Elymnias (Dyctis) mela, n. sp. eee Shs eho 10

D. Ss - es gee) (QDs

6. Argynnis vitatha, Moore ... os scan Gy ioe

7. Cyanirts shelfordii, n. sp. ... oto Hen ip

& Nacaduba ni, n. sp.... Ge se he iD:

9. Lyceena datarica, Snellen ... aes Soo) Bn JO

10. » glauca, Snellen ... eae SL OoeD

11. Chrysophanus evans?t, n. sp. eae Seo. oh 6105

12. Colas eogene, Felder ae che 566 5 1D

( To be continued.)

252

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTON, the TRANS-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and KASHMIR

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicwm, and

other works, with New Species added.

By C. W. Hops.

(Continued from page 127 of thes Volume.)

Part IIJ.—THH GENERAL LIST.—(continued.)

28. Asplenium schimperi, A. Br.; Sya. Fil. p. 489; Blanford in

Journ, Asiat. Soc., Bengal, Vol. LVII, Part II, No. iv, 1888. A. filix-femina,

Bernh., var. 8 (of C. B. Clarke’s vars.), Schemperi (sp.), Mong.; Fee, Gen,

Filic. (Polypod), p. 187, Clarke et Baker, in Journ. L. Soc., 8-12-1888,

Athyrium schimperi, A. Br., Bedd. Suppt. H. B., 36.

PunsAB: Hazdra—Thandiana 8500’, Trotter.

KASHMIR: Basaoli 6000’, Clarke No. 81595, 26-9--'76; Rattan Pir 8000’, Trotter.

PUNJAB: Chamba—Kajiar 7000’, Clarke No. 24038, 1874 ; 7-8500’, McDonell ;

5-9000’ J. Marten, 1897 ; Simla Reg.—T. T. Bates; Simla and along the ridge

eastward 5-10,500’, common.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist—Jausér—Duthie’s Collector; Mussooree and Landour

5-7000' and upwards, very abundant; 7. Garh. 8-9000', Duthie, Awmawn—

6-11,000’, common,

DistRiB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim—Yakla, 7. 7. ; Darjiling 7200’, Levinge,

Gamble, Centr. Ind.—Raéjputéna—Mt. Abu, Duthie No. 6794, 1887.

The Messrs. Mackinnon were, I believe, the first to hint that this fern was

found in India, for in 1879, on getting the second edition of the “ Synopsis

Filicum”, they thought that, from its widely creeping rhizome, the fern so

common in Mussooree must be A. se/mpert which was therein described, and

they named their specimens accordingly. In Mussooree this fern grows in

large beds. Some years later I mentioned the Mackinnons’ opinion to Mr.

Levinge, and I believe he and Mr, Blanford agreed it was correct, and worked it

out when they retired from Government service and went home. Hence, prob-

ably, the entry of Simla as a habitat, on Blanford’s authority, in Clarke and

Baker’s paper in Journ. L. Soc., 8-12-'88, though why Mr. Baker should have

given in and withdrawn the species he admitted in the second edition, “ Synopsis

Filicum,” I know not. These authors say, under A. filix-femina :—

“ Adde var. 8. Schimperi, sp, Mong., Fée, Gen. Filic. (Polypod.),

p- 187 ; rhizomate horizontal clongato,

‘© Simla, H. Blanford,

“ Exempla, a H. Blanford communicata, cum Abyssinicis omnino con-

gruunt ; H, Blanford autem exempla misit alia quorum rhizoma

abbreviatum stipitibus contiguis,”

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 253

From the last clause of the above, and also from what Blanford says in his

“ List ’’ as to the fronds varying from lanceolate to deltoid lanceolate, I think

it evident thai these three authorities included, under A. schimperi, A. rupicola

Hope, though it hasa very ditferent root-stock, ‘The rhizome, or sarmentum, of

A, schimperi is widely creeping and branching, and, where its growth is not

impeded by circumstances, the fronds spring up quite apart ; bub A. rupicola

grows in isolated plants: the caudex is thick and erect, or sometimes procum-

bent, and the stipes are always densely tufted.

The rhizome of A. schimperi is densely clothed with bright-brown narrowly

lanceolate-acuminate scales ; those at the base of stipe few, and darker in

colour. Blanford rightly says that the basal portion of the stipe is dark-

coloured, though 1 should say purplish brown, rather than deep purple.

Beddome rightly corrects Baker in saying that the frond is only bipinnate—

tripinnatifid, or sometimes only bipinnatifid. I have both these forms grown

on the same rhizome, and the cutting of their pinnules is very different.

Beddome is incorrect, I think, im saying that the frond is ‘ lanceolate,

gradually reduced below” : the shape may be called broadly lanceolate-acu-

Minate, somewhat truncate at base : Blanford notices this. The rhachises of the

pinne are winged, with an actual interruption of the wing only in well devel-

oped fronds; and the pinnules are decurrent both ways on the rhachis, so

that the fern is only just bipinnate. ven in the largest Indian fronds the

wing is sometimes unbroken, and it is continuous in the reduced basal pinne

even when broken in those above. The basal pinnee are apt to be sterile, or

partly so, at their bases.

The specimens of the African and Indian plants in Kew do not exactly agree ;

and I have noted that the only specimen in the Calcutta Herbarium so named

(before I picked out Indian ones in 1896), from T, Moore’s Herbarium, ticketed

Africa, is different from the Incian plant iu cutting and that the pinne are

opposite. That specimen has no rhizome. But the Indian plant may stand

as A, schimperi until the African plant is better known. :

29, A. pectinatum, Wall. Cat. 231, as to type sheet only. A. filix-

femina, Bernh. (an E. Indian form of), Syn, Fil. 228. A. jfiliz-femina, var. 2,

pectinata (sp.), Wall, ©. R. 492. Athyrium jita-femina, var. 2, pectinata,

Wall., Bedd. H. B. 169. Athyrium pectinatum, Wall., Bedd, Suppt. H. B, 36.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Ravi Valley, Sao Valley and elsewhere not specified, Mc-

Donell; Kangra V. H.—4500', Trotter ; Simla Reg.—4500-6000', common, in and

about Simla.

N-W. P. : D. D. Dist.—In the Du—2500’, Mussooree 4-6000' : plentiful in several

places; Z. Garh. 4-5000', Duthie, Gamble ; Kwmawn 4-7000', frequent. sot

DisTRIB.—Asia ; N. Ind. (Him.) Bhutan 2-7000'; Bengal—Parasnath Mt, 4-4500’,

7, T., C. B. Clarke, F. H, Ward in Herb. Rev. A. Campbell.

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

- [have been disappointed that Mr. Baker has not admitted this plant to

specific rank ; but possibly he has not seen the rhizome which is as widely

creeping and branching as is that of A. schwmperi—a character mainly founded

on to distinguish the latter species from A. filia-femina, This radical

difference in root-stocks in ferns is a distinctive character that seems to be quite

unsurmountable, Possibly, accidental plants or cultural varieties of A, filia-

femina may be found with cutting like that of A..pectinatum, but they cannot

have a creeping sarmentum. Clarke’s figure, Plate 68 of his “ Review,”

shows the cutting of the frond well ; but, without the rhizome, which he does

not even mention, it gives no idea of the appearance of the plant. Beddome’s

description in his Supplement should be referred to, but his B, denellum,

F, S. L., t. 154, which seems to show an erect caudex, cannot be this species.

Sometimes, perhaps, fronds spring in tufts from the creeping rhizomes. In

large specimens the lower pairs of pinne get very distant—four inches and

more apart. The plant is very tender, succulent, and brittle in life. The sori

are generally very minute, but the cutting of the plant is so fine that there is

no room for large sori. The contrast between the habitats in Sikkim—on dry

burning slopes to the South, according to Clarke, and, in the Simla Region,

in damp ravines, according to Blanford, is very great. The plant, as I know

it, gYOWS longest in rich soil in the shade ; but I have seen it doing well in the

open, and even on dry rocks, though stunted.

30. A. oOxyphyllum, Hook; Syn. Fil, 228; C, R. 493. Athyrium

oayphyllum, Bedd. H. B. 170.

N.-.W. P.: Garhwal— fide Clarke in “Review”; Kumawn—Naini Tal, Davidson

1875, in Herb., Hort. Sahar. ; between Dandihat and Karela 5-6000’, Duthie No. 3170

1884; MacLeod 1893 (no locality stated).

Distris.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal to Bhutan: “ very common from Nepal

eastwards” (Clarke) ; Assam—Khasia 3-6000’, common, Kohima 5000’, Clarke.

This seems to be one of the rarest ferns in North-Western India—only twice

or thrice collected, so farasI know. MacLeod’s specimens in my possession are

very small, simply pinnate, with no involucres. Another small frond, from the

same source, may be different : it is truly lanceolate, and the segments are com-

pletely covered with ripe sori, among which large reverted involucres are copiously

present.

31. A. fimbriatum, Hook. ; Syn. Fil. 229 ;C, R. 494. Athyrium

fimbriatum, Wall. (under Polypodium) Bedd. H. B. 172, and Suppt. H. B.

37, var, squamatum.

KASHMIR; Sarpat 10,000’, McDonell and McLeod 1891 :—“ Water-shed between

Jhelum and Kishenganga Valleys, common at 10,000’, never lower: on north slopes

only ” (MacLeod). Z. Kashmir—Adv Clarke in “ Review.”

PunsaB: Chamba—Sfra 11,000’, Clarke No, 24152, 1874, in Herb. Kew; Ravi

Valley 8000’, McDonell, 10, 000’, J, Marten 1897 ; Kully—8= 10,000’, Trotter ; Mand«

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 255

State—8-10,000’, Trotter; Simla Reg. Jual State, Chor Mt. 10,000’, Collett; Ridge

east of Simla 83-10,000’, Collett, Hope, Bliss ; Bisthir—Kushung (or Kasong) Forest

9500’, Lace.

N.W.P,: D.D. Dist.—Jaunsar : Deoban 9000', Herschel ; 7. Garh., Nag Tiba Mt.

9000’, Mackinnons; Ganges Valley 9-12,000' and Jumna Valley 9-10,000', Duthie;;

Brit. Garh.—above Ramri 8-9000', Duthie; Kwmaun—Guinji Pass 8000’, Davidson ;

5 stations 7-10,000’, Duthie.

DIsTRIB.— Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Bhotan.

Beddome, in the Supplement to his Handbook, has rightly added to the

description—“ root-stock creeping, stipes solitary, distant,” which character

distinguishes this species from the next, So do the scales at base of stipe. In

A. fimbriatum, as the ‘* Synopsis” says, these are dark brown: in A. foliosum

they are bright chesnut, and much more numerous.

I have gathered this fern only in the Simla Region, and at the time, follow-

ing Blanford, I understood it to be Clarke’s A. Atkinsoni, var. Andersoni ; but

I never could separate that fern from A. simbriatum. Blanford has it under

Clarke’s variety.

Ona sheet in the Saharanpur Herbarium, from British Garhwal, I find a

note by Mr. Duthie—‘ used by Pahdris (Hill men) as a remedy for snake-

bite ”. Doubtless : but would it not be as useful to use a snake as a remedy for

the bite of a Pahdri ?

32. A. foliosum, Wall. Cat. 839 (or 359); Bedd. Suppt., H. B, 37.

“ Root stock erect or suberect, stipes approximate ; rhachis with a gland at the

axis of the pinn ; stipes and rhachis often red ; fronds up to 3 feet high ;

primary pinnee 5—8 inches long, generally about 13 broad, but varying from

3 inch to 3 inches; lowest secondary pinnule on the superior side of the

pianee always more or less elongated and often double the size of the others ;

lowest superior lobe of the pinnule also elongated ; sori strictly athyrioid. Bedd.

F.B. L, Pi. CCXCV, Wall. Cat. 339, first sheeb in Linn. Herb. (the second

being Athyrium macrocarpum). Clarke, pl. 62, fig. 1, (sph@roptercides) a good

figure of this plant, but scarcely showing the enlarged lowest secondary pinnule

ai the superior base of the pinnee which is most characteristic of this fern,

This must, [ think, rank as a species, being nearer to macrocarpum than to

Jfimbriatum.”

The above is Colonel Beddome’s description.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Ravi Valley—near Langera 6000’, McDonell (in Herb. Gamble);

Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala 10,000’, Clarke Nos. 23934 and 24361; Simla Reg.

“above Simla,” Bates; Ridge east of Simla 8000’, fde Beddome ; between

Nagkanda and Baghi 8500’, Hope.

N.-W. P,: Garh.—Dr. J. L. Stewart ; 2 Garh. Nag. Tiba Mt. 9000’, Mackinnons

1878-79 ; Brit. Garh., 8-9000’, Duthie No. 5152, 1885 ; Kwmawn—Wallich in Herb.

Kew: Kalimundi Pass 8000’, S. and W.; Forest near Sosa 8-9000’, Duthie 6255’, 1886 ;

Summit of Dhdnkuri Pass 10,500’, Trotter No. 792, 1891; Mangalia Gor—ridge above

Ranti, MacLeod 1893.

°256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

DISTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal— Waltich ; Sikkim—Jerdon.

As Beddome says, this fern is nearer to A. macrocarpum than to A. fim-

-briatum, 7.¢., a8 to cutting; but the different rhizome at once separates it

from both; and the smaller, often very minute, sori show that it is nob

macrocarpum. I separated, as this species, some specimens in Gamble’s Her-

barium, from Sikkim and Bhotan, named A. muacrocarpum and A. fim-

briatum—the smaller sori being sometimes the chief guide; and some of these,

and also McDonell’s from Chamba, are hardly bipinnate. One Chamba plant,

with fronds only 9—10” long, is tripinnatifid only near the base, and I

was nearly describing it as a new species. Others, again, of the eastern spe-

cimens, ave almost quadripinnate. The fern is, I think, never flaccid and

membranous as some forms of A. macrocarpum are. The stipes and rhachises

are wiry, though slender. The cutting is very defined and elegant: the

sori copious from base to tip.

As to dimensions : my specimen from Tehri Garhw4l, given me by the

Messrs. Mackinnon, is a portion—the 33 lowest pair of pinnee, I think—of a

very large frond ; the width is about 203 inches, and the second lowest pair

of pinnee 10 inches long (each) by 44 inches broad. The frond must have

been 6 feet, including stipe—twice the limit Beddome gives.

(A. procerum, Wall., Cat. 2203 (A, umbrosum, Sm., var. procerum, Syn,

Fil. 489), said by Mr, Clarke and Colonel Beddome to be very common in the

Himalaya, from Kumaun to Bhotan, has nob been got west of Nepal, that

I can see. ]

Subgenus DipLazium, Swartz.

33, A. longifolium, Don; Syn. Fil. 234; 0, R. 478.

Diplazium longifolium, Don ; Bedd, H. B. 179.

PuNgIAB: Chamba—McDonell, in list of Ferns identified at Kew ; not seen :

Simla Rog., Simla and neighbourhood 45-5500’, seven or eight stations, Edgeworth,

Bates, Fielding, Gamble, Blanford, Hope, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D D. Dist.—Mussooree, rare, Duthie 1877, Mackinnons 1878-79, Hope

1881; Kwmaun—near Naini Tal, Hope 1861, Major Buckley.

DistRis.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal, Wallich ; “ very restricted in area and

nowhere common™ (Clarke in “ Review”); Sikkim—in Herb, Gamble, com. Levinge.

Manipur 6-7000', Watt.

This is undoubtedly a Diplazium, as Diplaziums go, and Mr. Clarke has,

since the publication of his ‘‘ Review ”, in which he placed it under Huas-

plenium, admitted it to be so, in the paper written jointly with Mr, Baker,

Journ, Linn, Soc., 8th December 1888, in which it is said—“ In exemplis, @

H, Blanford communicatis, J. G. Baker paucos soros diplaaiformes invenitit.”

Mr, Gamble has a specimen from Blandferd with two or three diplazoid ‘sori

on it ; and I have two or three fronds from Mr. Bliss on which double sori are.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 257

not infrequent : but the paired sori are never of equal length, Beddome’s limi-

tation of the sori to the lowest vein of each group does not hold good with

regard to Simla and Mussooree specimens; from some of these there are

numerous cases of short sori in or near the lobes on the other veinlets. And

his figure does not represent these specimens when it shows the lowest supe-

rior auricled lobe bare of sori, for in some cases I seea double row of sori

in the auricle, consisting of 2—4 pairs on either side of the main vein. The

auricle (and sometimes the next lowest segment) has a tendency to be free

and in one of Mr. Bliss’s specimens it is quite so, and even petiolate.

34. A, japonicum, Thumb. ; Syn. Fil. 254; C. R. 498, Diplazium,

japonicum, Thumb., Bedd. H. B, 180.

KASHMIR : Coll. Mardan Ali, 1854, in Herb. Hort., Saharanpur; Panjab 53-5500’,

Kishenganga Vy. Kerdn 5500’, McDonell Nos, 33 and 34, 1891.

PUNJAB: Chamba—Kalatop Forest 6000’, McDonell 1881, Kangra Vy. Dist.—

Edgew., in Herb, Hort, Kew.; fide Trotter in List; Simla Reg.—Simla 6000’,

Blanf., Bliss.

N.-W. P.: T. Garh.—Bhatauli 3-4500’, Herschel, Mackinnons, Hope; Kumaun—

Edgew., el 8. & W.; between Ramgarh and Peora, Hope 1861; Booreydar, David-

son 1875; Heoalbaah 4000’, Trotter 1891.

DISTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. Assam—Khasia 3000’, abundant, Clarke; Bengal—

Chittagong 200’, common, Clarke. S. Ind.—Madras Presidency, on the W. Ghats ;

Nilgiris 7000’, Pulney Hills 7000’; Tinnevelly Hills ; Jeypore Hills, west of Vizaga-

patam, 2-4000' (Beddome in H. B.), Manipur, Clarke. Burmah, Malaya, China.

Japan, Polynesia. Australia. Queensland and Norfolk Island. 4/7. : Bourbon.

I would add to the description of this fern that the fronds of the N.-W.

India plant are dimorphous, 7.¢., these are fertile fronds which have long stipes,

and sterile ones which heve short stipes, The long-stiped fronds are always

fertile, and the short-stiped—never so, The sterile fronds are generally

broader in proportion to their length than the fertile are, and the pinne

also sometimes broader. A length of rhizome, with both sterile and fertile

fronds on it, should always be gathered, or a correct idea of the species will not

be got. I feel sure Beddome is wrong, as to the N.-W. Indian A. japonicum

ab least, in saying that the rhizome is “ creeping or suberect.” It is really

always widely-creeping and branching, and sometimes very slender ; bub.

occasionally several fronds, sterile and fertile, are thrown up rear each other in

an apparent tuft. On some fronds few diplazoid sori are found ; and I have

sometimes seen hippocrepiform sori, #¢., with involucre crossing the vein,

unbroken and continuing down the other side of the vein for abous half the

length that they have before crossing. Other variations in the sori could be

cited. J do not consider this species to be much more of a » Diplaaium than.

A. thelypterndes and A. McDeonelli are.

258 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V,

Under the head of ‘‘ Distribution ” the Synopsis gives the Himalaya gener-

ally, and the other authorities give Nepal as the Eastern limit ; but the same,

comparatively glabrous, plant is got in Sikkim, for in Mr. Gamble’s collection I

find three sheets from Goke and Singtam (Darjiling) and from the Jeylep

Road ; and there is also a sheet from Manipur—Nonjaibang 750’, Clarke

No. 42338, 1885. I have a specimen of Clarke’s from West Manipur 1000’,

1885. D, lasiopteris, Kunze, which Clarke, and (whom following) Beddome,

unite with A. japonicum, is rougher and coarser looking, and D. thwaitesit,

A. Br, and A. decussatum, Wall. (D. polyrhizon, Baker), though also so

united by the same authorities, seem to have their differences. Beddome’s

figure, F. B. T. 292 of the latter, shows an isolated plant with an erect caudex,

but he says he has found typical aecussatum with the rhizome creeping, though

ib is generally erect : this shows that he has confounded two distinct species,

for this statement involves a physical impossibility. A fern with a slow grow-

ing, erecb caudex may be fixed in a recumbent. position and then grow hori-

zontally ; bub that is quite a different case from that of a plant with a thin quick

growing rhizome sarmentum which creeps and branches underground, and

throws up fronds at intervals, forming a bed. But as no one has attributed

any of these three similar plants to N.-W. India, I need not further deal with

them, |

35. A.torrentium, C. B. Clarke in “ Rev.” 500, f. 64 (fig. 2 excluded) ;

Journ, Linn. Soc., 1888.

PUNJAB: Simla Reg.—Near Simla “ either Chadwick Falls at 5800? or Saméli

Nala at 4500’, Blanf.

DISTBIB.—Asia? N. Ind, (Him.)—Sikkim, “on margins of torrents, rare,”

Clarke. :

Blanford, who figures a small frond of this (Pl. XVI, Journ. Asiat. Soc.,

Bengal, 1888), says he gives this species on Mr. Clarke’s authority, but he had

regarded it as merely a simple form of A. polypodioides, Mett, Clarke and

Baker have given Simla, Alt. 6000 ped., H. Blanford, as an additional

habitat, in their joini paper referred to above. The specimen is in Kew.

Beddome seems to consider this plant as merely a variety or form of A, poly-

podiortes.

36. A. polypodioides Mett. ; Syn. Fil. 238 ; Ol. Rev. 501. Dipla-

zium polypodioides, Mett., Bedd. H. B. 184.

_ KASHMIR: Clarke; Trotter in “ List”; McDonell in Herb,, Gamble.

PuNJAB: Hazara—The Gullies 70(0', Murree 7000’, Trotter. Chamba—3-7 000’,

Clarke; McDonell; Trotter 5000’; 6-10,000’, J. Marten 1897 ; Kullu—Trotter, Coven-

try; Mandi State—7-8000', Trotter ; Simla Reg.—4-6000', common} about Simla

Pabar Vy. Edgew. ;} Kunawar—Dr. A. Grant.

ASPLENIUM |

J. N. Fitch del.

Rhizomes of Kashmir specimens, natural size.

3. Rhizome and base of stipes of Eastern Punjab specimen, f

Scale from base of stipes, enlarged 6 diam, and portion of spe |

men x 20 diam

Portion from middle of E. Punjab specimen, natural size. it

LD)

GERUM Mett.

Rhizome and base of stipes of Kumaun specimen, natural size.

Pinna from middle of frond of Kumaun specimen, natural size.

Pinna from Kashmir specimen, natural size.

Pinnule of small frond from Kashmir,

OQQZZ

LOANS

SS WY =

Lith by K P Dass

1&9, Rhizomes of Kashmir specimens, nature's nays base of ati

8, Rhizome and base of stipes of Eastern Punjed *P pee ; i pee of K ural

€ F yrt muddle of frond of Satan Specimen, nat) size,

: matn specimen, natural size.

: {frond from x 4 — size,

4. Scale from base of stipes, ¢!

men x 20 diam

6, Portion from middle of B. Pur jad spe

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 259

N.-W.P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar 6-7500',Gammie, Gamble; Mussooree 55-6500"

common; 7. Garh.—4500’-12,600', Duthie, Gambie; Brit. Garh.—7-8000', Duthie ;

Kumaun—4—8000', common.

DIsTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind, (Him.)—Nepél?; Sikkim and Bhotan, 2000’ and upward,

very common; Assam—Khasia 2-6000’, very common; Kohima 5500’, Clarke. 8.

Ind.—W. Forests up to 6000’. Ceylon. Malaya, Australia,

This fern varies much in size and cutting, and also in length of sori, but

I think all the N.-W. Indian plants are the same. On seeing them growing

in many places, in the Simla Region, Mussooree, and Kumaun, it never

struck me that there was any difference. Gamble has named his “‘ No, 25097,

Jaunsar 7000',” Diplazium latifoliun ; but the venation is quite different in

the two species, and attention to that distinction should prevent any con-

fusion. In all the specimens of A. Jatifolium 1 have seen the veinlets are

simple, though Beddome says simple or forked ; the veinlets of A. polypodioides

are always forked. The venation of Gamble’s plant from Jaunsar is that of

A. polypodiodes. Specimens from Simla, marked var. 8, sublatifolia, Clarke,

also have the venation of the type. This being so, I cannot understand why

Clarke says—‘‘ This series of plants distinctly approaches A, Jatifolium ”~ nor

why Beddome says—“ His (Clarke’s) variety swblatifolia runs into latifolia, and

rather belongs to that species, if the two are really distinct, which is very

doubtful. ”?

The involucres of A. polypodioides are very fugacious, and I believe they

are sometimes absent in an early stage of growth. Both Levinge and Trotter

were tempted by this to think of Gymnogramme. The Mackinnons have

shown me plants in cultivation which were quite exinvolucrate. The young

fronds are edible. Trotter says the Punjab Hill people eat them like spinach,

and call them Kasmor, About Mussooree, also, the fronds are eaten, and called

lingra.

37. A. squamigerum, Mett., in Miguel’s Annales, Vol. II. 239; Syn,

Fil, 237. Plate XXVI,

KASHMIR: Kishenganga Valley, Keran Nila 8000’, McDonell, 3rd September

1891; Kajliban, in moist forest, Duthie, No. 12680, 1892; below Gurais 8-9000'

Duthie No. 14100, 29th September 1893 ; Kachal 8000’, and Donari Ndla 7000’,

McDonell 1894.

PungaB: Chamba State 8000’, J. Marten 1897; Simla Rey.—Giri Valley, in

Raiengarh Forests 6500’, Gamble, July 1898.

NW. P.: Kumaun—near Kathi 7800’, S. & W. 1848 ; Dipl. No. 4 on ticket; Pindar

Gorge—Khati 7000’, Trotter, 9th September 1891.

Distris.—Asia: China—Patung District, Henry ; Szechwan (Omei) Faber. Japan

Siebold, Oldham, Robinson, Bissett, Maries, Hancock, Dickins, Faurie.

260 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

I noted this fern as being new to mein Mr. Trotter’s collection made in

Kumaun in 1891, and brought by him then to Mussooree, and soon after-

wards I received a specimen from Kashmir, collected by Mr, McDonell, as

ii turned out, six days before Mr. Trotter got his specimen, and, though they

somewhat differed, I referred them to the same species. I described and

named. the plant as A. Z’rofteri, under the impression that Mr. Trotter was

the first to gather it : there was already an A, McDonelli, Bedd., and Mr,

Trotter well deserved the compliment, I sent the description to a London

botanical periodical for publication, but it never appeared. As will be seen,

however, from the entry above, under the habitat ““ Kumaun ”, both Trotter

and McDonell mast yield place as discoverers to Strachey and Winterbottom,

who found the fern in 1848, at what is probably almost exactly Trotter’s

station, there being only a difference in the spelling of the vernacular name

and an estimated difference of only 800 feet in the altitude. As Mr. Trotter

was always very particular about the spelling of the names of localities, I

think it probable that Strachey and Winterbottom’s locality was Khati, and

not Kathi, Their specimen, which is in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic

Garden of Calcutta, has no rhizome ; but otherwise it agrees exactly wita Trot-

ter’s. It is distinctly a Diplozium, with curved sori long for their breadth ; and

it differs also in cutting from Athyrium crenatum, Rupr., the habitats re-

corded for which are—Scandinavia, by way of Siberia, to Japan. Mr. Mc-

Donell collected some more specimens of his plant in Kashmir in 1894, and

sent one, with other ferns, to Colonel Beddome, who reduced it to A. crenatum,

Rupr., saying that it exactly agreed with Japan specimens. Colonel Bed-

dome had not then seen the Kumaun plant. But Mr. McDonell’s Kashmir

specimens, though they are smaller, more compound in cutting, and more

delicate, agree in rhizome and sori with the Japan specimens of A. eguami-

gerum, with which species I became acquainted on returning to England

in 1896. Mr. McDonell wrote in 1895—“ As to 7'rotteri, it seemed to me

that the plant I got in September 1891 is not quite the same as that

T sent last year; the former was growing ina cave, the latter is common

on hill sides, growing with /ilia-mas, under cover of trees, in shady

places. ””

Mr. Marten’s specimens from Chamba, and Mr. Gamble’s from the Raien-

garh Forests, are large, and intermediate in cutting between the Kumaun

and the Kashmir plants. Mr. Duthie’s Kashmir specimens, No. 12630, are

more like A. crenatum, though some of them differ considerably. His No.

14100 quite matches a specimen from Japan, Yezo—/oréts de Yubari,

Faurie No. 8111, 8rd July 1892; bui the rhizomes are not complete

enough.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 261

Pending the collection of further materiai in the Himalaya, I have given

up the attempt to differentiate the three forms, and I give the following de-

scription which is intended to cover all the Indian specimens :—

“* Rhizome more or less slender, widely creeping and branching, black,

sending up fronds 1 inch, more or less, apart, stipes sometimes in clusters.

Stipes up to 1 foot or more long, slender but wiry, their bases clothed with

very dark brown large lanceolate-acuminate scales, extending a short way

up the stipes and then becoming scarce. fachis with afew scattered scales

the same as those at the base of the stipes, but smaller, and with tufts of linear

scales in the axils. Frond subdeltoid, bipinnate. Pinna markedly petio-

late, about 13 pairs besides the acuminate pinnatifid apex—lower 5—6 pairs

almost opposite, lanceolate-acuminate, lowest 13—2 in. br., 2 inches

apart, all distant. Pinnaules 10—11 pairs besides the crenate apex, distant,

patent, deeply cut into rectangular rounded segments towards the base, and

crenated towards the acuminate apex, margins searcely toothed, Veins—-3—5

pairs in a segment, curved and often forked. Sort ,+1—.3; inches long, very

narrow, curved like the veins, up to fivein number in lower segments and in

others one on each lowest anterior veinlet, pointing to the sinus between

the segments, and forming a row curving outwards on each side of the

costa : some of the lowest diplazoid, or semidiplazoid. Znvolucres persistent,

and sometimes much broader than the sorus.”’

Mettenius’s description was written froma fragment collected in Japan by

Siebold : it began—‘‘ Rhizoma ?”, and ended— indusium membranaceum

tenerum integerrimum, ””

Mr. Baker's description in the Synopses is :— :

“938 <A. (Dipl.) squamigerum, Mett.; st. 6 ins. or morz long, straw-

coloured, slender, with small scattered, nearly black lanceolate scales throughout ;

jr. 12—15 ins. long by nearly as broad, deltoid, lower pinnee 6—9 ins, long,

2—2% in. broad pinnate except at the apex; pinnules 14 ins. long, 2 ins.

broad, the point bluni, the elge broadly lobed, the lower lobes + in, broad

entire ; tex/wre herbaceous ; rachis slender, stramineous, chaffy below; vers

subflabellate, the lower veinlets of the Jobes with one or two lateral curved

forks on each side ; sor? linear, curved, falling far short of the edge, the lowest

2 lin. long. Mett. Fil. Ind. 2, p. 239.”

“ Hab.—Japan, Oldham, Siebold, Robinson.”

Asplenium (Athyr.) crenatum Rupr. resembles A. (Dipl.) squanu-

gerum in having a black creeping rhizome, and broad ovate-lanceolate

dark-coloured scales at the base of the stipes; and also in the crenate

pinnules. The ‘rhizome of some specimens of the Kashmir plant is

almost as slender as that of A. crenatum: that of others, and of the Japan

Ho] whe

262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

and Kumann plants, seems to be stouter, and sometimes to throw up fronds in

tufts ; but there are few examyples with rhizomes attached. A Japan specimen

in Kew of A. syusmigerum, from Hyachine, Faurie No. 13583, 24th

August 1894, differs somewhat, as to the frond, from his No, 8111 from the

Forests of Yubari in Yezo, mentioned above, which quite matches Duthie’s

No. 14100 from Kashmir, On the same sheet with Faurie’s No. 13583, is a

rhizome, some inches in length, which is black, creeping and branching, net

slender, with stipes in tufts ; but this is disconnected from the pale-coloured stipes

of the mounted frond, and the stipes itself is broken. Even supposing that

rhizome does not belong to that particular frond, it is valuable, as showing

that the rhizomes of the Japan and Kumaun plants are the same, Of course,

great similarity, or even identity, of rhizome does not of itself prove identity of

species : some other characters must agree. In the “ Synopsis” 4, crenafum

is said to have stipes “scattered, firm, erect,’ which implies a widely-

creeping rhizome, but does not explicitly negative the supposition that it, like

the Asiatic plants, also at intervals throws up fronds in tufts. The amount of

“lamina ” in a frond of A. crenatwm is much less than in either the Himalaya

or the Japan plants, and the sori seem never so long as in these: Baker says—

“oblong, usually nearly straight, often double,’ and as to A. squamigerum—

“linear, curved...... the lowest 2 lin. long.” But the involucres in Japinese

specimens of A. sguamigerum are often very broad in comparison with the

sori, and, as Mettenius said, membranaceous, tender, entire.

I lately asked Dr. H. Christ, of Basel, an eminent pteridologist, whether he

could connect A. squamigerum with A. crenatum, giving him at the same

time particulars of the recent discoveries in the Himalaya, and he replied as

follows :—

** Jai le premier (A. crenatum, Rupr.) en echantillons nombreux du Nord :

finlande, Scandinavie : plante petite : 3rd dec. stipe gréle : ecailles peu mom-

breuses, mais larges : noires, segments petits, sores athyrioides, courts : plante

fragile, rhizome presque filiforme, faible.

“ J’ai la plante du Japon /. Faurie 11,578 eb 13,583 +: toutes les dimensions

doubles ou triples : plants 6 Dec. et au deta, stipe jusqu’ & 3 mill. en diamétre,

ecalles brunes, lanceolées, nombreuses : sexments grands, sores jusqw 4 un

demi-centimétre, souvent diplazoides, rhizome plus épais, rampant, mais il

semble que les stipes sont en peu en touffe et non solitaires comme dans la

plante du Nord.

“Le plus grand e’chantillon est celui de Tosa, 1. Makimo : fronde de 50

cent. sans tige,

“Je crois que la plante de” Inde (que je n’ai pas vue !) doit étre la plante

du Japon, mais non la plante du Nord, Je ne nie pas la grande affinite dés

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 263

deux plantes, etje suis disposé de voir dans cette derniére une sowsespece boreale

de la premiére....... ”.

Colonel Beddeme lately examined along with me all the material

available in Kew, including specimens Mr. Gamble had lent me, and he c.me

to the same conclusion as before, namely, that Diplazium trotteri (t.e.,

A, squamigerum) is certainly A. crenatum—the Kashmir plant being inter-

mediate. The Kew bundle of Dipd, squamigerum lie considers to be a

mixture ; one specimen being “certainly typical A. crenatum (tripinnate),

but one from Japan, with very large prominent indusie may be quite a dif-

ferent thing.” I think Colonel Beddome is mistaken in styling any of the

forms—whether crenatum, trotteri, or squamigerum us tripinnate. No speci-

men I have seen is so : the utmost development is that the lowest pinnee are

cut down, atthe base, nearly to the secondary rhachis—one cannot even say

to a winged rhachis. One Norwegian specimen of A. crenatum in Kew has

sori longer than they usually appear, and some diplazeid ; but, as most of the

specimens are fully ripe, the involucres are generaliy obscured.

Since the above was re-written, I have again gone over the material, and

while I still think all the Himalayan material must be identified as A. squa-

migerum, I now consider it possible that in spreading westward to Norway

the Japinese plant has lost in length of sori, and become A. crenatum.

38. A.multicaudatum, Wall. Cat, 229. A. (Athyrium) unbrosum

J. Sm, var. 2. multicaudatum, Wall. (D. Jerdoni, Bedd. F. B. 1., t. 327),

Himalayas, Syn. Fil. 489, A. multicaudatum, Wall. Cat. 229, C. R. 502,

Diplazium wunbrosum, J. Smith under Athyrium, var. multicaudatum, Wall.,

Beddy pH B. 190%

PUNJAB: Chamda—McDonell Cin list of Chamba ferns identified at Kew); Srmla

Reg.—below Simla (fide Dr. King and Mr. Clarke), Blanf. in “List”; Sirmur

State 1832, in Herb, Hort. Calcutta.

N.-W P.: D. D. Dist,—Near Mussooree, Dr. G. King 1869; 4-50)0’, Herschel

1879 ; Sowarna Nala £-5000’, Mackinnons 1878-79, P.:W. Mackinnon and Hope 1881;

“ Mossy Falls” 5010’, Hope 1885 and 87 and 1895; Kumaun—A.O. Hume; K§li

Valley 2-3000’, Duthie 1884.

DistRiB.—Asia: N. Ind. CHim.) Nepal, Wallich, Sikkim and Bhotén; Assam—

Khasi 1-5000’; Chittagong (in the plains of Bengal) 201’—2000', Clarke.

I do not remember having seen McDonell’s specimens from Chamba, but I

believe his list to be generally correct. At Mussooree A, multicaudatum grows

in beds, and fertile fronds are comparatively rare, and often sparsely soriferous :

the creeping rhizome prevides for the perpetuation of the species in each Joca-

lity. None of Gamble’s specimens from Sikkim seem quite the same as the

Mussooree plant and some seem considerably different, having longer sori,

with narrow persistent involucres. On the Mussooree plant it is difficul: to

fiud involucres, at least on mature fronds ; but I can make out that many sori

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

are diplazoid ; and this is evident also on some of Gamble’s specimens and on

a specimen from Sikkim in Kew, Hook ji, Some of Wallich’s Nepal speci-

mens differ from the Mussooree plant (and from each other) : others are identical.

Mr, Baker, ab p. 489, Syn. Vil, 2nd. Ed., under A. wmbrosum J. Sm.,

says A. (Dipl). Griffith, No, 245, is perhaps a variety. Ithink there is not

the slightest doubt that A. Griffithii, Baker, is identical with A, multicaudatum,

Wall. Ihave not myself gathered A. Grifithii, but there is abundant mate-

rial in Kew from which a conclusion can be arrived at. On several sheets (ex

Herb. Hort. Bot., Cale.) of specimens collected by him in the Darjiling Dis-

trict at low elevations, his Nos. 9006 and 9079, 1869, Mr, Clarke has written,

“* Root-stock creeping extensively and throwing up solitary fronds : sori few,

scattered, and few of these diplazoid.’”’ These are exactly the Mussooree plant,

which is certainly Wallich’s A. multicaudatum. On one sheet of this series,

ticketed “‘ A, Griffith, Baker, Rishap, 8000’, Darjiling, 4-9-69, No. 9006, ”

and named finally by Mr. Clarke, on 11-1-79, A. multicaudatum, Wall., Mr.

Baker has pencilled “‘ Madeiran umbrosum.”? He has also pinned on this sheet

a paper as follows :—“ Clarke, Nov. 1875, seems to distinguish.

‘“¢ 1 Common species is (has ?) Allantodioid sori.

“ Another sere (series ?) of similar structure, but white and with a scabrous

stem and rhachis, appears to be A. wnbroswm, J.Sm., but very unlike A. australe,

“& Ausirale, Brack,, from Thwaites—not Bengal, at all.

“Bengal fern which Dr. King and others call A. australe is for me

D. Jerdoni, ovr Griffith (Ithink the former), These two have creeping

rhizomes which send up distant solitary fronds, the stipe rising through the earth.”

I consider it quite a mistake to put this fern under Athyrium umbrosum, a

Madeira fern, which is quite different in shape of frond, as well as of sorus

and involucre—not to speak of rhizome. Specimens of A. wmbrosum in

herbaria are generally incomplete, and the descriptions say nothing as to the

nature of the caudex ; but ina privately printed account of “ An Easter Holiday

in Gran Canaria and Madeira’, 1893, written by one whom I know to be a

keen observer and collector, I find this allusion to the plant—from which I

eather that it is subarborescent, and must have a stoub erecb caudex :—‘‘ At

one waterfall’ (in the Zevada do furado) ‘I noticed Asplemium umbrosum seven

feet in length and as thick as a miniature tree.” The young plants growing in

the Kew houses have fronds in tufts, and certainly no creeping sarmentum. A.

umbrosum has always, I think, an ovate or lanceolate frond: A. imulticauda-

tum—a subdeltoid frond, with the lowest pair of pinnee sometimes hardly less

thin the next above which are the longest. The involucres of A. wmbrosum are

described by Hooker and Baker as being “ large, tumid, membranous.” Those

of A. multicaudatum are very small and narrow, so far as is visible. Beddome

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 265

gives Dipl. Jerdoni, Bedd., and D. Griffithii, Baker, as synonyms, and Clarke

these, and also A. spectabile, Wall., Cat. 28374—a fern which is not mentioned

in either the Synopsis or Beddome.

his seems to be one of the instances in which descriptions of old species are

ltered or re-written, in new books, so as to include subsequently discovered

and sometimes very different plants, or to fit the theories of the later authors—

a very reprehensible practice, in my opinion.

Subgenus—ANISoGoNIuM, Presl.

39, A. esculentum, Presl.; Syn. Fil. 244 ; C. R. 503; Anisogonium

esculentum, Presl,; Bedd. H. B, 192.

PuNJAB: Chamba—McDonell; Aullu—Trotter, twice collected, the 1-pinnate

form.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—The Dehra Valley 1000’—2500’ : very common near water;

T. Garh.—Ganges Valley, Duthie ; Kwmaun—b5-7000’, S. & W., Duthie, MacLeod.

DIsTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim 3500’, Gamble ; plains

of Assam and Bengal, and Parasnath Mt. 2500’, very common in Bengal. Centr.

Prov. Ind.—Pachmarhi. S. Ind,—“ Common in the plains on the western side, up to

8006’ (Beddome). Ceylon. Malay Penins, and Isles. Java. Moluccas. Celebes. New

Guinea. Tonkin. Hainan. Formosa. Hongkong. Philippines. Admiralty Isles. Samoa,

Viti.

Fronds either simply pinnate, and then more or less lobed and toothed, or

completely bipinnate with the pinnules again similarly lobed and toothed, but

with a simply pinnate apex with up to 10—12 pairs of pinne ; or—with only

one or two pairs below pinnate or partly so. The simply pinnate fronds

are probably from young root stocks, and have pinne varying from 2% to

5 ins. in length and from } to 1 ins. in breadth ; but I think both forms

of frond are to be found on the same root-stock. In large bipinnate frond

~ the lowest pinnae are very distant, and sometimes simple and short, The

root-siock is, as the books say, subarborescent ; the roots are black and wiry,

and go deep into the ground. The plant loves ditches and swamps, and

silty soil by the edges of streams. Jt is very common in the Dehra Dun

where I have seen it in large bushes on the banks of rivers, and also in

swamps among gigantic grasses—in separate plants, growing 9 to 12 feet high,

with caudices 6—12 inches high.

The occurrence of this fern in North-West India was first recorded by me

in the Catalogue of Ferns in the Saharanpur Herbarium.

Subgenus Hemipicryum, Presi.

40. A. Ceterach, L.; Syn, Fil. 245; Cl. Rev. 504. Hemidictyum

Ceterach, L.; Bedd. H. B, 44.

AFGHAN,—Griffith ; Awrram Vy.—rocks overhanging Karriah River; rare, Aitch.,

1897.

TRANS-IND,, P. States : Baraul and Swat—3 stations 4-7000', General Gatacre.

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

KasuMmir : Jacquem.; Hook. fil. et Thoms. 1848; Gilgit Dist.—8000', Tanner,

1880; Astor Dist,—8-9(00', Duthie ; Sind and Jhelum Vys., Aitch., 1878 (?);Jhelam

and Kishenganga Vys. 51:00’ and upwards, very common, Trotter, MacLeod ; ‘J akht-i-

Suliman 6000’, Lev., Trotter, MacLeod; Gund 7500’, Gan.mie; Ladrawan in

Lolab, MacLeod; Barwan 5600’, McDoneil ; Kishtwa r—3500', Clark», 1876

PUNJAB : Hazara—Kagan Valley, 5000’, Trotter, 1591; Malkandi, 4500’, Duthie’s

collector 1897; Black Mt. 5000’, Oertel, 1891. Chamba—Upper Chenab Vy. 8000’,

Baden-Powell, 1879 (perhaps in Kashmir); Ravi Valley, 7000’, common, McDonell,

1881; Kwllu—Sartali Valley, Edge. ?

N.-W. P.: 2. Garh.—Ganges Valley : Jangla 8-9000’, Dnthie, 1883.

DISTRIB.— Lwrvpe : in many parts of Germany, in Switzerland, the Tyrol, Hungary,

Dalwatia, the Caucasus, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Greece. It is absent from

Scandinavia, Northern Russia, Bohemia, and Austria” (Britten, in European Ferns).

Lago di Garda, Austria, Levinge. In Britain, in all or nearly all the southern,

northern, and western counties ; ‘‘ in Somersetshire and Devonshire it is especially

abundant ; in Scotland it is much less freqnent”—chiefly in the West and South-

West ; frequent in Irelaua, though local (Britien), Asia; Palestine, Persia. A7?.:

Canaries, Madeira and Cape Verd Islands; Morocco, Algiers, Abyssinia, Cape of

Good Hope.

Genus 21. AcTiInioprEnis, Link,

1. A. radiata, Link. (for the type—Acrostichvim dichotomum, Fon shk., is

the oldest name). Syn. Fil. 246. A. dichotoma, Bedd., C. R. 505. A. aicho-

toma, Forshk. (under Acrostichwm), Bedd. H. B, 197.

A¥FGHAN.: Kabul—fide Clarke in “ Keview.”

PoungaB: Delhi Dist.—“ Dry rocky places at Delhi and along the Jumna”,

Trotter in “List”; Gurgaon Dist.—Outliers ot Aravalli Mts.; “abundant on north

side of Khol Mt., between Karnal and Rewari, J. R. Drummond.

N-W. P.: Saharanpur Dist.—Saharanpur, Dr. Jameson Gn Herb. Hort., Sahar.),

Duthie, 1881.

Agra Dist.: City of Agra— Plentifully on old walls, &th June 1825”

(ticket in Wallich’s writing?) : on another ticket—“ 137. A«pleniwm radia-

tum—Agra, super mures, 1825.” in Herb. Hort. Kew; “Walls of City of Agra,

8th Tune 1825”, Wallich ?, in Herb. Hort. Cale. ; Jharna near Agra, Sahar. collectors

June 1812; Moradabad Dist.—fide Clarke in “* Review; Fhansi Dist.—Duthie, 1886.

DrsTRIB.— Asia: Mount Sinai, Arabia, Persia.—Cent. Ind.—Bagelkhand, Hope,

1860; Cent. Prov., Ind.—Khandwa Dist., A. #. Lowrie, very large ; Rajputana—Tara-

garh Hill, Mt. Abu 3700’, King. Penins. of Ind., in dry rocky places below 3000 it.

elevation (Beddome in H B.); Maisur 10” long. Ceylon. Ajfr.: Anyola, Upper

Egypt, Abyssinia, Socotra, Zambesiland, Macalisberg, Mascaren Isles.

A, australis, Link, seems to me a different species, but it is not found in

British India, unless specimens in Gamble’s collection, “ from the outer hills of

East Nepal, 1880,” got by his native collector, be it Specimens ot the type, in

Gamble’s collection, from the Madras Presidency, show that the rhizome is

sometimes procumbent, but with stipes very approximate : scales at base of stipe

dark-brown, linear : scales sparsely clothing the stipe, paler, and hair-like,

267

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF

HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED BY MAJOR C. 8.

NURSE AT DEESA, SIMLA AND FEROZEPORE.

By P. Cameron.

Part I.

| With a Plate. |

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society, 11th Dec. 1900.)

In this paper I have described some new genera and species of

Hymenoptera taken by Major C. 8. Nurse, 1.8. C. Apart from the

new genera, the most interesting of Major Nurse’s discoveries is the

undescribed species of Meira—a genus not hitherto recorded from India,

and of which only a few species are known from the South of Europe and

the North of Africa, Major Nurse has also been able to give us the

first record of the rearing of a species of Muézlla in India, and, what is of

as much importance, he has reared both sexes. Mudtilla is probably

one of the largest genera of Aculeate Hymenoptera, and is fast becoming

utterly unwieldy trom the fact of the males and females having to be

treated as distinct species.

FOSSORES.

MUTILLIDA.

MUTILLA CLIMIA, sp. nov.

Nigra, dense albo pilosa, alis fusco violaceis, basi free hyalinis ;

stigmate pallido, magno,

Length.—7-8 mm.

Habitat. Deesa.

Antenne black, the flagellum brownish on the lower side, the scape

thickly covered with white pubescence. Head black, shining, thickly

covered with long white hair, which is longest on the vertex ;

the front and vertex are closely and distinctly punctured ; the apex of

the clypeus is piceous. Mendibles black, shining, a piceous band near

the middle, the palpi black. Thorax black, thickly covered with white

hair; the meso- and pro-notum closely punctured, the latter more

coarsely than the former. Seutellum closely rugose, the middle

coarsely aciculated. Median segment closely and uniformly reticulated.

Pleuree ciosely, rugosely punctured. Wings fuscous-violaceous, the

base and the anterior wings more hyaline in tint ; the radial cellule is

small, the radius roundly curved from the first transverse cubital

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI1V-

nervure ; the basal abscissa is straight, oblique; there are only two

transverse cubital nervures ; the first is straight and oblique, the second

is roundly curved outwardly ; there is only one recurrent nervure ; the

third transverse cubital nervure is curved down, and then runs along

parallel with the cubitus, Legs black, covered with white hair; the

spurs black. Abdomen black, thickly covered with long white hair ;

the apex of the second, the third entirely and the others more or less

covered with white pubescence ; the pygidium is not defined ; the apex

of the segment is depressed, smooth, bare and shining ; the apex trans-

verse with the sides broadly rounded ; the hypopygium has the apical

half smooth, the basal punctured ; the ventral keel has a small tooth at

the apex. ‘The petiole is narrowed at the base, where it projects on either

sile into an oblique tooth ; it becomes gradually broader to the apex.

This species comes very near to J. japhia here described ; it may be

known from it by the median segment being uniformly reticulated,

there being no clear space in the middle at the base; the wings have

amore decided violaceous tinge ; the second cubital cellule is smaller ;

the second transverse cubital nervure has a much more distinctly round-

ed curve, and is more oblique; itis also a smaller species, and the front

is not reticulated.

MOTILLA JAPHIA, sp. nov.

Nigra, dense albo hirsuta; fronte reticulato, basi metanoto laevo ;

alis hyalinis, apice fere fumatis. 6

Length.—8 mm.

FHabitat.— Deesa.

Antennze stout: the scape thickly covered with white pubescence ;

the flagellum with a pale down ; the third joint is not much longer

than the second and about one-half the length of the fourth. The

front, including the eye incision, is closely reticulated ; the vertex

strongly and deeply punctured, except behind the ocelli, where the

punctuation is weaker ; the front and vertex are covered with long .

white pubescence ; the face is opaque, coarsely alutaceous and covered

with long white hair. Pro- and meso-notum coarsely and deeply

punctured ; the scutel'um is more closely, more rugosely punctured.

Median segment reticulated, except in the middle above the top of

the apical slope, where it is smooth, except for some irregular, broken

keels. Pleurze smooth and shining ; the raised middle part of the meso-

notum coarsely punctured. Legs thickly covered with white hair; the

-Journ.Bomb.Nat.Hist.Soc. P. CAMERON.

West,Newman lith.

HYMENOPTERA FROM DHESA & SIMLA.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 269

cealcaria pale. Wings hyaline; the apex smoky ; th e nervures black

the third transverse cubital nervure is obliterated ; the cubitus obli-

terated beyond the second transverse cubital nervure. The petiole and

second segment are thickly covered with long white hair, as are also

the others, which have also their apices fringed with depressed white

hair. The post-petiole is strongly punctured and clearly separated ;

the ventral keel is straight and of uniform elevation.

MUTILLA ACASTA, sp. nov.

Nigra, thorace rufo ; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. ¢

Length.—7 mm.

Habitat. — Simla.

Antennes deep black ; the scape covered with Jong white hair.

Head as wide as the thorax, shining; above the antenne closely and

distinctly punctured and covered with long white hair; the middle-of

the front is smooth. yes oval, not incised on the inner side, Mandi-

bles curved, broad, ending on the lower side in a sharp, somewhat

triangular, clearly separated tooth. Thorax entirely ferruginous ; the

base rounded. Meso-notum strongly and uniformly punctured and

covered with long pale hair ; there are no furrows on it. Scutellum

more closely punctured than the meso-notum. Median segment with a

gradually rounded slope, closely reticulated all over ; the reticulations at

the base only slightly larger than the others. Wings hyaline, only

slightly infuscated towards the apex ; the stigma is black ; the nervures

fuscous ; the basal abscissa of the radius is straight and oblique, the

apical roundly curved ; the first transverse cubital nervure is straight and

oblique, the second rounded, the third obliterated ; the first recurrent

nervure is received near the apex of the basal third of the cellule ; the

second is faint, almost obliterated, and is received shortly beyond the

second transverse cubital nervure ; the transverse median nervure is re-

ceived distinctly beyond the transverse basal nervure ; the nervures in

the hind wings are either faint or obliterated. Legs black, covered

with white hair; the calcaria white. Abdomen black, covered, but not

thickly, with long white hair; the second ventral segment is closely

punctured ; the basal three-fourths keeled in the middle; the keel

ends ina triangular tooth; there is no distinct keel on the underside

of the petiole; the pygidium is closely punctured and not keeled

laterally ; the epipygium is dilated in the middle ; the basal and

apical slopes are straight and oblique.

270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

This species does not fit well into any of the sections of Mutilla

as defined by recent writers, eg.. M. Ernest André. It appears to

be intermediate between Cystomutdla and Dasylabris; it has the

stigma fairly well developed and the abdomen subpetiolated as

in the former, but there are no furrows on the meso-notum ; from

Dasylabris it may be known by the abdomen not being clearly petio-

lated. It cannot very well be confounded with any of the known

Indian species, being easily known by there being only two transverse

cubital nervures, by the curved mandibles with only one apical tooth,

by the transverse basal nervure not being interstitial, and by the

almost sessile abdomen.

MOUTILLA DIOMEDA, sp. nov.

Nigra, dense albo pilosa; thorace rufo; alis fusco-violaceis, basi

fere hyalinis, nervis nigris, ¢

Length.—10 mm.

Habitat.—Simla.

Antenne black, stout, covered thickly with microscopic pile ; the

scape with longish white hair, Head distinctly narrower than the

thorax ; the front and vertex rugosely punctured : the ocellar region

smooth, raised and bordered laterally by a smooth space ; the front

bears in the centre a wide, but not very deep, furrow ; the front thickly

covered with white pubescence and more sparsely with longish white

hair; the vertex more sparsely with long white and black hairs.

Antennal tubercles rufous. Clypeus roundly, but not deeply,

incised in the middle; aciculated. Mandibles black, their base

thickly covered with long white hair. Palpi black, thickly covered

with white hair, Thorax rufous, the sternum black; pro-notum

smooth, transverse at the base ; meso-notum coarsely and deeply punc-

tured, the punctures of almost equal size throughout; the two

furrows are deep. Scutellum not quite so strongly punctured as

the meso-notum, but quite as closely; its base smooth and with an

oblique slope. The median segment has a gradually rounded slope,

and is closely reticulated ; at the base are two large aree with a

smaller, shorter area on the sides; these ares are irregular in shape.

Wings fuscous, with a violaceous tinge ; at the base they are paler, more

hyaline ; the basal abscissa of the radius is straight, oblique and thinner

than the rest of it; the apical is roundly curved ; the extreme

apex straighter than the lower portion ; the second transverse cubital

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 271

nervure is sharply elbowed above the middle; the third transverse

cubital is distinct throughout, but thinner than the others. Legs black,

thickly covered with white hair; the calcaria white. Abdomen black ;

the four basal segments banded with long white hair, the others with

long black hair; the petiole and the second segment are closely and

strongly punctured ; the ventral keel on the petiole is narrow and

straight, not projecting much. The last segment is closely and strongly

punctured, except in the middle at the apex ; below it is punctured

strongly and closely ; it has no keels, and bears near the base a trans-

verse smooth furrow.

This species is allied to MZ. antennata, Smith, which I only know from

the descriptions of Smith and Bingham ; the description given by both

authors of the meta-thorax does not fit our species at all ; it is said to

be covered with large shallow punctures and having a smooth channel

down the centre, which has on each side an elevated keel; “ the palpi

are ferruginous, the antenne fusco-ferruginous,” &c.

MuriLua REGIA, Smith, (P. 1. fig. 8 9. 9-9 a8.)

Captain Nurse has reared from adjacent cells ina nest of Eumenes

escuriens a 2 Mutilla regia, Smith, anda g Mutilla which is, doubtless,

the other sex. As I cannot make out that this ¢ has been described

under any name, I give a description of it. This is the first time the

history ofany Indian species of Mutilla has been recorded. Black ; the

abdomen ferruginous, the basal and apical segments black. Head thickly

covered with silvery hair ; the antennal tubercles rufous ; the antennal

keel sharply projecting. Clypeus covered with long white hair ; its apex

smooth, rounded. Mandibles broadly rufous before the apex. Palpi

black. Pro- and meso-notum closely and coarsely punctured ; the pro-

notum with a broad band of depressed silvery pubescence ; the meso-

notal furrows are distinct. Scutellum roundly convex, distinctly raised

over the meso-notum ; rugosely punctured; there is a short, deep, almost

smooth, furrow in the middle behind. Median segment closely and re-

gularly reticulated ; the base is covered with depressed white pubes-

cence ; thecentral area is widely expanded at the base ; its apex is not

much wider than the other reticulations, The base of the meso-pleure

is rugosely punctured ; the rest smooth, except for some striations in the

middle. Meso-pleure coarsely, rugosely punctured. The upper part of

the meta-pleure is irregularly reticulated ; the lower bears deep round

punctures. Legs covered with long white hair ; the spurs white ; the

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

tarsal spines witha more rufous tinge. Abdomen ferruginous, the

petiole and the apical segment black. The petiole covered with long

white hairs ; the other segments with ferruginous, except the last, which

has blackish hair ; the ventral keel has a slight curve, and at the apex

projects into a short, triangular tooth ; the hypopygium has the sides

keeled to near the base ; the keel is narrow, straight and curved inward-

ly at the apex. Wings smoky, with a slight, but distinct, violaceous

tinge ; the first cubital cellule at the top is not half the length of the

second ; the second transverse cubital nervure is roundly curved above

the middle.

SCOLIIDA.

MyYZINE APIMACULA, sp. nov.

Nigra, flagello antennarum tarsisque rufo-testaceis s abdominis apice

late rufo ; alis hyalinis, nervis pallidis. 2

Length.—9 mm.

Habitat —Deesa.

Antenne rufo-testaceous; the scape, except at the apex, black ; the

scape, with a few hairs, smooth and shining ; the basal joints of the

flagellum obliquely and gradually narrowed from the apex to the base.

Clypeus rufous, strongly punctured, except at the base. Mandibles

rufous, the apex black. Pro-and meso-thorax shining ; the pro-

finely and somewhat closely punctured ; the meso-notum is impunctate

at the base ; the resi of it with minute, scattered punctures. Scutellum

sparsely punctured on the sides and on the basal half ; the post-scutellum

is minutely punctured. Median segment closely and rather strongly

aciculated; the apical slope bears also some minute punctures, and is

thickly covered with white pubescence. Pro-pleure with scattered

punctures ; the apex closely, rugosely aciculated ; the meso- punctured,

except at the apex ; the meta- closely, obliquely striated. Legs black ;

the greater part of the tibize and the tarsi rufous ; the tibiz and tarsi

are thickly covered with white hair. Wings clear hyaline ; the radial

cellule of a faint fuscous colour ; the stigma and nervures pale testace-

ous. Abdomen black ; the back from the apex of the third segment

and the ventral side from the apex of the second, red ; it is sparsely

covered with long white hair and minutely, but not closely, punctured ;

there is a closely striated band behind the apex of the pygidium. ~

A species easily known by the red apex of the abdomen. It is one

of the smaller species. | Ra aaa es

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 973

POECILOTIPHIA, gen. nov.

& Forewings with two transverse cubital nervures which enclose

a long cellule in the middle, this cellule receiving both the recurrent

nervures. Radial cellule closed at the apex; the transverse basal

nervure is interstitial ; the discoidal cellules are large ; in the hind wings

the radial, cubital and discoidal nervures are continued to the edge of

the wings and not abbreviated as in 7%phia. Mandibles bidentate, the

lower tooth much larger than the upper. Pro-thorax large, transverse

at the base, legs thickly pilose ; the middle with two spurs on the

tibia ; the claws simple, eyes large, sinuate on the inner side. Basal

abdominal segment with a short, but distinct, peduncle at the base ;

tha dilated part rounded on the sides, narrowed at the base and apex ;

the second segment distinctly narrowed at the base, becoming gradually

wider towards the apex. The last abdominal segment is large, widely,

roundly and deeply incised at the apex, the sides forming sharp teeth,

between which the long curved anal spine projects.

The antenne are stout ; the apex of the clypeus is broadly rounded;

the occiput is transverse and is margined ; the scutellum is flat ; the

median segment bulges out roundly in the middle; the second and third

abdominal segments are constricted at the base and apex ; they are

punctured and covered with stiff hair as in TZ%phia ; the legs are

short, slender and thickly covered with long stiff hairs; the middle

pair have two spurs; the median segment is without longitudinal

keels ; it is transverse at the apex, with the sides bulging out

roundly.

The affinities of this genus are clearly with Tiphia and Myzine ;

the character of the alar neuration is sufficient to separate it from

either ; Myzine has three transverse cubital nervures, and the recurrent

nervures are received in different cellules; its affinities are closer

with Tiphia, but in it also the recurrent nervures are received in dif-

ferent cellules, which are also differently formed ; Tiphca differs further

in the middle tibize having only one spur; the occiput in our genus is

transverse, not narrowed gradually, it differing also in having a dis-

tinct margin ; the apical nervures in the hinder wings are more com-

plete, extending to the apex and not abbreviated as they are in Tiphia

and, to a. less extent, in Myzine. The white markings on the abdomen

remind one of Thynnus.

274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

POECILOTIPHIA ALBOMACULATA, sp. nov. (Pl. fig. 6.)

Nigra, flagello antennarum, abdominisque apice rufis, abdomine

albomaculato; lineis pronoti, apice clypei tarsisque albis; alis hyalinis,

stigmate fusco ; nervis pallidis.

Length.—8—9 mm.

Habitat.—Deesa.

Antenne rufous, the scape black; the apical joints slightly dilated

on the under-side ; the scape punctured and covered with white hair.

Head black ; the apex of the clypeus white ; the front rather strongly,

the vertex more finely, punctured; the antennal tubercles smooth.

Clypeus closely punctured, bounded above laterally by oblique, deep

furrows. In front of the foreocellus is a deep pit; the hair is long

and white. Mandibles rufous. Thorax black, punctured, covered with

longish white hair; the hinder border of the pro-notum and a spot on

either side at the base, white. Median segment closely, rugosely

punctured ; the meta-notum in the middle closely, transversely striated ;

the striz are curved upwards. Pro- and meso-pleure shining, sparsely

punctured ; the lower part of the meta-pleure sparsely punctured, shin-

ing. Legs black; the knees, the fore-tibie in front and the tarsi white ;

the hair is long, stiff and white. Abdomen black; the apex of the fifth

and its middle more broadly and the whole of thesixth and seventh seg-

ments rufous; a line on the middle of the basal five segments at the

apex and a mark on either side of itand a small mark on the apex of

the sixth, white. The petiole is smooth and shining, as is also the base

of the second and the basal half of the third and fourth segments, the

smooth and punctured portions being distinctly separated ; the rest of

the segments and the apical ones entirely punctured, strongly, but not

very closely, and covered with longish, white hair; the spine is long,

curved, stout and rufous. The ventral segments are fringed with white

hair, and are strongly punctured. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma

and costa fuscous, the nervures paler; the radius is oblique, and

straight at the base; the apical abscissa is curved ; the first transverse

cubital nervure is elbowed shortly below the middle; the second is

roundly curved ; the recurrent nervures are received about the same

distance from the base and apex of the cellule.

Metra QUADRIMACULATA, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 5 9)

Nigra, ore, mandibulis, abdomine tarsisque rufis; abdomine quadri-

albomaculato ; alis hyalinis, nervis fuscis. 9

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 275

Length.—8—-9 mm.

Habitat.— Deesa.

Antenne black ; the apex of the scape and the base of the flagellum

rufous; the under-side of the scape and the base of the flagellum

bearing a few long white hairs. Head black, shining, bare; the

antennal tubercles and the apex of the clypeus rufous; the apex of the

clypeus transverse ; its sides straight ; it is sparsely punctured. On

the base of the mandibles are some long, pale, fulvous hairs ; the apex

blackish. Thorax black, smooth and shining ; the base of the pro-

notum and the pleure are sparsely covered with long, soft, white hair ;

the base of the pro-notum issparsely punctured ; the apex is piceous ;

on the sides of the scutellum are four punctures ; the base of the

median segment is indistinctly furrowed. The base of the pro-pleure

bears some minute punctures; its apex and the meso-pleurz are

strongly, but not very closely, punctured; the upper part of the

meta-pleurz closely, obliquely and minutely striated. Wings hyaline ;

the stigma black; the nervures testaceous. Legs black; thickly

covered with longish white hairs ; the tibiz and tarsi dark rufo-testa-

ceous ; the tibiee darker behind. Abdomen ferruginous, smooth and

shining ; the basal segment except at the apex, the second segment at

the base laterally, and the base of the third laterally to a less extent,

black ; in front of the black marks is an irregular, oblique, white mark.

Meira has not been hitherto recorded from the Oriental Zoological

Region. It is allied to Tiphcéa and Scolia, and is easily known by the

peculiar neuration of the fore-wings ; the second cubital cellule is largely

appendiculated ; the first transverse cubital nervure is oblique, and bears

the minute cubital cellule on its lower end near to the cubitust ; the

radial cellule is open in the 9, closed in the @; the third cubital

cellule is very large, being as long as the radial.

NUBSEA, gen. nov.

Wings with two cubital cellules ; the first recurrent nervure received

in the first, the second in the second cellule ; the former at a con-

siderable distance from the transverse cubital nervure, the second

close to it. Antenne becoming gradually thicker towards the apex ; the

last joint large, twice the length of the preceding. Head distinctly

narrowed behind the eyes ; the occiput is sharply keeled. The antenne

y~ In the figure this little cellule is not shown.

276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

are placed immediately over the clypeus, which is roundly convex and

is rounded at the apex ; the apex itself being depressed. Mandibles

longish, curved, unidentate. Ocelli large, placed ina triangle. Pro-

thorax reaching to the tegule. Scutellum flat, a striated depression at

its base ; its sides keeled. Post-scutellum striated. Median segment

large, striated ; the sides toothed. Legs short, not elongated as in the

Pompilide ; the middle tibize with two spurs; they are not spined ;

the tarsi spined at the apices of the joints; the fore-tarsi are longer than

the others and incised at the base. Abdomen broad at the base ; the

last segment keeled down the sides and covered with a soft, depressed

pubescence.

The second joint of the antenne is larger than usual ; the middle

cox are widely separated ; the sternum in front of them is raised ; the

raised pari has a broad, raised, rounded border on the outer-side;

the hinder cox are large and are closed together ; the second abdominal

segment is large, and below is separated from the first by a deep de-

pression ; the basal ventral segment has the sides keeled ; the middle is

stoutly keeled, and from the middle keel others branch off to the apex.

The fact of this genus having the pro-notum largely developed

behind and reaching to the tegule separates it from the Sphegide.

In the latter respect it agrees with the Pompilide, from which it differs

in some important points :—in the second cubital cellule, receiving only

one of the recurrent nervures; whereas in the Pompzlide, when there

are two cubital cellules, both the recurrent nervures are received in the

second ; the antennz are shorter, thicker towards the apex and not

curled at the apex ; the scutellum is flatter and keeled ; the median

segment is striated ; the legs are shorter, the hinder pair not being

lengthened, and there is a distinct pygidium, bordered laterally and

covered with pubescence, and the middle coxe are not continuous, but

widely separated—feature not found with any known Pompilid. The

form of the median segment—in its being longitudinally striated and

toothed laterally—reminds one of WDolichurus, but that is a typical

sphegid.

NURSEA CARINATA, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 4.)

Niger, nitidus, femoribus postecis rufis ; alis hyalinis, stigmate

testaceo, nervis fuscis. ?

Length—6 mm.

Habitat —Simla.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 277

Antenne black, distinctly thickened towards the apex ; the flagel-

lum thickly covered with a microscopic white down ; the scape with

the pubescence longer. Head above the antenne smooth, shining,

bearing a microscopic down and having a plumbeous hue ; the clypeus

is shagreened, more shining in the middle than on the sides. Pro- and

meso-thorax smooth and shining, and covered with a white down which

is thicker and more distinct on the pleure. The depression at the base

of the scutellum is finely, transversely striated at the base; the

apical half is longitudinally striated. Scutellum flat, bare, except for a

few longish hairs ; the post-scutellum bears about ten, irregular, longi-

tudinal keels. The basa] third of the median segment is striated all

over; in the middle of the remainder are three longitudinal keels; out-

side these on the middle part is a shorter keel ; on the sides are two keels

with a shorter one ia the middle at the base ; on the sides of the apical

slope there is only one keel which ends in a short tooth ; the apical

slope is more thickly covered with white pubescence than the rest,

Pleuree smooth and shining; the sternum is widely furrowed in the

middle. Legs black ; the hinder femora red. Wings clear hyaline ;

the stigma is testaceous ; the nervures dark fascous, Abdomen smooth

shining and-thickly covered with pale pubescence.

POMPILDA.

POMPILUS HERACLIDES, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 3.)

Ferrugineo, abdomine late flavo-balteato ; pedibus rufis ; alis fere

flavo-hyalinis, apice fumato. 9

Length.—9 mm.

Habitat.— Deesa.

Antenne rufo-fulvous, paler, more yellowish on the under-side ;

bare. Head wider than the thorax ; transverse behind, bluntly rounded

in front. On the head the inner orbits to near the lower ocelli and the

sides of the clypeus more broadly and the outer orbits narrowly yellow ;

the yellow line on the outer side extending downwards to the mandibles

and above across the occiput. Clypeus slightly projecting ; the middle

transverse, the sides broadly rounded. Mandibles rufous, black

towards the apex. The eyes converge distinctly on the top ; the hinder

ocelli are separated from each other by a distinctly greater distance

than they are from the eyes. Thorax ferrugineous, covered with a

white down ; the apex of the pro-notum is broadly rounded. The

median segment has a gradually rounded slope from the base to

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

the apex. Wings yellowish-hyaline ; the yellow tint not very pro-

nounced; there is a fuscous cloud on the apex, commencing at the end

of the radial cellule, but not extending backwards to the third transverse

cubital nervure ; the third celluleis rather narrow, being at the top and

bottom about half the length of the second ; the first recurrent nervure

is received near the base of the apical third, the second at the base of the

apical fourth, of the cellule; the basal nervure is interstitial. In the hind

wings the anal nervure is roundly and broadly curved at the apex and

is received shortly beyond the cubital. Legs coloured like the body;

the tarsi paler, more yellowish in tint ; the tibie and tarsi have long,

stout spines ; the front tarsi are fringed on the outer side with long, stiff

spines. Abdomen coloured like the body, but with the third and fourth

segments lemon-yellow, except at the apex.

This species appears to agree closely in colouration with P. znfestus,

Bingham ; that is a much larger species (15 mm.); the anterior tarsi are

only feebly ciliated on the outer-side; the median segment has a steep

slope on the apex, &c.

Pompitus DEESa, sp. nov.

Long: 7-8 m.m. &.

Hasirart : Deesa.

This species comes close to P. vivax, Cam.; it isa shorter and stouter

insect; it is much more densely and closely pruinose ; the head does

not project so much in front of the eyes; the apex of the pronotum is

transverse, not angled in the middle ; the radial cellule is narrower and

the transverse median nervure is not interstitial, but is received distinetly

beyond the transverse basal.

Antenne short and stout. Head distinctly wider than the thorax,

densely covered with silvery pubescence. Eyes almost parallel ; the hin-

der ocelli are separated from each other by about the same distance as

they are from the eyes ; the head is rounded in front, transverse behind,

Mandibles broadly rufous in the middle. Pronotum not quite so long

as the head, it is transverse behind. The apex of the median segment

has a steep, very slightly oblique, slope ; its sides rounded, but not

broadly. Wings fuscous-hyaline at the base; the apex from shortly

behind the base of the radial cellule fuscous, much darker coloured than

the base; there is no trace of a yellow tint. Radial cellule short and

wide ; the apical abscissa straight, oblique ; the second cubital cellule is

very narrow and is gradually narrowed from the bottom to the top, where

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 279

the nervures unite ; at the bottom it is slightly less in width than the space

bounded by the first recurrent and the second transverse cubital nervures :

the first recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond, the second behind,

the middle of the cellules. The transverse median nervure is received

beyond the transverse basal; the anal nervure is received behind the

cubital. Legs black; the spines and calvaria black; the spines on

the front tarsi are longer than usual.

PoMPILUS CARYATIS, Sp. nov.

Niger, abdominis basi rufo ; alis fusco-violaceis; cellula cubitali 2!

fere longiore quam 14, 9 et &.

Long: § m.m.

Hasirat: Simla.

Antenne rather stout, about half the length of the body, almost bare,

Head large, if anything, wider than the thorax; tbe sides of the front

and the clypeus covered with silvery pubescence ; it is well developed

behind, the part there being as long as the space between the hinder

ocelli and the eyes. The hinder ocelli are separated from the eyes by a

distinctly greater distance than they are from each cther. The eyes are

large and converge above ; they are there separated by the length of the

second and third antennal joints united. The front and vertex are coy-

ered sparsely with long fuscous hair, The pronotum is shorter than the

head ; in the centre of the median segment is a distinct fovea, deep and

broader than long. Wings fuscous-violaceous. The apex from the se-

cond transverse cubital nervure smoky; the third cubital cellule is, if

anything, longer on the top than the second ; the transverse median ner-

vure is received distinctly on the outer side of the transverse basal ; the

second and third transverse cubital nervures are roundly curved, with

a slightly oblique slope above ; the radial cellule is wide and is shorter

than the second and third cubital cellules united ; in the hind wings

the anal nervure is received behind the cubital—not interstitial, Legs

stout; the spines large and black as are also the calcuria, Abdomen

short and stout, black ; the petiole, except at the base, the second seoment

entirely and more or less of the base of the third, red.

The ¢@ is similarly coloured to the @ ; its antenne are short and

thick, If anything, its wings are lighter coloured, not quite so viola-

ceous as in the 2. The first recurrent nervure is received distinctly

heyond, the second more shortly in front of the middle of the cellules,

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

This species comes nearest to P. detectus, Cam.; that isa larger spe-

cies ; its head is not so largely developed behind the eyes, and is not so

distinctly obliquely narrowed there ; the second cubital cellule is differ-

ently formed, it being much more narrowed at the top, the nervures

meeting there; the transverse basal nervure is interstitial, this being

algo the case with the anal nervure in the hind wings.

Bingham (Fauna of India, Hymen., p. 159) sinks detectus, Cam., as a

synonym of reflecus, Sm., and familiaris, Sm. 1 cannot agree with this

without an examination of Smith’s types, the description not being

precise enough for exact determination. Reflewus is from Japan and

familiaris from Sumatra.

The species is not unlike P. eanes here described, but it isa larger

and more robust species; the third transverse cubital nervure is more

distinctly angled above; the transverse median nervure is received

nearer the transverse basal, and the hinder ocelli are separated from

each other by the same distance they are from the eyes ; in eanes they

are separated from them by a distinctly greater distance.

POMPILUS EANES, sp. nov.

Long: 7-8 m.m.

Hasitat: Simla.

This species has the colouration of P. caryatis and reflewus. It isa

more slender species than caryatés ; its wings want the distinct viola-

ceous tint of that species; the head is not so strongly built and is not

so well developed behind the eyes; the second cubital cellule is wider

at the top, being there more than half the width of its lower part,

whereas in caryatis it is not half its length ; the second cubital ner-

vure is not broadly rounded, bat is more cblique and straight ; the

second recurrent nervure is received nearer the middle of the cellule,

and the head and thorax are more densely pilose,

Antennz stout, as long as the abdomen; the scape sparsely pilose.

Head as wide as the thorax ; the space behind the eyes as long as the

second antennal joint ; the hinder ocelli are separated from each other

by about the same space as they are from the eyes. The pronotum is

not quite so Jong as the head. There is an indistinct, impressed line

on the centre of the median segment. Wings hyaline, the apex

smoky ; the radial cellule is as long as the lowerside of the second

and third cubital cellules united ; the second cubital cellule at the top

is twice the length of the third ; the first transverse cubital nervure is

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 281

not gradually rounded, but has an oblique slope on the upper half, as

has also the third; the first recurrent nervure is received shortly behind ;

the second almost in the middle; the transverse median nervure is

received distinctly in front of the transverse basal; the accessory ner-

vure in the hind wings is almost interstitial. On the abdomen the

first, the second and the basal fourth of the third are rufous,

POMPILUS SOLLICITNAS, sp. nov,

Niger, facie, clypeo, orhitis oculorum, prothorace, mesonoto cum

scutello, pleurisque rufis ; pedibus rufis, tarsis fuscis ; abdominis apice

flavo ; alis hyalinis, apico fumatis.

Long: 6-7 mm. é.

Hasirat:; Simla,

Antenne short, thick, distinctly tapering towards the apex; rufous

darker above and underneath towards the apex ; the scape paler, more

yellowish in tint. Head dark-rufous; the greater part of the vertex

black ; the front and vertex thickly covered with white pubescence,

Hyes large, slightly converging above. Ocelli more prominent than

usual ; the hinder pair are separated from each other by a distinctly

greater distance than they are from the eyes. Thorax ferruginous ; the

median segment, the parts bordering the sides of the scutellum and

the mesonotum, black ; it is smooth, shining and thickly covered with

a white pubescence. Scutellum prominent, narrowed towards the

apex, which is rounded. The metanotum is thickly covered wiih white

pubescence, Wings clear hyaline, the apex with a distinct cloud,

which commences shortly beyond the third transverse cubital nervure,

but does not reach to the extreme apex, which is hyaline ; the third

cellule is distinctly shorter than the second by about one-fourth ; the

third transverse cubital nervure has the upper half obliquely curved,

which makes the top of the cellule narrower tian the bottom; the

first recurrent nervure is received at the base of the apical third; the

second in the middle; the transverse basal nervure is interstitial.

Legs coloured like the thorax ; the hinder tibise and tarsi infuscated.

The tibize and tarsi are distinctly, but sparsely, spined. Abdomen

black ; the basal ventral segment rufous ; the apical segment is whitish-

yellow.

Comes nearest to P. lascivus, Cam. That species has only the upper

side of the thorax red; the basal half of the wings is hyaline; the

metanotum is not black, and it is transversely striated ; itis alsoa

larger species,

282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

POMPILUS ALCACUS, sp. nov.

Niger, abdominis basi late, tibiis femoribusque posterioribus rufis ;

alis hyalinis, apice fumatis. 9

Long: 6-7 m. m.

Hapirat : Deesa.

Front and vertex shining, aciculated, almost bare ; the face and

clypeus densely covered with silvery pubescence ; the apex of clypeus

broadly transverse. Mandibles broadly rufousat the base. Antennze short

and thick. Thorax densely pruinose which gives it a white appearance.

The pronotum is fully Jonger than the head. The median segment is

more densely pruinose than the rest of the thorax ; it has no longitudinal

furrow. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the basal three segments are

entirely ferruginous. Wings hyaline, fuscous from the apex of the

radial cellule. Radial cellule short and wide ; there are three curves

in the radius ; the apical one being the larger and is itself slightly

obliquely curved towards the apex ; the second cubital cellule is large, the

third small, narrow ; at the top hardly one-fourth of the upper side of

the second ; it is narrowed at the top ; the first recurrent nervure is

received shortly beyond the apex of the basal third of the cellule ; the

second is almost united with the second transverse cubital. The trans-

verse median nervure is received beyond the transverse basal, clearly

separated from it. In the hind wings the apical nervures are faint,

almost obliterated ; the anal cellule is appendiculated.

Comes nearest, through its general colouration and alar neuration,

to P. zeus, Cam. That species is larger (8-9 m. m.) ; the apical abscissa of

the radius is rounded and is broadly curved downwards, the apex of the

cellule thus not being acutely pointed and the median nervure is

interstitial.

Pompi.us (PLANICEPS) CAROLI, sp. nov,

Niger, dense pruinoso ; alis hyalinis, apice fumatis. 9.

Long : 7-8 m.m.

Hasirat : Deesa.

The entire body densely covered with a silvery pile, which gives it a

greyish appearance. Antenne short ; the scape covered with silvery

pubescence. Head transverse behind; the eyes reach to the hinder

edge; in front it is slightly rounded ; the ocelli are in a curve (*.* ), not

forming a triangle; the hinder are separated from each other by a

slightly greater distance than they are from the eyes. Clypeus broadly

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 283

convex ; its apex in the middle transverse and with a distinct depressed

margin, The pronotum is shortly, but distinctly, longer than the

head; the median segment has a gradually rounded slope. The

mandibles are broadly rufous at the base. Legs long ; the hinder tarsi

and spurs have a brownish hue; the spines are stout. Wings clear

hyaline ; the apex from near the end of the radial cellule is smoky ;

the middle (second) cubital cellule is on the lower side longer than the

others ; the first recurrent nervure is received opposite the end of the

first abscissa of the radius; the second at a less distance from the end,

The anal nervure in the hind wings is almost, if not quite, interstitial,

as is also the transverse basal.

PomPiLus (PLANICEPS) HALYS, sp. nov.

Long: fere6m.m. @.

Hapitat: Deesa.

This species agrees closely with P. carol: here described, but may be

readily separated from it by the difference in the alar neuration; its

radial cellule is distinctly shorter and does not reach half way between

the end of the stigma and the apex of the wing, whereas in carolz it is

distinctly longer, it extending beyond the middle ; the middle cubital

cellule is also much shorter, it being not half the length of the apical,

whereas in caroli it is longer than it.

Antenne short and thick, the joints clearly separated, the apical

slightly dilated on the underside. yes slightly converging below, the

hinder ocelli are separated from each other by a distinctly greater

distance than they are from the eyes. Clypeus broadly convex ; its apex

transverse, the sides oblique. Occiput transverse. Pronotum slightly

larger than the head. Legs black, the spines long and black. Wings

hyaline, smoky from near the second transverse cubital nervure. Radial

cellule short, scarcely longer than the middle cellule, its apex acutely

pointed ; the middle cellule is about one-half the length of the apical ;

the recurrent nervures are received about the same distance from the base

and apex ; the transverse median nervure is received on the outer side of

the transverse basal and clearly separately from it; the anal nervure

in the hind wings is received behind the cubital. The entire body is

densely pruinose.

PoMPILUS (PLANICEPS) SIMLAENSIS, sp. nov.

Long: 6m. m. @.

Hasirat: Simla,

984 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

This species is very closely related to P. carole and P. halys, having

like them the wings clouded towards the apex; but the apical cloud is

not so deeply tinted ; itis broader, and it extends near to the first trans-

verse cubital nervure ; the middle cubital cellule is much shorter than

it is in carol? ; from halys it may be known by the longer and narrower

radial cellule.

Head transverse behind, rounded in front; smooth and shining; it

hardly projects beyond the middle behind ; the eyes are parallel and

hardly converge below ; the hinder ocelli are separated from each other

by a distinctly greater distance than they are from the eyes. The

apex of the clypeus is transverse in the middle at the apex ; it is rather

flat, not convex to any extent. Mandibles broadly rufous in the

middle. The radial and cubital cellules are smoky, but not deeply;

the cloud also extending below the cubitus ; in the cubital cellules the

cloud is divided in two by a narrow hyaline band placed beyond the

second transverse cubital nervure. Radial cellule elongate, lanceolate

at the apex; it is distinctly longer than the middle cubital cellule,

which is somewhat shorter than the apical abscissa of the cubitus ;

the basal nervure is roundly curved ; the transverse medium is about

interstitial. In the hind wings the anal nervure is received behind

the cubital. The antenne are stout; their middle and apical joints

are distinctly and roundly dilated on the lower side.

PoMPILUS (PLANICEPS) INDOSTANUS, sp. nov.

Niger, pruinoso ; alis clare hyalinis. @.

Long: 7 m. m.

Hasirat: Deesa.

Antenne as long as the abdomen; covered with a pale pile. Head

rounded in front, behind not quite transverse, being slightly rounded

inwardly. Tho eyes slightly converge above and reach close to the

base of the mandibles; the head behind them is fairly well developed,

being there about two-thirds of the width of the eyes; the hinder

ocelli are separated from each other by a distinctly greater distance

than they are from the eyes. The prothorax is not much longer than

the head. The spines on the legs are long and black. Wings clear

hyaline ; the radial cellule is elongate, narrow, sharply lanceolate at

the apex; the middle cubital celiule is distinctly longer than it, the

transverse basal nervure is interstitial; in the hind wings the anal

nervure is received distinctly behind the cubital.

Easily known by the clear byaline wings.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 285

APORUS- EXORUCIANS, sp. nov.

Niger, abdominis basi late rufo; alis fere hyalinis, apice fusco. g.

Long: 6 m.m.

Hasirat: Simla,

Head alntaceous, opaque; the face covered with silvery pubescence 5

the ocelli hardly form a triangle ; the hinder pair are separated from

the eyes by a slightly greater distance than they are from each other.

The eyes converge very slightly towards the bottom ; there iv a slight

curve on the inner side above. Mandibles rufous, black at the base.

Thorax opaque, covered with a pale pubescence. Legs long, black, with

a pale pubescence ; the sjines and calcaria are black, Wings fuscous-

hyaline, with a slight, but distinct, cloud on the apex, from the end of

the radial cellule. Radial cellule small; the apical two-thirds obliquely

narrowed ; the second cubital cellule is about the length of the radial ;

it is about as wide as Jong, rounded at the top; the cubital nervures

there are separated by slightly less thar the space bounded by the first

transverse cubital and the first recurrent nervures, which is received

near the apex of the apical fourth of the cellule ;. the second at a less

distance from the apex. The anal ¢-llule in the hind wings is short, its

apex not reaching to the middle, the seeond has a rounded curve $ the

recurrent nervures are received near the middle of the ecllules; the

transverse basal nervure is received distinctly in front of the transverse

basal. In the hind wings the anal nervure is interst-tial or nearly so.

On the abdomen, the basal, the second und the bare of the third s: g-

ment are red.

SPHEGIDA.

NoroGONIA PULCHERRIMA, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 7. 7a.)

Niera, abdominis basi late, apice pedibusque rufis; alis flavo-

hyalinis, apice fumiatis. 2.

Long: 17 ro.m.

Hasitat: Deesa.

Antenne covered with silvery pubesesnee ; black, The scape red.

Head black; the apex of the clypeus dull-red ; the front and e¢lypeus

covered with depressed silvery pubescence ; the lower part of the

- vertex is sparsely pilose. Mandibles broadly rufous in the middle ; the

base is covered with silvery pubescence ; the apical joints of the palp:

are dark-rufous, Thoras covered with a silvery pile, which has a more

golden hue on the mesonotum. The median segment is transverse 5 the

286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

metapleurz obliquely closely striated, Wings yellowisb-hyaline ; fus-

cous from the base of the radial cellule. Legs red ; the anterior coxe

and trochanters, the greater part of the middle coxee and the base of

the posterior coxze, black; the spurs and spires on the front legs are

dark-rufous ; on the four posterior legs they are black. The basa! two

segments of the abdomen and the last segment are red ; the segments

are bordered witn silvery pubescence, the pile on the pygidium is

silvery.

The ¢ is similarly coloured, except that the scape is black. A

distinct and handsome species.

GASTROSERICUS RUFITARSIS, sp. nov.

Niger, dense albo piloso, basi abdominis, geniculis tarsisque rufis ;

alis hyalinis, coste stigmateque testaceis, nervis fuscis. 9.

Long,: 9 m.m.

Hapitat: Deesa.

Antenne black, thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the apex

of the scape pale-yellow. Head black; the front thickly covered with

longish grey hair; the cheeks and clypeus with longish, depressed

bright-silvery pubescence; the vertex is sparsely haired; the ocellar

region is closely and distinctly punctured; behind with an oblique slope,

and smooth and shining; the vertex minutely, but not very closely,

punctured ; it is obliquely depressed towards the centre, where there is

a narrow longitudinal furrow. Mandibles pallid yellow at the base,

where they are covered with depressed silvery pubescence; the apex

black, rufous behind. Thorax thickly covered with white pubescence,

it is longest and thickest on the apical slope of the median segment ;

the mesonotum and scutellum closely and distinctly punctured; the

median segment rugose. Wings clear hyaline, with a steelly irides-

cence; the costa and stigma are rufo-testaceous, the nervures darker ;

the radial cellule is short, its apical abscissa is straiglit and has a slightly

oblique slope; the lower abscissa projects beyond it as a short stump 5

the cubital cellule is much narrowed on the top; the recurrent ner-

vures are united and are received near the basal fourth of the cellule.

Legs thickly covered with silvery pubese nce ; all the tarsi and the base

and apex of the tibiz are rufous; the tibial and tarsal spines are pale.

Abdomen black ; the basal segment and the second, except at the apex,

rufous; the apex of the segments marked with bright silvery pubes-

cence; the pygidium is covered with depressed silvery pubescence.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 287

A species closely related to G. wroughtonz, but distinctly smaller and

more slenderly built. The differences between them may be expressed

thus—

Length—11 m.m.

The tarsi for the greater part black; the upper part of the

second transverse cubital nervure is straight and makes an

elbow below with the larger lower portion; the lower

part of the second recurrent nervure broadly rounded.—

Wroughtoni.

Length—9 m.m.

The tarsi rufous; the upper part of the second transverse cubi-

tal not sharply elbowed on its lower end; the lower part

rufitarsis of the second recurrent nervure.

OXYBELUS AURIFRONS, sp. nov.

Niger, flavo-maculato, fronte aureopiloso, pedibus posticis nigris,

basi tibiarum tarsisque flavis. 9.

Long: 5-6 m.m.

Hasrrat : Deesa.

Scape of antenne yellow, lined with black above ; the flagellum

rufous, the base blackish above. Head black ; the front thickly cover-

ed with golden pubescence ; the vertex closely punctured and covered

with silvery pubescence, which does not hide the sculpture. Clypeus

broadly projecting in the middle ; the sides of the keel with an oblique

slope on the sides; the apex has also an oblique, rounded slope above

and does not project much. Mandibles more or less rufous, the base

broadly yellow. Thorax black; a line on the pronotum, the scutel-

lum, except down the centre and at the apex, the post. scutellum with

its spines, the tubercles and the tegulae, yellow. Mesonotum

closely and strongly punctured ; the scutelium is more strongly, but

not quite so closely, punctured, and is stoutly keeled down the middle;

the post-scutellum is broadly and roundly raised in the middle; the

lateral laminze are roundly curved outwardly ; the apex sharp ; it becomes

gradually wider towards the base on the inner side ; the spine is long,

curved, of nearly equal width, hollowed above ; the apex in the middle

triangalarly incised. The median segment is irregularly obliquely

striated ; the strize are placed at irregular distances ; the middle of the

segment is hollowed and is free from striz ; its apex is sharply obliquely

pointed. Legs black; the underside and apex of the fore femora, their

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. ATV.

tibiee and tarsi, the middle knees, the tibiew, except broadly above, the

base of the hinder tibize and the tarsi, yellow. Wings clear hyaline ;

the nervures and stigma black. Abdomen black, with two large broad

marks on each segment.

PSEN CARINIFRONS, sp. nov.

Niger, mandibulis, scapo antennarum, linea pronoti, scutello, post-

scutello, pedibus anterioribus tiblisque posticis flavis ; abdominis medio

rufo late maculato ; alis hyalinis ; nervis stigmateque nigris. ¢.

Long ; fere 7 m.m.

Hasitat : Deesa.

Antennz black, stout ; the scape and second joint straw-yellow ; the

flagelluia brownish beneath towards the apex and base. Head black ;

the vertex smooth, shining ; the front minutely and closely punctured;

the lower part of the face and the clypeus thickly covered with

depressed silvery pubescence ; between the antennee is a stout, project-

ing keel, which becomes triangularly widened below the antenne.

Mandibles and palpi straw-yellow; the mandivular teeth black; the

palpi yellow. Thorax shining ; the edge of the pronctum, the tubercles,

scutellum and post-scutellum straw-yellow. Median segment reticu-

lated, broadly furrowed down the middle, the furrow not margined ; the

base of the segment is smooth; the narrow depression at the base is

striated ; pro- and meso-pleurze smooth and shining ; the furrows crenulat-

ed; the metapleuree reticulated ; the reticulations are closer and more

regular than they areon the metanotum. The four front legs are straw-

yellow, as are also the hinder tibiee; the hinder cox, except at the

apex, the femora, the apex of the tibise and of the tarsi, black. Wings

clear hyaline; the first and second transverse cubital nervures are

parallel and oblique; the first recurrent nervure is interstitial; the

second is received shortly beyond the second transverse cubital, almost

touching it. Abdomen black ; the second segment is rufous to shortly

beyond its middle; the petiole is longer than usual, being as long as

all the rest of the abdomen united in the g; it is largely nodose at

the apex.

This species is easily known by the presence of a pointed plate be-

tween the antenne. The only species known, similarly armed, is

P. annulipes, Cam., from Central America, for which Kohl. (Ann. d.k. |

k. Hof. Mus. Wien, 1896, p. 292) formed a distinct section of the -

genus. Apart from this structural peculiarity it differs from the other

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW UYMENOPTERA, 289 ©

species in having the median segment more recularly reticulated ; the

” at its base is not of a triangular form and extends to

“ enclosed area

the sides, while in the other species it is continued to the centre and is

more regularly bordered by furrows; the segment itself is larger com-

pared to the rest of the thorax; the petiole is longer than usual and is

more distinctly dilated at the apex. In the hind wings the apical ner-

vures are obliterated ; the transverse anal nervure is received behind the

cubital, the discoidal nervure being obliterated entirely. In the fore-

wings the transverse basal nervure is received shortiy behind the trans-

verse basal.

PSEN RETICULATUS, sp. nov.

Niger; nitidus, capite thoraceque dense albo pilosis: alis hyalinis,

nervis stigmatique nieris. 2 et g.

Long : 10-i1 m.m.

Hasirat : Deesa.

Scape of antennze bearing white hairs; the flagellum densely covered

with white pubescence. Front and vertex smooth and shining ; cover-

ed with longish white hair; the face and clypeus densely covered with

silvery pubescence, which is more dense on the face than on the elypeus.

The clypeus is broadly roundly convex; its apex broadly projects in

the middle ; the projesting part has a broad, shallow incision ; its sides

are oblique. Thorax smooth and shining; the basal area of the median

segment is stoutly longitudinally keeled, except in the middle, where

there is a wide shallow furrow, which is bordered by keels, becomes

wider gradually towards the apex and bears a few transverse keels at

the base ; in the middle are a few stouter keels, from which the furrow

is continued to the apex of the segment; on the apical slope is, on

either side of this furrow, a large shallow somewhat semicircular furrow,

bordered on the inner side by a stout keel; from the centre of this

area two stout keels run to the sides, these being divided by an

irregular curved one in tre centre. The basal furrow on the meso-

pleuree is crenulated, the longitudinal one issmovth and narrower. The

apex of the metapleurze is bordered by a keel, beyond which is another

more irregular one, the two enclosing between them the stigma, below

which are three or four stout keels. Wings clear hyaline; the second

recurrent nervure is interstitial. Legs covered with long soft white

hair; the spurs are pale. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the long-

curved petiole is covered with long white, sott hairs,

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Comes nearest to P. orentalis, Cam. ; is easily separated from it by the

different form of the median segment ; in it the enclosed space is finely,

not stoutly, longitudinally striated, and the apical slope of the segment

is not broadly and deeply furrowed. The black on the thorax has a

plumbeous hue; the pygidial area is clearly defined ; it is smooth and

shining at the base; the apex is opaque and has some irregular punc-

tures on the sides. ‘The striz on the median segment give it a reticu-

lated appearance, especially on the sides.

ALYSON TESTACEITARSIS, sp. nov.

Niger, nitidis, scapo antennarum, mandibulis orbitisque oculorum.

infra albis ; alis hyalinis, fusco bifasciatis, 9.

Long: 6 m.m.

Hapirat : Simla.

Antenne black; the scape pale-yellow beneath. Head black; a

line on the inner orbits reaching from shortly above the middle to

shortly below the base of the antennz, a mark on either side of the

middle of the clypeus and the mandibles, except the teeth, pale-yellow.

Thorax entirely black, covered with short pale pubescence ; the median

segment irregularly, transversely and obliquely striated; the central

area is elongate ; it bears two keels in the centre at the base, which

reach to beyond the middle and diverge outwardly at the apex ; the

space between and on either side of them is smooth ; from its apex a

stout keel runs down to the end of the segment. The base of the pro-

notum is depressed and clearly separated from the larger raised apical

part. Pleuree smooth and shining; the upper art of the mesopleuree

is raised ; on the sides, at the top of the apical slope of the median seg-

ment, is a short, stout tooth, Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma

blackish; the latter pale at the base; there is a fuscous cloud along

the outer side of the transverse basal nervure and a broader oblique one

occupying the radial cellule, except its apex, and extending through

the cubital cellules to the posterior border. Legs black; the anterior

coxe in front, the greater part of the front trochauters, the base of

the fore femora and the whole of the front tarsi, pale-testaceous ; the

four hinder tarsi are of a darker testaceous colour. Abdomen smooth

and shining ; the twospots white ; the pygidium is covered with depressed

silvery pubescence and with some longish hair ; its edges are testaceous.

The head and thorax are covered with silvery pubescence ; the apex of

the abdomen and the ventral segment sparsely with long silvery hair,

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 291

Allied to A. annulines, Cam., which, inter alia, differs in having the

apical slope of the median segment areolated.

ALYSON ERYTHROTHORAX, sp. nov,

Niger, thorace rufo ; scapo antennarum subtus, clypeo, mandibulis,

lineaque orbitis oculorum flavis ; pedibus nigris, tibiis anterioribus an-

ticiss basique tibiarum posticarum albis ; alis hyalinis, apicefumatis. 9.

Long : 4 m.m.

HasitaT : Simla.

Antenne black ; the scape yellow below. Head thickly covered

with silvery pubescence ; the front closely and distinctly punctured ;

the lower half of the inner orbits, the clypeus and the mandibles,

yellow ; the apices of the mandibles piceous. Thorax rufous ; the

lower part of the mesopleure and the breast black : it is thickly cover=

ed with white pubescence ; the propleure striated in the middle ; the

mesonotum closely and distinctly punctured ; the scutellum more ob-

scurely punctured. Modian segment rather strongly and irregularly

transversely striated ; the central area is rounded at the apex ; the

apical slope is oblique ; its central keel is stout ; shortly below its

middle is a transverse one, and below this is another shorter transverse

keel. Logs black ; the apices of the four anterior coxe, the apex of

their trochanters, the four anterior tibiee in front, and the base of the

hinder tibiz, white ; the tarsi testaceous. Wings hyaline ; the apex

from the middle of the stigma smoky ; the transverse cubital nervures

are interstitial. Abdomen smooth and shining,

Allied to Alyson ruficolle, which may be known from it by the two

keels on the median segment being not united at the apex ; the pro-

pleurze are not striated ; the hair on the front and vertex is black and

the wings have not a distinct cloud on the apex.

VESPID.

ZETHUS INTERSTITIALIS, sp. nov.

Niger, sparse flavo maculato, dense albo piloso ; alis hyalinis, antice

fumato ; tegulis rufis ; cellula cubitali 2* appendiculata. @.

Long : 10 m.m,

Hasirat : Matheran, in March.

Antenne black ; the scape marked with yellow towards the apex ;

the flagellum rufous beneath at the apex. Clypeus sparsely punctured

and covered with a microscopic down; on its top is an irregular

292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

yellow mark which is broader than long ; the apex is narrowed in the

middle and is broadly, but not deeply, incised. The front und vertex

are strongly and closely punctured and covered with silyery pubes-

cence. Mandibles smooth and shining ; keeled along the inner and

outer sides above. Thorax closely, uniformly and rather strongly

punctured ; the median segment more closely, and not quite so dis-

tinetly as the mesothorax. Shortly behind the apex of the middle of

the scutellum are two curved yeliow marks; in front of it, on the

meso otum, is a short, longitudinal furrow. Legs black ; the apex of

the four anterior femora, an! the four anterior tibiee, except behind,

yellow. Wings hyaline ; the costil and the radial cellule for the

greater part smoky ; the second cubital cellule is narrowed at the top,

the two transversy cubital nervures being united there ; the third

cellule is widest at the top ; the cubitus does not extend beyond it.

The petiole isas long as the rest of the abdomen united ; it is not

much widened towards the apex ; above it is irregularly punctured ;

the sides are rufous except at the base and apex ; its apex and the apex

of the second segment yellow. The seccnd segment is bell-shaped,

roundly narrowed at the base, the apex transverse,

The pronotum above is transverse ; its edges project sharply ; in

addition to two short central furrows on the apex of the meso-

notum there is a somewhat longer curved one on either side of them ;

there is no groove or keel on the median seoment, the apex of which

is roundly incised, the sides projecting into bluntly rounded yellowish

teeth ; its apex hasa perpendicular slope ; the base of the petiole is

not perceptibly narrowed.

The & has the clypeus yellow except at the apex where it projects

into two teeth ; the apical joint of the antenne is short, longer than

broad ; the spine is longer than it. ze!

The form of the wing coellules is as in Labus ; the petiole is not

narrowed at the base as in typical Zethus ; the antenne are placed dis-

tinctly above the top of the clypeus ; the mandibles havea large,

rounded sub-apical tooth, which is clearly separated ; they are of

moderate length ; the scutellum is flat, separated from the mesonotum

by a furrow ; its apex behind the yellow marks is stoutly, longitudi-

nally striated.

This species cannot be referred to any described species of Zethus or

Labus, with which genus or sub-genus it agrees better than it does with

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 293

typical Zethus, It differs from Labus humbertianus, Saussure, in its

post-scutellum not being spined. ZL, humbertianus, Bingham (Fauna

of India, Hymen., i., p. 349) is probably a different species from

the humberitanus of Saussure. At least Col. Bingham in his des-

eription makes no mention of the presence of a scutellar spine.

Tam inclined to agree with the opinion of Mr. W.J. Fox (Proc.

Acad. of Nat. Sc. of Phil., 1899, p. 435) and of Saussure (Synop. of

Am. Wasps, p. 56) that there is no valid distinction between Labus and

Zethus,

294

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA,

By G. W. Kirxatpy, F.ES.

With Plates A, B and C.

(Continued from page 58 of this Volume.)

Group EvcERrocoRaRiA.

= Valdasaria auctt. (11)

Of this group, which is easily recognised by the doubly constricted

pro-notum and the acutangular membrane cell, there are three Oriental

genera :—

A. Seutellum, with a process arising more or less perpendicularly

from the disk. ¢ Pro-notum blackish or brownish;

Q pro-notum yellowish or reddish.

1. Hetopettis, Sign., type H. antoniz, Sign.

Aa. Scutellum without a process—

& @ Similarly coloured.

B. Scutellum strongly sulcate.

2. PLATYPELTIS, Sign., type P. chinensis, Sign.

Bb. Scutellum only superficially suleate, often transversely

rugulose.

(11) Eucerocoris, Westw., 1835, is the oldest genus in the division,

3. DiIsPHINCTUS, Stal, type D. sahlbergz, Stal, Kirk.

Helopeltis has comparatively recently (12) been discussed by Water-

house and Atkinson, while Platypeltis is unknown to me. Disphinctus

humeralis has been recorded (13) as attacking cinchona in Mungphu in

Sikkim. Mr. Green has sent me two species from Ceylon—one from

Mesa indica and another closely allied to D. humeralis from a number

of plants. Walker's three oriental species of Monalonion (1873, Cat.

Heter. VI, 161—3), were placed by Atkinson (1889, Journ. As. Soe.,

Beng., LVIII, pt. 2, Suppl., p. 51) in Disphinctus, but VM. divisum,

Walk., is certainly not a Lsphinctus, and does not apparently belong

to any described genus ; as the unique type, however, is headless, its

exact systematic position must remain doubtful.

(12) Waterhouse, Trans. Ent, Soc,, 1886, pp. 457—60, Plate XI; 1888, p.. 207 ; and 1894,

pp. 31—2.

Atkinson, 1890, Ind. Mus. Notes, I, pp. 175—87, Plate XT, figs, 2—4.

(13) 1889, Ind. Mus, Notes, I, p.4 (Atkinson, Notes on Indian Insect Pests—Rhynchota).

Journ.Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. Plate B.

eee. S, phoe,2 7. GW.K. del) MainternBros lth.London.

ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA.

Jou, RoanlsenciNed Jie) DOG. PlateC.

MinternBros lith.London.

ORIENTAL IRIEISCINCHO WAS.

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 295

DIsPHINCTUS MHSARUM, sp. n.

Very hairy; second segment of antenne four times as long as the

first. (14) Pro-notum laterally rounded, subsinuate, furnished with

pale yellow hairs.

(14) I regret that Ihave seen only two examples of this distinct species, Of the mal

the antenne and elytra are missing, ; of the female, the apical two segments of the antennz.

Head yellowish-brown with a black clouded band at the base ; pro-

notum blackish-brown, anterior half more or less yellow-red-brown,

postero-lateral angles and a wedge-shaped longitudinal median line on

the basal half of posterior lobe, flavous. Scutellum flavous, apical

margin (‘base auctt.!) and lateral margins, black. Hlytra cine-

reous, basal half of clavus, apical third of corium and apex of

cuneus, blackish. Membrane infuscate. Beneath sordid reddish or

brownish-flavous ; pleura, posterior cox, genital segments, &e., black.

Antenne black, except base of first segment. Apical fourth of pos-

terior and intermediate femora and the tarsi, black. Anterior lobes

of pro-notum with black hair tuits.

Long. ¢ 63 mill.; 2 83 mill.

Crvton: Pundaluoya (E. E. G., Feb. 1899); punctures leaves of

Mesa indica.

D. FORMOSUS, sp. n.

Pl. A., fig. 10 ; and Pl. C., fig. 2. ;

Second segment of antenna four times as long as first, which is in-

crassate ; third four-sevenths longer than the second and twice as long

as fourth. Elytra very hairy (long, thick, pale hairs), Scutellum

transversely striate, Rostrum reaching to the middle of the meso-ster-

num, which is produced posteriorly in an acute spine. Head, pro-notum

and scutellum rufo-testaceous, anterior margin of pro-notum ruddier.

Eyes and antenne (except whitish or brownish basal third of first

segment) black. Hlytra cinereo-flavous ; apical third of corium, apex of

cuneus andentire membrane, infuscate. Legs testaceous, rufo-testaceous

apically ; tarsi blackish. Posterior lobe of pro-notum usually imma-

culate, but occasionally clouded at the base.

& Abdomen slightly constricted longitudinally in the middle,

broadened out at base of fourth segment ; carinate longitudinally

beneath ; connexivam subvertical, scarcely extending laterally beyond

elytra. Long. 5 mill., lat 15 mill® 7 ae

296 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Q@ Connexivum very broad, extending noticeably laterally beyond

elytra. Sheath extending to apex of fourth abdominal segment.

Long. 5°5 mill., lat 1°6 mill.

CrYLoN: Punctures, leaves of Solanum, sp. (Peradeniya [Reg. No.

145}, March 1900, E. E. Green) ; punctures, young leaves and

shoots of Peperonia, sp. (Kandy [Reg. No. 78], Dec. 24, 1899, H.

i. G.) ; punctures, young leaves of common Guava, Psidium guyava

(Peradeniya | Reg. No. 123], Jan. 1900, H. HK. G.) ; punctures, young

leaves of Acalypha, sp. (Badulla |Reg. No. 145] Feb. 1900, E. H. G.).

This species is allied to D. humeralzs (Walk.), but beyond the differ-

ence in antennal proportions, the posterior margin of the pro-notum in

D, formosus is nearly always immaculate, or at least only slightly

clouded, while in D. humeralis (of which there are a number of

specimens in the British Museum) there appear to be always two deep,

shining black, small, but very clearly and sharply defined, round pels,

one on each side, near the basal margin.

0. DUDGEONI, nom. n.

In the “Indian Museum Notes”, 1894, IIL, No. (5), pp. 33-8,

Mr, G. C. Dudgeon published some exceedingly interesting “ Notes on

the Oviposition of Helopeltis thetvora, Waterhouse (“Mosquito Blight”).

It is there noted that three species of Mesa, “ occurring in the Dar-

jeeling District, from 1,500 feet to 5,000 feet, are blighted in much the

same manner as tea.” It is not necessary to reprint the notes here, as

the paper will be in the hands of everyone interested in Oriental

Rhynchota. It is evident from the careful and lucid description that

the bug described without a name—an omission which 1 have pleasure in

remedying by proposing that of the author of the valuable observations—

belongs to Desphinctus, dittering by the proportions and colour of the

antenne, &c., from the other known species. The following is the

original description (1. ¢. No. 5, p. 87) :-—

“ @: Orange-red ; abdomen broad and concave on the upper side,

“ unmarked ; head transverse, short; eyes black and prominent:

“rostrum paler orange, thickened for the basal third of its length,

“ rather short, reaching just beyond the coxe of the anterior legs when

“ folded beneath ; antennz almost the same length as the whole body ;

“ first joint thickened, short reddish ; sacond long ; third shorter than

* second ; fourth short, all three black ; pro-notum and scutellum up-

“marked, orange red, the former lengthened, forming a rather long

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA, . . .. 297

“neck, the latter triangulate ; legs pale, semihyaline yellow, barred

“ with orange red on the femora ; the bases of the tibia also reddish ;_

“* hemelytra with the basal two-thirds cerneous and orange red, with a

“‘ triangular black spot on the costa ; the apical third fuscous,- hyaline

“ with a discal nervure orange; wings fuscous with the bases transparent :

“ costal and discocellular nervures reddish. The hemelytra project far

“beyond the abdomen longitudinally. Total length of insect g¢ & of

“an inch [= nearly 7 mill.]. The female only differs from the male

“in being slightly paler in colour and in the underside of the abdomen

“ having a curved, cerneous, black, shining ovipositor rising, as in H.

“‘ thewvors, Waterhouse, from the centre of the sixth segment and

“reaching to the eighth. ‘The fertilised 9 is streaked with whitish on

“ the underside of the abdomen. ‘Total length, 2 +5 to #4 of aminch.”

The ova are described and figured. . ee

“ Habitat.—Sikkim and Bhutan Himalayas, from 1,5(0 feet to 5,000

“feet: (G. C, Dudgeon), Foodplant, the young leaves of Mesa mén-

* Some specios of Convolvulus is also attacked by this or an allied

¢¢-form,”

It is noteworthy that while the sexes are dissimilarly coloured in.

Helopeltis, the males in that genus being characterised by a more sedate

appearance than that of their partners, in Désphinetus both sexes are

very similar, if not indeed indistinguishable, in that respect. In Helo-

pelts the pro-notum, &c., of the male is always, so far as known,

blackish ; that of female, reddish or yellowish. In Disphinetus, on the

other hand, both sexes of D. mesarum are blackish in general aspect ;

those of D. humeralis, D. dudgeoni and D. formosus, reddish.

Family Tinepa.

} ELasmocNaTHUs GREENI, Kirby, 1. c., p. 109, Pl. 1V, fig. 5.

Tt = LE. pallida, Kirby, 1. ¢., p. 110 (nov. syn.).

I do not think there is any doubt as to the correctness of this

piece yay

GALEATUS DARTHULA, sp. n.

Brachypterous: head armed with long spines, extending well Bes

yond its apex ; first segment of antennze reaching far beyond apex. of

head, three times as long as second, third segment eight times as long

as second, and three times as long as fourth. Lateral margins of pro-

notum-and elytra with a single series of areoles, carinw of the former

998 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

simple. Pro-notal vesicle spherical, anteriorly obtuse, not (or very

slightly) extending beyond apical margin of head or beyond the obtuse

anterolateral angles of pronotum.

Long. 384—34 mill.

-Qryton: Peradeniya (April 1900, E. E. Green), destructive to

foliage of Barleria cristata,an ornamental shrub. [Reg. No. 197.]

Type placed in British Museum.

Brownish-black ; vesicles, elytra, &c¢. (except nervures), transparent, :

colourless or slightly tinged with brownish ; antenne (except apical.

segment) and legs (except tarsi) pale testaceous.

This is, I believe, the first species of Galeatus recorded from the

Oriental Region, none of Walker’s species of Tingis or Monantha

belonging to this genus.

SAKUNTALA, gen. nov.

Subfamiliz Tinginarum [— Tingitariorum Stal] genus, Seephanitidz

Fieb. [ = Tingitidi, Leth., et Sev., nec Fabr.| subaffinis. Suleo

rostrali anteriorim occluso. Pro-noto tricarinato; lateribus laminato-

productis ; vesicula subglobosa; processu postico posteriorim acuto ;

sulco sternali longitudinali carina transversa haud interrupta. Orificiis

repugna torialibus distinguendis, Hlytrorum areis discoidali ac costali

haud conjunctim elevatis, areolis permultis subirregulariter instructis.

Typo S. ravana, Kirkaldyi.

Rostral channel anteriorly closed. Capital spines not extending be-

yond apex of head ; basal segments of antennz almost contiguous.

Pro-notum tricarinate, central carina anteriorly entire, longitudinally

traversing vesicle, posteriorly evanescent; sublateral carine anteriorly

evanescent. Vesicle subylobose, about one-fifth of total length of

pro-notum. Pro-notum laminately expanded as far laterally as lateral

margins of abdomen, the anterolateral angles being on a line with the

base of the head : the margins of this lamination are reflexed and sinuate,

irregularly quadrilateral. Pro-notal posterior process acute-angled.

Stink orifices distinguishable, but not strongly marginate. Sternal

sulcus not transversely interrupted. Discoidal and costal areas of elytra

not conjointly elevated, costa dilated, irregularly reticulate, base of

membrane contiguous with the posterior angle of pro-notal process.

In our present ignorance of Oriental Tingide (probably less than a

twentieth of the Tingid Fauna of that. Region being known) it is

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA, 299

not possible to indicate exactly the natural alliances of this genus,

which, however, seems to be structurally related to Stephanites, Fieber,

(Tingis of Lethierry and Severin’s Catalogue.)

S. RAVANA, Sp. 0.

Macropterous: rostrum reaching to posterior coxe ; antenne : two

basal segments very short, third nearly three times as long as the

fourth. Hind wings extending well beyond apex of abdomen, elytra

extending as far beyond hind wings.

Long. 63 mill.; lat. 84 mill.

CEYLON: Peradeniya (July 1897, KE. E. Green).

Antenne (except black apical segment), legs and underside of

abdomen reddish-brown. LHyes black. Capital spines pale flavous.

Pro-notum (except pale flavous posterior process) blackish-brown, with

very short deep bronze pubescence ; carinze, vesicles and elytra pale

golden flavous; elytra spotted and clouded with blackish (forming an

irregular transverse band across the middle), especially on the membrane.

Hind wings infuscate.

The nymph is remarkable for being laterally greatly expanded, each

thoracic and abdominal segment (except the last two abdominal)

sending out a stout subcylindric, long, prickly, lateral spine.

Family Repuvopé,

Ecrricnopia, Lep. Serv.

The genera Letrichodia, Kctrychotes, and Physorhynchus have been

admitted in the third volume of Lethierry and Severin’s Catalogue for

(say) laterales, Lep. Serv., heematogaster, Burm., and lucidus, Lep. Serv.

respectively. However much authors may disagree as to certain details

of procedure in the fixation of genotypes, there are surely two cases

in which no doubt can arise, vz. :—

(1) when a new genus is proposed for a single species ; and

(2) when, at the erection of a new genus, the author indicates a

certain species as the type.

Dieerichediy was founded by Lepeletier and Serville (1825, Enc. Meth.,

X, p. 279) for a single species, wz., their previously described Reduvius

eruciatus (= Cimex crux, Thunb., 1783), and this species must therefore

be the type. Lctrychotes cannot stand, since it was avowedly an

orthographical alteration of Ketrichodia, and was intended by Burmeister

merely to replace that name. Physorhynchus, Am. Serv. (founded for

cru, Thunb., lucidus, Lep. Serv., and barbzcornis, Fabr.) +5 IS co- extensive

(? syntypical) with Eetrichodia, hop. Serv.

300 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

The following synonymy is therefore necessary :—

(L) Ratatwia, Stal., 1859.

= Ketrichodia, Stal., 1874; Leth. Sev., 1896,

type, crudelis, Stal = ruficolis, Stal.

(B) Laryuna, Stal, 1859.

== Loricerus, Hahn. (p.p.), 1831 (invalid as not described,

also name preoccupied).

= LKctrychotes, Leth. Sev., 1896,

type albipennis, Guer., = violacea, Hahn.

(V) etrichodia, Lep. Serv., 1825.

= Lortcerus, Hahn. (p.p.), 1831, not described.

= Ketrychotes, Burm., 1835.

= Physorhynchus, Am. Serv, 1843; Leth. Sev., 1896.

= Hematorrhophus, Stal, 1874.

Type, cruz, Thunb. = cruciatus, Lep. Serv.

EicTRICHODIA HORRENDA, sp. Nov.

Shining, smooth, polished, the abdomen rugose only on the connexi-

va and on the 6th abdominal segment above and sparingly on the

3—5th segments above laterally. Apical margins of abdominal seg-

-ments 1—4 serrvlate along their entire length. Pro-notum constricted

at the basal fourth. Anterior femora with one strong spine in the

middle beneath, intermediate femora with two rows of two, posterior

with a double row of one. Beneath, smooth, polished. Pro- and meso-

-sterna sulcate, the sulcation transversely striate. Meta-sternal tubercle

lightly carinate.

Long. 22}—23 mill. ; lat. 103 mill.

Inpra: (Colls., Edwards and Kirkaldy).

Upper surface bronze-green ; legs (except coxa), sterna, &c., violet-

black. Ventral surface greenish-black.

~ Distinguished by the colour and the comparative smoothness of the

abdominal segments above.

i. LINNEI, Stal.

Ectrichodia linné?, Stal, 1859, O. V. A. F., p. 178, g macr.

+ E. discrepans, Walker, 1873, Cat. VIII, p. 46, o macr., é ?

apt. (nov. syn.).

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 301

Physorhynchus linnet and tuberculatus, Stal, 1874, Svensk, daka,

Handl., p. 49; Reuter, 1881, Act. Sci. Fonn., XID, p. 32. 2g 9

apt. (nov. syn.).

The pilosity of the antenna is a sexual character, and the difference in

the structure of the pro-notum (in ‘ linnéi’ and ‘ tuberculata *) is doubt-

less due to the fact that linnéi represents the macropterous form, and

tuberculata the almost or quite apterous form. I have examined a

series of Hctrichodia in the British Museum, and have now before me

2 8 & linné: and three quite apterous Q tuberculata ; I have no doubt

but that they are the same species. They are all from Ceylon. The

colour of the connexiva varies somewhat ; in some individuals entirely

bright scarlet, in others black with a sharply defined narrow

exterior margin of scarlet, while in others the colours are confused, a

neutral tint occupying the greater part of the connexiva.

Family Gurrip&.

A synoptic revision of the Oriental Gerrine (Gerris, Cylindro-

stethus, Ptclomera, Metrocoris, &c.) is nearly completed, and I ask Orienta}

Collectors to favour me with their duplicates (a few of each in alcohol,

if possible). I want particularly fresh examples of Germs Aluviorum,

Fabr. (? = armatus, Spin.).

Family Pyrrfocorip&.

Dysprercus, Am. Serv.

A number of species have been recorded from the Oriental Region,

but have not yet been revised on structural characters. The worker in

India and Ceylon will probably be correct, however, in referring his

captures to D. cinguLatus (Fabr.). The principal synonyms are

appended :

D. cincuLatus (Fabr.).

Pl, A, figs. 11 and 12.

= Cimex cingulatus, Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 719.

= C. kenigi, Fabr., 1. ¢., p. 720.

= Lygeus olivaceus, Fabr., 1798, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 540.

= Pyrrhocoris keenigi, Hahn., 1834, Wanz. Ins., I, fig. 122.

= P. poecilus, H. Schiff, 1844, 1. c., VII, fig. 699.

= L. solenis, H. Schiiff, 1. ¢., fig. 700.

= P. pyrrhomelas, H. Schiff, 1. ¢., fig. 702. (nov. syn.)

= Dysdercus Sidae, Montr. 1861 Ann. Soc. Ent. France p. 68.

(nov. syn.)

802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Normally (in Ceylon) deep scarlet ; antennse (except the base of the

first segment), eyes, membrane and a spot of variable size on the corium,

tibive, tarsi, &c., black ; anterior margin of pro-notum pale yellowish-

red. Sterna and venter adorned with ten transverse white stripes. In

some examples the femora and the sublateral stripe on the anterior part

of the pro-notum are more or less blackish ; in others the elytra,

pro-notum, &c., are yellowish or yellowish-green instead of red.

Long. ¢ 10—14 mill. 9 14—16 mill.

Ivyp1a : Cawnpore, Seringapatam, Cossipore, Kirkee, &c. CrYLon :

Peradeniya, Hambantotta, Pundaluoya, &e. JAVA, SuMATRA, BorNzO,

New Guinea, Cocuin Cnina, Caixa, Paruippines, New CaLEponia,

New Hesripes, Loyaury Isbanps, AUSTRALIA, &c. Principally from

Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), but also recorded from Bottle Gourds

(Lagenaria vulgaris), Muskmallow (Hibiscus abelmoshus) and Cabbage

(Brassica oleracea).

The genus Dysdercus is well known for the injury it causes to Cotton,

though more notorious perhaps in the New World than in the Old.

In the former, D. suturellus (Schatf) and D. andree (Linn.), and in

the latter, D. cingulatus (Fabr.), are “ cotton-stainers.” Having received

nymphs in three instars from Mr. Green, I have been able to construct

a skeleton life history of the last-named, filling in some of the gaps

from the details known of the American species (15) ; but as a good

deal still remains to be done, and I hope to be able to examine other

stages later on, the instars actually examined have not been described

here. It may, however, be interesting to note that these three stages

are apparently structurally separable from the corresponding stages of

D. suturellus, figured and described by Riley and Howard.

Family Lyeama == Coreide auctt.

Sub-family Nanna,

= Berytide, Leth. and Sev.

HUBERTIELLA, gen, nov.

Cardopostetho, Fieberi affinis, capite supra convexo, rostro meta-

sterni marginem apicalem attingente, segmento-primo capite breviore.

Pronoto posterius elevato, trituberculato posterius ; meso-sterno ac

meta-sterno sulcatis orificiis, meta-sternalibus permagnis. Scutello

brevi, subhemispheericali, spina lenga ac curvata basim terminata.

Typo H. cardamomi, Kirk.

eee a a

(15) See Riley and Howard “ The Redbug or Cotton-stainer, ’’ 1889, Insect Life, I,

pp. 234—42.

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 303

Head above convex, arched, prolonged in front over the frons ; ros-

trum reaching to apical margin of meta-sternum, basal segment shorter

than head, reaching about as faras base of ecelli. Antenne : first

segment twice as long as second, third one-third longer than second

and one-half longer than fourth which is thickened. Pro-notum pos-

teriorly elevated, trituberculate posteriorly, also tricarinate, the carinz

not reaching the sinuate posterior margin, Meso-and meta-sternum

sulcate, meta-sternal pneustocera (16) very large. Scutellum short,

subhemispherical, terminated basally by a long, curved spine. Tarsi

trisogmentate, first segment longer than the other two together, third

longer than the second.

Apparently allied to Cardopostethus, Fieb., but differing in the points

enumerated.

H. CARDAMOM, sp. 0.

IDE OG aie, MG, etal Jee (On ne

Head and anterior lobe of pro-notum brown with yellowish hairs,

posterior lobe yellow with large golden punctures ; antennz and legs

yellow, thickly granulated with black ; fourth segment of antenne

black except at the apex. yes black. Head beneath and sterna

blackish with yellow hairs, Elytra hyaline, membrane infuscated.

Abdomen dorsally pale red-brown ; ventrally the same colour with an

obscure sublateral fuscate line, the whole thickly covered with very

short pale hairs.

Long. 6 mill.

CzYLon: Pundaluoya (June 1898, EH. E.G.) “Common on the

under-surface of leaves of Cardamom, Flettaria cardamomum” (BH. H. G.).

Sub-family Hyer.

= Lybantaria, Stal, 1873.

DISTANTIDEA, gen. nov.

Colpura, Berge, affinis, sed magis depressa ; capite subporrecto, multo

longiore quam inter oculos latiore ; rostro longissimo, segmento primo

pone capitis basin distincte extenso; antennarum segmento quarto

tertio multo breviore. Pronoti marginibus lateralibus apicem versus

inerscutello plano. lyiris completis, membrane venis furcatis, hic et

lic mibus ; anastomosantibus. Femoribus posticis nec incrassatis nec

denticulatis Abdomine sulco destituto. Typo D. vedda, Kirk.

(16) “ Athemhérner” of Fieber 1859, Wien. Ent. Mon, ILI, 207, but they appear to be

the orifices of the stink glands,

304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Depressed, head subporrect, much longer than wider between the

eyes ; juga and tylus well produced; slightly constricted behind the

eyes. Kyes prominent, globose, situated at some distance from the base

of the head. Ocelli distinct, nearer to the eyes than to one ancther.

Antenne slender, long (except the shorter, subincrassate fourth seg-

ment) ; rostrum very long, first segment extending distinctly beyond

the base of the head. Lateral margins of pro-notum unarmed, but

slightly prominent anteriorly ; scutelium unarmed. Meso- and meta-

sternum widely and deeply furrowed, elytra complete, nervures of the

membrane fumate, here and there anastomose. Posterior femora

neither incrassate nor denticulate. Apical angles of the abdominal

segments obsoletely prominent ; abdomen ventrally not suleate. Con-

nexiva extending beyond lateral margins of tue elytra. This remark-

able genus, which is named after my friend, Mr. W. L. Distant, to

whose labours so much of our knowledge of Oriental Rhynchota is due,

appears to be very distinct both in structure and facies from any other

Lybantine.

D. VEDDA, sp. n.

Plate A, fig. 15, and Plate C, fig. 3.

Finely and coarsely granulate and covered with short golden pube-

scence. Tylus very slightly longer, and much more elevated than the

juga; antennee (irserted at sides of head between the apex and eyes,

distant from either) four anda third times longer than the head;

second segment one-half longer than the first and one-third longer than —

the third, which is two-thirds longer than the fourth. There is a trans-

verse furrow in front of the eyes, and at right angles to it, a short,

longitudinal median furrow which forks right and left in semicircular

furrows. Lateral margins and base of pro-notum sinuate, the former

reflexed. First segment of anterior tarsi one-fourth longer than the

second and third together; third twice as long as second apex of cor-

nimacute.

3d Rostrum reaching to apex of 6th segment ; connexiva more

parallel-sided, not extending far beyond lateral margins of elytra, which

generally extend as far as apex of abdomen. Leng. 16 mill.

9 Rostrum reaching to apex of 5th segment ; abdomen literally

rounded, connexiva extending farther beyond lateral margins of elytra

which do not in general extend so far as the apex of the abdomen,

Long. 194—20 mill.

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA. 305

Pale fuscous, mottled and spotted with dark fascous and black.

Base of 2nd and 8rd middle of 4th antennal segments pale greenish,

testaceous. Connexiva and legs banded with dark fuscous, pale fuscous,

and testaceous. Base of elytra narrowly sanguineous (concealed by

pro-notum); membrane pale purplish-brown, at the base pale fuscous

with four large irregular black spots. Venter sordid fascous, with a

broad blackish sublateral longitudinal band ; spiracles pallid-bordered.

Abdomen dorsally sanguineous.

Cryton: Kandy (E. E. G. XI, 1897.—) Collns., Green and Kir-

kaldy. The types (o @) have been placed in the British Museum,

Sub-family BracHyTiInz.

= Daladeride, Leth. and Severin.

BRACHYTES BICOLOR, Westw.

Plate A, fig. 13, and Plate C, fig. 4.

The type of the genus, occurring in India and Ceylon. Specimens

were sent me by Mr. Green, with the information that they were

“ swarming in a tangled mass of Asparagus falcatus” in the Royal

Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya [Reg. No. 10]. “ During the daytime

they congregate in a mass in the very centre of the plant.” The

stinkglands in the imago emit a “ strong—rather sweet—scent of

Jargonelle,” which perfumed the alcohol in which the specimens were

preserved, and the bugs themselves retained the odour for several weeks

after transference to my cabinet. .

Three nymphs were also sent, which, despite the difference in their

size and in the development of the wing cases, clearly belong to the

same instar, doubtless the last. One of the larger is depicted on Pl, 1,

fig. 14, and the following description is added :—

Head, antennz, legs, &e., strongly granulate. Head sulculate

anteriorly just behind and between the antenniferous tubercles which

are stout and very prominent. Second segment of antenne one-half

longer than first, very slightly longer than third which is very slightly

longer than fourth, Rostrum reaching to apical margin of meso-

sternum. Pro- and meso-notum very narrowly and superficially sulcu-

late longitudinally, the former sparingly granulate, more strongly

laterally and posteriorly. Pro-notum widened and elevated posteriorly

24 times as wide posteriorly as anteriorly ; lateral and posterior margins

sinuate : apex of elytral cases reaching (in the largest specimen) to

about the middle of the second abdominal segment. Hach of the femora

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

with a small spine near the apex. ‘Tarsi 2-segmentate, the segments

subequal, Abdomen notably rounded laterally, twice as broad across

centre as the pro-notum between posterior angles: finely and sparingly

granulate above, also very closely punctured beneath the nymph-skin ;

apical margin of second segment very slightly and narrowly excavated

medianly, third and fourth narrowly, but deeply, excavated, a large

glandflap being present (17), 5th sinuate widely, but superficially, 6th

roundly and superficially excavate. Three genial segments present, the

third truncate posteriorly. Spiracles large, round near the lateral

margins of the abdomen.

Long. (No. 1) 113 mill., (Nos. 2 and 3) 18 mill. ; lat.(No. 1) 7

mill., (Nos. 2 and 3) 11 mill.

Somewhat dull scarlet, lighter on abdomen. Antenne, lateral mar-

gins of head, lateral and posterior margins of pro-notum, legs (except

coxe), lateral margins of wing-cases, apical margins of abdominal seg-

ments, stinkgland flaps, and lateral margin (in part) of abdomen black.

Sub-family MyopocHin.£.

Myodochus, Latr.

The type of this genus was fixed by Leach in 1815 as tepuloides (de

Geer), although authors have almost to a man accepted for this posi-

tion serripes, a totally different bug, belonging indeed to another

family, and despite the fact that serrzpes is not an original species

and therefore cannot, under any circumstances, become the type of

the genus. The following synonymy will be noteworthy :—

1. Family GHOCORID = Lygzide, Auctt.

Genus CurroLerTses, Kirby, 1837.

= Myodochus, Oliv., 1811.

= Myodocha, Auctt.

Type raptor, Kirby = serripes (Oliv.).

2. Family LYGHIDA = Coreide, Auctt.

Genus Myopoona, Latr., 1807.

= Leptocorise, Latr., 1825.

= Leptocorisa, Latr., 1829, et auctt.

Type tipuloides (de Geer).

(17) From the abdominal glands, these nymphs “ pour forth a viscid, brownish-orange ,

stinking fluid which disiolves readily in alcohol, staining it the colour of Icdine,’—

(E, E, G, in litt., Oct. 24, 1899.)

MEMOIRS ON ORIENTAL RHYNCHOTA., 307

The well-known rice-pest, formerly termed Leptocorisa acuta (Thunb.),

belongs to this genus, and should now be known as Myodocha acuta

(Thunb.).

Localities.

Diundubia spinosa (Fabr.), British Borneo (a fine @ of the var., with

somewhat spotted tegmina, expanding 137 mm., Coll., Edwards).

Phymatostetha stellata (Guér), British Borneo (Coll., Edwards).

Cosmoscarta octopunctata (Am. Serv.), BritishBorneo (Coll., Edwards).

Aspongopus brunneus (Thunb.). Cryton: Pundaluoya (Sept. 1897,

li. E. Green, one specimen), not previously recorded from Ceylon.

ADDENDUM.

On p>. 49, Polydictya Krisna was described (PI. A., fig. 4). Although

accordiiag with the short descriptions of Burmeister and Stal, it is

evidentlly not a true Polzdzctya ; the latter genus having much broader

elytra arid wings (the latter also more lobate) and a differently shaped

head, while the wings are much more densely reticulate. It is there-

fore necesisary to erecta new genus,

THAUMASTODICTYA.

Vertice oculis circiter quadruplo latiore, basi leviter obtuse

emarginato. Fronte aeque lata ac ionga, basi obtusa, levissime reflexe,

processu dest ituta, marginibus lateralibus sat sinuatis, sursum subangu-

stata, apicem: versus utrimque sublobata ; basi obtusangulato, apice

ampliata et clypeo distincte latiore. Elytris apicem versus pauilo

ampliatis, triplo longioribus quam mediatim latioribus, reticulatis Venis

duabus clavi prosterius in unam conjunctis, hac vena pone apicem

apertum clavi; honge continuata. lis reticulatis.

Tibiis anticis hand dilatatis, femoribus longitudine fere aequalibus,

Type T. KRISNA (Kirkaldy),

+ Polydictya Krisna, Kirk, 1902, J. Bomb. Nat, Hist. Soc., XLV,

p. 49. Pl. A, fig. .4.

308

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate A.

Pyrops maculatus (Olivier), 1¢ head in profile.

P. coccineus (Walker), 2% head in profile.

Zanna dohrus (Stal), 3% head in profile.

Thaumastodictya krisna (Kirk).

( = Polydictya krisna, Kirk, olim.)

Flata ocellata (Fabr.).

Thaumastomiris sanguinalis (Kirk).

Berta lankana (Kirby).

Hyalopeplus rama (Kirby).

Isabel ravana (Kirby).

Disphinctus formosus (Kirk).

. Dysdercus cingulatus, var. olivaceus (Fabr.).

D. cingulatus (Fabr.).

Distantidea vedda (Kirk).

Brachytes bicolor (Westw.).

3 ultimate instar of nymph.

FHubertiella cardamomi (Kirk).

Plate B.

Dichoptera hampsonz. Distant—tegmen.

Pibrocha egregia (Kirby) io

Pundaluoya ernesta (Kirby) i

os antenna

Thaumastomiris sanguinalis (Kirk.), head.

- elytron.

es wing. y

Berta lankana (Kirby), head.

He elytron.

9 wing.

Hyalopeplus rama (Kirby), head in prof gjg

is elytron. i

wing,

Isabel ravana (Kirby), elytron.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate C,

Isabel ravana (Kirby).

~ antenna,

Disphinctus formosus (Kirk), elytron.

99 wing,

Distantidea vedda (Kirk), wing.

Brachytes bicolor (Westw.), wing.

Hubertiella cardamomi (Kirk), elytron.

3 wing.

309

310

NOTES ON THE HOG DEER IN BURMA.

By Verermnary Captain Grorce H, Evans, A.V.D.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th Feb., 1902.)

(With 2 Plates.)

CERVUS PORCINUS.

Burmese names,—Dayat or DARAI.

Hog deer are plentiful in many parts of Lower Burma, particularly

so on the grassy plains and grass-covered islands in the delta; they are

also met with in suitable localities in Upper Burma, and are numerous

on the Pedaing Plain, Myitkyina District, where, I understand, many

may be seen out grazing in the early mornings and evenings.

They are confined to the plains, never, as far as I am aware, being

found in the hills, or in heavy jungles, though they will frequent grass

land in open jungle. They are often found in the belts of long grass,

seen on the banks of some rivers, and many inhabit the stretches of

grass and mangrove jungle near the sea. In my experience, wherever

Thetkai grass (Imperata cylindrica) abounds, they show a preference

for it, possibly because not being so dense as the Kaing (Saccharum

spontaneum), it is cooler ; but where grounds are much disturbed, they

take shelter in the heaviest elephant grass cover available. Though

many deer of both sexes may live in a particular stretch of grass

country, they never, as far as I know, collect in herds, but are generally

found solitary, though at times two or three may be put up not far

apart, or may even be seen grazing together.

Asarule, they graze from about 5 p.m. till 7 a.m., though in secluded

and undisturbed localities they may begin to feed earlier, and leave off

later. I have never found them grazing far from cover, apparently

preferring to keep to the small hidden glades or kwins, and the

depressions or yds, sometimes met with between patches of long prass,

The deer without doubt graze on the large kwins (plains) during the

night, as their tracks may frequently be seen in such places in the

early morning. Their food consists chiefly of grasses, such as Myet-za

(Cynodon dactylon), the tender shoots cf the Kaing, which springs up

soon after it is fired, Doung Sa-ba, Nat Sa-ba or wild rice (Oryza

coartata) and others. I have frequently found them grazing on a

leguminous plant, the Nyan Bin (Desmodium reptans) which grows

(SMAILO aod snaae J)

USIGIEIGED)ONnl Selah te

“OPUS 'T haxt-07, OU Song Uda pat

PET AEE Cae he

VW See ; ; < aig AIC [SA 00 S ASI YEN Ae Quo | “LeAELO (~

hee

Teele Ra ieee

P ta) ae

E " y

NOTES ON THE HOG DEER IN BURMA. 311

luxuriantly in many places in Lower and Upper Burma, and to

which brow-antlered deer are also partial. Burmans have informed

me that hog deer will under cover of darkness enter cultivation if in

the immediate vicinity of cover.

These animals usually go to water just before or shortly after dark,

When returning to camp late in the evening, several deer may be put up

in the grass leading up to the water-supply. During the day they lie

concealed under the grass, and do not, like the Thamin stags, leave it

to wallow in the mud and slush of drying up pools.

The hot weather (about the middle of March) is, perhaps, the best

time of year to hunt them ; the greater portion of the heavy grass has

by that time been burned, and the water-supply is limited. Hog deer

naay occasionally be stalked, but, in order to obtain such sport, a know-

ledge of all the likely places to find them is requisite ; these can then

be visited during the early hours of the morning, and, with luck, one

or two may be discovered grazing, in which case, with ordinary care, a

successful stalk may be made, as they are not more difficult to approach

than other deer. Shooting from elephants may also be tried, but as

well-trained shikar elephants are distinctly rare over here, it cannot be

recommended. I certainly have not had the good fortune to find one.

A few years ago, a friend and I, being anxious to try this method,

procured two elephants—ordinary timber-working animals ; the only

thing to recommend them was that they stood fire fairly well, but were,

nevertheless, nervous and easily scared. Having no howdahs, we were

obliged to sit in ordinary Burmese elephant baskets which were most

uncomfortable. The elephants afforded us plenty of excitement, and we

obtained many shots; but owing to their everlasting antics and the

fact that we used rifles, the bags were extremely small. We hoped

in the following year to make better arrangements, but were not

given the opportunity, as some one stole the elephants. Other

means had to be devised for circumventing them. After consultation

with the shzkaris, it was decided to construct a moderately high seai,

or small platform, and to fix it into a bullock cart ; to lessen the effects

of the terrible jolting, pillows (gunny bags filled with straw) were used.

A steady pair of bullocks with a shzkari as driver rendered this con-

trivance an admirable substitute for an elephant. Close, but not always

easy, shots were obtained, and my experience is that a bolting hog deer

is an uncommonly hard target to hit. The great objection to the use

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HiSTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V

of the bullock cart is that bullocks are so dreadfully slow over rough

ground. Some hog deer lie so close as to get up almost under an ele- .

phant’s feet or just in front of the bullocks, If a stag happens to be

bolting in the direction of low grass near by, it is advisable not to fire,

for, not infrequently after rushing for some thirty or forty yards, he

may pull up for a few seconds, in which case an easy shot is obtained.

Stags may be decoyed to leave cover by imitating “calls,” at

which some Burmans are very clever. This is usually done by placing

a blade of grass between the thumbs, closing the hands, and blowing

into them, Professional shtkaris, who go in for selling flesh to villagers,

take every advantage of this method, and thus kill many deer. Another

plan employed by the Burmans is as follows.—On a very dark night

two or three men proceed to grounds frequented by deer. The leader

carries a light on his head (the light is usually placed in a basket or

pot with the front removed) ; this man also has bracelets, and at times

anklets, to which small bells are attached. The confederates follow close

behind, The tinkling of the bells no doubt attracts the attention of the

deer who stands in astonishment at the glare of the light, and even

advances towards it, and, when close enough, is cut down or speared,

When Burmans were permitted to carry firearms, they shot the deer.

During the hot season, and also towards the close of the rains, villagers

often hunt hog deer with dogs, so called Pegu hounds, and at times

have excellent sport, as the deer cannot sustain a high speed for any

length of time. I have known the dogs to run three deer down by

8am. This form of sport is most exciting, but, unless one is in the

“ipink ” of condition, owing to the heat the strain is too great on an

Huropean.

The name hog deer, no doubt, originated from their peculiar action

when running which is certainly hog-like. When alarmed or dis-

turbed they go off with a rush, galloping low, carrying the head well

down, with the tail erect, and the constant bobbing of the tail is very -

often the only visible portion of the beast as he rushes wildly through

the long grass. The Burmans believe that there are two kinds of hog

deer—one they call the Dayai-pyauk (spotted), the other, Dayai-nyo

(brown); the latter is said to be smaller than the former, For my own

part, I do not believe the statement to be correct ; and, in my opinion,

the idea is founded on the fact that an occasional adult like many fawns

is distinctly spotted,

NOTES ON THE HOG DEER IN BURMA. 313

The rutting season is April and May. Tame stags sometimes show

a tendency to be vicious during this period. In the natural state, how-

ever, I do not think they can be very combative, for the simple reason

that they do not collect in herds, and thus males have not to fight for

the hinds ; and, further, if fights were of frequent occurrence, head

with broken points would constantly be met with, whereas it is in my

experience unusual to find an imperfect head.

The hinds, I think, commence to breed during their second year.

The period of gestation is from six to seven months ; the young ones

are born in the long grass during October and November. There is

usually one calf at a birth. I have never heard of twins. In the

gardens here the hog deer sometimes drop their young as late as

March and April.

The majority of stags cast their antlers during the months of July

and August, though some retain them as late as towards the close of

September, and at the present time (20th October) there are three

young stags in the gardens here still with their horns on (prongs),

while all the old stags are showing from 2" to 4" of their new antlers

in velvet. I have met with stags in velvet as late as the first week in

March and one stag as late as the 3rd of May.

Description.—Tnese deer are rather long in the body and low on the

legs. The relative shortness of the fore limbs gives them a peculiar

appearance, é.e., they are low in front, the croup is slightly arched, and

the hind legs are carried well under the body. The stags have neither

mane nor ruff. Hog deer gallop low, and, when running, the tail is

invariably erected by a strong muscle, in many animals curling so much

as to touch the back. While moving in the open, the head is not

carried low, as is the case when moving through cover.

Colour.—General colour darkish-brown, with a more or less decided

yellowish or chestnut tinge, and a faint speckling or mottling through

the coat. There isa certain similarity of the coat to that of the ordin-

ary Indian mungoose. The under-parts and the legs from the

shoulders and thighs down are much darker in colour than those of

the upper parts of the body, and are especially marked in old stags. The

colour of the hair on the under-surface of the tail, perineum, and

inside thighs is white, as also is the hair lining the inside of ears and

that of the chin. The colour of the hair covering the face and head is

generally slightly paler than that of the body, while that surrounding

314 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

the orbits is often lighter. The cause of the mottling will be evident

on examination of hairs from various parts of the body. In some parts

the hairs will be noticed to be white at the base, then paie brown, then

white, the tips being very dark-brown. There is, of course, considerable

difference to the extent to which the alternate pale and dark rings are

developed—for example, in the very dark stags the pale rings are very

narrow indeed.

These deer show a remarkable tendency to develop spots through the

coat. The young, like those of many other varieties of deer, are fre-

quently menilled ; but in this country, at any rate, it is by no means rare

to find one or more adult stags and hinds distinctly spotted. The spots

are so evident, and disposed in such a manner, as to give the animal

the appearance of a small Cheetal (Cervus axis). I have also met with

animals marked with pale brown spots disposed in rows on either side of

a faint dorsal stripe. The spots in the coat are not constant in the

same animal. I have from time to time kept these deer as pets ; two

stags were in my possession eight years—one, a very dark stag, only

during one season showed distinct menilling, while the other stag

during two or three seasons was almost as prettily spotted as a Cheetal.

The spots appeared at the moult, and, as a rule, grew fainter and fainter

till they almost or quite disappeared.

The ears are moderate in size, the eyes full and bright, and the

muzzle rather narrow. ‘The tail is long and covered with long hairs,

some of the under white hair of the tuft being longer than the brown

hair above.

Heads.—In size and shape the horns vary. Normally there are six

points, wz., those of the brow tines and terminal forks. The horns

are very free of sports and snags, and are not rough or rugged.

The antlers are mounted on bony pedicles varying from 1" to 2” in

length. The basal or brow tine is given off immediately above the burr,

and is directed upwards so as to form a more or less acute angle with the

beam. The beam generally runs up, taking a slight outward curve

about a third to half of the way up; there are, however, many heads in

which a few inches above the burr the beam takes a fine outward curve,

thus giving the heads a beautiful sweep.

The upper tine is given off from the inner, and slightly towards the

posterior surface of the horn, at about two-thirds the Iength of the

beam with which it forms almost a right angle, and is directed usually

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist Soe. Vol XIV.

Mintern Bros. Photo Limp . London .

THE HOG-DEER.

(Cervus porcinus)

NOTES ON THE HOG DEER IN BURMA, 315

more inwards than backwards. In some heads this tine springs more

from the posterior than the inner surface of the beam, and in such

eases it is usually directed backwards. The front tine of the fork,

which is the continuation of the beam, is always the longer.

With regard to the size of heads, I should class antlers from 12" to

14" as good, anything between this and 20" as very good, and any

measurement over, exceptionally so, I have been fortunate in bagging

some fine specimens of this deer, the best head measuring 231 on the

outside curve.

The Burmans state that the stags develop prongs during their second

year, when they are known as “ Gyo-soo,” 7.e., needle points, and that

the full number of points are not acquired till they enter their fourth

year, when they are described as “ Gyo-hnit-kwa” (referring to the

terminal fork),

The voice of the Dayai stag is a rather

the hind is more plaintive.

Height.—23" to 26".

The following are measurements taken of four ordinary stags and

one hind. Nos, 1 and 4 were spotted, and Nos. 2 and 3 without spots,

and in better condition than No. 1 :—

sharp, short bleat; that of

3 OG 3 2

1 2 3 4 9)

Height at shoulder 241" 26" - yz = O54" O44

Girth behind shoulder... wee Old)! ada 324! 2820 ggxt

Girth base of neck en LN aap OO lence manmnnies

Length from muzzle to dock... 41” 421" 49" 48" 463"

Length of tail ... eee en Ue 43" 6x" At

Do. with tuft Ce Te ee Gn Ou nage

Length of head Sus se seu eet gz" 102"

Breadth between eyes... Say OL wines Be eine) Oo

Horns ... 145" 112" Velvet. 6" Nil.

I have to thank Mr. D. J. Morrison for the accompanying photo-

graph of a typical pair of horns of the hog deer, and Mr. W. Stikeman

for the picture of a dead specimen of this species.

316

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON.

By Matcotm Borer.

Win Piatns A., B. (reproduced by permission of the Entomological

Society of London),

(Continued from page 78 of this Vol.)

LABIDURA, Leach.

Body stout, flattened in front ; abdomen convex ; antenne with more than

twenty segments. Elytra and wings well developed, the latter sometimes

absent by aberration ; first tarsal segment equal to the other two, No lateral

tubercles on the abdomen, Second tarsal segment simple. Forceps, @, with

the branches remote at the base, simple, slightly arcuate, toothed on the

inner margin in some species ; in the 2 simple, straight, conical, incurved at

the tip.

Labidura, Leach., 1815, Edinb, Enc., ix., 118.

Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Ent. Zeit, xxiv., 309. Borm, 1900, Forf, 31.

This genus may be known by its long antenne, well developed wings and

elytra (only very rarely are the wings abortive).

TABLE OF SPECIES,

1, Size middling or large, Colour red or

reddish-brown,

Forceps toothed on the-inner margin

in the @; pronotum with hinder

border straight, with the angles

rounded.

2, Abdomen dilated near the apex ina

straight line from the shoulders of

the elytra to the bases of the

LOUCCD Su reeececce Cessaccsseetsaeustansnorers ie AA balk

2:2. Abdomen strongly dilated at the

apex, but not in a straight line

from the shoulders of the elytra.

The anal segment is always very

considerably dilated .........s.cssere . 2. BENGALENSIS, Dohrn,

11. Size very small. Colour dull-fuscous.

Forceps not toothed on inner mar-

gininthe ¢. Pronotum regularly

rounded entirely behind ............ 3. DUFOURITI, Desm.

LABIDURA RIPARIA (UL).

Reddish-testaceonus ; antenne paler. Pronotum with the margins pale, the

posterior margin slightly rounded. Elytra reddish on the inner margin.

Wings not very prominent, or not even projecting, pale. Feet pale. Abdo-

men dark above and beneath, the sides somewhat paler, all the segments

rugose, slightly hairy on the hinder margins. The pygidium is flat and

depressed. Inthe ¢ the anal segment is slightly depressed in the centre

Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soe. Plate B.

E.H.J.Schuster del. Mintern Bros. lith. London.

CEYLON FORFICULARIA.

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. oly,

above, with a small tubercle on each side at the insertion of the forceps, the

hinder margin with two teeth, or rarely unarmed ; the branches of the

forceps testaceous, darker towards the apex, remote at the base, slightly

curved, upwards towards the apex, and inwards ; the whole inner margin

is denticulate, and armed with a large tooth beyond the middle. Inthe ¢

the anal segment furnished with two tubercles, the posterior margin smooth,

the branches of the forceps are not contiguous, curved gently inwards,

unarmed, denticulated all along the inner margin.

This species varies very considerably in size, colour, and armature of the

forceps.

) 2

Length of body............ TS=1O smameeese sees eeold-19 mm,

pea a LOBCCD Ste acciers = Ont eer cesecnestensereiO=0

Forficula riparia, Pallas., 1773., Reisen., II, Anhang 727.

Labidura riparia, Dohrn, 1863, Stett, Zeit. XXIV., 313.

Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 63.

Brunner, 1882, Prod., Our, Orth., 5, fig, 1,

Borm, 1900, Forf, 33.

forficula gigantea, 1 Fabr. 1793. Ent. Syst. IL,

Fischer, 1853, Orth. Eur.,, 65., tab, L., fig. 1, la—f.

The references to this species in literature are so numerous that I have

only given the more important, Brunner and Scudder give the full synonymys.

It is a species which varies to such an extent that it has been quoted under

very many names, such as pallipes, dentata, bilineata, maxima, bidens, crenata

morbida, bicolor, fischeri, herculeana, etc, and others.

It is a cosmopolitan species, but probably Palearctic in origin. Mr. Green

has given me a specimen from Ambegammoa, February, 1899, where it was

found ina bungalow, Its natural haunts are the banks of rivers, and shingle

by the sea-shore,

Dohrn gives a synopsis of its varieties with their synonymy, and de Bor-

mans gives to subspecies,

LABIDURA BENGALENSIS, Dohrn.

Large, reddish, Head dark-red, the eyes black, and antenne paler. The

pronotum square, with rounded angles, slightly narrower than the head,

black, Elytra broad, well developed, black, with a bright chestnut stripe

on each along the suture. Wings projecting well beyond the elytra, pale-

testaceous, dark at the apices on the inner margin, Feet uniform testaceous,

Abdomen dark-red, smooth, In the @ it is dilated considerably towards

the apex; the anal segment is very large and smooth, armed with two

indistinct tubercles at each side at the base of the branches of the forceps ;

in the 2 the abdomen is cylindrical, not dilated, Beneath it is pubescent

above bare in 9. In the @ the forceps are stout, the branches widely

distant at the base, slightly diverging at first, then gradually converging

inwards until they almost meet at the apices, armed with a tooth on the

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

inner margin near the base,and two or three blunt denticulations in the

ipre-apical third ; the branches are reddish, but darker at the apex. In the

Q the branches are stout, not contiguous, straight, reddish at the base,

black at the apices where the points curve in and meet; they are armed

with strong denticulations throughout their length. @ 9.

3 2

Long. corporis......... 22-26°5 mm, 19°5-22°5 mm.

PLOT GL DUS eecenacec 9-°2°5 7

Labidura bengalensis, Dohrn, 863, Stett, Ent. Zeit., xxiv., 312.

Borm, 1900, Forf. 33.

Psalis bengalensis, Scudd, 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 67.

Habitat—Bengal (Dohrn),

Inthe Brussels Museum there are two males and one female labelled

“Ceylon,” They seem to be larger and finer than specimens from Calcutta,

LABIDURA LIVIDIPES, Duf.

Small, dark castaneous, the whole body pubescent, Antenne with 17-21

segments. The pronotum is more or less elongate, the lateral margins pale,

sometimes bluish, The elytra are long, the posterior margin truncated,

fuscous. The wings are fuscous, prominent, sometimes thinly bordered

with light-blue. Sternum pale ; feet shining, pale, the femora darker

towards the apex. Inthe ¢ the anal segment is plain and unarmed, the

branches of the forceps are not curved upwards, not very long, incurved to

meet at the apices, with a small tooth on the inner margin, at the apical third,

In the 9 the branches of the forceps are not contiguous, unarmed on the

inner margin,

3 2

Length of body......... 8-9 mm.. ...8 mm,

oh pi LOLGEDS-cn-ee DEBIT RO aeA Bre

Forficula lividipes, Dufour, 1828, Ann, Sci. Nat, XIII, 340,

Forficula dufourii, Desmarest, 1820, Faune franc,, Orth., Olle dla nated Parl.

Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V., 62.

Forficula pallipes, Duf., Ann, gén. des sc. phys. de Bruxelles, VI., 416, tab.

96, fig, 7, a,b.

Labidura pallipes, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIV., 317.

Bol., 1878, Ort. de Esp., 22, tab. I., fig. 9, a, b.

Labidura lividipes, Borm. 1900, Forf. 36,

Forficesila meridionalis, Serv., 1839., Orth,, 26.

Forficula (Labidura) meridionalis, Fisch,, 1853, Orth. Eur., 67, tab, 6, fig. 3a,

Fieb., 1853, Syn., 72, Erganzungsbl. Lotos., V., 90.

Forficesila vicina, Luc, 1846, Expl, de P Alg. Orth., p. 5, tab. I., fig. 2.

Labidura dufouri, Brunner, 1882, Prod. Eur. Orth., p. 7.

Borm., 1888, Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen. (2), vi, 434, id., 1894

op.cit, (2), xiv., 378,

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 319

This is another cosmopolitan species, originating almost certainly from the

Mediterranean Subregion, I have received numerous examples taken in

Ceylon by Mr, Green, and it is common also in India and in Burmah, It

occurs in fact in all tropical districts, where it has been spread by shipping.

Punduloya, Chilaw, xi., 97, caught at light,

ANISOLABIS, Fieb.

Body long and slender, Colour black, shining, varied with testaceous or

reddish, Antenne with about 20 segments, first and third tarsal segments of

about equal length. Elytra entirely absent or represented by barely distin-

guishable rudiments, Wings entirely absent. Lateral plications of the

abdominal absent or very faint. Forcepsshort, stout, in the @, often strongly

curved ir, semicircular, with right branch more strongly curved than the

left, or conical, strongly arcuate, pointed, not toothed ; in the Q the branches

are contiguous, simple, conical.

Anisolabis, Fiebr., 1853, Lotos., ii1., 257.

This genus may be recognised by its shining black or very dark brown

colour, tctal absence of organs of flight and simple forceps. The feet are

usually testaceous, sometimes varied with black bands ; the antennz often have

white rings, but this is a very variable and unstable character,

de Bormans retains Brachylabis, Dohrn, for B, punctata, Dubr,, and B.

chiler:sis, Blanch.

Dohrn’s names, Forcinella and Brachylabis, fall before the prior Anzsolabis,

Fieber.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Mesonotum bearing rudiments of elytra. For-

ceps contiguous at the base ......+++..0+ choc ls Ge au HE 1eiviery.

1:1, Mesonotum with no rudiments of elytra,

2, Forceps, @, strongly incurved, remote at

base. ‘ize large, insects stout ......... sores) oy GOULD AG Zs pene

2-2, Forceps of @ gradually incurved or

neatly straight. Size smaller, more

slender and narrower insects.

3°3, Antennee and feet ringed ...cerseeceessseeeeres 3. ANNULIPES, Luc.

3°3, Antenne and feet unicolorous .......... .-- 4, BRUNNERI, Dohrn

ANISOLABIS GREEN, Burr.

Medium size. The body entirely very finely granulated, clothed with a few

long pale hairs ; antenne with fifteen segments, the pronotum square, slight-

ly narrower than the head, very slightly broader posteriorly than anteriorly ;

the mesanotum bears on each side prominent rudiments of elytra, Anal

segment attenuated, sulcate in the middle, furnished with a small tubercle

on each side above, The head is black and shining, the palpi and mouth parts

brick-red ; antennz with the first segment brick-red, the rest black, except

the four apical segments which are pale. Thorax shining-black. Abdomen

shining-black, reddish beneath, Feet brick-red, the tarsi testaceous ; the

320 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

femora banded with fuscous at the base and atthe apex. Forceps black.

In the # the subgenital lamina is triangular, obtuse ; the branches of the

forceps stout, contiguous, conical, unarmed, strongly decussating at the apex,

the right branch curved more strongly than the left and above it. In the®

the subgenital Jamina is obtuse and triangular ; the branches of the forceps

straight, and stout, distant at the base with a small tooth on the inner mar-

gin in the middle, attenuated towards the apex, incurved, and touching, or

slightly decussating.

Length of body, 11°5-13 mm ¢.,17 mm Q ;

» of forceps 2mm, ¢,3'25 mm. &.

Anisolabis greenz, Burr,, 1899, Ann, Mag. N. H. (7), IV, 257.

This handsome species, which I was very pleased to dedicate to Mr, E, EH,

Green, seems to be fairly common in Ceylon, especially at Punduloya,

whence Mr. Green has sent me a good number of specimens at various times

of the year ; it seems to be found chiefly under stones.

ANISOLABIS KUDAGA, sp. ux.

Statura magna. Colore nigro, rubrescente ; antenne fusce, basi atque

apice rufo-annulate, 17-segmentate, Pronotum rectangulam, quam caput tam

atque latum, postice paullo latius, Elytra nulla, Abdomen segment is minu-

tissime punctulatis, tuberculis lateralibus minime impressis, vix vel haud dis-

tinguendis. Pedes fortiores. Abdomen apicem versus paullo dilatatum

apice ipso paullo attenuatum ; segmentum ultimum magnum, leve, medio

impressum, quadratum. Forceps @ bracchiis basi valde distantibus, tri-

quetris, fortibus, basi paullo dialatatis, valde incurvis, bracchio dextro quam

sinistro fortius, superne sursum decussato. @. Q rectis subcontiguis, apice

decussatis, margin interno denticulate ¢ 9.

Long, corporis......... 15°75 mm, 15 mm.

Nu LOLCIDIS gavcsene 3 3:5

Large ; colour shining-black, shading off into dark-red on the pronotum and

abdomen,

HEAD shining-black ; antennz with 17 segments ; the first and second red .

15 and 16 inclining to lighter-reddish ; the remaining segments black. Mouth

parts brown,

PRONOTUM square, slightly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly ; angles

sharp, rectangular ; the sides slightly upturned, reddish ; about as broad

as the head anteriorly ; posterior angles rounded ; there is a longitudinal

impressed line which continues across the mesonotum. Mesonotum narrow

with a median impressed line. Metanotum arched.

FEET stout, clothed with a few bristles, dark-fuscous, the tibiz and tarsi

paler, reddish.

ABDOMEN broadest at the sixth and seventh segments, black, witha red

tinge the lateral tubercles extremely faint, barely distinguishable ; the seg-

ments are very finely punctulated, The last segment is not so broad and the

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 321

few immediately preceding smooth, with a median line, slightly broader than

long, with a tubercular ridge at each side above the insertion of the forceps,

Penultimate ventral segment completely covering the last, except at the

angles, bluntly triangular, emarginate at the apex,

The FORCEPS, @, are stout, the branches, slightly dilated on the inner

margin at the base with a blunt tooth-like tubercle above at the base, strong-

ly incurved almost immediately, the apices crossing ; the right branch is

much more strongly curved than the left,and crosses above it, Seen from

the sides the forceps are pointed somewhat strongly upwards,

The Q resembles the @ in size and colour ;.the abdomen also dilated and

then attenuated posteriorly ; the branches of the forceps are subcontiguous,

stout, straight, curved upwards and decussating at the apex, the inner

margins denticulated. In the Q I can distinguish no signs of the lateral

abdominal tubercles.

Habitat—Hatton, Ceylon, July, 1897 (0. O, W.)

This species approaches to A. maritima and A, mauritanica is the somes

what dilated abdomen and in the form of the male forceps. The absence

of a bifid pygidium, and the more strongly curved forceps distinguish it

from A. rufescens, Kirb., which seems to be closely allied. It is a noticeable

species and not likely to be confused with others that occur in the island.

The impressed line down the mesonotum gives it at first the appearance of

possessing rudimentary elytra, but as the line is a continuation of the line

on the pronotum, it can be seen that elytra are entirely wanting,

ANISOLABIS ANNULIPES, Lue.

Medinm sized, black shining. Head black ; antenne with basal segment

reddish, the rest greyish-brown, except the two penultimate segments

which are whitish, Pronotum as broad as the head, sometimes paler in

colour, quadrate ; elytra entirely absent, Abdomen with sides more or less

parallel, with no tubercles upon the sides of the second and third segments,

Last dorsal segment larger than the others, slightly impressed in the middle.

Feet testaceous, the femora banded with black, as are also the tibie, The

depth and intensity of this banding varies very considerably, Branches of

tbe forceps in the @ remote at the base, stout, strongly incurved, the

right branch crossing above the left at the apex; in the 9 the branches are

straight, conical, subcontiguous,

Length of body ¢ 11mm......912-14 mm.

e of forceps ¢ 2mm...... 9 3-3°5 mm.

Forficesila annulipes, Luc, 1847, Ann, Soc, ent, Fr, (2) V. Bali 84,

Anisolabis annulipes, Borm, 1900, Forf. 48, (q. v. for synonymy.)

Habitat—This species is entirely cosmopolitan. From Ceylon I have

received specimen from Mr, Green from Punduloya and from Hatton.

It is difficult to distinguish the various small species of Anisolabis, espe-

cially if only females and undeveloped specimens are to hand, A, annu-

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

lipes differs from A, brunnert in having the antenne ringed with white,

and the feet with black; in A. brunnert they are uniform in colour, A

similar species is 4, Stali, in which rudimentary elytra may be detected,

ANISOLABIS BRUNNERI, Dohrn.

Piceous, the head black; clypeus and labrum dark, the rest of the mouth

parts and the antenne basal segments ferruginous, the rest of the antenns

greyish-brown ; pectus and feet dirty-testaceous ; abdomen posteriorly very

shortly attenuated.

Length of body 12 mm, of forceps 2mm. Q.

Forcinella brunneri, Dohrn., 1864, Stett, Ent. Zeit,, xxv., 291.

Anisolabis brunnert, Borm, 1900, Forf, 48.

I have received from Mr. Green from Punduloya some females which

M. de Bormans has identified, with doubt, with this species,

BRACHYLABIS, Dobrn.

Body cylindrical, convex punctate, more or less pubescent. Antenne

with from 9 to 15 segments, segment 2 smallest, 3 equal to the two follow-

ing, all segments stout ; pronotum clongate, broader behind than before,

broader than the head, Mesonotum strongly depressed on each side,

forming thus an angled keel. Elytra and wings entirely absent. Femora

elongated, especially the posterior pair, Abdomen with lateral tubercles

very distinct. Forceps, @, with branches short, slender, equally incurved

unarmed ; Q branches slender, straight, subcontiguous, decussating,

Brachylabis, Dohrn, 1864, Stett, Ent. Zeit., xxv., 292.

Borm., 1883, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxviii,, 64.

This genus, as used by Dohrn, falls before the prior Anisolabis, but

de Bormans retains it for B. chilensis, Blanch, which is the type B. punctata,

Dubr., and B, bifoveolata, Bol. It differs from Anisolabis in the form of the

forceps, abdomen, thorax and distinct lateral tubercles,

B, punctata is found widely distributed in the Oriental Region and will

probably turn up in Ceylon,

BRACHYLABIS PHILETAS, sp. n.

(Philetas, a historic dwarf).

Parva, nigra, punctata, Antenne breves, 9-segmentate, 1 longo, fusco, 2

oblongo rufescenti, 3-6 nigris brevibus, rotundatis, 7-8 majoribus, rotundatis,

albis, 9 breviori, rotundato, nigro. Mesonotum medio profunde transverse

impresso, abdomen forccipeque typico ; pedes testacei, femoribus late nigro-

vittatis, tibiis tarsisque testaceis, segmentum primum tarsorum duobus sequen-

tibus unitis longius. ¢ Q.

THONG, COUPONS cc -soseceossoees- OMIM aocnexe= as :

pee SP LOLGM ON rocdesevatancetacercs! WOO b.weewastewe stall

Size small ; colour black, the whole body punctulate, with a few stiff hairs.

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, 323

ANTENN 4& with 9 segments, black ; No. 2 reddish, Nos. 7-8 white, the rest

black segments 1 long, 2 shorter, the rest quite round,as broad as long,

gradually; larger, the ointh a little smaller than the eighth, which is the largest.

PRONOTUM broader than the head, elongate, trapezoidal, the sides raised ;

mesonotum narrow, strongly impressed anteriorly, the posteriorly part being

therefore slightly elevated, the sides are keeled and the anterior angle slightly

broader than the pronotum; metanotum as broad as themesonotum, and expos-

ing only a small part of the first abdominal segment,

FEET long ; tibie and tarsi testaceous ; femora testaceous, witha strong

broad black band ; first tarsal segment longer than the second and third

together ; abdomen cylindrical, the lateral tubercles very distinct on the

second and third segments ; last segment very small in both sexes.

FORCEPS very short, slender ;in the ¢ the branches, are remote at the

base, slightly incurved, meeting at the apex, unarmed; Q subcontiguous,

almost straight, crossing at the apex. ¢@ Q.

Habitat,—Punduloya, Ceylon, g and @ in coitu (E. E, Green),

This little species is considerably smaller than B, punctatz, from which it

may be distinguished by its deeply impressed metanotum, much shorter and

rounder antennal segments ;it may be separated from B, bifoveolata, from

Trichinopoly, by the presence of tubercles on the second as well as the third

abdominal segments, by its smaller size, black banded femora, and shorter

antenne, The 9-segmeniate antennze with very small round segments are

characteristic,

The extreme brevity of the antenne led me at first to consider them

mutilated, but Mr, Green writes that when freshly taken the “penultimate

and antepenultimate ” were white.

FORCIPULA, Bol,

Large insects, Abdomen with segments on each side tuberculate ox¢ spined ;

branches of the forceps very long, little shorter than the body, slender,

smooth or finely denticulate, nearly straight, the apices crossing in the Q,

strongly incarved in the middle, then straight and parallel, then incurved

at the apex, sometimes with a strong internal tooth in the male,

Forcipula, Bol., 1897, Ann, Soc. Ent, Fr., p. 283,

This genus which can be easily recognised by its form and the shape of the

forceps, and especially by the tubercles or spines on its sides, included the

large spiny earwigs previously referred to, Labédura, to which it is otherwise

closely allied,

FORCIPULA QUADRISPINOSA, Dohrn,

Dark or castaneous ; abdominal segments (in the @) Nos, 2-5 with strong

lateral spines ; forceps long, the branches distant at the base, gently curved,

keeled above, flat beneath, denticulated on the inner margin, with a strong

tooth in the middle, then attenuated, almost parallel, curved in at the apex,

Head black or dark-brown; feet brown or yellowish, the ends of the

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

femora and the bases of the tibize darker, the tarsi and end of the tibiz

clear-yellow. The general colour of the upper surface varies from brown-

ish-black to reddish-brown. Length of the body 15-18 mm., of the forceps

9-12mm. @.

Habitat—Kastern India; Tranquebar (Dohrn); Madras (Mus, Hope) ;

Ceylon (Dohrn).

I have never seen specimens of the fine earwig from Ceylon, It should be

sought for under stones in damp places.

Labidura quadrispinosa, Dohrn, 1863, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxiv., 310.

Scudd., 1876, Ent. Notes, V.

Borm,, 1882., Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen, (2), vi., 434, id.

op. cit., 1894, xiv., 377,

Forcipula quadrispinosa, Bol,, 1897., Ann, Soc. Ent, Fr, 283,

Borm. 1900, Forf. 30.

LABIA, Leach,

ize small. Body flattened, slender; antennze with 10-15 segments, the

segments conical ; elytra well developed ; wings usually well developed. First

and third tarsal segments equal, the second very small, simple. Second and

third abdominal segments with lateral tubercles; forceps usually short,

slender, the branches remote at the base in the male, arcuate, horizontal,

simple in the female, straight and crossing.at the apex.

Labia, Leach, 1815, Edinb, Enc., ix,, 118,

This genus may be generally recognised by its small size. A universally

distributed and closely allied genus is Spongophora, Serv., they may be

separated as follows,

Labia,—Antenne with 10-15 segments, which are short, distinctly conical,

that is to say, considerably larger at the apex than at the base, The first

tarsal segment is slightly longer than the third, or equal to it ; the second

cylindrical and very short, Penultimate ventral segment @ rounded,

Spongophora, Antenne with at least 15 segments, these, except the fourth,

short and conical, nearly cylindrical ; first tarsal segment considerably longer

than the third; the second cylindrical but slightly longer than in Labia.

Penultimate ventral segment ¢ nearly rectangular (after de Bormans).

LABIA MUCRONATA, Stal.

Very small, General colour dark-brown, Head shining black, Antenne

yellowish, darker towards the apex, with 14 segments. Pronotum quadrate,

narrower than the head, black, the sides paler, the angles rounded, slightly

broader posteriorly than anteriorly, Elytra long, dark-brown, with a broad

testaceous stripe on the outer margin from the shoulder to the apex. Wings

varying in length, but projecting beyond the elytra, testaceous, with = broad

dark stripe on the suture. Femora black, testaceous at.the apex; tibix

testaceous, black at the base; tarsi testaceous. Abdomen more or less dilated,

shining black, or dark-brown ; the last segment considerably narrowed. In the

G the pygidium is short, stout, triangular, obtuse, in the Q it isnot noticeable,

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 325

The forceps of the @ have the branches very slender, yellow, straight,

remote at the base, with a long sharp fine tooth or spine on the inner mar-

gin at the base, pointing downwards ; the branches are gently curved in to

meet at the apex. Inthe Qthe branches are contiguous, slender, straight |

pale-yellow, slightly decussating at the apex,

Length of body...........3°75 mm, 5 mm.

Pu OG ORCC pSmessc.-6- eeaevalin mie

Forficula mucronata, Stal., 1860, Eugenies Resa, 303.

Labia mucronata, Dohrn, 1864, Stett. ent, Zeit., xxv., p. 423

Borm., 1888, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2), vi., 439, id., 1854, 1.

c,, xiv., 386., id. 1900, Forf. 68.

Habitat.—_Java (Stal). Philippines ; New Guinea (Dohrn) ; Burmah and

Eastern India (Borm.),

In Ceylon, Colombo, 1°97, from decaying pod of Poznciana, 1 9, and

Matale, in decaying cocoa pods, and crevicesin the bark of cocoa trees, ¢

and Q (Green),

This pretty little species may be recognised by the sharp downward tooth

or spine at the base of the forceps of the male. The colour of the forceps

varies from pale-yellow to black, It appears to be common in Ceylon, and

is abundant throughout the Oriental Region.

LABIA CURVICAUDA, Motsch,

Head black or dark-brown; mouth parts paler; antenne brown, the

tenth or eleventh segment whitish, Pronotum longer than broad, broader

posteriorly than anteriorly, dark-brown, or by variety reddish in the anterior

portion, Elytra and wings dark-brown, the latter not very prominent, Feet

testaceous, the femora black at the base. Abdomen slightly dilated, dark

reddish-brown, the last segment brighter, impressed in the middle, narrow,

with a small tubercle above the insertion of the forceps on each side,

Branches of the forceps @ remote at the base, where they are dilated, then

strongly incurved and attenuated, meeting at the apex, forming a semicircle ;

in the Q the branches are straight, contiguous, unarmed, the same colour as

the abdomen, or reddish by variety.

Weng thNor bodys weencs-ose.sck-<- 6 95°5 mm.

sy) OE HOMEROS S5en5a000 0 paeeeaa 621mm.

Forfiscelia curvicauda, Motsch, 1863, Bul. Soc, Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxvi., Part

2, No iii., p. 2, Tab. II, Fig. 1. (¢)

Labia curvicauda, Dohrn., 1864, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxv., 428.

Borm., id., 1900, Forf. 70. Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen, (2), V1,

440; id., 1. c., xiv., 387.

Habitat—Ceylon, Mts, Nura Ellia, (Motsch.), Numerous in Burmah (Borm.,)

Western Java (coll. mea), Ceylon (Thwaites, in coll. Hope).

I possess a male of this species from Java, which differs slightly in colour

from the type. It may be known by the semi-circular forceps of the male

which recall the forceps of certain Anisolabis,

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

LABIA PILICORNIS, Motsch,

Reddish, antenne and mouth parts greyish-yellow, feet yellowish ; fourth

segment of the antenne much smaller than the following segments, oblong ;

pronotum longer than broad, hinder edge of last abdominal segment smooth ;

forceps straight, short, unarmed, @.

Length of body......... 4mm.

OL LONCEDSreene. i mm,

“Only a singlefemale from Motschulsky’s collection is known to me, It

may be distinguished from L. minor L., by the following points: the pronotum

is longer than broad, so that the hinder margin projects further over the

basis of the elytral ; the elytra and wings are shorter, but that may be merely

an individual variation, The fourth antennal segment is distinctly smaller

than the fifth.’ (Dohrn).

Forfiscelia pilicornis, Motsch,, 1893, Bull, Soc, Imp. Nat, Moscou., xxvi.;

No, III, p. 2.

Labia pilicornis, Dohrn,, 1864, Stett. Ent, Zeit,, xxv., 437.

Borm. 1900, Forf, 72.

Habitat in insule Ceylon montibus Nura Ellia dictis (Nietner),

This species is totally unknown to me, so I have given Dohrn’s remarks

word for word,

CHELISOCHES, Scudd.

Antenne with at least 15 segments; the first is broadly conical, the second

round, the third cylindrical, the fourth and fifth short, oblong; the following

segments gradually oblong and conical, Pronotum scarcely as broad as the

head, with hinder angles rounded, Hlytra always, wings almost always, well

developed, Abdomen with the sides parallel, the lateral tubercles well

developed, The last segment is rectangular in the 6, narrowed in the Q.

The penultimate ventral segment is large and covers the greater part of the

last, rectangular, with rounded angles, Forceps flattened, the branches of ¢

remote at the base, more or less dilated, incurved, with varying teeth on the

inner margin, Inthe Q the branches are subcontiguous, straight, crossing.

Feet stout; the second tarsal segment short, with a long, pubescent lobe,

produced beneath the third segment.

Lobophora, Serv., 1839, Orth., 32, Dohrn,

Chelisoches, Scudd., Borm. Kirb. Burr.

This genus is characterised by its antenne and secoad tarsal segment.

The two species known t> occur in Ceylon are not likely to be confused,

being very different in appearance,

CHELISOCHES MORIO, Fabr.

Large, black, shining, glabrous. Head black ; antenne with at least 22

segments, black at the base; segments 15:16 white, the apical segments

pale ; the first few segments are shart, then from the seventh they

gradually lengthen, the apical segments being very long and slender,

Pronotum slightly broader than the head, the hinder border rounded

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, — 827

and the anterior border straight, Elytra long, smooth, shining biack

sometimes with a bronze sheen, emarginate at the apex ; wings pro-

minent, the same colour as the elytra, Feet black, the tarsi reddish

or testaceous, pubescent. Abdomen cylindrical, finely granulated, the lateral

tubercles very distinct. Anal segment large, smooth, the hinder margin

straight, tuberculated and folded, impressed in the middle. Forceps, ¢

with the branches remote at the base, stout, of two forms, either long with

a jagged dilatation at the base on the inner margin, attenuate, straight, gently

incurved to meet at the apex, with a strong tooth on the inner margin

nearer to the apex than to the base, or else short, stout, dilated, crenulated

inside at the base, strongly incurved, unarmed, In the @ the branches are

slender, unarmed, gently incurved to meet at the apex, where they sometimes

decussate. In the ¢ a pygidium is sometimes visible, short and obtuse ; in

the Q the pygidium is distinct, short, obtuse, truncate.

3 g

Length of body......13°5-17 mm......... 17-22m,

Pe OL LOLCCPSiesstS-haseasecacce=s- Weareas 8

Forficula morio, Fabr., 1775, Syst, Ent., 270, Burm,, 1839, Handb, II., 752,

Lobophora morio, Dohrn, 1865, Stett. Ent. Zeit, xxvi,, 71.

Lobophora rufitarsis, Serv., 1839, Orth., 33,

For ficula (Psalidophora) rufitarsis, de Haan., 1842, Verh, Nat. Gesch,

Ned Bezitt., Orth., 241,

Lobopkora negronitens, Stal., 1858, Hug. Resa., 505.

L, tartarea, L, cincticornis, Stal., Hence

Chelisoches morio, Scudd,, 1876, Proc, Bost. Soc. N. H., xvui., 398, Borm.

1900, Forf, 85.

Habitat.—Vhe Islands of the Pacific Ocean and also the neighbouring main-

land, India, Mauritius, Pulo Penang, Java, Celebes, Luzon, Fiji, Tahiti,

Owaihi, New Guinea, Roon, Batchian, Sumatra, Dorey.

In Ceylon, Dohrn,, I have an immature specimen from Punduloya (Green),

In the Hope Collection at Oxford there are numerous examples (Thwaites),

and in the Brussels Museum there are many others, Dohrn, too, records it

from Ceylon, Itis distributed throughout the Oriental, and part of the

Australian Regions. The two forms appear to be equally common, and these

numerous gradations between them,

CHELISOCHES PULCHELLUS, Gerst.

Of small size ; the general colour dark. The head is reddish, the eyes

black ; the antenne have 13 segments (Gerstaecker), dark testaceous in

colour, the first segment considerably paler. Pronotum straight in front,

rounded behind, dark shining brown in colour, the sides paler. Elytra and

wings perfectly developed; the former rich dark-brown in colour, with a

bright testaceous oval spot at the shoulder ; wings prominent, bright testaceous

with the suture and apices dark-brown, Abdomen rich shining brown ; the

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

last segment is iarge, with a lumpy tubercle above the base of the insertion

of the branches of the forceps. Feet testaceous. Forceps in the @ dilated

at the base and subcontiguous, then slender, gradually curved in, to meet at

the apices; the dilated part is crenulated, In the Q the branches are

straight and stout, subcontiguous throughout their length, flattened and

unarmed. A small pygidium is visible in the 9 when the branches of the

forceps are opened outwards, ¢Q.

3 2

Length of body......10mm,. 8-8:5mm.

, Dr ~OAIR

a ,, forceps......2'omm. 2-2°5mm,

Chelisoches pulchella, Gerst, 1883, Beitr. Zur Kennt,, Orth., Fauna Guineas,

p. 42 (p. 4, in reprint).

Chelisoches pulchellus, Borm. 1900, Forf. 88,

Habitat—Common at Abo in the Cameroons in December, and at Ogowe

at Limbareni in May and June, in West Africa, In Ceylon, apparently

fairly common at Punduloya, in February, and at Ambegammoa (Green).

This pretty species has hitherto only been known from West Africa,

where Buchholz discovered it insome numbers. Mr, Green has sent me several

examples taken in bungalows, and one from an empty gall on Antédesma,

Its occurrence at two such widely separated localities is very interesting,

and may be compared with Diplatys macrocephala (Beauv), which is found in

West Africa and again in Burmah, or with Anisolabis leta, which occurs at

Zanzibar and also in Burmah, Further collecting may turn these species

up in some connecting locality, or they may continue to be a problem in

discontinuous distribution,

Ch. pulchella may be recognised by its dark-brown colour, with four pale

spots on the elytra and wings, and also by the form of the forceps of the

male, which resemble the forceps in shape of the common Kuropean Forji-

cula auricularia.

CARCINOPHORA, Scudd.

Shining black. Pronotum somewhat narrower than the head; antenne

with 13 segments, Hlytra free, well developed, truncated posteriorly, wings

absent ; abdomen stout, lateral tubercles very indistinct, barely visible, or

entirely absent. Forceps simple, short, conical, slightly curved in at the

apex.

Carcinophora, Scudd., 1876, Proc, Bost. Soc, N. H., xviii., 291,

Borm, 1900, Forf. 40,

This species is practically an Anisolabis with free elytra, or Psalis, without

wings,

CARCINOPHORA DOHRENI, Kirb.

Medium sized, bright shining black, the abdomen more or less reddish

The head a little broader than the pronotum, shining black, the eyes paler ;

the antenne have at least 13 segments, probably more, (Dubrony suggests

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 329

18) ; the first three segments are pale, the rest black except the two penulti-

mate segments which are pale. The pronotum is straight in front,

rounded behind, shining black, except the sides which are somewhat paler,

The scutellum is very smalland difficult to distinguish, The elytra are

p2riectly developed, shining brown, with more or less strongly developed

purple or blue metallic sheen, which is variable, and sometimes barely dis-

tinguishable. They are longer than the pronotum, truncated at the apex.

Wings absent. The feet are pale-testaceous, the femora strongly banded

with black, The abdomen is very slightly dilated, black, or blackish-brown,

occasionally even dark-red, bright-shining, clothed with a few bristles, the

folds of the second and third segments are absent or very faintly developed.

The abdomen is paler beneath ; the last segment is somewhat narrower

than the others, square. The forceps have the branches stout, almost

contiguous at the base, cultriform, finely denticulated on the inner margin,

nearly straight, but curved in towards the tip, the right branch more strong-

ly curved than the left. In the Q the branches are stout, contiguous,

decussating at the apex,

Length of body......g@ Q 10-12 mm,

i, of forceps ¢ Q 2-2°5 mm,

Nannopygia dohrni, Kirb., 1890, Linn, Soc. Journ, Zool., xxiii,, 508,

Labidura femoralis, Dubr., 1879, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xiv., 353, (nec

Dohrn).

Carcinophora ceeruleipennis, Borm., 1900, Forf, 40.

Habitat—Ceylon (Kirb., Brit, Mus.); Galle, Ceylon (Dubr.); Ceylon

(Thwaites, in Mus, Hope, ex coll., Westw.) ; Kandy (Simon, in coll., Bolivar).

C. castetsi, Bol., from Southern India is not very different in appearance ;

the branches of the forceps are more slender and strongly curved, and the

body is more dilated,

This species does not appear to be rare in Ceylon, but I have received

no specimens from Mr, Green, In the Hope Collection at Oxford there are

nine specimens, from Westwood’s Collection, captured by Thwaites.

Thanks to the kindness of Senor Bolivar, I have been able to examine two

females in his collection, determined by M. de Bormans as Carcinophora

ceruleipennis (Borm.),

APTERYGIDA, Wesiw.

Medium sized insects, or small, Antennz with 10-14 segments ; pronotum

narrower than the head. Elytra well developed; wings well developed or

abortive. Abdomen with lateral tubercles developed. Penultimate ventral

segment with semi-circular border, almost (@) or entirely (Q) covering the

salt. Forceps @ with branches remote at the base, slender, incurved to

meet at the apex, with varying teeth on the inner margin. In the @ con-

tiguous, slender, more or less flattened.

Apterygida, Westw. 1839, Introd., Mod, Class. Ins., 1, 42,

Borm, 1900, Forf, 109,

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Forficula, Dohrn,

Sphingolabis, de Bormans, auctt.

Chelidura (partim), Brunner.

This genus can only be distinguished by the shape of the ¢ forceps from

Forficula, the typical genus of the group. In Forficula the forceps have the

branches strongly flattened and dilated at the base, and then slender and

converging.

I have given my reasons* for retaining Westwood’s names.

1. Size small, Elytra dark-coloured. For-

ceps short (simple in @). (Wings

ABOLUIVE) Pe ceeedesser leectseoeceseqandecenennsel open iulezae TED S MeEs:

1:1, Size medium, Elytra golden-yellow.

Forceps long ...secsessecseeeeesee neseewanres

2. Wings developed. Forceps Q with

no tooth. Lateral folds well devel-

oped ...... LOA AH OO FSG R SHER O IC OLLODENO Seen e LE Ariel Aen iaios

2:2, Wings abortive, Forceps 2 with a

blunt tooth near the apex, lateral

folds faint .......cccce-sereeeestasceeeeeeede CINGALENSIS, Dohrn,

APTERYGIDA ARACHIDIS (Yers.),

Dark-brown or castaneous, hairless, Antenne with 12-13 segments.

Pronotum squared, with the lateral margins paler, and the posterior margin

straight, Elytra free, black or reddish, the hinder margins truncate, Wings

abortive. Feet testaceous, Femora sometimes with a blackish band near

the base. Abdomen glabrous, each segment with a very short pubescence

at the hinder margin, segments 5to 8 in the @ and sometimes also the

forceps, slightly punctulated, In the @ the anal segment is subquadrate,

impressed inthe middle, with no tubercles ; the forceps have the

branches remote at the base, short, sleader, cylindrical, gently incurved

with a very small tooth on the inner margin at the base itself, and

another in the apical third. In the @ the anal segment is the same as in

the male ; the branches of the forceps are short, curved in towards the apex,

3 g

Length of body...ss... 8 mm,

" of forceps ...2-2°5 1°75

Forficula arachidis, Yersin, 1860,, Ann, Soc, Ent, Fr., IL, 8, VIII., p. 509,

Tab, 10, fig, 33-35.

Forfiscelia nigripennis, Motsch., 1863, Bull, Soc. Imp. Nat, Moscou.,

XXXVI, No. 3, p. 1.

Forficula nigripennis, Dohrn., 1865, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxvi,, p. 89,

Scuad., 1876, Proc. Bost, Soc. N. H , xviii., 315. Ent, Notes, V., 55 (1876).

Forficula wallacci, Dohrn., 1865, 1, c. p., 88.

* Ann, Mag. N. H, (7), vol. iv., 255, 1899,

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, 331

Scudd., 1876, 1,¢., 318, Ent. Notes, V., 58.

Sphingolabis wallace’, Borm,, 1888, Ann, Mus. Civ, Gen. (2), vi, p. 448.

Forficula (Apterygida) gravidula, Gerst., 1869, Arch., f, Nat., xxxv., i,, 221.

1873, Glied-Fauna, Sans., 50, pl. 3, fig. 9.

Spingolabis gravidula, Borm., 1894, Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen, (2), xiv., 407.

Forficula arachidis, Scudd., 1876, P. ¢., 311., Ent. Notes., V., 51.

Chelidura arachidis, Brunner, 1582, Prod. Eur., Orth.,, 21.

Sphingolabis arachidis, Borm., 1893, Biol, Cent, Amer,, Orth,, 12.

1394, Ann, Mus, Civ. Gen, (2), xiv., 406.

Apterygida arachidis, Burr., 1897, Brit, Orth,, 17, pie L, fig. 8, Walker,

1897, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), viii., 132.

Borm, 1900, Forf. 117.

Apterygida gravidula, Borm., 1900, Forf. 117.

Huabitat,—Ceylon (Thwaites, in coll. Hope). Montibus Nura Ellia (Motsch,) ;

New Guinea (Dohrn), Marseilles in pea-nuts (Yersin), Queenboro’, in Kent,

among old bones (Walker Burr.,), Mombasa (Gerst.), Burmah, Phillipines, Aru

Islands, North Australia, Madagascar, Java, Sumatra, New South Wales,

Mexico, Porto Rico, Cuba (Borm.),

This species is entirely cosmopolitan, and occurs in all ports almost

throughout the world. In temperate climates it appears only to be able to

live under conditions of artificial heat, and so is probably of tropical origin.

It seems to be extremely numerous everywhere, The synonymy has been

established by de Bormans. In his later work (1900) de Bormans separates

A, arachidis and A. gravidula.

APEERY GILDA BIPARLTIA (Kirby),

Slender, elongate. Head shining, red; eyes black; antenne darkish-

testaceous, with 12 segments, Pronotum slightly narrower than the head,

and of the same colour, sometimes varied with testaceous, EHlytra long,

golden-yellow, with a darker band on the suture and outer border, Wings

projecting well beyond the elytra, and of the same colour. Feet pale,

testaceous, Abdomen of a rich dark-red, shining, all the segments, and toa

less extent, the forceps also, finely and densely punctulated ; the glandular

folds of the second and third segments are very distinct and black, The anal

segment is narrow, impressed in the middle, the angles sharp, The forceps

in the @ are dimorphic; the branches are slender, wide apart and straight

with a flattened triangular dilatation in the form of a tooth at the base on the

inner margin; after that they are simple and unarmed; in one form they are

short, and straight, very slightly incurved at the apex, where they scarcely

meet ; in the other form they are much longer, and the apices meet, and

are more or less strongly curved upwards. In the Q the branches are

stouter, contiguous, straight, conical, and unarmed,

} 2

Length of body.........9°75-10°75 mm, ...8°75-9 mm.

» Of forceps......3-6...rccsearesceseeseer a 20

’

332 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Sphingolabis bipartita, Kirb., 1890, Linn. Soc, Journ. Zool., xxiii., p. 526.

Habitat,—North India (Kirby) ; Ceylon, Punduloya, caught ina bungalow,

x, 97, @ (type form), and @ attracted by light. The same, iv., viii, ix., 97,

attracted by light. ‘Second form of @ less commonly, vill. 97. 9 9 at

Punduloya, vy. and vi., 97 (dark variety).

This very pretty species seems to be fairly common in the neighbourhood

of Punduloya. Of the two forms of the male, the type form, with long

forceps, appears to be the commonest, The forceps of the second form,

with the basal dilatation, approach more nearly to the typical Forficula,

and represented an intermediate stage between such forceps as those of

F, escherichi, Kr,, and the typical A. bipartitz, Kirb. That the form of the

forceps of the male is the only means of separating Forficula and Apterygida

is extremely unfortunate, and upon seeing only the second form of the male

of this species, it would be purely a matter of opinion in which genus to

range it, The forceps of the type form recalls certain Neotropical species

of the genus,

In the type form, the anal abdominal segment is less completely punc-

tulated, aud brightez in colour than in the second form,

To a male of the type form Mr, Green has attached the following note—

“ Glandular folds strongly developed; the insect when handled gave off a

pungent odour, like that of the Bombardier Beetle.”

APTERYGIDA CINGALENSIS (Dohrn).

Golden-yellow, the abdomen less brilliantly coloured ; the.prothorax and

elytra posteriorly dilated, with the sides not deflexed; forceps almost

straight, the branches remote at tke base, with an obsolete tooth on the

inner margin beyond the middle. Q.

Long, 83., lat, 23., fore, long. 34 mill,

In Berlin Museum Q and Ceylon (Nietner).

Head arched, without impressed lines, shining; the antenne are 15-seg-

mentate, yellow, Hinder margin of the head in the middle slightly

emarginate. Pronotum anteriorly narrower as broad as the lead, poste-

rviorly broadened, the sides not turned, transparent horn colour ; hinder

border round, shining, smooth, Elytra scarcely longer than the prothorax,

slightly broadened posteriorly, the hinder border rounded, smooth and

shining like the head and prothorax, Abdomen posteriorly slightly narrowed,

the tubercles of the second and third segments very small, the last dorsal

segment fairly large, with a central line, the penultimate ventral segment

entirely covering the ultimate. Branches of the forceps slightly caniculate

(getrennt), at the base nearly straight, incurved at the apex, with a blunt

tooth on the inside beyond the middle, Abdomen and forceps reddish-brown,

pubescent. Sternum yellow; feet, like the head, fairly long, the femora and

tibie slightly, the tarsi strongly pubescent ; the first and third tarsal segment

of the same length, the second very short, barely lobed,

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON. 333

Forficula cingalensis, Dohrn., 1865,Stett. Ent, Zeit.,xxvi., 89,

Borm., 1900, Forf, 128.

This species is totally unknown to me, and so I give Dohrn’s description

in detail, Dohrn includes it in his section of Forfcula, which corresponds

to Apterygida, but until the male is discovered it is impossible to locate its

position with accuracy ; the most noticeable points in the description are

the form of the forceps,(Q), the pronotum and elytra more or less dilated

posteriorly, the absence of wings, and the small size of the:glandular folds,

OPISTHOCOSMIA, Dohrn.

Small or medium-sized insects; body convex, not greatly flattened,

Antenne, with the exception of the first, which is long and conical, and the

second, which is short, with long cylindrical segments. Pronotum consider-

ably narrower than the head, quadrate, Elytra well developed, projecting

well beyond the pronotum at the rounded shoulders, Wings usually well

developed. Abdomen, more or less dilated in the middle, attenuated poste-

riorly ; last abdominal segment small. In the & the forceps are long, slender,

more or less complicated, twisted into various directions, armed variously

with teeth ; in the @ the branches are slender, straight and subcontiguous,

Legs long and slender ; first tarsal segment slightly longer than the third,

the second short and lobed,

Opisthocosmia, Dohrn,, 1865, Stett. Ent, Zeit., xxvi., 76, Dorm,, Kirb,

This genus distinguished easily, by the long cylindrical antennal segments,

the slender legs, the broad shoulders of the elytra, and by the slender

forceps, which are of remarkable shapes in:the male,

Table of Species,

1, More or less stout insects; forceps

comparatively stout ; general colour

dark-brown, varied with red......... 1, HUMERALIS, Kirb,

1:1, Smaller and slender insects ; forceps

very slender ; colour testaceous......

2, Wings perfectly developed....... p00

3. Abdomen unarmed. Forceps ¢

with one tooth (sometimes

obsolete), and no basx! tubercle... 2, SIMPLEX, Borm,

3°3, Penultimate abdominal seg-

ment toothed. Forceps ¢

with two teeth on each branch,

and a basal tubercle above... 3, CEYLONICA, Motsch,

2:2. Wings abortive ...... peerecesenes 1 4, NEOLOBOPHOROIDES, n,

OPISTHOCOSMIA HUMERALIS, Kirb,

Glabrous, shining. Head red, the eyes greyish-black, antenne with 11

segments dark, except the first which is pale, Pronotum, elytra and wings

fuscous, with the lateral margins of the pronotum, an oval spot on the elytra

334 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

and a large round basal spot on wings, yellow; feet and forceps testaceous ;

abdomen castaneous. Forceps of the ¢ with the branches stout, remote at

the base, gently arched outwards for the first third of their length, dilated

on the inside, rounded ; then more slender, depressed, curved in an oval for -

the second third of their length, with a sharp tooth on the inner margin, .

the tooth being triangular and horizontal; beyond this the points are sharp

and decussate. The basal third is horizontal, the remainder slightly pointing ~

upwards,

Length of body.......0. sss. ooo Sal sania,

» Of forceps ......... .-----.. d MM,

Opisthocosmia humeralis, Kirb., 1890, Linn, Soc, Journ, Zool., XXIII,

523 (9).

Borm., 1894, Ann, Mus, Civ, Geu, (2), XIV, 400, (@). id., 1900, Forf. 95,

Habitat—Ceylon. (Kirb., Mus. Hope); Palon in Pegu, Burmah (Borm,)

Easily recognisable by its form and colour.

OPISTHOCOSMIA SIMPLEX, Borm.

Darkish-chesnut, glabrous, shining. Head reddish or testaceous ; antennze

12-segmentate, brown, the 8,9 or 10 sometimes paler. Pronotum brown,

as broad as the head, nearly semi-circular, anterior border straight, posterior

border rounded, convex in the middle, the sides flat and transparent,

Elytra reddish-brown, smooth, considerably broader than the pronotum at

the shoulders, which are well rounded, narrowed towards the apex, and

truncated there. Wings projecting well beyond the elytra, of the same

colour, with a pale-testaceous spot at the base on the outer border (sometimes

absent by variety),and at the apex,on the inner margin, at the suture, a

very small yellow spot. Feet slender, clear brownish-yellow, Abdomen

brown, smooth, oval, elongated, and dilated in the middle, last dorsal segment

trapezoidal, twice as broad at the base as at the apex, smooth, slanting down-

wards, the sides always smooth in the 9, sometimes finely denticulated in

the @. Pygidium not visible, Branches of the forceps in the @ clear

brown, rounded, nearly contiguous at the base, then curved upwards, com-

pressed and touching in the basal third, then horizontal and faintly diverging

towards the points, which are incurved and cross; outside they are faintly

bisinuate, very finely denticulate on the inner margin, with a horizontal

internal tooth near the apex (almost cbsolete in some specimens); in the ¢

the branches are shorter, unarmed, nearly straight, and subcontiguous

attenuated at the apex, where they cross.

Length cf body........11-115 mm., ¢ Q.

, of forceps g 55 mm., 2 45.

Opisthocosmia simplex, Borm., 1894, Ann, Mus, Civ, Gen. (2), xiv, 396, id.

1900, Forf. 98.

Habitat—Burmah (Borm,) ; Ceylon, one mutilated female (Thwaites, in

coll, Hope),

THE EARWIGS OF CEYLON, 335

T include this species on the list on the strength of a female in very bad

condition in the Hope Collection. I refer ii to this species, which is other-

wise unknown tome. It may be a variety of O, du«, Borm., also from

Burmah.

OPISTHOCOSMIA CEYLONICA (Motsch.)

Small, slender, brown. Antenne 12-segmentate, brown. Pronotum nare-

rower than the head, hinder border rounded, anterior border straight, the

sides strongly turned, shining brown. Elytra twice as long as the pronotum,

uniform brown, truncate at the apex. Wings projecting well beyond the

elytra, brown, with a faint yellow spot on the outer side at the basis and at

the apex at the suture. Abdomen darker-brown, the glaniular folds very

prominent, black. Inthe @ the antepenultimate segment is armed on each

side with a short tooth, the:penultimate and ultimate segments are narrow-

ed, the latter with a deep impression in the middle, the penultimate ventral

segment semi-circular, covering only half the last segment. The forceps are

long, with the branches contiguous at the base, parallel, then curved modcr-

ately outwards, incurved to meet at the apex, flat beneath, above with a long

narrow, crest-shaped lump near the base, in the middle with two teeth, the

first. fairly long, the second shorter. In the 9 the abdomen is simple,

narrowed posteriorly, unarmed, the penultimate ventral segment asin the

male, the forceps with the branches slender, straight, contiguous, crossing

at the apex. The sternum and feet are paler than the abdomen, the latter

very long and slender, the first tarsal segment as long as the third, The

whole body is shining, only the antenne, feet, underside of the body, and

the forceps of the ¢ pubescent,

) g

Length of body...........0.08 75 mm, 75-8 mm,

6 Of LOVCEPSiestsscesses 5 2°25-2°5,

Labia ceylonica, Motsch, 1863, Bull. Soc, Imp, Nat. Moscou, xxxvi, part De

No, 3, p. 4.

Opisthocosmia ceylonica, Dohrn., 1865, Stett. Ent, Zeit, xxvi, 83,

Borm, 1950. Forf. 96,

Habitat.—Ceylon (Dohrn, Mus, Berol) ; Punduloya, 49 9 (Green), x,, 97

caught in bungalow, attracted to light, and iii,, 98, in bamboo,

I only know the female of this species, and so have taken the description

of the male from Dohrn, It may be recognised by its slender, graceful

form, shining brown colour and well developed wings, as well as by the

form of the forceps of the male and the abdominal tooth.

OPISTHOCOSMIA NEOLOBOPHOROIDES, sp.n.

Parva, glabra, fusca, nitida; caput suturis nullis; antenne fuscee, 12

Segmentate. Pronotum capite angustius, quadratum; elytris brevibus,

apice truncatis ; alis nullis. Abdomen medio dilatatum, apice attenuatum

tuberculis lateralibus perspisuis ; forceps @ bracchiis basi contiguis, paullo

deplanatis, dehinc curvatis, primum extus, deinde intus orbem ovalem

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

formantibus, apice attingentibus, gracilibus, inermibus, margine interno

minutissime crenulatis; @ vrectis, gracilibus, contiguis, inermibus, apic

decussatis, g Q.

rN 2

Long. corporis ......7°25mm, 8 mm.

Pee LOLCIDIS Heenan: 4°35 3

HEAD shining brown, eyes black ; antenne with 12 long segments, Nos, 3

and 2 very slightly shorter than the others.

PRONOTUM narrower than the head, square, the angles rounded, the

sides slightly turned, brown, the sides paler,

THE ELYTRA are short and square, brown, truncated at the apex.

Wings absent,

ABDOMEN slender, dilated in the middle, the glandular folds very distinct ;

dark-brown, the folds still darker ; from the sixth segment strongly attenu-

ated, the Jast dorsal segment narrower, more so at the apexthan at the base,

with a faint median impression, the hinder border straight with a tubercle

above the insertion of the forceps on each side, more strongly in the @ than

in the ¥

FEET very slender and long, dark-testaceous, very faintly pubescent, the

tarsi more strongly so ; the first tarsal segment is as long as the third ; the

second short, very distinctly lobed,

FORCEPS of the @ with the branches subcontiguous at the base itcelf,

then slightly flattened and contiguous, then suddenly strongly arched out-

wards, very slender, gradually incurved to meet at the apex; on the inner

margin of this oval enclosed part there are a few faint crenulations, In the

Q the branches are simyle, straight, unarmed, slender, contiguous ONES

out their length, crossing at the apex.

Habitat—Ceylon, Hatton, vii., 97 (O.8.W.)

I received a male and a female of this species from Mr. Green, It is to

be distinguished from 0. ceylonica by the form of the forceps of the @, by

the much shorter and truncate elytra and absence of wings by the square

pionotum absence of the abdominal tooth of the male,

shorter and stouter

legs,

It approaches very nearly to Neolobophora tamul, but may be distin-

guished by the free elytra ; the forceps are almost exactly the same shape,

I cannot distinguish a clear scutellum between the elytra at the base, but the

species may have to be removed, when better known, to Neolobophora.

It appears to be allied to O, (?) dubia, Borm., from Burma, but differs in the

colour of the head, femora and the form of the elytra, which are narrower

at the base than at the apex, which are scarcely broader than the protio-

tum at the shoulders, In O, dubia the elytra are considerably broader than

the pronotum and have the sides parallel,

From their shape, in this species,

the sides are slightly diverging,

337

AIDS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SNAKES,

By Capt, F. WALL, 1.M.S.

(ead before the Bombay Natural History Society on 18th February 1902.)

The most important factor in popularising and thereby advancing a sub-

ject lies in simplifying it, so that the veriest novice may grasp it with ease

instead of suffering discouragement at the threshold of his enquiries, as is so

often the case, I have frequently, in India, seen a man bring some natural

history object to identify which has aroused his interest. He borrows a

book, but though he knows the creature is probably described therein, he is

at a loss to know where to begin hissearch. He discovers a key, however,

and gaily sets to work. Sooner or later, he is frequently confronted with

some unintelligible technicality, or what is worse, finds that he has to unravel

some detail which perhaps oniy a careful and skilful dissection, or the pre-

paration of a skeleton, will elucidate. At such a point his enquiries must, in

many cases, come to a dead-lock, and it is not surprising that he throws down

the book disgusted and has to resign himself to a further term of ignorance

till, perhaps, some friend (not always forthcoming) can give him the inform-

ation he requires and help him through the intricacies of identification,

There are scores of men in India with a bent towards natural history in

some branch or another, many of whom have abundant leisure and abundant

opportunities for observation, and who would welcome a hobby that would

relieve camp life of some of its solitude and monotony, and introduce an in-

terest throughout many a wearisome journey in the district, Many of these

men have made an attempt to acquire information, and have been baffled in

their early endeavours owing to the unsatisfactory and complicated nature

of some key,

Many authors, while elaborating the descriptive parts of a work, frustrate

the object of that work in great measure by bestowing far too little atten-

tion to the compiling of the keys, which are really the essential part, since

it is by these that identification is rendered feasible or otherwise, The book

which can afford the surest and most lucid guides to identification is the

book that will command the largest sale and produce the most far-reaching

and useful results, and it is such a work that so many men feel the want of.

If the keys are to be made of real utility, they should be simplified, firstly, by

purging them of all technicalities, or, where this is impossible, explaining

them by diagrams in ail cases, Secondly, by discarding reference to

points which can only be elucidated by investigating anatomical peculiarities,

substituting those observed in external characters alone, and always selecting

those that can be most easily appreciated and put into practice. Such con-

siderations as the plumage of the nestling in birds, the hypapophyses of

vertebre in snakes, &c., &c., though of interest and utility to the comparative

anatomist, can have little, if any, practicable value to the generality of know-

ledge-seeking individuals, and the mere fact that such abstruse and occult

differences are incorporated in the keys, leads one to infer that there is no

338 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

better meaus of differentiation in such cases, and that could simpler methods

be discovered from external characters alone, these would be welcome and

employed in preference ; but one has only to know a little of natural history

matters to realise that to discover such means is much more easily said than

done, It is with this object in view that I have been persuaded in this

paper to endeavour to simplify the means at our disposal of differentiating

between snakes, hoping thai the results of my observations may be of use to

those who, by reason of their access to large and fully representative collec-

tions, have it in their power to compile works—a possibility forbidden to one

in my position who only sees at most a limited number of species and genera.

Many of the points I have made reference to may be found of doubtful

utility in some genera, but the same may be said of all scales, and this should

not detract from their value in others. Even such important scales in

diagnosis, as labials for instance, have not an equal value in all genera. In

Bungarus and Naia I have never yet seen one departure from the nor-

mal, whereas in Chrysopelea and many Tropidonotus, &c., these are not

infrequent, and in many Hydrophine these scales are particularly unreliable

owing to their inconstancy, Similar instances may be cited with reference to

almost every scale.

I have adopted the nomenclature in usage in Boulenger’s work, “ Fauna of

British India”—“ Reptilia and Batrachia.”

THE DORSALS.

These scales are perhaps the most useful of all guides in enabling us to

differentiate between species and genera, but authors have not availed them-

selves of their full value. It is usual for them to record the number of the

rows in the middle of the body and at this point only, but observation has

revealed to me that information as valuable is to be obtained by counting

the rows in other situations as well, The rows which can be counted from

the ventrals on one side over the back to the ventrals on the opposite side

in far the majority of snakes total in the aggregate an odd number, In the

neck these are more numerous than in the body, and these rapidly decrease,

so that very shortly after the neck they dwindle to a definite and constant

number in like species, though it may be very different in different species,

This number once established is retained for a variable distance in the length

of the snake, As far as my observations serve me, the number is preserved

to a point at least well behind the middle of the body (not including the tail ,

which begins at the vent), after which the arrangement differs according to

the species. In many cases the number peculiar to the species is preserved

in the whole length of the body. On the other hand, in many other snakes

the number peculiar to the species once established remains so to a somewhat

variable point behind the middle of the body, after which, by the absorption

of a row on each side, the number is diminished by two, which number

remains constant to the vent, or in some cases a second or third absorption of

rows may occur before the vent, These steps occur at intervals which are’

AIDS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SNAKES, 339

quite as constant in like species as the number of rows in the middle of the

body. (The method of absorption, though fairly constant, does not seem to

me to be sufficiently so to merit special attention. In Zamenis mucosus

and korros the second and third rows from the ventrals are the ones to

fuse usually at each step, In many Simotes the fourth and fifth become

blended, &c., &c.) About the region of the vent the numbers of rows

dwindles rapidly and inconsistently. In order to avoid conflicting results,

I count the rows in three situations :—(1) at a spot one head’s length behind

the head ; (2) midbedy ; (3) one bead’s length in front of the vent, The value

of the results derived from points (1) and (3) is quite equal to that at point

(2), and, when the three are taken together, the value of the information

acquired is augmented threefold,

The number is the same in all three localities in some snakes, such as

Bungarus, Callophis, Oligodon, Hydrophobus, Amblycephalus, Xenopeltis, &e., &e,

In other snakes the number in site (1) is greater than at site (2) as in

Nata. Again, in other snakes the number at site (3) is less than at site @):

When this occurs, it is usually less by two only, as in Psammodynastes,

Lycodon, &c. ; by three in one instance at least, viz., Zamenis mucosus, where

the original odd number 17 falls to an even one 14 ; by four rows as in many

Simotes, Psammophis condanarus, Chrysopelea, &c.,and by more than four in

Tropidonotus plumbicolor, Naia tripudians, Vipera, and many Trimeresurus.

In some snakes, again, the numbers are nowhere quite constant in the same

specimen, not even in the middle of the body as in Coluber oxycephalus and

many Trimeresurus,&c. It seems probable from my notes on many hundreds

of specimens, that these peculiarities are of generic importance and, if So,

such closely resembling genera as Oligodon and Simotes or Hydnonioure

and Lyeodon can be separated with ease and certainty.

THE SUPRACAUDALS,

In speaking of the dorsals I pointed out that the rows of scales were gener-

‘ally in odd numbers, and also made an allusion to the rapid diminution of

rows about the supraanal region. The rows at this site are very variable, but

close to the base of the tail arrange themselves in even numbers. As the tail

attenuates, these rows diminish by the absorption of two rows (one on

each side) at certain steps, the even numbers being retained throughout, The

absorption at each step is affected by a fusion of the two rows nearest the

median line on each side (and is different in this respect from the supra-

caudals of many lizards I have examined where rows nearer to the sub-

caudals blend), There are exceptions to this rule, In all the many Bun-

garus I have examined, the supracaudals arrange themselves in an odd series

of rows to the tip of ie tail, and I have also found a similar peculiarity in

the very few specimens of Calamaria 1 have seen,

Another important character referable to the supracaudals lies in the fact

that in nearly all snakes which have the vertebrals enlarged on the body,

such as Dipsas, Dendrophis, &c., this peculiarity ceases in the supraanal

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

region, and the supracaudals behave as is the rule with other snakes, and

which I have just mentioned, In Bungurus, however, the enlarged and

hexagonal characters of the vertebral row are preserved in the median row

of ihe supracaudals, subject to some modification in size at the various steps

where blending occurs,

K EELS,

The carination of scales is so capricious in the same specimen, though

fairly constant in like species, that it deserves far more mention than has

been conceded to it. Such remarks as “keels present’’ or “absent’? have

little weight unless these remarks are qualified. In some snakes they are

present on every scale from the parietals to the tip of the tail (excepting

perhaps a few in the forepart of the ultimate row), as in Ancistrodon

himalayanus, Cerberus, Echis, &c.; in others they cease before the supra-

caudals have dwindled to two rows as in Tropidonotus piscator and

stolatus, and in others they cease before the fours are established as in

Trimeresurus gramineus, &c, In others they disappear before the sixes as

in Zamenis mucosus and korros, The numbers of rows that are keeled

should be recorded in all the three sites where scales are counted (see

above). Before deciding whether keels are present or absent, the supraanal

region is the part to be specially examined, Often scales are keeled here

where they are smooth elsewhere asin Dryophis, where the median rows

are specially so distinguished, and in Hypsirhina plumbea and some Aspidura,

where the lateral rows exhibit this character. In all cases where faint

keels are present these are most apparent in the supraanal region.

THE RosrRAt,

Such expressions as “visible from above”’ are not precise, since all rostrals

are more or less visible from above and the degree of visibility is subject to

some variation, It is better to compare the portion visible from above

with the scale or suture in the median line immediately behind it, Thus it

is often twice as long as the suture between the internasals, as in many

Simotes and Oligodon, often about equal to that suture, as in Xenopeliis,

&c., and often half or less, as in Ancistrodon. The number of sutures

it makes with adjacent scales should be mentioned. In a key such a

remark as ‘‘ rostral in contact with four scales” is easily grasped and as

easily investigated, These sutures may be four only, as in the majority of

the Hydrophiine (except the genus Platurus), Xenopeltis and many Uropeltide ;

five as in Typhlopide, Helicops, Gerardia, Fordonia, and Hipistes; six,

as is the rule, such as in Zamenis and Dipsas, and rarely eight, as ia

Simotes splendidus.

Another point is the relative length of these sutures, When they are six,

which is usually the case, the nasal is usually the largest as in many Bun-

garus, Zamenis, &c, In some snakes this suture may be twice that of the

internasals, or more, as in Dryophis, Ancistrodon himalayanus, and Vipera

russellii, Sometimes the internasal and nasal sutures are sub-equal, and this

AIDS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SNAKES, 341

is usually so in the genus Simotes. In other cases the internassal suture

is decidedly larger than the nasal, constituting a generic distinction in Naia,

The first labial suture js usually the smallest ; however, in some Psammophis

and Trop:donotus itis larger than the internasals, and in the genus Plaiurus

is the largest of the six sutures,

JNTERNASALS,

It is more precise to compare the suture between the two fellows in the

median line with the suture each forms with the prefrontal than to com-

pare the length of these scales with their breadth, for, latcrally, they are

reflected on to the face to a variable degree, and, again, as the snout narrows

anteriorly, the breadth is not consistent throughout, In the same way the

suture between the prefrontal fellows shouid be compared with the suture

2ach makes with the frontal.

The variations in the sutures arising between these four scales are of some

value in differentiation, Asa rule, the length of the suture between the two

internasals is less than the suture each makes with the prefrontal, and the

length of the suture between the prefrontals is greater than the suture each

makes with the frontal, as is seen in many Callophis, Lycodon, Naia,

&c, In Simotesand Amblycephalus, however, the suture between the inter-

nasals is about half that made with the prefrontals; and the suture

petween the prefrontals, half that made with the frontal, In Tropido-

notus,asarule, the suture between the internasals is sub-equal to that made

with the prefronta's, and the suture between the prefrontals sub-equal to

that made with the frontal. One instance may be mentioned where these

measurements will separate species, In Dryophis mycterizans the suture

between the internasal is about twice that made with tke prefrontals,

whereas in Dryophis prasinus these sutures are about equal, In both the

suture between the prefrontals is about twice that made with the frontal,

My notes in other cases seem to point to similar differences in some species,

but one requires so many of a kind before laying down a rule that I hesitate

before giving other examples,

Again, with regard to the prefrontal, its relations on its anterior, external

and posterior aspects are of such variability and importance in different

genera and species that it is the most important scale on the head for

diagnostic purposes.

Anteriorly when internasal scales are present they are always in

contact with the prefrontals, but when absent, this relationship may be sub-

stituted by the rostral, as in Calamaria, or more commonly the nasals, as

in the family Hydrophiine (except the genus Platurus), &c.

Externally (1) the nasals meet the prefrontals in the vast majority of

species, but there are exceptions; (a) In Naia tripudians and Hypsirhina

enhydris a departure from the above is brought about by a meoting be-

tween the przocular and internasals, and is a useful feature in separating

these species from their allies. In other instances this peculiarity is incon-

stant and valueless, as in Xylophis perroteti, Cerberus and Hypsirhina sieboldz,

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

&e. In Amblycephalus the same peculiarity is observed, and it appears

to me a family characteristic since all the species I have had access to,

elicit it. (b) In some of the genus Lycodon, notably aulicus, &c., and

also in Trachischium the rule is again infringed by the meeting of

the loreal with the internasals, and this is of particular importance in differ-

entiating between species in the former,

(2) The loreal—When a loreal exists, the prefrontal always comes into

contact with it, but it is often absent, avd leads to a variety of other relations,

(3) Labials—This is an unusual relationship, Jt may exist with the

presence of a loreal as an inconsistent occurrence in some Dryophis. In

some snakes where the loreal is absent, the prefrontals effect a contiguity

with certain labials, though it is far commoner in these cases to find the

preocular meeting the nasals, In Blythia, Calamaria, and Aspidura this

feature appears to be of generic importance, and in Uropeltide and Ilyside

a family peculiarity.

(4) Preacular—When this scale is present, which is usually the case, it

always forms a suture with the prefrontal,

(5) The eye.—This relationship is most unusual, for, as a rule, the preocular

by meeting the supra-ocular effectually frustrates such a contingency ; how-

ever, sometimes the prefrontal is permitted to contribute to the circumfer-

ence of the orbit, This occursin some Lycodon, Callophis bibronii, &c., where

it serves to differentiate between species, and also in Blythia, Cylindrophis,

Xylophis, Calamaria, and Aspidura, where it is equally valuable in charac-

terising genera, and in Amblycephalus constitutes a family feature,

Posteriorly, the supra-ocular nearly always meets the posterior part of the

prefrontal, but exceptions occur in Coluber orycepholus, Lycodon aulicus,

&c,, of special importance, and in the genus WDryophis where contact

with the supra-ocular is denied by the meeting of the preocular with

the frontal and also in Python and Zamenis diadema where a supernumerary

row of small scales frustrates the normal arrangement,

The frontal is nearly always one of the posterior relations of the pre-

frontal, but exceptions occur in Python and Zamenis diadema where a

supernumerary row of scales prevents such contact.

The following examples will demonstrate some of the numerous variations

in relationship this scale is subject to :—

Calamaria.—Rostral, 1st and 2nd labials, prxoc., supraoc., frontal,

Cylindrophis—Nasal, 2nd ard 3rd labials, eye, supraoc., frontal.

Blythia —Internasal, 2nd and 3rd labials, eye, supraoc., frontal,

Aydrophis,—Nasal, 2nd labial, preeoc,, supraoc,, frontal.

Zamenis diadema,—tInternasal, nasal, two or three loreals, preoc., super-

numerary prefrontals,

Hypsirhina enhydris.—Internasal, loreal, prveoc., supraoc., frontal,

Lycodon aulicus,—Internasal, loreal, preoc., frontal.

Aspidura,—tInternasal, nasal, 2nd and 5rd labials, praoc., supraoc.,

frontal.

AIDS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION QF SNAKES. 343

Coluber oxycephalus.—Internasal, nasal, loreal, preoc.,, frontal.

Hydrophobus nympha.—tInternasal, nasal, two preoc., supraoc., frontal,

Dendrophis —Internasal, nasal, loreal, preoc,, supraoc,, frontal,

Callophis bibronit.—Internasal, nasal, 3rd labial, eye, supraoc., frontal.

Naia tripudians.—Internasal, preoc., supraoc., frontal.

Bungarus.—Internasal, nasal, preoc., supraoc., frontal.

Amblycephalus.—Internasal, preoc,, eye, supraoc., frontal,

THE FRONTAL,

This scale exhibits many important differences, and its characters are so

well preserved in species of a like genus that, from the shape alone, with a

little practice, one may often make a shrewd guess at the genus a given speci-

men hbelorgs to. ‘The number of scales with which it contracts a relationship

is variable, and though this may generally be worked out from descriptions

usually given in books, the due prominence this variability demands can only

be attained by an expression of that number. Thus it is most usually six, as

in Zamenis, Simotes, &c. It may be seven, as in Platurus colubrinus ;

eight, asin Lycodon aulicus,normally), Coluber oxycephalus, Simotes splendidus,

Zamenis arenarius, and Hipistes;and nine, as NXenopeltis and Zamenis

diadema (normally),

Certain measurements are useful guides in differentiation, Of these one

most usually quoted, viz, that of its length compared with its distance to

the end of the snout, I cousider of little value. I find this very variable ia

like species of like size, and still more pronounced in young specimens com-

pared with adults, and I have for this reason ceased to record it in my notes

The measurements I think of value are as follows :—(a) The breadth of the

scale compared with the total breadth of the crown between the eyes, and to

obtain precise results, an imaginary line is drawn across the crown connecting

the centr:s of both eyes. In Dryophis and Psammodynastes it is about one-

quarter the width or less; in Naia about one-third; in Bungarus and

Callophis, about a half or more ; in Simotes and Lycodon, about three-fifths ;

and in Amblycephalus, Lytorhynchus, Xylophis, Cantoria, &c,, about two-

thirds. (0) Its greatest length compared with that of the supra-ocular is

useful in some cases, The three scales are usually sub-equal, but in many

Lycodon, and in Platurus, the frontal is one-third longer, and in Cantoria,

Xenopeltis, Xylophis, &c., it is twice the length of the supra-oculars. (c) The

relative lengths of the sutures, especially when these are six, are of great

importance. Asarule, the supra-oculars are the largest, as in Zamenis, Dipsas,

&c, Sometimes they are even twice the suture made with the parietals, as in

Dryophis, and some Psammophis, many Coluber, and many Tropidonotus. In

Cantoria, Xylophis, &c., the supra-oculars are the smallest sutures. The

parietals are usually the smallest sutures, as in Chrysopelea, and Dryophis, but

they may be the largest as in Fordonia, and many Hydrophiine. Again,

sometimes the prefrontals are the largest sutures, as in some Amblycephalus,

sometimes the smallest sutures, as in many Distira,

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

Tue NASALS.

The nasals are, I consider, of great value in differentiation, It is in their

relations with labials particularly that they desire special importance. The

number of labials which usually touch these scales is far most fre-

quently two, viz., the first and second ; but in some cases the first labial is the

only one to touch the nasals, and this is a peculiarity which all the Homo-

lopside occurring in Indian limits, except Hypsirhina plumbea, share, In

Tropidonotus piscator, it is an inconstant feature, Equally unusual is it for

three labials to touch the nasals, but this peculiarity exists in Naia,

Xenopeltis and Callophis.

Tue NostTRIL.

This has certainly escaped the due notice it deserves, In some snakes it

occupies the whole depth of the suture between the nasal scales, as in many

Coluber, Naia, Zamenis, &c, ; Whilst in others it only occupies a portion of the

depth, leaving some of the suture unimplicated above or.below, or both above

and below, as in Dipsas, Simotes, Hydrophobus. In some cases it is contained

far more in the posterior scale, the anterior contributing but little to its

circumference, as in Naia, Coluber, Polyodontophis collaris, &c., and, on the

other hand the converse holds good in the case of Xenopeltis, Dipsas, &c,

In Tropidonotus piscutor, it is crescentic (convexity forwards) and placed

obliquely in the upper half of the anterior scale, so that the lower horn of

the crescent infringes upon the posterior scale. The lower suture nearly

always runs to the first labial, except in Hydrophiine, where the rule is for it

when present to run to the second labial.

Tort LOREAL,

IT have already discussed the confusion with regard to this scale in a foot-

note on page 94, B. N. H. 8. Journal, Vol, XIV, No, 1.

PREOCULARS AND POSTOCULARS,

Some confusion exists in what to consider preoculars and postoculars, and

for the sake of consistency I prefer to regard any scales touching the frent

of the eye, anterior to a Jabial which contributes to the orbit preoculars, and

in the same way apply the term postoculars to all scales touching the eye be-

hind, which are posierior to a labial which contributes to the orbit,

TEMPORALS,

The only temporals which can be said to be of any impcrtance are those

in the anterior row, the arrangement of the postjacent rows being most in-

constant. It is of some importance to notice how many and what labials

touch these scales (or the inferior of these when more than one is present).

Asarule, the number is two, but insome instances itis one only, as in Polyo-

dontophis collaris, Dipsas cyanea, Cerberus, Fordonia, Platyplectrurus, &¢.

Sometimes three labials come into contact, as in Vaia bungarus, (normally),

Sallophis nigrescens and Callophis maculiceps, etc,

AIDS TO THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SNAKES, 345

THE SUB-LINGUALS,

It seems inconsistent that when all other scales worthy of a special name

have received scientific titles, the “ chin shields” so called, should be exempt-

ed, and I always refer to them in my notes as sub-linguals, The number of

lower labials that touch the anterior pair is usually recorded, but not so those

that touch the posterior pair, though these are as useful as the former, As

a rule, two labials touch the posterior pair, but in some Tropidonotus, three

come into contact ; in Bungarus ceruleus and many Callophis, only one; and in

Pla'urus colubrinus and Latifasciatus, none at all,

Lower Lasrats,

There are one or two points touching the lower labials which have escaped

notice. The suture between the first pair (when such is present) varies in

length compared with the suture between the anterior sub-linguals, It is

nearly always considerably less, varying from one-third to a half as a rule,

but in many of the genus Dipsas it is unusually long, and usually fully

equals that between the anterior sub-linguals, The relative size of some of

these scales requires speeial mention. One in particular which is usually the

largest of the series, and peculiar in having genuate posterior border, is im-

portant. In Fordonia and Xenopeltis, &c, this is the third of the series ;

in Bungarus and Cuallophis, &c., the fourth; in Psammophis condanarus,

and some Dryophis, the fifth ; in many Zamenis, the sixth ; and in Cerberus,

and many Tropidonotus, the seventh. Again, sometimes no lower labial

exhibits this peculiarity, as in Python, and Amblycephalus. This scale I

generally refer to as the “‘ genuate’” on account of its posterior border,

THE Eye,

Such terms as “small,” “moderate,” and “large” can at best only convey an

uncertain meaning even to those well acquainted with the subject. I record

two measurements which are much less indefinite—(1) The horizontal dia-

meter which is compared with its distance towards the nostril, In many snakes

this diameter about equals the distance to the nostril, as in Bungarus, &e,

In some it falls far short. as in Coluber oxycephalus, &c., and in seme is

even as little as a third the distance as in Xenopeltis, In some Dipsas,

and <Amblycephalus it is greater than the distance to the nostril, (2)

The vertical diameter is compared with its distance to the labial margin,

In some snakes, such as Simotes, it about equals the distance; in others it

is less, amounting in Eryv johnii to as little as half or even less; and again

in others itis distinctly greater, amounting in Chrysopelea to about twice

the distance.

I am aware that, owing to the early development of the eye, this organ is

relatively Jarger in the young than in the adult ; hence the above measure-

ments must be considered as proximately correct only,

846

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G,. C. DupGEON, F. E. 5., &C.

Wirt Norss sy H. J. Euwnus, F. Z. 8., F..E. 8. &C.,

AND

ADDITIONS BY Sir GEorGE I’. Hampson, Bart., B. A., F. E. 8.5 &C.

Tenuate CIE.

(Continued from page 19 of this Volume.)

Family ARCTIADAi—continued.

Sub-family LITHOSIAN Ai—continued.

Genus Cutonama, Herr Schiff.

1281a. C. alborosea, W1k.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Females of this are very

common, attracted to light. I have twenty of this sex, but only two

males. I have two aberrant females, one of which has all the red

markings replaced by yellow ones and the other which has veins 4 and

5 of the forewing arising from the cell. I do not think that C. puella,

Drury, extends as far Hast as this, though it is a very common insect in

the N.-W. Himalayas.

C. obliquilineata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. This species has a large, erectile tuft on the costa

of the forewing on the upperside from the ante-medial line to two-thirds

of the costal length and a very large oval, brownish, unilobate fold on

the underside. The apex of the forewing is quadrate, the costa dis-

torted, and the submarginal pink band bent inwards along the costa.

The ante- and post-medial bands are outwardly oblique. Veins 2, 3, 4,

6 and 7 of the forewiag are curved upwards, and veins 8, 4, and oe 7

of the hindwing are stalked. I took four males in July and August at

Punkabaree, but the female is as yet unknown.

1284, C. effracta, Wk.

Sikhim, 1,800—4,000 feet. I have three males and three females

taken at light in June, August and September.

C. adita, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet up. This species appears in Sikhim

collections as C. signa, Wik. It, however, differs from that species in

having the two discoidal spots on the forewing of the male separate

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM, — 247

and the post-medial line on the forewing of the female bent outwards

to the costa. I have taken it at Rissoom and Pasheteng in September

and have a male from Col. Pilcher’s collection, marked “ August

Sikhim 10000 feet.”

1291. Cy guttsfera, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan. A common insect at low elevations. The

females, as well as the males, have three black spots. Ihave a single

female with the spots yellow instead of black. It occurs everywhere

trom the foot of the hills up to 3,006 feet in July, August and Septem-

ber,

1294. C. molleri, Elwes.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, 2,500—3,900 feet. A well-marked

species, generally larger than C. gutt/fera, with the hindwings white

instead of yellow and the spots on the forewing large. I have two

males and six females taken by me at light in January and August.

1285. C. perornata, WI1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. A rare insect which I have

only taken in August. Mr. Elwes remarks that although he has never

taken it, he inclines to think that it is not so rare.

1301. ©. arama, Moore.

Sikhim, 4,000—6,000 feet. A common insect at Kurseong from

July to October. (I never took this at Darjeeling, and presume it is

confined to the outer hills —H, J. £.)

1293. C. divakara, Moore.

Sikhim, Yatung, 10,000 feet. I have a female from the latter

locality, which has the black spots very small. (I found it abundant at

Darjeeling in July.—Z. J. E.)

1302. C. dohertyi, Elwes.

Sikhim, 4,500 feet. Rare in May and August.

12925 ac Ee sikkimensis, Elwes.

Sikhim, 7,000—16,000 feet. I have one doubtful specimen which

may be only C. dohertyi without the terminal yellow band on the fore -

wing. (This was common on Tongloo at light in July 1886, und is

easily distinguished from C. doherty2 by the position cf the bands and

spots.— HH. J. EH.)

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

1288. C. candida, Feld.

Sikhim, Yatung, 10,000 feet. Rather scarce, I think. I have one

specimen from the latter locality. (Knyvett and Moller both got this

at about 7,000 feet, but I do not know the exact locality. J. E.)

1290. C. puer, Elwes.

Sikhim and Bhutan. I have only one female from the latter locality,

taken in June. (I took one male of this at Darjeeling at light in

July 1886, and have others from the Khasias, Nagas and Manipur.—

JERE I)

1295. C. detrita, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000—7,000 feet. Occurs commonly in August

at Labah, where many may be taken settled on the wet mossy rocks

during the day. It is also common in the Kangra Valley, Punjab.

(My specimens are marked April and October, but I never took it my-

self.—H. J. E.)

1296. C. belissima, Moore.

Sikhim, 6,800 feet up. Rarein May and June. I have two females

only in my collection. (A rare species in Sikhimn, whence I have two

males only.—H. J. L.)

1284a. C. dudgeont, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have one male and seven

females in my collection, taken at light in May, July, August and

September. The male has no costal fold or a very minute one. The

hindwings and lines on the forewings are pale pink. (This seems

commoner in the Khasias than in Sikhim.—Z. J. E£.)

1298. C. coccinea, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,000—3,000 feet. The males of this species vary greatly in

colour. My darkest specimen is scarlet with a sub-basal orange patch

and the three black spots surrounded with orange. My palest male

has the sub-basal patch white, a white patch round the black spots, nar-

rowing towards the inner margin, where it becomes yellowish, and a

broad white border to the black post-medial line exteriorly. The

females have only two black spots, and were formerly thought by me

to be that sex of C. bianca, Wlk. I have reared both sexes of this

species from the larvae. The cocoon is formed of the long hairs of the

larva, joined together in a regularly constructed net, and the pupa is

suspended within it by a few transverse webs.

A CATALOGUE-OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM. — 349

1286. C. bianca, Wik.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. Rarely taken. I cannot distinguish the females

The two-spotted female, which has been identified by Mr. Moore as

this species, I have proved by breeding to belong to C. coccinea, Moore.

(I have four females, of which three by their smaller size and paler

colour of the hindwings seem to belong to this species rather than to

C. coccinea,—H., J, E.)

1296. C. gelida, W1k.

- Sikhim, 1,800 feet up. This occurs, but not commonly, in September

and November. I have also taken it in the Kangra Valley. (There

were many specimensin Moller’s collection, dated March. I never took

it myselfi—H. J. H.)

1300. C. gazella, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,500—7,000 feet. A rare species, of which I have only

two females taken in May and June.

Genus Siccra, W1]k.

1385. S. taprobanis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 6,000 feet. A common species attracted

to light in August and September. I have also specimens which I

took settled on damp rocks and mossy places in May and June.

1387. S. guttulosana, W1k.

+ Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I have only procured this on one occasion, my

specimen being obtained at Tukvar in August.

1391. S. sagitiifera, Moore.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. I have never taken this, butit has been obtained

by Col. Pilcher in Darjeeling.

1388. 8S. nilgirica, Hmpsn.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took one specimen of the variety cénereccolor,

Hmpsn., at Fagoo in May.

Genus Hypostccra, Hmpsn.

HI, punctigera, Leach.

Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took two specimens at light at Rissoom in

September. It seems to be a rare species.

Genus Parastccra, Hmpsn.

1386. P. maculifascia, Moore,

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000—7,000 feet. Not uncommon at light in

Darjeeling. My specimens were taken in June and July,

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Genus OviPENNiIs, Hmpsn.

1416. O. dudgeon:, Klwes.

Sikhim, 5,500 feet. The only specimen I ever took was attracted to

light at Tukvar. This is the type in Mr. Elwes’ collection.

Genus Asurip14, Hmpsn.

1645a. <A. nigriradiata, Hmpsn. (Plate II, Fig. 15.)

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took three in July 1895 at Fagoo attracted to

light, one of which, the type, had the ground colour of the forewing

pale pink ; the other two are ochreous-yellow, with the same markings.

A, metaphea, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000—3,000 feet. I have one male which I

took at Fagoo in August at light. It measures considerably less than

the female described by Sir Geo. Hampson, and has the forewings nar-

rower than A. nigriradiata, Hmpsn.

Genus Asura, WIk.

1477. A. nubifascia, WIk.

Sikhim, 10,000 —12,000 feet. I have never taken this myself, but

have several specimens taken by my collectors inJune and July at

high elevation.

1478. A. melanoleuca, Hmpsn. |

Sikhim, 9,000 feet. J possess only one specimen given me by Col.

Pilcher and taken in July.

A, umbrifera, Hmpsn.

Yatung. This I have not seen, but most probably it occurs in

Sikhim proper also.

1459 (part). A. dasara, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,500 feet. I have only taken this on four occasions at

Tukvar and Badamtam. All my specimens are females, and two bear

dates September and October ; the other two are in the British Museum

collection.

1426, A. undulosa, WIk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000—5,000 feet. Very common from May

to October.

1429 (part). A. obsoleta, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet ; Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only three examples

which I took at light in July. It is distinctly scarce.

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM, 351

1463, A. euprepioides, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet. The sub-species cnterserta, Moore,

is not uncommon at low elevations in the Daling Division, occurring

in June, August and September.

1462. A. conjunctana, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500—4,000 feet. Not uncommon in May,

July and August. I have procured the larva upon the bark of the

Guava, where it was probably feeding on minute mosses.

1476. A. flavivenosa, Moore.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have only two males taken at light at Fagoo

in September.

1429. A. semifascca, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,502—3,000 feet. Scarce in June and October.

1459 (part), A. nebulosa, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never procured this. From the figure in the Cat.

Lep. Phal. it appears to be a very distinct species from A. humilis,

Wik., with which it was placed as a synonym in the Moths of India.

It is a third larger in expanse than A. humil?s.

1440, A. rubricosa, Moore.

Sikhim. This is recorded by Col. Swinhoe from Sikhim, but I have

never seen a specimen.

1454, A. congerens, Feld.

Sikhim. I have not taken this.

1456. 4d. jfloccosa, W1k.

Sikhim, This also I have not met with,

1437. A. strigipennis, Herr Schiff.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—4,500 feet. This is found commonly

from June to September, and shows considerable variation in the

markings of the forewing, some examples having no marginal series of

specks and occasionally wanting the medial oblique line.

1459. A. humilis, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. Considerably rarer than the last,

and exhibiting some variation also chiefly with regard to the fusion or

separation of the streaks on the forewing. My specimens were all taken

at light in July, September and October.

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

1459 (part). A. calamaria, Moore.

ikhim and Bhutan, 2,500—4,800 feet. An easily recognised form

which is somewhat scarce in these localities, but 1s quite common in the

Kangra Valley. The forewings have only a black speck at the base

and one at the end of the cell. I have taken it at light in August and

October.

1417. A. anomala, Hlwes.

Sikhim. I have not taken this,

1415. A. rubrimargo, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. The only specimen I have seen was in Colonel

Pilchev’s collection.

1423. <A. frigida, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet. This is a common species in the

Daling District, occurring from May to July and again from October to

December.

Genus Minrocurista, Hiibner.

1317. M. flavicollis, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen.

M. cardinalis, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,500—5,500 feet. Thisis a rare species of

which I have only taken about half a dozen examples in fourteen years’

collecting in these districts. It superficially resembles Asura anomala,

Klwes, with which it was identified by me before Sir George Hampson

pointed out the difference. My specimens were taken during the day

settled on leaves of tea bushes and other plants, in June, Jul yi and

August.

1472. M. postnigra, Hmpsn..

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have only obtained this species on one occasion

at light at Punkabaree in September; it appears to be rare. There

was a specimen in Col, Pilcher’s collection.

1469. M. punicea, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. I have a series of females of

this species, and as this sex is not at all uncommon, whereas, as far as i

can ascertain, the male is unknown, I am inclined to think that 1.

posiniara, Hmpsn., will be found to be that sex of the specter: I have

taken it at light from June to September,

_ A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM, 353

1468. MM. cuneonotata, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 teet. A common insect at low elevation

in Bhutan, where it may be found in-July and August settled on walls

of houses even in bright sunlight.

1470. WM. cructata, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000—7,000 feet. I think this must be rather

a scarce insect ; the only specimen in my collection was captured in

September.

1471. M. inflexa, Moore.

Sikhim, 5,000 feet. I have only taken two specimens of this in

May ; it seems to be scarce.

1277. M. roseata, Wik.

Sikhim. A handsome large insect which I have never seen.

1473. M. gratiosa, Guer.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—3,000 feet : r. jflammealis, Moore,

6,800 feet. A very variable insect, occurring eee attracted to

light from April to September. I am inclined to think that flammealis,

Moore, is distinct, but it is not easy to define any feature which is

sufficiently characteristic to separate it.

1464. MM. radians, Moore,

Sikhim. I do not know this.

1465. WM. zebrina, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. A common insect at light

at Fagoo in May and from July to September.

1428, MM. prominens, Moore.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I have never taken this in Sikhim, out I have

no doubt that it will be found there subsequently. My specimens I

took at light at Fagoo in June and July.

1454. M. delicata, Moore.

Sikhim. I never received this. The type in the British Museum

is a femaie, and the male appears to be as yet undescribed,

1483, M. linga, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. A fairly common insect,

occurring at light in June and September.

M. proleuca, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. I have not taken this,

354 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

1447. M. spilosomoides, Moore.

Sikhim, Recorded from this locality, apparently on the existence

of a specimen so marked in Dr. Staudinger’s collection,

1445. M. perpallida, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,700 feet. I have only one specimen taken

by me at light in September.

1445a, M. hololeuca, Hmpsn.

to light.

Genus CycLomitta, Hmpsn.

C. melanolepia, Hmpsn. (Plate Il, Fig. 14.)

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. The type is the only specimen I have taken, and

is now in the British Museum. It was attracted to light at Pun-

kabaree.

Genus ScHisTorHLErs, Hmpsn.

1492. S. bepunctata, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,500 feet. This is rather scarce, but I

have taken it attracted to light at Punkabaree and Fagoo in June and

November.

Genus Hemrpstuta, Hmpsn.

1289. A. coa-vestes, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I have never taken this in Sikhim,

but I took one specimen atéracted to light at Rissoomin September, I

also saw another settled on a leaf beside the road between Sumeabeong

and Labah in the Daling Division.

Genus Nuparia, Haw.

1487. LV. fasciata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,700—10,090 feet. I obtained one specimen

at Pasheteng in Daling in October, but have not seen another.

1488. NV. margartacea, W1k.

Sikhim, and Bhutan, 6,400—9,000 feet. This is a rather common

and variable insect which occurs in Darjeeling and at similar elevations

elsewhere in the district in June, August and October.

1486. WN. suffusa, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, and Bhutan, 6,400 feet. I took this at Rissoom in Sep-

tember. Col. Pilcher also had specimens from Darjeeling.

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETERUCERA OF SIKHIM. 355

1488a. NV. fumidesca, Hmpsn.

Sikhim, 7,000 feet. Col. Pilcher took this in Darjeeling, but I have

never received it.

1488¢. WN. déscipuncta, Hmpsn.

Bhutan. The only specimen obtained by me was taken at light at

Fagoo at a lower elevation than most of the species of this genus.

Genus DrpuGa, Moore.

1397. -D. flavicostata, Snell.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I caught two specimens of this at light at

Fagoo in May and July. It is so small and inconspicuous that it has

probably been often overlooked by collectors.

Genus Eucoa, WIk.

1402. FE. bipunetata, WIk.

Sikhim, and Bhutan, 1,800—3,000 feet. A common insect at light,

varying much in the extent of the suffusion beyond the postmedial line

and the ground colour of the forewing. My specimens were taken by

me in May, July, August, September and October.

Genus STIGMATOPHORA, Staud.

1435. SS. palmata, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took three specimens of this species at light

in May, July and September at Punkabaree. The black markings are

much reduced in Sikhim specimens compared with those of a specimen

I took in the Kangra Valley, Punjab; the former are also slightly

smaller, and have yellow patches on the antemedial area of the forewing. -

Genus TropacmE, Hmpsn.

1410. 7. cupreimargo, Hmpsnu.

Bhutan, 2,500 feet. I took one specimen of this well-marked species

at Fagoo in July, but have never seen another.

Genus Humonia, WIk.

1383. H. orbiferana, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—5,500 feet. This I found very com-

monly attracted to light at Fagoo in May and from J uly to October,

It varies considerably in size.

NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED

INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, BOMBAY,

DURING THE PAST 8 YHARS.

By Cavasst D. MAHALUXMIVALA.

Part II,

(Continued from page 181 of this volume.)

16. Paassotus caRAcALLA,” LZ. (LEGoMINos#), Snail Flower creeper,

It is a twining plant of the Tropics, believed to be a native of Brazil,

and long grown in Indian gardens, I have known this creeper grow-

ing in Poona for many years past, but it has never been very common

there, Itis an interesting plant from the peculiar shape of its fragrant

purplish flowers turning yellowish when old, the corolla of which is

spirally twisted like a corkscrew, giving the unopened buds a curious

resemblance to snail-shells, It flowers in August and September, Plants

were obtained from Messrs. Vishnoo Sadashiv & Co., Poona, in Febru-

ary, 1896, and again in August, 1900, from the Empress Botanical Gardens,

Pooua, but they do not seem to stand the climate of Bombay well,

and several plants raised from seed this year also seem to be dying without

flowering.

17, HuryYALE FEROX,T Salisb. (NympH@aAce®#). It is an annual aquatics

native of India and China. It is remarkable for its large circular puckered

leaves with strong spiny ribs, about two feet in diameter, green above and

purple beneath. The flowers are small, violet, prickly, and being partially

submerged are inconspicuous. The seeds are eatable when roasted. It

is no doubt a noble plant on account of its very large leaves. second only

to the Victoria regia in this respect. Two plants raised from seeds obtained

from the Superimtendent, Baroda Gardens, in April, 1896, were pla: ted in

one of the ornamental ponds in the Garden, but were destroyed by the

large fishes that are plentiful in this particular pond. They were again

obtained from Baroda in August, 1897, and the plants flowered then, but

were again destroyed by the fishes, &c., before seeding, Plants lately

presented by Mr, G. H. Krumbiegel, Superintendent of the Baroda Gardens,

were planted in a new water pond specially made for growing aquatics,

but they have not survived, having suffered irreparable damage during the

transit by rail,

18. SWJETENIA MACROPHYLLA,{ King (Meuiacez®), Large-leaved Maho-

gany. Plants raised from seeds presented by the Superintendent, Royal

* The aie ie Anead from the old Greek name, probably from Phaselus, a little boat

from the fancied resemblance of the pods, and from caracol, its native name in South

America. :

+ The name is derived from Furyale, one of Ovids Gorgon’s of fierce aspect, and

from feror, fierce, both in allusion to the prickly nature of the plant,

{ It is named after Von Swieten, a Dutch botanist, and from macros, long, and phyllon,

a leaf, the leaves of this species being larger than those of the true mahogany.

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 357

Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, in April, 1896, and afterwards all seem to be

doing very well in Bombay. It appears to be a straight, tall tree of rapid

growth, It has not yet flowered here, Dr, A, V. Gage, Curator of the

Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, has kindly supplied me

with the following information about its introduction in India :—

“ Swietenia macrophylla is a large-leaved species of mahogany which

was sent over as seed, a good many years ago, fromthe West Indies. It

was supposed to be Swietenta Mahogani seed that had been sent, Dr, King,

as he then was, discovered that the plants resulting from the seeds were

quite different from the Swietenia Mahogani.”

19, Hucatyprus GLosutus,* Labill, (Myrracem). Blue Gum Tree.

This well-known Australian tree, growing to a height of about 300 feet,

is reputed to possess febrifugal properties, andis extensively planted on

that account in malarious districts, The oil obtained from the leaves

is antiseptic, and the antimalarial properties of the tree are considered

to be due partly to the antiseptic vapours given oft by the leaves into

the surrounding air, which are supposed to kill the germs of malaria.

The leaves and branches which cover the soil containing a large proportion

of eucalyptol may also prevent the development of the germs. But its

action in this respect is also ascribed to the absorption of large quantities

of water by its roots during its rapid growth and passing it off through the

leaves as healthy vapour and thus rapidly draining swampy land and

making it unsuitable for malarial germs, This latter hypothesis receives

some confirmation from the recent researches on the connection of malaria

with mosquitos which breed in shallow pools and swampy land. This

tree has been tried by me over and over again, but has never survived for

more than two or three years at the most, The seeds germinate freely and

the plants grow well for some time in pots, but after making some growth

both the plants in pots and those planted in the ground die during the

rainy season, As the tree only grows and thrives at very high elevations

and in soil which is neither too dry or too wet, there is no chance of its

thriving in a place like Bombay.

Another species HucALYPTUS CITRIODORA, Hooker, called Lemon-scented

Gum Tree on account of the leaves emitting, when rubbed, a powerful odour

resembling that of the lemon-scented verbena (Aloysia citriodora), is said

to succeed in tropical climates. This has also been tried here, but without

much success, It has, however, not failed so completely as E. globulus and

is likely to succeed well in Bombay on a somewhat drier soil than that of

the Victoria Gardens.

The only other species which has entirely succeeded in the gardens is

KUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA, Benth,, called the White Iron-bark Tree, which

* The name is derived from ez, well, and kalyptos, covering, on account of the bud

of its fowcr being covered with the lidelike limb of the calyx which falls 6ff assvon as

the flower opens, and from globulus, a little globe.

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

furnishes one of the strongest and most durable timber of New South

Wales suitable for railway sleepers, spokes of wheels and handles of tools

and implements.

Another species which is Jikely to thrive here is EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA,

Schlecht, called the Red Gum ‘Tree, which is said to grow at low elevations

and on moist clayey grounds.

20, KampreriaA Rosc@ana,* Wall, (SciramInE&), A very beautiful

dwarf, stemless, herbaceous perennial, native of Burmah. The leaves are

tufted, large, undulated, roundish, spreading flat on the ground and marked

on the upper surface with bands of dark and light green and dark purple or

black. The flowers described in Hooker’s “ Flora of British India” as white

are entirely white outside, but the inner side of the limb is bright pale

purple with a white or creamy eye in the centre. They are sessile

appearing in the centre of the plant in succession, The plant was purchased

from the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Calculta, in August, 1899,

and seems to do very well in Bombay, It starts into growth in the

beginning of the rains, and should be gradually dried up after the rains

are over.

21, K2MprERIA GiLBerti, + Hort, (ScITAMINE#), This is also an attrac-

tive awarf, stemless, herbaceous perennial, native of Burmah, The leaves

are dark green, lanceolate, with wavy margins and bordered with broad

cream-coloured bands, The flowers are fugitive, sessile, white, with a bright

purple lip.

22, Kamupreria GALANGA, ZL, (SCITAMINEE), Chanda Mula, This very

dwarf Kempferia is a native of India and Malaya. The leaves are

large, tufted, roundish and spreading flat on the ground like those of

K, rosceana, but are entirely dark green. The flowers are fugitive, white

with lilac throat.

All the three Kempferias described above were purchased in 1899 from

the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, and seem to do very well in

Bombay.

Allof them flower after the leaves come out, and are therefore unlike

the more generally known and commonly cultivated Kempferia rotunda,

L., Bhui champa, whose lovely sweet-scented flowers appear at the end

of the hot weather before the leaves come out,

23. ZinaiperR Darceyr $ (ScrraMIne#), It is a perennial herb from two

to three feet hich,introduced in England in 1890 irom the Sydney Botanical

Garden, The leaves are large, shining green, with a broad. creamy white

margin and oblique stripes of the same colour. The flowers appearing in

September are radical in large dense oblong spikes with persistent bracts

* Named after a German naturalist, E. Kempfer, and after Roscoe,

+ Named after Kempfer and after Gilbert,

t} The name is derived from Greek Zingiberis, originating from Sanscrit crngavera,

hora-shaped, probably in reference to the form of the thizomes and after D’Aro-y.

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS. 359

which are green at first, turning scarlet afterwards. The calyx is white,

translucent, and the corolla cream-coloured with a pale yellow lip, The

plant was obtained as a present from Mr. Krumbiegel, Superintendent,

Baroda Gardens, in December, 1896,

24. OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUM® Br, (ASCLEPIADE®), Dudhika or Dudhani.

‘It is a deciduous leaved, very slender, herbaceous, twining perennial found

throughout the plains and lower hills of India, The leaves are mem-

branous, linear lanceolate. It begins to flower in July, the flowers being

saucer-shaped, entirely white outside, and spotted and veined with purple

inside, and are inflated in bud, The plant was collected by my Overseer

from near Bassein in 1900. It seems to do well in Bombay,

25, SovanuM SEAFORTHIANUMT (SoLanace®), It is a beautiful herb-

aceous climber of the West Indies, The leaves are pinnately divided into

about nine segments, The flowers are light purple outside and violet blue in-

side, and are produced in gracefully hanging panicles, succeeded by beautiful

bunches of cherry-red round berries, It begins to flower here in July, flower-

ing in succession afterwards till December, After flowering and fruiting it

appears to drop the leaves and to go to rest in the hot weather, when care

is necessary to water it sparingly. It can be propagated easily from seeds,

26. SoLtaNum WeExNDLANDII, Hook, f. (SoLaNACEX). An herbaceous climber

of Costa Rica, somewhat similar to the above, but of thicker and stronger

growth in stem, leaves, &c. The flowers are large, about two inches in dia-

meter, and of a beautiful pale lilac-blue colour, Itis propagated by cuttings,

Both the above creepers were purchased from the Agri-Horticultural

Society of India, Calcutta, in January, 1898, and appear to do very well in

Bombay.

27. Kueinnovra Hospira,t Z. (STercuLiace®), It is a native of Malay

Archipelago and doubtfully of India, but is widely distributed in India,

Ceylon, Java, Mollucas, &c, It is a medium sized tree with large heart-shaped

light-green leaves and terminal panicles of handsome pale pink flowers which

begin to appear in August and continue flowering till November, The fruit

is an inflated, top-shaped, five-winged, membranous capsule, The plants were

raised from sceds obtained from the College of Science Garden, Poona, in

October, 1898, and they seem todo we!l, One of them planted in the ground

began flowering in 1900, when it was about 10 feet high. Another has grown

about 16 feet high, but has not flowered yet.

sa a ae ee sy

* The nime is derived from QOrys, sharp, and stelma, a girdle, on account of the

acute wegments of the corona, and frum esculentum, edible, on account protably cf its

follicle or fruit being saidto be e:teo in Sind, Tbe f:uit and the leaves are also said

to have been eaten by the poorer classes in Poona and Khandesh during the famine

of 1897-98.

t The name is derived from the old Latin name used by Pliny, probably from Solar

to comfort, from the soothing narcotic effect of this family, and after Seaforth,

} Named after Kleiuhoff, a Dutch botan‘st, and probably from hospitalis, per sinirg

tu a gvest,

360 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

98, EIPISCIA CHONTALENSIS,* Hook. f.(GESNERACE®), Tit is a beautiful,

very dwarf, herbaceous perennial, native of Nicaragua, It is very similar

in appearance and habit to the other species, Episcia fulgida, commonly

grown in our conservatories under the synonymous name of Cyrtodeira

fulgida. The leaves are very hairy, bullately reticulated or puckered

between the veins, the upper surface being of a dull light brownish-

green colour with a bright green band along the midrib, and the underside

bright purple. The flowers are white suffused with lilac with a yellow

throat. Like the Episcia fulgida itis a very handsome conservatory plant

suitable for rock-work and hanging baskets. It is propagated from the

ereeping shoots which take root when pressed in the soil. The plant

was obtained as a present from Mr. C, Maries, Superintendent, State

Gardens, Gwalior, in October, 1895. It appears to be a more delicate

plant than E, fulgida, as it does not seem to thrive so well in the Gardens.

99, ARISTOLOCHIA LEUCONEURA, + Linden. (ARISTOLOCHIACEm), It is a

handsome climber, native of Columbia, The leaves are large, heart-shaped,

dull green, veined with bright light green. The flowers are comparatively

small, about two inches in size, borne in bunches on the corky bark of the

old lower stems, the pouch being yellowish green, veined with brown, the

tube olive brown, and the ear-shaped lip purplish brown outside and thickly

studded with little light brown warts inside, while the throat is cream-

veined dull dark brown, The pods are said to be vanilla like. This

climber was purchased from the Agri-Horticultural Society of India,

Calcutta, in January, 1898, and thrives well here, It has commenced flower-

ing only this year, the flowers appearing in July and August,

30, QuassiA AMARA, { LZ, (SimaruBem), Suranam Quassia, A tree

of Tropical America (Guiana), said to be twenty feet high, The leaves

are large, pinnate, with five articulated leaflets, dark glossy green, the

midribs being red. The petiole is also red and winged, The flowers are

in terminal panicles, each about one inch, of a coral red colour, The whole

plant contains a bitter principle, andthe wood furnishes the well-known

“ Quassia chips’? used as an insecticide by gardeners, and for medicinal

purposes. The plant was purchased from the Agri-Horticultural ‘Society

of India, Calcutta, in 1897, Ithas been propagated by laying, It begins

to fower here in September, and remains in flower through the cold weather.

Tt does not seem to bear exposure to sun at noon, and requires, therefore,

to be planted in a situation where it can receive partial shade at noon,

Ii does not grow into a tree here, as it does in its native habitat, but has re-

mained a shrubby plant only about five feet high,

Mii eamencaerined from Lpiskios, shaded, as they grow iu shady places,

+ The name is derived from Aristos, best, and locheia, parturition, from its supposed

medical properties, and from lewconeura, meaning white-veined.

+ The nawe ofthe genus was applied by Linneus to a tree of Surinam in honour

of = negro, Quassi, who employed its bark as aremedy for fever, and the specific name,

amara, means bitter from the properties of the plant,

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 361

31, SAINTPAULIA IONANTHA, * Wend, (GESNERACE®). It is commonly

known as the Natal, Transvaal, or South African violet. It is an attractive

perennial, stemless, hairy, herbaceous plant, native of Eastern Tropical

Africa, Leaves are petioled, oval or roundish, about two inches in diameter,

dark green, cordate, with crenate margin. The flowers are nodding, about an

inch in diameter, two-lipped, violet blue. The plant was purchased from the

Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Calcutta, in February, 1901. It has been

propagated like the begonias by putting down the leaves as cuttings, It

seems to thrive well here in partial shade and has been cultivated as a

conservatory plant. It hss begun flowering in December this year, and is

said to be flowering continuously throughout the year,

* Named in honour of Baron Walter Saintpaul, who discovered it in Africa and

introduced it in Evrope in 1893, and from ionantha, meaning violet-flowered,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION OF THE DAR-

BHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES

NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT,

By C, M. INGLIs,

Part III,

(Continued from page 139.)

(99) ANrHUS TRIVIALIS.—The Tree Pipit

Oates, No, 840 ; Hume, No, 597,

I have a coupls of skins, browner on the back than those usually got here

of maculatus. I sent one to Mr, Baker, but he identifies it as maculatus, so

probably the other one is also of that species ; if this proves to be the case

then frivialis must be eliminated from our list. I forgot to mention that

during the cold weather swarms of wagtails stay the night in the sugar-cane,

The usual native name for all pipits is Bagheyri.

(100) A. macuLatus.—The Indian Tree Pipit.

Oates, No. 841; Hume, No. 596,

Very common during the cold weather in all mango groves, They arrive

later than the wagtails, Most of the birds sold as ortolans during that period

belong to this species. Native fowlers called Mir-shikars snare them with

bird lime smeared on a thin pliaut fork of bamboo, This fork is placed on

the end of a bamboo rod, several of these rods being jointed together like a

fishing rod. The man carries a screen of leaves which he holds in front of

him, When within striking distance he pushes forward his rod very gently

till he gets close up to the bird and then with a sudden jerk he has caught it,

He leaves it struggling to get away and pushes forward another vod and snares

a second bird out of the number that always come round the one that was

caught first, He then draws in the first rod, pulls out the primaries of

one wing and places the captive ina basket. I have seen over half a dozen

pipits caught in this way at one place before the fowler had to change his

Native name according to Mir-shikars Musrenchs bagheyri.

(101) A. RICHARDI-—Richard’s Pipit.

Oates, No. 845; Hume, No, 599.

This species is also I think a cold weather visitant. Mr, Scroope also

quarters,

believes he has seen it.

(102) A. RuruLus.—The Indian Pipit.

Oates, No, 847 ; Hume, No, 600.

Very common and breeds from February to June, A nest containing

3 young was taken on the 28th February ; this is the earliest date I have

recorded. ‘Three is the full complement of eggs, four being seldom found,

Most eggs are to be got in April and June. I hada peculiarly coloured skin,

[sent it to Mr. Scroope and he says it must be a lusus

it was cream colour.

I have mislaid

natura and that he would callita nearly albino Indian Pipit,

the specimen,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION, 363

(102) A, RosAcEUS.—Hodgson’s Pipit.

Oates, No, 850 ; Hume, No, 605.

Thad quite overlooked this species till this February when a Mir-shikar

brought me in one. He said it was fairly common near marshes and I have

got several more specimens, The fair skins I have are all of young birds

Native name according to Mir-shikars Paniella bagheyrt,

Family Alaudide,

(104) ALAUDA GuL@uLA.—The Indian Sky Lark.

Oates, No, 861; Hume, No. 767,

Common in the cultivation and grasses, I have not been successful in

finding the eggs, though they undoubtedly breed here, I fired at a large lark

near Narhar on the 20th November, 1899, but unfortunately missed it, I

think it must have been arvensis. Native name Bhurut.

(105) CALANDRELLA BRACHYDACTYLA.—The Short-toed Lark,

Oates, No. $62 ; Hume, No, 761 (pt.)

The 17th October is the earliest date recorded by me for the arrival of

short-toed larks, A small flock was seen on that date near Baghownie Fly.

I do not think this species is so common as the following one, but I have not

examined many specimens, In March and April large flocks of this and the

next species are seen in the paddy fields and are then as fat as butter and ex-

cellent eating, During this time these take the place of pipits as ortolans,

The native name for all these short-toed larks is Pulluk, Mir-shikar’s name

Akonia,

(106) C, puKHUNENSIS.—The Rufous Short-toed Lark.

Oates, No. 863 ; Hume, No, 761 (pt.)

The above remarks also serve for this species, The cowherd boys near

Baghownie snare them in nooses.

(107) C. rrperana.—Brook’s Short-toed Lark.

Oates, No. 864.

Mr, Baker says of a skin sent to him that it probably belongs to this species,

as tliere is so pure a white on the outermost tail feathers.

(108) ALAUDULA RAYTAL,— The Ganges Sand-Lark,

Oates, No. 866 ; Hume, No, 762.

Common on the banks of the Kamla and probably of the other rivers in the

District, Males shot at the end of February and middle of April had the

testes enlarged and must have been breeding. I was, however, unsuccessful

in finding the nests,

(109) Mrrarra assamica,—The Bengal Bush-Lark,

Oates, No. 870 ; Hume, No. 754.

Very common, I have taken the eggs from March to July, Native name

Agghin.

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

(110) GaLERITA cRIstaTsA.—The Crested Lark.

Oates, No. 874 ; Hume, No, 769.

I have seen very few in the subdivision, but near the Baghownie and Has-

owlie Factories they were rather common, They commence building in

February and I have taken their eggs near Baghownie in March and April.

All the nests were under clods in paddy land and the birds were very wary

in approaching them, Native name Chandool.

(111) G, pEvA.—Syke’s Crested Lark,

Oates, No, 875 ; Hume, No. 765.

Blanford in Vol, IV of Stray Feathers gives Behar as within the range of

this species, but I have not come across it here,

(112) PyrrHuLauDA GRiseA.—The Ashy-crowned Finch-Lark.

Oates, No. 879 ; Hume, No, 760.

Very common, I have taken eggs from February to May in the same situs

ations as G. cristata, Some birds breed earlier in January and I saw a pair

building in the beginning of September, A hen bird was seen trying to feed

a dead young one which was lying in the nest. Name according to Mir-shikar

Gotowli,

Family Nectariniide.

Sub-family Nectariniine.

(113) ARACHNECHTHRA ASIATICA—The Purple Sun-bird.

Oates, No, 895 ; Hume, No, 234,

Abundant. It breeds from February to May, I have taken nests from

many situations. Some were found hanging under the eaves of houses and

others hanging from bamboos, creepers, thorny hedges, twigs of small bushes,

pomegranate, peach, kheir and mango trees, Most were from 2 to 5 ft. from

the ground, one was about 20 and another about 40 ft. up in a mango tree.

The earliest nest was taken on the 26th February, the latest with eggs on the

30th May. I have seen them picking small insects off the ground and often

watched them flying up and catching insects on the wing. Only the female

builds the nest and hatches the young, and an egg is laid daily till the number

is complete. These sun-birds can be reared as I kept an 41. zeylonica for

about six months in a cage feeding it on sugar mixed in sattoo, It died from

the cold as it had an iron perch which I omitted to cover during the cold

weather, It lived from August to January.

Family Diceide.

(114) Dicamum ERYTHRORBYNCHUS—Tickell’s Flower-pecker.

Oates, No. 919 ; Hume, No. 238.

Common, They breed here in March and April. I have found very few

nests and have not succeeded in getting the eggs ; though one nest had two

eggs in it which were destroyed by D. rufa. I have found two young ina

nest and probably two is the full complement of eggs laid. ‘hese birds

commit a good deal of damage to the ripe mangoes and guavas.

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 365

(115) Prprisoma squaLtipuM.—The Thick-billed Flower-pecker.

Oates, No. 921; Hume, No. 240,

If anything, commoner than the last species. They breed from March to

June, All my nesis, with one exception, were built on mango trees from 12

to 20 ft. from the ground, the other was being built on a tamarind tree at

Narhar about the end ot February but was deserted, All the nests were

found hanging from the extremity of the thinnest twigs and generally from

those on the outermost branches. The nests were like those described by

Captain Beavan, but some were of a much greyer tinge; the commonest

colour however is orange brown. An egg is laid daily till three, which is the

full number, are laid. .

ORDER Pict,

Family Picide.

Subfamily Picine,

(116) Lropicus MAHRATTENSIS.—The Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker,

Blanford, No, 972 ; Hume, No. 160.

Rather uncommon, The few nests I have taken of this species were

during April and May. I have seen others but they were always deserted.

I have been most unfortunate with my woodpecker’s nests, by far the greater

proportion being deserted, Ithink this species here inyariably make holes

in the thinner branches of trees and never in the trunks themselves, All

woodpeckers are called Kat-kodi by the natives,

(117) Iynerpicus HARDWicKII.—The Indian Pigmy Woodpecker.

Blanford, No. 976 ; Hume, No. 164.

Fairly common, [have only taken two nests with eggs of this species.

In May 1899 I found over half a dozen pairs busy making nest holes in the

thin branches of mango trees ; the birds were seen at all times of the day

busy excavating and though never disturbed not a single pair laid eggs. They

commence excavating in February. The nests with eggs were taken on the

24th March and the 12th July respectively, The first contained 3 slightly

incubated eggs and the latter two fresh ones, Sometimes the holes are made

in fairly thick branches but usually in thin ones,

(118) Muicroprernus pHmocers,—The Northern Rufous Woodpecker.

Blanford, No, 983 ; Hume, No. 178.

Scarce. It breeds here in April and May. Ihave the following note on

its nidification, At Narhar, in the nearly horizontal trunk of a decayed tree

standing out from a bund that overlooked a drain and surrounded by bam-

boos, was a hole in which some wasps had madea nest, This hole was about

7 ft, from the ground and had presumably been deserted by the wasps. In

this nest arufous woodpecker had bored a hole and laid four eggs which were

slightly incubated, The eggs were absolutely glossless,

366 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

(119) BraAcHYPTERNUS AURANTIUS.—The Golden-backed Woodpecker,

Blanford, No. 986 ; Hume, No, 180,

Very common, A female shot on the 1st December 1898 had the feathers on

the upper back and rump black tipped with golden olive. Thisspecies breeds

from March to July but commence excavating in February. They often

bore into the trunks of trees but not invariably and prefer mango, but I have

also found their holes in leechee and siris trees, I have seen them feeding on

the ground.

Sub-family Lyngine,

(120) Iynx TorquiLLA.—The Common Wryneck,

Blanford, No, 1003; Hume, No. 188,

Rather rare ; but a few are generally to be seen every cold weather, I have

secured four or five specimens, The scrub jungle which often grows on the

banks of tanks seems to be rather a favourite place for this species, They

arrive about the end of October, I having got one on the 24th of that month,

and appear to remain till the middle of April,

Family Capitonide.

(121) THEREICERYX ZEYLONICUS.—The Common Indian Green Barbet.

Blanford, No. 1008; Hume, No. 193.

Very common. It breeds from April to June. Common though it is I

have found very few nests and only taken one clutch of eggs. The latter

were got from a hole in the trunk of a mango tree about 7 ft. from the

ground and were quite fresh. Four is I think the full complement of eggs,

but I have had a nest brought me containing 3 young,

(122) XANTHOLHMA H#MATOCEPHALA,—The Crimson-breasted Barbet,

Blanford, No. 1019; Hume, No, 197.

Exceedingly common, breeding from February to July. They lay from two

to four eggs, three being the usual number. On the 3rd July I took 2 nearly

fledged young from a hole in the branch of a champa tree. I cut off the

branch below the hole, leaving about 10 inches on the tree; onthe 21st I

found a new hole had been excavated in the remaining piece of the branch

and from it I got 3 fresh eggs. The branch was again cut leaving only 3 or

4 inches on the tree and on the 29th a new hole had been made in it right

into the trunk of the tree ; this hole, however, was deserted,

ORDER ANISODACTYLI,

Sub-order Coraciz.

Family Coraciade.

(123) Coracras INDICA,—The Indian Roller,

Blanford, No, 1022; Hume, No, 123,

This species, commonly known to Europeans here as the Blue Jay, is

extremely common, It breeds from March to June, and most eggs are to be got

in April. I have never found any birds so wary about their nests as those

mentioned by Mr. B, Aitken in Hume’s Nests and Eggs. They have always

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 367

been very noisy and pugilistic, flying out at any bird, from a vulture down-

wards, that came near their nests, A pair took possession of a pigeon-house

near my bungalow at Narhar, driving out the rightful owners, Mir-shikar’s

name Sabzuk ; ordinary native name Nill Kunt.

SUB-ORDER MEROPES,

Family Meropide.

(124) Merops viripis.—The Common Indian Bee-eater.

Blanford, No. 1026 ; Hume, No. 117.

Very common, It breeds from March to May. Ihave several] times found

seven eggs in the same nest, and on one occasion found a nest containing a

single young one. Native name Patringa.

(125) M. pHiuiprrnus,—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.

Blanford, No, 1027 ; Hume, No, 118.

I have found this species scarce in the subdivision though common near

Baghownie from the middle of March throughout the rains, Mr. Scroope,

however, says he has observed it in many places during the rains, I have

noticed them up to October and they do not remain here after then, I found

them breeding in numbers not far from Hatauri during April and May in the

banks of the Keray River, Mir-shikar’s name Dorla,

SuB-ORDER HALCYONES.

Family Alcedinide.

(126) CerryLe varia.—The Indian Pied Kingfisher.

Blanford, No, 1033; Hume, No, 136,

Very common. It breeds from February to April and again in October.

They do not invariably lay in holes of banks overlooking running water as

supposed by Hume for I have on several occasions taken their eggs from

holes in banks of tanks, I bave seen one swallow a fish on the wing ; they

usually take it to the bank and eat it there, Mir-shikar’s name Korona,

(127) AucEDo IsprpA.—The Common Kingfisher.

Blanford, No. 1035 ; Hume, No, 134,

Common during the cold weather and up to April. I once, however, saw

one in July. I have not found their nest, Sometimes this species is seen

hovering and diving like C, varia, Mir-shikar’s name Farissi,

(128) PrLarcorsis GuriaL.—The Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher.

Blanford, No. 1043 ; Hume, No. 127.

I have not found this species very common, but Scroope says it is so in most

places, Though a male shot on the 20th January had enlarged testes and

was probably breeding, I have never found the nest, Mir-shikar’s name

Tunnak,

(129) Hatcyon smyrNeNSIS.—The White-breasted Kingfisher,

Blanford, No. 1044 ; Hume, No, 129.

Fairly common in most places but rather scarce round about Jainagar. I

have found it a very wary bird here quite unlike those I came across in

368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Cachar. Large numbers are snared by the native fowlers. One man told me

that he usually snared 100 to 150 from October to January and that they

fetched from Rs. 15 to Rs. 20 a hundred. This shows what a number of this

useful Kingfisher are killed, as in some parts of the country there are small —

hamlets of these men who do nothing else, during that time of year, but snare

these birds, The native name here is Tunki.

(130) H. pineata—The Black-capped Kingtisher.

Blanford, No, 1045 ; Hume, No, 130.

I have already, in this Journal, recorded the occurrence of this species in

the District and regret to say it has not been come across again,

SUB-ORDER BUCEROTES.,

Family Bucerotide,

(131) LopHoceros BrrostRis.—The Common Grey Hornbill,

Blanford, No. 1062 ; Hume, No. 144,

Very common, They are often seen picking fallen fruit off the ground.

The note sounds like pee-ye. Three eggs and a hornbill were brought to

Narhar by a native on the 16th April, I was away from home at the time, but

the man told my servant that they were got ina mango tree and also men-

tioned the birds being closed up inside the hole with dung. The eggs are

small for the size of the bird, On the 19th of April I found a nest hole

high up in a large Simul tree, a few miles from Narhar. The hole had

previously been made by a parrot and must have been enlarged by the

hornbills. The male bird flew up at the hole,so Iexpect the female was

safely shut up inside, I could get nobody who dared climb the tree, so was

unable to investigate the matter, Native name Duness.

SUB-ORDER UPupx,

Family Upupide.

(132) Upura Epops.—The European Hoopoe,

Blanford, No. 1066 ; Hume, No 254,

Not uncommon during the cold weather,

(133) Upupa 1npica,—The Indian Hoopoe.

Blanford, No. 1067; Hume, No, 255,

Common. Many birds are hybrids between the two species. It breeds in

February, March and April, The earliest eggs were got on the 12th Feb-

ruary. Itis only lately that I have been successful in getting eggs though

IT have found many nests but all had either young or were deserted, Here

they build oftener in holes in the mud walls of houses than in trees, I tried

to rear some young ones but they died in a very few days, During the day

they were very quiet but inthe evening chirruped alot. On the 25th Feb-

ruary, I got a nest with five eggs, two were broken in the nest, from a crack

in some mortar on my bungalow roof, and though the hen-bird was handled

rather roughly, all her rectrices being pulled out, she has selected a new site

for a nest near my chimney. Native name Hud-hud,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 369 -

ORDER MACROCHIRES,

Sub-order Cypseli.

Family Cypselide,

Sub-family Cypseline.

(134) CypsELus MELBA.—The Alpine Swift.

Blanford, No. 1068; Hume, No, 98,

Not an uncommon visitant during the rains. The earliest arrivals were

noticed on the 18th April. Ihave seen them in May, but most are noticed

from June to September. I have not succeeded in getting any specimens but

am certain the identification is correct.

(135) ©, arrinis.—The Common Indian Swift.

Blanford, No. 1073; Hume, No. 100.

I have found this species uncommon. A few years ago I saw them nesting

on the rafters in the Maharajah’s stables at Darbhanga, but am not aware

whether they still do so or not. I have seen them from February to October,

except during March and July. On the 3rd October a pair flew several times

into my verandah at Baghownie, one settling on one of the bamboos in the

roof.

(136) TacHORNIS BATASSIENSIS.—The Palm Swift,

Blanford, No, 1075; Hume, No. 102.

Very common, I have found them breeding from February to August.

The earliest nest was taken on the 25th of February and the latest on the

2nd August. A nest from which 2 fresh eggs were taken on the 1st March

contained a young bird on the 15th April. Two nests are never found on the

one leaf though several pairs usually build on the same palm (Borassus flabel-

liformis), Most of my eggs were got in March.

SUB-ORDER CAPRIMULGI,

Family Caprimulgide.

(137) CapRIMULGUS AstaTIcUs.—The Common Indian Nightjar,

Blanford, No. 1091 ; Hume, No. 112.

I havea single skin of this species shot at Anarh Fty, on Xmas Day 1899.

(138) C, MacruRUs.—Horstield’s Nightjar.

Blanford, No. 1093 ; Hume, No. 110,

This is the common species found here, I have been unsuccessful in find-

ing its eggs but am certain it breeds here. Native name Chupka.

ORDER COCCYGES,

Family Cuculide,

Subfamily Cuculine.

(139) CucuLUs micRorTERUS,—The Indian Cuckoo.

Blanford, No. 1107 ; Hume, No. 203.

I have noticed this species from the end of March to July during which

months it is fairly common,

370 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

(140) HisRococcyx varius.—The Common Hawk Cuckoo,

Blanford, No, 1109 ; Hume, No, 205.

Abundant. Two females shot on the 21st June had each a fully shelled

egg in the oviduct ; one was unfortunately smashed by the shot but the other

was perfect and is now in my collection. The“ brain fever ” bird, as it is

called, is very noisy during the breeding season, commencing to make itself

heard in March ; at other times of the year it is very silent. Mir-shikar’s name

Barow.

(141) CoccysTEs Jacopinus.—The Pied Crested Cuckoo,

Blanford, No, 1118; Hume, No. 212.

Very common from May to the beginning of October. An egg was obtained

on the 27th July from a nest of Crateropus canorus containing six eggs belong-

ing to the latter bird. The cuckoo was not seen on the nest but came out of

the mango tree on which the babblers had the nest, and the parasitic egg is if

anything rounder than the others. I have many times seen C’. canorus feeding

young of this species, Native name Pupiya.,

Subfamily Phenicophaine,

(142) EupyNnamis HONoRATA.—The Indian Koél.

Blanford, No, 1120; Hume, No, 214.

Abundant, It lays its eggs in the nests of Corvus splendens from May to

July. Ihave never taken eggs from the nests of C, macrorhynchus. Re the

number of eggs laid by this species I give the following extract :—

July 7th,1897—One young Koél.

,» 9th ,, —One young Koél and 3 young crows,

May 19th, 1898—3 fresh Koél’s eggs and 1 incubated crow’s egg.

» 21st ,, —I1 fresh Koél’s egg and 2 incubated crow’s eggs.

June 17th ,, —5 fresh Koél’s eggs,

July 2nd ,, —2 fresh Koél’s eggs and 2 highly incubated crow’seggs.

A young bird which I had, used to sit on the whole of its tarsus and

swallowed a plantain quite 3 inches long.

(143) Taccocua LESCHENAULTI.—The Sirkeer Cuckoo.

Blanford, No. 1129; Hume, No, 222,

This species is rather rare round Narhar and Jainagar, but Scroope says it

is not uncommon elsewhere in the subdivision, Outside this subdivision I

have found it common everywhere. I took many nests near Baghownie

Factory from April to September. These birds can run yery well. They

have a habit of running a short distance and then raising their bodies and

having a good look round, then off they scuttle again keeping their bodies

almost horizontal with the ground. Native name Soolbool.

(144) CENTROPUS SINENSIS.—The Common Coucal.

Blanford, No. 1130 ; Hume, No. 217 quat.

Very common, Mr. G. Dalgliesh told me they were not common round

Dulsing Sarai. It breedsfrom June to September, In Hume’s Nests and

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUBDIVISION. 371

Eggs I see no mention of their building in bamboos, but here they very often

doso, Some natives believe their flesh is a cure for consumption. The

colours of the soft parts of a nestling were as follows :— Bill, upper mandible

dark horn colour, lower mandible and gape yellow fleshing ; iris brown ; legs

and feet brownish plumbeous, Native name Mohoka.,

(145) C. BENGALENsIS.—The Lesser Coucal.

Blanford, No. 1133 ; Hume, No. 218.

I have only secured two specimens of this species in the District and seen

two others ; it must be very rare. My two birds were shot at Narhar in De-

cember and January and are in winter plumage.

ORDER PSITTACI.

Family Psittacide,

(146) PALORNIS NEPALENSIS.—The Large Indian Paroquet.

Blanford, No, 1135 ; Hume, No, 147 ter,

I found this species not uncommon round Jainagar but noticed it nowhere

else. Two males shot on the 19th January had the testes greatly enlarged

and a pair were seen excavating in a large mango tree in the middle of Febru-

ary, They only worked at the hole for a few days and then deserted it, I

have never found the eggs or young.

(147) P. rorquatus.—The Rose-ringed Paroquet,

Blanford, No, 1138 ; Hume, No, 148.

Very common, It breeds here from March to May, but I have found very

few nests. Numbers of them, in company with Columba intermedia, breed in

holes in an old pucca temple at Laheria Serai. Native name Sooga or Tota.

(148) BP, cyanocePHALUs,—The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet.

Blanford, No. 1139 ; Hume, No, 149.

This species is also common, numbers being seen in the Indian corn and

millet fields in August. They also do considerable damage to the paddy.

I have never found the nest.

(To be continued.)

372

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. L—SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE NARCONDAM

HORNBILL (RHYTIDOCEROS NARCONDAMI).

(With a Plate.)

At the request of Colonel R. C. Temple, Chief Commissioner of the

Andamans, I visited Narcondam, on 22nd March 1901, for the purpose of

making further notes on the Narcondam Hornbill and securing more skins,

I had also hoped to have found the nest and eggs, but unfortunately the

nesting season had not begun.

The birds were paired and the cocks were attentively feeding the hens as

they sat together on the trees, but all were still moulting, and from what I

noticed I should say that the nesting season would be quite a month later

than the time of my visit.

The plumage of those we shot was in a very draggled state, the white tail

feathers being dirty and ragged ; and the whole appearance of the birds

was as if they had been confined in an ill-kept aviary.

In the description of the bird in the “ Fauna of British India,” Birds,

Volume III, p. 149, and in the notes in the Society’s Journal, Volume XII,

p. 212, I notice some errors,

Tn no case have I seen it mentioned that the eye of the female is different

in colour to that of the male, The iridis of the cock bird is brilliant orange

red witha fine circle of pale yellow next to the pupil—not pale red as

stated—and the iridis of the hena dark olive brown with the same thin

circle of pale yellow. The orbital skin is a rich smalt blue, the gular skin the

same colour only very much lighter and in places almost white, The “dark

brown ” markings between the furrows of the casque are due to dirt only, the

actual colour being a light brown, of a pinkish shade near the base. The

feet are a rich black with a light yellow grasp, and not brown as described,

although they turn brown a few days after death ; the claws are brown, The

bills seem to vary considerabiy with the age of the bird, not only with regard

to the furrows, but in total length ; those of the female being shorter in pro-

portion to their depth than those of the male.

In the tail of the oldest hen-bird shot, there was one black and white

parti-coloured feather,

C, P. CORY, (CHaprarn.)

Port Buatr, ANDAMANS, 25th March 1901.

No, I1.—ON SOME DEEP-SEA FISHES COLLECTED BY

MR. F. W. TOWNSEND IN THE SEA OF OMAN,

By G. A, BouLencer, F.RS.

(With a Plate.)

Tue fishes listed in this paper were obtained by Mr. F. W. Townsend by

means of a fish-trap whilst engaged in cablework in the Sea of Oman between

the 21st and 29th October last, and presented by him to the British Museum, 3

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

C.PCory del. March1901. MinternBros.Chromo.London

THE NARCONDAM HORNBILL.

Rhytidoceros narcondami.

“opie T Garrr so.tg wr TUT,

“TEGUNBUS INLAVN@) 16

SIS AO TOIS ay eh

WATAs Tsp weesH eC

‘20C 4STH ye Aequog wmor

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 373

The collection, small as it is,is a valuable one, as extending our knowledge

of the distribution of the deep-sea fishes of the Arabian Sea and as containing

examples of an undescribed form which requires the establishment of a new

genus,

1. Scopelus pyrsobolus, Alcock.

A single specimen.

Lat. 24° 49’ N,, long, 56° 56’ E., 225 fathoms,

2. Harpodon squamosus, Alcock,

Several specimens,

Lat. 25° 24’ N., long, 57° 27’ H,, 230-243 fathoms.

3. Uroconger lepturus, Richards,

Several specimens.

Lat, 23° 56’ N., long. 58° 5! H., 142 fathoms.

Lat. 24° 5’ N., long. 57° 35! E., 205 fathoms,

Lat. 24° 21'N,, long. 57° 5’ E., 170 fathoms.

4, Epinephelus preopercularis, Blgr.

A single specimen.

Lat, 24° 21’ N., long. 57° 5’ E., 176 fathoms,

PARASCOLOPSIS, gen, NOV.

Agrees in every respect with Scolcpsis, Cuv,, but for the total absence of

a suborbital spine. Scolopsis imermis, Schleg., in which the said spine is

feeble, is a link between the two genera.

5. Parascolopsis Townsendi, sp. n, (P).)

Depth of body equal to length of head, 22 to 2? times in the total length.

Snout very short, shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is 3to 31

times in length of head ; interorbital region flat, equal to the diameter of

the eye ; nasal openings large, separated by a dormal flap ; mouth with bands

of small conical teeth, outer largest ; maxillary extending to below anterior

third of eye; suborbital and prexopercular borders finely denticulated ; a

single well-developed opercular spine ; head entirely covered with strongly

ctenoid scales. Gill-rakers very short, tubercular, 6 or 7 on lower part of

anterior arch, Branchiostegal rays 5. Dorsal X 8-9 ; spines strong, middle

longest, 2 or nearly 3 length of head, as long as Jongest soft rays. Anal III

7 ; spines strong, second and third equal and nearly } length of head. Pec-

toral acutely pointed, ? or + length of head. Ventrals extending to vent,

Caudal deeply notched. Caudal peduncle nearly twice as long as deep,

Scales strongly ctenoid, 45—48 ; lat. 1, 37—42, Uniform reddish, with

a more or less distinct silvery lateral stripe.

Several specimens, measuring from 110 to 160 millim,, were obtained at

three different points :-—

Lat. 24° 5!’ N., long, 57° 35’ E., 205 fathoms,

Lat, 25° 22’ N., long. 57° 47’ E., 225 fathoms,

Lat, 25° 3t' N,, long, 57° 14’ E., 198 fathoms,

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

6. Tetraroge Guentheri, Blgr.

Two specimens.

Lat, 23° 56’ N., long. 58° 5’ E., 142 fathoms.

This species was described from a single specimen obtained at Muscat by

Surgeon-Lieut.-Col. A.S.G, Jayakar. The present specimens differ from

the type only in having 12 soft rays to the dorsal instead of ie

7. Physiculus argyropastus, Alcock,

Several specimens.

Lat. 24° 5! N,, long. 57° 35’ E., 205 fathoms.

Lat, 24° 21’ N., long., 57° 5! K., 170 fathoms,

Lat, 24° 42! N., long. 56° 56’ E,, 225 fathoms.

Lat. 25° 22' N., long. 57° 29’ E., 107 fathoms.

Lat, 25° 31’ N., long, 57° 14’ E., 198 fathoms,

8. Cynoglossus Carpenteri, Alcock.

Several specimens.

Lat, 24° 21’ N,, long. 57° 5’ E., 170 fathoms,

Lat. 24° 49’ N., long 56° 56’ E,, 225 fathoms.

Lat, 25° 24’ N., long. 57° 27’ H,, 230-243 fathoms.

(The above appeared in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History,

No. XXXIX, Mar. 1901.

No, IIL.—_NOTES ON SOME LAKHIMPUR BIRDS,

Within a very short time of the publication of Mr. Baker’s notes on his

new species of Corythocichla I have been lucky enough to obtain two female .

specimens of the same bird. Both were brought in by Nagas, the first on

November 21st, the second on December Ist, 1901. On comparing them with

a specimen of C. striata also found here a striking difference was noticeable.

My birds agree perfectly with that obtained by Mr. Baker except that the

white centre to the abdomen is not so large as in the plate.

Another marked feature is the greater slenderness of both bill and feet of

squamata as compared with sirata.

The tails of both my birds are ’75”, I noted the colour of the iris in mine

as red-brown though the other colours of the soft parts agree minutely with

those of Mr. Baker’s bird. Both specimens must have been obtained close to

Margherita and at no great elevation, Another curious occurrence is that of

Phylloscopus neglectus which little warbler was identifie! for me by Mr.

Baker who also examined the Corythocichla.

Within the last year I have also obtained specimens of Ptilolemus Austeni

from the fledgling to the adult stage. The young are, as shown in “ Birds of

Cachar,” far more rufescent than the adults in the upper plumage, and their

bills are strongly tinged with green at the base.

An adult female in my collection has curious white strice in the breast and

upper abdomen.

MARGHERITA, UPPER BurRMA, 6th December 1901. H, N. COLTART,

Journal Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

THE RELATIVE PROPORTIONS

A SNAKE ANDITS PREY.

Mintern Bros, Photo-imp. London.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 375

No. IV.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE WHITE-FACED

STIFF TAIL DUCK AT MARDAN,

On 7th December after shooting some duck at one end of a long pond near

here, (the one mentioned by Capt. Macnab, I. M. S.,in his account of a pre-

vious occurrence of Erismatura leucocephala in the Society’s Journal for April

1900), I saw a single bird swimming and diving in the open part of the pond,

Waiting until it dived I ran up close to the edge. The bird came up within

20 yards of me only showing its head and neck, diving again immediately.

I saw that it was a stiff-tailed duck at once. The manner of diving was

most peculiar, very like the way a porpoise rolls over in the water, or a head

and tail rise of asalmon. The bird tucked its head in and turned over show-

ing the whole line of its back tail and legs in succession as it went down.

The tail was bent downwards with the legs showing below and the tail, legs,

and feet were the last part of the bird seen, showing very clearly as it dis-

appeared, It came up several times only showing its head and neck, the

body and éail remaining under water. I remained quite still and as it got a

little further away it showed more of its body on coming to the surface, and

also its tail which was carried at an angle of about 45 degrees to the surface

of the water, After watching it for some time I shot the duck. The skin is

forwarded for acceptance for the Bird Collection of the Society.

F. J. H. BARTON, Magor,

Q. O. Corps of Guides,

Marpan, 10th December 1901.

P. S.—The bird on dissection proved to be amale, Its length from point

of bill to tail was 154 inches, from point of bill to end of the legs 163 inches,

both measures between uprights, Colour of bill dull olive green, feet and

claws lighter bluish green, webs black. Iridis brown.

No, V.—EXTRAORDINARY MAGNITUDE OF A SNAKE'S MEAL.

(With a Plate.)

On the morning of the 27th July, when out snake-hunting in the pine

clad hills surrounding this charming little Japanese resort I encountered a

snake (Elaphis wrgatus) in the act of swallowing a leveret (Lepus brachturus).

Wonderful as the magnitude of some snake’s meals sometimes are, the dis-

proportion between the size of the captor and its quarry in this case is so

remarkable, that had I not witnessed the circumstance I would not have

believed the feat within the wildest dreams of possibility, When I disturbed

the snake in the jungle the head of the leveret was fast engaged in its jaws

distending them and the neck enormously. Handicapped by its excessive

burden the snake fell an easy victim to a blow from my bamboo, which

caused it to relinquish and disgorge its prey. The leveret had a wound on the

near hind limb near the trunk, which I took to be the point of initial seizure.

The whole head and this only was covered with saliva secreted during the act

376 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

of partial deglutition. The ears lying back over the head were extensively

and raggedly windowed ina longitudinal direction almost to the tips, evi-

dently lacerated by the repeated perforations of the palatine or maxillary

rows of teeth in their endeavour to secure a further purchase on the after-

coming parts,

The snake which is one of the many kinds of rat snakes, is slender in figure

and probably only about a quarter the girth of a python of similar length, or

even less. It measured 603” (sixty and one-eighth inches) and weighed 100

mé.* The leveret weighed 235 me! and was thus more than twice that of its

would-be consumer,

The accompanying photograph conveys a better impression of the inordi-

nate proportions of the two creatures than any words can do,

F, WALL, Ca?rr,, 1.M.s.

ARIMA, JAPAN, July 31st, 1901.

No. VI—NATURAL HISTORY NOTES FROM FRYER’S TRAVELS.

The name of John Fryer needs no introduction to an Indian audience,

but though we have all met with quotations from him times out of number,

the opportunity of reading his celebrated book does not come within the

reach of all. It may, therefore, prove interesting to the members of this

Society to hear the accounts given by him of the wild animals he met

with in India and Persia, which, though they may have no scientific value,

are rendered picturesque by their quaint style, and are characterstic of a

time when few Europeans had any knowledge of the manners and customs

of the inhabitants of the jungles,

Dr. John Fryer embarked on the 9th December 1672 on board the

East India Company’s ship Unity, of 350 tons and 34 guns, the smallest

of a fleet of ten which sailed that winter for the East Indies. By the

following June they were in sight of Ceylon, in possession of the Dutch

then at war with England,so they had to give it a wide berth for fear

of being assailed by the Dutch Fleet. Fryer says: “Thisis the Island

where (if true) the Elephants, are bred, who, transported, exact Homage

from all Elephants of other places, and they withal, by prostrating (as it

were) their Necks between their feet submissively acknowledge it.” But he

does not give his authority for this somewhat marvellous legend. The Fleet

at the end of June anchored off Machlipatam, in the kingdom of Golconda,

where the English, Dutch and Portuguese had factories. A list is given of the

wild beasts in the country, leopards, bears, boars, tigers, antelopes, spotted deer

and wild lions ; though I doubt whether there is any authentic record of lions

on the Hast Coast. A visit was paid to the King’s Elephant Stables, “ When

e came they were feeding out of their Houses on Sugar Canes fresh gathered

——— Ch es wno—- + >-?PO™m mms

* A me! is a Japanese weight and approximately one hundred and twenty me’ equal one

avoirdupois pound, butit is subject to variation in different parts of the couniry.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 377

and administered by their Keepers, Alighting from our Palenkeens, they

loosed one which was fourteen feet high, and the Black clawing his Pell with

an Iron Engine, he stooped down for him to get up, and being upon his Back

guided him as he listed. His Body is a Symmetrical Deformity (if I may so

say); the Hanches and Quarters clapt together seem so many heaps; his Neck

short, flapping ears like Scates, little Eyed, a broad face, From which drops his

Proboscis or Trunk, thrusting it out, or shriveling it in, as he chuses ; through

its hollow he sucks his liquor, and with two Fingers, as it were, reaches the

Fodder, shaking off the Dirt against his Thigh, or Vermin, such as Mice,

which he abhors, he brings it under to his Mouth, from whence proceed two

huge Tusks of Ivory for defence, not Mastication, for which he is supplied

within with others ; his Tail iscurt ; he shuffies on with a great Pace, moving

all the Joints of his Legs, thovgh the Motion of his Hinderlegs imitate

Human Progression, having a Patella or Knee-pan afore, not articulated

behind, as other four-footed Beasts are, When he stands, his Legs appear so

many Columns, scolloped at bottom, being flat-hoofed. They are of a Mouse-

colour, With their Trunks they strike a violent Blow, and are taught to

fling Iron Links, to the destruction of their Enemies. That they draw their

weighty Cannon is certain ; but that they engage with smaller on their Backs

I am no Hye-witness.” Evidently he had been told that they did, but did

not believe it. From Machlipatam Fryer sailed to Madras, and gives us a

description of the country round about, “ The Couniry is sandy, yet plentiful

in Provisions ; in all Places Tops of Trees, among one of which, on the top

of a withered stump sat perching a chamelion, clasping with its Claws its

rotten Station, filling himself with his Aerial Food ;a Banquet which most

other creatures else arise an hungred from. But to be confirmed in the Truth

of what we have only by Tradition, I caused a Black, who had a bow there to

fell him with an Earthen Pellet, which when he had, after a small time he

revived, and making a Collar of Straw for his Neck, he carried him to my

lodgings, where I dieted him a Month on the same proviand, That he

changes his Colours at a constant time of the Day, is not to be contradicted,

but whether he live by the Air alone, I will not stand to it, unless there werea

Dearth of Flies in the country ; though for my Part I did not see him eat

any. In Shape he cometh nearest a Newt; with his lungs his Body does

agitate its self up to its Neck; he craw’s on all Four, and hasa Tail longer

than its Body, which all together was no more than half a foot; he has

Teeth, and those sharp, which makes me think him an Anti-beelubian.”

What this long word means is left to his readers to guess. His Black does

not seem to have been afraid of the chameleon, but in some parts of India the

natives consider it dangerous—in what way I do not know, Journeying to

Triblitore, four miles north of Madras, Fryer says: “In the Way hither are

store of Antelopes, not to be taken, but by a Decoy made of green Boughs,

wherein a man hides himself and walking with this Bush upon his back, gains

near on them, while grazing or brouzing rather on Shrubs or Bushes, as to hit

378 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

one with an Arrow, when it may be run down with Dogs, the rest of the Herd

shunning it. They are of a delicator shape and make than a Deer, the

Horns not jagged, but turned as an Unicorn’s ; nor spread into branches, but

straight, and long, and tapering, rooted on the Osfrontis, springing up on both

sides.” In September Fryer left Madras, sailing round Ceylon and up the

Malabar Coast, where in obscure weather he tells us they were warned by water

snakes of their too near approach to the land, Anchoring off Phalapatam, a

town north of Mangalore, he sails up a creek in a boat manned by Lascars

whom he compares favourably with the English sailors, “who can hardly

ever work without horrid Oaths and hideous Crushing and Imprecations ; and

these Moormen, on the contrary, never set their hands to do any Labour, but

they sing-a Psalm or Prayer and conciude at every joint application to it

allah allah, invoking on the name of God.” Those who have rowed up the

Bombay creeks in a Bunder-boat can appreciate this description, though the

songs here sound somewhat Secular. “The River was full of Alligators or

Crocodiles which lay basking in the Sun in the Mud on the River’s side, whom

the Natives are fearless of ; conceiving the Brachminers have power to lay

a spell upon them, that they dono harm, Which, whether true or false, ’tis

certain they as seldom do Harm in the Water as the Tigres in the Woods, over

whom they fancy their Priests have the same prevalency.”’ A year after leay-

ing England, Fryer landed in Bombay and was received by the Honorable

Gerald Aungier, Governor, both for the King and the Company, and President of

allthe EastIndies, An interesting description of Bombay follows, from which

it may be gathered that Colaba was then called Old Woman's Island, low and

barren, of no other profit but to keep the Company’s antelopes, and other Beasts

of Delight, A visit was paid to Bandora, then in possession of the Portuguese,

whence Fryer and his party travelled all over the Island of Salsette or Cano-

rein, Outside Bandora they used their fowling pieces all the way being

presented with rich game, as peacocks, doves and pigeons, chitrels or spotted

deer, and close to the ruined city of Canorein they passed through a wood

peopled by apes, tigers, wild buffalos and jackals, also flocks of parocket.

As the hot weather approached our author was led to moralise on the ingenu-

ity of the Weaver Bird, “ In the meanwhile Nature affords usa pleasant

Spectacle for the Season, as well as Matter for Admiration ; whereby I know

not why we should deny Reason wholly to Animals; unless it be Man having

so much, they seem comparatively to have none. For here isa Bird (having

its Name from the Tree it chuses for its Sanctuary, the Toddy Tree)

that is not only exquisitely curious in the artificial Composure of

its Nest with Hay, but furnished with Devices and Stratagems to Secure it

Self and young Ones from its deadly Enemy, the squirrel; as likewise from

the injury of the Weather; which, being unable to oppose, it eludes with

this Artifice, contriving the Nest like a Steeple-hive with winding meanders ;

before which hangs a Penthouse for the rain to pass, tying it by so

slender a Thread to the Bough of the Tree, that the Squirrel dare not venture

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. - 379

his Body, though his Mouth water at the Eggs and Prey within ; yet 1t is

strong enough to bear the hanging habitation of the ingenious Contriver, free

from all the Assaults of its Antagonists, and all the Accidents of Gusts and

Storms; hundreds of these Pendulous Nests may be seen on these trees.’

After the full moon in August “our Europe Ships, if they save their Passage

about the Cape, venture to make in here, by the directions of the Yellow

Bellies of the formerly mentioned Water-snakes, who are a warning to them

of adventuring too near the Shore, till the open Weather appear.” In the

cold weather Fryer went to Surat. “ To this place,” he writes, “ belong two

sets of Vermin, the Flease and the Banyans; the one, harbouring in the Sand,

fasten upon you as you pass; where’tis some Pastime to see what Shift the

Banyan makes ; being bit by them, le dare not kill them, for fear of unhous-

ing a soul, according to their Notion of Transmigration ; but giving them a

severe Pinch will put them to shift for themselves, in a Nest of Cotton-wool.

The other Vermins are the Banyans themselves, that hang like Horse-leeches

till they have sucked both Sanguniem and Succom (I mean Money) from you ;

* = © Hunting of Tigers is sometimes a Pastime, at others a Tragy-

comedy; for besetting a Wood where Tigers lurk, with Men and Horses and put-

ting a Set of their loud Musick to strike up in the middle of it ; they rouze at

the unaccustomed Noise and rushing forth seize the first in their way, if not

shot or launced, to prevent them : Wild Bulls and Buffolas areas dangerous, nor

is the Boar less fierce than any of them. Antilopes are set upon by Leopard,

in this wise ; they carry the Leopards on Hackeries, both for less suspicion

and to give them the advantage of their spring; which if they lose, they

follow not their Prey, being for a Surprize ; Therefore the Hackeries wheel

about at a distance, till they come near enough to apprehend them, they

feeding fearless of the Hackeries ; then with three or four Leaps, after a small

chase, seize them, and easily become their Masters, The great Men have

Persian Greyhounds, which they cloathe in the Cold Weather, and some few

Hawks ; a Colum may be hunted with a Greyhound, as we do Bustards, being a

great Fowl andlonginrising, Buffollasanimated by their Keepers, fight with

great Fury ; their Horns, being reversed, are useless ; but they knock Foreheads

with a force adequate to such great Engines, till they are all of a gore, and

follow their blow with such vigour, the stronger will hardly permit the

weaker to go back to return with his force, but pressing on him, endeavours

to bear him down ; then foiling one another they are a long time before they

will yield. Persian Rams set together in this manner, are not parted without a

bloody Catastrophe, which are kept on purpose for the Sport of their great

Men as likewise are Elephants who engage at the will of their Masters,” In

the English House Fryer saw “an Unicorn’s Horn nut that of the Rhinoceros

of which cups are made and profered for Sale here, and are relied on to

discover Poyson if poured into them,” Also two skins of Laban asses

streaked with a dark grey upon a white ground, upon the back direct in other

parts waving towards their length, and various kinds of piegons (with blubbered

380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

noses, and of a brown colour), tumblers and pouters, By the river a woman

had lately been devoured bya crocodile in spite of the Brachmin’s pretending

to charm them, so that they should do no mischief in their sacred river,

“Fish, Oisters, Soles and Indian Mackerel the River yields very good, and the

Pools and Lakes Store of Wild Fowl; peculiarly Brand-geese, Colum and

Seeras, species of the former; in the cold Weather, they shuning the North-

ern rigid Blasts, come hither yearly from Mount Caucasus ; what is worth tak-

ing notice of, is their Aspera Asteria wound up im a case on both Sides their

Breastbone, in manner ofa Trumpet, such as our Waits use ; when it is single,

it is a Serass, when double a Colum, making a greater Noise than a Bittern,

being heard a great while before they can be seen, flying in Armies in the

Air.” During Fryer’s stay at Surat “aSea Tortoise was brought to the Fort, in

Length Six Feet, the contents of his Hut near two Bushels, reckoning only

that part with which his Back is shielied, being anhyge Shell of a brown

Colour ; never to be made transparent as those come from the South Seas are,

nor easily tobe crackt by any weight ; for Experiment, I and two others got

upon it, and the Tortoise unconcerned carried us: its Head is loricated with

Scales, the Neck reaching as farses the Hut, soft and undefensible: the fins

are four, placed instead of Legs, by which it Crawls as well as Swims ; the

belly is covered with a Breast plate called the Callapee, soft and whitish in

respect of tte Backpiece or Callipet, its tail is short and wreathed like a

Serpent ; altogether it is as lovely as a Toad ; itsighs like a Woman and weeps

like a child ; being taken and turned onits Back, it is Shiftless. I caused it

to be opened and examined its heart, which (countary to the opinion of tlhe

Vulgar) is but one, they affirming it to be three, grounded on this Mistake,

the Auricles being larger than in other creatures, equalling almost the

Ventricles and whole Body of the Heart, which is bigger in proportion than

belongs to such an Animal, beiug as large as an Ox’s, which might be the reason

ofits Pusillanimity ; the Veinsand Arteries were filled with currents of cold

Black Blood ; it participates more of Flesh than of Fish, of a viviparous than

oviparous offspring, yet. laysimperfect Hggs without a Crust (only covered

with a Membrane, being most Yol'), buried by it in.the Sands, to receive from

the Sun’s Heat the perfection of their hatching (as the eggs of Egypt from

Furnaces, or others from Dunghills) : It Spawns them as Fish do, in huge

quantities, as much at one time ¢s will more than fill a Saman’s Bonnet

(every one being as big as an Hen’s Egg), By them aboard Ship they are

ordered like buttered Eggs of a Fowl, though nearer akin to a Serpent’s,

hanging together as those do.

“For this end they come ashore, and when pursued, cast up with their

Claws a Cloud of Sand to blind their Enemies ; when overtaken some are so

big four men can hardly turn them,

“Tt is supposed they feed on the Grass or oaz on Land or at the bottom of

the Ocean ; and from the Fable of the Three Hearts, springs the Conceit of

their Tripartite Community, of fish, and Flesh, aud Fowl ; the outward Covers

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 381

ing being shelly, the inner Meat Carnous, its way of preserving its kind being

by Eggs as the Feathered Fowl do: To me it seems (though the Flesh be

highly extolled for the taste and colour of Veal) neither Fish, nor Flesh, nor

good Red Herring.”

In the winter of 1675 Fryer travelled down the coast visiting Goa, Karwar,

and other places. At a village called Mirja he had an adventure with a

Snake, evidently a King Cobra. “ Being tired and lying to repose on the

‘ Bank of the River, under a shady Tree, I was made at by an unsizable Snake

which hardly escaped, had it not hissed with an unheard-of Noise before me,

which, rouzing me, made me shiit its speedy Course, as it angrily gathered up

its Body, and darted itself into the Flags on the River Side ; these Creatures

are dreadful to the inhabitants,and when I related my hazard, they wondered

I came off so, there being of them big enovgh to master the largest Animals.

After my Danger was over, I was told she had a Nest in that place, it being

lately turned into a Burial-place ; here, by the by, might be noted what Pliny

writes, to wit, that Snakes are generated out of Human Brains putrifying.”

At Karwar meat apparently was scarce, no beef or mutton was obtainable

and if they required flesh or fowl they had to get it themselves, Water-fowls,

peacock, green pidgeons, spotted deer, sabre, wild hogs and sometimes wild

cows formed the bag on their shooting excursions, and a strange adventure

with a tiger is related, “ One of our Soldiers, a youth, killed a Tigre-Royal ;

it was brought home by Thirty or Forty Combies, the Body tied toa long

Bamboo, the Tail extended ; so, they brought it to the House, where we saw

twas wounded in Three places, one through the Head with Two Pullets,

another through the Body slanting up to the shoulders, a third in the leg ; it

was a Tiger of the Biggest and Noblest Kind, Five Feet in Length beside the

Tail, Three aud-an-half in height, it was of a light yellow, streaked with

black, like a Tabby cat, the Ears short with a few Bristles about the Lips ; the

Visage Fierce and Majestic, the Teeth gnashing, Two of which she broke

against the Stones for Anguish, the Shoulders and Forelegs thin and well-set,

the Paw as large as the biggest Fist stretched out, the Clavs thick and strong

“The Boy shot it in the night from a Chouse or Estarzo, as it came to drink

supposing it to have been a Deer ; the first shot was that under the Shoulder,

which made her spring three times an incredible height, at the last of which

che fell into the Chouse, from whence she shaw the Flash, where with the Eng-

lish Boy were a Comby and a Comby Boy of eight Years old asleep a little on

one side ; she pawed the Stem with her Feet, while all but the Child asleep

fled ; but being wrung with her Pain, she soon left the place with an horrible

Noise, that made the Woods tremble, all which awaked not the Lad, nor had

it any Harm.

“Tn this interval, the English youth charged again with a couple of Slugs, and

tracing the Blood, as she was making at him, discharged through the Brain-

pan, at which she was quiet ; but to make sure, he made another Shot at her

which he believed was that in the Leg ; all this time the Moon was obscured

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi, XIV.

and cloudy ; the Combay that had left him and his Son, at length came with

many more, calling Fring:, the term they have for Europe men and Franks ;

the Boy was walking about fearing to venture within reach, till at last laying

aside his well-advised suspicion, he approaching, found the Terror of the

Wood slain.

“ Disrobed of its Royal Hide, two Bones of the bigness and Figure of a Leva-

tor presented themselves to our view, that had no connection with the other

Bones, but wholly immersed in the Flesh, in the ends of each Pectoral, and

the three circumducing Muscles, towards the joining of the Shoulder-blades,

and the upper Bones of the Fore-feet, commonly called Shoulder-bones ; of

these there goes a story handed by tradition, as that licking the Right

Shoulder it appeases Hunger, the Left it whets it where these Bones lie ; but-

probably enough it is, that Nature added these for its greater strength ; the

Entrails were little variable, but the Heart was mighty, and the Liver (they

say) had as many Lobes as that was years old, which were six and-an-half,

like to a Foxes,”

The chief commended the lad for his courage, and according to custom,

plucked off his over-coat of venetian cloth of silk and silver and gave it to

him, We are then provided with some curious information about the tiger,

‘Tt is memorable what is attested, by these Woodmen, of the Tigre, that when

he intends to prey on the Monkies, he uses this Artifice or Stratagem ; the

Monkies at his first approach give warning by their confused chattering, and

immediately betake themselves to the highest and smallest Twigs of the Trees

when the Tigre seeing them out of his reach, and sensible of their Fright, lies

constant under the Tree, and then falls a Roaring, at which they trembling

let go their hold, and tumbling down, he at leisure picks them up to satisfy

his Hunger ; they are his accustomed Repast, seldom making Man his Meal,

and they are judged (as St. Paul’s Barbarians did him) guilty of some Horrid

Crime that such vengeance overtakes ; the Woods and Mountains yielding

variety of other Food, The Tigre is dull-seented, and not long Nimble, Three

Leaps tiring him, otherwise it’s probable he would make more havock than

he does, The She brings forth but once in Twelve Years, and then but a

single Cub; thus has Providence suppressed the growth of this Masterless

Creature ; besides, if the proverb be true, the Bitch brings forth .bué once in

her Life, or very rarely more, notwithstanding Cilian says otherwise in his

4 lib de Historia Animalium, Panthers were more common than tigers, and

apes were plentiful, but the natives considered it “ Piacular”’ to kill these,

calling them Half Men, and saying that once they were Men, but for their

laziness had Tails given them and hair to cover them. Which agrees with

the theory of the latest Professor on the subject, The Indian tigers, we are

told, was the fiercest in the world, but the lion was feeble and cowardly.

The next year Fryer sailed up the Persian Gulf to Gombroon or Bunder

Abbas, and travelled up to Ispahan, the capital, ‘he Emperor kept a varied

collection of wild animals, and here Fryer first saw the rhinoceros ; “a cruel

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ~ 383

Beast, of a large size, there coming from his Nose an Horna Cubit long (brown

towards the Bottom, Whiter near the Point) and Six inches Diameter, whence

the derivation of his Name from Rin, Nasus,a Nose and Kéras Cornuan Horn :

between this Animal and the Elephant, is a mortal Strife, for which Nature

seems to have Armed it on purpose ; it being a four-footed Beast, with Three

Partings of the Hoof, built on thick strong Thighs, but short, considering the

great bulk of its Body which presses them; it is Tall enough to reach the

Bowels of its antagonist with its Horn, with which it Gores him to Death ;

nor has she given him less firm Bones to the Trunk, if by chance it should be

crushed by the Elephant, defending its very Hide with a Coat of Mail; where-

fore before on the Neck and Shoulders, and behind in the Quarters, the Skin

lies in folds, like Fish Seales over one another; the Face bears much of an

Hog’s Countenance, unless the upper Lip which resemble a Cow’s, and the

lower, the form of a Whale’s; the Mouth discovers a mishaped tongue, set

about with two rowes of Teeth ; it is of the same Mouse colour, and Tailed

as an Elephant is,and Feeds of the same Fodder and is kept facing too

mighty, but lean Hlephants,

“Whether the Rhinoceros be the Unicorn, I suspend my belief, since I have

seen a Horn turned with Furrows and Ridges from the Basis to the Point,and

Tapering like that of our King’s Arms, but what Petrus Angelius relates con”

cerning the Avager or Indian Ass can have no congenity with this,” A quotation

from this author is given, “ The Wild Asses of India are as big or bigger than

Horses, whose Heads are of a Purple die, their Eyes Blew,the rest of their Body

White ; on their Foreheads they have an Horn a Cubit in length, whose lower

part for Two Hands breadth is White, and the top, which is sharp, inclining

to a Bright Red, but the Middle Part is blood Red ; of these they make cups

out of which whosoever drinks, neither Cramp nor Falling Sickness seizes them

nor has any manner of Poison any force, if that immediately before or after tak-

ing the same, either water, wiue or other liquid thing be taken out of these

cups.” However Fryer thinks that the Rhinoceros, which come from Bengala,

and are esteemed terrible and indomitable creatures, must be (or more) what

Petrus calls Asses, there being no other beasts in those parts with but one

horn, In some artificial lakes were flocks of water-fowl which the Persian’

were skilled, by their long case-hardened guns, to shoot flying, Hawks of

Muscovia were purchased at great rates “ nor undeservedly, for they will

strike down these Colum that are big as Wild Turkies, and visit India in the

Cold Season, eleven or a dozen one after another, as they fly in Train like

Wild Geese, and come down with the last themselves; they have some

Hawks of their own, but they are of a Cowardly Breed to these,”

On the journey back to the coast “we meta Lion anda spotted Deer,

varrying up as Presents to the Sophi from the Mogul; the Lion seemed

rather a Catamountain than such a Majestick Creature as ours in Europe

being nigher a Dun colour than a Dark Red, without Beard, nor haired all

from the Head down to the Crest and Thighs ; about the Lips it had Bristles

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

like a Cat, and when the keeper stroaked it, it would make a noise much the

same as a Cat when she purls : These are kept to set upon Bulls before the

Emperor, which they do sneakinly, coming behind to leap upon their quar-

ters which one of our right bred English Mastiffs would scorn to do; a true

Bull Dog being too hard a Match for one of these Lions, which has often

been proved at the court of Persia to the commendation of their courage. ”

When Fryer left Ispahan the Company’s Agent remained behind, waiting for

a favourable opportunity to appear before the Emperor, which was a thing

of great difficulty and expense to the Company, it seldom costing less than a

thousand Thomands in fees and presents. “The Irish Buckhounds brought

up for that end were admired and talked of by all, and represenied to be as

big as Camels ; and though they were young proved swift Creatures, I seeing

the Bitch in our journey turn an Antelope, which none of their Hounds ever

came near ; and had the dog been yare, no doubt but they had seized it. ”

The dog, too, had a sense of humour as the following story related by Fryer

goes to show. Being let loose one day, ‘‘ he rambled about the Caravan for

what he could get to satisfy his Hunger; whilst an Hodge (one of their

Pilgrims to Makomet’s Tomb) who was at his devotions on the most conspi-

cuous place of the Ser Raw (they loving to be seen of men) had placed a

Bowl of Buttermilk tempered for his Tooth, ready by him, to fall to after

his prayers ; he bowing his Face to the ground, as their custom is to worship

and there lying prostrate : the Dog scenting the Bowl, mounted the Quad-

rangle and clapping one Lez on the neck of the Hodge, kept him in that

Posture, while he had made cleaner work than the Pilgrim, who for fear

durst neither stir nor cry out, lest he should provoke so terrible a Monster

to devour him ; but silentiy passed by both the affront and the Loss ; while

in the meantime it was occasion of much Jaughter to the whole Caravan Ser

Raw to behold the man of lofty Thoughts of his own Purity, thus handled

by the Beast, and none offering to step in to his rescue, till we had called him

off ; for which the Hodge thought himself obliged to return us Thanks, for

delivering him from so great danger.” ‘Ihe sheep of the country were pro-

digiously large, trailing tails after them, of the weight of thirty pounds full

of fat, especially after the vintage and the cotton harvest, when they fed on

the leave and tender branches of the vines and gathered up the scattered

seeds of the cotton. ‘Their Horses though they have degenerated from

their Primitive Race still are the best of all in the East, unless the Arabians

be preferred for swifter Courses and light Horses ; however for charging

Horses, and stout warlike Steeds, they are valued above all others.”

On his return to Bombay one of the Mogul’s generals, the Governor

of Jeneah (now a town in the Poona District) having need of the service of

a doctor, Fryer was commanded by the Hon, Gerald Aungier, to set forth for

that place. Leaving Bombay at three in the afternoon on St. George’s day,

he anchored at nine that evening below Thana, The next morning, he

proceeded up the creek, the banks of which were low and fruitful and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 385

on both sides were placed stately Aldeas and Dwellings of the Portugal

Hidalgos till within a mile of Kalyan when Sivaji’s country was entered.

Leaving thir boat at Kalyan, they proceeded across the Konkan to the ghaut

leading up to Ambagaon and thence toJeneah, The Governor’s wife was the

patient who required Fryer’s attendance and luckily his treatment met with

success though he only had a hand thrust through a curtain whereby to

diagnose the case, The first hand given to him he declared to belong to

a sound body, whereupon he was told that was an ingenious device to try

whether he knew anything about his profession, When the rains were close

at band he set out on bis return journey and one evening entered on a

wood “ which deluded us with false flashes, that you would have thought the

Trees on a Flame, and presently, as if untouched by Fire, they retained their

wonted verdure, The coolies beheld the Sight with Horror and Amazement

and were consulting to set me down, and shift for themselves ; whereof being

informed, I cut two or three by breaking a vein, let Shitan (the Devil) out,

who was crept into their Fancies and led them as they do a startling Jade,

to smell to what their wall-eyes represented amiss ; where we found an

Host of This, the subject both of our Fear and Wonder, which the sultry

heat and moisture had generated into Being the certain Proximus of the

ensuing Rain, which followed us from the Hills.

This gave my thoughts the contemplation of that miraculous Bush crowned

with Innocent Flames, that gave to Moses so pleasant and awful a Prospect ;

the Fire that consumes every thing, seeming rather to dress than offend it.

Thus we came to Bunta, a despicable Country Town, seven course more ;

it is in the possession of the Coonbies, who are not strong enough to aid their

Herds against the devouring jaws of the wild Beasts, a Young Buffola being

seized the night before, out of the Tabernacle they lodged me in; wherefore

they cautioned me to keep Fires all Night, lest the Horse might lose one of its

Quarters, or our oxen might serve them for a supper; I added to the Fires a

strict watch, whose mutual answering each other in an high Tone, was

deafened by the Roarings of Tigers, cries of Jackals and Yellings of Baloos,

or overgrown wolves.” In another passage Fryer again refers to “ Balus, a

sort of wolf.”” This is an interesting corroboration of Mr. W.G. Betham’s

note on the Kol-Balu which will be found at page 747 of Volume XI of the

Journal, Messrs, Hardley Wilmot and Wallinger had met with Jackals which

altered the peculiar cry of the Kol-Balu, but Mr, Betham one morning put up

these animals which uttered the same cry, but were certainly not Jackals ;

they were reddish, not so red as a wild dog and had reddish bushy tails.

From the passage quoted above, the natives evidently knew of an animal

of the description which they called Baloo,

In August, 1682, Fryer landed in England after a voyage of seven months

which though tedious ‘‘ we passed away merrily with good wine and no bad

Musick ; but the Life of all, good company and an honest Commander ; whe

386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

fed us with fresh Provisions of Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Hens, Sucking Pigs,

Sheep, Goat, and to Crown all, the Day we made England, killed us a fatted

calf.” I doubt whether we fare so well now-a-days.

N, C, MACLEOD,

Bombay, Nov. 1901.

No. VIL.—OCCURRENCE OF THE AVOCET (RECURVIROSTRA

AVOCETTA) NEAR POONA.

Barnes remarks that the Avocet does not occur in the Dekhan. As I saw

one near here yesterday, the fact is worth recording. I endeavoured to shoot

it, but was unsuccessful, In my own mind I have no doubt of its identity, as

it is hardly possible to mistake its general white plumage and the upturned

bill. JL found it on the muddy bottom of a fast drying up tank in company

with other waders, a few teal and snipe. It gave me one or two opportuni-

ties of bagging it, when I was hoping to get a teal, but, as soon as I secured my

attention to it, it seemed to take in the altered conditions and after flying

round, out of range, two or three times, it made a bee line for another

tank,

R. M. BETHAM, Mauor,

8th Bombay Infantry.

Poona, 20th January 1902.

No. VIII.—A NOVEL METHOD OF CATCHING A JACKAL,

The following novel method of caiching a jackal may be of interest to

members :—

This morning some of the sepoys of the regiment attracted by a clattering

of tin and whines, followed up the noise and found a jackal with his head

so firmly jammed into an old tin which had contained ghee that he could not

get it off. ‘Lhe whole head was buried in the tin, and the auimal was quite

blinded and powerless, so he was rapidly secured and brought to the mess for

inspection.

‘Yhe tin had been ieft lying in one of the cooking places just outside the

parapet of the camp.

D. THOMSON, Mavsor,

28th Bombay Pioneers.

Camp KuwaJA Kipprr, Kouart,

22nd January 1902,

No, 1X.—TRAVANCORE SNAKES,

In 1895 a list of snakes taken in Travancore appeared in the Society’s

Journal containing fifty-eight species. To that number I have now to add

nine more species taken since that date,

Gongylophis conicus.—This snake is only found in the extreme south, where

it is fairly common about Nagercoil and Cape Comorin,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 38

Platyplecturus madurensis,—A single specimen taken on the Cardamom Hills

at about three thousand feet elevation,

Ablabes calamaria,—Also a single specimen taken on the Kanan Devan

Hills at five thousand feet elevation,

Tropidonotus monticola—Found at Vembayam in the low country ten miles

from Trevandrum, also at Pirmerd at three thousand feet elevation,

Chersydrus granulatus-——Taken at sea by the fishermen at Trevandrum,

Dryophis pulverulentus,— A single specimen taken by Mr, 0. H. Bensley at

Pathanapuram in the low couniry.

Callophis bibronniit—A single specimen taken two miles from Shencottah

at the foot of the eastern side of the hills.

Hydrophis spiralis—Taken by the fishermen at Trevandrum,

Distira jerdoni.—Taken by the fishermen at Trevandrum,

H. 8. FERGUSON, F.L.S.

TREVANDRUM, 24th January, 1902,

No, X.—_SANDGROUSE IN NORTHERN GUJARAT,

Some time ago I wrote you a short note regarding the abundance of

sandgrouse, both the common (Péeroclurus exustus) and painted (Pterocles

fasciatus), Several sportsmen and others, who have known this locality for

some time, fully agree with me as to the fact that the numbers of these birds,

but specially of P. exustus, have increased Jargely during the past two or

three years,

On thinking over the matter I have come to the following enclusion

regarding their increase, Both the abovenamed species breed more or less

all the year round, except, perhaps, for a month orso during the rains, That

their numbers are kept down in ordinary years is no doubt due to their

enemies, vi2., jackals, foxes, and birds of prey, which must account for vast

numbers of eggsand young, During the famine of 1899-1906, the foxes and

jackals almost disappeared from this portion of the country, a considerable

number being doubtless killed or eaten by Wagaris and other aboriginal

tribes, The usual seasonal visitants among the birds were almost entirely

absent, many of the permanent residents partly disappeared, and consequently

the birds of prey went elsewhere.

The removal of their natural enemies has thus, I think, directly led to the

increase of sandgrouse. I notice that the kangaroo rats (Gerbillus hurriane),

and to some extent hares, which have the same natural enemies, have

increased considerably, As regards the sandgrouse, as I am about to leave

Deesa, I shall not be able to observe whether their numbers are reduced

during the next few years, but [ notice that in the last six months foxes and

jackals have increased considerably, although birds of prey are not as

numerous as usual, owing to the partial famine from which the country

is at preseat suffering, and I shall not be at all surprised to hear that a few

more years have reduced the sandgrouse to the normal number,

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

While on this subject, I should like to record that a specimen of the

pintailed sandgrouse (Pieroclurus alchata) was recently shot near here by

Capt. L, Oldfield, R. F. A. He informs me that it was one ofa flock of 20 or 25

which came down to drink somewhat earlier than P, exustus. I have heard

that others have elso been shot, but Capt. Oldfield’s is the only one I have

actually seen, I believe that this species has never been previously recorded

from anywhere so far to the south-east.

P. arenarius (the large sandgrouse) have visited us this year in small num-

bers, and thus we get four species, viz., P. exustus and P, fasciatus permanent

residents,and P. arcnariusand P., alchata occasional cold weather visitants.

I have never heard of the spotted sandzrouse (P. senegalus) being obtained

here, but they are common cold weather yisitants to the Runn of Cutch and

other localities not far distant, and it is quite possible that a few may

sometimes reach Deesa.

C, G. NURSE, MaJor,

Degsa, 2nd February, 1902. 13th Bombay Infantry.

No, XI.—TIGER NETTING IN MYSORE,

Referring to the shooting trip of some Visitors to the Mysore jungles, a

local paper recently had the following remark :—‘ It is reported that the tigers

have been netted for their sporting delectation, but we must refuse to believe

that the distinguished shikaris will tolerate sport of this kind,” and it is

probable that, in spite of what Sanderson and others have written, there is

still a good deal of misconception about tiger netting, as pursued in Mysore,

which is a genuine native sport, well worth witnessing by any one interested

in wild beasts and their ways, As Sanderson says: “‘ This is the only method

by which they can be brought to bay where the cover is too continuous to be

easily driven. It may seem unsportsmanlike to shoot a tiger through a net,

but as far as danger goes there is, perhaps, as much as in shooting him from a

tree.’ Obviously the fact that the tiger cannot escape takes away the sports-

man’s pride in his shot, and the man with the rifle feels that he is playing

only a subordinate part in the game, but even so the shooting is not easy, and

killing a netted tiger is not a case of potting a beast pegged ont on the ground

like the lion in the familiar picture in Alsop’s Fables, though this might be

supposed from the comments sometimes heard,

The method of enclosing the beast is as follows:—When a tiger is to be

caught, the villagers are warned to be ready with their nets, and a buffalo

is tied up in a likely jungle. On a kill occurring, the nets are sent ahead

a quarter of a mile or so from where the tiger is supposed to be lying up, and

erected in a crescent-shape across the line which the beast must take when

driven, The nets, of which every village in these parts keeps its own stock,

are made of stout rope with a large mesh, and run up to 40 feet in length with

a depth of 12 feet, and the line will often extend to a quarter of mile or more,

reaching right into the open country on either flank, Care is taken vo place

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 389

the nets immediately behind a considerable patch of the very densest thickets,

and the consequence is that when the tiger is driven forward by the beat and

reaches the net, it almost invariably lies up in the thicket instead of trying

to break out with a charge. Men who have been posted on trees signal the

moment when the animal has reached the right spot, and immediately the two

wings close in from behind and complete the circle of nets, using spare lengths

if necessary, Next comes the work of making the enclosure secure, Spear-

men are placed at close intervals all round to repel the tiger should he

meditate a charge, and the nets, strengly fastened to the ground with pegs

and heavy logs of wood, are connected by the main ropes with the trees and,

inclining slightly inwards, are supported at a height of 9 or 10 feet by forked

sticks stitfened with an interlacing of branches and thorns. A barrier is thus

formed, too strong and too elastic to be torn up or broken through by the

charge of any tiger, If the animal is to be caught alive, nothing more has to

be done but to introduce a trapdoor cage baited with a goat, and wait till

hunger compels the tiger to enter ; but if itis to be shot, the circumference

of the nets is contracted till rather less than an acre of jungle is enclosed

Then begin the preparations for the shoot, As I have said, the jungle inside

the nets is necessarily of the thickest, and diagonal tracks, 10 to 20 feet in

breadth have to be cut in order to render the tiger visible when moved, For

this work a party cf some twenty picked spearmen enter the enclosure and

form a ring round, a like number of men armed with long handled choppers,

a few others with horns and tom-toms accompanying, The task, at close

quarters with the beast, looks highly dangerous, and the sportsman, who is not

content to wait outside the net, may enjoy a certain amount of sensation by

joining the cutting party. It might be imagined that the tiger or tigers (in

one case there were four), maddened by rage, hunger and thirst, would seize

the chance for a charge, and every now and then, in some particularly thick

patch there isa thrill of excitement, when the spearmen stand alert with

lowered points and the tom-toming is redoubled, but a charge has never been

known, for, no unwounded tiger, and, in my opinion, no wounded one either,

would face such a compact and noisy body while there was any way of retreat,

When the cutting is finished the men with rifles take their stand-outside the

nets on machans, which command the clearings, and the beaters try to drive

the tiger from one block of jungle to another by shouting and rockets, Need-

less to say, the beast when he moves at all does so ata gallop, and, judging

from the amount of missing, which generally occurs, it takes a quick shot to

stop the animal when crossing a narrow opening ina large enclosure. The

beast may have to make its dash several times before it is killed, and the chief

interest to the sportsman is the magnificent spectacle of the angry tiger at

- large, which ordinary methods of shooting give few and short opportunities

for seeing. If the patches of jungle left after cutting are very thick, it is

sometimes impossible to make the tiger move and on one occasion we had to

give itup at night without getting a shot,and went away with the intention of

390 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

cutting more of the bushes next day. During the night a tiger always moves

round the enclosure and makes many a desperate charge at the net, which is

repelled by the spearmen who are on guard by their watch fires at close

intervals, On the nightafter this unsuccessful attempt at moving him,

the tiger, an exceptionally large one, evidently gauged the situation and knew

that a supreme effort alone would save him, Accordingly, about 5 A.m., when

the shikaris, tired with the work of the previous day had dropped off asleep

and the fires had burnt low, the tiger crept up to the net and jumped clean

over it, pitching right on the top of two of the watchers, When we arrived

early in the morning, the truth of the story was proved by the hairs on the

top of the forked stick where the beast’s stomach grazed the net, by the marks

where he pitched, and by the two villagers, both of whom were considerably

mauled, The net at the spot was nine feet high and sloping inwards, while the

take-off was slightly up-hill and out of thick lantana bushes, so that the leap

was a fine ono, but the fact that it should have been attempted at all, is still

more remarkable, for all the natives bear out Sanderson in his statement that

tigers never attempt to jump over the nets, and this is the only instance of

such an escape known of in Mysore,

On the last occasion that I was out, the hunt was got up to catch a man-

eater Which had inspired such terror in the neighbouring villages, that quarry-

ing there for the new Palace Buildings in Mysore was stopped, the toddy

drawers petitioned that they were afraid to work, carts would not pass

through, and the annual festival at the local temple was abandoned, As the

doings of veritable man-eaters are always a subject of interest I will detail

the two cases where men were killed, about which I obtained the official reports,

Other subsequent cases were mentioned, but not verified by me,

(1), On 16th November last two villagers, Ranga and Subba Setty, went

into the jungle in the morning to collect roots, Ranga stood preparing snuff,

and Subba Setty was cutting creepers close by, when Ranga saw the tiger

coming towards him and fled, The tiger pounced upon Ranga and dragged

him into the bushes, where the Police, to whom the matter was reported,

found a few bones and the clothes of the deceased two days later,

(2). On 22nd November last, one Kare Gowda took his bullocks to water

at apond in the jungle, His father-in-law soon after saw the bullocks

dashing back to the village in alarm and went to look for Kare Gowda, but

not finding him at the pond, returned to the village and took out a party to

search, Bits of his clothes, blood, the signs of a struggle and the foot-prints

of a tiger were found, and three days later the Police came ona few bones fur-

ther on in the jungle, Tales were told me of the tiger having attacked par-

ties beariug corpses to the burning ground and carrying off the corpse, and the

acquisition of such a curious taste, may perhaps be explained by the follow-

ing passage in a letter from the Amildar :—

‘Tt is a custom among the villagers here not to burn or bury the dead

bodies of pregnant females, but to expose them in the neighbouring jungles to

MISCELLANEOUS NOTHS. ‘oud

be eaten by vultures and wild beasts, The body is tied to a tree in a sitting

posture and a pot of water is placed close by, Not long ago some cow-herd

boys came across the dead body of a woman tied to a. tree as described and

noticed the foot-prints of a tiger round it, but the body was untouched,

The boys cut the rope binding the body, which fell to the ground, and the

next day the corpse was found eaten away by the tiger.” This I give for

what it is worth, but the custom described deserves mentioning,

To return to our nets. When we got out to the enclosure we were told

that there were two or more tigers inside and, to cut the story short, two

were killed that day, and two, on clearing more jungle, the next. There was

one male tiger, 8 feet 7 inches in length, and the other three were young

tigresses, running from 8 feet to 8 feet 5 inches ; in fact, as it seemed, a party

of brother and sisters. Whether any of these was the veritable man-eater it

is impossible to say, but they were certainly caught in the jungle close to

which the men were killed, and it is not very likely that there was a fifth,

One of the tigers, I may mention, was wounded and had to be walked up

inside the enclosure. On this occasion it was too maimed to charge, but

there is always the possibility of excitement over a wounded beast which

cannot be otherwise finished off. Sanderson describes how the villagers some- ©

times kill the tiger-for themselves with spears, which must be a fine sport to

witness, but I fancy this is seldom done now-a-days, when the netting is chiefly

carried on by the direction of H, H, the Maharajah on special occasions only, to

catch tigers alive for his own magnificent collection at Mysore and to present

to the London and other Zoological Gardens, or to provide shooting for his

visitors, Any one who has been present, whether the young sportsman who

wishes to become familiar with the sight of an angry tiger, or the old shikari

who has slain the beast by the usual methods, will equally agree that Tiger

netting in Mysore is an interesting experience, and well-worth witnessing,

S. M. FRASER, 1.c.s,

Mysore, 18th February, 1902,

No. XII.—BIRDS COLLECTED IN HYLAKANDY, CACHAR,

ZOOTHERA MARGINATA,—The Lesser Brown Thrush,

Hume, Cat, 350 bis.; Oates, No, 705,

I have a single female skin in my collection collected at Roopachena, This

is the only one I have ever come across.

MICROHIERAX MELANOLEUCUS.—The White-legged Falconet.

Hume, Cat. 20 bis.; Blanford, 1268,

I entered this species as fringillarius in my list but it must be altered to the

present species, Isent my skin to Mr, Stuart Baker and he kindly corrected

my identification,

CHAS, M, INGLIS,

BaGHowniE£ Factory,

DarBaanaa, 18th February, 1992,

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No, XIII.—THE MASKED FIN-FOOT (HELIOPAIS PERSONATA),

I have just received from Mr, Primrose a male specimen of this rare bird.

It was shot by Mr, Ross at Monierkhall in Cachar and the skin was given by

him to Mr. Primrose, who has very kindly passed it on tome, Mr, Saker in

his “ Birds of Cachar” says he has not come across it, so I think this occur-

rence deserves notice,

BaGHOWNIE Factory, CHAS. M. INGLIS.

DARBHANGA, 19th February, 1902.

No. XIV._NESTING OF THE COOT (FULICA ATRA).

(1)

Major R. M. Betham ina note in this Journal says:—‘‘and should like to

know whether any other ornithologists have found this bird breeding in India

excluding Caskmere.” I gota nest with six highly incubated eggs in some

water at Belahi Factory in the Mozutferpore District on the 30th July 1896-

I was only able to save two of the eggs and they are very disreputable speci-

mens. Mr, Harrington Bulkley, however, has very kindly Bien me 3 eggs,

which he collected last August,

BaGHOWNIE Factory, CHAS, M. INGLIS,

5th March, 1902.

(2.)

As 1 do not think either Messrs. Baker or Inglis mention the occurrence

of the common Coot (Fulica atra) in their respective articles the “ Birds of

North Cachar,” and ‘‘ Birds collected in the Hylakandy District ” I think it

perhaps worth noting that I came across it on two or three occasions in the

Chutla bheel ; and have had a specimen, shct here, brought me by my collec-

tor a few days back—this was a female, with eggs well defined, This will

I think, show that it occurs, perhaps sparingly, both in Cachar and Sylhet.

A, M. PRIMROSE

CHANDrPuR Baaan, P. O.,

Souru SYLHET, 29th March, 1902.

(3.)

Major Betham in his notes on the nesting of the Coot near Poona asks

for information as to its breeding in other parts of India. Iam under the

impression that it breeds freely in most parts of the Madras Presidency, I

have found nests in several places in the Cuddapah District. In 1892 I found

3 nest in a small tank near the town of Cuddapah on the 30th of September,

Tt contained three eggs, hard set. Onthe 30th of October of the same

year I found several nests in a small, reedy tank at Occhaveli, contain-

ing fresh eggs. There are evidently two broods, for I have seen a clutch

of young birds following their parents on a tank early in April. I was

particularly interested in the sight, for a couple of Brahminy kites that

were sailing overhead made repeated, but ineftectual, attempts to carry off

the chicks, Again and again they swooped down to the water, but the little

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 893

things were ever on the alert and were safe under water before their enemy

reached them. ‘he old birds showed great indignation and rushed to and

fro with ruffled feathers, hissing and flapping their wings.

W. HOWARD CAMPBELL.

Goory, Mapras, 24th March, 1892.

No. XV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE SHELDRAKE (7. CORNUTA)

AND THE GOOSANDER (il. CASTOR) IN THE DARBHANGA

DISTRICT, TIRHUT.

IT have received males of both species got by Mr. Edgell on the Suwasingpur

chaur near Sbahpur oondie, in this District. He says they were got about

‘Xmas time; and that once before he saw three Sheldrake on another large

chaur called the Baraila.

CHAS, M. INGLIS,

BAGHOWNIE Factory,

6th March, 1902.

No, XVL—NOTE ON THE HABITS OF RALLINA SUPERCILIARIS,

SHARPE, AND GORSACHIUS MELANOLOPHUS, BLYTH.

Seeing a note on the Banded Crake by Major Betham in the last number

of the Journal (Vol. XIV, No 1, p. 180) has reminded me of the fact that

we have made a discovery here in Kanara which is sure to be of interest to

ornithological readers, H. lL, Hervey and I discovered the nest and eggs of

Rallina superciliaris in the month of August 1898 ; to ke precise, on the 8th

of August 1898.

A “ kunbi,”’ or aborigine of the place, brought H, the news that there was

a nest with large white eggs in a bush ata place called Binghy, within a few

miles of our head-quarter station, We both went out and were much exer-

cised in our minds at the sight of the nest : a more or less round, untidy

structure of dead leaves and a thin twig or two, with a slight concavity in the

centre, placed ina low bush in scrub jungle on flat ground, surrounded by

high hills on three sides, within a mile of the sands of the seashore. The nest

was well hidden by the foliage of the bush and was placed on the thin inter-

laced branches about two and-a-half feet from the ground ; there were six

white eggs in it of a slightly creamy shade, with a slight gloss and fine texture.

We had provided ourselves with a gun and cartridges each and sat down,

one on each side of the bush in hiding, to wait for the bird, which had left

the nest immediately it caught sight of us coming, We had not waited long

before we were rewarded with the sight of a Banded Crake that came sneak-

ing out with much circumspection from some thick jungle close by. The

bird spotted H. the first time and disappeared in a second. We changed our

places slightly and shot it the second time it appeared, It wasa female in

full male plumage.

394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIV.

H. L. H. was Judge for four years in the same station where I am, and

during that time we collected eggs assiduously with very satisfactory results

and gathered a great deal of information of interest about birds, which we

intend to publish some day in the near future. We found that the Banded

Crake was a fairly common bird in the jungles along the coast during the

monsoon ; and we obtained altogether some dozen nests with eggs varying

in number from four to seven in the clutch, besdes finding many empty

ones, All the nests with eggs were found in the months of June to Sept-

ember, ¢.¢,, during the heavy rains, Many nests were found robbed of

their contents by mongooses, &c,, the empty eyg-shells lying on the ground

below, some few there were in which the eggs were rotten, The nests are

placed in bamboo clumps, on creeper-masses, on the top of a tree stump, &c.,

and were at the most six feet from the ground. The size of the egg is

about 1°30" x 1” on an average ; one of the largest out of a series of 50

measures 1°40” x 1°20”, The birds breed in the densest jungles as well

as in the scrub juagles, from sea level up to the tops of the highest hills which

are here about 1800 feet.

Mr, Davidson noticed this bird first in Kanara as mentioned in his.

Birds of North Kanara, in Vol, XII, p. 60 of this Journal, What he says

there about its habit of calling in the mornings and evenings is correct ; but

it calls at other times during heavy, misty weather. The cry is rather like

that of the common hen after laying an egg; but there isa difference. Sud-

denly disturbed, it utters the cry of the common paddy bird (A rdeola gray?)

when alarmed ; if suspicious of danger, it makes a noise like “ krrrrr”

pronounced in a subdued voice, It is extremely shy of open ground and

will invariably fly across evena few feet of open path in the jungle; when

flushed, it takes to the nearest tree or any thickly fol:aged place available,

and is quite at home perched ona branch, We have put up many during

our walks, generally with dogs, I have never seen one during the dry

months, though I am constantly in their breeding haunts during that time.

Whether they migrate or not from the district we do not know for certain,

but it seems probable, It would be interesting to know where they go,

I have kept this Crake in a cage on several occasions in my bungalow, and

the birds have, after a few hours, become quite unconcerned as to the un-

accustomed surroundings. When thus caged they are very pugnacious and

will instantly go for a finger or hand inserted through the bars. In the

jungles they go about with their wings slightly hanging, They feed on

insects,

Gorsachius melanolophus or the Malay Bittern was first discovered by

J. Davidson in Kanara, He published his observations about this bird ta

Vol, XII, p. 70 of this Journal (The Birds of North Kanara). What hs

says there as to its habits is absolutely correct, It is not a rare bird in

Kanara when one knows where to look for it, I have found many nests

perhaps some two dozen in all; but it is hard werk at the best ef ties

* MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 395

seeking for them as the birds build during the heaviest rains, always in very

retired places in thick jungle, generally choosing some steep nalla, The nest

is always placed in a conspicuous position, at least it is conspicuous when once

discovered, but is easily overlooked and generally in a terminal fork of a

branch of a thinnish tree, anywhere from 15’ to 30’from the ground, I

have always found the tops of the hills the surest place for a find and,

generally, at the commencement of a nalla; the birds seem to prefer to have

a bit of flat, open ground under the nest, hut never build them exposed to the

sky; the nest being invariably overshadowed by the foliage of a high tree.

I have never heard the bird utter any sort of cry. It is certainly not ex-

clusively nocturnal in its habits as stated by Oates in his ‘‘ Birds’? (Fauna of

British India), if indeed it is nocturnal at all ; for I have often found it feed-

ing in the day time by the shady pools in the hill nallas as well as on the tops

of hills ranges in the damp evergreen jungles, I have put up some dozen

birds at different times in such places, sometimes singly, sometimes in pairs,

during my rambles in the jungles from May to November, When flushed, the

birds generally take to trees and can then be shot ; but they are very wary

and require careful stalking. The number of eggs laid is generally three,

often four, rarely five, The eggis white with a slight greenish shade, of

chalky texture, nearly without gloss and measures about 1°90” x 1°60", one egg

of a clutch of four we have, measures 2°20” x 1°50.” All the eggs are oval with

a decided tendency to a point at one end, The birds are very regular in their

time of laying, which is always the end of July or the very commencement of

August, Like the Banded Crake, this Bittern does not seem to stay in the

district during the months of December to April. I have certainly never

seen one in those months,

T. R, BELL,

Karwar, 9th March 1902.

No, XVII_—_CANNIBALISM IN SNAKES,

It is of course a well-known fact that the King Cobra or Hamadryad (Naia

bungarus) feeds on other snakes, and the last specimen we had alive in our

Museum, ate 13 live snakes almost all of which were Dhamans (Zamenis

mucosus), each measuring from 4 feet to 9 feet in length. The Oommon

Kraits(Bungarus ceruleus) also whenever we have kept them alive have refused

all food except other snakes and apparently had no preference for one

species more than another,

About two years ago, however, one of the live Pythons (Python molurus) in

our collection quarrelled with his companion in one of the cages, the bone of

contention being a partridge which had been put in the cage as food, and

after swallowing the other Python, measuring about 9 feet in length, he

ate the partridge.

The most recent instance of cannibalism was amongst the Cobras (Naia

tripudians) a few days ago. There were 3 cobras in the cage, a black one and

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

{wo yellow ones. Some frogs had been put in as food,and the biack cobra

and one of the yellow ones attacking the same frog, the black cobra swallow-

ed both the frog and the other cobra, Both cobras measured about 4s feet

in length,

With the Daboias or Russell’s Vipers (Vipera russell?) which we have alive—

it frequently happens that if hungry, two vipers will try to obtain one rat

even if one of them has not bitten it, but when their heads approach each

other in trying to swallow the rat, one of them always manages to let go—

and the viper who has secured the head of the rat first, is almost always the

winner,

In the case of cobras, however, they are more tenacious of their hold

and their fangs being fixed slanting backwards, it is probably more difficult

for them to detach themselves from their prey, and the victim only finds out

his mistake when it is too late to extract himself from the other cobra’s

throat,

W.S. MILLARD,

Honorary Secretary.

Bombay NATURAL History Museum,

19th March 1902.

No. XVIII.—MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON BIRDS’ NESTING

ROUND POONA AND ELSEWHERE,

Tas Repv-Heapep Meru (Falco chicquera).—Although fairly common,

I have not been over successful in obtaining its eggs. So long ago as

February 1888, I found a nest at Rajkote containing 4 fresh eggs, which was

situated in a mango tope high up and overhanging a well. It was after a

shoot,and I told one of the beaters to climb up and investigate. As he

refused, I said I would not pay them any wages until I had got the eggs and

droveaway. I must confess the nest was ina most “hairy” place. Ihad hardly

gone a couple of hundred yards when I heard the beaters shouting out. I at

once came to the conclusion that one of them, in endeavouring to reach the

nest, ha} been precipitated into the well by the breaking of a bough, I

returned as rapidly as possible, and was relieved to find that nothing had gone

wrong, and that the man had got the eggs. On this the beaters received

their wages. From that date till the present year, I have never come

across the nest again. On the 7th January, not far from Poona, I was

attracted by the call of one of these birds and, at the same time, saw

it swoop down and up again over a bare Banyan tree alongside the

rail. I immediately proceeded teexamine it,and wasnot long in discover-

ing two crow-like nests. On throwing up stones at that which appeared the

freshest, [ observed a bird moving within it. I had only about 19 minutes

in which to catch the train, and fortunately the station was very handy and

the tree easy to climb, so I sent my shékari up double quick and obtained 3

perfectly fresh eggs. While these were being taken the parent birds sat on

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 397

the top of the tree and remonstrated to some time. On the 12th January

I obtained 3 more fresh eggs from a nest, situated very high up among the

leaves of a mango tree, one of atope. The nest was taken with some difficulty,

as for about 20 feet from the ground the tree was branchless ; consequently,

a ropehad to be requisitioned, This nest was discovered simply through the

fussiness and noise of the birds when building, though they were quite silent

while it was being taken.

BONELLIS or THE CRESTLESS HAWK EAGLE (Nisetus fasciatus).—On the

14th January, I was fortunate enough to come on another nest of this species

in the Sholapur District. It was an enormous structure of sticks, placed at

the very top of a lofty tree and visible from a considerable distance. It has

probably been used as a nursery for many years, I gota boy to climb the

tree after some difficulty, during which operation the female vacated it and

took up her position on an adjacent one. I was not sure of the species, so

intended shooting her if the nest contained eggs, but she defeated me by

betaking herself off before this had been settled. The nest contained two

hard-set eggs, one of which I managed to clean by the “ water system,’ While

the boy was descending the tree, I heard a rushing of wings and, look-

ing round, saw the male coming out of space at a tremendous pace, like a bolt

from the blue, straight for the nest, Itseemed very cruel, but I had to shoot

him to identify the species, I hit him hard which stopped him, he turned,

reeling as he flew, went a few hundred yards, wheeled, and then fell dead—a

truly glorious bird, I hope to visit the spot again next year and am

curious as to whether the nest will be re-oceupied,

Tue Buack-wineeD Kite (Elanus ceruleus)—Though I have been at

Poona three years, until the present year I have hardly seen any of these

birds. Of late, they seem to be far more common, They apparently havea

penchant for open grass Jands, studded with babul trees, It isa pretty

sight to watch them hovering in the air and then dropping, like a stone, on

to their prey or, when disappointed, moving off to repeat the process else-

where. Towards the end of December, I found a nest, built in the slender

branches of a thorny tree, about 20 feet from the ground, It was difficult to

get at owing to the thinness of the branches and unfortunately contained

young. The birds were very fussy, wheeling, and flying round, uttering a low

whistle or squeal, They apparently haunt the nest with their young, after

these have once flown, as on visiting the spot later, I found them still loiter-

ing around,

THE RoCK-HORNED OWE (Bubo bengalensis)—Though a fairly common bird

and found in most localities, I have only just obtained its eggs. I was out in

October near a large tank, where these birds had taken up their abode and

were to be seen at all hours, I hardly expected to find eggs so early, but on

searching the banks, I came on a nest containing 5 eggs, partially incubated,

and all in different stages. Date 18th October, There was no nest. but the

earth had been hollowed out and sifted, asit was very fine, The hen was

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

sitting, I stood watching her for a few moments, her ears and great yellow

eyes, like two full moons, being visible. On her quitting the nest, I took the

eggs. She flew across some intervening water to commanding ground oppo-

site, where her lord and master joined her, and they both commenced hooting

me, The nest faced north, I came on another nest, which looked quite

ready, though eggs had not been laid. I gota second clutch towards the end

of November, taken by my man,

THe INDIAN GREY SuRIKE (Lanius lahtora).—Three years ago, at the com-

mencement of June,I came ona family of grey shrikes, which I thought had

not long left the nest. On looking round I found it and came to the conclusion

that eggs must have been laid early in April; consequently, about the middle

of March last year, I again visited the spot, and within a few yards of the

old nest I found the new one, which, to my disgust, contained unfledged young.

This year, however, I took steps sufticiently early, and found the nest very

close to the old spots, and got 2 eggs, Later on,I got another containing 4

fresh eggs, and a third, containing 3. This latter nest was placed in the same

tree, and within 6 inches of a nest that had been occupied last year. Iam

sure that most birds breed every year in almost the same locality, unless dis-

turbed or otherwise frightened, I have had many experiences of it, The

grey shrike builds a very compact nest, usually ina densely thorny bush or

tree, which takes trouble to obtain. They are very fond of incorporating

rags in their nests and building on an old nest of the white-throated Munia

(Uroloncha malabarica),

TIcKELL’s BLUE FLYCATCHER (Cyornis tickelli)—Last year I found several

more nests of this pretty little bird. The first was situated down a well

where a brick had been displaced, and contained 4 fresh eggs, I was looking

into the well when the bird flew up: thinking this peculiar, I instituted a

search, and was rewarded. Date 17th June. On the 26th June, I found 3

nests, each containing 4 eggs; two lots fresh and one incubated, One was

situated in a bank under a prickly-pear root, another in a creyice of a banyan

tree and the third in a rubbish heap of dry leaves, all well concealed. In

addition to the above I found twomore, one in the hole of a tree and the

other in the face of a wall, where a brick had been displaced, quite exposed.

When the hen is sitting the male keeps up an incessant little song. I found

the best method to pursue was to follow him. In due time the hen, appar-

entiy warned by him, leaves the nest ; once you catch a sight of her, do not let

her escape you, as very shortly she will return to the nest, and that is all you

want, Oats says 3 isthe normal number of eggs, but from the above 4

would seem more us al in these parts, The nest is very solid, built of rocts

in which a certain amount of earth is incorporated and embellished with

dried and skeleton leaves,

Tus SrorreD Munta (Uroloncha punctulata),—After much waiting, I found

the nest of this little Munia last year, and obtained several clutches of eggs,

The first nest I came on was placed in a thorny tree, standing in water,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 399

and about 6 feet from the ground. It contained 8 incubated eges. Date

10th August 1901. On the 27th august and 7th and 8th September, I found

more nests all containing fresh eggs, some 4,some 6, These were all situated

in low thorny bushes well within reach of hand. The nests are enormous

about the size of a man’s head, very rough and untidy, but of the strict

Munia type, véz, a ball of grass, with the entrance at one side.

As a rule they select a site close to water and liable to inundation, which

give the nests the appearance of drift and rubbish caught up in the branches.

Thereis no lining, These Munias use fresh green grass to construct their

nests with, which they obtain by tearing strips off the larger sorts of grass.

On seeing one of them flying along with a long green strip behind it, 1

thought I had come on a new description of parrot !

Tue Wuitr-BackeD Munta (Uroloncha striata) appears to be the common

Munia below ghats. I found a nest being built in a cashew tree on the 13th

November near Sawantwadi. It resembled that of the White-throated Munia

(Uroloncha malabarica) but I think was neater, the entrance being more neatly

finished off with flowering grasses and more elongated, On the 30th Nov-

ember, at Khed, Ratnagiri District, I found 2 nests, one with young and the

other with 4 fresh eggs, These were situated on thorny trees and were from

6 to 10 feet from the ground,

Tue Crestep Buntine (Melophus melanicterus). Barnes states that this

handsome little bird is an adept at concealing its nest, Last year I found a

few nests at Satara, which do not bear out this statement. The first con-

tained 4 young birds very nearly ready to fly. I discovered the nest by

watching the parent birds, who, in due course, conveyed food to the nest-

lings, They were jolly little chaps and Iam sorry they took to flight on my

investigating their quarters though I had no sinister designs on them. The

mother was very much alarmed and tried to distract my attention from them,

by fluttering along the ground with outspread wings.as though in her

last death agonies. This particular nest was situated under a projection on

the steep slope of the Satara Fort hill and protected from the prevailing

wind by a tussock of grass. It was just such a nest a lark, robin or

wagtail might build, The second nest was being constructed and was in

a similar position, The third was placed alongside the road leading up

to the Fort and no attempt at concealment was made, On jumping on

to the road, the hen darted out and I had no difficulty in finding the nest

which contained 3 hard set eggs. I found these nests in June and July.

Tne cockbird, who is very smart in appearance with his crest and shining

black and cinnamon kit, has a very melodious little lay which he keeps up at

frequent intervals,

Tas Caestnur Birrern (Ardetta cinnamomea), I believe the nesting of

the Chestnut Bittern in the Dekhan is not common, I was fortunate enough

to find two nests last year containing 3 and 5 fresh eggs respectively in July

and August, while searching some thick tangle, growing in water, in the hopes

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

of coming onsome Rails’ nests, Both nests were placed on beaten down

reeds and consisted of mere platforms of grass and had no great pretensions ~

as works of arts, In the case of the finding of the second nest, the bird

flapped up within a few yards of me, in fact so close that I could almost

have knocked her over with a stick.

Tue Bive-BruasteED BANDED RAIL (Hypotenidia striata), As mentioned

above I found a nest of this bird containing 9 beautiful fresh eggs on the 8th

September, The bird lay very close and only rose as we were practically step-

ping on her, Inspite of this we had to search very diligently before we suc-

ceeded in discovering the nest, It was well down in some tufts of grass and

completely concealed, consisting of dry grass, welded into a compact mass.

Lalways search fora nest of this description with a line of beaters else it

would be hopeless, Captain Payn,K.S, L. I, found a nest in the same locality

about a month earlier, but was unfortunate enough to step on the nest and

break some of the eggs.

R. M, BETHAM, Major,

8th Bombay Infantry,

Poona, 20th March, 1902.

No, XIX.—PTEROMYS INORNATUS.

Iam glad to be able to confirm, to some extent, Mr. Clutterbuck’s theory,

that all the Large Red Flying Squirrels do not hibernate as stated in Vol, XIII,

No. 3, page 531 of this Journal. Whilst out on a shooting trip, this February

(1902), my coolies caught and brought me one, that had found its way, into a

gujav’s hut, that morning, which the coolies were at the time occupying. The

same morning and just as it was getting light, I saw one fly acr ss, from one

tree to another, quite near the camp and of course this might have been the

same one that was soon after caught by my coolies. This was on the 25th

February at an elevation of 10,500 ft. I have seen and caught them, as late

as 16th December, at over 10,000 ft. and after brown bears had hibernated

that year,and have heard of some being shot in Dharmsala, in the Kangra

District, Punjab, during January,

C, H. DONALD,

BHADARWA, JUMMU STATE, 15th March, 1902.

No, XX.—-OCCURRENCE OF THE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER

(MERGANSER SERRATOR) NEAR QUEYTA,

When shooting yesterday on the tank at Khush-dil-Khan, about 7 miles from

Peshin, Captain Macnamara of my regiment shot a specimen of the Red-

breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator), I was one of the , party, but was

unable to name the bird at the time, never having seen one before. On

returning home, by referring to my books, I was able to identify it, Idid not

sex it, but from the plumage it was evidently a young male, I regret that

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 401

had no time to preserve the specimen, which is very rare within Indian

limits, only one or two others having been previously recorded. It is, however,

stated in Vol. IV. of “ Birds of the Fame of Indian series to be probably fairly

common on the coast of Baluchistan,” and “ both a salt and fresh-water bird,’

so there is nothing surprising in its occurrence in this neighbourhood. The

tank at Khush-dil-Khan is a fairly large artificial one, formed by bunding

up a valley ; and is well known to most sportsmen who haye served in the

Quetta District,

C. G. NURSE,

(Major, 13th Bombay Infantry),

QuETTA, 4th April, 1902.

No, XXI.—NESTING OF THE GEEY PELICAN (PELECANUS

PAILIPPENS/S) IN THE CUDDAPAH DISTRICT,

MADRAS PRESIDENCY.

On looking over Blanford’s “ Birds » the other day I noticed the statement

that of late years no authentic account of Pelicans breeding in India has

appeared, In 1890 when in camp ina secluded valley in the extreme East

of the Cuddapah District, in the end of March, I found a large number of

Grey Pelicans breeding in company with a community of Painted Storks

_(Pseudotantalus leucocephalus}, The nests, of which there were several

hundreds, were on neem and tamarind trees in a small village called Buchu-

palle. The people of the village were very much averse to any interference

with the nests, The birds trusted them and they would not have them

injured, they said ; so I did not examine many nests, I got three eggs of the

Painted Storks, hard set, from one nest, but in every other nest, so far as

I could see, there were young birds. The parent birds of both species kept

coming and going, bringing quantities of a fine trailing of water-weed, from

a tank about two miles off, to feed their young.

W. HOWARD CAMPBELL,

Goory, Mabras, 2nd April, 1902,

402

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 17TH DECEMBER, 1901.

A meeting of the members of the above was held on Tuesday, 17th Decem-

ber 1901, Major D, Prain, 1.M.%., presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was then announced :—

Mr, L, C, H. Young (Bombay) ; Lieutenant L. C. Brodie (Trimulgherry) ;

Mr, W. A, Conduit, C.E, GSeoni District, C. P.); Captain OC, H. Lincoln,

I.M.8. (Bombay); Major R. E. %. Davis, I.M.S, (Rangoon) ; and Mr. J, A.

B. Ball (Umballa),

Mr. H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions to the Society’s Museum since the last meeting :—

aoes= — —

Contribution. Description. Contributor.

1 Palm Civet (alive) ......... PAVGAOVUIUS NUGCY soreoecosees Mr. E, W. Thompson.

1 do. hos | Goondouod TD Gace ....| Mr. Fazalbhey Laljee.

2 do. SOS “noddacn80 Do. .sseoccsees| Mr. Paul Girhardt.

AUCollectionyoL MMlothsecceccs+s|i tuna reese Do.

bpp LBS. “Goon scocoaconosod|: || “cnonnenae Mr, M. Loam,

TESDAKCireneseccssees Maavoeticesests Ly codon aulicws sree copaccid Mr. H. Stauber.

LT Woodcock ....ccscccorecreore-| SCOLUPAC TUStECOLA saececeerees Major G, A. Leslie, R.E,

SEGT AU veseNecaneccetaehacesiacsses Bungarus cerwlous, |...) Mr. J, Stiven,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Part I, by Theodore Cooke, C.1.E.

(from the author) ; the Distribution of Vertebrate Animals in India, Ceylon,

and Burma, by W. T. Blanford, F, R. 8, (from the author) ; Catalogue of the

Indian Decapod Crustacea in the collection of the Indian Museum (Part I,

Brachyura), from the Trustees ; the Coleoptera of South Africa (Peringuey) ;

Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, Vol. IX, Part 1; and Living

Animals of the World, Parts I to VIII (from Mr, William Phipson).

THE VICTORIA GARDENS.

The Honorary Secretary drew the attention of the members to the new and

extensive aquatic aviary which had been completed at the Victoria Gardens,

and expressed a hope that members who were in a position to obtain speci-

mens of wild ducks, geese, swans, pelicans, flamingoes, storks, cranes, &c.,

would communicate with the Superintendent of the Gardens,

DEATH OF Mr. L. Ds NICEVILLE.

The Honorary Secretary stated that the Society bad suffered a heavy loss

through the death of Mr, L. de Niceville, the well-known lepidopterist, which

took place in Calcutta on the 4th instant, Mr, de Niceville had been an

important contributor to the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal since

1887, as reference to the (reneral Index of Vols, I to XIII (published in No, 5

of Vol. XIIT) would show, Looking batk through the back numbers of the

Society's Journal, members would find 34 coloured plates of Oriental butter

PROCEEDINGS. 403

flies, illustrating no less than 346 species, all of which were produced under

the supervision of Mr. de Nicéville, whose untimely death would be deplored

by all members of the Society.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed .—(1) Natural History

Notes from Fryer’s Travels, by N.C. Macleod, (2) Notes on some of the

Plants introduced into the Victoria Gardens, Bombay, during the past eight

years (Part II), by Cowasjee D, Mahaluxmivala,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 21st JANUARY, 1902.

A meeting of the members took place on Tuesday, the 21st January, 1902,

at the Society’s Rooms, Dr. D. Macdonald presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Lieutenant William F, Harvey, M.A.,1.M.S. (Saugor) ; Staff-Surgeon W.

Stericker, R. N., H. M. S. Fox, (Persian Gulf); Mr, A. C, Logan, LCS,

(Broach) ; Lieutenant B. E. A. Manson (Belgaum) ; Mr. J. G. Burn, I.C.S,

(Madanapall); Mr, H. B. Peirce (Bombay); Mr. Arthur Langham (Bombay) ;

Bale® J. R. Stuart, R.A.M.C, (Bombay) ; Mr. Eric McDougall (Burma); Mr,

F, B, P. Lory, B.A. (Bombay).

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Mr. H, M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

Contributions. Description. | Contributor.

1 White-faced Stiff-taill Hrzsmatura leucoce phata 4 Major F, J. H. Barton.

Duck.

2 Bearded Vultures, or Gypaetus barbatus sea eorees) Mr, CO, H. Donald,

Lamergeyers. |

1 Imperial Eavle «......+.s-.! Aquila heUiacd .....s0vecccees aes Do.

1 Monal Pheasant............ Lophophorus 7efUcgens seveee| Do.

% Desere Larks ...seccocsovees, ALHMON MVSETIONWIA oraccerseree Mr. Percy Hide.

1L Cotton Teal.........sccce-.| Mettopus cov Oe ee: ‘Do.

1 Griffon Vulture .....c0- GY DS hiMalayensis sesevcesseve » Major G. 5S. Rodon.

2) Pant’ er Cubs . ..........- FAS Or dus cesrecsesccereee opel L. L Fenton.

1 Bonellis Eagle ...sc....066 Wis@tus FASCIATUS sesveerssoee Maj. R. M. Betham.

The Jaw-bones of a Whale.| Balenoptera INDiCOsecr.-.c00, Mr C. H. Palmer, 1.C.8.,

and Mr, C. V. Vernon,

I, Oe Ss.

1 Snake (alive) soccccrcorresee) CEMDCTUS THYNCHOPS sssvereee ‘Mr. H. H, Aitken.

PAPER READ.

Captain George Lamb, M.B., I.M.S8., read a most interesting paper on the

Physiological Action of Snake Venoms and their Antidote, explaining with

great clearness, the difference which exists between the action of Cobra

poison and that of Daboia poison and maintaining that whereas we possess

in Dr. Galinette’s Antivenin an infalliable antidote against the former, the

remedy is quite useless in the case of the latter,

404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Captain Lamb stated that, so far he had not made any experiments with the

poison of the Phoorsa (Echis carinata) or the various species of Kraits (Bun-

garus) having been unable to obtain a supply. He hoped that members of the

Society would assist him in his efforts to obtain live specimens of these snakes,

The method of extracting the poison from a live Cobra was demonstrated

before the meeting and also the mode of administrating food into the snake

by means of a funnel,

A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Captain Lamb for his valuable paper,

which will duly appear in the Society’s Journal.

Mr, Comber called attention to letters received from Mr, W, D. Cumming,

of Ormara, on the Mekran coast, reporting the occurrence there of the Red-

breasted Merganser (Jerganser serrator), of which there was previously only

one authentic record within “Indian” limits, and of a species of Diver

(Colymbus) which genus has never been known or suspected to occur in any

part of the Indian region. Some curious instances of albinism were also

referred to, in which some caged Buntings had replaced “ plucked” wing and

tail feathers by white ones.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18TH FEBRUARY, 1902.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society's Rooms on Tuesday,

the 18th February 1902, Mr, F. 0, Gadsden, R.I.M., presiding,

NEW MEMBERS,

The election of the following new members was announced :—Mr. R, C, H.

Barnard, C.E, (Lanauli); Mr, William Hali (Bomhay); Mr. A, A. Gover,

D.S. P. (Wizagapatam) ; Mr. H. A. B. Vernon, 1.0.8, (Vizagapatam) ; Mr. J,

Humphrey (Bombay) ; the Honorary Secretary of the Sind Club (Karachi)

Professor G. A. Gammie (Poona); Mr, H, P. Todd-Naylor, LCS., C.L.E,

(Minbu, Barma) ; Mr, Kirkman Finlay (Rangoon); Mr. H. Haussler (Ran_

goon); Mr, Neville Eliot, R. A. (Rawalpindi) ; and H. H. the Maharajah of

Mysore (Mysore), (Life Member).

CONTRIBUTIONS,

Mr, H. M. Phipson, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

——_——

Ghatitetone Description. | Contributors.

WI Sere Ee buaueoo ono codponcoceeus Gongylophis conicus ss... Mr. R. OH. Harter.

1 do. (Ali Ve) .-es-sserceveeeees LEIA CR OWIUY Meseentaencavecsedsees My. EB. Good:

A Collection of Hymenoptera eepeceese Major C G. Nurse,

fl Snake (alive)....ssceseereeees Ery2 jolinti ...ccs00cecceseeeee| Mr, BE. J Lilly.

1 Do. cvecsscassce res coe] GONG YLOPRIS CONECUS ...0000 ».| Capt. G. Lamb, I.M.S.

1 Cobra (alive)...... pENaOOOOOAG Naia EPIPUDIANS s.reecsccceceee Do.

1 Dhaman (alive).......sss0- ZA MRIS WUCOSUS evceveceesesvee Do.

Anumber of Indian Ger-|Gerbillus indicuseeseeneeeee., Mr, A. H. A.Simcox, I.C.8,

billes.

1 Puff Adder’s Skin os... Vipera Arietans secsscereeee ina Pra previews

PROCEEDINGS. 405

ACCOUNTS FOR 1901,

Mr. N. C. Macleod, the Honorary Treasurer, placed before the meeting a

statement of accounts for the year ending 31st December, 1901, showing a

credit balance of Rs. 982-7-3 in cash, and Rs. 4,800 invested in Government

Paper, It was resolved that the accounts be passed subject to the usual audit.

ELECTION OF COMMITTEE.

The President, Vice-Presidents, and members of the Managing Committee

for the present year were duly elected as follows :—

President—H.E. the Right Hon’ble Lord Northcote.

Vice-Presidents—Mr. J. D. Inverarity and Dr. D, MacDonald.

Managing Committee—Veterinary-Captain G, H, Evans, Mr, E, C, Stuart

Baker, Dr. D. MacDonald, Mr, E, H. Aitken, Rev. F, Dreckmann, 8, J., Mr.

B, Ernest Green, Lieutenant-Colonel K. R. Kirtikar (1. M. 8.), Mr. J. D.

Inverarity, Mr. W. 8. Millard, Colonel H, D. Olivier, R.E., Mr, A, Abercrom-

bie, Mr, E, L, Barton, Mr, R. Gilbert, Mr. E, Comber, Mr. R. C. Wroughton,

Mr.:T, B. D, Bell, Major A, Newnham, Mr. F. O. Gadsden, Major ©. G.

Nurse, and Mr, G, O. Dudgeon,

Mr. N. C. Macleod, Honorary Treasurer, ex-officio,

Mr. H. M, Phipson, Honorary Secretary, ex-officio,

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were read and discussed,

1. “Notes on the Hog Deer in Burma (with Photographs), ”’ by Veteri-

nary-Captain"George H. Evans, A.V.D.

3.. Aids*to the Differentiation of Snakes, ” by Captain F’, Wall, I.M.S.

3 “ Sand Grouse in Northern Gujarat, ” by Major C. G. Nurse.

1, “Travancore Snakes, ” by H. 8S. Ferguson, F.LS.

5 “ A novel method of catching a Jackal, ” by Major D. Thomson,

6. “ Occurrence of the Avocet near Poona, ” by Major R. M. Betham.

7. “Notes onsome Lakhimpur Birds,” by H. N. Coltart.

8 <* Qeeurrence of the White-faced or Stiff-tail Duck et Mardan,” by

Major F. J, H. Barton.

9. “A man-eating Panther,” (witha Photograph), by W. A. Conduit.

10, “Extraordinary magnitude of a Snake’s meal,” by :Captain F, Wall,

I.M.5.

11. “Our Collection of Eagles and Owls,” by E, H. Aitken.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18ta MARCH, 1902.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s rooms on Tuesday,

the 18th March, 1902, Mr. F, O. Gadsden presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Mr, Donald N. Graham (Bombay) ; Captain A, L. Valentine (Bombay) ;

Mr, J. D. Mills (Hampshire, England) ; Mr. A. L. Whittell (Bombay) ;

406 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XLV.

Mr, John 8, Anderson (Coorg) ; Captain P. F, Chapman, I.M.S, (Raipur,

C.P.) ; Mr. C. G, C. French, LC.S. (Raipur, C.P.); Mr.-W. De Morgan,

C.E., (Waltair); Mr. G. Monteath, 1.C.S. (Dharwar); and Mr, Douglas.

Dewar, I.C.S. (Almora, N.-W. P.).

CONTRIBUTIONS.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-.

tions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

Contributions. Description. Contributors.

$3 Paleolithic implements custiiers Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr.

found in Somali Land.

A collection of photographs aqntosode Mr. T. J. Spooner, C.E.

of Animals shot in Hast

Africa.

1 White-bellied Sea Eagle] Haliaetus lewcogaster .........|Mr. C. E. C. Fischer.

1 Shama. .....coccseres coccceces| CAtEOCIICIG MACTUTA cecersceeces Mrs. Bythell.

4 Snakes (alive) ...... voo.-.| Dipsas forstentd ..coveceereeeeeee|Capt. C, Lamb, I.M.S.

1 Shikra......e00- secesvcccse[AStUT DAAIUS soerevccecesseer-e+|Mr. J. D. Inverarity.

7 Rats (alive) secceconecee.|2erbllus indicus, Nesocia\Mr. A. H. A. Simzox, I.C.S.

bengalensis, ctc.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS

From Mr. H. B, Peirce.

PAPERS READ.

‘“‘ Bombay Ducks from a Sportsman’s Point of View,” by Colonel H. D.

Olivier, R.E.

A very interesting lecture was given by Colonel Olivier on the above

subject in which he | ointed out from the specimens of ducks in the Society’s

collection, the distinguishing characteristics of each species, and gave some

account of his experiences in duck-shooting in the Bombay Presidency,

Mr. E. H. Aitken read a paper written by Mr. 8. M. Fraser, I.C.S., on

“ Tiger-netting in Mysore,” in which he observes that it is probable that in

spite of what Sanderson and others have written, there is still a good deal of

misconception about tiger-netting as pursued in Mysore, which is a genuine

native sport well worth witnessing by any one interested in wild beasts and

their ways.

The paper will appear in full in the Society's Journal.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 22np APRIL, 1902.

A MEETING of the members was held at the Society’s rooms on Tuesday,

the 22nd April, 1902, Dr, D. MacDonald presiding, ‘i

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Major T. D. Collis Barry, I.M.S, (Bombay); Captain P. F, Pocock (Khar) ;

Mr. B. H. Barlow-Poole, I.F.S. (Anantapur); Major W, E, Jennings, I.M.S.

(Poona) ; Captain M. B. Roberts (Lansdowne); Lieutenant Richard Clifford

PROCEEDINGS. 40T

(Myitkyina); Captain H. Des Voceux (Bassein, Burma) ; Mr, W. Sparke

(Bassein, Burma) ; Mr. J, H, Burkill (Calcutta) ; Mr. F, D, Little (Katha,

Upper Burma); Dr, W. S. J. Shaw (Sholapur) ; and Mr, H. V. Purkis

(Bhadarwa, Jammu State),

CONTRIBUTIONS,

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-

tions since last meeting :-—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

ae he ate tier Se a (i ae te ae © MEST SCLT ETS ee Lal OR Te nn

Contributions. Descriptions. Contributors.

1 Snake Glive) .....2.... cores LChis CATINATA -seeereveeereeeee) Dr. A. H. Deane.

MiSnakelsesecesessce sntelecceueusee Lytorhynchus paradoxus ...| Lieut. G. A. Hawks.

63 [semi GUUS cocoacooncond0000 »| Melursus UrsimUs soecccseece ace

7 Panther ee seacaca0NsNO000 MCL ES ND OROIS eccosscncestacc sees |

Ey con ays cullicsecdseasscccseses LLY @NG SETIATUS sacescovceseree

i Wosea ae ee ee ‘ccse| (CODE B. G. Burton

1 Wild Dog’s Skull.........00 (Cyon duBhumensis ...00cccee

1 Indian Gazelle’s Skull...... Gazella DEnnetts ...ceccoceeeres|

2) Worials) (alive); -cs-+sss-1os << | Ovss Vignes ....00-00 sb 6N0a00 «| Capt. P. Z, Cox, F.Z.8,

Th SIE aocoododoescbonbacsocs0n304 |_Dipsas forsteni........0.c+s-20 | Rey. B. Wright, H. Be 8.

Highflyer.

1 Hamadryad (alive)........ «| GIG DUNGATUS ..ccccosescecee pee Viele hele

1 White-legged Falconet ...| Wicrohierax Ss: i

1 Large Indian Pratineole.. Glariola orientalis ............| Mr. Vernon Woods.2 ~

1 Samll Indian Pratincole..) Do. lactea.. rad aoe e :

3 Eggs of Indian Green Thereicery zeylonicus ee. Mr. J. Spilling.

Barbet.

A quantity of Fossil shells.. anCnO0G0e Benes

2Spotted Hawk- Eagles| Spizactus nepalensis .......... Mr. C. H. Donald.

(alive). | |

Some fishes, shells and ma-! secn00c60 ; Mr. F. W. Townsend.

rine specimens from the!

Persian Gulf.

Ri SralceWteccssoseaceensessieoss Ty phlops ACUtUS ssescecoeee. ..| Mr. F. Dundas Whiffin.

1. Chesnut-headed Shortwing. |Oligura castaneicoronata se ] 0

1 Black-chinned Yuhina ...) Yuhina nigrimentum ......0.. > Mr. 8. L. Whymper.

1 Bronzed Drongo .......e00 «| Chaptia @NeG .....sre0e6 neootod

Some photoeraphs OL t Me Dost A eee oe | Col. St. G. Gore, R.E.

erowth of Picus cordifolia.

1 Dhaman with Begs sasies eroe| ZUMENIS MUCOSUS «+.0+00e00eeee0| Major C. T. Hudson, L.M.S,

LT Snake .....ccsccccsssscceecee| O1ig0400 SUDGTESEUS co..c00veeee| |

SHONTOE SHADOWS \Gootdess-oocood) » |) eaHoooaed be K. H. Aitken.

1 Nest of Malabar Wood-| | Tephrodornis sylvicolases..rove

shrike.

WiDizard! <.....60. secvereos| VATANUS DENGALERSIS cesereoes j

il Himalayan Belen Ce Pai BA0LUTUS GTAYt....00000...| {Gent W. Osborn.

1 Leopard Cat ....... pacoac90000 Felis Lengalensis...ceccccecses

S$) Photocraphs of sea) Misheec) 8 Wobsee. Mr. C.J. I. Jones,

PPS WOrdetishteessicccwcnsesracces Histiophorus SD. coscoonoo 2b 6c0| R.I.M.

1 Snake (alive) ....00... eeree.| Zropidonotus plumbicolor .... Mr. P. Gerhardt,

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM

Mr, A. R. Wilson (Almora, N.-W.-P.), Mr. D, A. Macmillan (Orissa), Mr, J

Spilling, Mr, G, P. Millett (Kanara), and Mr, G, R, Lowndes.

408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

EXHIBITS,

A large Sword Fish (Histiophorus sp.), presented by Mr. C, J.1, Jones,

R.I.M., was exhibited. It was captured off the Laccadive Islands and

measured 9ft, 1lin, in length and 106]bs, in weight. Some excellent photo-

graphs showing the rapidity of growth of Ficus cordifolia ona mango tree

were exhibited by Colonel St. G. Gore, R.E., of Dehra Dun.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read: “ Note on the habits of the Banded

Crake (Rallina superciliaris) and the Malay Bittern (Gorsachius melanolo-

phus),” by T. R. Bell, I.F.S.; “ Notes on some Nepenthes and other new stove

plants introducedtinto Bombay,” by W. 8. Millard ; “ Miscellaneous notes on

Birds’ nesting round Poona and elsewhere,” by Major R. M. Betham,

Dr, MACDONALD’S RETIREMENT,

Mr, Aitken then asked permission to say a few words about the chairman

who was very shortly to leave, and would probably never be present rani

at a meeting of the Society, He said that probably few of those present

knew the real origin of the Bombay Natural History Society, or had any idea

teat Dr, MacDonald was the fons et origo of the whole thing. But such was

the fact, It was early in 1883 that Dr. MacDonald suggested that it would

be an excellent thing to form a Society for the study of Natural History,

Dr, Maconachie told the speaker, who welcomed the suggestion, and with the

view of translating suggestion into fact, asked Dr. Maconachie to name a day

and place for the first meeting. The result “was that six gentlemen met in

the Victoria and Albert Museum and constituted themselves the Bombay

Natural History Society. The six were, Dr, Maconachie, Dr, MacDonald,

Dr, Atmaram, Mr. J, C, Anderson, Mr. J. Johnston, and the speaker, The

membership now was over seven hundred, and of the six original members

only Dr, MacDonald and the speaker were in Bombay this day. Dr, Mac-

Donald had been one of their Vice-presidents all through the Society’s wonder-

ful career, He had often filled the chair at their meetings. He had

continuously filled a place in their slender list of office-bearers, and that was

4 difficult place to fill, as the Secretary knew, He was Jeaving them at last

and the speaker thought they ought to remember gratefully his long éansiee.

tion with the fortunes of the Society and wish him a happy time in his own

land,

The proposition was seconded by Mr. Millard and carried by acclamation.

Dr, MacDonald replied briefly, disowning the credit which Mr, Aitken had

given him and thanking the members for their kind thoughts of him,

A vote of thanks was passed to the donors of the papers, and the meeting

then terminated,

TLO pu’ 1 Lf-O1z10.01 Sodg7 rsa jut

is Tetete {) sf yan

ae aelira) RIN ponh.1one

“Wal GS39NIM-3N1d YO AANVOYVS SHL

leP PSpoT ay

ee Tel

90G 4st YEN Kequiog win

JOURNAL

OF THE

vis Ary

dlatural History Socicty,

pw UT ROMBAY. 620 Nog.

THE KING-COBRA, OR HAMADRYAD—WNAJA BUNGARUS

(Boutencer), OPHIOPHAGUS ELAPS (Guntur).

By Very. Carr. G. H. Evans,

(With a Plate.)

BurmEse.—Gnan-Gnan-bok.

K aren.—Gni-thaw— Gni-thaw-plaw.

SHAN.—Gnu-son-an.

The Hamadryad is at least by its notoriously evil reputation known

to a large number of our readers, and having seen something of this

reptile, it occurred to me that a paper on the subject might prove of

some interest. This snake may be met with in suitable localities

throughout this province and adjoining States, Many of us have heard

of exciting encounters with, and hair-breadth escapes from, this much-

dreaded reptile. On looking over some books on Burma I came across

the following remarks in Mason’s work :—‘ Burma, its People and Pro-

ductions,” revised by Theobald, Volume I, pages 309 and 310 :—*“ The

Hamadryad is the most formidable reptile in the country. It may be

described in general terms as a magnificent variety of the cobra, but

' bas no markings on it. It bears the character of being a very fierce

snake and of always pursuing when attacked. I met one on the

Toungoo Hills, two or three years ago, when accompanied by a dozen

Karens. We all stopped, and the brute being some ten or twelve feet

long, no one was disposed to attack him. He glided close by us in a

very deliberate manner, seeming to say, ‘ Let me alone, and I will let

you alone,’ and we accepted the terms. One of these serpents, about

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV;

seven feet long and one foot in circumference, was caught in Shwagyen,

and after being secured to a bamboo, was brought to Major Berdmore,

He sent for a famous Burmese serpent-charmer who met the brute on

the verandah in the confident expectation of subduing it by a ‘ few brays,’

a bold front and ashake of the finger. At first the serpent appeared

to cower beneath his glance, but when he approached and put forth his

hand, it sprang on his wrist and bit him, The man felt the poison up te

his shoulder in an instant, and ran off immediately to his house, which

was near, for an antidote; but he fell exhausted on the threshold,

and expired in less than half an hour after he was bitten. The Karens

say they are sometimes three fathoms long, but from ten to twelve feet

is the most common length of adults. A Karen at my side says that

on three several instances he has seen a Hamadryad devouring other

snakes, so one of its specific names, ‘ Ophiophagus’ ( snake-eater ), is

most appropriate. An intelligent Barman told me that a friend of his

one day stumbled upon a nest of these serpents, and immediately re-

treated ; but the old female gave chase. The man fled with all speed over

hill and dale, till, reaching a small river, he plunged in, hoping he had

then escaped his fiery enemy ; but, lo! on reaching the opposite bank,

up reared the furious Hamadryad, its eyes glistening with rage, ready

to bury its fangs in his trembling body. In utter despair he bethought

himself of his turben, and ina moment dashed it upon the serpent

which darted upon it like lightning, and for some moments wreaked

its vengeance in furious bites, after which it returned to its former

haunts.” Mr. Theobald in the work referred to writes :—“1 was one even-

ing attracted by a noise cf men and dogs near my tent, and found 4

large crowd round a bush, in which some creature was at bay. On

coming up I found ii to be a magnificent ‘Gnan’ (Hamadryad)

twelve feet long, which was making furious charges at the dogs, but

was protected by the bushes among which it kept from the men who,

moreover, were very much disinclined to come very close. Taking a

stick from a boy, I directed all present te go the other side of the bush

and keep quiet, whilst I stationed myself 2 few yards in the open. As

I anticipated, in a minute or so the ‘ Gnan’ thinking the coast clear

came straight out on my side, with the idea of escaping ; and, when

well clear of the bushes, 1 made one step forward, and delivered a smart

blow on the neck, and before he could recover himself, I was upon him

and had him firmly by the nape.” Yule in his “ Embassy te Ava, ”

THE KING-COBRA, OR HAMADRYAD, ait

page 180, remarks :—“ At about a mile from the coal we eame on a

large Hamadryad snake, One of the men had a double-barrelled gun,

but when he attempted to fire at it, all the rest cried to him to stop.

I said, ‘Shoot him,’ but the snake looked at us and glided away unhurt.

I asked him why he did not shoot it. The reply was curious as

bearing out a statement in Mason’s ‘Tennasserim’ which I confess,

I did not credit before. They said it would, if hurt, turn after and

chase them ; so it got off. It was about 9 feet long.’ Boulenger,

“Reptilia and Batrachia”” (Fauna of British India), page 393,

states :—‘‘ From its larger size and fiercer habits this snake is still

more dangerous than the cobra; it is fortunately less common.”

Mr. Hauxwell, I.F.S., informed me that at Shwegyin in 1883, while

sitting in his verandah one day, he heard screams and shouts of snakes

from the hoase on the opposite side of the road. He ran across and

found a Burmese girl under the portico at the foot of the steps striking

with a bamboo about 8! long, at an infuriated Hamadryad, afterwards

found to be over 8! in length. Owing to the length of the bamboo she

was doing more harm to the posts and balustrade of the steps than to

the snake ; at the same time it was evident that the snake was more

inteat on escaping than on attacking her, although quite prepared to

defend himself. On his telling the girl to leave off trying to hit the

snake and to run away—a request she complied with without demur—

the snake at once settled down and endeavoured to escape, when it was

an easy matter to break his back and bring him to book. In 1892

while the same gentleman was “ collecting ” along the sand banks of

the Thoungyin river, he observed a large snake coiled up ina willow

bush, Being anxious to take him alive, Mr. Hauxwell sent some

Burmans to cut forked sticks, while he with a small collecting gun in

his hand remained to watch the snake which never moved till the men

returned and commenced poking about with the sticks, when he quietly

tried to glide away. On being touched with a stick, however, he im-

mediately reared up and dilated his neck. There was then no question

as to what the snake was, but as he was not further molested, he sank

down and made for the river, when he was shot. Length—10'-7"

Girth—over 5". Mr. Hauxwell in a note to me, added:—“I do

not believe in the aggressiveness with which this snake is cre-

dited. He will, like anything else, make every effort to defend himself

when cornered, but will, in nine cases out of ten, prefer to make off and

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

save his own skin.” My experience is quite in accord with that of the

above named gentleman, viz., that it is unusual for them to be aAgOTeSsive.

I consider their evil propensities have been greatly exaggerated. Their

large size, activity, fierce appearance when irritated, readiness to attack

on slight and at times seemingly without provocation, have undoubtedly

tended to earn for them a bad character. There is however, no denying,

that empty-handed, an infuriated Hamadryad is about as nasty a creature

as one could possibly be brought in contact with. I have met several

individuals who have had the unpleasant experience of being chased,

and though there was an unanimity of opinion as to the shocking sensa-

tions produced, apparently all had the full use of their limbs, or hama-

dryads are not fleet, or do not pursue for any distance, as not one

would even admit to having nearly been caught, Asa rule, people have

such a dislike for the most ordinary snakes that when one is met with he

is pretty certain to have his back broken, and, later his head battered

and mangled to an extent certain to preclude the possibility of his ever

doing damage. The amount of fear likely to be inspired by a snake with

a reputation for being ordinarily aggressive can readily be imagined, and

perhaps there is nothing in this world so caleulated to even make a lame

man put his best leg forward as the knowledge that a Hamadryad is at

his heels. For my own part I have no pretentions to being fleet of foot,

but if ever I have been near breaking the record for 100 yards (I regret

I cannot give the time), it was on an occasion whena Hamadryad turned,

his attentions tome. The snake was moving along rather fast through

grass, and having caught a glimpse of his size, 1 concluded it was a

python; so taking a stick from the hand of a friend, I ran after him,

only to soon have the tables turned, for as I approached he suddenly,

stopped, turned, and raised his head and neck. I at once perceived

my mistake, took advantage of the start, and what is more, to my

surprise, intense relief and astonishment of my friend, maintained my

distance throughout the race, My friend who had never before heard

of a Hamadryad, and enjoyed what he described as the fan, stated with

evident disappointment that the snake had only followed some twenty

or thirty yards ; as I never troubled to look behind till I came up to

him, I accepted the statement.

I have endeavoured to obtain authentic information regarding

instances of bites and results, but have only four worth

y of mention,

not a formidable number for a snake so greatly dreaded, a

THE KING-COBRA,OR HAMADRYAD., 413

(1) Some few years ago at Yenangyat or Yenangyoung, I now

forget which, a Shan snake-charmer was exhibiting four Hamadryads

There is a custom among many Burmans, Shans, etc., to have them-

selves specially tatooed, and even to have charms inserted beneath the

skin in order to render themselves invulnerable to certain things, e.9.,

bullets, snakebite, &c. It happened that on this occasion among the

spectators was a Burman who had recently undergone some such

treatment as described against snake-bite, and, no doubt, thinking

it an excellent opportunity for displaying his invulnerability before

an admiring audience, ke proceeded to boldly play with the snakes,

one of which (a recent capture) soon became enraged, struck at and

seized him by the hand, with the result that the unfortunate man soon

died. Some few days after this occurrence I saw the snakes and took

the opportunity of inspecting the mouth of the one which had bitten

the man, and discovered that the fangs had been rudely broken and

that the portions remaining were sufficiently long if the snake man-

aged to get a grip to penetrate flesh. The snake was a very fine

specimen.

(2) A Burman captured a Hamadryad, brought it home, and kept it

in a covered basket. Sume friends anxious to see the snake called at

his house, when he at once offered to exhibit it; but apparently he was

too careless in removing it from the basket or in handling it, for it

seized him at the base of the index finger, and he shortly after died

from the effects of the bite.

(3) One evening, just after dusk, a man was driving home along

a jangle track, when his bullocks suddenly shied and dashed into the

jungle. On pulling them up he got down from the cart and taking

his dah went off to see if he could ascertain the cause of their alarm,

and to his surprise found a Hamadryad lying disabled across the track,

a wheel having passed over his body. The cartman cut a Halaboe!

killed the snake, and returned to his cart, when he soon observed one

of the bullocks trembling, &c, He unyoked the animal, but it gradu-

ally became worse and died. On several occasions I have seen a cobra

lying in the grass between the ruts on a cart-track, when disturbed,

strike at the bullocks in a passing cart.

(4) A few men accompanied by a dog were walking along a

jungle path, when suddenly the dog, which was following ata little

distance behind, . gave a sharp bark, On looking round he was seen

414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

running towards them, and shortly after coming up with them, they

noticed something wrong, so leaving the dog they went back a

little way, when they saw a Hamadryad emerge from the hollow

in the base of a large tree. The party forthwith dispersed, and

in time returned to where they had left the dog and found him dying.

I suppose the dog could not resist having a peep in at the hole as he

passed, thus disturbing the snake which at once bit him. One fre-

quently hears of dogs being pursued, which is undoubtedly due to their

prying and inquisitive habits ; but I have not heard of any being run

down, Perhaps, as is the case with men, a Hamadryad in rear forces.

the pace.

It is probable that every year several oxen are bitten by these snakes,

asin some districts immense herds are grazed in unreserved forest

tracts. They, I think, show a decided preference for damp places, and

are certainly fond of water ; in fact, I cannot remember ever having

met one very far from it. They swim gracefully, are given to lying in

pools in the hot weather, and evince no hesitation in entering creeks, &c.

Mr. Hauxwell told me that a Hamadryad that he afterwards killed, was

always to be found lying in the same pool for several successive days,

and a Burman, well known to me who spends his life in the jungles

cutting canes, bamboos, &c., on my questioning him, said he rarely

met one while going about his work, but that during the heat of the day

in the hot season, in a certain streapi he mentioned, he had frequently

seen one, rarely two, lying in one or other of the pools. He had seen

several Hamadryads, and had never been molested. On three separate

occasions I have seen a Hamadryad swimming. The first was when I

observed one crossing a creek some thirty yards wide, the second when

one came swimming down a stream we were fording, and we left hur-.

riedly ; and the third was also while crossing a stream, when we saw a

Hamadryad swimming in a pool below us. I have heard of several

other instances where a Hamadryad has been met with crossing

streams. Except when ina party, Burmans and Karens are generally

speaking much afraid, as they say asnake will generally try and escape

when they see a number of men, not so when there is only one or two.

They also state that these snakes will invariably pursue (a) when sudden-

ly disturbed, (b) when guarding their nests, (¢) when provoked. No

doubt as regards (a) the statement is correct; with regard to (6) I can

only say that I have twice come on a kind of nest (a heap of dry leaves)

THE KING-COBRA, OR HAMADRY AD. 415

end I certainly did not approach nearer than twenty yards crso; In

neither instance did the snake attempt to attack me, though from the

fact of raising the body, &c., it was evident I had been observed.

I killed both, near the nests, destroying 29 eggs in one, and 21 in the

other nest. The eggs were lying under leaves, &c., at the bottom of the

mests, one lot contained embryos, the other no trace. .To the best of my

recollection I found them towards the end of April or early in May.

The Burmans with me on each occasion ran away in spite of my having

agun. The explanation afforded was quaint, v7z., that Hamadryads live

in pairs, and as the male always lives near the nest to take turn to

guard the eggs, the shot would be sure to alarm him, and on discovering

his mate ruthlessly slaughtered, would chase us in the hopes of avenging

her death. If what a Shan told me be true, Hamadryads either do not

always attack an intruder, or do not always remain in the immediate

vicinity of their nests to protect the eggs. Some two years ago in the

month of July I came across a Shan at the foot of the hills east of Yame-

thin, he was carrying some snakes eggs, and the information he gave

me was roughly as follows. He was returning from a village in the

hiils, and feeling thirsty left the track to obtain a drink, when he

suddenly found himself alongside a Gnan’s nest, he nipped up the nearest

tree thinking the snake would be after him. After waiting some little

time and not seeing the Gnan about he came down, collected the

eggs and bolted back to the path; he was in a great fright till he

got on to open ground. He assured me there were more than thirty

egos, he had broken some, and still had some two dozen, which he

was taking asa present to a snake-charmer friend at N younglén.”

irritation to provoke attack, Many harmless snakes, when cornered,

will menace and often strike with great malice; and I well remember

when driving to camp in a bullock cart rather late one evening we came

on a cobra. I told the cartman to get out and kill it. He took

his cane and went. after the cobra, aimed a blow at it and missed,

The snake was round instantly, and with hood extended came straight

at him, when the man struck it a blow which killed it.

With regard to their food, snakes innocent and poisonous, apparently

enter into the bill of fare ; but I imagine their diet is not restricted to

snakes. Other varieties of snakes often make a meal on another, the

python, cobra, Bungarus fasciatus, Simotes cyclurus, &e, Twice I haye

416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

seen a Hamadryad with a snake, Onthe first occasion when out with

Mr. G. who killed the snake in the act of swallowing a monocellate cobra

(Naia tripudians) ; 18" had been swallowed. Onthe other occasion I was

with Mr. Todd-Naylor, Commissioner of the Minbu Division. About

10-30 a.m. on the 28th August 1901, we were crossing the Sun Choung

(stream), in the Magwe District and were half-way across, when a

Burman with us called out “Sabagyi” (python), another “ No-Gnan, ”

on hearing which we promptly loaded our rifles, and then saw in the pool

below us a very fine snake which I recognized to be a Hamadryad. The

fore-part of the body was raised, and he was carrying something in his jaws

in the manner a dog does a stick. One Burman:said it wasa “ put’?

(Varanus), another a snake. The Barmans ran off and cut long bamboos

from aclump hard by. We then proceeded towards the pool, where the

spake was still swimming about ; but on our approach he at once swam to

a rock in the water, depositing on it what we then saw to bea large

snake, and forthwith swam for, and took refuge under, an undermined

portion of the opposite bank, where he promptly began to drag his

body up through a hole in the bank, and was rapidly disappearing from

our gaze, when he stupidly showed his head at another hole in the face

of the bank. The Burmans taking advantage of his position stepped

into the water and thrust bamboos at the hole, which manceuvre caused

him to lower his body again into the water. He next made a bid for

a landing on the opposite bank, but the splashing of the water with the

bamboos used in vain efforts to kill him, evidently scared him, as he

immediately retreated under cover of the bank. It was only after

much provocation that he was again induced to leave cover, when

he once more tried to effect a landing. The bamboos were plied with

much vigour, and, I think he was probably touched. Atany rate, he

whipped round and with body raised quite 18", neck dilated, a

most malicious look in his eyes which made us wish ourselves

elsewhere, came straight at us, The Burmans waited till he came

well within reach, and then aimed blowsat him. Whether he was

injured or not I cannot say, but he was knocked clean under water,

only to re-appear with expanded hood quite close to us. We were about

to fire, when a Burman fortunately struck him behind the head and killed

him. We dragged him on toa sand bank, and ran the tape over him.

Length—11'-4"—Girth—7}". We next proceeded to fish out the snake

which had slipped off the rock into the water, and to our astonishment

THE KING-COBRA, OR HAMADRYAD, 417

it proved to be a Hamadryad. We placed him alongside of the other.

Leneth—8'-6"—Girth—5t". It really required a stretch of imagination

to think that the larger snake meant to make a meal off the smaller one,

as we assumed must have been his intention. For what other purpose °

could he have been carrying about a dead snake ? By the appearance

of the skin of the larger snake it was clear he had quite recently

sloughed, so we determined to take it, and -accordingly asked the

Burmans to skin it. Their faces dropped, and it was clear no one was

keen on doing it, so we enquired why, and were gravely told that the

risks attending the operation were very serious. Should the operator by

any chance get pricked ky a bone, it meant certain death, the bones

being extremely poisonous. We never heard this theory before, so

Mr. Todd-Naylor announced his intention of skinning the snake. The

thought ofa Mingyi (Commissioner), exhibiting such reckless beha-

viour proved too much for them, as two Burmans stepped forward

prepared to accept the risk. We observed that the care exercised by the

operators was such as to render a prick froma bone highly improb-

able. Another Burman, judging by the manner in which he handled

the skin, must have thought it poisonous. As we were leaving

the stream I observed the carcase of the snake on the bank, which

surprised mo; sc I asked if they were not going to bring it to camp

for dinner, which question appeared to somewhat astonish them, On my

remarking that Karens ate the flesh and pronounced it good, one man

ventured to say that “some people will eatanything.”’ This was really

funny coming from a Burman, many of whom do not hesitate to eat

adjutants, snakes, hawks, &c. Up to date I have not been fortunate

enough to kill a Hamadryad after a meal,

Burmans and Karens recognize two varieties of this snake, viz., the

dusky without markings Gnan-bdk ; and the belted-Gnan. The former

are reputed to be infinitely more fierce and aggressive than the latter.

I have only met with two specimens, and both of these, when carefully

inspected showed faint markings. The young are dark olive-brown

in colour, with well marked and rather bright yellow rings or chevron-

shaped marks, With regard to the size of these snakes, the longest I

have measured was in the hands of asnake-charmer. We straightened

him out as well as we could, and he taped 13!-4". Had the snake been

dead, he would probably have measured another 4". I have records of

two others 13. I think, asa general rule, adults run anything between

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

10' and 12’. I believe a friend measured one that taped 15’. The

circumstances connected with the specimen, coupled with the unusual

size, tended to impress the facton my memory. To the best of my

recollection the facts are as follows:—Mr. H., shortly after his

arrival in Burma, was riding through some jungle near K., in the

Toungoo District. Suddenly he cbserved a Jarge snake coming straight

at him or his pony. As he approached it reared up dilating its

hood. Mr. H. fortunately had a longish cane in his hand, so he

leaned sideways, struck at and luckily hit the snake on the head.

He at once dismounted, and administered some further blows. On his

return to camp during breakfast he mentioned the episode, and was

promptly chaffed. He, however, stated that the snake was dead and

could be produced. It occurred to my friend, the late Mr. T., that

the snake was possibly a Hamadryad, so after breakfast the party went

off, found and measured this enormous specimen.

Differences between Nata bungarus (Hamadryad) and Nada tri-

pudians (Cobra).

Naia bungarus. Nata tripudians.

(a) Rostral much broader than (a) Rostral little broader than

deep. deep.

(6) Internasal separated from (5) Internasal in contact with

preocular. preeocular.

hind parietals.

Tam indebted to Mr. T. H. Hauxwell, I.F.S., for the drawings

illustrating the above mentioned points.

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.

|. PAIR LARGE SRIELDS BEHIND PARIETALS OCCIPITAL

’

‘

2. POST PARIETALS WANTING

R. Rostral Oc: Occipital

| Internasal Fr. Praocular

Prf Pratronta! Po Postocular

F Frontal |, 2, 3, etc., Upper lavials

S. Supraocuiar

Pa. Farieta:

T. Temporal

2. ROSTRAL LITTLE BROADER THAN DEEP

1, ROSTRAL MUCH BROADER THAN DEEP.

1. INTERNASAL NOT IN CONTACT WITH PRAEOCULAR

2. INTERNASAL IN CONTACT

2. NAIA TRIPUDIANS

1. NAIA BUNGARUS.

419

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF

HYMENOPTERA COLLECTED BY MAJOR C. G.

NURSE AT DEESA, SIMLA AND FEROZEPORE,

By P. Cameron.

Part II.

(Continued from page 293 of this Volume.)

ANTHOPHILA.*

LAMPROAPIS, gen. nov.

Wings with two cubital cellules in the forewings; the second cellule

receives both the recurrent nervures; the first at a slightly greater

distance than the second from the transverse cubital nervure. Radial

cellule long, narrow, lanceolate, extending to the apex of the wing ; the

transverse median nervure is received on the outer side of the externo-

median, not behind it. Antenne stout, bare, the second joint is two-thirds

of the length of the third; the last joint is about one-third longer than

the preceding. Ocelli not quite forming a triangle (.°.). Clypeus

transverse, the labrum large, gradually narrowed towards the apex.

Mandibles long, rather narrow, hollowed on the outer side. Legs

thickly covered with short pubescence ; the claws are bifid ; the

anterior calcaria are cleft at the apex and have, on the upperside, a

broad, diaphanous, rounded dilatation; the middle tibize have only one

spur; the hinder two; they are sharp and bare; the basal joint of the

hinder tarsi is stout and is longer than the following three joints

united. Scutellum large, convex, depressed in the middle above.

The base of the median segment forms a large triangular area, Abdo-

men smooth and shining, sparsely haired towards the apex ; the basal

segment is largely depressed at the base; the pygidium depressed ; the

sides raised, keeled ; the apex incised in the middle. The abdomen is

longer than the head and thorax united ; it is narrowed at the base and

apex and is distinctly curved above ; there are seven dorsal segments.

This genus has no near relationship with any of the known Indian

genera with two cubital cells. It comes nearest to the Huropean genus

Dufourea with which it agrees in having the body bare and shining ;

it differs from it in the transverse median nervure, being received in

* To the list of Indian Bees should be added Epeolus fervidus, Smith, Description of New

Sp. of Hym., p. 102, from the Bombay District. Col. Bingham has overlooked the des-

cription of this species. The genus is not included in his work. The species are parasitie

and are found in mest parts of the world.

420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XiV.

front of, not behind, the externo-median ; the head is much more

distinctly narrowed behind the eyes and the occiput is not transverse,

but incised ; the scutellum is convex, distinctly raised, and rugose and

depressed in the middle; the radial cellule is more elongated, it

reaching nearer to the apex of the wing; and there is a marked

difference in the relative lengths of the discoidal cellules ; in Dufourea

the first and second are of about equal lengths; in the present genus the

first is much longer and narrower compared to the second ; the third

also is longer and narrower, being longer than broad, not broader than

long. It cannot readily be confounded with Panurgus. It has more

the appearance of Halictus. I unfortunately can say nothing about

the form of the trophi, not having a spare specimen to risk dissecting.

LAMPROAPIS MACULIPENNIS, sp, nov. (PI. fig. 2.)

Nigra, nitida; capite thoraceque albo pilosis; alis hyalinis, apice

fusco-violacis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 2.

Loong : 8 mm.

TIABITAT ; Simla.

Scape of antenne closely punctured, and thickly covered with black

pubescence ; the flagellum witha pale pile. Head closely and distinctly

punctured and sparsely covered with long fuscous hair; the orbits

margined. Face and clypeus thickly covered with depressed silvery

pubescence and strongly and closely punctured ; the depressed labrum

is thickly and similarly covered. The collar is smooth and depressed

behind. Mesonotum closely, uniformly and rather strongly punctured ;

in the centre is a narrow, deep furrow ; scutellum roundly convex,

rugosely punctured, widely depressed in the middle and thickly covered

with long black hair. The triangular area on the median segment is

large, strongly aciculated, more strongly at the base than at the

apex ; the base is irregularly striated. Pleurz closely punctured, the

lower part and the sternum thickly covered with white pubescence.

Legs black; the apex of the fore femora and the fore tibie in front

are rufo-testaceous; the tarsi and apex of the tibize are thickly cover-

ed with fulvous pubescence; the rest of the legs have a sparse

white pile. Abdomen smooth and shining, bare, the apex sparsely

pilose.

MELANAPIS, gen. nov.

Last abdominal segment with a longitudinal bare rima, bordered by

distinct keels; its sides thickly covered with long stiff hairs, Trophi

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 424

short; the labial 4-, the maxillary palpi 6- jointed ; the basal joint of

the labial is not quite twice the length of the second=-about the length

of the second and third united ; the apical two joints are sub-equal,

Ocelli ina curve (.°.). Face and clypeus not elongated ; the apex of

the clypeus with a distinct border triangularly projecting at the apex

and slightly, but distinctly, curved. Head and thorax thickly covered

with longish hair; the median segment with an area on the base,

Scutellum flat, Legs thickly haired ; the hair on the hinder tibiz and

tarsi long and thick ; their claws have a sub-apical tooth; the front

calcaria have a membraneous dilatation at the base; there is only one

on the middle tibie; the hinder are long, thin, curved and bare.

Wings with three cubital cellules; the second and third are equal in

length on the top; but below the third is about one-half longer, being

nearly as long as the lower side of the first; both the recurrent

nervures are received shortly beyond the middle of the cellules ; stigma

distinct, the radial cellule is narrow, longish, but not reaching to the

apex of the wing. Abdomen, except on the apical segments, bare and

shining; the apical segments thickly covered with long black hair;

the ventral surface is almost bare.

The antennz are bare and shining, short, about the length of the

thorax ; the third joint twice the length of the fourth ; the mandibles are

longish, stout, and end at the apex in a broad, bluntly rounded tooth which

is clearly separated ; the labrum is not produced, the tarsi are short and

the apical joints are narrow, compared to the basal one, which is as

long as the others united and enlarged ; the middle joints are fringed

with stiff hairs at the apex ; the last joint is as long as the preceding

two united. The anterior ocellus is not ina pit. The-front is keeled

in the middle. Eyes parallel, reaching close to the base of the

mandibles.

The deep black body, large size and violaceous wings give this

genus the appearance of a small Xylocopa, but it has no near

relationship to that genus. In Bingham’s table on p. 414 this

genus comes into, “ A. Forewings with three cubital cells, a Maxil-

lary palpi 6-jointed, a! -Posterior tibiee densely pubescent, a” Ocelli

in a curve on the vertex” ; but it cannot be confounded with Halictus,

Noma or Tetralonia, the three genera included in the section.

Tt has the anal rima of Halictus, but otherwise has no near relationship

to that genus,

422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V-

MELANAPIS VIOLACEIPENNIS, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 1.)

Nigra, nitida, capite thoraceque nigra pilosis ; alis fusco-violaceis,

nervis stigmateque nigris, @ et ?.

Long : 138-14 m.m.

Hasirat : Ferozepore.

Antenne almost bare; from the third joint rufous beneath. Head

covered with long black hair; thickest on the occiput and beneath.

Clypeus closely and distinctly punctured and sparsely haired ; the

face is less distinctly punctured and more thickly haired ; the apex of

the clypeus is roundly, but not deeply, incised and has a distinct margin.

Mandibles smooth and covered with long black hair on the underside.

Thorax thickly covered with long black hair. Mesonotum strongly

and closely punctured ; the centre less closely than the sides and apex.

Scutellum similarly punctured, most closely towards the apex,

Median segment rugosely punctured; in the centre, at the base, is a

large, somewhat triangular area, formed of irregular longitudinal keels,

intersected with short, irregular transverse ones. Mesopleure closely

rugosely punctured. Wings uniformly fuscous-violaceous; the stigma

and nervures black. Legs black; the four hinder thickly covered with

Jong black hair; which is very long and thick on the hinder tibie and

to a less extent on the metatarsus. Abdomen smooth and shining, bare

except on the fifth segment, which is thickly covered with long black

hair; the sixth segment is bare in the middle; the bare part being

distinctly bordered or keeled ; outside the border it is fringed densely

with stiff black pubescence. ‘The apical two ventral segments are fringed

thickly with long black, stiff pubescence ; the others are almost bare.

The @ is similar to the 2 and is, if anything, more thickly haired ;

the legs and abdomen offer no noteworthy peculiarity.

ANDRENA SIMLANSIS, sp. nov.

Nigra, nitida, sparse albo pilosa; clypeo albo; basi metanoti punc-

tata; alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco. 3.

Long : 9 m.m.

Hapirat : Simla,

Scape of antenne shining, sparsely covered with long white hair ;

the flagellum with a pale pile. Clypeus smooth and shining, yellowish-

white ; there is an oblique white mark on either side of its lower edge

between it and the eyes; the vertex behind the ocelli is bare, smooth

nd shining ; the rest of the vertex and the front covered, but not

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 425

thickly, with long blackish hair. Mandibles long, curved ; when closed

their apices reach near to the inner side of the eyes ; they are black ;

their apex bright red ; at the base of the red part, and distinct from the

apex, isa rounded, clearly separated tooth. Thorax smooth and shining,

sparsely covered with longish white hair; the mesonotum is minutely

and closely punctured; on it are two longitudinal furrows ; the punc-

tuation is closer and stronger at the apex. Median segment opaque,

closely granular, the area clearly separated and not differing in

sculpture from the rest of the segment. Legs black ; the hair on the

femora is white, sparse and long; it is thicker on the tibiw; on the

metatarsus it is still denser, long and of a fulvous tinge; the spurs

are pale. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the apices of the segments

are brownish ; the basal four dorsal segments are almost bare ; the

apical segments are fringed with long brownish hair, the ventral

segments are sparsely covered with long pale hair. The second cubital

cellule at the top is as long as the third ; the first and second transverse

cubital nervures are distinctly bullated at the top and bottom.

This species comes into Bingham’s section “A. Enclosed space at base

of median segment punctured” and “ B. Median segment without a

medial vertical furrow”; but is not related tc either of the species

included in it.

CHRYSIDIDA,

EUCHR@US. CUPREIVENTRIS, sp. nov.

Viridis, coeruleo maculato ; geniculis, tibiis tarsique testaceis ; alis

fusco-violaceis. 2.

Long : 10 m.m.

Hasirat : Deesa, ;

Scape of antenne green, closely punctured and covered with white

pubescence ; the flagellum black, covered with a white down. Vertex

bright-green, with golden and blue tinges; strongly and deeply punc-

tured and sparsely covered with short white pubescence; the depressed

front is sparsely and shallowly punctured; above thickly covered, on

either side of the middle projection, with depressed white pubescence ;

the sides are also covered with depressed pubescence, as well as the

sides of the clypeus. The apex of the clypeus has a row of large, deep,

irregular fovex. Mandibles rufo-testaceous, darker towards apex ; the

base has a green patch. The front ocellus is surrounded at the back and

sides by a smooth furrow, which is prolonged below them at the apex.

424 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

Pronotum closely and rather strongly punctured ; at the sides in front it

projects into sharp, short teeth; the apex laterally, broadly triangularly

projects ; the base in the middle is slightly and broadly incised. The

base of the mesonotum is depressed broadly on the sides ; the depression

js widest on the innerside and is finely and closely punctured ; the

rest of the mesonotum bears scattered, moderately large and deep

punctures which are largest in the middle, close to the scutellum, it

being there blue coloured. Scutellum deeply punctured ; the punc-

tures are large and deep; their boundary walls are mostly blue.

The post-scutellum projects over the median segment; it is large,

broad atthe base, becoming gradually narrowed towards the apex

which is rounded ; it is coarsely and deeply punctured like the scutel-

Jum and is, for the greater part, blue. The median segment, imme-

diately beneath it, is stoutly punctured ; the sides with three stout

oblique keels. In the centre of the segment is a large area divided

down the centre by a stout keel; the top is broadly rounded on either

side ; inside, above the middle on either side, are two stout, slightly

oblique keels ; below is a short, irregular, stout curved keel. The sides

of the segment triangularly project and are closely, rugosely punc-

tured. Propleurz irregularly striated and with some deep punctures ;

below the middle is a curved projection ; the part below this is closely

and minutely punctured. The tegale large and rather strongly punc-

tured. Wings uniformly fuscous-violaceous ; the nervures black ; the

radius isthick. Abdomen : the apex of the first, the base and apex of the

second and the base of the third segments closely and minutely punc-

tured ; the rest of them bear larger, more widely separated punctures ;

the apical depressions are thickly and broadly covered on the basal

region with depressed white pubescence ; the apex beyond the depres-

sions is closely and strongly punctured ; the extreme edge is beset all

over with stout, mostly bluntly pointed, short spines intermixed with

smaller, sharper ones. The ventral surface is entirely coppery-brown

in colour and is smooth and shining. The apex of the first segment

in the centre and the base and apex of the second and third more broad-

ly blue; the green has slight golden tints; the sides of the first and

second segments at the apex are covered with white pubescence. The

coxee, trochanters and femora are bluish-green ; the fore femora at the

apex, the four front tibie anteriorly and the hinder knees, tibiz

and tarsi are rufo-testaceous.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 425

The apical teeth appear to be more numerous than usual ; the large

apical fovese are few in number and are mixed up with the numer-

ous smaller punctures which beset the whole of the broad apical

margin; the mesopleure are clearly separated from the pro- and meta-

pleurze ; on the apex is a wide furrow, which ends below in a rounded

projection.

The genus Euchreus is of small extent and has not hitherto been

recorded from India, It is easily known by the apex of the abdomen

being beset all over with numerous large and small teeth and not

with a few large ones as in Chrysis. This form of the apex is shown by

Du Buysson in Journ. Bomb., Nat. Hist. Soc., X., Pl. I., £13. The

apex of the present species differs from that of the European species

there figured in having a gradually rounded slope, the centre not being

so much raised and separated from the base and apex.

ICHNEUMONID.

Pimplides.

GLYPTA NURSEI, sp. nov.

Nigra, pedibus anterioribus flavis, posticis fascis, coxis rufis; alis

hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 2.

Long: 8-9 m.m.

Hapirat: Simla.

Antenne entirely black, thickly covered with a black microscopic pile.

Face closely and strongly punctured and covered with silvery pubes-

cence ; the clypeus and mandibles yellow and smooth ; the mandibular

teeth blackish; the palpi rafo-testaceous ; the front and vertex, if

anything, more strongly, but not quite so closely, punctured as

the face. Thorax shining ; above covered with silvery pubescence ;

the mesonotum is closely and uniformly punctured ; the scutellum

is closely punctured ; its lateral slope is irregularly striated ; the

lateral depression is closely, obliquely, irregularly striated. Post-

scutellum closely punctured. Median segment areolated all over;

in the centre is an elongated area reaching to the apical slope,

which is narrowed on the basal and longer part—the part behind

the transverse keel ;—the apical slope is bounded above by a

stout keel ; there is a longitudinal keel on the outer side, so that there is

thus a larger central and two smaller lateral arez ; there are two large

lateral areze on the basal slope ; the basal one being somewhat the

larger and there is a large spiracular area. The four front legs are

5 ;

426 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

lemon-yellow ; the hinder pair fuscous, with the coxe and trochan-

ters rufous. Wings clear hyaline, nervures and stigma black. Abdomen

black ; the ventral surface pale; the dorsal segments are closely

punctured and covered with a white pubescence ; the oblique depres-

sions are deep; there are two longitudinal keels on the base of the

petiole and one short central one on the apex. The tegule and the

part of the pronotum next to them are yellow.

LISSONOTA APICIPENNIS, sp. nov.

Nigra, capite thoraceque flavo maculatis; abdomine rufo, nigro-

lineato; pedibus rufis, nigro lineato ; coxis flavis; alis hyalinis, apice

fusco-maculato. Q.

Long: 10 m.m., terebra 9-10 m.m.

Hasitat: Simla.

Antenne black; the scape yellow, the flagellum brownish beneath.

Head black; the face, clypeus, the orbits all round, mandibles and

palpi, lemon-yellow; the face is closely punctured and covered with a

stout, white pubescence ; the clypeus smooth; the front and vertex

closely and distinctly punctured. Mandibular teeth black. Thorax

black; a large triangular mark on the side of the prothorax—the

narrow end on the base,—the base of the propleure, the tegul, the

scutellum, except a triangular black mark on the base, the post-scutel-

Jum and the tubercles, lemon-yellow. The thorax is closely and

uniformly punctured all over; there are no keels on the median

segment. Legs testaceous; the coxe and trochanters lemon-yellow,

the middle cox behind, the posterior before and behind, the basal

joint of the fore trochanters above, the base of the four anterior entirely

and a line on the upper side of the four front femora, black. Wings

hyaline; the apex between the radial and cubital nervures smoky ; the

stigma fuscous, the nervures darker in tint; the areolet has a long

pedicle, it being not much shorter than the lower divisions; the outer

branch is largely bullated; the recurrent nervure is received shortly

behind it. Abdomen rufous, the base and apex of the petiole and the

apex of the second and third segments lemon-yellow.

LisSONOTA ZANTHORIA, sp. nov.

Flava, supra nigro-maculata ; pedibus pallide fulvis, coxis trochan-

teribusque flavis; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. ¢@.

Long: 10 m.m.

Hasirat: Deesa.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 427

Scape of antennz black, yellowish below; the flagellum brownish,

black above. Head lemon-yellow ; the ocellar region and. the central

part of the occiput, black. Face closely punctured and covered. with

white hair ; the clypeus smooth, except-for a few punctures on the top. .

Mandibular teeth black. There is an irregular mark on the base of

the mesonotum, an elongated mark—roundly narrowed towards the

base, the apex roundly incised—the sides and apex and two curved

marks, on the base of the median segment, extending from the

middle of the base to the spiracles, black. The mesonotum and the

scutellam are uniformly punctured allover; the median segment is

more closely and strongly punctured; there is a transverse keel

above the apical slope. The pleure are punctured like the upper

surface. Legs obscure fulvous, the posterior darker in tint; the

basal joint of the hinder trochanters black; the hinder tarsi are

infuscated. On the abdomen the middle of the petiole is broadly,—the

band incised in the middle behind—the middle of the second, third

and fourth segments broadly and the base of the others broadly,

black.

The size and shapes of the black marks on the thorax vary.

LissONOTA CLARIPENNIS, sp, nov.

Flava, capite thoraceque nigro maculatis; abdomine flavo lineato,

apice rufo; pedibus flavis, femoribus posticis fulvis; alis hyalinis,

stigmate fusco. ¢.

Long: 9 mm.

Hasirat : Simla.

Scape of antenne black, yellow below; the flagellum brownish,

darker above. Head black ; the face, oral region, the inner orbits—

broadly below—and the outer still more broadly, lemon-yellow. The

face is closely, but not strongly, punctured. Mesonotum black, except

for a yellow line bordering the central region ; the line is triangularly

dilated at the base.

Scutellum yellow, the sides and base irregularly bordered with

black. The median segment has two large marks, extending from the

base to shortly beyond the middle, and irregularly narrowed at the

apex and with an irregular yellow mark in the centre near the base;

the apex is narrowly black. The whole thorax is closely and distinctly

punctured, Legs yellow; the four anterior frochanters and femora

428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

lined with black above ; the hinder legs obscure fulvous ; the innerside

of the coxze, and the basal joint of the trochanters black ; the apex of

the tarsi infuscated. Wings clear hyaline, the areolet appendiculated ;

the pedicle longer than the lower branches. Abdomen black above,

the base of the petiole, its apex more narrowly, and the apices of the

second, third and fourth segments, yellow ; the apex of the fourth and

the following segments entirely rufous, with their apices narrowly

lined with yellow.

Tryphonides.

LAPAPHRAS, gen. nov.

Areolet 4-angled, longish, oblique, narrow ; the first transverse eubi-

tal nervure is short, straight and oblique ; the second is more than

twice the length of the first and is roundly curved ; the two are united

at the base and at the apex ; the second forms arounded curve with

the cubitus ; the recurrent nervure is at the apex of the areolet almost

touching the apical abscissa of the cubitus ; the areolet is nearly three —

times longer than broad. Radial cellule wide ; the basal abscissa of the

radius is straight and oblique ; the apical is longer and roundly curved.

Antenne stout, not tapering towards the apex; the third and fourth joints

are equal in length; the scape is short, scarcely twice the length of the —

second. Head not quite so wide as the thorax ; the face projects in the

centre, the sides being oblique ; the clypeus is roundly convex, separa-

ted from the face, but not by a distinct furrow ; its apex is rounded.

Mandibles brought gradually to a point to the apex, which is rounded

and without a subapical tooth, Eyes large, parallel, separated by a

short space from the base of the mandibles. Occiput roundly, but not

deeply, incised. Scutellum convex, but not raised above the meso-

notum. Median segment with a gradually rounded slope to the apex ;

the middle with a longitudinal keel which bifurcates at the apex ; the

spiracles are small, circular, Legs of normal size ; the four hinder

tibiz armed with two spurs ; the claws are simple. Abdomen roundly

convex above, not compressed laterally ; tne petiole becomes gradually

wider towards the apex; the spiracles are placed shortly behind the

middle ; the apical segment is bluntly rounded. |

Belongs to the Tryphonides. The distinctive characters are the uni-

dentate mandibles ; the oblique narrow longish areolet, the longitudinal

keel on the median segment, bifurcating at the apex, and the rather

short, wide, radial cellule with its straight, oblique abscissa. of the

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 429

radius. The transverse basal nervure is interstitial, above it is not

united to the stigma ; the cubitus has a broad, rounded curve; the ocelli

are large ; the head is well developed behind the eyes, but does not

project there ; the tarsi are spinose.

LAPAPHRAS NIGRICEPS, sp, Nov.

Lutea, capite, antennis palpisque nigris ; tarsis nigro maculatis ; alis

fuscis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 2 et ¢.

Long : 6-7 m.m.

Hasirat : Simla.

Antenne black, thickly covered with a microscopic pile ; the scape

smooth and shining. Head shining, the face aciculated; the clypeus is

more shining than the face; its apex bears a row of distinct punctures ;

the palpi dark-fuscous. Thorax smooth and shining ; the pleure

lighter in tint than the mesonotum which, as is also the metanotum,

is thickly covered with fulvous pubescence. Legs coloured like the

thorax ; the apex of the four hinder tibiee and of the joints of the four

hinder tarsi, black. Abdomen smooth and shining, thickly covered

with fulvous pubescence ; the extreme base of the petiole is trian-

gularly depressed at the base.

NoTHAIMA, gen. nov.

Areolet open. Face swollen as in Hochus. Clypeus obliquely de-

pressed, rounded above, clearly separated from the face and forming an

angle with the mandibles. Apex of the mandibles curved inwardly

and having two unequal teeth, the upper being the larger. Parapsidal

furrows distinct. Scutellum roundly convex, not much raised above

the level of the mesonotum. Median segment with two stout keels

down the centre, and a more siender one on either side of the spiracles ;

there are no transverse keels; the spiracles oval. Legs stout, the

fernora thickened ; there are two spurs on all the legs ; the claws are

long, curved and simple. Petiole flat, becoming gradually wider to

the apex, which is about four times wider than the base ; the spiracles

are placed near the apex of the basal third ; there are no longitudinal

keels on it, or on the second segment. :

The basal joints of the flagellum are equal in length ; the antennz

are stout and are placed well up on the head ; the occiput is roundly

incised, in the middle it is excavated above ; the ocelli are placed near

the edge and are large.

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Allied, by the form of the head, to Exochus ; is easily known from it

by the depressed clypeus, by the curved apex of the mandibles and by

the two longitudinal keels on the median segment.

NOTHAIMA BICARINATA, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 19.)

Nigra, pedibus anterioribus rufo-testaceis, coxis nigris; alis hyalinis,

nervis stigmateque nigris. 3.

Long: 10 m.m.

Hasrrat: Simla.

Antenne black, stout, the flagellum dark-brownish beneath. The

face is closely and strongly punctured ; the obliquely depressed clypeus

is smooth and shining. Mandibles black; the middle with an oblique

testaceous mark; the palpi yellowish-testaceous. Thorax entirely

black ; the mesonotum is thickly covered with short fuscous pubes-

cence ; the parapsidal furrows are deep, the middle lobe being thus

clearly separated. The basal half of the scutellum bears scattered

punctures. Median segment irregularly rugosely punctured ; there is

one central area which reaches to the apex of the segment, and is

bounded by two straight keels ; its basal half is smooth ; the apical

bears some stout, irregular transverse keels ; there is a narrow keel on

either side of the spiracles. Mesopleurze punctured, but not very closely

or strongly ; the apex of the meta-closely, finely, obliquely striated.

The four hinder legs are dark, rufo-testaceous, the coxe black; the

hinder legs are black, the femora and tibiw with a slight fuscous or

brownish tinge ; the femora are slightly, broadly hollowed on the inner

side. Wings clear hyaline; the nervures and stigma black; the

areolet is completely open. Abdomen black ; the basal three ventral

segments obscure testaceous ; the petiole is irregularly, coarsely, closely

shagreened and striated, except at the apex, where it is smooth and

shining ; the base in the middle is smooth, depressed and furrowed in

the centre from near the base.

EXOCHUS APPENDICULATUS, sp. nov.

Niger, pedibus flavis, femoribus late fulvis, coxis posticis late nigris ;

alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 9.

Long : fere 7 m.m,

Hasirat : Deesa.

The flagellum is brownish, the scape yellowish beneath. Face

regularly and closely punctured and thickly covered with longish white

hair ; the front is smooth, the vertex is sparsely punctured. Mandibles

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 431

sparsely punctured; the apex brownish. Thorax smooth and shining ;

the mesonotum thickly covered with fuscous pubescence ; the scutellum

is sparsely punctured ; the post-scutellum has a round fovea on either

side at the base. Median segment regularly areolated ; the central

area is large and extends to the base; the basal half of the keels

roundly curved ; the narrowed basal part is as long as the apical.

Legs yellow, the femora and cox are fulvous for the greater part ;

the basal half of the hinder coxze is black; the hinder tarsi fuscous,

Wings clear hyaline ; the costa and stigma are darker fuscous ; the

areolet is appendiculated, the cellule is small, oblique; the outer

nervure is faint. Abdomen smooth and shining ; the petiole is closely

punctured to near the apex ; the keels reach to near the middle.

EXOcHUS XANTHOPUS, sp. 700.

Niger, facie, linea pronoti late, tegulis, scutello, post-scutello macu-

laque. ¢.

Long : 5 m.m,

Hasirat : Simla.

Antenne black ; the scape yellowish beneath. Head black ; the face,

oral region, the inner orbits to near the top and a somewhat triangular

mark on the hinder, inner edge of the eyes, lemon-yellow. Face

strongly and distinctly punctured and covered with white pubescence ;

the front and vertex smooth and shining. Mandibles and palpi yellow ;

mandibular teeth black. Thorax black, smooth and shining; the edge

of the pronotum broadly—more broadly at the apex than at the base,—

the tegul, scutellum, the apical half of the post-scutellum, and a large

mark on the mesopleurz in the middle at the base, lemon-yellow. The

supramedian area is continued to the base of the segment ; its basal part

is obliquely narrowed ; the other arez are clearly defined. Legs clear

lemon-yellow, the hinder coxe black. Abdomen smooth and shining ;

the basal part of the petiole bears two stout keels,

EXocHUS CURVICARINATUS, sp. nov.

Niger, scutello flavo-lineato ; pedibus flavis, coxis trochanteribusque

nigris ; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 9.

Long : 6 m.m.

Hasirat : Simla,

Antenne black ; the scape yellow beneath. Head black ; the face and

oral region, the inner orbits to near the lower ocelli and a small oblique

conical mark near the top of the eyes on the innerside, lemon-yellow.

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Face closely and distinctly punctured and thickly covered with short

white pubescence. Front and vertex smooth and shining. Mandibles

and palpi lemon-yellow ; the mandibular teeth black. On the thorax

the edge of the pronotum, the tegule, a line round the sides and apex

of the scutellum and the apex of the post-scutellum are lemon-yellow.

Thorax smooth and shining ; the keels on the median segment are

not very stout; the central area is large, wide ; the basal keels are

roundly curved. Legs lemon-yellow; the hinder coxe and trochanters

black. Wings clear hyaline ; the stigma and nervures black; the

transverse cubital nervure is short; the part of the cubitus between

it and the recurrent nervure is double its own length. Abdomen

smooth and shining ; the keels on the base of the petiole are short.

This is a smaller species than /. zanthopus, and may be known from

it by the scutellum being only lined along the edges with yellow, and by

the keels bounding the central area of the median segment being roundly

curved at the base, not straight and oblique.

EXXocHUS ERYTHROPUS, sp. nov.

Niger, pedibus rufis; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris.

Long: 7mm. &.

Hapirat : Simla,

_ Antenne black; the scape rufous beneath. Face closely and dis-

tinctly punctured, covered with a depressed pale pile; the clypeus

smooth, sparsely punctured above; the front and vertex are more

sparsely punctured than the face ; the front bears a narrow longitudinal

furrow. Immediately below the antenne is a transverse rufous band ;

the mandibles are rufous, except at the apex; the palpi testaceous.

Thorax smooth and shining; the mesonotum is thickly covered with

pale-fuscous pubescence. The aree on the median segment are clearly

defined by stout keels; the supramedian is three times as long as

broad ; it is narrowed and rounded at the base, transverse at the apex.

Legs entirely rufous ; the anterior ‘of a slightly paler, more yellowish

tinge. Wings clear hyaline; the stigma and nervures black; the

areolet obsolete ; the apical nervures in the hind wings are faint, almost

obsolete.

BRACONIDAL.

BRACON PUNJABENSIS, sp. nov.

Ferrugineo; ,antennis tibiis tarsisque posterioribus nigris; alis

fumatis, stigmate nigro, basi rufo. 2.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 433)

Long : 9-10, terebra 7 m.m.

Hasrrat : Ferozepore,

Antenne black ; the scape covered with black hairs ; the flagellum

with a pale down. Head smooth and shining ; the face and oral region

closely and distinctly, but not strongly, punctured, and sparsely covered

with pale, longish hairs ; there is a narrow longitudinal furrow in the

front. Thorax smooth and shining, above sparsely covered with short

pale hairs ; the oblique furrow on the base of the mesopleure is smooth

and extends near to the middle ; the furrow on the meta-pleura is wide

and deep at the base and becomes gradually narrowed. Wings uniformly

dark-fuscous, except for a large oblique cloud in the first cubital cellule,

this cloud being prolonged obliquely into the discoidal cellule where it

extends into the middle, the basal half being much wider ; the second

transverse cubital nervure is surrounded by hyaline bands ; the stigma

is rufous to slightly beyond the middle. The apical central lobe of the

petiole is stoutly, irregularly, longitudinally striolated ; the outer furrow

bifurcates at the apex, the outer fork being wider and deeper. The

second segment is coarsely, irregularly, rugosely punctured ; the basal

part in the middle is irregularly, longitudinally striolated ; the

lateral depressions on it are striated at the bottom ; the secucuriform

articulation is deep, wide, is widened at the sides and is stoutly, longi-

tudinally striated ; the apex of the segment is irregularly striated in

the middle ; the other segments are closely punctured; the fourth and

fifth have oblique depressions on the sides and striated transverse furrows

at the apices. Legs coloured like the body ; the front tibie behind

and the four hinder tibiz and tarsi fuscous-black.

BRACON DEESH, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 11. wing.)

Luteus, antennis nigris, abdomine nigromaculato ; alis flavis, apice

maculisque duobus fuscis. ¢ et 9.

Long: 12, terebra 15 m.m.

Hasirat : Deesa.

Antenne black, narrowed towards the apex ; the scape covered with

blackish hair, Head smooth and shining ; the face covered with long

fuscous hair; the clypeal depression deep, smooth and shining. Man-

dibles with the apical half deep-black. The ocelli are bounded behind

by two deep, curved furrows; in front of them is a triangular depres-

sion. Thorax smooth and shining; there is an oblique furrow on the

base of the mesopleure at the base above. Wings yellowish-hyaline ;

434. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

there is a fuscous cloud between the base of the stigma and the transverse

basal nervure and extending to the opposite side of the wing ; a cloud

at the apex of the stigma extending to shortly beyond the middle of

the cubital cellule ; the apex of the wing to near the second transverse

cubital nervure and on the lower side extended backwards to beyond

the middle of the second cubital cellule. The apex of the hinder wing

and its lower side to the middle where it projects obliquely upwards

along the cubital nervure, smoky. Legs luteous; the apices of the

tarsi blackish. Abdomen luteous, more or less suffused with black;

the basal three segments irregularly longitudinally striated, the strie

in places forming reticulations; the three transverse furrows are

deep and closely, stoutly, longitudinally striated ; there is no keel on

the second segment; the smooth basal plate is small, indistinct and

triangular.

The ¢ is similar ; the clouds in the wings are more suffused; the

apex of the abdomen is black; the antenne are longer than the

body.

DITHERUS, gen. nov.

Hyes hairy. Wings with three cubital cellules ; the apical abscissa

of the radius faint and curved upwards at the base; the base of the

cubitus and the upper part of the recurrent nervure are interrupted,

so that the first cubital, the first discoidal and first posterior cellules

are not separated completely ; the recurrent nervure is received in the

first cubital cellule and at a distance from the first transverse cubital

nervure ; the transverse median discoidal is received shortly behind the

middle of the first discoidal cellule ; the second discoidal cellule is open

at the apex. Face with a sharp keel down the middle, the clypeus

is separated from the face, its apex rounded. The mandibles end in a

long sharp tooth. Occiput not distinctly margined ; broadly, roundly

incised. Parapsidal furrows distinct, deep. Scutellum rounded, not

raised above the mesonotum. Median segment areolated. Legs stout,

the hinder coxe large ; the metatarsus large ; thickened.

The head is well-developed behind the eyes, the part between them

and the ocelli is depressed ; the parapsida] furrows are deep ; the

petiole is broad at the base, becoming gradually wider towards the

apex ; there isa distinct suturiform articulation ; the cubitus origi-

nates from shortly above the middle of the transverse basal nervure, the

first discoidal cellule being thus smaller than usual and not so much

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 435

narrowed at the apex compared to the base ; the transverse median

nervure is received near the apex of the basal third of the cellule ;

the anal cellule is open. In the hind wings only the subcostal, the

prebrachial and the transverse prebrachial nervures are thick, black

and distinct, the others being very faint or obsolete. In the fore-

wings the axillary cellule is not divided. The metacarpus is thickened

beyond the stigma ; the radial cellule is long and narrow, extending

to the apex of the wing ; the middle ocellus is bordered by furrows.

Belongs to Wesmail’s division, Polymorphi, but does not fit very

well into any of the tribes into which that group is divided. Charac-

teristic are the hairy eyes, the long, narrow radial cellule, the radius

curved upwards and the keels on the metanotum.

DITHERUS RUFICOLLIS, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 14.)

Niger, pronoto mesonotoque rufis ; alis hyalinis, apice fumato ;

nervis stigmateque nigris ; capite thoraceque dense albo pilosis, @ .

Long: 6-7 m.m,

Hasitat : Simla.

Antenne black ; the scape closely punctured and thickly covered

with short black hair. Head smooth, shining and thickly covered

with long white hair ; the clypeus is less thickly pilose. Mandibles

dark-rufous before the apex ; the palpi black. The upper part of the

mesopleure, the pronotum and mesonotum, rufous. Mesonotum thickly

covered with short white hair ; smooth, the parapsidal furrows crenu-

lated. The base and sides of the scutellum are dark-rufous ; the lateral

furrows are deep and crenulated. Median segment closely punctured ;

in the centre isa larga area, which is sharply pointed at the top and

bottom ; the sides on the upper and lower half straight, oblique ; on

the side of this at the base is another area, somewhat triangular in

shape, the broad end being at the base. Pro- and meso-pleure smooth

and shining ; the base of the metapleure to the furrow smooth ; the rest

rugosely punctured. Legs thickly covered with white hair ; the apex

of the fore femora, the extreme base of the hinder and tho fore tibiae

and tarsi rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, the apex from shortly

behind the second transverse cubital nervure smoky, with a slight

Violaceous tinge ; the second transverse cubital nervure is largely

bullated, as is also the cubitus immediately above it; the apical

nervures are pale, as are also the nervures in the hind wings. Abdo-

men smooth and shining ; the apex densely pilose ; the furrows along

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

the sides of the petiole are wide and deep ; the suturiform articulation

is smooth and deep ; on either side behind it is a shallow, wide, oblique

furrow. |

PYONOBRACON, gen. nov.

Hyes hairy. Head and wings as in Bracon, Abdomen ovate, the

petiole broad, clearly separated from, and much narrower than, the

second segment, which is enormously large, much larger than all the

rest of the abdomen together ; it is rounded and narrowed at the base,

transverse at the apex ; the suturiform articulation is distinct and is

placed shortly beyond the middle; the sides of the third and fourth

segments project broadly ; the fifth and sixth segments are smooth and

shining ; the ovipositor is nearly as long as the abdomen.

The antenne have about 40 joints and are placed well up on the

head, which is obliquely narrowed behind the eyes; the stigma is

large ; the radial cellule is distinctly bordered in front ; the posterior

nervure originates from near the middle of the nervure ; the median

cellule in the hind wings is large and clearly limited ; the transverse

discoidal nervure is interstitial The mandibles become gradually

narrowed to the apex ; the palpi are longish ; the metathoracic spira-

oles are placed beyond the middle, are distinct and oval.

The form of the mouth refers this genus to the Cyclostomz. The

form of the abdomen gives it the appearance of one of the Cryptogastres

to which, however, it has no relationship otherwise. The abdominal

form is not unlike what we find in some species of Spinaria. Charac-

teristic are the hairy eyes, a feature not known to occur with any

genus of the Cyclostom?, but which is found in Chelonus.

PYCNOBRHON NIGER, sp. nov. (PI. fig. 13.)

Niger, abdomine rugoso, alis fusco-hyalinis, nervis stigmateque

nigris, 9.

Long : 5, terebra fere 2 m.m,

Hasirat ; Simla.

Antennze 40-jointed, moderately stout, not tapering much towards

the apex, slightly longer than the body ; the scape smooth, shining

and covered with short pubescence. Front and vertex smooth and

shining and covered with short pale pubescence ; the face coarsely aci-

culated, opaque, tuberculated in the middle below and covered with

short pubescence, and some long hairs. Clypeus smooth, shining and

bare. Mandibles black, shining, dull piceous before the apex. Palpi

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 437

pale, black at the base, Thorax smooth and shining ; the median

segment thickly covered with long fuscous hairs; the depression

at the base of the scutellum is deep and is stoutly crenulated.

Wings hyaline, with a slight, but distinct, fuscous tinge ; the nervures

and stigma black. Legs black, thickly covered with a white pubes-

cence, the coxce with white hair. Abdomen ovate, the petiole depressed

at the base; the apex raised, its base smooth and with an oblique

slope ; the apex coarsely reticulated ; the second and third segments are

closely, coarsely, longitudinally punctured ; the base of the second

segment is reticulated in the middle, where there is a longitudinal keel,

which is widened at the base, the widened part becoming gradually

narrowed and is hollowed ; the suturiform articulation is wide and

deep, striated, bifurcated at the sides, the hinder fork being the shorter.

Obs.—I have above compared this genus to Spenarza, and undoubted-

ly it is closely related to that genus as I have understood it when I

described two Indian species, that is to say, it is to be referred to the

Cyclostomi, but, according to some authors, Spinaria is related to the

Cryptogastres—Chelonus, &c., Brullé (Hymén., iv., 512), who described

the genus for the first time, placed it in the Cryptogastres, in which he

is followed by Marshall (Species I., Hym., iv., p. 807), who says that

there are “ parmi les Cryptogastres exotiques des genres comme Fornicia

et Spinaria que offrent une certaine ressemblance avec les Cyclostomes.”

So far as the Indian species known to me are concerned they must be

referred to the Cyclostomes, inasmuch as they have the mouth widely

and roundly incised as in Bracon and not transverse and entire as in

Chelonus, &¢. ‘The form of the head, thorax and wings in our Indian

species is exactly as it is with the Cyclostom: ; the form of the abdo-

men has a certain resemblance to what we find with some of the

Cryptogastres, but that, however, is hardly sufficient to warrant the

genus being placed among them, considering how close is the agree-

ment with Bracon in other respects. It is somewhat remarkable that

neither Brullé (.c.), Westwood, in his monograph of the genus (Tijd-

sehr. voor Hntomologie, 1882) nor any other author make any men-

tion of the form of the mouth. We musi, therefore, either assume

that they have overlooked the fact that the species described by them

have the oral structure of Bracon, or, if they really have the clypeus

of Chelonus, then the species I have described from India must be

referred to a new genus, :

438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

CHALCIDIDA,

SPILOCHALCIS SIMLENSIS, sp. nov.

Nigra, thorace octo-flavo-maculato, medio mesonoti reticulato ; alis

fere hyalinis. 9.

Long: 6 m.m.

Hasirat : Simla.

Antenne stout, covered closely with a short white pubescence ;

the under side of the flagellum brownish-red ; the last three joints.

become gradually narrowed towards the apex. Head black ; the inner

orbits broadly—broadest in the middle ; the outer orbits narrowly above,

the lower part of the antennz keel and the upper side and the apex of the

mandibles, yellow. Front and vertex closely and strongly punctured ;

the part on either side of the ocelli bearing some large, clearly separated,

punctures ; the frontal depression finely and closely transversely striated.

The face is bluntly keeled in the centre, the keel being closely trans-

versely striated; the rest is punctured, the punctures being large,

moderately deep and broader than long. On the thorax there are two

marks, broader than long, on the pronotum, two oblique lines on the

sides of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, a shorter line, narrowed

towards the apex, opposite the tegule, and the sides of the scutellum

broadly yellow. Pronotum closely and uniformly punctured ; the meso-

notum is not quite so closely and regularly punctured, the punctures being

not so closely together, especially on the middle lobe. Scutellum

rugosely punctured, and somewhat depressed in the middle ; the apex

bears stout, clearly separated, longitudinal keels. Metanotum stoutly,

irregularly reticulated. Propleurze rugosely punctured above, below

closely aciculated, and bearing a few irregular strie. The base of the

mesopleurze is smooth and shining ; the rest irregularly rugose above,

the middle with a few stout strie. Metapleurze coarsely rugosely

punctured. Mesosternum rugosely punctured. Wings hyaline ; their

middle and apex slightly, but distinctly, smoky ; the costa and nervures

are black. The four front knees, tibiz and tarsi are yellowish-testa-

ceous ; the hinder trochanters ; the basal fifth of the hinder cox on the

sides and above, the apex above and a mark on the sides near the apex

on the lower side—this mark being dilated on the lower side—yellow.

The hinder coxze are as long as the femora and are thickly covered

with white hair ; the under side of the femora is minutely and regularly

toothed ; the hinder tibize yellow, broadly marked at the base and

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 439

middle with black; the tarsi yellow. Abdomen smooth and shining ;

the petiole is smooth and is half the length of the second segment.

HALTICELLA ORNATIPENNIS, sp. nov.

Nigra, basi flagello antennarum pedibusque anterioribus rufis ; alis

hyalinis, fusco-bifasciatis. 9.

Long: 5-6 m.m.

Haprrat: Deesa.

The scape of the antennz reaches to the top of the head, has a slight

curve and is somewhat dilated on the top ; it is more or less rufo-testa-

ceous, as is also the base of the flagellum. The head is closely covered

with silvery pubescence, closely rugosely punctured, except on the

frontal depression, which is smooth in the centre, or at least only acicu-

lated ; the eyes on the inner side are bordered by a distinct keel; the

antennal tubercles are smooth and shining. Thorax entirely black,

closely and regularly punctured ; the scutellum ends in two bluntly

pointed teeth. Median segment opaque, irregularly longitudinally

keeled ; the two central keels are distinct and are united at top and

bottom, forming thus an enclosed area, which is widest below. Pleurx

closely and distinctly punctured ; the basal third of the mesopleure is

strongly and regularly obliquely striated. Legs black; the four ante-

rior legs, the hinder trochanters and the base of the hinder femora,

rufous; the hinder femora bear no teeth, but have two curves in the

middle; the part separating them being rounded and the basal curve is

the larger; the apex of the hinder tibize is roundly depressed or incised

on the outside. Wings hyaline; there is a dark cloud at the stigmal

region and a larger, lighter coloured one beyond it, the space separat-

ing the two being milky-white. The sides of the abdomen, on the

lower part, are more or less rufous.

Is referable apparently to Kirby’s “ genus” Antrocephalus, which

was founded on two Bombay species described by Walker (7, jfuscicor=

nis and H. diversicornis).

TENTHREDINIDA.,

FErHALIA, gen. nov.

Wings with 2 radial and 4 cubital cellules; lanceolate cellule

divided by a short perpendicular nervure. Antenne short, thickened to-

wards the apex ; the third joint distinctly longer than the fourth. Head

largely developed behind and bulging out roundly beyond them ; the

occiput sharply margined on the top. Clypeus widely and roundly

440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

incised at the apex. Labrum large, if anything, longer than the cly-

peus; its apex rounded. Mandibles roundly and widely incised at the

base on the inner side ; there is a large apical, a smaller sub-apical, and

behind that a small rounded tubercle-like tooth. Front and vertex

without furrows; the front raised broadly in the middle; the raised

part is bounded laterally by a smooth furrow. Scutellum pyramidal,

ending above in a distinct smooth point, which has a perpendicular

slope behind. Sternum separated from the pleuree by a wide, deep

triangular furrow. Legs stout; the claws bifid. Abdomen not much

longer than the thorax.

The occiput is roundly incised ; the transverse median nervure is

received half way between the middle and the base of the cellule ;

the humeral nervure is curved upwards near the base; in the hind

wings the humeral nervure is received shortly behind the transverse

one or is interstitial; the eyes slightly converge below and hardly

reach to the top of the clypeus and are clearly separated from the base

of the mandibles ; the parapsidal furrows are distinct, but neither

wide nor deep ; the middle lobe is not raised and is furrowed in the

middle ; the tarsal patellee are distinct; there is no “ blotch” on the

abdomen.

Belongs to the Tenthredina.

FETHALIA NIGRA, sp. nov.

Nigra, clypeo, labro, basique mandibularum flavis ; alis fusco-viola-

ceis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 9.

Long : 12 m.m.

Hapitat : Simla.

Antenne not much longer than the head and thorax united, stout ; if

anything, becoming thicker towards the apex ; the apical joints fuscous

beneath ; the last distinctly shorter than the preceding. Head closely

and distinctly punctured ; the vertex more coarsely than the rest.

Clypeus and labrum smooth ; the latter fringed with long pale hair.

Mandibles black ; the base on the upper half above and the upper side

of the lower side broadly pale-yellow; behind the teeth is a rufous

band, Palpi black. Thorax entirely black ; opaque, closely punctured,

all over; the pyramidal scutellum is more strongly and less closely

punctured ; its top smooth and shining. Legs: the four front tibize and

tarsi pale-yellow below, the patelle are large. The anterior wings are

fuscous-violaceous ; the costa, stigma and nervures are black ; the second

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 441

and third cubital cellules are about equal in length ; the second receives

the recurrent nervure shortly, but distinctly, behind the middle ; the

second recurrent nervure is received near the apex of the basal fourth.

Abdomen smooth and shining.

LITHRACIA, gen. nov.

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules. Lanceolate cellule

contracted ; the basal cellule as long as the apical, the two being

separated by slightly less than their own length. Hind wings with

two cubital cellules. Antenne slender; the third joint is slightly

longer than the fourth. Clypeus roundly, but not very deeply, incised.

Labrum large, somewhat longer than the clypeus. Hyes large, parallel,

separated by a small space from the base of the mandibles. Scutellum

rather flat; the lateral keels are broad and reach to the base of its

apical third. Post-scutellum sharply keeled down the middle; the

keel is largest at the base. The hinder coxz are large and reach to the

apex of the third segment ; the claws are bifid.

This genus has the large hind coxee of Macrophya and Pachyprotasis,

but it differs from both in the form of the lanceolate cellule, in the

form of the scutellum, and in the keeled post-scutellum.

LITHRACIA FLAVIPES, sp. nov.

Nigra, pleuris subtus sternoque pallide flavis; pedibus flavis,

dimidio apicali femorum posticarum, tibiis tarsisque posticis fulvis ;

alis hyalinis, stigmate fusco. 9.

Long: 7-8 m.m.

HasitatT: Simla,

Antenne slender, black, the scape yellow beneath. Head black,

the face, the lower inner orbits, the outer, on the lower half, the

elypeus, labrum and mandibles pallid yellow ; the mandibular teeth

piceous and black. Thorax black; the tegule, a small spot before

them, the apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, the middle and

apex of the scutellum, a line between the cenchri, a larger one in the

centre behind them, the lower third of the meso and meta-pleure and

the mesosternum, pallid-yellow. Front and vertex closely rugose ; the

frontal depression is raised in the middle. Mesonotum opaque, closely

and minutely punctured. The four front legs are pallid-yellow, as are

also the hinder coxe, trochanters and basal half of the femora; the

apical half of the femora, the tibice and tarsi rufo-fulvous ; the apex of

the tibize black, as is also the apex of the last tarsal jomt. The wing

5 :

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

have a slight falyous tinge; the costa is white; the greater part of

the stigma dark-fuscous ; the nervures blackish ; the second transverse

cubital neryure is largely bullated in the middle ; the third is pale

throughout. Abdomen deep-black ; the second to sixth segments

narrowly lined with white on the apex in the middle.

PACHYPROTASIS DORSIVITTATA, sp. n0v.

Nigra, abdomine subius flavo ; pedibus flavis, femoribus tibiisque

supra tarsisque nigris ; alis hyalinis, stigmate testaceo. ¢.

Long : 19-11 m.m.

Hasirat : Simla.

Antennz black. Head black ; the antennal region, the clypeus,

labrum and the outer orbits from shortly above the middle of the eyes,

whitish-yellow. Front and vertex coarsely shagreened, running into

striations on the sides ; the frontal area raised ; its middle depressed,

the depression keeled in the centre, except at the base; there isa

black transverse line over the clypeus, which has the apex widely,

deeply and roundly incised. Mandibles pallid yellow, the teeth black

and piceous. Thorax black ; the edge of the pronotum, tegule and

the base of the mesopleurze, except at the top, whitish-yellow. Meso-

notum minutely and closely punctured, the scutellum sparsely punc-

tured. Pleurze closely and minutely punctured. The back of the

abdomen is black except for an irregular fulvous mark in the middle ;

its apex and the ventral surface yellow. Legs pale-yellow ; all the femora,

the four front tibize and tarsi are lined with black above ; the hinder

tibiee black above and at the apex all round ; the posterior tarsi black ;

the spurs are dark-testaceous. Wings hyaline, the anterior with a

slight fulvous tinge ; the costa and stigma pale-testaceous, the nervures

blackish.

The & has the breast and the lower half of the pleure pale-yellow ;

the black on the upper part of the mesopleure is triangularly dilated

downwards, and in the centre above is a smal] oval yellow mark ; the

apex of the propleurz is yellow except narrowly above.

The size of the yellow mark on the back of the abdomen varies.

PMCILOSOMA NIGRICEPS, sp. nov.

Luteum, capite, mesosterno, antennis tibiis tarsisque nigris ; alis

fusco-hyalinis, neryis stigmateque nigris, @.

Long : 8 m.m.

Hapitat : Simla.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 443

Antenne longer than the abdomen, black, thickly covered with

a microscopic down. Head black, the front and vertex shining ;

smooth ; the front alutaceous, minutely punctured ; the frontal area

depressed, its sides broadly raised ; the antennal keel distinct ; its sides

oblique. Clypeus and labrum opaque, alutaceous, thickly covered with

black pubescence ; the apex of the clypeus is almost transverse ; the

mandibles piceous before the apex. Thorax and abdomen luteous, ex-

cept the depressions at the sides of the scutellum, the post-scutellum

and the space between the cenchri; the sheaths of the ovipositor

black. Legs luteous ; the four hinder tibie and tarsi entirely, the base

of the fore femora, the apex of the tibize and the tarsi, black. All the

transverse cubital nervures are distinct ; the second cubital cellule is

slightly, but distinctly, shorter than the third; the first recurrent

nervure is received near the apex of the basal third, the second in the

middle of the cellule. The claws are bifid; the outer division longer

than the inner.

TAXONUS NIGRITARSIS, sp. nov.

Niger, abdominis medio supra testaceo ; pedibus pallide testaceis,

tarsis nigris ; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 3.

Long : 5 m.m.

Hapitat : Simla.

Head shining, black ; the clypeus white ; there are two short deep

furrows behind the ocelli; the ocellar region is raised ; the frontal area

is not defined. Clypeus widely, but not deeply, incised ; the labrum is

white; the palpi of a darker white. Thorax smooth and shining,

black except for a narrow white line on the pronotum. Legs white,

with a slight testaceous tinge ; the tarsi and the extreme base and apex of

the hinder tibiee, black. Wings hyaline, highly iridescent; the ner-

vures and stigma black ; the second and third cubital cellules are about

equal in length ; the first recurrent nervure is received at the base,

quite close to the transverse cubital nervure ; the second shortly beyond

the middle. Abdomen black; the middle segments down the centre

and the third and fourth atthe apex and the basal half on the underside,

testaceous.

TAXONUS MELANOPODUS, sp. nov.

Niger, tibiis tarsisque anterioribus albis; alis hyalinis, nervis

stigmateque nigris, 2 et ¢.

Long : 5 m.m.

444 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Hasitat: Simla.

Antenne black, stout, thickly covered with a short pile. Head

smooth and shining; there isa furrow in front of the ocellus ; there is

a central fovea and one on either side of it over the antennze ; the apex

of the clypeus is transverse ; the labrum is roundly convex, is rounded

at the apex and is, as is also the clypeus, thickly covered with short, black

pubescence. Apex of mandibles rufous. Thorax black, smooth and

shining. Legs black; the apex of the four anterior femora, their tibize

and tarsi white; they are thickly covered with pale pubescence : the

calcaria pale. The first recurrent nervure is received close to the apex

of the basal third of the cellule ; the second shortly behind the middle.

TAXONUS LABIATUS, sp. nov.

Niger, prothorace mesonotoque cum scutello rufis ; pedibus nigris,

coxis, trochanteribus femoribusque posticis pallide flavis; alis fere

hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. 9.

Long : 8-9 m.m.,

Hapirat: Simla.

Head smooth and shining, thickly covered with short pubescence ;

the clypeus deeply and roundly incised ; closely, but not very strongly,

punctured; the labrum is white. Thorax black, shining ; the prothorax,

the mesonotum, the scutellum and the upper half of the mesopleurz

rufous. The back of the abdomen has bluish-violet tinge. Legs

black ; the apices of the four front coxee, the hinder coxz entirely,

the hinder trochanters and the hinder femora, pallid-yellow. Wings

hyaline ; the anterior with a fuscous tinge on the apical half; the

stigma and neryures are black.

TAXONUS FOVEIFRONS, sp. nov.

Nigro-ceruleo, trochanteribus albis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, neryis

atigmateque nigris. g.

Long: 7 m.m.

Hasirat : Simla.

Antenne stout, of the length of the abdomen ; thickly covered with

a black microscopic pile. Head smooth and shining, thickly covered with

short pubescence ; frontal area obsolete ; above the antennz is a deep

fovea of oval shape. Clypeus deeply and roundly incised in the middle ;

the labrum is pale. Thorax smooth and shining ; the parapsidal furrows

are deep ; the middle lobe is distant from the scutellum ; its apex is

sharply pointed ; the scutellum at the base is surrounded by a wide

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA, 445

furrow. Legs black ; the apex of the coxe, the trochanters, and the

extreme base of the femora, white; the apex of the anterior femora in

front and of the tibia more broadly, white ; the anterior tibize and tarsi

are fuscous in front. The second and third cubital cellules are almost

equal in length ; the transverse basal nervure is received near the

middle of the cellule.

A larger species than 7’. melanopodus ; it has a more decided blue

tint ; the transverse basal nervure is received near the middle, not near

the apex, of the basal third ; the trochanters are white and the frontal

fovea is larger, deeper and longer than broad.

BUSARBIA ALBIPES, sp. nov.

Nigra, nitida, pedibus, linea pronoti, tegulis scapoque antennarum

albis ; alis hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. @.

Long : 6 m.m.

Hasirar : Simla.

Antennz: black, the scape white, lined with black above. Head

smooth and shining ; the furrows bounding the vertex are wide and —

deep ; the frontal area is depressed at the apex and bears a few longi-

tudinal striz ; the frontal area is largely depressed in the middle—

wide above, becoming narrowed below,—the apex of the clypeus and

the labrum fuscous. Thorax smooth and shining ; the edge of the

pronotum and the tegule white. Legs clear white; the apices of

the tarsi infuscated. Wings hyaline, a very little infuscated in the

middle ; the first transverse cubital nervure is largely bullated ; the

first recurrent nervure is received at less distance than its own length

from it. The back of the abdomen has a slight violaceous tinge.

This species comes near to B. virzdipes, which differs from it in the

clypeus, labrum and base of the mandibles being broadly white ; the

pleuree are also marked with white, and the second cubital cellule

receives the recurrent nervure near the apex, not at the base as with

the present species.

SELANDRIA TRIFOVEATA, sp. nov.

Nigra, pedibus albis; apice tibiarum posticarum tarsisque posticis

nigris ; alis hyalinis, stigmate nervisque nigris. 9.

Long: 5 m.m.

HapsiraT : Simla,

Antenne not quite so long as the abdomen, distinctly tapering

towards the apex, and densely covered with short, stiff pubescence ; the

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

third joint is about one-half longer than the fourth. Head smooth and

shining ; frontal area is slightly raised, flat; the apex obliquely

narrowed at the sides ; there is an irregular fovea on the top of the

antennal tubercle and a larger deeper one on either side of it. Clypeus

and labrum thickly covered with blackish pubescence ; both are trans-

verse at the apex. Mandibles broadly piceous before the apex ; the

front and vertex are thickly covered with short pale pubescence.

Thorax smooth and shining ; the mesonotum thickly covered with

black pubescence. Legs white ; the apex of the hinder tibic and the

tarsi black. Wings hyaline ; the stigma and nervures black ; the first

transverse cubital nervure is indicated by a hyaline line ; the second

recurrent nervure is received near the apex of the basal fourth of the

cellule ; the basal nervure is received near the base of the apical fourth

of the cellule.

MoNOPHADNUS SIMLANSIS, sp. nov.

Niger, prothorace, mesonoto cum scutello maculaque magna subalis

ferrugineis ; alis violaceo-fuscis, nervis stigmateque nigris. @.

Long : 10 m.m.

Hapsitat: Simla.

Antenne short, stout, almost bare. Head smooth and shining ;

the ocelli bordered by furrows; behind them are two deep curved

furrows, which extend backwards to shortly behind the middle of the

vertex ; the frontal fovea is large, deep, dilated broadly behind ; the

dilated part with a narrow furrow in the middle. Clypeus sparsely

punctured, convex and bordered above by a curved furrow. The pro-

thorax, mesonotum, scutelium, tegule and a large triangular mark on

the base of the mesopleure extending above to the apex, rufous.

Wings smoky-fuscous, with a violaceous tinge ; the nervures andstigma

black ; the third cubital cellule is more than double the length of the

second ; the recurrent nervure is received close to its base. Abdomen

smooth and shining, the edges of the segments narrowly at the apex,

and the fifth and following broadly in the middle, whitish-yellow ;

the ventral segments have their apices. narrowly whitish-yellow.

Legs stout, covered with a stout, stiff pile ; the claws rufous.

ATHALIA NIGRO-MACULATA, sp. nov.

Lutea, antennis, capite metanotoque nigris ; abdominis dorso nigro

maculato; pedibus flavis ; femoribus posterioribus tibiis tarsisque nigro

maculatis ; alis fusco hyalinis, basi fumatis ; nervis stigmateque nigris.

Pet &.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 447

Long: 7-8 mm.

Hapitat : Simla.

Antenne 10-jointed, the third twice the length of the fourth,

the terminal joint twice the length of the preceding. Head

black, below the antenne pale-luteous; the front and vertex are

without distinct furrows or depressions. Mandibles black at the

apex. Thorax bright luteous; the mesonotum thickly covered with

depressed fulvous pubescence; the depressions at the sides of the

scutellum, the metanotum, the base of the abdomen and six broad black

marks on either side of the abdomen—two on each segment, except on

the posterior two—black, the pleure under the hinder wings being

also broadly black. Wings smoky hyaline, paler towards the apex ;

extreme base yellowish. The apices of the four posterior femora, the

apices of all the tarsi and the apices of the tarsal joints, broadly black.

The transverse cubital nervures are more widely separated than in

A. antennata ; the second cubital cellule is not so much narrowed

towards the apex and the wings are not so broadly yellow at the

base.

In the @ the black marks on the abdomen are much reduced in

size.

ATHALIA ANTENNATA, sp. nov.

Lutea, flagello antennarum, capite metanotoque nigris, tibiis tarsisque

nigro maculatis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, nervis stigmateque nigris. @.

Long: 7-8 m.m.

Hasitat : Simla.

Antenne 13-jointed, the apical two joints more closely amalgamated

than the others ; the third joint narrower than, and twice the length of,

the fourth. Head shining black, luteous below the antenne ; a curved

shallow furrow runs from the outerside of the hinder ocelli, and a

shorter, oblique one from either side of the front ocellus, there being

also a shallow fovea in front of it, Mandibles luteous, black at the

apex; the palpi yellow. The depressions at the sides of the scutellum

the median segment and the base of the abdomen are black; the meso-

notum is thickly covered with pale fulvous pubescence ; there is an

‘impressed line on the middle lobe in the centre. The back of the

abdomen is infuscated. The wings have a yellowish tinge at the base ;

the basal nervures are luteous, the others with the costa and stigma are

black ; the second cubital cellule is largely narrowed at the apex. . Legs

448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

coloured like the body ; the apex of the four front tibize and the apices

of their tarsal joints black ; the apical third of the hinder tibize and the

tarsi, except the basal two joints at the base, black.

CLADIUS ORIENTALIS, sp. nov,

Niger, tibiis tarsisque anterioribus late albis; alis fere hyalinis, nervis

stigmateque nigris. Q.

Long : 7 m.m.

Hapsirat : Simla.

Antenne as long as the abdomen, distinctly tapering towards the

apex ; the third, fourth and fifth joints with their apices sharply pro-

duced on the upper side ; the basal two joints covered with stiff black hair.

Head smooth and shining, thickly covered with short black pubescence ;

the frontal area flat ; transverse behind and in the middle in front ; the

sides at the apex obliquely narrowed; before the ocelli is a curved

shallow furrow; the antennal area is continuous with it ; is raised, flat

above, its apex triangular. The apex of the clypeus is roundly incised ;

the labrum is slightly depressed in the middle. Thorax and abdomen

smooth and shining, covered witha short black pile; the cerci are

moderately large, shortly pilose and widely separated; the blotch is

indistinct. Wings hyaline, with a slight fuscous tinge ; the stigma and

nervures are deep black; the recurrent nervures are received shortly

behind the middle of the cellules.

Belongs probably, like the other species here described, to Priopho-

vus. It may be known from WNigricans by being larger, by the tibie

being pure white, by the curved furrow in front of the eyes, by the

antennal tubercle not being so deeply hollowed, by the clypeus being

more deeply incised, and by the clearer, more hyaline wings.

CLADIUS NIGRICANS, sp. nov.

Niger, tibiis antecis geniculisque fuscis ; alis fusco-hyalinis, nervis

stigmateque nigris. 2 et 3.

Long: 5-6 m.m.

Hasitat : Simla.

Antennz as long as the abdomen, tapering towards the apex and

thickly covered with stiff black pubescence ; the basal joints of the

flagellum not produced at the apices. Head smooth and shining ; the

frontal area not clearly defined ; there is a short fovea—longer than

broad—in front of the ocelli; the antennal fovea is distinctly, but not

very deeply, depressed at the apex ; the antennal tubercle is large, tri-

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW HYMENOPTERA. 449

angular on the top and reaching to the top of the clypeus, which is

‘transverse at the apex. The labrum is depressed in the middle. Man-

dibles black, broadly rufous before the apex. Legs black; the base

of the tibize and the anterior tibise in front fuscous, W ings hyaline,

with a slight fuscous tinge; the stigma and nervures black; the first

recurrent nervure is received in a broad angle behind the middle of the

¢ellule, the cubitus in frent of it being largely bullated ; the second is

received at the apex of the basal fourth. The depression between the

cenchri is wide at the base, becoming gradually narrowed towards the

apex.

The antennz in the ¢ are longer, thicker and more densely pilose

than they are in the Q ; the third joint is distinctly shorter than the

fourth,

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATE.

1, Melanapis violaceipennis. 9.

2, lLamproapis maculipennis. 3.

3. Pompilus heraclides. 9.

4, Nursea carinata. 9.

3. Meira quadrimaculata. 9.

6. Peecilotiphia albomaculata.

%, 7a. Notogonia pulcherrima. 2,

8. Mutilla regia, 9.

9, Ya. 3 é.

10. Nothaima bicarinata. ¢.

11, Bracon deesz, wing.

12, Luithracia flavipes. ¢.

13. Pyncobracon niger. 9.

14. Ditherus ruficollis, ¢,

15, Fethalia nigra. ?.

450

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES,

MOSTLY FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION.

By Lionet pe N ICEVILLE, F.ES., 0.M.Z.8., &C.

Pann ile

(Continued from page 251 of this Volume.)

Genus SymBrentutiA, Hiibner.

Symbrenthia Hiibner, Verz. bek, Schmett., p, 43 (1816); id., deNiceville, Butt,

of India, Burmah and Ceylon, vol. ii, p, 238 (1886); id,, Distant, Rhop, Malay.,

p. 431 (1886) ; id., Schatz, Ex, Schmett,, vol, ii, p, 123, n, 23, pl. xv, neuration

of S, hyppoclus [sie], Cramer, palpus and foreleg of male (1887) ; id., Moore,

Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 110 (1899) ; id., Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol, xlv,

pp. 19-21 (1900 ) Laogona, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. x, fig. 3 (1836);

id., Doubleday, Gen. Diurn, Lep, vol, i, p. 190 (1848) ; id., Felder, Neues Lep.,

p. 11, n. 20 (1861) ; id., Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1869, pp. 344, 345,

Dr. F. Moore in Lop. Ind. has recently revised the Indian species

of the genus Symbrenthia, and has mentioned many of the described,

extra-Indian species. Last year Mr. Fruhstorfer gave a list of the

species in the genus, but has omitted eleven, the names of these arrang-

ed chronologically being lilwa, Howitson; Aippalus, Felder ; brabira,

Moore ; hysudra, Moore; daruka, Moore ; javanus, Staudinger ; platena,

Staudinger ; sivokana, Moore ; niasica, Moore ; semperi, Moore; and

sinica, Moore. Throughout his paper Mr. Fruhstorfer uses hyppoelus,

though Cramer originally spelt it Aippoclus, and this spelling was

adopted by Mr. fruhstorfer in his earlier papers; and he credits selana

to Dr. Moore instead of to myself,

I propose to give a resumé of the species contained in the genus,

with as far as Iam able from my collection my conclusions as regards

synonymy, which largely differs from that of Dr. Moore and Mr,

Fruhsterfer. I will give only the principal references in the synony-

my ; to quote all the citations would occupy too much space. I am

fully aware that my conclusions will not be considered to be final, even

if my opinions as far as they go are accepted, as my collection of extra-

Indian species is by no means complete, Such as it is I trust my study

of the genus will be of some assistance to future workers, -

1. SyYMBRENTHIA LucrinA, Cramer.

Papilio lucina, Cramer, Pap, Ex, vol. iv, p. 82, pl. cccexxx, figs, H, F, female

(1780) ; Symbrenthia lucina, Moore, Lep, Ind.,, vol, iv, p. 111, pl. ecexxi, figs. i,

larvaand pupe ; 1a male ; 1b, 1c, female, wet season forms ;1d,1le, male ; 1f, 1g,

female, dry season form (1899) ; S, khasiana, Moore, Proc, Zool, Soc., Lond.,

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 451

1874, p. 569; S. daruka, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond,, 1874, p. 570, pl. Ixvi.,

fig. 10 male ; S. hyppoclus [sic], Moore, (nec Cramer), Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond.,

1882, p, 243, pl. x1, figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa ; id., Distant, Rhop, Malay., p. 431,

n. 1, pl. xlii, figs. 4, male ; 5 female (1886) ; S. hippocla [sic], Kirby in new

edition Hiitbner’s Hx, Schmett., text p. 19, vol. ili, pl. cecexlvi (8), figs. 1—4

(1900) * ; S. hippocle [sic], Hubner, Verz, bek. Schmeit., p. 43, n, 384 (1816) -

S. asthala, Leech [nec Moore], Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, vol, i, p. 285,

pl. xxv, fig. 2, male (1893),

Hasirat : lueina, China (Cramer) ; khastana, Khasia hills (Moore) ;

daruka, N. India (Moore) ; the Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam,

thence southwards to Burma and the Malayan Peninsula, Western

Central and Southern China to Hongkong ; Indo-China ; and the

Eastern Ghats of peninsular India.

This is by far the commonest species cf the genus, where it occurs

it is usually very abundant, the larva feeding on nettles, It is highly

seasonally dimorphic, as are all the Indian species. The female is

monomorphic. Mr, Fruhstorfer in Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xlv,

p. 20 (1900) keeps it as a distinct sub-species from China only under

the name of S. hyppoelus | sic] luctna, Cramer (nec Semper).

2. SYMBRENTHIA VIOLETTA, Hagen.

S. hippoclus, var. violetta, Hagen, Iris, vol. ix, p, 165, n, 133 (1896).

Hasirat : Sumatra (Hagen) ; Sumatra ; Borneo (Moore),

On page 164 (1. c.), n. 132, Dr. B, Hagen records true S. hippoclus,

Cramer, which appears to be confined to Amboina, from the low coun-

try (coast) of Sumatra; and on p. 165, n. 133, S. Aippoclus, var.

violetia, from the Karo Plateau (7. ¢. the mountains) of Sumatra.

All my specimens are from the mountains, and are therefore true

S. violetta, which in the male has the ground-colour of both wings

on the underside much darker than in the continental S. luczna,

Cramer ; the females of S. violetta and S. lucina are indistinguish-

able, Dr. F. Moore records S. vioietta from Borneo, from whence I

have no specimens of the genus. The female is monomorphic.

3. SYMBRENTHIA NIASICA, Moore.

S, niasica, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol, iv, p. 122(1899) ; S. hyppoclus [sic] niasicus,

Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent. Zeitsch, vol. xlv, p. 20 (1900).

Hasirat: Nias Island off the south-western coast of Sumatra

(Moore and Fruhstorfer).

* [have not seen this plate at the date of writing. The specimens figured may not be

the true 8, lucina, Cramer, as amongst other localities Mr, Kirby quotes Ambeoina and Java

where S. lucina is not found. .

452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

I have males only of this species, which is very near to S, woletia,

Hagen. The female appears to be monomorphic.

4, SYMBRENTHIA JAVANUS, Staudinger.

S. hippoclus, var. javanus, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ix, p. 233 (1896) ; id., Fruh-

storfer, Berl, Ent, Zeitsch., vol. xli, p, 314 (1896) ; S. hippoelus, deNicevile,

(nec Cramer), Journ., Bomb. Nat, His. Soc., vol, vi, p. 354, n. 8, pl. F, fig. 10,

female (1891) ; S. hyppoclus:hyppocla, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xlv,

p. 20 (1900).

Hapirat : Java, Bali, Borneo. |

The males inmy collection from the three above-named localities can-

not be distinguished from Indian. and Chinese S. luctna, Cramer, nor can:

Form I of the female from Java, which is yellow like the male. Form

II of the female, which has the ground-colour white, has no correspon~

ding dimorphic form on the Asian continent. I would therefore retain the

name S, javanus for this species for the reason that it has two forms of

female. I have no females from either. Bali or Borneo, so cannot say

if the species in those islands is dimorphic in the female or not. If

not, I would place them under S. lueina, Mr, Fruhstorfer refers to

this species as S. hyppoclus hyppocla, Hiibner, from Hast and West:

Java. He says that the white females in Java are found in the hills

in the eastern part of the island, that the yellow females exist near the

coast, especially at Malang in Eastern Java, and Sukabumi and Pala-

buan in Western Java. To avoid too many names he uses hyppoclus

[dropping hyppocla, Hiibner] for the Symbrentha of this group from

Bali and Sikkim, from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, and notes

that Borneo has two forms of female. Both, however, are yellow, the

alpine form frora Kina Balu is richly coloured and has broad yellow

bands, the coast form is lighter coloured with narrow yellow bands.

While placing together the Sikkim, Malay Peninsula, Java, Bali and

Borneo forms under one name, Mr. Fruhstorfer keeps the Khasia.

Hill form (S, khastana, Moore) distinct. I may note that D. F.

Moore gives Hypanartia hippocla, Hibner, Samm]. Ex. Schmett.,

vol, iii, figs. 1, 2,3,4 ¢, and dimorphic 9 (1827) under S. javanus,

Staudinger, which is the plate I have not seen and is referred to in the

foot note under S. lucena on page 451.

; 5. SYMBRENTHIA ANNA, Semper.

S, anna, Semper, Schmett. Philipp., p. 114, n. 185, pl. xxi, figs. 5 male ; 6»

Semale (1888), p. 342 (1892).

‘ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES. 453

Hasrrat : Camotes, Bohol, Cebit, Leyte, Panaon, Surigao, Cami-

guin de Mindanao, Mindanao—all in the Philippines (Semper) ; Bazi-

lan in the Philippines (Fruhstorfer).

Of this species I possess three males only. The female as ficured by

Mr. George Semper is white-banded, but the white colour is mixed

with pale ferruginous. Apparently the female is monomorphic.

6. SyYMBRENTHIA SEMPERI, Moore.

S. semperi, Moore, Lep, Ind., vol, iv, ps 122 (1899); S. lucina, Semper (nec

Cramer), Schmett, Philipp., p. 114, n. 134, pl. xxi, figs. 7, male; 8, female

(1888), p. 342 (1892); S. hyppoclus philippensis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent.

Zeitsch,, vol, xlvy, p. 20 (1900).

Hasitar: Luzon, Bohol, Samar, Mindanao, Babuyanes, Mindoro—

all in the Philippines (Semper).

Mr, Semper records both S. anna, Semper, and S. lwedna, Cramer

(the latter species Dr. Moore re-names S. semper?) from the islands

Bohol and Mindanao. I greatly doubt if two really distinct species of

the same group of the genus occur together on the same island, unless

the mountain and the plains forms are different. I have two males of

this species only from the Philippines. The female as figured by

Mr. Semper differs considerably in shape from the female of S. anna,

it has the bands of the upperside of both wings very much broader,

they are yellow apparently tinged with white, but much less so than in

S. anna. Mr. Fruhstorfer records one species only from the Philip~

pines, remarking that “S. hyppoclus anna has ¢ Q nearly like the

alpine white Javan hippocla Hiibner, @ 9, while the rare aberration

lucina, Semper, which I call phdlippensis, is like the normal yellow

female.” Mr. Fruhstorfer gives no detailed description of this new

form phelippensis, which apparently sinks to S. semperi, Moore.

7. SYMBRENTHIA DISSOLUTA, Staudinger.

S. hypatia, Wallace (?), var. dissoluta, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p, 49 (1889).

Hasitat : Palawan, one of the Philippine Isles (Staudinger).

I have seen no specimen of this species. The female is white. I

do not know if it is dimorphic, that a yellow female is found with the

white one or not.

8. SyMBRENTHIA LOMBOKENSIS, Fruhstorfer.

S. hyppoclus (sic) lombokensis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xiv pe

19 (1900),

Hasrrat: Lombok ( Fruhstorfer).

I have a single female only of this species, whieh is white, I am

not aware if a yellow female also occurs in the island,

454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

9, SYMBRENTHIA SUMBAWENXSIS, Fruhstorfer,

S. hyppoclus (sic) sumbawensis, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent, Zeitsch,, vol, xlv. p.

19 (190).

Hasrrat : Sambawa (Fruhstorfer).

I have not seen this species. The female is described as being white,

and Mr. Fruhstorfer says that no yellow female is found in the island.

10. SyMBRENTHIA PLATENA, Staudinger.

S. platena, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ix, p. 234 (1896),

Hasirat: Minahassa in Hast Celebes (Staudinger). This species is

entirely unknown to me.

11. SyYMBRENTHIA CONFLUENS, Fruhstorfer.

S. hippoclus confluens, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent, Zeitsch., vol, xli, p. 313 (1896).

Hasrrat: North and South Celebes, 3,000 feet (Fruhstorfer).

I have not seen this species, and know nothing about its female as

to whether it is dimorphic or not. Is it distinct from S. platena,

Staudinger ?

12, Symerentoia Hippocius, Cramer,

Papilis hippoclus, Cramer, Pap, Ex., vol, iii, p. 46, pl. cexx, figs., C., D., male

(1779) ; S. hyppoclus, Staudinger, Ex, Schmett, vol.i, p. 96, pl. xxxvi, male

(1885).

Hasirat : Amboyna (Cramer).

I have not seen this species, and know nothing about its female.

13. SympBrenrHia Batsana, Fruhstorfer.

S. hyppoclus (sic) batjana, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent., Zeitsch, vol. xlv, p. 19

(1900).

Haprrat: Batjan ; Halmaheira (Fruhstorfer) ; Buru.

I have one male each from Batjan and Halmaheira, two males and

a female from Buru. The female is yellow. The name batjana is a

MS. one only, as no description accompanies it. It should be com-

pared with specimens from Amboina (Cramer’s figures are useless for

close comparison), as I think that .S. datjana will probably prove to be

a synonym of S. hippoclus.

14, SymprentarA Hyitawus, Wallace.

S. hyleus, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p, 345; S. héppocrates

Staudinger, Iris, vol. ix, p. 234 (1896).

Hasitat: Dorey, New Guinea (Wallace); German New Guinea

(Staudinger) ; Hattan and Kapaur in New Guinea (Fruhstorfer).

I have not seen this species. The late Dr, O, Staudinger describes

the female as yellow, and apparently there is no dimorphic white

Form II.

ON NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BUTTERFLIES, 455

15,. SYMBRENTHIA CoTANDA, Moore.

S. cotanda, Moore, Proc, Zool, Soc. Lond,, 1874, p. 569, pl. lxvi, fig, 9, male ;

idem, id., Lep, Ind., vol. iv, p, 114, pl. ccexxii, figs, 1, la, 1b, male ; 1c, 1d,

female, wet-season form ; le, male, 1f,1g, 1h, female, dry-season form (1899) ;

Lasgona hypselis, Doubleday and Hewitson (nec Godart), Gen, Diurn, Lep.,

vol. 1, p. 191, n. 2, pl. xxv, fig. 1, male (1847) ; Lasgona lilea, Hewitson, Trans,

Ent, Soc. Lond., third series, vol, ii, p, 246, n. 4, pl. xv, figs. 5, 6, male (1864),

Symbrenthia sinis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc,, vol, vi, p. 20m

n. 10, pl. F, fig. 9, male (1891); S. hypselis assama, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent,

Zeitsch, vol. xlv, p. 21 (1900).

Hasrrat : Throughout the Himalayas from Eastern Kumaon to Assam,

thence southwards through Burma to the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.

Next to S. lucina, Cramer, this species is the commonest of the

genus occurring in India. It is seasonally dimorphic. Its transforma-

tions have not been discovered. Dr. Moore records it from ‘‘ Kash-

mir” in Lep. Ind., but I believe the late Mr. W. Doherty was correct

in saying that it “does not occur further to the westward than the

Kali valley, which divides Nepal from Kumaon.” The Lasgona lilea

of Hewitson, from “ Hast India” is undoubtedly an aberration of the

male of this species. I have even more remarkable aberrations in my

collection from Sikkim. Mr, Fruhstorfer retains S, scnis, de Niceville,

as a distinct sub-species from the Malay Peninsula and the Battah

Mountains of N.-E. Sumatra, which isin my opinion incorrect, the

Malayan Peninsula form joining on to and being indistinguishable

from the Lower Burmese form, the two regions being conterminous,

Mr. Fruhstorfer also describes a S. hypselis assama, new sub-species

from the Khasi Hills and Assam, which cannot be separated from

S. cotanda.

16. SyMBRENTHIA stNtIcA, Moore,

S. sinica, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 123 (1899).

Hasirat : Western China (Moore),

I have not seen this species.

17. SyYMBRENTHIA OTTILIA. Fruhstorfer.

S. hypselis otttlia, Fruhstorfer, Berl, Ent, Zeitsch, vol, xlii, p. 327 (1897),

Hasitat: Nias Island.

I have not seen this species.

18. SymBrRENTHIA HypsEtis, Godart.

Vanessa hypselis, Godart, Enc, Méth,, vol. ix, Suppl., p. 818, n. 5-16 (1823);

Lasgona hypselis, Boisduval, Sp. Gén., vol. i, pl. x, fig. 3, male (1836); id.,

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATU RAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep., vol. i, p. 191, n, 2, pl. xxv, fig. 1

male (1847) ; Symbrenthia hypselis, de Niceville, Journ, Bomb,, Nat, Hist, Soc.,

vol, vi, p. 356, n,. 9, pl. F, fig. 8, male (1891),

Hasirat: Java; Bali.

Mr. Fruhstorfer records this species from Hast and West Java,

2,000 to 4,000 teet. I have both series from Java and Bali,

19. Symerenrara Batonpa, Staudinger,

S. hypselis, Godart, var, balunda, Staudinger, Tris, vol, ix, p, 233 (1896).

Hasitar: Kina Balu Mountain, North Borneo (Staudinger).

I have not seen this species.

20. SYMBRENTHIA BRABIRA, Moore.

8. brabira, Moore, Proc, Zool, Soc, Lond., 1872, p, 558; idem, id., Lep. Ind.,

vol, iv, p. 116, pl. ccexxiii, figs. 1, 1a, male; 1b, 1c, female, wet-season form ;

1d, le, male, dry-season form (1899) ; S, hysudra, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc, Lond,,

1874, p, 268, n, 28, pl. xliii, fig. 8, male, dry-season form ; idem, id., Lep, Ind.,

vol. iv, p. 118, pl, cecxxiy. figs, 1, la, male ; 1b, 1c, female, wet-season form ;

1d, 1e, male ; 1f, 19, female, dry-scason form (1899) ; S, asthala,Moore, Proc.

Zool, Soc, Lond., 1874, p. 269, n. 29, pl. xliii, fig, 9, male ; id., De Nicéville

But, Ind., Burmah and Ceylon, vol. ii, p. 244, n. 539, pl. xxiii, fig, 106,

male (1886) ; S, sivokana Moore, Lep. Ind., vol, iv, p. 117, pl. cccxxiii,

fig, 2, 2a, male ; 2b, female, wel-season form (1899),

Hasirat ; Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim. Dr. £'. Moore in

Lop. Ind., places S. asthala, Moore, asa synonym of S. brabira,

Moore, from the Western Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaon, but

apparently he has had access to Kashmir specimens only. He keeps

S. hysudra, Moore, as a distinct species, from the N.~W. Himalayas,

having examined specimens from Kashmir, Kulu, and Kaleni, 3,900

foot (this latter locality is unknown to me). Ho also describes

S. sivokana as anew species from Sivoke in British Sikkim ; it also

occurs in Native Sikkim. After a careful examination I have come to

the conclusion that all four names represent one species. Three of

them, it will be noticed, were described from the Western Himalayas,

and one from the Eastern Himalayas. Even these from the west and

tho east cannot be separated, leave alone those from one region. The

species is usually raro, especially the female sex, and is as usual with

continontal species strongly seasonally dimorphic.

91. Symprentuta NipHanpaA, Moore.

S. niphanda, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc, Lond., 1872, p. 559 ; idem, id,, Lep.

Ind,, vol. iv, p. 119, pl. ccexxv, figs. 1, la, male; 1b, le, female, wet-season

form ; 1d, le, male, dry-season form (1899),

ON NEW AND LITTL&-KNOWN BULTERFLIES, 457

Hasitar : Sikkim ; Bhutan ; Naga Hills (lwes); Upper Chind-

win, Burma (Watson) ; Palawan, one of the Philippine Isles (Stau-

dinger). I have specimens of this species only from Sikkim but have no

doubt that Messrs. Elwes and Watson have recorded it correctly from

Upper Assam and Upper Burma. It is, I think, rather doubtful,

however, that it occurs in Palawan as Dr. Staudinger says it does. It

is seasonally dimorphic as usual.

22. SymBreNTHIA Sruana, de Nicéville.

S. silana, de Nicéville, Journ, A. 8, B., vol. liv, pt. 2,p.117, pl. II, fig, 9,

male (1825) ; id., Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p.121, pl. cccxxv, figs, 2, 2a,

male, wet-season form ; 2b, male, dry-season form (1899),

Hasirar: Sikkim ; Bhutan. A rare species with a very limited

range, and slightly seasonally dimorphie.

23. Symprentata Hypatra, Wallace.

Lasgona hypatia, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc, Lond., 1869, pp. 344, 345, n, 3 ;

Symbrenthia hypatia, Distant, Rhop, Malay., p, 432, n. 2, pl, xlii, fig. 6; male

(1886) ; id., Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent, Zeitsch., vol. xxxviii, p. 366 (1893);

idem, id., Stat. Ent, Zeit., vol. lv, p. 125, pl. iii, fig. 4, male (1894) ; id., de

Niceville and Martin, Journ, A. 8. B., vol, Ixiv, pt. 2, p. 488, p. 239 (1895) ;

id., Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. iv, p. 122 (1899); S. hypatia, var, chersonesia

Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxviii, p, 366 (1893) ; S. hypatia, var.

hippocrene Staudinger, Iris, vol, ix, p, 232, pl. v, fig. 3, male (1897).

Hasirat : Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ; Java ; Borneo.

I concur with Dr. Moore in placing the var. [chersonesia of

Fruhstorfer from the Malay Peninsula, and the var.| Aéppocrene of

Staudinger, from Kina Balu Mountain and Brunei in North-Western

Borneo as synonyms of S. hypatéa, Wallace, from Java. S. hypatia is

a rare species, and appears to be confined to mountainous districts, Dr.

Moore, has described its female from Sumatra.

24, Symprenveta Intricata, Fruhstorfer.

S. intricata, Fruhstorfer, Ent, Nach., vol. xxiii, p. 61 (1897) ; idem, id.,

Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xli, p, 312 (1897).

Hasirat: Toli-Toli, North Celebes. I have not seen this species.

25. SymeBrenrHiA Hreratus, Felder.

Laogena hippalus, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 396, n, 587, pl. li,

figs, 9, 10, male (1867).

Hasrrat: Halmaheira (Felder); Mount Tondano, N.-H. Celebes

(coll. de Niceville),

I possess a single male of this species ; the female has not heen described.

It is a very remarkable species, there is nothing else like it in the genus.

458

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the TRANS-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and KASHMIR =;

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker's Synopsis Filicum, and

other works, with New Species added.

By ©. W. Hops.

(Continued from page 266 of this Volume.)

Part II].—THE GENERAL LIST—(continued.)

Genus 22. Asprpium, Sw. (in part), R. Br.

Subgenus PonysticHum, Loth.

1. A. Lonchitis, Swartz; Syn. Fil. 250; C. R. 505. Polystichum

Lonchitis, Sw., Bedd. H. B. 203. Hook, Brit. F. t. 9.

TRANS-IND. STATES: Baraul 10,500-11,000', Harriss 1895.

KASHMIR: Jacquem, and S. & W. (in Herb. Brit. Mus.); Gulmarg and Sonamarg

9-11,000’, Dr. J. L. Stewart, Levinge, Trotter ; elsewhere—Gilgit, and W. & §.

Kashmir 8-12,000’, Duthie, McDonell, MacLeod.

DISTRIB.—V. Amer. Greenland—Disko Bay; Brit. Columbia—Cascade Mis.

5-6000’ ; United States—southern shore of Lake Superior fand northwards (Britten).

LHurope—North to Centr., more sparingly in 8. Europe; Brit. Isles—N. and Centr.

Scotland ; Durham, Westmoreland, and Yorkshire ; Carnarvonshire; W. and N.-W.

Treland, very local. Asia: Asia Minor, Siberia, Turkestan.

Mr. Clarke says :—“ The single Himalayan specimen at Kew (Jacquemont’s)

has been marked A. Zonchitis by Moore ; but others have marked it A. auri-

culatum. H. ©. Levinge’s example is typical A. Lonchitis”’ The additional

localities in Kashmir, summarised above—ten or twelve in number—show that

the plant is noi uncommon in the western and southern parts of that State.

The dimensions given in the Synopsis, namely, fr. 12—18 in. 1,, 1—2 in. br.,

are exceeded in Kashmir : I have a frond from MacLeod, with narrow pinne,

which measures 15 in. by 3 in., and another 18 in. by 2 in.; but there is a

frond in his collection 28 in. in length, the breadth of which I omitted to note.

The pinnz are lobed : each vein after leaving the costa branches ; and in well-

developed fronds each group of veinlets occupies a shallow lobe, the apex of

which is a mucronate tooth on the longest veinlet ; and there are smaller teeth

at the points of the other veinlets.

2. A. lachenense, Hook. ; Syn, Fil, 250; C. R, 506. Polystichum

lachenense, Hook,, Bedd. H. B. 208, F. B. L., t. 32.

KASHMIR : Palgram 13,000’, C. B. Clarke, No. 31051, 4-9-76 ; Gilgit Dist.—Gor

15,000’, Tanner 1880 ; Liddar Vy.—above Kainmal 12,000’, Duthie No. 13131, Masjid

Vy. 12-13,000’, Duthie No, 13198, and Sonsél Nala 13-14,000', Duthie No, 14128—

all in 18938,

PUNJAB : Chamba.—Ravi Valley, Cheni Pass 12,000’, McDonell 1892.

N-W. P.: T. Garh.—Damdar Vy. 12-13,000, No.+106’,and Dudu Glacier Moraine,

4-15,000', Duthie 1883; near Jaulea, under Srikanta, 15-16,000’, No.) 397, and above

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 459

Chinpul 14-15,000’, No. 406, Duthie 1883 ; “ Kumaun 9678 ! in Herb. Schlagentweit,”

(note by Mr. Baker on a Sikkim sheet in Kew); Radlam Valley 12-16,000', Duthie

No. 3610, 28-884, by Nipchang Glacier in Darma 16-17,000' and Kutti Valley

12-13,000’, Duthie No. 3708 Gn part), 18-9-84.

NEPAL W.—Opposite Buddhi Village 10-11,000’ and Nampa Gadh 12-14,000',

Duthie 1886.

DistRiB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim 13-16,000', Drs. Hooker, Thomson and.

Anderson.

3. A. Duthiei, n.sp, Plate VI. (See Part IT., p. 532.)

4, A. marginatum, Wall. Cat. 366. A. auriculatum, Sw., e, A,

marginatum Wall., Syn. Fil. 251; C. R. 207. Polystichwm auriculatum

(Linn, under Polypodium), var. 8 marginatum, Wall., Bedd. H. B. 204.

Plate XX VII.

PUNJAB: Chamba—MeDonell, loc,?; Simla Reg.— Above Simla,” Colorel Bates,

in Herb, Kew ; BisAhir—Kun4war, fide Clarke in Rev; Kangra V. Dist. —Harrbagh,

Edgew. in Herb. Kew; Dharmsala 10,000’, C. B. Clarke No. 24,51, 1874.

N.-W. P.: Z. Garh.—Lev. 1872; Kidar Kanta Mt. 8-9000’, Herschel 1879,

10-11,000’, Duthie 1879, and between Manma and Barahat ; Brot. Garh. 7-11,000' (two

stations) P. W. Mackinnon 1881 ; Kwmawn—above Dwali 9,000',S. and W. 1849;

Mundul 7,000’, Davidson 1875 ; Gori Valley—below Askot 3-4,000’, Duthie No. 3629,

1884 ; Pindar Gorge—above Dwali 8,500’, Trotter 1891; Mangalia Gor 7,500’, Mac-

Leod 1893.

DistRis.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim and Bhotan,

I have not the slightest. hesitation about separating this plant from A.

auriculatum Sw., for not only the shape of the pinne, and the cutting of

them, but the venation is different in the two. Also I think the stipes of

A. auriculatum, are the shorter, and the scales on them are pale drab instead

of rich brown, with darker centres; they are not so broad and ovate as those

on A. marginatum, and they do not extend so far up the stipe and rhachis. In

A. marginatum, there are fibrillose or hair-like scales mixed with the broad ones.

The rhizomes of both species are erect or suberect, and stipes densely tufted.

A. auriculatum is thinly herbaceous in texture, and dries a dull dark green

colour: A. marginatum is very coriaceous and shiny, with a metallic sheen

on the upper surface. The under surface of A. auriculatum is nearly glabrous,

having only a few small linear scales on the costa: that of A. marginatum

is always more or less covered with a myriad of very minute pellate or broadly

ovate, short, brown, adpressed scales, situated on the veins and veinlets, which,

without a lens, look like mere dots: but on some large fronds I see fibrillose

or chaffy scales, like those on A. lentwm, Don (see below). The “‘ Synopsis ”

says the lower veinlets of A. awriculatum are in groups of three, but nothing

as to those of A. marginatum. I find that the system of venation is quite

different in the two plants. In A. awriculatum the veins ave obscure on the

upperside ; but they can be made out on the underside in young fronds, and

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

it is then seen that they are very few in a group, and that the sori are gener-

ally placed on the short inferior veinlets of the groups which take off nearer

the costa than the margin, and that these veinlets seldom, if ever, go beyond

the sori—see Beddome’s drawing, F.S. L., t. 120. Occasionally the sori are

medial on a vein which reaches the margin. In A. marginatum the veinlets

are so numerous in the narrow groups that their number is not easily counted

with a lens ; it appears, however, to be from five to seven, and all reach the

margin. All round the margin is a pale-coloured fringe, mucronately toothed

in correspondence with the veinlets, from which feature I conjecture Wallich

named the plant, In A. auriculatum I see no such margin. In both species

the auricle at base of pinne has a distinct costa or pinnated vein; but in

A. marginatum, this auricle is broader and has more veinlets than in the other

species. Finally, though in A. quriculatum large fronds are distinetly but

shallowly lobed or serrated in correspondence with the groups of veinlets, even

the smallest in A. marginatum axe generally so ; and in large fronds this is

carried so far that the frond becomes quite bipinnatifid nearly to the second-

ary thachis,—the distance between the groups of veins becoming greater in

order to admit of this. I first observed this in some of Mr. P. W. Mackin-

non’s specimens from British Garhwal, which, when collecting them, I believe

he identified with the simple narrow form and named A. auricilatum,

var. 8 marginatum, Wall. or A. aculeatum, var. In one frond I have,

9 in. 1, by 23 in. br., the pinne are merely lobed, but in the lowest pair the

auricles are free to the midrib ; in another (apex wanting), probably 12 in.

by 85 in. the seven lowest pairs of pinnee are cut down nearly to the rhachis

into rhomboidal-ovate segments, and the upper pairs are diminishingly cut.

In two other fronds, 15 and 16 in. 1. by 5 in. br., the auricles are quite free,

and the pinnee are less cut towards their acuminate apices, and towards the

apex of the frond. Hach lobe, or segment, has a costa, and up to eight

veinlets on either side, which do not fork ; all run out ta the margin. The

segments more or less overlap each other, There seems to be a small spinulose

tooth for every veinlet, and a larger stiff one for the principal vein of each

group. But none of these four fronds is fertile. I should when I received

them, have put the three last mentioned fronds under A. aculeatum, Swartz,

had not Mr. Mackinnon gathered them for A. margimnatum, and but for

the characters given above, which agree with those for that Species. A

specimen I have from Sikkim, collected by Mr. Levinge, has stipe 84 in.

long, and frond 103 in. long by 22 in. wide near the base, with up to eight

pairs of distinct, toothed lobes in the pinnw, the lowest superior on the

lowest pinne quite free. This has the characteristic metallic sheen and other

peculiarities above described.

ONY SS x

MW wTZ

OU Yt GS

Vgdia UY,

at MZ

2 2

KWINENG Pn ag PELE

\\ a yy yy YY Y, 23

SE = \\ S

J.N.Fitchdel. Chitra Silpi C% Lith.

-ASPIDIUM MARGINATUM Welhch.

1. Froma Kuma plant. Pimsae, upper and under surfaces; with portion

of margin and scale fom under surface. enlarged.

2. From a Kangra VY plant. Pinae from two fronds of same plant;

with enlargements of margin and scale from under surface.

3. Krom a Sikkim plant. Pinnee , with enlargements of margin, and scale

from under surfaee.

4. Froma Brit. Garhwal plent.Pimnae, with enlargements of mar gin and scale

trom under surface.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 461

Going through the collection of Ferns in the Kew Herbarium, I have found

no difficulty in distinguishing between these four species—

1. A. auriculatum, Swartz.

2. A. marginatum, Wall.

3. A. lentum, Don.

4, A. obliquum, Don.

= A. cespitosum, Wall.

I have gathered only the two last of these, and taking them only, whether

in the field or in the Herbarium, I think it would not occur to a casual obser-

ver that they were so nearly connected as to be merely varieties of another

fern ; they are as different from each other as any two species of the same

genus can be. But large fronds of No. 4, as seen ina Herbarium, have a

superficial resemblance in cutting to fronds of No. 1; and there is at least one

character in common between No. 4 and No. 2. Also there is one character

common to all four species, which is that they all have auricled pinne ; but

that is the almost invariable characteristic of the subgenus (or genus) Polysti-

chum. I take it that it was the result of No. 1 having been given the specific

name—auriculatum, by Swartz that species subsequently described and dif-

ferently named by other collectors and authors, but which also were auricled,

were afterwards, by authors who had not gathered the plants, united with, or

given as mere varieties of the first described plant, A. auriculatum. Had

Swartz named his species after any other feature of the plant than its auricle,

or after, say, “ The man in the street,” this confusion between the four species

might never have arisev, and certainly could not have between Nos. 3 and 4

at least. The chief differences between Nos. 1 and 2 have been mentioned

above, and the distinguishing characters of Nos. 3 and 4 will be mentioned in

their proper places. Returning to No. 2, A. marginatum, I have to add that I

have the simple form with fronds varying in size from 4 in, 1. by 2 in, br.

to 14 by 45 inches; and one incomplete frond from Sikkim must have been at

least 20 inches in length; in these the auricle is not free, and the rest of the

pinna is not very deeply lobed. The more compound form has fronds not

longer than the other, but often much broader,—9 inches broad in ene specimen

in Kew, froin the Rattong Valley in Sikkim (J. D. H., Jany. 7th), and quite

bipinnate, though the secondary rhachis is winged in the upper part of the

pinne. The pinnules are rhomboidal-ovate, sharply and stiffly spined on the

apex, and once or twice spined on the sides.

My Chamba specimens, from Mr. McDonell, are whole plants, with three to

seven fronds each, and they show the plant to be dimorphous, with the fertile

fronds considerably smaller than the sterile, but with the stipes not much

shorter,

462 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

5. A. lentum, Don, Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 4. A. auriculatum, Sw., y A.

lentum, Don; Syn. Fil. 251. A. auriculatum, Sw., var. 4, lenia (sp.) Don, Cl.

Rev. 507. Polystichum, auriculatum, Sw. var. ° lentum, Don, Bedd. H. B. 204.

F. Boa. ts 13862 Plate XxX Vit: 3B:

PuNgJAB: Chamba—MeDonell, in List of Chamba Ferns identified at Kew; Kangra

V. Dist.—Harrabigh, Edgew. in Herb. Kew, ex. Herb. Hort. Bot. Cale, named P.

radicans.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Sowarna Nala 4-5,000', Mackinnons 1878-79; 7. Garh—

Bhatauli, between Mussooree and the Jumna on road to Chakrata 4,500’, Hope 1886 ;

Phedi 4-5,000', Duthie 1881 ; collected also in 1878 by Herschel and Duthie and

ticketed by both * Mussooree,” as is also a specimen from H. Chase, 8,000’ elevation,

recd. 1878 (Mr. Baker’s ticket) : near Mussooree must be meant in these cases; below

Mussooree £,000’, Gamble 1895 @t Bhatauli probably) ; Awmawn—Raimganga Valley

2,600’, S. & W. 1848, No. 2, Aspid. radicans; near Askot 4-5,000’, and Gori Valley

4-5,000', Duthie 1884; Chipla, coll. Ramsukh (Duthie’s collector) 1888; near

Lohugh&t 5,000’, Trotter 1891 ; Gori Ganga Valley—Buin 7,500’, MacLeod 1893.

DistRip.—Asia ; N. Ind. (Him.) Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim and Bhotan, common

Assam—Khasi Hills from 1,500’ upwards.

This is A. ocellatum, Wall. Cat. 360, in Herb, 1823, “‘ Napalia 1820.’

D. Don’s name was the first published, but his description was written from

Wallich’s specimens coliected “in Napaliz alpibus.” It is also Hooker’s A.

auriculatum, var. sublipinnata, Sp. Fil, Vol. 1V., p. 11. It is strange that

neither Don nor Hooker mention the chief distinguishing character of this

species, which is indicated by the specific name given to it by (?) namely,

radicans, Clarke says—“ This fern frequently produces a subterminal rooting

bud on the main rhachis ; then it is called Polystichum radicans,” but neither

Baker nor Beddome mentions this character ; though ib pertains to every

plant I have seen, though not to every frond, and neither A. auriculatwn,

nor its other so-called varietiese—A. marginatum, Wall. and A. obliquun, Don—

ever have it, so faras I know. I have a frond from Tehri Garhwal, which has

not only a young plant with four pinnated and soriferous fronds growing from

its apex, but also another growing plant on the lowest pinne of all, near its

apex. The buds and young apical plants are densely clothed with pale brown

scales. The cutting of A. lentum varies a good deal, but I think it is always

deeper than that of A. auriculatum, and of the simple form of A. marginatum,

and is from one to two-thirds downwards to the midrib, except in Strachey

and Winterbottom’s Kumaun specimens which, though proliferous, have nearly

entire pinne. The lobes are obliquely rounded and pointed, with generally only

one aristate tooth to each. ‘The veins are pinnate in the lobes, two to five

veinlets in a lobe, one or more of which forks. The sor? are small, and

uniserial, placed on the inferior veinlet of each group, about half-way between

costa and margin, and the sometimes quite free falcate auricled segment next

aks qo.ngw Gout aprtaps fe MOA Sore

Eawht

l i ()

"Chitra Silpi C9

Pinnae of tertile trond, nat. size.

RICUDATUM, Swartz:

from BAachts.

Scale

MP NsEeen del.

| 1. Pair of Pinas, natural size.

A. ASPIDIUM AU

C. ASPIDIUM OBLIQUUM, Dor.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 463

the main rhachis has a pinnated costa with a row of sori on each side of it :

involucres rather fugacious, ‘The auricles are sometimes themselves auriculate,

The scales on stipe are large, broad, dark-brown with lighter margins, or some-

times pale concolorous, mixed with which are pale fibrillose scales ; and both

kinds of scales extend up the main rhachis, dminishing in size upwards. The

costa and veins of the pinnge are, on the underside, to some extent clothed with

small fibrillose or chaffy scales, which, being inconspicuous, are liable to be

overlooked. These are quite different in shape and appearance from the much

smaller round or ovate scales, which generally thickly cover the under surface of

A, marginatun,

6. fA. Obliquum, Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 3. 4. auriculatum, Sw. 3,

A, obliquum, Don., Syn. Fil. 2nd ed. 493. A. auriculatum, Don., var. 3

cespitosa, Wall. Cat. 367, Cl. Rev. 507. Polystichum auriculatum L., vare

y bespitosum, Wall., Bedd. H. B, 204. F. B.I., t. 38. Plate XXVIII, C.

PUNJAB: Chamda—Ravi Valley 7,000’, McDonell ; Kullu—7,000’, Trotter, Coventry.

Simla Reg.—above Simla, Colonel Bates ; Hdgew. 1834; near Simla 4,000’ (2) Her-

schel; “very rare within my limits and area. I have found it but once, at 4,800’.

Blanf. in List.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist,—Jaunsar 7-8,000', Gamble ; Mussoorie 5-6,500', plentiful-in

several places on wet rocks in forest; 7. Garh.—Kidar Kanta Mt. 8-9,000’, Herschel ;

Kumaun—near Naini Tal 6,000’, Hope 1861, Levinge 1875.

DisTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.); Nepal Wallich; Sikkim and Bhotan. Assam

—Khasia 3-4,000', very common; N. Manipur 3,500’, Clarke.

The stipes in this species are densely tufted, slender, and, except for a few

greyish brown scales near the base, extending a short distance up the main rha-

chis, are, with the rhachises and the surfaces of the frond, glabrous, The

plants vary much in size, according to situation and the degree of moisture they

are favoured with.

Mr. Baker says—* Seldom above 2 ft. high”: the other books give no dimen-

sions. I have fertile fronds with stipe and frond together less than 2 in. high,

by + in. broad, and all sizes between that and a total height of 22 inches, of

which the stipes are 8—9 inches, and the fronds 12—13 in, long by 2—22 in,

broad, The shape and cutting of the pinne vary very much, from rhomboido-

ovate, nearly as broad as long, in small plants, to 12 in. long by 4 in. broad,

sharply, pointly and distinctly auricled at the base and greatly cut away on the

inferior side, in large plants. The pinne are sometimes merely crenate, some-

times narrow and falcate, and the barren fronds are sometimes sharply toothed

ab the end of every veinlet. The pinne are hardly ever distinctly lobed, and

occasionally they are in shape almost like the simple form of A. marginatum.

The system of venation in A. obliquum is the simplest in the whole group,

and in the absence of distinct lobes to the pinnee may best be described as—

pinnate on the costa, with veinlets forking once or twice. The venation is

464 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

rather obscure: the superior veinlets, which alone are usually soriferous, often

appear not to extend beyond the sori, but sometimes reappear near the margm

and run out to a smal) tooth near the sinus where there is a trace of a lobe.

In large pinnee the auricle bas a pinnate costa and double row of sori. A

distinguishing character of the plant, though shared with A. marginatum, is

its.sub-dimorphism. ‘The fertile fronds are generally much shorter than the

sterile ones, which is contrary to the general habit of dimorphous ferns.

Sometimes this may be only apparent, and be due to the smaller fronds of the

previous year being persistent after new sterile fronds have sprung up ; but I

have short young sterile fronds also. Occasionally, in large plants at least,

young fertile fronds are seen as long as the sterile ones, which are generally in

the. majority. Whether the dimorphism be real or only apparent and not

invariable, it is a character of the plant.

7. A.ilicifolium, Don., Prod. Fl. Nep., p. 3; ‘‘Fronde pinnata-lanceo-

lati; pinnis alternis ovato-oblongis coriaceis rigidis mucronatis nitidis

brevissime stipitatis bi-v-tricuspidatis spinulosis subtus lepidotis at latus superius

lobo lata auriculatis, stipite rhachique semi-teretibus squamosis, Hab. in

Nepalia, Wallich.

“ Fons sesquipedalis, Pinnee pollicem v. sesquipollicem longs, semi-

nuciam late. Sori magni, superiores biseriati, inferiores imordinate

associati.””

A, ilicifolium, Don, Syn. Fil. 251 ; Cl. Rev. 508. Polystichum tlicifolium,

Don, Bedd. H. B. 206. F. B. I. t. 31.

PuNJAB: Chamba—Ravi. Valley: Sao Nala 8,000’, McDonell; Kangra Vy.

Dist.—Dharmsdla 10,000’, C. B. Clarke; Awllw—Outer Seordj 7,000’, Trotter ;

Simla Reg.—ridge E. of Simla; Theog to Baghi 5-10,000’, common: EHdgew.,

Bates, Falconer (“N.-W. 1.”), Gamble, Collett, Blaniord, Hope, Trotter, Bliss,

Lace.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar ; Soshol 8,500’, C. G. Rogers; Garhwal—Pabar Vy,

Jacquem., Nos. 722 and 2253; 7. Garh.—Nag Tiba Mt., Mackinnons 1878, W. Gollan

1881; Kidér K4nta Mt., 10-11,000', and Bok Mt., Duthie 1878; Jamnotri 9-10,000',

Duthie 1883; Rikishin 9,000’, C. G. Rogers 1891 ; Gangar 7,600’, Gamble 1893; Brit.

Garhwol—Ramzi 8-9,000', Duthie 1885; AKwnawn—R. Blink. CAspidium pungens,

Wall. in Herb. 1823); Madhari Pass 9,000’, 5.3% W.; Pinsara, Davidson 1875; Kali

Vy. 8-9,000', and above Sosa 8-10,000', Duthie 1884-86 ; Gori Ganga Vy. 9,000’, MacLeod

1893.

Distris.—Asia : NX. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim 7-10,000'; Nepal, Walvich.

I have quoted Don’s description as showing that the plant he described as

A. ilicifolium,—which is Wallich’s A. pungens, Cat. 468,—had short pinnee

merely lobed and auricled. I cannot admit that the pimne are ever again

pinnate as Beddome says they are, though the auricle is sometimes quite free ;

indeed, I think Beddome would now put his more compound plants under his

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 465

var, acanthophyllum (sp. Franchet) of A. acwleatum, which—opposing Baker,

who in his Summary of New Ferns accepts it as a species—he sets up in the

Supplement to his Handbook.

In the “ Synopsis Fulicum”? this fern is characterised as “ quite doubtfully

distinct from some of the forms of auricutatum and aculeatum.” I know no

form of A. auriculatum which A. ilicifolium in the least resembles ; and it

certainly is very different from the three species I have above separated from

it ; and Mr. Clarke suggests no resemblance to any of these, though he says

there are intermediates between A. clicifolium and A. aculeatum, which no one

up to the time when he wrote had ventured to name. ‘There is no doubt a

great resemblance to A. rufo-barbatum Wall. in the cutting (of segments, not of

frond) and texture of A. ilicifolium, and since Mr. Clarke wrote M. Franchet

has “ rushed in” and named a Chinese plant A. acanthophyllum. On seeing

the scrap of this in Kew J adopted this name for a somewhat common N.-W.

Himalayan plant, to which I had been giving the variety names of contortum,

and, afterwards, pseud-ilicifolium. Holding to my present scheme of admitting

no varieties in ferns except cultural ones, and not being able to see that any

one of these three ferns is a mere form of another of them, I keep them sepa-

rate as species ; and I would describe A. zcifolvum as follows :—

“ St, tufted, often densely so, 2—9 ins. long, slender, clothed some-

simes sparsely with large broad scales, mixed sometimes with fibrils. ;

fr. 6—10 ins. long % in. to } in. broad; pinne subdeltoid or

broadly lanceolate, ;3,;—2 in. long, apex mucronate, with a large

mucronate auricle below generally nearly, and sometimes quite, free

in large specimens, and several mucronate lobes above, pinnee becom-

ing very distant and rather smaller towards the base of frond ; texture

very coriaceous ; both surfaces naked, except for a few scales on the

underside of the costa ; rhachis slender, clothed with narrow hair-

pointed scales; veins immersed—best visible on upper side, forked

once or twice in the lobes ; sor? one in each lobe, and in two rows in

the auricle, large in proportion to the size of the segments. ”

Blanford was sceptical as to the claim of this fern to specific rank, and

considered it an alpine form of A. aculeatum, graduating into A. rufo-barbatum ;

but he evidently included A. acanthephyllum.

8. A. acanthophyllum Franchet, in Bull. Bot. Soc. France 1885,

28; Baker inSummary of New Ferns, Ann. Bot., Vol. V., No. xviii.

Polystichum aculeatum, var, acanthophyllum (Franchet), Bedd. Suppt. H. B.

43, Plate XXIX,

PunsaB: Hazara Dist.—Black Mt., Trotter in List; near Chittabat, Gatacre

1888 ; Chamba—Dalhousie 7509’, Ravi Vy. 8000’, McDonell; “ Chamba” J, Marten 1898 ;

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIV.

Kangra Vy, Dist.—Dharmséla 5500’, Trotter ; Kullu 6-8060', Coventry ; Simla Reg.—

Simla, Hope 1871 ; Hat Mt. 9000’, Cheog Forest 8000’, Mahasu 8000’, Gamble 1876-78 ;

Forest above Bulsun, Collett 1877; Simla 8000’, common, Blanf.in List (under A.

ilicifolium, “bipinnate form ”); near Mashobra 7000‘, and Theog. 8000’, Hope 1886 ;

Baghi 9000’, Trotter 1887; Simla—Jako Mt. 7700’, The Glen and Mashobra, Bliss ;

Baghi Yorest, Bliss 1891 ; Raiengar Forest 8000’, Gamble 1898.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar—Kathian 7000’, and Mandali Forest 8000’, Gam-

ble 1891-93; 7. Garh—9000', Lev. 1872, Datuni 7000’, Gamble 1893; Kumaun—

Khati 7200'S. & W. 1848; Kali Vy. 7-8000', and near Sosa 8-9000’, Duthie 1884-86 ;

Dankuri to Khati 75-8000’, Trotter 1891; Gori. and Ramganga Vys. 7-8500’, MacLeod

1893.

DISTRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim 12,000’, Zevinge’s collr. 1882. China

—Yiinnan, Delavay.

T noted this fern, as having a distinct individuality, when at Simla in 1886 ;

and when at Kew in 1888 I found a poor specimen or two, from Yunnan,

named as above, which seemed to be the same. ‘The stipes are always shori—

often much shorter than Beddomes length, 8—4 ins. The pinne are never so

short and simple as those of A. ilicifolium. The fronds seem seldom to grow

straight up, bub curve sideways: Trotter describes them as—“ sickle-shaped,

radiating, spreading-out on the surface of rocks, ana connecting rufo-barbatum

with zicifolium.” Sometimes the fronds are bent like the upper part of a note

of interrogation (?) I think it necessary to give this frond specific rank in

order to prevent 4, ilicifolium being said to pass into A. rufo-barbatum, to

which it is totally unlike in everything except shape and spinosity of the

ultimate segments.

9. A. Thomsoni Hook.; Syn. Fil. 251; C. R. 508. Polystichum

Thomsont Hook,, Bedd. H. B. 206, F. B. I. t. 126.

KAsHMIR : Pushdna 6500’, Winterbottom 1847, No. 8i; Chittapani Vy. 75-8000’,

Trotter; Kishtwar, W. 8. Atkinson 1872.

PUNJAB; Chamba—Upper Chénab Vy., Chiri 10,000’, Baden-Powell 1879; Ravi

Vy., Chatri Forest 6000’, McDonell 1882; Sach Pass 7500’, Ravi Vy.—Barmaur 7000’,

and 9000’, McDonell 1885; Awl/u—Babbu Pass 10,000’, Trotter 1887; Simla Reg.—

ridge E. of Simla, Matiana to Hatu Mt., and Kundwar, 8-10,900', T. T., Bates

Gamble, Blanf., Hope, Trotter, Bliss, Lace; Simla—The Glen, 6-6500 Bliss 1890.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist—Jaunsar, Deoban 9000’, Herschel 1879, Mrs. J. Sladen 1880 =

Lokandi 8-8500’, Mandali Forest 9590’,and Karama 9500’, Gamble 1891, 93 and 94;

Mussooree, Dr. Bacon, Duthie 1877. (These two last are probably from Tehri Garh =

I have never seen this species from in or near Mussooree.) J. Garh. 7-10,000', Lev-

inge, Mackinnons, Duthie, Gollan; Brit. Garh. above Ramri 8-9000', and near Kuari

Pass 11-12,000’, Duthie 1885 ; Kumawn--Ralam 12,000’, Tola, Rilkot, and near Dwali

S.& W.; Byans—Kali Vy. 9-12,000' G stations) Duthie 1884-86; Pindar Gorge—

neat Dwali 8000’, Trotter 1891; Ramganga and Gori Vys. 5-10,000', Macleod 1893.

DIsTRIB.—Asia ; Thibet—Indus Vy., Shayok, 78000’, Z. 7. N. Ind. GHim.),

Sikkim. 9-13,000,

PLATE XXIX.

a /

}

ma ee ert

N.E.Brown delt. | KEP Dass lth.

ASPIDIUM (§ POLYSTICHUM) ACANTHOPHYLLUM Franchet.

| Paes) Se ae meen Soe, 3. Industum, enlarged 10 diam.

2. Pinna, enlarged 3 diam.

5. Scale from rachis, enlarged 3 diam.

4. Scale from the base of the stipes, eniarged 3 diam.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 467

I cannot see much, if any, resemblance of this fern to A. Prescottianum

Hook ; though Mr. Clarke says the two species are no doubt very close, and

Colonel Beddome that A. 7homsoni is very near the smaller forms of A. Pres-

cottianum, and that it is very probable that they are only varieties of the

same plant (name not stated), A, Prescottianum is a comparatively large fern,

and grows to dense bushy thickets; it is very scaly all over, shaggy almost.

A, Thomsoni is a small plant, growing on rocks, or on rocky ground in forest,

but each plant separately, so far as I have seen. The largest plants of A.

Lhomsoni I have seen are Mr, Gollan’s from Nag Tiba Mt. in Tehri Garhwal,

one frond of which is 17314 ins., and it is just as much A. Thomsoni as is

the smallest of all those cited above. But there is difference between some of

these : McDonell’s from the Sach Pass in Chamba and Duthie’s No. 101 from

the Ganges Vy. have stipes and rhachis almost glabrous, and quite a different

cutting of frond from that of most others—like some one’s var. alpina of A,

Prescottianum from Sikkim ; and some at least of the sori of Duthie’s plant are

nephrodioid. These cannot, however, be Clarke’s var. gracilis (Lastrea gracilis

Moore), for that is said to have fronds smaller than these of typical A. Thom-

sont, whereas Duthie’s is a large plant with fronds i0 ins. long by 14 ins.

broad. Another form has broadly falcate and auricled pinnee with sharp teeth,

much cut away at the base on the lower side; while another has straight,

almost dimidiate pinnse, and seements spreading on both sides ; but these are

intermediate forms, and the habit of all is alike.

[A. aculeatum Sw. is attributed in all the books to the Indian

Region, The Synopsis says—“Hab,—Throughout the world” ; but

givesas a synonym A. squarresum Don (rufo-barbatum Wall.), which

‘¢has the rachis densely clothed with reddish-brown fibrillose scales,”’

and we are left in doubt under which of the three varieties it recognises,

namely « A. lobatum, Sw., 3. A. aculeatum, Sw. and 4 A. angulare

Willd., A. squarrosum ought to be placed. From the fact that var.

g is given in the Synopsis asa variety of A. aculeatum Sw., 1.¢., a8

a variety of itself, I gather that the species 18, A. aculeatum Sw., of

the Synopsis is a theoretical conception of the authors’; but it ought

to have been given a distinctive specific name, instead of being

fathered on Swartz, and I would suggest metaphysica, hypothetica, or

theoretua, or some equivalent name, to indicate that the plant has no

existence in nature. Swartz didnot include A. lobatwm under A.

aculeatum, but gave it asa separate species, with only “ Anglia” as

the habitat.

Mr. Clarke says 4. aculeatum Sw, (var @ of the Synopsis) 1s very

common in the Himalaya and Khasia, alt, 2,000/—13,000'; and he

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

gives A, rufo-barbatum (sp.) Wall. Cab. 369, as var. 2 (out of 6

varieties), and says it is common from Kashmir to Bhotin, and

also in the Nilgiris (but not from Khasia), Beddome, in his

Hand-book, says Polystichum aculeatum Sw. is found “ throughout

the Indian Region on the mountains,” (also throughout the whole

world) ; and he gives (among 7 varieties) var. y rufo-barbatum

(Wall. Cat. 369), F. S. 1, t. 121, with habitats—“ Nilgiris and

Western mountains of South India ; Himalayas, from Kashmir to

Bhotan.”

Asto the other varieties mentioned in the Synopsis, Clarke gives as

his var. 1, “‘ /obata (sp.) Engl. Bot., t.1563. Fronds narrowly lanceo-

late; pinnee hardly pinnate, the lower secondary pinne sessile or

decurrent. Throughout the Himalaya, but much more rare than A.

aculeatum type.’ Beddome quotes verbatim from Clarke, but omits the

final remark as to rarity. These authors appear to limit the distribu-

tion of A, Jobatum to the Himalaya,

Var. » angulare, Willd., of the Synopsis is nob even mentioned by

Mr. Clarke, and this seems to have led Colonel Beddome to give merely

“Nilgiris and Western mountains of South India ” as the habitats of

his var. s angulare (Presl., Newm. 173), which he thus describes :—

“‘ Lax and of thinner texture” (than of what ?), ‘‘ pinnules smaller

more numerous, orbicular, rhomboid, mostly auriculate, the serratures

setiferous rather than spinulose.” +.122. This seems to apply to much

of the Himalayan material which Clarke seems to have considered as

typical aculeatum, but which is all quite different from what is considered

as A. aculeatum by European botanists.

Clarke’s var. 3 semifertilis (base of the frond fertile, upper 4 barren ;

Sikkim: not very common), which is adopted by Beddome as var. ¢

semifertile, is probably merely a local form of one of the soft Himalayan

plants.

With var. 4 macronifolium (sp.) Bl.,—Beddome’s var. » mucronifolia

Bl.,—I need not concern myself, as it isnot said to grow in North-

Western India: nor, for the same reason, with Clarke’s var. 5—Bed-

dome’s var. » —Oiaristatum (sp.) Bl. Clarke’s var. 6, sefosa, Wall. Cat.

371—Beddome’s var. 9 setoswm—lI give below as a distinct species ; and

Beddome’s vars. ., anomalumaud x, Travancericum, ao not concern me

as they have not been recorded from N, India. Other two plants given

in the Synopsis as synonyms of A. acvleatwm, namely, A. luetuosum

Kze., and A. 7’sus-Simense Hook,, 1 shall give as good species under

the first of these names.

‘THE FERNS Of NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 469

Turning again to the three individual plants mentioned in the

Synopsis as being varieties of the imaginary comprehensive species

No. 18, A, aculeatum, I find some difficulty in ascertaining their

distinguishing characters. Swartz’s description is :—

“‘frondibus bipinnatis, pinnis pinnatis, pinnulis ovatis acutis sub-

falcatis ciliato-spinosis, subtus pilosis, rachi paleacea, stipite

strigoso, Smith britt.

Polypodium aculeatum, L.

Polypodium setiferum. Forsk fl. acg, ar.

Ploks phy: ty 180: f..< dy 23, Moris.:. sp.iT4..te3.. 48 15,

(Schkuhr |. c, t. 39.—W. M.) Europa. Arabia, Cap. bon.

spei.”

This shows clearly that the fern Swartz described had ciliate spines on

the pinnules, and therefore was soft and not prickly ; but the rest of the

description is too vague, and the only substantial difference in his des-

eription of his A, lobatum is—“ pinnis approvimatis.” Swartz seems to

have done little more than transfer Linnezeus’s plant from Polypodium

to Aspidium ; but Willdenow, only two years later, interpolated in

Linneeus’s list A. angulare, and from his descriptions of that and A,

aculeatum it is clear that under the new name he recognised a fern

with a more compound cutting and a laxer texture than he saw A,

aculeatum had, He, however, gave only Hungaria as the habitat for

A. angulare, whereas now it seems to be a very widely distributed

species.

E. J. Lowe, in “ British Ferns, 1891,” the latest authority I can

find says:—‘‘ A. aculeatum Sw.—Pinnules stalklets, with acute

angled or wedge-shaped bases ; whilst in A. angware the pinnules

are stalked and their bases obtuse-angled. In <A. aculeatum the fronds

are darker and more shining, stouter and more leathery in texture,

and the habit of the plant is more erect.” Mr. T, Moore, who

considered them distinct species, said the chief differences between

the two were—the obtuse angle of the stalked pinnule of P. angu-

lave, and the acute-angled, or wedge-shaped base of the sessile

pinnule of the more divided shates of P. aculeatum. Mr, James

Britten, in “ European Ferns,” says :—‘* So far as our experience

goes they are not often found together, but they contrast very

effectively with each other when planted in a rockery, the stiff

upright fronds of P. aculeatum towering above the softer and more

drooping ones of P. angulare.” To a sheet in the Kew Herbarium

(general collection) marked in Sir W. J. Hooker’s handwritine—

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

“Treland, D. Moore,”’ and algo, in pencil—‘ A. Braunit, intermediate

between aculeatum and angulare,’’ is pinned a note written by D. Moore,

as follows :—

“ After considerable attention to Aspidiwm lobatum and A. aculeatum, I

‘cannot think them distinct species, though I find they are still retained as

such by persons who have no doubt had equally good opportunities of judging.

Consequently I shall only state my own ideas on the subject at present,when it

appears to me they altogether depend on their places of growth for the slight

characters which distinguish them. Whenever I find the species growing in

warm shady situations, it assumes the habit of aculeatum by having the pinnule

slightly petiolate and generally larger. A little further up the mountain glens

it becomes lobatum good ; and when itis found very high the pinnules are

scarcely divided at all. A. angulare is equally common here” Gn Ireland 2)

“and a very distinct species. I should say there were only two species, A.

lobatum or aculeatwm, whichever you like to call it, and A. angulare, both

rather variable, but their varieties are easily traced to the original.”

I understand Mr. Baker now to agree, substantially, that 4. lobatum

is merely A. aculeatum in a less developed state ; though in the “’ Synop-

sis? he said that the last mentioned plant is less coriaceous than is the

other; and I therefore think I may safely allow the existence of A.

lobatum, as an Indian fern, to depend upon the existence there of A.

aculeatum.

Dr. H. Christ, in a monograph—“Zes différentes formes de Polystichum

aculeatum (L. sub. Polypodio), Leur Groupement, et Leur Dispersion, y

compris Les variétiés Hzxotiques, published in Bull. Bot. Soc. Suisses,

Livre III, 1893, has taken quite as wide a view of this group of Polys«

tichum as any of the botanists who have written of Indian ferns ; but

his treatment of the subject is too deductive for me; it seems only to

deepen the haze in which the subject has been enveloped by the profitless

effort to bring together under the specific name aculeatum, given by

Linné, several plants which are abundantly distinct.

In proceeding to deal with the North-West Indian material of this group

I shall, in the first place, divide it according to texture, into “ coria-

ceous ”, hard and tough plants, and “ herbaceous”, thin and soft plants ;

and having thus cleared the way, I shall see whether any subdivision of

these two categories is necessary. I can find nothing I feel justified in

calling A. aculeatum, but much that I cannot say is not A. angulare.]

A, Teature very coriaceous. Sp. II.

11. A. squarrosum Don (rufo-barbatum Wall. Cat. 369); Syn. Fil

252, under A, aculeatum Sw. A. aculeatum Sw., var. 2, rufo-barbatum (sp.)

Wall, 6. RB. 509. Polystichum aculeatum Sw., var. ¢ rufo-barbatum Wall.,

Bedd. H. B. 207, F.S.1.,.t, 121.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 471

I hazard the following as a new and complete description of this species :-—

Plants isolated, or united in tufts. S?. densely tufted, forming a thick

rootstock, thickly covered at base with long linear bright chesnut scales

. from 1 and 2 in, L,, gradually succeeded upwards by large broadly-ovate

acuminate scales,. with more or less broad dark-brown centres, the

scales further up resuming the pale self-colour of those at base, and

becoming mixed with the pale-coloured long and narrow scales or

fibrillee which in diminishing size clothe the main and partial rhachises

and costa. #’r. lanceolate-acuminate, sometimes broadest near base, often

2 ft. 1., rarely 25 ft., by 3—9 ins, br.—average breadth perhaps 6

ins, always bipinnate : inn, always broadest at base because

- auricled, very gradually narrowed to the quickly acuminate apex,

always though shortly stalked, distant at base but becoming crowded and

imbricated towards apex : pinnl. 12—18 pairs, all distinctly stalked except

near apex of the frond, close and often overlapping each other at base :

in simplest form —rhomboidal with a curved apex or ova-e-acuminate,

entire and cut away towards the base on inferior side and always broadly

auricled on superior side, sharply and stiffly toothed at apex of pinnoule

and auricle and hardly toothed elsewhere except obscurely on the superior

side above the auricle, in less simple forms the pinnules prolonged and more

or less lobed or pinnatifid with sharp stiff teeth on each lobe or segment

on both sides, the lowest of all pinnatifid and sharply toothed ; up to

1} in. long, and cut down nearly to the rhachis with several (up to five)

pairs of narrow segments ; all lobes or segments furnished with bard sharp

mucronate teeth, never merely aristate ; Texture very coriaceous, frond

heavy ; upper surface glabrous and shiny ; lower—covered on veins with

small pale-coloured fibrillee and occasional shorter and broader minute

scales : colour greyish green ; ven. obscure, best seen on underside :

4—6 groups on each side of the costa, pinnate or forked in the lobes,

reaching almost to the margin : sori large, crowded, and ultimately extend-

ing across several veinlets, absent from centre of pinne and apex of

pinnule, but occasionally found on auricle ; receptacle consisting of

numerous persistent fibres in a bunch ; involucres large, cucullate, persistent,

stalked, with dark centres (the sporangia when ripe spreading widely

beyond the edge), veins of involucres radiating and connected by scalari-

form veinlets,

Don’s description, though perhaps fuller and better than those he wrote of

Some other species, seems either to have been thought insufficient or to have

been disregarded by subsequent authors, which must be my excuse for writing

anw one, I will; however, give extracts to show that it does not ‘apply to

472, JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XfV-

A. aculeatum Sw. He says—“ 6, A. squarrosum, fronde lanceolata bipinnata :

foliolis pinnisque alternis subsessilibus oblongo-ovatis mucronatis rigidis glabris

nitidisque.’ . . . “ Polypodium spinulosum, Hamilton M. $., nec aliorum.

“Frons ampla, rigida, tectu aspera.” Don’s fern was, therefore,

bipinnate, mucronate, rigid, smooth and shining, but rough to the touch.

Punjab: Chamba—6000' McDonell; Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala 6000’, Trotter ;

Kullu 6—8000', Coventry ; Mandi State 7000’, Trotter ; Simla Reg. 5500’—8G00',

common, Hope, Gamble Blanf., Duthie, Bliss, Lace.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist—Jaunsar 5500’ and upwards, Sundar Lai, C. G. Rogers,

Gammie; Mussooree 5-6500’, very common ; 7. Garh. above Dhakara, Duthie’s colln.

1879, Ganges Vy. 7-8000’, and Phedi, Duthie ; Awmawn—common 5-8500', S. & W.,.

Hope, Davidson, Trotter, Macleod.

Distris.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Sikkim and Bhotin. Assam—Jakpho.

Mt.; Kohima 6000’, Clarke.

Occasionally the whole of the scales and fibrils or stipes and rhachis are-

brown and not rufous, faded perhaps. The cutting of the ultimate segments

fhe coriaceous shiny nature of the frond, and the stiff mucronate spines

sufficiently distinguish this species from the other Himalayan plants which

have been called A. aculeatum and A. angulare. The plant produces numerous

fronds annually, grows to large bushes, and is evergreen ia spite of frost and

snow in winter. Sori are generally wanting on the lower third or quarter of

the frond, but often also on the upper part. The involucres sometimes over-

lap each other.

I cannot follow Clarke and Beddome, when they say—“ frond usually

reddish.” The rhachises and. costee are covered below with the red beard from:

which Wallich named the plant ; but the small fibrils on the veins are nob.

enough to colour the surface of the pinnules, and the upper surface is either

quite glabrous, or has only a few fibrils on the costa. |

I think what Clarke calls A. aculeatum, var. 1, lobata (sp.) Engl. Bot.,

must be the very narrow form of A. squarrosum of which I have specimens

from the Simla Region, Jaunsar, and Tehri Garhwal, The pinnules are small,

simple, ogival ati apex, very close together, and imbricated, and are less dis-

tinctly stalked than in the normal form—reduced to lobes in the upper part.

‘The seales and fibrillee are brown rather than rufous ; and the texture is rather

thicker than in the type, and the fronds dry a brown colour. In all other res-

pects the plant is identical with the present species, and is antithetical to the

so-called A. lobatum of European botanists.

BL. Texture herbaceous.

12. A. angulare, Willd. Sp. Pl. 1810 V. 257; “ Frondibus bipinnatis,

pinnulis oblongis subfalcatis mucronato-serratis sursum auriculatis, infima elon-

gata subpinnatifida, stipite rachibusque paleaceis. W. Habitat i Hungaria.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, A713

* Stipes tri—vel quadripollicaris paleaceus. Rachis universalis atique partia

lis paleacea sed ‘pales tenuiores. Frondes sesqui-vel bipedales bipinnatze.

Pinne tripollicares et longiores, Pinnulw oblongo-subfaleatze acute: basi

cuneate sursum acute auriculate, serrate, serraturis mucronatis. Pinna in-

fima superior reliquis longior pinnatifido-serrata. Sori subrotundi, Affine

A. aculeato sed preter formam pinnularum precipue pinnela infima piunati-

fida et habitu laxiore diversum. W.”

KASHMIR: Chittapani Vy. 8000’, Trotter; Dardpura 5-7000', and Aud’rbug 7000’,

MacLeod ; Pir Panjab and Gulmarg 7000', Gammie 1891.

PunJAB: Hazara Dist.—Black Mt., Kalim Gali 8000’, Duthie 1888 ; near Kala-

pani 6-7000', Trotter 1890.—Chamba—McDonell, comm. 1885 ; above Chamba town

7000’, Blanf. 1886 ; Kullu 6-8000', Coventry 1894; Simla Reg.—Simla, eastward to

Hatu Mt. 48-8300’, Hope, Blanf.’, Bliss ; Bashahr Forest 8000’, Lace.

N.-W. P.: D. D, Dist.—Jaunsar 43-8000’, Brandis, Duthie, C. G. Rogers, Gamble ;

Mussooree 6500’ and downwards, very common ; in the Din (Valley)—Nalota Khéla

2500’ or more, Hope 1880 and 1891, some very large ; T. Garh.—Nila Vy. 11—12,000' ¢

Duthie 1883; Sahlra Forest 7000’, Deota 5000’ and Bamsu 6000', Gamble 1898-95 3

Kumaun—near Karim 6200’, and Naini Tal, S. and W, 1848, and Hope 1861 ; Ralam

Valley 11-12,000', Duthie; Lohughat 5000’, Trotter ; Ramganga Vy. and elsewhere

5000', MacLeod.

DistRIB.—V. § Centr. Amer. Hur.: common. Asia: near the Black Sea; N,

Ind.—Sikkim ; Assam—Khasia.

After having renewed acquaintance with the living European plant, and

having gone through the specimens of it and from all habitats, in the Kew

Herbarium, including the British collection of the late Mr. Thomas Moore

which shows what a wonderfully variable species it is (without taking into

account mere sports and abnormal developments), I find I cannot definitely

separate from A. angulare any of the Himalayan material which has been placed

under that species. But I will indicate where differences occur. In my own

collection I have, from North-Western India, 32 sheets, on which are 36 speci-

mens, some of which consist of 2, 3, and even more fronds, besides unmounted

duplicates.

1, As to scales. Some of the Himalayan specimens have no broad ovate

scales on the stipes—such as the European specimens all have : many instead are

clothed near the base with long linear-acuminate scales, which pass into mere hairs

higher up, and along the rhachis, These scales and hairs are generally dark-

brown or nearly black, but occasionally they are of lighter, dull-brown

colour, I have, however, seen hairs on a few British specimens. Some speci-

mens have large, broad, ovate-acuminate, hair-pointed scales, mixed with narrow

linear-acuminate scales, which become almost hairs on the rhachis: the broader

scales are bi-coloured, but the very dark-brown colour of the centre seems to

belong to the upper surface, and the under surface and narrow margins are

474. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

pale ; the narrower scales are also, sometimes at least, bi-coloured. The scales

of the European plant, whether broad or narrow, are generally pale, self-

coloured, or if bi-coloured merely with a darker shade towards the centre.

2. Habit of plants. The European plant has fronds with comparatively

short stout stipes, thickly clothed with scales all the way up, forming a stout

compact crown, from which very numerous fronds spread out ata greater or

less angle from the perpendicular. The Himalayan plants appear to have

comparatively few fronds, generally with long stipes which quickly taper off

and are not densely clothed far above their bases ; but sometimes stipes are only

6 in. long to a frond 22—25 in. long by 9—10 in. broad. Growing on steep

ground in forest, as they generally do, the fronds of the large plants (or of the

large broad form), being of lax habit, bend downwards, and are sometimes found

overhanging and dipping their tips into the rills which run down the rocky

hill sides. The fronds vary much in size and shape, even in the same station.

5 ins. to 6 ins. is @ common length for the middle pinne of a frond, and the

lowest pinne are often not much reduced ; a lanceolate frond is rare, and then

the lowest pinnee are not mere auricles, I have the upper three-fourths or so of

a frond I gathered in the Dehra Dun in 1880 (why now incomplete I cannot

recollect) which has pinne fully 9 ins. long, and this portion of the frond

is 23 ins, long, Fronds from Mussooree, 5-6000' alt., reach to 34 ins.

in length by nearly 1 ft. in breadth, unstretched, beside stipes 13—15 ins.

or 4 ft. in totai height. But I have, also from Mussooree, other fronds of

mature plants, fertile, with simpler cutting, which are less than 1 ft, high,

including the stipes, by only 3 ins, broad. All sizes between these extremes are

met with. The British plant rarely, I think, has fronds over 6 ins. broad.

The latest specimen, from Jaunsar, the hill tract of the Dehra Dun district, is

Gamble’s No. 26616, Apri] 1898 : afrond and incomplete stipe, the frond 88

in. by 26 in., and part of stipe 21 in., total over 5 ft. high. The pinnules

have up to ten lobes. The plant is very soft. Dr. Christ says this is var.

batjanense of A. eculeatum, Filicine Warburg, Monsunia, Bd. I, p. 77.

3. Cutting of fronds and pinne. The pinne are always distant, or dis-

tinctly separated ; and the pinnules so also, and distinctly stalked. In the

large, broad, form the pinnee are Very acuminate, and even caudate; but in

the smaller they taper regularly from base to tip, as in the European plant,

The pinnules vary in shape from—“ short ovate-acuminate with a broad auricle

, in. long to 4 in. broad, lobed on the front and toothed on the back,” to—

“falcate, § in, long by # in. broad, lobed though unequally on both sides,” and

to “ narrow, falcate, acuminate, ? in. long, by only ¥% in. broad at base across

the auricle.” Ihave never seen the auricle free ; and the longest pinnules

are seldom cut down nearly to the costa; whereas the European plant is

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 47

(3x)

sometimes tripinnate ab base of pinnules. There seems to be an aristate

tooth, or awn, to each veinlet; but the awns are never so long as in the

European plant, and they therefore seem stiffer; they are, however, really soft,

13. A. luctuosum, G. Kunze in Linnea, Vol. 10. (1835-36) p. 548 ;

“+103. A, luctuosum, Kze.: costis rhachibus stipiteque fronde breviori nigris-

centi-paleaceis ; fronde Janceolato-acuminata, bipinnata, coriacea, pinnis alternis,

petiolatis, longe attenuatis, sursum auriculatis ; pinnulis trapezio-ovatis, sub-

falcatis, mucronatis, basi sursum auriculatis, deorsum truncata cuneata decur-

rentibus, arristato-serratis ; ddusiis reniformibus glabris,”

A. aculeatum, Sw. Syn, Fil. 252 ; A, T'sus-Simense, Hook., Sp. Fil. IV.

16, t. COXX.

KASHMIR: Jhelam Valley 3500’; Chitapani Valley 75—8000', Trotter 1888-89 ;

Jhelam Valley, 5 miles from Rampur 4500’, MacLeod 1891; Upper Chenab Valley,

6500’, McDonell 1893.

PuNJAB: Hazara Dist.—Trotter in MS. List of Punj4b Ferns. Chamba.—Ravi

Valley, Chanju 7000’, and near Tisa 7000’, McDonell 1882.

DisTR1B.—J. Amer.-California, Asia: N. Ind. Assam—Mausmai, Griffith, 1885 ;

Khasia—Cherra, Hk. & Th,—Japan—Island of Tsus Sima, in Straits of Corea,

Wilford ; Yokohama, Dickins.

On seeing Mr. McDonell’s Chamba specimens I thought them quite different

from A. aculeatum ; bnt it was not until many years later that I found them

to be identical with a specimen from Natal, collected by Buchanan, which is

ticketed P. luctuoswm, Kze. Then I had the privilege of a perusal of Dr.

Christ’s monograph on Polystichum aculeatum ; and I also saw McDonell’s

later collected specimens from Kashmir which were ticketed A. Tsus-Simense,

and I wrote to him on the subject. He replied that he had got the name from

Colonel Beddome, who, on seeing those and other specimens of Mr. McDonell’s

Kashmir collections, wrote as follows :—“Aspidium—Upper Chenab Vy.,

= A. Tsus-Simense, Hook.; &gured and described by Hooker in Sp. Fil. in-

cluded by Baker in Syn. Fil. under aculeatum. I call it Polystichum aculeatzum,

var. T'sus-Simense ; it exactly corresponds with the Japanese specimens, New

to British India.” (Now, I rather think Mr. McDonell referred to Colonel

Beddome after I had called his attention to the plant.)

On revisiting Kew I have seen that on the cover which contains many China

and Japan specimens of A. Tsus-Simense Sir W. J. Hooker wrote in pencil—

“20. Tsus-Simense est luctuosum, Kze., not Pappé.’? In the Synopsis both

these names are given as synonyms of A. aculeatum, Sw., though in tne Sp.

Fil. Vol. IV., p. 16, A. T'sus-Simense is given as A. No. 20, and ficured as

‘such on Plate CCXX. On the Herbarium working Copy of the Sp. Fil. Sir

William Hooker has written—‘ If the same as luctuoswm, Kze, 1 fear it is too

near aculeatum.” On p.19., under A, aewleadum, Sir William wrote, in ink,

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

“an P, luctuosum, Kze,.”’ ; and, again, “ luctuosum, Kze. is the same as my

No. 20 A. Tsus-Simense, v. n. 20.”

Christ places A. luctuoswm as a var. of 6. P. lobatum, and says of ib :-—

“ Distinct, from its deltoid form, not elongated, and with a frond the lowest pinnsz

of which are the longest. The frond is borne ona bare stipe, of one-third to one-

half the length of the frond. Throughout (en outre) the scaly covering of the

rhachis consists of black, long, and very narrow scales. The basal scales are narrow,

blackish, The plant is of less height (plus basse), the pinne (pinnules ?) are slightly

auricled, subsessile, decurrent (except the superior basal pinnule which is broadly

stalked), stoutly toothed, but not aristate.

“ Kunze’s name, relating as it does to the black covering of the plant, very well

indicates its peculiarity.

“ Habitat.—Southern Africa ; Boschberg,(McOwan), Drakenberg (Rehman, 72045.”

Hooker’s description of A. (Polyst.) Tsus-Simense is long and minute. As

to Habitat he gives only the Island of Tsus Sima; and he adds—‘“I find no

described species to accord with this. The scales of the caudex are singular

in shape and peculiarly black; the upper portion of the fond is pinnated,

the rest regularly bipinnate, the lowest pair of pinnee deflexed.” In the Kew

Herbarium, on the same sheet with Dickins’ specimen from Yokohama, is a

larger frond with ticket—“ Polystichum luetuosum, Perie Bush, British

Kaffraria, May 7th, 1861, W. D’Urban.” Opposite this Sir William Hooker

has written in pencil—“ black hairs on the rachis—hence true luctuosum of

Kze., in Linn, 10 p.” Another sheet from South Africa (a plant with caudex

and four fronds in a tuft) has two tickets, one written by Baker (?)—Aspidium

luctuosum, Kze., No, 11, Natal, Buchanan ; and the other, Buchanan’s own

ticket, is (recd. 8/69) “11. A very fair specimen—natural colour well pre-

served ” (it is pale olive green) : “Grows in same bush and similar places

with Aspid. aculeatum, of which 11a is our ordinary type, only not at all so

plentifully. If only a variety, it is a very marked one. But isit indeed so ? ”

14. A. setosum, Wall. Cat. 371. A. aculeatum, Sw. var. 6, setosum,

Wall. Cat. 871, C. BR. 510. Polystichum aculeatum, Sw. var. 9 setosum, Wall.,

Bedd. H. B. 209.

NW. P.: Brit. and T. Garkwal—8000', P. W. Mackinnon, April 1881 ; Kwmawn—

R. Blink, fide Wallich, in Herb. Hort. Kew; near Khati 7700’, S. & W. 1848; Pindar

Gorge—Khati 7000’, Trotter 1891.

DistRip.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal, Wallich 1820 ; Sikkim.

This plant is not mentioned by Baker, either in the “ Synopsis,” or in his

“ Summary of New Ferns.” Clarke, while giving it as a mere variety of

A. aculeatum, says :—

“ This seems to me more worthy of specific rank than many other species of

Polystichum retained by Mr. Baker. The series is not merely defined by being

fibrillose on the surface of the frond beneath ; the whole set is remarkably uniform

in cutting; the frond is large, long-lanceolate ; the primary pinnae numerous,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 477

lose together, nearly parallel to each other ; the secondary pinne numerous, close,

very distinct, all remarkably like each other. Nor are there any connecting forms

between the var. and any other form of A. aculeatum.”

Beddome’s description is :—

“ Lower surface of frond with very fine fibrille, rhachis with very long scales as

well as fibrille, pinnules small, quite entire, except the spinulose apex, or with

very inconspicuous crenatures to represent the usual lobes ; sori apical, on the lower

veinlet of the forked or pinnate vein of the segment (or what would correspond to

the segment where the pinnule is entire).”

Christ puts this fern as—4. P. lobatum, var, sefosum, Wall., and says of

it :-—

‘This plant is very remarkable for its scaly clothing ; not only is the rhachis

clothed with enormous principal scales, yellowish and pellucid, oval or round,

which even attain in the upper part of the frond the length and breadth of

8 millimétres or more, but all the parts, with the pinnules, are upon the two

faces covered with numerous thread-like scales (hairs), which are flexible * (wavy 1),

“one centimetre long, and golden in colour, which gives to this magnificent plant

a very rich appearance. The frond is of the largest size (70 centimétres), the

pinnules numerous (up to 80 in one pinna), lanceolate, toothed (?) like a comb

decurrent, scarcely stalked, almost toothless, only the lowest of the upper row,

which is much larger than the rest, being deeply cut. The texture is flaccid,

membranous.”

“ Habitat.—Excessively damp forests of Sikkim, Himalaya on Senchul 8000’

(Gamble 8041) and:9000’ (Gammie).”

Both Clarke and Beddome say that only the lower surface of the frond is

clothed with long fibrillee. Christ is right in saying that both surfaces are so

clothed. I have not seen this fern growing; but, judging from herbarium

specimens, it seems quite distinct from any other species of the group. A

specimen collected in Sikkim, alt. 5000’, by Sir J. D. Hooker, has, besides

the long straw-coloured hairs, large ovate-acuminate dark-brown scales all

along the main rhachis. Some other specimens have similar scales, but pale-

brown in colour. A specimen from Wallich, in Herb. Bentham at Kew,

has very large broad scales up the stipe, brown with darker centres,

15. A. Prescottianum, Hook. Sp. 4. p. 22., t. 223; Syn. Fil. 253 ;

©. RK. 510. Polystichuim Prescottianum, Wall., Bedd. H. B. 210.

AFGHAN. : Kuram Vy.—9-10,000’, Aitch. 1879.

KASHMIR: Gilgit—Sai, Col. Tanner ;Gulmarg 10,000’, Lev.; Pir Panjal 11,5004,

Trotter, Gammie ; Bangam Valley, 13-14,000', Duthie 1893, No. 13539.

PungaB: Hazéra—Khagén Valley 9000’, Dr. Stewart: Chamba—Sach and Drati

Passes 10-12,000', Baden-Powell 1879 ; Ravi Valley.—Satrundi and above it 11-12,000',

and Cheni Pass 12,000’, McDonell ; Awllw—Rohtang Pass 13,000’, and Jalori Pass,

N. 10,000’, Trotter ; Lahoul—Chandra Valley, 11,000’, Trotter; Simla Reg.—Jubal

State, Chor. Mt., Collett ; Sirmur State 9-10,000’. T. T.; Hatu Mt. 9,5-10,500', Edgew,

Bates, Collett, Gamble, Blanf., Hope, Trotter, Bliss ; Bashahr—near Harang Pass

12,500’, Lace.

478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV-

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar ; Chachpur Peak 10,000’,Gamble 1892, Kerana

9500’, Gamble 1893 (on sheet with A. Thomsont) ; T. Garh.—10-16,000', (ten stations)

Duthie 1879—83 ; Brit. Garh.—Dombitia Gadh 9-10,000', Duthie 1885 ; Kumaun—

Wallich ; above Tola 12,500’ and near Milam, 8. & W.; Palam Vy. 11-13,000', 8. & W.,

Trotter ; Finsara 10,000’, Davidson; Dhauli Valley 14-15,000', Duthie 1884 ; near

Pindari Glacier 10-11,000', Trotter 1891.

NepAt, W.—Nampa GAdh, 12-13,000', Duthie 1886.

DistRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.)—Nepal ; Sikkim and Bhotan.

Clarke’s and Beddome’s descriptions of A. Prescottianum are better than

that in the Synopsis in that they mention the fibrille or narrow scales which

are mixed with the large broadly ovate-acuminate scales on the stipes and

rhachis, On the rhachis the scales get narrow and smaller, and the fibrille

more hair-like, The fibrillee are found on the surfaces, perhaps more sparing-

ly on the upper than on the lower. ‘The cutting of the frond varies of course

with the size; but, with-the exception mentioned below, I cannot find any

specimens on which the pinne are “ even pinnate,” as Beddome says they are ;

and yet I have fronds, gathered by myself on Hatu (or Hatugarh) Mt., which

are up to 27 ins. long by 4 ins. broad, though 18 by 3 ins. are the

maximum dimensions given in the Synopsis, The habit of the plant is well

described by Blanford—‘‘ abundant on Hatu, growing in dense masses, on

the hill side between 9,500 and 10,500 ft.”—in the open, chiefly, I should add.

The rhachis may be weak, as the Synopsts says ; but the masses on Hatu Mt,

Blanford speaks of (as I have seen) are composed of stout upstanding plants ;

the fronds support each other, perhaps. Normal fronds of old plants have

from 35 to 40 pairs of pinnee—generally about 40—cut down to a winged

rhachis into 8—19 pairs of elongated rhomboidal segments which have 4 or 5

pairs of aristately toothed lobes. Beddome’s figure is from a young plant, and

does not correspond with his description.

I have a beautiful little frond from Kashmir, Duthie’s No. 13539 above-

mentioned, stipe (incomplete) about 3 inches, frond 10 in, long by 2 in. broad,

unextended, bipinnate, pinnules stalked, distant, rather bluntly and shallowly

lobed or toothed, scales and fibrillee as of P. Prescottianum, with numerous

pinne of which most are again pinnate, Small as it is, it is mature and

crowded with sori ; and had I more material like this I should be inclined

to make of ik a separate species, from the distinct bipinnateness, the great

breadth of frond in proportion to length, and other characters.

Another form, notably different from the type, is that of Duthie’s speci-

mens Nos. 2215, 5159, and 6240, from Tehri Garhwal, British Garhwal, and

West Nepal, which has stipes up to 10 or 11 inches in length, very regularly

shaped ovate-lanceolate bipinnate fronds 15—18 ins, long by 4—S ins. broad ;

pinn distant, about 3° pairs below the pinnatifid apex of the frond, pinaules

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 479

broad, falcate, sometimes auricled, aristately toothed, decurrent below and not

stalked, lowest upper the largest, about 15 pairs besides an acuminate pinnati-

fid apex. The scales and fibrille are those of P. Prescotiianum. This isa

remarkably elegant and graceful fern.

16. A. Bakerianum, Atkinson MS.; Baker in Hook. Ic., t. 1656 ;

Clarke and Baker in Journ, Linn. Soc. XXIV., 414. A, Prescottianum, Wall.,

var Bakeriana (sp.) W. 8. Atkinson MS., C. R. 510. Pl. 66. Polystichum

Prescottianum, var. @ Bakeriana (Clarke) Bedd. H. B. 210.

KasHmir: Marbul Pass 11,000’, and Sind Valley 12,009’, Clarke 1876 ; Pir Panjal

11,500’, Trotter 1888 ; Sarpat 10,000’, McDonell, MacLeod 1891.

PoNnJAB: Chamba—Rayi Valley, below Cheni Pass, 10,000’, McDonell 1882, 1885;

Kangra Vy., near Dharmeala 11,000’, C. B. Clarke 1874 ; Kul/u—Seoraj, Trotter 1887;

Simla Reg.—Chor Mt., Herschel 1877 (Wephrodium Brunonianum on ticket) Jalauri

Pass, Edgew.; Kundwar 11,000’, T. T. 1847.

N.-W. P.; 2. Garh.—Kidar Kanta Mt. 9000’, Herschel 1879; Damdar Valley 9-10,000',

Duthie 1883 ; Kwmawn—Kaphini 10,000’, “grown at Almora”, 8. and W.; Pinda,

Gorge, and Dwali to Phurka 9000’, Trotter 1891; Gori Ganga Valley, 10,500’,

MacLeod 1893.

DistrrB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.)—Sikkim.

Clarke (whom following Beddcme) says—“ frond truncate at the base ;”? but

I find that all the fronds Gamble and I have are tapering, and even dwindling

downwards to auricles. This species seems glabrous on the upper surface:

A, Prestottianum is slightly fibrillose. The sori sometimes look nephrodioid.

SUBGENUS CYRTOMIUM, PRESL

17. A. falcatum, Sw., Syn. Fil. 257; ©. R. 512. Cyrtomium falca-

tum, Sw., var. 8. Caryotideum, Wall., Bedd, H. B. 211, F. 8. I, t. 119.

KASHMIR: Jhelam Valley 3500’, Trotter 1888; Jhelam Vy.—Chakoti, Kishenganga

Valley, and Titwal, MacLeod 1891.

PUNJAB.—Hazara—fide Trotter : “cut from a plant in pot, at Abbotabad, in pos-

session of Major Dempster, 4th Sikhs, who said it had been transplanted from neay

Natiagali 7000’, where it grew in quantity ; Chamba—McDonell (fide Trotter in

List); Kullu 55-8000’, Trotter, and Coventry ; Simla Reg.—Bates ; below Simla to

north 4500’, Gamble; “very rare. The one or two localities are rocky ravines be-

tween 5 and 6500’,” Blanf. in List.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar ; Deoban, Vicary 1838, in Herb. Sahar ; 7000’,

Brandis 1881; Missan 7000, Gamble ; Mussooree, T. T. 1845, Dr. G. King 18717;

‘Duthie 1877; 5000’, Mackinnons 1878 ; 5500’, Hope 1881 and 1887 ; 5000’ J. W. Furrell

1895. Z. Garh.—Ganges Vy., between Betwari and Dangulla, and Kiddér Kanta Mt.,

Duthie 1881 ; Aumaun—T. T. 1845 ; Dwali 8200 and near Khati 7800, 8. & W.; Hope

1861, Davidson 1875; Pindar Gorge, Trotter 1891; Gori Valley.—Buin 3000’,

MacLeod 1893.

DistRIB.—Asia ;: Ind. Or.—(Him.) Sikkim and Bhotan, 8—8000’ ; Assam—Khasia

3-4000', not common. S. Ind.—Nilgiris, at the higher elevations. Japan. China.

Sandwich Islands. S. Afr.—Caffraria, Natal, Madagascar.

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

The Synopsis gives g A. caryotideum, Wall., but adds—“ It is impossible to

separate our two varieties satisfactorily.” Clarke gives A. caryotideum as a

synonym. Beddome does not give A. falcatum as an Jndian plant, and says

it differs only slightly from B. caryotideum. The N.-W. Indian plant seems to

be the latter, which is very commonly cultivated in Great Britain. It loves

water and shade—in the Himalaya, Mr. Clarke’s No. 17656, from Assam,

Khasi Hills, has very long, narrow, falcate and toothed pinnx, 7 ins. x } in. :

one frond has pinne 5 in. long, by only 1 in. broad,

~ 48

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT.

By Gro. W. V. pe Run-PHILE.

The plain districts of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, as they

are now called, have not hitherto had much attention paid them by col-

lectors and those generally interested in butterflies ; and the reason is not far

to seek. Inseci life in the hot dry plains of these Provinces is admitteély

poor ; collecting is in the hot months practically impossible, and even during

the rains most trying ; and it is difficult, even for the most enthusiastic col-

lector, to summon up sufficient energy to do a day’s outdoor work when the

prospects of securing anything good are so remote. It is hardly to be won-

dered at, therefore, that while the Himalayan and submontane districts of the

Provinces have been more or less thoroughly worked, and the buiterfly life

there made the subject of numerous papers and notes, the plains have, toa

very great extent, been neglected. During the course of the three years and a

half of my stay here I have met with only one other collector and have not

seen or heard of a single representative collection,

And yet, in spite of their poverty, there is plenty of interesting work in

these districts for those entomologically inclined, and it may take three or

four years of steady collecting to get together even an approximately com-

plete collection of the ninety or hundred species found within their limits,

A year ago I considered I had fairly weil exhausted the capabilities of Luck-

now for new species, but I haye since added some half dozen fresh varieties

to my lists ; and even now, though I have very nearly every butterfly that

I know of as being found in Lucknow, Iam by no means certain that my col-

lection is complete. No local list exists; and as my own experience has re-

peatedly shown how useful such lists are to collectors, I have tried in the

following pages to give as complete a list as possible of the Rhopalocera found

in Lucknow and its vicinity. It may, I hope, be interesting to butterfly col-

lectors in general, as forming a guide to what may be found in the hot dry

plains of Northern India, and useful to any who may inthe future take up

the study of the butterflies of these Provinces,

A word as to seasons and places. Butterflies may be found in Lucknow all

the year round with perhaps the exception of the very hot period between the

middle of April and middle of June. The best time is, of course, from the

middle of July to the end of October—in other words, during and just after

the monsoon, As soon as the first heavy falls of rain bring out the new

vegetation, the butterflies begin to appear and continue to be seen in numbers

till the cold weather sets in, During the very cold months of December and

January not many are seen, though, if the winter be a mild one, the autumn

or post-monsoon species often remain out later, mingling with the varly

arrivals of the spring varieties, From February till the end of Mareh or

middle of April an entirely different set of apparently single brooded species

are on the wing; and these finally disappear as soon as the hot West winds

begin to blow.

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

As regards places I shall, when noting on each species, mention more

particularly the spots where it is likely to be found, Asa general rule, how-

ever, in the hot dry months before the rains, butterflies—and then only the

commoner kinds—will be seen only in heavily wooded, shady gardens and

groves, among thick shrubby undergrowth and near water channels leading

from wells. On bright days during the rains and after the rains, they come

out more into the open and may be taken on grass lands and round flowers,

The Duranta (D, plumeri and ellisi?) and the Lantana (LZ, aculeata) form a spe-

cial attraction to most species and swarms of all varieties may be seen hovering

round the plants when in full bloom, Lime gardens, again, are favourite re«

sorts of many species and well re-pay a visit, The few species of the Satyrine

found in the district will only be taken in shady spots and among heavy

undergrowth where there are plenty of dead leaves, It is, however, unneces-

sary to enlarge further beyond these few general hints; a collector will very

soon find out for himself the most likely spots to go to.

In conclusion, I would add that, though I have assiduously looked for the

caterpillars and pupe of the various species, I have been able to find them

in very few cases only, The reason for this. non-success is not very evident,

but is possibly due to the caterpillars retiring to out-of-the-way shady cor-

ners during the day. The fact that I have been far more successful in this

direction in the cold weather, and thatin the hot weather even leaves and

branches freshly eaten (during the night) and under which fresh droppings

are found, very seldom carry caterpillars during the day, would seem to con-

firm this theory. I have more than once observed the larve of moths moving

away from the outer branches of their food plants as soon as the sun began

to get powerful,

For the sake of completeness, I have included in the following list all

species which Ican find as having been recorded from the dry regions of

Oudh. Those which I have not taken or seen myself and therefore cannot

personally vouch for are marked with an asterisk.

FAMILY—NYMPHALIDAj,

Susp-FAMILY—DANAIN&.

The Danainz are very poorly represented, being confined to five species,

1. Danais Limniace, Cramer,

Though not often seen in the open, this butterfly is not uncommon in

shady gardens just before and during the rains, They may often be seen in

great numbers on the Lantana flowers in the Secunderabagh Gardens, Luck-

now. The species disappears almost wholly from the end of October till the

beginning or middle of the following June,

2, DANAIS cHRysIPPUS, Linnzus,

Common throughout the year except, perhaps, during the very cold months,

It swarms from July to October when scores may be seen everywhere. Very

dwarfed specimens are sometimes taken in the winter, and I have two whose

expanse is not more than 2:1 inches. The D. a/cippus variety I have not seen

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 483

though it has been recorded from Lucknow by Col. Lang; but I have taken

what may be an intermediate form, in which the median nervure and its bran-

ches in the hindwing are more or less suffused and bordered with pure white,

3, DAaNAIS GENUTIA, Cramer,

Less common than the last and, in Lucknow, not seen so often in the open,

It appears to associate largely with D. limniace and is found at the same

time and in the same places.

“4, HUPL@A MIDAMUS, Linneus,

Mr. de Nicéville records the capture, by Col. Lang, of this Euplea at

Sitapur,a station about 50 miles north-west of Lucknow. I have never

seen it within our limits, and it is possible that the one taken was a straggler

from the lower Himalayas north of Sitapur where it is not uncommon,

5, EUPL@A CORE, Cramer,

Very common in Lucknow and all over the district from July to September.

May always be taken in the same spotsas D. limniace and D. genutia and

on Duranta flowers. The larva, as pointed out by various writers, may often

be found on the Oleander (Nerzum).

SuB-FaMILY—SATYRIN&,

This is also very poorly represented in these districts, the species found

being only seven in number,

6. MyYcaLEsis MEDUS, Fabricius.

Is not common but may occasionally be taken among the undergrowth

in shady spots, and in the open in the early mornings during the height

of the rains, What is held to be the dry season form—WM, runeka, Moore—

does not, as far as I know, occur.

7. MycaLesis PERSEUS, Fabricius.

The typical 1. perseus is fairly common in our limits, being often taken

in the early mornings after the monsoon is well over, and during the cold

weather.

8. Myca.esis Buastus, Fabricius,

Is generally considered the monsoon form of M. perseus which it replaces

during the rains. It is common in August and early September but is extreme-

ly local in its habits, some spots holding dozens while not a single one will be

seen in any part of the adjoining country. I have only taken the species in

the Secunderabagh Gardens, Lucknow, and in a thick jungle at Barabanki

about 16 miles north of Lucknow.

9, YPTHIMA HUFBNERI, Kirby.

This, the only Ypthima within our limits, is by no means common, but is

sometimes to be seen early in the rains, I can only record two captures,

both males,

10. MerLANTIS LEDA, Linneus.

11. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.

These, which are, I believe, generally considered to be the rains and dry

season forms of one species, may be dealt with together. My own experiences

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

has been that both forms are more or less concurrent and may be taken -

together, sparingly just before and very commonly during and after the rains,

The species is very crepuscular in its habits, seldom or never coming out be-

fore dusk, I have often noticed, late in the evening, swarms of them flying

round the roots and trunks of peepul (Ficus religiosa) trees.

12, MeLaniTis aswaA, Moore.

By no means so common asthe last but not rare. I have only taken it

during the rains, never in the drier months, Among scores of Melanitis

netted in October and November there has not been a single M/. aswa—all

have been I. leda or ismene.

Sup-FAMILY—ACRAINZE.

13, TELCHINIA VIOLA, Fabricius.

This butterfly simply swarms here in some years whereas in others it is

comparatively rare. It does not, as a rule, make its appearance till the

rains are Over, and then continues flying well on into the cold weather.

Common as it is, I have not yet found the larva which, however, has already

been described in the “ Butterflies of India, &e.”

Susp-F amiry—NyMPHALIN&,

The butterflies of this sub-family form a marked feature of the district

Rhopalocera, as, though the species number only 19, individuals are numerous.

It is essentially a monsoon and cold weather sub-family ; I do not remember

ever having seen a single representative of it during the hot months of the

year,

14, ERGOLIS MERIONE, Cramer,

This species is not common in the district, and in the course of three years

collecting, I have seen only two—both in October when the rains were well

over, Both were of the variety “ tapestrina’”’ described by Mr. de Niceville

as an occasional aberration or sport. My own notes on the species, taken in

places where it is common, go to show that both forms merione and tapestrina

are equally abundant, the former predominating during the rains and the

latter in the drier months. I have not discovered the larva in the Lucknow

district, but have often reared it where the species is common. The follow-

ing is the description noted by me of Rajahmundry (Hast Coast) specimens.

Larva,—About 1” long, cylindrical, green with a double pencilled line of

lighter green along back, sides shaded darker green. Head tesselated black

and white, provided with two branched spines, Hach segment of body with

six similar spines, the anal having two only. Feeds on the castor-oil plant

(Ricinus communis), Pupa—Attached to leaf, angular, black or greyish black

with yellowish markings, abdominal portion ringed black and yellow.

15. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury.

Very abundant in Lucknow from August to October, iess so during the

cold weather months till February when it finally disappears. May be seen

in swarms round the flowers of the Duranta which the species seems specially

to affect.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 485

*16, CETHOSIA CYANE, Drury.

A single specimen is recorded by Mr, de Nicéville as having been taken by

Col. Lang, R.E., on the Gogra in Oudh, I have never seen the species even

in the damper submontane tracts of the United Provinces ; and its occurrence

here, so far out of its usual limits, can only be very exceptional,

17. PReEcIS rPHITA, Cramer,

I have only taken one specimen of this butterfly within our limits—a

beautiful fresh female captured in Lucknow during the height of the rains.

If it occurs at all regularly, it is very rare.

18, JUNONIA ASTERIE, Linneus,

Is very common during the rains and may be taken almost anywhere but

is especially partial to sunny gardens, I have, on one occasion, found the

larva on a Torenia ; but as it pupated immediately, I cannot be certain that

this. is a food-plant,

19, JUNONIA ALMANA, Linneus.

This, presumed +0 be the dry season form of the preceding, replaces it as

soon as the monsoon is well over, and is almost equally common. Its habits

are very much the same but it has a faster flight,

20, JUNONIA ATLITES, Linneus.

I have not observed this Junonia in Lucknow itself, but it is common at

Bahramghat, on the south bank of the Gogra, some 50 miles to the north-

east, and I have seen it at Barabanki, closer still, It is not improbable, there-

fore, that it appears occasionally in Lucknow and therefore has been included

in this list,

21. JUNONIA LEMONIAS, Linneus,

A very common species in the district where it may be taken in sunny

gardens ard open country at any time of the year except the very hot months,

22, JUNONIA HIERTA, Fabricius.

Abundant all over the district in September and October,

23, JUNONIA ORITHYIA, Linneus,

The commonest species of the genus and may be seen everywhere from

August to November.

24, CIRRHOCHROA MITHILA, Moore.

Decidedly rare in the United Provinces, I have taken only two spe-

cimens in Lucknow, both males, within a few days of each other, in August.

On both occasions the butterflies were flitting in and out of and around a

hedge of Inga dulcis, darting out at times to the flowers of a Duranta plumeri

near, I have seen only one other specimen from these Provinces—taken

at Fyzabad, It is apparently difficult to get in good condition, the wings

being badly broken in all cases I have known,

25, HyYPoLIMNAS BOLINA, Linnzus,

This splendid butterfly is common in Lucknow, appearing soon after the

rains break and continuing on the wing till_well. into the.cold weather,

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

The early individuals of the species are comparatively small and the patches

on the wings of the male are almost pure white just faintly tinted with light

blue, Those occurring towardsthe end of and after the rains are, on the

other hand, as a rale, large insects and the markings on the male are of a very

much deeper and more brilliant blue, often invisible except in certain lights,

The female is a rough mimic of Huplea core but may easily be distinguished by

its different flight, It is very fond of skulking in the grass and among snady

undergrowth, where, it is presumed, it lays its eggs. These IL have never

found ; but I have on two occasions discovered the caterpillars in a bed of

Pilea muscosa and violets, As on both occasiors the larve pupated immedi-

ately, 1 am unable to say for certain whether either of these are food-plants.®

The caterpillar is a stout cylindrical insect of a dark maroon colour, rather

more than an inch long, with rows of branched spines. The pupa is a dull

brown, the head and wing cases angular, the abdomen tubercular, the period

of pupation being eight days,

26. HyYPoLIMNAs MISIPPUS, Linnzeus.

Is as common as the last but appears somewhat later, Some males have a

curious habit of, as it were, taking possession of a bit of ground or a small

shrub, in the vicinity of which they will stay nearly all day if not

disturbed. I have often noticed one of these insects take up its quarters

on some favourite spot and stay there for hours, cccasionally dashing out at

any other butterfly intruding on its preserves. There are two forms of

female, the first, which is a close mimic of Danais chrysippus, being very

common, and the second, a mimic of Danais dorippus, rare, 1 have one

specimen intermediate between the two types in which the black apical

patch is present though somewhat suffused with tawny scales, while the

white band of Form I is replaced by an exactly similar tawny band, The

female has a habit of skulking along and settling on low grass and the

ground, which at once distinguishes it from its models,

27. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Lipneeus.,

This is essentially a cold weather insect, never appearing in the Luck-

now district before the end of September and remaining on the wing

till February or March. It is fairly common, the female, a rough mimic

of Danais genutia, much more so than the male. The caterpillar is

cylindrical, about 15” long, of a blackish purple colour, the spiracles being

outlined with reddish. The head is provided with four stout branched

spines ; each other segment has seven or eight longer but similar spines,

all more or less red. I have discovered it both among violets and on

Lobelias on which it feeds. The pupa is also a blackish purple marked

with greenish grey and metallic spots; head and wing cases angular,

abdominal segments spined. The period of pupation is from eight to

ten days.

* Note.—This season I again discovered a larva in a pot of violets; it is very probable

therefore, that this is a food-plant.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 487

28. SYMPHZEDRA NAIS, Forster,

Very rare. I have only taken one specimen—a male—in the course of

three years, and have not heard of any other instance of its occurrence in our

limits. My capture was made in March soit is apparently a cold weather

species,

29. HUTHALIA GARUDA, Moore,

Not common though it may occasionally be taken in August and Septem-

ber in Mango groves and round the Jack fruit tree (Artocarpus integrifolia).

T have noi seen the larva in Lucknow, but have reared it in other districts on

the mango,

Mr, de Nicéville records this butterfly from Fyzabad, I have not yet seen

‘it in the district and if it does occur it must be very rare.

31, PYRAMEIS CARDUI, Linneus,

The cosmopolitan “‘ Painted Lady” is common in Lucknow and all over

the plains of the United Provinces during thecold weather, In December and

January scores may be seen flitting about gardens and in any open ground.

32, CHARAXES FABIUS, Fabricius.

Is not uncommon from July to November and again in February and March.

Owing, however, to their predilection for the tops of trees, it is most difficult

to get specimens, The species is generally seen round tamarind trees, on

which the larva breeds ; but I have noticed that the butterflies have also a

partiality for the Shisham (Sissoo dalbergia),

FAMILY—LYCANID,

The Lycenide of the district number some twenty-eight species, nearly all

of the Lycena and Polyommaius groups. The Thecla group is represented

in two genera and the Deudoriaz in three ; the remaining groups not occurring

at all.

33, CHILADES LAIUS, Cramer,

This “blue” may be taken in Lucknow aud its vicinity almost throughout

. the year but is most commonfrom August to November. ‘The dry season

form with the dusky patch on the underside of the hindwing does not, as a

rule, appear till late in October, The species is especially partial to lime

gardens, and the larve may often be found on lime trees by watching the

attendant ants.

34, CHILADES TROCHILUS, Freyer.

This tiny butterfly swarms in grass lands all through the autumn and early

winter months, A single sweep of the net will often bring in a dozen insects.

35, ZIZERA MAHA, Kollar.

Very common from August to March and may always be taken among low

grass and weeds,

36, ZIZEBA CHANDALA, Moore,

This species, also recorded from Oudh, has been sunk by many later writers

as a synonym of Z, maha.

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Mr. de Niceville mentions Continental India as one of the localities in

which this Zizera occurs, I have not, however, been able to identify any of

the genus I have taken in the district as this species,

38, ZIZERA KARSANDRA, Moore,

I have netted what I take to be this species occasionally in October and

November,

39, ZIzERA GAIKA, Trimen.

Common in low grass after the rains and during the cold weather,

40, ZIzERA OTIS, Fabricius,

This, the Z. sangra of Moore, and the Z, indica of Murray, is, next to Z,

maha, the commonest Lucknow species, It occurs at the same time,

41, AZANUS UBALDUS, Cramer.

Fairly common from November to February, Does not appear during the

rains or early autumn.

42, AZANUS URANUS, Builer.

This species has been secorded from Fyzabad. J have not taken it

myself.

43, NACADUBA ARDATES, Moore.

Judging from Mr. de Niceville’s remarks on this species in his “ Butterflies

of India, &c.”, it should occur in our limits, I have, however, not seen it

yet,

44, JAMIDES BOCHUS, Cramer,

Also recorded as being found “throughout Continental and Peninsular

India”, but I have not so far come across it on the dry plains of the United

Provinces though it is not uncommon in the damper submontane tracts.

45, LAMPIDES ALIANUS, Fabricius,

The same remarks apply to this as to the preceding, I have not yet taken

it on the dry plains,

46, CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO, Fabricius,

Appears in great numbers between August and November, but is not often

taken during the other months. Is most common about open fields.

47. CATOCHRYSOPS PANDAVA, Horsfield,

Rather rare in the district. The females are, on the plains, taken oftener

than the males, the reverse being the case in the hills and submontane tracts.

Is a monsoon and early autumn butterfly.

48, CaTOCHRYSOPS CNEJUS, Fabricius.

Somewhat less frequently taken than C. strabo, and the female more often

than the male. Occurs during the rains.

49, TARUCUS THEOPHRASTUS, Fabricius.

Abundant all over the district in September and October, flying round

shrubs of Plumbago capensis, Further to the north-west in Rohilkhand it

often swarms among the low grass and flowering weeds on the Railway

embankments, being especially fond of a small yellow flower that grows in

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT, 489

profusion in the country bordering on the hills. Late in the evenings they

may be picked off these flowers in scores, having settled on them for the

night,

50. Tarucus pLinivs, Fabricius,

Is even more common than the preceding, It generally appears somewhat

later, seldom coming out before October though an occasional specimen may

sometimes be seen as early as August, What is apparently a second brood

appears in the spring, Like 7’, theophrastus, the species affects the flowers of

the Plumbago,

Recorded as being found all over India, but I have never observed the

species in or near Lucknow,

52, PoLyoMMATUs Baeticus, Linneus.

One of the most common Lycenide of the district, where it appears in

great numbers during the cold weather. In March and April 1901 the

swarms were almost remarkable, large flights passing every day north-

westwards. This emigration takes place every spring ; I have watched the

species in many parts of this and the adjcining districts always and every-

where hurrying away towards the hills.

53, APHNHUS VULCANUS, Fabricius.

Not by any means common in our limits, but may be taken sparingly in

the early spring. ‘he most likely spots to look for them are among the

flowers of the Calendula and similar Composite.

“54, APHNUS ICTIS, Hewitson,

Has been recorded from Fyzabad. Not yet taken by me,

55, APHNUS ELIMA, Moore,

This species is very much more frequently met with thaneither of the

preceding, though never exactly common, Generally flies about gardens of

annuals,

56, TAJURIA LONGINUS, Fabricius.

The female of this beautiful species is not uncommon in the autumn and

cold weather, but I have not once during the last three years and more

taken a male. Frequents gardens and parks where there are large trees.

57. TAaAsuria JBHANA, Moore.

Very muck less common than the preceding. I can only record one—a

male—taken in November.

-*58, DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS, Moore.

The general distribution of this species leads to the inference that it

would be found on the plains of Upper India, I have, however, not seen it

nor do I know of any definite record of its capture in the district. If it does

occur here it is extremely rare.

59. RAPALA SCHISTACEA, Moore,

Has been taken at Bareilly and possibly occurs sparingly in the winter and

early spring in the submontane and adjoining districts.

490 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

60, Rapaua orss#is, Hewitson.,

Decidedly rare, Only one female taken in Lucknow, in November.

61. RAPALA MELAMPUS, Cramer,

Ts not common but a few may generally be taken every winter. Is fond of

Chrysanthemum flowers on which I have taken nearly all my Lucknow

specimens,

62. ViIRACHOLA ISOCRATES, Fabricius.

I have one specimen which I doubtfully identify as this species, taken in

Lucknow in the early spring. It is unfortunately a broken and faded insect,

but agrees in outline and general colouration with the description given by

Mr. de Nicéville. The epecies should occur in Lucknow but is probably rare.*

FAMILY—PAPILIONIDA.

Sus-FAMILY—PIERIN &,

This sub-family is represented by sixteen species, most of which are very

numerous in individuals,

63, DeELIAs EUCHARIS, Drury,

Occurs more or less throughout the year, occasional specimens being

seen in the early mornings of even the hottest months of the year. It is

most common during the autumn and winter when scores may usually be seen

on the flowers of the Duranta or among the branches of high trees.

64. CATGPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer,

May almost be considered the most common Pierid of the district as it occurs

in great numbers right through the rains and well on into the cold weather.

The females vary greatly but are, asa rule easily distinguishable as one or

the other of two types. In the first or ordinary form the ground colour is a

distinct yellow, deepening towards the base, and the black marginal and

other markings are clearly defined and comparatively narrow, the underside

being like that of the male. The second and somewhat rarer type has a

ground colour of creamy white with very broad black apical and imarginal

markings, the exterior margins of both wings having a series of circular spots

somewhat more yellowish in tint than the ground colour, while the bases of the

wings are suffused with dusky. The underside hasa distinct pearly sheen with

hardly any traces of yellow. Both forms occur concurrently in Lucknow.

65, CATOPSILIA CATILLA, Cramer,

This, generally considered a dimorphic form of the last, is equally

abundant, The variety with the dark purplish blotches on the underside is

comparatively rare, but may sometimes be taken when the rains are well over,

66. . CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE, Linnzus.

Another very common species, occurring everywhere almost throughout the

year, but most frequently seen during the rains and cold weather. The female

is much more seldom met with than the male. The dryseason form, C. gnoma,

Fabricius, replaces the monsoon type, the true C, pyranthe about October.

* Note,—Since the above was written, I have (July) taken a female V, isocrates in ex-

cellent condition in Lucknow.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 491

67. TERIAS HECABE, Linneus,

By far the most common species of the genus, swarming in gardens

and grass lands from July to March, Almost every variation described by

Capt, Watson in his “ Notes on the Synonymy of Indian Pierine”’ (Bombay

Natural History Society Journal, Vol. VIIL., p. 509) as occurring in sub-group:

B of the 7. hecabe group may be taken in Lucknow, but I have so far made

no attempt to differentiate the series in my possession according to their

sub-specific names.

68, 'TERIAS LIBYTHEA, Fabricius,

The only other Terias I have found within our limits. Is scarce and I have

taken only one specimen at Bahramghat on the south bank of the Gogra River.

69, COoLIAS FIELDII, Menetries.

This butterfly may occasionally be taken in the winter, Is far more fre-

quently met with in the districts to the north-west ; while one February

I found it exceedingly common among low jungle and around hedges near

Goshainganj, a station some 130 miles south-east of Lucknow.

70. PIERIS CANIDIA, Sparrman.

This butterfly belongs rather to the hills and submontane districts and does:

not, as a rule, extend to the plains, I have, however, taken one—a somewhat

faded female—in Lucknow in April, and therefore include it in this list,

71, Preris BRASSICH, Linneus, ;

Very common all over the Lucknow and adjacent districts from Feb-

ruary to the middle of April, The larva feeds on cabbages and does great

damage ; and the butterfly may always be seen in numbers round cabbage

fields and in vegetable gardens, It does not, however, confine itself to them

but may be taken anywhere where there are flowers.

72. BELENOIS MESENTINA, Cramer,

Appears, somewhat sparingly at first, towards the end of the rains, but is

very abundant throughout the autumn and winter months. May be taken

anywhere and everywhere, The female is less common than the male,

73. HUPHINA PHRYNE, Fabricius,

Occurs at very much the same time and is as common as the preceding,

for which, while on the wing, it is apt to be taken. The depth of the mark-

ings, both on the upper and underside, vary greatly, passing from the

heavily marked upper and rich yellow underside of the monsoon specimens,

to the pale upper and very faintly tinted underside of the dry and cold.

weather insects,

74, Appias (Catophaga) PAULINA, Cramer.

I have only one specimen, taken in Lucknow in August and named for me

by Mr. de Nicéville, It differs from the usual descriptions of the species.

in having the apex, costa and exterior margin of the forewing broadly

marked with black, the black at the apex being broken by a transverse line

of three white spots, The butterfly is decidedly rare inthe district and

during three years’ collecting I have seen only this one specimen.

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

75. NEPHERONIA HIPPIA, Fabricius.

Occurs in the Lucknow district only during the early part of the cold

weather and is never very common, The female is comparatively rare,

76, IXIAS MARIANNE, Cramer,

Common in gardens and grass lands from September to November.

77, IXIAS PYRENE, Linneus,

The male of this species iscommon from September onward till the end

of the cold weather. I have not yet taken a female in the district.

78. 'TERACOLUS ETRIDA, Boisduval.

ts decidedly rare in Lucknow itself, where I have come across only one

or two specimens, When shooting in the Hardoi district—some seventy

miles out of Lucknow—I, however, saw swarms of this delicate little insect

flying about the wasteland and low jungle round jheels. It occurs in the

autumn and early part of the cold weather.

SuB-FaMILy-—PAPILIONINA,

The number of species of this sub-family obtainable in the plains of the

United Provinces is small, but individuals are, as a rule, very numerous,

79, PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHIA, Fabricius,

Common throughout the rains but not often seen at other seasons. The

caterpillar, which is more or less cylindrical, about 12” to 1%” long, of a

purplish brown colour with red processes, is found on the Aristolochia

indica and probably other Aristolochia.

80. PAPILIO ERITHONIUS, Cramer, fvel. P. demolzus, Linneus).

Exceedingly abundant and may be taken atany time of the year. It

especially frequents lime gardens, flying in and cut of the lime trees, on

which its well-known larva feeds,

81. PapiLio POLYTES, Linneus.

Common all over the district, especially around lime trees on which the

caterpillar (which is very like that of P. erithonius) feeds, The species is on

the wing throughout the rains and cold weather, the males as a rule, appearing

somewhat laterthan the females. Of the three forms of the latter, Type I,

which is like the male, does not apparently occur in the district ; at any rate I

have never seenit. 'I'ype II, which mimics P. aristolochie is common and the

only one generally taken; while Type III, mimicing P. hector, is very

rare, but as I have seen it on two occasions, apparently does occur, Its

appearance at all is rather surprising as its model is never, as far as I know,

found in Upper India,

62, PAaPpiio DISsIMILIs, Linneus.,

I have only seen two of this species in the plains of the United Provinces,

both in Lucknow in August. It is probably rare. The dimorphie form

P. panope, Linn, does not occur.

83, Papitio Nomius, Esper.

This butterfly is, as far as the United Provinces are concerned, practically

confined to the low foot hills and sal forests of the submontane districts

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE LUCKNOW DISTRICT. 493.

where it is common, As, however, I have taken one specimen—probably a.

wanderer from the hills—in Lucknow, [ include it in the list,

FAMILY—HESPERIDA;,

84, BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius,

Is not very common but I have taken a few specimens in August and Sep-

tember, Is generally found in the neighhourhood of Inga dulcis hedges.

Their rapid flight and habit of settling on dark leaves makes it an extremely

difficult butterfly to net,

85, PaRATA CHROMUS, Cramer,

This butterfly was very common in Lucknow during the latter part of the

rains of 1900, but though never rare I have not seen it in such numbers since,

May generally be taken on the flowers of the Duranta, for which it appears

to have a special liking, The next species * P, alexis, Fabricius, should also.

apparently occur in the United Provinces ; but except in size it differs very

little from P. chromus and I have not been able to identify it.

86, CHAPRA MATHIAS, Fabricius,

More or less common from July to February or March, Usually flits about

and settles on low shrubs in open gardens.

87, CHAPRA AGNA, Moore.

Watson considers this species doubtfully distinct from the preceding.

Specimens answering to the description in his “ Hesperide Indice” may

occasionally be taken.

88. SUASTUS GREMIUS, Fabricius.

By far the commonest “ skipper ” of the district where it is most abundant

from August to October, Like P. chromus,it is extremely fond of Duranta

flowers and may always be taken on them,

89, TrLicora samBusz, Moore,

Another very common species. Occurs during the rains.

90. PapRAONA DARA, Kollar.

Not taken as frequently as the preceding but is not rare, Appears, asa rule,

in July and August.

*91, TARACTROCERA MOEVIUS, Fabricius.

Has been recorded from North West India by Butler and from its gen-

eral distribution should occur» within our limits, I have, however, not yet

taken a specimen,

92. UDASPES FOLUS, Cramer.

This species is, as a rule, confined to the hills and the regions of heavy

rainfall, Its appearance inthe Lucknow district is therefore unusual, J

have seen only one specimen, taken in April,

93. HESPERIA GALBA, Fabricius,

A very common species all over the district. Occurs from June to February

and affects grass lands and low growing scrub and jungle,

494

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

SERIES II, PART VII.

By Sir G. F. Hampson, BARt,, F.Z.S., F.ES.

(Continued from page 219 of this Volume.)

Moths of India—5a,

HPIPLEMIDA.

30400. ErirpLema FuavistriaaA, Warr. Nov, Zool, VIII., p. 21.

Pale. brownish ochreous ; frons and palpi black ; wings irrorated with

dark scales. Forewing with curved brown postmedial line ending in three

black marks above inner margin ; two conjoined rufous lunulate patches on

outer margin at the excisions below apex, the lower large ; a cloudy fuscous

patch towards outer angle, Hindwing with tails at veins 6 and 4 ; a yellow

fascia in a fold from base through the cell to the postmedial me, met by an

oblique black striga from a spot at upper angle of cell ; the postmedial line

formed by two fine brown lines very strongly angled at vein 4, with a black

mark on its inner side at costa and others between the veins below the angle,

some leaden suffusion between the angle and a rufous marginal patch at

lower tail; a black marginal line between upper tail and the rufous patel

which has two black specks on it, the lower with whitish lunule round it.

Habitat.—Khasis. Exp, 30 mill.

3041c. EPIrLEMA DELICATULA, Warr. Nov. Zool, IV., p. 202. pl. 5., £. 7.

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen white, irrorated with dark brown ; vertex

of head pure white ; wings white, thickly irrorated and striated with dark

brown ; the veins finely streaked with brown. Forewing with an erect ante-

medial line from subcostal to inner margin ;a discocellular line ; an oblique

line from costa beyond middle to outer angle; a spot on margin between veins

6,7; the margin deeply crenulate from vein 4 to outer angle. Hindwing

with fine ante- and postmedial dark brown lines, oblique from costa to near

vein 2 where they are acutely angled ; a fine marginal line ; the margin

produced to prominent points at veins 2, 3, 4, 7.

Habitat.—Khisis. Exp, 26 mill,

3045a, EpipLeMA aTRiFascraTa, Warr. Nov. Zool. VI., p. 9.

Forewing with the termen very slightly excised above middle.

&. Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown ; frons black-brown, Fore-

wing grey-brown, with darker striz ; an indistinct antemedial line angled on

median nervure and oblique towards costa and inner margin ; the postmedial

line oblique and with a strong black shade on its inner side from costa to

vein 4, where it is obtusely angled and with some black suffusion on its inner

side on inner area; traces of a sinuous subterminal line and some dark

suffusion towards inner margin, Hindwing grey-brown with black strie ; a

‘-shaped mark at lower angle of cell with its lower arm whitish ; a broad

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 495

band of black suffusion before the whitish postmedial line which is angled

outwards at middle; some brown suffusion on terminal area ; a sinuous

_ subterminal line between the tails, intersected by a white streak at lower tail ;

a fine whitish line at base of cilia.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp, 24 mill.

3045b. EPIPLEMA RECTIMARGINATA, 0. sp. (pl. C., f. 27).

@. Purple-brown ; antennx ochreous, Forewing with the termen strongly

excised from apex to vein 3, where it is strongly angled ; the wing with a few

dark striz ; an indistinct olive-brown antemedial line angled inwards to costa ;

an almost straight subterminal olive-brown line with darker outer edge

slightly angled inwards to costa; an olive brown terminal line; cilia black at

base, grey at tips, except at apex and the angle. Hindwing with the termen

almost straight from apex to vein 3, then twice excised before tornus ;a few

dark strie ; an indistinct curved brown postmedial line with white points on

its inner edge on veins 2,3,4; an olive-brown terminal line; cilia black at

‘base, grey at tips.

Habitat—Kanara, Satara (Davidson), Exp. 26 mill, Type—In B. M.

3045c, EpripLEMA FALCATA, n, sp. (pl. C., f. 1).

&@. Forewing with the apex strongly produced and falcate ; hindwing

with the termen evenly rounded.

Head, thorax and abdomen dull chocolate brown ; the anal tuft whitish.

Forewing with the basal third dull chocolate brown ; the rest of wing pale

yellowish brown with fuscous strie ; an obscure dark discoidal spot, the

costal edge yellow brown ; a curved yellow-brown subterminal line, with the

area beyond it chocolate irrorated with white scales. Hindwing chocolates

brown, greyish towards costa, irrorated with dark scales; a yellowish patch

on middle of inner margin ; a yellowish postmedial line on inner half ; cilia

red-brown, the tips white.

Habitat,—Ceylon (Mackwood), Exp. 26 mill, Type—In B, M.

30516, EpreLema simptex, Warr, Nov. Zool. VI., p. 322.

Q. Grey-brown ; head dark-brown with the vertex and antenne white ;

wings with dark strie, Forewing with strongly curved medial brown line ;

the postmedial line slightly angled at veins 6 and 4 and oblique towards

costa and inner margin ; a subterminal lunulate brown mark above middle,

Hindwing with very oblique antemedial brown line from costa to vein 2,

where it is angled ; the postmedial line brown defined by white on outer side,

very oblique from costa to vein 3, then retracted to inner margin ; a black

point on termen at the lower tail ; a fine white line at base of cilia,

Habitat—Nilgiris, Exp. 30 mill,

3060a, ErrrpLeEMA HOLOSTICTA, n, sp. (pl. C., f. 19).

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen yellowish white, thickly irrorated with

brown and blackish; first segment of abdomen with blackish band, Forewing

white, thickly irrorated and blotched with reddish brown and blackish ; the

costa yellowish brown to the postmedial line ; the lines blackish on a yellow-

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOUIETY, Voi. XIV:

ish-brown ground, the antemedial sinuous, oblique, and much interrupted,

the postmedial excurved from costa to vein 3, then strongly incurved ; a

blackish point at lower angle of cell; the sub-terminal line black, dentate

arising from apex, then oblique to vein 5, then excurved to vein 2, Hind-

wing white, thickly striated and blotched with brown; a brown line on a

yellowish ground, oblique from middle of costa to vein 4, where it is:acutely

angled, then strongly incurved ; a black line on discocellulars with a brown

bar beyond it and a black and brown spot below end of cell ; a w-shaped

black subapical mark defined with white above ; a dentate black and white

subterminal line from vein 4 to near tornus with blackish before it beyond

the angle of postmedial line and brown beyond it.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Matale (Pole). Exp. 16 mill, Type—in B. M.

3061b, EPprirpLEMA NIVEA 0, sp. (pl. c., £. 10).

Q. Pure white ; palpi above, antennz towards tips and forelegs blackish.

Forewing with fine oblique fuscous ante-and postmedial lines; broader

oblique medial and subterminal fuscous lines on underside showing slightly

on upperside, the latter ending at tornus ; a fine line just inside termen from

vein 7to 3, Hindwing, with a fine line from below costa before middle

slightly incurved to vein 2 above tornus, then bent back to inner margin, a

more diffused line from vein 7 beyond middle to vein 3 near termen, where

it is angled, then running to tornus; a fine terminal black line from the

point at vein 7 to the point at vein 4; a bright yellow patch just inside the

termen above vein 3 and a black spot on termen,

Habitat——Tibet, Yatong 10,500’ (Hobson), Exp. 30 mill. Type—In B, M.

3067, EprpLema leucocera insert Krosia mutans, Bull, A. M. N. H.(5)

XIX, p. 484 (1887) which has precedence—Solomon Is.

3067a, DIRADES KOHISTARIA, Swinh., A, M,N. H. (7) 6, p. 307.

@. Differs from mutans in the postmedial line of forewing, being ex-

curved at vein 4 instead of dentate and with a black spot on its inner side.

Hindwing with the black marking replaced by brown; the inner area striated

with brown; the postmedial line excurved instead of angled at vein 4; the

subterminal line crenulate.

Habitat——Andamans, Port Blair ; Borneo, Sarawak. Exp. 24 mill,

GEOMETRIDA,

Boarmiane.

3102. MyrTETA SIMPLICIATA, insert var mediofusca. Warr, Nov. Zool.,

IV,p. 238; the area between the ante- and postmedial lines of both wings

almost entirely filled in by pale fuscous ; the submarginal line of forewing

obsolescent,

3108, BAPTA MYTYLATA, insert (syn), B, longipennis, Warr. Nov, Zool., IV.,

p. 237,

3109a, PLATYCEROTA OLIVATIA, 0, sp.

@. Olive grey-brown, Forewing with slight dark strie; especially on

costa ; an indistinct slightly waved antemedial olive-brown line and slightly

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 497

oblique straight postmedial line, the area between them sometimes suffused

with black ; a black discal point, a triangular fuscous shade on temaen below

apex. Hindwing with dark striz, especially on basal half ; a black discoidal

point ; an indistinct olive-brown medial line,

Habitat.—Palvis 7000’ (Campbell), Exp. 38 mill. Type—In B, M,

31i8a, CABERODES NANA Warr, Nov, Zool. IV., p, 239.

6. Head orange fulvous; shaft of antennz and a band between their bases

white ; thorax fuscous ; abdomen fulvous, dorsally suffused with fuscous; wings

orange fulvous, irrorated and suffused with fuscous, Forewing with the costa

white and with short white striz arising from it ; indistinct sinuous ante and

postmedial lines and a discoidal point, Hindwing with discoidal point

and indistinct sinuous, medial liae ; cilia of both wings yellow. Underside

orange,

Alabitat—Khasis, Exp, 24 mill.

31190, CasEeRopbEs BINoTATA, Warr. Nov. Zool, IV., p. 239.

Head and thorax dull rufous ; abdomen grey dorsally suffused with rufous.

Forewing grey irrorated with fuscous and suffused with rufous, deepest

towards medial part of costa and leaving the outer area clear ; triangular

yellowish-white medial and postmedial marks on cesta ; a dark marginal line,

Hindwing pale grey, the inner margin pale rufous with some fuscous specks ;

a discoidal point and traces of a postmedial line on inner area,

Habitat,—Khasis, Exp. ¢ 24, 2 30 mill.

3175a, ANONYCHIA TRIFASCIATA, D, Sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen grey irrorated witb brown ; palpi reddish-brown

at sides, Forewing grey irrorated with dark-brown; an oblique almost

straight antemedial reddish brown band; a small black discoidal spot;a

diffused medial brown line, slightly excurved below costa, then oblique and

with the area beyond it suffused with red-brown to the postmedial line

arising towards apex, defined with grey on outer side, slightly angled out-

wards above vein 6 and at vein 5, then strongly incurved ; an indistinct

diffused greyish subterminal line with dark brown beyond it on apical half;

a dark terminalline. Hindwing pale brownish grey ; the inner area with some

dark irroration; a postmedial line almost obsolete except towards inner

margin and incurved to costa; a dark terminal line; undezside strongiy

irrorated with dark brown, a small black discoidal spot, a series of dark striw

on the vein at postmedial line.

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), Exp. ¢ 38, Q 44 mill. Type—In B. M,

3177a. HETEROLOCHA OBLIQUARIA, 0. sp.

¢. Creamy white irrorated with small purplish red spots, Both wings

with oblique postmedial line, slightly excurved from costa to vein 4, then

incurved and with a pale reddish band on its outer edge, Underside yellow;

forewing with indistinct slightly curved antemedial purplish red line ; both

wings with discoidal spot, oblique pcstmedial band and shyht terminal

Jine.

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Habitat—Kashmir, Scinde Valley (Leech), Lap, 28 mill, Type—In B, M.

3178a, HETEROLOCHA RUBRIFUSA, 0, Sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen yellow slightly tinged or entirely suffused with

rufous, Forewing olive-yellow, the basal and terminal areas or the whole

wing irrorated and suffused with rufous; the basal area bounded by an

indistinct curved line ; a small discoidal spot sometimes with white centre ;

an obliquely sinuous Jine from apex to inner margin beyond middle

excurved at median nervules. Hindwing yellow, more or less prominently

irrorated and suffused with rufous ; an indistinct oblique line from near apex

to inner margin beyond middle.

Habitat.—Tibet, Chumbi Valley, Yatung (Hobson), zp, 38 mill. Type—

In B. M.

3180a. HETEROLOCHA DECOLORARIA, 0, Sp.

3g. Grey, tinged with ochreous and irrorated with Brown! Forewing with

indistinct slightly curved antemedial line ; a diffused oblique medial line ;

a discoidal striga ; the postmedial line indistinct, oblique from costa to vein

4, then incurved ;an indistinct waved subterminal line with dark points

on it towards costa. Hindwing with slight discoidal point and traces of

curved subterminal line,

Q. Forewing with diffused black on outer side of antemedial line and

inner side of postmedial line except at costa ; the discoidal point more dis-

tinct and no medial line ; a terminal series of points ; hindwing with

aiffased medial line except towards costa,

Habitat—Kashmir, Nubra (McArthur), Exp, 28 mill, Type—In B. M.

3181la. VENILIA RUMIFORMIS, n, sp. (pl. ©., f. 2).

Bright sulphur yellow ; palpi and frons at sides, antenne and shoulders

rufous, Forewing irrorated with a few dark scales ; the basal area rufous

except towards inner margin, its outer edges sinuous ; a large somewhat

tridentate rufous discoidal spot with white point on it ; an oblique sinuous

postmedial line bent outwards at vein 3, the area beyond it rufous except

towards apex. Hindwing usually with more or less prominent dark dis-

coidal point ; a slightly sinuous dark subterminal line recurved to costa and

inner margin and with the area beyond it rufous except towards apex,

Habitat,—Tibet, Chumbi Valley, Yatong (Hobson). Hap, 40 mill. Type—

ibn sys

3188a. LOoOXASFILATES SERIOPUNCTA, n, sp. (pl. C., f. 28).

Q. Pale ochreous irrorated with black-brown’'scales ; abdomen with lateral

series of biack points, Forewing with diffused nearly erect brownish ante-

medial line with series of blackish points on its outer edge; an obscure

discoidal spot ; a rather oblique brownish postmedial band with blackish line

and series of longitudinal strisxe on its inner edge, its outer edge waved ;

a diffused sinuous brown subterminal band with four black points on it

towards costa and two above inner margin, the points above and below vein

5 larger ; a terminal series of points. Hindwing paler with indistinct dis-

(to)

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 49

coidal spot and oblique postmedial line excurved below costa; traces of a

subterminal series of spots ;a terminal series of black points.

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson). Eap. 40 mill. Type—In B. M.

3186, STENORUMIA ABLUNATA (syn.) insert, Stenorumia kashmirica, Warr,

Nov. Zool, VI., p. 65.

3194a. CoRyMICA IMMACULATA. Warr, Nov. Zool, IV., p. 116.

4. Bright sulphur yellow ; palpi, frons, autenne and tegule rufous ;

vertex of head and base of antennx pure white ; wings irrorated with rufous,

Forewing with the basal half of costal area tinged with rufous ; the elip-

tical fovea very large ; a sinuous antemedial rufous line ;a black discoidal

speck ; a medial rufous line very strongly angled beyond cell and ending in

a small white spot on inner margin, two black points on costa towards apex ;

an oblique postmedial rufous line, sinuous towards inner margin. Hindwing

with black discoidal point, ante and postmwedial rufous lines bent imwards

to costa ; the termen rufous ; cilia of both wings rufous at base, whitish

at tips.

2. With the lines less distinct.

Habitat.—Sikhim ; Bhutdn, Ezp. g 30, Q 34-mill,

3199d. EURYTAPHRIA ViRIDULATA, Warr. Nov. Zool. IV., p. 259.

2. Dull green; head fuscous ; wings sparsely irrorated’ with brown.

Forewing with some dark strie on costa ; an obscure antemedial brown

line, slightly bent inwards to inner margin ; a discocellular point ; a postme-

dial brown line excurved below costa and incurved below vein 3 and with

brown spots beyond it between vein 4and inner margin, the two upper large,

then becoming points. Hindwing with discocellular point and sinuous.

fuscous medial line. Underside fuscous grey with discocellular points and

slightly curved postmedial line.

Habitat.—Khisis. Exp, 24 mill,

3202a. XENOGRAPHIA TeNUIS, Warr, Nov. Zool. IV,, p. 249.

©. Pale grey, thickly irrorated with dark brown, Fcrewing with dark.

point at base of median nervure ; an obscure curved antemedial line with

dark points at subcostal and median nervures and vein 1 ; an oblique post-

medial series of short black streaks on the veins connected by an obscure

diffused fuscous line ; traces of a submarginal series. of points with a.

v-shaped mark on it at vein 5 ; both wings with marginal series of points,

Habitat —Dalhousie, Punjab, Kup. 34 mill.

3204a, XENOGRAPHIA HETERA, n. sp. (pl, C., f. 11).

@. Antenne bipectinate with long branches, the apex simple.

Pale olive-yellow ; head and tegule dark olive-yellow ; antenna black ;

legs streaked with fuscous ; abdomen irrorated with brown, Forewing

slightly irrorated with black ; a rather indistinct antemedial line arising from

a triangular black spot on costa ; a black discoidal point ; a postmedial trian-

gular black spot on costa ; an oblique minutely waved dark line with grey-

ish spots. on it from. apex to middle of inncr margin, Hindwing more strongly

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

irrorated with fuscous; a black discoidal point ; a purplish postmedial

band diffused to apex and becoming blackish towards inner margin.

Habitat—Sikhim (Pilcher), Exp, 28 mill, Type—In B, M,

P. 190. Under Spinopsra insert (syns.) Plesiomorpha, Warr. Nov. Zool. V.,

p. 38 (1898), type—vulpecula, Warr, triaplecta, Warr. ; Nov. Zool, VI., p. 64

(1899), type—ferrifer2, Moore, and trotocraspeda, Warr. Noy. Zool, VI., p..66

(1898), type—divaricata, Moore.

3212b, SPILOPERA VULPECULA, Warr. Nov, Zool. V., p, 38.

&. Pale ferruginous ; patagia with fuscous band ; abdomen dorsally

strongly irrorated with black ; wings irrorated with black specks, especially

on basal half. Forewing greyish towards costa; a black discoidal point ;

traces of a crenulate subterminal line with series of black points on it,

Hindwing with black discoidal point ; cilia white at tips,

Forewing with vein 11 touching 12, then anastomosing with 10.

Hatitat-—Khdsis, Exp, 32 mill,

3217a, RHYNCHOBAPTA IRRORATA, 0. Sp,

Q. Dark brown irrorated with black scales. Forewing with traces of

slightly curved antemedial line ; both wings with black discoidal spot and

postmedial line with grey outer edge, straight and oblique on forewing,

slightly angled at vein 6 on hindwing and with diffused black sub-apical mark

beyond it on forewing ; hindwing with the: outer margin crenulate between

apex and angle.

Habitat —Nilgiris S. slopes (Lindsay), Gudalur (Cardew), Exp. 40 mill. ;

3230a. ZEHEBA KALUGA, Swinh, A, M.N. H. (7) 6, p. 308.

Q Forewing with the apex produced toa fine point, the termen dentate

below it but not excised.

Bright sulphur-yellow. Forewing slightly striated with rufous; an

oblique rufous line from apex to inner margin just beyond middle, the area

beyond it suffused with rufous except towards inner margin, where it is

striated. Hindwing slightly striated with rufous; an oblique rufous medial

line with some rufous on its outer edge ; cilia rufous,

Habitat—Jaintia Hills, Hap, 44 mill,

3242, MACARIA ATMALA, insert (syn.) 3205a, Spilopera subcinerea.

3247, MAcARIA EFFUSATA, insert (ab.) wniformis, Warr, Noy. Zool. VI., p.

355.

3961a. OXYMACARIA CEYLONICA, n. sp.

&. Pale ochreous strongly irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with olive-

brown subbasal line strongly bent inwards to costa and sinuous below the

cell; a similar medial line with dark points on discocellulars, median nervure

and veins 2 and 1; fine double postmedial line strongly angled at vein 6, then

sinuous and with large black patch on it between veins 3 and 5 ; an obscure

subterminal series of white points. Hindwing with oblique sinuous medial line

with black discoidal spot just beyond it; a fine double curved postmedial line ;

an obscure subterminal! series of white points,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 501

Habitat.—Ceylon, Pundaloya (Green). zp. 36. Type—In B. M.

in this genus vein 10 is free, 11 given off from 12.

32616, OXyMACARIA PECTINATA, n, sp. (pl. C., f. 33).

@. Antenne bipectinate with rather long branches,

Ochreous tinged with red-brown and irrorated with fuscous; tibise banded

with black at extremity, Forewing with indistinct antemedial, medial and

postmedial sinuous greyish lines incurved to costa, each with some minute

black points and the last with blackish spot on its outer edge between veins

3 and 5; a prominent slightly incurved olive-brown subterminal line with

white striz on its outer edge above and below vein 6; a terminal series

of black points. Hindwing paler with greyish antemedial and medial lines

obsolescent towards costa and the latter excurved at middle ; a more promi-

nent olive-brown subterminal line slightly angled inwards in discal fold,

then incurved and ending at tornus ; a terminal series of black points.

Habitat,—Palnis 7,900’(Campbell), Erp, 40 mill. Type—In B, M.

3278), Hyprpayra ptawa, Swinh, A, M,N. H. (7) 6, p, 398 (1900).

6. Purple-brown mixed with silvery-grey ; head rufous. Forewing with

numerous dark strie; a pale antemedial line oblique from costa to median

nervure, where itis angled, then incurved ; a black discoidal point; a pale

waved postmedial line incurved between veins 4 and 6; traces of a pale

curved subterminal line with some dark points on its outer edge towards

costa. Hindwing with pale antemedial line angled in submedian fold; a pale

waved postmedial line ; a pale terminal band ; cilia of both wings dark at

base, rufous at tips,

Habitat Assam, Jaintia Hills. Exp, 32 mill,

5282a, ANTHYPERYTHRA CALADSAOTA, N, sp,

Q. Orange-yellow; head and thorax tinged with brown; tegulx grey,

abdomen ochreous, dorsally irrorated with fuscons ; wings thick, irrorated

with reddish brown and fuscous spots, Forewing with the medial area less

spotted ; nearly straight whitish ante- and postmedial lines, the former indis-

tinct, the latter oblique ; a dark discoidal spot; the terminal area with the

ground color reddish-brown from apex to middle of inner margin, with large

fuscous blotches at apex and beyond middle of postmedial line. Hindwing

with nearly straight white medial line, the ground color beyond it wholly

reddish-brown,

Habitat.—Simla, 7,000’ (Pilcher), Ezp, 40 mill. Type—In BM.

3301la, FASCELLINA puNOTATA, Warr. Noy. Zool. Nerpesoe

g. Clive-green, Forewing with indistinct, slightly waved, oblique, ante-

medial, medial, and postmedial lines; a sinuous subterminal line strongly

excurved below costa and with greyish suffusion on its inner edge and beyond

it. Hindwing with indistinct oblique antemedial line and prominent straight

medial line with grey on its inner edge and beyond it. Underside yellow-

green ; with dull green striz ; forewing with white suffusion on basal half of

costal area, on outer edge of subterminal line, which is strongly produced

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

outwards below costa and has a yellow patch in its bend, and on terminai

area helow apex ; hindwing with straight medial and strongly curved post-

medial lines,

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp. 40 mill,

3312a. LEPTOMIZA RUFITINCTARIA, n. sp. (pl. C., f. 3).

Q. Palpishort, porrect, hairy ; forewing with vein 11 slightly anasto-

mosing with 12, Grey mixed with rufous; tibie and tarsi orazge-yellow

irrorated with black. Forewing more strongly tinged with rufous except on

terminal area, which is grey irrorated with fuscous; traces of curved rufous

antemedial and oblique postmedial lines. Hindwing silky grey tinged with

rufous ; a dark discoidal spot; traces of a curved postmedial line. Underside

of both wings with prominent dark discoidal spot and waved postmedial

line prominent on hindwing.

Habitat,—Simla, 7,000’ (Pilcher), Hap, 36 mill, Type—In B.M.

.3326@. GARmus FULVATUS, Warr. Nov. Zool. V., p. 40.

Q. Orange-fulvous irrorated with black; vertex of head and tegulw

purplish ; wings with fine strix. Forewing with rather indistinct antemedial

greyish-fuscous line oblique from costa to median nervure, where it is acutely

angled, then sinuous ; a discoidal spot with small obscure wedge-shaped

mark on costa above it; an oblique blackish line with grey line on its outer

edge from apex to inner margin beyond middle and with grey suffusion

beyond it on inner half. Hindwing with straight blackish medial line with

fine whitish line on it anda whitish discoidal bar before it ; the terminal

area with greyish suffusion ; cilia of both wings dark brown at tips. Under-

side suffused with dark brown.

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 42 will.

3357a. BisTON BURMAENSIS, n, sp.

&. White irrorated with black; palpi black above ; frons at sides and

above black ; tegule edged with brown ; fore femora above and tibix at base:

black, Forewing with black antemedial line slightly angled on median

nervure, then oblique and again angled on vein 1,a curved pale cinnamon-

brown band just before it; an indistinct waved cinnamon-brown medial

band ; a black postmedial line strongly produced outwards to a rounded tooth

on vein 5, then strongly incurved angled outwards in submedian fold, then

slightly inwards on vein 1; the subterminal line dentate, white, very in-

distinct, defined by a large, pale, cinnamon patch on its inner side on costal

area, diffused black marks before and beyond it at vein 5, a cinnamon patch

with some diffused black on it between veins 4 and 2, and a cinnamon line to

inner margin, the area beyond it tinged with cinnamon, some black strix

on termen, Hindwing with waved cinnamon medial line, outwardly oblique

below cell; a black postmedial line, obsolete towards costa and strongly

incurved below vein 4; an indistinct waved white subterminal line defined

by pale cinnamon patches on its inner side and black irroration on its outer ;

cilia of both wings pale cinnamon.

THH MOTHS OF INDIA, 503

Habitat—Burma, N. Khyen Hills (Watson). Exp. 60 mill. Type—In B. M.

3369a, GNOPHUS ORPHNINABIA, 0, sp.

Hind tibie of male dilated; forewing with veins 7,8, 9, 10 stalked,

10 anastomosing with 11 and then with 8, 9 to form a double areole.

Grey largely mixed with white ; palpi and sides of frons black, the

frons brown. Forewing with indistinct waved antemedial line; the medial

area tinged with ochreous; a grey discoidal lunule defined by a rather

diffused black annulus ; the postmedial line fuscous dentate and produced to

slight white points on the veins, excurved to vein 3, then incurved and with

grey suffusion between it and the irregularly waved whitish subterminal line

which is ineurved at vein 5, Hindwing with discoidal lunule defined by

fuscous ; a curved dentate postmedial line produced to slight white points on

the veins and a sinuous whitish subterminal line incurved at vein 5, The

underside of both wings suffused and striated with grey and with a distinct

white-defined postmedial line on forewing excurved from costa to vein

3, then incurved, on hindwing slightly angled outwards at veins 6 and 4.

Habitat.—Kashmir, Goorais Valley (Leech), Barra Larcha, Kokser

(McArthur), Emp. 44-48 mill. Type—In B, M.

3369b, GNOPHUS RUFITINCYARIA, 0. Sp.

Hind tibie of male not dilated ; forewing with veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked,

10 anastomosing with 11 and then with 8,9 to form a double areole, 11

anastomosing with 12,

Pale-brownish strongly irrorated with fuscous. Forewing with small

fuscous spot at base of cell ; an oblique antemedial bar from costa and points

on median nervure and vein 1; a grey discoidal lunule defined by a diffused

black annulus ; a postmedial series of short streaks on the veins, bent inwards

to costa and incurved below vein 4; an irregularly waved subterminal band

diffused and with some rufous suffusion on its inner side; cilia with series

of fuscous spots. Hindwing with fuscous discoidal spot ; a postmedial series

of short striz on the veins; a diffused waved subterminal line with some

rufous on its inner edge; cilia with series of fuscous spots, Underside

of both wings grey-white, discoidal spots and a subterminal band from cesta to

vein 5 and towards tornus, forewing with patch on termen below apex.

Habitat—Kashmir, Barra Larcha, Kokser (McArthur), Exp. 36-42 mill,

Type—In B, M.

33724, GNOPHUS STOLICZKARIA, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) i, p., 235 (1878).

@. Greyish-ochreous thickly irrorated with pzle reddish-brown; both

wings with obscure brown discoidal spot and traces of maculate postmedial

and subterminal lines ; a terminai series of dark striz,

Habitat—Yarkand. Ezp, 38 mill.

3377a, OPHTHALMODES STRIATIFERA, n, sp, (pl. C., f, 14).

Q. White suffused with pale red-brown; palpi, back of head, tips of

tegulw and outer edge of patagia black ; abdomen dorsally irrorated with

black and with slight segmental lines ; wings striated with pale red-brown and

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

irrorated with dark-brown scales, Forewing with some black streaks on edge

of costa ; a waved antemedial line expanding into a spot at costa and excurved

in and below cell ; a fuscous-edged reniform discoidal stigma; the postmedial

line expanding into a spot at costa, strongly excurved from costa to vein 3,

where it is joined by a second strongly excurved deutate line arising from costa

beyond it, below vein 3 incurved and dentate; a prominent black streak on

vein 4 from lower angle of cell to the subterminal line which is highly dentate,

curved and defined by whitish on outer side; a terminal series of black points,

those above veins 4, 5 developed into short streaks. Hindwing with oblique,

sinuous, antemedial line; a fuscous-edged discoidal annulus; an indistinct

dentate curved postmedial line with black striga at inner margin ; a slight-

ly dentate black subterminal line, angled at discal fold and defined by whitish

on outer side ; a terminal series of points, Underside grey ; both wings with

large black discoidal spot and diffused subterminal band, angled outwards to

termen at discal fold.

Habitat —Travancore, Trivandrum (Fergusson), EHzp, 70 mill, Type—In

B. M.

33784, OPHTHALMODES POLIARIA, Nn. sp.

Q. White thickly irrorated with fuscous ; palpi fuscous; abdomen with

paired dorsal fuscous points on fourth and fifth segments, Forewing with

traces of curved fuscous antemedial line ; a rounded discoidal spot with some

white scales at middle and spot above it on costa ; a highly dentate postmedial

line excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved to below end of cell; a

dentate white subterminal line with fuscous spots on itsinner side; the termen

tinged with fuscous and with terminal series of points. Hindwing with indis-

tinct diffused fuscous medial band ; a discoidal annulus ; a dentate postmedial

line excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved; a dentate somewhat

maculate subterminal line and a terminal series of points. Underside slightly

irrorated with fuscous, large blackish discoidal spots, the terminal area

brodly suffused with fuscous,

Habitat— Burma, Thayetmyo (Watson). zp. 48 mill, Type—In B. M.

P, 257, Under Boarmta, insert Hirasodes, Warr. Nov. Zool. VI., p. 51

(1899), Type—contubernalis, Moore,

Lophobates, Warr. Nov. Zool. VIL, p, 54 (1899). Type—ochreicostata,

Hmpsn.

Sysstema, Warr, Nov. Zool. VIL, p. 57 (1899). Type—semiciroulata, Moore.

3380a, BOARMIA CYCLOPHORA, Nn, sp.

g. Red-brown strongly irrorated with black; thorax suffused with black,

Forewing with reddish-brown ante- and postmedial lines, the former slightly

curved and defined with black on outer side, the latter sinuous and defined

with black on inner side ; the medial area suffused with black; a large

rounded ochreous spot on middle of termen traces of a blackish subterminal

line. Hindwing paler except towards tornus; traces of postmedial and

subterminal lines ; a fine crenulate black terminal line on both wings,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 505

Habiiat.—Sikhim 7,000’ (Pilcher), Exp. 44 mill. Type—In B, M.

3387a, BOARMIA SUBTOCHRACEA, 0, sp.

@. Head and thorax olive-brown mixed with black ; abdomen ochreous

irrorated with black and with black segmental lines ; wings ochreous suffused

with olive-green and irrerated with black, Forewing with curved black

antemedial line ; an oblique black discoidal bar with the medial black line

just beyond it, angled at vein 7, then oblique; the postmedial line punctiform

except towards inner margin, straight from costa to vein 5, then oblique

to near medial line, dentate on vein 1, a dentate grey subterminal line with

some black suffusion on its inner side; a terminal series of small dentate

black spots. Hindwing with oblique black subbasal line ; a discoidal point ;

the postmedial line punctiform except towards inner margin, excurved from

costa to vein 4, then strongly incurved ; a dentate grey subterminal line with

black suffusion on its inner side ;a terminal series of black points, Under-

side ochreous yellow irrorated with fuscous, the terminal area broadly

suffused with black, leaving ochreous patches on forewing at apex and middle

of termen and towards tornus of hindwing,

Habitat.—Nilgiris, 8. slopes 4000 (Cardew). Exp, 36 mill. Type—In B.M.

33976, BoaRMIA DISCISTIGMARIA, 0. sp.

@. Olive-brown irrorated with black, Forewing with diffused curyed

black antemedial band; a diffused discoidal spot; an indistinct dentate

postmedial line with points at the veins, oblique below vein 5 and with a

black mark on it and lunule beyond it between veins 3,4; traces of a

pale waved subterminal line with black points before it on each side of vein

5 and beyond it below costa; a terminal series of small black spots, Hind-

wing with indistinct antemedial line angled on median nervure ; traces of a

discoidal spot ; a curved postmedial series of black points on the veins with

lunule beyond it between veins 3 and 4; traces of a pale waved subterminal

live with obscure black points on its inner edge and more distinct spot above

vein 4; a terminal series of small black spots, Underside ochreous grey

irrorated with fuscous ; forewing with distinct large discoidal spot, hindwing

with indistinct spot; the terminal area suffused with fuscous, leaving some

grey on termen of hindwing.

Habitat.—Assam, Khasis. Exp, 40 mill. Type—In B. M.

3400a, BoarRMIA SERRATILINEA, insert (syn.) Scotopterye subnigrata,

Warr. Nov. Zool. VIII., p. 34,

3402a. BOoARMIA BISERRATA, n, sp, (pl, C., f. 20).

@. Antenne with two pairs of serrations from each joint ending in long

fascicles of cilia,

Grey-brown strongly irrorated with black; tarsi black with ochreous bands,

Forewing with indistinct curved dark antemedial line; some dark points

running obliquely from middle of costa to lower angle of cell; the post-

medial line represented .by some dark points from costa to vein 3, then

imcurved and better defined from submedian fold to inner margin; ap

506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

irregularly sinuous subterminal dark line defined by grey on outer side; a

terminal series of points, Hindwing with discoidal point, a slightly curved

postmedial line ; some dark subterminal spots and a terminal series of points.

Habvitat—Kulu (Pilcher), Eap,30 mill, Type—In B. M.

3410a. BOARMIA LONGIRAMARIA, 0, sp,

@. Head, thorax and abdomen grey irrorated with fuscous, Forewing

yellowish-white suffused with rufous and very strongly striated with black;

an ill-defined curved black antemedial line ; a black discoidal bar ; a diffused

black medial line with the area between it and the nearly straight postmedial

series of black points paler followed by rufous before the indistinct pale

waved subterminal line which has a series of maculate black marks on its

inner side ; a terminal series of small black lunules, Hindwing rufous striated

with fuscous; an indistinct antemedial straight line; a slight discoidal

striga; a straight postmedial punctiform line; a pale waved subterminal

line with maculate fuscous band on its inner side; a crenulate terminal

black line.

Q. Hindwing whitish, thickly mottled with fuscous, the markings almost

obsolete.

Forewing with veins 7, 8, 9 stalked ; antenne of male with the branches

very long, the apex simple,

Habitat—Sikhim. (Moller, Dudgeon). Hap. 48 mill, Type—In B.M.

3415a. BOoARMIA HEMIGLAUCARIA, 0. Sp.

@. Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous and grey, the last with the first

segment whitish and some dorsal.black spots ; wings grey striated with black

and with some olive-brown suffusion near the lines, Forewing with subbasal

black points on median nervure and vein 1, an indistinct waved antemedial

line angled just below median nervure ; the veins of mediai area, which is

much paler than the rest of wing, streaked with white with antemedial black

points on median nervure and vein 1 and medial and postmedial series on the

veins, the last on an indistinct dentate line followed by another dentate line

which is bent inwards below vein 5 ; a terminal series of black poinis. Hind-

wing with the basal half pale ; an antemedial line from cell to inner margin ;

a discoidal striga ; a curved postmedial series of dark points with an obscure

diffused line beyond it below vein 4; an obscure dentate subterminal jine

defined by white and with black point on it in discal fold; a crenulate

terminal line and series of black points. Underside of forewing with large

fuscous patches on apical area and on termen below middle,

Q. Darker, the wings more thickly and uniformly irrorated and striated

with black,

ab.1, Wings wholly irrorated and striated with black; the olive brown

suffusion more distributed and prominent,

Ab, 2. Wings with the black irroration and striation very thick and evenly

distributed ; the olive-brown tints slight and confined to the lines.

Forewing with veins 10, 11 shortly stalked, 11 anastomosing with 12.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 507

Habitat —Tibet, Yatong (Hobson) ; Bhutan (Dudgeon), Ezp, 46 mill.

3416a, BoaRMfa DELATINA, Swinh. A, M. N. H. (7) 6, p. 308 (1900).

2. Pale reddish-brown; forewing with indistinct brown antemedial line

excurved from costa to submedian fold, then oblique, and with black spot at

costa ; a curved slightly waved medial line with dark streaks on the veins 8

postmedial line incarved from costa to vein 6, then obliquely waved and

with dark streaks on the veins, Hindwing with nearly straight indistinct

medial line ; a curved postmedial iine produced to slight points at the veins,

Underside whitish ; both wings with oblique dark medial line; the

postmedial line excurved beyond cell and with dark streaks at the veins

the terminal area dark with pale patches at apex and middle,

Habitat.—Shan States, Koni, Exp, 46 mill,

3426a, BOARMIA EURYDISCARIA, 0, sp.

Head and thorax red-brown mixed with dark brown; tegule blackish at

tips ; abdomen greyish mixed with fuscous and with dorsal black

segmental lines, the anal tuft and ventral surface fuscous-yellow. Forewing

rufous irrorated and striated with black ; a black discoidal bar; a diffused

medial blackish band with waved outer edga, strongly incurved below

vein 2, the area beyond it pale yellowish, becoming rufous towards the

subterminal line which is indistinct, pale, crenulate, with a series of black

lunules on its inner side and diffused black marks between it and termen

below apex and vein 3; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing pale

yellowish irrorated with fuscous points ; a small discoidal spot and crenulate

terminal line; the underside with indistinct post medial series of points on

the veins,

Forewing with veins 7, 8, 9 stalked; antennz of male with the branches

long, the apex simple.

Habitat—Sikhim (Moller), Exp. 34 mill, Type—In B, M.

3431a, BOARMIA POLYSTICTA, 0. sp.

g. Yellowish white, strongly irrorated with black, the wings striated

and with groups of black scales. Forewing with indistinct antemedial line

with a black point on it in cell, bent inwards and more prominent at costa :

an indistinct sinuous medial line, with a spot on it below costa and small

triangular spot on costa; postmedial and subterminal spots on costa and

traces of a dentate subterminal line ; black patches on termen below apex

and middle and a terminal series of black points ; cilia chequered black and

white. Hindwing with terminal crenulate line ; a discoidal spot on under-

side,

Habitat——Ceylon, Maturata (Mackwood). Hap. 26 mill, Type—In B, M.

3434a, BOARMIA ARCEARIA, n. sp,

6. Antenne bipectinate to apex with moderate branches; forewing with

veins 7, 8,9, 10 stalked, 10 from beyond 7.

Grey mixed with reddish brown and irrorated with black. Forewing with

the antemedial line strongly bent outwards below costa, then very oblique to

508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

inner margin near base; aslight discoidal point ; an indistinct minutely dentate

postmedial line, angled at vein 5, then very oblique witha similar but stronger

line beyond it, becoming almost confluent with it towards inner margin, with

points at the veins and almost a spot at lower angle of cell, and with a similar

indistinct brown line beyond that from costa to vein 5, defining the inner

edge of the waved grey subtermixal line, then approximated to the postmedia]

line; a crenulate black terminal line, Hindwing with oblique diffused ante-

medial line; a slight discoidal point; a minutely dentate postmedial line

defined by grey on outer side, slightly excurved from costa to vein 4, then

incurved ; an indistinct waved grey subterminal line; a crenulate black

terminal line.

Habitat——Kashmir, Scinde Valley (Leech). Exp. 30 mill, Type—In B, M.

3442a. BoaRMIA PUNCTILINEARIA, Leech, A. M,N. H. (6) XIX,p. 426

(1897).

Forewing of male without fovea; veins 7,8, 9, stalked, 10 from cell,

11 anastomosing with 12 ; antennz bipectinate to apex ; mid tibie dilated

with fold and tuft.

Grey-brown thickly irrorated and striated with black. Forewing with waved

black antemedial line, angled outwards below costa and inwards on median

nervure and vein 1; a small eliptical discoidal annulus ; a highly dentate post-

medial line angled outwards at vein 6 and incurved between veins 3 and 1;

two dentate greyish subterminal lines, with some dark marks between them ;

a subterminal series of small black lunules. Hindwing with black discoidal

point ; a highly dentate postmedial line and two indistinct dentate grey sub-

terminal lines; a terminal series of small black lunules. Underside grey irro-

rated with fuscous: both wings with black discoidal point and dentate post-

medial line with the area beyond it dark.

Habitat,_W. China, Huang-mu-Chang 7000’; N.-W. Himalayas, Kulu.

Exp. 634, @ 40 mill.

3444a, BOARMIA OCHRICOSTATA, insert (syn.) Lophobates ochricostata,

Warr, Nov. Zool, VI., p. 54.

3458a. BOARMIA CUPRISCOTIA, 0. Sp.

Head and thorax dark-brown ; frons pale; abdomen whitish irrorated

with fuscous. Forewing cupreous-brown striated with dark-brown; an indis-

tinct dark antemedial line with dark points onthe veins and slightly angled

below costa and on median nervure ; a very prominent cell spot ; a slightly

crenulate postmedial line with dark points on the veins ;a subterminal greyish

line with series of nearly conjoined black spots on it, of which two above

vein 4 and two below 2 are larger ; a terminal series of black points. Hind-

wing grey with a yellowish tinge thickly mottled with fuscous and with dis-

coidal spot and curved postmedial line prominent on underside. Forewing

with vein 10 not anastomosing with 11.

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), Sikhim 12,000’ (Dudgeon), Exp, 3} 38,

9 42 mill.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 509

Genus PROMETOPIDIA, nov.

Prohoscis fully developed ; pulpi porrect, slender, hardly reaching as far as

the large conical frontal prominence ; antennze of male laminate ; legs slender ;

wings slender, Forewing with the termen

oblique ; vein 3 from close to angle of

cell; 5 from middle of discocellulars ;

7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from before upper

angle; 11 approximated to 12, then 10.

Hindwing with vein 3 from before angle

Prometopidia conisaria & }. of cell; 5 obsolescent from middle of

discocellulars ; 7 from before upper angle ; 8 approximated to cell to middle.

3463a, PROM ETORITR CONISARIA, 0D. Sp. :

Brownish-grey irrorated with brown; frontal prominence black; wings

irrorated with some large black scales. Forewing with waved blackish ante-

medial line ; a small discoidal tuft of black scales ; an oblique postmedial line

slightly dentate at the veins and incurved between veins 3 and 1; a termin-

al series of black points; the cilia intersected with white. Hindwing with

black discoidal point ; a slightly dentate postmedial line and traces of a sub-

termzinal line ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia whitish at base.

Hatitat,—Kashmir, Narkundah (McArthur), Exp. 30 mill. Type—In B.M.

3469a, MEDASINA NEPALENSIS, 0. sp.

Antenne of male with very long branches; hind tibise dilated with fold

and tuft,

6. Whitish strongly irrorated with red and dark-brown; palpi, frons

and branches of antenne dark-brown. Forewing with traces‘of diffused

antemedial line; a diffused discoidal spot ; an indistinct dentate postmedial

line; a highly crenulate whitish subterminal line defined on each side by

brown ; a terminal series of points, Hindwing with the basal area more

thickly irrorated with blackish ; a dark discoidal spot ; a dentate medial line

with obscure spot beyond it in discal fold; a crenulate whitish subterminal

line defined on each side by brown; a terminal series of points, Underside

white ; both wings with discoidal spot; forewing with the terminal area

suffused with fuscous except towards tornus, widely at costa and leaving a

whitish mark at apex ; hindwing with indistinct subterminal line,

Habitat—Nepal (Wright), Exp. 66 mill, Type—In B, M.

3497a. ARICHANNA PLAGIOGRAMMA, Nn. sp, (pl. C., f. s.).

White very slightly tinged with yellow; palpi, antenne, a band across

frons, tegule and tips of patagia black ; legs striated and abdomen banded

with black. Forewing with subbasal, two antemedial and a medial black line ;

a fascia from base just above median nervure to the double postmedial line,

of which the inner is excurved below costa and in submedian fold bent

inwards to join the medial line, the outer of the two lines crenulate and joined

by short streaks to the waved subterminal line, which is connected with the

terminal line by two patches above middle and one below it ; cilia chequered

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

black and white. Hindwing with subbasal line obsolescent towards costa ; a

slight discoidal mark; a medial line excurved beyond cell and ineurved

below it and connected by a streak on vein 4 with the subterminal line which

is angled outwards to the termen at vein 4 and connected with it by a diffused

patch at veins 2 and3, a crenulate terminal line ; cilia chequered with black,

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), Exp. 40 mill. Type—In B. M,

3509. Should stand as ErReEBoMORPHA ComposiTaTa, Wlk, XXIV.,1120

nec Guen,

Genus ABRAXESIS, nov.

Type.—A melaleucaria.

Palpi upturned not reaching vertex of head, the second joint fringed with

long hair, the third short and clothed with long hair ; antenne of male

bipectinate with short

branches dilated at ex-

tremity ; hind tibiz

with the medial spurs

absent. Forewing with

vein 3 from near angle

of cell; 5 from above.

angle of discocellulars ;

6 from upper angle ,

7,8, 9 stalked; 10, 11

from cell; no fovea, Hindwing with veins 3, 4 from angle of cell; 6

obsolete ; 6,7 stalked ; 8 approximate to cell for about half length of cell,

3510a. ABRAXESIS MELALEUCARIA, 0. Sp.

@ Head white ; palpi black ; the second joint fringed with white and black

hair ; sides of frons, antenne and a band between their bases black ; tegulee

white, black at base ; thorax black and white ; pectus white ; legs white, band-

ed with black; abdomen white with dorsal series of triangular black

patches excised in front except on subterminal segment, the patch on anal

segment almost linear. Forewing white with numerous black spots coalescing

in places into very irregular patches ; some forming a curved antemedial band

connected by a very irregular patch with an extremely irregular postmedial

band ; others forming a subterminal maculate band expanding as patches to

termen below apex and middle, Hindwing white ; a discoidal black spot ;

postmedial spots on veins 6,4, 2,1; a subterminal maculate band connected

in places with some spots on termen and with some black points near it,

Habitat,—Simla, 7,000' (Pilcher), Exp, 54 mill. Type—In B. M.

3516, ABRAXAS SYLVATA, insert (syn.) Abrawzas abrasata, Warr, Nov. Zool.

V., p. 246.

3528. ABRAXAS POLIARIA, insert (syn.) Abraxas fumicolor, Warr Nov. Zool.

V., p. 247. Melanic aberration with the abdomen

and wings entirely suffused with uniform dull

brown except at extreme base.

Abraxesis metaleucaria & +.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. Bit

8528a, ABRAXAS DIVERSICOLOR, Warr Noy. Zool. VIII, p. 198 (pl, C., f. 12).

&. Head, thorax and abdomen bright orange; palpi, a spot on frons,

antenne, patches on tegulx, patagia and mesothorax black ; pectus and legs

black, the cox orange, abdomen speckled with black, the ventral surface

mostly black, wings fuscous black, Forewing with fascia composed of

orange spots conjoined in places below costa and on median nervure and

some subterminal spots between costa and vein 5. Hindwing with fasciz of

yellowish-white partly-conjoined spots below costa and on median nervure

to beyond end of cell, followed by a few subterminal spots,

Habitat.—Cuddapah ; Palni Hills, 5,500’. ap. 54 mill,

ORTHOSTIXINA,

3589a, OZOLA LEPTOGONIA, 0. sp.

&@. Pale purplish-red-brown irrorated with fuscous, Forewing with indis-

tinct dark antemedia!l line angled below costa ; a discoidal point; a very

indistinct postmedial line excurved below costa, then incurved and again

excurved above inner margin with one or two slight points beyond the cell ;

some subterminal black points from costa to vein 5 with dark patch on termen

below apex ; a terminal series of points, Hindwing with obscure medial line

with discoidal black point just before it, the postmedial line arising from the

same point on costa excurved to vein 5, then straight ; a terminal series of

points,

@ Muck more strongly suffused with red-brown, especiallv on terminal half

of wings ; the fuscous irroration much stronger; both wings with more

distinct subterminal line,

Habitat—Ceylon Puttalam (Green), Exp, @ 26, 9 32 mill. Type—In B.M,

LARENTIANE,

35966. DysETHIA QUADRIPUNCTA, Warr, Nov. Zool. V., p, 21.

@ Yellow-brown irrorated with dark brown. Forewing with small trian-

gular blackish ante- and postmedial patches on costa and inner margin ; a dark

discoidal point and traces of a postmedial series of dark points. Hindwing

dull orange-yellow with traces of a pale curved postmedial line; a dark

point on inner margin towards tornus ; underside with dark discoidal point ;

a postmedial dark line obtusely angled at vein 4 and arising from a dark point

on costa,

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 32 mill.

36006. CRYPTOLOBA ETAINA, Swinh, A, M,N, H. (7) 6, p. 310,

&@ Purplish-grey ; head paler, Forewing with the costa striated with white

and black ; a fine antemedial outwardly oblique line angled outwards on

median nervure ; a similar postmedial waved line excurved at vein 5 ; a fine

dark terminal line, Hindwing with traces of curved postmedial line,

Habiiat—Khasis, Exp, 16 mill,

3600c. CRYPTOLOBA OLIVESCENS, 2. sp.

é Grey ; palpi and tegule olive-brown ; antenne fuscous, Forewing irro-

rated with fuscous ; some olive-green suffusion at base ; the whole area from

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

before middle to near termen suffused with olive-green except a large patch

on costa; a short oblique black bar from costa before middle and another

beyond middle with another below it between veins 3 and5, Hindwing paler

irrorated with fuscous ; traces of a curved postmedial line,

Habitat —Sikhim 7000’ (Pilcher), Eup, 24 mill. Type—In B, M.

3616a. EguBOLIA LEUCOCYPTA, 0, sp.

@ Head and thorax brown, largely mixed with white ; abdomen white

irrorated with brown. Forewing reddish brown, suffused in parts with

fuscous ; a very indistinct oblique whitish antemedial line from inner margin

to an obscure white streak, which extends from it to well beyond upper angle

of cell ; a prominent discoidal black point on a white spot ; a curved white

band traversed by a fuscous line from termen below apex to inner margin

beyond middle and witha subterminal whitish line from it to inner margin,

Hindwing whitish, slightly tinged with brown; a fine fuscous terminal

line,

Habitat,—Cuddapah, Horsleykhonda, 3—5000’ (W. H. Campbell). Exp. 30

mill. Type—In B, M.

3619a, ScOTOSIA MELANOPLAGIA, 0. sp.

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown, Forewing pale

reddish brown with numerous waved darker lines covering the greater part of

wing ; a black patch at base of costal area ; a medial black patch from costa

to just below origin of vein 3 with waved whitish edges and a figure of 8-

shaped mark with darker brown centre below it on inner area; the ante-

medial and postmedial lines more prominent, the former strongly excurved

at middle, the latter bent inwards below vein 4; the terminal area darker

red-brown wiih a waved white subterminal line with a pale patch on its inner

side at middle and a white spot on it above its termination at tornus ; a

black terminal line interrupted at the veins, Hindwing pale brown with

traces of discoidal point and crenulate postmedial line more distinct on un-

derside ; a waved white subterminal line and black terminal line interrupted

at the veins.

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Bingham); Sikhim (Dudgeon), Exp, 46 mill.

Type—in B. M.

3622a, PHIBALAPTERYX TERSATA, Schiff, Wien. Verz., p.109. Hiibn. Eur.

Schmett. Geom. f. 268.

Geometra testaceata, Hiibn, Hur. Schmett. Geom, f. 338,

Phibalapteryx tetricata, Guen, Ur, and Phal. IL, p. 433.

tersulata, Staud, Cat. Lep., p. 192.

tersata var chinensis, Leech, A. M, N. H. (6) XIX, p.

561 (1897).

Brownish grey, thickly irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen with whitish band

on 1st segment followed by a black line. Forewing with numerous minutely

waved oblique fuscous lines excurved below costa, of which the most distinct

is a subbasal line, an antemedial line with whitish band on its outer edge; a

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 513

medial line, a postmedial line angled at vein 6 and followed by a whitish

band with waved outer edge ; a white subterminal line, dentate from costa to

vein 3, then incurved ; a fine terminal black line interrupted by white points

at the veins. Hindwing with black discoidal point ; numerous minutely

waved oblique lines obsolescent on costal area, the most prominent being ante-

and postmedial lines ; terminal area rather browner with a white subterminal

line dentate between veins 7 and 3, then incurved ; a fine black terminal line

interrupted by white points at the veins.

Habitat,—Europe ; Central Asia; Amur; Japan; W. China, Chang-yang;

Kashmir, Kuijar, Kokser. Exp. 32 mill.

3625a, PHIBALAPTERYX OLIVATA, Warr. Noy. Zool. VIIL., p. 29.

Pale olive-green; tibie and tarsi streaked with fuscous ; abdomen with

dorsal brown points. Forewing with two subbasal and an antemedial indis-

tinct waved lines with blackish marks on them at costa; a prominent black

discocellular spot ; a postmedial series of black points on the veins excurved

between veins 7 and 4 and with blackish patch at costa ; a subterminal series

of small white spots with black points before and beyond them ; a terminal

black line ; cilia pale reddish, Hindwing with indistinct subbasal line; a

black discoidal point ; an indistinct medial line followed by a series of points

on the veins ; a subterminal series of small wedge-shaped white spots ; a

terminal black line, Underside of both wings dull pink with prominent

discoidal black spots; a postmedial line excurved below costa and indistinct

subterminal series of patches,

Habitat,—Sikhim 1800’ (Khisis), Exp. $ 34, 9 36 mill,

3626a, PHIBALAPTERYX INTERRUBRESCENS, 0. sp.

Grey-brown ; thorax mixed with black; abdomen with the basal and

terminal segments and ventral surface grey, Forewing with two minutely

waved subbasal black lines angled in cell, the latter followed by a dull red

band ; the medial area suffused with black, defined by diffused waved lines

with fine lines beyond them, its outer edge slightly angled at vein 6 and

atrongly at vein 4; a prominent black discoidal spot and two fine waved

medial lines; a dull red postmedial band; an indistinct waved subterminal

line, Hindwing with indistinct waved subbasal and antemedial lines and

discoidal spot ; an indistinct medial line followed by a prominent line angled

on veins 6 and 4; an indistinct crenulate subterminal line ; both wings with

prominent terminal series of black strigz.

The specimen from Dalhousie is more uniform red-brown.

The species has the characters of Section II, except that the mid tibiares

not dilated.

Habitat—Dalhousie; Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), Ezp, g 38, 2 42 mill,

Type—in B, M.

P, 349, Under Ciparta insert (syn.) Diactinia, Warr. Nov. Zool. V., p. 27

(1898),

3635. CIDARIA FULVIDORSATA, insert (syn.) 3655a..Cidaria subnescens,

514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

3641a. CIDARIA RAVARIA, Led, Verh, Zool, Bot. Wien 1853, p. 381, pl.6, f. 4.

Grey-white ; head, thorax and abdomen thickly irrorated with ochreous-

brown. Forewing grey-white thickly irrorated with ochreous-brown, leaving

waved white lines, two subbasal, two antemedial, and two postmedial, form-

ing bands with waved dark lines on them and one subterminal ; a terminal

series of pairs of black points on each side of the veins. Hindwing whitish,

suffused with brown towards termen; an indistinct curved dark postmedial

line and a waved white subterminal line; a terminal series of paired black

points on each side of the veins.

fMabitat.—C, Asia, Altai, Ala Tau ; Kashmir, Rala, Kokser. Kap, 44 mill.

3645, CIDARIA CATENARIA, insert (syn.) Epirrhoé clathrata, Warr, Nov.

Zool, VIIL., p. 27.

3647. CiDARIA AURATA, insert (syn.) Cidaria niveinotata, Warr. Nov. Zool,

VIII, p. 26.

3647a, CIDARIA DELETARIA, 0. Sp.

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen white tinged with dull rufous, the last

dorsally irrorated with black, Forewing pale ochreous, sparsely irrorated

with black ; the basal area pale dull rufous with curved outer edge; a dull

rufous medial band with minutely waved edges, the inner slightly angled at

median nervure, the outer angled outwards at veins 6 and 4, then incurved ;

traces of a subterminal line ; a semi-circular black irrorated dull rufous patch

on termen from below apex to above vein 4. Hindwing ochreous-white with

traces of medial line on inner area,

Habitat— Kashmir, Kokser (McArthur). Exp, 36 mill, Type—In B. M,

3647b, CIDARIA NIGRIFULVARIA, 0, Sp.

Q. Head and thorax whitish marked with black-brown; abdomen whitish,

the dorsal surface fulyous except at base and with black and white segmental

lines. Forewing fulvous ; a black-brown antemedial band edged by white

lines, the one on inner edge curved and slightly waved, the outer acutely angled

inwards on median nervure and less acutely on vein 1; a very irregular black-

brown medial band edged by dentate white lines, the one on inner edge very

acutely angled outwards in cell, the outer line angled outwards on veins 6 and

4, inwards in discal fold and retracted at vein 2 to below angle of cell; a white

edged black discoidal bar with two sinuous white lines beyond it, enclosing

a rather more fulvous tinged patch between costa and vein 4 ; an irregularly

dentate subterminal white line angled inwards in discal fold and incurved

below vein 2, the area beyond it suffused with black except above the oblique

waved streak which mects it from apex ; an indistinct sub-terminal white

annulus at vein 4 ; a terminal series of black and white strie-; cilia chequered

black-brown and white, Hindwing whitish irrorated with brown; an indis-

tinct waved postmedial line excurved at middie and with less irrorated band

on its outer edge; a fine terminal black line interrupted at the veins ; the

underside irrorated with black, a black discoidal spot, curved waved medial

and postmedial lines and traces of a subterminal series of small spot.

THE MOTHS Gi? INDIA. B15

Habitat —Kashmir, Rala (McArthur), Exp. 38 mill, Type—In B. M.

3669a. CIDARIA LEUCOGLYPHICA, Warr, Nov. Zool. V., p. 27.

©. Head whitish ; palpi brownish at sides, frons brownish at middle and

sides; thorax dark brown with two white stripes; legs banded with dark

brown ; abdomen whitish with subdorsal and lateral series of brown spots,

Forewing dark brown; a white antemedial line angled in submedian inter-

space ; a White streak in cell ; a short oblique white streak below origin of

vein 2; a rather eliptical white patch on costa beyond middle with two brown

spots on it, extending down to vein3 and witha yellowish white W-shaped

mark round its lower end, its arm extending to below costa ; a more rounded

white patch with brown spot on it on inner margin surrounded by a yellowish

hoop-shaped mark ; a postmedial line very strongly dentate except towards

costa connected with a curved white mark extending from apex to middle of

termen ; the area near tornus ferruginous with a round white spot above

vein 2 and oblique mark above tornus; a terminal white line ; cilia dark brown

with rufous line through them and white marks at apex and middle, Hind-

wing whitish with fuscous spot on discocellulars ; a curved fuscous line just

beyond the cell ending at a dark streak on median nervure ; the terminal area

irrorated with brown with a postmedial line of obscure fuscous spots, and

obscure spots on termen between veins 3 and 6; a terminal blackish line.

Underside with the dentate postmedial spots on both wings more prominent,

also the discoidal spot and curved line of hindwing,

Habitat—Khasis, Exp, 38 mill.

3662a, CIDARIA CYMATIA, n. sp. (pl, C., f, 29).

@. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey and red-brown. Forewing grey, the

basal area with ill-defined rufous bands defined by waved grey lines; a pale

orange-rufous subcostal streak ; a broad rufous medial band contracted at

middle with waved edges, two waved lines on it and a discoidal point, the

area beyond it pale rufous witha waved grey line; the sub-marginal area

with five highly crenulate blackish lines on a grey ground ; the marginal

area and cilia rufous. Hindwing fuscous, greyer towards margin, six waved

lines more distinct towards margin ; the margin and cilia rufous. Underside

of both wings with dark discoidal lunule and medial line angled beyond cell,

Habitat.—Sikhim 1,800’ (Dudgeon), zp. 40 mill. Type——tIn B, M.

36626, CIDARIA CERVA, 0. Sp.

Head and thorax black, the frons and collar mixed with grey ; pectus and

legs white and fuscous ; abdomen whitish. Forewing white ; a large diffused

pale fawn colored patch from near base to just before tornus extending nearly

up to costa and rounded above ; a black basal patch with oblique outer edge ;

a medial spot on costa and discoidal point; a patch on apical part of costa

irrorated with grey, traversed by a short white line and with a black point

below it. Hindwing white, slightly tinged with fawn colour ; an indistinct

fuscous sub-terminal line.

Habitat—Sikhim 2,700’ (Pilcher). Exp, 16 mill.

516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

3669a, CIDARIA BRUNNEARIA, Leech, A. M, N. H. (6) XIX, p, 553 (1897).

Red tish-brown ; thorax and sub-dorsal patches on abdomen blackish.

Forewing with an antemedial blackish band interrupted at median neryure

defined by grey lines, traversed by a brown line, and followed by a series of

black spots angled in cell ; a large quadrate black medial patch from costa to

vein 5 defined by grey lines and with brown lines on it forming a W-mark,

two similar elliptical spots below it and a quadrate patch on inner area,

the two former each with two brown lunules, the last with a conical mark ;

an obscure postmedial line angled at vein 4, then waved and followed by a

series Of lunules decreasing in size from costa to inner margin ; a large

terminal lunulate patch below apex with two small spots below its

extremity and a black terminal line. Hindwing with two indisticct pale

crenulate lines on outer area ; some dark strie# on outer part of inner margin

and on termen towards tornus, Underside with dark discal points ; forewing

with two waved medial lines; hindwing with medial, postmedial and sub-

terminal lines,

Habitat.—W, China, Pu-tsu-fong ; Sikhim. Exp, & 44, Q 50 mill.

3674a, CrpaRta DimrprARIA, Motsch, Bull. de I Acad., 1866, i., p. 197,

Xunthorhie castanea, Warr. Nov. Zool, VIIL, p. 30. +

Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey and rufous. Fore-

wing with five or six waved black lines on basal third; the base rufous

followed by a grey band with some rufous on inner side of one of the lines ;

the medial area rufous, its outer edge waved, angled outwards at middle, then

incurved, the band being more or less constricted at inner margin; two

waved lines on outer part of band, the one nearest base often connected with

the last antemedial line at places; a line beyond the band; a waved white

sub-terminal line on some rufous suffusion ; a series of black points on termen,

Hindwing white suffused with brown; some six waved lines, the medial

line angled outwards at middle ; a terminal punctiform line,

Habitat—Amur ; Japan; Kashmir, Goorais and Scinde Valleys. Exp, 32

mill.

36740, CIDARIA MICROGYNARIA, 0, gp.

& Grey-white strongly irrorated with fuscous brown, Forewing with

trisinuate brown subbasal line ; the antimedial line dentate, angled outwards

in cell and submedian fold and inwards on vein 1 ; two rather indistinct

minutely dentate medial lines, approximated below the cell, the outer angled

outwards beyond angles of cell and with a black discoidal striga between

them ; the postmedial dentate line angled outwards at veins 6 and 4, then

retracted to below angle of cell ; a dentate white subterminal line; a fine

dark terminal line, Hindwing brownish grey ; an indistinct curved postmedial

line and fine dark terminal line,

@ Smaller and rather greyer ; forewing with the apex more acute.

Habitat—Kashmir, Kokser, Dras, Goorais Valley (Leech, McArthur), Zp.

2 36-40, 9 28 mill, Type—In B, M.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 517

3704, LARENTIA AFFINIS, insert (syn.) Perizoma. constricta, Warr, Nov,

Zool, VIII, p. 28,

3715a, LARENTIA RECTIFASCIATA, 0, sp.

Head, thorax and forewing ochreous-white irrorated with black, sides

of palpi and frons black; abdomen with black dorsal crests, Forewing

ochreous irrorated with fuscous brown ; a nearly straight subbasal line ;

two antemedial lines slightly angled outwards in cell; a double slightly

sinuous medial line angled outwards below costa and with the black dis-

coidal striga placed onthem, the area between it and the similar double

postmedial line more tinged with brown; a similar double line before the

terminal area which is suffused with brown and witha sinuous white sub-

terminal line ; cilia with a dark line through them. MHindwing ochreous-

white ; a discoidal point; a nearly straight postmedial line ; the terminal

area suffused with fuscous and with traces of a maculate whitish subter-

minal line ; cilia with a dark line through them.

Habitat.—Sikhim (Pilcher). zp. 20 mill. Type—In B. M.

3721a, LARENTIA SUBVIRIDIS, 0. Sp.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black variegated with white. Forewing black-

brown irrorated with white ; broad ante and postmedial green bands defined

by crenulate punctiform white lines; a prominent discoidal black striga on a

greenish patch ; a subterminal series of white points, the postmedial green

band diffused to termen below apex and at middle; cilia chequered black and

white, Hindwing white suffused with fuscous; a black discoidal point ;

traces of a crenulate postmedial line with whitish band on its outer side;

a fine terminal dark line ; cilia chequered black and white,

Habitat——Tibet, Yatong (Hobson). Lzp. 26 mill. Type—In B, M,

3722a. LaARENTIA POLIOTARIA, 2. sp,

Head, thorax and abdomen black mixed with white, thea last with whitish

segmental lines, Forewing grey sometimes tinged with ochreous or pale

fulvous in places ; the basal area with some five ill-defined waved dark lines ;

a dark discoidal point ; an indistinct dentate postmedial line with grey band

beyond it on which is a series of black points on the veins; a dentate grey

subterminal line with black suffusion on its inner edge ; a terminal series of

pairs of black points on each side of the veins, Hindwing white slightly

irrorated with fuscous, especially towards inner margin and termen; an in-

distinct curved subterminal line ; a terminal punctiform line; the underside

with discoidal point and indistinct curyed postmedial line,

Habitat——Kashmir, Kokser (McArthur, Thompson) ; Chobia (Harford),

Exp. 30-38 mill. Type—In B, M,

3724, LARENTIA TRUNCATA, insert (syn.) Polyphasia dentifera, Warr. Nov.

Zool, IIT., p. 387.

3724b, LARENTIA FULVIPENNIS, n, sp.

& Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown mixed with grey. Forewing grey

irrorated and suffused with dark brown; an antemedial rufous band some-

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

what constricted in submedian fold and edged by waved grey and dark lines ;

the medial area with dark discoidal point and with two waved dark lines,

the inner angled outwards in cell and submedian fold, the outer oblique from

costa to vein 4, where it is acutely angled, then retracted ; a dark postmedial

line with blackish suffusion before it between costa and vein 4, oblique from

costa to vein 4, but angled inwards at vein 6, below vein 4 cblique and highly

dentate to vein 2, then erect and slightly dentate, and with a grey then

rufous band beyond it; a more or less indistinct dentate grey subterminal

line. Hindwing bright ferruginous with the basal half tinged with dark

brown, the underside with discoidal point and medial line angled outwards

at vein 4; a fine, dark terminal line.

medial line towards costa,

Habitat——Kashmir, Goorais Valley (Leech, Thompson), ‘ Zzp, 40 mill,

Type—in B. M. ;

3735u. PHOTOCOTOSIA CHLOROCHROTA, n, sp, (pl. C., f. 21).

Head, thorax and abdomen black-brown irrorated with grey, Forewing

black-brown irrorated with grey-green; waved subbasal, antemedial and

postmedial dark lines with grey-green suffusion between the two former and

beyond the last from costa to vein 5, some indistinct waved lines on medial

area and a grey-green patch below costa; an indistinct waved line beyond

the postmedial line and three slight whitish strige below costa towards apex ;

a terminal series of black strige. Hindwing fuscous brown; ithe costal area

white, in male extending to vein 4 beyond the cell; traces of a discoidal spot

and postmedial line angled on vein 4.

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson). Kap, & 48, 9 54 mill. Type—InB. M.

3747a, POMASIA SPARSATA, 0, sp. (pl. C., £. 17).

& Dark-brown ; palpi whitish at extremity of second and third joints; frons

banded with whitish ; tegule and patagia edged with whitish ; tarsi yellowish;

abdomen with yellowish segmenial rings. Forewing with five cr six irregu-

larly waved whitish lines on basal half becoming yellowish at costa; the

terminal half with six waved series of spots which are whitish except the

yellowish subterminal series ; cilia yellow intersected with brown, Hindwing

with three waved whitish lines on basal half, the terminal half with four

waved series of spots ; cilia yellow intersected with brown.

Habitat,—Travancore, Cardamom Hills, Udumashola 3000’ (Brodie), Hzp.

26 mill.

3748a, PoMASIA NEXILINEA, Warr. Nov. Zool. V., p. 26.

Q Pale-brown. Forewing with fine brown subbasal line edged by strong-

er white lines, some grey and dark-brown scaling in cell and two whitish

strige forming an inverted 'y,, the outer arm being continued te inner margin

as a curved line with an irregularly dentate brown medial line just beyond

it; the median nervure and veins beyond the cell prominently streaked with

white ; a postmedial line acutely angled outwards on vein 7 and less acutely

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 519

inwards on vein 5 and outwards on vein 3, then oblique and minutely waved ;

a white subterminal line nearly straight from costa to vein 3 where it is

obtusely angled with an irregularly sinuous brown line before it and brown

marks beyond it below apex and below veins 4 and 2; two fine white lines

just inside termen and one on termen ; some brown sirie on cilia. Hindwing

with some brown marks on inner margin and two obscure grey subterminal

lines,

Habitat —Khasis ;S. E. Borneo, L£zp, 24 mill,

520

LES FORMICIDES DE L7EMPIRE DES INDES

ET DE CEYLAN.

Par Aveuste Foret.

Parr IX,

(Continued from page 477—Vol, XIII.)

5e Sous Famille: MYRMICIN®.

TABLEAU DES GENRES.

Epistome ne se prolongeant pas en arriere entre les arétes:

frontales: celles-ci tres rapprochées lurve de Jlautre ;

antennes de 12 articles (tribu des PSEUDOMYRMII)....-2000... 2

Epistome presque toujours prolongé entre les arétes frontales

qui sont plus on moins écartées; dans le cas contraire,

antennes de 11 articles ..... Sangseccbccacnsorsnossho0 a5 46200 copecanco, a

Epistome descendant brusquement en avant, ou comme

infléchi ou subtronqué, ordinairement muni de dents au

niveau de cette inflexion ; rarement en pente uniforme et

fortement échancré au bord antérieur (espéces d’Afrique,

Asie €b Oceanic) <c.--csccsces-ccocceccocracsesvaucesscsencransees== Sima—Rog.

Antennes de 7 articles, sans massue distincte (de 13 chez

les #) ; les arétes frontales sont, comme d’habitude, éloi-

gnées des bords latéraux de la téte; corselet epineux

(tribu des MYRMICARII) -ccccssecsocvees+osoescores +s Myrmicarii—Saund,

Antennes autrement conformées (lorsqu’elles sont de 7 arti-

cles, le dernier est renflé ou fait partie d’une massue

différenciée, ou bien le scape peut rentrer dans un profond

scrobe, ou le corselet n’a pas d’épines) .........+ epccspbasennoncnD GS

Fossette antennaire ou scrobe placée aux cotés de la téte;

V’aréte qui forme son bord dorsal (et qui ne correspond pas

a laréte frontale des autres Fourmis) passe en dehors de

Yoeil ; angles postérieurs de la téte pointus ou prolongés

ou dentelés ; antennes de 11 articles dans tous les sexes

(tribu des CATAULACIT) ....00.-.006 sovecereene en-ee.e- -Cataulacus—F’, Sm,

Autre conformation ...resce:.-..0cseesseeeeees Spononscos0ns ecrceneeeed |

Pedicule del’abdomenarticulé 4 la surface dorsale du segment

suivant (tribu des CREMATOGASTRII) .........Crematogaster—Lund,

Pédicule inseré 4 ’extrémité antérieure du segment suivant... 6

Téte cordiforme, échancrée derriere, avec les angles postéri-

eurs fortement arrondis et dépourvus d’epines; dernier

article des antennes beaucoup plus grand que le précédent

(tribu des Dacerm) ; antennes de 6 articles......Sirumigenys—F. Sm:

Téte autrement conformée......... Sense cine Suususclesceaeenean es aseemeete 7

Massue des antennes de 2. artieles, le dernier notablement

plus grand que l'autre (tribu des SOLENOPSIDIT) .......-.+++ 8

Massue des antennes autrement conformée ou indistincte ... 12

LES FORMICIDES DE L'EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 52i

8, Antennes de 9 articles (de 10 chez la 9 et de 13 chez le gf);

11,

12,

13.

14,

i6,

17.

18,

19,

pas de dimorphisme des neutres ....0..+ss00-+-....--Carebara—Westw.

Antennes de 9 articles chez les Q@ qui sont trés dimorphes

ove ccesaesvcn nes eess ce svecseseccoresecsscoe.ceesen,sebooeces see QLIgomyrmer— Mayr,

Antennes de 10 ow 11 articles .......0....ccessoccscevsecnscssascese cog)

Antennes de 10 articles....00...r0a--sssoresseoccesecrecrccccessersssneres 1.0

Ambenties@ecll- articles:-ccsccssseatiees-ccsscsevevcosssssceseGiedeescerces, LL

Dimorphisme des neutres ordinairement peu marqué, ou,

dans le cas contraire, la téte des Q major subcarrée ou

plus large que longue (antennes de 10 4 11 articles chez

MANO) arddsadsscccctseravecwccudeevssscercareases. veovses eo -e0lEnopsis Westw,

Tibias postérieurs munis d’éperons ; neutre fortement di-

MOTPNES, cerccceersscceccoccccecsecccescsercseecssceeseeel Heidologeton—F, Sm,

Fossettes antennaires profondes, capables de contenir tout

le scape at placeés le long des cétés de la téte..... ......... 13

Fossettes antennaires moins profondes ou autrement placées, 14

Antennes de 9 articles (de 13 chez les @); mésonotum 4

bord postérieur tranchant et ordinairement armé 4d’épi-

MOH scoteesssarecscerceses Scnooccasanopdon6 eveecscsoesee oe Meranoplus—F, Sm.

Poils dressés du corps trifides ...,...0010+.-s0001 riglyphothriz—For,

POils*MOW Tes... cversasseececccoesceswcovcsceceecens ater cadens 15

Bord postérieur de l’épistome relevé en aréte tranchante

qui borde en avant la fossette antennaire ..........000ceec002 16

Bord postérieur del’épistome ne formant pas d’aréte ....... oo AY)

La partie de ’épistome qui se trouve en avant de l’insertion

des antennes est étroite, mais non réduite 4 une simple

aréte (antennes des & de 10 articles) (forment, avec les

4 genres précédents, la tribu des TETRAMORII) ......... See f

La partie de l’épistome qui se trouve en avant de J inser-

tion des antennes est réduite & une aréte tranchante

(antennes du Y de 13 articles)... .00........0--0-- coc costed seovee 18

Antennes de 12 articles.......... vercasepecesercos.e. LECrAaMorium—Mayr,

Antennes de 11 articles .....sscorseccerceseoesveees- -Atphomyrmex— For,

Antennes de 12 articles ; dimorphisme des neutres trés mar-

qué ; soldats 4 téte énorme ; sculpture comme chez Pristo-

MYTMEL coarscrcerecccrececceccececrecsevececsess eee ACanthomyrmex—Hmery.

Antennes de 11 articles, pas de dimorphisme remarquable... 19

Epistome a bord crénelé ; la sculpture du corps consiste en

de gros points ou fossettes, quelquefois plus on moins con-

fluents ; ler segment du pédicule allongé et pétiolé en

BVANG i esscsucs csoscaceescScecareecenmot ston caveseses Pristomyrmex—Mayr,

Epistome nen crénelé, 4 2 dents plus ou moins marquées;

sculpture consistant en sillons plus ou moins réguliers ;

Jer gegment du pédicule court, non-pétiolé...Myrmecina—Curt,

522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

20. Pas d’yeux .....,--.s0000- ae ar eshmeteece cneetanr cores ooee--Léomyr mex —Mayr.

Dés yeux, parfois petits, mais bien distincts......... ssc. 21

21, Antennes de 11 articles sauf chea Leptothorax et Monomo-

rium ou elles en ont 11 ou 12........... apodconnnen peaveesects erry

Antennes de 12 articles......... SCOOCCSASCOLOCCHORDAR EEC AIOMIAEIID 242)

22. Corselet et pédicule sans aucun vestige de dents ou d’épi-

nes ; pronotum jamais anguleuXx...........0-06 sacusrseampeeeean 23

Métanotum presque toujours muni de dents ou d’epines;

lorsqu’ elles font défaut, le pronotum a des épaules angu-

leuses ou la téte et les mandibules ont une conformation

QTAMIVOTE sesreerceresseesecseerceseerees Ba Seana seer Epcapeee et seeee on nee

23. Epistome bidenté en avant et bicaréné, Tétes et mandibules

sans conformation YraMIVOLE soc....sercesceens Monomorium— Mayr.

Epistome INETME ccosec-screcccereccceseesrereccoeseesen V OLLenhovia— Mayr.

24. Dos ducorselet profondement impressionné a la suture

mEsometanotale..... .....csceceaceccveees secsseseeLophomyrmec— Hmery.

Dos du corselet peu on point impressiOnné,...cecesrcorsereeserree 20

25. Neutres fortement dimorphes; tégument luisant ; ler ‘seg-

ment du pédicule pétiolé .......... vecsoeseeessoeeee Machomyrma— For,

Neutres non dimorphes; corps en partie sculpte ; poils

claves ....0+. eestoeee coodeSoodencOse ana BSOCe: sesrreceeree Leptothorax— Mayr.

Neutres non dimorphes, Poils non clavés. Noeuds du pedi-

cule plus ou moins squamiformes (€pais)..Séercomyrmea— Emery,

26, Neutres dimorphes, pas de formes intermédiaires entre les

soldats 4 grosse téte et les ouvrieres. Antennes 4 massue de

3 articles, plus longue que le reste du funicule (de 4 articles

chez Ph, Smythiesii For); aiguillon tres faible... Pheidole—Westw.

Neutres monomorphes ou dimorphes, dans ce cas, les formes

extrémes sont relicées par des intermédiaires et la massue

est ordinairement indistincte ou plus courte que le reste

CuiehuMUCHle ss csve cone sac nc-secccucscsesateeiocetetsnosnc cnearty emceecl emma

27. es 3 derniers articles des antennes sout bien plus courts

que le reste du funicule et ne forment pas de massue bien

GUSTIN CTO) aeseccs- erases BERE nc aeconaccandaannoused peonedeesuusesenoussnrns 28

Les 3 derniers articles des antennes forment ensemble une

massue environ aussi longue que le reste du funicule ...... 30

28. Eperons postérieurs pectinés ......... eccocccveccveeree Myrmica—Latr.

Eperons postérieurs Ae ou nuls...... Scab cadeckecccasupmeccessyece

29. Epistome Reims ICLEMIU Stscaccsnctacavesnsecceer BS eae Svat,

Epistome bidenté ...... peaaceneeees peck ccsecseecct Holcomyrmex—Mayr.

30, L’abdomen, vu de cété, paratt triangulaire, langle antérieur

attaché au pédicule; épines du métanotum recourbées en

VEIL tecoon00G.ca eesapaancaceaDeS Fenasoeced subemtel veel Tigonogaster—F or.

ANTE) COMLOTMAON sccqcessacuperanertedecscreurccss secterdeneecuteuweneinne

LES FORMICIDES DE L?EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 523

31. Pas de poils dressés ; ler segment du pédicule pétiolé, avec

un noeud arrondi; 2e segment ordinairement fort large

Cardiocondyla—Emery.

Genre PHEIDOLE, Westw.

Tableau analytique des soldats.

Massue des antennes de trois articles subégaux ......... Lanenen Fa §

Massue des antennes de quatre articles subégaux. Polymor-

phe, passant 4 louvriére par diverses transitions, Pas

trace de scrobe ; téte énorme, rétrécie devant, Pronotum

sans tubercules, Un bourrelet transversal au mésonotum,

Epines robustes, triangulaires, assez courtes, Second

noeud du pédicule trois fois large comme le ler, a cétés

en angles obtus et arrondis, Téte mate, finement réti-

culée, et ridée en long, luisante devant, Mandibules

striées et ponctuées, Pédicule et métathorax plus ou

méins réeticulés ou ridés, Le reste luisant avec de gros

points piligéres, Abondamment hérissée de poils. assez

courts, d’un roux jaundtre. D’un brun roussdtre. Tibias,

tarses et funicules roussdtres. Premier article du pédicule

inerme en dessous, L, 6 4 8, 8 mill ............ Ph. Smythiesii, n. sp.

(Ceratophecdole).

1, Le premier article du pédicule porte en dessous un appendice

rectangulaire comprimé, long et transparent, dirigé en

avant en bas, plus long ou aussilong que la hauteur du

reste de larticle, Ce dernier est rectangulaire (vu de

dessus), plus large ou au moins aussi large que long, avec

le bord lateral translucide, les angles antérieurs sub-den-

tiformes Gu dentiformes et le noeud cundiforme 4 bord

supérieur tranchant et échancré, Le mésonotum a un

sillon profond et un fort bourrelet transversal derriére,

Epistome échancré et caréné, Second article du pédicule

tres large, avec les cétés arrondis et munis d’un bord. un

peu translucide, auf chez. la Ph, Naoroji les scapes sont

COURS econ srccmc-nesess AF EOC OREO AC HOCE eR COS OD ndSHeBAn Hoceaoscosaoute Sp0n6 2

Le premier erticle du pédicule @ en dessous un lobe opaque

ou un appendice translucide plus court que la hauteur du

reste de l’article. Du reste mémes caractéres mais le sillon

mésonotal en général moins profond et le ler article du

pédicule souvent plus allongé, Espéces poilues 4 forte

sculpture SG VEGOT lo FEEoeeeeG POOSCSSHOOR CS SHOSSHHAHSSHSETCOHEPFGCF9°%0 Be eeaqveeree 7.

Premier article du pédicule sans trace de lobe ni

Cap PeNGCeieececeseascsccesesteees SEC SCLLECE EES anocEnocooceancodaces) | at)

2, Tout le corps trés lisse et trés luisant, saufle front et les

joues qui sont longitudinalement striés, Téte rétrécie de-.

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

vant, yeux au tiers antérieur. Pas de scrobe, mais une large

impression pour l’extrémité du scave qui n’est pas at-

teinte par les arétes frontales et qui est aussi distante

de I’ angle occipital que de l’origine de Vantenne. Deux

larges tubercules au pronotum, Epines tres courtes,

presque dentiformes. Second noeud du pédicule transversal,

trois fois plus large que long. Abdomen tronqué 4 la base,

avec de gros points effacés, Pilosité dressée nulle. Pub-

escence diluée, D’un brun roussdtre ou d’un roux plus

clair. Pattes et antennes jaunatres ; thorax souvent plus

clair, L, 4,3 a 4, 7. mill...... RecoSoO cease ss0ee Ph, lamellinoda, n. sp.

Téte et thorax sculptés, Tout au plus l’occiput en partie

lisse eeocseceee eagercste @esOrcceece SOceserrsaasrsteeease @Oeocres Beerrarteseesetoo 3

3. Epines courtes, presque dentiformes. Téte fortement

échancrée derriére, moins épaisse 4 l’occiput qu’au front... 4

Epines médiocres, Téte trés faiblement échancrée derriére,

ou elle est plus épaisse qu’ au front ....0c-.ceveree Ssaraseoso

Epines longues, minces 4 leur base, renflées ou obtuses &

Vextrémité, Téte em avricot .2....scccccrccrescceceeest socreccees <oeNe

4. 'Tres semblable a la lamellinoda, mais ia iéte 4 neine elargie

derriére, les tubercules du pronotum faibles, le 2me noeud

du pédicule plus long,:seulement deux fois plus large que

long, et les épines a peine plus longues. Luisante. Téte

ridée-striée en long avec l’occiput en partie lisse, 4 gros

points espacés et quelques réticulations, Thorax et pédi-

cule avec des rides transversales ; abdomen comme chez

la lamellinoda. Pilosité dressée éparse, nulle sur les tibias.

Pubescence fort distincte et assez longue sur VPabdo-

men. D’un rouge ferrugineux, en partie un peu brunatre.

Abdomen brun. Paties et antonnes jaunes, L. 3,84 4,

EPI ferccastocceseccesescarocccucquesastoccer ences eccccsveoeel hh, Grayi, 0, 8p.

Tres semblable 4 la précédente, mais la téte est entierement

et plus fortement ridée, grossi¢rement réviculée a occiput.

Les tubercules du pronotum sont beaucoup plus forts,

comme chez la lamellinoda. Yeux un peu plus gros. ler

segment de labdomen est ridé-strié en long et finement

réticule sur sa lere moitié. Le sillon du meétanotum est

moins profond, Un scrobe distinct pour les scapes (chez

la Grayi les arétes frontales sont seulement continuées

par une ride.) Pilosité bien plus abondante, oblique sur

les tibias. Méme couleur, mais les pattes et les antennes

brundtres, L. 4,54 4, 8 mill ......scscscecceoooresP. Malinsii, n, 8pe

5, Téte presque carrée, faiblement échancrée derriére, Yeux

gros, L’extrémité des scapes n'est éloignée de langle oc

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 525

cipital que de moins de la moitié de leur longueur, Epines

longues comme plus de la moitié de Vintervalle de leurs

bases, Du reste pronotum, sculpture et pilosité comme

la Ph. Grayi. Luisante ; téte rideé sauf le derriére de l’oc-

ciput qui n’est que ponetué, D’un rouge jaundtre, avec

Yabdomen et les mandibules bruns- L, 4 4 4,3 mill

ssipcecosa soonsadsHnodoes eonsnads300005 sreesresse ceseeseeeee Ph, Naoroji, n, sp,

6, Pronotum avec deux tubercules assez pointus et fort proémi-

nents, presque dentiformes, Mandibules longues, 4 bord

externe peu courbé, La face basale et la face déclive du

métanotum ne forment ensemble qu’une seule et faible

convexité déclive du milieu de chaque cdté de laquelle

part une épine en spatule qui ressemble 4 un balancier

de diptere, mince ala base, courbée avec un renflement

allongé vers l’extremité, Premier noeud si profondément

échancré qu'il en est bicorne; ses angles sont méme

prolongés, Appendice inférieur beaucoup plus long que

la hauteur du noeud, Second noeud plus de deux fois

plus large que long, Mate, densément :réticulée, sauf les

derniers segments de l’abdomen et les mandibules, moins

la base, qui sont en partie lisses et luisants, En outre

la téte est grossi¢rement ridée devant et réticulée derriére,

le thorax et le pédicule sont transversalement ridés et le

ler segment abdominal densément’strié.en long, ce. dernier

avec les points piligéres tuberculés, espacés, Pattes

réticulés. Pilosité jaunatre, courte, assez fine, abondante

partout, dressée sur les tibias et les scapes. D’un noir

brunatre, Une partie du thorax, mandibules et devant

de la téte d’un rouge ferrugineux sombre, Paties et

scapes bruns; tarses et funicules d’unbrun roussdtre.

5,54 6, omill ......... srereccecceereeseeeesseeee Lh, spathifera, D, sp,

Ecaille ou noeud du premier articledu pédicule & peine ou pas

échancré, Une forte impression sur le vertex (on la voit

aussi, mais moins forte chez le type). Méme taille etc,

Sdepooco8c00 sUeiswisuctlncee'eccumeieseceecccetrseteraccrece ss eee var Yerburyi, n. var,

Epines droites, non renflées & l’extrémité, mais obtuses,

second noeud du pédicule trois fois plus large que long,

Sculpture un peu plus faible, Du reste comme la forme

TYPIQUE corer. creeserscesesren sareesssrsevessvereoseevensVAl Gspatha, D. Sp,

7. le premier article du pédicule a en dessous un appendice

comprimé, translucide et court, Epines courtes ou denti-.

LOMUNES iss cccannconveccseosswecdeeds 6.54% Seblecoevele Vevdeus eecscveaccrsees =O

Le premier article du pédicule n’a en dessous qu’un lobe

arrondi, opaque, Epines plug fortes jec--.scsversestovsossseeen = 9

526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XI¥-

8, Téte rétrécie devant, faiblement imprimeé sur le vertex, :

Tubercules du pronotum distincts, mais mousses, Arétes

frontales aussi longues que les scapes, mais pas de scrobe

distinct. L’extrémité des scapes atteintla moitié de la

distance de leur origine a langle occipital. Epines métano-

tales plus longues que la largear de leur base, robustes,

obtuses, Les angles antérieurs du premier article du

pedicule aigus, mais pas dentiformes, Second noeud a

peiue deux fois plus large que long. Finement réticulé et

luisant ou subopaque. La grosse sculpture est Ja méme

que chez la spathifera, mais abdomen n’a parfois pas

de stries. Appendice subpétiolaire triangulaire, plus long

que haut. Articles 3 46 des funicules aussi longs que

larges, Pilosite dresseé abondante, D’un rouge ferrugi-

neux, Abdomen brun. Cuisses.er tibias brundtres. L. 6

Sos copra ee cevestsateeneies= Ltedend scceenccesegrencoot lt, Per gusont, 1, Sp.

Téte rétrécie devant et parfois derriere avec une profonde

impression transversale sur le vertex qui est comme en-

foncé, scapes plus courts que la distance de leur extrémité

4, Pangle occipital; scrobe plus marqué, Le métanotum n’a

que deux deuts aussi larges que longues, Angles du pre-

mier article du pédicule longs at dentiformes, Articles 3 4

6 des funicules plus épais que longs. Du reste comme la

Fergusoni, mais abdomen est presque mat et fortement

strié, et le corps entierement d’un brun foncé avec ledevant

de la téte et les mandibules rougedtres, L. 5,5 a6,

demaill Bese sc. parce: sera tonameaectocnte Ph, Sharpi, n, sp. (sens strict.)

Lextrémité du scape dépasse sensiblement la moitié de la

distance de son origine a l’angle occipital. Second article

du pédicule moins de deux fois plus large que long, Quel-

ques stries seulement a la base de abdomen, Pilosité

assez clair semeé, Articles 3.46 des funicules aussi longs

que larges. Appendice subpétiolaire arrondi, plus court que

chez les précédentes, L.4,2 44,5 mill. Du reste identique

ala Ph, Sharpi,u, sp, mais souvent la téte et le thorax

FETTUGINCUX, serene geccernrseereenecreel ht, Sharpi r, Hoogwerfi, n, subsp,.

9. Le scape n’atteint pas les deux tiers de la distance de son

origine 4 langle occipital. Yeux situés au tiers antérieur.

Face basale du métanotum carrée, Epines du métanotum

longues et robustes, Lobe subpétiolaire arrondi, fort

distinct. Second noend environ deux fois plus large que

long. Stature robuste. Téte fortement rétrécie devant.

Pilosité dressée longue et abondante. Brundtre, thorax,

mandibules, devant de la téte, patties et antennes d'un.

DHS FORMICIDES DE L’EMFIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 527

brun rougeatre. Sculpture grossiere de la Fergusoni,

mais l’abdomen luisant, sans stries, sauf parfois a la base,

LLuisante,’ 1.5 a 6,2 mill.........::.... Ph, latinoda, Roger.

(et. v. major Forel),

Le scape dépasse un peu les 2/3 de la distance de son origine

4 Vangle occipital, Yeux situés un peu en avant du milieu

des cétés. Téte moins rétrécie devant. Face basale du

métanotum bien plus longue que large ; épines plus gréles

et plus courtes que chez la forme typique. Lobe subpé-

tiolaire réduit a une faible convexité Jongetudinale,

Second article du pédicule variable, souvent A peine plus

large que long. Pilosité plus courte surtout sur les tibias,

Sculpture plus serrée et plus fine, Abdomen parfois mat,

réticulé ou méme strié, par fois luisant, D’un noir a peine

brundtre, avec les mandibules, les funicules, les pattes et

le dessous du thorax rougedtres. L.445,2 mill. Plus

étroite et moins robuste, Téte moins grosse...Ph, latinoda, Roger.

(La variété de Thana ale 2me article du pédicule large et

Vabdomen strié) ........ sacnesescceerens AP pcapacnoce -T, angustior, n, subsp,

10. Bord antérieur de la téte 4 angles subdentés, plus large que

tout le reste de la téte qui est, allongée et se rétrécit d’

avant en arricére ou elle est le plus étroite et échancrée.

Front et vertex striés de grosses stries obliques divergeant

en arriere et allant aux cétés, Bord externe des mandi-

bules presque croit, Epistome un peu concave au milieu,

sans carene, Scape long comme 4 peine } de la téte. Une

place lisse pour le scape. Bosse pro-mésonotale courte,

élevée et bituberculée. Un faible sillon et un faible

bourrelet au mésonotum, Métanotum bas, a face basale

horizontale avec deux petites dents tres pointues ou spl-

nules, Premier noeud du pédicule assez squamiforme,

longuement pétiolé devant, & bord supérieur obtus;

second noeud a peine plus large, en rhombe obtus. Abdo-

men allongé, ovale. Le dessous du bord antérieur de la

téte a deux fortes dents ; yeux petits et plats, en avant

du tiers antérieur. Lisse et luisante, aussi I’épistome, sauf

les stries indiquées, les joues ridées en long et le métano-

- tum faiblement reticulé, Pilosité jaundtre assez courte et

abondante, aussi sur les tibias et les scapes, Brune. Man-

dibules, un large triangle autour de I’ épistome et thorax

d’un roux jaunatre, Pattes et antennes jaunes, Parfois

téte et thorax roux jaundtre, L, 2,9 a 2 mill...Ph. Watsouz, n, sp.

- Le bord antérieur de la téte n’est pas plus large que le reste,

Front. et vertex autrement sculptés .........+- sane ASa Bane epMeete sheMmLuk

628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

11. Le pro-mésonotum forme une seule convexité sans sillon,

Cependant le mésonotum a derriére un faible bourrelet

transversal fort vague, Métanotum bas, cubique, denté

ou subdenté, Mandibules lisses, avec quelques points et le

bord externe fort convexe. La strie qui continue les

arétes frontales atteint 4 peine l’extremité du scape et ce

dernier 4 peine la‘moitié de la distance de son origine &

Yangle occipital, Téte profondément fendue en abricot,

plus longue que large, grande, peu rétrécie devant, 4 cétés

subparalleles, Yeux au tiers an térieur. Tubercules

pronotaux obius, Premier noeud subsquamiforme, entier.

Second noeud large comme deux fois le premier, étiré en

cones de cété. Le vertex a une impression transversale

large. Sculpture de l’éndica, mais les lobes occipitaux plus

réticulés, le thorax plus lisse et les points de abdomen

plus élevés. Pilosité abondante, aussi sur les tibias et les

scapes. Brune. Téte d’un rouge ferrugineux sombre avec

les antennes. Tarses, articulations et cétés du thorax

d’un roux jaundtre. L.6a46,3 mill........ Ph, Phipsoni, 0. sp.

Le pro-mésonotum forme une seule convexité, sans trace

de sillon transversal et sans bourrelet .....cr...cscceeeereee sanop 4

Le mésonotum a un sillon transversal et un bourrelet

derriére 0u au MOINS Ge dernier ....00.-.-06 ede rossaracicectocece neil

12, Pas de scrobe pour les scapes ou tout au plus un espace &

plus faible sculpture ....00-...-0. eereesenceeeee CS EXEROOROSOLC pecteceteo nla

Un scrobe profond qui loge tout le scape, puis se recourbe

en avant jusqu’ 3 /’cil pour loger une partie du funicule.

CEil au quart antérieur. Arétes frontales trés longues et

tres divergentes, bien plus pres derri¢re du bord de la téte

que de la ligne médiane. Téte profondément échancree

derriére, en rectangle allongé, avec les angles anterieurs

auguleux. Tubercules pronotaux tres gros, surplombant

de chaque cété en oreilles ou cornes. Hpines gréles,

courtes, Jongues comme la moitie de la face basale.

Premier noeud du pédicule squamiforme, Second noeud

petit, étiré en cdnes de céte, Une impression transversale

au vertex, Epistome concave, sans caréne, lisse. Joueset

front grossierement ridés en long, sauf le scrobe. Vertex

et occiput lisses avec des fragments transversaux et in-

terrompus de rides ou réticulations. Tout le reste lisse,

sauf ca et la quelques rides sur le thorax, Pilosité jaune

tres fine, aussi sur les tibias, plutét abondante, - D’un

jaune brunadtre; téte d’un jaune rouge; abdomen plus

brunftre, L..3,6.8.4, 5 mill..,..scccroseeeed i. pronoialis, Nn. 8p.

LES FORMICIDES DE L)EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 529

13. Grande espéce. L, 6, 24 7,2 mill, Téte énorme, aussi large

que longue, assez élargie derriére, ot elle est tres echancree,

fort convexe, sans trace d’impression au vertex, ni d’espace

pour les scapes, Arétes frontales trés courtes, Scapes

atteignant & peine la moitié de la distance de leur origine

aux angles occipitaux, Articles 3 a 7 des funicules plus

darges que longs, Tubercules pronotaux obtus, Epines

plus courtes que la meitié de leur intervalle, Premier noeud

squamiforme, entier, le 2m¢ 13 fois plus large que long, étiré

en angles de coté. Mandibules ct téte,sauf le milieu lisse:de

Pepistome, densément et finements striées ridées en long ;

téte tres finement réticulée et subpaque ou mate entre les

stries, Quelques vagues rides au métanotum. Reste du

corps lisse, Pilosité dressée et pubescence abondantes et

iongue partout. D’un roux ferrugineux sombre. Abdomen

bran. Devant de la téte plus clair...............Ph. Sykesii. n. sp,

Petites espéces de 2 4 4 millim. au plus .......crccesecceercereonee 14

14. lisse et luisante, sauf le devant, ridé,de la téte. Téte

longue, rectangulaire, Jaune. Yeux tres petits, situés

au ome antériewr. Taille variable; L. 2, 5 4 4 mill.

Ph. Wood-Masoni—F¥orel,

Méme sculpture, mais téte a cétés convexes, aussi large que

Jongue, Yeux aa tiers antérieur, L. 3, 7a 4, 3 mill,

Ph. megacephala—Fah.

WVéebe enticrement scuiptée, Face basaledu métanotum

rectangulaire, bordée, avec deux courtes épines. Pre-

mier noeud du pédicule squamiforme, entier. Second

noeud petit, un peu plus large seulement que le premier,

plus ou moins rhombiferme, Pilosité dressée, jaunad-

tre; mesdvoere)/ Sur le COLps.-. -djesecceesecereeletresss<nesdcseceecices LD

15. L.1,942,1 mill, Tibias sans poils dressés, Yeux situés

au tiers antérieur, Epistome caréné, 4 peine échancré au

milieu, Téte et thorax subopaques ou mats densément

_et tres finement réticulés ; téte en outre assez finement et

fortement ridée devant et réticulée derritre, Assez pub-

escente. Pilosité dressée tres courte, éparse; mandi-

bules pubescentes, D’un roux ferrugineux, avec le dessus

‘de latéte et du thorax bruns. Abdomen, pédicule, pattes

‘et antennes d’un jaune brunatre. Tarses et funicules

jaunatres. Arétes frontales courtes ; pas d’espace pour

les scapes......... cdidosodcosdeooodseeouocs notinSesEuaua Ue Ph, mus. 0, fF

L; 2,543, 8 mill. Tibias avec des poils dressés ......... ..000 16

16. Tete large, a peu pres aussi large que longue, a cotés assez

sonyexes, Tubercules pronotaux obtus, Yeux au quant

530 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

antérieur, Mandibules lisses, 4 rares points, Epistome

caréné et échancré. Un espace un peu plus faiblement

sculpté pour les scapes et la base des funicules, Scapes

courts, longs comme chez la Sykesii, Une large impression

transversale au vertex, Echancrure occipitale médiocre,

Abdomen et derritre de l’occiput lisses ; reste du corps

finement réticulé-ponctué et mat. Téte en outre assez

finement et densément strice-ridée en long, en partie

réticulée 4 Vocciput. Quelques rides transversales sur le

pronotum. D’un roux ferrugineux. Abdomen brun.

Pattes et antennes jaundtres. lL, 2, 5 mill.........Ph. Sagez, n. sp.

Téte rectangulaire-allongée, bien plus longue que large,

étroite. Tubercules pronotaux proéminents .....,.2...2.02668 1%

17, Cdtés de la téte paralléles. Yeux situés au quart antérieur.

Scapes comme chez la Sagei, mais pas d’espace faiblement

seulpté pour les loger, par contre une impression oblique

pour loger leur extrémité qui est distinctement renfi¢e.

Téte assez faiblement échancrée derriére, largement et

faiblement imprimée transversalement au vertex, Arétes

frontales courtes. Epines épaisses 4 la base, pointues,

aussi longues que leur intervale. Téte assez luisante,

fortement striée-ridée devant, grossierement et pro-

fondément réticulée derriere. Thorax en grande partie,

lisse et Inisant, avec quelques rides et réticulations vagues,

surtout de cdté, Abdomen assez lisse, ponctué, D’un

rouge brunitre; téte noire; abdomen brun ; pattes et

antennes jaundtres UL. 3 mill......... Seaieteay Ph, templaria, 0. sp.

18, Cdtés dela téte faiblement convexes, Téte fort allongée.

Yeux situés au cinquiéme antérieur, tres petits. Un

espace faiblement sculpté (réticulé) pour les scapes qui

sont A peine plus longs que le tiers de l’espace qui sépare

leur origine de l’angle occipital. Téte luisante, ridée

en long, avec quelques réticulations entre deux a locciput.

Thorax finement réticulé—ponctué et mat ainsi que le

pédicule. D’une jaune rougedtre, avec l’abdomen d'un

jauue brun, les pattes et les antennes jaunes, EHpistome

subcaréné, sans échancrure. L. 2,5 a4 3 mill...Ph. parva—Mayr.

Epistome échancré au milieu, sans carene, concave, Téte

et thorax d’un rovge jaunatre terne. Abdomen dun

brun jaunatre. L,38,243,8 mill ...... .......Ph. parva—Mayr.

var. decanica, n. var,

19 Derriére de la téte, occiput et une partie du vertex lisse et

luisant, comme le reste du corps. Téte plus longue que

large, Pilosité dressée longue et abondante partout.

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 53t

Arétes frontales prolongées en-ride. D’un rouge jounatre.

Abdomenet dessus de la téte et du thorax bruns. L. 3,

By mules. SEN aisle ice ene St eile arlene et o..-. Ph, Nietneri—Emery.

Teute la téte sculptée ..........ccecccee cunwevuavencts Baceooeecoocoosene 20

20. Epistome et devant de la téte entre les arétes frontales

formant une surface subtronquée, presque plane. Arétes

frontales longues, fortement divergentes, aigues, sub-

horizontales, formant en dehors un scrobe trés marqué

pour toute la longueur des scapes, Téte et thorax ridés

devant, du: reste assez mats et réticulés-ponctués. Tuber-

cules pronotaux forts. Epines aussi. L. 5, 5 A 5, 7,

milleees: NOCECCHOOSOE ROC HESCER GO COICD ccovsresevereet ht, Caipellinii—Emery.

v. asperata—Em,

Téte de forme ordinaire. Pas de scrobe, sauf chez la

Magrettic et la seelcaticeps r, yeersis..a..coccrcsses Seclecedescreccess, ork’

21. Pas d’espace spécialement sculpté ni emprimé pour les

iw)

scapes, Alréfies! frontales| COULLES Ue c.ceccs-s-cscesoesec-o +0 areas

Un espace plus faiblement sculpté ou.imprimé pour recevoir

les scapes. Arétes frontales prolongées au moins par une

forte ride jusqu’a V’extrémité du scape ou a peu prés ...... 23

22. 'Téte énorme, longue de 2, 5, large de plus de 2 mill., avec la

sculpture de la Ph, Sykesii, mais transversalement ridée 4

Yocciput, avec les cétés subrectilignes, Ccape bien plus

court que la distance de son extrémité au lobe occipital.

Vertex avec une large impression transversale. Occiput

fortement échancré. Pronotum bossu, pas, ow 4 peine

tuberculé. Sillon et bourrelet du méscnotum étroits et

distincts. Le métanotum 4 deux fortes dents ou courtes

épines, Premier article du pédicule court, eunéiforme,

échaneré au sommet. Second article grand, large, 4

cétés. procminents, en angles tres arrondis, trois ou quatre

fois plus large que le premier. Thorax et pédicule sub-

Opaques, ridés en travers et finement réticulés, Abdo-

men lisse, avec une abondante ponctuation piligére élevée.

Pilosité dressée abondante, d’un roux jaundtre, plutdt,

courte, D’un rouge brunatre sombre. Abdomen, pédi-

cule et mandibules d’un brun noir. Cuisses et tibias

bruns ; Tarses jaundtres, L,5,546 mill...Ph. Wroughtonii

Téte moins énorme, faiblement échancrée derriére, asculp-

ture plus grossiere et bien moins serrée, luisante, ridée

devant, réticulée 4 l’occiput, ot Péchancrure est incisée et

,n, spe

pas excisée comme chez la rhombincda, Pas d’impression

au vertex. Cdtés convexes. Extrémité du scape plus rap=

prochée de langle occipital que de larticulation antennaire,

582. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vot., XIV.

Yeux situés un peu en avant du tiers antévieur. Tuber-

cules pronotaux petits et obtus, Mésonotum sans sillon,

avec un bourrelet aigu, en aréte transversa’e. Hpines lon-

gues comme la moitie de la face basale, Premier article

du pédicule ayec um noeud moitié cunciforme, moitié squa~

miforme, faiblement ou pas échaneré eu haut. Second

noeud environ deux fois plus large que long, avec les cotés

en cones tres larges et fort atrondis; le noeud est bien

moins grand que chez la rhombinoda, Thorax irrégulie-

rement rugueux ; face déclive du métanotum, pedicule

et abdomen hisses et luisants. D'un jaune brun ou d@’un

brun jaundtre ; téte et thorax d@’un rouge un peu brunatre,

WAAL SS AO Mat. oo ccscesocce<ces nswcceercsecseo Ly. Cavsunciden nN. Sir.

Entiérement noire. Epines tres courtes .. Ph. Constaneiae v. nigro.

23, Grande espéce, L,7,54 8 mill. Scape aplati asa base et

tranchant 4 son bord antérieur, Téte et abdomen énor-

mes, globuleux; thorax étroit, Tubercules pronotaux

obtus, Mésonotum sans sillon, avec un bourrelet en aréte

aigue, horizoutale, derriére laquelle le méscnotum tombe

verticalement, Epines métanotales gréles, obtuses, lon-

gues comme les 2 de la face basale, Premier article du

pédicule court, avec-un noeud moitié cunéiforme, moitié

squamiforme, profondément éehancré au sommet. Second

noeud court, transversal, 4 cétés conigues, Mate ou subo-

paque, finement réticulée, et, en outre, grossicrement réti-

eulée. Les grosses réticulations s’effacent derriere V

abdomen. Dos du métanotum et devant de la. téte grossi-

érement ridés. De gros points espacés entre les rides du

devant de la téte, Une pilosité roussitre abondante

partout, Hpistome, mandibules, pattes et scapes lisses

avec des points:épars, D’un brun foneé, parfois, un peu

rougeatre sur la téte et le thorax. Pattes et antennes

d’un jaune brundtre ........cceccoeccevesreceeseood Ne TU5G0SG—Smni thy.

Taille d’au plus 6 mill, Seape cylindrique. Forme ordinaire 2&

24. ‘Second article du pédicule démesurément grand, plus long

que le let (inel. pétiole) et au moins trois fois plus large

que lui, convexe, yhombiferme, avec les pans latéraux un

peu convexes, le pan lateral postérieur ayant un bord um

peu translucide, Vertex avec une forte impression

médiane, Téte ridée en long thorax et pédicule en travers ;:

occiput grossicrement réticul', abdomen lisse, souvent

strié asa base. Téte fortement échancrée (excisée), Um

fort sillon et un fort bourrelet au mésonotum. Epines

goustes, Pétiole du 1 neeud court, large, denté a sez

ina)

LES FORMICIDES DE L. EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 533

angles antérieurs. L’éxtrémité du scape atteint les 2/3 de

la distance de son origine A l’dugle occipital. L. 4,54

Sop eeecestacscecsecestaetesussta scceoroseeel hh, rhombinoda—Mayr,

Téte plus gresse, plutdt incisée, scape plus court ; vertex

peu imprimé, Taille plus rcbuste et plus grande ; thorax

plus large, %.5 45,5 mill. Poils des tibias subadjacents,

Ph. rhombinada—var,

taprobanae, n, VarY.

Abdomen enticrement mat, finement réticulé et en outre

SUTIO) Gaoacpaco-900s000 eegalautecedebeeies oa caw ateine ole Ph. rhombinoda,

Vv. micantiventris—Mayr.

Second article du pédicule tout au plus aussi long et (sauf

ches la Ph. Horni) moins de trois fois plus large que le

premier, sans bord translucide cecccscceccescessscerseeee nsevecsee) Pa

25. Occiput transversalement ridé. Une profonde impression

transversale sur le vertex, derriére laquelle les lobes

occipitaux se recourbent lévérement en avant. Epistome

imprimé au milieu et échaneré, arétes frontales tres dis-

tinctement prolongés jusqu’é l’extrémité du scape, dont la

loge est finement réticulée. L'éxtrémité des scapes atteint

A peine la moitié de la distance de leur origine A l’angle

occipital, Téte fortement incisée derricre. Tubercules

pronotaux obtus. Un fort sillon mésonotal; :derriere le

bourrelet, le mésonotum tombe verticalement en escalier,

Epines longues. Le premier noeud du pédicule. entier.

Second noeud transversal, étiré en cines, Abdomen lisse,

avec la base finement réeticulée. Le reste du corps ridé,

assez luisant ; pronotum parfois lisse en dessus. Pilosité

dressée, jaundtre, assez abondante, D’un rouge brundtre

foncé, Abdomen brun, Pattes et antennes d’un jaune

brundtre. L. 5 mill ........sccecceseovees- Lh, suleaticeps— Roger.

Ii, 4, BAS mill, Tubercules pronotaux indistincts. Bour-

relet mésonotal trés marqué, étroit; derriére lui une forte

incisure rentravte, Premier noeud légerement échancré

au sommet; second noeud moins étiré en cone, D’un

rouge souvent plus Clair........ssecsegeesseeresseoLh, suleaticeps

var, punensis, , Var,

L. 6 mill. Les arétes frontales forment en dehors un scrobe

assez distinet pour loger les scapes, Mésonotum en esca-

lier, comme chez la forme typique, Premier noeud assez

-sSquamiforme et fortement échancré au sommet, Abdo-

men enticrement mat, finement réticulé-ponctué et strié

Wun bout 4 Pautre .....scwssescssearsereerseseelh, sulcaticeps,

Yr, yeensis, 0, subsp.

534 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

L’occiput n'est pas transversalement ridé. Pas d’impression

transversale sur le vertex ou seulement une faible im-

PLESSIOM Coss lcec<c-Feocctle! cvecseVessiesiesvavissre™=selse sss Appaadoneds hodecc 26

26. Abdomeh au moins en partie sculpté, Tibias et scapes

presque sans poils dresséS_....4...e06 DEAL CODCUCEE peoeoorenc 20

Abdomen lisse eb lnisamt (2..ccccovsstarsecsteccseosestsoosogescesccscass | 20"

27, Téte et une partie du thorax luisants, ridés. Le tiers

antérieur seulement de l’abdomen mat, finement réticule,

souvent strié, Abdomen brun, sauf une tache rougedtre

A la basa, Le reste rougedtre, Téte assez étroitement

échancrée, de taille moyen:e, en rectangle. Scapes un

peu plus longs que chez la sulcaticeps, HEchancrures du

‘thorax profondes, Pronotum 4 peine tuberculé, Epines

moyennes, Second noeud en rhombe transversal, 4 cénes

latéraux courts, L.4 44,4 mill.........PA. striativentris—Mayr-.

Tout le corps, y compris labdomen, enticrement réticulé-

ponctué et mat : abdomen sans stries; téte et devant du

-thorax ridés, Téte largement échancrée derriére. Yeux

gros et assez plats. Les scapes atteignant au moins les $ de

la distance de leur origine 4l’angle occipital. Echancrures

du thorax moins profondes, plus evasées que chez la précé-

dente. Pronotum a peine tuberculé. Epines plutdt courtes.

Face basale étroite. Second noeud en rhombe a cénes

courts, mais pointus, Téte assez petite. Parfois le

derriére de l’abdomen est lisse et luisant, L. 3,343, 6

mill, D’un brun noirdtre; funicules, 1arses et articulations

jaundtres. Abdomen noir............--scesseees Ph. ghatica, n, sp.

28. Unscrobe ou loge concave tres distincte pour les scapes, avec

sculpture tres fine. Cescrobe se recourbe 4 l’éxtrémité

du scape et se continue de cété, en avant, vers l’ceil, pour

recevoir une partie du fanicule, Téte ridee devant,

ponctuée et finement réticulée derri¢re. Rougedtre, Abdo-

men, cuisses et scapes bruns, Tarse et funicules jaunatres.

Yeux au quart antérieur, L,3,5 a4 mill. Scapes courts

cbecccscccscsassecsecccersscees cerccncccsovnssesserass Ph. Magrettii—Emery,.

PASvaewschObe GishiMct+.si--cs.: cestuemecnees— or snteccstcesnee se etee room

299, Les tibias et les scapes n’ont qu’une pubescence entiére-

ment adjacente et n'ont aucun poil dresse, Téte plus

petite que chez la rhombinoda, mais de meme forme et de

méme sculpture. L’extrémité des scapes approche beau-

coup de l’angle occipital, Sans former de scrobe dis-

tinct, ni de sculpture spéciale,la fossette antennaire se

prolonge en arriere jusqu’a la moitié de la distance entre

Vceil_et Vangle occipital ; elle est grossicrement sculpté

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 535

comme le reste de la téte. Premier article du pédicule

longuement pétiolé, avec un noeud petit, etroit et entier.

Second article aussi long que large, petit, avec deux cénes

latéraux obtus, Pilosité assez éparse sur le corps. Stature

gréle D’'un brun rougeadtre, Abdomen brun. L,3,3a 4,

Eyer Miva eee Me ceaapeniccseean Araya a seen LaIOM cre sata cial Sk Ga Ph, jucunda—F orel,

Les tibias et les scapes ont des poils enticrement dressés....5. 30

Les tibias et les scapes ont seulement des poils obliques...... 36

30. Le métanotum n’a que deux petites dents triangulaires,

pointues, Premier noeud échancré et bidenté. Tubercules

pronotaux petits, subdentiformes. Extre eux, un peu en

arriere, le mésonotum forme deux petites éminences peu

apparentes. Bourrelet du mésonotum étroit, peu élevé,

Second noeud plutdét large, avec deux cénes, Téte assez

faiblement ridée devant et reticulée derriére, plutdt,

petite, a échancrure médiane. Epistome caréné, sans

échancrure, L’extrémité du scape atteint les 2/3 de la dis-

tance de son origine & l’angle occipital, Pronotum lisse ;

mésonotum et métanotum finement réticulés, pedicule &

peine, Pilosité longue, fine et abondante partout, D’un

jaune sale ou brunatre. Dessus de la téte et derriére

de l’abdomen plus foncés. L. 3,6 mill...... Ph, multidens,n. sp,

Le métanotum 4 deux petites épines qui sont moins longues

que Ja moitié de la face basale, Taille petite: 2,7 mill.

Téte relativement grande, assez fortement échancrée, a

cotés convexes, Le scape attéint les 2 de la distance de son

origine 4 l’angle occipital, Tubercules pronotaux assez

petits. Siilon et bourrelet du mésonotum faibles. Pre-

mier noeud étroit, entier, cunéiforme. Second noeud

petit, en carré arrondi, Luisant. Téte ridée, finement

réticulée, avec de gros points 4 l’occiput, lisse et luisante

dessous (aussi sous l’occiput), Thorax, surtout derriére

avec quelques rides et réticulations vagues, Pilosité plutét

diluée, Rougedtre. Abdomen d’un jaune brun, Pattes et

antennes,jaunes.~ 152) ¢) milltescecteewecccsccecsces Ph. Rogersi, n. sp.

Métanotum avec deux dents; sillon du mésonotum presque

nul, Scape atteignant a peine la moitié de la distance de

langle OCGIp) wt) sexe cece cwaenenes see ncess Ph. Rogersi v. Taylors, n. var,

Sauf chez la Ph. gavana (quia au moins 3, 5 mill) les épines

sont au moins aussi longues que la moitié de la face basale. 31

31. Téte grande, formant bien plus d’ 1/3 dela longueur totale... 32

Téte petite, ne fermant pas plus d’ 1/3 de lalongueur totale... 33

32, Hpistome avancé au milieu, échaneré et bidenté. Vertex avec

une assez forte impression médiane, Yeux situés au quart

536 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIV.

antérieur, Téte a cdtés fort convexes, échancréeen abricot,

Thorax large, mais pas trés bossu, ‘Tubercules pronotaux

obtus, mais distincts, Bourrelet mésonotal épais. Epines

longues, gréles, trés aigues. Premier noeud moitié squa-

miforme, moitié cunéiforme, entier. Second noeud moyen,

a conules, Luisante ; téte grossicrement ridée; les rides se

recourbent et deviennent réticulaires 4 l occiput, Prono-

tum parfois lisse dessus, Thorax et pédicule vaguement

sculptés, Points piligeres, de l’abdomen élevés. Pilosité

dressée trés abondante, longue, jaunitre, assez fine, Rou-

geatre; abdomen d'un brun jaunatre; pattes et antennes

jaundtres. L. 5,546 mill.......... Ran Ss ea Ph. peguensis— Emery,

Epistome échancré, mais a peine avancé et pas bidenté.

Vertex 4 peine imprimé, Yeux situés en arriére du quart

antérieur, Thorax étroit, Pronotum trés bossu, sons tu-

bercules distincts. Mésonotum un peu rétréci; bourrelet

irés élevé, mais moins épais; le mésonotum beaucoup

plus abrupt (en escalier) que chez la peguensis. Kpines

trés longues, robustes, pointues, Pédicule et sculpture

comme chez Ja pegwensis, mais moins luisante (la fine ré-

ticulation plus forte), Pilosité plus courte, beaucoup plus

diluée et moins fine, d’un jaune ronssatre vif. Rougeatre,

avec l’abdomen, les pattes et les funicules jaunes. L. 4, 8

mill, Peutetre une race de la précédente ...... Ph, Roberti, n. sp.

L, 3,44 3,6 mill. Epistome non avancée, échancré, Vertex

pas ou a peine imprimé. Yeux situés au quart antérieur.

Téte fortement rétrécie devant, fortement élargie et pro-

fondément incisée derriére, avec les lobes occipitaux assez

retrecis et divergents (ils sont bien plus rapprochés chez les

deux précédentes dont la téte se rétrécit Alocciput). Les

scapes atteignent les 3/5 de la distance de leur origine a

Vangle occipital. Pronotum sans tubercules, Mésonotum

a sillon profond et large bourrelet, en escalier, Epines

longues, gréles. Téte plus réticulée, a rides plus irrégu-

liéres que chez la peguensis; thorax plusridé, Pilosité plus

courte et bien moins abondante, surtout aux tibias, ou

elle est un peu oblique, plus terne que chez la Roberti. D’

un brun & peine roussitre; pattes et funicules roussatres.

Peédicule réticulé, mat; pronotum luisant. 2me noeud

rhombiforme a cénes obtus, plutét petit.........Ph. Feaece—Emery.

33. Second noeud du pédicule grand, rhombiforme, trois fois

plus large que le premier, mais pasplus long (moins grand

que chez la rhonibinoda), Abdomen tronqué en ligne

droite devant. Tubercules pronotaux forts. Epines

LES FORMICIDES DE L}-EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 537

gréles des la base, Aspect semblable a la rhombinoda, mais

plus rougedtre= (1.4.8 mill (3) ek oes. Ph. Horni— Emery.

Second noeud du pédicule petit, environ deux fois plus large

que le premier et assez court, Abdomen non tronqué

GOV ANL ectinscensecccncs sco isictactiascnssoes sentence eae a O

34, Pilosité dressée diluée, méme fort éparse sur les tibias et les

scapes, Téte presque ovale, 4 cétés trés convexes, médio-

crement échancrée, grossicrement ridée et réticulée.

L’extrémite des scapes ne dépasse pas les 2/3 dela distance

de leur origine 4 l’angle occipital, Pronotum extrémement

élevé et bossu, presque sans tubercules. Bourrelet méso-

notal épais, Epines robustes, un peu courbées en arriére,

pointues, longues comme les 3/5 de la face basale, Second

noeud court, plus large que long, avec deux cones latéraux,

Yeux auquart antérieur, Thorax luisant, irréguliérement

et vaguement rugueux. D’un roux sombre; abdomen

brun, Pattes et antennes jaune sale, L.3,8a 4 mill,

Ph, Binghamii— n, sp,

Pilosité dressée abondante, fine et longue. Téte carrée

(javana) ou un peu trapéziforme (plagiaria), faiblement

échancrée, ridée-réticulée, L’extrémité des scapes atteint

les { de la distance de son origine & langle occipital.

Pronotum peu convexe, Second noeud sans conules,

Yeux vers le tiers antérieur, Couleur brune; pattes et

antennes un peu plus claires ............08 Salsnessas sececucsincceesls 35

35, L. 4, 7 mill. Pronotum avec deux forts tubercules,

Epines longues comme la moitié de la face basale, Pilo-

sité trés abondante, Sculpture plus forte, pattes longues,

Ph. plagiaria— Smith

L, 3, 8 & 4, 2 mill. Pronotum presque sans_ tubercules,

Epines courtes, longues comme le tiers de la face basale,

Pilosité moins abondante. Pattes moins longueg,......Ph,

javana— Mayr,

(Chez la javana typique la téte est élargie derriére et a les

cétés plus convexes) ...... Sanececenseesoseccrrenes v. dharmsalana, n. var

36, Téte assez grande, médiocrement rétrécie devant,

L’extrémité des scapes dépasse un peu la moitié de la

distance de sa base 4 l’angle occipital. Sillon et bourrelet

mésonotaux forts. Epines assez longues. Premier noeud

entier, subcunéiforme, Second noeud a cones obtus.

Téte sans impression distincte. Yeux gros, au tiers an-

térieur, Luisante, Téte ridée, & rides liches, se re-

courbant sur le lobe occipital pour passer du devant aux

cétés. Thorax vaguement ridé. Corps essez poilu, Dun

538 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

brun de poix; thorax en partie rougedtre. Pattes et

antennesd’un jaune brun, L. 4,2 45, 5 mill...Ph.indica— Mayr.

Téte allongée rectangulaire, aussi large devant que derriére,

assez distinctement imprimée au vertex, Yeux gros, fort

convexes, situés au quart antérieur, L’extrémité du scape

atteint 4 peine la moitié de la distance de sa base a l’angle

occipital, Epines courtes, Li, 3,4 44,1 mill, ...... eccnoneas

Ph. indica rt. rotschana, n. subsp.

Pronotum fort bossu, presque sans tubercules, Téte un peu

moins élargie derriere que chez I’ indica typique. Epines

courtes. Rougedtre, avec l’abdomen d’un jaune brunatre,

devant, et brun derriére, L..3,4 44,1 mill..................-

Ph, indica rv, himalayana, n, subsp

Les rides du front serrées, se continuant encore plus serrées

sur ’occiput. Epines fortes. Pronotum bien tuberculé.

Forme de la téte et taille de la rotschana, mais le vertex

a peine imprimé...... bo akenen saodecen Ph. indica v. coonoorensis, p. Var.

Les varietés de taille, de sculpture, de forme, &c., de la

Ph, indica, répandues a profusion dans toute Inde sont si

nombreuses que je me borne 4 ces trois aberrations qui

me paraissent les plus caractéristiques,

N.B.—Les especes ceylonica Motschulsky, diffusa, malabarica et minor

Jerdon, providens Sykes sont indéchiffrables,

Je dois 4 l’obligeance de M. Emery les types de ses Ph. Horni, Feae, Ca-

pellénii Vv. asperata Magrettiz.

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1, Pheidole ( Ceratopheidole) Smythiesit, n, sp. Assanr

(Smythies),

%. L, 3,6—4,6 mill. Massue de 4 articles, Bord terminal des mandibules:

denticulé. Mésonotum échanecré, Epines assez longues, Second noeud trés:

grand, en cloche, ‘Téte carrée, 4 bord postérieur rectiligne chez la grande Q,

rétrécie, et arrondie sans bord postérieur chez la Q minima, Cette derniére

entiérement lisse et Iuisante. Le passage de Vouvriére maxima au soldat.

minimum me manque encore, mais il existe sans nul doute.

@. L.12a13mill, Noire, Ailes manquent, Toute semblable au soldat.

Téte plus large que le thorax, Deux larges épines triangulaires,

g. L.5,3a6mill. Jaune sale. Ailes longues, d’un brun pale, avec les

mervures et la tache assez pales, Mandibules quadridentées. Scape long comme

Jes 3 premiers articles du funicule, Téte en arc de cercle d’un ceil & l'autre.

Thorax large. Parfois le 2™¢ noeud, fort grand, a une petite dent latérale.

2. Pheidole lamellinoda, a, sp. Poona (Wroughton); Inde

centrale (Betham),

Q. L. 2,5 mill, Yeux grands, Téte & bord fort distinct. et noeud

court, sans appendice dessous (je n’ indique plus ce caractére négatif ches le

ES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 539

‘autres espéces), Second noeud grand, en cloche, Thorax biéchancré. Méta-

notum a peine subdenté, parfois inerme, Jaune sale, luisante, Des poils

‘dressés sur le corps et obliques sur les tibias et les scapes,

g. L.4,8 mill. Mandibules sans dents. Scape comme les deux premiers

articles du funicule. Téte en trapéze derriére les yeux. Une aréte blan-

‘chatre longitudinale sous le 1 noeud, Ailes jaundtres 4 tache et nervures

pales. Jaune sale ; abdomen brunatre,

3. Ph. Grayi,n, sp: Poena (Wroughton),

, L. 2, 5 mill, Jaune assez pale. Abdomen brundtre. Latéte aun

bord postérieur assez net. Second noeud gros, en cleche, Lisse et luisante,

Meéetanotum a peinme subdenté, Pronetum arrondi. Sillon du mésonotum

faible.

4, Ph, Malmsii, n, sp. Ceylan (Yerbury).

com Comme la précédente, mais la téte plus large, 4 bord postérieur trég

met, Pronotum un peu déprimé devant, avec deux tubercules assez distincts,

un peu concave entre deux. Sillon mésonotal faible. Métanotum, pédicule

‘et couleur comme la Gray?,

5. Ph. Naoroji, n. sp. Poona (Wroughtov),

com L, 2 mill, Le pronotum est arrondi, mais il a deux petits tubercules

‘dentiformes. Métanotum subdenté. Premier noeud un peu convexe dessous,

Du reste comme la Grayi,

6. Ph. spathifera,n. sp. Ceylan (Yerbury) ; Coonoor (Daly,

Wroughton); Trevandreum (Ferguson); Nilgiris

(Wroughton) ; Cochin (Ferguson),

2. L,3,1a3,5 mill. Téte carrée a bord postérieur net. Thorax forte-

ment biéchancré. Pronotum peu convexe, a deux forts tubercules. Deux

fortes épines au métanotum. Premier article du pédicule court, rectangu=

Jaire, 4 angles antérieurs dentés et &4 noeud subéchancré, Second noeud gros,

‘en cloche, plus large que long. EHntiérement réticulée—ponctuée et mate,

sauf une partie des derniers segments du I’abdomen; téte-en outre ridée. Une

‘dent dirigée en avant sons le 1 articledu pédicule, D’un brun ferrugineux

foncé. Pilosité brune.

@. L.7,5 mill, Ailes manquent. Semblable au soldat, mais les épines du

métanotum, gréles dés la base, sont de forme’ ordinaire, 4 peine un peu

‘obtuses & Pextrémité, trés longues. Second noeud quatre fois plus large que

Jong. L’écaile du ler noeud a deux longues cernes plates ; appendice aussi

long que chez le soldat.

&-. L.5mill. Téte plus large que longue, faiblement convexe derriére les

yeux. Mandibules tridentées. Scape plus court que le 2me article du funi-

‘cule. Noeuds courts et épais, sans appendices. Les ailes brundtres n’ont

qwune cellule cubitale, Nervures et tache brunes. Téte et thorax mats,

finement sculptés et pubescents, Pubescence forte; peu de poils dressés,

Dun brun foncé ; pattes et antennes jaundtres.

540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

: Var Verburyi,n. var. Ceylan (Yerbury).

. Téte plus étroite, arrondi derriere, sans bord postérieur distinct.

Epines un peu plus courts.

9. L. 6,5 mill. Deux courtes épines.robustes au métanotum, L’ecaille

du ler noeud a deux lobes arrondis et une échancrure entre deux. Un lobe

opaque et arrondi en dessous, au lieu d’appendice.

Race aspatha,n. subsp, Assam (Smythies) ; Cochin (Ferguson).

O, Téte comme chez la v. Yerburyi, Métanotum denté ou subdente.

Téte et thorax a peu pres lisses et luisants, faiblement réticulés,

7. Ph. Fergusoni,n. sp. Travancore et Trevandrum (Fer-

guson).

toe L. 3,244 mill, Sculpture de la spathifera mais l’abdomen est lisse

sauf ala base. Pronotum plus convexe avec deux petits tubercules, ‘Léte

rétrécie derriére les yeux, avec un court bord postérieur. Pilosité d'un brun

noiratre, longue et abondante, Epines du métanotum fort courtes, robustes.

Premier noeud court, convexe en dessous sans dent, D’un rouge ferrugineux

foncé. Abdomen d’un brun noir.

8. Ph, Sharpi, n.sp. Salem, Madras Pres. (Sharp) ; Bom-

bay (Hoogwerf); Bangalore (Rothney).

S, L. 2, 5 mill, Téte rétrécie et arrondie derriére les yeux. Sillon

métanotal assez faible. Pronotum sans tubercules. Métanotum inerme,

Premier article du pédicule un peu convexe dessous, sans dent. Second assez

gros, en cloche. Lisse et Juisante. Mésonotum et métanotum réticulés,

D’un jaune roussitre ; téte et abdomen brunatres.

Race Hoogwerfi, n, subsp. Bombay (Hoogwerf),

ion Un peu plus claire que la Sharp typique, du reste identique.

©. L.6,5 mill, Différe de la :spathifera v. Yerburyi par ses épines plus

longues et robustes, par le noeud squamiforme étroit et entier du 1° article

du pédicule qui n’a past race d’appendice en dessous,

g. L.3,8 mill. Scape long comme les deux premiers articles du funicule,

Mandibules tres petites, bidentées. Téte tres: rétrécie, en triangle arrondi

au sommet derriere les yeux. Noeuds du pedicule allongés, Ailes d’un jaune

brundtre 4 nervures brun clair. D’un brun assez clair. Htroit et gréle, poilu.

Abdomen luisant, le reste subopaque finement sculpté; téte presque mate.

9, Ph. latinoda,, Roger. Commune dans toute Inde, de

PHimalya a Ceylone et de Calcutta a Bombay. Var.

major ; grands individus surtout a Calcutta.

Race angustior, n. subsp. Poona (Wroughton) ; Thana (Glea-

dow).

- 9. L3mill. Tete plus étroite, mais pas plus rétrécié derriére que chez

la latinoda typique. Mésonotum avec une vague impression au lieu de sillon,

Métonotum subdenté (ex, de Pvona) ou épineux (ex de Thana), Premie

article du pédicule légérement convexe dessous, second bien plus étroit que

chez jatinoda typique. Noire, luisante,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 541

10. Ph. Watsoni, n. sp. Myingyan, Birmanie supérieure

(Watson); Orissa (Tayler),

Xo L,1,541,7 mill. Téte en carré arrondi, Promésonotum sans sillon.

Métanotum subdente. Lisse, luisante, derriere du thorax réticulé. D’un roux

terne; téte et abdomen d’un brun foncé. Pattes et antennes jaunes.

11. Ph. Phipsoni,n. sp. Kanara (Wroughton),

Q. L.2,843mill, Téte bien plus longue que large, 3 bord postérieur

marqué, pas de sillon au mésonotum. Pronotum faiblement tubercnlé, Une

profonde échancrure entre le mésonotum et le métanotum, le dernier conyexe,

inerme. Second noeud a peine deux fois plus large que le premier qui est

squamiforme, Lisse; métanotum reticnlé. Poilue. D’un brunde poix, Man-

dibules, antennes, tarses et articulations jaunatres.

12. Ph, pronotalis, n. sp, Ceylon (Yerbury),

Oh L,1,8a2mlll. Téte subrectangulaire, peu dépassée par les scapes

Pronotum avec deux forts tubercules proéminents, formant une seule convex-

ité avec le mésonotum. Deux petites dents au métanotum, Second noeud

étroit, Sculpture de la précedente. Pilosité fine, mediocre, jaundtre. Téte

d’un jaune brundtre, Seconde moitié de ’abdomen brune,

é. L. 4,344, 5 mill, Mandibules quadridentées, Scape plus long que

les deux premiers articles du funicle, Téte en trapeze aigu derriére les yeux.

Lisse et luisant, sauf la téte. D’un jaune brundtre. Poils épars. Ailes

teintés de brun clair, avec les nervures et la tache brun clair,

13. Ph. Sykesii,n, sp, Poona (Wroughton).

g. L.343,5 mill, Téte carrée,a bord postérieur distinct. Mandibules

denticulées sur tout leur bord terminal. Pro-mésonotum formant une seule

convexité. Pronotum avec deux tubercules distincts. Echancrure méso-

métanotale profonde. Métanotum inerme, assez convexe. Second noeud

petit, le premier 4 long pétiole. Lisse, luisante, trés poilue ; poils longs,

fins, jaunatres, Brundtre ; thorax brun rougeatre.

Q. L. 10 mill. Mésonotum lisse avec une fine ponctuation espacée.

Epines larges, robustes, en long triangle. Premier noeud un peu échancré

le second 4 fois plus large que leng, avec les longs cénes lateraux. Ailes,

nervures et tache jaunatres. D’un rouge brundtre terne; abdomen brun.

Téte bien plus large que longue.

g- L.5,8a86 mill, Mandibules tridentées, Ctroites A leuy base, Scape

plus court que les deux premiers articles réunis du funicule, Derriére les

yeux, la téte forme un court trapeze, D’un jaune brundtre sale, Le métano-

tum a deux élévations arrondies, Sculpture, ailes et pilosité dela 9 et du

soldat.

14. Ph, Wood-Masoni, Forel, Calcutta (Wood-Mason) ; Ceylon

(Yerbury) ; Belgaum, Poona, Coonoor (Wroughton) ;

Orissa (Taylor) ; Dehra Dun (Smythies), etc,

oO Lisse, jaune clair ; L.1,7 Mill. Téte carrée, Jes scapes n’atteignent

pas le bord occipital.

542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

9. L.4,545 mill, Un espace lisse pour l’extrémité des scapes sur la

tete entiérement ridée, aussi large que longue, Le reste lisse et luisant.

Deux larges dents au métanotum, Second noeud 4 conules aigus. Tris

poilue, D’un brun jaunatre sale,

g. L.3,5a3, 7 mill. Mandibules bidentées, Scape 4 peine long com-

me les deux premiers articles du funicule dont, le 2me est 4 peine plus long

qu’ épais. Derriére de la téte en trapeze long, a cété trés obliques et a bord

postérieur court, mat, finement ridé et réticulé. Le reste lisse et luisant,

eomme chez la @ et le @de la Sykeszz, Dun jaune pale, iéte d’un jaune

brun ; ailes jaundtre, subhyalines, longues,

os 15. Ph. mus,n.sp. Kanara (Wroughton) ; Calcutta (Walsh),

@. L.1,6 41, 6 mill, Téte rectangulaire, un peu plus longue que

large, rétrécie devant, Yeux au tiers antérieur, Les scapes dépassent

iégérement Vocciput, Pronotum subtuberculé, Mésonotum sans _sillon.

Deux trés petites épines:pointues au métanotum, Second noeud pas ou a peine

plus large que le premier, Reéeguliérement et densément réticulée-ponctuée,

mate, brune. Abdomen, pédicule, pattes, antennes et mandibules lisses,

luisants et d’un jaune brundtre ou d’un brun jaunatre, Pilosité médiocre,

g. 3,2 mill. Mandibules tridentées, Antennes comme chez la Wood-

Masoni ; téte, derricre les yeux en trapéze plus court, Métanotum bas

Sculpture comme chez la Wood-Masoni, mais quelques stries fines au thorax ;

pilosité moindre. Dun jaune brunadtre, Ailes courtes, teintées de brundtre

a nervures et tache pales.

16. Ph. Sagei, n. sp. Dharmsala (Sage).

rom L. 1, 8 mill, Identique a la précédente, mais plus robuste ; proméso-

notum plus convexe. Epines plus robustes, plus longues (comme la moitié de

la face basale); devant de la téte plus ridée. Couleur d’un rouge brun, fer-

rugineux. Téte presque carrée.

17, Ph. templaria, n. sp. Nissor, Assam (Smythies), Le soldat

seul est connu,

18. Ph. parva, Mayr. Poona (Wrovghton), Pour Vouvriére,

voir la var, decanica,

var, decanica,: n, var, Kanara (Aitken) ; Cochin (Rothney) ;

Belgaum, Poona, Kanara (Wroughton); Ceylon (Yerbury).

rom L.1, 6 mill. Téte allongeé, comme chez la mus, ridée d’un bout a

Vautre, outre les réticulations. Du reste identique 4 la Ph, Saget, mais un

peu moins robuste.

9. L,444,4 mill. Tete carrée aussi large que Je thorax. Meétanotum

avec deux ¢pines assez fortes. Mésonotum lisse avec quelques stries ; méta-

notum réticulé. Brune ; devant de la téte, antenneset pattes dun jaune

rougedtre, Ailes teintes de brun pale nervures et tache brundtres, Assez

poilue ; poils des tibias et des scapes obliques.

L, 2,843, 2 mill. Mandibules bidentées, Antennes comme chez

la Wood-Masoni, mais le 2™¢ article du funicule presque deux fois plus long

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 54%

que large. Du reste comme la Wood-Masoni, mais les ailes plus brunies, la

couleur d’un jaune plus brundtre (téte brunatre), le thorax plus déprimé, Ia.

pilosité des tibias oblique,

19. Ph, Nietneri, Emery. Ceylan (Horn).

20. Ph. capellinti Emery, asperata Emery, Asciuii Gheci,

Carin (Fea),

21. Ph. megacephala, Fab, Birmanie et Tenassrim (Fea),

d’apres, Emery,

22. Ph. Wroughtonii, n. sp. Poona, Thana (Wroughton) ;

Kanara, Thana (Gleadow) ; Karwar, Kanara (Aitken) ;

Ahmednagar.

9. L, 2,743, 4 mill, Téte rectangulaire, presque carrée, Yeux gros,

aitués 4 peine en avant du milieu, Les scapes dépassent l’occiput d’ de leur

longueur, Sillon mésonotal distinct ; pronotum sans tubercules ; métanotum

subdenté ; second noeud gros, en cloche, Réticulée ; subopaque ; front en

partie lisse. Devant de la téte ridé ; des rides vagues sur le thorax ; abdomen,

lisse. Pilosité médiocre, oblique sur les tibias, D/un brun noir ; thorax

rouge sombre ; mandibules, tarses et articulations jaundtres,

9. L.747,5 mill, Téte plus large que le thorax. Deux larges épines

courtes au métanotum. Sculpture plus grossiere que chez le soldat. Du reste

identique, Ailes teintes de brun rouss4tre. Nervures brun clair, tache brune-

D’un brun noirdtre, Devant de la téte, pattes et antennes d‘un brun rougedtre

ou jaunatre.

é. L.4,7 mill, Les mandibules ont deux dents obtuses, Scape un peu

plus long que les deux premiers articles du funicule. Téte en bosse trés

convexe derriere les yeux, Face basale du métanotum et mésonotum fine-

ment striés en long, subopaques ; le reste lisse. Poils des tibias obliques. D’un

brun un peu jaunatre,

23. Ph. constancie, n.sp. Coonoor (Wroughton),

GS, L, 2,543 mill, Téte en rectangle arrondi, un peu rétrécie devant et

derriére. Pronotum peu convexe devant, bituberculé. Le mésonotum a un

sillon et un bourrelet élevé, fort-apparent, formant une courte aréte trans=

versale, Le métanotum a deux dents tres aigues, subepineuses, Premier

noeud longuement pétiolé. Second nceud gros, en cloche, A peu pres lisse,

Joues ridées jusque derriére les yeux. Pilosité éparse. Tibias poilus. D’un

brun jaunatre. Mandibules, antennes et pattes jaune sale,

©. L.7,5 mill. Mésonotum mat, densément ridé, aussi large que la téte.

Epines assez longues, gréles, plates, obtuses. Second noeud rugueux, 25 fois

plus large que long. Mélée de rougéatre et de brun, Abdomen brun foncé ;

patties et antennes jaune brundtre, De reste comme le soldat, Ailes

manquent,

Var, nigra, n, var, Nilgiris (\ (Wroughton).

®. Noire avec le devant de la téte rouge ; me) d’un noir brun. La @ a Z%

2 mill de long et les épines courtes, assez robustes.

544 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

24, Ph, rugosa, Smith, Ceylan (Yerbury),

e. L.2,74a3 mill, Téte elliptique, presque sémicirculaire, derriére les

yeux, Bord terminal des mandibules enticrement denticulé, Une large im-

pression ou sillon évasé au mésonotum, Métanotum inerme a face basale bien

plus longue que la déclive. Second noeud assez large, Lisse ; mésonotum et

métanotum réticulés et subopaques ; quelques rides aux joues. Pilosité

médiocre. Pronotum trés également convexe, Les scapes dépassent la téte

de la moitié de leur longueur. D’un brun un peu jaunatre, uniforme,

Incroyablement petite relativement au soldat pris avec elle,

25. Ph. rhombinoda, Mayr. Orissa (Taylor); Barrackpore

(Minchin) ; Mysore (Lee) ; Cochin (Rothney) ; Poona

( Wroughton ) ; Dehra Dun (Smythies) ; Travancore

(Ferguson) ; Calcutta (Rothney), &c..

v. Taprobane,n, var. Ceylan (Yerbury).

Sy. Téte fort atténuée et rétrécie derriére les yeux, sans trace de bord

postérieur(un bord postérieur plus ou moins distinct chez la rhombinoda

typique ou la téte est moins rétrécie), Les tibias n’ont que des poils trés

obliques, presque conchés. L,2,7 43 mill, (chez la rhombinoda typique les

tibias ont une pilosité dressée), Le 2me noeud est comme chez la rhombi-

noda typique, trés gros, en cloche,

v. micantiventris, Mayr. Ceylan (Madarasz).

26, Pheidole suleaticeps, Roger. Orissa (Taylor) ; Wallon ;

Ahmednagar (Heim).

v. punensis, Forel. Poona (Wroughton),

oy, Téte subrectangulaire, lisse (chez la forme typique aussi), Thorax

en partie réticulé, Mésonotum 4 faible sillon. Métanotum denté. Second

segment en cloche, plutét petit. L. 2, 3 mill.

r. Yeensis,n. subsp. Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham). soldat

seul connu.

27. Ph. striativentris, Mayr. Poona, Kanara, Konkan

(Wroughton) ; Bombay (Rothney) ; Kanara (Bell) ;

Orissa (Taylor); Dehra Dun (Smythies),

On L.2,442,6 mill, Téte a cdtés convexes et bord postérieur assez

marqué, luisante. Thorax biéchancré, mat, réticulé-ponctué, avec deux petites

épines. Pronotum indistinctement tuberculé. Second noeud rhombiforme.

Abdomen lisse. Poils des tibias subadjacents. D’un jaune rougedatre, un peu

brunatre sur la téte. Abdomen brun, Chez une variété plus foncée de

Dehra Dun, le pronotum lisse.

Q@. L.5,245,7 mill. D’un noir brunatre ou d’un rouge brunatre selon

les variétés, Mate, finement réticulée et densément ridée. Second noeud

transversal au moins 4 fois plus large que long, étiré en longs cdnes. Abdomen

lisse et luisant, sauf la base quiest mate, réticulée et striée. Tarses, funicules,

mandibules et articulations d'un jaune rougedtre, Ailes faiblement jaunatres,

& nervures assez pales.

£ES FORMICIDES DE LD EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 545

28, Ph. ghatica,n,sp. Poona (Wroughton),

q. L, 2,442,6 mill, Téte ovale-rectangulaire, Les scapes la dépassent

‘d’environ un quart de leur longueur, Un sillon transversal évasé sur le mése=

-notum. Métanotum fortement bidenté. Second noeud petit, rhombiforme,

Tout le corps, y compris l’abdomen, finement et densément réticulé-ponctué et

mat, Téte en outre,en partie ridée. Les tibias et les scapes n’ont qa’ une

pubescence subadjacente, D’un noir brundtre, Mandibules, tarses et articus

dations jaundtres ; antennes roussatres.

29, Ph, Magrettii, Emery. Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea).

30. Ph. jucunda, Forel. Calcutta ( Wood-Mason ); Poona

(Wroughton). ;

Ge L. 2,6 mill, Mésonotum profondément échancré, avec un bourrelet

tres fort derriére, Epines fortes, Téte et thorax subopaques, finement

réticulés et ridés, Téte allongée, subrectangulaire, 4 bord postérieur peu

distinct. Second noeud rhombiforme arrondi, réticulé. Abdomen lisse et

luisant, sauf isa base qui est subopaque, Les scapes dépassent la téte de pres

e la moitié de leur longueur (a peine d’ ¢ chez la sétriativentris 4 laquelle elle

ressemble), Pilosité du soldat. D’un roux ferrugineux, Abdomen brun,

Cette Q appartient 4 la grande variété de Poona.

31. Ph, multidens,n, sp. Poona (Wroughton).

©, L. 2, 3 mill, Téte sémicirculaire derriére les yeux. Les scapes

dépassent l’occiput des 2/5 de leur longueur, Pronotum bas, faiblement

convexe, avec deux tubercules fort élevés, tout a fait dentiformes. Le

mésonotum a quatre petites éminences subdentiformes, deux devant et deux

derriere le sillon médian qui est faible ; un poil sur chaque éminence, Méta-

notum bidenté. Second noeud en cloche, médiocre, plutdt grand. Joues

ridées, mésonotum et métanotum réticulés et mats; le reste lisse, Pilosité

longue, fine, dressée sur les tibias et les scapes comme ailleurs, D’un jaune

terne ; téte et abdomen d’un jaune brunatre,

22, Ph. Rogersi,n. sp. Siwalliks (Rogers).

o L, 2,24 2,3 mill, Téte ovale—rectangulaire, bord postérieur net, Les

-scaprs dépassent l’occiput d’ 1/3 de leur longueur, Le pronotum a deux

tubercules subdentiformes, Mé¢sonotum & peine imprimé au milieu, Deux

“petites épines métanotales, Second noeud petit, en carré arrondi, Thorax

en partie réticulé, joues striées, le reste lisse. Poils des tibias un peu obliques,

D’un jaune rougedtre. ‘T'éte et abdomen d’un brun jaundtre (en partie d’un

jaune brundire),

ce v. Taylori,n. var. Orissa (Taylor).

Q. L.1,741,8 mill. Plus étroite, Métanotum seulement denté, Les

scapes dépassent Vocciput d’ 3 a peine de leur longueur,

33. Ph. peguensis, Emery. Palonet Tikekee, Pegou (Fea).

M. Emery en a fait & tort une race de la Jatinoda,

C’est tout autre chose,

34. Ph. Roberti, n. sp. Kanara (Wroughton).

ron L, 2,442, 6 mill, Téte ovale rectangulaire, 4 bord postérieur fort

peu distinct. » Les scapes dépassent l’occiput des 3 de leur longueur, Le pro-

546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

notum forme une forte convexité égale. Sillon mésonotal profond; le méso-

notum est convexe derriére le silion, sans former de bourrelet, Deux petites

épines métanotales, Second noeud arrondi. Lisse et luisante; cétés du

thorax réticulés et subopaques, Pilosité des tibias courte et un peu oblique.

D’un jaunee rougeAtre. Abdomen jaunatre.

35. Ph. Horni, Emery. Ceylan (Horn),

36. Ph, Binghamii,n.sp. Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham).

ig L. 2,4 mill, Téte et scapes comme chez la Roberti, mais téte plus

alongée. Pronotum fai !ement tuberculé. Mésonotum fortement incisé, mais

un large bourrelet derriére le sillon, Métanotum allongé, bidenté. Second

noeud petit, un peuencloche, Sculpture de la multidens g. Pilosité éparse.

Trois ou quatre poils obliques sur les tibias ; scapes plus poilus. A peine plus

foncée que la Roberti. :

37. Ph. plagiaria, Smith. Mte. Mooleyit, Tenasserim (Fea).

38. Ph. javana, Mayr. Bhamé et Teinzo, Birmanie (Fea).

v. Dharmsalana,n, var. Dharmsala (Sage).

9. L,2,242,3 mill. Le sillon du mésonotum est faible, plus faible que

thez la forme typique. Du reste identique,

39. Pheidole indica, Mayr. Répandue dans toute l’Inde, de

) Himalaya 4 Ceylan, et de Bombay a Calcutta et la Bir-

manie, La forme la plus typique ess du Bengale,

é. L.4,845 mill. Robuste. Mandibules avec 2 ou 3 dents. Epistome

caréné, Scapes longs comme les deux premiers articles du funicule. Téte

rugueuse, en trapéze derriére les yeux, Thorax large, en partie lisse, en

partie strié ; le reste lisse. Pilosité du soldat, Brun foncé. Ailes subhyalines,

nervures jaunes, tache brun clair.

v. Coonoorensis, n, var. Coonoor (Wroughton),

io L, 2, 3 mill, Thorax mat, réticulé (en partie lisse chez le type )

Couleur plus foncée. Bord postérieur de la téte plus distinct.

r. rotschana,n. subsp. Poona (Wroughton) ; Orissa (Taylor) ;

Trevandrum (Ferguson) ; Thana (Wroughton).

i, L.1,742,2 mill. Bord postérieur de la téte distinct. Les scapes ne

dépassent l’occiput que d’ 1/5. Sillon mésonotal faible. Métanotum denté.

Du reste sculpture, couleur et pilosité de la forme typique.

@. 3,844, 1 mill, Téte en trapeze plus court que chez l’espéce

typique. Stature beaucoup plus gréle, Premier article du pédicule tres long

2 tres gréle. Du reste comme l’espéce typique.

r. himalayana,n, subsp, Cachmir (de Lobiniere); Darjeeling

(Wroughton); Dharamsala (Sage).

©, L.2,442, 6mill, Couleur du soldat, mais d’un jaune plus pale:

Du reste comme l’espece typique.

40 Ph, Feae, Emery, Gheci, Carin (Fea).

(To be continued.)

547

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G. C. Dupcgoy, F.z.s., &c.

Witn Norss sy H. J. Exwss, r.z.s., r.n.s., &c.,

AND

AppitTions sy Sir Gzorce F, Hampson, Barr., B.a., F.E.S., &e,

Part XIII.

(Continued from page 355 of this Volume.)

Family ARCTIADAi—continued.

Sub-family ARcTIANa—continued,

Genus Nicma, Moore.

1243. N. longzpennis, Wk.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen in any Sikhim collection.

(Sikhim, Ldderdale in B. M.—G. F. H.)

(I have a single specimen from the old Wilson collection, another from

the Khasia hills— H, J.£.)

Genus Manas, Hibn.

1193. MM. venosa, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—3,000 feet. This appears to be not uncom-

mon at Punkabaree in September. I have one male in my collection, taken

by me at light at Badamtam in May, which has been identified by Sir

George Hampson as Thyrgorina venosa, Moore, and which seems typical.

Other specimens which I have taken at Punkabaree have no markings on

either wing or have the forewing and hindwing with large orange sub-

basal patches as well as other orange marginal markings. | fail to see,

if my specimens have been correctly identified, why this species is placed

in the genus Meenas, which is described as differing from Diacrisia, Hiibn.,

in the hind tibiz being without the medial spurs. These spurs are

present in all my specimens, and the species seems to me to be inseparable

from the latter genus. It occurs together with D. flavens, Moore, which

is similarly constructed; indeed JZ, venosa, in specimens where the orange

markings are well pronounced, has the fuscous markings lett on the wings

similarly distributed to the fuscous markings in the heaviest marked ferms

of D. flavens as well as the structural likeness. I do not mean to infer

that I consider the two to be one species, although, until lately, they were

put together as one variable species in my collection, probably owing te

some misconception arising from having taken them together. I think

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

that they seem fairly nearly allied, though. All my specimens of M. venosa

have a black spot on the tegule which is not foundin D. flavens. I

consider that the species requires re-examination. Sir George Hampson

remarks that the two specimens from me in British Museum, both males,

have only got terminal spurs to hind tibiee. (I have only two specimens

from Sikhimso named by Sir George Hampson. They are not like

Moore’s figure, however, being black without markings, but too much

worn to describe properly ; they might be a melanic variety of flavens,

Moore.—H. J. E.)

Genus Dracrista, Hiibn.

1189. D. nigrifrons, W1k.

Sikhim, 4,500—7,000 feet, This species is common at light in Darjeel-

ing in July, August, and September. It is conspicuous by the front of

the thorax being tufted with bright orange, whereas the remainder is pure

white.

1198. D. rhodophila, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500—8,000 feet. Rather scarce in May and

June, Taken at light at Fagoo, (Commoner in the Nagas at higher

elevation than in Sikhim, where I never took it at Darjeeling. Moller

got itin May.—H. J. EH.)

1188. D. multivittata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500 feet up. Common in April, May, and J alps

Some specimens are without a trace of the dark markings on the forewing.

(I took it at Darjeeling at light n August.—H, J. E.)

1200. D. melanosoma, Hmpsn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. This is apparently a rare species, which

T have only taken at light in May. It is easily distinguished from the

other white species of the genus by the abdomen being banded with

black. My only example, a female, has the terminal segment orange. (I

have three specimens from Moller’s collection, one of which was taken on

April 18th.—H. J. E.)

1163. D. punctata, Moore.

Sikhim. Ido not recognise this insect from the description. The

record is uncertain.

1192. D. obliquevitta, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3,000 feet. This occurs rarely in May and

October attracted to light. (I have this only from Knyvyett’s collection,

and I balieve he took it at Darjecling.—H. J. £.)

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA. OF SIKHIM., 549

1194, D. flavens, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—3,000 feet. A common insect at Punkabaree

in June, September, and October. Taken with Meenas venosa in numbers

attracted to light, especially in September. The male, which appears to:be

undescribed, has the markings arranged almost exactly as in Hampson’s

ficure of D. indica, Guer. (Moths of India, Vol. II, p. 12.). It may be

described as follows :—Deep ochreous ; palpi at sides and antenne black-

ish ; abdomen darker ochreous with dorsal, lateral and sub-lateral series of

black spots. Forewing with an elongate fuscous spot on the costa ; a

curved ante-medial series of elongate fuscous spats between the veins,

sometimes running into a straighter medial series, which latter is excurved

round the end of the cell ; a triangular spot in the upper angle of the cell,

one just outside the discocellulars, and sometimes a small one in the lower

angle of the cell ; post-medial series of elongate spots terminating at the

apex in two round spots. Hindwing with a discoidal spot, and generally

a complete sub-terminal series of elongate fuscous spots, sometimes absolete

at the middle or reduced to round spots. In the female the spots beyond

the medial series on the forewing are generally wanting or represented by

one or two elongate spots between veins 4, 5, and 6. One specimen in my

collection has five large spots of the post-medial series present. The

hindwing of the female has the sub-terminal series reduced from one

to four usually conjoined spots towards the tornus with a speck above

vein 5 ; one specimen has in addition a post-medial row of 5 conjoined

spots towards the inner margin, A black streak is also generally present

from near the base of the wing, running parallel to the inner margin to

half the extent of the latter. (Judging from the figure in Moths of India,

Vol. IL, p. 12, I should say that D. indica was the male of D. flavens.

I have only 3 females of the latter from Miller’s-collection, which agree

very fairly with the figure of D. indica—H. J. E.)

1171. D. flavalis,-Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 feet. I have two forms of an insect iden-

tified by Sir George Hampson as Thyrgorina flavalis, Moore, one of

which is typical lativitta, Moore, and the other a pale"unmarked form with

the forewings buff and the hindwings white. It soems very distinct from

the other, but there are doubtless intermediate forms. It occurs at light in

June, August and October, (This was common at Darjeeling in July

and August, 1886. I have 12 males, which show every variation from

spotless forewings to the well marked band of lativitta. Of my 2 females

550 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

one has no band, the other a faint and narrow one. I think there is little

doubt they all belong to one species, and were so placed by Sir George

Hampson in my collection—H. J. £.)

1184. D. rubritincta, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 6,000—7,000 feet. Taken by me at Pasheteng

and Rissoom in September. (This occurs from May to September and

seems common in some seasons. Though I never took it myself, there

were several in Miller’s and Knyvett’s collections.—H. J. £.)

1165. D. stigmata, Moore.

Bhutan, 3,000—6,406 feet. I took this at light.at Fagoo and Rissoom

in June and September. (I took this at light at Darjeeling in July. It

varies a good deal in the amount of black markings.—H. J. E.)

1164. D. dentilinea, Moore.

Sikhim. I have never seen a specimen of this. (I have not been

able to identify this, and have little doubt that it is a synonym or a variety

of one of the above species. —H. J. E.)

1162 & 1172. D. obliqua, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800—2,000 feet. Typical ob/:qua occurs at Fagoo

in May, August and September, and is common there. The form confusa,

Butl., was common at light at Punkabaree in July, August and Septem-

ber. The distinguishing point of this species, or rather that which distin-

guishes it from some specimens of the next species, is that the palpi are

crimson, whereas those of caszgneta, Koll., are dark. D. dalbergiw, Moore,

and D. todara, Moore, are synonyms. Walker’s name obliqua has prece-

dence by date. (I should certainly treat this asa variety of D. caszgneta,

it is a very wide ranging and variable species, I have very nearly, if not

quite, the same thing from Amurland and Japan as striatopunctata,

Motsch.—H. J. E.)

1179. D. casigneta, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500—5,000 feet. In addition to the difference

in the colour of the palpi between this and the last species, the abdomen in

my specimens appears to be more thickly clothed in long hair, My

examples were taken in March and June, and are of the form called

sanguinalis, Moore. (Common at light at Darjeeling in June, July and

August—H, J. E.)

1159. D. multiguttata, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet up. Common at light every-

where, occurring in May, July, August, September and October.

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM. 551

(I took this in the Tista Valley on 14th August, but not at

Darjecling.—H, J. E.)

1167. D. gopara, Moore.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I have taken this handsome species at light at

Punkabaree in June and August. The branches of the antennz in the

male in this and the last are shorter than that of any of the preceding

species. (I never took it at Darjeeling, and believe it is, like the last, a

low-valley species.—H. J. E.)

1203a. D. bretaudiaui, Oberth.

Yatung. I have only one specimen in my collection received through

Mr, J. Lister from Mr. Taylor of the Chinese Commission,

1176. D. rubilinea, Moore,

Sikhim, 1,800 feat up. This occurs fairly commonly in Darjeeling, I

believe. My own specimens which were taken at low elevation by me,

where it is rare, are dated March, June and August. (Comes to light

at Darjeeling in the rains, but is not abundant.—H, J. E.)

1196. D. sordidescens, Hmpsn.

Sikhim. Ihave never received this, Moore’s name sordida having

been used by Hiibner for another species, Sir Geo. Hampson has re-

named this species.

1197. D. sikkimensis, Moore.

Sikhim. This must be rare as I have never seen it. (? Sikhim.—

G. F. H.) (I expect this may be the female of the last. I have only

one from Knyvett’s collection, which agrees with Moore’s figure, I never

_sawa ¢ that could belong to it.—H. J. E.)

1213. D. fulvohirta, W1k.

Nikhim, 7,000 feet. Taken at light in May. (Common-on the Jor-

pokri ridge at 7,000 feet, but not taken by me at Darjeeling.—Z, J, E.)

1227. D. impleta, Wik.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 feet up. 1 have taken this on several occa-

sions at Tukvar in July.

Genus Amsacta, WIk.

1239. A. lineola, Fabr.

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I only obtained this on one occasion at Punka-

baree in June, The abdomen of my specimen is orange, and the

forewing has four indistinct specks below the median neryure, This

form occurs with the crimson-bodied one in the Punjab also. It has not

previously been recorded from this locality,

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

1235. A. lactinea, Cram.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800 feet. I reared a female from an egg laid

by a torn female found at 1,000 feet at Fagoo. I subsequently took four

more specimens at Punkabaree in June, July, August and September.

As the larva I bred differs somewhat from the description in the Moths

of India, I give its different stages below.

Larva.—I|st stage orange, studded with reddish hairs, except the 4th

and 11th somites which are black. In the last two moults the form

changes completely. In the penultimate stage the 3 anterior somites and

the 3 posterior ones are black, studded with black hairs, the remainder

being dark-brown with reddish hairs; there is also a dorsal line of pale

yellowish spots. The last stage differs in the whole of the somites, being

velvety-black, with the first § somites clothed in rather short golden hair

mingled with longer black ones, some on the first 3 somites being very

long. The 3 last somites are clothed in long black hairs, with no reddish

or golden ones; the only markings are the yellowish spiracles. Head

dark-brown, prolegs pinkish-brown, undersurface black.

Food plant, Urena lobata, Linn.

The first abdominal segment in the perfect insect from this locality is

white, with a central patch of pink. Punjab specimens are usually without

the pink patch,

Genus CreaTonotus, Hiibn.

1231. C. gangis, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 1,800 feet. I took a female at light in

March in the Buxar Dooars and another in June at Punkabaree, These

are the only specimens I have seen. It isan insect of the plains rather

than the hills.

1242. C. transiens, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, up to 5,000 feet. A very common insect. The

hindwing of the male is generally fuscous, being darker than the forewing

and without the submarginal row of spots; that of the female being paler

than the forewing, often nearly white and with the submarginal spots

present. i

Genus Estieamenr, Hiibn.

1215. E. tmbuta, W1k.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000 feet up. Ihave only taken two males in

August and one female in June. It seems to be rather scarce. (I took

2 males at Darjeeling in June, but it seems a rare species,—Z. J. L.)

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM., 553

1214. E. florescens, Moore.

Sikhim, 6800 feet. Occurs at Darjeeling atlight in June. (I have

never taken this myself, and should consider it rare.—H. J. E.)

1216. 1. quadriramosa, Koll.

Sikhim. I do not remember ever having seen a specimen from this

locality, although it is an extremely common insect in the Kangra Valley,

extending to Kashmir and Simla; it is here recerded on the authority

of a spscimen so marked in the British Museum collection. (I doubt the

eccurrence of this in Sikhim.— H. J. #.)

Genus Prricattia, Hiibn.

1228. P. galactina, van der Hoev.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1800—6000 feet. A common insect, occurring

in May and June. P. imperialis, Koll, has been recorded from this

locality, { think, in error. Neither Mr. Elwes nor I have seen a

specimen from here.

Genus Baroa, Moore.

1307a. B. vatala, Swinh.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 3000 feet. Occurs at light in May and August.

It is not uncommon at Fagoo, but appears to be rarer westward.

Genus Urrrneisa, Hiibn.

1279. U. pulchella, Linn.

Sikhim and Bhutan. This is found in April at low elevation, and is

often seen tlying by day in April and July. The record of U. cruentata,

Butl., trom this locality is said ta be erroneous.

Genus Reopogastria, Hiibn.

1256. R. astreas, Drury.

Sikhim, 1800 feet. I took this on one oceasion enly, settled on the

trunk of a tree at Punkabaree, where it had very much the resemblance

of a species of Cécada which occurred commonly in the same locality, (1

have two specimens from Moller’s collection, probably from the Terai.—

H. J. FE)

554

TRE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DAR-

BHANGA DISTRICT; TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES

NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT.

By C. M. InGLis,

Part IV.

(Continued from page 371 of this Volume.)

OrDER—STRIGES.

Family Strigide,

(149) Srrix rrAaMMes,—The Barn-Owl.

Blanford, No. 1152, Hume, No. 60.

IT have not found it very common, but Scroope says it isso. Jt at any rate

cannot be called rare. I have only taken one clutch of eggs, three in number,

which were situated on a pillar, between it, the roof and the wali of the press-

house at Narhar, This was on the 21st February 188, Native name

Madoosa.

(150) S1rrix canDIDA—The Grass-Owl.

Blanford, No. 1153, Hume, No, 61.

I have found this species decidedly rare. Half a dozen were flushed in a 20

biggah grass , of Jainagar and one shot, Two nests were found in the same grass

on the 26th October 1899, One contained five highiy incubated eggs ; three of

the eggs were cracked, and two were saved for my collection, The other nest

wasempty. Where the eggs were found the grass appeared to have been pressed

down for a considerable space round them, Another nest with a single ege

was found onthe Ist November which was left, but on being visited on

the 6th it was found to be deserted and the egg smashed. A bird of this

species was caught at Jainagar during some heavy rain, quite unable to fly.

I kept it a few days, feeding it on gerbilles (G. indicus). It latterly escaped,

In some parts of the district I believe this species is not so rare, often rising

in tront of the beaters during a partridge shoot, Their flight is slow and

even, they keep their hind legs hanging down, They only flya few yards

and then settle,

Sub-family A sionine,

(151) Asio accrprrrinus.—The Short-eared Owl.

Blanford, No. 1157, Hume, No, 68,

This species is scarce, The first specimen was secured in broad daylight,

on the 12th November, seated ona ridge in a waste field, There was no

grase near the place, and the nearest crops were paddy, Its stomach only con-

tained the remains of a hard coleopterous insect. On the 17th December

eight were seen ina good-sized but patchy grass, The birds kept to the

ground near the roots of some small kheir and other thorny trees ; when dis-

tarbed flew into the rabi fields. Three were shot, one being a dark-coloured

one and the others light, On the 27th January one was snared at Baghownie

in a noose set for duck,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 555

(152) Syrxium oceLLATUM.—The Mottled Wood-Owl.

_Blanford, No, 1161. Hume, No. 65,

Round about Jainagar and NarharI have seldom seen or heard this

species, but Scroope says it is common everywhere, I have never taken its

nest, though I thought I had got hold of one a few miles from Baghow-

nie, The owl flew out of a hole in a mango tree, towards the end of

April, but there were no eggs, A few days later the bird was again

flushed from the same place, and there was more grass in the hole than

noticed the first day. It was again visited later on, but the hole had

been swamped with rain and was deserted, On the 12th AND rUlie 1S Olja

nestling was brought me which had been taken out of a hole in a

mango tree not far from Narhar, A favourite position it had was to lie flat

on its stomach with its legs sticking straigat out behind, The irides were

black and eyelids lake red. Several haunted the bamboos at Hatauri, but I am

unaware whether they still do so.

Sub-family Bubonine,

(153) Buso BENGALENSIS.—The Rock-horned Owl,

Blanford, No. 1168. Hugne, No, 69,

A single specimen, a female, was shot by one of my collectors, in a mango

grove near Jainagar and close to the Nepal frontier on the 30th July.

I have never seen nor have any of my men ever come across this species

before,

(154) Scops etu.—The Scops Owl.

Blanford, No, 1173, Hume, No, 74. .

A single specimen of what I take to be this species was secured on the 12th

July 1900.

(155) Scops BAaKKAMENA,—The Collared Scops Owl,

Blanford, No,1178, Hume, No, 75.

Scops owls are, I think, uncommon everywhere in the district. They certainly

breed here, though I have been unsuccessful in finding the nest, A party of

five newly-fledged young were seen on the 23rd May in a bamboo grove at

Narhar. Some boys chased them, and one bird went near a tree on which a

pair of H, indus had a nest ; one of the kites swooped at the owl which crouched

in the grass, where it was caught,

(156) ATHENE BRAMA.—The Spotted Owlet.

Blanford, No, 1180.. Hume, No. 76,

Exceedingly common, They breed in March, April and May in any kind of

hole. Even when molested they stick to their old nesting sites, I continu-

ally robbed apair that infested my bungalow at Narhar, taking nine eggs on

three different occasions from the one nest during the year; even then they

would not leave the place, I had also robbed the nest twice the preceding year,

Eggs are found in allstages of incubation in the same nest. One nest contained

one young one, two highly incubated eggs and one fresh egg, Native name

Pencha,

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV. _

(157). Nivox scuruLata,—The Brown Hawk-Owl,

Blanford, No, 1187. Hume, No, 81,

Very rare. I have only secured three specimens here. A male was shot at

Jainagar on the 17th August ina mango grove, A female was brought me on

the 10th January, which had been snared in a noose set for duck ; and the third,

a female, was shot in the bamboos at Baghownie on the 29th July, The bird

that was snared was brought to me alive and emitted a most weird wail on

being touched, It was quite a human-like sound, Native name Choghad.

OrDER—ACCIPITRES,

Family Pandionide.

(158) Panpion HALIAETUS.—The Osprey.

Blanford, No. 1189. Hume, No. 40.

Qommon during the cold weather near water. Scroope wrote me on the 16th

February 1899 from Benipatti: “I should not be surprised if Ospreys breed

in these parts ; from the movements of a pair in a gach yesterday I thought

they might not improbably be breeding. Unfortunately I had not the time to

search,’ They are occasionally seen here in the hot weather, 1 having noticed

one at Baghownie on the 13th Jane 1900. Native name Maehurang,

Family Vulturide.

(159) Orogyrs caLvus.—The Black Vulture,

Blanford, No. 1191, Hume, No. 2.

Common, Breeds here from December to March. The nests I have taken

have been either on pipal, banyan or simal trees, and there is never more than

one nest on the same tree, unlike Prendogyps bengalensis, Whey commence

building about the middle of November, Native name Raj gidh or Kannare

gidh,

(160) Gyps 1npicus,—The Indian Long-billed Vulture.

Blanford, No, 1194, Heme, No, 4.

Tam not certain about this species, The Gyps found here may be either

this species or tenwirostris or probably both species occur, I have never shot

any of these loathsome birds as they are not nice to skin, and natives rather

object touching them. I am, however, certain that either one or both of these

species occur. Native name Gidh.

(161) PsrupoeyPs BENGALENSIS.—The Indian White-backed Vulture,

Blanford, No. 1196. Hume, No. 5.

The commonest vulture found here, They breed from November to March,

November is the month during which most cggs are to be got. Most of my

nests were situated on pipal trees; out of sixty-six nests noted, forty-three

being found on those trees, thirteen on mangoes, and six on simuls, and four on

banyans, I have noticed this species increasing the size of the nest as the

young gets older. One of my men was once attacked by one of these birds

whilst robbing a nest; he had tokeep it at bay witha stick, Ihave never

found more than one egg. Several nests are found on the same tree, Native

name Gidh,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 557

(162) NEoOPHRON GINGINIANUS,—The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture.

Blanford, No, 1197. Hume, No. 6.

Very common, It breeds from February to May. All my nests were

found on pipals, and ranged from 15 to 50 feet from the ground, If a single

egg is found in a nest and taken, the bird often lays another, but never in any

nest in which there were two eggs, They often use the same nest for

successive years, On once taking au addled egg from a nest, the bird

sat on a branch above the nests and uttered a wailing cry, Native name

Got gidh.

Family Falconide,

Sub-family Ma/conine,

(163) AgorLa vinDHiANA.—The Indian Tawny Eagle.

Blaaford, No. 1203. Hume No, 29.

I have a bird shot on the 25th March, which I take to be this species, Mir-

shikar’s name Madoom,

(164) A, wasrata—The Small Indian Spotted Eagle,

Blanford, No. 1206, Hume, No, 30,

I have found this species rather rare, but have been fortunate in taking its

nest several times, The earliest nest was taken on the 17th April, and the

latest with eggson the 20th of June, A young one I had, when first taken,

used to sprawl on its stomach like the young S, acillatum ; in a week’s time it

began to help itself about with beak and wings, climbing from perch to perch,

and in another week was able to fly, Inthe nest from which this bird was

taken were the remains of a number of frogs.

(165) H1rraErus PENNATUS.,—The Booted Eagle,

Blanford, No, 1208. Hume, No. 31.

I think I have noticed this species, but not having shot it, cannot be

certain,

(166) SpizaBTUS NePALENSIs,—Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle.

Blanford, No.1213, Hume, No, 36,

On the 19th March 1896 I came across a pair of these birds flying over the

river at Hassowlie Factory. Isaw one three times strike ata fish, twice it missed,

but the third time was successful and cauyht one, It carried it off to a small

tree some distance away. On going towards it, it flew-off, but was brought

down with a charge of No, 8, It had finished the fish, but the remains of the

same were found inits gullet. The specimen shot was a very fine bird with a

beautiful crest, Another Hawk-Hagle, which I think is this species, was got at

Jainagar on the 6th April 1899.

(167) Crrcarrus GaLLicus.—The Short-toed Eagle.

Blanford, No. 1216. Hume, No. 38,

I saw a bird, which I am almost certain was this species, quarter-

ing the ground like a harrier, not far from Baghownie, on the 18th

October 1900.

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

(168) SPILORNIS CHEELA,—The Crested Serpent-Hagle.

Blanford, No, 1217, Hume, No. 39,

Common during the cold weather, but also occasionally found at other

times, Mr, Gordon Dalgliesh having shot one at Dalsing Serai in July, and I

saw one not far from Jainagar in August,

(169) Burastur TEEsA,—The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle,

Bianford, No, 1220. Hume, No. 48,

Very common, breeding from March to May, I have seen this species carry

sticks to its nest in its feet, They never, so far as I know, lay a second clutch

after having heen robbed of their first one. Nativename Teesa.

(170) HariaETus LeEUcoRYPHUs.—Pallas’s Fishing-Eagie,

Blanford, No, 1223. Hume, No. 42,

Very common near Baghownie, but rather scarce round Jainagar and Narhar.

They have a very pewerful call, greatly appreciated by the natives. Besides

feeding on fish and water birds, they also sometimes feed on carrion, as I once

saw one in company with a Pseudogyps and some C. macrorhynchus feeding on

the remains of a small dead animal. The Fish-Hagle carried off the carcases to

a tree, They breed from November to February. Native names Soraél and

Kootair,

(171) Poioanrus 1cuTHyarrus.—The Large Grey-headed Fishing-Hagle,

Blanford, No. 1226. Hume, No, 41.

Fairly common, Breeds from November to January. Native name

Madhuya.

(172) HaLiastuR 1nDUs.—The Brahminy Kite.

Blanford, No, 1228, Hume, No, 55.

Very common, breeding from February to April, They commence building

about the middle of December, They catch termites on the wing with their

feet and then transfer them to their bills. Native name Khemankari.

(173) Muixvus covinpa.—The Common Pariah Kite,

Blanford, No. 1229. Hume, No. 56.

Abundant, and also breeding from February to April, Asa rule they desert

nests which have been once robbed, at least that is my experience, They take

a long time in building, often commencing as early as the end of October, A

Kite once swooped down at the man who was robbing the nest and broke

one of the eggs in his hand with its claws, I have watched them pick up

sticks, They fly close to the ground, catch the stick with their feet, and then

still on the wing transfer it to their bill. Native name Chil or Chilor.

(174) Exanus cmroteus.—The Black-winged Kite.

Blanford, No, 1232, Hume, No, 59.

Fairly common, I have found nests in September, October, November,

January and July, A young bird had the iris brown. The bird commences

sitting from the time of laying the first egg, as eggs in all stages of incubation

are to be found in the same nest. ‘They sometimes build on bamboos as well

as on trees,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION, 559

(175) Circus mMAcRuRUS.—The Pale Harrier,

Bilanford, No. 1233. Hume, No. 51.

Not uncommon during the cold weather. Native name Pattaz.

(176) OC. cyaneus,—The Hen-Harrier,

Blanford, No, 1235, Hume, No. 50,

Mr, G. Dalgliesh in the ** Zoologist” for June says he is certain he saw this

species in January 1901,

(177) C. MELANOLEMCUS.—-The Pied Harrier,

Blanford, No, 1236, Hume, No, 53,

Common during the cold weather, The earliest arrival noted was on the

ard September, They remain till the middle of April, Scroope saw a female

of some species of harrier in July. Native name Pattai,

(178) OC, zruGiINosus.—The Marsh-Harrier,

Blanford, No, 1237. Hume, No. 54,

Very common during the cold weather, and a great nuisance to sportsmen.

They arrive in September. In the stomach of one I diss+cted were the re-

mains of a Pal: cyinocephalus, one leg and foot being quite undigested and

the remainder was simply a ball of flesh and feathers. Native name Kutar,

(179) Asvur BADIUS.—The Shikra.

Blanford, No, 1244. Hume, No, 23,

Abundant, breeding in April, Their nests are often situated in a tangle of

that parasite (Loranthus sp ?) common on mango trees, On the 30th July I saw

several D. ater chasing a shikra ; after having been chased a short distance the

little hawk suddenly poised in mid-air and one of the king crows shot ahead,

The shikra then struck it and carried it screaming away. Native name Shikra,.

(180) AccrpiTeR Nisus.—The Sparrow-Hawk,

Blanford, No, 1247, Hume, No, 24,

Mr, G. Palghesh says he once shot a specimen of this bird in March 1898,

(181) A. Vircarus.—The Besra Sparrow-E awk,

Blanford, No, 1248. Hume, No. 25,

G, Dalgliesh says he found it very common and saw a specimen with a white

head. I have not found it as common as A. badius, Native name Basha,

(182) PrERNis cristatus.—The Crested Honey-Buzzard,

Blanford, No, 1249, Hume, No, 57,

Fairly common. They lay in May. A pair commenced building towards the

end of February, but deserted the nest, Some of the eggs of this species are

very handsome. I have found them very shy during the breeding season,

readily deserting their nests, Scroope saw one devouring an oriole, a fact

which I haye already mentioned in this Journal, Native name Madhoa,

(183) Fatco PEREGRINUs,—The Peregrine Falcon,

Blanford, No, 1254, Hume, No, 8.

In February 1899 Scroope sent me an interesting note on this species from

Benipatti, He says:—“Iam sending you a peregrine which I knocked over

thisevening . . , , . Ihave seen plenty of peregrines (or peregrinators,

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

as I suppose one cannot distinguish safely without examination) this winter ;

they are always about water and prey, I suppcse on the waders and ducks, In

this part of the country they seem particularly common, Those that 1 have

seen close have no rufous on the underparts, and I am sure are all F’. pere-

grinus.’ I generally see a few every cold weather. The earliest was noticed on

the 13th September and the latest on the 6th April, Native name Bhyri,

(184) F. PpeREGRINATOR,—The Shabin Falcon,

Blanford, No. 1255. Hume, No. 9.

T got a female of this species on the drd August 1896 at Anarh, It was seated

on a tree close to the bungalow, I have also noticed one or two other falcons

which were probably this species.

(185) F, succer.—The Laggar Falcon,

Blanford, No, 1257. Hume,No, 11. -

LT have found all falcons rather scaree bere, but Scroope says he has found

this species common, He was very successful in obtaining their eggs and sent

me a couple of clutches taken in February, I got three highly incubated eggs

from a nest on the 10th March,some miles from Baghownie, and also two

young a couple of miles from Jainagar, on the 18th April 1898, The young

on being taken down began to croak something like a frog, The nestlings

were brown all over with pale rufous margins to the feathers, Bill pale bluish .

horny, dusky at tip ; legs tinged greenish. Description of plumage on 20th

November 1898, Forehead, supercilium, earcoverts and chin whitish, shafts

of feathers on forehead black and tips of ear coverts deep brown ; a deep brown

band from behind eye, below supercilium and above ear coverts and also a paler

one from gape to below ear coverts, Upper plumage deep brown tinged with

ashy and feathers edged with rufous, the rufous being more pronornced on

the head ; feathers of lower neck more or less pale fulvous with dark tips; a

few pure white feathers on the breast, vent and thigh coverts, remainder of

lower plumage deep brown with fulvous edges, lower tail coverts pale fulvous

with a few crescentic brown bars along the shaft; tail feathers deep brown

tinged with ashy above, beneath the inner webs are barred with pale rufous,

Quills brown tinged with ashy, inner web of primaries, except near the tip, with

buff bars. On the 7th September 1899 the upper plumage was that of the

adult, and there was far more white than brown in the lower plumage.

I saw one strike a drongo and eat it on the ground. Native name Laggar and

Jugger.

(186) F. severus,—The Indian Hobby,

Blanford, No. 1261. Hume, No, 14,

IT saw one at Narbar onthe 3rd February 1900. It was evidently taking

some sort of locust or grasshopper from off the ground.

(187) AEsALoN CHicqupRA,—The Red-headed Merlin,

Blanford, No. 1264, Hume, No. 16,

Rather scarce. Lhave only secured five specimens, A male shot on

the 25th December 1897, a pair on the 20th October 1898, a male on the 30th

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION 561

July 1899, and anether male on the 1st September 1899, The latter was sent

me by Mrs, Sherman, who lives at Jainagar, It had been hit by a boy in their

garden and was alive when brought me, but died during the night, In its

stomach were the remains of some grasshoppers and the head of one of the

large ants. Scroope wrote, Madhubani, 5th June 1899: “ There are a few red

headed merlins around here at present, probably they have flown from a nest

Somewhere in the neighbourhood.” I saw one fly past the vats at Narhar on

the 19th August 1899, and a pair were seen on the 24th December 1990 be-

tween Hatauri and Russelpore Factories. Native name Turumii,

(188) _TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS.—The Kestrel,

Blanford, No. 1265. Hume, No, 17,

Very common in the cold weather. They arrive in October, Native name

Karontia,

OrDER—COLU MBL,

Family Columbide.

Sub-Family Treronine.

(189) Crocorts PH@NICOPTERUS,—The Bengal Green Pigeon.

Blanford, No. 1271. Hume, No, 772,

Very common, I have a specimen shot at Baghownie on the 25th September

1901, which appears to be intermediate between this species and chlorogaster.

Tt has the lower plumage largely suffused with yellow, this colour reaching from

the breast to vent, the sides of the body however, are ashy grey. I have never

found what I take to be the true chlorogaster here, This green pigeon breeds here

in April, May and June, I have found three nests on the same tree, and have

often found nests on trees close to each other, At Belahi, in the Mozufferpur

District, [found three eggs in one nest, A fresh egg and a nearly hatched one

were found in the same nest, I have never seen'these birds drinking, Native

name Harial,

; Sub-Family Columbine,

(190) CoLumBa INTERMEDIA.—The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon,

Blanford, No. 1292, Hume, No, 788.

Fairly common, and in some places, according to Scroope, abundant, I have

found eggs in every month except February. Numbers of them breed at

Laheria Serai in the old wall of a temple. I have found there eggs in one

nest, Native name Katretar and Parawé,

(191) ©, nivia.—The Blue Rock-Pigeon.

Blanford, No. 1293. Hume, No, 788 bis.

A single specimen was got by me on the 12th March 1899 at Jainagar, I

have never seen any since then.

(192) C, EVERSMANNI.—The Eastern Stock-Pigeon,

Blanford, No, 1295. Hume, No, 787.

Some put in an appearance every cold weather. I first noticed and obtained

this species in January 1899, I believe they used to commonly affect a large

simal tree here, but since I have been here I have seldom noticed them, only

‘seeing one or two flocks last cold weather, Native name Bon pérawd and Bagar’

562 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

(193) Turtrur reERRAGO.—The Indian Turtle-Dove,

Blanford, No, 1305. Hume, No, 792,

Rather scarce near where I have been, but Scroope found it fairly common

during the cold weather, I have only come across a few stray specimens

each winter, This year I was successful in securing this bird’s eggs for the

first time, I shot a male in March, which was evidently breeding, and so had

a good look out kept wherever any of these birds frequented ; it was not,

however, till the 25th of May that the first nest was secured at Jainagar, it

contained a single egg. On the 20th June near Baghownie a second nest was

found containing twoeggs. Both nests were on mango trees, I have never come

across orientalis here,and believe all the birds seen belong to this species,

Native name Kullak,

(194) T, sunaTENsis,—The Spotted Dove,

Blanford, No, 1307. Hume, No, 795,

Exceedingly common. I have taken nests during every month in the year,

Mr, G, Dalgliesh found what he took to be a hybrid between this species and

the following one. Doves are seldom snared by the mér shikars as their

plumage is too loose, the feathers coming off on the bird lime, Native name

Kodaya and Panduk,

(195) 'T. R1sorrus.—The Indian Ring-Dove.

; Blanford, No. 1310, Hume, No. 796.

Abundant. I have taken nests in every month except February. Their

nests are, as a rule, placed higher off the ground than those of suratensis,

Native name Dowila,

(196) GNOPOPELIA TRANQUEBARICA.—The Red Turtle-Dove.

Blanford, No, 1311. Hume, No, 797.

I found this species rather scarce round Jainagar and Narhar, but near

Baghowniejit is fairly common, I have taken several nests from April to July,

These handsome little doves are sometimes seen in small parties in the paddy-

fields. Native name Itoo-ah,

OrDER—GALLINZ,

Sub-Order Alectoropodes,

Family Phasisanidae,

(197) ExcaLFACTORIA CHINENSIS,.—The Bluc-breasted Quail,

Blanford, No, 1354. Hume, No, 831,

In August 1900 a quail of this species rose from some sugar-cane at

Hatauri, On the 10th June this year a number were flushed in the Ramowlie

grass, which lies between Hatauri and Anarh, They all rose singly. I have

not had an opportunity of visiting the place since then, and have not been

able to secure specimens, but there is no mistaking the species,

(198) Corurnix communis.—The Grey Quail.

Blanford, No, 1355. Hume, No, 829.

Exceedingly common, especially in February and March, A few, however,

remain here all the year round. I have got itseggs in March. At Belsund

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 563:

in the Mozufferpore District, large numbers of quail are shot during the season,

A continual fusillade goes on during the whole shoot, and the guns get quite

hot, Native name Batair,

(199) ©, conomanpeLica,—The Rain Quail.

Blanford, No. 1356. Hume, No, 830.

I have never got this species, but they probably occur, as Blanford says they

visit Behar during the monsoon,

(200) FRANCOLINUS VULGARIS.—The Black Partridge.

Blanford, No, 1372, Hume, No, 818,

Scarce round Jainagar, and never seen either round Narhar or Baghownie.

It is curious their not being found here, as they are not scarce in the indigo at

Hatauri, and are also to be had near most of the neighbouring factories,

Scroope wrote that they were common in the Khatauna jungle. I have been.

unsuccessful in getting their eggs. Native name Kala-titir,

(201) EF. ponpicerraNus.—The Grey Partridge.

Blanford, No, 1375, Hume, No, 822.

I have found it commoner than vulgaris, but have not come across their

eggs. Some are generally to be found wherever there is any fairly thick

scrub jungle, such as occurs along the Nepal boundary near Jainagar, I have

also flushed it from a big grass. The flesh of both species I have found to be.

dry and tasteless,

ORDER—HEMIPODII.

Family Turnicide..

(202) Turnix pucnax,—The Bustard-Quail,

Blanford, No, 1382, Hume, No, 832.

Blanford says that this species is found all over India except on the higher

hills, in dense forests, and in deserts, I have never, however, come across it here,

neither have any of the many fowlers who come here ever seenit. I may

state that we have no hills, deserts or forests here,

(203) 'T. pussumIERI.—The Little Button-Quail,

Blanford, No. 1383, Hume, No, 835.

Button-quail are common, but I cannot say which species is most abundant,

having handled too few specimens,

(204) T. ranxr.—-The Indian Button-Quail,

Blanford, No. 1384, Hume, No, 834,

An egg belonging to a Turnix was brought me, but Iam not certain to

which species to assign it, Button-quail are seldom shot and scarcely

ever snared, The coolies have several times caught them in their hands, as

when frightened they prefer crouching on the ground to taking flight, I

have a couple of C, communis and three button-quails in my aviary, which are

so tame that the man has to shunt them out of the way when he wants to:

clean the portion of the floor on which they are seated,

(To be continued.)

564

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA.

By F. Finn,

Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Tue taste for keeping pet birds isa very old one in India, exotic forms,

such as Cockatoos, having been imported so long ago as the time of Jehangir,

to judge from the representation of a yellow-crested species in a picture dat-

ing from the reign of that monarch which I had an opportunity of inspecting

some time ago. And even to-day in Calcutta many birds are commonly to be

seen in captivity hailing both from various parts of India itself and from

other countries, although “the fancy” is no longer what it was, and both the

demand and supply have dwindled away sadly. Nevertheless, enough birds

are to be seen to arouse keen interest in English amateurs ; and this is especi-

ally noticeable in the case of ‘‘soft-billed”’ or insectivorous and frugivorous

forms, which are very extensively kept in India.

Calcutta rejoices ina very well-known bird-market in Tiretta Bazaar ; and as

this is within an easy walk of the Museum, I have long been in the habit of

paying it frequent visits. One or two dealers in the Provision Bazaar also

kesp cage-birds ; but Tiretta is the leading emporium for pets, always excepting

Mr. W. Rutledge’s establishment in South Road,Entally, There business has

been carried on for nearly half a century, Mr. Rutledge dealing in living

animals of all kinds ; and many very choice birds pass through bis hands,

though he naturally does not trouble himself greatly about the commoner

species. To him I have long been indebted for much information concerning

birds and the methods pursued in keeping them,

Few birds seem to be kept or bred in aviaries here; small cages with a single

inmate, or larger receptacles containing several, are chiefly in vogue; and as

the objectionable custom of covering up birds kept for song is almost univer-

sally followed, it is not easy to determine the exact species of the occupants

in many cases, though the note often affords a clue to the captive’s identity.

Cages for small singing-birds ars usually oblong with a vaulted roof, and

provided with two perches, or are square with a pyramidal top, containing

only one perch ; they are fitted with large comfortable handles, as it is the

custom to take cage-birds out continually in order to give them fresh air.

Larger birds are kept in big wicker cages with a domed_ or hemispherical

top, and Parrots in similar round domiciles of iron, or chained to iron swings.

All native cages have a barred floor, instead of the drawer arrangement

so familiar to home amateurs, but a mat is often provided to cover the

bottom. Food and water-vessels are always placed inside, in my opinion very

wisely. Sand is not given, except to Larks and Partridges.

“Soft-billed” birds are fed on the flour of gram, a kind of pulse, made up

into a paste with ghee (clarified butter), This “satoo’’ seems to suit them

very well ; it is supplemented, in the case of purely insectivorous species, by a

daily ration of live maggots and grasshoppers. The breeding of the former

and the collection of the latter form the trade of a number of professional

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 565

bird-feeders, who, on the receipt of a small monthly sum, will call daily at the

Rouses of their patrons and supply insectivorous birds with everything need-

ful, With the exception of Parrots, few seed-eating birds are kept simply as

vets, and their treatment calls for no special remark.

Many birds are imported from China, and come over in excellent condition

being housed in strong but light oblong or square cages of split bamboo, wel

put together and fitted with trays. The insectivorous birds are fed on

shelled millet and small insects, mixed together and given quite dry and plain ;

they thrive excellently on this diet, which is far better than the mess of

‘““satoo’’ and repulsive maggots given here,

From the farther East come chiefly Lories and Cockatoos, fastened to

perches by a wide ring of cocoa-nut shell, through a hole in the circumference

of which the foot of the bird is slipped—I think by pressing the third toe

back against the shank, Although so closely attached to the perch—which

is merely passed through the ring that plays upon it—these birds appear to

fare well and to keepin good condition, The Lories are fed upon rice-and-

milk sop, which food is not given to any other birds, so far as I am aware,

It is a curious fact that, to all appearance, the species brought down from

the hills often stand the Calcutta climate nearly or quite as well as those

which naturally inhabit warm countries. The same remark applies to the

few European kinds imported ; some, indeed, of these temperate-climate

species seem to feel the heat less than denizens of the tropics,

Tam very glad to say that, on the whole, the captives are well treated here.

The custom above alluded to, of wrapping up the cages in cloths, is certainly

regrettable, but the general condition of the birds shows that they are well

looked after. Nor are they confined in such a miserably small space as is

sometimes the case in Europe, notably with Linnets in England,

-. The importation of foreign birds is not likely, in my opinion, to have any

great influence on the Indian fauna, Of course many escape, but these, if

they evade the numerous Crows, ever watchful for a stranger or a weakling

are not numerous enough to establish themselves, even if the climate prove

suitable for their propagation, I have some reason, however, for thinking

that the Java Sparrow ( Munia oryzivora) is becoming established here, as in

so many other places, But this need be no matter for regret, as the species

is one of exceptional beauty, and, though it is undoubtedly destructive insome

places, it has never become a pest in India, where it has existed in a wild state

ever since Jerdon’s time. I therefore feel no shame in confessing to having

liberated at different times some scores of individuals, in the hope of giving

it a footing asa wild speciesin this part of the country ; especially since,

being so numerously imported, so often escaping, and being so well able to

look after itself, it was likely to take up such a position without deliberate

assistance on the part of anyone,

’ Twill now proceed to treat of the various species of cage-birds to be met

with here under their families as given in the Bird-volumes of the ‘‘ Fauna of

566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1¥~-

British India,’’ the scientific nomenclature of which I shall employ, inter

polating the exotic forms under the names employed in the British. Museum.

Catalogue of Birds.

Family CORVID4&.

Considering the popularity of the members of the Crow-tribe in England,,

I was rather surprised to find that in Clacutta they did not commonly figure:

as pet birds. The Magpie (Pica rustica) may, however, occasionally be met

with, usually as a Chinese importation, and the common Indian Tree-Pie-

(Dendrocitta rufa) is often to be observed in the Bazaar, A few Himalayan.

forms are also pretty regularly brought down—the twe species of Urocissa

(most often U. occipitalis), the beautiful Cissa sinensis, Garrulus lanceolatus,.

and sometimes G', bispecularis; while Mr, Ruteldge occasionally gets a few

Red-billed Choughs (Fregilus graculus), which actually do not seem to suffer

from the heat. I noticed that these birds looked distinctly larger than the-

European specimens I used to see at the London Zoological Gardens, and.

had deeper red bills and feet,

Of exotic Corvide I have seen at Mr. Rutledge’s establishment Corvus:

australis and the Chinese Corvus torquatus, while quite lately he had a fine

specimen of the Brazilian Cyanocorax cyanopogon.

Among the Tits the only species I have met with in confinement is Mach-

lolophus wanthogenys, a few individuals which had been brought to Caleutta

having done very well.

Family PARADIS EIDA,

Birds of Paradise are of course always scarce and very expensive, but a few

males of the two ordinary yellow-plumed speeies ( Paradisea apoda and P..

minor) have appeared for sale during the six years I have spent in Calcutta.

They thrive well in confinement, and are much thought of by the natives,

who identify them with the legendary Huma, which never alights, and con-

fers royalty on whemsoever it chances to overshadow in its flight! Mr, Rut-

ledge tells me that the Ameer sent a man from Cabal on purpose to inspect

the first specimen he obtained, and to report on its identity with the bird

of tradition.

Family CRATEROPODID&4,

The Babblers and Bulbuls are particularly suitable for cage-birds, as they

bear captivity remarkably well, and have many recommendations as pets,

especially in the case of the former.

Most esteemed, perhaps, is the Chinese Jay-Thrush (Dryonastes sinensis),

which is only known here as an imported bird and under its Chinese

name of Peko. It isa very fine songster and an excellent mimic, A few

arrive from time to time and find .a ready sale. I know of avery good

specimen which is at least 14 years old and certainly shows no signs of

age, Another Chinese bird of this type, and similarly imported in small.

numbers, is the Huamei (Trochalopterum canorum), also much. prized as a-

songster,

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 567

Some common Indian Jay-Thrushes, Garrulax leucolophus, G. albigularis,

'G. pectoralis, G, moniliger, Grammatoptila striata, Ianthocincla rufigularis

and one or two others, are pretty regularly brought down in the winter,

especially the first-named, which is in some demand for export,

Other Babblers which also arrive in consignments from the hills are Poma-

torhinus schisticeps, P. erythrogenys, and Lioptila capistrata, and, among the

smaller species, Mesia argentauris, Siva cyanuroptera, and Yuhina nigrimentum.

None of these, however, come in to the market in any quantity.

The charming little “Pekin Robin” (Liothria lutea) is numerously imported

in winter—generally from China—and hence is almost always to be procured.

Zosterops simplex is also a very common captive, and attempts are sometimes

made by Bazaar dealers to pass it off as a ‘“‘ Humming-bird”’!

Chloropsis aurifrons, well known asthe Harewa, is often on view, and is

‘one of the most delightful of cage-birds, being easily kept, and possessing

the recommendation of being a very clever mimic as well as very ornamental.

If hand-reared, itis very tame; but individuals vary much in temper, and some

are quite impossible companions for any small bird, while others are per-

fectly peaceable, As the sexes are so much alike in this species, I have not

been able to discover the reason of this difference of disposition, whether it

be personal or sexual, The fine Chloropsis hardwickii is comparatively scarce,

and C, jerdoni is seldom to be had.

The species of Chioropsis are often called Green Bulbuls, but they cannot

be placed far from Agithina tiphia, obviously a small Babbler, which is some-

‘times kept here (but rarely, being a delicate species), It is locally known as

“ Tofik,”’ Another small Timeliine form occasionally on sale is the Gulab-

Chasm (red-eye) (Pyctorhis sinensis)—a most amusing little bird, very impu-

dent, and mischievous when in company with others.

Of the true Bulbuls, the common Molpastes bengalensis is by far the

most popular captive. It is not so often caged, however, as tethered

to an iron T’shaped perch padded with cloth, the cord being fastened

to a soft string round its body. This is to further its employment as

a fighting-bird, that being the purpose for which it is commonly kept.

Two individuals are made hungry, and then their jealousy is excited

by offering food to one only, which of course provokes a fight, The

sport is carried on during the winter, after which the birds are released,

with the exception of such as have proyed worthy of maintenance for

the future,

This is the only species employed in such a way, but several other Bulbuls

may be seen caged, especially the almost equally abundant Otocompsa emeria,

O, flaviventris comes to hand occasionally in small numbers, and sometimes

considerable supplies of Molpastes leucotis, M, leucogenys, and the Chinese

Pycnonotus sinensis arrive, but these cannot be reckoned on. A few examples

of Hypsipetes psaroides, Hemixus flavala, and H. macclellandi have been

brought down in the winter of late years,

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Before leaving the Crateropodide, 1 should mention that a few specimens

of the splendid Myiophoneus temmincki have passed through Mr. Rutledge’s

hands, and that lately my friend Mr. E, W. Harper secured from bim a fine

imported specimen of the Chinese M. cwruleus, which he has sent to the

Loudon Zoological Gardens, But undoubtedly the members of this fine genus

are wrongly placed in this family, being certainly true Thrushes, The

distinction between them and the Babblers is perfectly obvious to any bird-

keeper or field-naturalist, however hard it may be to make out from skins,

Family DICRURIDG.

Only one bird of this family is commonly kept here—the Bhimraj (Disse

murus paradiseus ); but few specimens are brought in, and these are hand-

reared birds in poor condition, which seldom live long, as they require—but

do not usually get—a very large cage. This species is, as Jerdon correctly

remarks, an excellent mimic. I have even heari that it will occasionally talk,

and I have myself known one individual that could imitate the song ofa

canary to perfection, and also mew like a cat ; while another with which I am

at present acquainted not only possesses the latter accomplishment, but

whistles two or three lines of a song with absolute accuracy of execution,

The Kesraj (Chibia holtentotta) is sometimes on sale, but is not popular,

so far as I know; the Dhouli (Dicrurus cerulescens) is occasionally to be

procured, and is said to whistle very well.

Family LANIID &.

The Indian members of this family are hardly ever caged here, though some

consignments of Minivets (Pericrocotus speciosus and P. brevirostris) have

arrived but have not thriven,

The Australian Crow-Shrikes or Magpies (Gymnorhina leuconota and G.

tibicen) are, however, not unfrequently imported ; they thrive well and fetch

good prices on account of their well-known whistling and talking abilities. I

lately saw a specimen in the possession of Mr, Rutledge which had pale grey

on one side of the back and black on the other, This was, I presume, a hybied

between the two species.

Family ORIOLIDG.

Orioles are not generally kept, and the few that are to be seen do not thrive

well, especially the common Oriolus melanocephalus, O, trailli bears confine-

ment far better than the yellow species, being less restless, It also looks very

different from them in life, as it keeps the head-feathers erect, and has a more

upright carriage, in addition to its striking light-yellow irides, The eyes of

young birds are, however, dark brown. ;

Family HULABETID4.

The common Hill or Talking-Mynah (Eulabes intermedia) is one of the

best-known cage-birds in Calcutta, being brought into the Bazaar by scores

at a time, which include both adult and newly-fledged specimens, As every-

one knows, some of these birds are very fine taliers, but I have only heard

ene that was really good, whose imitation of the human voice was perfect.

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 569

“They often prove but short-lived pets, and Iam inclined to think that the

* satoo” diet is too rich for these fruit-eating birds, as they usually seem to

die in fits, and those I have handled have been very plump and heavy and

were probably unduly fat, Recently I saw one with a nearly white iris, the

only such specimen I have ever observed among a great number of

individuals from India and the Andamans, The smaller Talking-Mynah

(E, religiosa) is not often caged here, and I have seen no other bird of this

family in captivity.

Family STURNID#,

As might be expected where the family is so well represented, the various

Starlings and Mynahs are often seen caged. Much the commonest of them is

the ordinary Acridotheres tristis, which is even more commonly kept than

_Hulabes intermedia, and sometimes talks nearly or quite as well, It also

becomes so tame that it may be allowed full liberty. I have seen several

more or less perfect albinos. of this species in confinement ; two very curious

specimens are at present in the Calcutta Zoological Garden, for which I

procured them from Mr, Rutledge. Both were white when he first obtained

them, but one has now completely assumed the normal coloration of the

species, and the other las partly done so, A similar phenomenon occurred

with a common Babbler (Crateropus canorus) recently in his possession, which

unfortunately escaped,

Another common Starling ( Sturnopastor contra ) is. frequently seen caged,

and from its very sweet liquid notes is certainly better suited than any

other of its family for a pet. It does not appear to have been noticed that

the coloration of the soft parts of the young of this species is quite different

from that of the adult, the bill and legs being black, with the inside of the

former orange, while in old birds the legs are white and the bill orange and

white, with the inside of the mouth black,

All the other common Indian Starlings. may be seen at times caged in

Calcutta, namely :—Acridotheres ginginianus, Aithiopsar fuscus, Sturnus menz=

biert, Pastor roseus, Temenuchus pagodarum, and Sturnia malabarica, The

last two are known as Pawi, and this title is shared by Sturnia andamanensis,.

which is occasionally imported and is called ‘‘ Sada Pawi,’ Sada meaning

“white.” Graculipica nigricollis is also brought in small numbers from China.

The male is a most amusing bird, with his habit of erecting his crest and

bowing and muttering to visitors,

Family MuscicaPip#,

The only Flycatchers I have seen in captivity here are Stoparola melanops

and Niltava sundara, of which a few have been brought down from the.

North and have thriven very well on the satoo-and-maggot régime,

Family TURDID&.

As in other countries, the birds of this family are popular captives here,

In fact, if a census of the cage-birds of Calcutta were taken, I should expect

the Shama (Cittocincla macrura) to come very near the head of the list, as it

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Voi. XIV.

is extensively kept, and thoroughly deserves its popularity on account of its

splendid song. Indeed, after the common Green Parrot, it might, I think,

be called the characteristic cage-bird here, Many individuals are also sent

to Europe, where the species is yearly becoming better appreciated. Both

wild-caught birds and hand-reared fledgiings, still in the mottled plumage of

immaturity, appear in the shops of the dealers, while the great majority of

the birds exposed for sale are males. A few females may, however, be seen,

being presumably hand-reared birds, whose sex could not be determined at

first, These have given me the opportunity of observing that this favourite

songster is a most pugnacious bird; the cocks will at once fight if put

together, and so will the hens. At the same time, old wild-caught cocks and

young spotted birds arrive, in many cases at least, in cages containing half

a dozen or more, though Shamas are more usually brought in long wicker-

cages divided by bars into separate partitions for the several inmates,

Other small Turdide not uncommonly kept are the “ Dhyal’’ (Copsychus

saularis) and the “ Pidha’’ (Pratincola caprata), Chimarrhornis leucocephala

is also occasionally brought down from the hills in winter, The “ Bulbul

bostha,” or true Eastern Nightingale (Daulias golzi),is sparingly imported

at this season, the birds fetching high prices—from fifty to two hundred

rupees, Iam told that a man will come all the way from Cabul witha few

of these much-esteemed birds as his main venture,

Of the large Indian Turdide the only species at all frequent in captivity

here are the “ Kastura” (Zurdus boulboul) and the ‘‘ Dama”? (Geocichla

citrina),and I have not seen many even of these. A few English Song

Thrushes (Turdus musicus) have been imported and do fairly well, but

I have noticed that they are very liable to an overgrowth of the scaly cover-

ing of the feet. A silly attempt is now being made to introduce the Song-

Thrush and Blackbird into Darjeeling, which is already well stocked with

more attractive species of birds, especially Loptila capistraia and Liothria

lutea. |

Family PLOCEIDA,

The typical Weavers of the genus Ploceus all occur commonly in the

Bazaar, except the true P. megarhynchus (see Ibis, 1901, p. 29), which is

unknown to the dealers, P. atrigula (P. megarhynchus of the ‘ Fauna of

British India’) is often brought in as a young bird, and evidently breeds near

here. P. baya is only known as a bird brought down from Lucknow, most of

the specimens being males. Many of that sex of P. atrigula show a few

yellow feathers on the breast when in full plumage.

Foudia madagascariensis used to be occasionaliy imported in very small

numbers, but I have not seen any lately.

Of the small Munias and Waxbills, Sporeginthus amandava, Munia atri-

capilla, Uroloncha punctulata, and U, malabarica are all very common, as might

be expected. Stictospiza formosa, Munia malacca, and Uroloncha striata are

much less often seen, but may be obtained now and then. Intermediate forms

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA, d71

between UM, malacca and J, atricapilla often occur, and are doubtless hybrids,

Wild specimens of Uroloncha acuticauda are rarely seen, but the domes-

ticated Japanese race (known to home amateurs as the “ Bengalee’’) is con-

stantly present in the Bazaar in one or other of its three forms—the brown-

and-white (grading completely into the wild type), the fawn-and-white, and

the pure white, the last being therarest, It is somewhat curious that no form

exists, apparently, intermediate between the fawn-and-white and brown-and-

white types, but a similar broad distinction exists between the cinnamon and

green forms of the domestic Canary.

Of the small exctic Ploceidw, Munia maja, M. castaneithorax, Teniopygia

castanotis, and Estrelda asirild are the most common; but Poéphila mirabilis,

P. gouldie, P. acuticauda and P. cincta have been imported, the two former

most frequently, and the latter only quite recently, together with demosyne

modesta,

Erythrura prasina, though occurring in our empire, is of course only known

here as an imported bird, and does not usually do well.

I have in my prefatory remarks already alluded to the Java Sparrow asa

commonly introduced bird, and now need only mention that the more or less

pure white domestic form from Japan is even more constantly an occupant

of the dealers’ cages, presumably because it sells at a much higher price and

is therefore not so readily disposed of,

Family FRINGILLIDA,

Tha ubiquitous Canary is, of course, a very common cage-bird in Calcutta,

and will probably tend to displace many native species in the affections of the

people, Most of those sold here come from China; they are small birds,

generally of the pale whitish-yellow tint known to fanciers in England as

“ buff,” green or pied birds being relatively few, and full bright yellow and

cinnamon being rarely if ever seen.

I once saw a green bird (not a hybrid of any sort) marked with yellow on

the quills and tail, like a Greenfinch, The note of these Chinese Canaries is

very soft and pleasant, and they generally resemble the German type of bird.

Maltese and a few English Canaries are also imported, the latter fetching

three or four times the price of Chinese forms,

The only Indian Finch commonly kept as a songster is the “ Tuti” ( Carpo-

dacus erythrinus), this of course loses the red colour after moulting in con-

finement, like other carmine-tinted Finches, Several other species, however,

appear in the Bazaar, generally to form part of mixed collections, viz, :—Em-

beriza luteola, Hypacanthis spinoides, and, less commonly, Emberiza melanoce-

phaia, E. aureoia, Melophus melanicterus, Gymnorhis flavicollis, and Curduelis

caniceps, A large consigt ment of the last-named came down during the past

winter, but the birds did not thrive as a rule. A few individuals of the

Eastern form of Linnet (Acanthis fringillirostris) have also been brought in,

and I noted that the males, when kept over the moult, lost the red, as the

home Linnet does. I have also seen a few specimens of JMJetoponia pusilla.

572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Of exotic Fringillids, Chloris sinica is the most common, except of-course:

the Canary ;a good many examples of Eophona melanura used to be imported,

but they were greatly subject to disease of the feet and have not been very

popular. The Huropean Goldfinch (Curduelis elegans) is generally to be»

found, but comes in very small numbers; it does not feel the heat at all, nor

does it gasp,as many native species do. Bullfinches (Pyrrhula europea and:

P. major) may sometimes be had, as may also the Brambling (Pringilla monti-

fringilla), the specimens of this bird being imported. A species of Serinus—I-

think S. icterus—is not uncommon, American Cardinals (Cardinalis virginianus

and Paroaria cucullata) have been brought here and have done well, but have

not sold very readily. ’

Family ALAUDIDA,

Larks are popular here as cage-birds, especially the “ Chendool”’ ( Galerita

cristata) and the ‘‘ Agheens” (Mirafra), Melanocorypha bimaculata is also:

brought down to Caleutta in numbers at the close of the cold season.

while a few specimens of MZ. mongolica may generally be seen, as it is pretty -

regularly imported. Another Chinese Lark is often to be noticed, Alauda

gulgula, 1 think—at any rate it differs, like that bird, from A. arvensis in its

smaller size, shorter wings and tail, and larger feet, These birds are expen-

sive, costing between ten and twenty rupees, although not apparently differ-

ent from Indian specimens of A. gulgula, which I have never seen caged,

But the custom of wrapping up the cages has limited my knowledge of Larks

to a very great extent,

Family NECTARINIIDZ

Both Arachnechthra asiatica and A, zeylonica may be occasionally seen at.

the dealers’ establishments, but can hardly be expected to thrive. Neverthe-

less, I have known the latter kept by Europeans for many months, and I de-

posited one of the former safely in the London Zoological Gardens in 1897,

although it was in poor condition and did not live long. Mr, Rutledge

informs me, however, that this species is kept in some places as a song-bird,

so that certain natives must understand how to treat it.

Family Dic#1D#.

A few examples of Diceum cruentatum are occasionally on sale, but these

birds, though they will eat bananas greedily, are not easy to keep, Thisisa

great pity, as they are not only very pretty, but quite the tamest and most

fearless of any small birds I know.

Family Pirrips,

A few specimens of Pitta brachyura—hand-reared birds—occasionally come

into Mr. Rutledge’s hands, but this species is certainly not common in cages,

Although not a songster, it makes a very nice pet, owing to its tameness and’

gmusing gestures,

Family Picip®,

The only Woodpecker caged here, and that but rarely, is the common

Brachypternus aurantius, hand-reared specimens of which get very tame and

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 573 |

thrive well in confinement, From the readiness with which they partake of

plantains, I fancy that the species must be naturally more or less of a fruit-

eater. The outer hind toe (third toe) is certainly reversible in this species—

and, indeed, in some other Wood-peckers that I have noticed—for it often

points laterally forwards when the bird is moving about ina cage. Nestlings

of this species have a warty pad on the hough, and shuffie about on it with-

out the aid of the toes,

Family Caprironip&,

I have more than once seen a statement in print that Barbets do not thrive

well in captivity ; but this is quite a mistake, at all events as regards most

Indian forms, The first Barbet I ever saw alive was an example of Cyanops

asiatica, which lived for at least six years in the London Zoological Society’s

Parrot-house. This species is the easiest of all to keep, both hand-reared

and wild-caught birds being exposed for sale in the Tiretta Bazaar, where

some may practically always be found. Several individuals may safely be

placed together in one cage, which is not the case with other Barbets, and a

great many must reach Europe ; indeed, the bird is only kept for export, and

is certainly not unfrequently on sale in England. A few specimens of

Megalama marshallorum and of Thereiceryx zeylonicus are occasionally seen

here, and J. virens sometimes arrives from China. The Coppersmith

(Xantholema hematocephala) is often brought in to the dealers, but never

lives long, as they will feed it on “ satoo,’ a diet which kills it ina

very few days, Yet on bread-and-milk and fruit, or the latter only, it

lives well,

Family Cucunip#,

The male Koél (Eudynamis honorata) is a very popular pet with natives,and

is always on sale here, Many examples are reared from the nestling stage by

hand, The young birds that I have observed do not seem to bear out the

theory that both sexes are at first entirely black, and that the female assumes

her proper livery later. Some young males are quite black, and otkers are

black sparsely spotted with buff. The young females are much like the

adults of that sex, but have the upper half of the head and the nape black,.

In all young birds the bill is black, not green, as in the old, The only other

Cuckoo I have met with commonly in cages is the “ Popiya,” or Brain-fever-

bire (Hierococcyx varius), the note of which is as much esteemed by natives as

it is disliked by Europeans. It does not keep its plumage in such good condi-

tion as the Koél, which seems to do very well asa cage-bird. The Crow-

Pheasant (Centropus sinensis) is often brought in, not as a pet, but on account

of some fancied medicinal virtue. I have noticed two types of young Crow-

Pheasants, which never seem to occur in one brood, at least they are not sent

in together. One isa large barred bird, usually taken as the typical young

of the species, which is very easy to tame. The other is smaller, especially

as regards the bill and feet, and shows no trace of bars, but is a dull edition

of the adult, When full-fledged itis wilder than the first, has a longer tail,

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

and is inclined to hop as well as walk. It also snoults much later, This ix

as much as I have yet been able to make out from studying the live birds,

and I am not sure whether these uniformly-coloured young are merely the

males, as Jerdon says, or a distinct race, or even species, Against the

latter view, and tending to prove the existence of much variation, may

be instanced the fact that we have in the Indian Museum the skir of a

nestling which is in perfectly bright adult plumage, whereas the young

birds of the second type mentioned above resemble those of (. chlororhynchus

as figured in Captain V, Legge’s ‘ Birds of Ceylon,’ or may be even duller and

darker. AIl the young birds I have seen have grey eyes and black bills, flesh-

coloured at the base in the case of the barred specimens,

PSITTACI.

The Parrots are of course very important in the present connexion, though

many of them are not cage-birds in the literal sense, for they are quite as

often chained, as mentioned above; this is the case even with Parrakeets and

Lories, Many foreign species are imported, and some very rare forms

occasionally occur; but, not being specially interested in the group, I have not

kept any record of these, and must confine myself to the more usual impor-

tations, But I would strongly advise any member of the B. O. U. who likes

rare Parrots, or wants specimens of them, not to neglect examining the

Calcutta dealers’ stocks, if he ever has the opportunity of so doing.

Family Lori.

The justice of what I have remarked above is evidenced by the fact that

Trichoglossus forsteni, which was not even in the British Museum ten years

ago, and was only received by the :London Zoological Society in 1896, has

been, at any rate since I came here in 1894, quite the most commonly

imported Lory; indeed, Iam not sure that it has not been brought in

more numerously than any other exotic Parrot, It thrives very well in cap-

tivity, and has bred in the Calcutta Zoological Garden, Trichoglossus swain-

soniand T.ornatus are also not uncommon, Of the other Lories, Hosrici-

niata is, perhaps, the most abundant; but Lorius garrulus is also plentiful, L.

domicella far from rare, and L, lory often to be seen.

Family CacaTuIDz.

The commonest Cockatoos imported are Cacatua sulphurea and C, Roseicapilla

which come in large numbers and are sold for a few rupees only, C. galerita

is also common, C. alba much less so, and C, leadbeateré rather rare. The

great C. moluccensis is always on sale, though not imported in any very great

quantity at one time, each bird being anchored in the manner above

deseribed to an [_-shaped perch of wood, and so kept unless transferred to a

swing, I have particularly noticed the great tameness and intelligence of

these birds. All of them are eager for notice, and they will frequently invite

me to scratch their heads by beginning to ruffle their featbers with one

foot—in fact, will make a sign of their wishes. The only other species I have

ever seen do this was a Red Macaw lately in Mr. Rutledge’s possession; but

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 55

the action is so universal with these Cockatoos that it may fairly be put down

as a characteristic piece of intelligence, though their tameness is, no doubt,,

due to their being hand-reared.

The Cockateel ( Calopsittacus nove-hollandie)) is often imported and

generally to be bought; it has bred in the Zoological Garden here, TI have

noticed that this bird’s plumage is remarkably impervious to wet; water

poured on it glides off as from a Duck’s back,

Family Psitracipa.

The cage-brid of India par excellence, and one of the longest-and-best-known

anywhere, is of course the familiar Ring-Parrakeet (Paleornis torquatus))

which is popular both with natives and Europeans, and may be met with,

chained or caged, in almost every street, Hundreds cf fedged and unfledged

young, and of wild-caught adults of both sexes, come into the hands of the

dealers, Many of the latter are more or less heavily splashed with yellow ;

while perfect Jutinos are far from rare and are extremely beautiful birds,

The males in these cases retain the pink neck-ring, and the bill is always

red, Such birds fetch very high prices—about eighty rupees—and con-

sequently seldom reach Europe, though some have been exhibited in

the Londou Parrot-house. No attempt has, however, been made to breed

the variety in captivity, and the dealers depend for their supply on chance

* sports,”

Yet the form probably has the elements of permanence in it, for Mr. Rut-

ledge assures me that he knows of a case of a pair of normally-coloured birds

which always nest in the same tree and always produce a yellow brood, the

young being eagerly watched until fit to be taken, Lately I have seen a

particularly curious semé-lutino, not splashed, but of a shade midway between

green and.yellow throughout.

Nearly as numerons as the common Farrakeet is the larger ‘“‘ Rock-Parrot ”

(P. nepalensis), but most, if not all, of the examples are, I think, brought in

as young birds, In the Tiretta Bazaar there are at the time of writing

(February) a good many examples of this species still so young as to show the

dark irides which when immature this and the common Ring-neck exhibit, I

have never seen a lutino of this large Parrakeet.

The ‘ Blossom-head” (P. cyanocephalus) is common in the Bazaar, but is

not so popular a cage-bird as the Ring-neck, The Eastern form (P, rosa) is

also often to be seen, Another common Paleornis is P. fasciatus, but ouly

quite lately have P. magnirostris, P. schisticeps, and P, columboides appeared

here, so far as Iam aware, and then there were only a few individuals, except

of the last species, of which a good many pairs arrived, and some are still on

sale. P. finschi I have seen only once; the specimen was secured for the

London Zoological Gardens by Mr, Harper,

The common little Lorikeet is often to be met with, and the Malayan Lori-

culus galgulus is frequently imported, beth being in favour as inmates of

minor aviaries. I have only once seen L, indicus, The only small foreign

576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Yol, XIV.

Parrot numerously imported beside L. galgulus is the well-known Budgerigar-

( Melopsittacus undulatus), which thrives and breeds ‘as well here as elsewhere,

Mr, Rutledge has seen escaped birds nesting in the open, but I am not aware.

that the species has established itself. Ihave never seen or heard of lutinos

of this species in India, though in Europe such are not uncommon and are.

advertised for sale,

Several of the larger Australian Parrakeets are imported, Platycercus eximius:

being much the commonest, P. elegans, Polytelis barrabandi, and P, melanura

are brought in small numbers, as are also Ptzstes erythropterus, Aprosmictus

cyanopygius, and some form of Barnardius,

More constantly present than any Australian Parrots, except the Cockatoos;

are the common Eclecti, especially E. roratus. E. pectoralis, and very probably

other species, occur, but I canuot be certain about this under the circum-

stances. A species of Tanygnathus is also often imported,

The African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) not uncommonly appears,

generally in good health and condition, unlike the majority of its

unhappy fellows in England. Coracopsis vasa may also sometimes be

procured,

American Parrots, as might be expected, are not often to be seen, but the

common Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis amazonica) isnot very rare, and a

few Macaws (Ara macao, A. chloroptera, and A ararawna) are on sale from time

to time, being highly valued by the natives, Mr. Rutledge knew of an indivi-

dual of the red-and-blue species being kep‘ for no less than three generations.

ina native family. I once saw two most beautiful dark-blue, red-vented

Parrots, somewhat similar in size and style to the common African Grey.

Parrot, which I took to be examples of Pionus chalcopterus,a species I never

remember to have seen elsewhere,

COLUMBA.

Almost the only other cage-birds remaining to be dealt with are the various.

Doves and Pigeons, some of which are, however, more properly. aviary or

menagerie birds. Such is Gowra eoronata, which is imported quite numerously

at times, and has been bred bya native amateur, according to information

given me by Mr. Rutledge.

The only species of this group really common and popular asa cage-pet is.

the well-known domestic Turtle-Dove, which ia found both in the ordinary

eream-coloured form with black half-collar, and in more or less completely

albino varieties. It is certainly not identical with the wild Turtur risorius, so

far as the note goes, this being a very marked point of specific difference in all.

the ring-necked species of Turtwr I have seen alive,

The common wild Turtle-Doves are frequently to be seen for sale—Turtur

suratensis, I’, cambayensis, T. risorius, T. orientalis, and T, tranquebaricus, Mr.

Rutledge once gave mea very peculiar albinoid cream-coloured male of the

last species. Chulcophaps indica and Geopelia striata are also often to be.

had, and Calenas nicobarica is pretty commonly imported,

THE CAGE-BIRDS OF CALCUTTA. 577

Of the Fruit-Pigeons, the “ Hurrial” ( Crocopis phenicopterus ) is generally

for sale in the Bazaar, and, more rarely, one may meet with the “ Kokla”

(Sphenocercus sphenurus), which, although much esteemed in some paris, is

apparently not often kept in Calcutta, Osmotreron bicincta is commoner,

Carpophaga enea and Myristicivora luctuosa are sometimes imported in

considerable numbers, but cannot be called abundant. On a few occasions

recently Mr, Rutledge has procured the lovely Ptilopus jambu, arid I once

sawa splendid Butreron capellit in his possession. Fruit-Pigeons are quite

easy to keep, as they live well on any soft vegetable food, such as satoo-paste

or boiled rice, and I wonder that the home dealers do not take more trouble

to introduce these most exquisitely coloured birds.

Of foreign Pigeons, the most frequently imported are Ocyphaps lophotes and

Phlogenas luzorica, not to mention the great Ground-Pigeon alluded to above,

Other species occasionally occur, such as Leucosarcia picata, Phaps chal-

coptera,and G'eopelia cuneata, while a short time agoa good many Turtur

chinensis and T’, bitorquatus were imported, especially the latter, which proved

quite a drug in the market, Before leaving the Pigeons, I ought to record

the curious fact that the Alpine Columba leuconota, which Mr, Rutledge

sometimes obtains, bears the heat perfectly well, and even shows a desire

to breed, As its note has apparently not been recorded, I may mention that

it is not a coo, but a repeated croak, not unlike a hiccough, and, much as the

bird resembles the domestic Pigeon, I have never seen it sweep the ground

with its tail when courting, but rather raise it,

GALLIN A,

The Phascanide are usually regarded in the light of aviary birds, but

as one of them is among the commonest species kept in confinement here,

the family demands some notice,

Family PHASIANIDH,

The Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) is very widely kept for

fighting, and in consequence is one of the birds most commonly seen in

cages. Those used are small, with the interstices of the pyramidal top tilled

in many cases with string netting, to avoid injury to the bird’s head,

These Partridges, however, become so tame that they can be let out for

a run, and I have seen one following its owner over the grass like a

little dog.

The Common and Rain-Quails (Coturnix communis and C. coromandelica)

are also occasionally kept in cages for fighting, The Pheasants, which are

brought down from the hills for exportation, hardly come within the scope

of the present paper, but it may perhaps be allowable to mention a few birds

of this family which have long been imported for ornamental purposes,

although they cannot be called cage-birds. These are the Java Peacock

(Pavo muticus) and the white and pied forms of the common P, cristatus,

together with the “ Japan Peacock” (P. xigripernis). Mr. Rutledge tells me

that this form really does occurin Japan to his positive knowledge (no

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

doubt introduced), and there is certainly a Japanese specimen of Temminck’s

in the Paris Museum, The Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) and

Silver Pheasant (Genneus nycthemerus) are frequently brought over from

China, as is the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), the male of which.

often has a hen of P. torquatus assigned to him as a companion. The male

Golden Pheasant occurs in the old picture to which I alluded at the

commencement of the present paper, so that it may fairly claim to, have been

one of the earliest fancy birds exported from its own country.

(The above appeared in “‘ The Ibis.”’).

THE LATE Mr. OLIVER COLLETT.,

THE untimely death of Mr. Oliver Collett, on the 10th June, at the early

age of thirty-five, deprives our Society of a member who wes keenly interested

in Natural Science—more particularly in the Biological branches, He was an

enthusiastic student of Terrestrial Mollusca, and presented many Ceylonese

species to the Museum of the Society, He formed an almost complete collec-

tion of the land shells of Ceylon and of the animals that occupy them, It is

hoped that al] this material will be acquired by the Colombo Museum, Mr.

Collett was the author of various papers on the subject in the Malacological

journals and discovered many new species, some of which bear his name,

eg., Cataulus colletti, Cyathopoma colletti, Corilla colletti, Kalielia colletti, and,

Euplecta colletti,

Asa tea-planter, Mr, Collett directed his attention to economic questions,

such as the several fungus blights of the tea plant, the action of enzymes and

the processes of tea manufacture, &c.

Mr. Collett was born at Stratford-on-Avon in the year 1807 ; was educated.

at Dedham Grammar Schoot ; and came out to Ceylon in 1887. In addition

to the Bombay Natural History Society, he wasa Fellow of the Royal Micros—

copical Society, the Malacological Society and a member of the Royal Asiatic

Society.

Mr, Collett, by his sterling character as well as by his charming personality,

endeared himself to all who knew him. His sudden death, from an enterie

disease, is very deeply deplored by his many friends,

BE. EG.

579

REVIEW.

GNATS OR MOSQUITOES,

LIEvT.-CoLonet G, M, Gites, I.MS.,, F.R.C.8,

Of Colonel Giles’ book the worst that can be said is that it is premature,

‘and to this there is a reply that a Manual is for beginners, and in the subject

of Mosquitoes we are all beginners and must have a manual. The subject

itself is only three or four years old, for until the great discovery which

‘connected mosquitoes with malaria, those insects received very little attention

from us in return for all they bestowed. When Ross found that the malarial

parasite was carried by a particular kind of mosquito with spotted wings, he

could get no name for it, Entomologists declared it to belong to the genus

Anopheles and called it A. rossi, and it proves to be the commonest and most

widely-spread species of the genus in India, Since that time there has been

a boom in Culicide, and the most obscure gnats are being collected and de-

scribed and named and classified all over the world and a mosquito literature

is sprouting everywhere in periodicals and fugitive papers like grass after

rain, ‘That it is a great convenience to collectors to have this brought toge-

ther into one book is obvious enough, but it is equally obvious that any

book published at such a time must be out of date in six months, It is lke

cutting grass which is growing all the while, Nor will the book be out of

date only in a very short time: it will ba found to be full of errors also,

because the knowledge we have now is so fragmentary that the conclusions

drawn from it are certain to be falsified in many points when we know more,

Im all probability this will be true in a special degree of the classification,

Colonel Giles has followed the classification adopted or devised by Mr.

Theobald of the British Museum, of which he says, “1t was only after the

examination of an enormous mass of material that Mr, Theobald found, in

the character and arrangement of the scales that clothe the body and wings,

a working basis on which to found new generic distinctions.” But does Mr.

Theobald yet know enough about mosquitoes in the various stages of their

life to have any assurance that the forms and arrangement of their scales are

trustworthy indications of their real affinities ? He cannot, Nobody does

as yet, His classification, in short, is of the same value as the Linnxan

classification of plants by the number of their stamens and pistils, That

system, indeed, served the world fora long time and was very useful, but in the

present day it will not pass, We require a classification which is not merely

a useful key to enable us to find what we want, but a lesson in the ture

relationships of species, In the case of mosquitoes such a classification is

not possible yet, andsit is better to avow our ignorance and wait than to give

our successors the trouble of pulling down our work, A very rough provi-

Sional arrangement for practical purposes is all that can safay be attempted

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

at present, This is perhaps still more true of the discrimination of species,

with respect to which a great deal of Colonel Giles’ work will only perplex

workers in the field and have to be undone in the next edition. His book

would really have been more helpful if he had described only those very

distinct and conspicuous species which might serve collectors as landmarks,

and then grouped under each those forms which seem to be nearest to

it, mentioning the points in which they differ,

However, Colonel Giles had to sail between Scylla and Charybdis, and if he

has run aground on the one side, he will doubtless be among the first to see

it and make for the other! The rest of his book is not premature, but very

timely and fitted to be very useful, Heis an accurate observer and at the

same time has that valuable endowment of imagination which so many men

of science sadly want. This saves him from the method of tabulating

supposed facts and deducing conclusions by arithmetic which is so much in

vogue at the present day. His chapter on tho Life, History and Seasonal

Prevalence of Mosquitoes is genuine natural history and very readable. The

next, on The Conditions Influencing the Prevalence of Mosquitoes and

the Prophylaxis of Malaria, is full of valuable information and suggestions.

The chapter on Collecting and Preserving is patently the work of one who

has himself mastered these arts and can teach them, For the rest, let it suffice

to say that the whole book is pleasantly, genially, humorously written, and

will encourage many to accept the author’s invitation to send him specimens

of mosquitoes, ticks and other biting insects.

581

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

No, .—WHITE ANTS’ CASTLES,

Most people have seen sometime or other the large castellated structures

built by white ants in the forests, &c., but few, perhaps, know how quickly

the ants can build them. Inthe course of a stroll along a forest road a

few mornings ago I idly knocked off the top of one of the pinnacles of a

white ants’ castle and on my return an hour later was surprised to find the

damage had been repaired, a flat roof in wet mud having been built across

the cavity caused by the loss of the conical top of the pinnacle,

In order to see how the repairs were executed I knocked off the top of

another pinnacle causing a gaping circular chasm about 24 inches in dicmeter.

On looking inside I saw some half a dozen ants and these at once proceeded

down below apparently to give warning of the damage done to the castle.

In the space of a minute the white ants came swarming up the inside of the

turret, took a preliminary look around, apparently to judge the extent of the

damage, and then set to work on the repairs, These were begun at once

all round the circumference of the hole, each of the workers bringing

up a lump of wet mud apparently two-thirds of which was actually inside its

mouth, the lump of mud was disgorged with a distinct effort, sufficient to

make it stick where it was placed, and was deftly laid and pressed into place

very much as a bricklayer lays bricks, The ant having made sure that the

lump he had brought was well and truly laid left without delay to fetch another

lump from below, his place being at once taken by another ant who had

scrambled up bebind him in all eagerness to add his lump to the growing

mass. The operations were carried on rapidly but with no confusion, not

a single ant failing to lay his contribution properly in place, Occasionally

an ant in his eagerness to be off for a fresh lump tripped and fell headlong

down below but apparently with no inconvenience to himself or any other

ant, ''wice, however, there were pauses in the progress of the work when only

very few ants were left at the scene of operations, and these appeared to be

due to a failure in the supply of liquid uiad below, as presently the workers

came rushing up again in hundreds each with his mouth full, How far

down the ants went for their mud, I of course, could not see, nor could I

distinguish thom individually to tell how long any of them took to get a fresh

supply. The mouth of the cavity was gradually built over from the inside

in an ever decreasing circle no attempt being made to rebuild in the original

shape of the pinnacle but only to roof over the cavity, The successive

layers of mud lumps were welded into each other by continual tramping with

the forelegs, and there appeared to be overseers to look after this, who gave

a squeeze here and a smooth there without themselves adding any mud,

When the circle of the aperture had been reduced to about half its

original size buttresses were built up along the inner surface of the turret,

apparently to act as scaffolding and to afford foothold for the ants

582 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

as they worked towards the centre. The work went forward without cease

until only a hole big enough to admit one’s finger was left. The ants around

the edges of this hole were working in almost a solid mass and with such

feverish haste that the hole appeared to close up automatically nothing

finally being visible but the antenne of the ants sticking out of crevices in

the mud and waving in all directions as the finishing touches were applied:

The whole time occupied over the repairs was 35 minutes from the time I

originally damaged the structure.

G. P. MILLETT,I.F. 8.

Kanara Disrrict, 18th April 1902.

No. I SMALL GAME SHOOTING PROSPECTS IN WESTERN INDIA,

The end of the shooting season for 1901-1902 has now passed—and a very

pad season it has been—in fact, it would perhaps be wiser not to call it a

shooting season at all. Coming, however, as it did as the third of a series of

jean years, the opportunity seems, I think, a good one to try and form some

deductions as to how these three years of famine and scanty rainfall have

affected game of all kinds on this side of India,

In order to do so, it will be well to divide game into two heads, viz:—

(1) That of migratory species who only visit us during the cold weather:

(2) That of indigenous game which breeds with us.

Dealing with the former first, we shall have to consider the large family of

ducks and geese, and also the grey quail, and in addition to these we may find

it worth saying a word or two about cranes and other water birds.

It will, I think, be found best to deal with each successive year before

generalizing, SO I will commence with the first famine year, viz., 1899-1900,

During this year we had practically no rain, and both Kharift and Rabi

crops failed and there was no grass or water anywhere.

I was not in India during the cold weather, but I gather that geese and

duck were plentiful but that their usual haunts being dried up they resorted

in large numbers to the big rivers where very heavy bags were made. The

birds, especially the geese, were tame to excess, owing of course to weakness

and starvation, and the same probably held good of the duck, as their food-

supplies in the rivers must have been of a very inferior nature,

The snipe had no feeding ground at all, and such as did not at once pass

n must have died of starvation among their old and now dried up haunts,

The same must have applied to the quail in even a more marked degree,

It may, I think, be taken as probable that of the vast hordes of emigrant

visitors to Gujrat, few of those who did not at once move on to new pas-

tures, survived in their old haunts, and that none of them would be in a fit

state to face the return journey to their breeding grounds,

The next year was not such a very dry year in so far that at the beginning

of the season there was a good amount of water about, and any amount of

as good quail ground as Iever saw. Butasa shooting year it was a com-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 58F

plete failure. The snipe came in in some numbers at first, but by the end

of November there were very few lefi, for they never really settled: the fact

being, as far as I could see, that the feeding grounds, except in the paddy

fields, were ruined, I visited the Null towards the end of the year, and found

this to be the case, and the well known Null islands which are generally good

for 100 couple of snipe quite comfortably, only held a,dozen couple or s0-

There were scarcely any duck, and no coot,

Wherever I went during that year I found the same state of things, viz.,

that except in the paddy there seemed to be no snipe. There were hardly

any duck and what there were, were mostly pochard, I also found some pin.

tail, both species addicted to large reedy lakes which might have held out

during the previous year, and both very strong flyers, breeding very far north.

The great masses of gadwall, teal and shovellers, which generally form the

bulk of our bags were conspicuous by their absence ; quail there were hardly

any-

Passing now to the year 1901-1902, the early rains were fairly good but the

late rains failed., The Khariff crops were good and there was plenty of grass,

but owing to the failure of the late rains the great majority of the tanks were

dry ; and as early as November, such places as the little Null and all the

sheets of water round the Prantej district were quite dry.

Compared with former years there were no geese, duck, or snipe, and not

many quail. I visited the Null towards the end of November, There were

a good number of duck, but no coverandI fancy hardly any feeding grounds,

no snipe, and no quail, In other parts of the country the same state of things

held good (or rather bad), the few snipe I killea were in the rivers, and they

were in wretched condition and could not possibly have survived the

northward journey to their breeding grounds,

The quail were rather curious. There were at the beginning of the season

a fair sprinkling in some places, I never saw better quail ground, but they all

disappeared yery soon. Iam inclined to think, for reasons which I will dwell

on later, that a very large proportion of those shot during the early cold

weather were rain quail, though I can vouch for the fact that there were

some grey quail,

This closes the history of the 3 years, as far as emigrants are concerned, and

we may as well try and deduce something from what we have experienced,

First as regards feeding grounds, from what I could see, the feeding grounds

of the snipe are, except in paddy fields, (a very limited area unfortunately

this year) entirely destroyed. I nowhere found as one usually does birds

who had had a good meal and were asleep. Such get up with the startled

scream of the awakened glutton and are very different from the shifting wisp

or wary single birds who are onlysettling and not feeding.

This is only what one would expect, The tiny infusoria, on which snipe

feed, live in the mud and I should fancy that any one year (Jet alone three)

during which the tanks were not only quite dried up, but also in most places

584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. ATV.

ploughed up and sown with wheat and barley, must be sufficient to destroy the

food-supplies altogether, It is probable that a couple of good years will do

much to remedy this, but it will, I think, require more than one to do so,

As regards the feeding grounds for the ducks the same holds good, The

weeds or shell-fish on which the various species feed, have in most places

been entirely destroyed, and here again I fear we may have to wait for more

than one year before the status quo ante is restored. ;

The case with quail is different, I have never seen better quail ground

than during the past two years and this complete failure of the quail to ap-

pear must be put down to other causes which I shall touch on later.

So much for the condition of Gujarat as regards food-supply. Nowas to

other factors which bear on the case. In the first place ceteris paribus, what

birds do visit Gujarat? This isa point on which it is impossible to speak

with certainty, but common sense, which is to a great extent backed by the

experience of the last two years, leads me to feel pretty confident that the

usual course of event is, that the same birds who have spent a cold weather in

any given feeding ground return there with their young broods after the

breeding season.

Another factor to be borne in mind is that in an ordinary year an

enormously high percentage of birds perish on the northern journey.

It would not be too much to say judging from the experience of Seebhom

and other naturalists, that half of those who start back, perish on the way.

This is probably more the case with some birds than with others—for in-

stance, quail are probably far greater sufferers in this way than are the mem-

bers of the duck tribe and it is, 1 think, to this, and to the fact that probably

none of the regular Gujarat stock of quail survived the first famine year, that

the complete failure of quail during the last two years can be traced,

It is a well-known fact, moreover, that all birds are in the very pink of

condition before they start, many species having a new set of feathers for

the occasion.

With the above facts before us we can easily see that the result of a year

in which the usual feeding grounds of any large class of birds failed, would

be that those who passed on to other feeding grounds would return to these

new feeding grounds the following year, and that those who failed to so pass

on would never be fit to face the return journey to their breeding grounds ;

the result in either case would be, as the event has proved, that few or no birds

would come back to the famine-stricken province the next year,

Another result of the heavy mortality among any species who are in the

habit of visiting any one feeding ground in large numbers, will be that the

food-supply at the breeding ground will be improved for those who do get

back ; now this is perhaps the most important factor of all in bird-life, for

the rate at which all animal life increases under favourable surroundings

is so enormous that one good year will replace the destruction wrought by

several bad years.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 585

We need not, therefore, be surprised to hear,as we have this year, of

the enormous bags which have been made in Scinde and other more

favoured places; for the struggle for existence at the breeding places will,

for those whose feeding resorts have not suffered, have been much,

lightened.

And it is on this that our hopes must rest, for as Scinde gets over stocked

the superfluous millions will spread southwards again in search of less.

crowded pastures, and let us trust that when they do so, the feeding

grounds of Gujrat will so far have recovered as to hold forth some in-

ducement for them to tarry there.

At the beginning of this paper I mentioned the cranes, Their more

or less complete disappearance is a curious incident and somewhat dif-

ficult to account for, But certain it is that during the last two years

in localities where I have seen them in millions: I should have had

some difficulty in counting them ty hundreds, They are grain-feeding

birds and though the area under cultivation has been immensely restrict-

ed, yet it is difficult. tosay why the very good khariff crop of the last

two years, for instance, did not attract more of them to Gujrat, but

certain it is that hardly any came.

The whole ofthe closely allied class of non-emigrant waders generally

known as Paddy-birds, but to the more scientific sportsman classed under

the heads of Egrets, Herons, Ibises, &c., have suffered terribly. During

the famine year, by a curious natural process which it is dificult to under-

stand, they most of them did not breed at all, their breeding places which

are Invariably in trees standing in water, being presumably to their eyes not

proper places to resort to, when standing as they did high and dry; and

each succeeding year has told more severely on them so that now they are,.

comparatively speaking, in many places practically near extinction.

We have now only left for consideration the remaining class of game birds:

and animals who breed with us, viz. the partridge, rain-quail, sand-grouse:

and hares, During 1900-1901 Ido not remember noticing any thing out of

the ordinary. But during the rains of 1901 every one must have remembered’

the enormous quantity of rain-quail who were breeding in Gujrat; the fact-

that they were breeding did not, I regret to notice, prevent a good many

pseudo-sportsmen from shooting them. The same held good of sand-grouse-

and partridge and the season of 1901-!902 has, I fancy, been about the best

on record for all these, and also for hares, of which there have everywhere

been far more than I can remember during the last 20 years and more, Sand--

grouse have been, in some places, innumerable and those who care to shoot

them over water have been able to make enormous bags, and I never re--

member seeing so many large coveys of the ordinary grey partridge.

Curiously enough the Francolin or Painted Partridge seemto have suf-

fered. Probably being less ommivorous than his grey cousin he suffered

much in the famine year, It is curious how the hares managed to survive,

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

hunted as they always are by the snaring tribes, but that they have not only

done so but also increased and multiplied exceedingly there can be no doubt,

As regards quail the fact that at the beginning of the season there was a

fair number would be borne out by the probability that the majority of

these were rain-quail who, as stated above, bred in immense numbers, but who

being partially migratory would leave the district early in the cold season.

The reasons for this increase in local game are not far to seek. In the first

place a dry year is always a good year for all ground game, 7, ¢., for all classes

who like partridge, grouse and quail breed on the ground, for in an ordinary

year the wet kills number of young birds and thousands of nests are swamp-

ed out,

In the second place the large area of waste and uncultivated lands afford-

ed excellent cover for the young broods and also provided a good supply of

food and also such food-supplies as there were, were reserved for them alone,

and had not to be, as formerly, shared with the invading hordes of emi-

grants.

A third reason has I see been suggested in the pages of the Journal, viz.,

the absence of predatory birds and beasts. This was most noticeable, Karly

in the year the rats of two species, neither of them the Jerboa, swarmed

over the roads and open spaces in Mount Abu, in a manner which would have

been suicidal had there been any hawks or owls about, but there were none.

The advantages of a dry year for ground game has received a further and

far less desirable proof in the plague of rats which has coverd the whole face

of the country in a way which has to be seen to be realized. They are I

believe now falling victims to the usual laws of over-crowding and having

no City Improvement Trust to look after them, are dying by thousands.

Anyhow the first really wet year will finish them off.

This brings me to the end of my remarks and briefly to summarise I would

suggest that the following points stand out as the results of these three sad

famine years :—

(1) The feeding grounds have been ruined.

(2) The whole stock of Gujrat emigrants have been destroyed.

(3) The stock of indigenous game has much increased,

As regards future probabilities, it would seem possible that a good breed-

ing season will replace the losses, but that it may take some years before

the feeding grounds of the duck and snipe will recover themselves, The

future, however, is a matter I prefer to deal with after the event. I can

only state that if the good wishes of the community are of any use to

the game birds of Gujrat they have our most sincere prayers for their

well-being and I will end this paper by wishing good luck to the Sheoting

Season of 1902-1903.

H, D, OLIVIER,

Lr-COL., R.E., F-Z.3,

Bompay, June 1902,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 587

No, IIL—CURIOUS COURSE TAKEN BY THE HYOID CORNUA OR

TONGUE MUSCLES IN CERTAIN WOODPECKERS,

All woodpeckers are,as is well known, provided with excessively long,

worm-like tongues which enable them to extricate their food in the shape of

insect larvee, &c., from deep holes and crevices in the wood.

To render the protrusion and subsequent withdrawal of such a long

tongue possible, specially constituted and exceedingly long hyoid cornua

or muscles which work the long tongue are necessary which, as a rule, in the

woodpeckers, slide round the skull from the sides of the gullet round the

occiput to the base of the upper mandible.

This in itself is a strange course for the hyoids to take, but in the case of

two genera of woodpeckers, which I have recently examined, there exists a

much more extraordinary arrangement of these muscles which I cannot find

described and which has possibly not been recorded.

The course taken by the hyoids in these two genera lies at first, in the

ordinary manner arourd the occiput, after which instead of passing straight

to near the base of the upper mandible, they turn to one side and make a

complete circuit of the eye socket, side by side.

The above extraordinary arrangement of the hyoids is found in Pyrrhopicus

pyrrhotus and in Picumnus innominatus, In both these species the hyoids

pass completely round one and the same eye (the right in both cases) as

shown in the accompanying diagrams :—

SIDE ELEVATION.

PLAN.

Head of Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotus, showing course of hyoid cornua (dotted lines).

538 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

The fact of the hyoids passing right round the eye is most unexpecte? in

itself, but what would seem perhaps the strangest part of all is that in a

bilaterally symmetrical animal like a bird the two muscles should not

pass round the two eyes (the right hyoid round the right eye and tke

left hyoid round the left eye) but that they should both pass round one

and the sameeye. It is possible that the above described arrangement

02 the hyoids will be found in other genera besides Pyrrhopicus and

Picumnus, and it would be interesting to ascertain this point, as possibly

throwing some light on the affinities iter se of the various families of

woodpeckers,

I may here add that in Sasia the course taken by the hyoids is normal

and not as in Piewmnus as one might have been led to expect from the

apparent similarity of these two genera,

B. B. OSMASTON,

Deputy Conservator of Forests.

DARJEELING, 31st March 1902.

No. IV._IDENTIFICATION OF ACCIPITRINE BIRDS.

Tt is not within the scope of this paper, or my intention, to write anything

eriginal on the “ Raptores”’ of India, a task which would be at best a difficuls

one and far beyond my humble means. Blanford’s Vol, UI, pages 313 to 436

of the Fauna of British India, has been brought well up-to-date by that able

ornithologist and leaves nothing to be desired, but for members of the Society

who perchance have nut got the book, or being stationed in jungles or

small stations with no library within miles and though, knowing nothing of

the subject, are still interested in it, a few notes on the chief characteristics

leading to the identification of species, in simple language and purged of

all technicalities, so far as is possible, may be of use. Many a rare bird has,

1 dare say often been thrown away, after beivg shot, through the sportsman

not knowing what it was and not having a book at hand, to help him

to its identification and the possibility of it turning out to be something

very common, has deterred him from sending it to friends, who could

have helped him. The subject in itself will be found of the greatest

interest, once taken up, but as a hobby to while away pleasantly, and

profitubly, the weary hours of camp life in the jungles, it would be very hard

to beat.

T shall in every case follow Blanford’s keys to the differentiation of species

which I do not think could possibly be made more lucid or concise.

The accipitrine birds are divided into 3 families which comprise no less

than 87 species, as follows :—

Pandionida wee ... Ospreys «. <A single species,

Vulturide aes es Vultures ae 9

Falconide ... Hugles, Hawks, Falcons, &c. 77

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

589

In the present number I shall be only able to deal with the first two fami-

lies and perhaps a few genera of the Falconide, but I hope to continue the

subject in the next number of our Journal.

Pandionide—The Osprey, is the only one of our diurnal birds of prey, that

toe partially

has its outer toe reversible and by this means alone can be easily

identified. The genus Ffblioaétus also a Fish Eagle, has its outer

reversible but not sO pronounced as the Osprey,

which can turn it right back almost to a level with the hind toe,

Like a parrot and like the owls, the Osprey has no after-shaft

to its feathers. Living on fish as it does, it is always to be

found (during the winter months) flying over rivers and large jheels

or tanks,

Vulturide—The Vultures, as a family,are too well-known to need any de-

Key to the Genera.

Bill stout ; height of upper mandible approximately

the same as length of cere on culmen, (The cere

is the naked skin in which the nostrils are placed

aud common to all birds of prey; usually of a

different colour to the bill.)

a’ Nostrils round or oval; tail of 12 feathers.

a" No neck wattle .......... Shroa :gpoucsende0cG0000

b’ A fleshy wattle on each side of the neck

of a deep yellowish red, a conspicuous

naked patch on each side of the crop and

a large naked oval area in front of each

thigh of the same colour .........

b’ Nostril a vertical narrow slit.

ce’ Tail of 14 feathers: differs from the two

preceding genera in hav ng a narrower

head and a longer bill which is about 3”

from gape to tip...... . SUSAR See

d” Tail of 12 feathers ; otherwise very like

Gyps, though a trifle smaller measuring

about 35” from tip of beak to tail,

whereas the smallest species of Gyps (G.

indicus) is about 38”, It is also darker

than G. indicus and differs in having the

lower parts dark with narrow whitish

shaft stripes ......- Beas cnngtladela und 6 Bakcaecias

Bill slender ; nostril elongate, horizontal ...... satel det

scription, bot as the family comprises 5 genera and 9 species a few

words are necessary to identify them.

(1) Vultur,

(2) Otogype.

(3) Gypas.

(4) Iseudogyps.

(5) Neophron.

Nos. 1, 2 and 4 only have one species each, No. 3 has four and No. 5 has

two species,

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

No. 5. Neophron: The White Scavenger Vulture is well known through-

out India as a genus but the difference between the

two species might here be mentioned.

N. ginginianus, The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture—Bill yellow

(in adults),

N. perenopterus, The Egyptian Vulture—Bill dark, horny at all ages.

The latter is slightly larger than ginginianus measuring

about 26” in length and perenopterus about 24”,

Nc. 3, Gyps comprises the following four species :—

a. Larger : wing 27 to 31 inches,

Third primary longest: lower plumage

with narrow shaft-stripes ..ccccrecrccc-e--e G. fulvus,

(The Griffon Vulture.)

b’ Fourth primary longest : shaft-stripes

on lower plumage very broad .eore.-...2++6 G. himalayensise

(The Himalayan Griffon.)

6. Smaller: wing 22 to 25°5 inches; bill more

slender,

ce’ Crown of head with scattered hairs ...... G, indicus,

(The Indian Long-billed

Vulture.)

d' Crown of head quite naked ...........0+0+0 - G. tenutrostris.

(The Himalayan Long-billed

Vulture.)

We now come to the Falconide, which comprises by far the greater num-

ber of diurnal birds of prey. This family has been again sub-divided, by

yarious authors, by some into 5 sub-families and by others into 10 and so on

and hardly any two seem to agree on this point, but Blapnford leaves the

family undivided, only taking therefrom (Gypaétus barbatus) the Lammer-

geyer which, he thinks, is entitled to rank as a sub-family apart.

He gives the following key to the Sub-families :—

Gypaétine : a. Claws blunt ; billlengthened ;a tuft of long bristles on

the chin,

Falconine : b, Claws sharp ;bill not lengthened ; no bristles on chin.

Gypetus : This genus has but the one species (G@. barbatus) inhabiting

Tndia and is found all along the Himalayas, Punjab and Sind, It is easily

recognized, even far up inthe heavens by its great size and expanse and

long wedge-shaped tail, The adult has the head, neck and under parts a

bright golden yellow but the young bird is dark and the head almost black.

SUB-FAMILY—Fatconina,

Genus Aquila; or true Eagles, The Eagles are among the largest of pre-

datory birds and comprise 9 species. We apply the word eagle to nearly

all the larger birds of prey such as the Serpent-Eagles, Fish-Eagles,

Hawk-Eagles, &c,, &c., but the genus Aguila contains only the typical

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 591

eagles, which differ from the Hawk-Eaglesin much the same way as

faicons differ from hawks, chiefly in their habits, shape of wings and

tail and other details. Whereas the true eagle scours the mountain

top for its prey and prefers the open plains to the wooded tracts, the

H+wk-Eagle haunts chiefly the dense forests, where it sits well in among

the branches of a tree and watches the unsuspecting pheasant ap-

proach to within a few yards, when with one quick flap of its power-

ful wings it is down, and secures its prey before it knows what has

happened. In the same way falcons hunt in the open country, follow-

ing their prey for miles, whereas the hawks prefer forest lands where

they make one sharp stoop, which if missed, they do not often

follow up.

Let us now consider the points and characteristics of the eagles and take

them in orderas they appearin the Fauna of British India, pages 332 to 346.

The 5 genera therein mentioned, though differing in many respects from each

other, have one feature in common, viz., tarsi feathered, and this separates

them from the rest of the Fa/conine, The five genera are Aquila, Hieraétus,

Lophotriorchis, Spizaétus and Ietinaétus and comprise between them 18 species.

They all have bills without any pointed tooth on the upper mandible with a

festoon commonly present further back. The lores are clothed with bristles

or with feathers terminating with bristles, and the tarsus is feathered

throughout,

Key to the Genera.

a, No elongate occipital crest.

a’ Claws much curved, hind claw longer than inner.

a Primaries exceeding secondaries by more

than length of tarsus.

a* Culmen straight at base, then curv-

ing; bill from gape longer than mid-

dle toe*......° - peceoses Saeeenaseeaeacc cans Aquila,

6* Culmen curving from cere; middle

toe longer than bill from gape........ Hieraétus.

b’ Claws but little curved, inner longer than hind

claw ..... SEOOUSCEBEEEON aideaccuonsiee reneeaes SpdKodond sconces Ictinaétus,

b. An elongate occipital crest.

c’ Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than

length of tarsus.

c’ Abdomen chestnut in adults.........00020+0e Lophotriorchis.

d' Primaries exceeding secondaries by less than

lengchvoh tatsUsmemecsttesccscssclescsescrvassercessss-oe. SPUZZCLUS:

In tke above key I have altered the order in the book by putting Jctinaétus

next to Hieraétus, instead of last, but my reason for so doing is as follows :—

In Aquila, Hieraétus and Ictinaélus we have 3 genera in which all the species

to a casual obseryer are more or less similar, though differing in coloration,

592 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

size, &c., but in the Lophotriorchis and Spizactus we have 2 genera in which

the species all have long crests which catch the eye at once and which, if

put next to or between two of the crestless eagles, may be confusing. The

genus Aguila has 9 species,

Key to the Species,

a. Nostril elliptical or ear-shaped, higher than broad,

a' Claws very large, hind claw 23 to 4 inches

round Curve, ....... Soaberciepanaesewectie Speenagtela sie A. chrysaétus.

(The Golden Eagle.)

b’ Claws moderate, hind claw very rarely exceed-

ing 2 inches round curve,

a” Wing in male 21” to 23”, in female 23” to

245"

a* Plumage deep blackish-brown, crown

and nape tawny (in adults).

b’ Lower plumage striated (in young).. 4. heliaca. ,

(The Imperial Eagle.)

c> Plumage deep umber-brown through-

out,ora pale patch on the nape

only (in adults),

a@* Lower pl:mage not striated, pale tips

te larger wing-coverts and to se-

condaries (in young)...,......00.-....4. defasciata.

(The Steppe Eagle.)

6” Wing in male under 21’, in female

MOG er 22H een. p cubatace ccrwauavorciensepecncneemete A, vindhiana.

(The Tawny Eagle.)

6, Nostril round, as broad as high,

c’ Whole head and lower parts uniformly pale

LAWDY, OL TULOUS 2.0.0. cc0.cscecroerocsascocassees eres A. JUlUESCENS.

(Brooks’s Eagle.)

d' Bead and lower parts dark brown, or not

uniformly coloured,

ce’ Wing of male 19” to £0", of female 203”

UK) ZL 0 eleosecepaneperieseraunesoasccsecendasnonde Ala femme.

(The Large-spotted

Engle.)

d"” Wing of male about 18”, of female 19” ... A. hastata.

(The Small Indian

Spotted Eagle.)

The genus Hieraétus has but 2 species; H, fasciatus, and H. pennatus.

Key to the species.

a, larger: wing 19 to 21 inches. H. fasciatus, (Bonelli’s Eagle.)

&, Smaller: wing 14 to16°5 inches, H. pennatus, (The Booted Eagle)

ri}

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES,

‘The Bonelli’s Eagle can generally be distinguished by his white breast

finely streaked and mottled with brown. When ata distance the breast

‘appears perfectly white in the adult, The upper parts a dark umber

brown,

The Booted or Dwarf Eagle is the smallest of all the eagles, measuring only

about 19” in length,

Of the genus Jctinaétus there is only the one species I, malayensis, the

Black Eagle, and it can easily be recognized by the peculiar shape of its foot.

The toes are short, inner toe being thicker than the middle toe and nearly

as long, whilst the outer toe is very short, The claws are much less curved

than in the other eagles and the inner claw is the Jongest, longer even than

the hind claw.

Plumage in adults is black throughout.

Now we come to the Crested Hawk-Eagles. Two genera, containing six

species —L, kieneri, The Rufous-bellied Hawk-Hagle, is the only species

of the genus Lophotriorchis, This genus, though closely resembling the next

(Spisaétus), is distinguished by its longer wings, with the primaries project-

ing beyond the secondaries by more than the length of the tarsus, by its

shorter tail, which does not exceed 9 inches, and its much longer toes and more

powerful claws, The adult colouration, too, is peculiar, black above and the

abdomen chestnut,

The genera Spizaétus and Lophotriorchis are not likely to be confounded

with any other of the sub-family Falconine, except perhaps with the genus

Baza. of which there are 3 species, all crested like Spizaétus, but they

‘can be easily distinguished.

The largest species of the genus Baza is only about 185” to 19” (male).

The smallest species of the genus Spizaétus is over 21’’ (male),

The Baza in only feathered for half the length of tarsus.

Spizaétus is feathered for whole length of tarsus except in S. cirrhatus

where the feathering does not extend to division of toes, but length of S.

cirrhatus is over 26 inches,

Lastly the Baza has the upper mandible toothed, and Spizaéius has the

upper mandible festooned.

I have already noted the points for identification between Lophotriorciis

and Spézaétus.

The latter genus comprises five species as fellows :—

a. Feathering of tarsus does not extend to division

of toes.

a’ A distinct crest 4” to 6” long,always present... SS. cirrhatus.

(The Crested Hawk-Kagle.)

b’ No crest, or a rudimentary one...... SSHDuCHOCH ELS » S. limnaétus,

(The Changeable Hawk-Eagle.}

4. Feathers extend on to basal portion of middle tee.

e' Large: wing 17” to 183”,

594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

gq!

White bands on abdominal feathers in-

LErruUpLediat Shatisecsdsscsessrcsescecs noogsdscn S. nepalensis,

(Hodgson’s Hawk-Hagle.}

b” White bands go completely across abdo-

minal feathers-e-........ Saseondbococtesdoasen 5660 S. kelaarti.

(Lege’s Hawk-Hagle.)

dip oma lls mwin om DOUtIO atulneseauecencessasecetreccoe see S. albiniger.

(Blyth’s Hawk-Hagle.}

This brings us on to the Serpent and Fish-Hagles which I have not included

here as they might prove confusing, The above mentioned only contain the

species which have their tarsi feathered and form the true Eagles and the

Hawk-Eagles, whereas none of the Serpent or Fish-Hagles have their tarsi

feathered or only partially so.

Blanford, on p. 342, gives the following distinctions between the true Eagles

and the Hawk-Kagles :—

“ They (Hawk-Eagles) are birds of more slender build, with smaller bills

“longer and more slender tarsi, and longer tail than the true Eagles and most

“of them are in some phase of plumage, partly or wholly white beneath,”

BHADARWA, C. H. DONALD.

KAsHMIR STATE, August 1902.

No. V.—NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN BIRDS

IN SOUTH SYLHET.

The following notes may possibly he of interest as showing one or two

species of birds that do not commonly occur to my knowledge in the plains

of Cachar though the two districts more or less adjoin.

Coracias indica is common here though I do not think met with in Cachar

unless I am mistaken. Mr, Baker does not mention it in his “ Birds of N.

Cachar”’ and personally I never came across it.

Halcyon pileata is I now find to be met with in small numbers here ; I

have collected one specimen and come across four or five others, one of

which my collector fired at but unfortunately failed to bag it. I think it may

breed here.

Caprimulgus monticola has been much in evidence during the past two

months, March and April, breeding plentifully on the grassy and stony tilahs

round the garden, It seems a fairly quiet bird at other times of the year but

while breeding its peculiar plaintive cry is heard from dusk till nightfall and

is again renewed from about 4 a.m, until very nearly sunrise. C. albonotaius

on the other hand utters its monotonous notes of “ chuck chak chuck” almost

the whole night, at this time of the year, a most irritating sound if several

birds take up their quarters near one’s bungalow.

Cinnyris hasselti I do not think can at all commonly breed in the plains

portion of the district as I now find that very few are seen after the middle of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 595

January, though from October to about then it is exceedingly plentiful. C.

asiatica a bird not met with in Cachar (?) however must breed here, for

though like the last it is most common in the cold weather it is still to be met

with in small numbers throughout the year.

A. M. PRIMROSE.

Rewa TEA Estate,

CHANDPUR BaGar,

S. SyrHeT, 3rd May 1902,

No. VIL—EUTHALIA LEPIDEA IN WESTERN KUMAON,

Though more or less common in Burma and Assam, Sikkim has generally

been considered to be the most westerly limit of H. lepidea, and it may

therefore interest the entomological members of the Society to learn of the

capture of a specimen of this butterfly as far west as Kumaon, A male was

taken by me on the 19th of this month (April 1902) at Ranibagh (1,000-2,000

ft.) on the road from Kathgodam to Naini Tal, up a heavily wooded nullah

with running water, I had seen one aday or two previously in the same

spot without being able to get near it, but was more fortunate on presuma-

bly the same one appearing a second time. Judging from its very fine, fresh

condition, it could not have been long out of the pupa, and it is not improb-

able was bred in the vicinity ; but [saw no others. Two gentlemen who have

collected round Ranibagh for years, to whom I showed my specimen, told me

they had never seen or heard of them before in the district, so its occur-

rence must be rare.

The Kumaon specimen shows no variation from other Burma specimens

in my possession,

G. W. V. de RHE-PHILIPE,

Lucknow, 27th April 1902.

No, VII.—A MAN-EATING PANTHER.

(With a Plate.)

The following are afew notes with reference toa man-eating panther—

known to have killed over 20 people in rapid succession and all within a

radius of 15 miles of Gunsore village in the Seoni District,

Tt was not long after my arrival at Gunsore that I came to hear of the

panther, so I made it my first opportunity to tryand bag him, knowing he

was such a source of danger to the surrounding inhabitants,

A kill was reported to meas having taken place on the 23rd of March, i. ¢.,

four days before my arrival, On April the 10th another kill was reported,

On hearing of this I went out to ascertain as to whether it was true and

found the body in a mangled condition with one arm torn right-off. The

body was lying ina nullah within 200 yards of a village (Balwara), The

villagers stated that the animal must have visited them about twelve at

night and dragged away the body from just outside a house and it seems there

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

were four people sleeping outside this house, but that none of them heard

the slightest sound, I made arrangements for sitting up that night (i.¢,, the

night after the kill took place), The animal put in his first appearance about

9 p.m., again at 11 p.m,, and for the last time at one o’clock. During each of

these visits I thought it advisable not to shoot as I could see nothing of the

animal owing to darkness, although I could distinctly hear him at the

body.

On April the 21st I again heard of a kill (Somnapur village), This time

the beast had actually gone into a house and dragged away the body to one

side of a village only 100 feet from one of the houses and on an open plain.

There were two children asleep in the house where the body was taken

from but they were not disturbed,

In order not to be disappointed a second time owing to darkness, J thought

it best to try a hurricane lamp which I fastened to a pole about 5 feet off the

ground and about 20 feet off the body and I took the precaution to cover up

part of the globe of the lamp with a dark cloth so as to allow a dark side for

the animal to approach from, At 11 pm.I noticed the animal having a quiet

search round and as soon as he got down to the body I fired. The photograph

reproduced shows exactly how I found the bodies, as I left a man all night to:

see that nobody should remove them until f came the following morning to

take the picture. I might remark that the body was only mauled at the

chest, neck and head, and that from these parts a good deal of flesh had been

devoured,

The Government reward for the animal was Rs, 50,

W. A. CONDUITT.

Sronr District, 21st November 1901.

No. VIII—NOTES ON BIRDS NESTING IN THE SOUTHERN SHAN

STATES OF BURMA.

(10.) Pica rusrica—The Magpie.

This Magpie is common in the valleys East of Taunggyi, keeping to the

open cultivated land round villages and bazaars, On the 21st March, while om

the way to Pang Long (4,000 feet) we saw a nest in a low tree by the side of

the road, My companion at once got off his pony and started up the tree, from

his language it appeared that the Magpies were not such fools as they had

seemed asthe tree trunk was covered with huge thorns. My friend, however,

at length managed to get up, and brought down six eggs which were slightly

incubated. The sight of the eggs awakened my old love of nesting aud have

the honour of being No. 1 in my present collection. The nests here seem

much larger than those at home, probably owing to their being undisturbed

and so enlarged from year to year, otherwise exactly the same. The eggs also

seem larger in size 14" to 1°47” by 1:05". Greenish-white, marked sparingly

with sepia, and in fact more like the English Jackdaws-

Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist. Soc.

A MAN-EATING: PANTHER

AN DST Kees.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 597

(52.) PARADOXORNIS GUTTATICOLLIS—Austen’s Crow-Tit.

On the 11th April I was lucky enough to get a nest of this bird at Taung-

gyi (5,000 feet). It was placed in asmall sapling about 5 feet off the ground

on the side of a hill. Nest very neatly made of dry blades of grass and leaves

covered over with cob-webs, and lined with very fine grass, inside diameter

about 22 inches. Three eggs,slightly incubated, measuring -75 x -64, a dirty-

white with small red spots chiefly at the big end. The bird shot and identi-

fied, The shell of the eggs is very thin and brittle as mentioned in Mr.

Stuart Baker’s account.

(64.) DRyYoNASTES CHINENSIS—The Black-throated Laughing-Thrush,

At Ganguoi (5,060 feet), on the 1st May, I found a nest of this bird placed

in a small tree about 9 feet up, I was unable to shoot the bird as it sat for

sometime on the edge of the nest just above my head and then got away, I

had a good look at it, however, and noted its black throat and dark breast,

The nest exactly like the next species; 3 eggs, measuring 1°04 x°‘79, glossy

white.

(67.) DRYONASTES SANNIO—The White-browed Laughing-Thrush.,

Fairly common at Taunggyi (5,000 feet) breeding in April and May. Nest

generally placed in small trees and bushes from 5 to 8 feet off the ground,

The nest is an untidy one made of grass lined with leaf stems, inside diameter

about 33 inches, Eggs 3 or 4, pale-blue measuring about 1°0’x:79” but vary &

good bit in size,

(280.) MOoLPasTEs NIGRIPILEUS—The Tenasserim Red-vented Bulbul.

This is the common bulbul up here, in fact I have not found the Burmese

one up here yet although it occurs, I believe, in some of the low valleys, It

nests chiefly in April and May making a flimsy nest of leaves, grass, etc., lined

with fine grass, I found one curious nest made of bits of the “ Pioneer.’

Eggs generally 3, sometimes only 2. They vary a good deal in marking

some being almost red in colour, others boldly spotted.

(281.) MoLpasres ATRICAPPILLUS—The Chinese Red-vented Bulbul.

Mr, W. H. Craddock of the Forests kindly gave me the eggs of this bulbul

with the following description :—“ Nest very similar to that of the ordinary

bulbul in construction, situated in a bush about 5 feet from the ground, and

contained 2 fresh eggs. Thaton State at about 3,000 feet. Bird obtained,

Date 7th May 1902.” The eggs are very like those of the last species,

(287.) XANTHIXUS FLAVESCENS—Blyth’s Bulbul,

Iam also indebted to Mr, Craddock for the eggs of this bulbul which are

not described in Blanford, “Nest similar in shape, size and materials io

above, Found in a bush 3 feet above ground, on Byinkyi Tawng at 5,500

feet, 2 eggs more or less set. Bird shot,’ The eggs are °9x‘7 white, covered

with reddish spots,

( 333.) DicruRus cINERACEUS—The Grey Drongo.

Taunggyi, 12th April 1902, nest and 4 set eggs, bird shot, nest on the end

of a branch high up and consisting of a very neat saucer shape made of

598 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

lichens, leaves and cob-webs lined with fine grass. Eggs 4 in number, pinkish-

white and boldly splashed with pale purple, and over which red spots chiefly

at the larger end. Size ‘97 to 10x ‘7 inches,

(474.) Lanius COLLURIOIDES—The Burmese Shrike,

it is a wonder this bird’s nest has not been described before as it is very

common up here, especia!ly during the breeding season which is from April

to the beginning of June, All the young birds have left their nests now (23rd

June) and everywhere one goes you are greeted with the angry chatter of

the old birds, Whilst they had eggs in their nest they were very silent and

generally kept out of sight, The nest is usually placed on the top of small

saplings against the trunks of trees and between the forks of good sized

branches at 5 to 12 feet from the ground, The nest is neatly made of leaves,

lichen and feathers, etc., covered with cob-webs and lined with fine grass.

The size of nest varies a good deal, if placed in between branches it is much

smaller and maiches the tree trunk, if concealed by leaves it is much larger.

The eggs are very like the English Butcher-bird and vary in the same way,

there being two more or less distinct types, one pinkish-white with brown

and purple spots, the other greenish-white with sepia and ash coloured

spots, a few have a dull yellow colour with spots the same as last, Size ‘8

to 86 x67 to *66.

(546.) GRACULIPICA NIGRICOLLIS—The Black-necked Myna,

Makes a large conspicuous nest at the end of branches. Nest composed

of straw, grass, feathers, etc., Eggs 4, pale-blue, measuring 135 x “96,

Breeding season April.

(553.) ASTHIOPSAR GRANDIS—The Siamese Myna.

Builds in holes of trees making a rough nest of straw and feathers, Eggs

generally 2,sometimes 3. Pale-blue, measuring 1°16 x °85, Breeding season

April and May.

(554,) ANTHIOPSAR ALBICINCTUS—The Collared Myna.

Habits exactly the same as last, in fact the two very often build in company

in holes in old trees, Eggs pale-blue, 4 in number, measuring 1°1 x‘°8.

(615.) ORcicoLA FERREA—The Dark-grey Bush-Chat.,

This chat breeds up in these hills, On the 15th May this year I found

a nest, placed in a hole in the side of a cutting on the Government cart

road at Ganguoi (5,500 feet), It was a very untidy nest made of old grass

and roots containing 4 pale-blue eggs with very faint and few pale red spots.

I saw the bird in the nest as I was riding along the road, I dismounted and

shot it so there could have been no mistake. I found an exactly similar

nest the next day in the same position, the eggs the same. Mr, Craddock of

the forests gave me a clutch of eggs which he got while out, which are exactly

the same as mine, Some of these eggs are spotless and remind one of

Redstarts eggs at home, None of my eggs agree with the description given

in Blanford (Fauna of British India, “ Birds;’ Vol, Il) which are pale-green,

while mine are a decided Blue, Siz2°7 x 54.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 599

(679.) MERULA PROTOMOMEL/NA—The Black-busted Ouzel,

Two nests at Ganguoi (5,500 feet) on 15th May 1902, one with 3 eggs the

other with 4, in both cases well incubated, Nest placed at the end of a

branch about 12 feet off the ground and composed of moss and grass with

plenty of mud, in fact the nests were very heavy for their size, lined

with fine grass, Eggs greenish with brown spots and daubs, measur-

ing 1°07 x°8, :

(975.) IYNG@IPICUS CANICAPILLUS—The Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker.

On the 15th April 1962 my orderly brought me a fully fledged young one

and one addled egg which he had found in a small hole in a tree. Egg

measuring °8 x°64 inches,

(1104.). Cucunus’ cANorus—The Cuckoo,

I first heard this bird on the 6th of March. The majority have all gone

now (I heard one calling this morning), I got 4 eggs this season and all

found in the common Pied Bush Chats’ nests, the eggs like those at home,

white with pink spots.

H. H. HARINGTON, Carr,

TAUNGGYI,

Uprer Burma, 24th June 1902,

No, IX.—FOOD OF THE KRAIT.

in Volume IX, page 499, I observe a note on this subject by Mr. W. H.

Traill, and as such information is always of interest to some, I take the

opportunity of adding my mite, Onthel1lth February while out with

Major Davis not very far from this Station, he came on a Bungarus

fasciatus ina ‘‘ paddy ’’ field, the fore half of the body was down a hole,

so Major Davis put a charge of snipe shot into the exposed portion,

which however did not kill him at once as he endeavoured to drag the

damaged half down the hole, A Burman, however, immediately seized

his tail and dragged him out when he promptly disgorged a snake,

which proved to be a Tropidonotus piscator, evidently only recently

swallowed, Length 30.” The B. fasciatus (a beautiful specimen) mea-

sured 60”.

The Burmese have some queer ideas about the B. fasciatus, some entertain

the opinion that he is quite innocuous, others, that though poisonous his dis-

position is so mild that he can rarely be provoked to bite, while a few are

disposed to think that it isnot such a difficult matter to induce him to

bite and, that if he does succeed in getting hold the results are generally

fatal.

GEO. H. EVANS,

Vety, Magor.

RANGOON, lst April 1902,

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No, X.—NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CERTAIN BIRDS

IN THE SOUTHERN SHAN STATES OF BURMA.

We wish to record the occurrence in Burma of the following birds which,

as far as we can ascertain, have not hitherto been recorded from this

Province :—

1, IJaulus flavicollis—Yellow-naped Ixulus,—Nine specimens shot on Loi

Pang-nau 7,900’ to 8,000’ near the Mekong river,

2. Sitta himalayensis—W hite-tailed Nuthatch,—Only procured once on Loi

Hsam-hsum-Salween-Mekong water-shed bordering on Siam, at 7,500’.

3. Sitta formosa—Beautiful Nuthatch.—One specimen shot on Salween-

Mekong water-shed at 7,000’.

The above three species, strange to say, have not yet been obtained on any

of the other high ranges of Burma.

4, Syrnium mivicola—Himalayan Wood Owl.—One bird procured on “ Crag”

Taunggyi at 5,500’, another seen at the same time,

5, Aquila heliaca—Imperial Eagle.—One bird in the young phase of

plumage shot at Wanhat (Mawkmai State) at 1,200’.

6. Alsocomvs pulchricollis—Ashy Wood-Pigeon.—A_ single specimen

obtained on Loi Maw at 7,200’. This forms the connecting link in the

distribution of this species from Assam to the Island of Formosa,

The undermentioned birds have been forwarded to Colonel Bingham for

identification :—

7. Suthora.—An apparently undescribed species shot at 8,300’ on Loi

Pang-nau.

8. Scceorhynchus—A diminutive species undescribed in Vol, I, Fauna of

British India, “ Birds.” Shot at 2,500’ at the head-waters of the Sittang river,

9, Urocichla—A species quite distinct from the two described in Vol. I,

Fauna of British India, Birds. Obtained on Loi Pang-nau at 8,300’.

aoe }two species of Cyornis, one of which is a very beautiful bird.

12. Stictospiza formosa,—Identification doubtful,

13, Stachyrhis—A species resembling S. nigriceps, Shot at the head-

waters of the Sittang at 1,000’.

14, Accipiter—A species related to A. virgatus, Shot at 7,000’ on the

Mené-taung.

TAUNGGYI, H. N. THOMPSON, F.z.s.

SoUTHERN SHAN STATES, W. H. CRADDOCK,

Burma, 15th June 1902.

No. XI.—_SWORD-FISH STRIKING A SHIP,

Tam sending you the sword of some sea monster which I am unable to

identify, its history may prove interesting enough to find ita place in your

museum, and it is as follows :—

Last February an Arab buggalow belonging to Muscat was on its way there

from Cutch, A few days out it struck something on the port bow which the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 601

Nakodar thought was a rock. The craft was shaken up from stem to stern

and after a few seconds those on board heard a loud report and she was free

agaln.

She was making some water in the bows and the cargo lying there was

shifted when this object was found sticking through the planks and firmly

fixed, the leak was closed up and the buggalow reached Muscat safely. There

J] examined her and the owner presented me with the sword, It evidently

belongs to some huge fish which after striking the buggalow and piercing a

teak plank some five inches thick managed to free itself at the expense of its

weapon,

Its structure seems to be of bone and it is covered with minute denticles

many of which have been scraped off.

F, A. SMITH, Capr., M.D., IMS,

Utwark, Raspurana, June, 1902.

[The sword appears to have belonged to a large specimen of the Histiophorus

family and measures :—

Total length a ah 406 S00 oo ... 244 inches

Length from end of te see 200 eee WDE ve ay

Circumference at base ... ae Bot toe Boe 5

Circumference, 12 inches from the BP one 6 o

The total length given above includes 24 inches of thie) bone of the upper

jaw.

W. 8. Mruuarp, Honorary Secretary,

Bombay Natural History Society.)

No, XIIL—NOTES ON BIRDS NEAR QUETTA.,

Corvus corac—The Raven,—Very common about cantonments all the year,

Breeds in the hills near, One nest, 6 eggs fresh, March 24th, Many other

nests inaccessible, This is the sinall race,

Corvus frugilegus—The Rook.—I have only seen one small flock near

Quetta, feeding in the plough fields in January,

Pica rustica—The Magpie.—Very common at Ziarat about 8,000 feet, 60

miles N.-E. breeds : one nest, 3 fresh eggs, May 15th. In winter a fair

numbet come to the hills near Quetta about 6,000 feet, but I have not seen

them in cantonments,

Graculus eremita—Red-billed Chough.—Very common in the cold weather

all round Quetta. Saw a few near Ziarat in May.

Parus atriceps—Indian Grey Tit—Small flocks about cantonments in cold

weather : in Ziarat in May.

Aigithaliscus erythrocephalus—Red-headed Tit.—Saw a pair at Ziarat in

May probably breeding.

Lophophanes rufinuchalis—Simla Black Tit—A few at Ziarat in May. This

bird was identified from Jerdon, but I think it is correct.

602 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Trochalopterum lineatum—Himalayan Streaked Laughing Thrush.—Fairly

common in the hills above Harnai at about 4,000 feet in February.

Myiophoneus temmincki—Himalayan Whistling Thrush.—_Shot one on

rocky stream on the way to Ziarat at about 7,090 feet in May,

Molpastes leucotis—The White-eared Bulbul,

JT do not know whether this bird stays the summer or not ; the only ones

I have seen have been in March and April, scarce,

Sitta tephronota—Hastern Rock Nuthatch—This bird is common in the

hills, and breeds. I have found a good many nests, but never yet chanced

on an egg,

Tichodroma muraria—The Wall-Creeper.—I have seen 1 or 2 specimens

near Quetta in the hills in winter, and one near Sibi at about 1,000

feet.

Hypolais rama—Syke’s Tree-Warbler.—This bird visits Quetta in the

spring, and breeds, making a small cup-shaped nest in a low bush, The nests

I have found have been about the middle of May.

Sylvia jerdoni—Eastern Orphean Warbler.—Common in the hills in April,

May, probably on migration.

Sylvia althea—Hume’s Lesser White-throated Warbler.—I am not sure of

this bird, as I had only Jerdon’s book with me when Ishotit. It was

fairly common round Ziarat about 8,000 feet in May.

Sylvia minuscula—Small White-throated Warbler,—Small flocks on migration

in April,

Phylloscopus tristi—Brown Willow-Warbler,—I shot one out of a small

flock in my garden in February.

Lanius lahtora—indian Grey Shrike,—I shot one near Quetta on April 1st,

the only one I have ever seen here.

Lanius vittatus—Bay-backed Shrike—Not very common, arrives in April,

One nest, three fresh eggs, May 24th.

Lanius erythronotus—Rufous-backed Shrike.—This is very common in the

summer, and breeds freely. Starts to lay about the first week im

May.

Lanus isabellinus—Pale-brown Shrike.—Appears about middle of March,

but does not stay asarule. I found one nest in a low bush in the hills

about 7,060 feet, with 3 eggs hard set, on June Ist.

Lanius cr status—Brown Shrike,—I shot one, the only one I have seen here

near Quetta in April,

Pastor ros‘us—Rose-coloured Starling —I have only seen a few of these in

Quetta, all in April and May. They were very common in Chaman at the end

of April.

Sturnus humii—Himalayan Starliug.—Rare, I have only shot one or two

specimens in March and April.

Acridotheres tristis—Common Myna.—This bird is not common, A few

scattered individuals seem to come here chiefly in March and April,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 03

Muscicapa grisola—Spotted Flycatcher,—This bird is common about Sept-

ember on migration ; I have not noticed it at other times, Common at

about 9,006 feet in May.

Siphia parva—Kuropean Red-breasted Flycatcher.—Arrives in the beginning

of April and stays about a month, During April is common.

Pratincola caprata—Common Pied Bush-Chat.—Arrives at the beginning

of April, leaves in October, Very common; breeds,

Pratincola mauvra—indian Bush-Chat,—On migration in Aprilnot common,

Sazicolu picata—Pied Chat.—Very common, arrives March, leaves Septem-

ber, October. Breeds. Nests April 30th, 4 fresh eggs, May 14th, 4 young

May 18th, young. All nests in holes among rocks.

Sawvicola capistrata—W hite-headed Chat.—Shot one at the foot of the hills

near Sibi in February,

Sazicola barnesi—Barnes's Chat.—Fairly common near Quetta in the cold

weather, I have shot and examined two of these birds, but they do not seem

to quite agree with the description in Volume II, Birds, Fauna of British

India, the colour on the chin and throat is connected vith the axillaries,

and there isno band of white between, the breast being also black, S.,

finschi I do not know as there is no description of this bird in the

book,

Sazicola isabellina,—Isabelline Chat.—Very common in the hot weather,

arriving about middle of Marc’. Breeds, I have found two or three nests

all with young apnout April 20th. They were placed at the end of a hcis

in the ground about 2 feet in or more,

Sawicola deserti—Desert Chat,—Not uncommon in March and April, I

do not know whether this bird remains to breed or not, but I think

not,

Ruticilla erythronota—Eversmann’s Redstart.—This redstart is common

about Quetta in the cold weather, leaves about March,

Ruticilla rufiventres—Indian Redstart.—Common in the cold weather, stays

later than the foregoing, in fact it may possibly breed in the hills, as I

have shot one about 8,000 feet in June,

Cyanecula swecica—Indian Blue-throat.—Common on migration in March

ard April, in suitable places, none later,

Merula atrigularis —Black-throated Ouzel.—This black-throated ouzel is

very common in Quetta in the cold weather, both in Cantonments and in the

hills: it leaves about middle of April.

Petrophila cyanus—Western Blue Rock-Thrush.—This thrush is not un-

common in the hills round Quetta in the summer: it does not come into Can-

tonments : arrives about end of March and breeds. I have found ove nest in

a cave in the hills with 4 fresh eggs in April ; I have also seen young birds,

Monticola saxatilis—The Rock-Tbrush.—I have shot two specimens of this

bird near Quetta, one a female in January,and one male in good plum-

age onthe 25th April. These are the only ones I have seen,

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Turdus viscivorus—The Missel-Thrush.—Very common in the hills round

Quetta in the cold weather, I saw a fair number at Ziarat in May at about

9,060 feet so it may breed,

Tharrhaleus atrigularis—Black-throated Accentor,—I shot one out cf a

small flock near Quetta in January, I do not think it is cemmon here,

Coccothraustes humii—Hume’s Hawfinch.—This, I think, must be the haw-

finch that Irequents these parts. It 1s more or less resident, but is commoner

a good dealin summer than winter. I believe it breeds here, as I have seen

young birds that had been taken from the nest: it has a very pleasant

song,

Pycnorhampus carneipes-—White-winged Grosbeak,—A fair number in the

hills in the cold weather near Quetta. Very common at Ziarat in May,

feeding in flocks on the juniper berries.

Propasser grandis—Red-mantled Rose-finch—I shot one at Ziarat in May

about 9,000 feet, and saw others,

Carpodacus erythrinus—Common Rose-finch—Common at Ziarat in May.

Generally to be seen in small parties at certain places inthe hills near

Quetta in April.

Carduelis caniceps—Himalayan Gold-finch.—I do not think:that this bird

is common near Quetta. Isawone that was caught out of a small flock in

January, and also a pair in the hills in April,

Metoponia pusilla—Gold-fronted Finch.—This bird is common in places

in the hills near Quetta. I have seen flocks of them in September, also in

April, probably migrating.

Passer domesticus—House Sparrow.—Very common in summer, Arrives

about middle of April, breeds : leaves entirely in the ccld weather,

Passer montanus—Tree Sparrow,—Very common, resident throughout the

year, breeds about April, and onwards,

Emberiza leucocephala—Pine-Bunting.—Common in large flocks round

Quetta in December and January and part of February.

Emberiza stewarti—White-capped Bunting.-—-This bunting is common in

the hills in summer, arriving in about end of April. I have no doubt that it

breeds, as I have often seen them in pairs in June, but I have not found

the nest.

Emberiza buchanani—Grey-necked Bunting—Common in the hills in

April, I have nut seen them earlier than end of March, or later than May,

Emberiza luteola—Red-headed Bunting.—I have not seen these birds

nearer Quetta than Jalat, which is about 40 miles N-E,, about 7,000 feet.

There were a few there in May, one pair I think were breeding on May

30th, but I had no time to look for the nest.

Emberiza striolata—Striolated Bunting —Not rar: in the summer in the

hills, probably breeds as I have seen them about at the end of June.

Chelidon wurbica—The Martin._-There are always some of these birds

about in May, but IT am not sure whether they are C. urbica or C, Kashmi-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 605

riensis, I shot one, which I identified as C, urbica, of the following dimen-

sions. Length 53”, wing 42”, tail 23”,

Ptyonoprogne rupestris—Crag-Martin,—This is a common bird in the hills

near Quetta, I have found 2 or 3 nests, all saucer-shaped, attached usually

to the roof of a cave, consequently hard to get at, June 1st, young nearly

fledged, May 27th, 4 young unfledged, |

Hirundo rustica—The Swallow.—Very common in summer, arriving about

3rd week in February, Breeds in April and May,

Hirundo xepalensis--Hodgson’s Striated Swallow.—Fairly numerous round

Quetta in summer, arriving about end of March. I have only found one

nest which we placed in a culvert running under the railway, and was not

quite finished at the end of April.

Motacilla alba—White Wagitail—This bird is common in the cold weather,

disappears about the beginning cf May. This identification, 1 am not sure

about, as { only had Jerdouw’s book, when I shot the bird, and thought then

it was M. dukhinensis, which now apparently becomes JM, personata,

Motacilla melanope—Grey Wagtail_—There were a few of these birds at

Kalat about 7,000 feet in May, but I have not seen any elsewhere near Quetta,

Motacilla borealis—Grey-headed Wagtail_—Saw a few near Quetta in

April, apparently on migration,

Motacilla feideggi—Black-headed Wagtail.—On migration in April, fairly

common,

Motacilla citreola or citreoloides—Yellow-headed Wagtail.—Every year

on migration in April,

Anthus trivialis—The Tree-Pipit.—Not uncommon near Quetta in the cold

weather,

Anthus simélis—The Brown Rock-Pipit.—Arrives in Quetta about the end of

March. Breeds in the hills. One nest with 3 fledged young, on May 11th.

Anthus campestris--Tawny Pipit—Fairly numerous about the fields in the

cold weather,

Alauda arvensis—Sky-lark.—Very common in flocks round Quetta in the

cold weather, A certain number remain through the summer, and I have no

doubt breeds, though I have not found the nest,

Calandrella brachydactyla—Short-toed Lark,—Very common all round

Quetta in the cold weather up to the beginning of May, I am not sure

whether any stay later,

Galerita cristata—Crested Lark.—Very common and resident. Breed

about April and May.

Ammomanes phenicuroides—The Desert Finch-Lark.—Common in the low

hills round Quetta in September, October, seems to get rarer later, but I have

seen a few in March,

Pyrrhocorax alpinus—Yellow-billed Chough.—I am pretty certain I saw

small numbers of these birds at about 10,000 feet this May. I observed with

606 JOURNAL,, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

glasses, but as I was after markhor, I was unable to shoot one for identification,

The natives here say there are two sorts of Choughs, one with a long red

bill, and the other with a short white one,

Terpsipkone paradisi—Indian Paradise Flycatcher,—I shot one of these

birds about 5 miles from Quetta, at the beginning of May,a male in the

3rd year plumage.

Saxicola monacha—Vhe Hooded Chat,—I sawa bird, which I believe to

be a male of this species, at about 10,000 feet in May. I observed it carefully

with a glass, at about 20 yards distance for some time, but I had no

gun to shoot him. This is the only one I have seen,

Ruticilla rufiventris—Indian Redstart --I found a nest of this redstart in

the hills, this Way: as there seems no description of the nest in Fauna of

British India, Birds, 1 will describe it, It was placed on a ledge of rock in

a small cave about 5 feet from the ground, and was composed outside

of strips of the juniper tree bark, lined with finer strips of the same and a

few feathers ; it contained + eggs, slightly incubated, on May 13th, rather

long ovals, very pale blue, This nest was at about 9,000 feet, I have no

doubt there were many other nests on the same hills, as the bird was common

in pairs, right up to the top of the hill, over 11,000 feet,

Lanius isabellinus—Pale-brown Shrike.—I also found a nest of this bird

on May 14th this year at about 9,000 feet. It was placed in the middle of a

small thorny bush and contained 5 egg; of the usual shrike type. The bird

was common all over the hills about this elevation.

T. E. MARSHALL, Capr,, R.a.

Quetta, May 1902,

No, XIII—EHURVALE FEROX (NYMPHQGACE@),

I see on page 356 of the last Journal of the Society, a note on Furyale

ferox (Nympheacee). This plant grows freely and most luxuriously in the

Chatla Fen, Cachar, I have seen many specimens of it in the neighbourhood

of Borakhai and Trangmara and many of the leaves are more th»n two feet

in diameter, In places it forms such an obstruction that it is difficult to force

small boats through it,

F. J. EDE,

SincHar, CacHar, June 16th, 1902.

No, XIV.—THE PAINTED SAND-GROUSE (PTEROCLES

FASCIATUS) AND THE WOOD-SNIPE (GALLINAGO

NEMORICOLA) IN THE PESHAWAR VALLEY,

I am sending herewith a very delapidated skir of P. fasciatvs, merely

for purposes of identification and to prove that it is found in the Trans-Indus

portion ef the Punjab. P, fasciatus has been shot almost every year since 1895

at Rustom some twenty miles from here in the Buner foot hills by officers of

the Guides,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 607

According to Blanford— Fauna of British [ndia, Birds, Vol. IV., P. fasciatus,

“ does not occur west of the Indus’”’ When Vol. IV. was published I wrote

to Professor Blanford and toldhim of the Traus-Indus occurrence of this

sandgrouse, In his reply he suggested that the bird might be P. lichtensteini.

Since then I have been away from Mardan and have had no chance of

securing a specimen of fasciatus until this year. In December « flock was

put up by a party from the corps shooting near Rustom and one bird was

killed by a Native Officer out with us. It was badly shot and got damaged

in the game bag, so it was not possible to do more than roughly skin it for

ideutification, Painted sandgrouse are found near Rustom in low stony

hills with a fair quantity of jungle growing on them, They are generally

put up in pairs or small flocks, ‘the natives say they are always there but

the numbers vary, some years there being many more than others,

Another bird not apparently recorded West of the Indus, Gallinago nemo-

ricola, was shot by me near this place in 1887, It may be thought that it

was G. solztaria and not nemoricola as the former is more likely to occur in

this part of the country. I have, however, shot at least twenty solitary snipe

in Kashmir and therefore know solitaria well. I carefully identified the

bird hoth from Jerdon and Hume and Marshall and there was not the slight-

est doubt as to its being a specimen of G. xemoricola,

MarpDavN, F. J. H. BARTON, Major,

2nd February 1902, The Guides,

No, XV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE CHESTNUT-HEADED

SHORT-WING (OLIGURA CASTANEICORONATA) AND

NESTING OF THE BLACK-CHINNED YUHINA (YUHINA

NIGRIMENTUM) IN KUMAON.

I am sending you a specimen of the Chestnut-headed Short-wing (Oligura

castaneicoronata, Oates) which may be interesting as Oates gives its distribution

as Nepal, Sikkim and the Khasi Hills, This one I shot here (Kumaon) at an

elevation of 4,000 feet out of a party of four, they did not appear to be breed-

ing, Thev are remarkably wren-like in their movements which first attracted

my attention, I am afraid tue specimen is rather badly prepared,

I also send you a Black-chinned Yuhina (Yuhina nigrimentum), shot off its

nest, The nest was placed under an overhanging bank and slung among a

lot of fine roots from which the earth had fallen away, an ordinary open nest

made of moss and a very little cobweb externally and lined entirely with very

fine hair-like fern root, The eggs (3) were not white as givenin Cates but

greenish-white spotted with brown, mostly at the larger end, 1 cannot find

any other record of this bird’s eggs,

Ss. L, WHYMPER,

JEOLIKOTE, N.-W, P.,

April, 1902,

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

No, XVI.—‘ INDIAN HOBBY” (?) AND “ BULBUL.”

While on a visit to Pundaluéya (elevation 4,000 feet) in April last, I wit-

nessed the attack of a small black hawk, which I believe to have been the

“Indian Hobby ” (Falco severus), upon a common “ Bulbul” (Pycnonotus

hemorrhous), From a back view, the hawk appeared to be quite black, It

pounced upon the Bulbul and bore it to the ground, seeming to have some

difficulty in killing it, for the cries of the victim continued for some 3 or 4

minutes, On my nearer approach, the hawk picked upits prey in its claws

and carried it out of sight, As they were flying off I had a good view of the

hawk and its prey. The former looked scarcely larger than the dead bird in

its claws.

The “Indian Hobby” is considered a very rare bird in Ceylon, I be-

lieve tuat less than half a dozen specimens have been actually recorded

from this Island. But it seems possible that the small size and dark

colouration of the bird may have led to its having been mistaken for the

Ceylonese black-bird (Turdus kinnisi), Stories have been told me by plan-

ters, on more than one Occasion, of one “black-bird” having been

seen to attack, kill and carry off another “black-bird”, It is prob-

able that the aggressor in each of these cases may have been Falco

severus.

In Blanford’s account of thishawk (Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol.

III) it is suggested that the species is crepuscular and that it feeds principal-

ly upon insects. The incident noted above occurred at about 3 p,m., and

(if my identification of the bird was correct) indicates that the “ Indian

Hobby ” will attack larger game than insects,

PERADENIYA, CEYLON, E, ERNEST GREEN.

15th May 1902.

[Note-—It is somewhat difficult to understand how any one having a

good view of the bird could describe Falco severus aS appearing scarcely

larger than a Bulbul; nor would the slaty grey of its back be likely to

appear quite black, May not the bird have been one of the species of

those beautiful little miniatures of the family—the Falconets, Micro-

hierac ? They certainly, it is true, have never been recorded from Ceylon,

though it is quite possible they may have been overlooked, but they so

exactly fit Mr. Green’s description that I venture the suggestion. The

black of their back and wings is unmistakeable, while their small size of

but 6 or 7 inches in length is no more than that of a Bulbul, though

they would certainly appear larger, as there is of them more bird and

less tail.

E, CoMBER,

Hony. Secretary, Bird Section,

Bombay Natural History Society.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 609

No, XVII—THE CAMEL BOT FLY,

I am sending you a small box to illustrate the larval, pupal, and imago

stages of the Camel Bot or Nostril Fly (Cephalomyia maculata), vide Lt.-Col.

Yerbury’s note on page 684 of Vol. XIIl of the Society’s Journal. I found

no difficulty in obtaining larve of this insect from the camelmen at Deesa.

When full fed, and ready to pupate,the larvais thrown out by the camel

sneezing, as stated by Col. Yerbury. This occurs usually in February, or

March, | think, as at this time of year I found them easiest to obtain, The

imago appeared in about ten days or a fortnight from the time of pupation,

but in confinement a considerable proportion failed to appear in the imago

stage, as they appeared to dry up. The specimen of the imago now sent was

not bred, but was taken by me when sitting on a small shrub near Quetta, by

the side of a path frequented by camels. It was the only specimen of the

imago I have ever seen or taken except by breeding, though I have lived

for years where camels are abundant, and am constantly on the look out for

insects of all kinds.

While on this subject I may mention that I obtained when at Deesa,

tbrough the courtesy of Major A, L. Gordon, 2nd Bombay Lancers, several

ova, about a dozen half-grown larve, and two full-fed larve of a horse bot

fly, presumably all of the same species as those previously obtained, as one

of the latter, on emerging, proved to be Gastrophilus pecorum. I was how-

ever away from Deesa at the time it emerged, and by the time I returned it

had damaged itself irretrievably as a specimen, and was dead in the box,

The half-grown larve, which when alive, have a curious disagreeable smell,

were obtained from a horse which died, on its interior economy being

subjected to post-mortem examination. They however, in the absence of

their usual nutriment, died.

C. G. NURSE, Masor,

13th Bombay Infantry.

QuErra, June, 1902.

No, XVIII.—NIDIFICA'TION OF OGLE’S LAUGHING-THRUSH

(DRYONASTES NUCHALIS.)

This bird is fairly common here but until last week L have been unable

to get its nest, As might be expected both the latter,and eggs resemble

those of D. rujficollis, There were three eggs much incubated in the nest,

I measured them as follows :—1°12” x°8”, 1:13” °79", 1°13’ x°8”", They are of a

rather brighter blue than those of D, ruficollis but as far as I can see pre-

cisely similar in gloss and texture, This bird is said by the Nagas to also lay

pure white eggs thus resembling Garrulaz gularis, but this I cannot confirm

as yet.

H. N. COLTART.

MARGHERITA,

Upper Assam, May 6th, 1902.

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

No, XIX.—_NOTE ON A SPECIES OF GORDIUS PARASITIC

IN THE BODY OF A MANTIS,

In the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (No.

47, Vol. XIV., 1896), Mr. Oliver Collett has recorded the occurrence of a

Nematoid Worm in the body of a Mantis, The worm in question was of an

opaque milky white colour and measured 273 inches inlength with a diameter

of th of aninch. I have just observed a second instance of the same kind.

A live Mantis was brought to me, enclosed in a paper envelope, On opening

the packet I found that a Gordius had emerged from the still living insect.

The Mantis (one of the common green kind) has a total body length of

3 inches, its abdomen being 12 inches long by 3 inch broad, The worm

measures 134 inches in length, and is about j;th of an inch thick, It is of a

blackish brown colour, The body tapers toa fine point at the posterior

extremity. It also tapers anteriorly ; but has a small bulbous extremity in

which is a simple pore-like aperture. The surface of the body is coarsely

granular,

Gordius belongs to the sub-order Nematomorpha of the Nemathelminthine

worms. There are two genera only: Gordius, confined to fresh water; and

Nectonema, a solely marine form, The form of the posterior extremity shows

the present example to be a female, though its dark colour is usually an

indication of the male sex, The eggs of Gordius are deposited in water and

the larval stage is passed in the bodies of aquatic insects. The Mantis

doubtless acquires the parasite through eating some insect that has passed its

early stages in water —such as a Caddis Fly, Perla, or May Fly. The average

length of species of Gordius is stated to be 170mm, My specimen (13+

inches) equals about 330 mm, ; while that found by Mr, Collett attained the

gigantic length of 687 mm.

After reaching the adult state, the worm leaves the body of its host and

presumably seeks the water to meet the male and deposit its eggs. Though

some species of Gordius are said to withstand dessication, my example failed

to revive when placed in water,

EK. ERNEST GREEN,

Government Entomologist.

RoyaL Boranic GARDENS,

PERADENIYA, CEYLON,

20th May, 1902.

No. XX,—ROBIN LAYING IN BABBLER’ NEST.

I send for the Society's Museum if you think it worth preserving, the

nest eggs and parent bird of Thamnobia cambaiensis. The curious part is that

the nest belongs to the Jungle Bush Babbler (Argya caudata) and was evidently

taken possession of by the present bird. The nest was placed in a small

thorny (I think, Kurunda) bush in scrub jungle and contained two eggs

which were not those of A, caudata, but for two days I could not catch the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 611

bird that laid the eggs till late one evening I disturbed her off the nest and

shot her, There were then three eggs.

I was not aware that this Robin ever took possession of other

bird’s nests. I have found numerous nests of this species but invariably

built by the bird itself and placed either in holes, in banks, stumps

or under the shelter of rocks, but never in the middle of a bush as

this was,

I send these few notes in the hope they may interest some of the

members,

F, FIELD.

Gaya, Bear, May 1902,

No, XXI.—BAT SEIZING A SHUTTLE-COCK,

T do not know whether the following occurrence is a rare one, and worth

recording ;—

As a party were playing at Badminton here yesterday, a bat (size about

6” to 8” across the wings) flew about following the shuttle-cock and finally

seized it and bore it off just asa lady was about to strike it. We watched

the bat fora short time, and expected to see it drop the shuttle-cock on

finding it was not living and unedible, but it did not,

Possibly the feathers of the shuttle-cock got entangled in the animal’s

claws and so it could not drop it, In the evening the bats here very often

hover about while a game of Badminton is going on but I have never known

one seize a shuttle-cock or even strike it before,

G, E, COLES,

NaroRA, via RAJGHAT, 25th May 1902.

No, XXII.—ARTIFICES PRACTISED BY BULBULS,

Referring to Mr, Aitkew’ note on this subject on page 162 of this volume,

the following extract from my notes, dated Bushire, 5th May 1897, may be of

interest :—

“ NOTE ON OTOCOMPSA LEUCOTIS,”

“On the evening of the 5th May, I was standing near a Dodonea bush

about 8 to 9 feet high in the Telegraph garden, watching the different birds

having their last search for food before retiring to roost for the night ; when

a Bulbul (Otocompsa leucotis) flew to the ground in front of me, about ten

paces away ; it appeared hurt in one wing and unable to fly, I was about to

move forward to see what was wrong with the bird, but at the moment it

occurred to me, this was a common trick with Plovers to allure one away from

the vicinity of their nests, but never having seen a Bulbul act in this way

before, I watched the bird and as it flew with apparent difficulty on toa

raised watercourse and then to the lower branches of an Oleander bush, I

felt convinced the bird must really be hurt, and was about to try and capture

it, when it uttered a low soft note, yet a note that could be distinctly heard

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

above the other noises in the garden, and which could fairly well be presented

by trying to whistle the word ‘you’ There wasa certain amount of anxiety

in the note and at once I understood it to bea warning uote to its mate

somewhere close at hand, and on looking up into the bush near which

I stood within three feet of my head was a nest, I immediately moved

away and relieved the bird cf its anxiety. Visited the spot again on

the 7th, one of the parent birds flew off the nest at my approach; on

examining it I found it contained four eggs, which I left for the birds to

hatch out.”

W. D. CUMMING,

OmaRA, March 1902.

No. XXIII—CROW AND KOEL’S EGG.

The following account of the behaviour of & e:-mmon crow may be

worth recording in our Journal :—

Yesterday evening, as I was standing in the verandah, I saw a crow

swoop down on to acroton pot with a green fruit-like object in his beak

This he deposited on the earth in the pot, and sat ou the further edge thereof

regarding it, Suspecting that he or she might be a bird of cannibal proclivi-

ties, I walked up to the croton pot and drove the bird off. I then picked

up the object which the bird had deposited and.found it to be a very deep

sea-green coloured egg of the Indian Koel (Hudynamis honorata), The

following thoughts at once suggested themselves to me:—Was the crow

the part-owner of the vest in which the koel’s egg was laid ; and if so, how

did he or she discern the koel’s egg from amongst the other crow’s eggs in

the nest, or was this bird merely preying on any eggs it found in other crow’s

nests? I think the last of these is the most likely, The «gg was absolutely

uninjured, and from its weight appears to be hard set (I have not yet

attempted to blow it),and was equally carefully placed by the crow on the

soil in the croton pot as it had been carried there en route from the nest.

Doubtless the crow was about to et the egg till my curiosity led me to see

what the “green fruit”? was.

Cc, D, LESTER, Cart.

Poona, 28th June 1902,

No, XXIV.—NOTE ON A FLYING-SQUIRREL (PTEROMYS

ORAL) FOUND IN THE THANA DISTRICT (BOMBAY).

The animal was found on a tree in rather open country at Vehcgaon

in the Khardi Forest Range, Shahpur Taluka, on the 14th April last.

It is said to be very rare in the Thana District,

G. M, RYAN, LFS., F.L.S,

Banpra, 3rd July 1902,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 613

No, XXV.—ON METHODS USED 10 PRESERVE COLOUR IN

RELAXING ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.

By Coronet J, G. Pitcasr, F.R.C.S.

Like most of my fellow-workers in Entomology, my attention was early

called ts the invariably altered colour of nearly all tbe blue and green

moths submitted to moisture in the relaxing-box; no specimen wholly

retained its primitive colour, but became more or less yellowed in the process

of relaxing.

The only exception to this rule were the fresh specimens which it has

been my custom to put intoa moist atmosphere until the rigor mortis had

passed, when they were entirely freed from all rigidity, and yielded therefore

more readily to the touch of the needle than if they had keen pinned and

allowed to partially dry before they are mounted, In passing I would note

the very great help this method has afforded in dealing with all fresh forms,

but especially with the small muscular Noctuide. In fresh specimens dis-

coloration was not so frequent, though it occasionally did take place in fresh

specimens submitted to a moist atmosphere for only a few hours.

The thought occurred to me in 1889 that the cause of discoloration was

in free ammonia, due to the decomposition which must be presumed to

begin in the killing-bottle, and is renewed with greater energy when many

dried specimens are put into the relaxing-box at one time, And even

before the alkali as tainted the atmosphere of the relaxing-box it would

have been conducted to all parts of the specimen by its nervures and their

branches,

A volatile acid suggested itself asa fit antagonist to the ammonia, and

earbolic acid seemed specially suitable, but its vapour was apparently not

diffusive enough, nor did it neutralize the ammonia as produced,

Glacial acetic acid was found to answer best. J placed a small capsule or

measure-glass of this acid in the relaxing-box—-60-90 drops as a charge-—and

renewed it as it evaporated, and this method I have used for many years,

‘The relaxing-box or vessel which appears ‘o afford advantages above all

others is a glass cylinder, covered with a round disk of glass ground to fit accur-

ately. Into this cylinder is placed a tripod of glass, to hold the clock-glass

upon which the specimens are to rest, Distilled water to the depth of half an

inch is put into the cylinder, he latter is then placed over a Bunsen’s

burner, with wire gauze over it, and the water allowed to boil for five minutes

ormore. On allowing the vessel to cool, a partial vacuum is produced, and

the cover must be removed with care some hours afterwards, when the

specimens to be relaxed and the acetic acid are then inserted.

The vessel cannot remain completely sterilized because of the frequent

movement of specimens to and from it, but heat can be applied from time to

time, and it can be kept, as free as possible, from those spores which do ger-

minate with marvellous rapidity in the saturated atmosphere of the relaxing-

box,

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

The requisites for this relaxing-chamber can be procured fora few

shillings from Messrs, J. J. Griffin & Sons, 20, Sardinia Street, Lincoln’s Inn

Fields, W.C,

A casual remark by Sir Geo, Hampson on the loss of colour of specimens

in the relaxing-box led to an explanation as to the method I adopted, which he

has been good enough to test for several months in the Natural History

Museum, and with such satisfactory results that he encouraged me to make a

note of the method for the benefit of fellow-workers,

These notes are the reply to his request, which it gives me great pleasure

to send to him,

5, STANLEY CRESCENT, W.: 16th January 1902,

(The above appeared in the “ Entomologist,”’)

No, XXVI.—VIPERA RUSSELLI BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY.

It may be of interest to record that a Vipera russelli, which has been in

a cage in the Society’s Museum for several years with two or three others of

the same species, gave birth yesterday to 33 young ones. Three were horn

dead, but the other 30 are active and healthy young vipers, Within 48 hours

of their birth, 28 out of the 30 young vipers had cast their sloughs, The three

dead ones measured about 103 to 11 inches in length,

W.S. MILLARD,

Hon, Sec., Bombay Natural History Society,

21st June 1902.

No, XX VIIL—DROUGHT-RESISTING FODDER PLANTS.

One unhappy feature which distinguished the famine of 1900 from other

Indian famines, was the wholesale destruction of cattle ; a fatality specially

disastrous on account of the difficulty of replacement, and the blow thus

struck at the cultivator’s power of recuperation, Can anything be done to

prevent this evil in future? Section XX of Sir A. MacDonnell’s Famine

Report deals with this question: “ The great mortality of cattle in the

recent famine has pushed to the front the question of their preservation in

times of drought and dearth of fodder, . . . . It is estimated that nearly

two million cattle . . . . died in the Central Provinces and its Feudatory

States ; and that an equal number died in Bombay, The mortality was also

great in Berar and Ajmere. . . . . Nor was this mortality confined to

useless cattle ; valuable bullocks and breeding cattle have perished in

thousands, involving a loss to agriculturists, from which, even with the liberal

assistance of Government, it will take them long to recover, ‘This loss was

most severe, as its results were most disastrous, in Gujarat, where the fodder

famine was complete, and where the wealth of the people was largely sunk in

cattle. In their efforts to save their cattle, the Gujarat agriculturists expended

all their savings, themselyes enduring great privations ; they sold their jewels

and even the doors and rafters of their houses, we were told, in order to

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 61°

purchase fodder, Their efforts failed, their cattle died, and with their cattle

all their accumulated wealth disappeared, so that Gujarat became a stricken

field.”

2, Among the measures suggested for dealing with such a fodder famine

the Report (para, 210) gives the first place to the Growth of fodder crops :

“We attach special importance to this remedy, not only because the fodder

grown on the spot is much more valuable than the stuff imported, but because

it has the co)lateral advantages of saving the cost of transport, of avoiding

delays, of employing local labour, and of keeping the cattle at home,’ In

para, 220 it is pointed out that “as a reserve, used to some extent in every

season, the leaves of trees are valuable, and the planting of the class of trees

and shrubs most useful for fodder has obvious advantages ;” and the Com-

missioners recommend (para, 219) “ that the whole question of fodder supply,

in its preventive aspect, be thoroughly examined by the Agricultural Depart-

ments of Local Governments.” As this question, in its preventive aspect,

comes specially within the scope of the Indian Famine Union's enquiries, the

present memorandum is submitted with reference to certain drought-resisting

fodder plants,

3. On application to the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, he

has been so good as to furnish me with valuable information, on the subject of

Sheep-bushes and Salt-bushes, contained in the Kew Bulletin of July and

August, 1896, In opening the subject, the Bulletin points out that “in the

warmer and drier parts of the world, lands devoted to pastoral industry are not

always clothed with the grassy vegetation familiar in temperate countries, Its

place is taken by dwarf sbrubs and herbaceous plants other than grasses, but

which are no less valuable. The experience gained in South Africa and

Australia admits of practical application in other parts of the world, especially

where, as will be seen, the soil is intolerant of any other kind of vegetation.”

The following list of such shrubs and plants summarises the information given

regarding them :—

(1) Pentzia virgata, the “Goed Karroo Bosje,’ or “Sheep-bush,”’? which

covers large areas of the Karroo Veldt in the centre of Cape Colony, It

appears that this plant, which is a dwarf tufted composite, requires the deep

fertile, lacustrine loam of the Karroo, and is not suited to barren sand,

(2) Atriplex nummularia, This is the first-named of the important family

of Australian “ salt-bushes,’ which grow in soil impregnated with alkaline

salts, especially of soda, and are able to “ live even through the direst periodic

droughts.’ The A. nummularia is a shrub which attains a height of 6 to 10

feet; it is peculiar to the Macquarie, Castlereagh, and Darling rivers, and the

arid western plains in New Sovth Wales, Darling Downs in Queensland.

Murray Scrub in Victoria, and the interior of South Australia ; catile, sheep,

and other herbivora are extremely fond of it; and its drought-enduring

qualities are remarkable, for it stands the hot winds in the Australian Central

plains with little check upon its growth. The seed germinates freely, and it

616 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

will also strike readily from cuttings. The woody part of the plant amounts to

10 per cent, only ; the other 90 per cent, is fcod and moisture, The pasture

thus afforded is particularly wh«lesome, Sir Ferdinand ven Mueller, the

Government Botanist of Victoria, sent seeds of this plant to Professor

MacOwan at the Care Town Botanic Gardens; and (mainly t! rough the

exertions of Mr, Edward G, Alston) the Atriplex nummularia was thus spread

to all parts of South Africa, where it now flourishes,

(3) Atriplex Halimus, the “ Vaal-Bosje,’ or Cape salt-bush, This indi-

genous vaticty seems to be in some respects inferior, as regards power of

propagation, to the imported Australian plant, Butasa fodder plant it is

nearly of equal value, Analysis shows that it contains a larger proportion of

carbohydrates, which constitute the fat-forming material; while the A,

nummulara contains a good deal more albumenoid, i,¢., nitrogenous or

strength-giving constituents, The 4. halimus reaches the South of Europe

and is cultivated in the Kew Arboretum, It is not unfrequently employed as

a hedge plant in this country, in the Isle of Wight, and elsewhere near the

sea. It also appears that the French Government have contemplated intro-

ducing it in the Southern portion of Algeria,

(4) Aériplex halimoides, A pro-cumbent or diffuse under-shrub, Queensland

to South Australia, and gregarious over the greater part «f the saline desert

interior of Australia, Mueller describes it as “one of the best dwarf species

for salt-bush pastures.” Raised readily from seed, Cultivated ai Kew.

(5) Atriplex leptocarpa. A strong plant with a thick stock and herbaceous

pro-cumbent stems extending to 1 or 2 feet, East Australia, Mueller staces :

“ Another of the perennial salt-bushes which render many dry and sterile

tracts valuable for sheep pastures, It will bear a great amount of drought.”

(6) Alriplee semibaccata, Stems herbaceous, pro-cumbent or prostrate,

Spreading to 1 or 2 feet, Queensland to West Australia. Mueller says,

“very much liked by sheep, and considered among the best of saline herbage

of the salt-bush country.”” Mr. Farrer pronounces this herb to be “ wonder-

ful for its productiveness and its drought-resisting power.’ This plant has

proved most valuable in some of “ the worst alkali spots’ in California, single

plants having reached a diameter of 16 feet in one season: “the yield of a

full crop is about 20 tons of green material, or calculating on a basis of 75 per

cent. water, 5 tons of dry matter per acre. A good season would permit of

two such crops,’ The Agricultural Experimental station of the University

of California issued the following account of this variety: “ The past year’s

experience with this plant, both on the University “tation ground at Tulare

and on the lands of scores of those furnished with seed or plants, shows that

this plant has peerless adaptation for growth on soils too alkaline to support

any other useful growth. ‘So strongly are owners of alkali lands impressed

with this fact that thousands of acres will be sown this winter..... The

introduction of the plant to owners of waste alkali lands is certainly one of

the most striking achievements in the University’s long-continued policy of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 617

trial and distribution of economic plawtshy oy onee When the plant once gets 4

hold on the soil, it covers the ground very thickly with self-sown seeds, which

are produced in abundance,”

(7) Atriplex vesicaria, A bushy shrub, Central and South-Easte-n

Australia. According to Mueller, “ one of the most fattening and most

relished of all the dwarf pastoral salt-bushes of Australia, holding out

in the utmost extremes of drought, and not scorched even by sirocco-like

blasts, Its vast abundance over extensive salt-bush plains of the Australian

interior to the exclusion of almost every other bush ex cept A. halimoides

indicates the facility with which this species disseminates itself, Splendid

wool is produced in regions where 4, vesicaria and A. halimoides almost

monopolise the ground for enormous stretches, With other woody species

it is also easily multiplied from cuttings, but, as remarked by Naudin, it

produces thousands of fruits in less than three months after sowing, and

as stated by Millardet it has become (of late years since its introduction) the

marvel of the Delta of the Rhone, in the south of France.”

(8) Kochia eriantha, A stout shrub with the branches covered with woolly

tomentum : “an excellent fodder herb for sheep on the hot and dry pastures

of Central Australia, where the temperature in summer reaches 1¥0° F. in the

shade, and in the winter falls to 27°.”

(0) Kochia pyramidata, Prof, W, A, Dixon found 65 per cent, of digestible

substance in this plant,

(10) Kochia villosa, An under-shrub found in most of the depressed and

saline regions of Australia, particularly inland, also on sand lands, According

to Mueller, “ renowned amongst occupiers of pasture runs as the cotton bush,

so called on account of the downy covering on the branches and leaves, This

rather dwarf shrub resists the extremes of drought and heat of even the trying

Central Australian climate, The roots sometimes penetrate into the ground to

a depth of 18 feet, With all other animals, dromedaries like this and some

other salt-bushes, particularly for food, These plants can be readily multi

plied from cuttings,”

(11) Rhagodia parabolica. This shrub is found in the interior of Queens-

land, New South Wales, and South Australia, and usually in or near moist

places, but is nowhere very plentiful. It is probably one of the best known

of all salt-bushes by stockmen, and on account of its mealy-white appearance

they have given it the common name of “ old man saltbush.’ At one time

this shrub was a prominent feature in many places in the interior, but of late

years it is gradually becoming more scarce,

4, From the above it appears that there exist a large variety of drought-

resisting fodder plants, some of them specially suited to soils impregnated with

alkaline salts, Will any of these suit the soil and climate of India ? Experi-

ments have been made in India with regard to (1) Pentzia virgata, or Cape

sheep-bush ; and four varieties of Australian salt-bush, including (2) Atriplee

nummularia, and (4; Atripler halimoides. In 1883, seeds of the Cape sheep~

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1¥

fush were received by the Superintendent of the Government Botanical

Gardens at Saharunpur, from Dr Schomburgk, Director of the Botanic Garden,

Adelaide. But the attempt to establish this plant on the saline or “ usar”

lands in North-Western India was unsuccessful ; and after repeated efforts the

Superintendent, Mr, Duthie, reported in 1887 that “it is needless to make

further attempts to cultivate the sheep-bush in this part of India,’ The

reasons for the failure are not stated, Experiments with the Australian Salt-

bush were more successful, In the North-West Provinces and the Punjab

there are large tracts of land rendered more or less sterile by surface deposits

of efflorescent salts, known as “ reh,” “ kallar?’ and“ usar”; and in 1880,

seeds were obtained from the Melbourne Botanical Gardens for experimental

cultivation on such land, In his Saharunpur report for 1882, Mr, Duthie

wrote, ‘ The Australian salt-bushes and their allies have been ovly very lately

sown, but the progress they have made is so far in their favour. There are

several plants of A. halimoides, nummularia, and of two other species thriving

very well,” In 1883, “ the small plantation of salt-bush plants continued to

thrive, The plants were 4 to 6 feet high,” In 1888, the report regarding the

A, nummularia was as follows: “ the plantation of this fodder plant continues

to exist in a healthy state. The seeds produced last year by the plants in the

plantation proved to be the soundest lot we have as yet obtained from them,

Formerly the seeds collected from these plants germinated very sparingly,

but this season nearly every seed came up, with the result of a stock of

3,500 young plants, These have all been bespoken by the Director of the

Botanical Department, Northern India, for planting out next autumn in the

‘usar’ reserves, The whole stock is therefore being retained for that pur-

pose.” Experiments with salt-bush were also carried on by the Director of the

Department of Agriculture of the North-West Provinces and Oudh, The plants

were put out on “usar” soils,and the reports upon the early experiments

were encouraging, In the report of 1883, Mr, W. J. Wilson stated that plants

of A. nummularia and other species were received from the Saharunpur Gardens

in July 1882, and again in July 1883: “ of these plants A. nwmmularia promises

to be the most valuable as it has an abundant leaf growth and should

yield a large supply of fodder.” Ju 1884, the plants were thriving. In 1885,

Mr. Wilson reported that “ the Australian salt bush........ gave promise even

in bad ‘usar ’,’ In 1886, the Awa “ usar ” plantation was handed over to the

Raja of Awa, and the further experiments were transferred to the “ usar” land

near Cawupore and Aligarh, In 1889, the Director of the Botanical Depart-

ment inspected the Aligarh plantation, and made the following note: “ The

salt-bush (A. nummularia) promises to bea success as far as the soil is con-

cerned, the most healthy specimens being those which were planted in soil

strongly infected with ‘reh’ salts; but being essentially a desert specics the

excessive damp to which it isexposed in the Doab during the hot rainy months

is prejudicial to its nature, At this season also it is lable to attacks of innu-

merable caterpillars, which devour the leaves and weaken the plants,”

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 619

5. his is the latest information contamed in the Budletm regarding the

‘experiments in N.-W, Provinces and Oudh, The last official note on the salt

‘bush at Saharunpur is contained in the following extract from the Report

on the Garden for the year ending March, 1890: “ A few plants of this fodder

were planted out last rains to take the place of some which had died, A con=

‘siderable number of plants remain on hand for distribution, bul there was no

wall for them during the year, The Director of the Botanical Department

Northern India, having now been supplied with as many plants as he cares

to try in the Aligarh and Cawnpore ‘ usar’ reserves, there is littleprobabis

lity of any extensive demand springing up until something definite has resulted

from his experiments. For the present we will therefore discontinue propa=

gation, but keep up a small stock plantation in case the Aligarh and Cawnpore

‘experiments should turn out to be sufficiently encouraging for trying this plant

on a larger scale at some future period.”

6, We may now ask the India Office to favor us with information showing

the result of the experiments up to date. As pointed out by the Famine

Commission, the fodder famine of 1900, and the consequent destruction of

agricultural stock have vastly increased the importance of all questions relating

to the preservation of catile, the growth of fodder crops coming first among

preventive measures; so that the introduction throughout India of drought-

resisting fodder plants, from being merely an interesting botanical experiment

now takes a prominent place among practical measures of famine prevention,

No doubt, as recommended by the Famine Commission, the subject will be taken

up earnestly by the Agricultural Departments of all the Local Governments,

7. In the meantime a few points may be noted, First, as regards the local+

ities selected for experiment, Fortunately, the salt-bush favours generally

those arid saline tracts, found in most Indian Provinces, which are useless for

other purposes, But from the list given in para, 3 it will be seen that the

different varieties exhibit special characteristics, It appears, therefore, that

the various Local Governments should be careful to select localities suited to

the special requirements of the species chosen for experiment, For example,

it does not appear why the A. xummularia, whose natural habitat is in the arid

plains of Central Australia, was located inthe Doab, where it was exposed to

excessive damp, and was devoured by innumerable caterpillars, The Raghodia

parabolica (11) is the only variety shown in the list which is said to prefer

moist places. In this connection it may be noted that, as the salt-bush is

particularly relished by camels, it might with great advantage be introduced

into the deserts of Sind and Rajputana, The Famine Commissioners point

out (para, 220) thatin Gujarat many fields are hedged with a useless Huphor=

bia, and suggest the substitution of shrubs useful for fodder, Rewards might

be given to the headmen of villages where this advantageous arrangement is

carried out ; also where, by theiz exertions, the salt-bush is spread over the

arid wastes, supplying food for the cattle, while mitigating the heat from the

bare and sun-baked surface,

620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

8. A detailed account of the salt-bushes will be found im Sir Ferdinand

Mueller’s “Iconography of Australian Salsolaceous Plants,” and “Select Extra-

Tropical Plants;” also in Mr, F. Turner’s monograph on “ The Forage Plants

of Australia”’ The subject of drought-resisting forage plants has also been

enquired into recently by Mr. Robert H, Elliot, who has made experiments at

Clifton Park, Kelso, in Scotland.

W. WEDDERBURN,

InpIAN Famine Union,

Palace Chambers,

Westminster, S. W.

30th December 1901.

(From the “Indian Famine Union Leaflet,’ No, 5.)

No, XXVIII.—BIRDS’ NESTING AT OOTACAMUND.,

Having obtained 90 days’ leave, I decided visiting Ooty, the climate being

ideal and many birds are found there which are local to the place and unobtain-

able elsewhere. On the whole I was fairly successful though I should have

liked to have obtained the eggs of the Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon (Alsocomus

‘elphinstonii), the Black-backed Pied Shrike (Hemipus picatus), the Velvet-

-fronted Blue Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) and the Indian Blue Chat (Larvivora

brunnea), all of which I saw. At Ooty one only desires to be out all day, so

that lovers of nature cannot but enjoy themselves I got there towards the

end of March, which is about the best time for birds’ nesting.

Tue Nitarr Laveurnc-Turuss—(Trochalopterum cachinnans). Very

common, fond of thick jungle but nesting, as a rule, on the outskirts or

in small trees more or less in the open: a merry joker always on the laugh,

“The nests are neat and cup-shaped, placed firmly in the fork of a small tree or

sapling within reach of hand, composed of twigs, leaves, grass and moss on the

outside, neatly lined and finished off with a few of the bird’s own feathers to

give the finishing touches. Though a shy bird, it does not bother about

concealing its nests. On several occasions, I came on nests just inside thick

sholas, quite low down on bare forks, so that one could not but see them.

When built in more exposed places more care seemed to be taken in selecting

leafy sites. Two eggs, bluish-green, speckled and streaked with reddish brown,

is the complement, April and early May is the best time to look for eggs,

Tur RFus-BELLIED SHORT-wiING—( Lrachypteryx rufiventris) is fairly

common but requires looking for, it is of a retiring nature-and loves deep

shade but not thick jungle. I obtained 3 nests, viz., on the 4th, 15th and 291th

May, the two first contained callow young (two) and the last two fresh eggs,

so that two would seem to be the full complement of eggs. The sites chosen

were natural holes or hollows in trees, a few feet from the ground, these are

filled up with a mass of green moss and finished off in a neat cup lined with

fine black moss roots and are very pretty. The nests were not difficult to

see us no attempt is made to conceal them and the trees selected were free

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 621

from moss, lichen or any sort of parasitic growth, The crux is to find the

havnts of the birds : once this has been discovered, the nest is not difficult to

see, The eggs are of an olive-green tinge with dim brick-red specks and fade

very rapidly, The cock has a very pretty low song, which is not very easily

heard,

THE SovurHeRN-INpDIaN BLAcK BuLput—(Hypsipetes ganeesa) is very

common and very noisy, a regular scamp, at times they are almost deafening,

It is not very easy to obtain their eggs for they usually select a very tall

eucalyptus or similar tree and build about 30 to 46 feet up, one cannot get

up oneself and it is by no means easy to get any one else to. I found several

nests but only got eggs out of two. The best way to find the nest is to watch

the birds, They are noisy buds, as I have mentioned, when building

the male usually accompanies the female to and from the nest, which

I think she makes unaided, and shouts all the time at the top of his

voice, If you watch her you can easily tell whether she is nesting as she will

then go to the same spot each time. They are very fond of the parasite resem-

bling mistletoe, which is common at Ooty and is leafy, in this the nest is well

concealed so that one may not even see it but merely surmise it is there, The

nest is of the bulbul type as are the eggs: 2 is the complement. I fancy if

they chose less inaccessible places one would get many eggs, April and early

May I think is the best time to look for them.

THE JUNGLE Myna—(thiopsar fuscus) is very common and behaves like

all other Mynas. They were breeding when I arrived and when I left, so I

fancy their season is long. They seem to prefer, if they have a choice, a hole

in a tree in jungle, though I found nests in houses, under bridges, in fact

almost anywhere.

Tue Niteuirt Bue Frycarcuer—(Stoparola albicaudata) is the common

Flycatcher and a very cheery fellow into the bargain : he is always singing and

is not ashamed of raising his voice, The site they like for nesting is a

mossy bank, if a hole or hollow exists in such, they fillit up with green moss

with no lining and on this lay 3 pretty little pinky-white eggs, At Ooty, deep

channels are cut to protect the forests from cattle and also to carry the water

off, these soon get coated with moss and make ideal nesting places for this

Flycatcher, although he is not averse to holes in trees and such like, When

walking or driving along by keeping ones eye’s some way ahead, one can often

spot a nest by the hen darting off, at your approach, out of a bank or hedge.

April and May are the best monihs to search for eggs,

THE BLACcK-AND-ORANGE FLYCATCHER—(Ochromela nigrirufa) is a pretty littie

bird, very robin-like, and common at Ooty. He has no voice to speak of but

just chirrups. He is nota bit like a Flycatcher in his domestic arrange-

ments, building quite an unorthodox nest. A lot of old leaves are used as

a foundation and on this the nest proper is built up of strips of grass, leaves,

etc., globular in shape, very untidy, no lining and with an entrance more or

less at the top. I took one or two nests but could not preserve them as they

622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

rapidly fell to pieces being loosely put together. They reminded me more

of the nest of the small White-throated Babbler (Dumetia albigularis) more

than anything else though one cannot say they are domed. They place

their nests in ferns, quite low down almost on the ground, in a small bush

very like holly and in brambles: once you know the class of place they like,

their nests are not difficult to discover for if you see the birds hanging about,

you have only to look round and you can easily spot a nest if there is one,

Two eggs only are laid, of a greenish-white colour, speckled with rusty red,

not unlike those of the Jungle Wren-Warbler (Prinia sylvatica). They nest

through April and May.

Tus GREY-HEADED FLrycatcHeR—(Culicicapa ceylonensis) is fairly common

but somehow I had no luck, It takes a pretty ’cute bird to beat me when

LT am on the look out for his nest, I watched these birds very carefully but

only succeeded in finding one nest, on the 6th May, containing young birds

very nearly ready to fly, This nest was purse-shaped and attached to the

trunk of a tree about 30 feet from the ground, Idid not go up to have a

look at it so am unable to describe it.

Tue SouTHERN Prep Busu-Cuat—(Pratincola atrata) is very common and

similar in habits to all birds of this class, It breeds in March, April and early

May and is not very particular as to site, any hole in a bank, wall, hedgerow,

house or even on the ground does not come amiss, provided it is fairly shel-

tered, They make a very comfortable nest, lining it with hair, down, roots

or any suitable materials, and Jay four greenish-white eggs, speckled with

brown.

Tue Nitgurri Buacksrrp—( Merula simillima) is very common and a beautiful

songster, he is to be heard all day and quite late in the evenings, I found

numberless nests, and they are not at all particular as to sites but prefer open

country, especially small trees along the banks of nullahs, The nest is a mas-

sive structure in which a lot of mud is incorporated, moss, roots, leaves and

grass, are all used, while the nest is neatly lined and finished off. It is usually

placed in the stout fork of a tree and within hand-reach though occasionally

they may be some way up. Three greenish-blue eggs spotted, blotched and

streaked with brown are laid, I found one nest ina very curious position,

Tt was built where a small branch had been broken off the main trunk: there

was so little room for it that as soon as the bird commenced incubating,

her weight overbalanced the nest, and when I found it she was sitting with the

nest hanging down at an angle of about 45°; in all probability, had I left the

nest, it would have come down altogether in time. They have a long breed-

ing season as they were breeding when I went up and when I left.

Tur Nirguirt Tarush—(Oreocincla nilgiriensis). This beautiful Thrush

may be common but being of a shy and retiring nature, I saw very little of

it, Onthe 31st May I was fortunate enough to find a nest containing two

fresh eggs, Lleft them a day but no more were laid, they were of a dull or

olive-greenish colour, dimly speckled with red. The ne:t was situated ona

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 623

horizontal branch about 15 to 20 feet from the ground, in:a big shady shola

with little or no undergrowth, and was composed of quantities of moss lined

with blackish roots, a most beautiful and compact structure,

Tue Nitguiri House-SwaLLow—( Hirundo javanica) is partial to eertain

localities, where it is more or less abundant, It seems to prefer the neigh~

bourhood of streams and gulies, Its nesting habits are very similar to those

of the Wire-tailed Swallow (Hirundo smithii), building a nest of mud-pellets

ina house, on rocks in streams, under bridges and similar places which it

lines with feathers, straw, etc. They are apparently early breeders, as I only

found young in their nests in April and never came on eggs, which was a

disappointment,

Tus Niteurri Preitr—(Anthus nilgiriensis) seems to confine itself more to the

higher and wilder peaks and hills, I founda nest on the 31st May, contain-

ing 2 fresh eggs, I left them aday but no more being laid, took them, The

eggs look like very heavy thunder clouds, a deep grey being the prevailing

color, which is all splotched and clouded, The nest was situated on some slo-

ping ground, not far from the side of the road, in fact my attention was drawn

to it by the bird being disturbed at our passing. It was well sheltered and like

all larks’ nests: what took my fancy was a small fern situated just at its ene

trance or rather over it, whick kept it well shaded from the rays of the sun.

THe Inpian Episte-Nest SwirtLet—(Collocalia fuciphaga), I believe there

are several colonies of this little Swiftlet in the neighbourhocd of Ooty.

Captain Packard and I visited one, which shall be nameless, on the 11th May

and had a very interesting day. We made all the bandobust but thought we

were doomed to disappointment, as after having searched all the likely spots,

as we thought, we only got 2 nests, containing 2 fresh and Z incubated eggs

each, On making further explorations, we came on a cave inhabited by them

but to our disgust found we could not effect an entrance, the exit being so

small, We were obliged to use lamps as it was pitch dark, This made a con-

siderable flutter in the dovecots and the birds came flying out,and as they came

they flew straight into your face, which was rather disconcerting. We were aw-

fully disgusted, just as we were resigning all hope, Captain Packard noticed

avother cave, down which we promptly went and were rewarded, In this

cave there were 8 nests, 7 containing 2 more or less fresh eggs each, while one

had 2 young birds. The nests were made almost entirely of white lichen, a

little moss being used in some and were glued to the:rock by inspissated saliva

of a whitish colour: the nests were all within reach of hand and looked like

the little saucers natives use so much for illuminations. As we went in, the

nests showed up white with the light shining onthem, There was not much

saliva in each nest and I fancy it would take a good number to make soup for

John Chinaman and some trouble to separate the lichen from the saliva.

Tue RvFovs-BACKED SHRIKE—(Lanius erythronotus) is the common Shrike

and is very fond of the open slopes and wet bottoms so common a feature

in Ooty topography. Ithas a long breeding season, beginning in February

624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY. SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

and ending, I know not when, asI got fresh eggs in June before: leaving,

Their nests are of the usual Shrike type compact, massive and well-built, all

sorts of material being used and the nest is well finished and lined, It is usu-

ally placed in a low thorny bush in the open and not difficult to find, If one

sees a pair of birds, ten to one if breeding, you have only to search’ the few

bushes round about, when the nest will be found,

Poona, R. M. BETHAM, Magsor,

July 26th, 1902. 8th Bombay Infantry.

No, XXIX.—WEEVILS IN MANGOES.

T send a Weevil taken out of a Mango seed, which I obtained, together

with some interesting information about its habits, from Mr.Vinayak Laxuman

Bhave. He finds a very large percentage of the fruit of two trees in his

garden infested with this insect, while the rest are quite free. He brought me

fifteen mangoes, nearly ripe, which I cut open and found mature weevils in

three and a grub in one. They had consumed a portion of the cotyledons in

each seed, but they had not touched the shell of 1t, nor was there any mark

whatever outside of the seed to betray their presence. From this I infer that

the egg must be laid before, or very soon after, the fruit begins to form, Mr,

Vinayak says that the weevils do not emerge until the mango has been eaten

and the seed thrown away. It is difficult to account for their attacking

two trees and neglecting others which are in all respects the same, but Mr.

Vinayak tells me that these two trees come into fruit a little later than the

others, so it may be that, when the weevils are ready to lay their eggs, the

development of the fruit in all the other trees has advanced too far.

Tn the first volume of “ Indian Museum Notes,” at page 45, there is an interest-

ing extract from a paper by Mr. W, J. Simmons on a Mango Weevil, which he

calls Cryptorhynchus mangifera, and which is very probably the same species,

though the writer speaks of it as an insect which was at that time spreading

westward and northward from the region of Dacca, to which it was formerly

restricted. Arguing from the extent to which the people of India depend

upon the mango, especially in seasons of scarcity, he is apprehensive that the

depredations of this weevil may become a very serious matter; but it

is difficult to follow his argument in view of the fact (stated by himself) that

the insect does the edible part of the fruit no harm. Of course it might

restrict the natural reproduction of mango trees to an appreciable extent by

destroying the seeds,

EB, H, AITKEN.

19th August 1902,

No, XXX.—BIRDS’ NESTING IN KUMAON.

The following notes on some nests and eggs taken this season in Kumaon

may be of interest as they are either not recorded, or doubtfully only, in

Hume’s “Nests and Eggs” :and Oates’ and Blanford’s “ Birds”. (Fauna of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 625

British India), They were all taken at an elevaticn of from four to five

thousand feet and in every case the parent bird was secured and identified,

THE GREEN Macgpie—(Cissa chinensis), Two nests of this bird which is

decidedly rare in these hills were discovered, both in the same nullah and

within quarter ofa mile of each other at about 4,000 ft, elevation. Both nests

were precisely similar in position and structure, being placed about ten feet

up in a fork and made of good sized twigs and a few leaves externally and

lined with finer rootlets and grass, internal diameter five inches and two and a

half deep. The nests were much better made and neater than that of any

magpie or jay that I know of.

The eggs (three in one nest and four in the other) were taken on the

19th and 20th June and are elongated ovals rather pointed at the small end,

averaging 1°31 inches in length and 1°87 in breadth, They are entirely jay-like

in markings though somewhat yellower in colour; two of them had a few

yellowish-brown good sized spots scattered over them ; none showed the black

hair markings of the jay.

THE ORANGE-BELLIED CHLOROPSIS—(Chloropsis hardwicki). Only one nest

with two fresh eggs was secured though two others were watched while build-

ing but were deserted owing to their being discovered by Tree-pies (D.

himalayensis), The nests were all placed towards the extreme top of fairly

large trees thirty to forty feet high and were well concealed among the

leaves, they are slung between two twigs (not in a fork) and are very like

bulbul’s nests, made of fine roots and fibres with a partial lining of black

rootlets, measuring two inches in diameter and one and three-quarter inches

deep. The eggs are yellowish-white rather thickly spotted and clouded

especially towards the larger end with light reddish-brown, measuring °94 by

"62 (taken on July 8),

Tue Brown-EaRED BuLBuL—(Hemixus flavala), This bulbul seems to come

up to about 4,500 feet, five nests in all were discovered but only seven eggs

resulted. The nests were of the ordinary bulbul type. but slung like an

orioles though of course a very much flimsier structure ; one nest was placed

only eight feet up in a bramble bush but the others were from twenty to

forty feet up in large trees, The eggs, which were all taken between

June 8—19, are pinkish white speckled all over with pale purple and pur-

plish brown but chiefly at the larger end where in some eggs there is a well-

marked cap of colour. Length -94 to 1 inch and width ‘69,

THE BLACK-CHINNED YUHINA—(Yuhina nigrimentum), A pair of these

birds was discovered building under an overhanging bank by the side of a

path on March 18, and three fresh eggs were taken from it on April 5, The

nest was slung between several small roots that hung down, the earth having

crumbled away, and was made of moss externally with a little cobweb

plastered on and lined entirely with very fine black rootlets, an ordinary open

nest, The eggs are greenish white spotted with brown chicfly at the larger

end.

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

As a second nest with two eggs was discovered on July 3, it seems probable

this bird has two broods,

THe SbLavTy-BACKED ForKTatt—(Henicurus schistaceus). One nest was

found on May 20 at anelevation of about four thousand feet in a massy bank

by the side of a small stream with three fully fledged young and this was the

only pair of these birds seen, I was able toidentify these birds perfectly

while feeding their young and hope to secure their eggs next year, the common

forktail here (H, maculatus) frequently builds on a last year’s nest or actually

by the side of it,

THe PurrPLeE THrusH—(Cochoa purpurea). One nest with two fresh eggs

was found on a tree sloping acrossa nullah, about twenty feet up. The nest

was unfortunately lost on the way home but appeared very like thai of other

thrushes, moss externally and lined with black rootlets, The eggs are rather

long pointed ovals, greenish white thickly marked all over with reddish

brown and measured 1°25 by ‘87. The bird is very rare up here.

Tor LArGe YELLOW-NAPED WoobDPECKER (Chrysophlegma flavinucha).

This bird is by no means uncommon in the lower valleys about here but

although I watched several pairs digging what were apparently nest-holes these

were all deserted and the only eggs secured were a hard-set pair from a hole

thirty feet up in a decayed oak. They are of the usual woodpecker type and

measure 1°25 by *87, They were taken on May 30.

JEOLIKOTE, N.-W. P.,

July 28th, 1902, S. L, WHYMPER.

No. XXXI,—A CORRECTION, TURDINULUS ROBERTI.

SUPPRESSION OF CORYTHOCICHLA SQUAMATA (Baker),

I find that my Corythocichla squamata is only the true Vurdinulus roberti

and my name must therefore be suppressed.

The bird, No, 186 of Oates’ “Fauna of India” is on the other hand not

T. robertt but 7. ewul (vide appendix to F, of India), I most unfortunately

had not read this appendix when I named my bird and seeing that it was not

roberti re-named it squamata, The two genera Turdinulus and Corythocichla

are, I should say, in my own opinion, synonymous, Oates separates Turdinulus

from Drymoicataphus on account of its shorter tail and Corythocichla on

account of its squamated plumage. As however Turdinulus has the same curious

lax, squamated plumage as Corythocichla has, and the tails of the three

genera all vary in degree I do not see how the two genera Turdinulus and

Corythocichla can be separated,

K. C, STUART BAKER, F. Z. 8., &e,

August 1902,

No, XXXII,—OCCURRENCE OF THE “MANDARIN DUCK” IN INDIA,

To Mr, Stevens of the Rungagora Tea Estate in Dibrugarh belongs the

honour of obtaiming the first Indian specimen of the Mandarin duck (Aex

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 627

alericulata), The bird, an extremely fine female, was one of a party of six

and was shot in a small back-water close to the estate, Unfortunately

Mr, Stevens, not knowing the value of what he had shot, made no attempt to

get further specimens,

Mr, F.J. Greening and I saw a party of six of these ducks in July 1901,

flying across the Svubansiri river close to its junction with the Ranganadi.

We had no guns out at the time so failed to get any specimens, but I have no

doubt about their identity,

RK. C. STUART BAKER, F. Z. §., &c.

August 1902.

No, XXXIII—MWEROPS APIASTER BREEDING IN BALUCHISTAN,

I have found the European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) very common both

at Peshin and Quetta during the early part of the present summer, I first

noticed them about the beginning of April, and shortly after that they became

abundant, They have certainly been breeding here, and I have several times

seen them go into their breeding holes, but I have not actually dug any out to

obtain eggs,

I do not think that this bird has been recorded as breeding within British

Indian limits before, though it is well known to breed in Kashmir, Colonel

Unwin, in the chapter on birds which he wrote for Lawrence’s ‘“ Valley of

Kashmir” says that it “ appears in great numbers in the valley in April, After

keeping together in flocks and holding counsel for a day or two, they separate

to breed, which they do in holes in banks, In August the birds again congre-

gate. The migration commences almost immediately, and by September hardly

a bee-eater is left in the valley.”

This year by about the middle of July all the birds seemed to have left the

neighbourhood of Quetta, and I thought that they had gone for good, How-

ever, they appeared again about the middle of August, so I conclude that they

must have made a temporary migration to some place in the district where rain

has fallen, and insects have become consequently more plentiful than they have

been at Quetta, They are now leaving, but I have not noticed that they have

assembled in the large numbers in which they appeared in the spring.

I may mention that the present species is the only bird I have seen capture

and eat the fierce yellow wasp, Polistes hebraus, which is so common in many

places down country, and the sting of which I know to my cost is very painful.

C. G. NURSE, Mayor,

13th Bombay Infantry.

QuETTA, 24th August 1902.

No, XXXIV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE SOOTY TERN (STERNA

FULIGINOSA) IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT.

I have pleasure in announcing the occurrence of this species in this District,

On the 20th of last month a dark tern was brought to me by a boy, who says

628 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

he shot it with a pellet-bow about a mile and-a-half from here. I was just

starting for Calcutta so hed not time to identify it, I took it with me to the

Museum, and Mr, Finn and I looked it vp in the “ British Museum Catalogue ”

the ‘ Fauna of British India”, and identified it as Sterna fuliginosa,

This species has only occasionally been found on Indian coasts and is an

ocean bird so itis rather surprising its being found so far inland, but as a

tropic bird was once got in Cachar, one cannot be surprised at anything! |

fancy it must have found its way up the Ganges and been blown from there to

here,

CHAS, M. INGLIS.

BaGHownige Factory, TIRHUT,

23rd August 1902.

No, XXXV.—NOTES ON THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER

(NUCIFRAGA HEMISPILA).

In sending for the Society’s collection a stuffed specimen of the Himalayan

Nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila) I wish to offer a few remarks regarding the

habitat of this bird, in the pine forests of the Himalayas, and on a few other

points which may be of interest.

I have never seen the Nutcrackers in the lower Himalayan valleys, 1 mean

those at about five to six thousand feet elevation. The bird seems to prefer

the higher forests on mountains at about eight to nine thousand feet,

The Nutcracker remains secluded during the day, but in the mornings

and afternoons it may be seen moving about among the pine trees, In the

mornings it is especially lively and its harsh grating call is frequently heard,

Its food appears to be the seeds which it extracts from certain pine cones,

and below the pine trees on which it feeds, its presence, in the branches above,

can often be detected by the fallen debris of the pine cones which it pulls

to pieces,

When the wild walnuts are in season, they form the principal food of the

Nutcrackers and when one considers that the shell of the Himalayan wild wal-

nut is exceedingly dense, thick, and hard, it is remarkable how easily the

bird perforates it with its powerful bill, first on one side, and then on the

other, This work it executes in the most perfect and systematic manner.

All the nuts are perforated in exactly the same way, through the centre of

each shell, the holes thus made being rather larger than a six-pence.

I think the Nutcracker also lives on grubs, the larve of beetles and boring

insects, as I have sometimes seen it on decaying logs and the rotting stumps

of pine trees.

On dissecting one of these birds I found the cervical vertebre and the

muscles of the neck to be strongly developed. LIexpected to find the skull

composed of thick dense ivory like bone similar to those of the woodpeckers,

but it possessed none of the characteristics, though it is strongly built. I know

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 629

nothing as yet of the migration of the bird but I think, as the winters on these

mountains are severe, and the svowfall very heavy, that it must migrate to some

more suitable climate for food and shelter,

With regard to the locality in which I have met with the Himalayan Nut-

cracker, I have seen several and shot the specimen I have sent to the Society, on

the top of the mountain range on the left bank of the river Beas where it

passes through the upper Kullu valley.

With the stuffed specimen, I send six wild walnuts perforated on both sides,

These nuts furnish a good example cf the great power with which the Nut-

cracker uses its bill and of the regularity of its work.

W. OSBORN, Lr.-Generat, 1.3.0.

Ku.ivu, Kanera District, Punsas,

July 27th, 1902.

Note,—Prior to General Osborn’s notes printed above, little or nothing

appears to have been recorded of the habits and food of either this species or

M. multipunctata which is also an inhabitant of the Himalayan Range, But

not only for this reason are the present notes interesting, but they also afford

direct and actual proof that the birds of this genus do fulfil in practise the

powers that have been implied to them from time immemorial in their popular

name of Nutcrackers as well as in their generic designation. Considerably

more has of course been known and recorded of the third species of the genus,

N. caryocatactes, which occurs at times in considerable numbers in most parts

of Europe, than of its Himalayan cousins. This species has been found to be

almost omnivorous like most members of the crow family, for besides its

favourite food, consisting of the seeds of the Siberian Cedar, it is known to

eat Caterpillars, Wasps and insects of various sorts and scraps from the

kitchen, and is generally believed to feed also on acorns, berries, nuts and

even on land-shells, but its power of picking nuts has never been previously

proved and has even been questioned. That it does possess the power of doing

so most effectually is now established beyond question,

E, COMBER,

(Honorary Secretary, Bird Section,

Bombay Natural History Society).

September 1902.

No, XXXVI._FOOD OF THE KING COBRA.

T have just received a very interesting note from Mr. V. H. Hoogwerf,

Inspector of the Salt Department at Diggi, near Castle Rock, on the Goa Fron-

tier, to whom the Society owes the live King Cobra at present in the rooms, In

the same region Mr. Hoogwerf lately fell in with another King Cobra, 12 feet

1 inch in length, in the act of swallowing a huge snake, which, from his account

could be nothing else than a Python. When Mr, Hoogwerf arrived on the scene ‘

the natives said that the two had been struggling together, for an hour, ‘he

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

King Cobra appeared to have got at least three feet of the Python down its

throat but on being disturbed it disgorged it and escaped. Mr. Hoogwerf

retreated and returned after an hour to find that the King Cobra had come

back to its prey. He shot it and sent it and its dinner together to Castle Rock,

but by the time they got there they were not ina condition to be forwarded.

The Python measured 9 feet 2 inches but was half as big again in girth as the

King Cobra. When first found it was still alive, but very sick,

E, H. AITKEN,

Bompay, 19th August 1902,

631

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 15Tx JULY, 1902.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society's Rooms on Tuesday,

the 14th July, 1902, Mr, E. H, Aitken, presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Lir—E Mempers.—Mr. Dhunjeebhoy Bomanjee Petit, (Bombay), and Mr.

Dhunjeebhoy Bomanjee, (Bombay).

Memebers.—Mr. Thomas Rennie, (Rangoon) ; Mr, R. B. Wood,I.C.8, (Kaira);

Captain H. N. Packard, R.A. (Ootacamund) ; Mr. 8. M. Toppin, R.G.A.

(Mussoorie) ; Major H. 8. Nelson, R.G.A. (Bombay) ; Major W. H. Cummings,

B.G.A. (Bombay) ; Captain H, B. Mayne, R.G.A, (Bombay) ; Mr. A. H. Bastow,

(Trevandrum) ; Lieutenant R. M. Carter, I.M.S. (Poona) ; Nawab Imad-ul-Mulk

Bahadur, B.A. (Hyderabad, Deccan) ; Mr. J. Mollison, (Nagpur, C. P.) ; Mr. G.C.

Godfrey, (Calcutta); Mr. W. H. J. Wilkinson, I.C.8. (Bombay); Mr. A. 8, L.

Emanuel, I.C.8. (Prantij, Ahmedabad) ; Mr. Albert Pam,(London); Mr. G. A.

Phear, (Nagpur, C.P.); Mr. 8. B. Murray, (Ootacamund); Major T. N. Bag-

nall, (Ootacamund); and Major-General D. J. 8. McLeod, C.B., D.S. O.

(Meerut),

CONTRIBUTIONS,

Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Contributions. | Description. | Contributors.

1 Long tailed Bat ......... Rhinopoma macrophyltlum...|Mr.D, Ommanney.

13 Snakes (10 species), and| =| caseacoee Lieut. R. Meinertzhagen.

5 Lizards (4 species )

from Upper Burma and

the Nilgiris.

8 Snakes (4 species) from) = eaaceaeee Col. P. Baddeley.

Cawnpore.

1 Egg of the Common Sand-|Totanus hypoleucus ......0000% Lieut. G. A. Hawks.

piper. .

4 Begs of the Whiskered| Hydrochelidon hybrida ...... Do.

ern.

3 Eggs of the Huropean|Merops apiaster .......sce0 Do.

Bee-Hater.

1 Egg of the Mallard......... AMES COSCES eccovsccesceresees se Do.

1 Snake (alive) «........000-2- PTY DGOnWtEMstccasesescescccasess Mr. R. W. Hanson.

1 Skin, nest and eggs of|Zhamnobia cambaiensis ...... Mr. F. Field.

the Brown-Backed Robin.

USispecimens: of Bishesfrom| 9 |) jcsecocees Capt. C.J. Kendall, R.I.M.

the Arabian Coast.

1 ULNESG) cegoncooceotoncosodomeed Varanus bengalensts ..000 Mr, R. B. Wood, I.C.8.

Some marine specimens gdcec006 Mr. J. McGlashan, C.H.

from Bombay Harbour.

1 Krait Guav.) ..:...-....-000e Bungarus CeLULCUS 20-0000 Mr. K, Gray, 1.C.8.

632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

| lll oll td

Contributions.

Description.

Contributors.

A collection of 161 Botani-

cal specimens from Aden.

Indian Koel

Skin of large Red Flying

Squirrel.

Skin of Indian Marten..

Skin of Beech Marten...

Skin of a Rat.. S00

Skin of Black | “Flying

Squirrel.

eee eee 2es8e on 080

OSA Bind SkiWSeseescccccrececececle

fe et feel et

bot Het

—

Lela oad — —_ i — es pk pe bo

— te re bo

1 sword of Sword Fish......

Snake..e... anuchcedsecsese cod

Great Stone Plover

Alpine Swift.. acecocaa

Grey-necked Bunting...

Hume’s Willow Warbler..

A number of Bird skins..

Painted Sand Grouse

Collared Pratincole

Indian Three-toed King-

Fisher.

Daboias (alive)..ccccomsesees

Panther’s Skull

Specimens illustrating

the Parval, Papal and

Imago Stages of theCamel

Bot-Fly.

Skins of the Great

Nuthatch.

Skin of Hume’s Siva

Skin of Yellow-Naped

Ixulus.

Skin of Purple Thrush...

Skin of Austin’sNuthatch

Skin

creeper.

Skin of Bulbul...... encuood

Skins of Tits..

Skin of Black-s p ¢ () t te ed

Yellow Tit.

eccccaseorccs

Skin of Slaty-bellied

Short wing.

Skin of Siamese White-|

cheeked Laughing Thrush,

Skin of Ramsay's Bar-

wing

Skin of Gould’s Broadbill)

Skin of Chestnut-Headed

Tit-Babbler.

Skins of Warblers

Nest and Eggs of Burmese)

Shrikes.

Skins of Squirrel

Skin of Squirrel

Skin of Squirrel......-s

Skin of Squirrel

reveeereens

eeesecreeten

of Sikhim Tree-|

-|Cerasophila thompsoni

.-- Aigithaliscus pulchellus...

..|\Scturus erythreus

eeecer--~)

Ludynamis honorata

-| Mustela flaviqula....v.

ING80C1G, SD. cescen as

Esacus reeurvirostris

Cypselus melba

.| Enberiza buchanant

Phylloscopus humti

‘| Pterocles FA8CIiBEUS «2.2.

Glareola pratincola....v.

erevcccce

Vipera russellii...

Felis pardus

Cephulomyia maculata. ...

Sitta magna

Siva castaneicauda

\COchoG Viidts..cccccce ceccees

Machlolophus spilonota

Tesia czaniventris

Actinodura ramsayi

Serilophus lunatus

Sittiparus castaneiceps

Lanius colluroides

Sciurus locroides

Sciurus sp.

Sciurus ferruginous

Sciurus macclelandi

Skin of Squirrel.......-...+.

Pteromys flaviqula ese .o. 0008

| Mustela foina ... ....- eves

TTistiophorus Sp easeee ppiadocosac

Tropiaonotus pleabicolor ...

Ceyx tvidactyla ssecccoese woe

eoeerorccscorcoessene

- |Major C. G. Nurse.

eco eeeeececcccosccers:

Teulus flavicotlis .....+. 500000

ecce

ever

eeeresecscce

GUrrUlar AiArds sesrecerereeces

so. eoeecce

eearercoccce

ISILY ONS Pecusnecanccsssccrncasces Capt. H.

seeevcsecscccce

sce eCoceecescenessces

eceecesecere

eeceeereee

Lt.-Col. W. 8. Birdwood.

-/Miss Atkinson,

Capt. H. T. Fulton,

Do.

--\Capt. F. A. Smith, M.D.,

I.M.S.

Major C, T. Hudson, I.M.S.

Capt. J. W. Watson, I.M.S.

Do.

Do,

Mr. C. H. Donald.

....|Mr. F. J. H. Barton,

Mrs. A. J. Paterson.

Born inthe Society’s

Museum.

Mr. A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.S.

. N. Thomson and

Mr. W. H. Craddock.

Do.

al Re:

Citta Nagaensis eeet veces eQoecccee

Cert hia Aiscolor ses secocecccoee

Do,

Do.

H. Harington.

Do.

PROCEEDINGS. 633

Contributions. Description. Contributors.

1 Skin of Flying Squirrel.. | Pter ROMA/SVONGI taseeiccelssee ses se Cant. H. H. Harington.

2 Skins of Tree Shrews..... Tupa'a ferrugined .s..cees00- Do,

3 Skins of Bamboos Rats... | Rhizomys Dadiwey i sieccceseres Do.

1 Snake (alive)........-.,sce0se Tropidonotus piscator ......+. Mr. C. Glover-Wright.

1 Hamadryad Quy.) .«. enn DUNG ANUS) ceeoceseeevereoene aa P, W. Mackinnon.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS,

From Mr, J, McGlashan, Mr. E, C, Cholmondeley, and Captain E, O’Brien.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Entomological Society’s Proceedings, 1901 ......... ovecevee-e oe-LN ExChange,

Illustrations of Indian Botany, Vol. I.........s0sc+0 srosveeveesee001, P, Baddeley.

Descriptions of some New Species of Orchideal from North-

West and Central India, by J. F. Duthie, B.A., F.L.S....... The Author.

Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Vol. I.,

Bart ieee. Sosco0nebG0 OOK ZBOSOO | BODE OCECECCODD AQ SO OCR EEG OUR EHOBEE The Author,

On some cases of abrupt variation in Taian Birds, by F.

Finn, B.A., F.Z.S... scucnocosoadce sescercocesersesecoconvee LHe Author,

Journal of the nee Society of asc, el LXXI, Bet IT,

NOMI NIO2 sco tececssasedscneesnde snot Gaye neuceeeaetee Srlemecessstedem exchanges

Report of the Zoological Gardens, Gea, near Cairo, fon 1901.0 apoadoads

The Mammals of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands............. Smithsonian

Institution.

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were then read and discussed :—“‘ Small Game Shoot-

ing Prospects in Western India,’’ 1901-02, by Lieut.-Col. H. D. Olivier, R.E.,

F.Z.S. ; “ White Ants’ Castles,” by G. P. Millett, ILF.S.; “Curious course

taken by the Hyoid Cornua or tongue muscles in certain Woodpeckers,’ by

B, B. Osmaston, L.F.S. ; “Indian Hobby (?) and Bulbul,” by E, Ernest Green,

FES. ; “ Food of the Krait,’ by Vet.-Capt.G. H. Evans; “The Camel Bot-

Fly,” by Major C. G, Nurse, F.R.G.S., F.©.S. ; “ Sword Fish striking a Ship,”

by Capt. F. A. Smith, M.D., 1.M.8.

The papers will appear in full in the Society’s Journal,

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 19TH AUGUST, 1902.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s Rooms on Tuesday, the

19th August, 1902, Colonel H. D. Olivier, R.E., F.Z.S., presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Major J. R. Loudon, (Singapore) ; Mr. G. E. 8, Cubitt, (Maymyo, Upper

Burma) ; Mr. H. S, Cameron, (Ceylon); Mr, W. 0. Alcock, 1.0.S., (Pran tij,

Ahmedabad); and Mr. Francis W. Gore, (Sibsagar, Assam),

634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

Mr. W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM,

——_———_—— a eee

Contributions. | Description. | Contributors,

2 Green Tree Vipers (alive) Trimeresurus gramineus ---Mr. P. Gerhardt.

1 Green Tree Snake (alive) Dryophis mycterizans.......+- Do.

1 Cobra (alive) ....-..-.++-00- Naia tripwdians coecee.s. cve-++ Maj. W.E. Jennings, I.M.S.

1 Cobra, juv. (alive) ......... Do. Do.

Divan dipaseeccensreccacesonene= Hem‘dactylus maculatus ...Col. C. Grant,

1 Skin of Tree Pipit.. | Anthus trivialis .........0000. Major K. Buchanan,

1 Skin of Himalayan une Qailiope pectoralis se... ocnos Do.

Throat.

2 Skins of Wellen headed Motacilla citreola .....+-+066 Do.

Wagtail. |

2 Eggs of Hodgson’s Short- Hodgsonius phanicuroides... Do.

wing.

1 Masked aad sonscasceese SUlG CYANO PS oe0...+eeree0 sesesees Mrs. Raikes.

1 Snake ..... 5c Dipsas forstenii ....cccceceseee Mr. ©. EH. C. Fischer.

2 Nests and 1 “Egg of the Oreocincla niliriensis.......2 ‘Major R. M. Betham.

Nilgiri Thrush.

1 Nest and 2 Eggs of the) Brachypteryx rufiventris ... Do.

Rufous-bellied Short-

wing.

2 Nests and 2 Eggs of the Trochalupterum cachinnans. Do.

Nilgiri Laughing Thrush.

1 Nest and 8 Eggs of the) Merula simillina...... cogcosadc Do.

Nilgiri Blackbird.

1 Nest of Indian Golden) Oriolus kundoo...... sqdaora0e0d Do,

Oriole.

1. Nest of Southern Indian) Hypsipeétes ganeesa .....corccee Do.

Black Bulbul.

1 Nest of Indian Edible} Collacalia fuciphaga ........- Do.

nest Swiftlet.

1 Nest of Southern Red-| Otocompsa fuscicaudata...... Do.

Whiskered Bulbul.

1 Nest of Rufous-backed) Lanius erythronotus coccse. Do.

Shrike.

3 Eges of Nilgiri Blue| Stoparola albicaudata.......0. Do.

Fly-Catcher.

2 Eggs of Black andQ|\ Ochromela nigrirufa ....0.0.60 Do.

Orange Fly-Catcher.

4 Hggs of Southern Pied| Pratincola atrata ......-+-+- Do.

‘Bush-chat,

3 Eggs of Black-h ea de dj Zemenuchus pagodarum .....- Do.

Myna.

1 Snake Clive) (juv)...---000 Gongylophis conicus ........- Lieut. H. N. Sitwell, R.A.

2 Skins of the Southern! Dendrocitta leucogastra...... Mr. T. R. D. Bell.

Tree-pie.

1 Skin of the Large Argy@ subrufa .......-.sseceees Do.

Rufous Babbler.

1 Skin of the Spotte d} Pellornewm ruficeps.........--- Do.

Babbler,

1 Skin of the Malabar| Tephrodornis sylvicola ...... Do.

Woodshrike.

1 Skin of the Indian Pitta.| Pitta brachyUra ...........00 Do.

2 Skins of the White-| Cyornis pallidipes .........+. Do.

bellied Blue Fly-Catcher

Sa nL TLE TRALEN TGSLLUDT NLL Su UD es G77 ns alls cg ees

PROCEEDINGS.

(3)

Contributions. Description. Contributors.

1 Skin of the Heart-spotted| Hemicereus canente..........+- ‘Mr. T. RB. D. Bell.

Wood-Pecker. |

1 Skin of the small Ceylon) Xantholema rubricapilla ... Do.

Barbet.

2 Skin of the IndianThree-| Ceyax tridactyla@ ..........2+0. Do.

toed King-Fisher.

2 Skins of the Velvet-front- Sitta frontalis ..........ceseecee Do.

ed Blue Nuthatch,

2 Skins of the Nilgiri Dicewm concolor............00 Do.

F lower-pecker.

2 Skins of Tickell’s Flower- Dicwum erythrorhynchus ov. Do.

pecker.

2 Skins of the Indian Cacomantis passerinus ......| Do.

Plaintive Cuckoo. |

2 Skins of the Malabar, Harpactes fasciatus ....0..... Do.

Trogon.

4 Cobras Guv.) (alive) ...... Nie tripudians ............Mr.O. Meyer.

1 Snake (juv.) (alive) ...... Trop. PiSCAlO? ....c0r-e-+eseceee! Do.

1 Egg ofthe Woodcock ... Scolopax rusticula o......-...- Mr. C. Donald.

1 Ege. of the Chukor ...... Caccabis ChURGY .........000006 Do.

1 Ege of the Shikra........ | Astur DAMIUs ...22.20.--0-00ees Do.

1 Pair Sambhur hornsfrom Cervus unicolor .......s.s000. Capt. M. B. Roberts,

Kumaon, N.-W. P. |

1 Nest and 2 Eggs of the Yuhina nigrimentum ......... Mr. 8. L. Whymper.

Black-chinned Yuhina. | |

2 Eggs of the Brown-eared Hemivus fiavala@ .........00200- Do.

Bulbul. |

1 Skin of the Blue-bearded Wyctiornis athertoni .r-,--.- Do.

Bee-Hater. |

1 Skin of the Striated Grammatoptila striata ...... Do.

Laughing Thrush.

1 Skin of the Maroon, Orjolus traillit...........02000 Do.

Oriole,

1 Skin of the Oran ge- Chloropsis hardwichii......... Do.

bellied Chloropsis.

1 Skin of the Himalayan Mucifraga hemispila .......06 General W. Osborn, I.S.C.

Nuteracker. |

2 Skins of the Piumbeous Rhyacornis fuliginosus ...... Do.

Redstart.

1 Skin of the Indian Zosterops palpebrosa ........ Do.

White-eye. |

1 Skin of the Hastern Lmberiza stracheyt .-...1..0+ Do.

Meadow Bunting.

Snake

’ Indian Mole Rats

Snake (juv.)

Garganey or

Winged Teal,

ecosc cee ner ese sovatverses

pe crecccorvesee

me hoe

' Nesocia bengalensis

| Gongylophis conicus

Lycodon aulicus

Querquedula circia

er eeecccarrerre

eee eesccceres

ee eseetee

te eeeereecee

Mr. T. J. Spooner.

‘Mr. C. Hudson, I.C.S.

ir. R. Westmacott, K.C.B.

r. D. Hardinge.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

From Mr. J. Stiven and

Mr. James Martin.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

(Natural History), Vols.

“* Catalogue of the Snakes

(Natural History), Vols.

I, II and III

in the British Museum”

I, II and IIT

eeosggosarce

Presented by the Trustees

of the British Museum,

Do,

636 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :-—

1, “Description of a new Sea-Snake from Rangoon,” by G. A. Boulenger,

F.R.S.

2. “Some remarks on Mosquitoes,” by E. H. Aitken.

3. “ Birds’ nesting at Ootacamund,” by Major Rk, M. Betham.

4. “ Weevils in Mangoes”, by E, H. Aitken.

5. “ Curious modifications of structure in a Water-Grasshopper,”’ by

L, C. H. Young.

A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of all the papers and the meeting

then terminated.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 23np SEPTEMBER, 1902,

A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s Rooms on Tuesday, the

93rd September, 1902, Mr, H. H. Aitken presiding.

NEW MEMBERS,

The election of the fellowing new members was announced :—

Lirp Memper.— Shrimant Parashram Ramchandra Patwardhan, the Chief

of Jamkhandi, (Kolhapur),

Mempers.—Mr., W. P. Okeden,(Rangoon); Rev. H. T. H, Rountree, (Bombay);

Mr. F. H, Beath, (Bombay); Captain H. D. Watson, (Dehra-Dun) ; Mr. H. Ste-

yens, (Dibrugarh District, Upper Assam) ; Lieutenant A. W. White (Bhuj,

Cutch); Mr, R. J.C. Swinhoe, (Mandalay); Mr. C. A. Souter, 1.0.8. (Nellore);

Mr. J. M. Bourne, (Nellore); Captain C. Ainslie, R.E. (Poona).

CONTRIBUTIONS. F

The Honorary Secretary, Mr, W.S. Millard, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Contributions. Description. | Contributors.

1 Snake cecesescccvecseere vocceeve DENATOPRES PICTUS «..+00er000- Mr. R. P. Lambert,

1 Snakes... Soacecodctacease0e Dr yophis My ct erviZans ...+..++- Mr. J. Stiven.

1 Skin and 5 Hggs of the Rallina superciliarts ......... Major R. M, Betham,

Banded Crake. |

1 SMake coceosesconsensscevcessnene HY COMONBULICUS sorecaorescnees Mr. J. Stiven.

TL ISHMBISS) Gonscadaccnoconeceoundoce ZAMENTS MUCOSUS ....-e0e0es 300 Do.

3 Snakes Glive) ............ coe Dipsas he@AG OROCUS...--. 2.000. Mr. T. J. Spooner.

(F TSiramtg (GRalives}cooaseooqcdnoaceed ‘Bungarus CEPULCUS.. 00.0000 Major A. E. 8. Searle,

1Tree Snake (Brown va-Dryophis mycterizans......... Mr. J. Stiven.

riety).

1 Snake (live) ...-esc0e,..... Zopidonotus subminiatus he, T. J, Spooner.

4 Chameleons (alive)......... Chameleon calcaratus......... Mr. A. M. Masani.

1 Snake Give) << ccsccoonsccccces ‘Simotes albocinetus..........-. Mr. T. J. Spooner.

1 Head of Grant’s Gazelle, Gazella Granti ......seeeee Do.

male. |

1 Head of M’Palla, female...) Aepyceros melampus .......+- Do.

2 Heads of Thomson's Ga- Gazella Thomsont.....+. Cee | Do.

zelle, female.

PROCEEDINGS, 637

Contributions. Description. Contributors.

1 Head of Coke’s Harte- Bubalis Cokei .......40. secoseee Mr. T. J. Spooner.

beest, female.

1 Tree Pit-Viper (alive)...... 7rimeresurus gramineus...... Do.

2 Himalayan Black Bears, Ursus torquatus ....1..c.sc000 \Mr, C. Donald.

juv- (alive).

1 White-breasted Water Amaurornis phenicurus...... Mr. F. G. Hutchinson.

Hen, juv. (alive).

1 Snake (alive) jav.......... coe LY COMO SETEALUS ..crcecorenceee Mr. T J. Spooner.

1 Snake (alive).....cseccssoeeoe| D8p8as hexagonvtus....cecovee Do.

IMSnakel(Blive)escsccccssascscoe Simotes albocinctus...+-.....0- Do.

I Musk Deer, juv....... paoedood Moshus moschiferus.....-..00+- Mr. C. Donald.

oa ee ee ee ee ee Laem

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

From Mrs, 8. B. Arthur, Dr. M. D. Cama, Mr, Narotamdas Morarji Goculdas

and Mr. H. Hayn.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY,

‘The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay,” Part II, by Theodore Cooke,

C.1.E., presented by the Author,

“ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India,” Vol. XXXIIT, Part 2, (In

exchange.)

EXHIBITS,

The large Sword Fish (Histiophorus sp.), caught by Mr. C.J.I, Jones

(R. I. M.S. “Canning ””) off the Laccadive Islands, and presented to the Society

some few months ago, was now shown mounted for the Society’s Museum,

PAPERS READ,

The following papers were then read:—“ Note on the Himalayan Nutcracker,

(Nue-fraga hemispila),” by General W. Osborn, 1.8.0. ; and “ Notes on Plants

introduced into the Victoria Gardens,” by C. D. Mahaluxmivala,

arly

; is

Pyare ;

i! A Oe

: \

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JOURNAL

OF THE

CO Me A ay

Hatural History Society.

Vol. XIV. BOMBAY. No. 4.

THE MOTHS OF INDIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER TO THE VOLUMES IN

“THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.”

SERIES II, PART VIII,

By Sir G. F, Hampson, Bart, F.z,8,, F.ES.

(Continued from: page 519 of this Volume.)

Moths of India—Sa,

Genus NEosce.ts, Noy,

Type.—N, rivula.

Palpi porrect, extending about the length of head ; frons with tuft of hair :

antenne of female ciliated ; mid

tibia with the medial spurs absent ;

abdomen with dorsal tufts, Fore-

wing with vein 5 from near angle

of cell; 6 from below upper angle ;

7, 8, 9, 10, 11 stalked, 11 anas-

tomosing with 12. Hindwing with

veins 3,4 and 6,7 very shortly stalked; 8 anastomosing with the cell to

Neoscelis rivula Q 3,

near its extremity.

3748b, NEOSCELIS RIVULA, Nn, sp.

@. Head, thorax and abdomen purplish-red strongly irrorated with black :

tegule edged with white. Forewing black-brown mixed with grey ; purplish-

red streaks on inner area and above veins 3 and 6; avery indistinct curved

subbasal black line ; tufts of raised black scales at origin of vein 2 and on

discocellulars ; a very obscure curved whitish medial band; a similar, more

prominent postmedial band traversed by a dark line and excurved between

veins 7 and 2; a terminal series of pale points. Hindwing rather redder ; an

indistinct medial whitish band ; more distinct postmedial and terminal bands

from vein 5 to inner margin traversed by waved dark lines, Underside whitish :

]

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

both wings with diffused black ante- and postmedial bands, excurved at

middle ; the terminal area black, interrupted by a white fascia at middle,

Habitat—Ceylon, Gampola (Mackwood). Exp, 24 mill, Type—In B, M.

3749a, GYMNOSCELIS SEMIVINOSA, Warr, Nov. Zool. III., p. 389 (1896) (pl.

Cri):

Q. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish ; palpiand frons purplish-red and

black ; pro and mesothorax with transverse black lines; abdomen dorsally

tinged with red with slight segmental black lines, Forewing whitish ; the

costa reddish and fuscous to the postmedial line ; an antemedial black-irrorated

greenish band expanding towards costa ; traces of a medial line ; a postmedial

line strongly excurved from below costa to vein 3 with some dark suffusion

on its inner side and a less distinct line on its outer ; a subterminal ochreous

band with diffused black patches on it at costa, below apex and at tornus.

Hindwing whitish, suffused in parts with bright-purplish red and slightly

irrorated with black ; the red irroration most prominent on costal half of

wing, before the indistinct curved medial and postmedial blackish lines and

on apical area.

Habitat,— Ceylon, Gampola; Java. Exp, 18 mill.

3750, GYMNOSCELIS DELETA, insert (syn.) Gymnoscelis cristata, Warr. Nov.

Zool, III,, p. 229, Jaintia Hills.

3750a, GYMNOSCELIS ATTENUATA, Moore, Lep, Ceyl.IIT., p. 479 (pl. 206, f. 3).

@. Head, tegule and patagia green ; thorax dark brown ; abdomen dark

brown, green at base aad towards extremity, the ventral surface greyish.

Forewing dark reddish-brown ; traces of numerous waved dark lines on basal

area ; waved grey antemedial and postmedial lines, the latter angled at lower

angle of cell; a black discoidal spot ; a dentate grey subterminal line with

white spot at middle. Hindwing with two indistinct minutely waved pale

brown antemedial lines and two similar postmedial lines; a dentate grey

subterminal line with white spot at middle. Underside black-brown with

four pale lines on each wing.

Habitat—Ceylon, Haputale. Exp, 22 mill.

3752b. GYMNOSCELIS ALBICAUDATA, Warr, Nov. Zool. IV., p. 228 (1897).

Forelegs of male with fringes of hair on inner side of coxe and basal two-

thirds of femora ; forewing with the costa fringed with long hair on underside

on basal two-thirds. Head, thorax and xbdomen pale greenish tinged with

rufous and irrorated with black, the last with black segmental bands ; genital

tufts of male white. Forewing pale greenish sparsely irrorated with black, the

costal area tinged with rufous, an oblique subbasal black and white striga

from costa; an antemedial line angled below costa, then oblique ; the post-

medial line black defined by white on outer side, minutely waved, angled

outwards at veins 7 and 4, and inward in discal fold, then oblique ; an indis-

tinct waved whitish subterminal liie with black points on its inner side and

crossed by blackish streaks, at costa, discal and submedian folds; terminal

line black interrupted at the yeins, Hindwing pale greenish sparsely irrorated

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 641

with black; indistinct dark subbasal and antemediai lines, a prominent

postmedial black line excurved below costa and slightly angled inwards in

discal fold ; a dentate whitish subterminal line with diffused black on its

inner edges ; a fine terminal black line interrupted at the veins; cilia of both

wings blackish intersected with luteous.

Habitat,—Sikhim ; Bhutan ; Khasis ; Ceylon, Pattalam, Nawalapitiya, Eup.

18-22 mill.

3755, GYMNOSCELIS POLYCLEALIS, del. EUPITHECIA ATTENUATA.

Genus HYBRIDONEURA,

Hybridoneura, Warr. Nov. Zool. V., p. 24 (1898),

Type—H, abnormis, Warr.

Range—Assam,

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi oblique, extending hardly the length of

head, the third joint porrect, frons with tuft of scales ; antenne fasciculate

(mid and hind tibie wanting) ; abdo-

men with dorsal tufts. Forewing

with veins 2 from near angle of cell;

3,4 from angle,male with a patch of

naked membrane between veins 2 and

4 and vein 3 distorted ; 5 from middle

Hybridoneura abnormis & 3. of discocellulars ; 6 from upper angle ;

7,8, 9 stalked ; 10, 11 stalked, anastomosing with 7, 8,9,so as to form a minute

areole ;then 11 anastomosing with 12, Hindwing with vein 2 from middle

of cell; 3,4 from angle ; 5 from above middle of discocellulars; 6, 7 on a

long stalk and bent downwards towards termen; 8 from near end of cell,

3735a, HYBRIDONEURA ABNORMIs, Warr, Noy, Zool. V,, p. 24.

¢@ Dull greenish, very strongly irrorated with black. Forewing with traces

of numerous waved lines; a subbasal black line more strongly developed ; a

black discoidal bar and a spot between bases of veins 3 and 4; a more dis-

tinct pale waved subterminal line, Hindwing with black discoidal bar and

antemedial, postmedial and subterminal diffused black lines,

Habitat—Khasis, Exp, 22 mill.

3756. CHLOROCLYSTIS PALPATA, insert (ab.) decolorata, Warr. Nov. Zool.

VIL., p. 109.

37626. CHLOROCLYSTIS OLIVATA, Warr, Nov. Zool. VIIL, p. 196.

Male with a large patch of androconia on underside from in and beyond

lower angle of cell to inner margin ; hindwing with alarge patch in cell on

upperside, vein 3 from long before angle of cell.

&@ Head and thorax dull olive-green ; abdomen brownish-grey. Forewing

dull olive-green, irrorated with fuscous; obscure oblique antemedial and

medial waved dark lines with fuscous suffusion between them; a postmedial

line angled at upper angle of cell and with some dark suffusion on its inner

side from costa to lower angle of cell, then reduced to points on the veins and

incurved : an indistinct waved subterminal line; a terminal series of black

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

strie. Hindwing pale brownish-grey, the patches of androconia dark fus-

cous brown,

Habitat—Bhutan ; S. India ; Ceylon, Maturatta, Hap, 20, 22 mill.

3762d, CHLOROCLYSTIS DEBILIATA, Hiibn. Hur. Schmett Geom., f. 466

(1827) ; Breyer Ann, Soc. Belge. 1463, p. 27, pl. I.,f.3 (larva), Staud, Cat,

Lep. Pal., p. 320.

Pale greenish, irrorated with black ; palpi blackish at sides ; abdomen with

black patch on second segment and the dorsal crests black ; wings more or less

strongly suffused with fuscous. Forewing with punctiform subbasal line

angled below costa, then oblique ; a similar antemedial line ; a discoidal spot

placed on an indistinct medial line angled at upper angle of cell, then oblique ;

a punctiform postmedial line obtusely angled at veins 6 and 4, then oblique ;

the terminal area suffused with brown and with an indistinct pale dentate

subterminal line angled outwards at vein 7 ; a fine black terminal line inter-

rupted at the veins; cilia chequered pale and fuscous, Hindwing with

obscure diffused oblique subbasal and antemedial lines ; a discoidal spot ;

an indistinct medial line; a punctiform postmedial line excurved at median

nervules ; the terminal area tinged with brown and with an indistinct pale

waved subterminal line ; a terminal series of black points ; cilia chequered

pale and fuscous,

Habitat.—Europe ; Urals ; Amur; Tibet, Yatong. Hap, 22 mill.

Larva green; the ventral surface and segmental joints yellowish ; head

brown.

Food plant—Vaccinium myrtillus,

3764a, CHLOoROcLYsTIS PIcTA, Warr, Nov, Zool. VIIL., p. 30.

@ Head and thorax black mixed with grey; pectus, legs and abdomen ferru-

ginous, the last with some black at base, a subbasal series of points and lines

on the two termina] segments. Forewing black-brown, the inner margin pale

ferruginous ; traces of numerous waved dark lines ; a black discoidal point

with a waved white line just beyond it bent outwards below costa ; a dull

rufous patch beyond the cell, the veins crossing it streaked with black ; a

minutely waved curved postmedial white line with pale ferruginous patch

beyond it on costa; an indistinct waved white subterminal line and a pale

ferruginous spot at middle of termen. Hindwing pale ferruginous ; a black

discoidal point ; traces of waved rufous lines on terminal half with black

points in the veins, Underside fuscous ; forewing with some white in cell,a

black discoidal point, a white subterminal band excurved at middle and con-

nected with middle of termen by a streak ; hindwing with the basal area

whitish, a black discoidal point, a curved white subterminal band,

Habitat.——Khasis, Exp, 18 mill.

3768a, CHLOROCLYSTIS RECTARIA, 0. sp.

& Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with grey and dull rufous scales,

Wings grey and dull rufous, irrorated with large black scales. Forewing with

waved grey antemedial, medial, postmedial and subterminal line, the post-

medial angled inwards in discal fold, Hindwing with indistinct waved grey

LHE MOTHS OF INDIA, 643

lines ; cilia dull rufous; termen straight; the underside uniform fuscous

suffused with grey.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Matale (Pole). Hap. 14 mill. Type—In B, M.

3771a. CHLOROCLYSITS LANIARIS, insert (syn.) Miécrulia tenuilinea, Warr,

Nov. Zool, III., p. 391.

6 With large tufts of pale and fuscous hair on underside of hindwing at

lower end of cell and anal angle.

(Aétheolepes), Hindwing of male with the terminal part rounded, the apical

part of costa and tornus slightly curled over on upperside ; the upperside

clothed with thick rough scales; the inner area reduced, very narrow and

fringed with long hair,

3773a. CHLOROCLYSTIS PAPILLOSA, Warr, Noy, Zool, III.,p. 124 and VI.

p. 68 (part).

Pale yellow-green ; antennez ringed with black; thorax strongly irrorated

with black. Forewing with some blackish suffusion on antemedial area except

towards costa, traversed with some obscure pale waved lines; a patch of

ferruginous and fuscous in and beyond end of cell traversed by the treble

waved whitish postmedial line which is bent outwards below costa ; some

fuscous striz in the cilia, Hindwing pale brownish.

Habitat —Sikhim ; Khésis, Exp, 22 mill,

The specimen marked as the type was C, coronota, Hiibn., which also occurs

in the same region, but the description was evidently taken in part from this

insect.

3779a, HUPITHECIA EUROTOSOMA, 0, sp.

9 Pale dull olive-green; abdomen with the terminal segments from

middle of third segment and ventral surface pale ferruginous. Forewing

with traces of antemedial, medial and postmedial lines excurved below costa,

and two rather more distinct waved subterminal lines ; a black discoidal bar.

Hindwing with traces of curved postmedial and subterminal lines, Underside

pale ; both wings with discoidal bar and curved diffused fuscous postmedial

and subterminal lines,

Habitat.—Ceylon, Bogawantalawa (Pole). Ezxp.i8 mill. Type—In B. M,

37845, HUPITHECIA INCURVARIA, 0, sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen grey mixed with fuscous brown ; tarsi banded

with fuscous; abdomen with white basal band. Forewing whitish irrorated

with fuscous brown; a diffused obliquely curved subbasal line; three

diffused antemedial lines, angled below costa, then oblique and minutely

waved ; a large discoidal tuft of black scales; the postmedial line defined by

white on each side, minutely waved and slightly incurved between vein 6 and

sudmedian fold ; a minutely dentate white subterminal line ; a black terminal

line interrupted at the veins ; cilia chequered whitish and fuscous, Hindwing

whitish, irrorated with black ; a discoidal black point ; a subbasal line on inner

area; two waved postmedial lines, obsolescent towards costa, and incurved

in submedian fold; a dentate white subterminal line defined on each side.

by fuscous ; a terminal black line ; cilia chequered white and fuscous,

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

Habitat——Kashmir, Goorais Valley ( Leech ), Hap. 30 mill, Type—In

B, M.

3786a, EUPITHECIA RUFICORPUS, Warr. Nov, Zool. IV., p. 230.

Q Head and thorax grey, palpi and frons blackish ; abdomen grey, the

dorsum rufous except first segment. Forewing grey, the inner half suffused

with pinkish ; five diffused fuscous patches on costa; numerous indistinct

pale waved lines ; some dark specks on median nervure and veins beyond

lower angle of cell; the outer area more rufous, with the pale waved sub-

marginal line more distinct and some slight dark streaks towards apex, Hind-

wing grey with numerous very indistinct waved fuscous lines ; both wings

with marginal series of black striz.

Habitat.—Khasis, Exp, 20 mill.

37886, EUPITHECIA OBLONGATA, Thnbg, Diss, Ent. I., p. 14, f. 12 (1784).

Staud, Cat. Lep. Pal., p. 308.

White ; head, thorax and abdomen partially suffused with pale brown and

fuscous ; tarsi banded with brown, Forewing with three brownish spots on

basal part of costa ; traces of a subbasal line ; an indistinct antemedial line

angled inwards in submedian fold; some brown marks on medial part of

inner margin ; a black discoidal lunule ; three postmedial fuscous lines angled

outwards below costa and minutely waved, below vein 4 only represented by

some black points on the veins; terminal area pale brown with a dentate

white subterminal line expanding into a patch at costa ; cilia chequered brown

and white. Hindwing with two antemedial brown marks on inner margin ; a

discoidal point; a double postmedial line excurved from costa to vein 4, —

then incurved ; terminal area brown with dentate white subterminal line; a

terminal series of black striz and series of black points on the cilia,

Habitat.—Europe; Western and Central Asia; Persia; Kashmir, Scinde

Valley. Exp. 28 mill.

Larva—Meyr, Brit, Lep., p. 189.

Green or ochreous : dorsal line and a series of five tridentate marks dull

red, orange, darker green or absent. Food-plant, flowers and seeds of

Umbelliferee and Composite, etc.

3789a, HUPITHECIA THERMOSARIA, 0, Sp.

Q Head and thorax white mixed with pale rufous and grey-green; tarsi

banded with fuscous ; abdomen grey and fuscous, Forewing white suffused

with rufous except on basal area and costal areato the postmedial line; a

gubbasal black line angled below costa, then oblique; two antemedial lines

angled below costa, then oblique and incurved in submedian fold ; two medial

lines angled below costa, then oblique and excurved in submedian fold ;

medial part of costa with fuscous patches at the lines; a large black discoidal

spot ; the postmedial line excurved from below costa to vein 5 and defined

by white on outer side, then oblique and represented by short black streaks

on the veins; an irregularly dentate white subterminal line slightly defined

by fuscous on inner side ; a fine terminal line ; cilia chequered white and fus-

cous, Hindwing whitish, the inner and terminal areas suffused with fuscous ;

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 645

a discoidal spot ; subbasal, antemedial and postmedial diffused fuscous lines

on inner area ; an indistinct waved white subterminal line ; cilia chequered

white and fuscous.

Habitat —Kashmir, Kokser (McArthur, Thompson.) Ezp. 30 mill. Type

—In B.M.

3799c, TRICHOPTERIGIA MULTIPUNCTATA, 0. Sp.

& Head and thorax pale pinkish suffused with olive-yellow; antenns

ringed with black ; palpi blackish at sides ; fore tibiee and tarsi ringed with

black; abdomen whitish. Forewing pinkish-grey with numerous olive

yellow and fuscous lines with series of black points on them; one subbasal

line, two antemedial, three on medial area followed by two others at end

of cell, then two series of points on very indistinct lines ; a double postmedial

line and highly waved subterminal line with short streaks on the veins

beyond it ; a series of terminal points arranged in pairs. Hindwing white,

the termen tinged with brown.

Habitat. —Sikkim, 7000' (Pilcher), Hap. 44 mill, Type—In B. M.

3802a. TRICHOPTERYX POLYSTICTARIA, 0, sp.

& Grey white; head, thorax and abdomen tinged and irrorated with

fuscous, Forewing tinged with fuscous-brown and irrorated with fuscous,

the veins with series of black points ; an indistinct subbasal line angled at

median nervure ; two indistinct, slightly waved and curved antemedial lines

with the area between them rather whiter ; a minutely waved postmedial line

strongly excurved from costa to vein 4, then incurved and with some whitish

on its inner side ; an indistinct whitish minutely dentate subterminal line

with short black streaks on its inner side above veins 4 and 5; a terminal

series of pairs of black points on each side of the veins. Hindwing white ;

a discoidal point; traces of a minutely waved, curved postmedial line; a

curved subterminal line with the area beyond it rather browner; a fine

terminal line and a series of black points at base of cilia,

Habitat.—Tibet, Moupin (Kricheldorff); Yatong (Hobson). Ep. 38 mill,

Type—In B. M.

Genus LosopHoropvzs, Noy.

Type—L, undulans.

Proboscis well developed ; palpi minute and not reaching beyond the frons

which is rounded ; antenne of male

almost simple ; hind tibiz with the

medial spurs absent, the male with

tuft of hair from femero-tibial joint.

Forewing with vein 3 from well be-

fore angle of cell; 6 from upper an-

gle; 10 anastomosing with 11, and

Lobophorodes undulans @ } then with 8,9 to form the double

areole, Hindwing with vein 3 from

well before angle of cell ; 5 from middle of discocellulars ; male with vein 7

from well before upper angle ; 8 connected with the cell by a bar beyond

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

middle, the inner area reduced to a lobe at base ; female with vein 7 from

near angle of cell ; 8 anastomosing with the cell to beyond middle,

38026. TosOPHORODES UNDULANS, n, sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen clothed with grey, olive-green and black scales,

Forewing grey suffused with olive-green, irrorated with black and with

numerous waved black lines, three on basal area, two on inner side of the

medial greyer band with the discoidal black spot on it, two and a series of

black points on its outer edge, and three subterminal with a more or less

prominent double black mark on them above middle ; a series of short

terminal black streaks on the veins and a terminal line with series of black

points on it, Hindwing grey-white with discoidal points and indistinot

curved postmedial and subterminal lines,

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), Hxp, 34 mill. Type—In B. M.

3823a, HYDRELIA AURANTIACA, n, sp. (pl. C., f, 25).

Bright yellow, thickly irrorated with orange-red ; wings with the orange-

red irroration forming numerous Very indistinct waved lines, Forewing with

the basal half with some fuscous points on costa and vein 1; some fuscous

marks on the veins at end of cell ; a postmedial series of short dark streak,

on the veins ; two obscure series of subterminal dark points anda terminal

series of black points. Hindwing with some dark irroration on basal half ;

some dark points on inner margin ; two series of obscure subterminal points

and a terminal series of black points,

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong (Bingham, Hobson), Exp. 28 mill, Type—In B, M,

3826a. HYDRELIA RUBRARIA, nN, Sp.

Brown-red, irrorated with fuscous; frons brown; pectus, legs and ventral

surface of abdomen pale, Forewing with antemedial black points on sub-

costal and median nervures and vein 1; an indistinct curved medial line, the

area between it and postmedial line more or less strongly suffused with black,

the latter angled outwards at veins 6 and 4, then incurved; an indistinct

curved subterminal line with fuscous mark at middle; a terminal series of

points, Hindwing with indistinct. antemedial dark points on subcostal and

median nervures and vein 1; an indistinct medial line angled outwards at

vein 3, an obscure subterminal series of points and a terminal series. Under-

side pale ; forewing suffused with fuscous to the postmedial line ; hind wing

with discoidal point and postmedial line angled at veins 6 and 4,

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatong. Exp. 28 mill, Type—In B. M.

3333a, VENUSIA LARIA, Oberth, Et, Ent, XVIII. p. 30 (pl. 3, £.34).

Grey ; head, thorax and abdomen irrorated with fuscous and brown, the

last with the first segment almost white, Forewing irrorated with fuscous

and brown, and with a very slight pinkish tinge ; a fine dark curved subbasal

line; two double waved antemedial lines with olive and reddish shades in

them; a discoidal point and indistinct waved medial line; a waved black

postmedial line angled below costa and at vein 3, with a waved brown line

beyond it and two similar subterminal lines; the area between veins 3 and 4

tinged with fuscous ; a terminal series of black strie, Hindwing white with

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 647

slight discoidal point and four fine waved lines on terminal area, sometimes

more or less reduced to points ; a terminal series of black striz.

Habitat.—Tibet, Yatong, Exp, 26 mill.

3833, VENUSIA PALLIDARIA, 0. sp.

g. White, tinged with ochreous, Forewing with oblique rufous subbasal

striga from costa; an antemedial rufous line bent inwards to costa, then

nearly erect ; a slightly oblique postmedial line diffused on inner side, slightly

excurved below costa and at median nervules and with some dark points on

the veins ; two indistinct subterminal lines, the inner sinuous, Hindwing

with medial diffused rufous line and two indistinct subterminal lines, the

inner waved,

Habitat—Punjab, Thundiani (Yerbury). Lzp, 30 mill, Type—In B, M.

3835a. VENUSIA CONISARIA, 0, sp.

@. Grey ; head and thorax thickly irrorated with fuscous ; abdomen with

slight segmental lines. Forewing strongly irrorated with brown ; indistinct

double waved subbasal and antemedial lines ; a black discoidal spot; an indis-

tinct medial double waved postmedial line angled below costa, the latter

with black points on the veins; a double crenulate subterminal line with

black points on the veins; a terminal] series of black points. Hindwing

whitish with indistinct double postmedial and more distinct double subterminal

waved lines ; a terminal series of black striz.

Q. With the irrorations much stronger and black ; hindwing usually with

discoidal point and sometimes with waved antemedial lines.

Habitat —Tibet, Kuku-noor, Yatong (Hobson), Exp, 32 mill. Type—In B. M-

38356. VENUSIA OCHROTA, n, sp, (PI. C, f. 5).

@. Ochreous-yellow ; head tinged with rufous ; antenne with black rings

above. Forewing with the costal area suffused with rufous; slightly waved

yellowish ante- and postmedial lines with slight dark marks on them at costa

and inner margin ; both wings with dark discal point, a diffused spot at lower

angle of cell, and terminal series of black points,

Habitat—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson), zp. 30 mill. Type—In B. M.

3840a. CAMBOGIA INGRATARIA, Warr. Nov. Zool. V. p. 23.

@. Brown suffused with silvery grey scales; head chocolate; antenne

with the basal half of shaft above and a line between their bases white ;

wing with numerous indistinct minutely waved dark lines. Forewing with

six of the lines more prominent ; an ochreous discoidal point ; hindwing with

three more prominent lines and ochreous discoidal point ; termen and cilia of

both wings bright yellow with minutely waved inner edge, the cilia being

intersected with brown at vein 3 of forewing.

Habitat. Chasis. Exp, 26 mill.

3843, CAMBOGIA MARGINATA, insert p], XXXII. f, 16 and (syn.) Chalybo-

elydon flecilinea, Warr. Nov. Zool. V., p. 22.

Genus ASTHENIODES, Noy.

Type.—A. polycymaria, Hmpsn.

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Palpi porrect extending just beyond the frons whichis smooth and rounded;

antenne ciliated ; hind tibie with

two pairs of spurs, Forewing with

vein 3 from well before angle of

cell ; 6,7,8,9 stalked ; 10 anastomos-

ing with 11 and then with 8,9 to

form the double areole. Hindwing

Astheniodes polycymaria & ,

with vein 3 from weil before angle

of cell; 5 from well below angle of discocellulars ; 6,7 shortly stalked.

Section I—Hind tibiz with the outer medial spur minute, the claspers of

male very elongate ; forewing with the apex produced and acute ; hindwing

with the termen angled at middle.

3851a, ASTHENIODES POLYCYMARIA, n. sp.

@. Grey, thickly irrorated with brown ; head and thorax suffused with

fuscous ; a white band between antenne. Forewing with traces of numerous

waved lines ; the antemedial line slightly more distinct; a discoidal point ;

the postmedial line of both wings dentate, defined by whitish on outer side

and with some diffused fuscous on inner side. Hindwing with the basal

area thinly scaled,

Habitat,—‘ India,’’ Exp, 30 mill. Type—In B. M.

Section 1I—Hind tibize with the outer medial spur about half length of inner

spur ; forewing with the apex, hindwing with the termen rounded ; the areole

usually very elongate.

3851b, ASTHENIODES ARGENTIPLUMBBA, n, sp. (PI. C., f. 24).

Q Silvery-grey ; head and thorax largely mixed with black ; abdomen

dorsally banded with black. Forewing with diffused basal and subbasal

black lines ; two fine waved antemedial lines ; the medial area suffused with

fuscous defined by fine waved black lines with series of black points at the

veins and with discoidal point and waved black line on it; a fine waved

postmedial line with dark suffusion beyond it on apical area and towards

tornus ; a subterminal series of black points and a fine black terminal lines,

Hindwing greyish-white with discoidal point and two indistinct postmedial

and a submarginal line more prominent below ; a fine terminal line and series

of points on the cilia.

Habitat,—Tibet, Yatong (Hobson); Bhutan (Dudgeon), ap. 34 mill.

Type—in B, M.

4852a. STAMNODES ELWESI. Alph. Deutsch Ent, Zeit. Lep., VIII, p. 202

(DICH Eallo):

@. Dark brown slightly irrorated with white; abdomen with whitish

segmental lines, Forewing with oblique white antemedial, medial and post-

media! quadrate spots on costa ; some slight pink marks in cell below the first

spot; the whole discal area bright pink extending into the cell and up to the

medial and postmedial spots on costa and almost reaching the termen and

inner margin, a small white spot on costa before apex. Hindwing with

slight subterminal pink marks on costal half of wing. Underside of forewing

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 649

with white striz on the costal area. Hindwing largely mottled and striated

with white, forming an irregular subterminal band expanding towards costa ;

a terminal pale red-brown band with waved inner edge.

Habitat—‘Vibet, Yatong; Sikhim, Ezp. 38 mill,

ACIDALIAN&,

3864a, CRASPEDIA POLYSTIGMARIA, 0. sp,

@. Ochreous-white ; frons anda line at back of head black. Forewing

sparsely irrorated with black; traces of a curved subbasal line and of an

oblique antemedial line from origin of vein 2 to inner margin; a black dis-

coidal point ; a diffused very oblique postmedial line; a fine slightly curved

subterminal line with a series of black spots beyond it rather larger towards

inner margin. Hindwing with oblique antemedial line a black discoidal point ;

a slightly curved and minutely waved postmedial line with a series of black

spots beyond it obsolescent towards costa ; the termen highly angled at vein 4,

Habitat—Kashmir Rajaori (Leech). Erp, 26 mill, Yype—In B, M.

3866, CRASPEDIA ADDICTARIA insert PULCHELLATA, Fabr, Ent, Syst, III 2,

p. 171 (1794) which has priority.

3866a, CRASPEDIA BISPURCATA, Warr. Noy. Zool. V, p. 239.

Ochreous-white irrorated with black ; palpi and frons black; neck with

olive-brown rings, Forewing with pale brown curved dentate antemedial

line, oblique towards inner margin ; a discoidal black point with a pale brown

dentate line just beyond it, angled at vein 6, then oblique; a postmedial

dentate line oblique from costa to vein 6 where it is angled, incurved and

with black patches on it below vein 6 and on inner area; a pale waved

subterminal line ; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing with the

termen crenulate and hardly angled ; a slightly sinuous pale brown ante-

medial line ; a black discoidal point ; a crenulate postmedial line and a pale

waved subterminal line ; a terminal series of black points,

Habitat—Khasis, Hzp, 26 mill.

3883, CRASPEDIA REMOTATA, insert (syns.) Craspedia furfurata, Warr,

Nov. Zool. IV., p. 218 (ab.) swbcarnea, Warr. Nov, Zool. VII, p. 104, and

Craspedia atridiscata, Warr, Nov. Zool. IV., p. 217, a form with large dis-

coidal black points and the two outer submarginal lines obsolescent,

Page 436, Under AcrIpALIA insert Strophophila, Warr. Nov. Zool. IV.,

p. 225, for Sect. I. B. 6.

3896a. ACIDALIA RUFARIA, Hibn, Eur, Schmett, Geom, f, 112.

Ochreous suffused with rufous ; palpiand frons red-brown ; wings irrorated

with a few large dark scales. Forewing with slightly curved rufous anteme-

dial line ; a black discoidal point ; a somewhat diffused medial line excurved

from costa to vein 4, then incurved ; a fine oblique postmedial line slightly

excurved between veins 5 and 3 and with two somewhat diffused minutely

waved lines beyond it; a fine terminal line. Hindwing with black dis-

coidal point, a slightly curved, somewhat diffused medial line ; a fine postme-

dial line slightly angled outwards at veins 6 and 4; two diffused, minutely

650 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

waved subterminal lines ; a fine terminal line,

Habitat——Europe ; Syria ; C. Asia; Kashmir, Goorais Valley. zap, 26 mill,

3896b. ACIDALIA CARPHERARIA, 0, sp.

é@. Bright straw-yellow ; frons black. Forewing with slight ant irrora-

tion on base of costal area, a discoidal black point ; traces of diffused slightly

sinuous postmedial and subterminal lines. Hindwing with discoidal black

point and traces of diffused sinuous postmedial and subterminal lines ; cilia of

both wings sometimes with series of minute points. Underside of forewing

slightly suffused with fuscous to the subterminal line,

Q. Wings sparsely irrorated with fuscous; forewing narrower, the apex

produced and acute,

Habitat.—Kashmir (Pilcher), Chamba. zp, 18-22 mill.

3896c, ACIDALIA PERPULVEREA, 0. Sp,

©. Brownish-grey thickly irrorated with dark brown; palpi and frons

black. Forewing with rather indistinct waved antemedial line incurved in

submedian interspace ; a prominent black discoidal spot ; an indistinct waved

line from lower angle of cell to inner margin; the postmedial line slightly

waved, excurved between veins 7and 2. Hindwing with discoidal point ;

traces of a waved line from lower angle of cell to inner margin; the post-

medial line minutely waved, oblique from costa to vein 3, then incurved ;

both wings with series of dark points at base of cilia.

Habitat—Kashmir, Goorais Valley (Leech). Exp, 24 mill, Type—In B, M.

2900. ACIDALIA ACTIOSARIA, insert (syn.) Piychopoda comparanda, Warr.

Nov. Zool, VII., p. 107, an olive-ochreous form from Ceylon,

38000. AcIDALIA HQuIsINUATA, Warr, Nov. Zool. V., p. 242.

Olive-ochreous with a slight rufous tinge; palpi at tips and frons black.

Forewing with the costal edge dark ; an indistinct sinuous antemedial line ;

a black discoidal point; a medial line excurved round end of cell; the

postmedial line excurved from below costa to vein 2 and with a dark patch

beyond it on inner area; a pale sinuous subterminal line and a terminal

series of dark strix. Hindwing with sinuous antemedial line with the black

discoidal point just beyond it; a sinuous postmedial line excurved beyond

lower angle of cell, the terminal area irrorated with fuscous with a dark

spot at apex.

Habitat—PBhutan ; Khasis. Exp, 22 mill.

3901a, AcIDALIA MARMORATA, Nn. Sp.

&@. Head and thorax ochreous; palpi and frons black; abdomen pale

ochreous, dorsally suffused with fuscous. Forewing pale silky ochreous ; the

costa deeper ochreous ; the basal area suffused with black excurved from

costa to below median nervure ; ill-defined irregularly sinuous medial and

postmedial blackish bands, the latter diffused outwards to termen at middle

and tornus. Hindwing pale silky ochreous ; an indistinct waved fuscous

medial band connected at middle hy a patch with the waved postmedial band ;

both wings with the cilia deep ochreous with a series of black points,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, |. 651

Habitat——Cuddapah, Jammalamaduga, 750’ (W. H. Campbell). Eup. 24

mill. Type—In B, M.

3906. ACIDALIA INSUAVIS, insert (syn.) Strophophila informis, Warr. Noy.

Zool, IV., p. 225,

The male has a fold and fringe of hair on inner area of hindwing below.

3907. ACIDALIA HOLOSERICATA, insert (syns,) Ptychopoda decidua, Warr,

Nov. Zool, VIII., p. 107, and Ptychopoda delicatula, Warr. Nov. Zool. VII1.,

p. 24.

39076. AcIDALIA INDETERMINATA, Warr, Nov. Zool, VIIL, p. 25.

Q Ochreous-white, strongly irrorated with dark brown; frons black.

Forewing with traces ot antemedial and medial diffused oblique dark lines:

a black discoidal point ; a minutely dentate blackish postmedial line some-

times with diffused dark band on its outer side with irregularly sinuous outer

edge; aseries of black points at base of cilia, Hindwing with traces of

medial line ; a black discoidal point ; two indistinct waved postmedial and

a subterminal line.

Habitat,—Simla ; Tibet, Yatong, Exp, 24 mill.

3907c, ACIDALIA CONIOPTERA, 0, sp.

Grey-white, very thickly irrorated with fuscous brown; frons black,

Forewing with indistinct antemedial line angled outwards below costa, then

oblique ; a discoida! point ; an oblique dentate slightly curved postmedial

line ; traces of a diffused subterminal line; cilia whitish with prominent

series of dark points. Hindwing with indistinct oblique subbasal and ante-

medial lines ; a black discoidal point; a somewhat dentate postmedial line

angled outwards below costa and incurved in discal fold ; traces of a diffused

subterminal line ; the termen sinuous witha fine dark line; cilia whitish

with prominent series of dark points,

The areole of forewing often minute.

Habitat,Kashmir, Kuijar (McArthur), Hap, 20-24 mill. Type—In B, M,

3911b, ACIDALIA PULCHRIFASCIA, n, sp, (PI. C., f. 13.)

? Differs from gemmaria in the ground color being slightly tinged with

brown ; abdomen concolorous, Forewing with discal point; the band much

narrower, its inner edge straight and blackish, its outer edge less produced

below vein 2, Hindwing with the band narrower ; its edges nearly straight,

the discal spot conjoined to the band.

Habitat.—Sikkim, 1800’ (Dudgeon). Exp. 22 mill, Type—In B. M.

3911c, ACIDALIA METHEMARIA, 0, sp.

@ Head and thorax brownish ochreous; palpi and frons black: abdo-

men fuscous, reddish towards base. Forewing brownish ochreous, the innér

area suffused with dull red and irrorated with a few darker red scales; the

antemedial line represented by a dark red spot in submedian fold; the post-

medial line sinuous, excurved between veins 4 and 2 and with purplish-

fuscous suffusion beyond it becoming obsolete towards costa, Hindwing

ochreous ; the basal half strongly irrorated with blood-red ; a dark discoidal

652 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

point; the postmedial line sinuous, excurved between veins 4 and 2, with

an ochreous band on its inner side and the area beyond it suffused with

purplish-fuscous ; cilia ochreous.

Habitat.—Sikkim 2,800’ (Pilcher). Hap, 16 mill, Type—In B.M,

3918, CHRYSOCRASPEDA PLUMBEOFUSA, insert (syn.) Chrysocraspeda gib-

bosa, Warr. Noy. Zool. IV., p. 370.

39186, CHRYSOCRASPEDA CROCEICINCTA, n, sp. (Pl. C., f. 22),

Q Purple-red ; palpiand frons pale brown; vertex of head and shaft

of antennze white ; abdomen with the anal tuft and ventral surface ochreous,

Forewing with series of white points on costa ; very indistinct ante- and

postmedial lines, the latter incurved below vein 3; termen and cilia orange,

the red extending to termen at apex and as teeth on veins 2, 3,4, Hind-

wing with the termen and cilia orange, the red extending to termen as teeth

on the veins,

Habitat——Ceylon, Kandy (Pole), Hap. 16 mill, Type—In B, M.

3920a, CHRYSOCRASPEDA RUBRIFUSCARIA, 0. Sp.

@ Head, thorax and abdomen reddish-brown ; vertex of head white,

Forewing dull pink, the costal and terminal areas suffused with fuscous-

brown, leaving the costal edge and termen pink ; cilia orange-yellow, Hind-

wing with the basal half dull pink, the terminal half fuscous-brown ; the

_termen pink ; the cilia orange-yellow. Underside pale grey-brown.

Habitat.—Ceylon (Mackwood). Exp, 20 mill, Type—In B, M.

3926. ANISODES OBRINARIA, del. Caligata similaria and suspicaria.

39286. ANISODES SUSPICARIA, Snell. Tijd. V. Ent, XXIV., p. 80, pl, 8,f. 6.

@ Hind tibie with the medial spurs absent, the hind femora with tufts

of curled pink hair above.

Color and markings similar to A. obrinaria.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Haputala, Khasis, Celebes, Saugir. Hzp, 36 mill.

3931a. ANISODES SIMILARIA, Wlk, XXVI., 1582,

» ¢ealigata, Wik, XXVI., 1584,

Hind tibize of male with the medial spurs absent.

Color and markings similar to A. obrinaria; hindwing with the discoidal

spot smaller,

Habitat.—Ceylon; Moulmein ; Penang. Exp, 28 mill.

3932. ANISODES PALLIDA insert (syn.) Perixera rufannularia, Warr, Nov.

Zool, IV., p. 221.

3947a, EXRYTHROLOPHUS POSTLINEATA, Warr, Nov. Zool. VI., p. 333.

Hind legs of male reduced, the tibia dilated with a tuft of hair from base

and fringed with scales on outer side ; the spurs absent.

_& Nearly pure white; palpi above and vertex of head, antenne and

forelegs fulvous ; wings irrorated with brown scales, Forewing with the

costal edge pale fulvous ; a black discoidal point ; both wings with an oblique

straight pale fulvous postmedial line with a slightly sinuous line beyond it

and two minutely waved subterminal lines,

Both wings with the second postmedial line absent,

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 653

Habitat—* India.” Exp. g 26, 9 30 mill.

Genus LeEprtosipia, Nov.

Proboscis fully developed ; palpi upturned short, slender, the second joint

with loose hairs; frons nearly

smooth; antenne of male with

two pairs of short, slender

branches, ending in fascicles of

cilia, to each joint; legs slender,

hind tibie with the outer medial

spur absent ; wings slender, Fore-

wing with the termen oblique ;

vein 3 from well before angle of cell; 5 from middle of discocellulars ; 6

Leptosidia arearia g +

from areole ; 10 anastomosing with 11 and then with 8,9 to form a double

areole, Hindwing with vein 3 from well before angle of cell; 5 obsolescent

from middle of discocellulars ; 6°7 stalked ; 8 touching subcostal nervure near

base, then diverging,

3957b. LEPTOSIDIA ARHARIA, 0. Sp.

é Grey irrorated with brown, Forewing with the costal area slightly

tinged with ochreous ; dentate brownish antemedial, medial and postmedial

lines, the first slightly curved, the second angled outwards below costa and at

vein 4, then incurved, the third oblique and incurved in discal fold ; a small

discoidal spot. Hindwing less strongly irrorated ; a small discoidal spot ; an

indistinct medial line from cell to inner margin and dentate postmedial line

incurved between veins 7 and 4 ; both wings with fine dark terminal line,

Habitat.—Kashmir, Narkundah (McArthur), Goorais Valley (Leech) ;

Kangra Valley (Dudgeon), Hzp. 38 mill, Type—In B. M.

3965a. RHODOSTROPHIA SUBRUFA, Warr, Nov, Zool. IV., p. 224.

&@. Ochreous grey thickly irrorated and suffused with dull pink ; both

wings with discoidal dark points, traces of oblique straight medial line and

sinuous submarginal line more distinct on underside,

Habitat.—Simla. Exp, 28 mill,

3968a, KRHODOSTROPHIA POLIARIA, 0, Sp.

Grey-white irrorated with brown; palpiand frons chestnut ; head and

tegule sometimes tinged with dark pink. Forewing with brown antemedial

line angled outwards in cell and submedian folds ; a prominent small discoidal

spot ; the postmedial line oblique, sinuous, bent outwards to inner margin,

dentate at the veins and with the area between it and subterminal line usually

suffused with brown, this line being minutely waved and incurved in

discal and submedian folds, Hindwing tinged with brown ; a dark discoidal

point, a rather indistinct, nearly straight postmedial line and minutely waved

subterminal line incurved to costa,

The costal area of forewing, the postmedial band and cilia of both wings

Sometimes tinged with pink,

i: JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

H«' at.—Kashmir, Goorais Valley (Leech), Exp. g 40, 9 36 mill. Type

—In B. M.

39686, RHODOSTROPHIA PULVEREARIA, 0. sp.

@. Ocbreous white ; palpi and frons chocolate. Forewing thickly irro- -

rated with brown, an indistinct fine oblique antemedial line; a discoidal

black point ; an oblique postmedial line ; a fine minutely dentate subterminal

line ; a fine terminal line. Hindwing irrorated with brown except towards

costa ; a discoidal point ; a medial line from vein 3 to inner margin; a curved

minutely waved subterminal line ; a fine terminal line,

Habitat.--Simla (Nurse), : Exp, 34 mill. Type—In B, M.

3975. PROBLEPSIS DELIARIA, insert (syn.) Problepsis albidior, Warr, Noy.

Zool, VI., p. 33.

GEOMETRIN A.

401lla. PsruDOTERPNA OCELLATA. Warr. Nov. Zool, VL, p. 207.

Q. Whitish irrorated with deep purple and variegated with dull green ;

palpi and frons black ; wings striated with purple ; an oblique green patch

on basal area; traces of a curved antemedial line; both wings with large

oblique eliptical discoidal annulus; diffused curved and somewhat sinuous

green postmedial, submarginal and marginal lines. Underside white, orange

at, base ; forewing with two purple spots ou basal area, the upper in cell small ;

both wings with large purple discoidal spots and postmedial and submarginal

prominent bands somewhat angled at middle and the latter diffused outwards

to the margin in places.

Habitat.—Khasis, Hzxp, 56 mill.

4019a, PSEUDOTERPNA SUBSIMILIS, Warr. Nov, Zool. V., p. 232.

é Differs from swbrosea in the dorsal tufts of abdomen being green.

Forewing greener with the lines hardly traceable and not approximated on

inner margin. Hindwing with the base only pale, the rest of wing pale pink

mottled with fuscous; some green on termen from above middle to near

tornus. Underside of forewing with fuscous line beyond the cell between

vein 6 and submedian fold.

Habitat.Sikhim, Exp. 54 mill,

4025a. PSEUDOTERPNA ELMARIA, 0. Sp.

Head and thorax sap-green ; palpi and lower part of frons ochreous ; legs

irrorated with fuscous; abdomen sap-green irrorated with fuscous ; wings

ochreous, almost entirely covered by sap-green striations and mottlings.

Forewing with black striz on costa; antemedial indistinct pale rufous spots

irrorated with black below cell and on inner margin ; a black discoidal point ;

2 dentate green postmedial line defined by grey on outer side, angled out-

wards below. costa, then oblique and with pale rufous black—irrorated

patches beyond it between veins 6 and 4 and 3 and inner margin; a dentate

grey subterminal line ; a terminal series of small black lunules, Hindwing

with black discoidal point; a dentate postmedial green line with black

points on the veins and defined by grey on outer side ; a waved grey sub-

THE MOTHS OF INDIA. 655

terminal line; a terminal series of small black lunules. Underside of both

wings pale orange-yellow with round black discoidal spots and broad out-

wardly diffused fuscous—black postmedial band ; terminal area greyish irro-

rated with fuscous,

Habitat —Sikhim ; Khasis. Exp. 66 mill. Type—In B, M.

Page 487. Under ULI0cNEMIS insert Chlorostrota, Warr. Nov. Zool, IV,

p.36 (1897), for Sect, III.

4054. ULIOCNEMIS ALBIVIRIDIS insert (syn.) Chlorostrota preampla, Warr.

Nov. Zool. IV, p. 36,

4076a, GEOMETRA RUFIFRONTARIA, 0, Sp.

@ Antenne serrate and fasciculate ; hind tibize dilated with a fold con-

taining a tuft of long hair; forewing with vein 11 anastomosing with

7,5, 9, 10, to form an areole,

Sap-green ; palpi and frons red-brown ; pectus and legs whitish. Fore-

wing with indistinct minutely waved antemedial, postmedial and subter-

minal darker green lines and small discoidal spot; costal edge brownish.

Hindwing with whitish points at angles of cell’ and minutely waved post-

medial and subterminal lines. Underside whitish, the costal area of forewing

rufous,

Habitat,—Calicut (Fellows-Wilson), zp, 22 mill. Type—In B. M.

4082. HEUCHLORIS INDUCTARIA insert (syn.) LE. subhyalina, Warr, Nov.

Zool, IV, p. 9.

4089a, EUCROSTES CYMARIA, 0D, sp.

@ Head, thorax and abdomen white, the thorax tinged with green;

ared band above frons. Forewing bright yellow green; the costa white ;

the veins streaked with white ; a highly waved antemedial white line; an

oblique discoidal bar; an- oblique minutely waved postmedial white line

from below costa to inner margin beyond middle, Hindwing paler green

with white discoidal point and curved postmedial line; cilia of both wings

white,

Habitat,—Simla, 7,000’ (Pilcher), Eup. 28 mill, Type—In B, M.

4119a, THALASSODES PICTURATA, n, sp, (PI. C., f. 7.)

@ Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown variegated with ferruginous

and white scales; palpi white in frort; upper edge of tegule deep green ;

legs brown and white ; pectus, ventral surface of abdomen and anal tuft

white. Forewing white, the costal area to beyond middle and to median

nervure grey brown striated with dark brown and irrorated with white and

black scales ; some coppery scales near base and on middle and extremity of

median nervure ; an antemedial sinuous excurved black line with blue-grey

on its inner side from costa to median nervure; a similar dentate postmedial

line with the blue-grey beyond it ; a white-striated medial green band from

median nervure to inner margin towards which it is dilated ; a similar dentate

patch below end of cell ; some copper and green below costa towards apex ;

some green irroration on termen below vein 6 and from vein 3 to tornus;

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

a coppery and brown mark between vein 2 and inner margin near tornus ;

some green points on termen. Hindwing white blotched with green except

on costal area on subterminal area down to vein 3and on inner area from

middle to near tornus; a green discoidal point; some brown and coppery

scales on inner area towards tornus and on a greyish subterminal band from

costa to vein 3. Underside white with black subterminal spots on forewing

above vein 4 and towards tornus, and forming a broken band on hindwing.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Gampola (Mackwood) 1 ¢ type. zp, 32 mill, Type

—In B.M.

4125a. THALASSODES AUREOFULVA, Warr, Nov. Zool, IV, p. 209,

@ Head and thorax bright yellow green and white; abdomen white

with greenish dorsal patch towards extremity. Forewing yellow-green with

blotches of white especially on inner area and on middle of outer margin

an indistinct obliquely sinuous antemedial white line ; a large olive-fulvous

patch on costal area between end of cell and apex crossed by the white post-

medial line which is very highly dentate between veins 6 and 3, Hindwing

white with some four incomplete waved green lines on outer half, Under-

side white with large fuscous patch on apical area of forewing and smal]

patch at apex of hindwing.

Habitat,—Khiasis, Exp, 36 mill.

4129a, THALASSODES HYPOLEUCA, n. sp. (PI. C,, f. 34.)

@ Bluish green ; palpi white at base, tinged with fuscous at tips,

vertex of head white. Forewing with the basal area striated with purplish

fuscous ; a white discoidal point ona purplish fuscous patch; medial and

postmedial series of fuscous points and some striz between veins 5 and 6;

a diffused brownish patch with fuscous stris on it towards tornus; cilia

brownish at base, white at tips. Hindwing with the base purplish fuscous ;

the green area with some fuscous points,a discoidal spot,a large patch of

fuscous striz on apical area and a smaller patch on inner area before

tornus; cilia brown, white at tips. Underside of body, legs, and wings to

beyond middle white, the legs with black bands at the joints; the wings

with discoidal black points ; the green terminal area with fuscous strise and

large fuscous patches at tornus of forewing and apex of hindwing.

Habitat—Burma, Hsipaw (DeNiceville). Exp. 50 mill. Type—In B. M.

4133a, THALERA FLAVITINCTA, Warr, Nov. Zool. IV, p. 211, .

@ Grass-green ; frons and forelegs crimson, vertex of head and shaft of

antennze white, the branches brown; abdomen ochreous white. Forewing

with the costa ochreous irrorated with black; both wings with fine black

marginal line, the cilia yellowish white, Underside whitish, the costa of

forewing ochreous,

Habitat—Khasis. Exp. 46 mill,

4134a, THALERA ALBIPUNCTA, Warr. Nov. Zool. V, p. 13.

g Pale yellow green or grey-green ; vertex of head and base of shaft of

antenn, pectus and ventral surface of abdomen white, Forewing with

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 657

traces of waved white antemedial line below the cell ; an irregularly dentate

subterminal line with white point on it in discal fold and lunulate spot in

submedian fold displaced inwards ; a terminal series of white points. Hind-

wing with irregularly dentate white postmedial line with a white lunule on it

displaced inwards in submedian fold ; a terminal series of white points.

Habitat—Khasis. Ezp. 28 mill.

4138b, THALERA macuLATA, Warr. Noy. Zool, IV, p. 208,

Q Frons prominent ; forewing with vein 11 touching 12 and 10 but not

anastomosing with them,

Yellow green ; palpi at tips, antenne and marks on legs brown; wings

irrorated with black brown, Forewing with the dark irroration forming a

patch at base and a very ill-defined subterminal band developed into a large

patch above tornus ; straight ochreous ante—and postmedial lines meeting

on inner margin and defined by olive green on medial area ; a black discoidal

point, Hindwing with oblique ochreous medial line defined by olive green

on inner side ; a patch of dark irroration above tornus,

Habitat—Khasis, Exp. 58 mill.

PYRALIDA,

GALLEROANE.

Genus CORCYRA.

Corcyra, Rag, Ent. Mo, Mag., XXII, p.23 (1885).

Type—C, cephalonica, Stn.

Proboscis absent ; palpi of male minute, of female extending about twice

the length of head; frons with large

tuft of hair; antenne short, simple,

the basal joint with tuft of scales ;

tibie with the spurs long, Forewing

long and narrow ; the cell long; vein

2 from towards end of cell ; 3°4 from

angle ; 5 absent ; 6 from upper angle ;

78:9 stalked, 7 from 8 beyond 9;

10°11 free. Hindwing with vein 2 from close to angle of cell; 3:4 on a

long stalk ; 5 absent ; 6°7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with 8,

4141a, CoRCYRA CEPHALONICA, Stn. Ann, 1866, p. 147.

Head, thorax and abdomen grey-brown. Forewing grey tinged with

brown, the veins streaked with black. Hindwing ochreous grey-brown

somewhat darker towards costa,

Habitat—Europe ; West-Indies ; Ceylon, Pundaloya ; Christmas I ; Ke, I,

Exp. & 24, 9 26 mill.

Corcyra cephalonica &

tooo

Genus PRASINOXENA,

Prasinorena, Meyr. Trans, Ent, Soc., 1894, p. 479.

Type—P. monospila.

Palpi of male small, upturned ; of.female porrect and extending about

length of head ; maxillary palpi minute ; frons smooth ; antennw short, the

Ist joint somewhat curved and long, Forewing short, broad, the apex

658 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

rectangular, the termen oblique ; the cell long; vein 2 from middle of cell;

3°4°5 from angle ; 6 from upper angle; 7810 stalked, 9 absent; 11 from

cell ; the underside clothed with yellow audroconia, Hindwing with the cell

open; veins 2°3°5 stalked, 4 absent; 6°7 stalked, 7 anastomosing with

8 ; the inner area with a fold on underside enclosing a tuft of long hairs.

4141), PRasINOXENA MONOsPILA, Meyr, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1894, p. 480;

Rag. Rom Mem., VIII, pl. 54, f. 14.

Head and thorax green ; abdomen yellow. Forewing bright emerald green ;

a small fulvous-yellow discoidal spot; the costa towards apex and termen with

a series of white points, defined by brown; cilia brownish yellow. Hindwing

golden yellow, the inner area tinged with brown. Underside of forewing

with the cell clothed with yellow scales and hairs,

Habitat,—Khasis, $8. E. Borneo, Pulo Laut, Hap. 14 mill,

4145). TIRATHABA IRRUFATELLA, Rag. Rom. Mem., VIIL., p. 462, pl, 43, £. 8.

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous white. Forewing ochreous somewhat

irrorated and suffused with pale brown ; traces of an antemedial line acutely

angled in cell; a dark point in middle of cell and another on discocellulars ; a

minutely dentate postmedial line, very oblique from costa to vein 6 where

it is angled; a terminal series of points and a dark line through the cilia.

Hindwing ochreous white.

Habitat—Japan ; Khasis, Lap. @ 20, 2 34 mili,

4150c, LAMORIA NIGRISPARSALIS, 0. Sp.

&. Forewing without the glandular swelling on costa, the cell clothed

with ochreous audroconia on underside.

Head, thorax and abdomen white slightly tinged with brown, Forewing

pale brown irrorated with long black scales, a diffused whitish subcostal

fascia, the costa darker brown, Hindwing pale brownish.

Habitat,—Ceylon, Matale (Pole), Nawalapitya (Green), Eup. 26 mill.

Type—In B. M.

4152c. EMBRYOGLOSSA BIPUNCTA, 0. sp.

Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous, thorax tinged with brown, Forewing

ochreous strongly irrorated with purplish fuscous forming diffused streaks

in the interspaces ; indistinct diffused pink streaks in and below cell, on the

veins beyond it and on inner margin ; traces of an antemedial dark line angled

on median nervure ; an indistinct pale postmedial line bent outwards to near

termen at vein 5, then dentate and at vein 4 becoming very oblique to inner

margin just beyond middle ; cilia chequered fuscous and ochreous, Hindwing

fuscous ; the cilia ochreous chequered with fuscous and with a fine line

through them.

Habitat,—Khasis. ep. 30 mill. Type—In Coll, Rothschild.

CRAMBINE,

4178a, CRAMBUS PHEOSTRIGELLUS, n, sp.

Head and thorax golden yellow ; abdomen grey suffused with fuscous, the

anal tuft ochreous, Forewing golden orange-yellow ; black streaks from

THE MOTHS OF INDIA, 659

base to near the medial line on and below costa, two in cell and one in sub-

median interspace; the medial line white defined on each side by black,

very oblique from costa to vein 5, where it is strongly angled, then very

oblique to inner margin before middle, an oblique striga béyond it from

costa and some black scales below the angle ; a subterminal white line

defined by black on inner side and by a few black scales on outer side, oblique

from costa to vein 5 where it is angled ; three short black streaks on termen

above tornus ; a fine brown terminal line anda line at base of cilia which

are golden, Hindwing pale fuscous, ochreous white on terminal area and

cilia.

Habitat.—Kashmir, Goorais Valley (Leech). wp, 20 mill, Types—In

Coll. Rothschild and B. M.

4185a. PLATYTES TRICHIALIS, 0. sp.

Q Head and thorax creamy white ; abdomen white strongly tinged with

ochreous, Forewing creamy white strongly irrorated with brown hair-like

scales, the terminal area tinged with ochreous, Hindwing whitish strongly

tinged with brown.

Habitat—Bombay, Nassik (Davidson), Exp, 44 mill. Type—In B. M.

4199, Should stand as HRoMENE JAXARTELLA, Ersch. Lep. Turk., p. 82.

It differs from superbella in the medial fulvous band being slightly angled

inwards to costa.

Habitat,—Turkestan ; Punjab ; Scind,

4202c, DIATR@A ACULEATA, n, sp. (PI. C., f, 15.)

Q Yellowish white ; head and thorax tinged with pale brown; abdo-

men with the Ist two segments dorsally orange, Forewing with the apex

produced and acute; the interspaces of costal and terminal areas streaked

with yellowish brown; a black discoidal point; traces of avery obliquely

curved postmedial line from costa to lower angle of cell and of a subterminal

line ; a brown terminal line and two fine lines through the cilia, Hindwing

pure white,

Habitat—Sikhim, 2,000’ (Pilcher), zp, 20 mill, Type—In B. M.

4224a, ANCYLOLOMIA PECTINATELLA, Zell. Isis, 1847, p. 747.

Differs from chrysographella in the antenne of male having long uniseriate

branches,

Habitat,_S, Europe; Belgaum, Exp, g 26 mill.

4229a, Antenne of male laminate.

CHARLTONA FUSCA, n, sp. (PI. C,, f. 18.)

@ Fuscous irrorated with grey ; antenne pale, Forewing with diffused

ochreous fascia below median nervure ; a marginal series of dark points,

Habitat.—Ceylon, Puttalam (J. Pole), Hup. 28 mill. Type—In B, M,

(7'o be continued.)

660

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES,

By HE. C. Sruart BAKER, F.ZS.

Genus Aix,

According to the British Museum Catalogue the Mandarin Duck is

included in the Plectropterinz and the key is as follows :—

No comb on base of bill.

Hiead crested) ).., s:c..sesnsectees AUX,

Both Ogilvie-Grant and E. Oates however, pointed out to me that a

far better generic character is provided in the silver-grey edging to the

primaries, a character by which it may be at once distinguished from

any other Indian duck.

AXX GALERICULATA.

The Mandarin Duck.

Anas galericulata —Lath., Ind., Orni. ii., p. 871.

Ax galericulata.—Gould B. of Asia, vii., p. 89. Salvadori, Cat. B. B.

M., xxvii., p. 76. Oates’ “Game Birds of Ind.” it, p. 186. Finn,

“Fancy Waterfowl,” p.26. Bennett, ‘“ Wanderings in New South

Wales,” ii., p. 62. Latham, Syn., iii., p. 548.

Description. Adult Male. —Supercilium from the base of the bill to the

end of the crest pure white ; forehead to nape glossy green, thence the

long thick crest is metallic purple, more or less mixed with green on

the basal half and entirely green on the terminal third which is sometimes

shot with deep blue ; face and sides of the head buff, shading into

white round the eye and into cinnamon red on the posterior cheeks,

chin and throat; the neck hackles are bright chestnut tipped with

purple and with white strice on the anterior portion ; remainder of upper

plumage and lesser wing coverts dull brown glossed with bronze-green,

especially on the mantle and upper tail coverts ; tail grey-brown glossed

green. Lower neck and sides of breast brilliant purple-copper, sides of

lower breast with three bands of black and two of white; remainder of

lower parts white ; flanks vermiculated black and brown, but with copper

bars opposite the vent and with black and white bars at the end of the

flank feathers. Scapulars grey-brown, the innermost completely

glossed with deep blue and the median with green, the change being

graded and not clearly defined; the outermost are white with broad

black edges. The innermost secondary, which is enormously broadened

into a fan shape, is chestnut on the inner web, tipped paler on the outer

half and with blue on the inner, on the outer web of this secondary the

tip is chestnut, the remainder deep glossy blue ; other secondaries brown

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. 661

with the outer web glossed green and tipped white, except the one next

the innermost one which is all of this colour ; primaries brown, glossed

green and with broad edges of silver grey on the outer webs. Axillaries

brown, under wing coverts mixed brown and grey.

“Tris dark brown with a yellowish white outer ring; bill reddish

brown, with the nail blueish flesh colour ; tarsus and toes reddish yellow,

membranes blackish.” (Schrenk.)

Wing 8°8" to 9:4"; tail 4°2" to 4-6"; bill, culmen 1:1” to 1:25", from

gape 1'3" to 1°45"; tarsus 1:3" to 1:4"; length about 16” to 18",

In one specimen in the British Museum the whole chin, and in

another, the border of the angle of the chin, is white.

Adult female.—Head and full crest grey, a narrow line starting above

the eye and passing round the front to the back and bordering the

crown, white; sides of the head pale grey, grading into the white of

the chin, throat and upper neck; the face is sometimes broadly white

and sometimes wholely grey and at other times, there is a broad or

narrow band of white next the bill ; whole remaining upper parts and

wing-coverts brown, more or less tinged with grey or olive grey ; lower

neck, breast, sides and flanks the same colour as the back, each feather

with a pale spot near the tip, these being very large on the flanks ;

remainder of lower parts white; primaries brown, slightly glossed green

and broadly tipped white, two of the inner secondaries forming a deep

blue-green speculum, sub-margined black and margined white ; inner-

most secondaries the same colour as the back.

As with other ducks with white underparts, these are often more

or less tinged with rusty.

Wing about 8"; tail about 4"; bill, culmen 1:05" to 1:20", from

gape 12" to 1°32": tarsus 1°2" to 1:3",

The male in part-nuptial plumage resembles the female, but this sex,

as Oates points out, “may be separated from males .... by the

oblique white stripe which may always be found on the outer web of the

first purple feather of the speculum. This stripe is just below the tips

of the wing coverts and is always absent in the male.”

The young male in first plumage also resembles the female with the

exception just noted ; it is, however, generally rather bigger and often

more clearly coloured.

Amongst the first indications of sex plumage assumed by the young

male is the deepening of the plumage of the breast and upper neck.

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

A specimen (0) in the B. M. collection shows this beautifully and

looks much as if the change being here undergone was one of colouration

in the feathers themselves.

The same bird has the broad secondary partially developed, but has

no white edging to the outer web, so, presumably, this is not assumed

until the second year ; this feather is also not so much faleated as in the

adult bird. The adult colouration of the scapulars is only indicated by

a few blue tints, but the black and white bars on the sides of the

breast are well advanced.

Nestling.—Above hair-brown, the edge ot the wing pale buff and two

indefinite bars of the same colour on the sides, one in front and one

behind the thigh. Under parts wholely pale buff ; a dark-brown streak

running from behind the eye to the neck and another from behind the

ear-coverts.

The only other species in this genus is the American species ia

sponsa (The Summer Ducis); in this the male has the crestall green and

the female differs from the female of A. galericulata in having the head

and upper parts, glossed with purple. ‘The bill also is differently formed

in both sexes, being deeper at the base, and in sponsa the upper angle of

the maxilla runs far back into the forehead, whereas in the Mandarin

the line from gape to upper edge is practically straight.

The Mandarin is a purely Eastern Asiatic duck being distributed,

according to Salvadori, throughout ‘“ Central and Southern China,

Formosa and Japan ; Amoorland only during the breeding season.” It

has also been obtained in Corea and now at last, in India.

It is not long since Oates wrote: “ This beautiful duck is not unlikely

to be met with on the borders of the Northern Shan States, ” but it has

now been obtained far more West—in Assam.

Mr. A. Stevens who shot the bird and most kindly presented it to

me, tells me, in epistola, how he managed to get it. He writes: “ Harly

one dull morning I went in a dug-out down the Dibru river on a

collecting trip. The Dibru, then at low water, is a small stream

varying between twenty and fifty yards wide, here and there dotted with

sandy banks and islands, but for the most part densely covered with

jungle down to the water’s edge. Twice single specimens of Asarcornis

scutulata (The White- Winged Wood Duck) passed down the river on

their way to their favourite haunts and held forth hopes of something

good to be had later on. I had gone some two miles down the river and

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES. \. 663:

had come to a place where it widened out and then divided into two

branches. Here there was a smal] sandy chur (bank) and on this I saw

six ducks, but what they were I was still too far off to determine, Four

of the ducks were close together, two a little apart, but all six appeared

to me to be exactly identical in size and colouration. Selecting the two

birds which were the nearer to me, I fired both barrels at them, upon

which all six birds rose and flew ahead. I was certain, however, that

my shots had told, nor was I wrong, for one bird, after flying some

forty yards dropped into’the water. Picking the bird up I at once

recognized that it was something new to me, but at the same time had

no idea of the value of what I had got. Consequently, although I

repeatedly flushed the pair to this bird, I made no attempt to shoot it,

even though it got up well within range and gave me easy shots.

The birds when first flushed flew away strong and low, but the

single bird which I afterwards put up reminded me of the stupid

performance of the Little Green Bittern (Butoroides javanica) in the

way it flew from the bank and across and down stream, only instead of

selecting a small tree to perch on, he always managed to drop into the

long elephant grass which, with other jungle, bordered the stream.

We found the flesh of this bird very coarse, a fact which saved the

pair on several occasions afterwards when I saw it. Afterwards, when

I learnt the value of my acquisition, I of course never again saw it.”

This is the only occasion on which the Mandarin has actually been

obtained in India beyond all doubt. I was, however, once told by a

sportsman that he had shot a Marbled Teal in Assam, and when asked to

describe it, he gave a very minute and accurate description of the female

Mandarin. This bird had been shot by him near Margherita, in the

Dibrugarh district of Assam, the same district as that in which Mr,

Stevens shot his bird.

Again, Mr. Gruning, I.C.S., and myself saw six birds on the River

Ranganadi, which I am sure were of this species. We were going along

in asmall launch and the birds flew across us so close that we could see

their silver grey heads and the clear white speculum ; unfortunately we

had no guns ready and the birds flew straight away. Their flight was

very strong and quick, much like that of Nettion erecca (The Comnion

Teal) but less swift than that of that bird.

This splendid little duck is one far better known in a captive than

ina wild state. Long ago Latham wrote: ‘ We do not find it near so

4 4

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

common in China as many other birds......and the common price

is from six to ten dollars a pair...... nor can they be bred in this

country.”

Blakiston and Pryer in the “ Ibis ” (1878, p.213) state : “‘ Very com-

mon on small streams. It formerly built in the trees in Uyino Park,

Tokio. Breeds in Yezo.”

It seems to be a duck which keeps much to small streams, more

especially such as run through forest, but at the same time to

prefer such streams as are clear rather than slow sluggish backwaters

and weedy pools. It is usually to be found in small flocks, seldom

exceeding a dozen and very often less even in the countries where it is

most common, so that very small flocks are all we can expect to

meet with in India.

It is a stout, sturdy, strong little bird, equally good on water, land and

air; its flight is direct and strong, similar, though inferior, to that of

Nettion crecca; it walks well and quickly and swims with a jaunty

carriage, getting over the water at a great pace. I can find nothing on

record about its powers of diving, but judging from its shape and

plumage these are not likely to be of the best.

Schrenk says that when in Amoor, about May to August, they are

very wild and shy, not allowing an approach within gun-shot. He also

states that they perch freely on trees. This is confirmed by all other

observers, indeed Finn (‘‘ Fancy Waterfowl ”’) says that the Mandarin

perches as readily as a pigeon.

This same naturalist, one of our best observers and a specialist on

waterfowl, remarks: ‘‘ Another attractive point about this lovely

duck is that he is, more than any other duck, ‘a bird of position,’

and much given to showing himself off, by raising his crest and slightly

expanding his wings vertically, so as to bring the wing fans perpendi-

cular and to display the beautifully striped flights, while when standing

he often curves his neck back and throws out his breast like a fan-tail

pigeon. He certainly looks at such times as if he were conscious of

his beauty, and his little brown mate, as she caresses his orange hackles,

must surely admire it.”

‘He isa great fighter, and will even kill ducks of his own kind

should he not approve of them.”

In spite of their pugnacity, however, they have a reputation in

China for being wonderfully faithful little birds to each other, In-

INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 665

deed, Canel says (p. 155) that “a pair of these birds are frequently

placed in a gaily decorated cage, and carried in their marriage

processions, and are afterwards presented to the bride and bridegroom

as worthy objects of their emulation.”

The same author in describing their flight writes : “ Whilst on the

wing these parties crowd closely together in front, whilst the birds in

the rear occupy a comparatively free space.”

As regards their nidification very little is known ; it seems to breed

everywhere throughout the North of its range, perhaps also wherever

it is found. It appears, however, to visit the Amoor and the more

Northern extremes of its habitat only during the breeding season so

that it is probably locally migratory. It is one of the species of ducks

which build in trees and in captivity breeds very freely.

W. Evans in the “ Ibis,” giving the period of incubation for various

birds, gives that of this duck as 30 days, whilst Finn gives it as 26.

In the Zoological Gardens, up to 1874, the Mandarin had hatched eggs

no less than twenty-six times, the earliest date for the young to appear

being the 31st May, 1858, and the latest July, the 16th, 1874. Asthe —

normal climate in which the duck breeds is not unlike ours, except in

the extreme north, these dates will probably coincide with its breeding

season when in its natural state.

The British Museum possesses five eggs of 4x galericulata which

mMeasEe seo SS U6! D215" 9¢ 154 Oi se eos 208" se eos!

and 2°16" x 1°52". In shape these eggs are very regular ellipses, but

slightly compressed at one end. The texture is smooth and close and

distinctly glossy, and the colour is a very pale fawn or yellowish white.

One egg was originally, perhaps, rather darker in colour than the rest,

but is so soiled that it is difficult to say with any certainty. All these

eggs were laid bv birds in captivity.

666

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL.

By Masor G. A, Lusim, R.E., anp Lizurenant W. H. Evans, B.E.

So far, we believe, nothing has ever been written on the butterflies of

Chitral, and it is in this belief that we are encouraged to place on record the

results of two seasons’ buiterfly-catching in a remote and comparatively

unknown country. It must, however, be understood that our opportunities

of wielding the net have been limited to short and hurried tours on duty,

and to occasional spells of a few days’ leave, and that our native assistants,

when first entered to the art of butterfly-catching, were firmly convinced

that the country held only four distinct varieties, Some idea of the extent

of the country contained in Chitral territory may be gained from the fact

that the main valley, from the source of the Yarkhun river to the Afghan

boundary at Arnawai, is some 220 miles in length, and varies in altitude from

about 12,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level. Leaving out of count the number-

less smaller valleys that feed the main stream, it has on its right bank two

great valleys of from 50 to 60 miles in length, running up to passes on the

Hindu Khush of from 15,000 to 17,000 feet in altitude, and on its left bank

four valleys of over 20 miles in length, and rising to passes of from 16,000

to 17,000 feet in altitude. The hills and valleys below Chitral are mostly

covered with pine and deodar forests and are thick with undergrowth and

wild flowers ; those above Chitral are practically bare except for the fertile

and richly-cultivated “fans” which occur at intervals like oases in a desert,

‘Two years’ experience has shown that many of the smaller valleys alone hold

specimens peculiar to themselves and that at some of the higher altitudes,

such as the Shandur Plateau, butterfly life flourishes only for two months in

the year. When in addition it must be confessed that net and collecting box

have never seen three-quarters of the country being dealt with, we hope to

be forgiven for our temerity in writing on “ the butterflies of Chitral’ We

only trust that the list of our catches, which contains many common, some

rare, and some quite new varieties, may encourage some keen. collector, with

nothing to occupy him but the all-absorbing pursuit of Nature’s most beautiful

creations, to venture into the far-off wilds of Chitral and to complete a record

of which this list can hope to be no more than a foundation. -

The late Mr, De Nicéville was engaged in the work of identifying our

* butterflies just before his death in December 1901. He was very interested

in the specimens we had sent him, and took a great deal of trouble in naming

them, There are, we fear, a great many without names, which Mr, De Nice-

ville had never seen and we are in hopes that this list may catch the eye of

some specialist either in India or England, who could complete the work

of identification,

FAMILY—NYMPHALID.

SuB-FAMILY—DANAIN&.

1, DaNnalIs LIMNIACE, Cramer.

Only one battered specimen caught at Nagar, 4,000 feet, on August 2nd, 1901,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL, 667

2. DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS, Linnzus.

Common at low elevations in the main valley from April to September,

occasional ones going up to 10,000 feet. The chestnut colour is much richer

than that of specimens found in India.

3. DaANAIS ALCIPPUS, Cramer.

Two specimens obtained at Nagar in September and October,

. 4, Danars PLExipPus, Linneus.

One specimen caught at 6,600 feet near Drosh on May 12th, 1901.

SuB-FAMILY—SATYRINZ,

5. AMECERA CASHMIRENSIS, Moore,

Found at 6,000 to 9,000 feet in the side nallahs below Chitral from June

to August, Good specimens were difficult to obtain owing to the butterfly

having a fancy for flying inside prickly-leaved bushes.

6. LASIOMMATA SCHAKRA, Kollar.

One male caught at Ziarat, 8,000 feet in September and one female near

Drosh in August,

7, LastomMMATA M@RULA, Felder.

Rare in the side nallahs below Chitral near water at 5,000 to 8,000 feet

from June to August, The lack of the male brand and the irregularity of

the discal line on the underside of the hindwing distinguishes this insect

from its allies,

8, LAsIOMMATA MENAVA, Moore.

In April and May common on every footpath in the main valley below

Chitral : after May, the heat drives it up to 6,000 to 9,000 feet, where it may

be caught commonly up to August.

9. NYTHA PARISATIS, Kollar.

Very common from June to November at 5,000 to 7,000 feet.

10. KANETISA PIMPLA, Felder,

Common on “Sanitarium Hill,” 6,500 feet, near Drosh in June and July

and occasionally seen at several places up to 10,000 feet, Females were

rare, The higher one goes the smaller this butterfly seems to become.

11, Kanerisa Diana, Marshall.

Very local. Common from June to August at 7,000 feet on the hills near

Drosh, and in the nallah up to the Shandur Pass from Laspur at 11,000 feet.

12. KANETISA sp.

Two males caught in the nallah up to the Shandur Pass at 11,000 feet in

August. It is allied to K. digna, Moore, but is smaller, and the fulvous

band is duller and less extensive. Underneath the outer margins of both

wings are broadly black. Believed to be a new species,

13, HEUMENIS BALDIVA, Moore.

Local and uncommon. Found in various places from Drosh to the Shandur

Pass in July and August.

: 14, KARANASA HUEBNERI, Felder.

Found in the Utzen nallah at 9,000 feet, and on the Shandur Pass at 12,000

feet in July and August,

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XiV -

15. KARANASA CADESIA, Moore.

Occurs rarely in the Utzen and Tarben nallahs at 9,000 feet in August.

It differs from the preceding insect in having the band on the forewing

bright fulvous with even margins instead of pale yellowish with very irregu-

lar margins ; also the ocelli are very distinctly pupilled above.

16. PHILARCTA SHANDURA, Marshall.

Rare in August on the Shandur and Baroghil Passes at 12,000 feet.

17, PHILARCTA PERSEPHONE, Huebner,

Typical Persephone is common on bare hill sides at 4,000 to 6,000 feet

from August to October. The variety Hanifa, Hardman, is found in exactly

the same localities in May and June and is equally common,

18, AULOCERA swaAHA, Kollar.

Common at 6,000 to 10,000 feet from June to September below Chitral.

19, AULOCERA BRAHMINUS, Blanchard.

One specimen caught in the Tarben nallah at 8,000 feet on August 20th,

1962.

20. AULOCERA SARASWATI, Kollar.

Found fairly commonly in company with A. swaha.

21. MANIoLA DAVENDRA, Moore, (?)

Males were common in June amongst pines at 6,000 feet. Females were

very common from 4,000 to 8,000 feet from June to September, Either

this butterfly is very variable or else we haye several varieties, The ordinary

male has only one ocellus on the forewing, and the brand is short and wide

extending from the inner margin straight to the 2nd median vein. One

male caught at Laspur 9,500 feet has the brand very narrow commencing

at the base of the wing and running along the lower edge of the cell up to

the lower discoidal vein: it has a small ocellus on the forewing between the

usual ocellus and the apex and another small one below. Two males caught

on the Shandur Pass in August have the male brand thicker, extending

from the middle of the inner margin up to tke lower discoidal vein and all

the veins are black. The females are also very variable, the discal line on

the hindwing above being sometimes very distinct and outwardly bordered

with white and sometimes altogether invisible.

22. MANIOLA CHEENA, Moore.

Common amongst pines at 6,000—8,000 feet from June to August.

23, CHORTOBIUS NEOZA, Lang.

Common at 6,000—13,000 feet from June to August, This was the

commecnest butterfly on the shores of the Shandur Lake, but differed from

specimens caught elsewhere in having yellow patches on the underside of

the hindwing. The latter may be a new species.

24, CALLEREBIA NIRMALA, Moore,

Locally common in the side nallahs below Chitral at 6.00—9,000 feet from

June to August. One curious variety we caught has been figured, in

the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIV., by the late

Mr. De Nicéville ; all the ocelli on the upperside were obsolete. :

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL. 669

25. PARALASA SHALLADA, Lang.

Locally common at 9,000 feet below Chitral from June to August. A

very dark butterfly with dark inconspicuous patches of a fulvous colour on

both wings ; the ocellus on the forewing is small and the iris nearly obsolete.

26. PARALASA KALINDA, Moore, (?)

Found rarely in company with the above in July and August, It is a

bigger and a lighter-coloured butterfly; the fulvous patches are larger and

lighter, and the ocellus is bigger with a wide yellow iris.

27. PARALASA sp.

Several insects belonging to this genus were caught by us; they may all

belong to one variable species or may be several distinct species. Two, of

which one was caught by Major Leslie on the Pamirs in July and one in the

Tarben nallah in the same month, are dark velvety brown above, having a

small, non-pupilled ocellus, with a yellow iris, placed on a dark conspicuous

patch ; the hindwing is quite plain, and the iris is very diffused underneath,

Two were caught at 13,000 feet in August above the Shandur Pass; they

are much smaller, of a dark brown, not velvety colour : the ocellus is small,

pupilled and with a scarcely perceptible yellow iris ; the patch on the fore-

wing is very light fulvous, and occupies half the wing ; underneath, the iris

is distinctly lighter and fairly wide. Two more, one a small and one a big

butterfly were caught with the last two. They are not so dark; the ocellus

is very small with a nearly obsolete pupil and is placed on a light yeliow

patch with a darker fulvous patch below; the hindwing is plain, One was

caught in much the same locality ; the colour is very like that of the preced-

ing variety ; the ocellus is bigger, distinctly pupilled and placed ona very

large light yellow patch, occupying half the wing; the hindwing has a

darker fulvous patch.

Sup-FaMILY—NYMPHALIN&,

28. MELIT#A BALBITA, Moore,

Rare at 9,000—14,900 feet in July and August.

29, MELIT#A ROBERTSI, Butler,

Common at 4,000—14,000 feet from April to October, Very variable.

30, MeEir@#a PEeRSEA, Kollar, (?)

Found at 8,000—11,000 feet in the nallahs below Chitral from June to

August. The male is much redder than Robertsi and with fewer markings,

The female has more markings, and the forewing is yellow or brown, not red :

it is bigger than Robertsiz, New to the Indian fauna,

31, MELIT#A sp.

One specimen caught on the Baroghil Pass in August, It is a brick-red

butterfly with a few black spots, half way between the end of the cell and

the apex ina straight row perpendicular to the costa and a small spot just

above the middle of the inner margin ; the hindwing is unmarked. Below the

hindwing has none of the red bands as in Aobertsi, Perhaps a new species,

32. Me.rraa (?) sp.

Of the same size and with the same style of markings as what we have

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

called . persea, The ground colour is, however, light fulvous instead of

red ; underneath the colouration is paler; there are no red bands on the

hindwing..:A few specimens were obtained above the Shandur Pass in

August at 14,000 feet, Probably a new species,

33, ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury.

Found rarely at low elevations from August to October.

34, SEPHISA DICHROA, Kollar,

Found in nallahs at 5,000 to 9,000 feet from July to September,

35, APATURA AMBICA, Kollar.

‘Two battered males caught at Ziarat at 8,000 feet in September 1960.

36, JUNONIA ORYTHIA, Linneus.

Common in nallahs at low elevations from June to November,

37. .NEPTIS MAHENDRA, Moore,

A few caught at 8,000 feet in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from June

to September,

38. HYPOLIMNAS MISIPPUS, Linnzus,.

One or two males caught at low elevations in September and October, A

few females, mimics of Danais chrysippus, also obtained,

39. ARGYNNIS HYPERBIUS, Johansen,

Common at 4,009—8,000 feet from June to September.

40. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENI, Gray,

Rare at 4,000 to 8,000 feet from July to September,

41, ARGYNNIS PANDORA, Wiener Verzeichniss,

Rare at 4,000—8,000 feet from August to October.

42, ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore,

Common from June to September at 7,000 feet.

43, ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, Moore,

Common at 4,000—9,000 feet from June to September,

44, ARGYNNIS viTaTHA, Moore.

Uncommon at 7,000—9,0v0 feet from June to August, In 1900 we only

caught one specimen of this butterfly, which has been figured by Mr, De

Nicéville in Vol. XIV. of the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal,

This was a female with the ground colour purple. In 1901 we obtained

several normal males and females, and also some of the dark females. Near

the Shandur Pass we caught several, much lighter in colour and much

smaller ; the females in this case were much paler than the males,

45, ARGYNNIS LATONIA, Linneus,

Common at 4,000—10,000 feet from February to October,

46, ARGYNNIS JERDONI, Lang.

One specimen caught in the Tarben nallah at 10,000 feet, and ancthee

near the Baroghil Pass in July. They differ inter se considerably.

47, Nagas Licgyes, Hewitson,

Found in the nallahs below Chitral at 6,000—10,000 feet from June to

August, The size of the discal spots is very variable and the margin has in

some cases a prominent double row of lunular ochreous red spots, and in

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL, 671

others is practically uniform black.

48, PykaMEIS CaRDUI, Linneus,

Very common from 4,000—9,000 feet, and even up to 17,000 feet los

March to November.

49, PyYRAMEIS INDICA, Herbst,

Common from March to October at 4,000—9,000 feet.

50. VaNnEssa CANACE, Linneus.

Rare at 8,000 feet in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs in August and Sep-

tember.

51, VANESSA CASHMIRENSIS, Koilar,

Common at 4,000—10,)00 feet from February to November,

52. VANESSA RIZANA, Moore.

Rare at 8,000—10,000 feet from May to August. It is a much squarer

insect than the preceding.

53, VANESSA XANTHOMELAS, Wiener Verzeichniss,

A few caught at 5,000 to 8,000 feet in March, May and August.

54, VANESSA VAU-ALBUM, Wiener Verzeichniss,

One specimen only obtained at Ziarat 9,000 feet on August 20th, 1901.

55. VANESSA C-ALBUM, Linneus,

From February to April this butterfly was very common at 4,000 and

5,000 feet, and in May a few more were caught at Ziarat 8,000 feet ; all these

were light coloured and the two spots in the cell were usually well separated

but in one or two cases coalesced into one spot. In August some more

Specimens were caught in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs at 9,000 feet.

These were larger, darker and with very wide dark brown margins; all the

markings were bigger and the spots in the cell more often coalesced into

one than separate ; the outline of the wings was much more irregular and

below there was a narrow blue line on the margin and a few blue spots,

FAMILY—LEMONTID#,

Sup-FamI.y — LIBYTHAINA,

56. LiByTH#A LEPITA, Moore,

Rare at 6,000—8,000 feet from April to August below Chitral.

FAMILY—LYCANID,

57, Lycm#na MEDON, Huefnagel.

Common from March to October at 4,000—10 000 feet,

58. LycaNa sp.

Six specimens caught on the shores of the Shandur Lake in July and

August. A small dark-brown insect with a faint mark at the end of the cell ;

belew there is a white bordered mark at the end of the cell and some very

faint marginal lunules on the forewing. The hindwing has the base densely

powdered with black and greenish ; there is a white bordered spot at the

end of the cell leading off into a long white streak to the outer margin ;

there is also a series of pale bordered lunules on the margin, The ground

colour below is only slightly lighter than above,

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

59. LYCHNA sp.

One specimen caught in the same locality in August; very dark velvety

brown or black above ; dull dark grey below. A spot at the end of the cell,

aspot on the costa and a straight discal row of four spots, all black with

pale borders and a narrow black marginal line, pale bordered on the fore-

wing. The base of the hindwing is powdered black and green; there is a

spot at the end of the cell and a curved discal row of spots black with white

borders, the posterior one being geminate; also a marginal row of orange

and black lunules and a narrow anteciliary line. The above two may be

new species,

60. Lyca@na tris, Staudinger,

Locally common at 6,000—10,000 feet from May to August, A small dark

butterfly of the usual Lycena type, dark grey below with large black, white

bordered spots ; the two spots at the anal angle are sprinkled with metallic

green scales. New to India,

61. Lyca#Na sp.

Twelve specimens caught on the shores of the Shandur Lake in July and

August, A small blue butterfly, rather like the preceding in shape and

markings, but the spots below appear quite distinctly above as well, The

female is brown above. New to India, and perhaps a new species.

62, Lycmna PERsIcA, Butler,

Very common at 4,000—10,000 feet from April to October. The female is

very variable, some are completely brown above, some blue only at the base,

OUR blue with brown or light yellow margins,

63. LiycmNA ARIANA, Moore,

‘Common at 6,000—13,000 feet. Several males obtained on the Baroghil

‘Pass were light silvery blue above, as

64, Lycana Lewis, Zeller.

Common from May to August at 6.000—8,000 feet. The ordinary female

is very constant, being brown with some orange-near the anal angle ; on both

wings below the margin is bordered with orange, and the two spots at the

anal angle are sprinkled with green. Six females were caught at 8,000 feet

in the Tarben nallah in Avgust, which had orange borders to both wings

above, the orange being more or less diffused inwards on the forewing.

Underneath there is no orange margin to the forewing, and there is a

great deal more white about the hindwing. All the six specimens were

constant in their markings and colouration, One specimen was caught in

the same locality of a dull lead colour above with white unspotted cilia ;

there are a few black spots at the anal angle, surrounded with bluish

grey. Below, it is similar to the form just described.

65, liycmNa sp.

Several insects caught on “Sanitarium Hill’? near Drosh in July very

like L, Lewii; the blue colouration resembles LZ. Ariana; there is a spot

at the end of the cell. Underneath there are several prominent white

patches on the hindwing, and the orange and green at the anal angle is

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL. Ob. 3693

inconspicuous, One specimen, probably a female, has only the base and

the costa of the forewing blue, and the cilia, at the end of the. veins, are

prominently white spotted,

66, LycHNA sp, :

A butterfly like the last was very common on the shores of the Shandur

Lake in August. It is much smaller, and below there is no orange at all

at the anal angle. The female is brown, tinged with blue at the base. The

above two may form one species distinct from LD, Lewii,

67, LYCHNA sp.

A few eee on the Baroghil Pass in July. Above, the male is exactly

like a dwarfed L. Persica ; below the forewing is dull grey with a spot

at-the end of the cell and a discal series of five small spots, all bordered with

white ; the hindwing is very distinct ; it is slightly powdered with black and

green scales at the base and the remainder of the wing is a brownish green

lighter at the margin, with 10 big white irregnlar-shaped spots. The female

is brown above ; perhaps a new species, au

68. Lyc#NA METALLICA, Felder,

Fairly common on the shores of the Shandur Lake in July and August.

69. LyCHZNA GALATEA, Blanchard.

Fairly common in nallahs below Chitral at 6,000—8,000 feet from June

to August,

70. Lyc®NA SAMUDRA, Moore. (?)

~ Common above Chitral from Sanoghar 8,000 to Laspur 10,000 feet in July

and August. The male is blue above, of the same shade as L. Persica, with

the veins black towards the margin ; below the discal series consists of

six large triangular spots ; on the hindwing all the spots are very small, and

there is a complete marginal series of metallic green spots bordered inwardly,

with pale orange and black lunules, The female is dark brown, sprinkled

with blue scales at the base.

7i, Lyc@Na HyYLas, Wiener Verzeichniss.

Uncommon at 4,000—10,000 feet from June to September,

72. Lyca@na sp.

A few obtained above the Shandur Pass in August. The male is very dark

blue with a spot at the end of the cell, and the female is brown. On the

forewing below there is a narrow streak at the end of the cell and a discal

series of six small spots, On the hindwing the spots are small and disposed

much the same as usual; the marginal ones are very faint, one or two near

the anal angle being metallic green crowned with orange and black, Pro-

bably an undescribed species.

73, CHILADES. TROCHILUS, Freyer.

Rare ; a few specimens obtained at Nagar in July and September.

74, CYANIRIS CELESTINA, Kollar,

Becommon, females rare, at Ziarat.8,0CO feet in May, August int September.

75, ZizBRA MAHA, Kollar.

Common at 4,000—9,000 feet from March to October,

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

76, ZIZERA LYSIMON, Huebner.

Common at low elevations in September and October,

77. ZiZERA OTIS, Fabricius:

A few obtained at low elevations in September.

78. AZANUS URANUS, Butler,

Only one female obtained at Ziarat in August 1900.

79, EVERES ARGIADES, Pallas.

Fairly common from 4,900—8,000 feet from April to October.

80. POLYOMMaTUS BericuUs, Linneus,

Very common at 4,000—8,000 feet from April to October,

81. ARHOPALA DODONZA, Moore.

A few caught in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from July to September.

82. ARHOPALA GANESA, Moore.

A few caught in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from July to September.

83. 'THECLA SASSANIDES, Kollar.

Common from 4,000—10,000 feet from May to August.

84. THECLA RUBI, Linneus.

About ten caught at the end of April in the Kesu nallah at 6,000 feet on

a small bush with small red flowers. New to India.

85. ZEPHYRUS syLA, Kollar.

Fairly common in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from June to September.

85. CH#ropRocTa ODATA, Hewitson,

Common from 4,000—9,000 feet from May to September. At Khilas

9,000 feet in the Shishi nallah in July, this butterfly fairly carpeted the

grass under the walnut trees.

87. CHRYSOPHANUS PHLEAS, Linneus.,

Common at 4,000—19,000 feet from March to October.

88, CHRYSOPHANUS AnITYA, Moore.

A few males and females of this beautiful copper were caught on the

borders of the Shandur Lake in July and August.

89. OHRYSOPHANUS KASYAPA, Moore.

Common at 6,000—10,000 feet from June to September.

90, CHRYSOPHANUS EVANSII, De Nicéville.

Described in Vol. XIV of the Bombay Natural History Society’s Journal.

Locally common in the Shishi, Utzen and Tarben nallahs at 10,000 feet in

July and August. About 100 specimens were obtained in 1901, and no sexual

difference was discernible, except that the females were rather lighter. The

specimens described by De Niceville is, we think, a male ; it was the only one

caught in 1900, and was found fighting fiercely with a male of Z. Ariana in

a lucerne field at Madaglasht on August 2nd,

91, ILeRDA sENA, Kollar,

Common near water at 4,000—7,000 feet from March to November.

92, ILERDA TAmv, Kollar,

Found in the Utzen and Tarben nallahs at $,000 feet in June and July.

Females were rarely met with,

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL, 675

93. APHNZUS HYPARGYRUS, Butler.

Common at low elevations from May to August.

94, APHNUS IcTIS, Hewitson.,

The form Junulifera, Moore was common up to 9,000 feet in Jans and

July. Two caught at Nagar 4,000 feet in September were much smaller

and much lighter underneath,

95. DEUDORYX EPIJARBAS, Moore,

Common at low elevations in September and October.

96. Hysupra sELIxA, Moore,

Common in May and June at 7—10,000 feet in the Shishi and Ashreth

nallahs.

FAMILY—PAPILIONIDA,

SuB-F'aMILY—PIERINA,

97. Ix1as PYRENE, Linnasus,

Very rare at low elevations near Drosh from June to September.

98. TeRIAS HECABE, Linnawus.

Common at low elevations in rice fields from August to November.

99. CoLIAS EOGENE, Felder.

Common at 13,000 feet in July and August. The white form of female,

which was rare, did not resemble the figure in Vol. XIV. of the Bombay

Natural History Society’s Journal, Our specimens are pure white on the

forewing with a black spot closing the cell and a broad black border, spotted

with white ; the hindwing is greenish white with a white spot closing the

cell and a black one some way from the margin. Underneath the forewing

is white with a greenish margin, and the hindwing dark green with a rante

spot at the end of the cell and a yellowish green margin.

100, Coutas FreLDII, Menetries,

Common at 4,000—12,000 feet from March to October.

101, CoLIAS ERATE, Esper.

Very common at all elevations from March to October.

102, Cotas HYALE, Linnwus,

One specimen caught at Madaglasht 10,900 feet in August.

103. COLIAS sp.

On and just below the Shandur Pass in August we caught several speci-

mens of a pale green Colias, darker at the base and with the veins black, It

is rather like the white female of C. eogene. Probably a new species.

104, Coutas sp.

Two caught just below the Shandur Pass in August, They are orange,

with very broad, unmarked borders ; a black spot at the end of the cell on

the forewing and a white one on the hindwing. Below the forewing is

yellowish green and the hindwing dark green.

105. GONEPTERYX RHAMNI, Linnzus,

Common at 4,000—-8,000 feet from Mareh to September,

106. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.

_ A few caught at low elevations in August and September.

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XTV.

4107, . Pieris. pRassicw, Linneus,

Common from March to October at 4,000 to 6,000 feet.

108. Pieris RAPH, Linneus,

: ‘Somman at 4,000—6,000 fect from March to October.

: 109, Pieris cAnipiA, Sparrman.

Common at 5,000—12,000 feet from March to October.

110. PreRIs sp,

A small Pieris with-the apex of the forewing very acute and the. bases

black, otherwise unmarked, was common at low elevations in March and

April and: again in July and August near the Shandur Pass. ;

111, AporiA BILUCHA, Marshall.

Common at 8—10,000 feet from Jime to August in the nallahs near Drosh,

2112. -APORIA sp...

Caught in the Utzen valley at 9,000 feet in July. Bigger than A. bélucha,

yellow, not white, with the veins blacker and the markings intensified,

113. APORIA sp.

Two specimens caught in the same locality in June; yellow above with

the basal half of the forewing suffused with black ; all the markings intensi-

fied ; underneath the hindwing is orange.

114, BrELENOIS MESENTINA, Cramer,

Uncommon at 4,000—6,000 feet from April to September,

115, PonrTiaA DAPLipice, Linneus.

Very common at 4,000 to 9,000 feet from May to September.

116. PARAPIERIS CHLORIDICE, Huebner.

Gimanen at low elevations from March to May, and on the Shendin Pane

in July and August,

117, PARAPIERIS CALLIDICE, ‘Esper, 0)

Common on the Shandur and Baroghil Passes in July and August,..._.

118,. SyNCcHL@® DAPHALIS, Moore.

Fairly common in March and April at 5,000—8,000 feet.

Sub-FAMILY—PAPILIONID™,

119. PAPILIO MACHAON SPHYRUS, Huebner.

Common at 4, 000—14 000 feet from April to October. The variety

ligeak cust: was: found on the shores of the Shandur Lake in August,

- 120. PapiLnio DEMOLEUS, Linnzeus,

Rare a low elevations from August to October, —

121, PAPILIO POLYcToR, Boisduval.

Found in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from May to August.

| 122. PARNASSIUS CHARLTONIUS,. Gray.

One specimen. caught at 12,000 feet. in the Tarben nallah in July and a

few more above the Shandur Pass in July and August, -

123. PAaRNassrus STOLICZANUS.

A few obtained with charltonius above the Shandur.

124, PARNASSIUS :JACQUEMONTII, Boisduval.

Very common from. May. ta-September above 10,000 feet, . This buttertly

THE BUTTERFLIES OF CHITRAL, ~*\ < »0t%

is very variable, especially as regards the black and red markings, Some

have the wings quite white and others platens ent ; the size also varies very

considerably, Ses

FAMILY—HESPERIIDA.

Subp-F aMILY—HESPERIINA.

125. CARCHARODUS ALCE,

Common at 4,000—10,000 feet from March to November.

126. Hesperia sao, Bergstroemer,

‘Fairly common from 10—-13,000 feet from July to August.

! 127, HESPERIA CASHMIRENSIS, Moore,

Common from 9—13,000 feet from June to August,

; 128, HESPERIA STAUDINGERI, Speyer.

Rare ; found in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs from June to September.

Very like C. alcew, only whiter, New to India.

129, HESPERIA sp.

Allied to H, alcides, Herrich-Schaffer and H. ahriman, Christoph, from

Turkestan, Found rarely in nallah beds at 6—8,000 feet from May to Sep-

tember, It is a small brown insect with three small elongate white spots

between the sub-costal veins and two more between the sub-median veins,

Below the markings are the same, the forewing is slightly, and the hindwing

considerably, frosted over with white. Perhaps a new species,

130. HESPERIA sp.

Found in the Utzen valley at 9,000 feet in June and July, Very like the

preceding, the difference being in the spots on the forewing: there is a

double white spot at the end of the cell, three elongate spots beyond, and

four more in the sub-median interspaces, Perhaps a new species,

131. THANAOS MARLOYI, Boisduval,

Found rarely from March to August at 5—8,000 feet, New to India,

SuB-FamMILY—PAMPHILINA,

132, Tr LicotTa DARA, Kollar,

Rare in the Utzen and Ashreth nallahs at 7,000 feet from May to Sep-

tember.

133, PARNARA MATHIAS, Fabricius. (?)

Found rarely at low elevations from May to August.

134, PARNARA GUTTaTUS, Bremer and Gray.

Very common at low elevations from July to August,

135, GEGENES NosTRODAMUS, Fabricius,

Fairly common at low elevations in nallah beds from June to August,

136. ErRyNniIs comMA, Linneus var Dimila, Moore.

Common on the Shandur Pass in July and August.

137. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius,

Rare at low elevations in August and September,

Since writing the above paper two more species have been discovered in

Chitral and may be added to the above list,

678 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

138. PARNASSIUS sp.

Several specimens caught in August on the Baroghil Pass by Captain H. T.

Fulton, D.S$.0., 2nd Gurkhas, They are very like a dwarfed P. charltonius,

but the arrangement of the black markings on the forewing are different.

Probably a new species.

139. HESPERIA sp.

A few specimens of a small skipper were brought in from the Utzen Valley

in July 1902, They are dark-brown with yellow spots on the forewing and

two oblique yellow bands on the hindwing, Underneath the markings are

white instead of yellow, and all the veins on the hindwing are conspicuously

defined by white.

679

LES FORMICIDES DE L7EMPIRE DES INDES

ET DE CEYLAN.

Par AvGusreE Foret.

Part X.

(Continued from page 546 of this Volume.)

2me Genre, CREMASTOGASTER, Lund.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Femelles aberrantes, 4 mandibules plus ou moins édentées et

depourvues de bord terminal. Arétes frontales rudimen-

LAITOS tow eniteciecscseatiatealsuncestcscssasa 60080000 .... LS, G. Oxyayne—Forel.,

Femelles de forme ordinaire 4 mandibules pourvues d’un bord

terminal denté de forme ordinaire, Arétes frontales distinctes,

58. G, CreMAsToGasteER—Lund,

1, Epines extrémement épaisses, presque renflées vers leur base,

courtes et obtuses, Noeuds du pédicule plus larges que

longs, le deuxiéme trois fois plus large que long. Abdo-

men trés court, tendant ase ratatiner ......Sp. C. Dalyi—Forel,

Epines de formes ordinaires. Pédicule plus étroit ............ 2

2. Abdomen réticulé, subopaque devant et abondamment

ponctué, Second noeud sillonné tout du long au milieu,

Couleur noi eaecensecses cece deaeesednecstene .Sp. C. soror—Forel.

Abdomen Iuisant, pas ou trés faiblement sculpté ............... 3

3. Corps, tibias et pattes avec une fine pilosité dressée, Epines

métanotales gréles, tres longues, divergentes, dirigées en

haut, en arriére et en dehors. Suture pro-mésonotale

faiblement imprimée, Pédicule étroite ............cesccece sae

se eseiesteter as aete siaclsnue erate ce silaseomeemectneee Sp. C. travancorensis—F orel.

Corps glabre, Tibias et scapes n’ayant qu’une pubescence —

adjacente ....... dbssercodonoge BO RBEArEDadotenebacs So dessheciecensecatasies 4

4, ™~ Brun ou noir, Epines assez épaisses, assez fortes, dirigées en

haut, en arriere et en dehors, courbées, pointues, Suture

pro-mésonotale profondément enfoncée, formant une légéere

échancrure du profil du thorax, L, 392 44,5 mill .....

maken mesUehocalisultaeesisuecodaasceseetesssesinstecese MD. Os. evenina—r ore].

et var. corar—Forel,

D’un brun jaunatre pale, Epines horizontales, courtes, peu

oa Suture pro-mésonotale moins profonde.

Oy BPS Bh etree ea ee es AR SASS I ley ...9p. C. aberrans—Forel,

et var, IJnglebyi—-Forel.

Note.—Tableau.des femelles counues d’ Oxygyne de 1I’Inde,

Métanotum armé de deux fortes épines. Mandibules

tridentées (dent médiane presque obsolete).

Tete non tronquée, large derritre L,7,648,2 mill,

Paaecuaaenedencnacmese cuneate realest. cklssbudntwe Sp. C. ebenina—Forel,

Mevanerarat inerme, Mandibules arquées, pointues, sans

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

dents. Téte tronquée devant, Couleur brun jaunatre.

Li, 4, BD mill ....ccceeseessseeecee ss ceteceecereeeee seeeessresoeee oe A

A. Tete un peu plus large que longue. Corps et mem-

bres presque glabres, les tibias et les scapes n’ayant

qu’une faible pubescence adjacente... Sp. C, aberrans —Forel.

Téte bien plus longue que large, plutdt subtronquée

devant, assez allongée et rétrécie derriere les yeux.

Tout le corps et les membres fortement pubescentes

SAG ADEE ICE OERCOCE SECO UARSDORE ADDO IaHCe: seveseeeree OP. C, soror—Forel.

5, STS acaircment MYSIMS) roseycs osceocoOsAodeE conohorocos 6

Métathorax de forme ordinaire ......ccccerseess ere ncecencecnaes 8

6, Le métathorax seul renflé .......... PEACOCERBAE “Sh, © deformés—Smith.

Métathorax et mésothorax renflés........csnere-eseee nqno¢seesoqoss7 7

7. Lisse et luisant. Mésothorax et métathorax jaunatres...... eve

Bioesesesdeashe setsdudicsasecieocceedes \scseesesect reesO DUC e 1/1018 SUtEuEE

Subopaque, du moins la téte et le thorax qui sont finement

sculptés, Hntiérement noir..........0cc.e00- Sp. C. deformis—Smith.

race physothorac—Em.

8. Poils sétiformes, obtus et tronqués, comme dansJe genre Lep-

COUNOT GIES sanenoreeess spcemetenccsereheenetene Pryledaponeaeec Beanseccon0s0h07 9

Poils pointus, de forme oOrdinaire .......0....seesecrcercensserees eres 10

9. Poils clavés ; taille un peu plus forte......... Sp. C. Rothneyi—Mayr.

var: civa—Forel.

Poils simplement tronqués; taille plus faible........0......cseeees

Evaieessscassicncszeaes Geisseadseveres Seances oseseeeressseD |. nCOL ICY O—— Lain

10. Téte enticrement sculptée ............0 Rosutoocounon cbadoausne eee iL

Occiput et vertex lisses, sauf parfois des points épars. Chez

quelques variétés du subnuda les stries du devant de la

téte se prolongent un pen sur le Vertex .........,ceceeseecee Hor 16

11, Second article du pédicule sans sillon médian, Premier article

allongé, plus ou moins elliptiques. L, 3, 5 a4 mill

seiestcsce cece poiecuc-uansesacersuees sescessecsee OP. C. Modiglianii—Emery.

et var, annamita—Em,

Second article du pédicule avec un sillon median. Premier

article non elliptique, :........-.:ceccss-.-s-- aeesetes sepnosocdadancs 12

12. Premier article du pédicule en trapéze renversé ... ...22.--00 ener 13

Premier article du pédicule composé d@’une portion antérieure

arquée devant et d’une portion postérieure a cétés rectilig-

nes, convergeant en arriére; ces deux portions tres

GistiNCtes .ce.cccecree worereeeses areseaesescescsee|(ccrsersecen: caeanasice 14

13. Angles antérieurs du premier noeud tres nets, Profil du dos

du thorax assez horizontal, interrompu seulement par

Véchancrure, Téte et thorax régulicrement et grossiére-

ment Striés .........64.. So. orp 90605 SaanSoaa53005 Sp. C. perelegans—Forel.

Angles antérieurs du premier noeud fort arrondis. Thorax

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 681

14,

15.

16,

17.

18,

19.

20.

24,

fortewent étranglé ; mésonotum fort convexe ; face basale

du métanotum s’élevant d’avant en arriére et formant avec

le mésonotum un angle rentrant, Téte et thorax irré-

gulicrement ridés, ca et la réticulés...Sp. C. himalayanus—Forel,

Téte densément et finement striée. Thorax ridé en long ..... “

Gecsessiestccube « . Sp. C. Rogenhoferi—Mayr (avec races et variétés.)

Téte assez grossiérement ridée ou ridée-réticulée. Thorax

Prossicrement Teticule) (..Jc.csccesscascesse...cscecese BACONO, ~ecdddo0 15

Robuste, D’un rouge-jaunitre plus vif, avec l’abdomen brun,

L.3,5a6mill. piacesiasseatciened aa sciiesa Sp. C. artifec— Mayr.

Gréle, élancé, Gunes an ae jJaunaire terne. L. 3,54

Asien ees SppbodecoenoacDosesoceccbor Scuneeeo ace the, (OF Dhoni Mage

et var, ustus— Em,

Epines métanotales trés fortes, épaisses, courbées en dedans

En COrneS de VaCheS veeseessssccseeveeres ov «SP. C, Hodgsoni—Forel.

Epines autrement conformées.......sccesressscceresese ecegenecece Sele 17

Kchancrure méso-métanotales trés étroite et profonde, en

fissure transversale. Mésonotum bidenté ou sub-bidenté

GIS A Le igassdpeododuoneds 6 codeca Beceerense .. Sp. C. Wroughtonti—Forel.

Autrement conformé...........00 cecilia Sesdereesse re? ccersecscscecoss ss 18

Métanotum inerme ou a peine tuberculé....... 5p. C. Yappi—Forel.

MEtanotum/6pIneux;.scsce.co-sceecesessesetatecenet erect Bcni8 600000 19

Petites espéces ne dépassant pas 2:5 mill ........... sscccesee-c-ees 20

Especes plus grandes, dépassant en général 3 mill, seules

quelques ouvricres minima descendant rarement 4 2, 8 ou

Meme 2,6) Mill) ose.cecsececsocbes cere eete ne bebio59000' 00 66 43 060000 22

Jaune, Premier nasud du pédicule carré. ‘Second Hoel sans

sillon yeeeseceeen Seivaosscucuencns Sps0000S Sp. C. Biroi—Mayr, (et variétés,)

Brunatre, Premier noeud du pédicule comme chez les espéces

du No, 14. Second nocud avec un sillon médian ....... enacts 21

Massue des antennes de deux articles......... Sp. C. Millardi—Forel.

Massue des antennes de trois articles.........Sp. C. Buddhe—Forel.

Premier article du pédicule rhombiforme, chaque coté for-

mant au milieu l’un des angles. Trés lisse .........0.-4. soraato

Seat ecae hes Moab Gelesan se ansure rontaceteateaecseat: Sp. C, Ransonneti—Mayr.

FANILTE MONG COMLOLMIC es eeeesenceacasdaessesdaccisc cia sces enereccssiescc 23

Epines métanotales trés courtes, presque dentiformes, bien

plus courtes que la moitié de leur intervalle, dirigées en

arriere, Pronotum et mésonotum lisses .........c0000 asescee 24

Epines moyennes ou assez longues, rarement plus courtes et

alors dressées ....... Bi celotoses Rasta Shasdadecannone: Sauoeestaneneeee eases 25

Yeux trés plats. Massue des antennes indistinctement de 2 0u 3

articles, Pronotum sans tubercules, Scapes tres courts,

- nWatteignant pas le bord occipital ........ vee Sp, C. Walsht—Forel,

Yeux plus convexes, Massue distinctement de 3 articles, Le ~

682 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

pronotum & deux tubercules. Le scape attein tle bord

occipital .......... apna eeite didelconnaducsepeasarane dares Sp. C. Sagei—Forel,

25. Thorax lisse. Suture pro-mésonotale obsoléte ; épines

IGhaveAB YES) GSdash: hecdaacnen Syoneoens ob aebcccbsoqnane . Sp. C. Ferrarii—Em.

Thorax presque toujours plus ou moins sculpté. Suture pro-

mésonotale assez distincte. Epines tres variables ........0..

Sdobdeaceccdcdeysetsdneccceinetee: luedindyessesnsisvechce De Con SepOItUsliel—-n Mcvae

(avec ses races et variétés.)

Les especes Kirbyi, Sykes, diffusa, Jerdon, anthracina et apicalis, Smith,

apicalis et brunescens, Motschulsky, deponens, forticula, et pellens, Walker, sont

indéchiffrables et doivent étre, 4 mon avis, laissées de cété comme espéces

douteuses.

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Cr. (Oxygyne) aberrans, Forel,

Thana (Gleadow) e gg.

2, Cr. Rothneyi, Mayr.

Calcutta, Madras (Rothney) ; Siwaliks, Dehra Dun (Smythies) ; Travancore

(Ferguson) ; Poona (Wroughion), &c,, &c,

3. Cr. Rogenhoferi, Mayr.

Trés commun dans l’Inde entiére et 4 Ceylan, aussi en Birmanie et en Assam

S’étend jusqu’ & Singapore et Sumatra.

Var. Cr. flava, Forel,

Assam (Wood Mason); Orissa (Taylor); Kanara (Wroughton) ; Travancore

(Ferguson).

Var, Cr. costulata, Emery.

Birmanie (Fea).

4, Cr, artifex, Mayr,

Teinzer, Birmanie (Fea); Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson); Siam, Annam,

Tres commun a Bangkok,

5, Cr, Dohrnai, Mayr,

Ceylan (Yerbury et autres),

Var. Cr, usta, Emery,

Annam,

6. Cr. Biroi, Mayr.

Ceylan (Madarasz),

7. Cr. subnuda, Mayr.

Calcutta (Rothney, Walsh»; Inde septentrionale (Wroughton) ; Madras

(Rothney) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Ceylan (Yerbury}, &¢,, &c, (Pour les races et

variétés voir formes nouvelles),

8. Cr, inflata, Smith,

Birmanie (Fea).

9, Cr, deformis, Smith,

Birmanie, Ye Valley (Bingham); Moulmain (Hodgson); Siam, Bangkok

(Sigg).

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 683

Race, Cr. physothorax, Emery,

Thagata, Tenasserim (Tea).

10. Cr. Ransonneti, Mayr,

Ceylan (Ransonnet, Yerbury, &c.)

11, Cr, Modiglianti, Emery.

Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson),

Var, Cr, annamita, Emery,

Ataran Valley et Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham),

12, Cr. Yappi, Forel,

Gunong, Malay Peninsula (Yapp).

13, Co, Ferrari, Emery,

Birmanie (Fea),

(Note.—The following species have been recently described by M. Forel in the

“ Revue Suisse de Zoologie,’”—June 1902).

Mie 14, Cr. (Oxygyne) ebenina, Forel.

L. 2 3,4a4 mill, 9 7,448 mill.

Belgaum, Poona, Kanara, Thana (Wroughton, Gleadow),

A Var. Cr, (Oxygyne) corax, Forel,

Q un peu plus petit,

Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson),

15. Cr, (Oxygyne) travancorensis, Forel,

L, 3.43, 5 mill.

Travancore (Ingleby).

16. Cr. (Oxygyne) soror, Forel,

L. 9 3,443,8 mill, 9 4,3 mill,

Poona (Wroughton) ; Bombay (Rothney, variété & pédicule inoins large),

17. Cr, (Oxygyne) Dalyi, Forel,

L, 3,2 4 3, 5 mill. :

Coonoor (Daly).

1, Cr. (Oxygyne) aberrans, Forel.

Var, Cr. (Oxygyne) Inglebyi, Forel,

L, 3,3 4 3,8 mill,

Travancore (Ferguson, Ingleby).

18. Cr, perelegans, Forel.

L. 9 4,345, 3mill. Q 11412 mill,

Poona (Wroughton),

19. Cr, himalayanus, Forel.

L, 4,3 45, 5 mill.

Dharmeala (Fulton) ; Himalaya, 7,000’ (Smythies

2. Cr, Rothneyi, Mayr,

Var, Cr, civa, Forel,

); Mussoorie (Rothney),

L. 3a 4 mill.

Poona (Wroughion),

Cr. Birot, Mayr.

684 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

Var, Cr, Aitkenii, Forel,

L, 1,741, 9 mill.

Kanara (Aitken),

Var. Cr. Smythiesii, Forel,

L.2, 5 mill,

Dehra Dun (Smythies),

20. Cr. Hodgsoni, Forel.

L, 3,443, 8 mill.

Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson),

21. Cr. Saget, Forel.

L, 0 2,824 mill, 9 848, 3 mill.

Dharmsala (Sage) ; N. W. Himalaya, 5000’ (Smythies et Rogers); Dehra

Dun (Smythies).

Var, Cr, levinota, Forel,

Dharmsala (Fulton) ; Pachmari (Schurr).

22. Cr. Walshi, Forel,

L. 2,8 43,5 mill.

Pooree, Bengale (Walsh).

23. Cr, Millardi, Forel,

L,1,9 4 2 mill,

Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson).

24, Cr, Buddhe, Forel.

L, 2, 4 mill.

Himalaya, 4,000’ (Smythies) ; Calcutta (de Nicéville, un exemplaire),

25. Cr. Wroughtonii, Forel,

L. 9 3,425,5 mill, Q 8 mill.

Poona (Wroughton).

17. Cr. subnuda, Mayr.

Var. Cr, politula, Forel,

L. 3, 4.43, 6 mill.

Assam (Smythies).

Var. Cr, ruginota, Forel.

L, 3,4 43, 6 mill.

Bachan (Schurr) ; Barrackpore (Minchin); Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgeom

Race. Cr, rabula, Forel.

L, 3,2 & 4 mill. ;

Poona (Wroughton), Trés répandu dans toute I’Inde, tandis que le type

subnuda se trouve surtout dans le Bengale et vers l’Himalaya,

ay Var. Cr, nilgirica, Forel,

L. 2,6 4 2,9 mill.

Ootacamund, Coonoor (Wroughton).

Var, Cr. Nicévillei, Forel.

L, 2,6 42,9 mill,

Calcutta (de Nicéville),

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 685

Race. Cr. contemta, Mayr.

Toute l'Inde.

Var. Cr. notabilis, Forel,

L. 9 444,5 mill. Q 849 mill,

Poona, Guzerath, Coonoor (Wroughton). Toutes les formes intermédiaires

possibles existent entre les races et varietés du Cr. subnuda, La forme con-

temta, Mayr, ne peut ¢tre maintenue comme espéce Certaines formes du

contemta voisines de rabula, atteignent 4,5 mill, le type de Mayr en avait 3, 1

mill, ,

Tous les Cremastogaster de Inde que je connais ont 11 articles aux anten-

nes.

3 éme Genre Monomorium, Mayr.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Antennes de 10 articles, Pas d’yeux L.1,741,8 mill ...... sees

Scaaaae tsceeterecereerccreereseasenrcerenseersereeeeep, Mf, decamerum—-Emery,

Antennes de 11 ou 12 articles. Des yeux soieceanoat ees ahs Ba ecres 1

WieAntannesidetidilarticlesmese-ccccesee eee eee Bicueeeseeens Muesuaeeee 2

Anitennes de 12 articles

COC 0CODOD cess ree+ coscsces Baerccve Pecesoes ences 3

2. L.1,5 mill, D’un jaune brundtre, Téte seulement un pen

plus longue que large, A cotés faiblement convexes, Pétio-

le du premier noeud distinct. Plus robuste ...... ead

tetentrssecereerecreeseeees OD, Df. orientale—Mayr,

i, 1, 23 a 1, 3 mill, Du un jaune sale Tete en rectangle allongé,

d’un boa cinquiéme plus longue que large. ‘I'rés gréle,

Premier noeud conique, a peine pétiolé .. Sp. . atomus—Forel,

et var. integrius—Forel.

3. Hohansrure méso-métanotale profonde, plutét étroite, ab-

rupte, étranglant le thorax. Métanotum subcubique, 4 face

basale subplane, rectangulaire

Autrement conformé

M2 2e BOTS ce ceasrorencoercccees eccee 4

teSceegasece 5

4, L, 3,6 & 4 mill. Monomorphe, Métanotum subdenté,

Premier noeud extrémement élevé et subsquamiforme...

et ee Le Ys

Seareseeeccegese@e 2: coeveoouses

san teeveercsess...ceesOp. WM. aberrans—Forel.

L.1,5 a 3 mill, Assez dimorphe, Métanotum sans dents,

Premier noeud épais, plutét bas......... Sp. 1. gracillimum—S8m,

steers seesenceeseeeeseescessee Cb Var Mayri—Forel,

5. Noeuds du pédicule trés larges, bien plus larges que longs,

Thorax 4 peine échancré, L, 2, 5 a 3, 4 mill

COP ee eee ee ey

-@0eceese 200002100

ceecee Peecoscer GT OSle Cg GPa BEreerca: seccseoseces aera see Sp. i, latinode—Mayr,

et var, brunneum—Emery,

Noeuds du pédicule plus étroits........ ....cc.cc0 mivesnsarcocee's paren 6

6, Jaune ou d’un jaune rougedtre avec l’abdomen noir ou brun

et une tache jaune 4 sa base ........ eatuadsutousanes dcseacsesrecits 7

Autrement coloré -.........-seccccessecceasees, A eeocuce

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

7. Luisant et lisse. L. 1,843 mill. Assez dimorphe .......... ee

coancieceeneieeesnocas Aecel) -dobriconddccasoonoacboacisy Os All destructor —Jerdon,

Téte et thorax mats, d'un jaune rougedtre, Abdomen luisant,

a tache de la base d’un jaune clair. Monomorphe. L, 1,5 a

yO NU Coat aensve Recsrecuecchanecseaee ce eee do! Sp. I. dichroum—Forel.

8. Assez abondamment poilu et pubescent. Téte et thorax

finement striés ; front, vertex, et en partie le thorax plus

on moins lisses, Pro-mésonotum convexe; échancrure

meésométanotale faible .. ..............seces0e Sp. UW. Emeryi—Mayr.

race levior—Mayr.

Pubescence et pilosite éparses. Téte et pro-mésonotum ou

bien lisse ou bien enticrement sculptés et mats .....,..c..c000 9

9. Téte et pro-mésonotum lisses et Inisants .........s.ccceceeees Sadps6 10

Téte et pro-mésonotum mats, finement sculptés...,o......2+0-00- 12

10, Téte, abdomen et massue des antennes brundtres. Le reste

jaune pale, L.1,5 41,7 mill, Tres monomorphe, Profil

du thorax sur le méme plan, peu échancré .............000eer0e

Saehoasesceccscpessere Saeumeneen Aner evs ceereseeeee. OP. WV, floricola—Jerdon

Autrement coloré ......... sadeasastiiasccacceneouni te sngg0900009 Sees 11

11) Noir) 254923 oil Loutilevcorps luisaniyesrssesee cee

BOBS HOOCHECICER ALOUD CE OOGOnOGD SCHOOIOOEOTONION Sp. MW. carbonarium—Sm,

D’un jaune sale. L.1,5 mill, Des fossettes espacées sur la

téte ; métanotum subdenté, avec un sillon médian...... wopee:

Meduicgisdenstee rosostueceeeecaeyaacesce stedesavecene Sp. MU. fossulatum—Em.

L. 2,242,4 mill, D’un jaune clair, Métanotum et cétés

du mésonotum mats, réticulés-ponctués. Gréle, Hchan-

crure méso-métanotale assez forte...... weep. UW, Sazei—Forel.

12. Téte densément striée en long, pronotum en travers, Méta-

notum bituberculé. Téte et corps nullement déprimés,

L, 2,2 4 2, 4 mill. Brun, Abdomen lisse...Sp. M. Schurri—Forel.

Téte réticulée-ponctuée et en outre striée, Téte et corps un peu

déprimés, D’un brun noirdtre. Membres jaunatres.

Mat, sauf les 2 postérieurs de labdomen, L. 2 a 2, 2 mill

Sooeeonacosionouoede Pareeeece sassecktenieee Bapeceee Sp. IU. Wroughtonii—Forel,

Téte et thorax sans stries, seulement réticulés-ponctués.

Téte et corps nullement déprimés ...........0+ svereroeepeneonte 13

13, D’un jaune pale. Abdomen un peu bruni derriére, luisant.

Up, PEW, By cea ers eS eae sensed weveeseosceuene Sp. YU Pharaonis—L,

Rouges ou bruns, Plus grands.............. Gcanacuch oiamecacsteas 14

14, Abdomen lisse, Face basale du métanotum plane, allongée,

rectangulaire. Echancrure abrupte. Scape dépassant

fortement l’occiput. L. 2,542, 7 mill ..... Sp. WM. Longi—Forel.

Abdomen, au moins en partie, réticule-ponctué-et mat, Face

bassle du métanotum covexe. Hchancrure passant par

une courbe au métanotum ...... Reneensecespeceresteemeseeeeeme weston nil

LES FORMICIDES DE L-EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 687

15, Téte fortement échanerée derriére. D’un roux vif, avec

Vabdomen noiratre, L, 2,5 4 3, 2 mill......Sp. M. bicolor—Emery,

Téte faiblement échancrée derriére ; brun, avec le thorax

ferrugineux, Li. 2,5 4 3,6 mill......... Sp. M, Salamonis—L.

Race indicum, Forel,

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Mon, decamerum, Emery.

Ceylan (Horn).

2, Mon, orientale, Mayr,

Calcutta (Rothney); Orissa (Taylor); Belgaum Inde septentrionale

(Wroughton) ; Himalaya du Nord-ouest (Smythies),

3. Mon. fossulatum, Emery.

Rangoon, Birmanie (Fea).

4, Mon, carbonarium, Smith,

Trevandrum (Ferguson),

5. Mon. floricola, Jerdon.

Repandu dans I’Inde enticre. .

6, don, Pharaonis, L.

Cosmopolite, Repandu dans tous les ports, &c,

7. Mon, destructor, Jerdon.

=vastator, Sm.—basale, Sm.),

Répandu dans les maisons de I’Inde entiére ; aide, avec les rats i repandre

la peste.

8. Mon. bicolor, Emery,

Inde (d’aprés Emery, dans le catalogue Dalla Torre),

9. Mon, gracillimum, Smith.

Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham) ; Birmanie (Watson)

10. Mon. latinode, Mayr,

Assam (Long); Bombay, Poona (Wroughton); Barrackpore (Rothney) ;

Orissa (Taylor) ; Kanara (Wroughton) ; Inde centrale (Betham), &e.

Var Mon, brunneum, Emery,

Ceylan (Simon),

11. Mon. Emeryi, Mayr.

Race Mon. levior, Mayr,

Ceylan (Madarasz),

(Note.—The following species have been recently described by M. Forel in the

“ Revue Suisse de Zoologie” —June 1902,

12, Mon, Wroughtonii, Forel.

Poona, Kanara, &c, (Wroughton),

13, Mon. aberrans, Forel,

Pachmari, Inde centrale (Schurr),

14. Mon. atomus, Forel.

Orissa (Taylor); Assam (Smythies) ; Poona (Wroughton) ; Calcutta

(Rothney).

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Var. Won, integrius, Forel.

Différe de la forme typique par son échancrure méso-métanotale plus

faible.

it, Wh amlll, OD, 2 ceri

Nord-ouest de l'Himalaya (Smythies) ; Poona (Wroughton).

15. Mon, Saget, Forel,

Dharmsala (Sage).

16, Mon. Longi, Forel.

Garo Hills, Assam (Long).

17. Mon, Schurri, Forel,

L, “© 2,242,4 mill, 9 3,7 mill,

Pachmari (Schurr),

18. Mon. dichroum, Forel,

L. @ 1,522,5 mill, Q 4 mill.

Bombay, Belgaum, Poona (Wroughton) ; Coonoor (Daly).

Mon, Salomonis, L.

Race. Mon. indicum, Forel.

L, 0 2,523,6mill, Q7A8mill, g 646,5 mill.

Repandu dans |’ Inde entiére,

deme Genre, CARDIOCONDYLA, Emery.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Suture pro-mésonotale fortement imprimée, formant une im-

pression du dos du thorax. Métanotum fort convexe,

Epines un qeu plus longues que leur intervalle. Entiére-

ment d’un jaune rougedtre clair, mat. Abdomen noir,

Inisanta dae Se emul eee. Bee iene Sp. C. Wroughtonii—Forel,

Suture pro-mésonotale faible ou nulle, Métanotum pen con-

vexe, Epines plus courtes que leur intervalle, denti-

formes, Brunes, ou d’un rouge brun, ou de la couleur de

la Wrowghtonit. .....scccrseree secscecssscecereerecseercececconccesccwan 1

1. Thorax et pédicule mats, densément sculptés, Brune,

avec abdomen noirdtre; massue des antennes brune,

Premier noeud du pédicule a peine plus élevé que le

second, Ce dernier au moins 2% fois plus large que le

pLemiors lal ssa, Did ml... cscsuee sec jdeaiseecs Sp. C, nuda—Mayjr.

Pédicule et thorax luisants, le premier lisse, le second a fine

sculpture espacée, Premier noeud bien plus élevé que le

second. Ce dernier 4 peine 2 fois plus large que le pre-

mier. D’un rouge brundtre. Abdomen et massue des

antennes bruns, L, 2,1 a 2, 4 mill.........-.. Sp. C, parvinoda—Forel,

Couleur de la Wrouwghtonii, Massue des antennes brune, moins

mate. Sculpture et forme plus semblables 4 celle de la

nuda, L.1, 5a 1,7 mill cco. ... s,s e- neers eves SP. C, Emeryi—Forel,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 689

LIsTE DES ESPECES,

1, Cardiocondyla Wroughtonii, Forel,

on Assez fortement échancré, l’occiput a un sillon median quise continue

dans le sillon frontal, Second noeud du pédicule deux fois plus large que

le premier Assez grossiérement réticulée ef finement réticulée-ponctuée en

outre. Antennes de 12 articles.

@- Aptére, ergatomorphe. Antennes de 11 articles, Mandibules trés

longues, arquées, et pointues. D’un jaune yale uniforme. Métanotum

bidenté. Mésonotum avec une expansion latérale. LL. 1,7 mill.

Q@. Ailée, Ailes courtes, hyalines, 4 nervures atrophiées. Du reste comme

louvriére, mais l’abdomen d’un brun plus clair [, 2 mill,

Poona (Wroughton, dans les feuilles d’ Eugenia jambolana); Bhavnagar

(Rothney).

2, Cardiocondyla Emeryi, Forel.

Poona (Wroughton) ; Coonoor (Daly).

3. Cardiocondyla nuda, Mayr.

Poona (Wroughton) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Barrackpore (Rothney) ; Garo Hills,

Assam (Long),

4, Cardiocondyla parvinoda, Forel,

L. © 2,1432,4 mill, © 4,5 mill,

Poona (Wroughton).

5eme Genre, SOLENOPSIS, Westwood.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

L, 2,5 45,8 mill, Trés dimorphe, ) maxima a grosse téte,

Téte lisse, ponctuée, Une dent tout au bas du mésonotum,

devant, D’un roux jaunatre, poilu........ ...9p. S. geminata—Fab,

Race rufa.—Jerdon,

L. 1,3 41,4 mill. Monomorple, Courte, robuste, Téte ridée

devant et sur les cétés, avec des aspérités au vertex,

Mate ou subopaque, sauf l’abdomen et le second noeud,

Yeux nuls, ou d'une seule facette. Palpes maxillaires

d’un seul article, Jaundtre.............. Sp. S. Wroughtoniti—F orel.

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Solenapsis geminata, Fab.

Race. Solenopsis rufa, Jerdon,

Tres commune daus toute Inde. Toujours d’un roux jaundtre; jamais

brune. Se distingue en outre de la forme américaine par la dent inferieure

du mésonotum,

2. Solenopsis, Wroughtoni, Forel.

Espece tres aberrante,

Orissa (Taylor),

Seme Genre, OLIGOMYRMEX, Mayr,

Note.—Reeently described in “ Revue Suisse de Zoologie,”” June 1902,

Tovtes les especes de l’Inde étant nouvelles, et Vouvriere n’étant connue

690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

que chez |’ asinus, un tableau synoptige est superflu.

“

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Oligomyrmew asinus, Forel,

Ibi, ©), maxima 2,544 mill. ©. minima 141,1 mill. Q 4,5 mill.

Orissa (Taylor).

2. Oligomyrmex raja, Forel.

L. 9 5 a5, 5 mill:

Province du Nord-ouest de 1’Inde (Smythies).

3. Oligomyrmesr Leei, Forel.

L. 9 7a8mill,

Mysore (Lee),

4, Oligomyrmee bengalensis, Forel.

L. 9 5,5 mill, @ 4,3 mill.

Barrackpore (Rothney).

5. Oligomyrmex Rothneyt, Forel,

L. 9 343,3 mill, $343,4 mill, —

Barrackpore (Rothney).

7éme Genre, PHEIDOLOGETON, Mayr.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

Complétement dimorphe (g et ¢}. Métanotum inerme. L. o

1, 2a 1, BS ml. ie eevesccvcevese-- OP. (Aneleus)) simeles—Mayire

Incomplétement dimorphe. Métanotum épineux...... Seuldawseesesae 1

1. Base de l’abdomen densément striée, L. 5 4 8 mill...... BAEROECAO

SneoocHnOsEGEOS te60 Eiseicnese ale etc au dae tne o.. Sp. Ph, stlenus—Sm,

Base de abdomen non Striée ......sescosceereeseeceere edepiesbuacwensweonees z

2, L. 2,5 & 14,5 mill, Yeux assez gros, convexes, avec de

nombreuses facettes chez la 9 minima, Epines du mé-

tanotum longues, plus longues que leur intervalle chez la

To) minima, Téte de la ze} maxima carrée, un peu plus

large que longue, large de plusde4mill L. 9 16a17

TU ave cwasacerte cst wenaucsuacten abet cmeetnnecaen nen Sp. Ph. diversus—Jerdon,

Téte dela 9 avec des rides transversales, concaves en arricre,

Belocelpmiely. 14m ee. coscerceverseme ee var. Ph, taprobane—Sm.

Plus petits. Yeux petits, reduits a 2 ou 4 facettes chez la xo}

minima, Téte plus longue que large. Epines métanotales

courtes, plus courtes que leur intervalle chez la rol minima 3

3L.1,8a9 mill, Chez la 9 minima le pronotum a des angles

arrondis, les épines sont dentiformes et Je pro-mésonotum

est faiblement convexe ....<..-..........0.cerseqe Sp. Ph. nanus—Roger.

L,2a10,5 mill. Chez la @ minima le pronotum est arrondi,

non anguleux et les épines sont plus longues que chez le

nanus;le pro-mésonotum est fertement convexe. Téte

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 691

de la © maxima rectangulaire, bien plus longue que iarge ;

son abdomen a de gros points .............4+ Sp. Ph. affinis—Jerdon,

Note,—L’ouvriere du Ph, lamellifrons est inconnue. Sa 9.L, 4,5 44,6

mill, se distingue par ses arétes frontales dilatées en lamelles,

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1, Pheidologeton laellifrons, Forel.

Belgaum (Wroughton),

2. Pheidologeton silenus, Smith,

Ceylau (d’apres Mayr).

3. Pheidologeton nanus, Roger.

Ceylan (Roger, Madarasz, Dr. Horn),

4, Pheidologeton affinis, Jerdon.

Poona, Kanara (Wroughton); Pondichery (André) ; Barrackpore, Travan-

core (Rothney) ; Calcutta (Coll de Saussure, Wood-Mason, Rothney) ; Assam

(Long) ; Ceylan (Yerbury, &c.) ; Hong Kong (Ris); Nigri-Sombilant, Malacca

(Rev. Martin).

5, Pheidologeton diversus, Jerdon.,

Belgaum, Poona, 8. Konkan (Wroughton); Calicut, Barrackpore, Tra-

vancore (Rothney) ; Travancore (Ferguson, Ingleby) ; Inde centrale

(Betham) ; Birmanie (Bingham, Hodgson, Fea) ; Kanara (Aitken) ; Bombay

(Hoogwerf) ; Hong Kong (Ris) ; Himalaya (Smythies),

Var. Pheidologeton taprobane, Smith,

Cey'an (d’aprés Smith, Horn),

6. Pheidologeton (Aneleus) similis, Mayr.

Kar Nicobar (Novara Expedition),

8eme Genre, CAREBARA, Westwood,

1. Carebara lignata, Westwood,

ior Jaune pale, Luisante, inerme, avengle. Antennes de 9 articles.

L, 2 42,5 mill,

Q. D’un roux brundtre. Ailes enfumées de méme couleur, Luisante

inerme. Antennes de 19 articles, L,. 20 mill.

& Mandibules armées de 6 dents. D’un roux pale, ala fois jaunatre et

brundtre. Ailes comme chez la 9. Finement pubescent, Antennes de 13

articles. LL. 12 mill.

Birmanie (Bingham) ; Rangoon, Birmanie (Fea).

Les genres Oligomyrmex et Carebara sont pour ainsi dire identiques, sauf le

nombre des articles des antennes chez la Q qui est de 9 chez les Oligomyrmex

et de 10 chez les Carebara.

Chez les genres suivants, tres voisins, le nombre des articles des antennes

est :—

Aromyrmex eo LO Oly ails.

Oligomyrmes “o Sow9 Od Gils:

Pheidologeton O19 11, B13.

692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

Solenopsis oi TORO ale le

Carebara Oo) © 10. 4 38,

Diplomorium roy ile Qe stake

Rhopalomastix ©) INL

Melissotarsus Q 6.

Tous ces genres, qui forment le groupe principal auxmoeurs Jestobiotiques,

ont la massue des antennes de 2 articles sauf chez la Q des Diplomorium et

la nervure transverse s’unissant au rameau cubital externe, Cependant les

grands Pheidologeton et quelques Solenopsis ont positivement d’autres moeurs,

9eme Genre. RHOPALOMASTIX, Forel.

Trés voisin du genre Solenopsis; ce genre sen distingue surtont par son

épistome, l’absence de cellule cubitale, la cellule radiale fermée, et 1’épaisseur

de tout sont funicule formant une seule massue sauf le premier article,

Cuisses renflées, pattes tres courtes, crochets des tarses simples.

1. Rhopalomastix Rothneyi, Forel.

Epistome convexe, nullement bicaréné, faiblement subtronqué devant au

milieu, terminé devant au milieu, par une petite dent avancée, &c., &c,

Barrackpore (Rothney).

10eme Genre. HoLcoMyrMeEx, Mayr.

‘

TABLEAUX DES OUVRIERES.

Epistome sans dents, L,5 a6 mill................6 Sp. A. muticus—Emer~

Les carenes de l’épistome terminées devant par deux dents ... 1

{, Téte et thorax mats, densément striés-rugeuXx............seeceees .

Sp. H. scabriceps—Mayyr,

Téte lisse, luisante, plus ou moins ponctuée ...... - 1.1... seseeevee 2

2, Téte pubescente et poilue, avec une ponctuation abondante

et forte. Rougeatre ; téte et abdomen bruns............

585 EB b00000000) Cena EOO HORE OL EaCHIDCOcUcHoa00NG0o, ofSooKen 40 tIO4 VEL, GrauOgDo—Nilagi.

Noir ; membres roussatres.......... coat fe ... «- Var, H, niger—Forel.

Rouge clair ; abdomen brun ...... euesitdoe meas .. var, H. ruber—Forel.

Téte presque glabre, avec une ponctuation fine et éparse. Noir

SEROSCEECAND Sac oISOGBEOSEO cHEEHoAMIBBRAECOSAOLCOnOD HecoHacd accoats\is Jal, alana vag line.

Rouge clair, membres jaunes, abdomen brun...... var. H, clarus—Forel.

LIsTH DES ESPECES.

1, Holcomyrmex muticus, Emery.

Minhla, Birmanie (Comotto),

2. Holcomyrmex scabriceps, Mayr,

Trés répandu dans tout le continent indien, de Bombay a Calcutta, et du

pied de |’ Himalaya a la pointe sud de la péninsule.

3. Holcomyrmex glaber, André.

Méme répartition que le précédent et eu outre Ceylan (Yerbury).

Var. Holcomyrmex clarus, Forel,

L, 2,5 mill,

| LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 693

Poona (Wroughton) ; Sivaliks (Smythies) ; Wallon (Heim),

4, Holcomyrmex criniceps, Mayr

Méme répartition que le glaber.

Var. Holcomyrmea ruber, Forel.

Ceylan (Yerbury).

Var. Holcomyrmex niger, Forel,

L. 5,7 mill,

Kanara (Aitken), Poona (Wroughton).,

Holcomyrmex glabro-criniceps, Forel,

Variété hybride.

Kanara (Wroughton, Bell) ; Bombay (Rothney),

Holcomyrmex crinicipito-scabriceps, Forel.

Variéte du scabriceps qui passe au criniceps,

Mysore (Rothney) ; Pooree (Walsh).

lleme Genre. STENAMMA, Westwood,

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Ouvriére tres dimorphe, la grande ol a grosse et large téte.

Mandibules épaisses, courtes et fortement courbées, Mo-

CUTS STAMIVOLFES .......00: Secstcars

©. 189 60,08 «+ tessealOseee -e8000.00 1

(S. G. Messor.)

Ouvriere monomorphe, Mandibules peu courbées, plus longues,

monvepatsses. Moeurs} carnivores) .-ssces secre cere eee “neo 2

1, Entiérement noir. Tres rugeux (les noeuds aussi) ; abdo-

men lisse. Métanotum fortement bidenté. Des soies blan-

chatres, Suture pro-mésonotale fortement enfoncées, L.

CH 0s UO) vail Pea ees seadesneOieeenaSecoe so Saccdoae meccdssncadeucne

Dee acrsds dictate Sp. S. barbarum—L. race, himalayanum—Forel.

Téte et thorax rougeadtres, abdomen brun. Téte luisante, faible-

Orcceve

ment striée, ayec de gros points enfoneés & occiput,

Métanotum avec deux élévations longitudinales en arétes,

Noeudsplisses) |) Laas 2rarSimilll seers. sees ne eee sealcciainer

BSA BOARS DO ESSE PRIeD Sp. S, barbarum—L var. punctatum—Forel,

Téte ferrugineuse ; thorax plus foncé ; abdomen noir. Téte et

thorax striés; noeuds rugeux; metanotum mutique,

Le Ovard mill’ (apres) Smith) <sstaseee en ss.c- cs eeneces meceeese

SSCA CE SEARO C ROCHE E EERE Sp. S. barbarum—L. var. instabile—Sm,

2. Téte rétrécie derriére en forme de cou étranglé ..<.........-.... 3

(S. G. IscoNoMyRMEX—Mayr.)

Hate teine: forme: paside conkderricre Gee jones) ceteseaee seh cccse ssc. 5

(S. G. APH@NoGAsTER—Mayr.)

3. Joues sans caréne. Entiérement lisse, L. 4,5 mill .....

Sofnoo8de segEbReeEoGEaS } ondodsoomts Sxdeedecoba aia | Ns} ont SH ibnevessesmiti

Une ee carene blige Sant des joues borde la fossette

antennaire en dedans des yeux ........ Mois snaet ceebees runes setae 4

694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

4, U7 8 mill. Métanotum ridé en travers, Corps et mem-

bres converts de soies brunes ...... L ouases Sp. S. Beccarii—Emery,

L..5 mill, Métanotum lisse, Poils plus fins, roux-jaundatre.

peeisaee eee uetaacissseescalcees:-eeseesreecacsanesteesmtnte nase o Dol Os CCL Mme nye

5, Noir:luisant. Téte grossierement striée. Robuste. L. 3

Py nce) TEN Goocecacaboossa rocugdae canateoccooews chad Sp. S. Sagei—Forel.,

Brun, Téte autrement sculptée. Moins robuste ............s00--000 6

6. ‘Téte non rétrécie derricre les yeux, avec un bord postérieur

distinct ; elle est luisante, assez lisse, parfois en partie ridée,

Un bourrelet devant le mésonotum, L. 4 a 5,3 mill.

seh Macenwarecasaes seesecetusshesSse-e eae sey ES D(a INNeUL Leste = wR ORC lee

Epines Aeatoon TRIS) JOR EAsccd o nosesSnosencose var, prudens—Forel.

Téte plus ou moins rétrécie derriére les yeux, sans bord postéri-

eur bien distinct..............- sae aeceasadoeticss Se reiiee sytevenissee 7

7. ‘Téte faiblement rétrécie derriére les yeux formant un bord

postérieur indistinct, mais differant du bord articulaire,

moins @’ 12 fois plus longue que large. Téte et thorax

mats, finement réticulés-ponctués, I. 4 mill. Sp. S. Schurri—¥orel,

Téte 13 fois plus longue que large, fortement rétrécie derriére

les yeux, le bord articulaire formant seul le bord postérieur 8

8. Une eréte transversale devant le mésonotum, IL, 55 mill,

Tres gréle, Luisant, Téte faiblement sculptée devant.

Pronotum sans tubercules... ...... ... Sp. S. eristatum—Forel.

Pas de créte transversule au mésonotum, L. 5,54 6,5 mill, Unpeu

moins gréle, Deux tubercules obtus au pronotum, ‘'Téte

et thorax subopaques, réticulés---ponctUes ..........esceeeeceee

Peace Ucisasuuaccosenacissdevtsisne see eresseereeseeree Ps S, Rothneyi—Vorel.

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Stenamma (Messor) barbarum, L.

Var. S, (Messor) instabile, Smith

( = Alta instabilis, Smith.)

Inde septentrionale (d’aprés Smith, Cat. B. M. 1858).

Var. S. (Messor) punctatum, Forel.

Mussooree (Rothney) ; Bulandshaar, N.-W. P. (Smythies) ; Dehra Dun

(Gleadow) ; Pachmari (Schurr) ; Rai Bareilly (Simpson) ; Mt. Abu, Thana

(Gleadow).

2. S. (Ischnomyrmex), Becarii, Emery.

Belgaum, Poona, S. Konkan (Wroughton) ; Kanara (Aitken); Bombay

(Hoogwerf).

3. S. (schnomyrmex) longipes, Smith.

Kaw Kareet, Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea) ; Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson).

4, SS. (Ischnomyrmex) Fee, Emery.

Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea) ; Assam (Smythies).

Note—La Stenamma didita, Walker, est indéchiffrable et doit étre mise

au rebut,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 695

(The following forms have been recently described in the “ Revue Suisse de

Zoologie,’ June 1902.)

S. (Messor) barbarum, L.

Race, S, (Messor) himalayanum, Forel.

L. 94,2 210 mill. Q 12,5 13 mill, g 9 mill, Tres répandu dans

! Himalaya, Dharmsala (Sage, Fulton) ; Cachemire (de Lotbiniére) ; Mussoo-

ree (Rothney) ; Tons Valley, 3500’, N.-W. Himalaya (Smythies) ; Panjale,

5000’ (Sage).

(A part cette race je nai regu de l’ Inde jusqu’ici que la variété punctatum,

Forel, Une forme intermédiaire entre elles deux a été recoltée 4 Pachmari

par, M. Schurr, S, punctato-himalayanum,)

5, S, (Aphenogaster) Saget, Forel,

L. 95 a 5,8 mill, 9 6 mill, # 5,3 mill. Lahoal, fronticre de Thibet (Sage).

6, S. (Aphenogaster) Smythiesi, Forel,

L,425,3 mill. 9 7 mill, ¢ 4 mill, Himalaya 8,000’ & 9,000’ (Smythies) ;

Mussooree (Rothney) ; Katta Pum, N.-W, Himalaya (Wood Mason) : Deoban

(Smythies,) &c.

7. S. (Aphenogaster) Schurri, Forel,

L. Q 4 mill.

Pachmari (Schurr, un seul exemplaire),

8, S. (Aphenogasier) Rothneyi, Forel,

L. 5, 5 4 6, 5 mill,

Mussooree (Rothney) ; Pachmari (Schurr),

9, S. (Aphenogaster) cristatus, Forel.

L. 5, 5, Cette forme n’est peutétre qu’une race du Rothneyi.

Dharmsala (Sage).

126me Genre LOPHOMYRMEX, Emery,

TABLEAUX DES OUVRIERES,

Pronotum inerme, simplement bordé...... Sauencneeses Sp. L. Bedotzx—Emery.

Pronotum armé de deux larges dents, aussi larges que longues

Sp. L. quadrispinosus—Jerdon,

ececorsgoesone G@oavveerce Geeccoe eesccscce @Orxceree0ee00aee000

Plus gréle, Pronotum armé de deux courtes épines, plus longues

que larges......+ papoboo SECO BACOOCEOUEO SUSOEHOGE Sp. L. birmanus—Emery.

LISTE DES ESPECES.

1. Lophomyrmex Bedoti, Emery.

Dehra Dun (Smythies).

2, Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus, Jerdon.

Siwaliks (Rogers) ; Poona, Bombay, Belgaum, Kanara (Wroughton);

Assam (Smythies) ; 8. Konkan (Wroughton) ; Barrackpore (Rothney) ; Orissa

(Taylor) ; Calcutta (de Nicéville) ; Ceylan (Simon).

3. Lophomyrmea birmanus, Emery.

Carin, Cheba, 500 & 1,000 metres (Fea),

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V,

13eme Genre, ACANTHOMYRMEX, Emery.

1. Acanthomyrmex luciole, Emery.

Dimorphisme complet, L’ouvriere a quatre immenses épines au thorax et

la téte profondément échancrée derricre, Le ¢ n’a

et a une téte de Pheidole. L Q,3,5 mill, , 4 mill.

Kandy, Celyon (Simon,)

pas d’épines au pronotum

ld4eme Genre, PristomyrmEx, Mayr,

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

L, 2,6 mill, Brun. Pronotum mutique. Métanotum avec deux

longues épines, Dos du thorax sub déprimé. Grossiére-

ment réticulé. Pédicule et abdomen lisse. Pétiole du

premier noeud Court... . ..crcerccerereseesseeee-p. P, pungens—Mayr.

L. 3,544 mill, D’un roux assez vif. Pronotum et métanotum

armés de petites épines recourbées en avant et subégales,

cellesdu pronotum plutét plus longues, Pétiole du premier

noeud bien plus long, Sculpture analogue 4 celle du

PUNGENG sseacsceese teveereeerees sieeeseee OP. P, brevispinosus—Hmery,

Race—sulcatus—Emery.

LISTE DES ESPECES.

1. Pristomyrmex pungens, Mayr.

Ceylan, Malacca (d’aprés, Mayr),

2, Pristomyrmex brevispinosus, Emery,

Race—P. sulcatus, Emery,

Teinzo, Birmanie, Carin Uheba, 5004 1,000 metres (Fea),

Le P, brevispinosus, est de Sumatra,

1l5eme Genre, Myraica, Latr.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Noeuds du pédicule bas et allongés, bien plus longs que larges,

Epines extrémement longues, plus longues que le métano-

tum, Des épines métasternales..........c0+sssseees cuodeaschootn 53 1

Noeuds du pédicule de forme ordinaire, au moins aussi larges que

longs. Epines plus courtes que le métanotum, Pas d’épines

métasternales ....... Sne'eesewanscciveciecte nese deere ebae dudeasienunte 00 2

1, Téte régulierement et grossi¢rement striée-ridée, L, 4, 3 a6

MU reece veccee sess

SCHOOL EOIAOL, © cHeChd adasocboates Sp. M. Rite—Emery.

Téte irregulierement ridée,en partie réticulée, L, 5,5 mill..... :

Soasonisnoccusqnecttona strecreereeressessesseereeres OP. AZ, Margarite—Hmery.

2, Shemitet noeud du pédicule longuement pétiolé, Epines

longues, sub verticales. Pronotum et mésonotum trans-

versalement ridés. L. 5, 2 mill............ atenene Sp. 4. Ineze—Forel,

Premier noeud du pédicule bri¢vement petiolé, Epines obliques

(sauf chez la race carbonaria), Thorax réticulé ou ridé en

POND’... ditcesecsocucecsecesspssecudaftcs cer caveen dere. Ce hd eeeveesencce 3

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 697

3. Nosuds du pédicule, ou au moins le second, lisses et luisants.. 4

Noeuds du pédicule rugeux . pace ceeecc peed pawsecce yeceves 5

4, Epines fortes, comme des épines ae rosier, Taree a la base,

pointues al’extrémité, Rougedtre, L. 4,5 45 mill, ........

..9p. HM. rubra, L.

Race, Jevinodis—Nyl.

Epines courtes et étreites. D’un brun jauniatre sale. Des poils

obliques aux tibias. L. 3,344 mill......... Sp. M. thibetana—Mayr.

5. Epines fortes, seulement un pen plus courtes que la face

basale, Densément rugeuse et assef mate sauf labdomen,

Une forte pilosité dressée oblique aux tibias et aux scapes.

Wevona Ovemill cecenesss tee cuca ccechienecnaeseseesent es Sp. 4, rugosa—Mayr,

Epines un peu plus courtes que leur intervalle. L.4, 2a5mill,

Seat eseenatahecsercssdtestcceeerocecesoason-sscslectcarcesnes Var. debilior—Forel,

Epines plus courtes, oils des tibias subadjacents, L, 3,4 44,5

111 raceceoncGoccon Sa Hon onEBeceosbooudLod conodonpoosndodabe [eqclnnodbebucogsosod 6

6. Brunclair, un peu sale. Luisante, Sculpture plus faible.

Premier noeud coutt....... Bb oeanaadnborconboooctons Sp. M. Smythiesti—Forel.,

Noire. Sculpture plus forte, comme chez la rugosa. Premier

noeud plus allongé. Epines trés courtes....... Var. ruvestris—Forel.

Noire ; trés mate. Plus gréle, Epines gréles, plus longues que

leur intervalle, assez dressées (4 45 dégrés), Thorax moins

profondément échancré........-ee0--- w+ ---Race carbonaria—Forel,

LIsTE DES ESPECES.

1, Myrmica rubra, L,

Race Myrmica levinodis, Nyl,

Cachemire (de Lotbiniere),

2. Myrmica Rite, Emery,

Mt. Mooleyit, 1,000 4 1,900 metres, Tenasserim (Fea).

3. Myrmica Margarite, Kmery.

Mt. Mooleyit, 1,000 4 1,900 métres, Tenasserim (Fea).

4, Myrmica rugosa, Mayr.

N. W. Himalaya. 6,000’ (Wood-Mason) ; Darjeeling (Christie); Mus-

sooree (Rothney) ; Pachmari (Schurr); Deoban, N. W, Himalaya,

8,500 (Smythies),

5, Myrmica thibetana, Mayr.

Thibet. (J'ai compris cette espéce dans la faune de I’Inde, lors méme

qu'elle n’a pas été prise encore dans 1’Inde proprement dite, parcequ’

elle se trouve sur la frontiére et confine 4 la Smythiesiz),

(Note.—The following forms have been recently described in the “ Revue

Suisse de Zoologie,? June 1902),

6. Myrmica Inese, Forel.

L. 5, 2 mill.

Pachmari (Schurr, un seul exemplaire).

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

7, Myrmica Smythiesii, Forel.

L. 3, 4 4 4, 5 mill,

Diverses localités de Himalaya de 7,000’ 412,000’ (Smythies, Gamble),

Var. Myrmica rupestris, Forel,

Ekra Peak, 9,500’, N. W. Himalaya (Smythies),

Race. MWyrmica carbonaria, Forel.

L, 4 mill.

Pachmari (Schurr, un seul exemplaire),

4, Myrmica rugosa, Mavr.

Var. Myrmica debilior, Forel.

Himalaya (Smythies); Darjeeling 3'00’ 4 8000’ (Wroughton); Inde

septentrionale (Wroughton); Deota (Smythies); Mysore (Rothney) ;

Kumaon (Schlagintweit).

Les Myrmica agilis, bidentata, breviceps, cursor humilis, luctuosa, et

rugifrons de Smith, ceca de Jerdon, consterneus de Walker, obscurata et palli-

nodes de Motschulsky sont des espéces indéchitirables, qui, en grande partie,

appartienment a d’autres genres et doivent étre laissées de cot.é

16eme Genre, LuprorHorax, Mayr,

Aucune espéce de ce genre n’avait été trouvée en Inde jusqu’ ici, Tl est

inntile de dresser un tableau pour les quatre espéces nouvelles qui suivent,

dont lune (Zaylor?) est le géant du genre et une autre (énermis) distincte de

toutes par son manque d’épines,

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Leptothorax Taylori, Forel,

L. & Smill. 9 8 mill.

Orissa uZayice); ; Barrackpore (Rothney).

2. Leptothorax Fulton, Forel,

L. 2,743, 4 mill—Extrémement voisin de loraniensis. Forel.

Dharmsala (Fulton).

3. Leptothorax inermis, Forel.

L. 4 mill.

Dharmsala (Sage, un seul exemplaire).

4, Leptothorax Rothneyt, Forel.

L,2,5a2,8 Extrémement voisin du éuberum.

Mussooree (Rothney, Rogers) ; Pachmari (Schurr).

Race—Septothoraa Schurri, Forel.

Pachmari (Schurr.)

17eme Genre. ATOPOMYRMEX, André,

1. Atopomyrmesx ceylonicus. Emery,

D'un rouge jaunatie, avec une bande brune sur |’abdomen, Mat, finement

réticulé-ponctué, grossiérement ridé. Abdomen lisse strié sur sa base

seulement, De courtes soies, un peu claviformes, Métanotum bidenté,

L. 8 mill. :

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 639

Negombo, Ceylan (Dr. Horn),

18eme Genre. STEREOMYRMEX, Emery.

1. Stereomyrmex Horni, Emery.

Antennes de 11 articles, 4 massue de 3, Articles 3 a 8 extrémement courts

et épais, Thorax large, 4 dos plat, sans sutures, Epines fortes sub-

horizontales, Premier noeud squamiforme mais épais; second noeud

en ovale transversal, D’un jaune rougedtre, Téte et thorax mais,

L.2,242,3 mill. Le @ est brun, et a 11 articles aux antennes.

L. 3,2 mill.

Bandarawella, Ceylan (Dr. Horn),

19éme Genre. TRIGONOGASTER, Forel.

1, YLrigonogaster recurvispinosus, Forel.

Jaune rougeatre, Finement réticulé ponctué et mat. Pilosité éparse,

sétiforme. Yeux en demi lune. Abdomen, vu de profil, trigonal.

Epines métanotales fortes, longues, redressces et fortement recourbées

en avant. Antennes de 11 articles, massue de 3, L, 2 mill. |

Poona (Wroughton),

20éme Genre, TRicHOMYRMEX, Mayr.

1, Trichomyrmex Roger. Mayr.

Q. Brune, Luisante, avec pubescence couchée, Téte ponctuée, strice en

long devant, en travers au vertex, ls reste plutdt luisant, en partie lisse.

Antennes de 12 articles, sans massue distincte. Métanotum inerme,

arrondi, Eperons simples, Une cellule cubitale et une discdidale, la

nervure transverse s’unissant 4 la nervure cubitale au point de partage.

Cellule radiale ouverte,

L, 11, mill.

Ceylan (Roger).

2iéme Genre. LiomyRMEx, Mayr.

1. Liomyrmex aurianus, Emery.

Testacée, lisse, presque glabre, trés finement ponctuée, Antennes de 11

atticles, massue de 3. Aveugle. Absolument inerme, Premier noeud

transversal, second cordiforme, avec une épine en dessous. L, 3 a 3,3

mill,

Meetan, Tenasserim (Fea).

22eme Genre. VOLLENHOVIA, Mayr.

1. Vollenhovia levithorax, Emery.

Brun forcé, poilue, peu pubescente. Téte striée, mate, avec de gros

points ; l’occiput est lisse et seulement ponctué, Epistome lisse ainsi

que le reste du corps. L.3,8a 4 mill,

Meekalan, Kyeat et Thagata, Tenasserim (Fea),

23eme Genre. Myrmecina, Curtis.

1. Myrmecina Striata, Emery.

Noiré ; mandibules, antennes, pattes et extrémité de Vabdomen TOuUsseS.

Téte et thorax réguliérement et profondément striés, luisants (les

700 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

cétes entre les sillons lisses); pédicule plus finement strié, Abdomen

lisse. Epistome sans dents, Mésonotum trés faiblement bitubereulé,

Fpines métanotales comme chez la graminicola.

Mte. Mooleyit. Tenasserim (Fea),

24eme Genre. RHOPTROMYRMEX, Mayr,

1. Rhoptromyrmex Wroughtoni, Forel.

L. 2 2,542,6 mill @. 2,8 mill.

Kanara (Wroughton),

Race—Rhoptromyrmex Rothneyi, Forel.

Li, 2,2 a 2, 3 mill.

Bangalore (Rothney).

Var. Khopiromyrmex Longé, Forel.

Epines plus longues. L. 2, 6 mill.

Garo Hills, Assam (Long).

Les épines métanotales du Wroughtonii relient le genre Rhoptromyrmex au

genre Tetramorium. Seule la forme de la téte les separe encore,

25eme Genre, TETRAMORIUM, Mayr,

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

Antennes de 12 articles ......... cooves-esseeeoel (S. G. TETRAMORIUM)—Mayr,

Antennes de 11 articles... . .. ..............13 (S$. G, XIPHOMYRMEX)—Forel,

1, Epistome bidenté, Noeuds du pédicule aussi larges que

le métanotum, bien plus larges que longs, le premier aussi

large que le second, Rouge, luisani, rugeux, sauf

Vabdomen. LEpines longues, L, 2,5 mill............ccovee

Beneaseneeaseccscecsenecss pagnsanadesed cocecee OP. J’, transversarium—Roger,

RIPISCOME INOTING\....0.J0.cccooscsessscucseusssarececcresn coasesrcesraser nee a 2

2. Luisant et plus ou moins lisse, Téte avec des stries laches

qui divergent en arriere et se courbent vers les cétés.

Arétes frontales tres divergentes, faiblement prolongées

par une ride divergente, Epines métanotales longues, pas

de dents ni d’épines metasternales, Jaune rougedtre,

Poils dressés courts, L, 2,4 42,5 mill...... «op. Fergusoni—Forel,

Téte et thorax fortement ou densément sculptés, mats ou

subopaques, ridés on réticulés......cccustccecocssdseeseceew | costes Bia

3, Arétesfrontales courtes non prolongées par une ride, ni autree

ment. Pas de scrobe pour le scape. Quatre épines courtes,

les métanotales & pointe recourbée en avant. Noeuds

lisses, Les scapes dépassent a peine le 4 posterieur de la téte,

D’un roux ferrugineux, L.2, 4 mill ... Sp. LZ. Jnglelebyi—Forel.

Arétes frontales médiocrement divergentes, prolongées au

MOIS PALMMME PLCS | Miewroesurdcvecas a0 caves.casvecepestesen esestseenee 4

4, HEpines métanotales tres longues courbées endedans, Deux

dents métasternales. D’un brun rouge. L. 3, 3 mill

weer er sccrccrecaeresccscseccccetescscsanrcssessse SP. 1. curvispinosum—Mayr,

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES [NDES ET DE CEYLAN, 701

10,

oie

13,

14,

Epines métanotiales moins longues non courbées en dedans H)

Abdomen strié devant. Dun brun obscur. L, 4, 1 mill.

S-COCOROCU CHER GCOSDSHSO ICOSBOSE aoc Bao sbodbacseccua eee Sp. ZT, scabrum—Mayr.

Abdomen entiérement lisse (sauf chez le pacificum)s.......+. a 6

Téte et thorax grossicrement et réguliérement réticulés-

PONGEUGSIE Slee Pee hea GNM ek A Ua, focus 7

Téte et thorax grossicrement ridés ou rouge UX ........ secsoeces 8

Quatre courtes épines. Thorax 4 dos trés convexe, et tres

arrondi, sans trace de suture nid’impression, Premier

noeud du pédicule trés gros, arrondi, 4 long pétiole courbé

Voisin des Triglyphothriz, 1, 2°5 mill, Sp. 7. coonoorensis—Forel.

Deux longues épines métanotales seulement, Thorax large ;

ee oe noeuds du pédicule larges. L, 2a

ZO MUN heece seas COS BEAe Sabichaoscadtodena iosdoace ee 2’, curtulum—Smith.

Pas ide anise métasternales ou les angles métasternaux 3

peine subdentés, L. 2,3 4 3 mill......... seadeinsos 505600 so Sso0ne )

Quatre épines ou quatro dents, Dans ce dernier cas la

longuenr nest querdl adi camiliciescen nceesscee eee ec - I0

Noir, Thorax allongé, peu convexe, Noeuds lisses, Téte

échanerée derriére, scapes atteignent le bord occipitale,

Tee 2 Oia oil le ees eee eh esaacossccso. ee Sp. 7. Christiece—Forel,

b’un jaune rougedtre. Abdomen brun, Thorax fort con-

vexe, plutot court. Pedicule rugeux, 4 sommet des noeuds

a peu pres lisse L, 2,34 2,4 mill......... ..Sp. 7 salvatum—Forel,

Quatre dents, Ferrugineux. L.1,742 mill. Sp. 7. simillimum—Ny]l,

(et races),

Quatre épines. Plus de 2,5 mill ..... © ereccrerecercesceceseznecs © Ad

Dessus des noeuds lisse. Thorax court et convexe.

Epines métanotales courbées en dehors, D’un brun

rougeadtre ou d’un rouge brundtre, avec l’abdomen et par-

fois le dessus de la téte bruns, L. 2,7 A 3,1 mill,

seareetereeereece cee ce ci ateressseecsreseeseeres - ceeeeeSp. T, mivtum—Forel,

Desens den noeuds sealetel ioe allongé et peu convexe 12

Epines métanotales droites. Premier noeud arrondi devant,

Base de abdomen faiblement striée, Couleur noire ou

brun fonce.) L.3. emilee ee seaee.s ... Spe. 7 pacificum— Mayr,

var, subscabrum— Emery,

Epines métanotales courbées en avant, Premier noeud sub-

cubique, anguleux devant. Rougedtre, abdomen brun.

LD 43) Baht) eV Bane Maeeeeansenaecds Sp. 7. guineense—Fab,

(S. G. Xiphomyrmex), Quatre épines .....120. c-scccccsonsos -. oe 14

Tout au plus des dents métasternales ... . ... . ...seccessooeee. 15

Epines métanotales trés longues. Dessus des noeuds a peu

Pres lissonmeea v7 oy eeeeaces se oe ee Sp. 7. Jlavipes—Emery,

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XiV,

Dessus des noeuds rugeux. Epines moins longues (9)

nde sais seceuscinp-seasidsssecesssaieicnensabsepensiaversacisnes ODay of. MUCLOGCnEe——HOrels

15. Thorax court, large, subdéprimé. Noeuds lisses. L, 2,5 a

DENG eac cana dsedeceseeracedap eds Scnoqucosnncacocts op. LD. Smithii— Mayr

(et var.)

Thorax allongé, convexe. Long de 35 millet plus ........ 16

16, Sept rides entre les arétesfrontales. Les tikias et les scapes

n’ont qu’une pubescence courte, tout a fait adjacente, L. 3

& 3, 5 mill .......000 Saaeeee 5880000 PRosenorebonsérion Sp. 7. tortuosum—Roger

a (ot var.)

Onze rides entre les arétes frontales. Tibias et scapes avec de

longs pvils obliques. L. 3,5 44,2 mill...Sp. 7. pilosum—Emery

(et race).

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Tetramorium transversarium, Roger.

Ceylan (d’aprés Roger).

2. Tetramorium guineense, Fab,

Cosmopolite, Kanara (Aitken); Bhamo, Mandalay, Rangoon (Fea).

3. Tetramorium simillimum, Nyl.

Cosmopolite, Poona (Wroughton) ; Ahmednagar (Heim},

4. Tetramorium pacificum, Mayr.

var. Tetramorium subscabrum, Emery.

Kandy, Colombo (Simon).

5. Tetramorium scabrum, Mayr.

Carin Cheba (Fea).

6. Tetramorium curtulum, Emery.

Palon (Fea).

7. Tetramorium curvispinosum, Mayr,

Kalawewa, Ceylon (Madarasz).

8. T. (Xiphomyrmex) Smithti, Mayr.

Calcutta (Rothney).

9. T. (Xiphomyrmex) tortuosum, Roger.

Ceylan (d’aprés Roger) ; Kandy (Simon).

10. T. (Xiphomyrmex) pilosum, Emery.

Kandy, Ceylan (Simon); Ceylin (Horn).

11. TZ. (Xiphomyrmex) flavipes, Emery.

Siam (d’aprés Emery).

(Note.—The following forms have been recently described in tke “ Revue Swisse

de Zulogie,’ June 1902.)

12, Tetramoreum Christie?, Forel. L, 2,8 4 3- mill,

Darjeeling (Christie).

13, TZetramorium Ingleby?, Forel, L. 2, 4.

Travancore (Ingleby, un exemplaire).

14, Zetramorium Fergusoni, Forel, L. 2,4 42,5 mill,

Travancore (Ferguson),

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES:ET DECEYLAN, 703

3, Zetramorium simillimum, Nyl.,

Race Tetramorium lavinode, Forel.

Epines métanotales plus fortes, dents métasternales plus faibles—Peut-étre

une espéce distincte,

Calcutta (Rotbney).

Race— Tetramorium denticulatum, Forel,

Epines métanotales et métasternales réduites 4 quatre petits denticules

subégaux,

Barrackpur (Rothney).

2. Tetramarium guineense, Fab.

var. Tetramorium indicum, Forel,

Différe de la forme typique par sa téte plus courte, aussi large que longue,

aux angles plus arrondis et par le premier noeud du pédicule dont le sommet

est bien moins auguleux assez arrondi devant, La couleur est aussi un peu

plus terne, L, 2,8 a3 mill,

Calcutta (Walsh),

15, Tetramorium salvatum, Forel. L, 2,3 42,4 mill,

Inde septentrionale (Wroughton); N. W. Himalaya (Smythies),

16. Tetramorium mixtum, Forel, L, 2,74 3,13 mill,

Coonoor, Ootacamund (Wroughton).

17. Tetramorium coonoorense, Forel,

Se rapproche du genre Triglyphothriz. L, 2,5 mill,

Coonoor (Wroughton), ;

18, 1. (Xiphomyrmex) belguense, Forel, L. 9 3,8 mill.

Belgaum (Wroughton).

8. T. (Xiphomyrmex) Smithit, Mayr.

var, T, (Xiphomyrmex) kanariense, Forel,

Les épines métanotales sont plus longues que leur intervalle (plus courte

chez le type de l’espéce) et les dents métasternales sont pointues, spiniformes,

plus longues que larges (obtus chez le type). La couleur est d’un brun

rougedtre assez foncé et assez uniforme. Le premier noeud est plus allongé

que chez le type, distinctement plus long que large. L. 2,5 42,7 mill.

Kanara (Wroughton),

10. T. (Xiphomyrmex) pilosum, Emery.

Race 7. (Xiphomyrmex) Yerburyi, Forel. L.4 44,2 mill,

Ceylan (Yerbury).

9, TT. (Xiphomyrmea) tortuosum, Roger.

var. TJ. (Xiphomyrmex) Bellii, Forel.

Pas d’épines métasternales, L. 3,7 mill.

Kanara (Bell).

26éme Genre. TRIGLYPHOTHRIX, Forel.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

Antennes de 10 articles, Métanotum inerme (Q). Sp. 7. decamera—Forel.

Antennes de 12 articles, Métanotum armé......... ia uioduceneecesceres 1

704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY-NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.-

1, Abdomen densément strié et mat ila base. Second noeud

du pédicule fortement transVerse .....,.c0..ccecessseces sonccees 2

Abdomen non strié, Second noeud peu ou pas plus large

que long ..... etdasee eeccivaeuy RCV DS AU Saat aciecec ane et acne 3

2. Téte carrée, a peine rétrécie Sea Noir Noeuds moins

largesse 2ia 2s bem) pevcsessceeeoaeeeeceree Sp. T. musculus—F¥orel.

Téte assez fortement rétrécie devant. Brun; abdomen @’un brun

foncé. Noeuds plus larges, LL. 1, 9 & 2, 4 mill.

BSI save tae Sensscscescccccosceceeascsecsurvecsesser sp. 1, Walsne—iorels

3. Poils du corps courts, formant une toison serrée ; épines

métanotales moins longues que distantes, D’un roux

LESUACO Nm enor mo tee ene, Scecabocnonaconoadas Sp. 7. lanuginosa—Mayr.

Poils du corps longs et moins nombreux. Epines métanotales

plusiongues queldistantes! --cccsacecestesstteecessrostesee esse: 4

4, Mandibules lisses sauf 4 la base. Epines fort longues,

AR OMO rato LMI cessccnecerocsnece Sopade00630 Sp. 7. obesa—André

Mandibules striées. Epines plus courtes. L.1,9 42 5 mill,

BAUCUS COOLOR CCC DOOECOC LEE EEC EC Dos anIeS eee Sp. 7. striatidens—Emery .

(et var.)

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Triglyphothrix Walsht, Forel.

Pooree, Bengale (Walshi); Bombay (Rothney); Poona (Wroughton);

Ahmednagar (Heim); Cochin (Rothney); Kanara (Wroughton et Bell) ;

Nawalapitiya, Ceylan (Simon),

2. Triglyphothrix lanuginosa, Mayr.

Ceylan (Madarasz d’aprés Mayr). Je soupconne cependant que Mayra

confondu cette espéce avec la Walshi, car jusqu’ici le lanuginosa n’avait été

trouvé qu'a Java et Sumatra.

3. Triglyphothrix obesa, André,

Calicut, Madras, Travancore (Rothney); Kanara (Wroughton) ; Travan-

core (Ferguson) ; Rangoon (Fea) ; Gingi (André),

4. Triglyphothrix striatidens, Emery. :

Bhamo, Birmanie (Fea); Kandy, Ceylan (Simon). Tout le continent de

l’Inde, Cette espece tend 4 devenir cosmopolite,

(Note.—The following forms have been recently described in the Revue Suisse de

Zoologie,—J une 1902.)

5. Triglyphothrix musculus, Forel,

Coonoor (Wroughton),

(4). Triglyphothria striatidens, Emery.

Race—Triglyphothrix orissana, Forel, LL, 1/9 mill.

Orissa (Taylor).

6. Triglyphothrix decamera, Forel.

L. Q 3:1 mill, Cotte singulicre espéce aberrante est facile 4 reconnaitre

a4 son métanotum inerme et 4 ses antennes de 10 articles,

Kanara (Aitken),

LES FORMICIDES DEL EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYEAN, 705

27éme ‘Genre. MERANOPLUS, Smith.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

Abdomen mat, densément reticulé ponctué, Pro-mésonotum.

muni de quatre immenses épines plus longues que son cote

(du moins les postérieures). Téte et thorax grossicrement

réticulés, L.6a7 mill ....... Saecoadonn Sp. MZ. mucronatus—Smith,

Abdomen luisant ou subopaque. Plus petits, Pro-mésonotum

avec des épines plus faibles ou nulles ..... 2.2.00... seenereeoes aA

1, Pro-mésonotum muni d’un large bord lamelleux rectiligne

sans dents ni échancrure latérale ni antérieure, avec une —

large échancrure semicirculaire derriere, ce qui forme

deux large dents lamelleuses horizontales, longues et

obtuses, dirigées en arriére. Angles pronotaux subdenti-

formes, Luisant ; ridé et réticulé, Abdomen tres finement

réticulé, un peu subopaque. L, 22,5 42,8 mill.............+.

BU ULE ISULEGIIN ok saan gutanranineonaicree Ope an mcotnneye=—t Orel,

~ Plus ania au moins 3 mill. Au moins deux épines au méta-

TUOLU Deore) -Jeatewce melanie! icctoutacls Seas ocesoeaaooseea Sa pedacocnasoseeesels 2

2. Le bord latéral du pro-mésonotum n’a qu'une échancrure entre

le mésonotum et le pronotum ; il se termine derriére par

deux trés longues epines horizonitales, subparalléles. L, 3

ava | 2h eicee cesses Sp. VW. bicolor—Guérin et var. lucidus—Forel.

Le bord latéral du mésonotum a de chaque cété deux épines

relevées, assez courtes et son bord postérieur n’én a pas.

Teas a 456) mills... G5 0000) 5x00 0008 ARCCOSAESOO wee Sp. M. Ballii—Forel.

Le bord latéral du mésonotum a de chaque céoté deux courtes

épines dentiformes et son bord postérieur une paire

d’épines_ plus longues, minces, médianes et subparalléles L.

Cumbre (epi ane Seasseraceeerees cores vere Op, DL, leviventris—Emery.

et. var punctulatus—Forel.

Les espéce9s dimicans, Walker et villosus Motschulsky de Ceylan sont

indéchiffrables et 4 mettre au rebut,

LISTE DES ESPUCES,

1, Meranoplus mucronatus, Smith,

Birmanie (Bingham) ; Nigri Sembilant, Malacca (R. Martin).

2, Meranoplus bicolor, Guerin.

Ceylan (Yerbury, Biro, Madarasz) et tout Il’ Hindostan.

3. Meranoplus leviventris, Emery.

Kaw Kareet, Mte Mooleyit, Tenasserim (Fea),

Var, Meranoplus punctulatus, Emery.

. -Cette variété se distingue par son abdomen ponctué au lieu d’étre lisse, :

Carin, CLeba (Fea). freer SY

(Wote.—The following forms have been recently described in the Revue Sutese

de Zoologies—June 1902.)

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

4, Meranoplus Belli, Forel.

Voisin du leviventris, Emery.

Kanara (Bell, Wroughton).

2. Meranoplus bicolor, Guérin.

Var. Meranoplus lucidus, Forel.

Un peu plus petite. Téte plutét ridée et bien moins réticulée que chez

le type de l’espéce. Abdomen luisant, faiblement et finement réticulé, Chez

la forme typique ordinaire de lHindostan l’abdomen est subopaque, parfois

presque mat et densément réticulé-ponctué ; la téte a de fortes réticulations,

Du reste il existe des variétes interméediaires,

Birmanie (Watson, Fea) ; Calcutta, Calicut (Rothney),

5, Meranoplus Rothneyi, Forel,

Cochin (Rothney).

28éme Genre, CATAULACUS, Smith.

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES,

Metanotum mutique. Noeuds du pédicule plus lougs que larges.

Op aye (a sent aa scot tence Beteoss Saesedee ceereeeee SDP. C, muticus— Emery.

Métanotum armé de deux épines ...... sSsdecssbescdcmpercenmuccmetlesesce 1

1, Epines métanotales plus longues, ou au moins aussi longues,

que leur intervalle, courbées en dedans, Abdomen large.

Noeuds plus larges que longs. L. 4 a5 mill.............0..0000

ldeeuereasees Spee eaten Bnd S Dee BONOONEOON0G Basceseae Sp. C. taprobane—Smith,

Epines métanotales épaisses, plus courtes que leur intervalle ...... 2

2, Trés large et robuste, Abdomen 4 peine plus long que large.

Mat, finement rugeux, & peu pres glabre. HEntierement

noir, Assez déprimé. L.4,647 mill...... ..... Sp. C. latus—Forel.

Plus étroit et allongé. Plus grossiérement rugeux. Ilérissé de

soies jaunatres tres courtes, comme rasées, Noir, tibias et

scapes roux. Abdomen assez court, seulement un peu plus

long gue large. Premier noeud ridé en travers devant.

Abdomen ridé devant seulement. Epines fort courtes.

iby, Bote) Ga) (evil les GesGecee saeretsete incdecncouse Sp. C. granulatus—Latr,

Abdomen étroit et allongé. Tréssemblable du reste au précédent,

mais le premier noeud est seulement ponctué devant et

Vabdomen entiérement ridé avec mailles allongées, tuber-

culé devant, L,3 43,5 mill....... orcecenssens Sp. C. Simoni—Emery.

LISTE DES ESPECES.

1, Cataulacus muticus, Emery.

Thagata, Mte, Mooleyit, Tenasserim (Fea).

2. Cataulacus taprobane, Smith.

Ceylan (Yerbury, Simon); Kanara (Wroughton, Bell); Travancore

(Ferguson),

3. Cataulacus Simoni, Emerye

Kandy, Colombo (Simon),

LES FORMICIDES DE L'EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 707

4. Cataulacus latus, Forel,

Poona (Wroughton) ; Kanara (Bell, Wroughton) ; Orissa (Taylor) ; Pooree,

Bengale (Walsh),

5. Cataulacus granulatus, Latreille.

Bhamo, Teinzo, Shwegoo en Birmanie ; Thagata en Tenasserim ; Palon

en Pegou (Fea); Birmanie (Watson); Assam, Dehra Dun (Smythies),

29éme Genre. STRUMIGENYS, Smith,

TABLEAU DES OUVRIERES.

Mandibules trés dilatées, immediatement apres leur base plus

attenuées vers leur extrémité, dirigées en avant, terminées

par deux dents apicales et une préapicale, D’un brun

foncé ; mate, sanf l’abdomen qui est luisant, L, 2,5 mill...

a5008 ee Eee, tect, MC LL eee OD. OL Ly nessGe OPEL

Mandibules étroites et linéaires sur toute leur longueur ............ 1

1. Téte faiblement dilatée derriére, tres étroite. Hpistome

large, avec une impression médiane. Mandibules forte-

ment courbées en dedans, L. 2, 3 mill......Sp. S. Smythesii—Forel,

Téte cordiforme, fortement dilatée derriére et plus ou moins

Aeprime ... . cecccereeseceee cccceseeeeeeee : sespaaseeeee sees verses 2

2. Mandibules un peu dienes sur r'téute ia longueur de tens tiord

interne qui se termine par une trés courte dent préapicale.

Deux longues dents apicales, Métanotum avec deux épines

et deux arétes, 8ans masse epee Hie eo TMT oresscsseeee

eGercasescns ceases ceecnacoel cseestsorterse crease stss SDs Oe LEe—HMery,

Mandibules Ha as assez Siege. terminées par trois

longues dents. dont la préapicale aussi longue que les

autres, Métanotum a peine denté, avec fortes masses

spongieuses, L. 2 mill... ...c0..cseeeee sree Sp. S. Godeffroyi—Mayr.

Mandibules courbées en dedans......... eceeesecese Var, S, Lewisiti—Cameron

De longs poils clavés, dressés, assez abondants sur le corps—Var, S. indica,

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1, Strumigenys lyressa, Roger.

Ceylan (d’aprés Roger).

2. Strumigenys Fee. Emery.

Palon, Birmanie (Fea).

3. Strumigenys Godeffroyi, Mayr,

Var. Strumigenys Lewisii, Cameron,

Ceylan (Madarasz), Shwegu Birmanie (Fea, d’aprés Emery). Decrite

par Cameron sur des exemplaires du Japon.

(Note.—The following forms have been recently described in the Revue Suisse

de Zoologie —June 1902).

4. Strumigenys Smythiesiz, Forel.

L. 2 2,3 mill_—Q 2,6 mill,

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Assam (Smythies). Dulas

aay aut) (3). Strumigenys Godeffryi, Mayr.

Var, Strumigenys indica, Forel.

Q Thana (Wroughton),

30eme Genre. Myrmicaris, Saunders,

1. Myrmicaria brunnea, Saundeis (Trans, Ent Soc.,

London, 1841)

(=4M. fodiens. Serdon, 1851),

Luisante, robuste, ridée. D’un brun de poix, L,4,748mill. Leg

a l'abdomen large, deprimé et cordiforme. Comme cette espéce est

-la seule du continent de I’Hindostan il n’est pas douteux que

M., fodiens=M. brunnea, Ce dernier nom étant de 10 ans plus

ancien doit avoir la priorité.

- Cette espéce est extrémement commune dans toute I’Inde de l’Himalaya

x Ceylan (inclus), de Bombay a Calcutta et dans toute la Birmanie et Tenas-

serim. keep ; :

2. Myrmicaria arachnoides, Smith.

Race—Uyricaria birmana, Forel.

L 6a 6 3 Beaucoup plus gréle que /’arachnoides,

Birmanie (Bingham). L’arachniides est des iles de la Sonde,

31éme Genre. Sima, Roger,

TABLEAU DES ESPECES,

Pronotum a angles antérieurs subdentés. I] est bordé. Rouge

avec la téte, le second noeud du pédicule et l’abdomen

" noirs ou d’un brun foncé, Téte presque aussi large que |

longue. L.7,54 10,5 mill......... ........Sp. S. rufonigra—Jerdon.

Pronotum arrondi devant, | Corpsinolria or nccce-cooetcceseeeeeeaee 1

ae Epistome armé de deux fortes dents pointues et longues,

' trés écartées lune de l’autre(Q)_ ........ Sp. S. birmana—Forel.

( s Bpistome autrament contorme 6.4) --se-ecsccsseatenseeeceeoateeeee 2

Oy Graudesiespeces;((7, 5 a 10, 5 mill) crc. arevestsetseeeee ae Se nS,

Espéces moyennes (547,5 mill). Métanotum élevé, bossu,

nullement subbordé ...... .......essse0- iBArS SnaeeC eee Bescawcnees 4

Petites espéces (3 & 5 mill) rarement un penplus mais alors

le métanotum est subbordé et subdéprimé ......... . ......02- 5

3, ‘'Téte tres allongee, plus large devant que derricre, plus d‘1$

fois plus longue que sa largeur antérieure. Epistome en

avant-toit, réfléchi, crénelé au bord, Pédicule étroit et

*-allongé. APubescente, poilue L, 9.4 10, 5 mill......... CNTY eee

HAA BG eed CaCoodOSGa00DGeneSE TCS EUOCOoT CoObonGEnaderoA Sp. S. Binghamii—Forel

% a, 58 8 TETVIEY eS SS eee See ER Var. S. Lindgreni—Forel.

Téte presque carrée Epistome enti¢rement vertical. Pédicule

tres étroit et trés allongé. L.7, 5a 8,5 mill. Sp. S. attenvata—Smith,

Var, S, thagalensis— Fouel.

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 709

4, Luisante, sans:pubescence. Pilosité dressée éparse. Thorax -

profondément échancré. Métanotum élevé, bossu, un peu

comprimé, Portion antérieure de l’épistome horizontale,

portion postériure verticale. Pronotum seul bordé ......... ;

Peceecle/se scceccaccerecesecserscrsecserseresOp, S, nigra—Jerdon (et varietés)

5, Métanotum trés comprimé, tres élevé, trés bossu, 4 dos pres-

que trenchant, Portion postérieure de | épistome triden-

tée devant, Les yeux n’occupent pas le tiers des cétes de

Ia téte. (Li8, 2a 4% mill’................. Sp. S. allaborans—Walker.

Métanotum non comprimé, subdéprimé en dessus ; épistome

inerme ..... 4 beeno. | Gonbdquedecosabedcnen wcndeacdo Nd evcockiadsicct te dene 6

6. Dos du thorax entiérement bordé (aussi le métanotam), Les

yeux occupent presque la moitié des cétés de la téte.

Portion postérieure de Vepistome obsolete, Suture pro-

mésonotale profonde, échancrant le dos du thorax, Echan-

crure méso-métanotale plus faible que chez les suivantes,

Face basale et déclive ne formant quune courbe. L, 3,7

MNT La seaocecaadogdcoaecanse0c Resareoressustesceetesenseesh Sp. S. Siggi-- Forel,

Métanotum tout au plus subbordé. Suture pro-mésonotale

peu profonde. Yeux un peu moins grands ....00....00--+-0+-- 7

7, Le métanotum ne forme qu’une bosse, sans trace de bord,

Premier article du pédicule non convexe dessons. L, 3, 7

mill...... Searosenenene Jes nae eee aeasnoneee ees Sp. S. Aitkeni—Forel,

Métanotum non subbordé, Téte luisante, L.3a4 mill ...

a6 soup QbOOSDOSOUE dooucdols sdvsdeceecsasealthtsectelttices) FOP. WS. 2/.0168—Lumery,

Face basale horizontale, subbordée ; face déclive subverticale.

Téte allongée. Premier article du pédicule convexe

dessous. L,445,5 mill ..... sdddoce aeatees race longiceps—Forel,

LISTE DES ESPECES,

1. Sima rufonigra, Jerdon.

Birmanie, Tenasserim, Assam, Ceylan et toate l’Inde continentale, A

Ceylan, une variété de couleur plus foncée (rougeatre obscur, premier

noeud brun), trouvée par M.M, Yerbury et Horn,

2. Sima nigra, Jerdon,

(= atrata. Sm, = carbonaria, Sm, = petiolata. Sm), Poona (Wroughton) ;

Pooree (Walsh) ; Madras (Rothney) ; Bangalore (Rothney) ; Travancore (Fer-

guson); Assam, Dehra Dun (Smythies); Kanara, Belgaum (Wroughton) ;

Bombay (Hoogwerf) ; Barrackpore (Minchin) ; Carin, Tenasserim (Fea),

Var. Sima insularis, Emery.

Ceylan (Yerbury, Horn),

3. Sima allaborans, Walker.

(= rufipes, Jerdon, = subtilis HEmery = compressa, Roger).

Poona, Belgaum, Guzerat (Wroughton); Orissa (Taylor); Moulmain

(Hodgson) ; Pooree (Walsh) ; Travancore (Ferguson) ; Barrackpore (Rothney);

710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

Bhamo, Palon (Fea); Ceylan (Horn),

4, Sima diffcilis, Emery.

Deux petites roy de Pooree (Walsh) correspondent bien a la description

d’Emery, a part leur taille de 3 4 4 mill, seulement, Le type de l’espéce et de

Sumatra.

(Note.—The following forms have been recently described in the Revue Suisse de

Zoologie—, June 1902),

ae 5. Sima Bingham, Forel,

L. 9 7,5410,5 mill, 9 13 mill, ¢ 10,3411,5 mill. Ye Valley, Birma-

nie (Bingham); Moulmain, Birmanie (Hodgson) ; Assam (Smythies, Lind

gren); N. Konkan (Wroughton),

6. Sima birmania, Forel.

L. @ 9 mill.

Birmanie (Bingham, un seul exemplaire),

7. Sima Aitkeni, Forel.

8. Sima Siggi, Forel.

Bangkok (Sigg).

(4) Sima difficilis, Emery.

Race—Sima longiceps, Forel.

Travancore (Ferguson),

(2) Sima nigra, Jerdon,

Race—Sima Fergusoni, Forel,

Travancore (Ferguson, un seul exemplaire),

(1) Sima rufonigra, Jerdon,

Var, Sima Yeensis,

L. 9 9 mill.

Ye Valley, Birmanie (Bingham).

Sima attenuata, Smith.

Var. Sima thagatensis, Forel.

L, 8, 5 mill.

Thagata (Fea); Assam (Smythies). L’attenuata est de Bornea et ne se

trouve pas dans |’ Inde,

APPENDICE,

Additions ultérieures 4 la faune de l’Inde pour les trois premiéres Sous-

familles.

I, CAMPONOTING,

Camponotus (Colobopsis) Longi, Forel.

Garo Hills, Assam (Long); Cherapoonji (Nissor),

Camponotus auriculatus, Mayr.

L. 4,746, 4 mill, iol major, Noir, anneaux fémoraux et bas des hanches

d’un blanc jaunAtre, ainsi que le bord postérieur des segments abdominauxs

Tibias sans poils dressés. Corps, surtout le devant de la téte avec des soies

obtuses (courtes et abondantes devant la téte), Finement réticulé ou chag-

riné. Devant de la téte avec de gros points sétigeres, Mandibules a cing

LES FORMICIDES DE L’EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN. 711

dents. Téte carrée, de la forme du fastigiatus. Epistome rectangulaire, plus

long que large, sans caréne, avec une impression de chaque cété du milieu,

avec un lobe arrondi devant, Le scape atteint le bord occipital. Le bord

antérieur de la face basale du métanotum est rélevé et forme de chaque cété

un angle 4 partir duquel une petite aréte borde la partie antérieure de la

face basale. Forme du thorax du reste comme chez le C. reticulatus, mais les

sutures plus protondes,

1s) minor. Comme la major sauf la forme et la sculpture de la téte,

Les palpes atteignent le trou occipital. Téte ovale-rectangulaire, un peu

plus large derriére que devant, Le scape dépasse beaucoup le bord occipital,

Ceylan (Madarasz). Probablement uns race du reticulatus,

Camponotus Binghamii, Forel.

Moulmain (Hodson).

Camponotus selene, Emery,

(=Polyrhachis selene, Emery.)

Assam (Lindgren).

Camponotus crassisquamis, Forel,

Espéce voisine de maculatus et Landolti.

Assam (Smythies).

Camponotus oblongus, Smith,

Jusqu’ici la 9 seule était connue, L, 4,8 48 mill,

Pubar Valley, N. W. P., 7000’, (Rogers),

Camponotus maculatus,

Race somnificus, Forel,

Coonoor (Wroughton),

Camponotus maculatus,

Race Lotbinieri, Forel,

Cachemire (de Lotbiniére),

Camponotus Siemsseni, Forel,

Tons Valley, N, W. P., 3500’ (Smythies),

Camponotus barbatus, Roger, race Taylori, Forel,

Liétude des differentes formes de l’ouvriére et surtout du vrai barbatus

typique, regu de Coonoor par M. Wroughton et trouvé A Ceylan par le

Dr, Horn me prouve que mon Taylori est une race imberbe de cette espéce et

non du maculatus.

Camponotus Grete, Forel.

Icaungyin Valley, Birmanie (Bingham, un seul exemplaire),

Polyrhachis Horni, Emery.

io) Noire, Téte et abdomen:luisants, presque glabres, finement et densé-

ment ponctue. Thorax recouvert d@’une pubescence dense, soyeuse, d’un

jaune clair ; de méme le sommet de I'écaille ; epines glabres. Pattes 3 fines

pubescence grise. Pilosité presque nulle, sauf sous le corps, Téte trés voutée

arétes frontales rapprochées, Bord postérieur de la téte briévement élevé.

Lobe de l’épistome tronqué, Scape cylindrique, Thorax nettement bordé,

712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V

Pronotum armé d’épines dirigées en avant et um peuen dedans et en bas,

Bords du mésonotum et du devant du métanotum relevésen lobes triangu-

laires. La face basale passe en courbe A la déclive ; un petit tulercule a leur

limite. L’écaille a quatre Gpines, les latérales plus courtes, dirmgées en haut,

les médianes plus longues, divergentes et suivant la courbe de ] abdomen,

c ourbées en arriere. L949,5 mill. (Q 10410, 5 mill.)

Nalauda, Ceylan (Dr. Horn).

Polyrhachis striata, Mayr.

Race assamensis, Forel.

Assam (Smyithies),

Polyrhachis punctilata.

Roger race Fergusoni, Forel.

Travancore (Ferguson).

Polyrhachis clypeata, Mayr.

Race obtusisquama, Forel.

N. Konkan (Wroughton).,

Polyrhachis furcata, Sm

Var, tenella, Forel.

Moulmain (Hodgson),

Polyrhachis Hodgsoni, Forel,

Moulmain (Hodgson).

Formica fusco-rujibarbis, Forel,

N. W. Himalaya (Smythies).

Lasius fuliginosus, Latreille.

N. Konkan (Wroughton).

Prenolepis Naoroj?, Forel.

N. W. P. Assam (Smythies),

Prenolepis birmana, Forel,

Moulmain (Hodgson).

Prenolepis birmana, Forel,

Var. Hodgsoni, Forel.

Moulmain (Hodgson),

| Prenolepis aseta, Forel.

Darjeeling, 3000’ 4 8000’ (Wroughton),.

Prenolepis Taylori, Forel,

Ceylan (Yerbury) ; Thana \Gleadow).

Prenolepis indica, Forel.

Calcutta (De Nicéville) ; Coonoor (Wroughton),

Madras (Daly) ; Hyderabad (Bularmo).

Plagiolepis Rothneyi, Forel.

Race Wroughtonii, Forel,

»Ootacamund (Wroughton).

If, DOLICHODERIN&,

Liometopum Lindgreni, Forel,

- Dibrugarh, Assam (Oscar Lindgren),

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 713

Technomyrmex Modigliani, Em.

Race elatior, Forel.

Assam (Long).

Lridomyrmesx levigatus, Em,

Moulmain (Hodgson),

III. PONERINZ,

Ponera confinis, Roger.

Calicut (Rothney).

Leptogenys (Lobopelta) Emillie, Forel,

Guzerath (Wroughton),

Ponera (Bothroponera) insularis, Emery.

Voisine de rufipes, mais plus petite, face déclive du métanotum arrondiere en

haut, tronquée ou bordée seulement tout en bas. WHeaille avec de grosses

cotes longitudinales au sommet.

Ceylan (Yerbury).

CONCLUSION,

Je ne puis conclure cette étude de la faune des Formicides de l’Empire des

Indes et de Ceylan sans addresser ici A mon ami M. Rob. Wroughton l’ex-

pression de ma plus vive gratitude et demon admiration pour sa nersévérance,

son énergie, sa modeste abnégation et ses grandes connaissances, C’est A lui

qui est di le resultat de ce travail, avec la collabo:ation sans doute de nom-

breux amis, Mes occupations aussi diverses qu’écrasantes ont mis la patience

de M.Wroughton a une rude épreuve de nombreuses années, mais si nous

avons tenu firme et sommes au bout c’est alui qu’en revient lhonneur, Je

signale aussi les remarquables envois que m’a fait directement M, Rothney.

Dans l’ensemble de mon travail j’ai compris 635 formes de fourmis de

l’Inde et de Ceylan (443 especes, 71 races, et 121 variétés), Sur ce nombre

166 espeses, 49 races, et 87 variétés étaient nouvelles (quelques unes

decrites d’abord dans d’autres mémoires), Les envois de M, Wroughton et de

M. Rothney out amené la découverte de quatre nouveaux genres: Y'riglypho-

thrix, Trigonogaster, Myrmoteras et Rhopalomastix, Les noms des autres

personnes qui ont récolté les diverses espéces de ce travail et me les ont

envoyées, soit par M, Wroughton soit directement, sont indiqués pour chaque

espece,

Un fait général ressort de l’étude des fourmis de I’Inde, c’est qu’il y a 14 de

grands noyaux faunistiques qui sont 4 peu prés les suivants :—

1, Faune de I’Hindostan ou Decan proprement dit, 41’exclusion des

grandes steppes du Nord-Ouest. Cette faune, de Calcutta 4 Bombay, et

du pied de Himalaya a la pointe sud de la péninsule, est en somme fort

homogéne, Certaines chdines de montagnes (je cite Pachmari) ont cepen-

dant des formes d’un caracteére spécial, Elle est intimement parente de la

faune malaisienne, mais bien moins riche, sauf pour le genre Pheidole,

2. -Faune des steppes du Nord-Ouest. C’est en somme la continuation de

la faune Méditerraneenue avee mélange de quelques espéces de |’ Hindostan.

714 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

3. Himalaya. Faune alpestre paléarctique, mélangée d’especes locales

propres et d’espéces de |’ Hindostan.

4, Fauve de Ceylan, reufermant la plus part des especes de |'Hindostan

eten outre de nombreuses formes spéciales et d’autres malaisiennes.

Faune tres riche et tres remarquable.

5, Faune d’Assam, Birmanie, Tenasserim et Siam. Hxtrémement riche,

Mélange d’ especes malaisiennes, especes de |’Hindostan, et d’une foule de

formes toutea-fait spéciales. Les hautes vallées d’Assam et de la Birmanie

offrent les formes Jes plus curieuses (Myrmoteras, Mystrium, etc., etc.)

La faune de !’Hindostan forme done un noyau cential d’espéces qui se

eontinuent dans deux noyaux contigus beaucoup plus riches que lui: Ceylan

d’un cété et Assam-Birmanie del’autre, Hn outre ce noyau central et con-

tigu 4 louest et au nord & la favne paléarctique, s’entrecrvisant avec la région

méditerranéenne de cette derniére dans le Punjaub et la Rajputana et avec

sa région moyenne et alpestre dans le Cachemire et Himalaya. Tels sont les

grands traits zoogéographiques que reveéle | étude des fourmis de Inde. Il va

sans dire que les races et variétés locales trahissent autant les affinités avec la

faune de lespéce mére que les différenciations locales, ainsi par exemple les

variétés himalayennes des Camponotus marginatus et dichrous ou du Lasius

brunneus de la faune palearctique ou de la Pheédole indica du noyau central

de l’Hindostan,

Les travaux de M.M. Emery et Mayr. sur les recoltes admirables de M. Fea

et sur celles de M. M, Rothney, Simon, Horn, Madarasz,&c., ont ajonté un grand

nombre d’espéces remarquables, surtout aux faunes de Birmanie et de Ceylan.

CORRIGENDA.

MON TRAVAIL SUR LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES

INDES ET DE CEYLAN. PAR AUG. FOREL.

Le tableau des genres des MYRMICING® (ovuvriéres) que j’ai publié le 18 Oct.

1902 dans le Vol. XIV.,No. 3., p. 520, contient diverses erreurs dues au

surmen?ge ou je me trouvais au moment ou j’ai été forcé de le faire en tout

hate, et a ce qu’on ne m’a pas envoyé les epreuves, sur lesquelles je comptais

le corriger—Les voici :—

Chiffre 3, ligne 3: lisez.. ...Myrmicaria, Saund.

», 3,lignes54 &: supprimez la paranthése depuis “lorsqu’elles” jusqu’a

* d’épines.”

8, ligne 3 : ajoutez aprés ‘‘ dimorphes ” “ et chez les 9, de 13 chez

les g.”

10, ligne 4: ajoutez aprés “ Q ”, “ de douze chez le @.”

11, ligne 2 : ajoutez: ‘* antennes gréles,”

16, lignes 3 et 4: au lieu de “ forment avec les 4 genres. précédents”

&z., lisez “ forment avec les genres Triglyphothrix et Stron-

LES FORMICIDES DE L’ EMPIRE DES INDES ET DE CEYLAN, 715

Chiffre 22, lignes 4, 5 et 6 : Ces lignes sont a supprimer,

» 25, 4 6:au lieu de “ Stercomyrmen”’ lisez “ Stereomyrmex.”

% 27, ,, 5: au lieu du renvoi 4 “30” lisez “ 31.”

A partir du chiffre 29, le tableau est a changer comme suit :—

POMPE DISbOMe) DIC EMUC eel ws ence erasers citedesecasecerecusaenedes Holcomyrmex Mayr,

Epistome saus dents ..........60 pevecseccsee ss BAEC ER COR SobSOsSHOaO sehseees hens

30. Promésonotum en bosse élevée, métanotum situé plus bas, Pedicule

inerme ...... ge quecasneose: Jes AAo 5 locdadanoucddosunadeoudanouuedd Stenamma Westw.

30. Promésonotum peu convexe, pas plus élevé que le métanotum, ou, s’il

est plus élevé pédicule épineux .............- A dakaguas Atopomyrmes André.

Chiffre “30” devient chiftre “ 31,”

ae ec} CS AES Ma Ws Boa

» 930, ligne 4: au lieu de ‘autre confirmation............. Speecodaconscoedic 3”

lisez “autre confirmation........0..scecee BACHE COACH DCHEODIOCOCOGOGe CEOS 32”

Enfin l’explication suivante doit suivre le tableau: --

Ce tableau a été construit 4 l’aide de celui que M. Emery a donné dans les

Annales de la Soc: entomologique de Belgique, Tome XL, 1896,

Chez les genres Trichomyrmex Mayr et Rhopalomastix Forel la 9 seule est

connue, Jen’ai donc pas pu les mettre dans le tableau. Le Zrichomyrmee

Rogeri Mayr, de Ceylan 4 12 articles aux antennes, pas d’épinés au métanotum,

le premier article du pédicule avec un pétiole triangulaire, les ailes avec une

seule cellule cubitale, ]a nervure transverse s’unissant a la nervure cubitale au

point de partage, les éperons simples, Les antennes n’ont pas de massue

distincte ; l’‘aire frontale est tres étroite et indistincte.

Le Rhopalomastiz Rothneyi, Forel appartient 4 la tribu des Solenopsidii et

doit étre placé a cété de Pheidologeton (chiffre 11), dont il se distingue par

ses antennes tres courtes et tres épaisses (de 11 articles), dont les 9 derniers

articles forment une seule et large massue,

Nous n’avons pas non plus compris les sous-genres sauf Xiphomyrmex dans

ce tableau, les ayant réservés aux tableaux des espéces de chaque genre.

Considérant le yenre Rhoptromyrmex Mayr comme sous-genre de Tetramorium,

dont il ne differe guére que par sa téte triangulaire-cordiforme, nous ne

avons non plus compris dans le tableau.

Le 8. G. Oxygyne differe des Cremastogaster proprement dit par l’absence

d’arétes frontales et la forme aberrante des @ avec leurs mandibules

arquées et pointues,

Le S. G. Ceratopheidole diftere des Pheidole proprement dites par la massue

de ses antennes qui a 4 articles subégaux,

Dans le genre Stenamma,le S.G. Messor se distingue par ses mandibules

courtes, courbées et usées, adaptées aux moeurs gramivores, ainsique par sa

téte large et le dimorphisme considérable dex ¢ @. Le 8. G. Ischnomyrmez,

au contraire, différe des Aphenogaster par sa taille trés svelte, et son occiput

colliforme, En outre ses ailes supérieures n’ont qu’une cellule cubitale au

lieu de deux,

716

NOTES ON CEYLON BUTTERFLIES.

By Mason N. ManpErs, F.Z.8., F.E.S.

These notes on Ceylon butterflies are supplementary to the list of Ceylon

butterflies published by De Nicéville and Manders in the Journal Asiatic

Society of Bengal, Vol, \xviii., Part ii, No. 3 of 1899, pp. 170—234,

Certain corrections in that list are needed,a few new species (one un-

described) to the island have been added, and the list brought up to date, The

numbers refer to those in the above list.

d-a, DANaIs (Limnias) CHRYSIPPUS KiLuaII, Klug,

This insect was described by Marshall and De Nicéville, Butt, Ind., Vol i.,

p. 52, as Danais dorippus, Klug (Karachiand Sind). But Butler, Proc, Zool.

Soc. Lond, 1584, p. 478, and Yerbury, Bomb, Nat, Hist. Soc., Vol. vii, p. 209,

give valid reasons for believing that D. dorippus, Klug, is a form of D,

chrysippus, which though found on the Arabian coast is more distinctive of

Somaliland and Central Africa, whereas D. Klugit is an Arabian and

Indian form of D. chrysippus, The first specimen of this insect in Ceylon

was captured by Lieut.-Colonel Yerbury at Trincomalie, April 15, 1891, an

event which I had overlooked, or rather was not aware of until lately, when

five or six specimens coming to hand called for an investigation of the

literature of the species. These specimens were captured by Mr, Pole at

Puttalam on the east coast and Hambantotte on the south coast in the dryest

and perhaps most arid portion of the island. It is evidently widely distribut-

ed in the desert portion of the island and is possibly not uncommon,

The distribution of this insect in India cannot yet be fully known; it is

rare in Canara, but is not yet reported from the plains of the Deccan, or

Southern India so far as I am aware though it probably exisis.

8. Danalis (Chittira) TAPROBANA, Felder.

This insect has now been frequently bred by Mr. Green, myself and others.

The larva feeds on Tylophora asthmatica,

23, YPHTHIMA SINGALA, Felder.

The larva feeds on grasses, I have not succeeded in rearing the butterfly

but the young larva is bright pink and covered with long white hairs,

65-a, ATELLA CEYLONICA, n. Sp.

Habitat: Nitre Cave district, Ceylon.

Expanse: Male 48-53 M., Female 58 M.

Nearest to A. alcippe var. pallidior, Staudinger—A. aleippoides Moore.

From which however it is easily distinguished.

Wings longer and narrower ; apex of forewing from just beyond the cell

entirely black. Outer margin and submarginal fascia more broadly black

leaving the intervening fuscous lunules or rather line, which is interrupted by

the black veins, narrow. The outer row of circular black spots (three in

number) larger and blacker. Discal markings as in A. aleippe.

In the hind wing the arrangement is much the same, the outer margin and

NOTES ON CEYLON BUTTERI LIES, T17

submarginal fascia being much broader and darker, and the other spots and

markings also larger and blacker,

- Both sexes and more especially the femaJe have a beautiful violet iridescent

gloss, more particularly intense towards the bases of the wings,

The under surface of the wings in both sexes is very similar to A. alcippe

the apex of the forewing being rather darker,

The insect is very constant in colouring, judging from the number of

specimens, about twenty, which [ have examined ,Types in Coll: Mackwood

and Manders),

The species is evidently very local, but ;} robably common where it occurs,

T am indebted to Mr, Mackwood for my specimens.

The genus Cirrhochroa Moore Lep. Ind., reduces the number of Ceylon

species to one which he calls C. Janka. In South India he gives one species

C. thais, Fabricius. It was the opinion of De Nicéville that there is prohably

only one good species in Ceylon and South India which should be called

C. thais, Fabricius, In Ceylon the insect is highly seasonally dimorphic,

but as is so frequently the case in this island with its equable climate, the

form C. lanka, Moore (dry season) and C, cognata, Moore and C, thats, Moore

(wet season) are frequently to be found on the wing at the same time.

58. HyYPoLIMNAS MISIPPUS, Linnceus,

In our paper above referred to we expressed surprise that the form of

female of this insect Papilio inaria, Cramer, should occur at all in Ceylon as

its mimic Danais chrysippus Klugii, Klug. does not occur “ being confined in

India to the western litoral (Bombay, Kutch and Sind),’ In the light of

further knowledge we now know that its mimic does occur though ruarely,

and it is interesting to note that both P. inaria and D. Klugii mimicker and

mimicked occur more frequently in the hottest and driest part of the island,

whereas P. diocippus, Cramer and D, chrysippus, Linn, are more common in

the moister region of the island.

(62) KALLIMA PHILARCHUS, Westwood,

There appears to be an annual flight of this insect in the Haldumulle

district. Ormiston writes “ Kallima comes to sugar here a little ; but the loquot

trees are an attraction and almost all I catch are on them, The best tip is

searching low on the stems just before dark, or by moonlight when they can

be picked off with the fingers’”’ The flights usually take place in November

or late in December and in some years number many hundred individuals.

It would be interesting to know whether the closely allied Indian species

K, wardi and the Andamanese species K, albo fuciata is given to migrating,

72, LIBYTHEA LEPITA, Moore,

This insect is decidedly local in Ceylon and only a few specimens have been

taken, It is probably confined to the same district as A. ceylonica.

(105) Tarucus THEOPHRAsTUS, Fabricius,

Confined to the more desert portions of the island where at Fort Frederick,

Trincomalie, I had opportunities of observing it at all seasons of the year. It

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

is decidedly variable, which variability is dependent on the seasons, In the

dry season the species is smaller, the markings on the under surface are much

reduced and inclined to be reddish ; but I bave not in a large series seen eny

specimens which would deserve the name T7, alteratus, which is the dry

weather form of the insect as found in the Punjab, This no doubt is dune

to the more equable climate of Ceylon, and I am strengly under the belief

that variotion of temperature has much more to do with seasonal forms than is

usually attributed to it, In the Punjab during the cold weather five «r six

degrees of frost is by no means uncommon, and at midday the sun is

extremely hot, and it is this great variation of temperature that produces the

extreme forms of 7’. theophrastus.

(To be continued.)

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

lia

J.Green del. et lth. Mintern Bros.imp,London.

DISTIRA HENDERSON|!.

New Sea-snake trom Rangoow.

“19

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SEA-SNAKE FROM RANGOON,

By G. A. BouLENGER, F.R.S.

(With a Plate).

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on 19th

August 1902).

DISTIRA HENDERSONI.,

Head small ; body much elongate ; neck slender, its diameter about

one-third the greatest depth of the body. Rostral much broader than

deep; nostril pierced between two nasals and an internasal; the internasals

small, separating the posterior nasals and followed by a small azygous

shield separating the preefrontals anteriorly ; frontal hexagonal, large,

nearly three times as long as the anterior nasals, one and a half as long

as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout; parietals a

little longer than the frontal ; two pre and two postoculars ; two subocu-

lars, on the left side, separate the eye from the labials; two or three

superposed anterior temporals ; eight upper labials, second largest,

fourth, on the right side, entering the eye; two pairs of very short

chin-shields, the second pair separated by scales, 32 scales round the

neck, 44 round the body; scales feebly imbricate, feebly but very

distinctly keeled. Ventrals very feebly enlarged, feebly bicarinate, 317.

Olive above, bright yellow on the sides and beneath ; 54 regular black

rings, about half as wide as the spaces between them, on the body,

these rings widening into rhombs on the back; 7 black rings on the tail ;

a regular pattern of black streaks cn the head, one across the occiput

connected with the first ring by a median streak and sending forwards

two loop-shaped streaks, one cn each parietal shield ; a curved black

streak from the first labial shield to the angle of the mouth, bordering

the eye below ; a black cross-bar on each side of the throat, behind the

occipital bar.

Total length 940 millimetres.

A single specimen, a gravid female from the Coast of Rangoon

presented to the British Museum by Dr. T. Beath Henderson, of

Glasgow, who received it from afriend. This is a very well-marked

new species, in its aberrant upper head-shields connecting Distira with

Thalassophis and recalling Platurus in its bright, regular colouration,

Its nearest allies appear to be Thalassophis anomalus, Schmidt, from

Java, which is only known to me from the descriptions and figures,

and Distira lapemidozdes.

720

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA.

Including AFGHANISTAN, the TRANS-INDUS PROTECTED STATES, and KASHMIR:

arranged and named on the basis of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicum, and

other works, with New Species added.

By C. W. Hops.

(Continued from page 480 of this Volume.)

Part I1].—THE GENERAL LIST.—(continued.)

Genus 23. NxEpuHRopium, Rich.

Subgenus Lastrua, Presi.

1, N. aristatum, Sw. (under Aspidium) ; Aspidium (Polystichum) aris-

tatum, Sw., Syn. Fil. 255 and 493 ; Cl. Rev. 511. astrea aristata, Sw. (under

Aspidium), Bedd, H. B, 229.

KASHMIR : var. affinis, Wall. Cat. 370, Trotter in List: “ collected in two places.”

PungsaB: Chamba—Sach Nala 3-3500’, McDonell, Bukam Néla 3500’, McDonel,

1885, in Herb. Levinge.

N.-W. P.: Awmaun—jide Hooker on sheet in Herb. Kew, without ticket: no

rhizome.

DISTRIB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Nepal, Winterbottom; Sikkim and Bhotan

$-10,000’; Assam—Khasi Hills 3-6000’, very common. Burma. 8S. India—very general

in forests of Madras Presy. Malay Penins. and Isles, China. Japan. Philippines. Pcly-

nesia. Australia. S. Afr. : Natal.

I do not recollect seeing Trotter’s specimens from Kashmir ; but I assume

that they are the same as McDonell’s specimens from Chamba, which seem to be

quite typical aristatum, though there is no rhizome. in his Supplement of

1892, Colonel Beddome says of Lastrea affinis :—‘* A very variable species

and the caudex is sometimes creeping and sometimes erect ;” but I maintain

that this is a physical impossibility, and that such a difference of caudex consti-

tutes a specific difference.

Aspidium assamium (sp.), Kuhn in Linnea, XXXVI, 108, from Sikkim and

Assam (fide Clarke), seems to be very distinct. On specimens of this in Herb.

Kew is found the abnormal growth mentioned under Pieris quadriaurita,

Retz., as being due to the fungus Zaphrine cornu-cervi, Giesh.

2. N. coniifolium, Wall. Cat. 341 (under Aspidium). Aspidium

aristatum, Sw. var. B conifolium, Wall, Syn. Fil. 255. <Aspidium aristatum,

N.-W. P, : Kumaun, R. Blinkworth : fide Wallich in Cat.

DIstRIB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Bhotan; Assam—Khasi and Garo Hills

Burma—Tonghoo, Parish. 8. Ind.: on the Western Mts. Ceylon. Malaya. China—

Yunnan, Hancock 1894.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 721

The type sheets in Kew are the only specimens I can find to vouch for the

entry of Kumaun as a habitat for this fern. Wallich’s entry in the Catalogue

is :— 341 Aspidium coniifolium, Wall. in Herb. 1823.

1, Napalia 20.,

2. Kumaun R. B.,

3. I. Neelghiry, Notan 1826, ””

and a cutting from the Catalogue is posted on the sheet, on which also is a note

by Sir William Hooker,—“ E, I. C.—Aspidium aristatum, Sw., Wallich, var.

comifolia,” And there are several other sheets, agreeing, so marked by

Mr. Bentham. These sheets are all the very finely cat decompound fern which is

got eastward along the Himalaya, and in Assam and Burma, and in Southern

India, and which seems to mea very distinct plant from J. aristatum. The

softer texture seems a distinctive character. In the Synopsis Filicum it is

said :—** Dr. Thwaites assigus to ¢ an erect caudex, and regards it as a good

species.” The late Mr. George Wall, in his Catalogue of Ceylon Ferns, Notes,

p. 5, says :—“ Aspidium (Polystichum) conifolium, Wall. having an erect

caudex, seems specifically distinct from A. aristatum, a smaller plant with a

creeping rhizome,”’

This and the preceding species are among those on the border line between

Paolystichum and Lastrea, which Beddome has removed to the last-named genus.

Though they are the most compound of the Asiatic Polystichums, Colonel

Beddome has, therefore, placed them at the head of the list of Zastreas, before

the simply pinnate species, and made them a separate section—*Jndusium

reniform or orbicular, teature more or less coriaceous.’ Under Asmdium

sikkimense, Baker, = Nephrodium Sikkimense, C. B. Clarke, Mr, Baker, in his

Summary of New Ferns, of 1891, says :—“ Like A. varium this stands on the

line between Asyadiwm and Nephrodium, which I should not in a new book

keep up as genera,” 7.e., I understand, as separate genera. Colonel Beddome,

in F, B. I, t. 127, treated this fern as a Polystichum, and Mr. Clarke said

Mr. Baker preferred Beddome’s picture of the involucres to the specimens when

he referred the species to Aspidium, In his Handbook, Colonel Beddome gave

Lastrea Sikkimense (Bedd, under Polystichum), and said the involucre was

reniform.

3. N. hirtipes, Hook. ; Syn. Fil. 26; C. BR. 513. Lastrea hirtipes, BI.

(under Aspidium), Bedd. H. B. 232 = Aspidium atratum, Wall, Cat. 380, in

part.

KASHMIR : Ghantamula—Tangdar Forest, 5300’, McDonell 1891.

PUNJAB : Chamba, McDonell; Simla Region—Raiengarh Forest 65-7000’, Gamble

1898.

NW. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar, Chachpur 7000’, Gamble 1892, Chachpur Valley

6000’, Duthie 1898 ; 7. Garh, 9000’; B. Garh. 6-7000’, P. W, Mackinnon 1881,

722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

DistRiB.—WV. Amer.: W. Indies—St. Vincent H. G. Smith, No. 789 Gin Herb.

Sahar.) Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim and Bhotan, common ;

Assam—K hasia, 4-6000’, common, Kohima and Jakpho, 65-7000’, C. B, Clarke. Mani-

pur—Keyang, 8000’, Dr. G. Watt. 8S. Ind.—Nilgiris, &c. Ceylon. Burma, Malaya,

China—Yunnan, Henry 1898, Polynesia.

McDonell’s specimen from Chamba (which I do not possess) has about 21

pairs of distinct pinnee, cub down {;—4$ to the rhachis ; pale brown scales

on undeveloped fronds and base of stipes of old ones ; traces of shed, blackish

hair-like, scales on rhachis ; mere traces of involucres ; pinne hardly enlarged at

base. Gamble’s plant from Jaunsar has about 20 pairs of pinne enlarged at

base by longer, rounded, lobes on both sides. Other specimens I have had

from 20 down to only 10 or 11 pairs of pinnee besides the suddenly narrowed

pinnatified apex. A specimen from Darjiling, which Mr, Levinge marked as

being typical, has stipes 123 in., frond 15 in, by 10 in., with only 13 pairs of

pinne which are nearly 1 in. broad. The number of sori on a group of veins

(or segment) varies in this specimen from 1 pair, near the apex of a pinna, to 7,

or even 9 pairs, about the middle. Five pairs seem about the maximum on the

narrower pinnee of other specimens.

Nephrodium hirtipes, Hook., is Asyidium lurtipes, Blume, Enum, PI. Jav., Fil.

148 ; and it is said also to be Aswdium atratum, Wall., Cat. 380 ; but I find that

of three sheets in the Wallichian collection, in the Linnean Society’s Herba-

rium, one (named A, atra/um by Wallich himself) is V. parallelogrammum, Kze.

(LV. patentissimum, Wall.), and so is another—not named atratum by Wallich.

The third sheet, named by Wallich “ Aspidium atratum, Napalia 1821,” is

NV. hirtipes : the specimen is 16 in. broad, but it is incomplete : one-fourth or

one-third of the frond is missing ; there are i2 pairs of pinnee—up to 1 in. br.,

cut down 3th, more or less: veins 4-5 pairs in a group ; segments with a beak ;

scales long, narrowing upwards, very dark brown, to black high up. The veinlets

in N. hirtipes are all simple and stop short of the margin : those in VV. parallelo-

grammum are all forked, and they project beyond the margin, forming

small teeth; and the segments are not ‘‘beaked.” In the British Museum

Herbarium there are many specimens of IV. hirtives named A. atratum (by

Wallich himself 7) : none of these are from the westward of Nepal ; and none,

I think, are V. Gamblec, my next species.

4, N. Gamblei, n. sp.—Plate VII. (See Part IL., p. 533.)

5. N. gracilescens Hook.; Syn. Fil. 262; C. R. 513; Bedd. H. B.

234,

N.-W. P.: 7. Garh.—Phedi, E. of Landour, 4-5000', Duthie 1881.

DIsTRIB.— Asia : (Him.), Nepal and Sikkim 6-8000’, “not common,” C. B. Clarke;

Assam—Griffith ? Khasia 4000’, plentiful, C. B. Clarke. S. Ind.—fide Clarke and

Beddome, Ceylon, Java, China, Japan, ;

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 723

I have two plants of this from Mr. Duthie, one without a ticket, but both

are, I believe, from the Tehri Garhwal locality. Both are sterile. They are

tufts, on an apparently erect caudex. The stipes are glabrous; and the veins

are distant and simple. Some stipes are longer than the fronds. Clarke makes

three varieties besides the type: the Garhwal plant may be his var. decipiens,

which Beddome, in his Hand-book, thought might be a distinct species, but,

in the Supplement to that work, retained as a variety, In their ‘‘ Supplemen-

tary Note on the Ferns of Northern India,”’ read before the Linnean Society

3rd November 1881, (Journ. Linn. Soe. XXY.) will be found descriptions of

five varieties or forms, (including the type?) of this species, introduced

thus :—

“Varietates et formes a OC. B. Clarke sub unica specie enumerate,

ex sententia Beddome 2, vel 3, ex sententia Bakeri 3 vel plures species

bonas constituunt; sed species a Baker propositee cum_ species

Beddomei non conterminze sunt. Sequitur enumeratio formarum—”’

for which [ must refer to the paper itself. In his “ Summary of New Ferns ”

of 1891 Mr. Baker does not allude to this joint paper, but merely says that

Mr. Clarke in his original paper of 1880 describes three Himalayan varieties.

And Beddome, in his Supplement of 1882, refers to Clarke and Baker’s joint

paper only by implication, gives two varieties besides the type, and separates

another as a distinct species. I have not seen this fern, or any of its varieties

growing ; and as none of these authorities has given a habitat for any of

them west of Nepal, I might say no more than that the fern I give here is

quite distinct from any other on my list, and that it is new to N.-W. India.

In this, as in many other cases, I consider the mode of vernation all important ;

and—notwithstanding the statement in the Synopsis Filicwm—I find that

in all the specimens named JV. gracilescens, Hook., and var. decipiens, this seems

to be the same, namely—rhizome decumbent or horizontal, slow-growing,

throwing up fronds in tufts, and dying off behind, probably annually. A.

glanduliferum, Kze., is undoubtedly a distinct species, for it has a widely creep-

ing and branching, slender, rhizome, which I should think must continue to

throw up fronds at intervals (of distance) for a whole growing season at least,

and in a moist climate, probably without cessation, though the hinder part

must also continually be perishing, Mr. Clarke called this fern N. repentulaum

n. sp., until he found that it had already been named and described,

6. N. calearatum, Hook.; Syn. Fil. 274. Aspidium calcaratum Bi,

En. Fil. Jav., p. 159.

N.-W. P.: Brit. Garh. ; Bhainskil, near Parewa, Kotal Range, about 3000’, Coll.

Inayat (native collector), June 1902, No. 26045 of Saharanpur Herbarium ; WV. Oudh,

Forests, R. Thompson 1870.

DIsTRIB.—J. India to Ceylon, Burma, Hong Kong, Philippines , Malaccas.

724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

Mr. Thompson’s specimen in Kew was named JV. calearatum, Hook., by

Mr. Baker, but Mr. Clarke afterwards marked it “ typical falcilobum,’”? which

Mr. Baker gives as a synonym of calearatum. ‘The plant recently found in

Garhwal agrees fairly well with the description in the “ Synopsis,” which is as

follows :—

“ St, densely tufted, stramineous, villose above ; fr. 1 ft, 1., 3—6 in,

br. ; pine spreading, 2-4 in, 1., 3—3 in. br., cut down two-thirds or

more to the rhachis into oblique, subfalcate, linear-oblong, acute or

blunt lobes; colowr dark-green ; rhachis villose ; tectwre villose or sub-

coriaceous ; under side more or less villose ; vemlets 3-6 on each side ;

sori medial ; zvol. glabrous, persistent. Hk. Sp. 4, p. 98. NV. faleilobum,

Hk. Sp. 4, p. 108.

Mr. Clarke does not give JV. calearatum as a species, but instead sets up

N. ciliatum, C. B. Clarke (Aspidium ciliatum, Wall. Cat, 351) = AV. sericeum,

J. Scott, Syn. Fil. p. 494 ; and he also gives, as a separate species, JV. falcilobum,

Hook., which he says differs from NV. (Lastrea) calcarata, Bedd. F. §, I.,

t. 246, and from Blume’s Javan Asp. calearatum, in the auricled stipe, the

cutting, the venation, the sori, and the involucres—ée., in aimost every par-

ticular, and—it might be added, in the colour, which in JV. faleilobum seems

to be pale green.

[No fern corresponding to NV. preailum, Baker, with erect caudex,

tufted stipes, prominent glands at base of pinne, and lower pinne

gradually reduced, is found in N.-W. India, so far as I know. The

specimens in herbaria so named as haviug been found in that region

all belong to the next two species, Nos. 7 and 8. |

7. N. repens, n. sp.—Hope Plate VIII. (see Part IL, Vol. XII., No. 3,

p. 535).

Add, under DistTRIB.—Assam—Shillong, C. B. Clarke No. 44652, 65—1887.

Chain—Yunnan A. Henry 10094, presented to Kew 1900.

8. N.xylodes, Kunze in Linnea, XXIV. 281 (under Aspidium) ;

N. prolivun, Baker, 8, N. tylodes, Kze. (under Aspidium), Syn. Fil. 268 ;

N. prolivum, Hk. and Bk.,C. R. 516. Lastrea ochthedes, Kze., var. 8 tylodes.

Kze. (under Aspidiwm), Bedd. H. B. 240.

PunJAB: Mandi State, near Dehlu, 5000’, Trotter.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Ridge west of Mussooree 5000’, Mackinnons 1878-79.

T. Garh,—Mantargadh 60004, Gamble 1898; B, Garh., Mrs. Fisher; Kumaun—near

Naini Tal, Wigram Money, Hope 1861; Almora 5500’, Trotter 1891; Kot-Ganti Ridge

6500’, MacLeod 1898.

DistRiB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.). Sikkim, Zevinge 1871. 8S, Ind.—Mts., rare

Ceylon.

Kunze named his plant 2zylodes ; but in the “ Linnea” two pages further

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 725

on, he referred to it as A. ¢ylodes, and subsequent anthors perpetuated the mis-

take. Moore, in the unpublished MS, of his Jndea Filicum, noted the

mistake-—as Mr. Baker has shown me.

Kunze’s long description of Aspidiwm aylodes shows clearly that it is the

comparatively rare Indian plant, with sori close to the costa. The rhizome was

unknown to him, and he had not seen a complete stipes. He calls attention to

the “ callus ”’ at the base of the pinna, which is much longer than the “gland ”

in LV. ochthodes. He says of this callus—*‘ adhuc seepe neglecto, insignem . ,

Hine ultimo proxime affino nostrum differt : fronde firmiore, supra nitida est,

excepta costa supra, glabra, basi abrupte contracta ; soris non conjunctis, nec

margine approximatis, ad costam productis, indusiis magnis, glabris, venis

omnibus apice incrassatis, rhachi subtus stipitisyue glabriusculis seu glabris.”

The gland or callosity is not visible on the upper aspect of the frond, and the

pinna appears to be attached to both it and the rhachis of the frond. That the

“callus” is remarkable, as Kunze said, is shown by the fact that in some

specimens it is all that—hbelow the perhaps single pair of leafy auricles—

is left down nearly to the caudex to represent pinne. In other speci-

mens there is just the merest trace of lamina besides the “callus.” But I am

bound to state that a specimen in the Levinge collection, collected by him in

Sikkim in 1871, has butterfly auricles on the incomplete stipes. Another small

plant got by Mr. Levinge below Darjiling shows a section of an upright

caudex.

This species grows to a very large size, as is shown even by the incomplete

specimens I possess and have seen. The breadth of frond in specimens found

by the Messrs. Mackinnon to the west of Mussooree is as much as 22 feet; and

the stipes is more than 24 feet in length. The pinne are sub patent, the

lower few pairs becoming depressed,—tue lowest pair very much so, and nar-

rowed at the base, though the medial pinnze have the lower segments consider-

ably longer than those above : width of pinnee up to 1} inches. Kunze says—

“Stipes, quam integrum non vidi, et rhachis basi seepe pennam anserinum.

crassitie zqunt.” The rhachis of one specimen I have is 3; in. br. (where the

pinne suddenly cease), as flattened by pressing ; and the auricled part below

that point—split to facilitate drying in the press—broadens downwards until

one-half is 3 in. and the other & in. wide, and these are not quite flat ; so that

the circumference of the rhachis near its base must have been more than 12 in.,

and the diameter about -4 in, The size of the stipes I cannot estimate.

Mr. Trotter’s specimen from the Punjab, in my possession, is very different in

size, but yet is unmistakably the same plant ; it is only 2 feet 1 inch in total

height, the rhachis auricled (or glanduliferous) almost to the caudex, which is

erect, with stipes tufted : the frond only 6-7 in. br., and the pinne only about

726 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

iin. Mr. Trotter said, in his ‘‘ Ferns of the Punjab,” (printed for private

circulation), under ZLastrea ochthodes, Kze.—‘‘ The Punjab form is mostly var.

tylodes (Kze.) Hbk. p. 240, with the basal pinnee suddenly (not gradually)

abortive and reduced to mere auricles.” His Kumaun specimen (in my pos-

session) is a frond about 15 in. 1. by 7 in. br., with pinne up to 3 in. br., and

there is no apparent stipes, the glands, or representatives of pinne, running

down close to the caudex, which is erect with tufted stipes.

It is curious that the intervals between the auricles or glands in this species

decrease in length near the caudex, in my large specimens at least, instead of

increasing as is the normal habit of a fern. The pinnae are cut down five-

sixths of the half width, thus leaving room for only one pair of veins to approach

those of the adjoining segments below the sinus, where they merge in a

thickened web which strengthens the base of the sinus. There are from 8 to

15 pairs of veins in a segment, according to the size of the frond, all simple,

and very conspicuous; and all except the upper one or two pairs are soriferous

for half the length of the pinna, the apices of segments and pinne gradually

becoming bare. The sori are small, closely costal in one row on either side,

the lower two or three pairs diverging: they ave in large specimens didy-

mochleenoid, or fadyenoid in shape, with the involucres persistent and longo-

hippocrepiform like the sori. The whole frond is very stout in texture,

glabrous and glossy—only the rhachises being somewhat pilose or downy. The

stipes and rhachises of large specimens are sometimes pinkish in colour, which,

with the deflexed lower pinne, gives a resemblance to Polynodium erubescens,

Wall.

Beddome, in bis Handbook, said of this fern that he believed it quite

entitled to rank as a species: he had both it and JV. ochthodes in cultivation

for many years, and said that Mr. Thwaites, who cultivated them in Ceylon,

considered them distinct species. But in the Supplement to his Handbook

Beddome says, under L. ochthodes—“ Omit the Ceylon locality, Thwaites’ fern

being Nepluwodium extensum.” As Colonel Beddome’s field of cultivation was,

presumably, in the Madras mountains, I consider it proved that both ochthodes

and xylodes have the same habit—“ caudex erect, stipes tufted,” for he could

not have cultivated them for many years without having observed the nature

of the caudex or rhizome; and ib is clear that he had not got NV. repens.

Another inference from the passage quoted above is that Beddome maintains

Ceylon as a habitat for WV’. xylodes, though not for N. ochthodes. Mr. G. Wall

seems to give only the former as a Ceylon plant, and says it is common in the

higher forests of the Central Province. A specimen of JV, aylodes collected by

Levinge in the Pulney Hills, Madras Presidency, has an erect caudex, with

tufted stipes, like Trotter’s specimens from the Punjab and Kumaun, -

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 727

9% N. Thelypteris, Desy.; Syn. Fil. 271; C. R. 517, Lastrea

Thelypteris, Desv., Bedd, H. B. 241.

KASHMIR: H. & T. in Herb. Brit. Mus.; Bandipur 5500’, Jacquemont, T. T.;

Srinagar—City Lake 5600', Levinge 1875, Gammie 1891; Ghantamula 6000’,

McDonell 1891; “all through the Lolab Vy. 6000',” MacLeod 1891; Punjal,

McDonell.

PunsJaB: Chamba—Chenab Vy.; Kajiér Lake 6000’, McDonell 1885, Kajidr bog

6500’, Trotter 1887 ;: Simla Reg.—Kunawar T. T. ~

DIsTRIB.—N. Amer.: Canada, common; U. S.—as far south as Texas and

Florida; Bermuda. Hur.: “throughout N.and Centr. Europe; rarer towards south :

absent from Spanish Peninsula, and rare in Italy, but found in Corsica, England—

widely distributed, but not common ; Scotland—infrequent : Ireland—rare and local,

though found in many widely-separated localities’ (Britten in ‘European Ferns ):

Asia: Palestine. S. India—Nilgiris, in swamp near Ootacamund 7000’, Turkestan,

Amurland, and Mandschuria. Japan. Australasia—New Zealand. Afr, : Angola;

Cape Colony. Natal. Transvaaj. E. Matabeli Land. Madagascar.

The wide-creeping rhizome and roots, and young stipes and fronds

before they develope are very black, as is also the lower inch or two of

the stipes of fully developed fronds. This is in striking contrast with the pale

yellowish green of the fronds,

10. N. Filix-mas, Rich. ; Syn. Fil. 272; C. R. 519. Lastrea Filiz-

mas, Linn, (under Polypodium), Bedd. H. B. 248.

TRaNs-IND. STATES : Barawl—Lowari Pass 9500’, Dr. Harris, 1895.

KASHMIR : Pir Panjal—“ in excelsioribus, ad torrentis, prope Hirpour,” Jacquem.

38 (No. 586), small but typical; Rembidra Vy. 65-7000’, Trotter No. 191, 1828 ;

Lidderwat 9000’, Trotter No. 404, 1889 ; Kitar Daji 6000’, and Sarpat 10,000’, Me-

Donell 1891 ; Kachal Pass 10,000’ and Dangiara 6500’, McDonell 1894; Ring Néla

8000’, and Kashmir Coe.?) MacLeod 1891; Kamri Vy.—above Gumin Village

10-11,000’, Duthie, No. 12524, 1892.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Ravi Vy., Chatri Forest 9500’, McDonell 1882, Barmaur

9000’, McDonell in Herb. Gamble ; Kwl/u—Jalori Pass. 9000’, Trotter 1887 ; Simla

Region—Hatu M¢., Bliss 1891 ; Basahr, Brandis in Herb. Hort. Sahar.

N-W. P.: 7. Garh.—Dwantigadh 8000’, Gamble No. 24235, 1893; (loc. 2),

Herschell.

DISTRIB. — Amer. : from Greenland, westward and southward, along the Rocky

Mts. and Andes to Peru (but this includes WV. patentissima : see No. 10 below). Eur. :

throughout, Asia NV. : eastwards to China and Japan. Afr.: Abyssinia ; Azores and

Macaronesia.

Beddome in his Handbook (1883) gave as a synonym for this species Lastrea

odontoloma, Moore (which he had figured, though but imperfectly, in his F,

S. 1, t. 114), remarking that it was typical /iliz-mas. In the Handbook the

reference is to t. 14 of F. 8, I., and this misprint is repeated in the Supplement

of 1892, in which Moore’s plant is given as Lastrea F.-mas, var. odontoloma,

Moore. Elsewhere in the Supplement Beddome says the name odontoloma was

given by Moore to Clarke’s var. 2, mormalis of F.-mas. Moore, being

728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

familiar with /.-mas in all its forms, of course saw at once that Clarke’s

plant was a distinct species, and named it, as a species, accordingly. Beddome

then, in his Supplement, said that the European type of WV. F.-mas did

not occur in India. And, partly misled by the heterogeneous mass of plants

named #'-mas in herbariums, and because the Kashmir and Punjab speci-

mens above cited had not (except Jacquemont’s, which I had not then seen)

then been found, I used to say the same. But there is nolonger room for the

slightest doubt. ‘Trotter’s plant, from the Rembidra Vy. in Kashmir, which

he noted as growing “ in circular patches, like great shuttlecocks,” struck me,

and I then saw that his plant from Kullu, gathered previously in 1887, was

the same. Shortly afterwards I found in Mr. Gamble’s collection two fronds,

collected by Mr. McDonell in Chamba in 1882, which Mr. Levinge had correct-

ly named 1. F.-mas,—one as a variety. And Trotter’s discovery in Kashmir

was followed by collections made by McDonell, MacLeod, and Duthie in 1894.

There is considerable difference, in this material, in the colour of the scales on

stipes,—those on some specimens being very dark, and those on others very

pale,—and some difference in cutting ; but I think all the specimens I have

noted above can be matched from among European specimens. I have

separated, under the next species, M. parallelogrammum, Kunze (under

Aspidium), not only Aspitium patentissimum, Wall., but also Clarke’s varieties

Nos. 3 and 5, khasiana and fibrillosa, because I do not think they can be

brought under WV. /.-mas. Other plants, either given as synonyms or un-

warrantably degraded to the rank of varieties of VV. /.-mas, in the Synopsis,

or by Clarke and Beddome, will be fouad given as distinct species where I think

they ought to be put.

I am aware that pteridologisis are not agreed that even the European forms

of #.-mas all belong to the same species, but I will not go into that

question. J could sort the above-cited specimens into V. F.-mas and LV, pseudo-

mas ; but as I have not seen any of these forms growing in India I think it

better not to do so, especially in view of my treatment of the so-called varieties

I have placed under the next species. Hooker said, in the ‘ Species

Fiticum? :—“ Kast India, continental. The normal form is perhaps the least

common, and mainly confined to N.-W. India, often at great elevations,

Jacquem., Edgeworth, 8. & W., Wallich (Aspidiam matentissimum, Wall.

Cat, 840), Sikkim, alt. 8-10,000’, and even 15,000’ (and then small) Hk. Fil.

ei T. Nilgiris, Wight, Bedd. Nepal Waill., var. gis perhaps the next

most common.”

11. N. parallelogrammum, Kunze (under Aspidium), in Linnea

ill. p. 146, WV. Filia-mas. Rich., var. 8 parallelogrammum, Hook. Sp. Fil.

iv. 116 ; “ pinnate or rarely subpinnate, their segments oblong-parallelogram,

very close and compact. ””

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 729

The following are extracts from Kunze’s description :—

“761, b —fronde lanceolata, coriacea, pinnato-profunde pinnatifida, .....

pinnis alternis approximatis, horizonialibus, oblongis acuminatis ; acumine inciso-

serrato, laciniis imbricatis, oblongis, truncatis subparallelogrammis, margin-

atis, apice faleato irregulariter argute dentatis; soris inter costulam et

marginem mediis ; costulis costisque subtus laxe ; rhachique stipitique

sulcatis utrinque dense fusco-grandi-paleaceis. ”

“ E regno Mexicano miserunt Hegewisch et de a Kawinski (Herb. Leucee

anum),

“Ad Preslii Lastreas § 2, Thelypieris pertinet, et A. filici-mari Sw. prope

accedit. Differt vero: fronde coriacea, pinnis approximatis, Jaciniis

imbricatis truncatis apice argute dentatis, soris costule: minus approximatis,

paleis frequentibus, elongatis, indusiisque fuscis. Aspidium palentissimum

Wallich: fronde coriacea, pinnis approximatis, rhachique paleacea conveniens,

differb laciniis majis alonoanie oasi latioribus, apice distantibus, Laciniis

basris abrupte majoribus, incisisve, et forme laciniarum differunt. ”?

a. Forma khasiana,

V. Filiz-mas, Rich., var.» Khasiana, Clarke in * Review,’ 519, t. 69, fig. 1.

““ Stipe and main rhachis with many linear blackish scales ; frond oblong-

lanceolate, very little narrowed at base ; pinne approximate, patent, the lowest

equal-sided, cut down to the midrib ; secondary pinne narrowly oblong, very

close and regular, glabrous beneath, rounded, finely serrulate at the apex ;

sori not large.”

PUNJAB : Chamba—9000', McDonell 3 Simla Region—ridge east of Simla 8500

Blanford.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsér, Mandali 8060’, Gamble 1895 ; T. Garh.—Nag

Tiba Mt, Mackinnons 1878-79 ; B. Garh —Mrs. Fisher above Dhakara, Duthie’s collr

1879, Herschel 1879, and Gollan 1880.

DistRtB.— Asia : N. Ind.—\ssam: Khasia, alt 4-6000’, common, Clarke ;

Kohima, alt. 6,000’, Clarke.

Clarke’s type specimens of h's var. khasiwna in the Kew Herbarium seem very

distinct from N. patentissimum, Wall.; but in the Journ. Linn. Soc., 1489, p. 94,

referring to the specimen from Kohima cited above, he says :—‘ This is very

large, and not distinguishable from some of var. patentissima (sp. Wall.) from

the Central Himalaya. The Khasi examples of var. patentissima have a soft.

thick stipe with pale yellow-brown scales.’ One of the Mackinnons’ specimens

from Tehri Garhwal also is longer than most ; frond 25 in. 1., by 92 in. br

near the base ; lowest pair of pinnee almost 13 in. br.; and another is but 16

in, 1, by 84 in. br. at base. Mr. Gamble’s specimen is 193” >¢ 82” + but

Mr. Blanford’s is only 15 in. |., by 44" br., and it may not be Mr. Clarke’s

plant.

730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

In the ‘“ Review”? Mr. Clarke remarks :—“ This is the fern described by

Milde, Fil. Europ. 122, lines 3—6 from the bottom of page. Itis, as Milde states

allied to var. patentissima : but, onthe other hand, very near V. elongutum, Hk.

and Gr. Ic. Fil, t. 234; Aspidium elongatum, Milde, Fil. Europ., 124.”

But khasiana, and elongatum, Hk. and Gr., seem to me distinct enough.

Though the frond of both is truncate at the base, the scales, both on stipes and

frond, differ altogether.” Forma khasiana seems to have a comparatively

long (sometimes nearly as long as the frond) and slender stipes, and more

numerous veins in a segment : segments finely toothed and not so squarely,

ended as those of /. patentissima.

b. Forma satentissima.

N. Filia-mas, Rich., var. 4 patentissima, C. R. 520. Aspidium patentissomum

(sp.), Wall. Cat. 340. “Stipe shaggy, with linear yellowish pales often $—%

in. long ; frond 4—-6 feet, narrowly oblong-lanceslaie, widest near the middle

suddenly narrowed near the base, pinnee patent, very coriaceous, cub down

neatly or quite to the midrib ; segments oblong, obtuse, subentire or minutely

serrulate, glabrous beneath, the margin mnch incurved when dry”....

** Aspidium paleaceum Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 4. A. Wallichianum and Donianum.

Spreng. Syst. [V., 104 and Suppt. 320. Bhotdén to Simla, alt, 6-9000',

common, Khasia, alt, 5000’.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar 8-10,000’, Herschel, Gamble ; 7. Garh. 8-12,000',

Mackinnons, Duthie, Gamble ; B. Garh.—Kinolia Vy. 7-8000', Duthie ; Mrs. Fisher ; _

Kumaun—Griffith ; Kalimundi and near Milém 8-11,500’, S. & W. ; elsewhere—

Davidson, Duthie, MacLeod ; summit of Dhankuri Pass 10,500’, Trotter.

- DistRIB.—Amer.: W.Ind., Jamaica 7330', Dr. D. Morris ; Mexico, Guatemala,

Keuador, Peru, New Grenada, and Brazil (near summit-of Organ Mts.). Asia: N. Ind.

(Him.), Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhotan, common ; Assam—Khasia 5000', Clarke, Mann ;

S. Ind.—Nilgiris : common about Ootacamund (Bedd.).

This seems to be a larger form of NV. parallelogrammum, than either a, above,

or ¢, which follows, and ‘shaggy’ is not a bad epithet to apply to it. The

pinnee are very patent, becoming deflexed towards the base of the frond. The

fronds are sometimes as lanceolate as a frond can be whose pinne do not

dwindle down to auricles at the base: and I think Clarke meant “ suddenly

ceasing at the base,” instead of “ suddenly narrowed near the base,” as he puts

it. Tehri Garhwal specimens have fronds up to 32 feet long, by 1 foot broad,

and. perhaps longer, tapering gradually downwards to 43% in, br., below which

there are no auricles.

Milde, Fil. Hurop., gives Aspiaium parallelogrammum as a synonym of his

var. 6 (of N F.-mas) paleaceum, Moore f. nat. print, and mentions a form from

Khasia (var. khasiana, fide Clarke). His varieties of /.-mas are (1) genuinum

Milde ; (2) crenatuwm Milde ; (3) deorso-lobatum, Moore ; (4) inciswm, Moore ;

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 731

(5) Heleopteris, Brockhausen. ; (6) paleaceum—=patentissimum, Walt. ; (7) Maavkii,

Milde; (8) glandulosum, Milde; (9) Duriwi, Milde. Hooker, in his

* Species Filucum,’ sxys his var, g (of V. F.-mas) parallelogr. is perhaps the

next (sic) most common in the Hast Indies, and from localities too numerous to

be worth recording, generally in mountain and northern districts, yet by no

means confined to them.’’ Of the American specimens he says— All are

true Var, 6 parallelogrammum, Kunze, with long, criniate, paleaceous scales,

and quite parallelogrammic close-placed segments and coriaceous fronds. One

locality only seems to be recorded in the West Indies for V. /.-mas, and that

is in Jamaica. Dr, Morris’s ticket is : J. P. 228, from Director, Public Gardens

and Plantations, Jamaica. ‘This appears to come nearest to Nephrodium Filix-

mas. In any case it is new to our collection, and so far as am aware not

before collected in Jamaica. Found between the Western and Middle Blue

Mountain Peak, 7,330 ft., March 28, 1885, 1D. Morris, 4-4-85.” The specimen

of this in Kew is nearer NV, piaradlelogr. than NV. F’-mas, but the segments are

Short, rounded and toothed.

¢. Forma fibrillosa.

N, Filie-mas, Rich. var. 5, fibrillosa, Clarke in ‘ Review,’ p. 520, t. 70.

** Stipe 1—3 in. ; frond 8—30 in., very narrow, tapering at both ends, but not

attenuated with auticles into the stipe ; stipe and main rhachis densely clothed

with lanceolate-linear, chestnut coloured scales ; pinnze patent, cut down to the

midrib ; segments oblong, obtuse, serrulate at the apex, fibrillose on the surface

beneath. North-West Himalaya, alt. 9-12,000', from Kumaun to West

Kashmir ; very common.”

KASHMIR ¢ 5-10,000’ : common in many places.

PUNJAB : Chamba—Ravi Valley 9000’ ; Kullu 6-10,000’, Lahaul 12,000’, Trotter ;

Simla Reg.— ‘* The Chor,” Kamalhari and Hatu Mts. 95-10,000’.

N.-W. P.: D. D, Dist.—Jaunsar, Deoban 9000’, Herschel ; 7. Garh.—Ganges Vy.,

Gangotri-—11-12,000', Duthie ; Kumawn— Davidson, Duthie.

Mr. Clarke says :—“ One of the most uniform varieties of WV. #-mas, and

the most worthy consideration for specific rank ;’’ but I find difficulty some-

times in distinguishing it from forma patentissima. The smaller size and very

dark-coloured scales are perhaps the best characters. The degree of fibrillosity

seems to depend on age of specimen. Ihave seen a good deai of this growing

in the Simla Region, and consider it quite distinct from VV, Filiz-mas,

12. Nephrodium Kingii n. sp.—Plate IX. (see Part II. ; p. 621 of

Vol. XII).

13, N. serrato-dentatum n. sp.—Plate X. (see Part II. ; p. 622 of

Vol. XII.).

14. N. Brunonianum, Hook; Syn. Fil. 84; 0, R.522, Lastrea

Brunomana, Wall., Bedd. H. B. 246,

732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

KASHMIR : 95-12,000", W. S. Atkinson 1872, Levinge 1875, Trotter 1888, McDonell,

MacLeod 1891, Duthie 1892-93.

PungaB : Hazara Dist.—Makra Mt, 11,000’, Trotter 1889 ; Chamba—Upper

Chenab and Ravi Valleys 11-12,000’, Baden-Powell 1879, McDonell 1882; Pangi

12-15,000', Harsukh (Sahar. Herb. Collr.) 1899; Kullu, and Lahaul Trotter Gin printed

List) ; Simla Reg.—Hatu Mt., Trotter Gin printed List).

N.-W. P.: 7. Garh.—under Srikanta Mt., and Kuari Pass 12-14,000’, Duthie;

Kumaun—Ralam 12,000’, 8. & W. 1848.

DIStTRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim and Bhotan.

The cutting of this fern is certainly, as Beddome says, very like that of

N. serrato-dentatum, but the shape of the frond is very different, and I sce

no difficulty in distinguishing between the two species. The fronds of WV. Bruns-

nianum are oblong-ovate, sometimes diminishing gradually at the base, or oblong

and xarraw, but always narrowing abruptly at the apex. A Kashmir specimen

in my possession has a frond 12 in. |. by 24 in. br. at the broadest—-not four

inches from the base : it remains 24 in. br. up to within 24 in. from the apex,

being practically parallel-sided for 74 of the total length. It has about 25 pairs

of pinnee 20—27 pairs of pine seems to be the normal number : 12—14 pairs

seems to be the norrual of JV. serrato dentatum, besides a sharp-pointed pinnati-

fied apex ; and the shape of the frond of this latter mentioned species is broadly

Janceolate, sometimes almost deltoid. The difference in the clothing is very

that of serrato-dentatum being comparatively scanty. The scales of WV. Bru-

nonianum are often bright chesnut coloured, paler than the black stipes and

rhachis. The involucre is very fugacious. Beddome in his Supplement of

1892 says Mr. Baker considers this and JV. barbigerum as varieties of one

species, —which species, however, is not said.

15. N. barbigerum, Hook.; Syn. Fil. 274; C. BR. 252. Lastrea

bar biger a, Hook., Bedd. H. B. 246.

AFGHAN.: Kurram Vy.—95-11,000’, Aitch. 1879-80.

KaSHMiIR : 93-12,500', Levinge, Trotter, MeDonell, Gammie, MacLeod—“ Common,

on uorth slopes of watershed between Jhelum and Aishenganga Valleys ; “ Duthie ;

below Gulmarg 6,000’/—* almost in the water of a small rivulet,’ McDonell 1893 ;

Sind Valley 10-11,000’, Duthie 1892. Muzafarabad Dist,—Indyat (Sahar. Herb.

Collr.) 1899.

PuNJAB: Chamba—Upper Chenab Valley, 10,0004, Baden-Powell; Caeni Pass;

11-12,000’, Gammie; “Chamba,” McDonell 1882-85; Pangi, Sural Vy., 12,500’,

Hursukh (Sahar, Herb. Collr. 1899); Head of Hudan Vy., 14,000, J. Marten

1899.

N.-W. P.: 7 Garh.—Kidar Kanta Mt. 9000’, Herschel; Bandarpunch 13-14,000',

and Bamsor Pass 11-12,000’, Duthie ; B. Garh.—Joshi Mat 12,000’, P. W. ‘Mackinnon

Kumaun—near Ralam 12,500’, 8S. & W.; Duthie 11-13,900', three stations; near

Pindari Glacier 10-11,000’, Trotter; Lessar Pass 16,800’, MacLeod, “a solitary plant

under a rock in the snows.”

DistR1IB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim.

. |. THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 733

McDonell’s gathering at about 6000’, in Kashmir, which he sent to me for

confirmation at the time, and MacLeod’s as high as 16,800’, in Kumaun,

make a considerable vertical extension of distribution. Herschel’s specimen

from T. Garhwal is remarkable for its comparative nakedness, and the narrow-

ness and distance apart of its segments. Mackinnon’s specimen from Bb.

Garhwal has dark-brown scales.

The ‘ Synopsis’ says this and the preceding species are closely allied to one

another, but not likely to be confused with anything else, Beddome doubts

their distinctness. Clarke points out that the position of the sori differs, J]

find the shapes of the two fronds to be constantly different : barbigerum is

broad for its length, and ovate : Brunonianum—narrow, and generally oblong,

The stipes and rhachis of Brunonianum are black—blacker than the scales ;

those of barbigerum are pale-brown —paler than the scales.

16. N. pandum, n. sp. (see p. 623 of Vol. XII.).

Add—PUNJAB: Chamba State—J. Marten, 1898. N.-W. P.: B. Garh.—,

Mrs. Fisher.

17. N.Schimperianum, Hochst. (under Aspidium). N. Filiz-mas,

Rich., Syn, Fil. 272. WV. #.-mas, var. «, Schimperiina (sp.), Hochst., CO. R.

520. Lastrea Filiz-mas, var, » elongata, Hk. and Gr., Bedd. H. B, 250 ;

Lastrea Fihz-mas, var, Schimperiana, Bedd, Suppt. H. B., p. 58.

KASHMIR: Rattan Pir 8000’, Trotter 1888.

PuNJaB: Kuléu—Jalori Fass N. 9-10,000', Trotter 1887; Simla fieg. 55-8000’,

and perhaps higher : very common in Simla.

N.-W. P. : D. D. Dist.—Mussooree 65004, Hope 1890 (1 plant) ; Landour and to the

eastward, above 7,000’, abundant ; 7. Garh.—Kidar Kanta Mt. 6000’ Herschel ;

Jumna Vy., near Kharsoli 9-10,000’, Duthie; B. Garh., Duthie, Mrs. Fisher ;

]

Kumaun 5-9000', several collectors ; Gori Ganga Vy. near Buin 3400’, and above

Rilkot 10,000’, MacLeod 1893.

Distrip.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim and Bhotdn, Assam—Khasia 5-6500!

“very common,” Clarke, Mann ; Naga Hills—Kegwima Edge 7000’, Clarke 1885,

Beddome says, in his Supplement of 1892,‘ The typical form of this is well

marked,....... ibis intermediate between cochleata and odontoloma,

Moore. There are two forms in N. India, a large and a small varieby, I have

only seen the latter (LZ, intermedia, Bedd. F. 8. 1, t. 311) in Southern India,”

The figure here referred to does not suggest NV. Selimperianum to me. I think

this well-marked fern can afford to stand alone without the support of

NV. cochleatum and N. odontoloma, to which latter species at least it has no sort

of resemblance or affinity.

N.-W. Indian specimens seem to run much larger than those from Sikkim,

Assam and Madras, but some of them are as small as any from elsewhere. One

of Trotter’s plants from Rattan Pir in Kashmir has five fronds, none of which

are over 7 in. 1., including stipes ; three of them are fertile, The cutting of this

734 JOURNAL, BUMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

species varies a good deal, but not with the size of the frond. One frond I

collected in Simla in 1871, about 25 in. 1. by 83 in. br., is only bipinnatifid,

and the segments are not labed—only slightly toothed. Another I got at

Mashobra (Simla Region) in 1886—-matched by a frond of Strachey and

Winterbottom’s from Kumaun—may be said to be bipinnate, 7.e., there is

hardly any wing to the secondary rhachis in the greater part of the frond,

though the pinnules are sessile with a decurrent base. The bipinnateness

decreases in the lower part of this frond, and is quite lost in the lower two

or three pairs of pinnee, as ib is towards the tips of all. This frond is 28 in,

], by 10 in. br., and has a stipe 13 in. ]. The segments are distinctly lobed,

and the S—10 lobes are toothed. The veins are distant, one to each lobe, and

pinnate in the lobes. The sori of this specimen are uncharacteristically

small,—one at the base of each vein close to the midrib, except in the tips of

the pinnules,

The scales of MN. Schimperianun (the Indian plant) at base of stipes are

long, linear, in a dense mass ; higher up there are both large, broad, scales,

with fibrillose twisted tips, and very narrow ones. All are always pale-brown,

transparent. The caudex is decumbent, and stipes tufted, but not densely so,

and spreading. The fern generally grews on steep ground, and is often rooted

in the clefts of rocks ; and the fronds droop more or less.

I have seen quantities of .V. Schimperianum, N. marginatum, Wall., and

N. odontoloma, Moore, growing together, near Landour, but never the slightest

passage from one to the other,

Dr. Christ, who has compared Indian specimens of this fern with specimens

of Aspidiwn Schimperianum in his own herbarium, collected by Schimper in

Abyssinia, considers it imprudent to identify them, seeing that the type plant

is markedly bipinnate, and has a large deltoid frond. The type specimens in

Kew, from Abyssinia, are wider below, and more compound, than any Indian

cones.

18. N. cochleatum, Don (under Aspidium), N. (Lastrea) Filiz-mas,

Rich,,» WV. cochleatum, Don, Syn. Fil. 272. NV. cochleatum, Don (under

Aspidium), OC. R. 521. Lastrea Filia-mas, L., var. s cochleatum, Don, Bedd.

H. B. 250. Plate XXX.

PunsaB : Chamba—McDonell ; Kangra Valley Dist. E 4000’, Trotter ; Simla,

Reg —Simla,

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—in the Diin (Valley) 1,550’ to 3150’, very common, and

(abundant in places ; 7. Garh. 4-5000', Duthie, Hope; Sahdranpur Dist.—Siwalik

Range, on south side, MacLeod; B. Gark. Mrs. Fisher ; AKaumawn, 8. & W., Hope

Davidson, Duthie, 35-6000".

DistRIB.—Aséa: N. Ind. from Oudh to Bhotan ; Assam—Khasia ; Bengal—Chitta-

gong, and Parasnath Mt., up to 4000’, very common. Burma—Ava. Malay Penins.

Clarke in Rev.), §S.Ind.—Western Mts., 2-000’ (Beda. in H. B.).

Oey

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J.N. Fitch del.

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§. Pinna of sterile frond,

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 735

Wallich thought this fern so distinch from any other that he made a new

genus for it—Arthrobotrys, meaning, I presume, that the sorus or bunch of

sporangia was attached to the frond by a joint,—and he gave it the specific

name macrocarpa. The involucre completely envelopes the sorus, and the

whole bunch on a stalk can be detached, even in old dried specimens, from

the segment, the involucre being like a thin shell. Sometimes it separates from

the frond and turns upwards, but it is always persistent. The “ Synopsis”

gives the generic synonym, and, also, Dryopreris, Schott. And Clarke gives

Arthobotrys macrocarpa, Wall., Cat. 395, and A. avana, Wall., Cat. 1084, as

synonyms. Beddome also mentions those, and says that A. avana is from

Ava, with the fertile segments so contracted as to be quite beadlike. All the

descriptions state that the sterile and fertile fronds are different, though

Mr. Clarke says that barren fronds partially fruit-bearing are not rare, and

Colonel Beddome that the fronds are generally dimorphic. This is a very

common fern in the Dehra Dun, and I should say that a_partially-

contracted frond is a very rare occurrence. I can see in this fern no

resemblance to VV. F’.-mas, or connection with that or any other Lastrea. The

general aspect of the plant, which sometimes grows in a thick bed or large

patch, is—a number of broad leafy sterile fronds bending backwards, and one

or more fertile fronds standing stiff and erect inthe middle, and much higher

than the rest, the stipes being very long, round, and stout. The fertile fronds

are often found to have been eaten off by cattle or deer, I presume. The

plant loves a clay or rich loamy soil, moisture and shade, or raviny or hilly

ground, under trees or among bushes.

N. cochleatum is never truly bipinnate, even in the fertile fronds, the seg-

ments being cordate on the superior side and decurrent to a winged rhachis on

the inferior,—the wing being traceable throughout, The veins, sometimes very

obscure, are pinnate in the lobes; veinleis few and long. The caudex is

decumbent like that of VV. marginatum, Wall. : stipes tufted. A section of the

caudex shows black stria in the woody structure, which are wanting in

N. marginatum. Beddome says of Lastrea cochleata—* A very distinct-looking

plant ab low elevations, but running into elongata” (i.e. N. marginatum)

“ at higher elevations (vie forms of my collecting on the Nilgiris and Brumagher-

ries in the British Museum).” He also, in a letter, referred me to that suite ; but

I found only about two specimens in it which I could not at once sori according

to my lights, Mr. Clarke says V. cochleatum has been confused with vars.

intermedia, Bedd., and Schimperiana, Hochst., of F.-mas. and that ib resem-

bles them in laving large involucres. ‘‘ Its especial character is its strong

dimorphism ; it is worthy, perhaps, of generic rank.” He further says there

are no forms intermediate between WV. cochieatum and NV. elongatum at Kew, nor

has he ever met with such in India. ‘“ There are examples of XN. cochleatum

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

marked as collected at 7000! ali., even in Kumaun ; but the fern is confused

with V. Filiz-mas, var. Schimperiana, and I very strongly expect that collectors

have mixed the two before distribution: I altogether doubt high-level

localities assigned to JV. cochleatum.” I quite concur.

[ WV. rigidum, Desv., was given by Mr. Clarke at p. 523 of his

‘ Review ’ as an Indian fern, and Ido not think he gave it up in

his later papers. I know the European fern, and I can say that I have

seen nothing very like it from the Himalaya. I do not think

N. pallidum, Bory, is very near VV. rigidum, though I think it is probably

identifiable with the Himalayan WV’. odontoloma (Moore), Bedd. Bed-

dome also had Lastrea rigida as an Indian species in his Handbook.

He said it was very near Z. Filiz-mas elongata, and he did not know

any distinguishing character. Since then he must have seen the

European JV. rigidum, for in his Supplement of 1892 he says, under

Lastrea rigida,—-‘‘ All the specimens I formerly referred here I now

refer to Filiz-mas elongata. I much doubt if this species is represented

in Northern India, at least as distinct from remota.” He then proceeds

to treat of Lastrea spinulosa, var. remota, as an Indian fern. |

[ WV. remotum, Hook., Brit, Ferns t. 22 ; WV. spinulosum Desv., . »

remotum (A, Br. sub aspidium), Bedd. H. B., p. 252 ; A. remotum, A, By.

This plant is included by Clarke in his ‘ Review ’ as an Indian fern,

and by Beddome as mentioned above. As I have never seen Indian

specimens which agree with European specimens, and have, moreover,

reasons for agreeing with Milde that VV. remotum is a hybrid between

NV. F.-mas and N. spinulosum, I do not admit this as an Indian species,

and have instead given VV. Blanfordi n. sp. No. 18, below. ]

[ WV. (Laetrea) spinulosum, Desv., is stated in the ‘ Synopsis’ to be

found in the Western Himalaya; but neither Clarke nor Beddome

corroborates the statement, and I bave never seen Indian specimens.

It is said to have been collected in the Gilgit District of (Trans-Indus)

Kashmir by Colonel Tanner in 1880, at an elevation of 8600! ; but

the specimens are only two barren fronds without rhizome. I have

my doubts. |

19. N. Blanfordii n. sp.—Plate XI. (see p. 624 of Vol. XT.)

Add :—KASHMIR : Kishenganga Valley, 7-8000’, Duthie 1892 ; Baltistan, 12-13,000',

Duthie 1892 ; “ Kashmir,” McDonell 1894.

PunJAB :—Hazara Dist.— Kagan Valley, Duthie’s Collr. 1899 ; Chamba—J. Marten

1897-98 ; Pangi 8500’, Harsukh 1899.

20. N. odontoloma, Moore (under Zastrea), Index Filicum, MS.; Bedd.

F.S.L, 39, . 114; Lastrea Piliz-mas, var. odontoloma, Moore, Bedd. Suppt.

H. B. 55. WN. Filiz-mas, Rich., var, 2, normalis, OC, R. 519, t. 68, fig. 2—

—A1

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THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 737

Plate XX XI. Plants isolated. Caud. decumbent, slow-growing, throwing up a

few fronds from the apex annually, and perishing bebind, densely clothed with

large, broad, acuminate scales. S/ipes curving upwards to the vertical,

densely clothed at base with linear, subulate, concolor, light-chestnut-coloured

scales, # ia. 1., higher up with larger and broader scales up to 1 in. 1, very

acuminate, dark-chestnut-coloured, still higher up shortening to 4in., with

pale edges, and becoming scattered and deciduous ; stiff but not thick ; from

6 in. in small to 23 in. |. in large plants,—average of 25 large fronds 14 in.

Fronds from 8 to 23 in. l., by 4 to 13 in. br., ovate-acuminate : sometimes the

lowest pair, or the two lowest, sometimes the third and fourth pairs from base,

sometimes the middle pairs, the longest : bipinnate. Pine oblong-acu-

minate, generally broadest at base, occasionally ab middle, pinnate to a_ slightly

winged rhachis, distant, pinnules generally set well apart. Pinnules generally

sessile, but lowest often petiolate, broadest at base, slightly falcate and tapering

to a rounded apex, cut down more or less into distinct, biunt or truncate,

sharply-toothed lobes, 4-6 in number according to length of pinnule, the toothed

margin thin in texture, aimost hyaline, with a tooth to each vemlet. Veins

distinctly visible, pinnate in the lobes: veinlets curved, in lower lobes often

forked in the inferior half, ramning into the teeth but stopping short of the

margin, clubbed at the ends. Sori in a single row on either sider of vosta

of pinnule, one in each lobe, but often two in each of the lowest pair; jowest

3—5 pairs of pinne sterile. Z’erture herbaceous ; colonr of stipes and rhachises

pale-straw-coloured, or light brown : of lamina pale, dull, green.

AFGHAN,—Griftith ; Kurram Valley—Aitch. Nos. 384 and 455, 1879.

TRANS-IND. STATES : Chakdara, Duthie’s Collr. 1895 ; Baraul and Swat—with

the Chitral Relief Expedition, 6 stations, 63-10,000', Harris 1895; Mirga 8000’, Sir

W. Gatacre 1895.

KASHMIR :—‘* Kashmir and W. Thibet, J. E. Winterbottom 1847, No.—, Habi-

tat Birik in Gilgit (Balti or Lower Thibet), elevn, 10,000 ft.” ; Rutton Pir 8000‘, C. B.

Clarke, No. 28310, 1876; Srinagar, Bamahama, and And’rbug 5-7000’, “ common ””

MacLeod 1891 ; Jhelam Valley, 3000’, Gammie 1891.

PuNJAB : Dehra Ismail Khan—Pineul, Rev. J. Williams 1888; Hazara Dist.—

Black Mt., Akhand Baba Peak, and Kahim Gali 8-9000’, Panj-Gali 6-7000', Duthie

Nos, 7622-23, 1888 ; Kagan Valley. 5-8500’, Inayat (Sahar. Herb, Collr.) 1896-97-99,

Abbotabad to Murree 7-9000', Trotter 1889 ; Murree 5-7000’, Hope 1882 ; Chamba State

MeDonell, Trotter, J. Marten 1898-99, Harsukh (Sahar, Herb. Collr.) 1899; Kangra Vy.

Dist.—Dharmsala 8000’, Trotter 1887; Simla Reg. 5-10,000’, Hope, Gamble, Blanford,

Duthie, Bliss.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist —Jaunsar 45-8000’, C. G. logers, Gamble ; Mussooree

6-7000’' : the common JLastrea of Mussooree ; 7. Garh.—King, Duthie, Gamble ;

B. Garh.—Mrs. Fisher ; Kumaun—Hope, Davidson, Trotter, Duthie.

DIsTRIB,-—Asia—Centr.: N. Ind. (Him.) Sikkim, Bhotan ; Assam—Khasia Hills,

Clarke, Mann; “not very common” (Clarke in ‘Rev.’); Kohima 4500’, Clarke

S, Ind.—Nilgiri and Annamalay Mts., above 5000’, Beddome, Levinge, Gambel,

738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X/V,

The above description has been written by me from a large series of speci-

mens. I first gathered this fern at Naini Tal in 1861, and again at Simla in

1871. I was very familiar with it at Mussooree from 1880 to 1896, where it

is one of the commonest ferns in and near forest, on the north side of the ridge.

On dry ground it is small and poor, and like Clarke’s type of WV. /.-mas, var.

2, normalis ; but in rich moist soil, in open shade, it developes into a large hand-

some plant, with a number of fronds growing up simultaneously from the apex

of a suberect or decumbent stout caudex, but noi shutilecock-wise from an erect

vaudex, like the fronds of MV, F.-mas. Generally the four, always three,

lowest pairs of pinne are barren, and not uncommonly five pairs, ‘This may be

taken as a character of the species. The sori are small, but the involucres

when young are twice as large as the sori, shrivelling up when they ripen.

The pinne are all distant, increasingly so downwards to 8—34 in, apart in

large fronds. The stipes is generally long. Before I saw this fully-developed

‘tate of the plant I thought the Mussooree fern must be Clarke’s normalis. I

chjected tio the species being put under F.-mas, and when, later, I received

Assam specimens from Mr, Clarke, I identified them with the small iorm of the

Mussooree fern. When I went to England in 1888, and studied at Kew, I

noted—“ No specimen that I have, or have seen, marked var. normalis by

Mr. Clarke is at all like V. Fitiz-mas, either in stipe, shape of frond, cutting,

or sori.” I classified on paper all the specimens like normalis, or like the

Mussooree larger fern, into groups:—I. Old specimens, identical with

Clarke’s own, found freely scattered through bundles marked as containing not

only WV, F.-mas,and varieties of it, but N. rigidum, Desy., and these Mr. Clarke

had apparently not identified as his normatis. The earliest collected of

these is, I think, a front collected by Jacquemont at Mussooree, No. 592, and

it had been marked V. remotum by Mr, Clarke. Another, from Afghanistan,

Griffith, Mr. Clarke had marked V. rigidum, Desv. Two or three sheets, of

Dr. Bacon’s collecting, have tickeis—*“ Mussooree, abundant,’? and—“ N.-West

India, Mr. Hdgeworth.”’ There are about a dozen sheets of these old specimens,

collected from Kashmir to Kumaun, but all unmistakably WV. odontoloma,

Moore.

Group II. comprises seven sheets of Mr. Clarke’s own collecting in Kashmir

and at Dalhousie in the Chamba State, marked rigidum or remotum. A wrapper

marked by him ‘ Jnd. Or. rigidum,’ contained either NV. marginatum, Wall., or

very large and compound specimens of the Mussovree normalis, collected by

Jacquemont, Strachey and Winterbottom, Hook. fil. eb Thoms, and Edge-

worth. None of these seemed to me in the least like the European rigidum or

remotum. Some loose sheets had mostly been referred to rigidum, though they

were noi in a rigidum wrapper. I thought them not even like that species.

Many were named pallidin by the collectors, which name well indicates their

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 739

tint of green, There is a great resemblance between WV. odontoloma, Moore, and

N. pallidum, Bory; and some specimens of Dr, Aitchison’s from Afghanistan,

which I at first referred to odontoloma, may be pallidum, if these are distinct —

species. There is a whole plant of his, No. 455, “Shand Toi ravine, Aspidium

Filix-mas, 31-5-79,” which is exactly Clarke’s Assam normatlis, small and

simple in cutting, but very pallid. Mr. Baker has marked this—‘* doubtful—

between rigidum and Filiz-mas.” Under rigidum, which he seems to have

erroneously introduced into the Flora of India, Mr. Clarke says—‘ Some of

the Indian examples exhibit the whitened appearance of NV. pallidum, Bory ;

and Sir W. J. Hooker has written tbat name on one of them. Some forms

included by me under WV. Filiz-mas, var. 2, normalis above, become 2-pinnate,

and I can draw no line between them (Khasi examples) and NV. rigidum.”

From this it would appear that the large N.-West Himalayan form of 1. oden-

toloma grows also in Assam; but Mr. Clarke gives no dimensions, and his

figure is of the small form.

Later on, after a discussion, Mr. Baker allowed me to pick out of all these

wrappers the specimens I reduced to wormalis, alias N’. odontoloma, Moore,

and Mr. Clarke pinned additional tickets on them, bearing that name, on my

responsibility, Colonel Beddome, in his Supplement, under Lastrea F\-mas,

var. olontoloma, Moore, makes no mention of this re-sorting done at Kew ; but

under Lastre spinulosa var, remota, he seems to refer to specimens of NV. odon-

toloma 1 contributed to Kew when he says—“ Mr. Hope has also sent speci-

mens to Kew, gathered at the base of the Himalayas, in which the pinnules are

much less cut than in the type, which have been referred to r7gida, var. pallida.”

The specimens I sent, whici are admitted by Clarke to be his var. normalis,

well developed, were not gathered at the base of the Himalaya, but over the

outer ridge of the range at an elevation of about 6,300 feet, and no specimen

of this plant has ever been got at the base of the Himalayas.

Large specimens of VV, odentoloma, Moore, and also of Aspidium marginatum,

Wall., are quite bipinnate in the lower half: WV, ¥.-mas is never bipinnate.

Nephrodium elongatum (Sw.), Hook. & Grev., is somewhat like WV. odon-

toloma, and very unlike F.-mas. It is not bipinnate, and the lowest two pairs

of pinne, which are not much shorter than those above them, are less bipinnate

than the third and fourth pairs are.

21. N. ramosum, Hope, in Journ. Bot., March 1896, p. 126.—

bases of the stipes, with large, broad, suddenly-acuminate hair-pointed pale-

brown self-coloured scales. (Stives 6-17 in. 1, stout, pale-brown or straw-

coloured, sometimes mottled. Frond 10-24 in. long by 8-138 in, br., bipinnate

in lower part ; rhachises slightly winged in upper pinne ; Jowest pinne as

long as or longer than the next above, and the lowest four or five pairs but

740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

little diminished in length, diminution thence gradual to apex ; rhachises straw-

coloured, or pale-brown, or pale-green, more or less clothed with pale-coloured

linear scales and fibrils, but sometimes glabrous ; frond plumose in appearance.

Pinna ascendant, 16-80 pairs besides the deeply-pinnatified apex, distant near

base of frond, lowest 5-93 in. 1. by 2-44 in. br. Pinnules 12-20 pairs, on the

lower pinnee much longest on the lower side, longest towards the middle and

then up to 24 in, L, none 3 in. br., and all distant, falcate ; oblong for two-

thirds of their length, and then acuminate, cut duwn to a winged rhachis into

10-15 segments ; segments in large fronds lobed on both sides, and lobes toothed.

Texture herbaceous. Colowr pale-green, but drying sometimes pale-brown.

Veins pinnate in segments, and forked in larger lobes. Sori generally absent in

lowest two or three pairs of pinne, but extending sometimes almost to the apices

of fronds and pinne, up to six in lowest lobes, medial. Znvolucres thick

moderate-sized, persistent, brown ; sporangia pale-green when young,”—

Plate XXXII.

Afghan. : Peiwar Kotal 8000’, the late Sir Henry Collett 1879; Aztch. 9000,

No. 266, 1880 @amed NV. rigidum, var. pallida).

TRANS-IND. STATES: with the Chitral Relief Expedition—72-10,000', Dr. Harris,

Sir Wm. Gatacre.

KASHMIR, W.—4-10,000', Trotter 1888, MacLeod 1891, McDonell 1891 and 1894,

Duthie 1892-93.

PuNJAB: Hazara Dist.—“ The Gallies,” Mrs. Queripel 1882 ; Kagan Valley Inayat

(Sahar. Herb. Collr.) 1896-7-9; between Abbotabad and Murree 7-8500’, frequent,

Trotter 1888-89 and 1892 ; Simla Reg.—8-9000', Blanf. 1882-84, Hope 1886, Bliss 1891.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar 8000’, Gamble 1892-95-98; 7. Garh. 8-9000’,

Duthie 1883.

The characteristic features of this fern are—the broad frond, hardly ever

reduced at the base : the very long, broad and distant pinne:: the very long

and narrow pinnules: the pale-green colour of the frond, and the almost

invariably pale colour of the scales. The distribution seems to be confined to

the Western Himalaya and the mountains immediately to the westward of

British India. In colour it is similar to the much less compound JV. pallidum

of Bory, a native of South-Hastern Europe and Western Asia. Some speci-

mens of VV. ramosum approach NV. odontoloma, and others NV. marginatum,

Wall., which varies a good deal. But VV. odontoloma never is broadest at base

as VV. ramosum is almost invariably. Perhaps the nearest congener of this

species is VV. Blanfordu, Hope, No. 18 above described, a fern with a more

limited range ; but that species is never so compound in cutting, and it always

has a short stipes, and dark-coloured scales.

22. N. marginatum, Wall. (under Aspidium), Cat. 391, mainly,

but not the type sheet; C. R. 521, t. 71 ; Aspidium marginatum (not clearly

separable from) », VV. elongatum, Hk. & Grev., Syn, Fil. 272. Lastrea Filia-

th.

2 Th

Chitra Silpi C

) A a,

Wee S ee

SS . Z

he SANS

Dame eae

et os

Ze,

Aik

Fitch. del.

JN.

SUM Hope.

RAMO

NEPHRODIUM

rhizome

A. Sovus, enlarged 20 chams.

5. Seale from base of stipes

6. Portion of same scale

nat. size.

of frond, nat. size.

1. Section of

2. Portion

x 7 diam.

x 380 chams.

rules, enlarged 3 dam.

Oo. Eaaeaot: pinn

Wy INS 5 IN

= WANS <=

ees

Ren

\ PSS

aH;

{ >. <u *

Ne Y Ap ee

SANDAL’ a

‘Ze H INS =

Wig HINe ay

Zh Ni

i i NRA

TAA SS

> j

se a TZ AIG

TN Fitch del Chiva Sip C2 Lith.

NEPHRODIUM MARGINATUM Wal... (Sub Aspidnum )

Rhizome natural size. 4. Pinnule of N23. enlarged 2% diam.

.Pinnules from a basal pimna:nat size. 5. Seales from base of stipes: nat. size.

. Upper grds.cfapmna:nat size from same frond. 6 .__............do. : enlarged 5 diam.

7. Portion of scale: enlarged 20 diam.

COIN a

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 741

mas, var. », elongata, Hk. & Grev., Bedd. H. B, 250, and Suppt. 56.

Plate XX XIII.

Mr. Clarke’s description is :—‘‘ Frond large, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, not

narrowed at the base, 2-3 pinnate ; lowest pinnee often 12 in, |., falcate ;

main and partial rhachises nearly free from scales ; tertiary pinne oblong,

obtuse, serrate or pinnatifid sometimes nearly to the midrib ; texture, venation,

and sori nearly as /ilia-mas—Himalaya, alt. 6-9000', from Bhotan to

Kumaun, common in Sikkim; Khasia, alt. 5000’; Kohima 6000/.”

Mr. Clarke observes :—‘“ This form is called var. elongatum (of NV. F.-mas) in

the Kew bundles, and also by Indian collectors; but I do not see that it is

much like VV. elongatum, Hk. & Gr., Ic. Fil. t. 234 (Aspidium, Milde, Fil. Eur.

124), which is founded on a Macaronesian fern that seems to me much more

like var. Khasiana.? InthisI quite concur, but I cannot do so in what follows

the above. NV. marginatum, Wall., is quite common as far westward as Simla,

and even in Western Kashmir, according to Col. MacLeod ; and I have a speci-

men from the Hazara District collected by Mr. Trotter. I give the habitats I

have notes of—as follow:—

KASHMIR : On the range between Jhelam and Kishenganga Valleys—“ common

from 6 to 11,000’ MacLeod in MS., 1893.

PungAB : Hazara Dist.—near Dungagali 7000', Trotter No. 546, 1890 ; Chamba—

below Dalhousie 5000’, Blanford 1886 ; McDonell ; Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala

6500’, Trotter ; Simla Region—Simla 5500-6000’, Hope, Blanford, Bliss,

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist —Mussooree and neighbourhood, from 5000 to 6950’, common

in forest. 7. Garh.-—-Aglar Valley, Duthie; Kumaun 47-6000.

DistRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. CHim.), Sikkim (common), Bhotan; Assam—Khasia

5000', Kohima 6000’ Cierke. S. Ind., on the Western Mts., 4-6000’, Beddome. Ceylon

(Beddome H. B.). Malay Peninsula—Perak (Beddome Suppt. H. B.),

The description of VV. elongatum, Hk. & Gr., given in the ‘ Synopsis’ under

N. Filiz-mas Rich, is:—“ fr. sometimes 3-4 ft. 1, 2 ft. br., subdeltoid,

quadripinnatifid ; lower pinnaee 1 ft. or morel., 4-6 in. br., pinnl. close,

lanceolate, cut down nearly to the rhachis into oblong crenated lobes ; invol.

4—4 lin, br.;” and the concluding remark, under WV. F.-mas, in which is

included JV. elongatum, as var. y is—‘* The extremes as described differ widely,

but we cannot draw any clear line between them. A. Schimpervanum, canariense,

Ludovicianum, and marginatum, none of them seem clearly separable from 4

which might be looked for in group 7,” Group 7, when we come to it ten pages

further on in the ‘ Synopsis,’ contains 28 species with fronds ample, more than

13—2 ft. J., 1. ft. br., decompouad.

Had the description of 2. elongatum given in the ‘ Synopsis ’ been simply

of the Macaronesian plant, as figured in Hooker and Greville’s Jcones Pilicum,

the suggestion that the fern mighy be looked for in group 7 of nephrodium

could hardly have been made. The figure is of the Madeira fern, as gathered

742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

there, at Ribeiro d’Amestade, and the description in the Zcones is said to have

been made from the frond figured ; but it goes beyond that, and seems to have

been intended to cover also WV. canariense, A. Br., which Milde considered to

be a distinct species. So also does the description in the ‘ Synopsis’ seems

to have been designedly made comprehensive ; and afterwards it was thought

sufficiently so to cover also WV. Schimperranum, Hochst., and NV, marginatum,

Wall, And, next, the habitats were extended eastwards from the Macaronesian

Islands, over nearly all Africa, and the Hast: Indies, and westwards to the

South United States. I cannot find any specimen of VV. elongatum, as figured

by Hooker and Greville, marked as having been collected in the Canary Islands ;

nor does it seem to have been got on the Continent of Africa. Nor can I find

any specimen of the more compound (or decompound ?) plant, WV. canariense,

marked as having been got either on Madeira or on the African Continent.

But I must point out, in spite of Milde’s opinion that it is a distinct: species,

that VV. canariense appears to be closely connected with NV. elongatum, for it

shares with it two characters which I cannot find in VV. Filiz-mas, or in any

African or Indian plant named JV. elongatum. ‘These are (1), as stated im

Hooker and Greville’s description,— the underside (of the frond) is minutely

dotted with crystalline glands, and the involucre, which is very convex, is also

studded with glands, some crystalline, some opaque (sic)” ; and (2)—which I

cannot see anywhere noted—the secondary rhachises, and ina less degree the

costz of the pinnules, or the tertiary rhachises, bear peculiar small, rounded,

pointed scales. These scales I cannot find on any form of NV. Filix-mas, or

on any other so-called variety of it, or on WV. marginatum, Wall., or on any

continental African species or form.

The difference in cutting between even the largest specimens of 1. canariense

and the smallest and least compound (or decompound) specimens of WV. mar-

ginatum, Wall., is very marked ; and the very patent and closely-set pinnee and

pinnules of WV. elongatum, Hk. & Gr., and N. canariense, A. Br., are in marked

contrast with the ascendant and widely separated corresponding parts of VV. mar-

gnatum, Wall. The texture and colour of the two species are very different. ;

and the scales at base of stipes are utterly dissimilar from each other as well

as from those of V. Filiz-mas.

Nephrodium elongatum, Hk, & Gr., is, as these authors say, Aspidiwm

elongatum, of Swartz, Syn. Fil. p. 55, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 5, 269, 1779, which

again is the Polypodium elongatum, of Aiton, in Hort. Kew. Ed. 1, v. 3, p. 465,

and Hd, 2nd, Vol. V., 1813. The type of Polypodium elongatum is in Herb.

Hort. Kew.—ticket—“ Polypedium elongatum, Solander, n. sp, 1781,’’ Herb.

late Bishop Goodenough, presented by the Corporation of Carlisle, June 1880.

This has the characteristic scales. described above, on the secondary rhachises and

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 743

coste : the stipes are incomplete, and there is no rhizome. Tectaria elongata,

Cav., is quoted in the Icones asasynonym. The following remarks are made,

after the technical description :—

“This fern appears to be very little known to botanists, and we are much

indebted to the Rev. R. T. Lowe for sending us five specimens gathered in

Madeira, at Ribeiro d’Amestade, at an elevation of 3,000 feet above the level of

the sea, and from which our figure and description have been made. These,

too, we have had an opportunity of comparing with an authentic specimen of

Mr. Masson’s, and thus determining it to be the Polypodium of the Hortus

Kewensis.” None of the authors, Aiton, Swartz, and Hooker and Greville, give

any habitat for the plant, except the islands of the Macaronesian group ; and as

there is plenty of specimens in the Kew Herbarium, from Lowe and other

collectors, named JV. elongatum, there can be no dispute as to what the type

plant is. As the plant was in cultivation in the Royal Gardens, Kew, in

Aiton's time, and as it has a place in the Hand-List of Ferns and Fern Allies

cultivated in the Royal Gardens, and it would be interesting to compare the

fronds now growing with the old Herbarium specimens, and others more

recently collected in Madeira, I have tried to find the plant referred to in the

List, but without success. No one in the Gardens seems to know of the

existence of the plant, orto be able to find it. The Growing ferns are not

arranged according to any system of classification, and they are therefore not s0

available for study as they might be. But I am safe in challenging any one to

show any connection between JV. elongatum and VN. marginatum, Wall.

23. N. sparsum, Don (under Asyidium); Syn. Fil, 276; 0. R. 523,

Lastrea sparsa, Don, Bedd. H. B. 252,

PongAB: Chamba State—Ravi Valley-Langera 6500’, McDonell 1882.

N.-W. P.: Z. Garh—Duthie 1877, Herschel 1878-79; Phaidi, E. of Landour

5-6000’, Duthie 1881; Kumaun—near Askot 4-5000’, Duthie 1884.

DisTRIB.— Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim and Bhotan; Assam—“ very common

all the western Mts., and on the hills on eastern side” (Beddome). Ceylon. Thibet

HA. BE. Hobson, Burma, Malay Isles. N. China Yunnan-- Henry. Formosa. Java—

Raciborski, Borneo.

Mr. McDonell’s fern from Chamba seems very different from the Garhwal

plant. It is very elegant in cutting, and, though small, is all but tripinnate ;

stipes and rhachis reddish in colour; it is perhaps a distinct species. The

Garbwal plant is hardly bipinnate.

24, N. crenatum, Baker, Fl. Mauritius 497. Polypodiwm crenatum,

Forsk. JV. odoratum, Baker, Syn. Fil. 280. WV. crenutum, C. B. Clarke, C. R.

524, Lastrea crenata, Forsk. (under Polypodium), Bedd. H. B, 258.

PunsaB: Hazéra Dist.—near Kalapani 6000’, Trotter 1890 ;—Chamba State,

McDonell ; 6-7000’ Trotter; Mandi State 5-6000’, Trotter; Simla Reg.—Simla to

Kamalhori Mt., and Sutlaj Valley, 3-8500’ or higher, Gamble, Hope, Bliss, i

744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar: Khalsi; Gammie, Shaora 5500’, C. G. Rogers

in the Dun, common in ravines, at foot of Himalaya, and up to Mussooree, 25-7000.

T. Garh.—Ganges Valley 5-6000', Duthie; B. Garh.—Mrs. Fisher ; Kumaun—Naini

TAl 7500’, Hope 1861 ; Davidson; Gola Valley, above Ranibagh 2-2500', Hope 1890 ;

“ very common in all valleys, 2-5000’,” MacLeod.

DistRIB.—Asia: N. Ind, (Him.) Sikkim and Bhotan; Assam—Khasia 2-4500’,

frequent; Bengal—Chutia-Nagpur 2-3000’. Ceylon—Malay Peninsula. §. Chins.

Afr.; Trop. ; Mauritius.

Mr. Clarke says—very partial to limestone; but I find it grows also on

sandstone and shale. It flourishes on dry cliffs, in the clefts of which it buries

its procumbent rhizome, which has a beautiful covering of long golden-chest-

nut scales. The sori are rarely nephrodioid, generally looped, or hippocrepiform :

towards tips linear. The plant might almost be put in Althyrium.

25. N. Boryanum, Baker, non Hook.; Syn. Fil. 284; C. R. 527.

Lastrea Boryana, Willd. (ander Aspidium), Bedd. H. B. 266.

PunyaB: Chamba—McDonell Cin List of Chamba Ferns identified at Kew ;

Kangra Vy. Dist.—Dharmsala, C. B. Clarke 1874 ; Simla Reg.—Simla, Col. Bates,

Dr. Cattell, JOth Hussars, 1876 ; Simla waterfalls, Gamble; Simla—“ the Glen”

6000’, Blanford : “not uncommon in welleshaded ravines below 6000’”; Simla,

below Petersfield 5500’, in the open, Hope 1886.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Mussooree? Duthie, Herschel; 7. Garh.—Bhatauli

4-5000', Mackinnons, Hope ; Kumaun—Sarju Valley 3-4900', Duthie; Trotter.

DistRIB.—Asia : N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim Hook. fil., C. B. Clarke ; Bhotan Griffith,

C. B. Clarke, Levinge ; Assam Wallich, Khasia; Burma—Tonghoo. 8. Ind.— Ana-

mallay Hills, Beddome. Malaya. China—Yunnan Henry. Japan. Afr. : Ruwenzori

Mt., Scott Elliot ; Johanna, Mauritius, Bourbon.

26. N. setigerum, Baker; Syn. Fil. 284. WV. tenericaule, Hook., C. R.

528. Lastrea tenericaulis, Wall., under Polypodium, Bedd. H. B. 266,

PungaB: Chamba State—Dr. George Watt, fide Trotter.

DISTRIB.— Asia: N. (Him.), Nepal, Sikkim; Assam—up to 4000’: E. Bengal—

“ very common, extending some way into the plains, as to Sylhet Station,” Clarke. 8.

Ind.—on the W. Mts., 2-3000’: “very common,” Beddome in H. B. Burma. Ceylon

1500’—3000’. Malaya, China, Australia, Polynesia (Clarke, in ‘ Review’.)

This species is entered in Trotter’s Lists, both printed and MS§., and

he wrote to me about it, but I do not think I saw the specimen. It is not

entered in McDonell’s List of Chamba: Ferns identified at Kew ; and Blanford

did not admit it as afern of the Simla Region, where Dr. Cattell, in his pub-

lished list, said it had been got.

Subgenus EUNEPHRODIUM.

27. WN. molliusculum, Wall. (under Polypodium), Cat, 332, Bedd.

Suppt. H. B. 68. WV. Hopei, No. 165* Baker, in Ann, Bot,, Vol. Y., No.

XVIII. WV. molle, Desy., an E. Indian form of, Syn, Fil. 293. WV. eatensum,

vars. microsora and late-repeus, C. R. 529, 530, N. microsorum, Clarke,

Bedd. H. B. 270,—Plate XXXIV.

Chitra Silpi ce oe

NEPHRODIUM MOLLIUSCULUM Wall. (der Aspidiurn)

1. Rhizome; natural size.

2 Portion of frond: natural size.

J.N. Fitch del.

3. Portion of a prmna: enlar ged 3 diam.

A. Sorus: enlarged 25 diam.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA, 745

NeW. Pw: D. D. Dist.—Dehra Dun H., Song R., above Lachiwala 18-1900’, Hope

1886 : seen also eastward down to 1150’ alt. ; Nala Pani, near Dohra, ‘* 23-970,” in

Herb. Hort. Cale. ; Garkwal—G. King, 1868; Kuwmaun—R. B. 1827 ; A. O. Hume,

in Herb. Hort. Calc.; Kali Valley, 2-3000’, Duthie 1884 ; Sarju Valley near Bageswar.

3-3500’, Trotter 1891.

DistRiB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Sikkim 506’-£000', common ; in the Terai

universal (Clarke in ‘ Review”); Assam-Kohima 5000’, Clarke—as JV, ewtenswm, in

Linn. Journ, XXV, 94. China, Henry, No. 18079: presented to Kew Herb. in 1900

and named there WV. molle. a

Colonel Beddome has given up his VV, microsorum, and in his Supplement of

1892 has in its stead set up WV. molliusculum, Wall. Both Baker and Clarke say

that Wallich’s NW. molliusculum is N. molle, alias N. parasiticum ; but on

turning up Wallich’s specimen in the Linnean Society’s Herbarium, I find that

Col. Beddome’s new view is correct, Mr. Baker had, of course, been obliged

to rename the plant, because there was already a Wephrodium (Lastrea) microso-

rum, Hook., No. 69 in the ‘ Synopsis.’ This re-christening has promoted

research,

NV. molliusculum, though very rare in N.-W. India, seems—if Beddome’s

reduction of Clarke’s varieties of VV. eatenswm be correct—to be very abundant

in Sikkim and the ‘ Zara’ below it. Clarke says his var. microsora is common

in Sikkim, and that his var. /ate-repens is universal in the ‘Tarai.’ [As this verna-

cular word had not, I think, appeared in this paper before it may be explained

that it means the second belt or zone of land below the Himalaya Range,—the

first, just at its feet, being the ‘ Bhabar’ or steepish stratum of boulders and

gravel into which the off flow of the mountains sinks—to reappear in the flatter

‘ Tarai, at a lower level.] Mr. Clarke says :—‘‘ This fern creeps in the sand

near streams where they debouch from the hills, covering acres, I might say

square miles, of country, as round Siliguti.” Again, under WV. procurrens, he

says— There are ferns, like NV. extensum, var. late-repens, where a single

rhizome will cover a quarter of an acre.”” In the Dehra Din, the station where

I first saw VV. molliuscudwm was below the high bank of a river, in swampy

ground caused by water trickling out of the bank ; this was in forest, and

canes (Calamus sp.) were growing in the swamp, which prevented the rhizomes

being traced to any great extent. It was evidently a wrong time of year for

collecting the fern, and there were large beds of young sterile fronds, among

which were found a few larger and more developed fertile fronds of the previovs

season, I think in July and August good fertile specimens would be got; but

where a fern perpetuates itself so well from its rhizome it has small need for

producing sporangia. Asplenium multicaudatwn, Wall., is another case in point.

Dr. King’s plant from Garhwél, noted above, seems this; but the pinne

dwindle to nothing at the base.of the frond. In the Calcutta Herbarium there

is-a remarkably fringed sport, from Assam, Simons. eS

746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL AISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.

28. N.aridum, Baker; Syn. Fil. 291; C.R.531. Nephrodiumaridum,

Don (under Aspdium), Bedd. H. B. 272. Asmdium venulosum, Wall. Cat.

352, A. scabridum, Wall. Cat. 302.

PUNJAB : Chamba—MecDonell ; Kullu—Upper Beas Valley 5-6000’, Trotter 1887 ;

Simla Reg.—Bashahr, Lace.

N-W. P.: D. D. Dist —Khurrak, Edgew.—Very common in the Din, in

ditches and by sides of streams, 1560’—3000' ; Kumaun—Sarju Valley 3500’, S.& Wa,

Davidson ; near Askot 4-5000’, Duthie ; Takula 4500’, MacLeod. Oudh—Philibhit,

Keri and Baraitch Dists., Duthie 1898.

DistRIB.—Asia : N. India—“ Throughout the Bengal Plain, abundant ; from the

Soonderbun (Sundriban) to Assam and the Dehra Dun, ascending the hills to 3000’.

Throughout India and Ceylon.” (Clarke's Rev.). Bhotan, Nuttall, Manipur 1500’,

Clarke 1885. Notin S, India or Ceylon (Bedd. in H. B.). Malay Peninsula, Perak

and Singapur, N, Australia (Clarke in Rev.)

This is one of the commonest ferns in the Dehra Dun, where there is water ;

it is quite a hedgerow plant, if there is a wet ditch adjoining. Its name must

have been given to it on account of the dry appearance and texture of the fronds

when mature; while growing they are succulent. The rhizome is creeping. I

would amend Beadome’s description thus :-—

‘* Rhizome creeping ; stipes 1 ft. or less long, erect, slightly pubescent ;

fronds 2-12 ft. 1., 12-15 in. br. ; pinne@ increasingly distant until below

they are 4-6 in. apart, and rapidly diminishing to mere auricles,

6-9 in. 1, 3-1 in. br, cat about 4rd of the way down into

subtriangular sharp-pointed lobes, in the barren fronds, at least,

auricled at base above ; the lowest lobes of the pinnee sometimes much

the smallest, sometimes much the largest, in which latter case the vein-

leis may be found forked, and anastomosing in the lobe ; feature coriaceous,

glandular below ; rhachis and lower surface hairy; veinlets 8-10 on a

side, 5-6 pairs joined with those of the adjacent pinnules ; veins in

green frond transparent, in dry frond opaque; sori in rows, 1 or 1

pair at junction of lowest pair of veins,—the rest nearly medial.”

Colonel Beddome’s new species, N. papyracewm, Supp. H. B., p. 69, is,

1 feel sure, non-existent, so far at least as N.-W. India is concerned. His

locality —“‘ Kullu, Upper Biso Valley, Trotter ’*—must be a misprint for

“Upper Bias (or Beas) Valley. I have a young sterile frond from Trotter -

‘ collected in Kullu—Upper Bids Valley 5-6000', noted above, and it is

NV. aridum, pure and simple. Jt has no such venation in the lowest segments

of the pinnze as Beddome speaks of ; but on looking at other specimens I find

that is a character of WV. aridum, as long ago I observed it is of WN. mole. I

now understand that Col. Beddome gives up the Kullu station for NV. papy-

raceum. admitting that his specimen is WV. aridum.

29, N. molle, Desv. ; Syn. Fil..298 ; Bedd. H. B..277. V. parasite-

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 747

cum, O B, Clarke, C. R. 533 (Linn, under Polypodium; Sunw. der Aspidium),.

TRANSeIND. STATES : Swdt—below Laram Pass, 4000’, Gatacre 1895.

PuNJaB: Hazdra Dist.—Trotter in Lists; Siran Vy., Inayat, collr. for Sahar.

Herb. 1896. Chamba State—McDonell in List and J. Marten ; Kangra Vy. Dist.

W., 25-3000’, Trotter ; Hoshiarpur Dist.—Aitch.; Jalandhar, Aitch.; Simla Reg.—-

Simla and vicinity—“ not met with above 5000’, but common in the deep valleys

at 4500’ and below”: Blanford in List.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—Jaunsar 3000' and lower, common in the Dehra Diin

1-3000’; 7. Garh. near Bhatauli 4500’, Hope; B. Garh. Mrs. Fisher. Kwmaun—

Almora 4600’, Hope; “Kumaun,” Davidson 1875; Gola Vy. 35-4000’, Hope;

Gorakhpur Dist.—Nichaul (in a well), A. Campbell.

DIsTRIB.—Amer. :—Cuba and Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Asia: Himalaya

and §. India; China--Hong Kong. Australasia: N. S. Wales and N. Zealand.

Afr. ; Macaronesia, Guinea Coast, Cape Colony, Mascaren Isles.

Mr, Clarke says this species is very little variable, considering its extensive

range. ‘There is, or was, close to Dehra a remarkable sport, which besides

forking, sometimes several times, has a tendency to become distinctly bipin-

nate, and when so is often soriferous. Such fronds were found on plants

producing also normal fronds ; and the sporting seemed to be luxuriance pro-

duced by moist rich soil in a ditch, used also as an irrigation channel, with

dense shade overhead. I have seen plants with similar tendency on the slope

of a canal cutting near Dehra. I gathered many plants and fronds of this from

the first-mentioned station, but never got a frond wholly bipinnate. Had I

found a plant with only bipinnate fronds, I might have been tempted to propose

a new genus or subgenus—there being no bipinnate Hunephrodium that I know

of. In the Calcutta Herbarium there is a specimen of a similar sport from

Sikkim, 1873.

30. N. papilio, n. sp.—Plate XII. (see Part II., Vol. XII., p. 625).

Add, to localities:—7Z. Garh., Mantargadh 4500’, Gamble, 27413,

10-’98 ; B. Garh., Mrs. Fisher,

31. N. occultum, n. sp.—Plate XIIT. (see Vol. XIT., p. 627).

Subgenus SagEnta, Presi.

32. MN. cicutarium, Baker; Syn. Fil. 299; C. R. 589. Aspidium

acutarium, Sw., Bedd. H. B. 220.

PUNJAB: Chamba State-—-McDonell, in List ; Kangra Vy. Dist. W.—8000',

Trotter ; Mandi State, Trotter 1887; Simla Reg.—kbelow the tonga road, 8 miles

from Simla, Bliss 1892 : new to the Region ; not in Blanford’s List.

N.-W. P.: D. D. Dist.—The Dehra Dtin and South slope of Himalaya, 15-5100’,

common; 7. Garh.—Ganges Vy. 3-4000’, Duthie; B. Garh, Mrs. Fisher. Kumaun—

Valley of the Sarju 4,000’, R. Blink., in Herb. Wallich, 3500’, S.& W.; Naini

Tal, Hope 1861 ; Davidson 1§75; Kali Vy. 3-4000’, Duthie 1884 ; Gola Vy. 2500’

Hope 1890.

DIstRIB.— Amer. : Cuba ard Mexico, southward to Brazil and Peru. Asia: N.,

Ind. (Him.), Sikkim and Bhotdn; Assam ; Bengal— Chittagong, Chutia-Nagpur

748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

1-4000’, common. S, India—“ the more hairy variety, known as coadunata, only

is found * (Bedd. H. B.); Burma. Ceylon. Afr. : Guinea Coast, Angola, Zambesi

Land, Mascaren Islands.

No mention is made in the Synopsis of Clarke’s var. coadunata, Wall. Cat.

377, partly :—‘* Frond thick, hairy on the rhachises, and often on the frond

beneath,” which he says is as widely spread in North India as the typical

NV. cuuterium, and still more plentiful, I have seen no such hairy Sagenia from

N. India, or indeed from elsewhere. Clarke goes on to say that 1. coadunatum

is a stout, firm, thick, hairy frond on a short stipe, but that Wallich’s type

sheet of Aspidium coadunatum is very glabrous, and is unfortunately

exactly that variety which has been known in India as not var. coadunata !

I have a specimen of this fern from Simla, a portion of a thin, light-green,

membranous frond, with small sori confined to the long, pointed lobes, and

scarcely a trace of involucre ; and involucres are hardly visible in a large speci-

men from below Mussooree. On the other hand, in one specimen received from

the Messrs. Mackinnon, collected near Mussooree, the involuctes are persistent,

but only th in. diam. ; while in another, from the same source, they are 3th in.

diam., and so crowded all over the frond as often to overlap one another : their

diameter is thrice that of the sorus, and they are all nephrodioid. A specimen I

collected at 5100’ alt., below Mussooree, is mounted on five 184 in, sheets : the

second lowest pinne are 22 in. 1., giving a breadth of frond of 44 in., and the

lowest pinnee are 24” X 12”, and 264” X 13”, respectively. Some American

specimens are comparatively small, and not broad below.

Genus 24, NEPHROLEPIS, Schott.

1. N. cordifolia, Presl.; Syn. Fil. 300 ; OC. R. 546 ; WV. cordafolia, Linn.

under Polypotium, Bedd. H. B. 282.

NW. P.: L. Garh.—below Laluri 3-4000', Duthie 1881; B. Garh.--3-4000',

P. W. Mackinnon 1881 ; Kinoli Vy.—4-5000', Duthie 1885. Kwmawn—Sarju Vy., near

Bagesar 3-3500', S. & W. 1848, Trotter 1891; Sarju—Ganga Vy, 3500’, MacLeod 1898.

DIsTRIB,—Amer. : Cuba and Mexico to Brazil and Peru. Asia: N. Ind. (Him.),

Bhotan, up to 5000’; Bengal—Chittagong, as well as on the hills to the south of

Hindostan. §S, India. Ceylon, Burma. Malaya. Japan. Australia and N, Zealand.

Afr. : Guinea Coast, Zambesi Land and Masearen Islands.

2. N.volubilis (J. Smith), Clarke in ‘ Review’ 541, t. 78 ; Bedd. 284.

NV. eraltata, Schott, Syu. Fil. 301: “a straggling, flexuose form.” Mr.

Clarke’s description is :—

“« Rhizome climbing 25—30 ft. high over trees, with adpressed chestnut

scales in the short lateral distant spurs, whence spring clusters of stipes ;

pinne obtuse or nob very acute ; venation and sori much as in JV.

eraltata. Aspidium evaltatum, Wall. Cat. 103i, partly marked ws

exultatum by Wallich, Lindsaya launcinosa, Wall, Cat. 154.

aN W. P..; Kumaun—Naini TA], Hope 1861 ; once seen.

THE FERNS OF NORTH-WESTERN INDIA. 749

DistRiB.—Asia: N. Ind. (Him.), Bhotén Griffith ; Assam—Sylhet Station (alt.

300’), Hook. il. and 7. 7.,and C. B. Clarke, Manipur ; Bengal—Chittagong, Hk fil.

and 7. 7., and C. B. Clarke. Malacca. Malay Archipelago. N. Borneo.

Mr. Clarke says in his ‘ Review,’ ‘‘ Considered a variety of WV. eraltata in

Hk. and Baker, Syn. Fil. 301; but with the arrival of more material

Mr. Baker inclines to admit ii asa good species. They both grow together

plentifully in Sylhet Station, but are there easily distinguished.”

NV. exaltata does not appear to climb at all, whereas WV. voludilis climbs

25--30 feet (Beddome says 50 feet) to the tops of trees. (Perhaps the

specific name ezaltata is thought sufficient to cover this notable difference of

habit : if a fern named ezaltata does not climb 30 or 50 feet high, it certainly

ought to do so.) My specimen from Naini Tal, in Kumaun, consists of eight

inches of glabrous, wiry, rhizome, with two spurs, three inches apart, from

which spring not only clusters (pairs) of stipes as in Mr, Clarke’s figure, but also

clusters of very long roots, which have hardly been indicated by Mr. Clarke’s

artist, I gathered it by the side of the path (or road) which then (1861) led up

Chinar Mountain, through the jungle at the north end of the Naini Tél Glen.

The plant was growing onthe ground, and I gathered only the portion above

described, I showed this to Mr. Clarke and Mr. W. S. Atkinson in Calcutta

in 1872, and they agreed in naming it VV. ramosa, Moore,—in error, as I after-

wards ssw. The specimen was mounted, with the rest of my collection, when

{ was at home later in 1892, and the sheet has ever since been in my possession,

Genus 25, OLEANDRA, Cav.

1, O. Wallichii, Hook.; Syn. Fil. 302; O. Wallichii, Presi., C. R.

542 ; Bedd. H. B. 287.

PuNJAB : Simla Reg,—Simla 5-€000', Edgeworth, Bates, Gamble, Blanf., Trotter,

Bliss. “ Not common, but locally abundant : growing on perpendicular rock faces

between 5500’ and 6000’,” Blantord in List.

N.-W. P.: D, D, Dist.—Mussooree, in Herb. Dalzel, 1860; ‘The Park ™ 63-6500’,

on trees, Mackinnons 1879, Hope 1887, 1895 ; 7. Garh.—Jumna Vy., Duthie 1883 ;

“ Garhwal,” 5-6000’, Dr. J. L. Stewart, 2B. Garh.—above Bansbagar 4-5000’ and

6-7000’, Duthie 1885; Awmawn—Mohargiri 6500’, S.& W. 1848; near Naini Tal,

Hope 1861, on wet rocks ; Gori Valley 5-S000’, Duthie 1884, 8-9000', Duthie 1886;

Dhankuni Pass 8500’, Trotter 1891 ; Kila Muni Ridge 90600’, MacLeod 1893; “orows

chiefly on rocks, occasionally on trees.”

DISTRIB.—Asia : N, Ind. (Him.), Nepal, Wallich, Sikkim and Bhotén; Assam—

Khasia, Kohima and N. Manipur 5500’. Burma, Malay Penins.

The fronds of this fern grow larger than is stated in the books: I have

Mussooree specimens over 18 in. 1. The creeping rhizome is generally free,

only clinging to the trunks of trees and to rocks by its long wiry roots: it

winds round and up the trunks, branching in all directions—frequently at right

angles. The fronds droop, and form a beautiful clothing to the tree trunks,

750

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND ITS POSITION IN

ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.

By E. Comper, F.zZ.8.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on the

27th November, 1902.)

Prior to the adoption of the general theory of evolution, when

> it never occurred to

species were regarded as “special creations,’

any one that there was any direct advantage in studying the com-

parative faunas of different countries or the exact areas occupied by

various species or groups of animals. But when Darwin’s great reve-

lations taught us to realise the relationships of different animals, it

was at once seen that distribution was a most important study in help-

ing to anravel the mysteries of the book of Nature, in addition to the

study of the habits, structure and affinities of animals. The subject of

geographical distribution, however, entails the study of much more

than would at first appear probable; for, in addition to the mere

mapping out of the areas over which any species or group ranges, it

involves the interesting and complex questions of why it should be

confined to that region, which may even consist of two or more dis-

continuous areas, and how it came to be present there, perhaps away

from all its near relations. We are thus led into the whole past

history of the world, organic and inorganic, throughout a large por-

tion of geological time, of the true affinities of animals, including

their extinct forms and of past migrations which may be accounted

for by the submergence or upheaval of certain areas of the earth’s

surface, causing connections or separations of existing land areas, or

by alterations of geological climates, such, for instance, as the well-

known glacial epoch of Northern Europe.

It is a subject to which there has been little or no direct reference

in the published records of this Society, although boundless informa-

tion of a scattered nature is of course to be discovered in the thirteen

volumes of our Journal by those who come to analyse, tabulate and

draw conclusions from the many lists of local faunas—mostly of course

treating of some one group or class—that have appeared in its pages.

A short summary of the position aud characteristics of the general

fauna of the Oriental—or as some authorities have preferred to

designate it, the Indian or Indo-Malayan—region at the present time

will therefore, I believe, interest and I hope, to some extent, assist

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND ITS POSITION. 751

those who have not studied the question in its more scientific sense ;

although I do not in any way lay claim to anything original of scientific

importance in this paper.

As a local Society we kave never definitely adopted any exact limits

to the region to which our investigations shall be confined, but,

although we have constantly published papers dealing with subjects or

collections from places outside the boundaries of the Oriontal region—

such, for instance, as Aden, Somaliland or the Persian Gulf{—it is with

this region that we are more particularly concerned.

It will be as well, I think, to first of all glance over the several

zoological regions into which naturalists have divided the terrestrial

surface of the globe, for we shall then be able to better understand

the position of the Oriental region in the scheme when we come to con-

sider it in detail.

It is needless, I fancy, to remark that it was long ago recognised

that the great geographical or political divisions of the globe in com-

mon use do not correspond to its zoological divisions ; but it was not

until after the middle of last century that a more or less practical

scheme was published by Mr. P. L. Sclater, the present Secretary of

the Zoological Society of London, followed up and developed by the

great work of Mr. A. R. Wallace, which, with some modifications, has

since been generally adopted. This division of the world into zoolo-

gical regions was originally based by Mr. Sclater on the distribution

of representative orders, families and genera of birds, and that he was

in the main correct is proved by the fact that the six regions that he

established have met with very general acceptance at the hands of

those who specially study other groups of animals, At the same time

it must be borne in-mind that a division, which is suitable for one class

of animals, is not: by any means necessarily applicable to other groups.

And still less so for plants, for such configurations of the earth’s sur-

face, in the way of oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, &e., which may,

for instance, be insuperable barriers to mammals, may not be so to

birds, reptiles, fishes, molluscs or insects. But the fact that we find

in each of the recognised regions the whole fauna more or less typical

of that particular region, is sufficient justification for adopting them

as a means of assisting our investigations of the zoology of the globe.

The six regions may be briefly described as follows :—

(1) Panmarcric.—The whole of Europe and of Asia north of the

752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

boundaries of the Oriental region, which we shall define presently, and

including that portion of Africa that is north of the Sahara desert.

(2) Nearcric.—The whole of North America, excluding Mexico,

but including Greenland.

These two regions have, by several eminent authorities, been lately

combined under the designation Houarctic, the former titles being

retained as sub-regions of the same.

(3) Evsioptan.—The whole of Africa from the northern limits

of the Sahara desert, with Arabia and the islands of Madagascar,

Mauritius and Seychelles.

(4) OrntenTAL,—That portion of Asia south of the boundaries of

the Palzarctic region, and including the islands of the Malay archi-

pelago till it meets the Australian region.

(5) AusrraLian.—Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania with the

islands of New Guinea and Celebes, though it is probable that even-

tually New Zealand may come to be separated into a region of

its own,

(6) Neorroprcan.—South and Central America, including Mexico.

I have not attempted in the foregoing summary to define the bound-

aries between the Oriental region and the Palearctic or Australian

regions, for they cannot be described ina few words and can best be

considered in detail, to which we will now proceed.

The Oriental region, it will be noticed, is conterminous with the

Ethiopian region on the west and with the Palearctic and Australian

regions on its northern and south-eastern boundaries, respectively ; but

except in the latter case, owing to the nature of the country and the

present limits of our knowledge, the exact line of demarcation cannot

be laid down with the accuracy that we can determine the boundaries

of other regions. Let us, however, trace them as nearly as we can.

The whole of the peninsular of Arabia, south of a line drawn from

the upper end of the Persian Gulf to Suez, belongs to the Ethiopian

region, and all Persia, Afghanistan and the greater part, if not the

whole, of Baluchistan belongs to the Palearctic region. It is when

we come to Sind that we first find the fauna partaking of the character

of the Oriental region, and the line of demarcation follows the Indus

valley to Attock till we come to the western ranges of the Himalayas,

Continuing along their southern slopes at about 9,000 to 11,000 feet,

according to soil, aspect and shelter, above which the forest belt is

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND ITS POSITION. 753

mainly composed of coniferous trees, it passes to the southward of

Kashmir and then tends northward into Eastern Tibet, across the desert

of Gobi, so as to include the whole valley of the Yang-ise-kiang and

probably also that of the Hoang-ho, till it strikes the coast of China

somewhere about Shanghai. Our present knowledge of the zoology

of China is, however, so limited that it is not as yet possible to say

where the change in the character of the fauna actually occurs.

Formosa and the Philippine Islands are included in the region,

whence the line passes between Borneo and Celebes and then between

the two small islands of Bali and Lombok, just at the eastern end of

Java, passing away into the Indian Ocean south of the latter

island.

Now this clearly marked division between the islands of Bali

and Lombok is one of the most extraordinary instances in zoological

geography, showing how little mere geographical considerations,

judged from the situation and configuration of islands or continents,

has to do with its phenomena. They are, judging from the map, two

insignificant little islands about the size of Corsica, separated by a

narrow strait no more than fifteen miles across at its narrowest part ;

of considerable depth it certainly is—over 1,000 fathoms—but who

would ever have imagined that we should here find the ancient

boundary line of geological times between the continents of Asia and

Australia ? How inapplicable does the very name Australasian, so

often applied to this part of the world, become ? Regarding these two

islands I cannot do better than quote what Mr. Wallace, who dis-

covered this remarkable boundary line, wrote :—

“These islands differ far more from each other in their birds and

“quadrupeds than do England and Japan. The birds of the one are

“extremely unlike those of the other, the difference being such as to

‘strike even the most ordinary observer. Bali has red and green

“ woodpeckers, barbets, weaver-birds and black and white magpie

‘‘yobins, none of which are found in Lombok, where, however, we

“ find screaming cockatoos and friar-birds, and the strange mound-build-

“ing megapodes, which are equally unknown in Bali. Many of the

“‘kinofishers, crow-shrikes and other birds, though of the sanie general

“form, are of very distinct species ; and though a considerable number

‘‘ of birds are the same in both islands, the difference is none the less

“yemarkable—as proving that mere distance is one of the least

754 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XiV.

“ important cf the causes which have determined the likeness or unlike-

“ness in the animals of different countries.”

Having now sketched sut the limits of our region, let us turn our

attention to some of the more characteristic groups of animals which

serve to distinguish it from its neighbours.

Starting with the highest forms, we have the family Simide or

Anthropoid Apes represented by the Orang-outang of Sumatra and

Borneo, and the Gibbons—the whole family being confined to the

Oriental region, except in the case of the Gorilla and Chimpanzee of

Africa. Of other apes, monkeys and baboons there are many peculiar

forms, but the Lanegur group, distinguished by their possessing no

cheek-pouches, of the genus Semnopithecus, is specially characteristic.

Of Lemurs there are two kinds, both being peculiar to the region, viz.,

Nyeticebus tardigradus, the slow Loris, found throughout the countries

east. of the Bay of Bengal, and Loris gracilis, the slender Loris, con-

fined to Southern India and Ceylon. They both afford one of the most

remarkable and interesting examples of geographical distribution known,

their nearest allies being two genera found only in West Africa,

In the Cats we are strongly represented with 16 species of the

genus Velzs in British India and the well-known Hunting Leopard or

Chita. The Tiger is of course the truly typical species, its range

extending to all parts of the region except Ceylon and Borneo, though

it is also found in parts of Central Asia. Of the Viverrzde@, compris-

ing the Civets, Mungooses, &c., there are a number of peculiar genera,

of which I may specially mention Aretzct?s with its one species known

as the Binturong or Bear-cat, and the curious aquatic Cynogale of the

Malay Peninsular, Sumatra and Borneo. The genus Cyon among the

Canidw, containing the two species of Wild Dogs, is worthy of note,

bemg found throughout the region; outside its limits its range is

peculiar, as it is foundin Central Asia as far north as the Altai, the

Amutland and Sagalian, but not, so far asis known, in Northern

China or Japan. No true Badgers are found in the region, though

three allied and peculiar genera occur, as well as four species of

Otters. Of Bears—a family that is spread throughout the Palzarctic,

Oriental and Nearctic regions, but are not known to inhabit Australia

or Africa south of the Atlas—there are various species.

Coming to the order Znsectzvora, we must note the peculiar family

Tupatide or ‘lree-Shrews, which have a remarkable similarity to

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND /TS POSITION. 755

Squirrels in general appearance and habits. They differ from all

other members of the order in being not only arboreal but diurnal in

their habits. ‘The two curious species of Gymnura are worthy of men-

tion—shrew-like animals closely allied to the Hedgehogs, though they

possess fur and not bristles—and only known from the countries east

of the Bay of Bengal. Several species of Moles just cross our bound-

aries from the Palearctic region, but the family is otherwise missing.

At the end of the insectivorous section we come toa most remarkable

animal about whose position and affinities there has been much doubt,

viz., Galeopithecus, for which no better popular name has been fourd

than the Flying-Lemur. Like the so-called Flying-Squirrels, its limbs

are united by a membrane or parachute extending to the toes. Two

species only are known ; the one inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, Siam,

Sumatra, Java and Borneo, the other the Philippine Islands. It is oven

suggested to create a special ‘order’ for their reception.

Of the Bats and Rodents there is nothing special to note, both being

represented by numerous species, though of the latter the Flying-

Squirrels (Pteromys) here reach their highest development.

Our next order is the Ungulata or hoofed quadrupeds, and first in it

we must mention the Elephant, found in all suitable localities

throughout the region, and which, so far as living species are concerned,

is, like the genus Rhinoceros, confined to the Ethiopian and Oriental

regions. When we come to the Tapir, however, we find a more unique

instance of geographical distribution, for besides the Malayan species,

the only other surviving forms inhabit Central and South America.

The large section of the Goats and Sheep is only represented in the

region by the Wild Goat of the Nilgiris and Southern India, though of

course a number of species are found in the higher ranges of the

Himalayas close to our boundary line. The Indian Antelope or Black

Buck is separated in a genus (Antzlopes of its own, being of course

confined to the Peninsular of India, and the Chevrotians or Mouse

Deer (Tragulus) belong to a group peculiar to the region, of which

the only near ally is a single West African species. Allied to

Tragulus is the genus Hydropotes with its one species of so-called

Water-Deer found only in the swamps of the Yang-tse-Kiang.

Representing the lowest order of Mammalia—the Edentata—we

have several species of the genus Manis, «whose bodies are covered with

an armour ot-horny epidermis plates, arranged like the tiles of a-root

756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

and apparently consisting of agglutinated hairs. Other members of

the genus are found in Africa.

In the case of Birds, it is not, I think, necessary to go at great

iength into the very numerous genera and species that are peculiar

to the region, for it will be sufficient, for the purposes of this paper,

to indicate the more remarkable and characteristic groups.

To start with, the Crow family is very fully represented, the genus

Cissa, with its birds of beautiful plumage, being perhaps the most

conspicuously characteristic, while the Tree-pies (Dendrocitta and

allied genera) include many interesting species peculiar to the region.

The Crow-tits (Paradozornis, Suthora, &c.) form an isolated and

peculiar group, being restricted to the mountains of Northern and

Eastern India and some of the mountain ranges of China. The

heterogeneous collection of passerine birds included by Mr. Oates in

his family of Crateropodide is very rich in the number of its forms,

amounting to over 250 recognised species in British India alone.

Amongst the most noteworthy genera in this group may be mentioned

the Laughing-Thrushes (Garrulaz, &c.), the Tit-Babblers, or as they

were formerly designated Hill-tits, the Shrike-tits (Pteruthzus), and the

green Bulbuls (Chloropsis), and it is within our region that the true

Bulbuls (Brachypodine) attain their greatest development.

Of other passerine birds, { will only mention the quite peculiar

eroup of Warblers known as Tailor-birds, the beautiful Minivets

(Pericrocotus) and the bright-coloured Pittas, which reach their

maximum of beauty and variety in Borneo and Sumatra. The

family Fringillide (Finches and Buntings) is poorly represented,

though many varieties are to be found just across the border in the

Palearctic region.

We must next note a quite peculiar order comprising the Broad-

bills, of which the genus Lurylemus is the type, that are entirely

confined to the Oriental region; and following them we find a wonder-

ful variety of Woodpeckers, which group does not extend to the

Australian region at all. The Barbets and Kingfishers are strongly

represented, though it is in Australia that the latter attain their

highest development of peculiar forms. The Hornbills, however,

though extending to both the Hthiopian and Australian regions, are

richest in variety within our area, and one genus only is common to

any two of the said regions. The Cuckoos provide a number of

THE ORIENTAL REGION AND ITS POSITION. 157

highly specialized forms ; while of the Accipitrine birds, 1 will only

draw attention to the Vultures, whose range stops short at our south-

eastern boundary, though it is strange that birds possessing the

powers of flight that they do should not be found to inhabit the

apparently well-suited country of tropical and sub-tropical Australia.

Finally, we must not forget to note that it is in the Oriental region

that the Pheasants are found in their greatest glory with the Peafowl

and the splendid Argus Pheasant at their head, not to mention such

remarkable groups as the Peacock-Pheasants (Polyplectrum), the

Koklas, the Genneus group, including the Silver Pheasant, the

Monals, the Tragopans and the Blood-Pheasants (Jthagenes), while

closely allied to them we have the Jungle-fowls (Gallus), which are

entirely confined to the region.

When we come to the Reptiles, we find them in great abundance,

but they do not present any well-known groups which can be

considered as specially characteristic, and I think I have said enough

to justify the position of the Oriental region as a well-defined and

distinct section in zoological geography without deducing further

instances from the great class of insects, regarding which, however,

Mr. Wallace wrote: “On the whole, the insects of this region

“ probably surpass those of any other part of the world, except South

“* America in size, variety and beauty.”

758

ROUGH NOTES ON THE MAMMALIA OF CHITRAL.

By CaAprain H, Fuuron.

I have compiled these few notes on the Mammalia of Chitral from such

observations as I have been able to make during my stay in Chitral (October

1901—October 1902) and from ‘“‘ Notes on the Fauna of Chitral” by Capt.

A, H. McMahon, C.8.I., C.LE., F.Z.S., which was printed in the Journal,

Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. LXX, Part II., No. 1 of 1901,

%(3). Macacus rhesus—The Bengal Monkey,

This is the only animal representative of this order. They appear to be

very plentiful at the lower end of the Chitral Valley in summer on the right

bank of the river.

They come up as far as the Utzun Valley so far as I was able to find out and

go about in troops. I only saw two captive specimens, and as far as I could

place them, I believe them to be rhesus, Major McMahon has some doubts

as to the identification. This will, however, be shortly decided, as Capt.

Gurdon sent down a specimen to him to forward to England.

They are found at about 5,000 feet, and probably come over the Pass into

Utzun from the Kafiristan valleys.

(30) Felis pardus,—The Leopard or Panther,

Common in all the wooded nallahs of Lower Chitral up to elevations of

10,000 feet,

(31) Felis uncia——The Ounce or Snow Leopard.

Fairly common in the upper parts of the Chitral Valley.

(43) Felis lyne.—The Lynx.

Not observed, Is mentioned by Major McMahon as occurring,

(66) Hyena striata.—The Striped Hyzena,

Not observed ; said to exist,

(67) Canis lupus —The Wolf,

Common in lower valleys of Chitral, A pack of about ten frequented the

Kasgol nallah opposite and about a mile from Drosh, One specimen was

shot in May 1902. Was in the usual mangy condition, A litter of five cubs

was taken the same month from under a large rock at the bottom of the nal-

lah. They were about two weeks old,

They follow the herds of goats every morning when going out to graze

and following them up in the evening, when returning to the folds, pounce

on any stragglers, Their presence so near Drosh was probably due to the

large herds of Commissariat goats and sheep which were grazed in the

nallah,

(69) Canis aureus.—The Jackal.

Common in the lower valleys of Chitral. None noticed more than ten

miles above Drosh,

* NorE,—Nomenclature and numbers according to Blanford’s Mammalia. Fauna of British

India,

ROUGH NOTES ON THE MAMMALIA OF CHITRAL, 759

(75) Vulpes alopec.—The Common Fox.

Exceedingly common, Probably over the greater portion of the country

(77) Mustela flariguia.—The Indian Marten.

One specimen was obtained. Probably common in the wooded valleys,

(78) Mustela foina.—The Beech Marten.

One male specimen killed at an elevation of 4,000 feet while trying to carry

off a fowl frem an officer’s shuoting camp. Probably common in the wooded

valleys.

Lutra (2) sp.

I am uncertain whether there are two species of the otter or only one, as I

had no opportunity of examining uncured skins, I am inclined to believe

that both ZL. vulgaris and aureobrunnea are to be found.

(97) Ursus arctusx—The brown Bear.

Fairly common at the head of the Turikho and Yarkun valleys, Noticed

in June at elevations of 10,000 to 13,000 feet,

(98) Ursus torquatus——The Himalayan black Bear,

Common in the wooded side valleys of Lower Chitral.

(226) Eupetaurus cinereus—The woolly Flying-Squirrel,

One skin of this rare species, in poor condition, was obtained in the bazaar,

As a specimen was got in Gilgit it is probable that this flying-squirrel occurs

in Chitral also, but I have been unable to obtain any fresh specimens.

(228) Pteromys inornatus.—The large red Flying-Squirrel.

Fairly common in the deodar forests of Lower Chitral up to elevations of

10,000 feet.

Two specimens were obtained, one from Ayon nallah and one from the

Asreth nallah, Also observed in the Pattison nallah.

(233) Sciwropterus fimbriatus,—The smaller Kashmir Flying-Squirrel,

One specimen was obtained in the Ayon nallah.

(234) Sciuropterus alboniger.—The parti-coloured Flying-Squirrel,

One specimer was obtained in the Ayon nallah.

Arctomys (?) sp.

One, perhaps two species, of the marmots occur—one at the head of the

Ayon nallah and one at the head of the Yarkun and Baroghil nallahs. I

was unable to obtain specimens for identification.

(272) Mus rattws,—The Common Indian Rat.

Common,

(282) Mus musculus.—The Common House-Mouse,

Common,

(287) Mus buduga, The Common Indian Field-Mouse,

Common.

Nesocia (?) sp.

Not identified. Very common in all the fields of Lower Chitral Valley,

and doing an immense amount of damage,

760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

(315) Hystrix leucura.—The Indian Porcupine,

No specimens were obtained. Quills, however, were fairly common in the

wooded side nallahs of Lower Chitral. I also picked up a quill at Dir.

(823) Lepus tibetanus—The Afghan Hare,

T am not quite certain of the identification, as, although they are fairly

common at ali elevations from. 4,000 to 11,000 feet, I obtained no fresh

specimens to view, and the only skin I saw was in very bad condition,

(345) Ovis vignei.—The Urial or Sha.

The Shapu variety is common in the Lower Chitral valleys, coming down

in winter as low as 5,000 feet,

(348) Capra sibirica—The Himalayan Ibex,

Common in the valleys of Upper Chitral at elevations of 7,000 to 18,000

according to season.

(3849) Capra falconeri—The Markhor.

Abound in all the wooded valleys of Lower Chitral, Cabul and Pir Panjal

varieties, varieties between these two shapes and some of the Cabul varieties

tending slightly towards the Suliman variety.

(370) Moschus moschiferus,—The Musk-Deer.

Evidently fairly common in the lower wooded valleys. Specimens were

obtained in the Shishi Koh, Ashreth, and Utzun nallahs, Is probably very

common in Kafiristan and Dir,

(374) Sus cristatus.—The Indian wild Boar.

The rootings of this pig are very noticeable in the Shishi Koh and the

valleys below Drosh. Specimens were seen in the Shishi Koh, Utzun, Patti-

son, and Chuchukheni nallahs.

761

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM

AND BHUTAN.

By G, C. DupgEoN, F.z.S.,

Wiru Norss sy H. J. ELwss, F.R.8., &c.,

AND

ApDITIONS BY Str GrorGE Hampson, BArt., B.A., F.E,S., &.

Part XIV.

(Continued from Vol. XIV, page 553.)

The following genera which were originally included in the Family

ARCTIAD 44 have been transferred to the Family HYPSID 4

in Sir George Hampson’s latest revision, and should therefore follow

Macrobrochis gigas, Wik, referred to at the commencement of Part XI

of this Catalogue in Vol. XIV, No. 1, at page 6 of this Journal.

Family HYPSIDA—continued.

Genus Arcina, Hiibn.

1273. A. argus, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,500—4,000 feet. Not uncommon during

May, July, August and September, occurring also in November. 7

1274. A. syringa, Cram.

Sikhim? This is recorded from throughout India in the Moths of

India, but I think it doubtful that it has been taken within these limits.

1275, A. cribraria, Clerck.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,000 feet. Rather scarce, found only at the foot

of the hills in July and August.

Genus Sepastia, Kirby.

1246. S. argus, Wk.

Sikhim. I have not taken this. The generic name of Moorza

given by Sir George Hampson gives place to Sepastia of Kirby

and is so noted in the Appendix to the Moths of India.

Genus CaLpPEentA, Moore.

1248. C. saunders?, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not seen this. (I have a fine female of this rare

species from Mr. Knyvett’s collection which was probably taken near

Jalpaiguri. H. J. E.)

Genus CatiimorrHa, Latr.

1249. C. prinetpalis, Koll.

Sikhim, 6,800 feet. The only specimen of this which I have from |

this locality differs from a Kangra Valley one in having the spots on :

the forewing orange and the same colour as the ground colour of ihe |

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

hindwing, which latter is also heavily marked with black. The Kangra

Valley specimen referred to has the spots on the forewing nearly pure

white and the ground colour of the hindwing less obscured by the dark

streaks on nervures. My Sikhim specimen was taken at Darjeeling in

June. (My only Sikhim specimen was taken at light on the road to

Tonglo at about 7,000 feet. It has the spots on forewing pale creamy-

yellowish and smaller than in Kashmir or Chinese specimens. The

markings of the hindwing are yellow and less in size and number,

HJ.E.)

1250. C. semlis, Moore.

Sikhim. I have not taken this. (This is a very distinct species

which occurs on Tonglo at 9-10,000 feet. I took one myself and got

another from Dewan Roy, a forest official, who collected for me with

much success. I have a third from Knyvett’s coilection. They vary

in the tint and extent of the markings. H. J. E.)

1251, C. plageata, Wlk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 4,500 up. Common at Tukvar in March, May,

July and October. It is variable in the extent of the white markings

on the forewing.

1252. C. equetalis, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000—7,000 feet. Not so common as the

last, but it is attracted to light in June besides being found flying in

the dark misty forests below Pasheteng during the day. (Taken on

Sinchul near Darjeeling at 7—8,000 feet where in some seasons it is:

fairly common. JH. J. EF.)

1253. C. nyctemerata, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000—7,000 feet. Rarer than C. equitalis,

Koll. Occurs in April and May. It is smaller than C. equitalés, Koll.,

and has the abdomen yellow instead of crimson besides having more

and larger white patches near the base of the forewing.

Family AGARISTIDA.

Genus Eusemta, Dalm.

1562 (part). E. népalensis, Butl. | :

Sikhim and Bhutan, 5,000—7,000 feet. Found flying by day

round the tops of flowering trees in May and August. (This was

described as E. maculatriz, Westw., in the Moths of India, but the

species just described by Westwood is the same as E. trenea, Boisd

the species afterwards described and signified by him under the same .

name being that now referred to. G. /. H.)

A CATALOGUE OF THE HETEROCERA OF SIKHIM. 163

1561. E. adulatriz, Koll.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000—5,000 feet. Probably the commonest

species of the Family, thaviny the same habits as the last, but found

flying nearer the ground. I| have taken it in April, May, July, August

and September. Kangra Valley specimens have the postmedial spots

reduced in size.

Genus Exsuna, Jord.

1558. £. dentatriz, Westw.

Sikhim. I have not seen a specimen. (I took one near Darjeeling in

August and have five others from Moller’s collection, one of which, a

very small one, is dated March 6. H. J. E.)

1556. E. victriz, Westw.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Rare. I have only one specimen in my col-

lection without date. (1 have two taken by Gammie near Mongpoo in

May and two others from Moller’s collection which agree with others

from the Khasia and Naga hills. H. J. E.)

Genus Scrosicera, Jord.

1552. S. amatriz.

Sikhim and Bhutan. Rather scarce in May and July. (Also occurs

in September, but I never took it myself and do not know at what

elevation it occurs. H. J. FE.)

Genus Aillcocera, Latr.

1579. 4. bimacula, Wk.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 1,800-—3,000 feet. A common species flying

low among ground plants in April and May.

Genus Mimevsemzia, Butl.

1582. MM. peshva, Moore.

Sikhim and Bhutan, 2,000 feet. Rather scarce. I have only taken

it in April at light.

1581. WM. basalis, Wik. (Plate II, Fig. 16.)

Sikhim, 1,800 feet. I took four specimens in June, attracted to light

at Punkabaree, two of which were without the orange patch on the

hindwing. One of these is figured in the plate mentioned above.

Genus OputHALmis, Hiibn.

1568. O. funebris, Moore.

(Sikh: I have never seen this species. (I also have never seen

this species, which must be extremely rare if it really occurs in Sikhim,

Hogan)

764

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION OF THE DAR-

BHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHUT, WITH NOTES ON SPECIES

NOTICED ELSEWHERE IN THE DISTRICT.

Part V.,

(Continued from page 563 of this Volume.)

ORDER—GRALLA.

Sub-order FULICARI2,

Family Rallide.

(205) RA.uus 1npicus,—The Indian Water-Rail.

Blanford, No. 1387; Hume, No, 914.

Mr. G, Dalgliesh writes in the Zoologist that he thinks he sew a bird of this

species on a small pond near Bunhar:Fty., in February 1899. It was fired at,

but only wounded and escaped.

(206) R. Aaquaticus.—The Water-Rail.

Blanford, No. 1388 ; Hume, No, 914 bis,

An. exceedingly rare bird, A single specimen was shot by Mr. G, Dalgliesh

at Hatauri as already recorded in this Journal. The only other places recorded

for this species by Blanford are: Gilgit (Scully); Kulu (Hay); Dehra Dun

(Hume). In Hodgson’s collection is a skin‘labelled Nepal, and Mr, R. George

states that he got a specimen near Shikarpur, Mr. Wm, Jesse also got one at

Lucknow.

(207) Porzana PusiLLA.—The Eastern Baillon’s Crake,

Blanford, No, 1393 ; Hume, No. 910,

I have got several of these little crakes, They are called Jhilli by the

natives, They undoubtedly breed here as I have seen them during the breed-

ing season. I have however been unsuccessful in finding the nest,

(208) P. maruEeTra,—The Spotted Crake,

Blanford, No. 1894; Hume, No. 909.

A solitary female was snared at the Koraihia Chaur by a mér-shikar on the

22nd December 1901. It was brought to me, I have never seen another,

Native name also Jhallz.

(209). AMAURORNIS PH@NICURUS.—The White-breasted Water-Hen.

Blanford, No. 1401; Hume, No. 907.

Abundant, They breed during June, July and August. I have never seen

more than six eggs in any nest, They build on trees or bushes near the water,

Snakes or magpies destroy a good number of eggs of this species, Native

names Dauk and Bon miurghz.

(210) GALLINULA CHLOROPUS.—The Moorhen.

Blanford, No. 1402; Hume, No. 905,

Common, It breeds in August, but I have seldom seen its nest, Native

name Bodor,

(211) GALLICREX CINEREA.—The Kora or Water-Cock.

Blanford, No. 1403; Hume, No. 904.

This species is scarce, It is seldom seen but is occasionally heard, J have

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANTI SUB-DIVISION. 765

only received three males, all of which were snared by mér-shikars, They

were all in summer plumage, Native names Toobka and Kora,

(212) PoRPHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS,—The Purple Moorhen,

Blanford, No. 1404; Hume, No. 902,

I found them scarce near Jamnagar and Narhar, but numbers are to be found

at the Minti Chaur,and Scroope shot some in a tank at Madhubani, At

Baghownie they are abundant and commit great havoc in the paddy fields by

cutting the plant and piling it up to form their nests, They breed from July

to September, Native names Karim and Korma,

(213) Furica atra,.—The Coot,

Blanford, No. 1405; Hume, No. 903,

Very common in the cold weather and a few remain and breed. Native

names Kesrar and Serar.

Sub-order GRUES,

Family Gruide.

(214) Grus communis.—The Common Crane,

Blanford, No. 1407 ; Hume, No. 865,

Mr, G, Dalgliesh saw this species once near Hatauri Fty., in December

1897. :I have never seen this species, but a few are snared on the banks of the

Kamla near Jainagar but in Nepal. I have not succeeded in getting the skin,

Native name Kulang.

(215) G, LEUCOGERANUS.—The Great White or Siberian Crane,

Blanford, No. 1408; Hume, No. 864,

I saw some white cranes during the cold weather of 1898 in a chaur near

Beerpur Fty., not far from Jainagar, I stalked them very carefully, but

they were too wary and I failed to get a shot, The mir-shikars know the bird

and call it Burmuch.

(216) G, ANTIGONE.—The Sarus,

Blanford, No. 1409; Hume, No. 868,

_ The late Mr, Grahame and I stalked a sarus near Allumpore Fty., but

did not get a shot, although one of us had a rook rifle. I believe a pair used to

come to Minti during the cold weather. Two young birds in the down were

brought to me by a mir-shikar on the 15th October, 1991, Another pair were

brought in December 1902, but as they were very small I did not keep them,

The smallest one had a deformed bill, one mandible crossing the other,

It had to be fed by hand, The man wanted Rs. 20 for the pair, but I

managed to get them for Rs. 14, The one with the deformed bill only

lived five weeks, but the other one lived till the 7th December, it was then

killed by a blow from the bill of a lesser adjutant. It grew very tame and

was just getting rid of allitsdown, They came froma chaur near Allumpore

and were probably the offspring of the bird we stalked, Native name Sdras.

(217) ANTHROPOIDES virGo,—The Demoiselle Crane,

Blanford, No, 1411; Hume, No, 866.

Many are seen flying to their feeding ground, but few seem to settle in the

gub-diyision, They arrive about the beginning of October, Some are snared

766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

on the banks of the Kamla in Nepal every year. At Burreroa in Nepal my

man counted 16 nets, They were stretched across the dry sand banks in the

middle of the river and were about 50 yards apart, The nets were 45 yards

long and 8 yards high. The men who snared the cranes were of the Bin caste,

The birds sold for Rs, 1-4-0 per pair, The netters said that they also sold the

legs for medicine at an anna each, One of my men shot one out of a flock of

about twenty which were feeding near a paddy field not far from the Kamla.

He said he could have got more had not some cowherds frightened them away.

The bird shot had its stomach full of paddy. They are excellent eating. One

flock noticed was flying in extended line slightly arched in the centre, a second

in Vshape, and another had not any formation at all. Native name Kurra,

Sub-order OTIDES.

Family Otidide.

(218) SypHEOTIS BENGALENSIS.—The Bengal Florican,

Blanford, No, 1417; Hume, No, 838.

T flushed a Bengal Florican twice in grass some four miles from Baghownie

on the following dates—27th April, 1901, and on the 29th May, 1902. Mr. Millar

and I also flushed one in some indigo at Hatauri, It flew into some sugarcane

koonties, There was only one bird, either a female or a male, in undress plu-

mage, Thesame bird was again flushed near the same place on the 3rd of June,

OrDER—LIMICOLA,

Family Gidicnemide.

(219) CipicNEMUsS scoLopax—The Stone Curlew.

Blanford, No, 1418; Hume, No, 850.

Very common, Ii breeds from March to June, They are often found in

bamboo and mango groves and on dry plains, When seen they crouch on the

ground and then gradually, one after the other, raise their heads and scut-

tle off with bodies close to the ground for some yards, after which they either

take to flight or lie down again. Description of nestling in down—Forehead

crown, back and wings light brown speckled with black; centre of crown

with two longitudinal black bars; a broad band from back of eye and round

nape black ; cheeks, sides of head, chin and breast white, a black patch on the

upper portion of the latter and a black line from base of wings to tail. Bill

and legs dusky pink; iris dark brown. Native name Karwanak,

(220) Esacus RECURVIROSTRIS.—The Great Stone-Plover,

Blanford, No, 1419; Hume, No, 858,

Rather scarce. A pair or so are now and then to be seen on the banks of

the Kamla from the end of July and through the cold weather, I have

secured few specimens. Native name Burra Karwanak,

Family Glareolide.

Sub-family Cursorzine,

(221) CURSORIUS COROMANDELICUS.—The Indian Courser,

Blanford, No, 1422; Hume, No. 840,

A few flocks seen from September to end of April. They keep to waste

lands or prepared fields seldom going into the crops, a

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION, 767

Sub-family Glareoline,

(222) GLAREOLA LAcTEA,—The Small Indian Pratincole,

Blanford, No, 1427; Hume, No. 843,

Fairly common on the banks of the Kamla during the cold weather, I

have not got their eggs from this side of the Nepal Frontier, but a short distance

on the other side my man found some nests and eggs in April, I daresay

they do lay with us.

Family Parride.

(223) MeEToprIpius 1npiIcus.—The Bronze-winged Jacana,

Blanford, No, 1426, Hume,-No, 900.

Abundant. It breeds in tanks and chaurs during June, July and August,

All nests found were the same, simply a floating mass of water plants, I

have never found more than five eggsinanest, One egg | got measured

1°7" by 1”, which is very long for this species, The earliest nest was taken on

the 20th June and the latest on the 26th August, the latter containing two

very highly incubated eggs. A female shot on the 4th October had lost all

its primaries and rectrices; new ones were just appearing, Native names

Pipi and Kundaz,

(224) HyYDROPHASIANUS CHIRURGUS,—The Pheasant-tailed Jacana,

Blanford, No, 1429; Hume, No. 901.

Not so common in this sub-division as the former species. Near Ba-

ghownie I think it is, if anything, commoner than M, indicus, They breed in

July, August and September, never I think in tanks, but always either in jheels

or weedy river beds. Onenest, formed of straw, was situated on a broad spiky

leaf, and one of the spikes had drilled a neat hoie on one side of one of the

eggs, They appear to be commoner during the rains, and I think migrate

locally in the cold weather, They lay from three to four eggs, usually three.

Native name Piho,

Family Charadriide,

Sub-family Charadriine.

(225) SarcocramMmus inpicus,—The Red-wattled Lapwing.

Blanford, No, 1431; Hume, No. 855.

Very common. It breeds from March to May, usually in a hollow in the

ground in some paddy field and generally near water. A fine male mea-

sured in the flesh :—ength, 14:1"; wing, 9°25”; tail, 4:9"; tarsus, 3°2"; bill at

front, 1°31"; bill at gape, 1°4"; expanse, 30°25", The colours of the soft parts

of a young bird which had just left the nest were as follows :—Base of Dill,

lappet and edge of eyelids dusky red ; remainder of bill black; iris dark-

brown ; legs and feet dusky yellow. This is known to most Europeans in

India as the Did-*e-do-it, Native names Jiti and Titirz,

(226) SaRrcloPHORUS MALABARICUS.—The Yellow-wattled Lapwing.

Blanford, No, 1433 ; Hume, No. 856,

This species is scarce, I saw a pair on two occasions not far from Jain-

agar in April and July 1899, The only specimen in my collection was shot at

Belahi Fty,, in the Mozufferpur District on the 1st May, 1896,

768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

(227) HoPpLoPTERUS VENTRALIS,—The Indian Spur-winged Plover,

Blanford, No. 1435; Hume, No. 857,

Common on the banks of all rivers, It breeds from March to May and lays

its eggs in a depression in the sand, I have seen this species near a

tank a long way from any river. They are generally seen in pairs, but I have

seen a8 many as twenty together, They are usually wary, keeping well out

of gun shot, The first pair I stalked gave me a lot of trouble. They flew

out of range and settled near the edge of the water, running up and down and

now and then squatting, vociferating vigorously the whole time, I was for

several hours after them, but failed to get a shot,

(228) CHeETrusIA LEUCURAX—The White-tailed Lapwing.

Blanford, No, 1438 ; Hume, No, 853.

I never came across this species in the sub-division, but not far from

Baghownie they are fairly common near the chaurs during the cold weather,

(229) CHARADRIUS FULVUS,—The Kastern Golden Plover,

Blanford, No, 1439 ; Hume, No, 845.

Fairly common, I have seen flocks from the end of August up to the

beginning of May. The earliest arrival was noted on the 26th August and

the last were seen on the lst May. Those seen in that month were in breed-

ing plumage,

(230) AcIALITIS MoNGOLICA.—The Lesser Sand Plover.

Blanford, No, 1443; Hume, No, 847,

This species is fairly common during the cold weather. My specimens

were got in January and April, but they arrive earlier than this, They keep

to the cultivated fields and seem to have a preference for light soil,

(231) Al, ALEXANDRINA.—The Kentish Plover,

Blanford, No, 1446; Hume, No, 848,

Commoner than the preceding species, I have seen them from October

to April, Few are seen in March and April, and they are usually in breeding

plumage. I got a nest and three eggs near Jainagar in April on the bank of

the Kamla, and several nests and eggs were got in Nepal, also on the bank of

the sameriver. They were laid ona little grass in a depression in the

sand. Unfortunately, most of the eggs were useless, being on the point of

hatching.

(232) Ai, puBIA.—The Little Ringed Plover.

Blanford, No, 1447; Hume, No, 849.

Common, especially during the cold weather. A few remain and breed, as

a couple of clutches of two eggs each were taken on the banks of the Keray

on the 8th May,1901, Two of the eggs were fresh and two incubated,

Native name Rooni chaha,

Sub-family Hematopodine,

(233) Himanropus canpipus.—The Black-winged Stilt,

Blanford, No, 1451; Hume, No, 898,

A common cold weather visitant, especially near the large chaurs where

‘THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 769

vast flocks are to be found, I have never got a fully adult bird with pure

white head and neck, They arrive about September and remain all through

the cold weather. I shot one however on the 28th June, but it hada broken

leg, the bone of the tibia protruding at the joint, The ovaries were small

_ though one would have expected to have found them enlarged at that season.

(234) ReEcURVIROSTRA AVOCETTA,—The Avocet,

Blanford, No, 1452; Hume, No. 899.

Scroope found a small flock feeding on a mud flat about a mile from Beni-

pati. Not uncommon during some cold seasons near Baghownie where they

usually keep in small parties, I have shot them from November to the end

of March.

(235) NuMENIUS aRQuaTa.—The Curlew.

Blanford, No, 1454; Hume, No, 877,

Scroope saw five Curlews near Madhubani in June 1899, They are

scarce birds, Gordon Dalgleish shot a pair in February 1900, and I have

secured six or seven specimens in the neighbourhood of Baghownie. In the

stomach of a female which I dissected were some shells, They are exceed-

ingly wary. Native names Gooniar and Goonjer,

(236) WN. pHxopus—The Whimbrel.

Blanford, No, 1455 ; Hume, No. 878.

A single female was snared with bird lime by a mir-shikar in the Maiser

chaur some miles distant from Baghownie on the 15th July. The country

was in flood at the time, and it was with the greatest trouble that he managed

to get the bird. There were no others nor have I ever heard of any others

being got in these parts, Native name Chota gooniar.

(237) Limosa BELGICA,—The Black-tailed Godwit,

Blanford, No, 1456 ; Hume, No, 875,

Vast flocks are found near the Minti chaur in the cold weather according

to Scroope, and one of my men saw a lot in the Sumnah jheel about two miles

south-east of Minti, They are abundant in the Ootidee chaur near Ba-

ghownie during the same period, They are excellent eating, I got one on

the 3rd May which was in breeding plumage,

(238) ToTaNus HYPOLEUCUS.—The Common Sandpiper,

Blanford, No, 1460; Hume, No. 893.

Fairly common, but rarer than the next species, They arrive about the third

week in August,

(239) 'T. GLAREOLA,—The Wood Sandpiper,

Blanford, No. 1461 ; Hume, No, 891.

Very common, They arrive in the beginning of August and stay till March,

(240) T. ocHRopus.—The Green Sandpiper.

Blanford, No, 1462; Hume, No. 892,

This is the commonest Sandpiper we have. They usually arrive in

August, but I once got one on the 6th July. Sandpipers are generally known

to Europeans in India as Snippets.

770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

(241) T. srtacnaTaLis.—The Little Greenshank,

Blanford, No. 1463; Hume, No, 895,

I have found this species scarce in the sub-division, but in the vicinity of

Baghownie near the jheels they are fairly common, I have no notes on any

procured before November. They remain till March.

(242) TT, caLipris.—The Redshank.

Blanford, No, 1464 ; Hume, No, 897,

Scroope once wrote me the following :—“I think T. calidris occurs, Its cry

is unmistakeable.” I have never come across it.

(243) T, ruscus,—The Spotted Redshank.

Blanford, No. 1465 ; Hume, No. 896.

Very common cold weather visitant, The earliest arrival was noticed on

the 21st September and they remain till April. Those got in the latter

month were in full or partial breeding plumage, One bird had its gullet full

of small fish,

(244) TT. auorris.—The Greenshank,

Blanford, No. 1466 ; Hume, No. 894,

Exceedingly common during the cold weather, I have seen solitary birds

on the 17th July, 1899, the 22nd August, 1899, and on the 28th June, 1901, but

they generally arrive about September and leave in March. A bird shot in

August had still some of the dark-brown spots of the summer plumage. They

usually go about in flocks and are commoner near the rivers than the jheels.

(245) PAVONCELLA PUGNAX.—The Ruff and Reeve.

Blanford, No, 1468; Hume, No, 880.

Common round about Narbar and also near Baghownie, They arrive

about the middle of September. A few birds show traces of the breeding

plumage of the male, In this species the palate is very rough with blunt

spikes on it leaning backwards,

(246) Trinca minuta—The Little Stint,

Blanford, No. 1471; Hume, No. 884.

Very common near the jheels in the cold weather, They go about in flocks,

(247) T. TEMMINCKI.—Temminck’s Stint.

Blanford, No. 1474 ; Hume, No, 875,

Also a common cold weather visitant.

(248) T, atpina.—The Dunlin,

Blanford, No, 1478 ; Hume, No, 883,

Mr, G. Dalgleish shot a male out of a small flock seen at Hatauri on the

12th February, 1898. He very kindly let me have the skin. On the 14th

January, 1901, one of my men saw some birds which I think were this species,

They were on the edge of the Ootidee chaur near a large flock of godwits,

Sub-family Scolopacinae.

(249) Scoropax RusTIcuLA— The Woodcock.

Blanford, No. 1482; Hume, No. 867,

No occurrence known in the sub-division, A woodcock was shot at

Tewarrah in this district by the late Mr, Ikey Barton,

THE BIRDS OF THE MADHUBANI SUB-DIVISION. 771

(250) GatLInaGo c@LEstTIs.—The Common Snipe.

Blanford, No, 1484 ; Hume, No. 871.

This is the common species, They are to be had from September to April.

One however was flushed by me near Baghownie or the 15tb July, Native

name Chaha.

(251) G, stenura.—The Pintail Snipe.

Blanford, No, 1485 ; Hume, No. 870,

Not so common as the above, I have handled too few skins to be able to

state correctly in what proportion the two species occur, They arrive in the

middle of August and remain till the end of April.

(252) G. G@aLLInuLa.—The Jack Snipe.

Blanford, No, 1487; Hume, No. 872,

Rather scarce, Gordon Dalgleish shot several in January and February, and

I have had them brought to me by mireshikars on a few occasions during

those months,

(253) RosTRATULA CaPENSIS.—The Painted Snipe.

Blanford, No, 1488 ; Hume, No. 873.

Rare, I got several specimens in March and April 1898 and 1899 at Narhar,

but have since then got no others,

( To be continued.)

172

FAMINE FOODS.

DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA,

AN IMPORTANT EDIBLE WILD YAM OF THE THANA

DISTRICT, BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

By Gy MRYANS Tras) ors,

It was in 1897 that I was struck with the great importance, as articles of

food, which the various wild tubers of the Thana forests were to the forest

tribes. That year happened to be one in which the district was stricken with

famine to some extent, and probably the wild tribes indented more largely

than usual on the various yams in consequence, but since then it has come to

my knowledge by coming constantly in contact—as a Forest Officer in Thana

perforce must—with these poor creatures, that many of the wild yams form

the main standby of the forest tribes in ordinary seasons, an: that but for the

presence of the various tubers in the forests the majority of the wild tribes

would probably cease to exist. Finding that no chemical analysis existed of

the various yams, I was induced to send one (tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera) to

Calcutta, for such analysis, and through the courtesy of Dr, Prain the analysis

was carried out by Mr. Hooper. It showed that the nutrient ratio of the yam

was about equal to that of the potato. Other tubers were sent from time to

time subsequently for analysis, but owing to pressure of work apparently no

analysis could then be made.

Recently, however, through the courtesy of Mr, Burkill, Reporter on Econo-

mic Products to the Government of India, an analysis was carried out of

another important wild yam, and as its nutrient ratio is even greater than

that of Dioscorea bulbifera, it occurs to me that perhaps a short note on the

plant is worthy of record and may not prove uninteresting.

The tubers of this plant, known among the wild tribes as“ Londi,” are one

of the most important yams of the Thana District, The plant has a climbing

habit, and is found growing usually at the base of trees and shrubs, It

possesses a slender twining stem covered near the base with irregularly dis-

tributed prickles, with the aid of which it climbs its host.

The flowers which appear in the monsoon (usually August) are yellowish

green and are small and inconspicuous, but flowering does not take place

annually in the case of artificially planted tubers.

The description given in the Flora of British India of the plant isas

follows :—

“ Leaves obovate, acuminate or cuspidate, Male panicles and flowers glabrous

hispidly pubescent or villous, spikes lax or dense-fid ; flowers sessile or pedicelled

ei), diameter, fragrant ; filaments and staminodes very short.

Capsule—3—1 in, rounded at both ends or base cordate and tip apiculate

glabrous or pubescent. Seeds—i—+# in., wing broader than the nucleus,”

DISTRIBUTION.

In the Flora of British India it is said the plant is found “ throughout

tropical India from Kumaon in the N.-W. Himalaya, eastward to Burmah,

FAMINE FOODS. 773

and southward to Ceylon and Malacca. Distributed Malay hills, Afr, trop.”

In the Thana District it exists in all the forests, In many areas it is now

scarce, Owing to the great demand during recent famine years for the tubers,

DESCRIPTION OF TUBERS.

The plant bears oblong, dark brown tubers, which are covered with root

hairs, and which are about 6” to 8” in length. They are inserted per-

pendicularly in the soil, two or three tubers being found clustered together

round a common axis, and imbedded in the earth iike potatoes,

After 5 or 6 months growth, when all the starchy substances have been used

up forthe needs of the growing stem and seeds, the tubers shrivel up and

die as does also the stem, and new tubers are formed, which remain imbedded

in the earth till the approach of the following monsoon, when they again

sprout. During May, when the heat is extreme, tubers, if stored together

in wooden cases, sprout freely, their stems rising up to seek the light.

RATE OF GRowTH,

The tubers may be planted at any time in the soil, and they sprout usually

after the rains set in, The best period for planting is just before the rains,

In a week the stem attains a length of about 2 tu 3 feet and in six weeks it is

almost full grown, After 2} to 3 months it bears flowers, and after about 5

it seeds and dies,

BY WHOM EATEN,

The three important wild tribes in Thana are the Thakoors, Warlis and

Kathodis, of whem the latter alone are the chief consumers of these tubers.

The Thakoors and Warlis indulge in various other kinds of yams as food

of which there are several in the Thana District.

The Kathodis, however, who are darker and slimmer than other forest tribes,

are the most hard-working of the three, and this may probably account for

their selecting the Londee as an article of diet, since it is found by analysis as

shown below to be probably the most nutritious of ali the edible tubers in

Thana. So far only three * of the different yams growing in the District have

been chemically analysed, It is hoped that gradually all of them will be so

treated, .

The Kathodis, who allege they are descended from monkeys, are the

wood-cutters of the Thana District, and they are almost ina position of servi-

tude with their masters, The wage they earn for a family, including husband

and wife and two or three children, is from Rs, 2 to Rs. 3 per mensem.

In some instances their emoluments are paid to them in grain, The Sowkars

who employ them for various kinds of labour give them advances of money

and grain in the monsoon, which sums are repaid by work done in the fair

season,

* The other two, besides Dioscorea pentaphylla, are Dioscorea bulbtfera and Dioscorea

demona,

774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V,

Very often the advances are not cleared by work done and some of the

defaulters decamp to other parts of the District, where for a time they exist

in the forests on scarcely anything else but these tubers and rats, if they can

find them, Ina famine year the demand for tubers of all kinds is enormous,

not only in the District but also outside, While going through a forest, during

the famine of 1896-97, I met large bodies of women and children grubbing

up these and other tubers from beneath bushes and trees, and in the famine

of 1899 cart-loads of Londee and Karva Kand ( Pioscorea bulbifera) were

exported to the Deccan for sale there, from Central Thana and Mokhada,

MODE OF PREPARATION FOR FOOD.

The tubers are first cleaned of their root hairs, then washed in cold water,

afterwards peeled like potatoes, boiled, cut into slices, and eaten usually with

salt. It is said that an adult can be maintained on 3 to 4 lbs. per diem of the

tubers,

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

The fresh tubers submitted to chemical analysis afforded the following

constituents :—

Water nis 600 wae 50 eee OOD

Protein ... dee see ae 500 se PAR

Fat eet ae Mee aoe a sage OBA

Starch ... Bee doc axis wes coo. OPT

Fibre bas os sue ee wae oO

Ash fies vee isis ak oes ceo ASS

100°

For the sake of comparing the dietetic value of these tubers with that of the

potato, the following results of the analysis of this well-known food is repro-

duced from the Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia :—

Water ee ie ee dee De moO (ek)

Provera, se. bod i 650 --2 “see 22 Nitrogenous

matter,

Fat cee cae 660 bee — seater Ol

Carbohydrates ... “od woe S60 .- 184 Principally

starch.

Mineral matter ... cee toe see soo LU)

100

The above figures, like others for composition of food-materials, represent

general averages, from which there are wide variations in individual speci-

mens,

FAMINE FOODS. 775

The following diagram from the Gardeners Chronicle shows in graphic form

the quantitative composition of the potato :— a

The nutrient ratio of Dioscorea pentaphylla, it will be seen, is considerable,

and it becomes a question whether its cultivation should not be encouraged

for the benefit of the poorer classes.

Pro, Goff,in that extremely interesting work of his, entitled “ Principles

of Plant Culture,’ page 11, says, “In culture the intelligence and energy of

man produce a more favourable environment for the species he desires to

rear ; hence domestic plants and animals attain higher development in certain

directions than their wild parents, The cultivated potato, for example, grows

larger, is more productive and is higher in food value than the wild potato,”

I would therefore invite the attention of the Director of Agriculture and

Collectors of Districts to the dietetic value of this yam, and suggest that its

cultivation be encouraged as far as possible in the Bombay Presidency, The

introduction of this and other tubers into the Panch Mahals especially, for

example, would probably be followed by favourable results in the event of

another famine should one unfortunately occur there,

776

NOTES ON SOME OF THE PLANTS INTRODUCED

INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, BOMBAY,

DURING THE PAST 8 YEARS.

By Cayass1 D, MAHALUXMIVALA.

Part ILI.

(Read before the Bombay Natural History Society on

23rd September, 1902.)

32, TRADESCANTIA VIRGINIANA, L,(CUOMMELINACE#),.” Flower of a Day;

Common Spider-wort ; or Virginian Spider-wort. It isa perennial herb of

North America from 1 to 2 feet high,and is considered the best of all the

tradescantias grown in gardens, While the two plants commonly grown in

our gardens under the name of T, discolor and T, zebrina are grown for their

foliage, their flowers being insignificant, this one is remarkable for its very

showy flowers. There are said to be several varieties of it with violet, pur-

plish, whitish and rose-coloured flowers, but all the plants now in the garden

have only purple flowers, They are about 2 inches in diameter closely packed

in terminal cymes in two opposite, long, leafy bracts, opening one after the

other, with 3 light purple petals, the filaments and style being of the same

colour, the former densely bearded, and the ovary and stigma being white, It

has begun flowering from July and is still flowering. The leaves are long

linear, 20”x 2”, The plants were raised from seeds purchased from Mr, Ernst

Benary, Germany, under the name of T, Virginica, in 1896, but the seeds

germinated very badly, and a few plants that came up died afterwards. Seeds

were again obtained this year from the same place which germinated freely,

and the plants are doing very well up to now. Itcan be propagated by

division, and is suitable for growingi n borders or on rockeries

33, ZEPHYRANTHES CITRINA, Baker (AMARYLLIDER®),t Yellow Zephyr

Flower. A bulbous plant from Tropical America, similar to the white and

rose-coloured species (Z. candida and rosea) commonly grown in our gardens,

except that the flowers are of a bright yellow colour, This species also, like

the others, flowers several times during the rains. It was purchased from

the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Calcutta, in 1898. A similar plant

was received in exchange from the Agri-Horticultural Society of Madras

under the name of Z, sulphurea, in 1901,

34, ZEPAYRANTHES CARINATA, Herb. (AMARYLLIDE®),{ Thisspecies from

the West Indies has flowers of a pink colour, much larger than those of the

other species mentioned above. Bulbs were presented by Maj. A Hildebrand

of Calcutta in December 1900.

* The genus is named after John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I., and the specific name

after its native habitat.

+ The generic name from Zephyros, the west wind, and Anthe,a flower, a fanciful name

given by Herbert, and the specitic name from the citron yellow colour of the flowers.

{ The specific name means “ } eeled ’’ from the leaves being channelled and keeled.

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 1777

35, PANDANUS UTILIs, Bory (PANDANEZ).* This species of the Screw-

pine is native of Madagascar, where it is said to grow to a height of 60 feet,

It has large, glaucous, erect leaves armed with sharp red spines, and from its

bold and striking habit is suitable for a large vase on a terrace wall or lawn,

or as a single specimen on a lawn, It is said to be a very common wild plant

in Mauritius, where it is called Vacua or Bacua, and is there cultivated for its

leaves, which are used together with those of other species in the manufac-

ture of the sacks in which sugar is exported, The materials of these sugar-

sacks are said to be afterwards re-used in making the flat square fish-bags

commonly used in English Markets, The plants were raised from seeds

obtained from Messrs, Vilmorin Andrieux & Co., Paris, in 1897, and thrive

well in the open.

36, PaNnDANUS PACIFICUS, Veitch (PANDANEX).+ This species of pandanus

is a native of the Pacific Islands, The leaves are broad, shining green, having

the margins furnished with fine spines, and the tips narrowed abruptly to a

long, tail-like point, It was presented by the Superintendent of the State

Gardens, Baroda, and is suitable, like the other species, for growing in con-

servatories, in vases or on lawns, but cannot bear direct exposure to sun and

must be grown in a shady place.

37, Prper ornatuM, N. #. Br, (PiPperace#).{ An ornamental climbing

plant from Celebes in Malay Archipelago, suitable for growing on pillars in

conservatories on account of its beautifully-marked leaves, which are about

4 inches by 5 inches, cordate, roundly ovate and bright green, marked with

_ pink spots. The plant was purchased from the Government Agri-Horticul-

tural Gardens, Lucknow, in 1900, and is doing well, but has not flowered yet,

It has been propagated by layering.

38, ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS, St, Hilaire (ILICINE#).§ Maté or Paraguay

Tea. It is a small evergreen tree, native of Paraguay, with opposite, smooth,

serrate, shining green, obovate leaves, four or five inches long, The flowers

are said to be white, copiously produced in much branched racemes, The

leaves of this plant are extensively used in South America for the same

purpose as tea is used in the rest of the world. They contain the same active

principle as tea and coffee, viz., theine,and the infusion of the leaves is gently

stimulating and refveshing, especially after fatiguing journeys. Theleaves are

prepared for the infusion by the branches being first reasted over a wood fire,

after which the leaves are knocked off and powdered. The powdered leaves

are then placed ina calabash called a maté and boiling water poured over

them, The infusion, which is also called maté,and which hasa somewhat

* The generic name from the Malayan name Pandang, and the specific name meaning

useful.

+ The specific name is after its native habitat. a

t The generic name from the old Latin name akin to the Greek peperi and Sanskrit pip-

pala, and the specific name meaning ornamental.

§ The genus from the Latin name given by Virgil to Quercus Ilex, and the specific name

after its native habitat.

778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV,

agreeable aromatic odour and slightly bitter taste is then sucked through a

tube or lombilla. Vhe plant was purchased from the Agri-Horticultural

Society of India, Calcutia,in December 1897, and seems to do well here,

though it has not yet grown to any keight on account of its being utilized for

propagation by layering, and has not yet flowered.

39, SOLANUM TRILOBATUM, Linn, (SOLANACE),"—Mothi Ringni, A scan-

dent, spiny undershrub, 6 to 12 feet high, native of Hast Indies, common in

hedges inthe Bombay Presidency. The leaves are 3 inches by 14 inch,

smooth, shining, prickly, irregularly obtusely sinuate or lobed. The flowers

are purple, about 1 inchin diameter, and the berry red, of the size ofa

currant, The plant was sent in exchange from the Agri-Horticultural Society

of Madras, in October 1901, and thrives well here, It has commenced flowering

since August last.

40, MELALEUCA LEUCADENDRON, Linn, (MyRTACEH).t Cajuput Tree, A

large tree, native of the Malay Islands and Australia, There are two varieties

of this tree, the cajuput oil of commerce being obtained from the variety

called minor. The trunk of the tree is covered with a thick, spongy, light-

brown and white bark, peeling off in layers every year, This bark is said to

protect the tree against conflagrations, and is used by the Australian aborigines

for tinder, for making shields and canoes, for covering huts, and for inscribing

their sacred writings upon. It isalso said to bes good material for fruit

packing, The wood is said to be fissile, hard, closeegrained, resisting the

attacks of white ants, and almost imperishable under ground. The leaves are

3 inches long, alternate, vertical, lanceolate, oblique or somewhat falcate,

three-nerved, and contain an aromatic oil reputed to be antiseptic, and on that

account the tree is considered very suitable for planting in malarial swamps in

tropical countries, especially ai low elevations, where many of the Eucalypti

do not thrive. The flowers are white of the bottle-brush kind, arranged in

spikes 2 or 3 together interruptedly at short distances apart, The plants

were raised from seeds purchased from the Director, Botanical Gardens,

Sydney, in April 1960, and from the Curator, Southern California Acclima-

tising Association, in August 1901, Those raised from the former have

flowered this year in July to September, but have not seeded yet.

41, LOBELIA CARDINALIS,. . . (CAMPANULACE#),{ Cardinal flower. A

handsome herbaceous perennial from 1 to 2 feet high, native of North Ame-

rica, where it is said to he growing in boggy ground, The leaves are smooth,

narrow, lanceolate, toothed and tinged with red or bronze, The flowers

are two-lipped of a vivid scarlet colour, in one-sided terminal racemes, and

*The generic name is the old Latin one used by Pliny, and the specific name means three-

lobed, probably in reference to the leaves which are, however, five-lobed.

+ The generic name from Greek, melas, black, aad lewkos, white, in reference to the trunk

being black and the branches white, in one of the species, aud the specific name from lewkos,

white, and dendron, a tree, on account of its whitish bark.

{ The genus is named after Matthias de L’Obel,a Flemish botanist and physician to James I.

and the specific name from the colour of the flowers which are cardinal red,

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 779

are very telling in effect. Plants were raised from seeds purchased from Mr,

Ernst Benary, Germany,in November 1900,and grown in an open border,

where they died after flowering, apparently from the effect of direct sun in

the hot weather. Seeds purchased from Messrs, Nimmo and Blair, New

Zealand, in October 1901, failed to germinate, They were, however, again

raised from seed obtained in January 1902, from Mr, Ervst Benary,Germany,

and are now (September) in flower in a shady bed under a tree, As the plant

does not seem to bear direct sunshine, especially in the hot weather, it is suit-

able for growing in borders under shade or in conservatories,

42, LOBELIA ANCEPS (CAMPANULACE#),” This species isa dwarf her-

baceous perennial from the Cape of Good Hope, The leaves are large

5 inches by 2 inches, obovate, toothed, hairy, and thickly set on the stem,

The flowers are in dense spikes, blue with a white or yellowish throat. A

few plants of this species came up among those raised from seeds of UL, cardi-

nalis purchased from Mr, Ernst Benary, Germany, in 1900, and have been

again raised from true seeds purchased from the same seedsman, in 1902,

Some of the older plants are still alive, and have again flowered in July last,

The new plants have not flowered yet, This species also like the last is suit-

able for growing in conservatories or shady borders,

43. ANGELONIA GRANDIFLORA ALBA (SCROPHULARINE%), + A small her-

baceous perennial, about 2feet high. It appears to be simply a garden

variety of the blue flowered A, salicarizfolia, H, and B., of South America,

commonly grown in gardens under the name of A. grandiflora, and

which it resembles in all respects except that the flowers are white, Plants

were raised from seeds purchased from Mr, Ernst Benary, Germany, in May

1901, and are easily propagated by cuttings.

44, Bocconta corpaTa, Willd (PAPAVERACE®).f Plume Poppy. It is a

very handsome, herbaceous foliage plant said to be from 5to8 feet high,

with a stately habit, native of China and Japan. The leaves are alternate,

large, 12 inches by 6 inches, long-stalked, deeply veined, recurved, ovate-

cordate, margins lobed and sinuate, of a light yellowish colour, reticulated

with dark green veins, The flowers are said to be buff-coloured, numerous

in very large terminal panicles, and though not individually showy are

together in inflorescence striking, and give a fine effect to the plant. Plants

were raised from seeds purchased from Messrs. Nimmo and Blair, New

Zealand, in October 1901, and are doing well, though they have not flowered

yet. It is suitable for growing in conservatories, or as an individual specimen

on the lawn or in borders, in a shady place. It has been propagated by

cuttings.

* The specific name means two-edged or flattened,

+ The generi¢ name is derived from Angelon, the” local name of A. salicariefolia, in South

America, and the specific name meaning large, white-flowered.

t The genus is named after Paolo Bacconi, M.D., a Sicilian botanist, and the specific name

means hearteshaped from the form of its leaves,

780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV

45, PERISTROPHE ANGUSTIFOLIA AUREO-VARIEGATA (ACANTHACE#),” An

elegant little dense-spreading herbaceous plant, seldom exceeding 6 or 9

inches in height, native of the Java mountains, The Jeaves are small, ovate-

lanceolate, bright orange in the centre, margined with dark green. The

flowers which begin to appear in the rains are two-lipped and rosy purple.

The plant was presented by Mr. G. H. Krumbiegel, Superintendent of the

State Gardens, Baroda, in December 1896, and thrives well here, being easily

propagated by cuttings. Itis very suitable as an edging on the slopes of

borders, but requires partial shade. Itis also very suitable for growing in

conservatories on vock work or in baskets, In the monsoon the leaves are

green, but become variegated with orange during the cold weather.

46. COMMELINA NUDIFLORA, Linn, (COMMELINACE).t A compact grow-

ing, evergreen, herbaceous trailing plant, found throughout the hotter parts

of India. The leaves are about 4 inches long, narrow, lanceolate, The

flowers are cobalt blue (and in another variety, rosea, rose-coloured) enclosed

in a complicate, cucullate (hood-shaped) spathe, They are very showy

opening in the morning and closing at noon. The plants were raised fib

seeds sent in exchange by Messrs, Herb and Wulle, Naples, in January, 1900

under the name of C. sellowiana rosea, They are doing very well here, ee

ering almost throughout the year, and are very suitable for growing on a

sloping bank. It is easily propagated by means of cuttings,

47, MaNnerriaA corDiIFoLIA, Mart, (Rupiacem®), { A pretty climbing

plant of slender habit, native of Brazil, The leaves are about i inch long

opposite, ovate, cordate, pubescent, The flowers are tubular, about one nee

and a half long, pendulous and scarlet, somewhat resembling those of Russelia

juncea, The rind of the root is said to possess emetic properties, and is used

by the Brazilians in dropsy and dysentery. The plant was presented by

Mr. G. H. Krumbiegel, Superintendent of the State Gardens, Baroda, in De-

cember 1896, under the name of M. bicolar which is a different species, and

thrives well here, flowering during the rainy season, It has been scohaeee

by cuttings.

48, MAURANDIA BaRcLAYANA, Lindl. (SCROPHULARINEZ).§ A beautiful

climber of slender habit, native of Mexico, The leaves are small, cordate

lobed and somewhat hastate. The plant climbs its support by means of ee

twisting petioles of the leaf. The flowers are about 2 inches long, curved, the

tube greenish white, and the lobes of a violet purple colour, Plants were

* The generic name is derived from peristrophe, turning round, in reference to ‘the borers

which is twisted so as to be upside down, and the specific name means narrow-leaved with

golden variegation.

+ The genus is named after Kaspar and Johann Commelin, Dutch botanists, and the specific

name means “naked-flowered.”

+ The genus is named after Xavier Manetti, Prefect of the Botanic Gardens at Florence in

the middle of the eighteenth century, and the specific name means heart-shaped in reference

to the leaves.

§ The genus is named after Dr. Maurandy, once Professor of Botany at Carthagena, and

the specific name after Barclay.

PLANTS INTRODUCED INTO THE VICTORIA GARDENS, 781

raised from seeds purchased from Mr. Ernst Benary, Germany, in May 1901.

They have commenced flowering this year since the commencement of the

monsoons.

49. Victoria REGIA, Lindl.,(NYMPH@ACE®), * Queen Victoria’s Water Lily

or Royal Water Lily, This well-known and magnificent water plant, remarkable

alike for its beautiful large flowers and its gigantic leaves, is a native of Guiana

in South America. The leaves are circular, large, said to grow up to about

12 feet in diameter. The largest leaf of the plants grown in the garden, how-

ever, has not exceeded 7 feet, but could no doubt grow much larger ina tank

more suited toits requirements. The edges of the leaves are turned upwards 2

or 3 inches, which gives the leaves an appearance of a huge native “ thala” or

tray with upturned edges, The colour of the leaf is green above and purple

beneath, and the petiole, lower side of the leaf and the calyx are covered

with large spines. The whole leaf is so well supported by the girder-like

projecting veins and ribs underneath that it is said to bear the weight of a

man easily. On experimenting I found that one of the floating leaves of the

plant in the Garden, which was about 7 feet in diameter, could bear a weight

of about 45 lbs., and to demonstrate it graphically I had a basket put on the

leaf with a six-year old child in it, and had a photograph of it taken in 1895

which is exhibited here, The flowers are large, when fully expanded quite a

foot in diameter, white at first, turning gradually to pink, diffusing a sweet

scent, and coming up in constant succession during the rains and occasionally

afterwards, Plants were raised from seeds purchased from the Superintend-

ent, Sajjan Newas Gardens, Udaipur, in March 1898, but with difficulty at

first, as the tender-seedlings were several times destroyed by fishes, which are

plentiful in the ponds in the Garden, and the plants were further damaged

by the great rush of water in the ponds during the monsoon. It is now

grown ina small pond made by emptying and excavating one of the old

manure pits inthe Garden, but itis not large and deep enough for this

gigantic plant, and the leaves are often damaged by being shaken and over-

turned by strong wind during the rains. Though it is a perennial, it seems

to deteriorate here in the size of leaves and flowers year by year, and has

to be grown afresh every year from seed, The seeds are eatable after being

roasted.

50, PrpcarrNia LATIFOLIA, Soland (BROMELIACEa),+ An herbaceous peren-

nial, native of West Indies and Brazil. The leaves are long, linear, about

3 feet by | inch, acuminate, white furfuraceous at back, margin irregularly

prickled, arranged in a rosette. The flowers are in a compound raceme, rising

on a long stalk about 7 feet high from the centre of the plant, the individua]

flowers being about 3 inches long, bright red. Plants were purchased from

the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, Calcutta, in October 1897, and

thrive well in Bombay in conservatories, or under partial shade outside,

* The genus is named after Her Majesty Queen Victoria, and the generic name means royal,

+ The genus is named after W. Pitcairn, a physician of London, and the specific name means

broad-leaved,

782

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS

FROM THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS.

The following descriptions of new species of Mammals are extracted from

a paper by Mr, Gerrit $. Miller, Jnr,., published in the Proceedings of the

United States National Museum (Vol, XXIV, pp. 751—795), on the collection

made by Dr. W.L. Abbott and Mr. C, B, Kloss, who visited. the islands

during the months of January, February and March 1901,

SUS NICOBARICUS, new species,

Type.—Young adult male (skin and skull), No, 111794, U.S.N.M, Collected

on Great Nicobar Island, Nicobars, March 13, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Original number, 930,

Characters,—Like Sus andamanensis, but slightly larger, and with much

larger teeth. Colour entirely black. Tail covered with a sparse, nearly uni-

form growth of long black hairs,

Fur.—The fur throughout consists of bristles with no admixture of softer

hairs, In texture it resembles that of Sus andamanensis, and is much less

harsh than that of Sus cristatus. The diameter of the individual bristles of

both back and mane is scarcely more than half that of hairs from corre-

sponding regions in the mainland animal, and is apparently a little less than in

the Andaman pig. Mane and dorsal crest well developed, though less so

than in Sus cristatus. At middle of back the bristles of the crest are about

70 mm. in length, while those bordering it barely reach a length of 50 mm.

The crest, however, owes its distinctness to the greater crowding of the

bristles of which it is composed, as compared with those of the surrounding

parts, As in Sus andamanensis, the skin is plainly visible through its scant

covering of hair everywhere except in the region occupied by the mane and

crest, The cheeks are more hairy than in Sus andamanensis, The tail is

hairy throughout except at tip, At base the hairs, which are much softer

than the bristles of the back, are rather inconspicuous, but near middle they

increase in number and in length, and form a straggling brush, the longest

hairs of which are 150 mm. long. ,

Colour.—The colour is black throughout, with a faint brownish wash on

dorsal crest. Hoofs rather dark horn colour, In the type the hind feet are

albinistic between hoof and hock, the light colour involving the hoofs as well

as the hair,

Skull,—The skull of Sus nicobaricus, though distinctly larger than that of

S. andamanensis, shows no approach to the dimensions of that of S, cristatus.

In form it differs from the skull of Sus andamanensis chiefly in the greater

angle formed by the surface of the forehead with that of the rostrum, and

in the larger, more inflated audital bulle, The zygomatic arch as a whole is

more heavily built than in Sus endamanensis, and its horizontal surface is

broader posteriorly,

As compared with the skull of Sus cristatus from Tenasserim, that of

S, nicobaricus shows numerous differences in form, Most conspicuous among

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 783

these are the relatively shorter rostrum and the very distinct angle in the

facial profile at posterior extremity of nasals. This angle is difficult to mea-

sure, but it is approximately 8° in Sws cristatus and 18° in S. nicobaricus, The

audital bulle appear to be relatively larger than in the average of Sus crista-

tus, but this character is probably not constant,

Teeth—The teeth are slightly larger in proportion to the size of the skull

than in Sus andamanensis, but otherwise I can detect no differences, They

also agree in all essential characters with those of Sus cristatus.

Measurements,—External measurements of type : Total length, 1,190 mm.;

head and body, 1,000; tail, 190 ; height at shoulder, 520; hind foot (hoof

included), 185

Cranial measurements of adult male considerably older than type (No.112011

U.S.N.M.): Occipito-nasal length, 280 mm.; basal length 255; basilar length,

245; length of nasals, 133 ; width of both nasals together posteriorly, 40;

median length of bony palate, 175 ; width of bony palate at middle of second

molar, 31 ; distance between tips of postorbital processes, 32 ; least interorbi-

tal breadth, 71; zygomatic breadth, 130; occipital breadth, 57 ; occipital depth,

105; least depth of rostrum between canine and incisor, 35; mandible, 220;

depth of mandible through coronoid process, 105; depth of ramus at front

of tirst molar, 32; maxillary toothrow to front of canine (alveoli), 118 ; man-

dibular toothrow to front of canine (alveoli), 132; crown of first upper

molar, 12 by 14; crown of second upper molar, 17 by 17; crown of third

upper molar, 26 by 18; crown of first lower molar,—; crown of second lower

molar, 16 by 14; crown of third lower molar, 30 by 15,

Remarks,—This species is readily distinguishable from the Andaman pig

by its larger teeth, The uniform black colour of the type and the peculiar

hairing of the tail may be mere individual characters,

The occurence of a diminutive wild pig on the Nicobar Islands was noted

as long ago as 1863 by Blyth'; but until the present time there has been no

opportunity to compare the animal with Sus andamanensis, That it proves to

be distinct from the Andaman swine is not in the least surprising, though

such a possibility appears not to have occurred to Blyth, He says:

The small Andamanese wild pig appears, at first, to be as isolated in its range as new to

science; but Ihave been assured of the existence of a diminutive wild pig in the Nicobars,

additional to the huge tame swine of undoubtedly exotic origin, which are bred by the

Nicobarians of the coasts; and I have also considerable reason to suspect that it exists like-

wise in Sumatra.

The differences between the wild and domesticated pigs of the Andamans

alluded to by Blyth were noted in considerable detail by Dr. Abbott,”

Pigs, both tame and wild [he writes], were plentiful in the Nicobars. Those in Kar

Nieobars, and many of the tame ones everywhere, are descendents of European and Chinese

stock, and splendid big porkers some of them are, But the wild pig of which I send you

one skin and two skulls from Great Nicobar does not seem the same. It is small, about the

i Appendix Me Mouat’s Adventures and Researehes among the Andaman Islanders, p. 349,

2 Letter dated April 28, 1901.

1: :

784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

same size as that of Bunguran Island [Sus natunensis], the males weighing about 90

pounds. Iam almost sure that it has been introduced long ago into the Nicobars, and that it

was originally Sus cristatws of the mainland, degenerating as the result of insularity and

inbreeding, The Danes and others have had settlements on the Nicobars in the last century,

and an extensive trade with India and with Chinese junks from Hainan, This trade has

been going on for generations, and the modern big pig is the result of the new introductions

mixed more or less with the small form. In Great and Little Niccbar many of the tame

pigs are precisely like the skin of the wild one which I send, and although the tame animals

are usually larger they never equal the size of the huge European pigs of Kar Nicobar and

the islands of the central group.

Whatever may have been the history of the animal, there can be little

doubt that it is now a distinct species. Jam inclined to believe that it was

introduced by human agency, but at a time far anterior to the establishment

of European trade.

Genus MUS Linnzvs.

Three species of Mus have been recorded from the Andaman Islands, Mus

musculus and Mus andamanensis by Blyth, and Mus bowersi by Blanford. Only

the second of these was certainly obtained by Dr, Abbott, though it is pro-

bable that the animal here described as Jus taciturnus is the Mus bowersi of

Blanford, From the Nicobars the only rat hitherto known is the Mus palma-

rum of Zelebor, This was regarded by Blanford as identical with Mus

rattus, Dr, Abbott did not meet with it. On the other hand he secured six

species in the Andamans and five in the Nicobars, raising the total number

known from the islands to twelve.

MUS STOICUS, new species.

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull) No, 111834, U. S. N. M, Collected on

Henry Lawrence Island, Andamans, January 9,1901, by Dr, W. L, Abbott.

Orginal number, 820.

Characters.—A large, heavily built rat, bearing a general likeness to Mus

validus and Mus palmarum, Tail considerably shorter than head and body,

unicolor, . Fur of back moderately spinous. Under parts bluish gray. Mam-

mz apparently ten, Skullas long as that of Mus validus, but very slender,

Teeth with normal enamel pattern, the length of upper molar series (alveoli)

in adults less than half diastema,

Fur.,—Under fur rather scant, much less dense than in Mus validus or Mus

norvegicus, but not peculiar in quality ; itis most abundant on flanks and lumbar

region, Main body of fur composed of two elements, soft terete hairs and

stiff grooved bristles, On middle of back these are about 15 mm, in length, but

the hairs usually a little exceed the bristles. Width of bristles on back about

33 mm. On under parts they become much more slender and are scarcely to be

distinguished from the terete hairs. The bristles are numerous on middle of

back and on sides, but are practically absent from rump and from region in

front of shoulders, The back is rather plentifully sprinkled with coarse, terete

hairs about 50 mm,in length, but these are not sufficiently numerous to

influence the general appearance of the fur. Whiskers coarse, the longest 70

mm, inlength. Supraorbital bristle about 10 mm, less,

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 785

Colowr.--Back a coarse grizzle of black and dull ochraceous buff (distinctly

darker than Ridgway’s PI. v, fig. 10), the latter element in excess. The effect

is similar to the general color of Jus validus, but considerably more yellow.

The longer hairs are strongly lustrous, so that in certain lights the fur has a

noticeable steely gloss. This sheen is very conspicuous at sides of shoulders

when the skin is viewed from in front, Sides like back but with buff even

more predominant, Under parts and inner surface of limbs nearly uniform

mouse gray (paler than that of Ridgway), Thiscolour is due to the combined

effect of the drab under fur and whitish hair tips, It extends entirely around

upper lip and spreads over cheeks, where, however, it becomes mixed with

ochraceous buff, Hye surrounded by a very faintly indicated dark ring,

Whiskers black, Ears and tail uniform dull dark brown throughout, Feet

sprinkled with fine whitish hairs, these nowhere abundant enough to conceal

the light brown skin,

Tail_—The tail is rather inconspicuously annulated—that is, the bounda-

ries of the scales are less sharply defined than in most rats of the same size.

At middle there are about ten rings to the centimetre. At first sight the tail

appears to be naked, but on close inspection it is seen to be beset with fine

appressed hairs 1 to 2 mm, in length, two or three of which spring from the

base of each scale,

Mamme.—tIn the single adult female collected one pectoral and three

inguinal mamme are plainly visible on each side. The skin is in bad condi-

tion in the region which the anterior pair of pectoral mamme would occupy

if present. On the label Dr. Abbott has written “ mamme apparently ten,”

Feet,—The feet show no peculiarities of form or structure. Soles naked,

with six well-developed tubercles,

Ears,—The ears are moderately large, their height from crown exactly equal

to distance between eye and tip of muzzle. In form they are not peculiar,

Both surfaces are naked, except for a fine, close pubescence,

Skull,—The skull of Mus stoicus differs conspicuously from that of Mus

validus, Mus vociferans, or Mus bowers¢ in its much lighter structure and more

slender form, Viewed from above it does not differ widely from the skull of

Mus vociferans, except that it is more narrow throughout, a difference more

noticeable in rostrum and braincase than in the zygomatic region, Supraorbital

ridges about as in Mus vociferans. The plate of the maxillary forming outer

wall of antorbital foramen is as broad as in Mus validus, but the foramen is

widely open below, as in Mus vociferans, These characters are very apparent

in this view of the skull. Viewed from the side the skull closely resembles

that of Mus vociferans, except for the peculiarities already mentioned Zygo-

mata much more slender than in the allied species. Viewed from beneath

the skull shows its most striking characters, The floor of the braincase is

essentially like that of Mus vociferans, though the audital bull are distinctly

larger than in the mainland animal. In form the bulle do not differ very

materially from those of Mus vociferans, though they are somewhat more

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, X1V.

inflated anteriorly, Palate and rostrum very unlike those of any of the allied

species, the differences due to the combined reduction in size of the teeth

and elongation of the rostrum, The length of toothrow is contained fully

twice in length of diastema, instead of about once and a half, as in Mus

vociferans and Mus validus. The incisive foramina share in the elongation

of the rostrum to such an extent that they are much longer than the

toothrow instead of distinctly shorter, Except that it shares in the

general slender form of the skull, the mandible shows no :characters of

importance,

Teeth—The teeth differ from those of Mus vociferans in size only, as the

enamel pattern of the two species is similar throughout,

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 442 mm. ;

head and body, 249 ; tail, 193; hind foot, 47 ; ear from meatus, 24; ear from

crown, 20 ; width of ear, 16, Average of ten adults from the type locality:

Total length, 437 ; head and body, 241; tail, 198; hind foot, 48; hind foot

without claws, 46.

Cranial measurements of largast specimen: Greatest length, 55°4 mm. ; basal

length, 50; basilar length, 47; palatal length, 28; least width of palate

between anterior molars, 6; diastema, 18; length of incisive foramen, 10°6 ;

combined breadth of incisive foramina, 3°8; length of nasals, 22; combined

breadth of nasals, 5°4; zygomatic breadth, 25; interorbital breadth, 9;

breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata, 18; mastoid breadth, 19 ;

occipital depth at front of basioccipital, 14:6; fronto-palatal depth at

posterior extremity of nasals, 13 ; least depth of rostrum immediately behind

incisors, 9°38; mandible, 31; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 82; width of

front upper molar, 2°4 ; mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 8°4,

Specimens examined.—Highteen, all from the type locality,

Remarks.—In general appearance Mus stoicus resembles Mus validus, but

the skull is much more slender. It is, however, in no way distantly related

to the large rats of the Malay Peninsula,

Dr, Abbott writes as follows of the rats of Henry Lawrence Island

(Mus stoicus and Mus flebilis) :—

Trapped in the dense jungle with which the island is covered. Note that in this lot there

are two distinct species : one large with tail shorter than head and body [M. stoicus], and one

smaller with tail longer than head and body [M. flebilis]. The tail is more hairy in the

smaller species. Both were caught in the same places, on the west side of the island on

Kwantung Straits, at two localities about two milesapart. The smaller one squeals pite-

ously when ¢aught in a trap, but the larger is silent,

MUs TACITURNUS, new species,

Type-—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 111828, U. 8. N. M. Collected on

South Andaman Island, Andamans, January 16, 1901, by Dr. W, L. Abbott.

Original number, 854.

Characters,—Slightly larger than Mus stotcus, and colour both above and

below more tinged with yellow.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS. 787

Colour.—Back and sides a coarse grizzle of black and bright ochraceous buff

(distinctly more yellow than Ridgway’s, Pl. v, fig. 10), the latter very con-

spicuously in excess. Under parts paler than in Jus stoicus, though the ele-

ments of the colour are essentially the same, the difference due to the more

extensive whitish hair tips, and faintly lighter under fur, Colour otherwise

as in Mus stoicus.

Measurements,—External measurements of type: Total length, 494 mm.;

head and body, 266; tail, 228 ; hind foot, 53 ; ear from meatus, 24 ; ear from

crown, 21 ; width of ear, 16°4. An adult female measures : Total length, 446;

head and body, 237 ; tail, 209 ; hind foot, 48.

Specimens examined,—Seven, all from the type locality,

Remarks.—This species is very closely allied to Mus stotcus, but is never-

theless easily distinguishable on comparison, It is probably the rat recorded

by Blanford as ‘‘a variety of Mus bowersi, or a closely allied form.”! Mus

bowersé differs, however, from all of the rats known to occur on the Anda-

mans by its distinctly bicoloured tail.

MuUs PLEBILIS, new species.

Type.—Adult female (skin and skull}, No. 111841,U. 8S. N.M. Collected on

Henry Lawrence Island, Andamans, January 10, 1901, by Dr. W. L, Abbott,

Original number, 827,

Characters,—A large member of the Mus rattus group, Size about as in

Mus pannosus of the Butang Island, but tail always considerably longer than

head and body. Fur thickly sprinkled with weak spines, its colour paler and

more yellow than in Mus pannosus and closely resembling that of Mus stoicus,

Skull much like that of Mus pannosus, but with larger audital bullx, more

prominent supraorbital ridges, and smaller teeth,

Fur.—The fur is like that of Mus stoicus, except that the bristles are a

little less stiff and the under fur is somewhat more woolly. The long terete

hairs on the back are less noticeable than in the larger animal, In abun-

dance and distribution the bristles are essentially the same in the two species,

Colour,—Back and sides essentially as in Mus stoicus, except that the light

element of the grizzle is paler, almost exactly matching the ochraceous buff

of Ridgway, and a little more noticeably in excess of the dark. The fur is

nearly destitute of the lustrous sheen so noticeable in the larger animal,

Muzzle and outer surface of front legs washed with broccoli-brown. Under

parts and inner surface of limbs cream buff. Under fur light drab, Ears

and tail dull brown throughout, The colour of the under parts completely

encircles the mouth, but scarcely spreads upward on cheeks, Feet more

thickly haired than in Mus stoicus, cream buff heavily clouded with drab,

Whiskers black. A faintly indicated dark eye-ring.

Tail_—The annulation of the tail is similar to that in Mus stoicus, except

that the rings and scales are more sharply defined. At middle there are

ten rings to the centimetre, The hairs, though not conspicuous, are longer

and more abundant than in the larger animal,

*The Fauna of British India, Mamm., 1891, p, 410.

788 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Mamme.—There are 10 mamme, 2 pectoral and 3 inguinal on each side.

Feet,—The feet are in no way peculiar, Soles naked, with 6 well-deve-

loped tubercles.

Ears,—The ears are essentially as in Mus stoicus.

Skull_—The skull of Mus flebilis resembles that of the larger members of

the Mus rattus group, but is readily distinguishable by its larger audital bulle

and more strongly developed supraorbital ridges. In the latter character

it suggests J/us surifer and its allies, As compared with the skull of Mus

pannosus that of Mus flebilis differs, aside from the characters just men-

tioned, in slightly smaller size, relatively shorter, more robust rostrum,

narrower outer wall of antorbital foramen, more abruptly flaring zygomata,

and longer incisive foramina, The mandible is essentially the same in both

species. Its much greater size (greatest length about 45 mm, instead of

about 40) immediately distinguishes the skull of Mus flebilis from that of

Mus rattus and Mus alexandrinus.

Teeth.—The teeth exactly resemble those of Mus alexandrinus and Jus

rattus in form and in pattern of enamel folding, but are conspicuously larger,

In the latter character they are slightly surpassed by those of Mus pannosus.

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 452 mm ;

head and body, 210; tail, 242 ; hind foot, 41°4 ; ear from meatus, 21 ; ear from

crown, 16 ; width of ear, 15, Average of six adults from the type locality ;

Total length, 441 (417—460) ; head and body, 203; tail, 238 (222—240):

hind foot, 41°8 (41—44) ; hind foot without claws, 40 (39—42),

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 45 mm, ; basal length,

40; basilar length, 37; palatal length, 21:4; least width of palate between

anterior molars, 5 ; diastema, 13 ; length of incisive foramen, 8°8 ; combined

breadth of incisive foramina, 3; length of nasals, 18 ; combined breadth of

nasals, 4°8 ; zygomatic breadth, 19°8; interorbital breadth, 6; mastoid

breadth, 18; breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata, 16; depth of

braincase at anterior border of basioccipital, 11°4; fronto-palatal depth at

posterior extremity of nasals, 11; least depth of rostrum immediately behind

incisors, 8°5; mandible, 26 ; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 7-4 ; width of front

upper molar, 2°2; mandibular toothrow (alveoli), 7:4.

Specimens examined.—Seven, all from the type locality.

Remarks.—These rats were trapped, together with the specimens of Mus

stoicus, in the dense jungle with which Henry Lawrence Island is covered.

The types of both species were taken on the south side of the island on the

shore of Kwantung Straits, Other specimens were secured at a point about

2 miles farther north, The names which I have used for the two species

were suggested by Dr. Abbott’s note that the smaller animal squeals piteously

when caught, while the larger is silent,

Mus PULLIVENTER, new species.

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No, 111790, U.S. N.M. Collected on

Great Nicobar Island, Nicobars, March 12, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Original number, 927.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 789

Characters.—A rat of somewhat less bulk than Mus flebilis, but with

smaller hind foot and shorter tail, the length of latter considerably less than

that of head and body. Fur densely spinous, but the bristles even more

slender than in Mus flebilis, Colour brown throughout, the belly not distinctly

paler than sides, skull slender, with dorsal profile nearly straight from middle

of braincase to tip of nasals. Teeth small, normal. Mamme 8.

Fur—tThe fur is fine and close in texture, but on examination it is seen to

be densely beset with very slender spines, These spines are rather more

numerous than in Mus flebilis, but their width is distinctly less than in the

Andaman species. The fur of the back is sprinkled with a few long terete

hairs, but these are only evident on close inspection, On the belly the

bristles are reduced to mere rudiments scarcely to be distinguished from the

oridinary hairs,

Colour.—Back and sides a fine grizzle of black and russet, the two colours in

about equal parts on the back, the russet in excess on the sides and outer

surface of legs, where it is faintly washed with wood brown, Belly and inner

side of legs drab, a little tinged with russet, Chin, middle of throat, axillary

region and area surrounding nipples white; this colour perhaps abnormal,

Cheeks and muzzle like belly, but slightly more washed with russet, Top of

head dark, grizzled hair brown, Feet scantily sprinkled with brownish and

whitish hairs. Ears and tail uniform dark brown,

Tail—The annulation of the tail is indistinct and somewhat irregular.

At middle there are eleven or twelve rings to the centimetre, From the

base of each scale spring two or three stiff hairs, the length of which scarcely

exceeds the width of the rings. The hairs are very inconspicuous, and more

apparent to the touch than to sight. At extreme tip the skin of the tail is

whitish, but this character may readily be abnormal.

Momme.—YThere are 8 mamme, 1 pectoral pair and 3 inguinal pairs,

Feet,—Relatively to the size of the animal, the feet are unusually small and

weak, Soles with the six pads rather indistinct in the dry specimen,

Ears—The ears are in no way peculiar, In length they are about equal to

distance between eye and muzzle, They are naked, except for a fine, almost

microscopic pubescence,

Skull,—The skull of Mus pulliventer differs conspicuously from that of the

other Andaman and Nicobar rats in its flat dorsal outline. When viewed

from the side the profile is nearly straight from front of nasals to middle of

braincase, The palatal profile shares the same peculiarity but to a less

degree. Except for its flatness the skull closely resembles that of Mus rattus,

The rostrum is, however, more elongate, and the audital bulle are smaller,

When viewed from above, the plate forming outer wall of antorbital foramen

scarcely extends in front of line of outer curve of zygomatic arch, while in

Mus rattus it projects conspicuously in front of this line, Viewed from the

side this plate is narrower and less concave than in Mus rattus, and its front

edge is nearly straight,

790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Teeth.—The teeth of the type are somewhat worn, but they appear to be in

every way similar to those of Mus rattus,

Measurements,—External measurements of type: Total length, 387 mm, ;

head and body, 202 ; tail, 185 ; hind foot, 35 ; ear from meatus, 19; ear from

crown, 14; width of ear, 15,

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 44 mm.; basal length, 40 ;

basilar length, 38 ; palatal length, 22°6 ; least width of palate between anterior

molars, 4°6 ; diastema, 12°6 ; length of incisive foramen, 78 ; combined breadth

of incisive foramina, 4 ; length of nasals, 16 ; combined breadth of nasals, 4°6 ;

zygomatic breadth, 21°8 ; interorbital breadth, 6°4 ; breadth of braincase above

roots of zygomata, 16°2; mastoid breadth, 16°8 ; occipital depth at front of

basioccipital, 13 ; fronto-palatal depth at posterior extremity of nasals, 9°6 ;

least depth of rostrum immediately behind incisors, 7-6 ; mandible, 25 ; maxil-

lary toothrow (alveoli), 7°8; width of front upper molar, 2 ; mandibular

toothrow (alveoli), 6'8,

Specimens examined.—One, the type.

Remarks.—Mus pulliventer differs so conspicuously from its allies of the Mus

rattus group that it needs no special comparison with any of them. The flat-

tened skull and dark colour of the under parts are sharply diagnostic,

MUs ATRATUS, new species,

Type.—Adult female (skin and skull), U.S.N.M. No, 111868. Collected on

Barren Island, Andamans, 7th January 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original

number, 818,

Characters,—Size and proportions as in Mus andamanensis, but fur spineless,

Colour of under parts yellowish brown, back strongly suffused with black (often

entirely black), Skull shorter, broader, and more robust than that of Mus

andamanensis, the audital bulle smaller, Teeth as in Mus andamanensis and

Mus rattus, but much larger.

Fur.—The fur consists of the usual elements. The spines, however, are so

reduced in diameter as to appear like ordinary hairs unless examined with a

lens,

Colour,—Upper parts almost exactly as in Mus flebilis and Mus andamanensis

except that the fur is strongly suffused with a slaty black like that of Mus

rattus. In two of the eight specimens the brown remains in excess of the

black, but in the other (including the type) the latter predominates, nearly or

quite to the exclusion of the brown, Belly yellowish brown (rather paler and

less yellow than the ochraceous buff of Ridgway) in the brown-backed speci-

mens, slaty in the others, Only one skin, however, lacks a distinct brownish

wash cyer the slaty under parts, Feet sprinkled with whitish or slaty hairs,

Ears and tail uniform dark brown.

Tail—The tail is distinctly annulated. At middle there are about ten rings

to the centimetre. The boundaries of the scales are sharply defined, much

more so than in Mus stoieus and Mus flebilis. From the base of each scale grow

three hairs which in length are equal to the width of two rings, Though

better developed than in the larger Andaman rats, these hairs do not conceal

the annulation of the;jtail,

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS. 791

Feet.—The feet are in no way peculiar. Soles naked, 6-tuberculate.

Ears.—The ears are of moderate length, about equal to distance between

eye and nostril, ‘hey are naked except for a fine, inconspicuous pubescence,

Skull,—The skull is much like that of Mus rattus, except that the frontal

profile is more strongly concave, the audital bulle are smaller, and the region

between and including anterior zygomatic roots is broader and more heavily

built. The incisive foramina extend back nearly to level of middle of first

molar.

Teeth—The teeth are similar to those of Mus rattus, but very much larger.

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 342 mm. ;

head and body, 160; tail, 182 ; hind foot, 36; ear from meatus, 18; ear from

crown, 14; width of ear, 13. Average of seven adults from the type locality :

Total length, 353 (342—372); head and body, 175 (160—195); tail 181

(173—190) ; hind foot, 39-7 (39—41'6) ; hind foot without claws, 37:3 (36—39),

Specimens ecamined,—Hight, all from the type locality.

Remarks.—In the appendix to, Mouat’s Adventures and Researches among

the Andaman Islanders, Blyth remarks that—

lately the Rev. C.S, P. Parish, the able botanist and chaplain of Moulmein, observed on

Barren Island the half-devoured remains of some rat, which it is not likely had been carried

by a bird of prey from the nearest land, 36 miles distant. As the carcase was much mutilated,

Mr, Parish did not think it worth while to preserve it in spirits, though had he done so,

the identification of the species, with the peculiar spiny-coated Mus andamanensis, would

probably have been easy. ;

This is the only published allusion to the Barren Island rat that I have seen,

Dr, Abbott found the animal excessively abundant in favourable localities

among the patches of grass and scrubby jungle with which the volcanic ash and

scoria of Barren Island are covered. He noted nothing peculiar in its habits,

Mus BURRUS, new species,

Type,—Adult female (skin and skull), No. 111811, U.S. N.M. Collected on

Trinkut Island, Nicobars, February 5, 1901, by Dr. W. L, Abbott. Original

number, 881,

Characters,—Size and general appearance much as in Mus pulliventer, but

tail shorter, back less distinctly grizzled, and belly light buff. Fur spineless.

Mamme 10. Skull much like that of Mus norvegicus.

Fur.—The fur is like that of Mus atratus, that is, the spines are so reduced

in diameter that on casual examination they do not appear different from the

surrounding hairs. They are, however, slightly larger than in Mus atratus,

Colour.—Back and sides a fine grizzle of black and russet, the colours nearly

as in Mus pulliventer, but grizzle less distinct. The two elements are in about

equal parts on back, but on sides the russet is considerably in excess of the

black, and at the same time slightly obscured by the drab gray of the under

fur. Under parts and inner side of legs cream-buff to base of hairs, Crown

and forehead like back, but a little tinged with gray ; cheeks washed with

drab, Feet scantily clothed with whitish and brownish hairs. Kars and

tail uniform dark brown.

792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Tail_—The tail is coarsely and distinctly annulated. At middle there are

about eight rings to the centimetre. To each scale there are from one to

three stiff hairs varying in length from 1 to 13 millimetres,

Mamme,—tThere are 10 mamme, 4 pectoral and 6 inguinal.

Feet.—The feet are in no way peculiar. Soles naked, with the usual six

tubercles,

Ears.—Ears as in the related species.

Skull.—In a general way the skull of Mus burrus rather closely resembles

that of Mus norvegicus. It is slightly smaller than that of the house rat,

however, the dorsal profile is less convex, the rostrum shorter and broader,

the interorbital region less constricted, the zygomatic arches less flaring, the

braincase broader and less elevated, the interpterygoid space wider, and the

audital bulle slightly different in form and more resembling those of Mus

rattus, Nasal bones gradually narrowed from front to back, their outer

margins nearly straight except for the usual slight downward curve. Pos-

terior portion of mandible somewhat deeper than in Mus norvegicus.

Teeth.—The teeth are relatively somewhat larger than in the house rat,

but the enamel pattern shows no peculiarities,

Measurements —External measurements of type: Total length, 430 mm.;

head and body, 215; tail, 215 ; hind foot, 43 ; ear from meatus, 24 ; ear from

crown, 18; width of ear, 17. Averageof ten specimens from the type locality:

Total length, 407 (385—430); head and body, 205 (195—225); tail vertebra, 202

(193215); hind foot, 42°5 (42—43); hind foot, without claws, 40°6 (40—41°4).

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 47°6 mm. ; basal length,

43; basilar length, 40; palatal length, 23°4; least width of palate between

anterior molars, 54; diastema, 14 ; length of incisive foramen, 8°4 ; combined

breadth of incisive foramina, 2°8 ; length of nasals, 17:4; combined breadth

of nasals, 5 ; zygomatic breadth, 22 ; interorbital breadth, 8 ; mastoid breadth,

17°4; breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata, 17; depth of braincase

at anterior border of basioccipital, 12°2 ; fronto-palatal depth at posterior

extremity of nasals, 11°8 ; least depth of rostrum immediately behind incisors,

9; mandible, 28; maxillary toothrow (alveoli), 7°6; mandibular toothrow

(alveoli), 7*4.

Specimens examined.—Twelve, all from Trinkut Island, Nicobars.

Remarks.—In external characters, the series of I2 skins show practi-

cally no variation. The younger specimens are less clear buff beneath, but

with this exception, the colour is perfectly constant. The skulls are likewise

very uniform, Here the variation is confined to the slight differences in size

usually correlated with greater or less age. The nearly straight lateral outline

of the nasal is an unvarying characteristic of the entire series of skulls.

Whether Mus burrus iy a direct descendant of the house rat cannot be

decided, but its relationship with this wandering species is not remote. The

dark colour and less spreading zygomata are alone sufficient to distinguish the

Nicobarian animal, however, from any of the very numerous specimens of

Mus norvegicus that haye come under my observation,

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 793

Mus BURRULUS, new species.

Type. —Aduli male (skin and skull), No, 111817, U.S. N. M. Collected on

Car Nicobar, January 25, 1901, by Dr. W. L, Abbott, Original number, 865,

Characters —Similar to Mus burrus, but much smaller; hind foot, 38 ;

greatest length of skull, 41.

Colour,—The colour and other external characters so closely resemble those

of Mus burrus as to need no detailed description,

Skull_—The skull though differing from that of Mus burrus chiefly in its

smaller size is also distinguishable by its much more slender rostrum, a cha-

racter which is in no way due to differences of age. The outer margin of the

nasal is straight, as in the larger animal,

Teeth—The teeth are similar to those of Mus burrus, though perceptibly

smaller throughout,

Measurements,—External measurements of type: Total length, 357 mm.;

head and body, 174; tail, 183; hind foot, 38; ear from meatus, 19; ear

from crown, 15; width of ear, 15,

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 41 mm.; basal length,

37°4; basilar length, 34°8 ; length of nasals, 15 ; combined breadth of nasals,

4; zygomatic breadth, 19-8 ; interorbital constriction, 6°8 ; maxillary toothrow

(alveoli), 7.

Specimens examined.—One, the type.

Remarks.—Although represented by only one specimen, the rat of isolated

Gar Nicobar is evidently distinct from those of the larger southern islands.

That its small size is not due to immaturity is shown by the fact that the

type is fully adult, with distinctly worn teeth, a much older individual than

several of the specimens of Mus burrus,

MUS BURRESCENS, new species,

Type —Adult female (skin and skull), No. 111789, U.S.N.M. Collection

on Great Nicobar Island, March 12, 1901, by Dr, W. L. Abbott, Original

number, 926,

Characters,—Externally similar to Wus burrus, but red of upper parts a little

more intense. Skull distinguishable from that of the related species by the

form of the nasal bones, which are strongly contracted a little in front of

middle.

Colour.—The upper parts are slightly more red than in Mus burrus, and

the grizzle produced by the black hair-tips is less coarse, differences easily

appreciable on comparison, Otherwise the two animals are entirely similar

so far as external characters are concerned.

Skull.—The skull is like that of Mus burrus,except in the form of the nasal

bones. The outer margin of each nasal, straight or nearly so in Mus burrus

is here abruptly concave at middle, The result is a spatulate outline of the

two nasals together, quite different from the regular cuneate form charactere

istic of Mus burrus and Mus burrulus,

Teeth —Teeth as in Mus burrus,

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Measurements,—External measurements of type: Total length, 408 mm. ;

head and body, 296; tail, 202; hind foot, 40 ; ear from meatus, 21 ; ear

from crown, 16; width of ear, 15,

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 44°6 mm,; basal length,

40; basilar length, 38 ; length of nasals, 16 ; combined breadth of nasals,

56; zygomatic breadth, 21°8 ; interorbital constriction, 6°8; maxillary tooth-

row (alveoli), 7°4.

Specimens examined.—Two, both from Great Nicobar Island, A specimen

from Little Nicobar may represent this species, but it is too young for posi-

tive determination.

Remarks,—The cranial character by which the species is distinguished from

its allies though trivial is apparently of perfect constancy. In none of the 12

skulls of Mus burrus is there any approach to the spatulate form of nasals,

Genus TUPAIA Rarr Les.

TUPAIA NICOBARICA SURDA, new sub-species.

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No, 111757, U.S.NM. Collected on

Little Nicohar Island, March 1, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Original num-

ber, 899.

Characters,—Similar to Tupaia nicobarica nicobarica, but light areas of

pelage much less yellow and less contrasted with dark areas.

Colour—Type: Entire under parts, front and hind legs, head, neck, shoulder

and anterior half of back wood brown, tinged with drab posteriorly and on

upper parts, with buff elsewhere, An indefinite dark shade on forehead and

another on nape, the latter sending back a faint median streak and two still

more indistinct lateral shades. On under parts and inner surface of legs the

hairs are dull and lustreless and the colour clear, but on upper parts and outer

surface of legs the glossy texture of the hairs, together with a very fine

annulation (particularly in mantle), imparts a faintly grizzled aspect,

Posterior half of back very dark brown, almost black, with here and there a

hair which shows a trace of wood brown annulation, Tail deep burnt umber

throughout, except at extreme base, where it shades abruptly to black above

and to the drab wood brown of belly below.

In other specimens the dark dorsal area is lightened to prouts brown

(of a shade considerably darker than Ridgway’s Pl, III, fig. 11), and the tail

to a pale burnt umber glossed with russet. In most cases, however, the colour

is like that of the type, or nearly so.

Skull and Teeth. I cannot find that the skull and teeth differ from those

of Tupaia nicobarica nicobarica.

Measurements.—External measurements of type: Total length, 410 mm, ;

head and body, 190; tail vertebra, 220; hind foot, 48; ear from meatus,

16 ; ear from crown, 7 ; width of ear, 13'4. Average of 10 specimens from the

type locality: Total length, 388 (370—410) ; head and body, 176 (170—190)

tail, 212 (200—220) ; hind foot, 47°5 (47—49) ; hind foot without claws, 44:4

(43°4—45).

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS. 795

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 54 mm,; basal length, 47 ;

basilar length, 46 ; median palatal length, 28; length of nasals (about), 18;

distance from lachrymal notch to tip of premaxillary, 21°83; diastema, 5 ;

width of palate between anterior molars, 9°6 ; lachrymal breadth, 18°4 ; breadth

of rostrum at middle of diastema, 7 ; least interorbital breadth, 17°4; zygoma-

tic breadth, 28 ; least distance from inion to rim of orbit, 26 ; occipital depth,

12°4 ; depth from middle of parietal to lower surface of audital bulla, 18;

depth of rostrum at base of nasals, 8; depth of rostrum at middle of dias-

tema, 5°8 ; mandible, 37 ; maxillary toothrow behind diastema, 19 ; mandibular

toothrow (behind diastema), 17,

Specimens examined,—Seventeen, all from Little Nicobar Island.

Remarks.—T ypical individuals representing the majority of specimens are

instantly recognizable, as compared with similar material from Great Nicobar

by the dull, relatively lustreless, and ill-contrasted colour of the mantle and

thighs, as well as by the less yellow under parts. The mantle is less often

outlined by a dark shade at the side than in the typical form, Occasionally a

specimen may be found which cannot be certainly referred to either race,

but taking the series as a whole the characters are readily appreciable.

Genus CROCIDURA Waater,

CROCIDURA NICOBARICA, new species,

Type,—Adult female (in alcohol), No. 111788, U.S.N.M. Collected on

Great Nicobar Island, March 15,1901, by Dr. W. L, Abbott. Original num-

ber, 931.

Characters. —Largest known oriental member of the sub-genus Crocidura .

total length, about 210 mm, General colour, sooty brown.

Fur,—The fur is dense and velvety, the hairs on middle of back about

4 mm. in length, with a few longer ones interspersed.

Colour.—Dorsal surface prouts brown (slightly darker than Ridgway’s

Pl, III, fig, 11), somewhat grizzled in certain lights by the silvery gray reflec-

tions from the hairs. Sides, under parts, and both surfaces of legs broccoli

brown, slightly washed with wood brown, On middle of chest there is an

elongate patch of gray, very nearly Ridgway’s gray No, 8, but faintly washed

with broccoli brown, Ears, tail, and feet an indefinite fleshy brownish, the

thin sprinkling of minute hairs not affecting the colour,

Tail—tThe tail is so minutely and indistinctly annulated that, at first

sight, its surface appears to be smooth. On close inspection the rings

become visible, about thirty to the centimetre at middle, Numerous dark

hairs with silvery reflections spring from the border of each ring, In length

they slightly exceed the width of the rings, These hairs are invisible without

the aid of a lens, except when seen in profile against a white surface, or

when certain lights cause them to appear as a silvery pubescent sheen,

With the short hairs are sparsely intermingied cilia, 10 mm, in length,

Mamme.—Apparently there are two inguinal mammz on each side, but

the specimen is sufficiently mutilated to make the count uncertain.

796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Feet——Both soles and palms are naked and 6-tuberculate. The surface

between the tubercles is finely reticulated,

Skull_—The skull exactly resembles that of Kashmir specimens of Croci-

dura (Pachyura) “ murina,” except that the size is a trifle less, So far as

can be determined from a single specimen, the skull of the fully-developed

adult Nicobar shrew is less angular than that of C. “ murina” of the same age,

Teeth.—The teeth resemble those of Crocidura ‘“murina?’ The first

unicuspid is, however, distinctly smaller than in the Kashmir animal, and the

two succeeding teeth are faintly larger. Asa result there is less contrast in the

size of the unicuspids, though the relative proportions remain the same—that

is, the first is much larger than the third, which in turn exceeds the second,

Of the fourth unicuspid, well developed in C, “ murina,”’ there is no trace.

Measurements. — External measurements of type : Total length, 210 mm. ;

head and body, 120; tail, 90; 1 hind foot, 24* ; ear from meatus, 11 ; ear

from crown, 5; width of ear, 11,

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of incisors),

27 mm, ; basal length, 26; basilar length, 24 ; palatal length, 11:8; width

of palate between middle molars, 36; mastoid breadth, 11°6; lachrymal

breadth, 6°2 ; mandible (without incisor), 15; maxillary toothrow, 12°8;

mandibular toothrow, 12.

Specimens examined,—One, the type.

Remarks,—This species is readily distinguishable among the hitherto known

oriental members of the sub-genus Crocidura by its very large size, a character

in which it is approached by its representative in the Andaman Islands

only. Some of the larger African species are, however, of about the same

measurements.

CROCIDURA ANDAMANENSIS, new species,

Type-—Adult male (skin and skull), No, 111825, U.S.N.M. Collected at

MacPherson Strait, South Andaman Island, January 16,1901, by Dr. W. L,

Abbott. Original number, 851.

Characters.—In size nearly equal to Crocidura nicobarica ; general colour,

bluish gray.

Fur,—The fur is somewhat longer and less dense than in the type of

C. nicobarica, that on middle of back about 8 mm. in length, This character

is probably individual.

Colour.— Entire body and head gray (very nearly Ridgway’s No, 8), every-

where washed with broccoli brown, This wash is most noticeable on dorsal

surface, where the effect of the two colours is drab gray. On under parts the

brown is distinctly visible in some lights, scarcely so inothers, Feet, . yellow-

ish brown ; tail and ears, dark brown,

Skull—The skull is in every way similar to that of Crocidura nicobarica,

except that it is somewhat smaller.

Teeth —In general the teeth of Crocidura andamanensis closely resemble

those of C. nicobarica. The unicuspids are, however, actually as well as

1 Slightly damaged,

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 797

relatively larger, and the contrast in size between the second and the other

two is more marked,

Measurements,—External measurements of type: Total length, 200 mm, ;

head and body, 114; tail, 86; hind foot, 26,

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of incisors),

25°6 mm, ; basal length, 24°8 ; basilar length, 22 ; palatal length, 11; width of

palate between middle molars, 3°2; mastoid breadth, 11; lachrymal breadth,

6; mandible (without incisor), 15; maxillary toothrow, 12; mandibular

toothrow, 11.

Specimens examined,—One, the type.

Remarks,—This species, though closely related to Crocidura nicobarica,

appears to be well characterized by its smaller size, larger unicuspid teeth,

and distinctly gray colour,

Genus PIPISTRELLUS Kavp.

PIPISTRELLUS CAMORTH, new species,

1861, ? Vesperugo nicobaricus Firzincer, Sitzungsber. Math,-Naturwis-

sensch, Cl, Kais, Akad. Wissensch., Wien, XLII (1860), p. 390

(nomen nudum).

1869. ? Vesperugo tenuis ZELEBOR, Reise der dsterreichischen Fregatte

Novara, Zool., I (Wribelthiere), 1, Mamm,, p. 16 (Nicobars),

1876. ? Vesperugo abramus Dosson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt., p. 212

(Nicobars),

Type.—Adult male (in alcohol) No, 111897, U.S.N.M, Collected on Kamorta

Tsland, Nicobar Islands, February 12, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.

Characters,—Externally much like Javan specimens of Pipistrellus abramus,

but slightly smaller, the ears shorter and broader, and penis considerably

shorter than tibia. Skull with broader rostrum and smaller audital bulla,

Teeth as in P, abramus, the inner upper incisor bifid,

Ears.—The ear is moderately long; laid forward it extends about to

nostril, Anterior border nearly straight from base to broadly rounded-off

tip. Posterior border straight from just below tip to about middle, then

strongly convex to notch isolating low but well-developed antitragus, Tragus

short and broad, its greatest width nearly equal to length of anterior border,

Posterior outline evenly convex except where interrupted by a small but

very distinct lobe near base. Anterior-border slightly concave.

Feet.—The foot is smaller than in Pipistrellus abramus. Calcar fading in-

sensibly into uropatagium, but provided with a very distinct keel, considerably

larger than that of P. abramus,

Membranes.—The membranes are thin and delicate, but do not show any

pecaliarities of importance. They are naked except close to body, Wing

from base of outer toe,

Penis ——The penis, though much larger than in P2pistrellus pipistrellus and

P. kuhli, lacks the enormous development characteristic of P. abramus. Its

length equals about two-thirds that of tibia.

798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

Colour,—After several months’ immersion in alcohol the colour is a uniform

dark brown above (the exact shade intermediate between the bistre and

burnt umber of Ridgway), and a lighter brown (between wood brown and

cinnamon) beneath. Fur everywhere blackish at base, ears and membranes

blackish brown, the wing faintly edged with white.

Skull and Teeth—The skull resembles that of Pipistrellus abramus in

general size and form, but the rostral portion is very noticeably broader and

shorter, Audital bulle smaller than in P. abramus, but not different in form,

Teeth asin Pipistrellus abramus, but more robust. ;

Measurements.—External measurement of type: Total length, 78 mm.

(80) ;* head and body, 48 (48) ; tail, 30 (32); tibia, 12 (11-6) ; foot, 6°8 (6:6) ;

penis, 9 ; forearm, 31°6 (32); thumb, 5 (5°4); second digit, 31 (30); third

digit, 52 (55) ; fourth digit, 47 (51) ; fifth digit, 40 (42); ear from meatus,

11°4 (12) ; ear from crown, 9 (9); width of ear, 10°6 (10°6); tragus (anterior

border), 3 (4).

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest Jength, 12°6 mm. ; basal length,

12 ; basilar length, 9; zygomatic breadth, 9; least interorbital breadth, 3°6 ;

greatest length of braincase, 7°8; greatest breadth of braincase above roots

of zygomata, 7; mandible, 10; maxillary toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 5 ;

mandibular toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 5.

Specimens examined,—Two (in alcohol), both from the type locality.

Remarks.—Fipistrellus camorte appears to be a well-marked species related

more closely to P. abramus than to any other. It is undoubtedly the bat

which Dobson recorded from the Nicobars in the list of specimens of Vespe-

rugo abramus in the collection of the East Indian Museum, Probably it is

also the species named Vesperugo nicobaricus by Fitzinger, but afterwards

regarded by Zelebor as V. tents,

Genus HIPPOSIDEROS LeAcu.

HIPPOSIDEROS NICOBARULZ, new species,

1876. Phyllorhina bicolor Dopson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt., p. 70 (Nicobars).

Type.—Adult male (in alcohol), No, 111874, U.S.N.M. Collected on Little

Nicobar Island, March 2, 1901, by Dr, W. L. Abbott,

Characters——Closely related to Hipposideros bicolor and H. fulvus, with

which it agrees in all general external features, Size much less than that of

H, fulva and slightly greater than in H. bicolor. Terminal erect portion of

noseleaf broader than in JH, bicolor ; skull more inflated in front of orbits

ard with broader palate and interpterygoid region,

Noseleaf—The noseleaf is slightly larger than that of Hipposideros bicolor,

but not essentially different in form, The posterior erect portion is slightly

broader, but the difference may be in part sexual, as the only specimen of

H, bicolor at hand is a female.

Colour,—T wo distinct colour phases occur. In the dark phase, represented by

the type, the hairs of the back are seal brown through terminal third, light

» Measurements in parenthesis are those of an adult female from the type locality.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 799

smoke gray basally in strong contrast, On under parts the fur is broccoli brown

throughout, the hairs slightly darker at tip. In the light phase the whole

body is mars brown, the hairs everywhere light gray at base, but this feature

most noticeable on back. Ears and membranes blackish, This description is

based on specimens that have been immersed in alcohol for about six months,

Skull and Leeth—The skullis so much smaller than that of Hipposideros

fulvus that it needs no special comparison, From the skull of H. bicolor it

differs in slightly larger size and in several details of structure. The width of

the constricted portion of the palate is considerably greater then in the allied

species, and the interpterygoid space is wider in proportion to its length.

Aniorbital region more inflated than in either of the allied species.

The teeth show no peculiarities of form, They are intermediate in size

between those of Hipposideros bicolor and H, fulvus.

Measurements.—F or external measurements see table below.

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length, 16°4 mm, ; basal length,

14; basilar length, 12°38 ; zygomatic breadth, 84; least interorbital breadth,

2-2: mastoid breadth, 9'4; greatest length of braincase, 10; greatest breadth

of braincase above roots of zygomata, 7 ; fronto-palatal depth (at middle of

molar series), 3; depth of braincase, 5°8 ; maxillary toothrow (exclusive of

incisor), 5-6 ; mandible, 10 ; mandibular toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 6.

Specimens examined,—T wenty-five, all from the type locality.

Remarks,—Though in some respects intermediate between Hipp osideros

bicolor and H. fulvus, this species is so readily distinguishable as to need no

special comparison.

Table of meusurements of Hipposideros nicobarule.

| (Peal [esha AG oe

| . | ~ Ze oO 5 o c—) m

| = | | Sig/BlE/ #15] 8

Number. | Sex. | B 8 et ES E =I E os

| = alelebel@leieleila|=.)4 | 2

Silos ese Slee lites Se es | Balsall cael) Sie le

| Slélalelslelelsjeie}/S/ 8 | & | &

yee el | ee

\ | | | | | | |

} ‘Mm Mm Mm Mm Mm\Mm ym\Mm Mm Mm um) Mm | Mm | ue

111871.......0-.- Male........| 78 | 30 | 17 | 7 40 | 5:6] 34 | 64 | 50/ 53) 18 | 154 | 17

111872...-....-- | Do. ......| 81 | 33 | 17 | 64) 10 | 40 | 5-4) 32 | 61 | 51 | 54 174 |15 | 18

1118742 ......ee| Do. .....-| 77 | 31| 16| 7 | 9°4| 39 | 5-6) 32 | 63 | 49 | 52 | 19 | 146 | 17-6

DIV Gasooneco00 IDS SoGoas 75 | 299/16 |7 |9 | 39| 6 | 32 | 66) 52 | 55 | 18 4°¢6«6+449

TOBE scgade a 05 || Joy 75 | 29 18 | 68} 10 | 40| 6 | 32 65 52 | 54| 19 ls | 17-4

J11895...,....0+ | Do, ...---| 78 | 31 | 17|7 | 9 | 39 | 5:6] 38) 65) 50) 54/719 | 15 | 17

bE Msscdéoq0000 | Female,.....| 83 | 32 18 | 6°6| 10 | 41 | 5*6| 33 65 | 53 | 55 20 16 | 184

111877... 20.... Do. asl 76|27)16|7 |9 | 40/5 32 63 | 49 | 53 | 186 | 15 16

AVUSB Ze scseestels Do. ....| 85 | 34 | 18 | 68] 10| 40) 6 | 32 65 | 52 | 56 | 20 156 | 17-4

WINES 50 o5Gn08 Go Do. ....| 81 | 33 | 18 | 7 \11 | 4¢| 66| 35 68 | 54] 56) 19 | 15 | 18

TOU isdembacae Do. 83 | 34 | 184) 66) 10 | 42/6 | 33 65) 52] 55/19 | 15 | 276

: \ \

Type.

Genus PTEROFUS Brisson.

PTEROPUS FAUNULUS, new species,

Type,—Adult male (skin and skull), No. 111730, U.S.N.M, Collected on Car

Nicobar, January 23, 1901, by Dr, W. L. Abbott. Original number, 864,

Vol. V, Pt. 52, October, 1825. Named in table, Vol. VII, p. 2, 1842,

800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Characters.—A member of the sub-genus Spectrum as defined by Matschie,

Size very small (forearm 110 mm.) ; ears triangular-pointed ; colour tawny ;

the fave and back strongly tinged with hair brown; skull and teeth essen-

tially as in Pteropus lepidus, but much smaller.

Fur,—The fur of the back is silky in texture and closely appressed, the

individual hairs 10—12 mm, in length. On rump, thighs, and interfemoral

region it becomes distinctly woolly in texture, though less so than on other

parts of the body, It extends on leg to knee, below which there is a sparse

sprinkling of hairs along inner surface of tibia, Fur of shoulders, head, neck,

and underside of body loose and woolly in texture, therefore appearing much

longer than that of back, though the length of the individual hairs is every-

where about the same. On under surface the fur extends about to knee and

elbow. Beyond the latter point it is continued as a sparse sprinkling of fine

hairs to middle of forearm,

Membranes.—The membranes show few peculiarities worthy of note, The

uropatagium is reduced to a mere rim, except along legs, where it is about 1%

mm. in width. Between knee and body it is entirely concealed by the fur

above, but only partially below. Propatagium naked above, sprinkled

with fine hairs below. Wing membranes entirely naked above except for an

inconspicuous sprinkling of fine hairs close to body and along forearm, Below

they are scantily furred to line joining elbow and knee, also along forearm,

Ears.—The ears are of moderate size, proportionally about as in Pteropus

lepidus, P, hypomelanus or P, nicobaricus and smaller than in P. meduis from

Tenasserim and Lower Siam, In form they are quite distinct from those of

any of the related species. Anterior border nearly straight from base to

about middle, then after a faint convexity again nearly straight to tip.

Extremity very narrowly rounded—less than 1 mm,in width, Posterior

border nearly straight from tip to a little above middle, then abruptly convex

for a distance of a few millimetres ; beyond this, nearly straight to slightly

above small but distinct antitragal lobe, At tip the anterior and posterior

borders form an angle of about 80°. The convexity of the posterior border

is so abrupt as to be almost angular,

Colcur.—Back hair brown, considerably darker than Ridgway’s Pl, III, Fig,

12, everywhere intermixed with ochraceous buff, Anteriorly the brown is

in excess of the buff, but posteriorly the buff becomes more conspicuous until

on rump it pfactically excludes the darker colour, The entire back is sprinzled

with silvery whitish hairs which are most conspicuous anteriorly. Mantle, head

and entire under parts ochraceous buff, brighter than that of back and strongly

tinged with tawny on chest, sides of neck, and middle of breast and belly,

Face, cheeks, and chin grizzled hair brown, Ears and membranes blackish,

Skull and Teeth.—The skull and teeth show a remarkable likeness to those

of Pteropus lepidus, though immediately distinguishable by their much

smaller size, The interorbital region is, however, actually broader than in

the larger species, and the postorbital processes are more robust, Pterygoids

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 801

distinctly convergent posteriorly, imparting to outline of interpterygoid space

a distinctly lyrate form, The teeth both above and below agree almost

exactly with those of Pteropus lepidus, except that the cusps are not as high

and the crown is relatively wider between the cusps.

Measurements External measurements of type (from well-made skin),

Head and body, 179 mm,; tibia, 38; foot, 34; calcar, 13°6 ; forearm,

110; thumb, 49; second digit, 82; third digit, 220; fourth digit, 168 ;

fifth digit, 153 ; ear from meatus, 22 ; ear from crown, 19 ; width of ear, 14.

Cranial measurements of type : Greatest length, 54 mm, ; basal length, 486 ;

basilar length, 46 ; median palatal length, 28; palatal breadth (between ante-

rior molars), 9; zygomatic breadth, 28 ; least interorbital breadth in front

of postorbital processes, 7; least interorbital breadth behind postorbital

processes, 776; breadth between tips of postorbital processes, 19 ; greatest

breadth of braincase above roots of zygomata, 20°2 ; greatest depth of brain-

case, 17°6; occipital depth, 11°6; depth of rostrum at middle of diastema,

78; mandible, 40 (50) ; maxillary toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 19 ; mandi-

bular toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 22 ; crown of first upper molar, 3°4 by

2°6 ; crown of first lower molar, 3°6 by 2.

Specimens examined.—One, the type.

Remarks.—Pteropus faunulus is a very strongly marked species, easily recog-

nized by its small size and pointed ears, The single specimen was shot in dark

forest, It was apparently pot very common, Pteropus nicobaricus, originally

described from a Car Nicobar specimen, was not found on the island by

Dr. Abbott.

Genus MACACUS Lacrreps,

Macacus UMBROSUS, new species,

1846, Macacus cynomolgus Buiytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, XV, p. 367.

(Nicobar Islands.)

1869. [Inuus cynomolgus] var. a, Cercocebus carbonarius ZeLusor, Reise

der dsterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool,, I (Wirbelthiere), 1,

Mamm,, p.7. (Great Nicobar Island.)

Type.—Adult male (skin and skull), No, 111795, U.S.N.M. Collected on

Little Nicobar Island, Nicobars, February 25, 1901, by Dr. W. L. Abbott,

Original number, 888,

Characters.—Similar to the Macacus ‘cynomolgus’ of the Malay Peninsula

but much darker and less yellowish in colour. General hue of upper parts

hair-brown, the hairs with faint pale annulations, but with no trace of tawny,

Colour.—Upper parts and outer surface of limbs nearly uniform hair

brown, with a faint tinge of drab, the latter becoming more pronouuced on

sides, About 3 mm. below the tip of each hair is a dull cream buff annula-

tion 3 mm. to 4 mm, in width. These light rings, together with the glossy

texture of the hairs, give the fur a changing aspect as viewed in different

lights. They are slightly more numerous on crown, nape, buttocks, and poste-

rior surface cf thighs than elsewhere, On the crown and nape they are

802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

very sharply defined, but on buttocks and thighs they lose their distinctness,

at the same time increasing in length. Tail dark drab above, almost black

on proximal half, pale drab below. Under parts and inner surface of limbs

scantily clothed with pale drab hairs of very silky texture, those bordering

mouth distinctly darker than elsewhere,

Skull and Teeth—The skull and teeth so closely resemble those of Macacus

“ eynomolgus’’ that I can detect no tangible differences.

Measuremenis.—F or external measurements see table below.

Cranial measurements of type: Greatest length (exclusive of incisors),

134 mm.; basal length, 102; basilar length, 96 ; least palatal length, 57 ;

palatal breadth (between front molars), 25 ; zygomatic breadth, 90 ; mastoid

breadth, 71 ; greatest breadth of braiacase above roots of zygomata, 61 ; least

breadth of braincase immediately behind orbits, 39 ; orbital breadth, 67; least

distance from orbit to alveolus of inner incisor, 49 ; greatest depth of brain-

case (exclusive of sagittal crest), 50; mandible, 97; greatest depth of ramus,

19°6 ; maxillary toothrow (exclusive of incisors), 446 ; mandibular tooth-

row (exclusive of incisors), 50; crown of middle upper molar, 88 by 9;

crown of middle lower molar, 8:2 by 7°4.

Specimens examined,—Hight, from the following islands of the Nicobar

group: Great Nicobar, 4 ; Little Nicobar, 2; Katchal, 2.

Remarks,—The series of eight specimens includes individuals of all ages

from half-grown young to aged adults. Throughout the colour is very

constant, and no approach is shown to the tawny of Macacus ‘‘ cynomolgus.”

This monkey was supposed by Zelebor to be the same as Macacus carbo-

narius,an animal from Sumatra, described by F, Cuvier in the Histoire

Naturelle des Mammiferes.’’ That such is not the case is clearly proved by

Cuvier’s description and figure, both of which refer to an individual of the

tawny ‘ cynomolgus’ type.

Macacus umbrosus has long been known as an inhabitant of the Nicobar

Islands. It was recorded by Blyth as long ago as 1846, Blanford suggested

that it might have been introduced,? but the reasons for this supposition

are not given.

Measurements of eight specimens of Macacus umbrosus,

Head

Number. | Sex. coe and Tail Foot.

| 2 body. i

Mm. Mm, Mm Mm,

111792......... Male ad. ....0| 1,040 510 580 | 135

111795: .... ve Do. 1,085 505 580 | 145

111796... Malley eseeeees 915 470 445 135

T1V7Z97.... (a) 1,025 475 550 155

11180 1.00. Male ad. .... 1,130 525 605 150

111802... Noce| WIAN Olas secees 790 360 430 | 120

HTS osdconsc e-o|H@MAlE ceccee 830 395 435 120

NIG. sie= en taves- H Be es-c-|Hemalead. ces 960 460 500 133

1 Type. Weight, 8 kg.

2Fanna of British India, I, Mamm., p. 22, 1888.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALS, 803

SUMMARY.

The mammal fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar islands is now known to

consist of 35 positively identified species and 4 others whose status is still in

doubt,

On comparing this fauna with that of other islands in the Malay region,

two remarkable features are at once noticeable, the prevalence of bats and

rats and the absence of practically all of the charateristic Malayan types

such as ungulates, squirrels, carnivores, and flying lemurs, which abound on

other islands at an equal distance from the mainland. This paucity of

mammalian life cannot be regarded as due tu unfavourable surroundings,

since all the natural conditions on both Andamans and Nicobars are perfectly

suited to the support of a rich and varied fauna, In only one feature do the

Andamans and Nicobars differ from such islands as Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

the Natunas, Anambas, and Tambelans; they are surrounded by water of

relatively great depth, while the others lie within the 50-fathom line, Doubt-

less this greater depth of water indicates separation from the mainland

during a much longer period of time ; and it appears safe to assume, there-

fore, that the Andamans and Nicobars, contrary to the case with the shallow-

water islands, were isolated at a time when the mammals, now characteristic

of the Malay region, did not exist there. As yet no species are known whose

origin may be referred to the remote period of this land connection, but that

such exist in the unexplored interior of the larger islands, particularly of the

Andaman group, is not beyond the limit of possibility, Such mammals as are

now known are evidently of very recent origin, as in scarcely an instance

has their differentiation progressed further than in the case of members

of the same genera found on islands lying in shallow water, The question

at once arises, therefore, as to the means by which they have arrived where

they now are, Flight from the mainland would readily account for the

distribution of the bats; but the presence of the other mammals seems

impossible to explain otherwise than through the agency of man, With

the single exception of Tupaia nicobarica* all are types well known to be

closely associated with man throughout the Malayan region, Moreover, the

period of time necessary to the development of the peculiarities of the native

Andamanese would, undoubtedly, be ample to allow the formation of any of

the species known from either group of islands, since in a biologic sense it has

been vastly longer to the smaller, more rapidly breeding animals than to

man, The introduction, intentional or otherwise, of a pig, a monkey, a

palmcivet, two or three species of rats, a shrew and perhaps also a treeshrew,

at about the time when the various islands were peopled by their present

human inhabitants, would amply accouut for the existence of the present

mammal fauna with its striking peculiarities,

804

THE LATE Mr. R. A. STERNDALE.

The death of His Excellency Mr. R. A. Sterndale, late Governor of

St. Helena, which was recently announced, removes one of the oldest

and most honoured names irom our roll. Mr. Sterndale came to

Bombay soon after the Bombay Natural History Society was founded

and at onee joined it, and worked for it with characteristic enthusiasm.

That it rose so rapidly from the littleness and obscurity of its origin

must be attributed, in a great measure, to its good fortune in having

among its members a naturalist of Mr. Sterndale’s distinction and one

so exceptionally qualified by his versatile gifts to popularise its work.

The list of contributions from his pen, which will be found in the Index

to our Journals, gives no idea of the extent to which the Society was

indebted to him. The idea of starting a Journal originated with him and

proved practicable only because of the way in which his ready pen and

pencil solved all difficulties. He continued to edit the Journal till he

left Bombay in 1887. Mr. Sterndale’s presence at the monthly

meetings also added much to their interest. He was not a museum

naturalist, but a lover of animals, and he imparted a living interest

to every creature about which he discoursed. As Governor of St.

Helena he was too busy and too far removed from us to help

us much, but he retained his interest in the Society to the last. While

recording its sense of the great debt it owes him, the Society desires

also to express its sympathy with his widow and daughters in their

sorrow.

THE LATE Mr. CHARLES MARIRS, v.m.a.

In the death of Mr. Charles Maries, the Superintendent of the

Gwalior State Gardens, the Natural History Society has also lost a

member who had for many years contributed valuable specimens to the

Society’s collection, Mr. Maries, in addition to being one of the

leading gardeners in India, had, amongst many other accomplish-

ments, the art of successful taxidermy, and by studying the birds and

animals whilst alive, was able to mount them as specimens in the most

life-like attitudes. The three cases of Wild Ducks and Wading-birds

in the Museum, which are so much admired by members and_ visitors,

were mounted and presented by Mr. Maries, and there are also

many other specimens which he had from time io time contributed.

805

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No, L—THE IDENTIFICATION OF ACCIPITRINE BIRDS.

(Concluded from nage 594 of this Volume.)

Having dealt with Spizaétus in the last uumber of this Journal, we now

come on to the so-called Eagles, which have their tarsus or sbank bone naked

of feathers, or only partially covered, as in some of the Fish Eagles, and

following the order in the Fauna of British India, Birds, Vol, YI, page 355,

we find the genus Circaétus and next to it Spilornis, two closely allied genera,

Circaétus has but one species (, gallicus, the Short-toed Eagle, whereas, in the

genus Spélornis there are three species, viz., S. cheela, the Crested Serpent-

Eagle ; S. minimus, the Little Nicobar Serpert-Eagle, and S, elgini, the Andaman

Serpent-Eagle. Circaétus, however, can be easily distinguished from Spilornis,

in not having any crest, whereas in Spilornis, the feathers on the sides of the

neck and nape are lengthened, to form a rounded and conspicuous crest.

Before, however, showing the differences in the three species of Spilornis, it

will be as well to discuss the characteristics of Circaéius more fully, for

though it can so easily be distinguished from Spilornis, in the latter having

a crest, the casual observer might easily get confused between the genera

Circaétus, Butastur and Buteo, unless he has something more substantial to go

upon, than simply the mention of the name and the fact thatit has no

crest, (7, gallicus, the Short-toed Eagle, the only Indian species of the genus

Circaétus, is a bird about 26 inches long (male), tail 11°5” ; wing 21” ; the female

being a little larger, length 28”, Irides bright orange-yellow and the only

species in the whole family Fulconine with a white or whitish cere. It

resembles Butastur not a little, but is much larger, neither of the three species

of Butastur measuring more than 17” or 18” from bill to tail.

The species of the genus Buteo which resemble, in point of size, Circaétus

gallicus, can be distinguished, however, by having the front part of the tarsus

partially (for about 4 of its length) covered with feathers, whereas in C.

gallicus the tarsus is naked, and also in having their toes very unequal in

length.

Now te return to SPILORNIS.

Key to the Species.

a, Pale wing-bar near tips of quills broader than adjoin-

ing dark interspace,

Dark brown on back, with metallic gloss; wing

Stone. oe sstce Spodcosndanobbas Rotaattaecsticnstosasenec' S. cheela,

(The Crested Serpent-Eagle),

-b' Earthy brown on back, little or no gloss ; wing

De CONES eodeccues Se SiR UZAY are ci tiaeulgecin S. minimus,

(The Little Nicobar Serpent-Eagle),

b Last pale wing-bar narrower than dark interspace in

LYOMUL OLA Lies ececte eo eneseesecciesceceucesecsccenslceccrei 8, elgini,

(The Andaman Serpent-EKagle),

806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

So far as Anglo-Indians are concerned however, it is quite sufficient to

remember that they have only the first two species to think of, and the first

which is about 29” long is much larger than the second which is about 19”,

The last (S. elgini) is a species found only in the Andamans, one specimen

only having been taken from the Nicobars, Its length was about 22” ; tail

9°5"; wing 14” ; and tarsus 3°5”,

Burastur—The Buzzard-Eagles—three species,

Key to the Species.

a. Tail more or less rufous, with or without narrow dark cross-bars.

a’ Quills chiefly brown above......cccce.sercere sesesres 1, LEESO,

(The White-Eyed Buzzard-Eagle),

b’ Quills chiefly rufous above....escercese ppnooneceet -. BD. liventer,

(The Rufous-winged Buzzard-Eagle),

b. Tail not tinged with rufous, and with broad dark cross-

bands broader than the interspaces in adults...... B, indicus.

(The Grey-faced Buzzard-Eagle),

The Buzzard-Eagles are all small, not much bigger than a crow and B, teesa,

the White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle, is always to be found sitting on telegraph

wires looking out for rats, worms, &c., and is familiar to us all.

The Fish-Eagles which next attract our attention are divided into two

genera—Haliuétus (3 species) and Polioaéius (2 species). These are all birds

of large size, the smallest (P. huniéi/s), measuring over 24 inches in length

and can be distinguished from the rest of the family by their feet, which are

white or whitish in all the species except H. albicilla, the White-tailed Sea-

Kagle, and are nearly always to be found over rivers or jheels,

In the genus Haliaétus the claws are grooved beneath and in the genus

Polioaétus the claws are rounded beneath, the outer toe being partially

reversible,

Hatiantus—Key to the Species.

a, Wing less than 24 inches long,

a’ <A well-marked ruff of lanceolate feathers ; tail

slightly rounded ; a white band across middle

OL bail MpAAUItS jc.-c\a se covecocscncdmecieoneccamencckenacmel tem CHCOIiy DN tgs

(Pallas’s Fishing-Eagle),

b’ No distinct ruff; outer tail-feathers at least

1 inch shorter than middle pair; head, lower

parts, and end of tail white in adults............... HI, leucogaster,

(The White-bellied Sea-Hagle),

b. Wing 24-26 inches ; tail wedge-shaped, white in adults, Hf, albicilla,

(The White-tailed Sea-Hagle),

PotroaETus—Key to the Species.

a, Basal three-fourths of all tail feathers white in

adults, mottled in young ... Seauseavecseecorcse deeeeees P. ichthyaétus,

(The ee Grey-headed Fishing-Hagle),

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 807

6. Middle tail-feathers brown throughout ..cccceccccsscoosees P, humilis,

(Hodgson’s Fishing-Eagle),

P. ichthyaétus is also very much larger (length 29” ) than P. humilis, which

is about 24” or 25”,

Between the Sea-Eagles and the Kites comes the genus Haliastur which

has but one representative in India, H. indus, the Brahminy or Maroon-back-.

ed Kite, too well known with its white head and under parts and maroon

back, to need description,

The genus Milvus which comprises the true Kites is divided into 3 species,

the tail being forked in all three and the size moderate, the largest 27’ and

smallest 23”,

Mitvus—Key to the Species.

a. Head tawny or rufous with black streaks in adults,

a’ Wing @ (in male) 16°75” to 18°5’; 9 (in female)

AV CORT OOM e cee on urecabaepensessesess stctenscedccestscte -- WM. govinda.

(The Common Pariah Kite),

b’ Wing g 19” to 20°5”; 9 19°25” to 21°5” ..,..6... MM. melanotis.

(The Large Indian Kite),

6. Head whitish with black streaks in adults .......000...-. J. migrans.

(The Black Kite).

Elanus ceruleus, the Black-winged Kite, is the only Indian species of the

genus Elanus and in size and habits too, to some extent, resembles the Buz-

zard-Hagles (Butastur) rather than the Kites. This is a small bird not much

more than 12 to 14 inches in length and frequently to be seen flying

over grass jungles and sometimes hovering like a Kestrel, When flying it

has an appearance of being pure white beneath and dark-grey or brown on

the back and wings. Bill black ; cere and gape pale-yellow ; irides crimson

in adults and yellow in the young ; legs and feet deep-yellow ; claws black,

CIRCUS.

‘‘ The Harriers are a well-defined group of Hawks, easily recognized by

“ their flight and appearance. ”

‘¢‘ General form slender, Bill moderate or weak, compressed, the culmen

“ curving from the margin of the cere to the hooked tip ; the margin of the

“ upper mandible slightly festooned ; nostril large, oval, in the anterior part of

“ the cere, overhung and partly concealed by the bristles of the lores

te Wings long and pointed; tail long, even at the tip or

‘ founded, Tarsi long and slender, feathered at the base only, with transverse

“ shields in front and smaller polygonal scales behind ; toes moderate ; claws

“ much curved and sharp.” (fauna of British India, Birds, Vol, II1, page 380.)

Circus—Key to the Species—(six species).

a, Outer web of 2nd, 3rd and 4th quills, but not of 5th,

notched.

a! Tarsus more than 2°5! long cscsewessescccssereecereae OC, MACTUIUS.

(The Pale Harrier.)

808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

bY | arsuslesstitan 2:5) lonclesesedacseeceane crcswenvee C. Cineruceus.

(Montagu’s Harrier.)

6b, Outer web of 5th quill notched.

ce’ Straight from end of cere on culmen to tip of

bill measures less than 0°75”,

a! Upper) parts ashy...s...cssess-1--45-c-2toseeves (OC .1CyYaneusi(u):

(The Hen-Harrier) Adult.

b” Upper parts to rump black ................-« .-C’, melanoleucus(2).

(The Pied Harrier) Adult,

c" Upper parts brown, more or less edged

with buff or rufous,

a°* Upper tail-coverts pure white ......... C. cyaneus (1).

Adult.

b* Upper tail-coverts not entirely white.

a‘ Coverts along forearm white or

Duit 22. a s-cuseececcosvaccooneserssersenane Oct USUUIZ0 LELESER (Og)

Adult.

b* Coverts along forearm brown.

a° Abdomen buff, with darker

shaft-stripes.......csessee0 ».-..C. cyaneus (1)

Young.

b° Abdomen rufous-brown ...... C. melanoleucus(2)

Young.

d’ From cere on culmen to tip of bill is more than

0°75"

d” Abdomen white unstriped or buff with

dark shaft-stripes ...cessees----eesceeesssse0e CO, spilonotus.

(The Eastern Marsh-Harrier. )

Abdomen dark or rufous-brown, or rufous

with dark stripes.......0+ coke dneectase Pedoneree oe C, eruginosus,

(The Marsh-Harrier.)

The next two genera Buteo and Archibuteo, comprise 4 species of the birds

known as the Buzzards (proper), and are closely allied to the Hagles and from

which, as Blanford says, ‘‘ they chiefly differ structurally by their less

powerful bills and claws.”

Key to the Genera.

Bill from gape more than half tarsus.

Lower part of tarsus naked all round ....ececseececesescs+eseeseesDUTEO,

Tarsus feathered in front to base of toes, naked and

scutellate behind ..........04 Siclvacearesclecscedeaseedess eaceeleehecees ARCHIBUTEO,

Bureo—Key to the Species.

a. Wing more than 16 inches.

a’ “arsus half-feathered, naked part in front

MOUMLOMA TOL er tameseeeacosscruetssasenecedunvencoceeutccete B., ferox.

(The Long-legged Buzzard.)

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 809

b’ Tarsus two-thirds feathered, naked part in front

reticulated ......scecv seaionuecntesctucectessssccinsetale B, leucocephalus,

(The Upland Buzzard.)

b. Wing less than 16 inches... ......... coe sist eeasee cevescesccee Ld.) CESCTLOTIN «

(The Common Buzzard.)

The only representative in India of Archibuteo is A. hemiptilopus, the

Himalayan Rough-legged Buzzard, and it is by no means a common

bird,

The Buzzards are, for the most part, heavy sluggish birds, fonder

of sitting on trees and looking out for frogs and lizards than soaring

like the Eagles.

The colouration of the Buzzard is very variable ; different specimens of the

same species being very unlike each other, and it does not in the least follow,

that, if a bird has the dark plumage, it is a young bird, as it would do in the

generality of accipitrine birds, for there appears to be no distinctive young

plumage in the Buzzards,

Before dealing with the typical hawks and falcons used for falconry, I shall

take up the two genera Pernis and Baza,

‘¢ Pernis cristatus, the Orested Honey-Buzzard, can easily be distinguished

“from all other accipitrine birds, by having the lores and sides of the head,

“like the forehead and chin, covered with small scale-like feathers, without

‘‘any bristles or bristly ends, This dense covering probably serves as a

‘‘ protection against the stings of bees and wasps, the combs and young of

“ which form the principal food of this genus.’” There is but the one species

of this genus in India.

The only Indian species of the genus Macherhamphus, M. alcinus, the

Slender-billed Pern, which is similar to P. cristatus in that it has its lores

densely feathered, might easily be distinguished as follows :—

P. cristatus: Loral feathers scale-like ; bill not much compressed, Size

large, 25 to 27 inches.

M, alcinus: Woral feathers not scale-like ; bill excessively compressed,

culmen sharp, Size small, 18 inches,

Genus Baza,

This genus comprises 3 species but they are not likely to be con-

fused with any other of the Falconide as the long nuchal crest separates

them at once,

In my last paper, on page 593, I showed the differences between Spizactus,

the Crested Hawk-Eagles, and Baza.

Baza—Key to the Species.

a, Upper plumage chiefly black ; 3rd quill longeSt.e-...+0« B. lophotes,

(The Black-crested Baza),

b, Upper plumage brown ; 4th quill longest.

a’, Sides of throat rufous in adults ; wing 13’ .....2, jerdoni

(Blyth’s Baza),

810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV:

b'. Sides of throat grey in adults ; wing 12” ......B. ceylonensis,

(Legge’s Baza).

We now come to the typical Hawks and Falcons which, to my mind,

form the most interesting group of the whole family, and are the birds

most resorted to for falconry. The Hawks, Blanford says, can easily

be distinguished from Falcons, Eagles, Buzzards, Kites and Harriers

“by having proportionately shorter and more rounded wings, and from

“all, except the Harriers, by having the tibia and tarsus nearly equal in

length.”

The Hawks and Falcons are all well known to native falconers, but

strange to say, to falconers alone. Of course there are a few natives who can

tell a Goshawk from a Shikra, or a Laggar Falcon from a Peregrine, but

it will always be found to be misleading to ask a native, however good a

shikari he may be, if he is not a falconer by trade, what a certain bird is.

If he gives the right name, it is ten chances to one by a fluke; but as

a rule, he will name something quite different, Of course, there are

exceptions but very few and far between, so it is really never safe, if you

wish to find out what kind of a hawk it is that has just carried off your

wounded duck, to ask your shikari. In all probability he will answer

promptly ‘laggar’ as that is the word that seems to come easiest to them,

and the bird, ten to one, is a Peregrine or a Shaheen. A regular falconer,

however, will never be deceived, and some of them, I daresay, know

more about the different points for identification between Hawks and

Falcons than our greatest naturalists, and are exceptionally sharp at re-

cognizing birds on the wing and a long way off. For instance, it is uncom-

monly hard work to distinguish between a female Shikra (Astur badius)

and a male Sparrow-Hawk or “‘ bashin” (Accipiter nisus) when ftying, some

distance off, but a falconer will tell you at a single glance, To resume,

however.

The next 3 genera comprise 6 species of the typical hawks and they are—

Astur, Lophospizias and Accipiter,

Key to the Genera,

a. Size moderate or smail; tarsus scutellated behind.

a’ Bill from gape 2 to ? length of mid-toe with-

out claw.

GAEMNOLCTOSL oas-. ss <r seibenvavcanceusere ees eieccesseciess ASTUR.

6b? A small occipital crest.............0.-26 . seees OPHOSPIZTAS,

b' Bill from gape about half mid-toe without claw, ACcIPITER.

The genus Accipiter also has much longer and slenderer tarsi and

toes, the middle toe being very long and projecting far beyond the

others,

The only difference between Astur and Lophospizias, of which there is but

one Indian species, is in the latter having a small crest and rather different

marking on the breast.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 811

Astur—Key to the Species—(three species).

a, Fourth quill longest,

a’ Size large, wing 12” to. 15" ... ...cocsereccorroseeeresees A, palumbarius.

(The Goshawk,)

b! Size small, wing 7” to 9” ......secreee eeeael's fea werocatees A. badius.

(The Shikra.)

b. Third quill longest, wing about 7°5! ........-cessseseeres A, soloensis,

(Horsfield’s Short-toed Hawk.)

LOPHOSPIZIAS—(one species),

Small occipital crest. Himalayan female, length i8”

S. Indian female, length 16” ........ L, trivirgatus.

(The Crested Goshawk.)

With reference to L. trivirgatus, there seems to be some slight error

in the measurements, for Blanford says, on page 401, Vol. III, that

“ birds from Southern India and Ceylon are much smaller—length of

“ female about 16”; “tail 7”; wing 85; tarsus 2°35 ..........0 of

“males, length 14:5”; wing 8”;” and I caught an adult female down

here (Madras Presidency) and that I presume is included in 8. India,

which measures length 18°25”; wing 10”; and tail 8:75”. I have seen

two here within the last fortnight, but was unable to capture the second

one,

AcciriTER—Key to the Species—(two species),

a. No gular stripe ;5 or 6 dark bars, one terminal, on

Ath quill in adults....0..0....20+s00 nraseonosageroopecueeS aby A, nisus.

(The Sparrow-Hawk.)

b Generally a dark gular stripe ;7 or 8 dark bars on

Ath quill in adults — .....-.c-sescoereenceees i ES A, virgatus,

(The Besra Sparrow-Hawk.)

Fauco,.—Typical Falcons.—Key to the Species—(eight species),

a, Larger Falcons with long toes; mid-toe without claw

over 1°75”,

a’ 1st primary longer than 3rd ; upper parts ashy

grey in adults.

a Cheek-stripe broader than eye ; no nuchal

collar.

a* Crown dark grey, breast very slightly

EULOMSPoceeree che cesecwereseassisesaceee, << cunacl GEregnenuss

(The Peregrine Falcon.)

&* Crown blackish, breast generally deep

TEU ROLIE) “Gaoncosoddc |eudonecuocdcsropereqnocoacada F, peregrinator,

(The Shaheen Falcon.)

b’ Cheek-stripe narrow, a buff nuchal

collar ; head ashy grey orrufous ... ..... F, barbarus,

(The Barbary Falcon.)

812 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. X1V.

b’ 1st primary sub equal to 3rd or shorter ; upper

parts not ashy grey,

e” Adults not banded above.

e> A distinct narrow cheek-stripe ; mid-

dle tail-feathers entirely brown in

AGUILS) -eevescenclwecisenraerterealia) cosessncess op MMO eI™

(The Laggar Falcon.)

d® No cheek-stripe ; middle tail-feathers

usually brown, with white spots on

Doth WEDS cccecses:+ eos eccs-ss) soovwedeercaseccerneelinC LOnTEes

(The Saker Falcon.)

d" Adults banded with rufous on back, wings,

AGL AU I Mececeecesteccnesese Spentesenecpacageco3a0 . F, milvipes,

(The Shanghar Falcon.)

b. Small Falcons with shorter toes; mid-toe without

claw not over 1°5",

c' Breast white or buff with brown streaks ..........f7. subbuteo,

(The Hobby.)

d' Breast deep rufous, unspotted in adults ......... 2. severus,

(The Indian Hobby).

Tn the Falcons the plumage undergoes a considerable change from the young

to the adult stage, so recognition from descriptions is not easy, especially if

the bird be not in its complete new plumage, and has few feathers remaining

from the previous year. These feathers, however, will always have a faded

appearance, and a young bird can nearly always be distinguished by having

its feet of a bluish tinge, instead of the bright yellow of an adult bird.

F. peregrinator (The Shaheen) however is an exception,

It seems to be undecided as to whether the Hobbies breed in India as the

nest has apparently never been taken, I am, however, quite sure that

one of the two species does breed in India, as I took a nest with 4 young

birds in Tehri Gurhwal, near the source of the Ganges River, in July 1896,

and then again 2 young birds were brought to me in Kashmir in September

1899, I unfortunately failed to make certain at the time, as to whether they

were F’, subbuteo or F’. severus, but I can distinctly remember the parent bird,

in the first case, to have had a very white and spotted breast, so am inclined

to think those I took in Gurhwal were the young of F’. subbuteo,and probably

the same in Kashmir. last year, however, I shot a Hobby in Kashmir and

not very far from the place where the young were brought to me, which

proved to be F. severus, Of course it might have had no connection with

the young ones.

Besides the true Falcons, the 2 species of the genus salon, 44. regulus,

the Merlin, and 2, chicquera, the Red-headed Merlin, are also much used in

falconry and afford uncommonly good sport when trained to larks, hoopooes,

rollers, &c. They are both small birds but exceptionally fast on the wing.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 813

Key to the Species,

a, Crown grey or brown dark-shafted.......scece: se-.0-- <H. regulus.

Fom@rown chestnut) 22s.c..2: sees.) secccsel see ssastatneas-ececcenaeany 17. CHICQUENC:

There now remain but 4 genera comprising in all 7 species of the

Falconide, viz., Erythropus, 1 species; Tinnunculus, 2 species ; Microhieraz,

3 species ; and Poliohierax, 1 species,

Key to the Genera.

a, Sexes dissimilar (unlike Falcons) ; foot small, mid-toe

AO OUI PMTCT st scileseiss) cess iiesecorserelsisecuclsienieee ounce ERYTHROPUS.

a’ Tail graduated, Peadie tail-feathers exceeding

outer by an inch or more ; upper parts largely

brick-red ......c0c:eseoes rjdoosoon6 Sporcagoadeodads esavecee LINNUNCULUS.

a” Size very small, wing under 5” ........ «ee MICROHIERAX,

hb’ Tail nearly as long as wing ...... Wiivews Rae sweenies POLIOHIERAX.

The sexes are dissimilar in all except Microhierax in which they are the same,

TinnuncuLus—Kestrels—Key to the Species.

Gaye Claws) black:csij-.e.ceceae=s baneeaess adediseudadescueteens Weanee T. alaudarius,

(The Kestrel.)

. Claws whitish or pale horny ..........22 000 os secsssceree L, cenchris.

(The Lesser Kestrel.)

MicroniERaAx—Falconets—Key to the Species,

a. A broad white nuchal collar; thigh-coverts ferru-

DINOS) Woscercceteceetowies eins tansecdeedonrsceasueecsneee-o ol) HereULOLIItS,

(The Red-legged Falconet.)

b. No white collar,

a’ Thigh-coverts and lower surface throughout

WihTtOWececeseaars RAE AR SHEER OA CCUCEOE peeneissenacionnce M. melanoleucus.

(The White-legged Falconet.)

b! Thigh-coverts black........c:ccccssewerceacsersses, M, fringillarius,

(The Black-legged Falconet.)

Poliohierax insignis (Fielden’s Hawk) is the only species of the genus,

Length of a female 11”; wing 6”. Found in Burma, Northern Tennaserim

and Western Siam.

VIZAGAPATAM DISTRICT, C. H. DONALD.

Mapras.

December, 1902.

No. Il.—THE BANDED CRAKE (RALLINA SUPERCILIARIS).

Ina Miscellaneous Note No. XXIX of No. 1, Vol. XIV of our Journal, I

recorded the occurrence of the above bird at Khandalla and also that I had

every reason for supposing it bred there. Mr. Bell, in the next number of the

Magazine, more or less confirmed my letter by stating that he had found the

bird breeding all round Karwar. Though I have not actually taken the bird

on the nest, I think I can pretty well claim to have established the fact that

814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

this bird does breed at Khandalla in the monsoon and what is more seems to

be very common, as my man has sent me many clutches. I went down to

Khandalla on the 16th August and was shewn a nest which had been

marked down. It was about 3 feet from the ground, in a dense tangle, by

the side of a mountain stream and was built on interlaced stems, The nest

was a rough structure of twigs lined with damp leaves. I beat for the bird,

but unfortunately she broke out away from me, The nest contained four

fresh eggs of a creamy white coloar and with rather an oily or greasy surface,

IT retarned to the nest late in the afternoon to take the eggs, which I had

left in the hopes that the bird might have returned, but was disappointed,

I told my man he must get me a bird with a nest. Accordingly, on the 19th

August, he came in with a live bird and five partially incubated eggs of the

same type. He told me he had shot the bird with an arrow, while she was

seated on the nest and that when they are incubating they sit very close and

allow themselves to be almost taken with the hand, I should have liked to

have kept the bird alive, but as her thigh was broken, I thought it cruel, so

destroyed her and sent her to the Museum with the eggs, The eggs obtained

last year and this year are of the same type. As both the birds brought in

were Banded Crakes, and as Mr. Bell states the eggs he took are of the same

type as those obtained at Khandalla, I think the breeding of the bird can be

taken as established at that place, Khandalla is not the place to live in dur-

ing the monsoon, owing to the excessive rainfall, probably that is how its

breeding has never been previously discovered.

R, M. BETHAM, Magor,

8th Bombay Infantry.

Poona, 3rd October, 1902.

No. II]—_THE EGGS OF THE LONG-BILLED BABBLER

(RIMATOR MALACOPTILUS),

Whilst discussing egg matters with Mr. Eugene Oates in the British

Museum, I referred to the uncertainty we felt as to the eggs of Rimator

malacoptilus, Mr, Oates informed me that there were in the Museum three

eggs of this bird, procured by Mr, Gammie of Darjeeling, and these he turned

out and showed tome. Their description tallies in every single detail with

that given by me in my “Birds of Cachar,’”’ and I think places beyond all

doubt authenticity of my specimens,

The nidification of Rimator, Corythocichla and Turdinulus bears out the very

close connection between these birds as shewn in their general structure and

peculiar lax, squamated plumage, It is indeed possible that the differences

in bill and in length of tail are insufficient to constitute genera, and all three

will have to be joined together.

E, C. STUART BAKER, F.Z.S., &c,

Kines Lynn, NoRFOLK.

23rd September, 1902.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 815

No, IV.—CURIOUS SITE FOR NESTING CHOSEN BY THE MALABAR

WHISTLING-THRUSH (MYIOPHONEUS HORSFIELDI).

I happened to sit down on the path just above the Roman Catholic Church

at Khandalla on the 16th August of this year, to partake of light refresh-

ment, when two “ whistling schoolboys” flew into a tree hard by, from

there they went on and disappeared under the rcof of the Church, I turned

to my men and said that there must be a nest there, they replied that there

was and that it was inside the Church. I could hardly believe this. On

going down, one of the men pushed his head through a broken pane and said

he could see the bird on the nest, [ followed his lead and was surprised to

see the nest on the window sill with madam at home. I got hold of the keys

and a long ladder to investigate. On going up I found tbree eggs, The

female sat very tight and only left by compulsion. The men told me the

birds built there regularly every year, This certainly appeared to be the

case, as the nest was about a foot high, if not more, and one could easily sae

the remains of the old nests, which had been used as foundations year by

year.

R,. M. BETHAM, Major,

8th Bombay Infantry.

Poona, 3rd October, 1992,

No, V.— NOTES ON 'THE NIDIFICATION OF SOME BIRDS, THE

NESTS AND EGGS OF WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN

PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED.

1. Trochalopterum affine. The Black-faced Laughing Thrush,—This species

is fairly common at elevations of from 9 to 10,000 feet in the Rhodo-

dendron and fir forests of the Singalila ridge which separates the Dar-

jeeling district and Sikkim from Nepal, where it takes the place of Tro-

chalopterum variegatum, the “ Alpine’? Laughing Thrush of the N.-W, Hima-

laya, I found three nests of this bird on the 31st May 1902in Rhododendron

and Viburnum bushes, 5 to 8 feet from the ground, at an elevation of about

11,500 feet. The nests wers rather massive, but neat cups, about 8 inches in

external diameter and were composed of moss, thin twigs and dry grass stems,

lined copiously with the black rhizomorph of a fungus (resembling thin black

roots) mixed with some Birch-bark “paper”. ‘Two of the nests contained two

slightly set eggs each and the third two freshly hatched young.

The eggs are oval, with a slight gloss, of a fairly dark blue with afew dark

purplish (nearly black) spots and specks chiefly ina zone towards the larger

end, not unlike those of the English Song Thrush,

The average of four eggs gave the following measurements :—

Length bse 50 els ae 1°15"

Breadth ... Lee te Ie 0°82"

816 JOORNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV.

2. Acanthopneuste viridanus, The Greanish Willow-Warbler.—I found a

single nest of this species containing 2 partly-set eggs at an elevation of 11,000

feet on the 31st May, 1902,

The nest was domed with rather a large opening, twice as broad as: high

towards the top and was placed on the ground ona fairly steep hillside near

abush, It was composed externally of moss and dry grass, and roofed

internally with fine grass stalks, the egg-cavity being densely lined with a

thick felting of hair, The eggs were pure white, rather broad ovals with

little gloss, One of the two eggs (the other unfortunately got smashed)

measures 0°64” 0°50".

The parent bird was shot off the nest and identified by me as the above, my

identification being subsequently confirmed in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

3. Horeites brunneifros. The Rufous-capped Bush-Warbler.—This bird is

common at from 10 to 11,000 feet on the Singalila ridge, It frequents

the low scrub consisting of dwarf bamboo (grazed down), berberis, &c.,

in the more open portions of the Silver fir and Rhododendron forest,

Tt is a busy, noisy little bird with a strange unmistakeable call which it

constantly repeats and which consists of a few ordinary chirping notes

followed by a curious grating mouse-like sound, twice repeated, and of a

ventriloquistic nature,

I found four nests of this species containing 4, 3, 3, and 2 eggs, respectively,

all in the first week in June, built in low scrub about a foot from the ground

at an elevation of about 10,000 feet.

The nest is domed and rather oval in shape 6 or 7 inches high and 4 inches

thick, with a circular opening near the top about 13 inches in diameter. It is

composed externally of moss, dry grass and dry bamboo leaves and lined

rather scantily with fine grass and lastly with feathers.

The egys are slightly glossy ovals. In colour they are peculiar, the ground

being terra-cotta with darker markings of the same colour chiefly at the big

end,

The average of 12 eggs gives the following :—

Length aon ean Ondraue

The above description, it will be observed, does not tally at all with that

given either in the Fauna of British India or in Hume's Nests and Eggs.

As, however, these latter appear to refer to eggs brought from Native

Sikkim by native collectors, they are probably unreliable and belong to some

other birds,

4. Athopyga nepalensis, The Nepal Yellow-backed Sun-Bird.—The ac-

counts of the nesting of this species, given by Hodgson and Jerdon, are

somewhat conflicting, I give the following note on a nest found by me on

the 14th May, 1902, at Rungirum, elevation 6,200 feet, near Darjeeling. The

nest is oval in shape, measuring externally 53” x23”. It was suspended from

the ends of a small Cryptomeria branchlet, overhanging a steep bank at 4

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 817

height of about 3 feet from the ground, and is composed of bright green moss

with a little white vegetable down woven in, and is lined with the latter

material,

The aperture, which is 1 inch in diameter, is near the top. There is no

“projecting roof” over the entrance.

The eggs, three in number, are white, sparingly spotted and mottled with

very dark brown,

The average of the 3 eggs gives the following measurements :-—

Length eee wo. 0°58"

Breadth tee oer Ose

B, B,. OSMASTON,L F. S.

DARJEELING, October, 1902.

No. VI.—BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION OF A CEYLONESE LIZARD.

I have frequently observed with interest the erect attitude assumed by the

small Agamid lizard (Otoeryptis bivittata, Wiegm.) when running rapidly, and

have long suspected that the short front legs were not used at such times,

But the rapidity with which the animal runs, and the nature of the ground

which it usually frequents, have prevented very close observation. I have,

however, recently fully satisfied myself that its action is truly bipedal. The

lizard happens to be common in the Botanic Gardens here, and on several

occasions one of them has crossed a smooth sanded road immediately in

front of me. I have thus been able to see clearly that the anterior limbs are

carried quite free from the ground, progress being effected solely by the

long hind linins,

It seems possible that the closely allied and similarly built lizard Sttana

ponticerina, Cuv., may have the same habit, Does the Indian species of

Otocryptis (O. beddomii) progress in the same fashion ?

At present the habit has been recorded only of one or more Australian

lizards, notably the “ frilled lizard’ (Chlamydosaurus king), which has been

very cleverly photographed in the erect attitude by Mr. Saville Kent.

EK, ERNEST GREEN,

PERADENIYA, CrEYLon, August, 1902. .

( Published in “ Nature,” Vol, 66,No, 1716, Sept. 18th, 1902.)

No. VIL—THE NIDIFICATION OF THE BRONZE-WINGED JACANA

(METOPIDIUS INDICUS).

Nowhere do I find it recorded that this Jacana has two broods a year,

yet I have seen a pair sucessfully raise two families, between the months

of February and July, As they were the only pair of birds upona jheel

which surrounded the house I lived in, in Dum-Dum, there can be no

mistake, When I first saw them in February there were three birds, either

818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

the parents and one young one, ora young brood of three. They were

all alike. Shortly after my arrival, two of the birds became very quarrel-

some with number three, and after a week’s hard fighting, No. 3 betook

himself to pastures new, leaving the pair in undisturbed possession of *the

jheel. I little suspected they were about to breed, asI do not find it recorded

that this bird breeds before the beginning of the monsoon, and I was

therefore surprised on approaching the spot most frequented by them one

day early in April, to find that they were very much disturbed at my

approach, both birds going off a short distance in different directions, with a

shrill harsh cry and asif severely wounded, Having my glasses with me,

I immediately took cover, expecting that they would shortly return

and reveal, as I thought, their nest, As I could see no signs of the

nest myself, I thought it just possible that they were about to

begin. Imagine my surprise when in about ten minutes one of the birds

came creeping back across the lotus leaves, twittering gently, and when I first

noticed her, followed by one chick not more than a day or two old. Another

almost immediately rose from somewhere, and then another. One of these

chicks must have come to an untimely end, as by the time they grew up

there were only two, The jheel, I may mention, was an artificial affair.

being really a moat cut round the compound, and being about 500 yards long

on the longer sides and 400 on the shorter one, and about 50 feet broad,

terminating in two tanks which curved inwards, each being about 25 feet in

circumference, the whole overgrown with weeds, lotus and grass, It was at one

of the corners that these birds bred. They soon shifted up fora couple of

months into the circular end, and then it became more difficult to watch

them, Almost immediately on the outburst of the monsoon, they betook

themselves to the corner, leaving the now full grown young ones to shift

for themselves, and woe betide them if they came within a hundred yards

of that corner, Here they eventually built a second nest among the long

grass. I saw the eggs, three in number,on the 2nd July, and in about

a fortnight they had their second brood of that year to look after, and before

I left in September these three were nearly, if not full, grown.

ERNEST E, TOOTH.

Poona, 13th November, 1902.

No. VIII—THE HIMALAYAN NUTCRACKER (NUC/FRAGA

HEMISPILA),

With reference to a note by General Osborn on the Himalayan Nutcracker

(Nucifraga hemispila), which appeared on page 628 of Vol. XIV., of the

Society’s Journal, I should like to make a few remarks,

It is stated in the above that the Nutcracker perforates the shell of the

wild walnut and feeds upon the contents. This, I maintain, is a mistake,

The wild walnut of the Himalayas has an intensely hard shell which it

would be quite impossible for any bird to perforate. Even the black bear

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 819

finds it too tough a nut for his powerful jaws to crack, though he feeds

largely on the cultivated variety with a thinner shell, The only animal, as

far as I know, which can circumvent the excessively thick and hard shell of

the wild walnut is a species of rat (probably Mus niveiventer). When

stationed for some years in the North-West Himalayas (Chakrata) I con-

stantly came across wild walnuts with the round holes described by Genl.

Osborn, bored in a systematic manner in either side of the nut, but the holes

showed evident marks of the teeth of a small rodent, and, though I never

actually saw the rat at work, I think there can be little doubt but that he is

the culprit,

The chief food of N. hemispila is the seed of the Blue pine (Pinus cacelsa)

in forests of which they do considerable damage by extracting the seed from

the ripening cones,

They also feed on the seed of the Spruce fir (Picea morinda).

They are not migratory in the N.-W. Himalayan region between Chakrata

and Simla, but are found, according to season, at elevations of from 3,000 to

10,000 feet.

I never saw the Larger Spotted Nutcracker (N. multipunctata) in the N.-W.

Himalayas, but here in Sikkim it appears to be the only species found,

It frequents chiefly the fir forests at high elevations 10 to 12,000 feet.

The only specimen of NV. caryocatactes I ever shot was in Germany, and

its crop contained six uncracked hazel nuts, I doubt if the Nutcracker is

much given to cracking nuts, and certainly his bill seems ill-adapted for the

purpose,

B, B, OSMASTON,

DARJEELING, 6¢h December, 1902.

[In view of the above suggestion regarding the cause of the perforations

in the walnuts, the specimens sent by Genl, W. Osborn have been carefully

examined, and it would certainly appear that the holes in the sides of the

nuts bear the marks of rodents’ teeth.

E, CoMBER,

Hony,. Secy., Bird Dept.,

Bombay Natural History Society. |

No, 1X.—THE CHESTNUT-HEADED SHORT-WING (OLIGURA

CASTANEICORONATA).

I see Mr, Whymper has noted at page 607 of Vol. XIV. of the Journal

the occurrence of the Chestnut-headed Short-wing (Oligura castaneicoronata)

in Kumaon, whereas the distribution of this bird is given in Oates as extend-

ing from Nepal eastwards,

I found this bird not uncommon in the hills of Tehri-Garhwal (north-

west of Chakrata), Inthe winter it is to be found in the low valleys at

3,000 to 4,000 feet elevation, but in June I found it common on Kedar Kanta

820. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV,

at 11,000 feet. I tried hard to find its nest, but without success, I think

possibly they breed in July. ;

Another bird, the distribution of which has been incorrectly entered in

Oates, is Mandelli’s Spotted Babbler (Pellornewm mandellii). Oates says it is

found in the lower hills of Nepal and Sikhim; the Bhutan and Buxa

doars, &c,

I found this bird throughout the lower hills and valleys up to about 2,500

feet elevation as far west as the Jumna; it is quite common in Dehra Dun,

B. B, OSMASTON,

DARJEELING, 6¢h December, 1902.

No, X—SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ZEUMENES DIMIDIATIPENNIS,

The following observations were made at Shaikh Budin, a small Hill Station

in the Derajat District of the Punjab, The hill is bare and rocky, 4,510 feet

high, and stands by itself in the midst of a sandy wilderness, The only

water in the place is rain water collected in tanks. The month of May had

been dry, and not a flower nor a blade of grass was to be seen. Animals of

all kinds were scarce, save EHumenes dimidiatipennis, which was plentiful. I

only saw one Palistes hebraeus and one Vespa orientalis.

Eumenes dimidiatipennis is a Solitary Wasp which occurs in India, spreading

thence into Arabia and Africa. It is reddish-brown, with the hind half of

the abdomen black. The jaws are long and strong. It has a slender and

very long waist. The propodeal area is grooved lengthwise. The two fore-

legs are much smaller than the others, and are much used for working, some-

what like hands; they are tucked up under the breast when standing. The

female is 25 mm. long, with a stout abdomen ; when she has newly emerged

the clypeus is brown, and it remains brown afterwards; the mesonotum is

at first black, but seems to become brown afterwards; the tips of the

antenuz are hooked. The male is 23 mm. long, smaller and slighter than

the female; on fresh specimens the clypeus is white and the mesonotum

black; I did not see any males after they left the nest, and cannot say

whether they-changed colour afterwards,

Some rain had fallen in June; at the beginning of July the Acacia trees

were covered with leaves ; a great many caterpillars were on the trees ; scores

of Euménes came into my house, and began nesting. ‘The female only works,

The nests are of mud, and are built on walls, rafters, boxes, doors; but

always on a vertical surface. Hach nest is made up of several cells, The

first cell is vase-like, the others are not so regular. Grains of sand are work-

ed into the walls, Dry earth is made use of, and is chewed with saliva ;

the mud sets as hard as mortar, Whilst flying to and froa drop of saliva

can often be seen hanging from the mouth, and it sometimes falls on the

floor ; it is of a light honey colour. When the ground is wet after a shower

of rain, they stop,work ; and begin again after it has got dry, A pellet of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. OR: (62a

mud is brought between the jaws, the perimeter of the cell is laid out, the

substratum forming the flat side. The pellet is first kneaded by the jaws

into the rough shape ef the wall; then, the head being inside and the fore-

legs outside, the wall is squeezed between the two, and thinned, A cell takes

half-an-hour to build, about 8 pellets being used. When the hole is of the

size of her head, she catches hold of the edge with her jaws, and twists her-

self round and round, thereby giving a pouting border to the mouth of the

cell, somewbat like that of a gurrah. She then stands over the cell and puts

her abdomen through the opening to lay. Her head and abdomen are of the

same size across ; as her head was inside the opening when she finished it

off, her abdomen just goesin, She spins a gossamer thread from behind,

attaching one end to the upperside of the cell, lays one egg, and hangs it to

the other end of the thread. The egg-laying takes less than 2 minutes, She

then goes out for caterpillars. About a quarter of an hour is taken to bring

a caterpillar ; and each cellis stored with about half a dozen. I saw the

way the caterpillars are dealt with. They were feeding on Acacia trees, and

mimicked dead twigs by their colour and attitude. But the wasp spotted

them at once. They knew their foe; as soonas they heard the buzz ofa

wasp, they stopped feeding and stood stock still, She seized a caterpillar by

the scruff of the neck with her jaws, and held the body by her legs ; she then

brought her abdomen forwards between her legs, and stung the head and

thoracic segments through the neck, this made the caterpillar wriggle ; it

was then stung amidships to numb the prolegs, anda third sting was given

near the hind end to numb the hindmost prolegs, which held on to the last

like suckers. The caterpillar now let go and became quiet; she hugged it

below her breast, her jaws holding the neck and her legs the body; and

then flew to her nest. There is a special mechanism for stinging. The long

petiole or waist has a joint fore and aft ; there is a lengthward groove behind

the chest; the petiole is raised and fits into the groove ; the abdomen

is then bent under the petiole and afterwards thrust forwards between

the legs close to the breast, if the petiole were not first lifted high, the

abdomen could not be bent down, because the caterpillar would be in the

way; and if the abdomen could not be bent down, the sting could not be

brought forwards to the head of the caterpillar, which is under the head

of the wasp.

Having reached the cell, she stuffs the caterpillar in, putting the head first

in, then thrusting the body in, working the while with her jaws and fore-

legs, She presses down the caterpillars with such force, that they indent

the soft wall of the cell, Hach caterpillar was slightly curled, as they were

longer than the cell. The caterpillars were scotched, but not killed. When

the cell was 2 full, with the egg lying on the topmost caterpillars, she

plugged the hole with a wad of mud, and at once set to building another,

A cell was built and stored in two hours, about 5 being built ina day. A

nest is made up of from one dozen to two dozen cells, The nest is finished

822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

off by filling in all the hollows, and laying on a layer of mud, until the nest

looks like a half-orange, Streaks of mud ran out from the edges of the nest,

as ifa daub of mud had been chucked against the wall. One wasp took 6

days to build a nest of 12 cells,3 days being spent over the cells, 3 days

over the finishing off. Another wasp took 10 days to build her nest of 20

cells, 5 days being spent over the cells, and 5 days over the finishing off. In

3 instances, after having closed the first cell, the wasps left the spot, and

built somewhere else. They buzz whilst on the wing, but make no noise

when working. They worked from sunrise to sunset, At night they slept by

hanging on to twigsor twine catching hold of it by means of the jaws

and clutching it with the forelegs, The eggs are big, and after laying one or

two dozen eggs, the abdomen became thin, the wasp was weak and would

sometimes fall down whilst flymg, She came back now and then to look at

her nest, If she found any hole she would plug it, After the young had

come out some of the holes were stopped, On one occasion a mother wasp

plugged a hole that her young was making to‘come out ; the young wasp had

to drill anew, The caterpillars were those of a small grey moth. July had

witnessed a new birth of nature, the Acacia trees were in leaf, the caterpillars

had hatched underground, They made tracks for the Acacia trees, creeping

rather fast, a loop occurring between the thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs.

Each was 12 inch long, over one line thick ; eyes olive-coloured ; neck olive,

above, black sideways; back black, with 3 olive patches ; 5 olive dots and one

olive stripe on each side; tail olive, belly greenish below, with 7 black dots ;

3 pairs of thoracic legs; 2 pairs of biggish, 2 pairs of dwarfed abdominal

prolegs ; aft one pair of sucker-like tail-prolegs.

The egg is $ cm. long, 1 mm, thick, sausage-shaped, big, tough, white and

clear, It hangs by a thread and lies on the top layer of caterpillars. The

grub hatches on the 2nd day, and has a light greenish tint. It remains inside

the egg shell, Itis a headless, legless maggot, and sucks the top layer of

caterpillars from its coign of vantage, The egg skin then splits serew-wise and

lengthens, allowing the maggot to feed on the middle layer of caterpillars

from its swing, When half grown it gets down amongst the lowest cater-

pillars and sucks them dry. When full grown it is about $ inch long, fat,

cream coloured, 12-ringed. At first the gut ends blindly. But when the

maggot is full-fed, the gut opens at the anus, and it gets rid of its frass. It

then spins a web with which it lines its cell, shutting off the frass and the

dried caterpillars in one corner. The pupais about the same size as the

wasp; it is at first white, but afterwards becomes brown, Itis naked, being

merely wrapped in a thin caul; the wings, legs and antenne being in sheaths

of their own. It takes about 6 weeks from egg to imago, Each imago cuts

its way out. It moistens the hard clay with its saliva and rasps away with

itsystrong jaws. One can hear the rasping when standing near.

There are two broods in the year. The females of the year before, which

have wintered during the cold and dry weathers, begin nesting at the begin-

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 823

ning of July, when the caterpillars are on the green Acacia trees. The winged

wasps of the first brood come out about six weeks later, in the middle of

August, The females of this first brood begin nesting at the end of August ;

and the winged wasps of the second brood appear about six weeks afterwards,

I did not notice minutely the appearance of the first brood. In the second

brood all the males came out first, and were twice as many as the females,

On coming out of the nest the males of the second brood hada white clypeus,

and the females a brown one ; both had a black mesonotum ; but the females

that laid the eggs, had a brown mesonotum ; I did not see any males after

they left the nest.

As soon as the nest was done, scores of little black ants began eating the

saliva-moistened clay ; they ate their way into the last-built cell and ate the

grub ; the caterpillars pupated and became moths,

Stilbum splendidum, one of the Chrysidide, is parasitic on Lumenes dimidi-

atipennis, It is a big species with a stout abdomen ; the chest is hump-backed,

It is glossy green, with the last two segments cobalt-blue ; according to the light

it may glow like an emerald, a sapphire, aruby or gold. The skin is very

hard, coarsely pitted and highly burnished. The eggs are dark in the shade,

but straw-coloured in the sunlight, The wings are smoky dark with a purple

gloss, The fore wings have one cubital thinly closed, one closed discoidal,

and one open radial cell, The abdomen is made up of five segments, of which

the second is the biggest ; when standing only four segments are seen, but when

the body is rolled up, another segment comes into view behind and beneath

the second segment, The second segment is so big, because it has to hide

the third segment. The hidden third segment is like the last two segments

in colour and hardness ; its use is to save the necessity of exposing any soft

inter-segmental skin, when the body is rolled up like a Wood-louse,

and hence helps to protect the chrysid against the sting of the solitary

Wasp. The last segment is the smallest and bears four hard teeth aft, with

ten tiny pitsin front of them, The abdomen is rounded above and flat below,

the sides overhanging and the tip bent down; the skin underneath is softer,

There is a tubular ovipositor, which is withdrawn like a telescope inside the

body; it is made up of three distinct segments, and of a fourth indistinct

one. Inside thisisa small sting ina sheath, It flies with the antenne

sticking straight out in front, and makes a slight buzz. It sleeps on the flat

lying on its forehead and tail like an arch.

I saw it several times on the nest of Eumenes, but although a cell was open

it never went in, The reason is that its larva is not parasitic on the larva of

the host, but on the pupa ; hence it must allow the maggot of the host to

grow into a pupa before laying its egg. Mother Hwmenes knew her foe and

always went for the Cuckoo ; but the latter rolled itself up intoa pill, and

as its skin is sting-proof no harm was done, After the nest was done I saw

Stilbum at work, She feels for the hardest part of the nest, and therefore for

an early cell which holds a pupa. She first digs a tiny pit with her jaws, then

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV

whisks round and squirts a drop of white watery secretion from her anus

into the pit; this softens the clay ; she broadens the pit with her jaws until

her ovipositor can get in ; she deepens the pit by swaying her abdomen from

side to side, the while dropping in some of the watery stuff. When the pit

becomes too narrow for the abdomen the sides of the pit are bitten off, In

digging, the diameter of the pit is increased by means of the jaws, and the

depth through the teeth on the last segment of the abdomen. When the

hollow of the cell is reached, very likely the web lining is pierced by the

sting and the tubular ovipositor put through the hole, so as to reach the pupa

on which the egg is laid. The Huwmenes drove oft the Cuckoo, and plugged

the hole it had made, The grub of Stilbum nips the pupa of Ewmenes and

sucks it without giving rise to any wound. The pupa of the host remains

soft and moist, and is crumpled up into a round heap in one corner, the

abdomen being telescoped into the chest, The softness is due to the fact that

the web lining makes the cell proof to evaporation. From the telescoping of

the pupa the Cuckoo grub seems to nip the apex and to thrust it headward

as it gets empty. The crumpled pupa can be easily pulled straight again.

The grub of the Stilbum is white and ringed, There isno distinct head ;

but it has three soft segments at the fore end; the first is peristomial

and bears the mouth and two black eye specks ; then come two soft indistinct

segments which can be telescoped into the prothoracic segment, The protho-

racic segment is tough, narrow, stops at the sides and does not bear any pim-

ple. Behind it come seven tough, alabaster-white, bigger rings ; they go right

round, and each bears a fleshy pimple (papilla) on each side underneath,

which may be breathing openings (stigmata). The tail end is soft, and is made

up of three distinct and one indistinct segments, it becomes the ovipositor.

The pupa is enclosed in a brown cocoon, which is silky outside; but smooth,

shiny and chocolate-coloured inside. It has two biggish black eyes; four

visible abdominal horny segments ; it is at first alabaster-white and is pitted ;

later on it becomes green,:

Each EHumenes nest harboured one Stilbum young.

In captivity the watery white secretion was seen to drop from the hind

end; it came from the vent ; I could not tell what the use of the ten pits on

the last segment were for.

I also saw a species of Chrysis, of the same colours as Stilbum, but smaller

and with the hind body more slender and more conical, The sub-marginal

cell was quite open at one point, I did not see any bore through the nest of

Eumenes.

Odynerus punctum makes use of the empty cells of Eumenes dimidiatipennis

for its young. It cleans the cell, clearing away the frags and rubbish. It

stores the common fly and jumping spiders (Salticus) for its young, and closes

the cell.

EUG, CRETIN, Lr.-Cou,, F.R.C.S., I.M.S,

Dera IsMAIL Kwan,

November, 1902.

825

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 271TH NOVEMBER, 1902.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society’s Rooms on Thursday,

the 27th November, Mr, E. M. Slater presiding,

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Mr, N. Marryat (Bombay) ; Captain L, T, R. Hutchinson, I.M.S, (Bombay);

Miss L. Jewett (Darjeeling) ; Lieutenant A.S. B. Robert (Myitkyina, Upper

Burma); Mr, F, A. Ingle (Bombay) ; Mr. H. W. P. Scroope, I.C.S. (Tippera,

Bengal); Mr. A. B. Hawkins (Purulia); Captain H. M. Moore, I.M.S,

(Aden); Lieutenant R, Metge (Subathu) ; Mr. J.C. Winterscale (Penang) ;

Captain W. R. Battye, I.M.S. (Multan) ; Captain F. E. Edlmann (Abbot-

tabad); Mr. A. McL. Marshall (Edinburgh) ; and Mr. J. McL, Marshall

(Edinburgh),

CONTRIBUTIONS,

Mr, W. S. Millard, the Honorary Secretary, acknowledged receipt of the

following contributions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS 10 THE:MUSEUM.

Contributions. | Description. Contributor.

1 Snake (alive)...sc.ecccesesrse Iopidonotes punctuatus ...|Mr. T. J, Spooner, C.E.

1 Krait (alive) ......... selserete Bungarus [email protected] Mr. Paul Gerhardt.

1 Cobra (alive).c.-..... sesceses NGG CripUdiANs oeeeee..ove-e- Do.

1 Green Pit Viper (alive) ... Zrimeresurus gramineus...... Do.

1 Pair of Panther Cubs Felis pardus........-soeeessovee Capt. D. O. Morris.

(alive). * — i.

2 Lammergeyers ceresccercrseee GYPACLUS DATDALUS .+.22.000000 Capt. H. T, Fulton.

1 Common HeYON ...secreccee ATAEA CIMETED 0.00000 Accoagn90¢ Do.

1 Indian Pigmy Shrew ......Crocidura perrotteti ....00 5 Major Ms Wyville Thomson,

1 Chinkara skull... . ..cccccoe GAZELIA DENRELEL -200ecerereeeee Mr, A. H. A. Simcox, I.C.8,

1 Cobra (alive) ......ccsccccceree Naia tripwdians .sccocccseoeee alee W. KH, Jennings,

-o Ss.

1 Sea Snake wecscccscsccceesescee LCLGMIS DICOLOT seceoscoeseeee ]

2 Phoorsas esereereeeee seeceeces Echis gar inal slsinse ee odce'ewe wo

1 Snake .......... conngodoageencoo4 ZAMENES BIATEMGA os ..s00eereeeee

A quantity of squillide,) $= = = = = — ser. j Ree Wi Temusend:

Fishes and Scorpions, &c.,| 1

from the Persian Gulf. | J

A quantity of Butterflies S0D009 Capt. J. 8. M. Harcourt.

from Chitral.

1 Snake Rabaseecessncsescsescsscens C7508 Forstenit 000000000000008 Mr. Chas. Gray, forwarded

through the Madras Mu-

| seum,

2 Crimson-horned Pheasants Tragopan satya ....0+++000-+-\Col. C, W. Ravenshaw.

1 Rib faced or Barking Deer. Cervulus muntjac ...0.0e000000 Ooms

1 Sambhur Skull ccoccccccrsoree COPVUS UNECOLON seeeverssoeeeee Mr. A. G. Edie.

1 Indian Pitta.....ccccccccecsse LittG DrAChYWTG ooseee --coeree Miss Atkinson.

1 Phoorsa (alive) «...corssccoces CAI COTIRGLA s.osrerenereesoees Mr, P, Gerhardt. |

3 Chameleons (alive) cis... Chameleon calcaratus ...00 Mr. A. M. Masani.

1 Skin of Yellow-throated Pycnonotus xantholemus ...|Mr. D, G, Hatchell.

Bulbul.

* Forwarded to the Victoria Gardens,

826 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol. XIV.

Contributions, | Description. Contributor.

Neen ee ee es

1 Cobra, juv CKeautiah| Vara tripudtans .....s.ceseeee Capt. N.S. H. Sitwell, R.A.

variety).

TL BIMBO. soaccooosdoodgoccconcieoo00s Coluber helena ......0.cs..ereree Col. R. H. Light.

1 Indian Grackle (alive) ...|Hulabes intermedia .......+06- Mr, A. M. Tod.

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

From Mr, GC, Hudson, I.C.S8., Lieutenant H. D. McLaughlin, Mrs. A. M.

Alexander, Mr, J. R. Greaves, Mr, H. E. John, Mr, A, Smith, Mr, A, Leslie,

and Mr, F, Flewker,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India,

Vol. XXXII, Part II. ... :

Do. do. Wal OGiby) Bays) TUL, 0/¢ bom se nage:

Do. do, Vol, XXXV, Part res

The Trees, Shrubs and Woody Climbers of the Bom-

bay Presidency by W. A. Talbot, F.L.S.,1.F.S. .. “| By the author.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Neo Zealand

ThA. Tore WOOL sai: cagosecdssaccoacoonbscadoonsaosoasssooa If 2S

An Account of the Indian Triaxonia collected by

R.L.M.S. “Investigator” ........ kin CHRUMENIE 2.

eesvenrccrecsere evececce

Departmental Notes on Insects that affect Here

by E, P, Stebbing, F.L.S., FES. ihe Urey BMG EAUIDO,

The Hope Reports, Vol. hy 1897- 1900, by Edward} Do

Boulton ccs.) :

eee epeo 2 = cea

OBITUARY NOTICES,

The Honorary Secretary read obituary rotices on the late Mr. R, A, Sterndale

and the late Mr, Chas. Maries, V. M. H., in which mention was made of the

great loss the Society had suffered from the deaths of these members,

LIVE SNAKES REQUIRED.

The Honorary Secretary appealed to members and their friends in all parts

of India to send to the Society’s Museum live specimens of: snakes, Captain

Wall, I.M.S., having undertaken to write a series of papers for the Journal

describing the “ Indian Snakes,’ it is desirous to illustrate the same with

coloured plates, The only way that these can be successfully done is from live

specimens, and therefore it is hoped that members will endeavour to send in

all the snakes that can be obtained, Arrangements have been made for the

sketches to be done here,

The Honorary Secretary said it was hardly necessary for him to fonen on

the importance of such a -series—both from a popular and educational point

of view. There was practically no illustrated work on the snakes of

this country with the exception of Nicholson’s, which was very old, and

Fayrer’s ‘Thanatophidia,’ which was confined to the venomous snakes and

was very expensive, so that a work of this kind would supply a much-

felt want,

PROCEEDINGS, 827

PAPERS READ, —

Mr, E, Comber read a paper on “ The Oriental region and its position in

Zoological Geography’’—which he illustrated with typical specimens of

mammals and birds from the Society’s Collection, A carefully prepared map

also helped materially to demonstrate the region referred to,

A note by Major R, M. Betham ona “ Curious site for nesting chosen by

the Malabar Whistling-Thrush” was also read.

A vote of thanks was accorded to the authors of the papers and the meeting

then terminated.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 8rH JANUARY, 1903.

A meeting of the members was held at the Society's rooms on Thursday

last, the 8th January i903, Mr. J. D, Inverarity presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following new members was announced :—

Lieutenant W. Robertson, 8.E. (Bangalore); Mr. F. A, Leete, F.C.H.

(Naini Tal, U. P.) ; Mr. Y, D, Thanevala, M.A. (Bombay); Mr, Henry Phipps

(Beauly, Invernesshire); Captain J. D, Alexander, R.A.M.C. (Bombay) ;

Mr, C. B. Moggridge (Gangaw, Upper Burma) ; Lieutenant G, A. Perreau

(Drosh, Chitral) ; Le Comte de Kergarion (Kashmir); Colonel O. E. P,

Lloyd, V.C., R.A.M,C, (Ootacamund); Mr. E. Hannyngton, I.C.8. (Ootaca-

mund) ; Mr, J. B, Russell (Hanba'v, Hassan District, Mysore); Dr, J. M.

Falkiner (Pavitola, Dibrugarh District, Upper Assam) ; Mr, A. W. Forbes

(Secunderabad) ; Iieutenant V. F. Currey (Colaba Depét); Dr. H. Cogill,

M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Karwar), and Mr. L. V. Bagshawe (Gangaw, Upper

Burma).

CONTRIBUTIONS.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged receipt of the following contribu-

tions since the last meeting :—

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Contributions. | Description. | Contributors,

1 Skin of the Avocet........|Recurvirostra GvOCEEtA ...00. )

2 Skins of the Golden eye...|Clangula glauciom .sscerreree

4 Skins of the Crested or|Hunectta falcata ...cccocccocees |

Falcated Teal.

1 Skin of the Spotted-|Anas zonorhymeha@ .....0...00. |

billed Duck.

1 Skin of the Lapwing or|Vanellus vulgaris ......0 000

Peewit.

3 Skins of the Baikal Teal] Nettiwm formoswm ........0006 rThe Estate of the late

or Clucking Teal. : | Major F. T. Williams.

1 Skin of the Hastern or|Francolinus chinensis......0 |

Chinese Francolin. |

1 Skin of the Blue-breasted| Hypotenidia striata ......++

Banded Rail.

1 Skin of the small Tndian|Glareola lactea .scecccocceeees |

Pratincole or Swallow

Plover. J

828 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATORAL HISTORY SOCIETY, Vol, XIV:

Contributions. Description. | Contributors.

1 Skin of the Eastern Lit-] Zringa ruficollis ...... ... «.

tle Stint.

2 Skins of the Large In-|Glareola orientalis ......0000-

dian Pratincole or Swal-

low Plover.

2 Skins of the Curlew|Tringa subarquata ..... sso.

Stint or Pigmy Curlew.

3 Skins of the Turnstone...|Sirepsilas (mterpres see cooees

1 Skin of the Marsh Sand-|7otanus stagnatilus ..... cond

piper or Little Green-

shank,

Skin of the Goosander...|Mergus CA8t0r .c...so00e oncasosd

Skins of the Andaman|Nettiwm albigulare.....0s.00

Teal. |

Skins of the Burmese|Zurnia blanfordi ....cecceccccee

Button-Quail.

Skin of the Asiatic Pec-|Zringa acuminata ........00e

toral Sandpiper.

9 Skinsof the Common|Calliope camtschatkensis ...

Ruby Throat,

430 Skins) OL variousother! |) 9) 9 e.c....

birds.

1 Skin of the White-headed|Hrismatura leucocephala ...

or Stiff-tailed Duck.

The Estate of the late

Major F. T. Williams.

= wo Noe

Nn i ry

Mr. W.H. Lucas, I.C.S.

1 Skin of the Seesee Par-|Ammoperdix bonhami......... Major T, Jermyn,

tridge.

1 Eastern Baya (alive) ...!Ploceus megarynchus... ...\Mr. E, W. Harper, F.Z.8.

1 Dhaman (alive) «+-...++0.0. ZAMEBIS MUCOSUS ...scerecceeeee Mrs, Sanders Slater.

9 Skins of McClelland’s|Garrulaw gularis....soco-0. 004 }

Laughing Thrush. i

2 Skins of Ogle’s Laughing|Dryonastes muchalis.. ....0.

Thrush.

1 clutch of eggs of Aus-Drymocataphus assamensis.| }Dr. H. N. Coltart.

ten’s Babbler.

1 clutch of eggs of the Scheniparus rufigularis....0..

Red-throated Tit-B ab -

bler.

)

Snake (alive) .....-...08 +. aueeee Mr. T. J. Spooner, C.E,

—

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

From Mrs, M. Edmiston, Mr. Flewker, Mr. C, P. George, Mr. F. Dundas

Whiffin, Major Jermyn, Mrs, A. W. Thomson, Mr. H. Bulkley, Mr. C. Glover

Wright, Mr, J. Ribeiro, Mr. R. H, Harter, and Mr, R, Whately.

PAPERS READ.

The following papers were then read and discussed :—1, Some observa-

tions on the Solitary Wasp (Eumenes dimidiatipennis), by Lieutenant-Colonel

E, Cretin, I.M.S., F.R.CS. 2. The incubation of a Cuckoo’s egg, by Lieute-

nant A, H. Mosse, 3. Famine Foods: Dioscorea pentaphylla, an important

edible yam of the Thana Disirict, by Mr. G. M. Ryan, I.F.S., F.LS.

A vote of thanks was passed to the authors of the papers,

Rombay Natural AHistory Soviety.

OFFICE-BEARERS, LIFE MEMBERS,

HONORARY CORRESPONDING MEMBERS, AND MEMBERS

ON Ist MAY 1908.

LIST OF OFFICE-BEARERS.

Present,

H. E. the Right Honourable Lorp Norracors.

Viee-Presidents.

Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. | Rev. F, Dreckmann, sw.

Mr. KE. H. Aitken.

Hon. Seeretaries.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.m.z.s. | Mr. W.S. Millard.

Hon. Creasurer.

Mr. N. C. Macleod.

| Evitors.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, c.mz.s. | Mr. W. 8S. Millard.

Managing Committee.

Vet.-Major G. H. Evans. Mr. A. Abercrombie.

Mr, E. C. Stuart Baker, F.z.s. Mr. E. L. Barton.

Mr. E. H. Aitken. Mr. Reginald Gilbert.

Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.. Mr. E. Comber, F.z.8.

Mr. B. Ernest Green, ¥.5.s. Mr. R. C. Wroughton, 1.F.s., 0.1.2.8.

Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, 1.M.s. Mrs Re Ds Belli trs:

Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B. Major A. Newnham, F.z.S.

Lt.-Col. H. D. Olivier, R.E., F.z.s. | Major C. G. Nurse, F.E.s.

Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Mr. L. C. H. Young.

Mr. N. C. Macleod, ea-officio.

Mr. H. M. Phipson, v.m.z.8., ea-officio.

Mr. W.S. Millard, ea-officzo.

Ist Section. - (Mammals and Birds.)

President— Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.4., LL.B.

Secretary—Mr. E, Comber, F.2,s.

2nd Section.—(Reptiles and Fishes.)

President—-Rev. F. Dreckmann, s.J.

Secretary —Mr. H. M. Phipson, 6.M.z.s.

3rd Section.—(/nsects.)

President— Mr. EK. H. Aitken.

Secretary —Mr. L. C. H. Young.

4th Section.—( Other Invertebrates.)

President—( Vacant.)

Secretary-—( Vacant.)

5th Section.—( Botany.)

President —( Vacant.)

Secretary—- Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, LM.s., F.8.M. (France), M.B.C.8.

Bombay Hatural Bistory Society,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Lirz Mermpers.

Aga Khan, H.H. Aga Sultan Mahomed Shaha . . Bombay.

Austria, A. Tee the | Archduke Franz Ferdinand.. Hurope.

Baker, E. C. Stuart (F.z.8., M.B.0.U.) hier Assam,

pared The Curator, Baroda State Museum ,.. Baroda.

Baroda, HEL the ees Sir oa sa

Gaekwar of sa . Baroda.

Barton, E. L. ee kate oh Jed - Bombay.

Bates, 8. B. G.z.s.) a ait _.. Banmauk, Burma.

Beale, H. F. “ ... Poona.

Bhowna ave, lal H. the Mahar ee Bhaosing si

Takht Singji oy Ole , . Bhownagar.

Bhurie Sin ch, Mean Saheb (c. THs) a orice " Chamba. |

Bikaneer, EL H. the eae Sir Gunga Singii

Bahadoor of _... . Bikaneer.

Burder, H. C. ae et ee ... Hurope.

Caccia, A. M. (1.F.8.) Be, ue ... DehraDun,N.-W.P.

Cama, Dr. Bane D. nee aie ... Bombay.

Cama, K. R. fo om a .. Bombay.

Campbell, Lt. D. ... ee be .. Europe.

Clarke, L. O. ... Aijal, Assam.

Cooch “Behar, H. H. the Maharaja Sir + Neipendra

Narayen Bhup Bahadoor ... . Cooch Behar.

Coode, J. M. Ee _, Jabalpur, Op IE

Cutch, H. H. Shri Kengurji Sawai Buhacloor Rao

Saheb of ... Cuteh.

Dawson, W. H. (. c. s.) th iy ... Hurope.

Dhunjibhoy Bomanji .. Bombay.

Drake-Brockman, Major H. BE. x M. so ... Bhurtpur.

Dwarkadas, Naranji i ... Bombay.

Fulton, Capt. H. T. ae ue ... New Zealand.

Goculdas, Nurrotum Morarji ee ... Bombay.

Mabibuddin! S. (N.c.8.) a ne ... Hanumkonda,

Hyderabad, Deccan.

Hidemiesc cee a eas .. Karachi.

Hyam, Judah . Poona.

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Meherban Narayenruo

Govind, alias Babasaheb Oe Chief of ... Kolhapur.

Inglis, C. M. Ne ... Darbhanga.

Inverarity, J. D. (@.A., LL.B Nee . Bombay.

Jamkhandi, Shrimant Par: ashram Ramehandra

Patwardhan, The Chief of .. Kolhapur.

Janjira, H. H. ‘Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, Nawab of ... Janjira.

Kolhapur, H. H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu

Chhatrapati of ... . Kolhapur.

Kotah, H.H. the Maharaja Umed Sing Bahadoor of Kotah.

LIST OF MEMBERS, iii

Lamb, R. A. (1.c.s.) ie Ma ... Europe.

Long, G. R. (1.F.s.) oe Le ... Minbu, Burma.

MacDonald, Dr. D. ue ... Europe.

Manders, Major N. (2.A.M.C. yo ie »«» Diyatalawa, Ceylon,

Mandlik, Narayan Vishv anath — aus ... Bombay.

Marshall, Arch. Mch. on Bop ... Hurope.

Marshall, J. McL. ae ae wo. Hurope.

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald... ... Hurope.

Mess President, 10th Bombay Light Infantry .. Hongkong.

Mills, J. D. . Europe.

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, ‘alias Baba-

sahib Patwardhan, ‘Chief of Ath .. Mira).

Muspratt, E. we» Hibsagar, Assam.

Mysore, H.H. Krishna Raj “Woodayar ‘Bahadoor,

the Maharaja of . . Mysore.

Navanagar, H. H. Maharaja ‘Shri Jaswat Singit

the Jam Sahib of .. Rajkote.

Olivier, Lieut.-Col. H. D. (eo Ey ozo sen .. Bombay.

Partridge, Henry ... ... Pyinmana, Burma.

Pestonji Jivanyl)) .. ... Karemnagar,

Petit, The Hon’ble Mr. Bomanji Dinshaw ... Bombay.

Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji ... ... Bombay.

Petit, Jehangir Boman} ate te ... Bombay.

Phipson, H. M. (GANAS) nbc AoC ... Hurope.

Poncins, Baron Edmond de ... ass ... Hurope.

Ravenshaw, Lieut.-Col. C. W. ade »»- Nepal.

Roberts, Capt. M. B. ... Hurope.

Scindia, H.H. the agin Madho Rao. ... Gwalior.

Spooner, IF, Ji. (C.E.) : ... Jhansi, N.-W. P.

Standen, B. (1.¢.s.) ae ee Peetu, Or brs

Swayne, Herbert C. ade us .. Europe.

Tata, Dorabji J. ... oa ... Bombay.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas Ee .. Bombay.

Milly, ets El: . Mingin, Burma.

Travancore, H.H. the Maharaj Sultan Rama Raja

Bahadoor of ss . Trivandrum,

Ulwar, H.H. the Maharaja Je ey ee Bahadoor of. Ulwar.

Unwalla, SINS G tgs. ... Bhownagar,

Viccaji, Framji Re. ... Bombay.

Whitworth, Hon’ ble Mr, G. C. aC C. 8). ean Sule

Yerbury, Col. J. W. : ... Hurope.

Honorary CorRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Forel, Professeur Auguste... ase ... Hurope.

Heeckerenez, Le Baron Von ... see woe JAVA.

Kerkhoven, H. J. ... ad 305 o-. Java.

Oates, E. W. aye co 308 w.» Lurope.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

MEMBERS.

Abdy, Major A. J. (R.4.) .. South Africa.

Abercrombie, A... .. Bombay.

Aeworth, H. C. B. . Bombay.

Aga i Taam, His Highness Aga Sultan ianoned

‘Nhaha ( Life Member) .. Bombay.

.-. Poona.

Aga Shaha Rookh Shaha, H. H.

Ainslie, Capt. C. (R.£.) ss

Ainslie, Capt. H. P.

Ainsworth, Capt. H. C M. ye

Aitken, Maj oie Jake Iige

Aitken, i. i

Alcock, W. O. (1.0.8.

Alderson, M. J.

Alexander, Capt. J. Dy (R.A. Mc.)

Allan, C. W. (1. oe

Allen, P. R. ts

aula: K. F.

Almon, W.

Ameeradin Tiana

Anderson, Major A. Vv. (LLM. s.).

Anderson, Major H.R. F....

Anderson, J.C...

Anderson, John 8. ...

Anderson, Lieut. R. H.

... Hurope.

... Cuttack.

... Bombay.

... Baroda.

... Karachi,

.. Prantij, Ahmedabad.

... Kandy, Ceylon.

.-. Meerut.

... Pegu.

... Lurope.

... Bombay.

... Europe.

... Bombay.

... Nasik.

... Bombay.

... Hurope,

a0 Goske

ne Derah Ismail

Khan.

Andersonn, M. .. Calcutta,

Anthony, H. B. (1.1 F. 8.) us aoe

Antram, C. B. ae .-» Cachar.

Armstrong, 8. .. Kirkee.

Armstrong, Capt. W. McG. ev Mhow, C. I

Arthur, Mrs. 8. R.. . Europe.

Atlay, F.

Austria, H.I.H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(Life Member) ... aes eee

Bach, Dr. C.

Baddeley, Col. P. F. M.

Bagnall, eae EN,

..Mogok,

Ole

Burma.

.. Europe.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

..- Ootacamund,

Bagshaw, L LVS .. Gangaw, Upper

Burma.

Bailward, Lt.-Col. A. C. (R.4.) ei ... Hurope.

Bainbridge, Surgeon-Genl. G. (I.m.s.) ... oo. Hurope.

Baker, E. C. Stuart (v.z.8.) (Life Hebe .». Dibrugarh.

Baldrey, Weta lithe Selelenn ese are Quetta.

Ball, J. A. B. .. Umballa.

Banks, Lieut.-Col. S. (oats)

Baput, 5. K.

-. Hurope.

eee Dhulia.

LIST OF MEMBERS. Vv

Barker, P. W. es ye ae ... Neschindipur, Ki. B.

Ry.

Barlow-Poole, = Jl, a F ye 602 on Ananianns

Barnard, R. C. E Ae i eo. Lanowli.

Barnes, Capt. “i - eee Dhar, Kathiawar.

Baroda, The Curator, ‘Baroda State Museum (Life

Member) } . Baroda.

Baroda, H. H. the Mahsraj Sir Baya Rao

Gaekwar of ue Member) . .. Baroda.

Barr, A. D. St. C ane .. Amraoti, Berar.

Barrow, Col. H. J. Waller (R. AAC Oe mess .-. Kasauli,

Barry, Major T. D. Collis (1.m.s.) ... Bombay.

Bartlett, Major C. R. (R.A.m.c., F.Z.8. ve ... Hurope.

Barton, E. L. (Life Member) ... sae ... Bombay.

Barton, Major F. J. H. be ae ... Mardan.

Bastow, A. H. see ae we. Lrevandrun.

Batchelor, S. L. (1. 0. S. ) ae ... Ahmedabad.

Bates, 8. B. (F.2.8.) (Life Member) aM ... Banmauk, Upper

Burma.

Battie, J. 8. Ba ... Kurnool.

Battye, Capt. W. R. ‘(C. M. Se aes .. Multan.

Baumbach, R. ne ae ... Bombay.

Bayley, Vv. B. EF. ate ne Les ... Lurope.

Beadon, Lieut. W. ... bes aa yeebants

Beale, H. F. (Life fe ge ee ... Poona.

Beath, J. H. ast ote ... Bombay.

Beaumont, i Be ee Ate ... Karachi,

Beechey, ASE! Gare) oo ues ... Khandwa, C. P.

Beg, Mirza Nazir... Be es ... Patan-Bori, Berar.

Belle Dr eA Es... en 3 ... Sirsa, Punjab.

Bell, T. R. D. Cae se oe ... Dhulia.

Bell, W. M. ae ae .-. Bombay.

Benjamin, Isaac... au we ... Bombay.

Bennett, Douglas ... Nae By ... Bombay.

Benson, Miss A. M. (m.p.)_... eet ... Bombay.

Benson, J.J. B. (c.5.) eee aa ... Ahmednagar.

Benson, W. A. (¢.E.) S00 a. ... Chalisgaon.

Bernhardt, K. a0 ae ve ... Karachi.

Berry, R. (c.n.) ee Ae se ... Arsikere.

Betham, Major R. M. bs ae: ... Poona.

Botham, W. G. (..F.8.) ae a »-. Hurope.

Bovoridye, H. W. (c.£.) ,.. Larkhana, Sind.

Bhatavadekar, Sir Bhatehandia iRfeleraes. . Bombay.

Bhownagar, H. H. the Maharaja Bhaosing

Takht Sing oji of (Life Member) a . Bhownagar.

Bhurie Singh, Mean Saheb a C.LE. ) ao Member). Chamba.

Bickel, F. W. Ha Cae”

Beenell) H, a ts . Europe.

Biggs, Major seh, wie (a. 1h) ee dae .. Rawal Pindi.

vi LIST OF MEMBERS.

Bignell, R. . Calcutta,

Bikaneer, H.H. the “Maharaja Sir Gunga Singji

Bahadoor of (Life Member) ... .. Bikanir.

Bingham, Col. C. T. (F.z.s.) . set ... Hurope.

Birdwood, H. M. (6.8.1) Bee aa ..- Hurope.

Birkinshaw, A. H. (¢.5,) me See ... Calcutta,

Biscoe, W. "Fraser (GEE) 8 she Re --- Secunderabad.

Blanford, W. T. (£.3.8.) a is ... Gurope.

Blathwayt, (Oi 5 bar (Qi Opey Wena ses ... Karachi, Sind.

Bogle, Lt. ae S. oe ae tis -o~ 1) GFW) o)5) hi amie Nie

hina.

Bomanji, K. R. (1.c.s.) . Bijapur.

Bombay Government, The Chief Secretary, Sepa-

rate Department .. - Bombay.

Bourdillon, H. H. ‘the Hon’ble Mr. J oa

(Eerss ic ‘8.1. er ees bee ... Calcutta,

Bourdillon, ANSI (Gren ahStog TOPS yy ae ... Quilon.

Bourke, Lt.-Col. G. D. (R A.M.C.) a ... Peshawar,

Bourne, J. M. ee He ee ... Nellore.

Bowen, J.C.G. ... oe oes --» Bombay.

Brand, J. 500 eee sc ... Kalyan,

Branson, Jaks UU) oe Oe 00 .-. Bombay.

Brendon, B.A. (Lc. s,) es Sik .. Europe.

Bright, Geo. H. (c. B.) ae ee .. Bombay.

Brodie, Pils 508 599 ... Trimalghorry, Dec-

can.

Brodie, N. 8. (1.c.s.) se ig ..- Bombay.

Brook-Fox, E. ( ¢.s. ) Bc eee .-- Bankipur.

Broughton, Lt. i Dy (BEES) eee sc ... Hurope.

Brown, Capt. H. R. (1.s.) . Bes .. Secunderabad.

Browne, Capt. 8. D. (@.n.4 ro pa: .. Mhow, C. I.

Browne, Major C, A. R. (R.z.) ee .. China Field Force,

Brudenell Bruce, Lieut. H. R. ace ... Hurope.

Buchanan, Capt. K, J. ae bon ... Banu,

Bulkley, i. 300 ... Kharaghora.

Burder, H. C. (Life Member) .. eee ... Hurope.

Burkill, J. H. (a.a.) ie Ba6 ... Calcutta,

Burn, I. (ikCisa)ne- ... Madras.

Bane: Murdoch, Tigatee Col. aii x E. We ... Dharwar.

Burness, 1’. Bee ... Dibrugarh, Assam.

Burns, C. L. ee te a ... Bombay.

Burton, Major R, Ga 208 Use .. Jalna.

Burton, ee Richard W. ... a .. Secundbd., Deccan.

Butler, A. L me vit hasten, Soudan,

Egypt.

Bythell, Major W. J. (Rx) ... cee ... Lurope.

Cabell, W. H. L. (1.c.8.) bt as »-. Rangoon,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Caccia, A. M. (1.F.s.) (Life ee)

Cadell, P. R. (..c.s.)

Caine, L.S.

Calcutta, Hon. Secr etary, Zoological Gardens

Cama, K. R. (Life Member) ..

Cama, Dr. Maneckjee D. (hie Member)...

Camerons Hiss)... Ss

Cameron, W. L. (c.£.)

Campbell, Lieut. D. (Life Member)

Campbell, Capt. Malcolm (R.a.)

Campbell, Revd. W. toward

Cappel, The Hon'ble Mr. EH. L. ue s. es

Cappel, S. F. L. G.r.s.) ee

Capper, Capt. A. S.

Carter, Capt. J. R. B. G.

Carter, Lt. R. M. (.m.s.)

Cassels, Mrs. Herbert

Cayley, Dr. C. H. (a1.a., MB.)

Chaldecott, Lt. W. H. (R.x.) ae

Chalmers, Allan M. wes

Chalmers, H.

Channer, fi- Col.) 0. ie (i.M. 5)

Chapman, J. A.

Chapman, Capt. P. F. (im. s.)

Chichgar, Hormusjee M. oe

Chico, J. R. (c.5.) ...

Chitty, The Hon’ble Mr. J ustice C. W.

Cholmondeley, E. C. es as

Christy, Dr. C. vs

Clark, J. (1.¢.s.)

Clark, W. 4H.

Clarke, Lt. F. Stanley

Clarke, L. O. (1.c.s.) (Life Member)

Clarke, Robt. L. H. (1.0.8.) ...

Clarkson, Lt.-Col. J. W. (1.m.s.)

Clements, H. (1.¢.8.)

Cleveland, Major Jol 1s (Gout s)

Clifford, TR cs oo

Clifton, C. N. (c.z.)

Clutterbuck, P. H. (LF.s., F. LS. 8)

Coates, Lt. He Cun

Coates, Lt. Victor ... ae es

Coen, W. W. Bee ae

Coggan, R. T.

Cool Dr. HE: (aL.R.C.8., LR.C.P.)

Coles, Geo. E. (C.z. ) sae

Collie, Lt.-Col. M. A. T. (1.m.8,) ace

vii

.». DehraDun,N.-W.P.

.. Ahmedabad,

... Mombassa,

... Calcutta.

.-- Bombay.

.. Bombay.

.. Ceylon.

... Belgaum.

... Hurope.

.-. Quetta.

.. Gooty, Madras Pre-

sidency.

.. Bombay.

.. Taungoo, Burma.

... Goona.

... Jetalsar,

.» Dthala,

... Calcutta.

..» Bombay.

.-. Quetta.

.-» Cachar,

.. Europe.

S. Arabia.

.. Poona,

... Dassein, Burma.

o Bombay.

os oaroda.

.. Rangoon.

e e

. Indore, C. J.

. Europe.

... Rangpur.

... Kamptee, C. P.

fos Aone loyey itis) IN,

China.

.. Ajal, Assam.

... Benares.

.. Poona.

... Poona.

.- Myictyina, Burma.

.. Poona.

honaa, Onalh,

. Meerut.

... Hurope.

.-. Hubli, 8. M. Ry.

... Calcutta.

... Sholapur.

--- Agra.

.. Hurope.

Viil LIST OF MEMBERS.

Collie, R. A. : me BAS w-- Hurope.

Collister, J. G. 1. .-: Bombay.

Colombo, The Librarian, Colombo Museum --- Colombo.

Coltart, Dr. H. N. Ss aes .. Dibrugarh.

Comber, Edward (F.2.8. Dinette ae .. Bombay.

Conduitt, W. A. (c.z.) aus 08 Sex dJlomibarnlh den).

Conley, — tes sate S86 .-» Calcutta.

Constable, I. a .. New York, U.S.A.

Cooch Behar, cat the Maharaja Sir. ‘Nripendra

Narayen Bhup Bahadoor of (Life see) --- Cooch Behar.

Coode, J. M. (Life Memher) ... ... Jabalpur, C. P.

Cooke, Lt, A. St. John see ie ... South Africa.

Cooke, Dia WDadel i we ... Lanouli.

Cooke, J. V. Sion .-. Lurope.

Coppinger, Lt W. V. (1M s) ae -e- Meerut.

Corbett, P. J. {0.n.)... ee ... Karachi, Sind.

Corbett, Capt. W. F. ete ee .-- Lucknow.

Cory, Rev. CP. ... sic on --. Port Blair:

Cosserat, L. (C.E.) ... Dee a ... Kalol, Punch Mahals.

Ooventry, B. O. (1.F.8.) Ss st ... Lahore.

Coventry, &. M. (1¥.s.) ie sae ... Nagear Kulu,

Kangra District.

Covernton, Professor A. L. ... ae .-- Bombay.

Covernton, J.G. ... ... Hurope.

Cox, Capt. P. Z. (#.2.8., F.R.G.8., C1 me --- Muscat.

Cox, 8. (LF.S.) Be Ue ... Madras.

Craddock, Wi El G.rs.) ane ae .«. Singapore, 8. 8.

Crawford, Leslie... 509 309 --- Bombay.

Cr aio W. M. (1.c.s.) = ae es Wikre ley, Ol, Le.

Crofts, Lt.-Col. A. M. (1.M.S8.) aes --- Gwalior, C. I.

Croly, Lt.-Col. A. H. J. @. ae a? ... Hurope.

Crommelin, C. A. R. Sop .-- Bombay-

Cruddas, Lieut EW. ae ao .-- Bakloh, Punjab.

Crum, W.E ae Be ss ... Hurope.

Crump, H. ne ee ee Mee .-. Pachmarhi.

Crump, L. C. (1.¢.s.) sas wis »-- Satara.

Cubitt, G. HE. 8. ce oe Sa .-- Kindat, Burma.

Cuffe, T. W. be sat wai .-- Bombay. —_[ Gulf.

Cumming, W. D. .. sae --» Ormara, ‘Persian

Cumming, Major W. H. (ae 1) Bh ... Hurope.

Curreembhoy Ebrahim ae 5b --» Bombay.

Currey, HLS. - Bee bas ... Hurope.

Jurrey, Lieut. V. F. ee ie .-» Karachi.

Currie, R. G. ... Calcutta.

Cutch, H.H. Shri Kengurji Sawai Bahadoor, the

Rao Saheb of (Life Member) ia ... Bhuj, Cutch.

Daintrey, W.M.... x oor a: ... New York.

Dallaport J.N.

Dalrymple-Hey, Mrs. L.

Daly, W. Mahon

Daniell, Lt.-Col. A. C. ae

Demeon, J. W.

Davidson, J. (1.0.8,)

Davidson, Norman ...

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Davis, ae R. E. 8. (.m.s.)

Dawson, G. B

Dawson, W. he a 0, ‘) (Life Member)

Deane, Dr. A

Deane, H. H. eon

De Carteret, St. G..

Delmé-Radeliffe, Lieut. Ae

Delme-Radcliffe, Lieut. 8.

Dempster, F. HE. (c.L5.)

Des Veeux, Capt. H.

Desai, Dr. Manilal G.

Dewar, D. (1.c.8.)

Dharampur, H.H. Maharana | Baldeoji of

Dhargalkar, Dr. Luxumon _... .

Dhunjibhoy a eee Mee

Dick, Major A. R.

Dickinson, W. L.

Dimmock, [t.-Col. Higies (nD, Lats)

Dixon, R. M.

Dodgson, James (I. Fs )

Donald, C. H.

Donovan, me C.(L.M.8.)

Douglas, D

Drake-Br Geen C. B.

Drake-Brockman, Capt. D. H

Drake-Brockman, Maj. H. i. (tM. 8.) ( (Life fe Member).

Dreckmann, Rev. F. (8.J.)

Druce, Heinen

DuBoulay, J)5 Tels (Gaxcusp))

Dudgeon, G. C. (F.E.8.)

Duke, Lt.-Col. J. (1.m.s.)

Dumayne, F. G.

Dunbar-Brander, A. ic ES. yee

Duncan, P. (M.1.C.E.)

Dunsterville, Lt.-Col. K. 8. (n.A.)

Dunsterville, ee L. C. ys

Dupuis, A

Dwane, E. H.

-. Bombay.

eo Nellore.

... Pitsunalok, va

Bangkok, Siam.

-» Bombay.

. Rangoon.

ee Europe.

.. Kalthuritty, S. 1.

Ry.

.. Rangoon.

.. Europe.

... Bombay.

50 Partabgarh, Oudh.

.. Kowloon,

Hong-

kong.

-.» Kherwara.

.-. Calcutta.

.. Bassein, Burma.

.. Kaira.

. Fyzabad, Oudh.

.. Dharampur.

.. Bombay.

e Bombay.

... Peshawar,

.. Sibsagar, Assam.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

Adeypore: ka eNO,,

Vizagapatam Dist,

.. Madras.

st Dibrugarh, Assam.

.. Bankpura, Bengal.

.. Lansdowne.

Bhurtpur.

.. Bombay.

.. Europe.

... Ahmednagar.

... Palanpur, ” Punjab,

... Kashmir.

... Calcutta.

.. Europe.

ae Onsen Madras.

.e» Rawal Pindi.

... Mean Meer.

.. Ceylon.

.. Secunderabad,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Dyson, Major T. E. (1™.s.)

Eardley-Wilmot, 8. (1.5.8.)

Hde, F. J. (a.M.1.C.E.)

Edlman, Capt. E. E.

Edmiston, W. L.

Edulji Nusserwanji, Dr. aa ae

Eliot, Neville (R.A. .)

Elliot, Capt. W. H

Elliott, A S(CaE.)

“OW (P.LS., LMS.) ae

Elliott, Dr. A. M, ...

Elliott, C. F. (1.F.s.)

Elmes, F. R.

Elsworthy, E. H.

Elwes, H. J. (F.B.8.)

Emanuel, A. B. L. (1.¢.s.)

A. E,. (1.0.8.)

English, A

Enthoven, i K, (1.¢.8.)

Evans, Vety.-Major G. H.

Evans, Lt. W

Fagan, H. R.

F airclough, J. 3

Falkiner, De J.M..

Farrington, H. A. (1

. AL. (R.g.)

F.S.)

Fawcett, OEE (ecis,) a

Fenton, Lt.-Col. L.

Ferguson, H. 8. ae FS.)

Ferris, Lt.-Col. W. B

Few, H. W.

Field, Frank

Fischer, C. H. C. (1F.8.)

Fisher, W. F. D. (ar.s.)

Fitz-Gerald, Col. H.

Fitz-Gibbon, Pe etees. nee

Fitz-Hugh Lance, Lieut, F.

Fleming, W. N.

Fletcher, I’. E.

Forbes, A. W.

Forbes, C. H. B.

Forbes, Capt. G. F. R.

Forbes, J. D.

Forbes-Sempill, The

Forsyth, Dr. W.

Hon’ble R. A.

.- Ahmedabad.

... Simla,

.-. Silchar, Cachar.

... Abbottabad.

. Kil-Kotagiri, S.

India.

... Bombay.

.- Rawal Pindi.

-e- Dharamsala.

... Hurope.

.. Mombassa,

East

Africa.

... Dibrugarh, Assam,

... Bombay.

... Europe.

... Satara,

.. Katha, Burma.

... Poona.

.. Rangoon.

.. Lucknow.

... Rangoon.

.. Bombay.

.. Panitola,

Dibru-

garh, Assam.

sel alpaiguri, Bengal.

see Gonna:

... Europe.

... [rivandrum.

... Bombay.

... Pakokku, U.Burma.

... Gaya.

... Europe.

... Chatrapur.

... Ahmednagar.

... Wellington.

... Belgaum.

... Umballa.

... Europe.

... Calicut.

... Secunderabad.

... Hurope.

.-- Bombay.

... Jubbulpore, C. P.

= .. Bangkok, Siam.

Forel, Monsieur Auguste er COREE: Member).

Europe.

.. Calcutta.

Forteath, H. H. (1.8.s.)

Foster, Major L. M.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

Foulkes, George F. F. (148.8, "

Foulkes, Capt. H. D.

Fountouklis, HE.

Fox, Col. H. C. (R. B.)

Fraser, Major A.

Fraser, Capt. H. A. ‘Ds (n.E.)...

Fraser, S. M.

(GIO)

Frenchman, Lt.-Col. H. P. (1.a1.3.)

Friedlander and Sohn, Messrs. R.

Byala Bie. S.))))<

Fuller, Dr. Chas, A.

Fulton, Hon’ble Mr, E. M. (ne C.8. )

Fulton, Capt. H, T,

Fulton, Lt.-Col. R.

Gabbett, Capt. P. C. Came

Gadsden, F. O, (R.1.M.)

Galloway, R.

Gamble, J. S. (£.1.8.)

Gammie, Prof. G. A.

Gaskin, L. E. P. CS

Gaye, W. C.

Geddes, Mrs. J. G. .

George, C. P.

Gerhardt, Paul

Ghosal, I (I.0.8.)

Gibbs, H. M.

Gibbs, R. T.

Gilbert, C. F. (attr. On, )

Gilbert, Reg.

Gilhert- -Cooper, W. ip A F. so

Gill, H.

Gillum, S. i

Gimlette, Li.-Col. G. H. 8. Goats.)

Giro, C. G.

Glaecer, John

Gleadow, fe CG LF.&) ss

Godfrey, G. C.

Godwin-Austin, H.

Goldsmid, F. i

Goldthorpe, Capt. F.

Gonsalves, Dr. J. F.

Gordon, D. M.

Gore, F.C.

Gore, Col. St. G. C. “(RB,)

.-. Pakokku, Burma.

.» Poona.

.-. Coimbatore.

.. Mean Meer.

- Europe.

.. Europe.

.. Lurope.

i Derah Dun.

.. Hurope.

.. Rangoon, Burma.

.. Europe,

.. Poona.

... Cawnpore.

... Poona.

... New Zealand.

..- Dharamsala,

.. Coonoor.

.. Hurope.

.. Secunderabad,

Deccan.

.. Hurope.

.. Poona.

(Mundla, ©. P.

.. Secunderabad,

.. Hurope.

ie Secunderabad,

Daccah.

... Bombay.

... Ahmednagar.

woe DUrat,

.. Dacca.

... Bhamo, Burma.

... Hurope.

.-- Moulmein.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay,

... Hyderabad, Deccan.

... Calcutta.

... Bombay.

... Mauritius.

.. Calcutta,

. Bassim, Berar.

. Jhana.

.. Kohat.

... Bandra,

.. Taunggyi, 8. Shan

[ States,

.. Sibsagar Assam.

.. Caleutta,

xii LIST OF MEMBERS,

Gover, A. A.

Gracias, Dri Gee

Graham, Lt. B. C.

Graham, D. N.

Graham, J. A.

Gray, Chas.

Greany, Lieut.-Col. Whe.

Greaves, John ;

Greaves, S. E. oa

Green, H. Ernest (F.2.8.)

Gregerson, Dr. J. D.

Greig, Joseph

Griltithssoy er Mey ye

Grubbe, Major HK. A.

Gwyn, Capt. A.

Habibuddin, 8. (c.s.)

Hale, A.

Hall, William

Hankin, A. C. (¢.1.8.)

Hannyngton, F. (2.¢.8.)

Hannyngton, W. O

Hanson, OC. O. (1.F.s.)

Harcourt, Capt. J. 8. M.

Hardinge, D.

Harington, Capt. i. A. me

Harington, Lt.-Col. V. (1.m.s.)

Harper, E. W. (£.2.8.) ae

Harris, Capt. E. W.

Harrison, Astedtee ce.

Harter, R. W.

Harvey, Capt. W. F. (IM.s.)

Harvey, W. L. (1.¢.8.)

Harwood, Lieut.-Col. J. G. G A310.) 0

Haslope, Rev. L. M.

Hasted, H. R. G.

Hasted, W. A. sé

Hatch, Capt. A. E..

Hatch, G. W. (t.c.8.)

Hatch, Lt.-Col. W. K. (tars)

Hatchell, D.G. ae

Hate, Vinay rak N.

Haughton, Samuel ee

Hauxwell, DP wAL (Ess.

Hawkins, Actban presse)

... Cochin, Malabar.

.e. Silvassa,vi@ Daman.

.-. Tongshan, N. China.

... Hurope.

.. Coorg.

--- Coonoor.

.-» Aden,

... Bombay.

-:: Bombay.

... Peradeniya, Ceylon.

.-- Dibrugarh, Assam.

.-. Cachar.

... Hurope.

.-- Hurope.

-. Hurope.

.. Hanumkonda, Hy-

derabad, Deccan.

... Selangor.

Be Ammedabad:

Hampson, Sir George FR, (Bart (FL s., ELE.S;)| eee

ng -. Secunderabad.

-- Ootacamund.

.. Loungdwingyee,

Europe.

Burma.

.-. Hurope.

-. Murope.

... Maubin, Burma.

+. Taungeyi, Burma.

.«-« Mount Abu.

--. Bombay.

.-. Singapore.

.. Lakhimpur, Assam.

.». Hurope.

... Bombay.

..- Bombay.

ee» Bombay.

.-. Hurope.

.. Koraput, Vizagapa-

tam District.

.-. Nellore, Madras.

... Hurope.

»-» Ratnagiri.

woe Hurope.

.». Madras.

... Bombay.

... Colombo, Ceylon.

.. Maymyo, Burma.

* Parulia, B. N. Ry.

LIST OF MEMBERS, X1ll

Hawks, Lieut. G. A. eae ede ... Allahabad.

Hayden, HH." :.. aise a ... Calcutta.

Hayter, O.C.G. ... bee eee .. Ajmere.

Hearsey, T. N. (1.F.s.) ees ous -- Pollibetta, 8. Coorg.

Heath, R. H. (c.z.) Pe pobas

Hoeckerenz, Le Baron Von(Hon. Comps. Member) Java.

Henderson, Lt, R. R. .. Sialkot.

Herbert, Major H. (1.u.s.) ... ee .. Hurope.

Heyvate, Major tt. H. G. (o.s. ae Bi ... Thayetmyo, Burma

Hickman, R. St. J. ai ..- Cachar.

Hide, P. (Life Member) i eee es» Karachi.

Higgins, J. A. By ets ... Mandla, C. P.

Hill, Claude H. (1.0. 8.) ee ae eeu Ooms

Hill, F. J. A. BE se ee »- Chana.

Hodgkinson, Capt. C. see ve ... Lucknow.

Hodgkinson, Col. H. aus “ee ... Bombay.

Hojel, Major J. G. & MOG) bec ian ... Hurope.

Hole, H. A. ae coe se. Hfurope:

Hole, B. 8. (LE.S.) .. os fe + Jabalpur, GzP:

Hollis, T. ae ae .. Bombay.

Holyoak, Bernard ... . Bombay.

Hoosein Belgrami, The Hon’ ble Mr. Syed Nawab

Imud-ul-mulk Bahadoor (8. C. B. Be .. Hyderabad, Deccan.

Hooton, Capt. A. (.M.S.) —... be ... Bijapur.

Hope, A. J. BR, oa see 500 .. Myitkyina, Upper

Burma,

Hope, C. W. one side ... Hurope.

Hornidge, 8. (¢.£., I. AE, SD eee ae w. Hurope.

Hotson, J. E. B. @ LS) oe a ... Rajkote, Kathiawar.,

Howlett, C@olkwAS (s:c:) “at See a» Hurope.

Hudson, Capt. C. T. (1.m.8.) ... sae oo. Natara,

Hudson, C. W. M. (10.s.) ... wes .. Kaira.

Hulbert, Capt. J. G. (1. m. s.) 560 bes Naimigdiale

Humphrey, J. 560 bee Be .»- Bombay. |

Hunt, C. B. Holman si sas see Munnar Om S.

India,

Hutchinson, Lt. C. G. at Ass ... Lhayetmyo,Burma,

Hutchinson, F. G. a0 a ... Bhaynder.

Hutchinson, F’. T. aoe .«. Bombay.

Hutchinson, Capt. L. T. R. (13 Megs)! gas ... Bombay.

Hyam, Judah (Life Member) ... ae .-. Poona,

Ichalkaranji, The Hon’ble Narayenrao Govind, alzas

Babasaheb Ghor ae Chief of ae pe) .-- Kolhapur.

Ilbert, L. G. ». Sibsagar, Assam.

Imray, RobtaS:) -.. <0 560 .-. Peermaad, Travan-

core.

Indore, H.H. the Maharaja Holkar of ... .«» Indore.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

x1V

Ingle, F. A. nf .. Bombay.

Inglis, Chas, M. (Life Member) .. Durbhanga.

Inverarity, J. D. (8.4., LL.B.) (Life Member) .. Hurope.

Jacob, G. (1.C.8.) ..- . Karachi,

Sarikteraelie Shrimant Papashirain Ramehandies Pai

wardhan, The Chief of oon Heuer .. Kolhapore.

Jamrach, W. .. Hurope.

Jamsetji, M., D- ctor . Bombay.

Janjira, H. EI Sir Sidi Ahmed Khan, ‘Nawab of

(Life Member) .. Janjira.

Jardine, A.J. A. .. Rangoon.

Jardine, E. R, ... Bombay.

Jardine, M. R. .. Bombay.

Jardine, W. F. ... Hurope.

Jayakar, ibe Cy AWG G ML. Ls) .. Bandora.

Jeffrey, J. A. er ... Hurope.

Jellett, H. H. ... Calcutta.

Jennings, Major W. .B, (1M. s) ... Hurope.

Jermyn, Lt.-Col. T. 50 ... Bellary.

Jesse, William ... Lucknow.

Jewett, Miss L. .-. Dhubri, Assam,

Johny He C.(Gmt.) x: ... Satara.

Johnson, S. M._... ... Cawnpore.

Johnston, J. C. R. .. Hurope.

Johnstone, J. W. De

Jones, Major J. Lloyd (1.m a)

Jones, Capt. M. D. Goring

RE Gwalior,

... Bombay.

=, Nagpur, Cj:

uf Bandarwella,

Cae

Ceylon.

Kearns, A. S. ... Europe.

Keary, Lt.-Col. H. Dy ... Rangoon, Burma,

elien: Colonial. Vee. ... Deolali.

Kelly, Capt. C. R. (R.6.4.) ... Roorkee,

Kelsall, Capt. H. J. (2.a.) ... Hurope.

Kemball, H. V. (¢.£.) .. Bombay.

Kem p, N. W.

entail Capt. C. J. am) |

Kennedy, agi lem(§-0:8,) ee

Kenny, 8. D. (1.£.s.)

Kenyon, James

Ker, L. B. S06

Kergarion, Comte de

Kerkhoven, E. J. (Hon. Correspe Member)

Keys, H. W. (1.F.8.)

Khan, Muncherji Framji

Khareghat, M. P. (1.¢.8.)

Kinloch, A. M. a

.-. Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Belgaum.

... Chikalda, Berar.

.-. Karachi.

.. Bombay.

ceeanige

.. Java.

w-. Natara.

... Colombo, Ceylon.

s. Watara,

. Kil-Kotagiri,

Nilgiris,

LIST OF MEMBERS. XV

Kirtikar, Lt.-Col. K. R. (1..s.) - Ratnagiri.

Kolhapur. H.H. the Maharaja Sir Shahu Chhatra-

pati of (Life Member) . Kolhapur.

Kotah, H.H. the reese I Umed Sing Bahadoor

(Life Member) a .- Kotah.

Kotewal, Prof. A. B. oe see ..- Bandora,

Kunwar Kushal Pal Singh. ay --» Rais Kotila, Agra

Dist.

Lace, John H. (LF.s., F.LS.) ... a .» Darjeeling.

Laird-MacGregor, EK. G. ie (GaxoHs) sell pee Karwar.

Lamb, Capt. Geo. (1.M.s.) es bee .». Kasauli, Punjab.

Lamb, R, A. (1.¢.8.) (Life Member) Ser 4s Europe.

Land Records and eee The Director of ... Poona.

Taney hte W.. E.) . .-. Bombay.

Langham, Arthur ... aS ap ... Bombay.

Lawrence, Mrs. E. om ar ... Hurope.

Lee, Capt. A. W. H. 060 va .»» With the Somali-

land field Force.

Leete, F. A. (F.0.H., LF ) “ ..- Naini Tal.

Lely, "Hon’ble Mr. F. 8 P. (Lo. C.8., 0.8.1. ) .-- Ahmedabad.

Lennox, Lt. G. M. bso “ .-» Bombay.

Leslie, Nake 500 ba ss --- Bombay.

Leslie, Major G. A. (R.E.) —... ae .-. Peshawar.

Lester, Capt. C. D. wee a .-» Bombay,

Lewis, Fred. ( F.L.s. ) 50 ses ... Colombo, Ceylon.

Light, Lt.-Col. R. H. Be au .»» Bombay.

Light, Lieut. W. A. ave ois Son eure (On 2B

Lightfoot, Sh nous OF uae ... Mimbu, U. Burma.

Lincoln, Capt. C. H. (Las.) .. in ... Karwar.

Linneli, Fred. ‘ Aas ... Rangoon.

Liston, Capt. W. G. Gane) ae oe Pe are.

Little, F. D. 60 500 Bue .-- Banmauk P.O.,

Katha, U. Burma.

Lloyd, Col. O. E. P. (v.c., R.A.M. me) 500 ... Ootacamund.

Loam, Mathew... Pe, ... Berhampur.

Lock, Capt. F. R. E. (L8.c.) .. 600 ... Poona.

Logan, A. C, (1.6.8.) ae ... Broach.

Long, G. R. (LF-s.) a Member) Jae .». Mimbu, U. Barma,

Horny, FB. P. 564 .-. Ahmedabad.

Loudon, Moor J AC Nee set .-. Singapore, 8. 8.

Lovegrove, W ea EUS(TS2:)) 0) tone wes .». Kotedwara.

Lowndes, G. R. oe ie sie ... Hurope.

Lowrie, A. E. (1.F.s.) bot bey see Raipur, C.k

Luard, E. 8. “ -. Europe.

Lucknow, The Curator & Sec., "Provincial Museum Lucknow.

Lumley, Major F. D. Sot ae ... Hurope.

|Tipaoveln, (On Mey 9)" on ae pe -.. Bombay.

Lynn, G. R, (C.E.) ooo eee e206 Baroda,

XVi LIST OF MEMBERS.

Macaulay, L. A. ... oes

Macaulay, R. H.... sds

MacDonald, Dr. D. (Life Member)

MacDonald, J. she a

MacDonald, K. C. ...

MacMillan, D. A.

Mackay, E, D; wae ae 40

Mackenzie, Kenneth PE ane

Mackenzie, Lt. K. L. W.

Mackenzie, M. D. ...

Mackenzie, M. M. ...

Mackinnon, P. W. (F.£.s.)

Mackwood, F. M. ...

Maclaren, J. Malcolm (E.G. =)

Macleod, N.C. ee

Macpherson, John ... oe

Macpherson, Col. T. R. M. ...

Mactaggart, H. B. ...

Madras, The Principal Presidency College

Madras, The Librarian, Govt. Central Museum

Mahaluxmiwalla, C. D.

Wilewties al cs

Major, Capt. es 2:

Mallins, Major C. (1.u.s.) —...

Manders, Major N. (R.4.M.c.)

Mandlik, Narayan V. (Life ae

Mann, H. H.

Manners Smith, Major J. (Vv. 0., ‘GL, ne

Maxson, Lieut. B. EK. A, Boe

Manson, C. E. F. ... seo a

Manson, F. B. (LE.S. ) aes oe.

Marryat, N. Sec

Marshall, Arch. MeL. (Life Member)

Marshall, J. McL. (Life Member)

Marshall, Capt. T. H. (R.A.)

Marston, G. D. (c.E.)

Marten, James in

Martin, Lieut.-Col. Gerald Cite Member)

Masson, DE. oC'1.E.) ot

Masson, W. P. a

Massy, Major H. 8.

Maxwell; HD 3:

Maxwell, Lt. W. F. (R.£.)

Mayne, Capt. HB: Gs aut.)

McCarrison, D. L. ..

McCormack, R, B.

McDougall, E.

McGlashan, John (c. E »

.-. Bombay.

... Europe.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Hurope.

.. Keonjhar, Orissa.

.-» Sibsagar, Assam.

-- Kurnool, Madras,

... H'yzabad.

... Umarkot, Sind.

... Chapra, Bengal.

... Mussoorie, N.-W.P.

.-- Colombo.

... Calcutta,

.. Bombay,

.. Hurope.

uy Hurope.

... Negapatam.

.. Madras.

.. Madras,

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Jalna, Deccan.

... Hurope.

... Liurope,

... Bombay.

.. Calcutta.

... Neemuch, C. I.

. Belgaum.

. Rangoon,

Rangoon.

. Bombay.

.. Europe.

... Lurope.

... Quetta.

... Bombay.

... DehraDun,N.-W.P.

cae Europe.

... Lahore.

... Darjeeling.

... Hurope.

... Maubin, Burma.

... Aden.

... Bombay.

... Koraput,

.. Nasik.

... Bassein, Burma,

.. Calcutta,

LIST OF MEMBERS. XVii

McIntosh, Alex. (c.n.) aoe sal .. Calcutta,

McIntosh, R. (1.8.8.) aes »»> Dehra Dun.

McKay, ee @oll iE Ke (IM, 8) sea ... Jabalpur, C, P.

McKenna, J. (1.0.8.) Soe ... Bassein, Burma,

McKenzie, Alex. ... a wa ... Bombay.

McLaughlin, Lt. H. D. .-. Silchar, Cacher,

Mcleod, Major-Genl. D. J. S. (cB, D.S. :.0.) ... Meerut,

McMahon, Major A. H, (6.1.5., 6.8.1. ‘ oa -»- Quetta,

McMullen, Dr. G. C. Hae ... Kotri, Sind.

MeNeil, J. Ieee ee we bee ..- Bombay.

Mead, Capt H aes ar .. Deolali,

Mead, Pete (1.Gi8:)\ << Ae we ... Bombay.

Meinertzhagen, iout, Rei) me ... Mombassa, British

Kast Africa,

Menon, K. G. os ee .. Trichor.

Merwanji Pallonji Talati a vole ... Bombay.

Mess President, 34th Battery, R. F. A. ... .«- Campbellpore.

Mess President, 10th Bo. L. Peay (Life Member) Hongkong.

Mess President, South Wales Borderers .. Mean Meer.

Mess President, Q. O. Come of Guides .. ... Mardan.

Messent, P. G. 5 Sas .. Bombay.

Metcalfe, T. J. ... Rangoon,

Metge, Lt. R. .. Subathu,

Meyer, Major C. 13h, JD, os M. 8)

.. Europe.

Meyer, O. S80 .. Bombay.

Millard, W. 8. 506 “ie as ... Bombay.

Millett, G.P. (LF.S.) est a ... Belgaum.

Mills, a D. (Life Member) .... an ... Hurope.

Milne, Capt. C. J. Robertson (1.M.s.) ... .. Hurope.

Minniken, G. G. (1.F.8.) ee . Simla,

Miraj, Shrimant Gungadharrao Ganesh, ‘alias Baas

saheb Patwardhan, ‘Chief of ce Member) .. Miraj.

Mitchell, J.C. H. ... ... Lezpur, Balipara

P.O., Assam.

Mitchell, Dr. W.

Modi, Bomanji Edulji

Mogeridge, C. B. ...

Mollison, J.

Monte, Mrs, Cecilia de (LM. & s.)

Monte, Dr. D. A. de sae

Monteath, J. (1.¢.s.)

Moore, Capt. H. M. (1. M.S.) .

Moore, W. (F.C.S.) .

Morgan, V. G. (LF. 8.)

Morgan, W. de (C.£.)

Morison, W. T. (1.C.s.)

Morley, G. 8.

Morris, Capt. A. H. (RA. M. c)

... Hurope.

.. Kaira.

.. Rangoon.

.. Bombay.

.. Bandora.

... Dharwar,

.. Bombay.

.. Dibrugarh.

.. Hoshungabad, C.P.

.. Waltair, Vizagapa-

tam District.

.. Poona.

a Nagpur, C, P.

Bombay.

XVill LIST OF MEMBERS,

Morris, Capt. D. O. ane 208 ... Amraoti, Berar.

Mona G. C. ae aan ... Ceylon.

Morris, Capt. G. M. ie ... Secunderabad, Dec-

can.

Morrison, Dr. W. ... 590 oe ... Bombay.

Moscardi, K. H. (1.c.s.) 65 ma ... Hurope.

... sadra Mahikantha.

.. Barrackpore.

Mosse, Lt. A. H. E. ae

Mowbray, Lt. J. L.

Moylan, W. Bo a ... Calcutta,

Muller, Professor 0. V. ap wae ... Bombay.

Minmiorden Ga) ee ie) Uh ... Maubin, Burma.

Mumford, J. tee 500 Mee ... Bombay.

Mundy, N.S. ae ae ..- Dibruvarh, Assam.

Munna Lal, Dr. ... Banda, N.-W.P.

Murray, &. ‘3B. .. Ootacamund.

Muspratt, E. (Life Member) . Sibsagar, Assam.

Mysore, The Superintendent, Mysore Government

Museum . Bangalore.

Mysore, H.H. the M: abaraja (Gishne Raj Woodayar

Bahadoor of (Life Member) ... .. Mysore.

Nagpur, The Curator, Central Museum... ... Nagpur.

Nangle, H. C. S09 Soo 560 ... Kyaikto, Thaton

District, Lower

Burma,

Nangle, Capt. K. E. San aa ... Aurungabad.

Weavers. IUjey ils (Oh) cee sree ... Mandalay.

Naranji Dwarkadas (Life Member) ... Bombay.

Narrotumdas Morarji Goculdass (Life Member) ... Bombay.

Navanagar, H.H. Maharaja Shri Jaswat Singji, the

Jam Saheb of (Life ae ee- Rajkote.

Nelson, Major H. 8. (R.c. st

Newnham, Major A. (¥.2.8.) .

Nicholson, H. F...

Nicholson, Major R. H. (R.A. MAC. oy

Nicholson, Capt. W. C. “

Nigel-Jones, M. K.

Nisbett, Capt. W. Ga

.. Bombay.

.. Lucknow.

... Bombay.

.. Europe.

.. Hurope.

... Dibrugarh, Assam.

.. Katha, .U p per

Burma.

Northcote, H.E. Lord .. Poona.

Norvill, Dr. T. H. (at.p.) AN .. Lakhimpur.

Nurse, Major O. G. (F.B.G.8., F.E.S. ss) .. Quetta.

Nurse, Capt. H. H. .. Aden.

Nuttall, W. M. .. Dibzugarh, Assam.

Oakden, R. M. (1.¢.s.) .. Meerut.

Oakes, George 1s os .. Ootacamund.

Oates, EB. W. (Hon. Correspe. - Member ... Hurope.

O’Brien, Capt. Edward 4c 500 .»» Hurope.

LIST OF MEMBERS. XIX

O’Brien, Hon’ble W. T. oe ay --- Karachi.

O’ Leary, J. L. McCarthy (1.4. s.) ees ... Salem, Madras Pre-

sidency.

Ogilvie, Capt. E. C. 8) see ae .. Poona,

@eden W. P. 5 ak .. Rangoon,

Oliver, ALK, Ne ssi .. Bombay,

Oliver, J. W. (ue. s.) .. Dehra Dun.

Olen Lt.-Col. H. D. (R.5., P28. ) cit Member). Bombay.

Ollivant, Capt. A. H. .. Jutogh, near Simla.

Ollivant, Hon’ble Sir E. C. K. ae O.8., K.C.8.L ee _ Europe.

Opiumwalla, Dorab E. ... Bombay.

Orr ees GRCiss)). | Sa. Avs .. Thana.

Osborn, Lt.-Genl. W. (as. ay) sii ++ Hoshiarpur.

Osmaston, B. B, (1.£.s.) wis ss .. Darjeeling.

Osmaston, L. 8. (. F.S.) te bes .. Hurope.

Oxley, Lt. J. C.8., (I.us.) eee .. Rangoon,

Ozzard, Major F. R. (ua.s ae a oie ... Tongshan, N. China.

Packard, Capt. H. N. (p.a.)... ore ... Ootacamund.

Pam, Albert so ae .». Hurope.

Parrington, Lt. J. W. (Bl) so oe .- Karachi.

Parsons, Be S. os ... Europe,

Partridge, Henry (Life Member) a .«. Pyinmana, Burma,

Patton, Lt. W. 8. (MESS) shee, Fa ups .-. Bombay.

Pawalla, Jamsetji C. se sas .. Bombay.

Payn, Capt. W.A. aes bis .. Ranikhet.

Pearless, S. H. é ae Ms .». Ceylon.

Pearson, R. 8. (1.5. s.) ssi .. Dhulia,

Pechey-Phipson, Mrs. nas i) 20 Ne .. Hurope.

Peiniger, W. sh Ba .. Chiengmai, vid

Moulmein.

Peirce, H, B. bi eee = ... Bombay.

Perreau, Lt. G. me Ris .». Drosh, Chitral.

Pestonji Jivanji (Life Member) es ... Karemnagar, Yel-

gundal District.

Peters, Lt.-Col. C. T. (1.m.s.) ... . Bombay.

Petit, The Hon, Mr. Bomanji Dinshaw (Life Member) ) Bombay.

Petit, Dhunjibhoy Bomanji (Life Ta ... Bombay.

Petit, Jehangir ieee aa eee ... Bombay.

Phear, ee ss ... Nagpore, C. P.

Phel Ds, By Le 00 ee ... Hurope.

Philloti, Col DEG: ei ee ... Kareman, Persia.

Phipps, aun 509 Ss -.. Hurope.

Phipson, H. M. (c.m.z.s.) ( Life Member) ... Lurope.

Pilcher, Capt. AC ae Be cor ... Hurope.

Pilcher, Coli J GaGaes.) ... i ... Europe.

Pilkington, HS: Ses ... Calcutta.

Pinhey, Major A. F. (c.1. ee 500 _.. Oodeypur.

Kx LIST OF MEMBERS.

Teale oly MABRY es

Pocock, Capt. P. F.

Pollen, Dr. John (1.¢.s.)

Polwhele, A. C\(C.z.)

Poncins, Baron Edmond de (Life Member)

Powell, Lt. A. H. (8.£.) be

Powell, R. M. wate

Prain, “Major D. (1.M.s.)

Prall, Major 8. E. (1...)

Pratt, E.G. (.c.s.)...

Prontiat Capt. W. 58.

Prescott, Lieut. C. W.

Preston, F. J.

Prichard, G. MM...

Priestley, Capt. C. E. N.

Primrose, Alex. M.

Prior, Major W.

Proctor, H. E.

Pundit Jwala Prasad (1.0.8. vo

Purkis, H. V. see vee

Raby Noble, W. ...

Raikes, EH. B.

Rambant, B. R. R. ico

Ranger, G. 0.

Rattray, Lt.-Col. R. cE

Ravenshaw, Lt.-Col. C. W. (Life Member)

Rayment, Vet Se Gordie ees

Ready, Capt. B. T..

Readymoney, N. J

Rees, H. C.

Rees, W. E.

Reeve, RB.

Reid, Mejor L. H.

Bend, M. F. (CAB)

Reidy Wed. 1.c:8)))..

Rennie, Thos.

Renton, Capt. C. C...

Reynolds, L. W. (1.0.8.)

Reynolds, BP. s(Gaa)e

Rhé-Philipe, G. W. de

Rhodes, T. M. bes

Rice, Lieut. B. A. ...

Richards, G.

Richardson, Cecil

Richardson, Miss H. E.

Richardson, Lt.-Col. W. St. John

... Dehra Dun.

..- Baroda.

... Hurope.

sacle NOMA

... Hurope.

... Kirkee.

... Cuddapah, Madras,

... Calcutta.

... Aden.

... Hurope.

... Mandalay.

... Kasauli, Punjab.

... Jubbulpore.

ea ktamteks Cale:

... Rangoon.

.. Kullakambay P.O.

Nilgiris.

... Dilkusha, Oudh.

... Bombay.

.. Orai, N.-W. P.

.. Bhadarwa, Jummoo

State.

... Behali P.O., Assam.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.-. Calcutta,

.-. Dehra Gazi Khan,

.». Nepal.

... Hurope.

-.. Umballa.

.. Bombay.

... Pegu, Burma.

... Gaya, Bengal.

.. Bombay.

... Murree.

... Bombay.

.. Dibrugarh, Assam.

... Rangoon.

.-- Hingoli, Deccan.

.. Indore, C. I.

... Hurope.

... Allahabad.

... Haflong, Cachar.

... Killa Drosh.

... Bombay.

.. Ahmedabad.

.. Bombay.

UBaealeadn

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Richmond, R. D. (1.8.s.)

Roberts, Lieut. A. 8S. B. es

Roberts, Capt. M. B. oe a

Roberts, R.

Robertson, B. (I.c.s., C.1.F.) ...

Robertson, The Hon'ble Col. Sir D. (cs. 1)

Robertson, F’. W. (1.c.s.)

Robertson, da dale (Greush))

Robertson, Lt. W. (2.£.) oe

Robinson, Major C. AN, (GBeiG)

Rodger, A. (1.F.8.. ... ae

Rodon, “Major G. 4 (F.2.8.)

Rogers, C. G. (1.F.8.)

Rogers, Henry (M.R.C.v.S.)

Rogers, Rey. K. St. A.

Rogers, Capt. P. H.

Rome, F. J.

Roome, Capt. R. Be

Rose, C. se,

Routh, B.S.

Row, Dr. B. (M.D. )

Rundle, Lt.-Col. C. 8. (am. Se

auchtom Kenneth a

Russell, J. b.

Russell, Hon’ble Mr, Justice L. P.

Ryan, G. M. G.r.s.)...

Ryder, Major W.J

Ryves, A. H.

Sale, Edward L. (1.¢.s.)

Salkeld, Lt. R. BE. ...

Saone, G. Prier De

Sassoon, Mrs. S. D. ans

Saunders, Geta Ba) Wie ( Bette).

Savile; P. B.

Scindia, H. H. the ‘Malaraj Madho Rao (Life

... Gwalior.

.. Madanapalle, Cud-

Member)

Scot, J. S. (.r.s.)

Scotson, J. T. (1.¢.s.)

Scott, Venerable Archdeacon W.E

Seatt, Edmund

Scott, G. C. ae

Scott, J, (Gio) aa

Scroope, Ee We ey

Seal, Dr. C. E. B.

XX1

.. Palamcotta, Madras

Presidency.

-- Rangoon.

.-. Hurope.

... Europe.

. Europe.

.. Bangalor e.

.. Waltair, Madras.

. Kurope.

us .. Bangalore.

.. Rangoon.

.. Pegu, Burma,

.. Dharwar.

.. Port Blair.

.. Hurope,

.. Mombassa.

.. Bombay.

.. Fort Sandeman.

.. Dibrugarh, Assam.

.. Chittagong.

.. Bombay.

.. Thayetmyo, Burma.

.. Bhusawal.

.. Hanbalu, Mysore.

... Bombay.

.. Thana.

.. Dharamsala.

_. Allahabad.

... Bandra.

.- Mombassa, East

Africa.

... Wurope.

... bombay.

.. Hurope.

. Europe.

dapah District,

... Ahmedabad.

... Bombay.

... Ceylon.

..- Ceylon.

... Calcutta,

... Lippera, Bengal.

.. Darjeeling.

XXii LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sealy, Capt. A. HE.

Seervai, Dr. Rustom F.

Sewell, Lt.-Col. J. H.

Sewell, Capt. R. A. D.

Sharp, Professor W. H.

Sharpe, Genl. C. F.

Shaw, F. W.

Shaw, Dr. W.S. lie

Sheppard, ae ID AGic3s))

Shipp, W.

Shoubridge, tL 0), 8 (CE)

Shuttleworth, Lt. A. R. B.

Simcox, A. TB oA (GEGESS))

SIG Omelet Cele ee

Simpson, J. Hope (1.¢.s.)

Sims, E. Proctor :

Sind ‘Club, The Honry. Secretary

Sitwell, Lieut. N. S. H. (aN None

Skey, Capt. FB. E.G. @.r.)

Stade, aL Gigs)

Sladen, J. (1.0.8.)

Slater, BH. M.

Slater, J. Sanders

Smales, Chas. B. (1.F.s.)

Smirbiyy Cantey beac CeM.S:))

Smith, Major Stanley (R.4.) ..

Spaa, Capt. H. J. B.

Sparke, W.

Spence, L. H.

Spooner, T.. J. (c.z.) (Life Member)

Stables, Major Alex, o A.M.C.)

Standen, BUCS) ne. Ss

Stanton, W. C. vs

Stebbing, sles) (SEES)

Steel, Sergeant-Instructor Alex.

Stericker, Staff Sur geon W. (Re N. ey,

‘Stevens, Herbert ...

Stewart, Lt. J. Johnston

Stewart, Re oBa(Ecrs.)

Stigand, Lieut. C. H.

Stirli ing, G. C. B.

mtiven, di

St. John, Goman 7 . (vata)

Stockley, Lt. J. P.

Stone, S. J.

Storey, Thos. H.

Storr, Henry

... Bakloh, Punjab.

... Bombay.

.. Myittha, Burma,

.. Jalna, Deccan.

... Bombay.

.. Hurope.

..- Bombay.

.-. Sholapur.

... Europe.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

... Karachi,

.. Hurope.

.. Lucknow.

. Lucknow.

... Bhavnagar.

. Karachi,

.. Dum Dum.

.. Jamaica,

... Maymyo, Burma.

... Bulsar.

... Europe.

... Bombay.

.. Shwebo, Burma.

.-» Ulwar.

. Europe:

.. Nellore, Madras.

.. Umballa.

... Bassein, Burma.

... Hurope.

... Jhansi, N.-W. P.

.-. Karachi.

abetulys rai.

--- Bombay.

.. Calcutta,

.. Bolarum.

.. Hurope.

.. Dibrugarh, Assam.

... Mauritius.

.. Nasik.

.. Hurope-

.. Europe.

.. Bombay.

. Akyab, Burma.

.. Kherware, Ba j-

putana.

... Uahore.

.. Oodeypur.

.. Europe.

LIST OF MEMBERS, XX1ii

Stuarts Capt. AG. (Aip.c.) ... ee ... Lurope.

Stuart, C. J. te ... Nellore.

Stuart, Major J. R. (e, A.M, a) Pe ... Kamptee, C. P.

Sturrock, Capty GO. (REA. a2 oe ... Balasore.

Sulivan, Col. G. D.F. ee es ... Bombay.

Summers, Thos. (¢.£.) a is ... Karachi.

Surveyor, Dro N. K.G@tp.) ... ses ... Bombay,

Sutherland, W. ra Vee ia .». Karachi.

Swan, H. i. es La ... Hurope.

Swayne, Herbert (Life Member) se ... Europe.

Swinhoe, Col. C. ... bee ... Hurope.

Swinhe, R.C. J. ... pe ie ... Hurope.

Sykes, C. M. (Ou) Sie te: Ae: ... Jamnagar.

Symington, J. H. ... ses si ... Bombay.

Symons, H. 8. se se Ne ... Bombay.

Talbot, W. A. (.F.s.) a At ... Bandra.

Tanner, Capt. C. O. O. Me ... Karachi,

Matas Dorabji J. (Lite Member) i ... Bombay.

Tata, Jamsetji N. ... see ... Bombay.

Taylor, Tres lle ect es oa .. Chakrad harpuy,

Singbhum, Bengal.

Taylor, M. D. bec i: ee ... Kumargram,

Taylor, 8. B. ... Karachi.

Tejpal, Goverdhundas Goculdas (Life 1 Member) .. Bombay.

Temulji B. Nariman, Dr. _.. Bombay.

Tenasserim Agri- -Horticultural Society, The Hono-

rary Secretary of the oe we .. Moulmein.

Thanewala, Y. D, (a.A.) ae Se .. Bombay.

Thesiger, Hon’ble P. see eae ... Europe.

Thomas, J. C. Ps cae ee ... Mandalay.

Thomas, IDs See ae ... Lurope.

Thompson, HN (".2.8., LF. g. ) my, ... Taunggyi, Burma.

Thompson, 8. H. EH. (Le, Sin. re ... Dehra Dun.

Thompson, R. M. (c.2.) ie a0 ... Dehra Dun.

Thompson, St. C. ... ae ne ... Lucknow.

Thomson, Major D. B. so es ... Berbera.

Thorburn, F. Seymour : 600 ... Lakhimpur.

Thorpe, Lt. L, L. G. (n.a.M. c) are ... Bombay.

Tichborne, Sir Henry (Bart.) .. ir .-. Hurope.

Tilly, T. H. (Life Member) ... are ... Mingin, Burma.

Tod, Alex. M. Ane ... Hurope.

Todd-Naylor, Joly Je (h C.8., C: LE, ) we --. Akyab.

Tomkins, Capt. E. oe ua = ... Hurope.

Tomkins, S. ie ma ... Allahabad.

Tooth, E. E. sat ae nee .-. Poona,

Topham, F. D. as ue Sor ... Hubli, 8. M. Ry.

Toppin, 8. M. (R.G.a. ) see ae ~ ,.. Mussoorie, N.-W.P.

XXiv LIST OF MEMBERS,

Tottenham, W. F. L. (1.4.s.) ..

Townsend, Capt. H.C. 1.8.0.)

Traill, W. H.

ihemaricore late H. “The Maharaja Satian Rama

Raja Bahadoor of (Life Neer)

Travers, C. H.

Trench, G. C. (1.0.8.)

Trevithick, R. L. «mu ICE.) .

Trewby, Miss Lilian ee D.)

Trivandrum, Hon. Sec., Government WWaseum sail

-» Jrivandrum.

.. Pyapon, L. Burma.

.. Kousanie P.O.,

Public Gardens

Trotter, HK. W.

Troup. Nee. a:

Truninger, L.

Tudball, W. (1.0.8.)...

Tukes, Jt 1) (1.6.8.)

Turner, Sir Montague C.

Twopenny, C.D. ...

Tyler, Major-General T. B. (ra.

Tytler, Capt. H.C...

Ulwar, H.H. Maharaja Sawai Jey Singh Bahadoor

of (Life Member) .. 34

Unwalla, J. N. (Life Member).

Valentine, Capt. A. L.

Vanderzee, Capt. H. F. (r. NOt

Warley, Mi d)4(.0.8:)

Vaughan, J. P. (1...)

Velinker, Shrikrishna G.

Vernon, i, 2 (1.0.8.) :

Viccaji, FE ramji R. (Life Member)

Vidal, G. W. (1.¢.8.) be

Vincent, \iieg Tals eb, (Geese yee

Vithuldas Damodhar Thakersey

Wadia, Sorab P. N.

Walker, ils (Ok ee

Walker, Go Ke (syn: )

Wall, Capt. H.W.

Wall, Capt. EB. ( LAL §,)

Wallace, John (c.£.)

Wallace, W. V. (1.¢.8.)

Wallinger, WeACK(iHss) ia els.

Walton, Li. H. J. (i.m.s.) aa

Ward: ColVA His. ne

Ward, Capt. C. H.

.. Bangkok, Siam.

-. Myitkyina, Burma.

ee HMurope.

.. Trivandrum.

.. Madras,

ae sseuivoxene, (Oh. Ie

. Hurope.

ae raoti,

Almora,

... Calcutta,

... Gorakhpur.

.. Ahmedabad,

... Calcutta.

.. Hurope.

.. simla.

.. Cawnpore.

.. Rajputana.

.. Bhavnagar.

... Europe.

.. Fort

St.

Madras.

George,

... Karwar,

... Karachi,

.. Bombay.

... Koraput.

.. Bombay.

... Hurope.

... Bhagalpore.

.. Bombay.

... Bombay.

... Hurope.

.e. Lahore.

... Rawal Pindi.

... Hurope.

... Bombay.

.. Europe.

... Dharwar.

... Bombay.

... Kashmir,

.. Agra,

LIST OF MEMBERS. | XXV

Ward, Rowland _... sl wee ... Hurope.

Wasey, G. K. oes sot Lh .. Marmagoa, Goa.

Waterfield, K. H. (GICHS)) Eat Le ... Kaira.

Watson, Capt. H. D. ie ae ... Lurope.

Warsony iW. A. (Lr.s3)" Je. we ... Laungoo, Burma.

Watson, Lt.-Col. J. (R.a.M. oy ae ... Europe.

Watson, Capt. John C. is ae ... Europe.

Watson, Capt. J. W. (La.s.) .. ai ... Poona.

Watson, L. P. aes cc .-. Cawnpore.

Waits, Lieut. G. A. BR. ses as ... Mardan.

Wells-Cole, Major H. Os Sod ... Standerton, Trans-

vaal,

Wells-Witham, Dr. HE. (a.p.) .. ne .». Dibrugarh, Assam.

Wenden, H. (c. DBRMUROHS) Yi 1 ... Bombay.

Westmacott, Call. Sir R. (x. C. Bey DiS.0: ) ... Mhow, C. I.

Westropp, AORN Gciss)> ... Rajkote.

Wetherall, Lieut. H. R. Ace ccc ... Meerut.

Whately, Richard... ee os ... Bombay.

Whiffin, F. D. : aa ... Rourkela, B.N. Ry.

Whitcombe, Capt. E. G.R. (a a) Sse ... Poona.

White, C. W. da nae ,.. Bombay.

White, Lt. A. W. Me we ... Bhuj, Cutch.

White, G. H, a ie ae ... Chana.

White, W. P. be ae ... seonl, C. P.

Whitehouse, Langford ee as ... Pank, Burma.

Whiting, J. H. (cuE.) ve tee ... Bombay.

Whittall, Dea by ae es A ... Bombay.

Whittall, ” Major im, We fe ve ... Jalna, Deccan.

Whittle, A. T. Vizagapatam.

Whitworth, The Hon’ble Mr. G. C. Cu C.8.) cite

Member) ot .. Hurope.

Whymper, 8. L. Oot sss ... Jeolikote, N.-W. P.

Whyte, Major C. W. FE. ae soe ... Kirkee.

Wickham, P. F. (c.z.) se a .-. Suwebo, Burma.

Waekwar, O.S8. ee are i ... Colombo.

Wileman, A. E. _... el on ... Hakodate, Japan.

Wilkinson, Capt. Ei. (1.M.s.) . bbe ... Simla.

Williams, Capt. Ch 1, (Ge M8.) wa ... Taunggyil.

Willis, Fi, ees aa ... Bombay.

Willock, Lieut A. ( (R. LM. ees ee ... Bombay.

Wilson, A. R. is abt ca ... Binsur, Almora.

Wilson, Major C. L. (r. Bo) Gee S00 ... Mhow, C. I.

Wilson, Titi Je 1B) Shs (Ge) ei ... Bombay.

Wilson, W. G. : ae ss ... Bombay.

Winsloe, Capt. H. E. (6 Hy) aes aes ... Hurope.

Winterscale, J. C. ae Me _ see Penang.

Witt, D. O. G@ F. aye es 606 ..» Bangkok, Siam.

Wodehouse, Lt. F. W. aN. ... Radhanpur.,

Wolf-Murray, F. D. O. (uc. 8.) no5 .-» Madras.

XXVl

Wolseley, Major-Genl. Sir Geo. B. Ce C.B;)

Wood, A. (1.c.s.)

Wood, G. W. (cm)...

Wood, Lt. EH (aan)

LIST OF MEMBERS.

.. Madras.

... Thana.

... Kurnool, Madras.

.. Mussoorie, N.-W.P.

Wood, R. B., (1.¢.s.) ues sess ... Kaira,

Woods, Vernon (C¢.E.) Bae wy ... Hurope.

Wormold, Percy ... va 60 ... Hurope.

Wright, F. A. (¢.£.) ae ae ..- Howrah, Bengal.

Wright, H. C. 500 ise ... Bombay.

W right, Major R. W. (8.4.M °) a .. Jhansi, N.-W. P.

Write, Del We Bevis ae ... Lakhimpur, Assam.

Wroughton, Re Ca (aress CM Ze 8.) ee ... Calcutta.

eo; HdwantiWe | ea. ..» Karachi.

Yerbury, Col. J. W. (R.A.) (ite Member) ... Hurope.

Young, E. H. ... Ajmer.

Young, Lit GeG: (ra S) cee bc Oona.

Young, EEG. tes we ... Waltair, Madras

Presidency.

Young, John a i oe ... Rangoon, Burma.

Mounewii Cl EL ine. aan ae ... Bombay.

Young, W. E. ee ae te ... Karachi, Sind.

XXV1L

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‘ALAIDOS AYOLSIR WWHALVYN AVaWOd

XXXVI

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XX1X

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‘ALAIOOS AYOLSIH TWYNLVN AVENOE

Emdex to Wolume

PAGE

abelmoschus ace ste ... 302

aberrans ... 679, 680, 682, 683, 685,

687

Ablabes aa 266 BDU

ablunata 000 See ASD =o GY)

abnormis coc 200 ... 641

abrasata ono 200 saa) DLO

Abraxas ° 510, 511

Abraxesis 600 coor BHO)

abramus 797, 798

Abutilon Soo ALD)

Acalypha 308 Son CAKE

Acanthacesz ... cso UBD reel

Acanthis con OCU

Acanthomyrmex «. 6521, 696

acanthophyllum a6 aes -- 46

Acanthopneuste ane 20¢ -.. 816

Acasta vee as soe PAO)

acceptus evo 500 Shae

Accipiter ou0 --- 559, 600, 810, S11

Accipitres .o. 526

accipitrinus ... bac coe woe ODE

Acidalia ont S00 649, 650, 651

Acidalianze ... a a ... 649

acillatum see ane nog OY

acontioides = «.. 506 apo lily

Acreeins 006 coe 484

Acridotheres 569, 602

Acronycta 550 «-. 203

Acrostichum ... .. 266

Actiniopteris 0. 266

Actiosaria aes --- 650

aculeata soe 482, 659

aculeatum 460, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470,

472, 474, 475, 476

acuta soe 500 248, 249, 307

acuticauda os sls eos OL

acutipennis occ awe DO

acypera

addictaria

Adenanthera

Adeniophis

adita

aditya

adulatrix

Aidemosyne

AKgialitis

Aigithaliscus ...

A®eithina

/Kgccera

weeyptiaca

ieyptica

elianus

/Eluropus

/Kmene

wenea

equisinuata

Eromyrmex ..

eruginosus

salon

Aétheolepis

Adthiopsar

fEthopyga

Pape

affine

affinis

africana

Agapanthus

Agaristida

Agave

agilis

aglaia

agna

agondas

Agrisius

Agtotis

en ee e6Or

me) 559n 808

5 AOS

seth Vee O ES

569, 598, 621

coo eco

660, 662,

Sh GE

369, 517, 691, 720

698

we 245

493

we 241

es 18

be 1984 214

XXXIV

Agylla eee

ahriman one

Aitkeni 0

ATEN Se tees

akasa

Alauda

alaudarius

Alaudide.

Alaudula

alba

albicans

albicaudata

albicilla

albicinctus

albidior

albifinis

albifrontata

albigularis

albiluna Be

albiniger

albipennis

albipes

albipuncta

albiviridis a6

albocinerea «x.

albo-faciata ..,

albowaculata or.

alboniger ove

albonotatus

alborosea eee

album ace

alcacus

alcez doc

Alcedinide

Alcedo

alchata

alcinus

alcippe 5

aleippoides evs

alcippus

Alectoropodes ...

altericulata

alexandrina ee»

alexandrinus ...

alexis 06

allaborans

Allantodia

almana ea

Aloe ace

INDEX.

PAGE

ewe. vale

Dry ee OTT

ee yee OO)

684, 710

so, EM

368, 572, 605

561, 813

we 368, 572

we 363

1.23, 24, 189, 574, 605, 779

eee 6

w. 621, 640

132, 806

598

vee 654

.. 138

567, 622

Hetois

we BOA

.-- B00

we 445

w+ 656

Py WSC SD

REA t T

So Wk

xn Oe

wv. 759

w. 594

RETO MEAG

14, 129, 170

tues OL

SS NGTIT

. 367

367

og O03

. 809

242, 243, 244, 716, 717

244, 245, 716

482, 667

Soo ee)

con GAY

S50 Uae)

soa (hss

vee 493

eae S50. (YY)

119, 120, 121

eos 485

AgG kms

Alcmon «ee

alopex cnr

Aloysia eae

alpina eae

alpinus ooo

Alsocomus odc

Alsodeia aoe

alteratus

altheea

Alyson

amandava

amara, ake

Amaryllidese ...

Amaryllis

amatorius

amatrix

amaurornis ree

amazonica

ambica we

Amblycephalus

Amecera

Ammomanes

Amsacta

Anacardiacee ..-

anedina

Anas

Ancara

anceps

Ancistrodon

Ancistrogaster ...

Ancylolomia

ANGAMANENSIB ove

Andersoni

andres a0

Andrena

Andropogon

Anechura

Aneleus

Angelonia p00

aneulare

angulata

angustata

angusticeps

angustifolia «..

angustior aoe

Anisodactyli oe.

PAGE

179, 180

w 759

sv) eB

16, 119, 467, 770

coed GDS

600, 620

a 244

se Yes

0 SG OD

--» 390,291

Pei h a7()

Bees 160

1, 5, 776

Nate 2h

PAM ee VG

sce (MA ReeneS

on He!

Bs Tl

5) TAO

99, 339, 341, 842,

348, 345

tacals | eNOOM

vee 605

wee DBI

oe 1

vee 208

BT enn GE

aes a5 0D

ey TO

we 340

yo BP

we 659

569, 782, 783, 784, 790,

467, 468, 469, 470, 4732,

791, 796

vee 255

Baby)

aay IWfl

a5 wiki

690, 691

A 09

473

107, 249 .

65, 69, 71, 72

SRLS

2, 780

527, 540

Pxertiar. $i19

Anisodes “se

Anisogonium ...

Anisolabis 63,

Anisops Sse

anna ees

annamita

annulatus cO6

annulipes

anomala aes

anomalum

anomalus Ans

Anonychia eee

Anopheles 600

anstrale 900

antennata wee

antica

Antidesma

Anthistiria ...

Anthophila ...

anthracina

Anthropoides

Anthus Ne

Anthyperythra...

antigone

Antilope

antonil eee

Antrocephalus ...

Apachys

Apamea

Apatura

Aphana 56

Aphneeus oo

Apbeenogaster ...

apiaster 600

apicalis

apicata eee

apicipennis ...

Apide.

apimacula...

Apluda

apoda

Aporia 600

Aporus S06

appendiculatus...

Appias vee

Aprosmictus ...

Apterygida 65, 66, 67, 329, 330,

INDEX,

PAGE

eee eee 652

coe Boe, Ais)

65, 66, 67, 819, 320, 321,

322, $25, 828

Se OB

452, 458

ww» 680, 688

eral fl

65, 288, 291, 319, 321

ose eon BOQ

Jian eshd68

aa nT

wo. 579

. 124

271, 447

. 328

171

siti feuss19

w. 682

765

362, 605, 623

o. 501

52, 785

aah a5

ey eEeo0W

oe 439

BE eA 0)

E99

. 670

ere pecans

183, 489, 675

698, 695, 715

sah es ORT

16, 209, 682

+. 216

.. 426

ee)

Foe 4 272

iy AEM ol

e255 B66

pecs 676

Cae O86

Sez s6 480

eae ey

Sr cde BG

331, 332,

333

XXXV

PAGE

aquaticus «x. S00 soe a. 164

Aquila 144, 557, 590, 591, 592, 600

Aquita 566 300 O58 cers ITY

Ava aiele 000 coe eo O76

arabica se soe ee 137,171

arachidis aoe 0 65, 380, 331

Arachnechthra ...

arachnoides ...

Aradrapha

arearia OC

Aralia

Araliacess

arama ase

ararauna eee

arboreum am

arcearia 066

Archibuteo

Arctiadee 600

Arctianze

Arctictis

Arctomys

arctus fos

ardates aes

Ardea

Ardeola

ardeola 000

Ardetta

arenarius

arendinaria ...

argentalis onc

argentauris

argenteomaculata

argentescens ...

argentisparsa

argentiplumbea

argiades ond

Argina

areus

Argya

Argynnis 400

argyria

argyropastus :

Arhopala 260

Ariana C00

ariana se

Arichanna ae

arida, B66

aridum 505

ariel BoC

... 864, 572

Bey 0

a. OA NO

heat ODS

ee eels

seg ate eeNS

win eae SAG

ee a GUS

a 169

eo wes BY

ACO:

6, 346, 547, 761

els ase DAG

ater ety Gt

Seer S759

Se ea 759

wes 248, 488

Bee sc TSO

a.» 394

... 248

Dir ae 896

we 8430388

Fay eS

8, 9,110, 111

sh OOM

aL eS 0

a ATG

ise DEMOS

cote), GeO4S

Leen OTe

se he 76

Hes vena iS)l

245, 486, 670

10, 115

wtf Roseaia

Pe aren i

w- 672, 674

sn Gag

foun eee 09

Pa eas OL)

shel NG TaG

see eve 242

XXXVI

PAGE

arietina O06 sen va OW.

Aviola ae ey nes saan eillO

Arisema aes oe Sa Sait ge

aristata cea CAD

aristatum 500 cee 720, 721

Aristida 500 ae ee see el

Aristolochia 360, 492

Aristolochiacez eee 300

aristolochiz ... ite we os 492

armatus cn6 bbc 506 sop ili

Aroidez ee ot one bog 1B

arquata “a0 eee ce so Ou,

arrestus wee see eae 83, 92

Arthrobotrys ... anc a58 dea

artifex cas see eee 681, 652

Artocarpus «ee 20d ood oes 487

aruana aes 900 eee see D4

arundinacea ... 360 cad ae ITE

Arundinaria ... 400 ae one, wats

arundinaria ... sor ee soo as}

arvensis eel 70, 363, 572, 605

Asarcornis ae Be ae eOG2

Asclepiadacez... eee 168

Asclepiadeze «se ie so | UAE) BE!)

aseripta 00 ba oad 11,116

aseca 500 eee 500 doo TL;

asiatica soe) OOS OOO" 2,/073. 1095

asiaticum oe 4, b7

asiaticus Ape 000 506 ..- 369

asinus 500 S00 ae --. 690

Asio tev 500 oats wee ODA

Asionine “és 300 See ee 554

Asiracinee ee 200 ses ee

askoldis hoo BS)

asparagoides ... see eve 3631) BS}

Asparagus 300 ese 3, 305

aspatha 200 a 525, o40

asperata 508 ses 531, 538, 543

Aspidistra ons ene od:

Aspidium 119, 458, “164, 469, 470, 720,

721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 728, 729, 730,

733, 734, 739, 740, TA, 742, 743, 746,

TA7, 748

Aspidura wae mals ee «340, 342

Asplenium 119, 120, 123, 124, 252, 261,

264, 745

Aspongopus .-.- coe aoe eee 307

assama a0 A560 ase eA Doe

INDEX.

assanjensis

assamica

assamicum

asterie

asthala

Astheniodes

asthmatica

astigma

astreas

astrild

Astur

Asura

Asuridia

aswa,

aswad

Atella

ater

Athalia

Athene

PAGE

meses (182

ENS hg

£5 FI

. 485

... 451, 456

- 647, 648

we 716

7, 105, 132

eM 3

se) SERB AIL

559, 810, 811

we. 850, 352

249, 243, 244, 484, 670, 716

os REO

cs) Sane

ee 88

os ee nDBS

we 446, 447

Mess Ls

Athyrium 118, 119,124, 126, 127, 252, 253

254, 255, 260, 263, 264, 744

Atkinsoni

atlites

atmala

atomus

Atopomyrex

atia

atrata

atratum

atratus

atricapilla

atricapillus

atriceps

atridiscata

atrifasciata

atrigula

atrigularis

Atriplex

Atropa

Atta

attenuata

aulicus

Aulocera

aurantiaca

aurantius

aurata

auratum

eee eee

cor

we 118,255

A 485

Peni 0

685, 687

ws 698, 715

176, 392, 765

.. 6, 622, 709

721, 722

... 790, 791

136, 570, 571

Re aE

Pema, 220%

coil SAGAS

seo) Boag!

wee 136, 570

135, 603, 604

615, 616, 617

Ba ese) OS

PO THEOL!

125, 126, “G40, 641, 708, 710

aur eutieinniea eee

aureofulva

98, 342, 843

Pn es AS

ve 168686

... 866, 572

i) de

eRe egEg

Bg es GEG

aureola

aureo-variegata

aureovitta

aureus

aurianus

auricularia

auriculatum

auriculatus

auriflua

aurifrons

auritheme

Austeni

australe

australis

avana

avidus

Avitta

avocetta

axlilaris

axis

axylides

Azanus

Azemeops

azurea

Badamia

badius

Bakeriana

Bakerianum

bakkamena

balbita

Baleooa

baldiva

Balunda

Bambusa

Bambusacez

bambusze

bambusoides

bambusoidus

Baniana

Bapta

barbarum

barbarus

barbata

barbatus

barbicornis

barbigera

INDEX,

PAGE

coe OVI

eos 780

«oe 209

ooo

--. 699

coe BLO

1 438, “459, 460, 461, 462,

559, 810,

698, 694,

ete

175, 590,

468, 465

. 710

Hes

287, 567

w. 250

we 874

ws 264

266, 566

vee TBE

hey

ee Oy

769

2170

. B14

Hogs

488, 674

... 101

. 183

493, 677

811

we 479

w. 479

w. BBB

ws 669

boo TES

wee 667

w. 456

177, 178

ase, tty

.. 498

ali

. 178

214

w. £96

695

Soy Ol

barbigerum

Barca

Barclayana

Barleria

Barnardius

barnesi

Baroa

barrabanda

basale

basalis

basimicans

basinota

batassiensis

batjana

batjanense

baya

Baza

Becarii

beddomii

Bedoti

beema

Belamcauda

Belenois

belgaense

belgica,

belissima

belladonna

Bellii

XXXVIi

PAGE

137, 732, 738

i EEE al

aero 780

woes uiggg

Sa DTG

oS G08

we BBB

nen) BD

Ee 68i

.-. 198

san, 104

ee saan

ise) eBGG

vee 454

Pee NIL

w- 186, 570

... 598, 809

694

: 87

pone O65

17, 139

Be) eden o

148, 491, 676

me 70241703

seb eA 69

w. B48

SD ROBE

703, 705, 706

bengalensis 65, 136, 172, 316, 317, 318,

371, 397, 555, 556, 567, 690, 766

Bertolinii

Berytide

bhutea

bianca

biaristatum

bibronii

bibronnii

bicarinata,

bicincta

bicolor

bidens

bidentata

bifascialis

bifasciata

bifoveolata

bilineata

bilucha

bimacula

251, 305, 317,

a0) 24

wee 302

os B47

348, 3849

. 468

342, 343

sana SST

peace 430

= 517

687, 705, 706,

798, 799

Ae) Lee BUT

OP ae Gis

Fb eealOd

sesh vate OS

w. 822, 328

io 2068315

dee O16

ses) 90a 768

XXXVill

bimaculata

Binghami

Binghamii

binotata

bipars

bipartita

biplagiata

bipuncta

bipunctata

birmana

birmania

birmanus

Biroi

birostris

biserrata

bisignata

bispecularis

bispurcata

Biston

bitorquatus

bivitta

bivittata

Blanfordii

blasius

Blattodea

Blythia

Boarmia

Boarmianz

Boeconia

bochus

Bocula

beeticus

Bojeri

bolina

bombifrons

Borassus

Borbotana

borealis

Boryana

Boryanum

Boschniackia ...

Bothroponera

boulboul

bowersi

bra bira

brachiurus

brachydactyla ..

Brachylabis

brachynema

INDEX.

PAGE

eee 72

wee 710

...087, 546, 708, 711

for}

63, 6

Ss ee eo

a ar NI

5, 330, 881, 332

ne 18

. 658

354, 355

708, 712

see lies ULO

one S695

681, 682

wee 368

wee 505

. 219

a 566

Beat Pee G49

eae ee Ue

So BCE

Pad ASA

Hoo GUY

736, 740

w 483

162

we BAD

.. 504, 505, 507, 508

beet leh LO

SATS

2488

489, 674

. 485

Pee enl68

wee 869

. 199, 301

w.. 189, 605

ees GY

Say ay Nr 12

Sen AGL

eeo 713 ;

PAW GT

784, 785, 787

450, 456

. 875

aes 368, 605

5, 66, 67, 319, 322

eee eee 4

coo

PAGE

Brachypodine... sos nag IE

Brachypternus o eee 366, 572

Brachypteryx ... 0 eee 620

Brachystelma ... 0 eee 168

Brachytes ape 0 - 305

Brachytine ... 50 - 305

brachyura “00 506 572

Bracon oad 432, 433, 486, 437

Braconide S06 ond 432

brahminus 006 cele vee 668

brama soe ose 145, 555

Brassica S00 a. 302

brassice soe eee «- 491, 676

Braunii oon ee 470

bretaudiani 00 we 5 fail

breviceps oc : 698

Brevipecten «- 209

brevirostris 006 con - 568

breviscapum ... Soc 500 oe

brevispinosus ... 39 ooo NE

Bromeliaceze 50 see coo (tell

brookii ooo Tks

brunella eels a 8, 110

brunnea eee 12,18, 620, 708

brunnearia 00 eels eee O16

brunneifrons ... odo --- 816

brunneri ond 000 “65, 319, 322

brunescens eee 06 000 --- 682

brunneum 90 685, 687

brunneus ee 307, 714

Brunoniana . dee soe a iil

Brunonianum ee 479, 731, 732, 733

brutus 650 60 boc 84, 85

Bubo one oo atl; as

Bubonine a50 600 one, Ge

Bucerotes see --. 368

Bucerotide ... 40 SOC oe 308

buchanani SoC 4 coe O04

Buddhe. ae 9 ee 681, 684

Buddleia 20 50 130

buduga 900 ono (548)

bulbifera 260 c00 772, 773, 774

Bulbophyllum Gac coc eoel69

bulbosus Soo eee ono 7d)

Bungarus octet 98, 101, 229, 230, 338,

339, 340, 343, 345, 396, 415, 599

bungarus aoa ily I0P3, SE, 409, 416

burmaensis 20 soc sci, YY

burmanica O00

burrescens

burrulus

burrus

Busarbia

Butastur

Buteo

Butoroides

Butreron

Caberodes

Cacatua

Cacatuidee

cachinnans

cadesia

ceca

-e0

ceeruleipennis ---

eeerulescens

ceeruleus

cailino

caladsaota

Calenas

Calama

Calamaria

calamaria

Calamus

Calandrelia

e-album

calearata

calearatum

Calendula

Calesia

Caligata

caligata

calidris

Callsrebia

Callimorpha

Callinola

Calliope

Callophis

Callopistria

Callyna

Calopsittacus

Calpenia

calvus

cambaiensis

98,

cambayensis «+.

INDEX,

PAGE

eee ee T9D

5s}

791, 792, 793, 794

cee

a. 445

#2558, 805, 806, 807

805, 808

ie Sop (HOB

5 Ue

on coe 497

eee ee OT4

ae coe OVA

eee «re 620

--- 668

--» 698

soe B29

- 568

345, 395, 397. 558, 568,

eee

807

oe a eoTe

we 5OL

... BIG

... 109

339, 341, 342

352, 387

wee TAB

368, 605

acxal

iv7on. |

728, 724

w. 489

Sop PE

SR IEORE SS

oa eg A

sas FD

238, 668

ae Tel

... 114

AY Aj eeniey:

... 102, 339, 841, 342, 348,

344, 345, 387

203204

143, 556

Sean e610

Seas ECE

Cambogia

camenee a

camortee 605

Campanulaces

campestris ie

Camponotine ...

Camponotus ...

camtschatkensis

cana es

canace Me

canatiense wee

candelaria

candelarius

candida

candidam

candidus

canescens

canicapillus

caniceps

Canidee a

canidia

canioralis

Canis me

canorum bod

canorus

Cantoria ee

canum

capellii

Capellini1

capensis 606

capistrata

capitatus

Capitonide

capitosus 00

Capnodes Aan

Capra eee

caprata

Caprimulgi...

Caprimulgide

Caprimulgus

Capsaria a

Capsides

Capsus

capsus GOS

cara O00

caracalla

Caradrina 500

Carea 000

carbonaria goC

XXX1X

PAGE

vce 647

Seen 2 AG

797, 798

778, 779

LO) BSG 05

Se ilo

710, 711, 714

tan 13"

wee 250

z.. 671

Be ii ie)

46, 47

106, 348, 554, 776

wes OE ene

Ser ies

vee 215

we 599

571, 604

Marti eaae

... 491, 676

Be ee ty

wa. 758

se B66

172, 370, 569, 599

Aan 48

see eENTO

BH EMB GT

BBL, 538, 543

23, 488, 771

567, 570, 603

sete 8G

ws 866, 573

pest Se ei

5 GANG

. 760

133, 570, 608

eee CS 369

sup Ce S69

w 869, 594

“5G

57, 58

cp 8S

Miers 01

se) eee S56

wal reo"

SH reno)

,..696, 697, 698, -709

carbonarium ...

carbonarius ...

Carcharodus

Carcinophora ...

cardamomi ...

cardamomum ...

catdinalis

Cardiocondyla...

Cardopcstethus

Carduelis

cardui yas

Carebara

carinata

Carine

carinifrons

carnea

carneipes Bee

caroli

Carpenteri

carpheraria

Carpodacus

Carpophaga ...

caryatis

caryocatactes ...

Caryotideum ...

caryotideum ...

cashapa

cashmiriensis ...

casigneta 600

cassius

Castalius

castanea

castaneicoronata

castaneithorax...

castanotis

castetsi 500

castor

Cataulacii ee

Cataulacus Bare

Cataulus

catechu a0

catenaria ee

Catephia

catephiformis

catilla

Catocola aa

Catochrysops ...

Catophaga On

Catopsilia

vt?

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE

ese -- 686, 687 | catreus a bc oes «0. 247

801, 802 | caudata, Bc on aa . 610

“00 eon O17 celebensis 608 O00 500 oo. 243

63, 65, 66, 74, 328, 329 | Celama 6, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,

oa -- 9302, 303 109, 110

toe a6 ... 303 | cenchris Soc S08 500 «. 813

ws. 350, 572, 778 | Centropus : 270, 572

523, 688, 689 Cephalanthus ... 606 ake «- 168

Gon -e» 302, 303 | Cephalomiyia ... don 200 . 609

eos 571, 572, 6v4 cephalonica 500 ves GON,

S00 ee 487, 671 | Ceratopheidole .. 5238, 538, 715

see) Dal OI NGO2 Cerberus eels B40, 341, 344, 345

99, 220, 229, 276, 776 Cercocebus 000 E60 2s sos OOM

BA oes eee 145 | Ceropales 85, 92

coe e. 288 | certator aoc 83, 92

ae eee 130 | cerva aes cod 000 ao alls}

200 -.- 604 | cervina 000 200 oo 242, 243

282, 283, 284 Cervus Mas Sete -. 3810, 314

aA0 : .-. 374 | Ceryle cue S00 soo BOL

500 900 --. 650 | Cerynia nee O00 ood «oe 54

me 137, 571, 604 Cerynize aos ea co 8

200 .. 577 | Ceterach O06 on 200 so. 20D

279, 280 | Cethosia 500 ose on +. 485

doc soe) 629, /819))) sceylonensis 9 ))c.- 132, 145, 622, 810

506 . 479 | ceylonica 65, 109, 833, 335, 336, 500, 538,

soe coe 480 716, 717

500 x eee 238 ceylonicus mae 906 : -.- 698

soe 667, 671, 677 | ceyx soe : . 247

oS aoe 500 Hal) Cheetoprocta ... uae ae 6 674

He) 845/85) (Chaleididees aan : ... 438

eee 489 | chaleoela ban aoe . 208

--- 516 | Chalcophaps ... eee vce 576

Onc --- 607, 819 | chaleoptera... 50 so cos DUT

es --. 571 | chaleopterus ... S50 50 . 576

c00 o0c --- 571 | Chalyboclydon coc aa spo (HL7/

006 ... 829 | chandala eae 006 o06 oe 487

5 560, B83 Chapra ae - eee 493

aaa -- 520 | Charadriide ... ood . 767

520, 706, 707 | Charadriine ... 4... <2. ees WOd

S50 o00 --- 578 | Charadrius... . 768

eos 136, 137 Charaxes se ae dos sae 480

eee ww. O14 Charltona S00 oad Soe «-- 659

°e -- 206 | charltonius ... doc --- 676, 678

wee -- 212 cheela ee «- 558, 805

; eee 490 | cheena 006 oars 008 -- 668

0c0 aoe eee 213 | Chelidon Se “00 eo» 604

SOC a6 eee 488 | Chelidura ood sso JOU, oa

ere iece eee 4 Oy) eCheladarrss acerca «ve 68

147, 148.°9179;490; 676, |) -Cheliduris <.. ) 2.00 eee eb

Chelisoches

Chelonomorpha

Chelonus eee

Chenopodium .

cherrug sale

chersonesia

Chersydrus_...

Chettusia

Chibia :

chiequera S00

Chilades

childreni

chilensis

Chimarrhornis...

chinensis

Chionema

chionobasis

Chiroleptes

Chirosa

chirurgus

Chittira

Chlamydosaurus

chlorantha

evo

294,

...62, 65, 66,

eer

coe

chlorantha-florepleno

chloridice

Chloris ooe

chlorochrota ..»

Chloroclystis ...

chiorogaster «..

chlorogrammata

Chlorophytum ...

Chloropsis

chloroptera

chloropus

chlororhynechus

Chlorostrota

Choluata 040

chontalensis ...

Chortobius

chota ae

Christiei

chromus

Chrysaéglia

chrysaétus 200

chrysanthum ...

Chrysidide

chrysippus

Chrysis

Chrysocraspeda

eee

482, 486

ceo

326,

...396, 560, 812,

512, 562, 577, 597,

ose

641,

eee

eco

567,

INDEX,

PAGE

327, 828

E198

437

41, 170

. 812

wee 457

387

ws. 768

568

818

487, 673

w. 670

319, 322

. 570

625

wv. BAG

foal

... 306

PAO

ee GT

/S716

Msi

642,

... 561

a. 200

WANS

625,

w. 655

199, 201

... 360

w- 668

80, 92

701, 702

w. 493

175, 592

.. 169

e493

, 667, 670, 716, 717

425, 824

w. 652

| Cisga

chrysographella

chrysolophus

chrysona

chrysopelea

Chrysophanus

Chrysophleoma

chrysophleps ...

Chrysorabdia ...

chrysotis oe

Chusaris ON

Cicada en

Cicadidee wee

cicuiarium see

Cidaria ui

ciliato eee

ciliatum 20)

Cimex

eincta tee

cincticornis ...

cineraceus sae

cinerea 500

cinereicolor ...

cinereus

cingalensis

cingalesa

cingulatus doc

cinnamomea ...

Cinnyris

Cireaétus ae

Circus ae

cirrhatus

Cirrhochroa

citreola wee

citreoloides

citrina

citriodora cod

Citrocincla _...

civa

Cladius ...

Claripennis

claripennis

Clarkei eee

clarus

clathrata Ne

elimia Ue

clypeata

enejus :

coadunata an

65, 330, 383,

566, 625,

eco

coo

389, 343,

135, 570,

120, 121,

xli

PAGE

... 659

15578

199

345

249, 674

... 626

eco

301,

581,

559,

... 598

485,

139,

135,

680,

82,

INDEX.

xlii

PAGE

coadunatum .. eae eve 148

coalita aon F «oe 247

coartata. on Bee Gu)

coa-vestis A cco Bate Ae

cochleatum ... -..738, 734, 735, 736

Cochoa one o ope --- 626

coccinea Soc 26, 348, 349

coccineus aoc Bou Akl

Coccothraustes... 000 eee GO4

Coecyges “OC on6 oe. 369

Coceystes 30 con WU HAD

coelestina 6 aod oot oe 673

ccelestis con a0 eae tial

ceelisgna 204, 209, 210

Ceelogyne 000 --- 169

coepitosa 0 600 --- 463

coepitosum 260 200 ooo 461

cognata 500 900 coe Hilt

Colias . 249, 251, 491, 675

collaris 000 eae «ee O44

colletti 50 coc Bes me Bits)

Collocalia aco ooC ao0 eee 623

colluroides S00 : oes tthe)

Colobopsis -- ona 200 668 WALD

colonum oO Ne coo leit

Colpura v's =90 205 oo 303

Coluber we 339, 342, 348, 344, 345

colubrinus 00 5 we 348, B45

Columba toe Beer) SM, OO sonia

Columbee 600 eee) DOL OMG

Colum bidee son 609 Log SOUL

Columbinz .. aod 00 peo

columboides o0 SoC cee OND

comma neo ane coe Son MOLT

Commelin&® eve bdo «- 780

Commelinacez odd soe titi)

communis 174, 484, 562, 568, 577,

765

comparanda eee CoC exe 650

Com posite C ooo --- 489, 644

compositata con no --- 510

compressa 000 +. eee coe 109

condanarus «se 339, 345

confinis c00 6 seathdiless

confluens oe 5 S06 woe 454

conformis ond soc tas apo) le}

confusa “e ae see DOO

confusalis C06 200 8, 109

asp ps OOM

congerens

conicus see

coniifolia ore

coniifolium

conioptera doc

conisaria on

conjunctana ee.

cons¢cia 600

constanciz ...

CONSteErNeuUs eee

constricta on6

contemta eee

Contia een

contortum

contortus ase

contra Sc

contubernalis ...

Coraciade eae

Coracize eee

Coracias cnE

Coracopsis «ee

corax Sei

Coreyra

cordata

cordifolia 50S

Cordyline ap0

core O60

Coreidee

Corgatha

Corilla

Corixidee ee

corna .

cornigera-florepleno

cornu-cervi ses

cornuta,

cornutipennis ...

coromandelica ...

coromandelicus

coronota soo

Corvidee eee

Corvus axe

Corymica

Corythocichla ...

corythus

coonooremse ...

coonoorensis

Copsychus

Copsyrna ooo

Cosmia

cosmiodes oo

601, 679,

170, 748,

soy 488s

302,

ev GnnTes

370, 566,

374, 626,

538, 546,

Bey s

Cosmoscarta ...

cOssxea oie

costulata,

cotanda ae

Cotile

Coturnix O00

Crabo es

Crambinz aa

Crambus 20K

Craspedia o0c

crassipennis ...

Crastia S00

Crateropodide...

Crater opus 506

INDEX,

PAGE

coe coe BOT

wo DAT

«+ 682

we 455

eee eee 138

w. 562, 577

87, 88, 89, 92

ee OOSe |

US SS

BEE AGES)

TaN Meet TALE

ws. 236, 237

566, 568, 756

172, 370, 569

Creatonotus o0 aod doo BP}

crecca eee eve ee 663, 664

Cremastogaster nae 679, 685, 715

Crematogaster ... sos) 020)

Crematogastrii... s00 000 --- 520

crenata o0C 900 317, 743

crenatum... 260, 261, 262, 263, 730, 743

cretacea coo aoe eet LOSs4109

eribraria O00 OO one coe (61

Crina eo dod s06 BD

criniceps eas 692, 693

crinicipito-scabriceps a00 --- 693

Crinium 000 coe 500 4, 57

cristata ... 298, 364, 572, 605, 640

cristatum : B00 ... 694

cristatus 559, 577, 602, 695, 760, 782,

783, 809

cristipennis 200 seo ale

crocale 500 eee 147, 490, 675

croceicincta ... o0c 200 eee 652

Crocidura eee doo 795, 796, 797

Crocopis ot «se O00 cog SIU

Crocopus coo ove . 561

Cromma ae eee o06, Oe)

Crotalinee 506 ae OY)

cruciata sd0 OOS

cruciatus ove 30 «- 299, 300

crudelis coc ie ool 300

cruentata’ aes eee 4 eR

cruentatum ... 500 vee DTD

cTux sec 900 «oe 299, 300

Cryptocerata ... 500 eels eee 56

Cryptogastres ... eee coe «436, 487

Cryptoloba HOO 500 boc LT

Cryptomeria ...

veo ceo 816

_ Cryptorhynchus

Cryptotympana

cubitifera

Cuculide

Cuculine. an0

cucullata

cucullatella ...

Cucullia S00

Cuculus

Culicicapa ...

Culicidee

cumingi

cuneata S00

cuneifera

cuneonotata ...

cupreimargo

cupreiventris ...

cupriscotia ...

Curculigo see

Curcuma 000

Curetis

cursor

Cursorinz

Cursorius

curvicarinatus

curvicauda

curvispinosum

curtulum

cyane 600

cyanea coe

Cyanecula

cyaneus

Cyaniris G00

Cyanocephalus

Cyanocorax «.

cyanodonta

Cyanopogon a.

Cyanops 500

Cyanotis

cyananuroptera

cyanus O06

Cyathopoma ...

Cyclomilta

Cyclostomi ...

cyclophora ...

cyclurus S00

Cygnus bon

cylindrica

Cylindrogaster

soe 605

He! Tn

246, 247,

371, 559,

eco

369,

14,

geo

xlili

AGE

624

573

369

572

110

- 202

369,

132,

eco

coe

65,

700,

701,

134,

559

599

622

579

69, 71

577

116

363

766

- 766

- 431

325

702

485

344

603

808

673

575

566

215

566

573

--- 170

567

xliv INDEX,

PAGE

Cylindrophis .. -. 342 | decamera

Cylindrostethus .- 301 | decamerum

cymaria 00 575, 655 | decanica eve

Cymbidium ... oS ... 169 | decidua

Cynodon -- 310 | decipiens

Cynogale ee 754 | decoloraria

Cynoglossus -». 374 | decolorata

cynomolgus $01, 802 | decussatum

Cyon coo ee TOL | dees

Cyornis 132, 398, 600 | deformis

Cyperus st 128, 170 | Dejeania 200

Cyphotopsyche 114, 115 | delatina =p0

Cypseli on coc «. 369 | deleta one

Cypselidee ... 369 | deletaria

Cypselinz ... 369 | deliaria

Cypselus a0 . 367 | Delias

Cyrtodeira ae ste -- 360 | delicata

Cyrtomium .. 479 | delicatula

Cystomutilla eee . 270 | Delphacida

Delphax

Daboia 99, 220, 229 | Deltapterum

Dacetii ee. 520 | deltotensis

dactylon -- 310 | demoleus O50

Daladeride .. 305 | Dendrelaphis ...

dalbergia --- 487 | Dendrobium

dalbergize den ... 050 | Dendrocalamus

Dalyi 679, 683 | Dendrocitta

dana coe see 360 «-- 248 | Dendrophis

Danaine one eee 236, 482, 666 | Dendrothripa ...

Danais 148, 482, 483,486, 666, 667, 670, | dentata aoe

716, 717 | dentatrix

daphalis 686 oC -. 676 dentatus path

daplidice wale An6 ... 676 | denticulata

dara 493, 677 | denticulatum ...

Darceyi on o06 50 --- 998 | dentifera

darthula ane 3¢ --- 297 | dentigera

daruka ae dae 450, 451 dentigerum

dasara as ee Sco: BAW) dentilinea oh

Dasylabris cn eee oe 240 deorso-lobatum

datarica e ene eon coe AT deponens

Datura 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37, } deraiota

38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 | Dermapteres ...

Daulias 00 one sae --- 570 | deserti

dauma eee ese eee awe lioo desertorum

davendra coe eco eee «se 068 Desmodium ae

davidsoni se -- 198 | desmoter

davisoni =00 eo. 142 | destructor

debiliata +» 642 | detectus

debilior 697, 698 detrita

eve

PAGE

703, 704

685, 687

580, 542

we 651

we 498

ws 641

we 258

278, 438

682

. 251

ae 507

we 640

wee 51d

we 654

. 490

we BBB

494, 651

eno?

Jive?

. 104

676

we 99

5, 169

. 178

499,

164, 566, 756

99, 389, 343

179, 180,

eee

11, 116, 121

125, 126, 127

124, 126, 127

. 211

Sag. GH

--. 163

. 198

. 703

517

.. 550

w. 730

we 682

w-. 198

we 59

we 608

809

en gl

... 109

686, 687

wae 280

we 848

INDEX. xlv

PAGE PAGE

deva oie doc 40 ... 364 | Dirades ee Sa ate vee 496

Deudorix eae O06 --. 487, 489 | discipuncta ..- ps srs -- 305

Deudoryx ae aa 300 -- 675 | discisignata ... Go S00 ee 116

Dharmsalana ... Spo) 6c «. 546 | discistigmaria... odio So oe 505

dharmsalana ... aG6 ves eo. 53’ | discoidalis Sie Soo we ee 58

Diacrisia con a «» 547, 548 | discolor Soe 206 O00 . 176

Diactinia o00 ae 208 «+» 513 | discolori 600 ob wae 5do) ei)

diadema oo 506 «. 842, 843 | discophora ... 200 08 oo. 204

Dialithoptera ... tee 10, 103, 114 | diserepans s 269 toe eo. 300

diander coc 008 ane -. 171 | discreta 900 ane dob dog a)

diapera B a06 oC «. 210 | disjuncta 200 900 600 15, 16

Diatreea nee ann ae eee 659 Disphinetus .. ++-294, 295, 296, 297

Diczide coe 390 -. 364, 572 | Dissemurus ... 966 eee --» 568

Diczeum 600 200 .-» 864, 572 | dissimilis ok on coo) |) OD

Dichoptera ... G00 -- 50, 51 | dissoluta co ot ooo eee 453

dichotoma S00 c00 900 «- 266 | Distantidea ... oo 006 o-- 303

dichotomum ... ase vee «. 266 | disticta O00 50 seed, 105, 106

dichroa 306 ode «se eve 670 | Distira cae 5A 343, 387, 719

dichroum 600 oa --- 686, 688 | distorta 00 S06 50 ceo 2

dichrous ee as sere .. 714 | distributa eats G00 po yale ki l4

Dicrurida ... eee | eae OOS) aye oivberus Boe 1 ts don 434, 435

Dicrurus ve ee . 568, 597 | divakara as 200 Ste vee OAT

Dictyophara ... ae sve D0), (51) ||| divaricata, =. op a eve 500

Dictyopharinz Soe a00 - 50 | divergens S50 oe 600 one 237

Dictyophora ... eee ae ee 51 | diversicolor ... ado p00 Soo, aylil

didita as 200 aa ... 694 | diversicornis ... 600 200 oo. 439

Diduga 006 gale whe 5Bp) CONE diversus aon O00 .-- 690, 691

difficilis 500 506 -- 709, 710 | divisa ose Bon | pico oe 16

diffusa, 500 O06 -. 538, 682 divisum odo 500 000 coe 2U4

Digera 006 500 556 «- 170 | dodonza da0 ond ee. 131, 674

digna 500 500 606 ... 667 | doemona 000 aus 006 ooo 118

dilectissima ... 5d ae .-- 246 | Dolichoderine... eee 500 Son (Ye

dimicans O06 00 36 -. 705 | Dolichurus ... Ho eee coe 216

dimidiaria ... 50 sec see 516 | dohertyi dos. | 600 606 ooo O47

dimidiata 00 be sae e» 108 | dohrni 48, 65, 74, 78, 328, 329, 681, 682

dimidiatipennis ... . 820, 823, 824 | domesticus ... ... .. 167, 604

dimila 600 Soa) sei" (BBS ... 677 | domicella see BoB: 4) 00d ll coe GIES

vimona 506 soc «- 110, 112 | Donianum 000 Sac tee eee 730

Dinebra suepmie erent ceed (yt eallun|eadorata wee tte ane wee B05

Dinumma noc 366 00 -. 208 | dorippus ws Se 486, 716, 717

Diomea 206 Soc evo e-. 216 | dorsivittata ... 0K eee vee 442

diomeda 406 uae S00 «we 270 | Draccena dc a 400 oe «4

Dioscorea oe 772, 773, 774, 775 | Dregea 506 380 se «. 170

dilaticauda ... eae 65, 72, 73 | Driophis nA 00 ae oe 94

Diplatys 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 75, 828 | Drusilla O00 aa ae coe Goo

Diplazium 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263 | Drymoicataphus BRO hi cede ine poo: (B28

Diplomorium ... 20¢ 000 .-. 692 | Dryonastes ese 566, 597, 609

Dipsas 94, 99, 339, 340, 343, 344, 345 | Dryophis 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 387

Diptera ... ake aoe eee see aol Dryopteris ... bee eee «oo 139

xl vi

dubia

Dubosia

dudgeoni

Dufourea

dufouri

dufourii

dukhunensis

dulcis

Dumetia

dumetorum

Dundubia

duplicilinea

Duranta

Durizi

dussumieri

Duthiei

dux

Dyctis

Dyerianus

Dyscritina

Dysdercus

Dysethia

eanes

ebenina

eburneifera

Echinosoma

Kehis

Eelecti

Ectrichodia

Ectrychotes

Edentata

edwardsi

effracta

effusata

eoTegia

ekka

elearia

Elanus

Elaphis

elaps

ere

Hlasmognathus

elatior

elegans

Hlephas

Hlettaria

elgini

elima

Elisabethz

296,

59,

eee

INDEX,

PAGE

23, 336, 768 | elissa

ese ee 32 | elizabethe

297, 348, 350 | ellisii

419, 420 elongata

... 318 | elongatum

65, 316, 318 | elphinstonii

«. 363, 605 | Elusine

we 485, 493 elwesi

ace we» 622 | Elymnias

.. 178 | EHlymniine

«- 54, 307 | Emballoniide ...

7, 18, 105, 106 | Hmberiza

006 -- 485 | Embryoglossa ...

eee 731 | emeria

Peeb oo Emeryi

126, 127, 169, 459 | Bymillie...

: eve woe BOD encausta

238, 241, 242 | enhydris

a0 500. dlBKY Enithares

64, 73, 74, 75 | ensifolium

301, 302 | eosene

aon Bull Eophona

Eosriciniata

--- 280 | Hpeolus

679, 685 | Hpicopeia

-- ee 201 | epijarbas

65, 66, 67, 77 Epinephelus

». 99, 220, 229, 340 | Hpiplema

sc son ee 576 | HKpiplemide

299, 300, 301 | Epirrhoé

.» 299, 300 | Episcia

cue «- 755 | Epizeuctis

eee «oe 55 epops

eee 046 | eques

os. --- 500 | equitalis

208 50, 61 era

eve 80, 92 | eragrostis

S00 coe GD4 erastria

397, 558, 807 erate

ee 375, 409 | Erebia

eee 97 | Hrebomorpha

eee seo DOT erecta

eee 713 | eremita

«- 572,576 | Ergolis

eee 163 | eriantha

: eee 303 Erismatura

=06 ..- 805 | erithacus

Neel Mkts ee OO erithonius

ve 169

ernesti

733,

--» 730, 739,

... 288, 289,

PAGE

ibe yy Ort

ok ED

ab igi wanige

735, 736, 748

740, 741, 742

ot aeene aD

ia aga

w 648

240, 241, 242

Pras OF

Weles

571, 604

wes 658

Pm rs a

687, 688, 689

STS

...6, 105, 106

341, 342

sua Aeon

250, 251, 675

woo BSED

. 419

soe eeeLG

we 489, 675

w.. 878

494, 495, 496

wns 494

wa 514

we 360

we 104

sist |W eERbSOS

sch 1889

we 762

55 O87,

see!

we 205

wee 675

-.. 510

we 29

we 601

Pee ity

we BIB

we 576

we 492

Eromene

Eresia

erubescens

Erynnis...

erythas

erythrinus

erythrocephalus

erythrogenys

Erythrolophus ...

erythronota

erythronotus 0.

erythropterus ...

erythropus

erythorhynchus

erythrostigmata

erythrothorax ...

erythrura

Eryx

Hsacus

escherichi

esculentum

escuriens

esperi

Estigmene oon

Estrelda

etaina

etawa

etrida

Kuasplenium

Hublemma

Eubolia 0

Eucalyptus ..

Hucerocoraria ...

Eucerocoris ..»

Eucharis ee

eucharis

Euchloris

EHuchroeus

Eucyclopera

Eudynamis

Eugenia

Hugoa 600

Eulabes cee

Eulabetide ...

Eumenes

Eumenide su

EHumenis Bae

Eunephrodium...

Eunetia ono

271, 820, 823, 824

INDEX,

PAGE

SEES

Sey 0G

seo ge! 208726

Be ied (BOTY

sie ee BBO

137, 571, 604

se A SERCO

Pe et

Lataneesn OBS

ws 608

602, 623

... B76

432, 813

sa ear 36M

eedanlO7,, 108

vee 291

peal

99, 100, 345

w» 766

bio BBE}

265, 359

non OH

oe BBY

wee 52

ope Mil

. 501

wee 492

wee 256

206, 207

we B12

357, 358

se 294

Jee ie oO

Bch Marea

es yan, 490

we 655

493, 425

ca eels

370, 573, 612

. 54, 689

Sie eee Bb5

2 568, 569

we» 568

we 667

as ees Ge

seh cane 149

xlvil

PAGE

Hupetaurus O00 wee 159

Eupithecia 641, 643, 644

Euplecta eve eee eee 578

Euplexia 900 199, 200, 201

Eupleea eve 236, 237, 483, 486

Euprepia eas coe 209

euprepioides Kot coe BOL

europa ° eee aoe OVD

eurotosoma °... 60 ooo 643

Euryale eee 356, 606

Eurybrachyine on5 | Bill

Eurybrachys eae as Gul

Hurycles ve «=O

eurydiscaria .. 507

Eurylemus ... tee 756

Eurytaphria vee 499

Eusemia . eee LOS wmlo

Eutella 210, 211, 212

Euthalia 487, 595

eutolmus c00 .-- 813

evansii evo 249, 674

Everes eee oe. O74

eversmanni ac coe eee cee DOL

exaltata oo ao ete We)

excalfactoria 200 ooo DOZ

excelsa - 819

exclamationis ... - 493, 677

excrucians wee 285

eximius 60°). | Ips cele) ease OMG

Exochus eee 429, 430, 431, 432

Exsula 200 oo. 163

extensum 726, 744, 745

exul eve : coe coe 626

exultatum 00 ese ooo T48

exustus ove 172, 178, 887, 288

fabius G00 oo 487

falcata eve ee 149, 495

faleatum ess) tite ee 479, 480

falcatus eee coo 30D

falcilobum coe O00 ooo 124

Falco ooo 142, 396, 559, 608, 811

falconeri S00 ooo . coe 760

Falconidsz =». 557, 589, 590, 809, 813

Falconinsz ere 557, 590, 591, 805

familiaris ° oC coe coe 280

Fascellina eos eo» 501

fasciata abe ooo 6, 105, 106, 354

eee dee

ian entatey

PAGK

fag IE

352, 571, 600

ood Gon avis)

po aoa Lyril

ane Bog BRAD

j 441, 701

cn0 wee 494

Son «ee 656

500 sn6 BD!

see coe OGT

son = toys)

, 188, 789, 790

a oe. 647

ws AUS A

C 8, 178

eae con) Bail

cn8 ODD

C 686, 687

Eee one BAN!

ace eee 108

SOC coo. 58)

cco dlilél able

fo Mile 2D

500 «ee 493

Pe) gilt), 508:

... 62, 65, 66, 67, 828, 324

vse ore B40, 848, 344, 845

Fe By Sea

325, 326, 330

62, 66, 67, 817, 318, 325,

327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333

. 108, 109,

xlviil INDEX,

PAGE

fasciatus 106, 173, 229, 230, 387, 388, 397, | flavibasis

415, 575, 592, 599, 606, 607 | flavicollis

Fasciculus ond sale 506 23 flavicostata

fastigiatus eo Yul flavidum

fastuosa 29, 22, 23, 34, 25, 26, 40, 44 | flavinucha

fastuosa-florepleno «.. eee «. 27 | flavipes

fastuosa-rubra ... coc «. 27 | Flavistriga

fastusa 44 flavitincta

Fatsia . 128 | flavivenosa

faunulus 799, 801 flaviventris

fez 101, 536, 538, 546, 694, 707 | flavopivtus

feldeggi is BA0 ess . 605 | flebilis

felderi 690 936, 237 | flexilinea

Felidee aco ee 158 | flexilineata

Felis ood . 758 | flexuosa

femoralis 2.09, 78, 329 | floecosa

Fergusoni 526, “521, 540, 700, 702, 710, | florescens

712 floricola

ferox --. 23, 24, 356, 606, 808 | fluviorum

ferrago s00 eee D6Z | fodiens

Ferrarii 682, 683 | foina

ferrea, - 598 | fola

Ferreola ae 83 | foliosum

ferrifera, - 500 | folus

fervidus Sate Bee eve 419 Forcinella

Fethalia cos we 439, 440 | Forcipula

fibrillosa 500 728, 731 | Fordonia

Ficus . 484 Forfiscelia

fieldii 491, 675 | Forficula

Filicum a0 . TAL

Filix-femina 120, 124, 125, 126,127, 252, | Forficularia

253, 254 | Forficulide

Filix-emas 260, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, | Formica

733, 734, 735, 736, 738, 739, 741, 742 | formosa

fimbriatum 254, 255, 256 | formosissima ...

finschi 70, 575, 603 | formosus

fisc heri ons evo eve san Gul? Fornicia

fistulosus eee 91 | forsteni

flabelliformis ... ag = UeMin BXaY) forticula

flammea 500 506 5 ooo DDE Fossores

flammealis C60 a0 c00 Beso DO fossulatum

flarigula Sa0 soe aise --. 759 | Foudia

Flataece cod ann ee. 5d | foveifrons

Flatide coo ee. 52 | fractilinea

flava coe 139, 682 | fragilis

flavala one 567, 625 | Francolinus

flavalis eee 049 | fraterna

flavens 547, 548, 549 | frauentfeldii

flavescens ove 206, 597 | Fregilus

59, 60, 61, 65

yey oe

sey i Somme?

... 570, 600

peace 9 =)

295, 296, 297

Bl) eee aoe

sy rage GTee

Ge Vaetbee

one 267

686, 687

Py Sint UU

Me en le

Leelee EES

2h Oe S

wee 568, 577

242, 244, B46

a 286, 987

bo) ee BOG

frigida ae

Fringilla a0

fringillarius ...

Fringillide

Fringillinee

fringillirostris ...

frontalis

frugilegus

fruticosa eee

fuciphaga onc

fulgida 000

Fulgora ont

Fulgoride.

Fulgorins

Fulica

Fulicarie

fuliginosa Bo

fuliginosus...

Fultonii 300

fulva 900

fulvatus “06

fulveola con

fulvescens On0

fulvidorsata ...

fulvipennis

fulvirostris ...

fulvohirta wae

fulvus eee

fumea ae

fumicolor 508

fumidisca eile

funebris

furcata

furfurata 600

fusca O00

fuscibasalis ee.

fuscicaudata «..

fuscicornis 06

fusco-rufibarbis

fuscus 500

gaika ovo

galactina co

Galanga eae

galatea doc

galba, abo

Galeatus 000

Galeopithecus

INDEX.

PAGE

ee he

esl ere

24 1 BOTA SES

B71, 572, 756

owe 137

ere soo DCL

eee eee 620

ese eee O0IL

Gag | 2B}

ze0 o>. 623

soo Orr 260 |

woe 46, 47, 5B

S00 eect Gie||

ee aan CM

176, 392, 765

900 ven (OA

woe 627, 628

A60 eeaiplic

eve O98

ene 3

. e. D02

00 aon dtP3

ove O92

ats

qos Oley

. 47

S06 san Bayl

768, 798, 799

eee aan AU)

000 Sod Dh

14, 35

SeeOD

° 712

Pe ae)

«» , 182, 659

eine ave

sbi ee FOS

sesein uses ABO al

Sle Name ran GOA |

569, 621, 770

he rates 488

sletnliese DOS

bela tert 858

Shae eee OUD

eye aed

wi. 297, 298

fac ace 755

galericulata

Galerita

galerita

galeulus

Galleroanee

Gallicrex

eallicus

Gallins

Gallinago

Gallinula

Gallus

Gamblei

ganeesa

ganesa

gangis

Gareeus

Garrulax

Garrulus

garrulus

garuda

Garudinia

Gastrophilus

Gastrosericus ...

gazella

Gegenes

gelida

geminata

gemmaria

gemmata

Genneus

genuinum

eenutia

Geocichla

Geocoridee

Geometra,

Geometride

Geometrinz

Geopelia

Geradia

Gerbillus

Gerride

Gerris

cersteeckeri

Gesneraces

gestrol

ghatica

gibbosa

gigantea

giganteus

208

xlix

PAGE

660, 662, 665

364, 572, 605

am. STE

ws 575, 576

PA ee OB

see meuT6d

sue BB, 805

562, 577

606, 607, 771

aot TEM) Gl

ie coe VOU

Gos oe 122

aes see ODI

ee 163, 674

546 coe 552

306 eee 502

567, 609, 756

soe .-. 566

cee coe OVE

306 wee 487

O00 goo |) Abts

coc sae 609

ore ... 286

36 coe BAD

506 vee OUT,

eee 349

wa see OSG

50 woe GOL

ee 10, 114

coe 578, 757

toe oo. 730

148, 483, 486

-- 125, 570

0 soe BUG

«ee 612, 655

ooo oo. 496

000 coe 654

oe | OMG OMG.

eee on 340

o08 coe BOT

O08 ... 301

ene oe UL

os 65, 73, 94

130, 360, 361

Sees Ran

w. 534, 545

nel ae5e

SO gy Bigs

wets aT 48

gigas soe

Gilberti ane

einginianus

Ginningia C00

giu

elaber coc

glabro-criniceps

Gladiolus eee

glanduliferum...

glandulosa

glandulosum ...

elareola ose

Glareolide ...

Glareoline ..

glauca coe

Gleadovia

Globwlus

Gloriosa

eloriosa

glossatrix

glottis eee

Gloxinia

Glypta

gnoma 600

Gnophus eee

Godefiryi

golzi ove

GonepteryxX ove

Gongylophis

gopara

Gortdius

Gorsachius

Gorytes

Gossypium

gouldic

Goura eae

govinda

gracile on0

eracilescens

gracilis eee

gracillimum

Graculipica

Graculus AC

graculus

Gralla

gTamineus

graminicola

Grammatoptila

grandiflora as

INDEX.

PAGE

6, 17 | grandis soe

POC ae «.. 998 | granulatus

144, 557, 569, 590 | gratiosa D6

Ace Aye co Wet eravidula 200

eae Ana Bias) |) Chey

con ... 692 | greeni

- 693 gremius S06

EN Grete coc

oe 123 sriffithiana

-- 170 | Griffithii

ave ape {33 erisalis ue

+ 767, 769 | grisea ne

sec 786 griseola coc

a ... 765 | grisola eee

...58, 54, 248 | Grues eee

Pe eeenG9) | exudes

eee BOT | Grus eee

Me one flies es all aguadua oo

ee ey .. 4 | guayaquilensis...

198 | Guentheri

“pa TAD) euineense 5

«. 130 | guleula eco

495 | gurial

: coe 490 | guttaticollis ;

--. 503 | guttatus eee

707, 708 | guttifera

eee 570 | guttivitta

ce wee 675 | guttulosana

99, 100, 386 | gutturalis ese

. eee DOL guyava

-- 610 | Gymnema

394 | Gymnogramme

: ee. 86 | Gymnorhina ...

202 | Gymnorhis ..

ore 571 | Gymnoscelis ...

«- 576 | Gymnura eee

558, 807 | Gypaétina ...

- eee 125 Gypaétus 506

c - 722, 723 | Gyps ss

A 467, 764 Gyrtona coe

. cece GOL

eee eee coo 566

. . 164

eee eco 340

eve 100

coe 567

: eee eve (9

Habenaria cee

habenarioides oe.

Hadena

heematocephala

heematogaster oe.

Hematopodins

Hematorrhophus

PAGE

sis sae 4 BOB RNG

...100, 887, 706, 707

Ad VGN seas

sia Ae een

394, 524, 525, 539

...65, 297, 319, 320

Meee ate, CGP

ey All

pial

cvs) pes MEOAMIDGE

ia aerre oheri 15

eee orang. GID.

By ee ee

ere ... 608

els coe 165

000 coe coe 165

eee eee coe 105

doc doc coc, ete}

eee 206 boc 28

20 - 374

701, 702, 708

we 368, 572

Ske a

wee 597

Panna nak ce b1Hi77

Sao |) eden Vee

Raa) ae TES

Pei sa, G29

rey OL eT

BM Be ses OL VE

ae eo EEG

we 259

set SNGREOS

ie een asa

sess es UNGED RBM

ss aks eae

we. 590

seo! ule. = liZbgt5 90

... 144, 556,589, 590

ig 218

Sie) one aS

st See eS

<n) Se ASB IOD

bi otdr Jerar SSBORDOUS

eos ese eee 299

eee eee eco 768

eee eve eee 300

hemorthous ...

Haliastur

Haleyon

Haleyones tee

Haliaétus

haliaétus ats

Halictus ane

halimoides

halimus one

Halticella

halys

hampsoni o00

hampsonii coe

Hanifa aes

Hansenia

hardwicki wes

hardwiekii eae

Harmonica vis

Harpodon 900

hasselti

hastata 200

hebrzeus

hecabe

hector

Heleopteris

heliaca

Helicops

Heliopais

Helopeltis

Hemerocallis ...

Hemidictyum ...

hemiglaucaria...

Hemimeride ...

Hemipodii

Hemipsilia

hemiptilopus

Hemipus

hemispila

Hemixus

Hemonia

hendersoni

Henicurus

heraclides ia

herbacenm

herculeana ...

Herminimum ...

Hesperia 30

Hesperidee O0c

Hesperiide ...

INDEX,

PAGE

SES

145, 558, 807

w.. 867, 594

000 eee BOT

-- 558, 806

coe . 556

490, 421

616, 617, 618

500 coe 616

S00 oe 439

«- 283, 284

oo HO 10D

S00 eee 248

BE --- 668

aes 58, 54

oe oe O25

coe 305, 567

ane coe 208

ane coo. Bie}

an coe O94

we 557, 592

ee 627, 820

eee AOL GMO

C00 coe 492

500 doo) Cex

175, 592, 600

000 eon 340

soot LS 50392

294, 296, 297

he a5 3

500 . 265

900 er 506

O60 59, 64

is cog. (883

ae coe COA

wes ... 809

BE . 620

628, 818, 819

76 - 06", 625

000 sae ODD

EA obo 1g)

coe 626

see ith

cog CU

aes S06 Bubey

soe -.. 169

493, 677, 678

ae eee 493

iO GIR G7

PAGE

Hesperiine ... a Ar 677

hetera 200 tele ses 499

Heterocera nee .. 547

Heterolocha 497, 498

Heteroptera 40 ete do5.) 8

hexagonotus 99

hexandra 000 on os Lol

Hibiscus 0 056 - 302

Hieraétus B00 557, 591, 592

Hierococeyx 172, 370, 573

Hierofalco 6o0 174

hierta, 000 ooo 485

himalaica S00 eon OO

himalayana 33 538, 546

himalayanum ... «- 693, 695

himalayanus O00 340, 681, 683

himalayensis See 590, 600, 625

Himantopus God 1) “doo' (iis)

Hipistes eee 340, 343

hippalus 450, 457

Hippeastrum . Sone:

hippia -- 492

bippocla 30 on 452, 453

hippoclus 450, 451, 452, 454

hippocrates 06 «-- 454

hippocrene ove eee ADT

Hipposideros coe 798, 799

Hirasodes eee 504

hirsuta S00 dd0 son | Sl

hirtipes Sac eee ee 721, 722

Hirundinide te 600 . 188

Hirundo 138, a5, 623

Histiophorus ac . 601

Hodgsoni 139, 681, 684, 712

Holeomyrex ... 522, 692, 693, 715

hololeuca oO 5 . 854

holosericata ... he ees Oolll

holosticta S00 O00 S00 oo. 495

Homolopside .. bs : eoe O44

Homoptera ... O08 enn 46

honorata 60 ve 370, 573, 612

Hoogwerfi ce coe 926, 540

hookeriana =... 000 26 650, 17s}

hookerianus 30 : ee 170

hooluk oO coomilioe

Hoplocephalus ... 00 - 230

Hoplopterus ... 90 00 - 768

horatius coo ob8 eo 84, 85, 92

Horni 533, 537, 538, 546, 699, 711

INDEX.

PAGE

horrenda : eeOU

horsfieldi ans «we 815

hortata . 81, 82, 92

Hortus . 743

hospes 90

Hospita ond ose O09

Hotinus ele 47

hottentotta -. 568

Hubertiella 5 vee B02

huebneri eee eos 483, 667

humbertiants ... 40 . eos 290

humeralis 4, 294, 296, 297, 333, 334

humii ade oon 602, 604

humilis 23, 26, 351, 698, 806, 807

hummatu : eels eee we 20

Huphina tee e 491

hurrianee see a C00 ore OST

Hyena . 758

Hyale Eee

hyalinata 50

Hyalopeplus 60 58

hybrida ens eee 200

Hybridoneura coe O41

Hydrelia te s+» 646

Hydrocarpus aac coe 244

Hydrophasianus 900 woe 107

Hydrophiine 340, B41, 343, 344

Hydrophine ... $e =0¢ cee 3008

Hydrophis ce 342, 387

Hydrophobus ... 339, 343, 344

Hydropotes S06 755

Hygiine eve 665 BANE}

Hygrophila 170

hyleeus 454

hylas 673

Hylobates 5 . 152

Hymenocallis ...

Hymenoptera ...

Hyoscyamus ...

Hypacanthis ...

Hypanartia ...

hypargyrus = eee

hypatia .

Hypena eee

Hypephyra as.

hyperbius

hypermnestra «..

hypocrateriformis

Hypolais «ap

... 76, 79, 267, 419

32, 38

Sine cote iaretontc: lhe fe "6

IH DAmMN HED

SFA OF wu

ior

—)

no oF OF

hypoleuca

hypoleucus

Hypolimnas

hypomelanus .

PAGE

w+. 656

vt . 769

485, 486, 670, 717

vas) AS AG

Hyposiccia o. eee vee B49

hypothetica 200 200 eee 467

Hypothripa one cos Fo Zul

Hypothymis coc ABE

Hy potenidia ... 181, 400

hyppocla : oes 452

hyppoclus 450, 452, 453, 454

hy pselis one --. 455, 456

Hypsidee 6, 761

Hypsipetes . ...

w. 567, 621

Hypsirhina 340, 341, 3842, 844

Hystrix 200 --. 760

hysudra 450, 456, 675

Janthocincla «oe Dbl

Inchneun:onidee 200 on0 eee 425

ichthyaétus ...

... 558, 806, 807

Tcones 741, 742, 743

icterus 500 waelt lie:

Ictinaétus MG El

ictis ste 188, 489, 675

Ilema ok: ae oon. U2

Tlerda con S50 wee O74

Tlex ears Cell

ilicifolium 464, 465, 466

Tlicinez 500 eee 900 coanniisid

Tlysiide oss 506 pa0 eee O42

imbuta 36 eee 506 fon ay

immaculata ee. ade 500 owe 499

Impatiens eos 168

Imperata 500 eee 310

imperialis ene eee DDB

impleta oc 405 «-. O51

inangulata wes coe 208

inara ahs woe 214

jnaria bs Bes Ay

incisum one . 730

inconclusa ene coe 214

incurvaria 500 eee 643

indeterminata ... vee eee oe ODL

indica

indicum

... 8, 187, 294, 295, 297,

366, 868, 488, 492, 528,

588, 546, 549, 576, 594,

671, 707, 708, 712, 714

7 170, 687, 688, 708

indicus

indigofera oe

indistineta

indostanus

inductaria eae

indus 000

inermis ah

Inez oaC

infestus aae

inflata bao

inflatus

inflexa

informis

Inga acc

Inglebyi :

ingrataria 200

innominatus

Inocotis 550

inornatus eee

inoxia

Insectivora

insignaus

insigni

insignis eee

instabile 000

. insuavis 600

insularis S00

integrifolia ...

integrius

intermedia

internella O00

interrubrescens

interrupta

intereerta

interstitialis

intricata

Inuus

loantha ee

ioda

Tphigenia

iphita

Iraota

irenea

iria

Tridese

Iridomyrex

Iris es

eoe

INDEX

PAGE

554, 566, 575, 589, 590,

764, 767; 806, 817

... 170

ela Se

Par enGins

555, 558, 807

373, 698

696, 697

278

682

680

353

Seas

we 485, 493

688, 700, 702

647

we. 587

. 142

759

754

217

818

694

651

718

47, 709,

136, 187, 487

... 685, 688

561, 568, 569,

738, 735

Le lieg

ae Bl

wee 351

. 291

vee 457

801

361

211

A Re:

485

182

762

ey era 208

irrorata

irrufatella

Isabel

isabellina

isabellinus

Ischemum

Ischnomyrex ..

Tseilema

ismene

isocrates

ispida

Issinze

Ithagenes

Ixias

Ixulus

Iyngin

Tyngipicus

Tynx

jacobinus

Jacquemontii

jainadeva

jambolana

jambu

Jamides

japhia

japonica

japonicum

jasminoides

javana

javanica,

javanus

jaxartella

jehana

jerdoni

johnii

jucunda

judicatrix

jugger

jugegur

juncea

Junonia

Kempferia

Kalidasa

Kaliella

264, 265, 387,

pai

PAGE

.-. 500

Mi heen 658

vee 608

602, 606

UN sana 7a

693, 694, 715

ata

483, 484

Lal) eae OO

soe BO

Bis

eae

492, 675

soa) ee MOOD

wa 366

365, 599

ws. 366

soot ional

3, 676

soe 670°

a8 oe 689

o00 on0 es

5G MENS

ac ek OBS

BR ecu ors

w.. 357, 268

Be cee em

535, 587, 546

145, 623, 668

450, 452

wee 659

wee 489

567, 602

670, 809

wee B45

535, 645

85, 92

142, 560, 812

174

129

670

coe

eco

liy

kalinda

kallala

Kallima

kaluga

kamala

kanariense

Karanasa

karsandra

Kaoetisa

keshmirica

kash wiriensis

kasyapa

kelaarti

Ketupa

Kewensis

khasiana

kieneri

kinbergi

kingi

kingii

kinnisi

Kirbyi

Kleinhovia

Klugii

Knightii

Kochia

keenigi

kohistaria

korros

krisna

kudagee

kuhli

Labanda

Labia

labiatus

Labidophora

Labidura,

Labus

lachenense

lactea,

lactinea,

leta

levigatus

leevinodis

INDEX.

PAGE

Beet ey Mise aih s (och (GK

selahyneoni sean P ABOHEROD

Be ite, MMP Re oe). AN?

Leer? "Se ON ome (0)

5 | MnO me ays iil es (GH)

Pee nea teathstad ep

ee ake . 667, 668

cals eon eae oo. 488

500 we 500 S56, (lei7/

Ba Ane Nae eee 499

sea are ie .-. 604

O00 vite ae «. 674

000 900 AS oe. O94

sae 900 ee eee 145

oa eae Sno tel}

450, 451, 452, 728,

729, 730, 741

eae coo MB}

a een cr nu cay Ot

Lg ean Pee Cressi

PEND eA LNG Steines SaaS

lean cae Waa ARUN GOS

ea nae ears Mae (31-0

PAE is aet ose MRS 59

ee) og en PO TUE

Ses be are ees OF)

. 617

goo Soc 206 --- 301

moe S00 360 soo 496

000 000 vee ae 340

600 500 > 307

: ees 65, ne 320

S06 ono 5 ee

eee eee eon 198

63, 65, 66, 67, 78, 76,

324, 325, 326, 335

Ce ete. 158, 444

| ol eG

65, 66, 67, 77, 78, 316,

317, 318, 323, 324, 329

Se ae 292, 298

Pepe eck. Gets

Get ements Pine 67

Pres NY ans igty Sem AE

Beh it Bee ae eb etc

200 20 eee T13

ea soc occ vee ODT

leevinota

lesvior

leevis

leevithorax

leviventris

Lagenaria

lahtora

laius

lalifolium

lamellifrons

lamellinoda

laminata

Lamoria

Lampides

Lamproapis

lanceolatus

Landolti

laniaris

Laniide

Lanius

lanka

lankana

lankanus

lanuginosa

Laogena

Laogona

Lapaphras

lapemidoides ..

Larentia

Larentians

laria

Larvivora

Larymna

lascivus

Lasgona

Lasiommata

lasiopteris

Lasius

PAGE

we 684

686, 687

23, 24

w.. 699

« 708

we B02

398, 602

bn ORY

x00 BU

oe 704

eon

ee» 450

428, 429

coo Cl)

soo, Hail 7/

a65 lil

«-- 646

ee. 620

«-- 300

oe. 281

455, 457

--. 667

ee 208

712, 714

Lastrea 127, 467, 720, 721, 724, 726, 727,

731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736,

lateralis

late-repens

Laternaria

laternaria

laticinecta

latifascialis

Latifasciatus .

latiflorus

737, 739, 740, 742, 743, 745

we 299

744, 745

46, 47

9, 112

wee BAB

ceralag

latifolia

latifolium

latinoda,

latinode

lativitta

lativittata

latonia

latus

Launsea

launginosa

lavinode

laxum

leadbeateri

Lecanium

leda

leechi

Leei

Leguminosze

Leguminosie-Papilionacex

lelita

lemonias

Lemoniide

lencura

lentiscus

lentum

lepidea

lepidus

lepita

lepturus

Lepus

leptocarpa

Leptocorisa

Leptocorise

Leptogenys

leptogonia

Leptomiza

Leptosidia

Leptothorax

leschenaulti

leucadendron ...

leucocephala

leucocephalus ..

leucocera

leucocypta

leucogaster

leucogenys

leucogeranus

leucoglyphica ...

leucolophus

eee

INDEX.

PAGE

ee 259, 781 | leuconeura

aes .. 259 | leuconota

527, 540, 545 | leucopsis

ee» 685, 687 | leucoryphus

5 eve DAD Leucosarcia

3 6, 105 | leucospilota

eee vee O00 leucotis

706, 707 | leucura

so5 ila) leviventris

6 e- 748 | Lewisii

cho soa 1B} Lexis

«+ eee LZ | Libytheine

-- S74 | Libythea

ap ANS libythea

483, 454 | licktensteini ...

eee 250 lignata

: ee 690 | lignifera

se 168, 356 | ligyes

S08 socualialll lilacina

se see D4 lilea

oo. 485 Liliaceze

. 671 Lilium

soo UBYE Limicole

ast soe) 128 limnaétus

459, 461, 462 | limniace

600 sOOD Limnias

800, 801 Limosa

-- 671, 717 | Lindgreni

ooo BID Lindleyana

375, 760 Lindsaya

eee o- 616 lineatum

306, 307 lineifer

565 OLS lineola

Ce ertsis line)

. oll linifolia

deo XP} linnei

eo. 653 linnei

522,680, 698 | Liometopum

-- 370 | Liomyrex

ai --- 778 | Liopicus

375, 570, 604 | Lioptila

eee 401, 809 Liothrix

Sea woe 496 Liparis

sae so0 23 Lissonota

Ane «>. 806 Lithosia

se) oe 56%) |) Luithosianee

aa .» 765 | Lithracia

see DIS liturata

ve DOT # liventer

PAGE

We 2.860

ee 5684/6017

Awe 189

558, 806

aon

BS 1a

no 6025.61)

.. 760, 768

wee 105

sisson

eae TD

so Ga

fo Giley aaa

woo) eee OM

Sa eeOm

A aarGon

10, 114, 116

w+ 670

bs MEE Oe

we 450, 455

WB 5

A nba a)

optics 766

pu ts.e 598

482, 483, 666

ee OE

5 ae 69

... 708, 712

Pe ED

i Pete tricks

seajey e608

Seles Dee

le CUT

es ehESS Gish}

Leh ZO

salaeesol

.. 300, 301

cc iNT,

w. 522, 699

eee Olas

w.. 567, 570

se) BG7N G70

oe ETES

ws. 426, 427

PO IS

ws 11,846

ey ee aU)

Ls ese ga

ase eve 806

lvi

livia

livida

lividipes

lobata

lobatum

Lobelia

Lobobasis

Lobopelta

Lobophora

Lobophorodes

loewli

Loganiacese

lombokensis

Lonchitis

Longi

longiceps

longiflorvum

longifolium

longinus

longipennis

longipes

longiramaria

longirostris

Longisetosa

longisetosa

Lophobates

Lophoceros

Lophomyrex

Lophophanes

Lophospizias

lophotes

Lophotrichis .

Loranthus

loricata

Loricerus

Loriculus

Loriidsz

Loris

Lorius

lory

lorquinii

Lothbinieri

Loxaspilates

loxoscia

lubentina

lucidalis

lucidus

lucina

eee

INDEX,

PAGE

see. AUB6d

woe 216

... 818

468, 472, 552

468, 469, 470,

472, 476, 477

Bee) ETC RNIAO

Pee Perks

se RAPES

we 326, 827

a 645, 646

we 672, 673

Leek dee 0

Bee aes

sc Lil een S

688, 700, 710

cco 10s, TO

aera iF

Be AOE G

A Mareen ye)

w. 496, 547

169, 693, 694

w. 506

po, OE

ha (RDS

Pee: ae

504, 508

368

695

601

811

809

593

pe 522)

810,

577,

591, 592,

ne yo b9

ee EOS

. 300

Fe ees ts

574

754

.. B74

. 574

237

canal

se 498

sete HUD, GL

iis 9487

ec LOTAMLOS

299, 705, 706

ve 450, 451, 452, 453, 455

luciolee

luctuosa, S50

luctuosum 506

Ludovicianum...

lugra eae

lunisigna AAO

lunulifera S00

lupus 200

lurida 900

lutea Bae

luteola ae

lutosa 500

Lutra an

luzonica n00

Lybantaria ...

Lycena

Lycenesthes ...

Lycsenide

Lyeodon

Lygeside

Lygzeus Sor

Lymantria

Lymntriaade ...

lynx

lvreessa 200

lysimon coc

Lytorhynchus ...

Maackii

Macacus

Macadamia ...

macao eee

Macaria n00

macariata eos

macclellandi ...

MecDonelli

Macherhamphus

machaon

Machlolophus ...

Machomyrma ...

Mackinnoni

mackwoodi

Macrobrochis ...

macrocarpa ..

macrocarpum ...

macrocephala ...

Macrochires ...

Macrophya ...

woe

247, 248, 487,

we 245, 246,

94, 98, 389,

PAGE

: we 696

212, 577, 698

468, 475, 471

UTA

wis) Reena

sell

we 675

Sit aes

Be 23

26, 567, 570

1.20) BuUeDe

ie, 2

eb ts 60

ee To BR

sco) 10S

671, 672, 673

soy DY

247, 487, 671

341, 342, 348

w. 802, 306

we 801

298

LOGS

... 758

ces TOR

w. 488, 674

eyes)

ae) RSI

758, 801, $02

Byer ass 1)

Pn BIG

BE occ HID

aah i! ING

. 567

257, 260

we 809

.. 676

w BGG

aa)

119, 122

tes gon, callil

6, 17

Bi reas IH

118, 255, 256

Pe? 0)

Pees S(t)

iio |

macrophylla

macrops

macrorhizon

macrorhynchus

macrura

macrurus

maculata

maculatrix

maculatus

maculiceps

maculifascia

maculipennis

madagascariensis

maderaspatensis

madurensis

mecenas

Meenas

merula

Mesa

meesarum

macnifica

magnirostris

Magrettii

maha

mahendra

Mahogani

mahrattensis

maja

major

malabarica

malabaricus

malacca

malacoptilus

malayensis

Maliattha

Malinsii

mandellii

mandschuriana

Manettia

mangifera

Maniola

Manis

mannifera

manyar

margaritacea

Margarit

INDEX.

PAGE

8, 356, 357

eet NASR LEM O

oy 168

370, 558

135, 569

.. 869, 559, 807

17, 130, 592, 609,

657

762

362, 626, 711

ceeliur ees aga!

18, 349

see 420

e570

sane we 139

RP eee ONT

ares naka de GeaesSD

PS Iae iC aay Wray

Ce Lo SO TCG

; we 294

«295, 297

US en ere ial

Pree Oh mastitis

...531, 584, 588, 545

te SO TH AS84673

670

w. BB7

aly ecard

... 73, 112, 527, 540,

572

.. 5, 186, 898, 399,

588, 569, 570

s 767

571

eek!

598

205

539

2 820

Se Mec

780

624

668

vee 155

B56

. 136

354

697

marginata,

marginatum

marginatus...

marginella ...»

marianne aa

maritima 900

maritimus noe

marloyi cae

Marmorata s.

marmoricauda...

Marmecricrura ooo

marshallorum ...

maruetta 600

Maskellia ano

Mastodon 600

mathias ond

maura wee

Maurandia

mauritanica

maxima aan

Magri see

Mecodina

Medasina 600

mediofusca Bae

mediozonata ...

medon 900

meduis 900

medus

megacephala ...

Megalema

megarhynchus.e.

Meira cas

mela cn

melampus

melena 900

Melaleuca

Melaleucaria ...

Melaleucia

Melanapis

melane

melanicterus

Melanitis ooo

melanocephala...

melanocephalus

Melanocory pha

Melanographia...

melanolemcus «oe.

Ivii

PAGE

7, 107, 891, 647

w. 128, 459, 460, 401, 462,

468, 464, 734, 735, 738,

739, 740, 741, 742, 748

714

492

321

170

677

659

a. 65, 69, 70

5 Ge

764

207

- 163

677

603

780

321

317

- 585

215

509

- 496

SOS.

SA ON

239, 240,

399,

241, 483,

108, 118,

eo eco

108

. 671

800

483

543

573

570

275

24]

. 490

-- 246

778

510

117

422

241

571

484

571

. 568

572

114

559

lyiil

melanolepia ...

melanoleuca

melanoleucus ...

melanolophus ...

melanope

melanoplagia ...

melanopodus ...

melanopogon ...

melanops see

melanosoma

melanota ae

melanotis ood

melanura

melba 400

meletus

Meliaceze ase

melichari

Melipotis 206

Melissotarsus .«.

Melitea ae

melitia

Melocanna

Melophus

Melopsittacus os.

menava

menzbieri S60

Meranoplus

Merganser 206

meridionalis

merione

Meropes 200

Meropidee

Merops

Merula

mesentina

Mesia

mesogona

mesomelana

mesosticta

Messor cas

Metachrostis

metallica me

metaphrea

metaphysica

metaxantha

Metel

Meteloides

methemaria ...-

Metopidius

INDEX.

PAGE

bel ee. eSBs

Pi 8850,

391, 808, $13

sapere epyi

... 189, 605

Fi te cie, A)

445

Eanes

569

548

iN 111

ay . 807

576

wee 309

242

bled ica 356

. 214

.. 692

UR Gs er N6G9

Ba Sane)

es ese MLTG

, 71

.. 576

. 667

eee eee

521, 705, 706

Bess 400

.. B18

we 484

we B67

. 367

627

622

676

Sk ean

... 106

200

104

715

eer e206

Me 8678

... 350

... 467

enhanc BOS

CPE er

we 651

817

Metoponia

micantiventris

microgynaria

Microhierax

microphasma ...

Micropternus ...

micropterus

microsora

microsorum

Micrulia

midamus

migrans

Millardi

Miltochrista

milvipes

Milvus

Mimerastria

Mimeusemia

Mimoruza

Mimusops

minima

minimus

minor

minuscula

minuta

mirabilis

Mirafra

Miride

Miris

misippus

mithila

Mithuna

mixtum

modesta

Modiglianii

Moesa,

mcevius

molle

molleri

molliusculum

Molpastes

moluccensis

molurus

Moorea

monacha

Monalonion

Monanthia

mongolica

moniliger

PAGE

w. B71, 604

w. 588, 544

Here los BG

391, 608, 813

Mma ait

See S65

Sc YR)

w. 744, 745

1440 45

: w+. 643

as C8)

Petes.) S07

“5 -681N6es

Rn as RO

ee); eee

oy GG, GH

se) AG

5. SSS 6S

ie a aTOR

Pe Sea

oe US2eng3

de HBOS

326, 538, 566

peer

109, 180, 770

Selves earl

... 868, 572

Pee) 58

Reese te

486, 670, 717

BP fas CS

26) pele

ee Gb 108

cies, BT

680, 688, 713

295, 296, 297

ue eS

744, 745, 746

Seal. Gee

744, 745

567, 597, 602

sen. OT

wee B95

occ, ie enim

.. 606

apa eae

stp eersogs

... 672, 768

ie, RS eROUN

Monomorium ...

Monopbadnus ...

monospila 200

montana vee

montanus O00

Montezumia

Monticola oat

monticola on0

montifringilla ...

morbida eee

morinda eer

morio 900

moschiferus ...

Moschus aes

Motacilla 600

Motacillide ...

mucosa, Ses

mucosus eee

mucronata 506

mucronatus ...

mucronifolia ...

mucronifolium

multicaudatum

multidens

multiguttata ...

multipuncta ...

multipunctata

multivittata

Munia eee

muraria C08

muricata

muricolor eae

murina é

Murrayi 200

Mus S86

788,

mus

Muscicapa aa

Muscicapide ...

musculalis ane

musculus eee

musicus eae

musina

Mustela 600

mutans 900

muticus 000

Mutilla

136,

759, 784,

789, 790,

INDEX,

PAGE

w. 522, 685 | Multillide

a06 -.. 446 | Mycalesis 006

«- 657, 658 | mycterizans ..

aC --- 297 | Myiophoneus ...

500 --- 604 | Myodocha 500

boc 90, 92 | Myodochinz

eee --- 6038 | Myodochus ..

387, 594 | myoporoides ...

«. O72 | Myvisticivora ...

eee 8317 | Myrmecina

i --- 819 | Myrmica. S00

65, 326, 327 | Myrmicaria

500 --- 160 | Myrmicarii

--- 760 | Myrmicine

-- 139, 605 | myrmidone ...

206 ... 139 | Myrmoteras ...

..- 486 | Myrospermum...

339, 340, 395

65, B24, 825

(ea eRe 705

Te woken £68

UI eA eS

268, 264, 745

535, 545, 546

Se aap 50

Sa ces IN

629, 645, 819

Pennant

565, 570, B71

Bl 602

a 23

a at

dh S796

Rn eto)

785, 786, 787,

791, 792, 798,

794, 819

529, 542

Wei ya 608

132, 569

IN)

fe 759 784

WEEN

LIN Cu 4G

CS ea

coo eco 496

B77, 692, 706

79, 80, 92, 367, 268, 269,

270, 271

| Naia

Myroxylon ...

Myrsiphyllum ...

Myrtaceze eee

Myrteta coe

myrtillus

mysorensis

Mystrium ae

Mytylata 000

Myzine

Nacaduba ae

nais

Najas

Nannopygia

nana

nanus

Naoraji

Narcissi

narcondami «..

nebulosa

Necla

Nectariniide

Nectariniine ...

Nectonema

neglectus

negretina

negronitens

neilgherrense ...

Neline B60

jix

PAGE

fo CRY

w+. 483

| eRe iene ite 5a

568, 602, 815

306, 307

. 306

. 806

Pea onan

0 GN

Pea ies silly Gen

...522, 696, 697, 698

i. 708) 044

ENS 0

714

oa 50

Pe Ab. ne

SO onan se TIER

Pee

Se ee 1S)

Sages NSVANNTTS

OEE MOG

HN ae G2

SA 120

sy ASAD

ose «- 496

81, 92, 272, 273

247, 248, 488

96, 97, 102, 338, $89, 341,

343, 344, 895, 409, 416

487

A ERE AB 20

Ho) 18) TAN T8N 829

Pe ae uiay

690, 692

...598, 525, 589, 712

w. B72

w.. BOL

104

364, 572

i eS 6a

UL NGI

BM eae ites BUG

ooo eee eoo

eco eee

390 goo (PA)

coe eee -. 327

. ° ee 1]

ses 302

lx INDEX.

PAGE

nelides : 206 ... 248 | nigripileus ...

Nemathelminthine «.. 610 | nigriradiata ...

Nematomorpha --. 610 | nigrirufa

nemoricola ohn .- 606, 607 | nigrisigna eae

Neoblavia 008 act ooo ddl nigrisparsa

Neolobophora ... 63, 65, 66,67, 336 | nigrisparsalis ...

neolobophoroides 65, 333, 335 | nigritarsis

Neonola coe 6, 103, 104 nigrita cat

Neophyon eee 144, 557, 559, 590 nigro-maculata

Neoscelis se ooo Seo (ioe) nilgirica eas

neoza 000 te 000 --- 668 | nilgiriensis ...

nepalensis 138, 175, 371, 509, 557, 575, Nilhummatu ...

594, 605, 816 | Niltava

Nephcronia see | reel) i | ieee) 294) || Ninox

Nephrodium ... 128, 479, 720, 721, 722, | nipalensis fit

726, 731, 739, 741, 742, | Niphanda

745, 746 | niphe 50

Nephrolepis ... On «ee 748 | niralis ope

Neptis ocd ° cog (O70 nirmala “00

Nerium oC ee. 483 | Nisaétus

nervosa ne see coo toll nisus 906

Nesocia ne soo (hs) ||). imateriels, 650

netscheri soe eee 237 | nitidus oo

Nettion ee 003, 664 nivea eee

nexilinea onc 2 O00 .. 518 | niveiguttata ...

ni 200 --- 247 | niveimaculata

niasica 00 600 oo» 450, 451 niveinotata

niasicus a0 oC --- 451 | niveiventer ...

Nicxa ave coe eee D47 =| nivicola

Nicévillei o00 eels --- 182, 684 | nivifascia O00

nicobarica 576, 794, 795, 796, 797, 803 | nobilis coc

nicobaricus 782, 783, 797, 798, 800, 801 | Noctuide <o0

nicobarule ... 900 -. 798, 799 |{ nocturna

Nietneri 65, 69, 70, 531, 543 | noda oa

niger sae «ee O2, 486, 692, 698 | Nola 8,

nigra 198, 440, 582, 543, 709, 710

nigrescens 00 coe -- O44 Nolin

nigricans nae S00 coe «ee 448 | Nomia

nigriceps 65, 74, 75, 429, 442, 600 | nomius

nigricollis pe yereiiiiters 906955598. “noreia ot

nigrifascia ... 200 600 ee 106 | normalis son

nigrifrons eae soe ese 548 | norvegicus ae

nigrifulvaria ... oes eae . 514 | nostrodamus ...

nigrilinea con 250 nee ee 215 | notabilis 0o0

Nigrimentum «. 567, 607, 625 | Nothaima

nigripars eve 206 ee 15 | Notogonia

nigripennis ... soe ee 990, 577 | Notonectide ...

nigripes 15, 119, 120, 121, 122, | nove-hollandiz

128, 124, 125

nubifascia nee

eee eale --- 446

a AS

618

208

wind OTe

1038, 104, 108, 109, 110,

111, 112, 198

5 5 Meese Gea

oe 421

Pee ean 5, 10)

ek a) intend OARS

.-. 727, 736, 738, 739

784, 791, 792

685

430

e285

nuchalis

Nueifraga

nuda

Nudaria

nudicaulis

nudiflora eae

Numenlus

nummularia

Nursea

nursei mae

NUX=-vOMiCA ..e

Nychia 000

nyctemerata

nycthemerus ...

Nycticebus

nympha

Nympheacez ...

Nymphalide ...

Nymphaline ...

Nythia

obesa

obliqua

obliquaria 000

obliquifasciata...

obliquilineata ...

obliquisigna

obliquivitta

obliquum

oblitterans ...

oblongata

oblongus

obrinaria

obseura,

obscurata

obsoleta

obtusisquama ...

occidentalis

occipitalis

occultum

ocellata

ocellatum

ochreicostata ...

ochricostata

ochritincta ...

ochrodes 600

Ochromela ..e -

ochropus ane

. 615, 616,

INDEX,

PAGE

se ete 609

w. 628, 818

w. 688, 689

354

w-. 170

e780

2 769

617, 618, 619

a. 275, 276

Pe a CO

130

dolores 162

se DIS

ene ie

ase! aval

356, 606, 781

236, 482, 666

245, 484, 669

enn naKO Gd

eco cco

es oO

. 550

497

sto ile

346

eeuto ieee 02

Seon as

461, 462, 468

wee 644

711

we 652

we 698

wee 850

fas

= 168

soe 566

35) By 654

w 462, 555

ON eve BOM

Lea ates BOS

a. 11S

BAS

veo 621

we 769

Ixi

PAGE

ochrota coe * wee coo O47

ochthodes 724, 725, 726

Ocimum ooo 170

octopunctata ... ces coo ooo DOT

Ocyphaps 000 doo Jac ooo OUT

odata, O08 500 ooo OF4

odontoaloma 727, 733, 734, 736, 738,

739, 740

odoratum- ce oo! coe 140

Odorographia ... sarotll ii Neats ee 29

Odynerus +90, 91, 824

Gidicnemidee O06 oud coo 166

C&dicnemus oe ooo 166

(mene OC «. 18

cenopopelia ... 600 ooo 062

Oleandra 50 GOO doo de)

oleracea soe ee 136, 302

Oligodon wae coe 339, 340

Oligomyrmex ... 521, 689, 690, 691

Oligura o00 605, 819

olivaceus ooo occ 600 ooo BUL

olivata eve eee 208, 513, 641

olivatia cee cos coo 496

olivescens coo DIL

olor 60 woe 156

opalescens 500 ove eee LO4

opalina eae coe 104

Ophideres 000 ooo 214

Ophiophagus ... 97, 409, 410

Opisthocosmia ee 63, 65, 66, 67,

Ophthalmis ...

Ophthalmodes...

oral 500

oraniensis 500

orbiferana oe

orchidastrum ...

orchioides Nae

Orchis

Orcicola O00

Oreocincla oo

orientale 500

orientalis 660

Oriolid. 600

Oriolus eee

orissana

orithyia

ornatipennis ...

ornatum, ope

338, 884, 385

sah aes RO TOS

Be lee Calipydaon

sii ee Ae GS

... 698

sa Westen NM OnSe6

Mes Neon 1

Nia ee

a wa. 598

... 135, 622

UES ESoI6S a,

290, 448, 562, 576, 820

ee eons

ee AV 568

Mons eet 3

a woe 485

Seat SUMESg

Baton cekiICKU

Ixii

ornatus

Ornithochilus ...

orphininaria

orseis -

Orthoptera

. 59, 60, 62

Orthostixing ...

Oruza

orythia

Oryza

oryzivora

Osmotreron

Otides

Otididee

otis

Otocampsa

Otocompsa

Otocryptis

Otogyps

ottilia

oudhensis

ovalis

Ovipennis

Ovis

Oxacme

Oxybelus

oxycephalus

oxydata

Oxygyne

Oxymacaria

oxyphyllum

Oxystelma

ozela

Ozola

Pachylepis

143

679, 682,

Pachyprotasis ...

Pachyura

pacificum

pacificus

Padenia

Padraona

pagodarum,

Palaornis

paleaceum

Palistes

pallens

pallescens

pallida

, 556,

171, 297,

INDEX.

PAGE

coo

574

169

503

490

511

208

-- 670

roe LO

eee 565

woe OUT

- 166

766

674

162

611

817

589

455

eee 168

2 69

see BDO

. 160

coo

683,

500,

Pee oey,

339, 342, 343, 345

199

715

501

- 254

soe OOY

-- 206

5 Bll

-. 493

206

442

796. |

702

117

569

575

731

820

144

652

PAGE

pallidaria 500 eas o- G47

pallidior 243, 244, 245, 716

pallidor OG: Bae coe JAG

pallidum 0 736, 738, 739, 740

pallinodes 30 <00 coe 698

pallipes 317, 318

| palmarum ee 184

| palmata eee OOD

palpata, «ee G4)

paludosa 00c oo cog IIL)

palumbarius 175, 811

Pamphilinee soo (BAT

Pancratium :

Pandanes oo 4G

Pandanus Sees

pandava coo 488

' Pandioa = 0D6

Pandionide 556, 589

pandora ee. 670

pandum G05 1133

pannosus 787, 788

Panicum soo) teil

| panope +e 492

| pantherina ne «. 49

Panureus «. 420

Papaveracese +» 119

paphia Stell) a vteae te | \relel is eee One

Papilio ee 243, 454, 492, 676, 717

! papilio aoe 006 S00 woe TAT

Papilionide 249, 496, 675, 676

Papilionins 508 coashe eae OD

papillosa eo. 643

papillosum ee 169

pabyraceum ... eee TAG

papyrifera 560 -.- 128

papyrus eee 128

paraboliea . 617, 619

paracuta - 248, 249

Paradisea eee B66

Paradiseidee -- 566

paradiseus ane ws --. 568

paradisi eee 132, 133, 606

Paradoxornis ... 606 oa Lae, WAG

Paraguay ensis oo. * cae WOT

Paralasa ese $00 oo eee 669

parallelogrammum 722, 728, 730, 731

Parapieris see s00 o. 676

Parascolopsis ... S06 soo BG}

Parasiccia eee ee =: 18, 849

Parasitica

parasiticum

Parata doo

Pardanthus

pardus

parisatis odo

Parnara coo

Parnassius

Paroaria

Parridee

Parus

parva

parviflora ay

patvinoda ..

parvulum

pascua

Passer

pastea

Pastor ae

patentissima ...

patentissimum ..

patula

paulina

paulus

Pavo ae

Pavoncella ...

pecorum

pectinata

pectinatella

pectinatum

pectoralis

pedestris

peguensis

Pelargopsis

Pelecanus

pellens

Pellorneum ...

pendulum ee

pennatus 500

pentaphylla

Pentas 500

Pentzia

Peperonia

Peradeniya

perdentata

peregrinator

peregrinus

perelegans

INDEX,

PAGE

746

493

. 158

667

677

3, 678

572

745;

580, 542,

eye 23

688, 689

65,

ene

Ban eas OblyE

w- 569, 6

727, 729, 730

729, 730,

125, 258, 254

567,

104, 536, 545

he BE

772, 773,

615, 6

2E 296

wet 13

174, 559, 560,

811, 812

559, 560, S11

680, 683

perenopterus

Pericallia oe

Pericrocotus

Peristrophe

Perixera

Perizoma Bp

Pernis

perornata, 000

perpallida 200

perpulverea ...

perroteti

personata

persea

persephone

perseus

persica ooo

peshva

petiolata

petiolatus

Petrophila

petrorhiza

Pexinola

pheea

pheeoceps

pheeochroa

pheeopus

phalanta

Phaps

Pharaonis

Phaseolus

Phasianidee

Phasianus 6

Pheidole

Pheidologeton ...

Phibalapteryx...

Philanthas ...

Philanthus

Philarchus

Philarcta

philetas

philippensis ...

philippinus

Phipsoni

philcetas db

Phlogenas

Pheenicophainz

phoenicopterus

pheenicuroides

Ags 97,

139, 178, 892,

ro coe G69)

eo0 coo e

672,

562,

22, 523, 588, 544,

696, 714,

521, 690, 691, 692,

i 512,

86,

578

546,

715

513

Bon: alee

- 668

661,

eoe eco

322

453

367

541

674

577

BY AL

577

605

lxiv

phoenicurus

pheeostrigellus

Phormium

Phoronis cee

phosphorea

Photocotosia ...

Phromnia 200

Phronima

phryne 3

Phylliphanta ...

Phyllorhina

Phylloscopus ...

Phyllostachys

Phymatostetha

Physiculus

Physorhynchus

physothorax

Pibrocha

Pica se

picata

picatus eve

Picea 000

Pici coe

Picide ose

Picine .

picta

pictatrix

picticolor 000

picturata

pictus r00

Picumnus

Pieringe

Pieris xe

pila _ ase

Pilea

pileata

pilicornis

pilosum 506

pimpla

Pimplides

pinnata

Pinus

Pionus G0

Piper ove

Piperacee |...

Pipistrellus ...

pipistrellus

Piprisoma ons

Piptadenia ...

INDEX,

PAGE |

aa . 764 Pisara 00

see se ... 658 | Pisaramedioronata

4 piscator eve

49 Pistacia

noe 46 Pitcairnia

ee oe Beanie) Pitta

53 | Pittide 30

.. 563 | placidula

-. 491 | plagiaria

-. O92 | Dlagiata

«ee 798 | plagidiscca

; -- of4, 602 | plagiogramma...

ooo lifts) plagiola

+. 307 | Plagiolepis

S00 occ von OME: Planiceps 000

coe 299, 300, 301 platena *

tee ee- 680, 683 Platurus

eee 355 fal) Platycercus

566, 596, 601i | Platycerota

a 577, 603

200 Platylabia

eve eee eco 620

Platylabus ...

oo. ‘aillls) Platylodia ...

«. 305 | Platypeltis: <..

365, 572 Platyplectrurus

eee «. 065 | Platyplecturus...

65, 69, 642 | Platytes

--. 212 | plauta

O00 the «. 211 | Plebeius

tee 206 -- 655 | plebelis

500 c0C ks) Plectropterinz

500 --- 587, 588 | Plesiomorpha ...

249, 490, 491, 675 | plexippus ase

ee 491, 676 | plinius

82, 92 | Ploceide one

eee see 486 | Ploceine

-» 368, 594 | Ploceus

: 65, 326 | Plotheia

cas «. 702, 703 | Plumbago

... 667 | plumbea coe

506 ct eee 425 | plumbeofusa

cos ass +. 118 | plumbeomicans

: sss ee 819 | plumbicolor

ove --- 576 | plumbitincta ...

coe V7 plumeri eve

e« 777 | Pochazia se

. 797, 798 | Podostemon

ood oe «. 797 | Podostemonacess

-- 365 | Peecilonola

ee» 168 | Pceciloptera ..

PAGE

103, 104, 108, 198

102, 340, 344, 599

w. 128

se 8

eee

Pam es 2)

woe 246

587, 546

e168

sige

wee 609

112, 113

Re 15 6)

282, 283, 284

450, 454

| 340, 341, 343, 345, 719

? . BIG

wk. aun eG

65, 67, 78, 75, 76

ses, Metts meee

wa 294

wee B44

2 B87

659

woe JAG

wee 248

soe TST

we 660

ons) 4) eeoB OO

we AAS 0667

Pree

135, 570, 571

Seat Vide

135, 136, 570

vee) neo hBTO

Pe aeeeaee

, B44

. 652

EL reeirere ilies 13

fie). vere (ASS

wee 205

dos, ope ADRESS

ned Stk Nee ee

. 170

8 . 170

9, 108, 112, 113

58, 54

INDEX. Ixv

PAGE PAGE

Peecilosoma - 442 | Ponera ne 713

Peecilotiphia 278, 274 | Ponerinz eee 713

peecilus ee .. 801 | Pontia vee 676

Poekillopterinz 52, 54 | ponticerina 817

Poéphila au leis ee. 571 | porcinus CoC 310

Poinciana ae i ... 325 | Porphyrio : - 765

Polia woe 202 porrigens S00 116

polia 6 65, 108, 109 | Portulaca 170

poliaria ove oO 504, 510, 652 | Porzana coo 164

Polioaétus 000 558, 589, 806 | postlineata ‘ oo . 652

poliocephalus ... O00 --- 765 | postnigra doc - 352

poliorhiza ... . 202 | preaampla a6 eee ‘als ove 655

Poliosia See oon Seal: preopercularis tee AS 80183

poliotaria tos eee --- 517 | prasena alee eos oe 17

Polistes O00 «+» 627 | prasina oes p06 aoe: BTA

politula ape “ne --» 684 | Prasinoxena --e 657, 658

Polyanthes eee ees ee 4 | prasinus 0 coe eos ooo d4]

polyclealis ... --- 641 | Pratineola ooo 133, 134, 570, 603, 622

polyctor . soe --» 676 | Precis toe von Bu coe 485

polycymaria ... 647, 648 | Prendogyps ... eve ove . 556

Polydictya ... 49, 307 | Prenolepis ... SOO te COs) Ni ree 1/110}

Polygonatum ... ss 4 | Prescottianum... 467, 477, 478, 479

Polymorphi eo» 435 | principalis oC coe »» 761

Polyodontophis °e coe B44 | Prinia we 629

Polyommatus ... 249, 187, 489, 674 | Priophorus --. 448

Polyphasia ... soe O17 | Pristomyrex o. O21, 696

Polyplectrum ... see 107 | Problepsis 000 vee 654

Polypodioides ... oD 258, 259 | procerum soe wee 256

Poly podium 124, 126, 127, 254, 459, | procurrens ... wee (VAD

469, 726, 727, 742, 743, 744, | proleuca 353

747, 748 | proliferum ee soe bog OR

Polyrhachis W711, 712 | prolixum eee one G00 coe T24

polyrhizon ve 1208 \eProlephotay) (sss) fear iiicte! WeeROnO

Polystichum ...458, “159, 461, 469, 463, | Prometopidia .. toe eon 509

464, 465, 466, 468, 470, prominens ... SOM eNOS

475, 476, 477, 479, 720, 721 Proneca aoe ove ee 114:

polysticta, ss |) es - 507 | pronotalis ... «. 528, 541

polystictaria eco 00 ee coo G45 Propasser side eo. G04

polystigmaria ... ono 000 o> 649 | prostratum eee a /a|

Polytelis one se vee O76 | Proteacese eo. 129

polytes - 492 | protomomelena oot 006 coe 599

Polytoca eee > ee eae 171 | protuberans ago) po con) 1

Polyxena sso ep wee wee 4 | providens coo ere | eee) ODD

Pomasia : 906 eee 518 | prudens ae eae .. 694

Pomatorhinus ... vee 567 | Psalidophora : oe GLU

Pompilidse 83, 276, 277 Psalis 65, 66, 67, 77, 78, 318,

Pompilus 82, 88, 84, 92, 277, 278, 338

pondicerianus ... 506 563, 577

Psammophis ...

339, 341, 343, 345

INDEX,

Ixvi

PAGE

psaroides ooo 067

Psen 288, 289

pseudacorus doo) 23

Pseudechis . 230

pseud-ilicifolium ome oo. 465

Pseudogyps 556, 658, 589

pseudomas ... 38 vee 728

Pseudomyrii : 520

pseudo-stramonium ... 23

Pseudotantalus coe 40]

Pseudoterpna ... 7 . 654

Pseudoxenodon 97

Psidium an eee aa +. 296

Psittaci oot eee -- 31, 574

Psittacide 508 Bll, OTe

Psittacus eee 516

Pteris O06 bsg. CAD

Pterocles 172, 387, 606

Pteroclurus 30 387, 388

Pteromys doc eee400, 612, 755, 759

Pteropus ane 799, 800, 801

Pteruthius ... sos 00C coe 156

Ptilolemus «. O4

Ptilomera ce: wns eee coe DOL

Ptilopus Oa

Ptisciana woe coe «oe 21D

Ptistes tue oo. 576

Ptychopoda ev. eee 650, 651

Ptyonoprogne ... Hac 605

puella coe . ver 346

puer ove coe 048

pugnax ave 563, 770

pulchella 65, 328, 553

pulchellata ove coe 649

pulchellus 327, 328

pulcherrima eee 28D

pulchricollis ... one ae coo 600

pulchrifascia ... ee fog eal

pulliventer ... 789, 790, 791

pulverearia ... cee --. G54

pulveris 87, 92

pulverulenta ... - 397

pulverulentus ... ooo see BOL

pumila 308 coe 8, 109

punctata 319, 322, 323, 501,

548

punctato-himalayanum oho (ES

punctatum oes 693, 694

punctigera «.. eee cee O49

PAGE

punctilata ... aes 506 cnn ile

punctilineata ... 8, 110

punctivena con soo lil

punctulata 137, 398, 570

punctulatus “06 “65 eos 105

punctum ono oa6 91, 824

Pundaluoya Ao

punensis cee 538, 544

pungens 464, 696

punicea eee a xh eos BOL

punjabensis ... cea 00, OT 925 432

purpurea eve dc 216, 626

purpurina ee kee coo UGS)

pusilla oa 571, 604, 764

puspa ee 246, 247

Pycnobracon ... oe «e. 436

Pycnonotus ... eos 567, 608

Pyenorhampus --- 604

Pyctorhis 58¢ nos BUS

Pygidicrana 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70,

71, 72, 73

pygidium 62

Pyralide see soe ODM

Pyrameis «se 487, 671

pyramidata ere ae coe O17

pyranthe eee eo 147, 179, 490

pyrene on8 492, 675

Pyrops os 46, 47, 48

pyroxantha ae eee ee. 202

PyrrhocoraxX se

Pyrrhocoride ...

Pyrrhocoris

pytrhomelas ...

Pyrrhopicus

pytrhotus

Pyrrbula

Pyrrhulauda

pyrsobolus a»

Python

quadra

quadriaurita

quadrifida

quadrimaculata

quadriplaga

quadripuncta ...

quadriramosa ...

quadrisignata ...

ei arc. (05

ai el eRSOID

wa 2 ORB OT

so.800

587, 588

Pee yee G07

PROTEUS ue rnts Gi0)

we 364

2h VaR gage

342, B45, 395

ese . 18

. ee. 120

ene eos 170

ene Be ates

eee too | Ry

ees OL

eee coe ODD

. vee 14

INDEX,

PAGE

quadrispinosa ... ...65, 323, 324, 695

Quassia aon nee Se. Ba!)

rabula 684, 685

racemosus 00 aus ane iG)

radians 600 S00 Bhp) GOB}

radiata, eee 266

radiatum eee eee 266

radicans 500 coe 462

Raghodia 00 <2. 619

raja be o-» 690

Rallide ie coe 164

Rallina 180, 398, 813

Rallus eae oon 164

rama 58, 602

ramelana a0 odo) Ale

ramentacea coo ZR

ramosa 008 woe 149

ramosum 123, 739, 740

ransonneti 210, 681, 683

rape eee 676

Rapala 489, 490

raptor : oad coo BUG

rattus .-. 759, 784, 787, 788, 789,

790, 791, 792

tavana 58, 298, 299

Tavaria eee O14:

raytal eco JOD

recemosa B00, dlzte)

rectaria ooo 642

rectifasciata sac see Oliy

rectimarginata oe 495

Recurvirostra .. 386, 769

recurvirostris ... coe 166

recurvispinosus o- 699

Reduviide oe 299

Reduvius ue eon 299

reflexus 900 eos 280

regia 271, 356, 781

tegulus $12, 813

religiosa . . ew 484, 569

remota 736, 739

remotata 600 60 oo. ooo G49

remotum 736, 738

reniformis 0 0 ooo 169

repens 724, 726

repentulum see vee 123

reticulata G00 600 14, 15

reticulatus

Rhagodia

thamni

rhesus ees

Rhiginia

Rhinoceros

Rhipidura

Rhododendron

Rhodogastria ...

rhodophila _,,

Rhodostrophia

rhombinada

thombinoda ...

Rhopalocera coo §48i, 484

Rhopalomastrix 692, 713, 715

Rhoptromyrex coo 100, 715

Rhus a ooo 170

Bhynchina et ove 218

Rhynchobapta ove ees 500

Rhynchopalpus 106, 110, 198

Rhynchota coe «= 46, 294

Rhytidoceros cod coe OUD

Ricania O60 oad))) ta}

Ricaniida ooo! BY

richardi 362

Richardia ao 8

Ricinus soe 484

rigida coe 736, 739

rigidum 736, 738, 739

Rimator ooo O14

riparia » 138, 316, 317

ripte ove 246

risorius 500 156, 562, 576

Rite eee 696, 697

Rivea coo 170

rivula coo 639

rizana ooo O71

Roberti 536, 545, 546

roberti coe 626

robertsi S00 coe 669

Reselia 10, 108, 104, 106, 114, 115, 116

Rogenhoferi 60 681, 682

Rogeri 600 coe 715

Rogersi 535, 545

roratus C00 ooo 516

Tosa -- 575

Trosaceus soo B63

Roscoena ese BOS

Ixvii

PAGE

289, 711

Bly ch GL

meet aS! Gib

Cee Neate 58

... 300

CERT 56

».. 188

w. 169

we 558

w.. 548

658, 654

wee 538

531, 582, 538, 634, 536,

587, 544

Ixvill

yosea

roseata

Roseicapilla

roseus

rossil eee

rosimon

rostrata

Rostratula

Rothneyi

rotschana

rotunda

rotundifolia

rubeculoides

ruber

Rubiaces

rubi

rubilinea

ruborum

rubra vee

rubraria

rubricilia

rubricosa

rubrifuscaria

rubrimargo

rubritincta

rugifrons 600

ruginota

rugosa,

rugosum

rufa

rufannularia ...

Tufaria

rufescens

rufibasis

ruficolis

tuficolle 500

ruficollis

ruficorpus one

ruficosta

tuficostata

rufifrons

rufifrontaria ...

rufigularis

rufinuchalis

rufipes

rufitarsis 000

INDEX.

PAGE

heat ene

w. 206, 358

. 514

569, 602

. 579

. 489

. 358

772

680, “682, 683, 690, 692,

694, 695, 698, 700, 705,

706, 712, 716

538, 546

.. 358

. 129

. 182

692, 698

130, 168, 780

op GE

ee bod

ee AOE)

26, 207, 697

ws. 646

p20

. 351

. 652

wee BDL

... 550

. 698

wee 684

582, 544, 697, 698

dao) leit

" 105, 106, 133, 164, 364,

566, 689

Soe) (ee GO3

. 649

117, 321

. 214

. 800

24/291

435, 609

. 644

. 116

Me 17

Bee G5D

eee Gy

aes . 601

709, 713

986, 287, 327

PAGE

rufitinctaria : eo. 502, 503

rufiventris ... 134, 603, 606, 620

rufo-barbatum... 466, 466, 467, 468

rufonigra 708, 709, 710

rufulus ea 600 coe B02

tumiformis = coe 498

runeka coe co “00 . 483

rupestris ee. 605, 697, 698

rupicola . 126, 253

Rasselia see coe «ee 129

russelli soe 396, 614

Rusellii oes - 229

russellii 600 S00 coe OD S40

rustica .. 188, 566, 596, 601, 605

rusticola - 770 ,

Ruticilla 600 134, 603, 606 -

Ruticilline |... ses bog do BH!

Saccharum ... coo 500 ooo BLO

Saccolabium ... S00 eee 169

Sagei 4 530, 542, 682, 684, 686,

688, 694, 695

Sagenia oe 14:7

sagittifera . 349

sahlbergi coe 0 - 294

Saintpaulia 900 906 eee DOL

saker . 174

Sakuntala oe 298

Salamonis . 687

salicaricfolia ... poe Uh!)

Sallophis eee odd coe B44

salma, coe 246

Salomonis ese 688

Salticus - 824

salvatum 701, 703

samudra nate eee 673

sangra mate «oe 488

sanguinalis --.49, 57, 550

sanguinea eee 26, 27

sannio so5 GUT

Santalacese - 129

Santalum = 1129

sao ano Oie

Sapindacese «. 131

Sapotacese 500 . 131

saraswati Bee o00 eee 668

Sarbena 114, 115

Sarciophorus ...

eee eee eee 167

Sarcogrammts...

sarmentum 600

sarthus een

Sasia doo

sassanides

Satyrine

saularis

saundersi G00

Saxicola

Saxicolinze

saxatilis

seabralis

scabriceps

scabridum

scabrum ae

Sceorhynchus...

scaposa

schakra S00

schimperi

Schimperiana ...

Schimperianum

Schinus

schistacea

schistaceus

schisticeps

Schistophleps ...

Schizostachyum -

Schurri

Scilla

Scirpus toe

Scitamines ...

Sciuropterus ...

Scolia ... 500

Scoliids

Scolopacinz

Scolopax

Scolopsis

Scopelus

Scops

scoteola

scotia Ne

Scotopteryn o#»

Scotosia... p00

seripta ...

Scrobigera, 900

Scropbularince

Scrutator

scutulata 400

Seaforthianum

...288, 482, 483,

PS Wiis NT SMe

603,

.. 258, 253,

733, 735, 736,

el RES RE

an Ona

129, 779,

HOS Sen GHG,

400 00 e200

686, 688, 694, 695, 6

INDEX.

PAGE

- 767

253

-. 249

- 588

674

667

570

velo

606

... 133

. 608

. 110

87, 92

662

359

Sebastia ode a

Selandria

Selca

Selea A 508

selene abe 600

selenopteris ... ose

selira

semialba

semibaccata ...

semicirculata ...

semifascia Ne Au

semifertile ite uae

semifertilis

semifusea

seminigra

semirufa Bo6

semivinosa

Semnopithecus

semperi als 2

sena aes dea

senegalus 900 000

separata

sephisa sas sas

Septothovax

SeTiceipennis ... 000

Sericeum

Serinus

seriopuncta ... ose

Serpyllum

serratilinea

serrato-dentatum

serrator 500 ove

serripes 500 ent

Serrodes ~~ «.- 60

Setaria ee ie

setiferum

setigerum

setosa

sctosum

severus

shallarda

sharndura

Sharpl

shelfordi1

sibirica

Siccia uae aa

Sids abo

siderophloi 900

sieboldii noe 600

xix

PAGE

coo oe (61

B06 eee 445

11, 116, 116

ans nog 1s}

dot bss CAL

eae eee 123

vee 695

eee 218

--- 616

oe DOA

Se OOL

ae ooo 468

cee coo 468

mah BNI

MUU oman

11, 115, 207

000 eo. O40

O00 oo 104

245, 450, 453

ooo O74

pa38e

w. 498

2) 170

vee 505

Bo Ry Be

.. 400

w 306

5 OE

we 469

oh Ad

a. 468

468, 476, 477

560, 608, 812

Ha) R669

... 668

526, 540

245, 246

w 760

CAS a)

BENET,

SOSA eS 5a

a LN IE)

Ixx

Siemsseni

Siggi

signa

sikhima

sikkima

sikkimense

sikkimensis

Silana

silenus

Sima

Simarubez

Simiidz

Bimilaria

similis

simillima

simillimum

Simlaensis

Simoni

Simotes

simplex

simplicata

sinensis

singala

sinica

sinis

Siphia

Sissoo

Sitana

Sitta

Siva

sivokana

Smilax

Smithii

smyrnensis

Smythiesii

Solanaceze

Solanum

solenis

Solenopsidii

Solenopsis

solenopteris

solitaria

sollicitnas

soloensis

somnificus

sonata

sonchus

einen GOS

.. 89, 288,

eco eco

839, 340, 341,

65, 388,

... 188, 870,

w+. 523, 538,

eee 20, 33,

Sy 131,

520,

INDEX,

PAGE

709, 710

we 346

a0 8

wee 731

347, 551

450, 457

ve 690, 691

708, 709, 710

Le REO

ar og eT

A E52

690, 691, 762

. 622

701, 702, 708

422, 488, 446

Pe ATT A706

348, 344, 345,

415

334, 495, 567

aha eee)

566, 567, 573

eA GAS

450, 455, 572

Be SCAB

132, 603

SNM

600, 60, 620

1 AD

450, 456

ee) US

623, 702, 703

gets SGT

684, 694, 695,

697, 698, 707

131, 359, 778

296, 359, 778

Bein ss 1301

wee 620, 715

581, 689, 692

etae ag

ve» GOT

465 2h

By ill

79, 92

SA Eu

sordida

sordidescens

Sorocostia

ses : goror

108, 109 |

Sparatta

sparsa

Sparsata,

sparsum

spathifera

speciosum

speciosus

spectabile

Spectrum

Sphegides

Sphenocercus

sphenurus

Sphingolabis ...

sphyrus

Spilochalcis

spilonotus

Spilopera

Spilornis

spilosomoides ...

Spinaria

Spindasis

Spingolabis

spinoides

Spinola

spinosa

spinulosa

spinulosum

spiralis

Spizaétus

splendens

splendidum

splendidus

PAGE

ey BbI

wee BBL

106, 109

679, 680, 683

67, 76

ees, E

105) Se eaplls

Pe UES

we 526, 526, 539, 540

vce 568

we 265

eee 800

876, 285

bon. BML

330, 331, 332

fee, On SenOG

ove 438

saci et O8

w. 500

558, 805

wee BDA

436, 437

182, 183

a ea

we 7

is 300

736, 739

. 736

(BST

175, 557, 591, 592, 593,

Spongophora ...

sponsa

spontaneum

Sporeginthus +.

Sporobolus

Sprekelia

spreta

squalida

squalidum

squamata

squamatum

squamigerum ... 359

805, 809

Let ae

a» 340, 343

vw» 67, 384

wes 662

: se BIO

se 137, 570

ee AFT

Neg nh peta

aoe ee OOO

+7, 108, 109

Si aay

a. 374, 626

evo eee D4

, 260, 261, 262, 263

INDEX,

PAGE

squamosus 900 oes eee wae OUD

squarrosum... sae 467, 470, 472

Stachyrhis ... 206 ave oe. 600

stagnatalis ... 356 a06 ee)

Stali S00 eet ate 566 Be)

Stamnodes ... 300 atte -.. 648

staudingeri ... O00 pba Orel

stellata 600 200 sete coo SADE

Stenamma ... 2.522, 695, 694, 715

steniptera 506 nae 000 soe OLS

Stenorumia ... sus coe 429

stenura aoe ele 2 go0. CO

Stephanitidi ... st a ano PALS

Stephanitis ... 200 aa coe 299

Stercomyrmex 200 522, 699, 715

Stereomyrmex O00 532, 699, 715

Sterculiacex ... We 500 coo BOD

Sterna 000 300 ... 627, 628

stewarti O06 900 bo «oe 604

Stictane 006 se Hos 500. ds}

stictoprocta ... 06 600 oy eae

Stictoptera... ode coc 609 2113

Stictospiza ... 20 .- 570, 60

stigmata 900 000 see oe 550

Stigmatophora ae ies see BOD

Stilbum see coo 000 wo» 824

stoicus 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 790

stoliczkana ... coc 000 doo, PAK!)

etoliczkanus ... uae see 250, 676

stoliczkaria ... Sete see coo 1sk08}

stolatus oe bas are ... d40

stollii 006 000 uae see OA:

Stoparola ove 132, 569, 621

strabo bo iss o00 woe 488

stramineum ... abe bad -.. 125

Stramonium ... ese soo!) BR ail

stramonium ... 22, 25, 24,28, 30, 32

streptographia dab boa, Ak ar

striata 177, 181, 374, 899, 400, 567,

570, 576, 699, 712, 758

striatidens ... O06 506 coe 104

striatifera ... ee doc --. 503

striativentris ... 300 . «5B, 544

striatopunctata ee a <-- 550

strictus ss a C00 900 Us)

Striges oc odie are .. O54

Strigidse au ao0 So woo BO4

strigifera 900 S00 cae S00 a

strigipennis .., ver sae ve Bol

Strigivena ..

striolata Bee

Strix

Strobilanthes ...

Strongylognathus

Strophanthus ...

strophis doc

Strophophila ..

Strumigenys ...

Strychnos eels

Sturnia eve

Starnide 00

Sturnopastor ...

Sturnus

Suastus

subgenescens 06

subangulata ...

subbipinnata ...

subbuteo 500

subcarnea

subcinerea ...

subcarva 300

subfusca 60

subhyalina ...

subjecta C00

sublatifolia ...

subnigrata ...

subnuda

subpurpurea

subrosea

subrufa

subscabrum

subsimilis ano

subtilis eee

subtochracea

subviridis

suecica

suffruticosa

suffusa ace

suleaticeps

sulcatus

sulphurea

sulphureus

sultana C06

sumbawensis

sundara,

superba eve

superbella

superciliaris ..

Ixxi

PAGE

10, 115

vo. 604

145, 554

soe 130

con Whe!

Bee ts OYE

ves) me d'G

wh 1) Tene 649 Neal

... 520, 707, 708

Pas TEND

ett BGO

aoe 900 see 200

eco eve eee 53

500 300 .-. 665

... 216

cod 900 veo 259

O00 goa coe 05

... 680, 682, (84, 685

as 500 oe 201

500 600 coo OD4:

800 000 soe 653

701, 702

agg ano | dag OE

ago. p00) 005 TOY)

Goo) eon dog UE

eee eve OLT

134, 603

see! |) con LAO)

7,107, 108, 354

531, 533, 584, 544

see) |) eee) lose

eee vee DT4, 776

ono! 600 By etl

47, 48

Lon alg

Biers HIN a 3G)

Le GBS

182, 180, 393, 813

[xxii

suratensis

surda

surifer

Sus

suspicaria

Suthora

suturellus

swaha

swainsoni

Swietenia

Sykesii

syla

sylvata

sylvatica

sylvestre

Sylvia

Symbrenthia ...

Sympheedra

Sympis

Synchlce

Sypheotis

ayringa

Syrnium

Sysstema

Taccocua

Tachornis

taciturnus

tactalis

teniata

Teniopygia

Tagetes

Tajuria

Talapa

tami

tamul

tanki

Tanygnathus ...

tapestrina

Taphozous

Taphrina

taprobana

Taprobane

taprobanee

taprobane

taprobanis

Taractrocera

INDEX,

PAGE

156, 562, 576

daa coo ey!

“66 eee 188

760, 782, 783

ase see 002

«-- 600, 756

. 802

aes «.. 668

S68 eee DIA:

356, 357

529, 530, B31, 541, 542

606 .. 674

Son So, DIO)

see O22

Foe WEE

.-- 602

1, 452, 453, 454,

455, 456, 457

BM Pr rl

NN le OE

etme O70

susan 66

CA a TOL

ws 555, 600

. ROA

ad Mea TO

we 869

784, 786

soc dy aineoeen tte

... 7, 105, 106

Be Pec rel

ws 489

se eee 1

ee SNe

...65, 67, 386

Eien e568

oo WETS

ein

. 148

EN Mey)

as ag

SEN Scene nee

Ay ee Go

588, 690, 706

Sat Dee ag ag

vee 493

tardigradus «.

tartarea ate

Tarucus

tatula coo

Taxonus

Taylori

Technomyrex

Tectaria eee

teesa eee

Telchinia

Telicota ae

Temenuchus ...

temmincki ...

templaria eee

Tenaris ous

tenebrosa a6

tenebrosus

tenella

tenellum ee

tenericaule

tenericaulis ...

Yenthredina

Tenthredinidse

tenuifrons

tenuilinea

tenuirostris os.

tendis wae

tephronota

Teracolus

Terias Coo

terminalis

ternifolia ace

Terpsiphone ...

terrestris —

tersata One

tersatula one

tesselata, ore

testaceata eve

testaceitarsis ..

tetragona coe

Tetralonia a00

Tetramorii 3

Tetramorium ...

Tetraroge ove

tetricata ace

tetrophthalma...

Tettigonia

thagalensis ...

| thais see

R92 BAS

. 535, 545,

eee

PAGE

Sea eee (D4

coc Sse cPstl

488, 489, 717

wee BoB 2B}

443, 444

698, 711, 712

Bee /ik83

Ep wee 748

.. 558, 806

eee 484

493, 677

-»- 569

568, 602, 770

ws. 530, 542

Paes aey HO

8, 46, 47, 110, 204

. 119, 120,

521, 700,

InN eae) CF

oe 1208 7ae

121, 125, 254

care oe C44

w. 744

sie iS eee

Pee Lia?

131, 122, 125

mays OCS)

a. 556, 590

499, 797, 798

rei GTP

Beh ass O00)

491, 675

14, 48

: ~. 129

.. 132, 606

Ride ehice)

sos DED

ey esti

Be hs eee

Pees OO

we 290

at eee

wel Seat

Pemeleat (14

703, 708, 715

Meee CT!

eal ceo

w-. 109

3 46

708, 710

coc coe ULE

Thalassodes ..e.

Thalassophis ...

Thalera OO6

Thamnobia

Thanaos Sele

Tharrhaleus

Thaumastodictya

Thaumastomiraria

Thaamastomiris

Thecla eas

theivora

Thelypteris

thelypteroides...

theophrastus

theoretica

Thereiceryx ...

thermosaria

thibetana were

Thomsoni

thoracica 500

thwaitesii sa

Thynnus “On

Thyrgorina

tibetana “06

tibetanus cate

tibicen

Tichodroma ...

tickelli ane

timoleon

timoriensis

tineoides

Tingide

Tingis

Tinnuneulus

Tiphia

tiphia

tipuloides

Tirathaba,

todara

togatulalis

toluiferum

tombugensis

Torenia 5

torquatus was

torquilla ae

torrentium ae

tortricoides

tortuosum .

Totanus aa

INDEX,

PAGE

655, 656

As SO)

eco. 656, 657

eee 610

soe O77

«- 604

. B07

5 ras S60) AG

oe act tee) 00

, 674

eee hi aa , 297

See ane wee tind

He Gee Son Pie

-488, 489, 717, 718

me OM

366, 573

oe G44

soe soo. CEN

466, 467, 478

sO Ds KO yeni a

eee 258,

Bo6 AUG

547, 549

a0 Bie

ee 760

eee 568

coe 602

coe 398

ro SP

> 298

298, 299

» 813

» 2765

coo 567

«. 306

-- 658

outs Bary (315X0)

ose see Le

ee Lin

Sis 58 248

and ae cece 485

371, 566, 575, 578, 759

see 306

oe 258

evop) th

SHO coe ORS US

290 te acon ZG)

xxiii

PAGE

Townsendi wwe O18

Trachischium oe oo ou coo DAD

Tradescantia ... 600 con) 0G

traductor aoe S00) 2th)

Tragulus O0C eco 100

trailli eee 068

tranquebarica -- 562

tranquebaricus . 576

transiens eos ODE

transversa eco oe 18

transversarium. -. 700, 702

travancorensis 6: -. 679, 683

Travancoricum eee 468

Treroninge vee «oe 561

triangulatis ... ae 10, 115, 116

triaplecta eee 500

Tribulus C00 ove 170

Tribunta on .-- 110

trichialis woe GY

Trichoglossus ... tee eos O74

Trichomyrex ... me OORT LD

Trichopterigiaes. vee 645

Trichopteryx ... oo. 645

trifasciata ace ° . 497

triflorum Soo ni

trifoveata coe eee 45

trifurcata 505 LER}

trifurcatus ... . 183

Triglyphothrix 521, 701, 708, 64, 713,

Trigonogaster 522, 699, 718

trilobatum ca5 UES)

Trimeresurus ... . 339, 340

Tringa ; see eos 000

Triorbis eels -- 209

tripudians 96, 339, ‘341, 348, 396, 416

trisa S00 Soc - 602

tristicta oF 111, 112

tristis 569, 602

trivialis 362, 605

trivirgatus 600 508 coe OlL

Trochalopterum 0.565, 602, 620, 815

trochilus oOo ee 487, 673

Tronga 236, 237

Tropacme coo BDO

Tropidonotus .. 102, 338, 339, 340, 341,

342, 343, 344, 346, 387,

trotocraspeda ...

Trotteri

599

ices OD

w. 260, 262

Ixxiv

truncata

Tryphonides

Tsus-Simense

tuberculata

tuberculatus

tuberosa

tuberum

Tubulifera

Tulda -

tuldoides

tumida

tumulifera

Tupaia

Tupaiide

Turdide

Turdinulus

Turdus

turneri

Turnicidse

Turnix

Turtur

tylodes

Tylophora

Typhlopide

tympanistis

tytleri

ubaldus

Udaspes

Ugyops

Uliocnemis

umbellatus

Umbelliferze

umbria

umbrifera

umbrosum

umbrosus

uncia

undulans

undulatus

undulosa

Ungulata

uvnicolor

uniformis

Upupa

Upupe

Upupidse

uranus

urbica,

coe eee 4

183, 135, 5

PST ONNG

156, 562, 5

794, 725

Gee @oe

124, 356, 2

INDEX.

PAGE

249,

eae

63,

801,

645, 6

98,

517

Soh VA nian TS

ae 468, 4755

476

301

Urena

Urocichla

Urocissa

Uroconger

Uroloncha

Uropeltide

Ursus

usta

ustipennis

ustus

Utetheisa

utilis

Vaccinium

vagesa

valezina

validus

Vanessa

van hasseltii

varana

Varanus

varia

variegatum

varium

varius

vasa

vastator

vatala

vau-album

vedda

Venilia

yenosa

ventralis

venulosum

Venusia

verna

verticillata

vesicaria

Vespa

Vesperugo

Vespidee

vicaria

vicina

Victoria

victTix

Viduins

vignel

villosa

Cee

eee

ceo 784,

172,

547,

- 373

--. 186, BY8, 899, 570, 571

340,

158,

. 642

vee 245

785, 786

456, 671

w. 109

Steals

. 416

367

op B16

bo Pal

370, 573

... 576

ve 687

we BBB

. 671

308, 304

see 498

548, 549

= TGS

we 746

646, 647

Se On

ula

wee G17

wee 820

798

2207)

Bp ile

ess

356, 781

.. 768

w. 136

eee 760

wee 617

PAGE

villosus 171, 705

vindhiana 144, 557, 592

vinotincta = «» .. 306

violacea -»» 300

Violaceze woo B44

violaceipennis... soe 422

violze ale coo 484

violetta 244, 245, 451, 452

Vipera . 99, 339, 340, 396, 614+

Viperins toe ese Boo th’)

Virachola os 9ac oe. 490

virens G00 se OLD

virescens ce 600 oo 210

virgata ove : 615, 617

virgatus 375, 559, 600, 811

virginianus . 500 400 we OU2 |

virginica a cco coe 776

virgo ses ooo 165

viridanus > 816

viridata 15

viridipes woo 445

viridipicta oO «0 202

viridis soo BOT

viridulata soe 499

viscivorus ... 604

viscosa soe L3l

vitatha 245, 670

yvittatus coo 603

vivax eve ... 278

Viverrids ooo 154

vivipara oD

vociferans 785, 786 |

Vollenhovia ... 522, 699 |

volubilis 170, 748, 749

vulcania 300 -.. 198

vulcanus 406 roo 489

vulgaris 302, 563, 769 |

vulpecula 6 ooo 500

Vulpes ee ooo 159

Vultur ee 589

Vulturida 556, 589

Wagmanii o06).

Wagmanni 38 oo. 23 |

walkeriana ee 000 oo 178

INDEX.

Wallichianum...

Wallichii

Walshi

wanda

wardl

Watsoni

Wendlandii

Westermannia...

wightiana

Wightii

wolfi

Wood-Masoni...

Woodrowi

Wrightii

Wroughtoni

Wroughtonii ...

| xanthia

| Xanthixus

| xanthocraspis ...

| xanthogenys .

Xantholema ...

xanthomelas

xanthopera

xanthopus

| Xanthorh6e

Xenelaphis

Xenographia ...

Xenopeltis

Xiphomyrmex

Xylocopa

| xylodes ae

Xylophis

| Yapp!

Yeensis

yeonsis

Yerburyi

| Yphthima

Ypthima

Yucca on6

Vuhina

Ixxv

PAGE

Ma e380

28, 749

684, 684, 704

HUNT e250

Peri oh vals

587, 541

.. 859

2) OS OO

EM eae A rk)

Sos eee lail

Ee dee

.. 639, 541, 542, 543

seed tree pas

te Hee S 8G

531, 543, 681, 684, 686

687, 688, 689, 700, 712

we 213

wo 597

staat niet

elie eiBB6

w. 866, 578

ine

woe 208

UNA BT

see! 4h e516

we 99

ee ee Oy

97, 99, 389, 340, 348

344, 345

521, 700, 701, 702,

703, 715

Dae arab

724, 725, 726

97, 341, 342, 343

ws. 681, 683

a» 644, 710

wa BBL, 533

525, 640, 708

ooo 116

eo00e e000 483

eee een 4

567, 607, 635

Ixxvi

Zagira

Zamenis

Zanna

zanthopus

zanthoria

zebrina

Zeheba

Zephyranthes

Zephyrus

Zethes

INDEX.

PAGH

ea «ve -- 198 | Zethus

339, 340, 342, 343, | zeus

344, 395 | zeylanica

-- «ve 46, 47, 48 | zeyionica

208 aC ee 432 | zeylonicus

208 Rte «- 426 | Zia

5 see 908, 776 | Zingiber

coe oo. 000 | Zizera

28 ae 4, 776 | zonata

eve a5 «.- 674 | Zoothera

ve oe 215, 216 | Zosterops

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