MÉMOIRES DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

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Source : MNHN, Paris

L’édition de ce Mémoire a été réalisée sous la

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Source : MNHN, Paris

The genus Chicoreus and related généra

(Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Indo-West Pacific

Source : MNHN, Paris

ISBN : 2-85653-194-6

ISSN : 0078-9747

Source : MNHN, Paris

MÉMOIRES DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

SÉRIE A

ZOOLOGIE

TOME 154

Roland HOUART

Institut Royal des Sciences

Naturelles de Belgique

29, rue Vautier

1040 Bruxelles

Belgique

The genus Chicoreus

and related généra

(Gastropoda: Muricidae)

in the Indo-West Pacific

ÉDITIONS

DU MUSÉUM

PARIS

1992

Source : MNHN, Paris

SOMMAIRE

CONTENTS

Pages

Abstract. 9

Résumé. 11

Introduction . 13

Material, methods and text conventions. 13

Excluded taxa. 13

Geographical distribution. 14

Taxonomie characters. 14

Protoconch. 14

Operculum. 25

Radula.. • • 25

Habitat. 25

Abbreviations. 32

Systematics. 34

Genus Chicoreus . 34

Subgenus Chicoreus . 36

Subgenus Triplex . 46

Subgenus Rhizophorimurex . 106

Subgenus Siratus . 109

Subgenus Chicopinnatus . 112

Genus Chicomurex . 115

Genus Naquetia . 125

Fossil species. 134

Acknowledgements. 142

REFERENCES. 129

Index. 1^5

Source : MNHN, Paris

ABSTRACT

HOUART, R., 1992. THE GENUS CH1COREUS AND

RELATED GENERA (GASTROPODA : MURICIDAE) IN

THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC. Mém. Mus. nain. Hist. nat..

(A), 154 : 1-188. Paris isbn : 2-85653-194-6.

Published Oclober 20lh. 1992.

The genus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810 is divided into

five subgenera : Chicoreus ( 5 . 5 .); Triplex Perry, 1810,

Siratus Jousseaume, 1880, Rhizophorimurex Oyama,

1950, and Chicopinnatus n. subgen. Naquetia Jous¬

seaume, 1880 and Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964 are

treated as separate généra, due to différences in radula

morphology. A new subgenus of Chicoreus, Chicopin¬

natus is introduced for three species formerly classified

in the genus Pterynotus Swainson, 1833.

Ail of the species are systematically revised and

illustrated. The Recent species are redescribed and

their distributions are mapped. Sixty-three Recent

species and one subspecies are recognized : 7 are

referable to Chicoreus (s.s.), 39 to Triplex, 2 to

Siratus, 1 to Rhizophorimurex, 3 to Chicopinnatus, 5 to

Naquetia, and 7 to Chicomurex. One new species is

named : Chicomurex protoglobosus. Of the 19 fossil

species, 17 are assigned to Triplex and 2 to Chicomu¬

rex.

Source : MNHN, Paris

RÉSUMÉ

HOUART, R., 1992. THE GENUS CHICOREUS AND

RELATED GENERA (GASTROPODA : MURICIDAE) IN

THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC. Mém. Mus. nain. Hist. nal.,

(A). 154 : 1-188. Paris isbn : 2-85653-194-6.

Publié le 20 octobre 1992.

Révision des espèces indo-pacifiques de Chicoreus et

genres voisins (Gastropoda, Muricidae).

Le genre Chicoreus est divisé en 5 sous-genres :

Chicoreus (s.s.) Montfort, 1810, Triplex Perry, 1810,

Siratus Jousseaume, 1880, Rhizophorimurex Oyama,

1950 et Chicopinnatus n. subgen. Deux genres, habi¬

tuellement reconnus comme sous-genres de Chicoreus :

Naquetia Jousseaume, 1880 et Chicomurex Arakawa,

1964, sont traités en tant que genre sur base de

différences radulaires.

63 espèces et une sous-espèce récentes sont re¬

connues : 52 appartiennent au genre Chicoreus, dont 7

à Chicoreus (s.s.), 39 à Triplex, 2 à Siratus, 1 à

Rhizophorimurex et 3 à Chicopinnatus, 5 appartiennent

au genre Naquetia et 7 à Chicomurex. Une nouvelle

espèce de Chicomurex est décrite. Des 19 espèces

fossiles, 17 appartiennent à Triplex et 2 à Chicomurex.

Le sous-genre Chicoreus (s.s.) est caractérisé par une

coquille à ouverture large possédant une dent labiale

plus ou moins développée, absente chez les autres

sous-genres et chez les genres Chicomurex et Naquetia.

Dans la plupart des cas la coquille est grande,

atteignant une hauteur de plus de 300 mm chez

Chicoreus ramosus (Linné, 1758).

Le sous-genre Triplex Perry, 1810 est subdivisé en 7

groupes, chaque groupe contenant des espèces proches

au niveau de la structure de la coquille. La hauteur des

coquilles ne dépassent pas 130 mm, la sculpture axiale

est représentée par 3 varices arrondies, garnies d’épines

généralement foliacées.

Le sous-genre Siratus Jousseaume, 1880, bien repré¬

senté dans l’Océan Atlantique Occidental, ne connaît

que deux espèces dans l’Océan Pacifique. Celles-ci

atteignent cependant une plus grande taille que les

espèces atlantiques, sans toutefois dépasser la hauteur

de 184 mm. Les varices sont généralement ornées

d’une longue épine carinale et d’une expansion folia¬

cée.

Le sous-genre Rhizophorimurex Oyama, 1950 est

monotypique et se distingue par une espèce à coquille

de taille moyenne, présentant 3 varices arrondies, non

épineuses, sur le dernier, tour, un bord columellaire

adhérant à la coquille et un canal siphonal court, large

et non épineux.

Chicopinnatus n. subgen. est créé pour 3 espèces

classées auparavant chez le genre Pterynotus et dont

les coquilles se distinguent par un canal siphonal long

et mince, une ouverture striée intérieurement et non

denticulée comme chez Pterynotus, et par des premiers

tours de téléoconque dont la sculpture axiale diffère de

celle de Pterynotus, mais se rapproche de Chicoreus

(s.l.).

Le genre Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964 regroupe des

espèces dont la coquille ne dépasse pas 85 mm de haut

et présente 3 varices plus ou moins épineuses, légère¬

ment foliacées adapicalement sur le dernier tour de

téléoconque.

Le genre Naquetia Jousseaume, 1880 est représenté

par des espèces dont la coquille se distingue par une

spire haute, comportant 3 varices arrondies, parfois

légèrement foliacées sur le dernier tour.

Certaines espèces appartenant très probablement au

genre Chicoreus ou à un des autres genres étudiés, mais

qui ne furent jamais, ou très mal illustrées et pour

lesquelles aucun matériel type ne fut retrouvé, sont

reprises comme nomina dubia. La liste de ces espèces

est inclue dans l’introduction.

Toutes les espèces sont revues et illustrées systéma¬

tiquement. Les espèces récentes sont redécrites.

La description des espèces est basée sur des spéci¬

mens adultes, et le matériel type est illustré pour la

majorité des espèces.

La distribution géographique, indiquée à l’aide de

cartes, est basée sur du matériel appartenant à diffé¬

rents musées, à des collections privées et à la collection

de l’auteur.

La radula fut étudiée chez 17 espèces. Elle présente

une dent rachidienne et une dent bilatérale unicuspide.

La dent rachidienne supporte 5 denticules.

Deux types de radulas furent observés, l’un regrou¬

pant les espèces de Chicoreus (s.l.) (Figs 92-115, 129) et

l’autre, les espèces des genres Chicomurex et Naquetia

(Figs 116-128). Les espèces de Chicomurex et Naquetia

possèdent une radula avec une dent rachidienne sup¬

portant un grand denticule triangulaire central et des

rangées de denticules très rapprochées les unes des

autres. Les espèces de Chicoreus (s.l.) au contraire,

présentent une radula avec un denticule central plus

étroit et allongé ainsi que des rangées de denticules

plus espacées.

Deux autres observations importantes furent mises

en évidence grâce à l’étude de la radula :

— Une séparation au point de vue spécifique peut être

réalisée chez certaines espèces de Triplex classées ici

dans un même groupe, alors qu’en général la morpho¬

logie de la radula est très souvent inutilisable pour une

séparation spécifique fiable chez les Muricidae.

— L’existence de différences structurelles de la radula

chez une même espèce, juvénile et adulte.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

La protoconque est reconnue comme un élément

essentiel pour l’identification des espèces. Deux formes

de protoconques sont observées chez les Muricidae :

celles appartenant aux espèces connaissant un déve¬

loppement larvaire planctotrophe sont multispirales et

de forme conique, avec des tours légèrement convexes,

tandis que celles appartenant aux espèces à dévelop¬

pement non planctotrophe sont généralement paucis-

pirales à tours arrondis. Les espèces à développement

non planctotrophe peuvent à leur tour être subdivisées

en deux groupes d’espèces : celles connaissant un

développement lecitotrophe et celles à métamorphose

intracapsulaire.

On observe une très large distribution géographique

chez les espèces à développement larvaire planctotro¬

phe, tandis que les espèces à développement non

planctotrophe connaissent une distribution géographi¬

que soit restreinte s’il s’agit d’un développement

intracapsulaire, soit élargie s’il s’agit d’une larve

lecitotrophe. Ceci est dû au fait que les espèces à larve

lécitotrophe présentent en général une protoconque

assez petite et légère, leur permettant de vivre quelques

temps comme des espèces planctotrophes, sans pour

autant se nourrir du plancton, mais expliquant ainsi

leur plus large distribution géographique.

L’opercule de toutes les espèces étudiées est généra¬

lement ovale ou arrondi, avec un nucléus apical ou

subapical.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INTRODUCTION

Species of Chicoreus and related généra hâve always been the subject of taxonomie confusion.

Some species are very stable in sculpture, colour, spine ornamentation, with only slightly

discernable différences between different populations (e.g. C. trivialis, C. capucinus). Others are

extremely variable, especially C. brunneus and C. microphyllus, and to a lesser degree, such species as

C. torrefactus, C. banksii and C. axicornis. This variability has resulted in the appearance of many

different names to designate a same species.

This révision is an attempt to refine classification and facilitate identification of ail Recent and

fossil Indo-West Pacific species.

For révisions of the western Atlantic relatives, ail of which belong in Chicoreus (s.l.), see

Clench & Pérez Farfante (1945), Vokes (1965 and 1967), Fair (1976) and Radwin & D’Attilio

(1976). The muricid fauna of the eastern Atlantic is currently being studied by the author, and the

species tentatively included in the genus Chicoreus will be revised.

MATERIAL, METHODS AND TEXT CONVENTIONS

Ail Recent species are systematically redescribed. The description is based on adult shells, and

dimensions are given for shells at maturity. Varicial spines are numbered consecutively abapically so

that the adapical (i.e., shoulder) spine is considered as first spine and so on. Most of the available

type material is illustrated, as well as other représentative specimens, including inter- and

intra-populational variants. Additional references are given from many publications.

Fossil species are not systematically redescribed but ail were studied and carefully compared ;

ail of them are illustrated and reviewed.

Types and other material were borrowed from many institutions (see abbreviations) but no

extensive lists of material examined were compiled except for uncommon or rarer species.

EXCLUDED TAXA

Some species that clearly belong in Chicoreus were inadequately described and were either

unillustrated or very poorly illustrated. Such species for which no type material exists are specifically

unrecognizable and are thus nomina dubia.

Generic names in parenthèse immediately following species names are as originally cited.

abortiva (Triplex) Perry, 1811 : pl. 6, fig. 5 ( nomen dubium)

capucina (Purpura) Rôding, 1798 : 143 ( nomen dubium)

carneola (Purpura) Rôding, 1798 : 142 ( nomen dubium)

cornudama ( Purpura/ Rôding, 1798 : 142 ( nomen nudum) (questionably a species of Chicoreus)

elongata (Purpura) Link, 1807 : 121 (nomen dubium)

lactuca (Purpura) Rôding, 1798 : 141 (nomen dubium) (composite species)

rosana (Purpura) Schumacher, 1817 : 212 (nomen dubium)

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

tirondus (Murex) de Gregorio, 1885 : 252 ( nomen dubium)

tubulatus (Murex) Môrch, 1852 : 97 (nomen dubium)

variegata (Murex) Môrch, 1852 : 96 ( nomen dubium)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

The distribution maps are based on material housed in muséums, in private collections and in

the personal collection of the author, for which the locality data is trustworthy.

Also included on distribution maps are records from literature associated with good

illustrations or records based on trustworthy or verified personal communications. Published records

unaccompanied by illustrations or accompanied by ambiguous illustrations, or that otherwise seem

doubtful are excluded.

TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS

Through numerous observations, it has been possible to determinate the shell characters that

are most useful for species discrimination. Most différences such as coloration, number of whorls, and

size of shell spines are of little or no importance. On the other hand it seems that major différences

in shell shape, and in the number and arrangement of spines could be of a greater importance. Major

différences in protoconch, aperture and spiral sculpture are usually décisive.

PROTOCONCH

Figs 1-85

A knowledge of the protoconch is often essential for accurate identification of species. With

an intact protoconch, the presence of a first teleoconch whorl, and with good locality data, it is

usually possible to détermine a species with considérable exactitude. On the other hand, it is

sometimes very difficult or impossible to be absolutely sure of an identification without knowledge

of the protoconch, even with an adult shell. The terminal varix of the protoconch is intraspecifically

variable in species with non planktotrophic larval development and is thus useful for species

discrimination in this case.

Two kinds of larval development are observed in the Muricidae : planktothrophic and non

planktotrophic. Protoconchs of species presumed to hâve planktotrophic development are acutely

conical and comprise 3 or more whorls, usually of the sinusigera type. In the non planktotrophic

larval development distinction must be made between lecithotrophic development and intracapsular

metamorphosis.

It might be expected that the species with planktotrophic larval development hâve a wide

geographical distribution while those with non planktotrophic development (most of the species of

Chicoreus) would hâve more limited distributions. While the first supposition is often correct, the

second is not always true. Some species with non planktotrophic larval development hâve restricted

geographical ranges (e.g. C. trivialis, C. denudatus, C. longicornis) while others (e.g. C. palmarosae,

C. microphyllus) hâve much wider geographical distribution than might be expected. As suggested by

Ponder & Vokes (1988), those species with small protoconchs probably hâve lecithotrophic larval

development, spending a short time in the water column, which explain their wider geographical

distribution, compared to those with intracapsular metamorphosis which are limited to a restricted

geographical area. The size of the veliger at hatching is certainly another factor to take into account

(Bouchet, 1987).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

. . Figs 1-8. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

1, Chicoreus cornucervi (Rôding). Arafura Sea (rh).

2, C. ausiramosus Vokes. Port Alfred, South Africa (ams).

3, C. lilos Vokes. south east of Durban Bluff (paratype, rh).

4-5, C. ramosus (Linné). 4, Tulear, Madagascar (mnhn). 5, Seychelles (rh).

6, C. hundharmai Houart. Banjarmasin, South Bornéo (paratype, Zoological Mus. Bogoriense, Bogor).

7, C. virgineus (Rôding). Gulf of Aden (wpu).

8, C. mourus (Broderip). Tahiti (J. Trondle).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 9-17. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

9, Chicoreus palmarosae (Lamarck). Philippines (rh).

10, C. dovi Houart. Tanzania (rh).

11, C. saulii (Sowerby). Philippines (rh).

12, C. torrefactus (Sowerby). Seychelles (rh).

1£17, C. microphyllus (Lamarck). 13, New Caledonia (rh). 14-15, Queensland, Australia (ams), illustrated Fig. 319. 16

Philippines (rh), illustrated Fig. 318. 17, Queensland, Australia (ams), illustrated Fig. 301.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 18-25. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

18-19, Chicoreus microphyllus (Lamarck). 18, Fiji (ams). 19, Fiji (ams).

20, C. strigatus (Reeve). Moluccas (rh).

21, C. paini Houart. Papua New Guinea (ams).

22, C. trivialis (A. Adams), W. Australia (coll. R. Isaacs).

23-25, C. axicornis (Lamarck). 23, Papua New Guinea (rh). 24, Papua New Guinea (rh). 25, Sri Lanka (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

18 ROLAND HOUART

Figs 26-34. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

Sf' Ctkm “ bmts,t (Sowerb ï>' 26 . Queensland, Ausltalia (ams). 27, Queensland, Australia (rh). 28, New Caledonia

29-30, C. bourguignati (Poirier), Seychelles (rh).

Oui) 3 ’ C brwmeus ( Lmk >- 31, New caledonia (rh). 32, Chesterfields (mnhn), illustrated Fig. 351. 33, New Caledonia

34, C. groschi Vokes. Mozambique (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 35-43. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

35, Chicoreus cnissodus (Euthyme). Taiwan (RH).

36, C. capucinus (Lamarck). Queensland, Australia (ams).

37, C. thomasi (Crosse). Marquesas (RH).

38, C. rubescens (Broderip). Wallis (coll. J. Colomb).

39-40, C. corrugaïus (Sowerby). Gulf of Suez (mnhn).

41, C. damicornis (Hedley). NSW, Australia (RH).

42, C. denudatus (Perry). NSW, Australia (RH).

43, C. territus (Reeve). Queensland, Australia (ams).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

44, Chicoreus bouchai Houart. New Caledonia (mnhn).

45, C. subpalmalus Houart. New Caledonia (mnhn).

46, C. paucifrondosus Houart. New Caledonia (mnhn).

47, C. cervicornis (Lamarck). Australia (rh).

48, C. longicornis (Dunker). Queensland, Australia (rh).

49, C. fosterorum Houart. S. Africa (paratype, coll. C. Glass & R. Foster).

50, C. zululandensis Houart. S. Africa (holotype, nm).

51, C. aculeatus (Lamarck). Philippines (rh).

52, C. cloveri Houart. Mauritius (paratype, rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 53-61. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus and Naquetia sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

53-54, Chicoreus crosnieri Houart. Madagascar (holotype, mnhn).

55, C. nobilis Shikama. Philippines (coll. A. Lesage).

56, C. rossiteri (Crosse). Philippines (rh).

57, C. ryukyuensis Shikama. Okinawa (kpm), illustrated Fig. 253.

58, Naquetia barclayi (Reeve). Philippines (rh).

59, N. triqueter (Born). Papua New Guinea (rh).

60, N. fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz. Eilat, Red Sea (paratype, coll. C. GIass & R. Foster, reproduced from D’Attilio &

Hertz, 1989, with author’s permission).

61, N. cumingii (A. Adams). Philippines (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 62-70. — Protoconchs of Naquetia and Chicomurex sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

62-64, Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams). 62, Philippines (coll. C. Glass & R. Foster). 63, Moluccas (rh). 64, Dahlak, Red

Sea (rh).

65-66, N. vokesae (Houart). 65, Tanzania (paratype, irsnb). 66, Zululand, S. Africa (nm).

67, Chicomurex superbus (Sowerby). Taiwan (rh).

68, C. venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). Marquesas (paratype, usnm).

69-70, C. turschi Houart. 69, Papua New guinea (paratype, rh). 70, Philippines (coll. J. Colomb), illustrated Fig. 432.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 71-79. — Protoconchs of Chicomurex and Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

71, Chicomurex laciniatus (Sowerby), Philippines (rh).

72-73, C. protoglobosus n.sp., New Caledonia (holotype, mnhn).

74, Chicoreus alahaster (Reeve), Philippines (coll. G. Poppe).

75, C. pliciferoides (Kuroda), Philippines (rh).

76, C. guillei (Houart), Reunion (holotype, mnhn).

77-78, C. orchidiflorus (Shikama), Philippines (rh).

79, C. dennanti (Tate), Victoria, Australia (paralectotype, sam).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 80-85. — Protoconchs of Chicoreus and Chicomurex sp. (scale bars : 0.5 mm)

80, Chicoreus basicinctus (Tate), South Australia (paralectotype, sam).

81, C. cf. amblyceras, Momington, Victoria, Australia (mv).

82, C. amblyceras (Tate), Victoria, Australia (paralectotype G, sam).

83, C. juttingae (Beets), Bornéo (paratype, rml).

84-85, Chicomurex lophoessus (Tate), Momington, Victoria, Australia (mv).

Shuto (1983) studied the larval development and geographical distribution of some of the

Indo-West Pacific Murex species. The most reliable explanation retained by Shuto is an evolutionary

change of the style of larval development, from planktonic to non-planktonic in Neogene time.

Unfortunately, Shuto erroneously supposed that ail species of Murex (s.s.) hâve non planktotrophic

development for in fact many of the species cited by him hâve planktotrophic larvae.

Radwin & D’Attilio (1976) indicated that species with wide distribution patterns “ must hâve

been arrived at via low, stepwise migration over a great many générations, each génération producting

a small extension and consolidation of the species range ”, an interprétation somewhat accordant with

that of Ponder & Vokes (see above).

In conclusion, although it is nearly impossible to tell lecithotrophic from intracapsular

development from protoconch morphology only, it is almost certain that a species with a large, heavy,

and irregular shaped protoconch with 1 1/4 to 1 3/4 whorls hâve intracapsular metamorphosis. On the

other hand, a species with small paucispiral protoconch of 11/4 to 2 1/2 whorls may hâve

lecithotrophic or intracapsular development, but the non planktotrophic species with small

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

protoconch and extensive geographical range hâve certainly lecithotrophic larval development,

lecitotrophes living a more or less short time as planktonic species (but without feeding in the

plankton), which explains their wide geographical range.

OPERCULUM

Figs 86-91

The operculum of ail the Chicoreus ( s.l .) species (i.e. ail species here studied) is usually ovate

or roundly ovate with an apical or subapical nucléus surrounded by numerous incrémental concentric

ridges. There is little intraspecific variation in shape. It seems to hâve only very limited value for

species discrimination, although it is possible that the sculpture of the inner side may prove to be

significant.

RADULA

Figs 92-129

Radular characters were studied for 17 species. The radula of ail species described herein

consists of a broad, serrated rachidian tooth with a single unicuspid latéral tooth on each side. The

rachidian bears five cusps of which the central cusp is generally the longest. Intermediate denticles

were not observed in any radula studied.

Two basic types of radulae were observed, one grouping the species of Chicomurex and

Naquetia (Figs 116-128), the other the species of Chicoreus and its subgenera (Figs 92-115, 129).

Chicomurex and Naquetia hâve a radular ribbon with front to back crowded rows of teeth with a

large, triangular central cusp, while Chicoreus ( s.s .) and subgenera hâve more widely separate rows

of teeth with long and more slender central cusp. Chicomurex and Naquetia are related to Phyllonotus

Swainson, 1833, judging from the similarity of their radula to that of Phyllonotus pomum (Gmelin,

1791) (Bandel, 1984 : pl. 11, figs. 5 & 7). For this reason, 1 prefer to consider Chicomurex and

Naquetia as separate from Chicoreus (s.l.), although their shells are closely similar.

The radulae of species of the subgenus Triplex may be separated into two loosely defined

groups : one with more or less long and slender central and latéral cusps (e.g. C. rossiteri, C. boucheti)

(Figs 106-107), the other with shorter, more broadly triangular cusps (e.g. C. nobilis, C. banksii,

figs 100-101). This is a useful character for some spécifie discriminations. It may be used for example,

to distinguish C. nobilis from C. rossiteri (Figs 110-113), which are here considered to belong to the

same group on the basis of shell morphology alone.

Another significant observation in Triplex is the apparent change in radula morphology

between juvénile and adult specimens. The radula of a juvénile specimen of C. torrefactus (Figs 94-95)

shows a short and prominent central cusp, similar to that in an adult specimens of C. brunneus

(Figs 102-103), while less well developed, while the radula of an adult C. torrefactus (Figs. 96-97)

shows a longer and less prominent central cusp. The radula of C. capucinus (Lamarck) also has a

more or less prominent central cusp (Fig. 105), although not apparent in Ponder & Vokes’s

illustration of the radula (1988 : 137, fig. E).

HABITAT

Like other muricids, most Chicoreus (s.l.) species live among rocks and coral reefs, but some

live on sandy or muddy substrata. They occur generally from the intertidal zone to about 70 meters

depth, though a few species range deeper than 200 meters.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 86-91. — Opercula (scale bars : natural size)

86, Interior sculpture of operculum of Chicoreus strigaïus (Reeve).

87-91, Interior sculpture of operculum of Chicoreus microphyllus (Lamarck).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 92-99. — Radulae of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 50 pm ; otherwise mentioned)

92-93, Chicoreus virgineus (Rôding). Gulf of Aden (wpu).

94-97, C. torrefactus (Sowerby). 94-95, Papua New Guinea (juvénile, 33 mm) (irsnb). 96-97, Papua New Guinea (adult,

73 mm) (rh) (94 and 96 : scale bar 100 pm).

98-99, C. paini Houart. Solomon Is (paratype, rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

100

107

102

104

106

103

105

Figs 100-107. — Radulae of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 50 pm ; otherwise mentioned)

100-101, Chicoreus banksii (Sowerby). New Caledonia (rh) (100 : scale bar 100 pm).

102-104, C. brunneus (Link). 102-103, New Caledonia (small form), illustrated Fig. 354 (rh). 104, New Caledonia

(typical form) (rh).

105, C. capucinus (Lamarck). N.E. Queensland, Australia (qm).

106-107, C. boucheti Houart. New Caledonia, illustrated Fig. 399 (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 108-115. — Radulae of Chicoreus sp. (scale bars : 50 pm ; otherwise mentioned)

108-109, Chicoreus subpalmatus Houart. New Caledonia (mnhn).

110-111, C. nobilis Shikama. Coral Sea (mnhn).

112-113, C. rossiteri (Crosse). New Caledonia (rh).

114-115, C. pliciferoides Kuroda. New Caledonia (mnhn) (114 : scale bar 100 pm).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

122

120

Figs 116-123 — Radulae of Chicomurex sp. (scale bars : 50 pm ; otherwise mentioned) .... .

116-119, Chicomurex venusiulus (Rehder & Wilson). 116-117, Taiwan (rh). 118-119, New Caledoma (mnhn) (116 and

118 : scale bar 100 pm).

120-121, C. laciniatus (Sowerby). Papua New Guinea (irsnb).

122-123, C. turschi (Houart). Papua New Guinea (irsnb).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

128

Figs 124-129. — Radulae of Chicomurex, Naquelia and Chicoreus sp.

(scale bars : 50 pm ; otherwise mentioned)

124-125, Chicomurex superbus (Sowerby). Coral Sea, illustrated Fig. 424 (mnhn) (124 : scale bar 100 pm).

126-127, C. protoglobosus n.sp. New Caledonia, illustrated Fig. 427 (holotype, mnhn).

128, Naquelia trique ter (Born). Papua New Guinea (irsnb).

129, Chicoreus orchidiflorus (Shikama). Philippines (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

ABBREVIATIONS

aim : Auckland Institute and Muséum, Auckland, New Zealand

ams : Australian Muséum, Sydney, Australia

ansp : Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, USA

bmnh : The Natural History Muséum, London, UK

smf : Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany

gsi : Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, India

hld : Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany

huj : Hebrew University, Jérusalem, Israël

igps : Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

img : Istituto e Museo di Geologia, Palermo, Italy

imt : Institute of Malacology, Tokyo, Japan

irsnb : Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium

kpm : Kanagawa Prefectural Muséum, Yokohama, Japan

lm : Lôbbecke Muséum und Aquarium, Düsseldorf, Germany

mcsn : Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy

mgm : Mineralogisch-Geologisch Muséum, Delft, The Netherlands

mhng : Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève, Switzerland

mhnm : Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Marseille, France

mnhn : Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France

mv : Muséum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

nhmb : Naturhistorisches Muséum, Basel, Switzerland

nhmw : Naturhistorisches Muséum, Wien, Austria

nm : Natal Muséum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

nmw : National Muséum of Wales, Cardiff, UK

nsmt : National Science Muséum, Tokyo, Japan

nzgs : New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

om : Otago Muséum, Dunedin, New Zealand

qm : Queensland Muséum, South Brisbane, Australia

rh : R. Houart collection

RML : Rijksmuseum Géologie en Paléontologie, Leiden, The Netherlands

rmnh : Rijksmuseum voor Natuurlijke Historié, Leiden, The Netherlands

sam : South Australian Muséum, Adelaide, Australia

sdnhm and sdsnh : San Diego Natural History Muséum, San Diego, USA

tu : Tulane University, New Orléans, USA

tuf : Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan

umz : University Muséum of Zoology, Cambridge, UK

uo : University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

usnm : National Muséum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA

wam : Western Australian Muséum, Perth, Australia

wpu : Wilhelm-Pieck Universitàt, Rostock, Germany

ycm : Yokosuka City Muséum, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan

zma : Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoôlogisch Muséum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

zmb : Muséum für Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitàt zu Berlin, Zoologisches Muséum, Germany

zsi : Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India

zsm : Zoologischen Staatssammlung, München, Germany

lv : live-taken specimen(s)

dd : empty shell(s)

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

SYSTEMATICS

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Chicoreus Montfort, 1810 : 610. Type-species (by original désignation) : Murex ramosus Linné, 1758.

Frondosaria Schlüter, 1838; 20. Type-species (by subséquent désignation, VOKES, 1967 : 7) : Frondosaria injlata (Lamarck,

1822) = Murex ramosus Linné, 1758.

Euphyllon Jousseaume, 1880 : 335. Type-species (by original désignation) : Murex monodon Sowerby, 1825 [= Purpura

cornucervi Rôding, 1798).

Description. Shell up to 327 mm in length; contour

roughly trigonal, with three frondose varices. Other axial

sculpture consisting generally of one or two intervaricial axial

ridges or nodes ; suture well impressed ; aperture rounded,

bearing a small to large labral tooth. Inner side of outer lip

lirate for a short distance within ; anal notch of shallow to

moderate depth ; siphonal canal generally medium-sized to

long. Generally whitish.

Geographical distribution. Indo-West Pacific including the Red Sea.

Remarks. François (1891) reported that the labral tooth of C. ramosus is used as a tool to

open and to maintain opened the valves of a bivalve (Area sp.) during feeding. I know of no

additional reports pertaining to the use of the labral tooth as a tool in this or other species of

Chicoreus but Ponder & Vokes (1988 : 7) provided references to the function of the labral tooth in

the genus Acanthina.

Subgenus TRIPLEX Perry, 1810

Triplex Perry, 1810, pl. 23. Type-species (by monotypy) : Triplex foliatus Perry, 1810 (= Murex palmarosae Lamarck, 1822).

Pirius de Gregorio, 1884 : 257. Type-species (by monotypy) : Murex (Pirtus) fiatus de Gregorio, 1884 (= Murex dujardini

Toumouer, 1875).

Torvamurex IredaJe, 1936 : 323. Type-species (by original désignation) : Triplex denudata Perry, 1811.

Description. Shell medium-sized, up to 130 mm in length ;

fusiform, bearing 3 rounded and mostly frondose varices.

Other axial sculpture consisting of 1 to 3 ridges ; whorls

suture well impressed ; aperture roundly-ovate to ovate ;

outer lip crenulate or weakly undulate, no labral tooth,

striated for a short distance within ; anal notch shallow to

deep. Siphonal canal medium-sized. Colour generally brow-

nish.

Geographical distribution. Indo-West Pacific uncluding the Red Sea ; western and eastern

Atlantic.

Remarks. Both names Chicoreus and Triplex were proposed in 1810. The exact date of

Montfort work is not known however Iredale (1915 : 457) has shown that it was reviewed in the

Gôttinger Anzeiger, issued May 28, 1810 and thus précédés Perry’s work which did not appear until

June (Vokes, 1964 ; 8).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 130-134. — Apertures (scale bars of 91 and 92 : natural size ; other figures : 0.5 mm)

130, Chicoreus ryukyuensis Shikama.

131, C. cloveri Houart.

132, C. lorrefaclus (Sowerby).

133, C. microphyllus (Lamarck).

134, C. dovi Houart.

Subgenus SIR A TUS Jousseaume, 1880

Siratus Jousseaume, 1880 : 335. Type-species (by original désignation) : Purpura sirat “ Adanson ” Jousseaume, 1880

(= Murex senegalensis Gmelin, 1791).

Description. Shell large, up to 184 mm in length, with broad, outer lip striate for short distance within. Siphonal

three winglike varices with one short to long shoulder spine. canal long or of moderate length.

Spire high. Aperture rounded ; anal sulcus shallow and

Geographical distribution. West Pacific Océan and West Atlantic Océan. More common in

latter.

Subgenus RHIZOPHORIMUREX Oyama, 1950

Rhizophorimurex Oyama, 1950 : 10. Type-species (by original désignation) : Murex capuchinus (sic) Lamarck, 1822.

Description. Shell medium-sized, up to 124 mm in length, Siphonal canal short and broad, spineless, occasionally with

fusiform, with 3 rounded, almost spineless varices. Aperture short webbed expansion abapically. Colour brownish.

ovate. Columellar lip fully adhèrent, anal notch shallow.

Geographical distribution. North-East Indian Océan and West Pacific Océan.

Subgenus CHICOPINNA TUS n. subgen.

Type-species : Pterynotus orchidiflorus Shikama, 1972.

Etymology. Chico : from Chicoreus ; pinnatus : winged.

Description. Three wing-like varices and 1 to 3 axial crenulated outer lip. Inner side of outer lip lirate. Anal notch

ridges on last whorl. Aperture roundly-ovate to ovate with moderately deep. Siphonal canal long, spiny, narrowly open.

Geographical distribution. Indo West-Pacific.

Remarks. The three species included in this new subgenus hâve been variously classified in

Pterynotus ( s.s .) and other généra, but early teleoconch whorls are entirely different from Pterynotus,

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

and essentially similar to those in Chicoreus (s.l.). 1° Pterynotus the first teleoconch whorl is

ornamented with 6 small varices that progressively disappear on the second and third whorl, leaving

3 varices with 1 intervaricial node per whorl. In Chicopinnatus there are 8-12 small axial ridges on

the first teleoconch whorl, some of which become webbed varices on subséquent whorls, the others

remaining as intervaricial ridges. The long, slender siphonal canal and the internally lirate rather than

dentate outer lip are additional différences between Chicopinnatus and Pterynotus.

Chicopinnatus differs from Chicoreus (s.l.) by its spineless, webbed varices.

Figs 135-142. — Spines ornamentation (approximately natural size)

135, Chicoreus ryukyuensis Shikama.

136, C. cloveri Houart.

137, C. nobilis Shikama.

138, C. rossiteri (Crosse).

139, C. aculeatus (Lamarck).

140, C. zululandensis Houart.

141, C. crosnieri Houart.

142, C. fosterorum Houart.

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus CHICOREUS (s.s.)

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) asianus Kuroda, 1942

Figs 143, 144, 145

Murex sinensis Reeve, 1845 : pl. 6, fig. 24.

Chicoreus asianus Kuroda, 1942 : 80 (new name for Murex sinensis Reeve, 1845, non Gmelin, 1791).

Chicoreus orientais Zhang, 1965 : 18, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus asianus. — K ira, 1965 ; 61, pl. 23, fig. 15 ; Zhang, 1965 : 18, pl. 1, fig. 5 ; Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 : 139,

pl. 40, fig. 1 ; Kaicher, 1973 : card 133 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 32, pl. 6, fig. 8 ; eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69,

fig. 11 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. ; Lai, 1987 : 63, pl. 30, fig. 4.

Murex (Chicoreus) asianus. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 7, fig. 2 [not pl. 3, fig. 2 = Chicoreus (Triplex) brevifrons (Lamarck, 1822)].

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) asianus — Fair, 1976 : 22, pl. 6, fig. 82.

not Murex asianus. — Smith, 1953 : pl. 3, fig. 2 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) brevifrons (Lamarck, 1822)].

Type localities. M. sinensis : China ; C. orientalis : Chiu-Po, Canton.

Type material. M. sinensis : none ; C. orientalis : unknown.

Material examined. c. 50 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 143) China : Che-Kiang, Xiamen, Canton ; Hong Kong ; Taiwan ; South

Korea ; Japan, Boso Peninsula as north limit. Depth range : 5-20 m, on rocks or muddy rocks.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 143. — Distribution of Chicoreus asianus Kuroda.

Description. Shell up to 125 mm in length. Spire high,

protoconch unknown (eroded or broken in ail the specimens

studied), but apparently paucispiral with rounded whorls ; up

to 8 rounded teleoconch whorls, suture deeply impressed.

Last teleoconch whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5

major spines and intermediate spinelets. Shoulder spine

longest. Other axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low axial

ridges (usually 2). Spiral sculpture consisting of small cords

connecting the varicial spines, and numerous finer threads

between each cord.

Aperture broad and rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim

adhèrent or slightly erect. Anal notch deep, relatively narrow.

Outer lip denticulate, bearing a relatively strong labral tooth

adapically ; interior of outer lip strongly lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal broad, moderately long,

narrowly open, bent abaperturally, with 3 straight open

spines.

Light to dark brown with darker traces on the spiral

sculpture. Aperture white, edge of the columellar lip usually

light pink.

Remarks. When Reeve (1845, sp. 24) named Murex sinensis he overlooked an earlier use of

this binomen by Gmelin (1791), Kuroda (1942) synonymised Murex elongatus Lamarck, 1822 (not

Lightfoot, 1786) and Murex sinensis Reeve, 1845 and proposed Chicoreus asianus as a replacement

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 144-146. — Subgenus C. (Chicoreus).

144-145, C. asianus Kuroda. 144, Wakayama, Japan, 106 mm (rh). 145, Hong Kong, 72 mm (mnhn).

146, C. austramosus Vokes. Off Natal, South Africa, 53.5 mm (holotype, NM 5348/T2141. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes).

name. The new name is applicable only to Murex sinensis, however, because Murex elongatus

Lamarck is undoubtedly Murex brevifrons Lamarck, 1822, a West-Indian species of Chicoreus

(Triplex). Some forms of C. brevifrons closely resemble C. asianus but the shell is easily separable by

the presence of a labral tooth in C. asianus (none in C. brevifrons). Judging from the original

illustration (type material not seen), and the description, kindly translated for me by T.C. Lan,

C. orientalis is indistinguishable from Murex sinensis and is thus subjective synonym of C. asianus.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) austramosus Vokes, 1978

Figs 2, 146, 147, 271

Chicoreus (C.) austramosus Vokes, 1978 : 388, pl. 4, figs 1-2.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus austramosus. — Kaicher, 1979 : card 1995 (holotype) ; Houart, 1981c : 16 (text fig.) ; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982 :

81, pl. 18, fig. 2 ; Rippingale, 1987 : 3, fig. 3.

Type locality. Off Natal (ex pisce).

Type material. Holotype NM 5348/T2141.

Other material examined. Transkei coast, S. Africa, RH (3 dd) ; Pondoland, South Africa,

RH (1 dd) ; Transkei, on reef, 35 m, South Africa, RH (1 lv) ; off Transkei coast, 30-35 m, South

Africa, coll. Glass & Foster (2 lv) ; Port Alfred, South Africa, AMS C147585 (3 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 147). Off Durban to Western Transkei, Southern Africa. Depth range :

30-35 m.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 147. — Distribution of Chicoreus austramosus Vokes.

Description. Shell up to 65 mm in length, heavy. Spire

high, with 2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 teleoconch

whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch large and

bulbous.

Last teleoconch whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 5

short foliated spines, spines being slightly longer at shoulder

and on most adapical part of each varice. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 2 intervaricial nodes (rarely one).

Spiral sculpture consisting of cords interconnecting varicial

fronds, and numerous spiral threads in each interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent, rim

slightly erect abapically. Anal notch deep, broad, delineated

by small callus. Outer lip denticulate, bearing a labral tooth

adapically. Siphonal canal moderately long, narrowly open,

abaperturally bent at tip, ornamented with 2 upcurved spines.

Light brown suffused with some darker blotches to light or

bright orange. Aperture white, sometimes suffused with pink.

Remarks. The species was originally compared with C. ramosus from which it differs in being

much smaller, more narrowly fusiform and in having a different protoconch, twice the diameter of

that of C. ramosus. It is nearer to C. asianus but differs from that species in being smaller and in

having fewer spines on the siphonal canal. C. asianus has a comparatively higher spire and the varicial

spines are usually larger. C. asianus is apparently restricted to southeast Asia.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) hundharmai Houart, 1992

Figs 6, 148, 280-281

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) hundharmai Houart, 1992 : 27, figs 1, 5-8.

Type locality. Banjarmasin, South Bornéo, 03°22' S, 114°33'E, 20 m.

Type material. Holotype MNHN.

Material examined. Type material, and 7 paratypes.

Distribution. (Fig. 148). South Bornéo, Java Sea, 20-40 m.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Fig. 148. — Distribution of Chicoreus bundharmai Houart.

Description. Shell medium sized for the genus, 51-68 mm

in length at maturity, frondose. Spire moderately high with

2.25 protoconch whorls and up to 6 weakly shouldered,

broad teleoconch whorls. Protoconch whorls rounded, sculp-

tured with strong axial ribs, more apparent on last whorl ;

terminal varix strong, thick, almost straight. Suture im-

pressed.

First and second teleoconch whorls with 10 axial ribs, third

whorl with axial ribs and forming varices, fourth, fifth and

sixth teleoconch whorls with 4 varices. Each varix of last

whorl with 5 medium sized spines, adapical (shoulder) spine

longest, other spines decreasing in length abapically. Short

intermediate spine between shoulder spine and second ab-

apical spine. Spiral sculpture throughout consisting of nume-

rous cords of varying strength.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, weakly erect

abapically, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch shallow, broad.

Outer lip erect, crenulate ; strong, large, narrow labral tooth

abapically. Siphonal canal of moderate length, narrow,

straight, abaperturally bent at tip, narrowly open, with

3 short open spines.

Light brown with darker spiral cords, and brown periphe-

ral band at adapical part of whorls. Aperture whitish with

Remarks. Chicoreus bundharmai is close to C. ramosus (Linné, 1758) from which it differs

primarly in its longer, more prominent labral tooth, in having 4 varices instead of 3 on the last

teleoconch whorl, and in having a strongly axially sculptured, instead of smooth, protoconch

(Fig. 6). Chicoreus bundharmai is also similar to C. cornucervi (Rôding, 1798) but differs in having

4 varices on the last teleoconch whorl, in attaining smaller size with the same number of teleoconch

whorls (average size of C. cornucervi is of 90 mm in length), while the varicial spines are generally

shorter. The protoconch in C. cornucervi is twice as large and strongly keeled.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi (Rôding, 1798)

Figs 1, 149, 277, 278

Purpura cornucervi Rôding, 1798 : 142.

Murex monodon Sowerby, 1825 : 19.

Murex aranea de Blainville in Kiener, 1842 : 34, pl. 36, fig. 1.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Euphyllon) cornucervi. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 3.

Euphyllon cornucervi. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 124, pl. 26, fig. 155; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 5-7.

Chicoreus cornucervi. — D’Attilio, 1967 : 6, fig. 5 ; Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 5 ; Kaicher, 1973 : card 155 ;

Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976 : 36, pl. 4, fig. 11 ; Hinton, 1979 : pl. 26, fig. 4 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig. ;

Wells & Bryce, 1985 : 88, pl. 25, fig. 284; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 15.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi. — Fair, 1976 : 33, pl. 8, fig. 101.

Murex (Chicoreus) cornucervi. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 89, pl. 71, fig. 3.

Murex cornucervi. — Leehman, 1981 : 9, text fig.

Type localities. P. cornucervi and M. monodon : East Indish Sea (Martini, 1777) ;

M. aranea : Indian Océan.

Type material. None.

Other material examined. c. 40 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 149). North-West Cape, West Australia ; Dampier to Darwin ; Torres

Strait ; northern Australia ; Arafura Sea ; south-western New Guinea.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 149. — Distribution of Chicoreus cornucervi (Rôding).

Description. Shell up to 140 mm in length, whorls

rounded. Spire high, with 2 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to

6 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture deeply impressed.

Protoconch large, first whorl flattened, last whorl sculptured

with low axial ridges.

Last teleoconch whorl with 3 low rounded varices, each

ornamented with 4 or 5 frondose spines and intermediate

spinelets, 3 adapical spines very long and often strongly bent

abaperturally ; 1 or 2 smaller abapical spines. No other axial

sculpture on last whorl. Spire whorls with one low interva-

ricial axial node. Spiral sculpture consisting of spiral cords

connecting varicial spines, and numerous threads in each

interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim slightly

detached. Anal notch broad, shallow. Outer lip denticulate,

with a strong labral tooth abapically. Siphonal canal broad,

relatively long, narrowly open, bent abaperturally, with

2 frondose spines, shoulder spine very long, recurved, second

spine short.

Whitish or light brown to nearly black. Aperture bluish-

white, rim light pink.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. One of the most easily recognizable species because of its strongly curved fronds and

large protoconch, the latter suggesting intracapsular metamorphosis, which may explain its restricted

geographical range.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) litos Vokes, 1978

Figs 3, 150, 273, 279

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) litos Vokes, 1978 ; 390, pl. 5, fig. 1.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex axicornis. — Barnard, 1959 : 196; Kensley, 1973 : 140, fig. 472 (not Murex axicornis Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus litos. — Kaicher, 1979 : card 1973 (holotype).

Type locality. North-east of Beira, Mozambique, 75 meters.

Type material. Holotype nm G8656/T2130.

Other material examined. Aliwal Shoal, South Coast of Natal, 30° 15' S, 30°49' E, 45 m.,

coll. Glass & Foster (1 lv) ; trawled South east of Durban Bluff, 220 m, ex paratype nm T2146, rh

(1 dd) ; trawled ofif Southern Mozambique, RH (1 dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 150). Natal, Southern Africa; Mozambique.

> '<r

f S

Je /

)

? f''

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 150. — Distribution of Chicoreus litos Vokes.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Description. [In part after Vokes (1978) with some

changes].

Shell up to 78 mm in length, stout. Spire high, with

2 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to 6 teleoconch whorls.

Suture appressed. Protoconch bulbous and extended.

Last whorl bearing 3 spinose varices. Shoulder spine longer

than 3 abapical spines. Abapical spines sometimes connected

by a web, and with small intermediate spinelets. Other axial

sculpture consisting of a single intervaricial node. Spiral

sculpture consisting initially of 4 cords, gradually blending

into intercalated threadlets to give an overall pattern of

numerous equal sized threads that cover entire surface.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, erect at abapi¬

cal extremity. Outer lip crenulate, with a small labral tooth

abapically. Siphonal canal wide, elongate, abaperturally

recurved at distal end, ornamented with 2 short, straight

spines, the most adapical spine longer.

White to tan, darker on summits of intervaricial nodes and

spiral threads. Aperture white.

Remarks. C. litos was formerly confused with C. axicornis both by Barnard (1959 : 196,

fig. 41 C) and Kensley (1973 : fig. 472), but C. axicornis differs in having a more angulate shell, a

more bulbous protoconch, and in lacking a labral tooth. No closely related species are known.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) ramosus (Linné, 1758)

Figs 4-5, 151, 270, 272, 276

Murex ramosus Linné, 1758 : 747.

Purpura incarnata Rôding, 1798 : 142.

Purpura fusiformis Rôding, 1798 : 144.

Murex inflaïus Lamarck, 1822 : 160.

Murex frondosus Môrch, 1852 : 97.

Murex fortispinna François, 1891 : 240, fig. 241.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) ramosus. — Smith, 1953 ; 7, pl.22, fig. 5 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 93, pl. 75, fig. 1.

Chicoreus ramosus. — Spry, 1961 : 19, pl. 2, fig. 134; Kira, 1965 : 61, pl. 23, fig. 17; Zhang, 1965 : 17, pl. 2, fig. 4;

Cernohorsky, 1967a : 120, text fig. 5, pl. 14, fig. 11 ; Cernohorsky, 1967b : 122, pl. 25, fig. 152; D’Arnuo, 1967 :

6, fig. 6 ; Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 1 ; Hinton, 1972 : 34, pl. 17, fig. 12 ; Astary, 1973 : 7 ; Kaicher,

1973 : card 132 ; Salvat & Rives, 1975 : 311, fig. 191 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 40, fig. 21, pl. 4, fig. 8 ; Hinton,

1979, pl. 26, fig. 1 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig. ; Bosch & Bosch, 1982 ; 89, text fig. ; Kilburn & Rippey,

1982 : 81, pl. 18, fig. 1 ; Smythe, 1982 : 59 ; Sharabati, 1984, pl. 18, fig. 9 ; Lai, 1987 : 61, text figs A & B ; Short

& Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 11 ; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68, text fig.

Murex ramosus. — Kennelly, 1964 : 69, pl. 17, fig. 85 ; Brost & Coale, 1971 : 69, pl. 15, figs 1, 2 ; Kensley, 1973 : 140,

fig. 476.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) ramosus. — Fair, 1976 : 71, pl. 9, fig. 121 ; Vokes, 1978 : 387, pl. 4, fig. 3 ; Springsteen & Leobrera,

1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 11.

Type localities. M. ramosus : “ Jamaica ” ; P. incarnata and M. inflatus : Red Sea (Martini,

1777); P. fusiformis : none ; M. frondosus : West India; M. fortispinna : New Caledonia.

Type material. None.

Other material examined. More than 200 specimens from throughout the distributional

range.

Distribution. (Fig. 151). Throughout the Indo-West Pacific : The Red Sea to Durban Bay,

Southern Africa ; the Gulf of Oman ; Sri Lanka ; South China Sea to south of Japan ; north-western

Australia ; eastem Queensland to the Marquesas

Description. Shell up to.327 mm in length, stout. Spire

low to moderately high, 2 protoconch whorls and up to

9 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Protoconch whorls rounded.

Last whorl bearing 3 frondose varices, each ornamented

with 5 major frondose spines and smaller intermediate

(East limit).

spinelets ; shoulder spine strongest and often longest ; length

of other spines variable. Other axial sculpture consisting of

one narrow major intervaricial node with usually a second

smaller one. Spiral sculpture consisting of cords connecting

the varicial spines and minor cords that connect intermediate

spinelets ; numerous additional spiral threads.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Aperture large, rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim

adhèrent or slightly erect. Anal notch large, moderately deep,

delineated by a callus. Outer lip crenulate, a relatively strong

labral tooth abapically, interior smooth or lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal broad, relatively long, nar-

rowly open, bent abaperturally, ornamented with 2 or

3 frondose spines.

Withish with pinkish-red outer lip and columellar lips.

Remarks. As pointed out by Dodge (1957 : 88), C. ramosus of Linné is a composite species

since it originally included the species C. palmarosae, C. brevifrons, C. axicornis, C. brunneus and

probably others. The type-locality “ Jamaica ” probably refers to a specimen of C. brevifrons.

Lamarck (1822 : 160) proposed Murex inflatus, refering to Martini (1777 : figs 980 and 981), but

he included also M. ramosus in synonymy of his species, and thus considered they were the same.

Three specimens labelled Murex inflatus are in the Lamarck coll. (MHNG 1099/10-12) (Finet,

in litt). Ail are Indian Océan specimens of C. ramosus.

Since Lamarck’s time the name C. ramosus has been widely used for the large, common

Indo-Pacific species. Ail other species included by Linné under that name hâve been named by

subséquent authors.

South African shells (Durban Bay) are stunted and smaller, reaching a maximum length of

110 mm (Kilburn & Rippey, 1982 : 81). Despite this, specimens with intact protoconchs (Durban,

nm) are indistinguishable from C. ramosus.

So-called dwarf forms of C. ramosus in collections are juvéniles.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) virgineus (Rôding, 1798)

Figs 7, 92-93, 152-153, 154, 274-275

Purpura virgineus Rôding, 1798 : 141.

Purpura rudis Link, 1807 : 121.

Murex anguliferus Lamarck, 1822 : 171.

Murex ferrugo Wood, 1828 : 15, pl. 5, fig. 16.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 152-153. — Chicoreus (Chicoreus) virgineus (Rôding).

152, locality unknown, 110 mm (lectotype of Murex erythraeus Fischer, mnhn).

153, Red Sea, 80 mm (lectotype of Murex anguliferus Lamarck, mnhn).

Murex erythraeus Fischer, 1870 : 176.

Murex cyacantha Sowerby, 1879 : 11, fig. 160.

Murex ponderosus Sowerby, 1879 : 12, fig. 67.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) anguliferus ponderosus. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 23, fig. 3.

Chicoreus virgineus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 136; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. ; Sharabati, 1984, pl. 18, fig. 6.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) virgineus. — Fair, 1976 : 85, pl. 6, fig. 81.

ISiratus virgineus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 108, pl. 17, fig. 15.

Murex (ISiratus) virgineus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 95, pl. 77, fig. 1.

Type localities. M. virgineus, M. rudis, M. ferrugo : none ; M. anguliferus : Atlantic Océan

and on African coasts ; M. erythraeus : Suez ; M. cyacantha : ?Red Sea ; M. ponderosus : Ceylon.

Type material. M. anguliferus : lectotype mnhn, here selected from 2 syntypes ; M. ery¬

thraeus : lectotype mnhn, here selected from 3 syntypes. No material located for the other names.

Other material examined. c. 50 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution (Fig. 154). Suez and off Dahlak, Red Sea ; Gulf of Aden ; Sri Lanka and the Bay

of Bengal.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 154. — Distribution of Chicoreus virgineus (Rôding).

Description. Shell up to 150 mm in length, heavy and

stout. Spire moderately high, up to 8 teleoconch whorls and

a protoconch of probably 2 whorls (partially broken). Suture

appressed. Last preserved whorl of protoconch suggesting

paucispiral nucléus.

Last whorl with three rounded and heavy varices (occasio-

nally four). Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of one

single heavy node, mostly near the succeeding varix or

sometimes fused with it. Spiral sculpture of 5 or 6 obsolète

major cords, and numerous minor cords and threads in each

interspace. Major cords giving rise to short, broadly open

spines on the varices : abapical spines sometimes connected

by webbing.

Aperture large, rounded. Columellar lip completeiy adhèr¬

ent, smooth. Anal notch large and shallow. Outer lip

denticulate, very weakly lirate for short distance within, with

a weak labral tooth abapically. Siphonal canal moderately

long, broad, bent abaperturally, omamented with 2 or

3 (rarely 4) open spines.

White to dark brown ; edges of columellar and outer lips

generally pink.

Radula (Figs 92-93).

Remarks. Somewhat resembling C. ramosus, in shell morphology, C. virgineus is heavier and

less spinose with more rounded varices and a more strongly triangular shape. Although type material

of M. cyacantha, M. ponderosus and M. ferrugo could not be located, the original illustrations leave

no doubt about their synonymy with C. virgineus. C. virgineus was doubtfully included in Siratus by

Radwin & D’Attilio (1976) but the presence of a labral tooth (unknown in Siratus species) and the

gross shell morphology suggest a better placement in Chicoreus (s.s.).

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus TRIPLEX Perry, 1810

Systematic treatment. Rather than arrange ail of the species alphabetically, they are treated

in groups of related species. A comparison table is added at the end of some of these groups where

appropriate. The species are grouped as follows :

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Group 1

Shell generally attaining medium to large size (length 60-133 mm), contour fusiform ; mostly

brownish with white to yellowish aperture ; varicial spines frondose, short ; usually 4 or 5 spines on

varices of last whorl. Four species with planktotrophic larval development, one non planktotrophic

and one unknown (broken or eroded in ail specimens examined).

Chicoreus (T.) microphyllus is included in the comparison table at the end of this group to

separate it from Chicoreus (T.) torrefactus with which it is sometimes confused or erroneously

synonymised.

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) dovi Houart, 1984; C. (T.) insularum (Pilsbry, 1921);

C. (T.) mourus (Broderip, 1832); C. (T.) palmarosae (Lamarck, 1822); C. (T.) saulii (Sowerby,

1834); C. (T.) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841).

Group 2

Shell medium-sized, 23-90 mm in length. Brown with darker spiral threads. 5-7 frondose

varicial spines on last whorl. Non planktotrophic larval development, except in Chicoreus (T.)

rubescens (Broderip, 1833).

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus (Lamarck, 1816); C. (T.) paini Houart,

1983; C. (T.) strigatus (Reeve, 1849); C. (T.) rubescens (Broderip, 1833); C. (T.) trivialis

(A. Adams, 1854).

Group 3

Withish to dark brown or nearly black shells, though some other colour forms. From

30-90 mm in length. 2-7 frondose spines on varices of last whorl. Non planktotrophic larval

development, except Chicoreus (Triplex) bourguignati.

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) axicornis (Lamarck, 1822); C. (T.) banksii (Sowerby,

1841); C. (T.) bourguignati (Poirier, 1883); C. (T.) brunneus (Link, 1807); C. (T.) elisae Bozzetti,

1991 ; C. (T.) groschi Vokes, 1978 ; C. (T.) ryosukei Shikama, 1978.

Group 4

Shell milky white to light brown, spiral sculpture usually darker. Outline rounded, 4-6 short

to medium-sized frondose spines on varices of last whorl, aperture rounded, 36-88 mm in length.

Planktotrophic larval development in C. cnissodus, unknown in C. peledi.

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) cnissodus (Euthyme, 1889); C. (T.) peledi Vokes, 1978.

Group 5

Shell relatively small, 30-70 mm in length, spines small and slightly frondose, adapically spines

usually connected on each other by low varicial flange, whitish to brownish. Non planktotrophic

larval development. Geographical range restricted.

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus corrugatus (Sowerby, 1841) ; C. (T.) corrugatus

ethiopius Vokes, 1978 ; C. (T.) damicornis (Hedley, 1903) ; C. (T.) denudatus (Perry, 1811) ; C. (T.)

territus (Reeve, 1845); C. (T.) thomasi (Crosse, 1872).

Group 6 u

Shell relatively small, 25 to 75 mm in length. Protoconch paucispiral. Varicial fronds usually

long, sometimes reduced to acute spines or sometimes interconnected. Whitish to yellowish or

yellowish brown. Non planktotrophic larval development. Restricted geographical range.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) boucheti Houart, 1983 ; C. (T.) cervicornis (Lamarck,

1822); C. (T.) longicornis (Dunker, 1864); C. (T.) paucifrondosus Houart, 1988; C. (T.)

subpalmatus Houart, 1988.

Group 7

Shell relatively small, 20-53 mm in length, white, yellowish or pinkish ; short varicial frondose

spines. Planktotrophic or non planktotrophic larval development.

Included taxa : Chicoreus (Triplex) aculeatus (Lamarck, 1822) ; C. (T.) cloveri Houart, 1985 ; C.

(T.) crosnieri Houart, 1985 ; C. (T.) fosterorum Houart, 1989 ; C. (T.) nobilis Shikama, 1977 ; C. (T.)

rossiteri (Crosse, 1872) ; C. (T.) ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978 ; C. (T.) zululandensis Houart, 1989.

GROUP 1

Chicoreus (Triplex) dovi Houart, 1984

Figs 10, 134, 155, 260, 292

Chicoreus dovi Houart, 1984 : 55, figs 1-4, pl. 1.

ADD1TIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus dovi. — Houart, 1986a : 9, text fig.

Type locality. Malindi, Kenya.

Type material. Holotype irsnb I. G. 26656/402.

Other material examined. c. 20 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 155). South Somalia to Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Depth range : 2-6 m,

on coral reefs.

Description. Shell up to 109 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 2 1/2 teleoconch whorls, and up to 8 teleoconch

whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch whorls

smooth, rounded.

Last whorl bearing 3 foliose varices, each with 5 major

short, straight spines, an intermediate recurved spinelet

between each major spine. Other intervaricial sculpture

consisting of a moderately high nodulose rib, extending from

suture to siphonal canal, mostly erect on carinal edge of body

whorl. Spiral sculpture of numerous cords and intermediate

threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovale. Columellar lip totally adhèrent, smooth

with sometimes 1 or 2 folds adapically, near callus. Anal

notch deep, large, “ U ” shaped. Outer lip erect, denticulate,

lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal moderately

long for genus, open, slightly bent abaperturally at distal end,

bearing 2 or 3 straight frondose spines.

Light brown with darker coloured spiral cords and threads.

Aperture glossy white.

Remarks. C. dovi differs from the superficially similar C. torrefactus in having a more globose

last whorl, and a smaller siphonal canal. As in C. torrefactus it generally has foliaceous spines but

they are narrower at their tips. The last whorl in adult specimens always exhibits a single intervaricial

node, while C. torrefactus bears 1-3 nodes. C. torrefactus always has a yellow to cream-peach

columellar lip while that of C. dovi is consistantly white. The shell of C. torrefactus always has a fold

on the abapical part of the columella, while C. dovi has a straight columellar lip. In C. torrefactus

the protoconch is conical, and of the sinugera type, consisting of 3 whorls with a small first whorl,

denoting planktotrophic larval development. The protoconch in C. dovi is more globose, with fewer

whorls suggesting non planktotrophic development. Moreover the terminal varix of the protoconch

is differently shaped (Fig. 10).

C. dovi differs from C. microphyllus in shell contour and in the form of aperture and

protoconch (Table 1).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45

60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165

165 150

Fig. 155. — Distribution of Chicoreus dovi Houart.

Table 1. — Comparions of Chicoreus species of group 1.

Characters

C. torrefactus

C. microphyllus

C. dovi

C. palmarosae

C. saulii

C. mourus

C. insularum

Protoconch

Conical, 3-3.5

whorls. Rounded,

erect terminal va-

1.75-3 rounded

whorls. Weakly

curved, terminal

2.5 rounded

whorls. Straight,

weakly angulate

terminal varix

1.45 rounded

whorls. Terminal

varix unknown

Conical, 3.25

whorls. Erect,

weakly curved

terminal varix

Conical, proba-

bly 3.25-3.5

whorls. Erect

weakly curved

terminal varix

unknown

Nutnber of te-

leoconch whorls

7-11

7-9

7-8

Spines on last

Usually 5 with in-

termediate spine-

lets

Usually 5 with

intermediate spi-

5 with interme¬

diate spinelets

4, no interme¬

diate spinelets

4 with small in¬

termediate spi-

4 with interme¬

diate spinelets

5 with interme¬

diate spinelets

Intervaricial

axial sculpture

1 large and

1 shallow, or

1 strong, single

node, rarely 3

2-4, generally 3

Indg,

Generally 3 low

axial ridges

1 heavy single

node, or 2 weak

1 prominent

nally with addi-

tional axial ridge

Aperture and

columellar lips

Aperture ovate or

subcircular. Ou-

ter lip curved.

Columellar lip

smooth, rarely

bordered by few

folds. Heavy fold

on abapical end

Aperture ovate.

Outer lip curved.

Columellar lip

mostly bordered

by fine folds.

Very shallow or

no fold on aba¬

pical end

Aperture ovate.

Outer lip curved.

Columellar lip

smooth. No fold

on abapical end

Aperture ovate,

weakly angulate.

Columellar lip

bordered by

folds. Small fold

abapically

Aperture ovate.

Columellar lip

smooth. No fold

abapically

Aperture ovate

or subcircular.

Columellar lip

weakly folded

adapically. Small

fold abapically

Broadly ovate.

Columellar lip

with weak node

abapically and

folds adapically.

Small fold aba¬

pically

Adult shell

60-123.8 mm

40-90 mm

70-109 mm

85-133 mm

85-124 mm

70-91 mm

71-101.5 mm

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Chicoreus (Triplex) insularum (Pilsbry, 1921)

Figs 156, 286-287

Murex torrefactus insularum Pilsbry, 1921 : 319.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus insularum. — Kaicher, 1974 : card 536 ; Radwin_& D’Arnuo, 1976, p. 38, pl. 5,

_ ... 4 ; Kay, 1979 : 236, fig. 830) ;

Earle 1980 • 10. text fig.’; Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 24, fig. 11. _

CUœrL (ChlmL,) mularum. - F»m, 1976 : 51, pl. 6, fis. 80; Houakt & P»m, 1983.; 19, text figs ; 17.

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) insularum. — Houart & Pain, 1983a :

[= Chicoreus (Triplex) mourus (Broderip, 1833)].

Type locality. Off Waikiki, Oahu, 64-91 m.

t fig. (syntype of Murex mexicanus Stearns)

Type material. Holotype and 2 paratypes ansp 47192.

Other material examined. Ca. 10 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 156). Endémie to the Hawaiian Island Chain and the Midway Is, on

coral reefs.

30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 1.65 180 165 150

Fig. 156. — Distribution of Chicoreus insularum (Pilsbry).

Description. Shell up to 101.5 mm in length, stout. Spire

moderately high, up to 7 convex, angulate teleoconch whorls.

Suture appressed. Protoconch unknown.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each omamented with

5 frondose, short major spines and some intermediate

spinelets. Shoulder spine longest, straight. Second and third

abapically spines generally recurved abaperturally. Other

axial sculpture consisting of one heavy intervaricial node and

small associated axial ridge. Spiral sculpture consisting of

5 major cords and fine scabrous intermediate threads in each

interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip rim partially erect and

adhèrent adapically, with a shallow denticle on its adapical

part ; anal notch well delineated by small callus. Outer lip

crenulate, strongly lirate for short distance within. Siphonal

canal short, tapering abapically, bent distally, with 2 or

3 straight spines.

Light brown with somewhat darker spiral sculpture. Aper¬

ture glossy white, sometimes fine yellow or pink line around

adapical part.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Remarks. Murex colpos Dali in Burch, 1955 was synonymized with C. insularum by Houart

& Pain (1983a : 19) but after a more detailed study it is here synonymised with C. maurus (see below).

Chicoreus (Triplex) maurus (Broderip, 1833)

Figs 8, 157, 288-291, 298

Murex maurus Broderip, 1833 : 174.

Murex steeriae Reeve, 1845, pl. 8, fig. 28.

Murex mexicanus Stearns, 1893 : 345 (non M. mexicanus Petit de la Saussaye, 1852).

Murex colpos Dali in Burch, 1955 : 12 (new name for Murex mexicanus Stearns, 1894, non Petit de la Saussaye, 1852).

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) maurus. — Smith, 1953 : 5 (in part), pl. 8, fig. 7 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 91, pl. 73, fig. 5.

Chicoreus maurus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 39, pl. 5, fig. 5; Cernohorsky, 1978a : 72, figs 15-17 (syntypes), 18-19;

Cernohorsky, 1978b : 65, pl. 18, fig. 2 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 : 7, fig. 16.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) maurus. — Houart & Pain, 1983b : 3, text figs p. 4 (syntype of Murex maurus and holotype of Murex

steeriae (Reeve).

Murex (Chicoreus) palma-rosae mexicanus. — Smith, 1953 : 13, pl. 11, fig. 7 (holotype).

Murex steeriae. — Astary, 1973 : 7, text fig.

Chicoreus steeriae. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 148; Salvat & Rives : 311, fig. 192.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) steeriae. — Fair, 1976 : 78, pl. 8, fig. 106.

Chicoreus torrefactus. — Salvat & Rives, 1975 : 311, fig. 193 (not Murex torrefactus Sowerby, 1841).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) insularum. — Houart & Pain, 1983a : 19 (holotype of Murex mexicanus Stearns, 1893) (not Murex

insularum Pilbry, 1921).

not Murex (Chicoreus) maurus. — Smith, 1963, pl. 3, fig. 7.

not Chicoreus maurus. — Kaicher, 1973, card 148 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) maurus. — Fair, 1976 :57, pl. 8, fig. 103 ; Vokes, 1978 : 384, pl. 3, fig. 1 [= Chicoreus (Triplex)

torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)].

Type localités. Murex maurus : Anaa I., Tuamotu Archipelago, Pacific Océan ; Murex

steeriae : unknown ; Murex mexicanus : Gulf of California.

Type material. M. maurus : lectotype bmnh 197473, here selected from 3 syntypes ;

M. steeriae : holotype umz ; Murex mexicanus (= M. colpos ) : holotype usnm 46803.

Other material examined : ca. 20 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 157). North-east of New Caledonia ; Tahiti, Tuamotu Archipelago, and

Marquesas Is. Depth range : 1-15 m.

Description. Shell up to 91 mm in length, stout. Spire

moderately high, with a conical protoconch of probably

3 1/4-3 1/2 whorls (damaged) and up to 9 rounded, somewhat

angulate, teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Last whorl with 3 strong, rounded varices, each with

4 short to medium-sized, moderately frondose spines. Shoul-

der spines usually broad, long, abapical 3 slightly frondose ;

abapical spine shortest ; one intermediate spinelet between

each pair of major spines. Other axial sculpture consisting of

a single strong intervaricial node, very rarely with an

associated shallow axial ridge. Spiral sculpture of numerous

scabrous cords and threads.

Aperture broadly ovate. Columellar lip adhèrent, with

weak node abapically, a strong callus, followed by 2 or

3 small ridges abapically. Anal notch deep, fairly broad,

“ U ” shaped. Outer lip crenulate, partially strongly ridged

within. Siphonal canal short, tapering abapically, distally

recurved, with 2 or 3 straight foliated spines.

Colour of alternating bands of dark violet and white or

very light brown. Fronds and apertural margin stained with

pink or pale violet. Aperture glossy white.

Remarks. Judging from a juvénile specimen from Tahiti (J. Trôndlé coll.) with an almost

perfect protoconch, this species is evidently related to C. saulii and indeed if protoconchs prove to

be absolutely identicaP(Figs 8 and 11), C. maurus may prove to be a local population of C. saulii,

although by priority, the name C. maurus will hâve to be used over saulii.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Mœnis (1984 : 14) stated the type-locality, given by Houart & Pain (1983 : 4), to be

erroneous. These authors were fully aware that Anaa Island is situated in the Tuamotu Archipelago,

however, and were merely mentioning the locality given by Broderip on the original label (i.e.

“ Annaa Is. Philippines ”). The type-locality of C. maurus is most probably Anaa Island, Tuamotus,

as stated by Cernohorsky (1978 : 73).

The lectotype here selected has previously been illustrated by Cernohorsky (1978 : 73, fig. 15)

and by Houart & Pain (1983b : 3, text fig. p. 4), and is probably the specimen illustrated by

Sowerby (1834). The largest paralectotype measures 70.1 x 39 mm . Several authors hâve erro-

neously illustrated the South African taxon known as Chicoreus kilburni Houart & Pain, 1982 (a form

of C. torrefactus) as Chicoreus maurus.

The name Murex steeriae is based on a long-spined adult specimen of C. maurus.

Although Houart & Pain (1983 : 19) considered that Murex colpos Dali in Burch, 1955 was

a synonym of C. insularum, the wom holotype exhibits the outer lip lirations sculpture and coloration

that are typical of C. maurus. The type-locality of M. mexicanus is certainly erroneous.

Chicoreus (Triplex) palmarosae (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 9, 158, 293-294

Murex palmarosae Lamarck, 1822 : 161.

Triplex^rasariaVtny, 1811 : pl. 6, fig. 3 [secondary homonym of Purpura rosarium Rôding, 1798 rejected before 1961 (iczn,

T Mu!exi°rgym Môreh, 1852 : P 97 23 [sUppressed “ favor of Murex Palmarosae Lamarck, 1822 (iczn opinion 911)].

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) palmarosae. — Kiener, 1842, pi. 17, fig. 1 ; pl. 18, fig. 1. Smith, 1953 : 5, pl. 3, fig. 1 ; Shikama, 1963 :

70, pl. 53, fig. 5 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 91, pl. 73, fig. 20.

Chicoreus palmarosae. — Hinton, 1972 : 34, pl. 17, fig. 13; Kaicher, 1973 : card 142; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 40,

pl. 5, fig. 2 ; Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 2 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 1236, text fig. ; Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 22, fig. 4 ; Lai,

1987 : 61,pl. 29, fig. 2; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68, pl. 19, fig. 4.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) palmarosae. — Fair, 1976 : 65, pl. 8, fig. 104; Vokes, 1978 : 386.

Murex (Chicoreus) maurus sauliae. — Smith, 1953 : 5, pl. 3, fig. 9 (not Murex sauliae Sowerby, 1834).

Chicoreus rosarius. — Arakawa, 1964 : 361, pl. 21, figs 11-12 (radula) ; Cernohorsky, 1978b : 65, pl. 18, fig. 1.

Chicoreus (Triplex) rosarius. — Kira, 1965 : 60, pl. 23, fig. 13.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rosarius. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 14.

Type localities. T. foliatus : unknown ; T. rosaria : Island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) ;

M. palmarosae : ?Indian Océan ; M. argyna : unknown.

Type material. No type material known.

Other material examined : c. 60 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 158). Natal, southeastem Africa (nm D9872) ; south-western Indian Océan

(Reunion and Mauritius Is ; the Seychelles) ; Sri Lanka ; the Philippine Is ; south of Japan, and the

Solomons Is. Depth Range : Intertidal to 90 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 158. — Distribution of Chicoreus palmarosae (Lamarck).

Description. Shell up toi 33 mm in length, elongate and

stout. Spire high, with 1 3/4 protoconch whorls and up to

9 elongate teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Protoconch whorls glossy, smooth.

Last teleoconch whorl bearing 3 frondose varices, each

with 4 short to relatively long, frondose spines. Shoulder

spines longest, an appréciable gap separating it from

3 shorter, straight frondose spines; no intermediate spine-

lets. Other axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 nodose axial

ridges. Spiral sculpture of 9 or 10 scabrous spiral cords

and numerous intermediate scabrous threads in each inter-

space.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Aperture broadly ovate. Columellar lip adhèrent, smooth

inside but bearing numerous, somewhat elongate nodes on its

edge. Strong callus delineating deep, large anal notch. Outer

lip crenulate, strongly lirate for short distance within. Sipho-

nal canal relatively long, straight, narrowly open, abapertu-

rally bent at tip, bearing 2 or 3 frondose spines.

Cream or ochre to pale or dark brown. Spiral cords and

threads darker. Interior of spines pinkish or violet in Indian

Océan and Japanese specimens, otherwise brownish. Aper¬

ture white bordered with dark brown ; columellar denticles

white, brown between.

Remarks. No type material has been located. There is a specimen designated as a possible type

of M. palmarosae in MHNG. This specimen, however, actually represents C. torrefactus and does not

agréé with Lamarck’s description, which clearly refers to the species long known as C. palmarosae.

Widely distributed, it is rather variable in shell morphology and colour (Figs 293-294). To my

knowledge, specimens with pink or violet stained frond occur only in the Indian Océan and off Japan.

Specimens from the Philippines are uniformly brown and hâve shorter spines. The most characteristic

features for this species are the sculptured columellar lip edge, and the absence of intermediate

spinelets between the varicial fronds.

Chicoreus (Triplex) saulii (Sowerby, 1834)

Figs 11, 159, 295, 303

Murex saulii Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 190, fig. 77; 1841b : 141.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) saulii. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 4; Eisenberg, 1981 : 93, pl. 75, fig. 12.

Chicoreus (Triplex) saulii. — Kira, 1965 : 204, pl. 70, fig. 1.

Chicoreus saulii. — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 122, pl. 15, fig. 12 ; Cernohorsky, 1967b : 122, pl. 24, fig. 143 ; Kaicher, 1974 :

card 501 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 42, pl. 5,fig. 8 ; Mc Donald, 1979 : 7, fig. 8 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136,

text fig.; Lai, 1987 : 61, pl. 29, fig. 4; Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 25; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68, pl. 19, fig. 5.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) saulii. — Fair, 1976 : 75, pl. 8, fig. 99; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 13.

not Murex (Chicoreus) mourus sauliae. — Smith, 1953 : 5, pl. 3, fig. 9 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) palmarosae (Lamarck, 1822)].

not Chicoreus saulii. — Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 6 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)].

Type locality. Capul I., Philippine Islands.

Type material. Holotype umz.

Other material examined : c. 50 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 159). Central western Indian Océan and north-western Pacific Océan.

Reunion and Mauritius Is, Comoros Archipelago, the Seychelles Is, Indonesia, Cocos I., New Britain,

the Philippine Is, Southern Japan, and the Marshall Is (Kwajalein), on coral reefs. Depth Range ;

15-140 m.

Description. Shell up to 124 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, acute, with 3 to 3 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 10

elongate teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch

glossy, conical.

Last whorl bearing 3 rounded, frondose varices, each

ornamented with 4 moderately short frondose open spines.

Shoulder spine generally longest, abapical second spine

shortest ; intermediate spinelets short, frondose. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 1 or 2 low axial ridges or nodes. Spiral

sculpture consisting of numerous crenulate cords and threads

over entire surface.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent. Anal

notch deep, narrow, delineated by strong callus. Outer lip

crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

moderately long, narrowly open, tip abaperturally bent ;

bearing 3, rarely 4, frondose, open spines.

Light brown to pale orange-brown, spiral cords darker,

interior of spines mostly pink. Aperture glossy white with

deep pink rim.

Remarks. This easily recognizable species has a much wider distribution than indicated by

Radwin & D Attilio (1976 : 42) and exhibits very little géographie variation. It is sometimes

confused by collectors with the purple form of C. torrefactus, but is easily separable from that species

by its more elongate shell, paler colour and heavy pink line around the aperture.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 159. — Distribution of Chicoreus saulii (Sowerby).

The shell differs from that of C. palmarosae in having intermediate spinelets, a smooth

columellar lip, and heavy pink line around the aperture.

Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)

Figs 12, 94-97, 132, 160-162, 163, 282-285, 296-297, 306-308

Murex torrefactus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 199, fig. 120; 1841b : 141.

Murex rubiginosus Reeve, 1845 : pl. 8, fig. 32.

Murex affinis Reeve, 1846 : pl. 35, fig. 182 (not M. affinis Gmelin, 1791).

Murex benedictinus Lôbbecke, 1879 : 79.

Murex rochebruni Poirier, 1883 : 57, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) kilburni Houart & Pain, 1982 : 51, pl. 3, figs 1-4.

AdDITTONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) mourus. — Smith, 1953 : pl. 3, fig. 7 (only) (not Murex mourus Broderip, 1833).

Murex mourus. — Kennelly, 1964 : 69, pl. 17, fig. 84; Kensley, 1973 : 140, fig. 475 (not Murex mourus Broderip, 1833).

Chicoreus mourus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 148 ; Richards, 1981 : 55, pl. 28, fig. 217 ; Kilburn & Rippey, 1982 : 81, pl. 18,

fig. 3 ; Freeman, 1986 : 9 (text fig. only) (not Murex mourus Broderip, 1833).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) mourus. — Fair, 1976 : 57, pl. 8, fig. 107 ; Vokes, 1978 : 384, pl. 3, fig. 1 (not Murex mourus Broderip,

1833).

Murex (Chicoreus) torrefactus. — Smith, 1953 : 6, pl. 6, fig. 17.

Chicoreus torrefactus. — Spry, 1961 : 19, pl. 4, fig. 135 ; Zhang, 1965 : 20, pl. 1, figs 2, 3 ; Cernohorsky, 1967b : 122,

pl. 25, fig. 153 ; Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 3 ; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 4; Astary, 1973 : 7 ;

Kaicher, 1974 : card 498 ; Hinton, 1979 : pl. 26, fig. 3 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. ; Muhlhausser &

Alf, 1983 : fig. 2 (in part) ; Freeman, 1986 : 9, text fig. ; Lai, 1987 : 61, pl. 29, fig. 1 ; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68,

pl. 19, fig. 3.

Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus. — Kira, 1965 : 61, pl. 23, fig. 14.

Murex torrefactus. — Brost & Coale, 1971 : 69, pl. 15, fig. 3.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 160-162. — Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby).

160, Ticao, Philippines, 90.5 mm (neotype, mnhn).

161, Natal, South Africa, 81.5 mm (holotype of Chicoreus kilburni Houart & Pain, irsnb 26429/385).

162, Indian Océan, 88.7 mm (holotype of Murex benedictinus Lôbbecke, LM).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) torrefactus. — Fair, 1976 : 81, pl. 8, fig. 103; Vokes, 1978 : 384, pl. 3, fig. 4; Houart & Pain,

1982 : 51, pl. 3, fig. 6 (neotype) ; Houart & Pain, 1983a : 17, figs 1,2 (syntypes of Murex rubiginosus Reeve), figs 3,

4 (syntypes of Murex affinis Reeve), text fig. p. 16 (protoconch), text fig. p. 18 (syntype of Murex rochebruni Poirier) ;

Houart, 1984b : 57, fig. 2, 4, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Chicoreus carneolus. — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 119, pl. 14, fig. 8 (not Purpura carneola Rôding, 1798).

Chicoreus rubiginosus. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 4; Kaicher, 1973 : card 150; Radwin & D’Attilio,

1976 : 42, pl. 6, fig. 10 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 26.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rubiginosus. — Fair, 1976 : 73, pl. 8, fig. 111 ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 12.

Chicoreus palmiferus. — Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, figs 2, 3 (not Murex palmiferus Sowerby, 1841).

Chicoreus microphyllus. — Radwin & d’Attillio, 1976 : 39 (in part), pl. 5, fig. 7 ; Mc Donald, 1979 : 7, fig. 9 ; Eisenberg,

1981 : 91, pl. 73, fig. 9 ; Wells & Bryce, 1985 : 86, pl. 25, fig. 282 (not Murex microphyllus Lamarck, 1816).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 135 (in part), pl. 36, fig. 16b (only) (not Murex

microphyllus Lamarck, 1816).

Chicoreus saulii. — Hinton, 1979 : pl. 26, fig. 6 (not Murex saulii Sowerby, 1834).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) kilburni. — Houart & Pain, 1983b : 5, text fig. (holotype and paratypes).

Chicoreus kilburni. — Houart, 1984a : 12, text fig. (paratype); Freeman, 1986 : 9, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 : 7, fig. 15.

not Chicoreus torrefactus. — Salvat & Rives, 1975 : 311, fig. 193 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) mourus (Broderip, 1833)].

NOT Chicoreus (Chicoreus) benedictinus. — Fair, 1976 : 25, pl. 9, fig. 116 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus ethiopius Vokes,

not Chicoreus benedictinus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 34, pl. 23, fig. 10 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) peledi Vokes, 1978],

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Type localities. M. torrefactus : Ticao, Philippines ; M. rubiginosus : Philippine Islands ;

M. affinis : unknown ; M. benedictinus : ?Indian Océan ; M. rochebruni : Diego-Suarez ; C. kil-

burni : Durban Bay, Natal, South Africa.

Type material. M. torrefactus : Neotype mnhn (designated by Houart & Pain, 1982) ;

M. rubiginosus : lectotype bmnh 197475, here selected from 7 syntypes (see discussion) ; M. affinis :

lectotype bmnh 197499, here selected from 2 syntypes; M. benedictinus : holotype lm ; M. roche¬

bruni : holotype mnhn ; C. kilburni : holotype irsnb 26429/385.

Other material examined : more than 300 specimens from throughout the geographical

range.

Distribution. (Fig. 163). Throughout the Indo-West Pacific, from South-Western Indian

Océan, Durban Bay, South Africa to Mozambique ; Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles, India,

North-Westem Australia, Philippine Is to south of Japan (as North limit), Kwajalein Atoll, New

Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji.

Fig. 163. Distribution of Chicoreus torrefactus (Sowerby).

Description. Shell up to 123.8 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, acute, with 3 protoconch whorls and up to 10 convex

teleoconch whorls. Suture ranging from slightly impressed to

well appressed. Protoconch glossy, conical.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices and 1-3 low to high

intervaricial axial ridges. Spiral sculpture consisting of finely

crenulated cords and intermediate fine threads in each

interspace. Major or minor foliated spines présent where

cords cross varices. Varices, generally bearing 5 frondose

spines, shoulder spine and two abapical spines longest ;

second spine shortest, middle spine of intermediate length ;

with small intermediate spinelets. Shoulder spine sometimes

obsolète. Abapical spines connected by webbing in some

South African specimens (kilburni form).

Aperture broadly ovate to rounded. Columellar lip adhèr¬

ent, usually smooth, oceasionally bearing 2 or 3 small

denticles abapically ; 1 or 2 denticles adapically in some

juvénile specimens, strong callus, delineating large, deep anal

notch. Outer lip crenulate, partially lirate within. Siphonal

canal moderately short, narrowly open, distally recurved,

with 3 or 4 frondose spines.

Usually brown with darker spiral cords and threads.

Occasional specimens deep mauve fronds ; rarely pure orange

or cream. The Southern African kilburni form has 2 pale

bands on last whorl. Aperture white, columellar lip light

peach to dark orange.

Radula (Figs 94-97).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. A neotype for C. torrefactus was designated by Houart & Pain (1982 : 51) to

stabilise the concept of the species which had been erroneously synonymised with C. microphyllus by

Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : 39). There are constant différences between these two, often extremely

similar species (Table 1).

The type material for Murex rubiginosus consists of 7 specimens, one of which is not

conspecific but could not be identified. Of the 5 paralectotypes (labelled “ Philippines ”) only one

shows the long fronds, typical of most Australian specimens (Houart & Pain, 1983a : 16, fig. 1).

Sowerby (1879 : 14) noted “ at first it was thought that M. rubiginosus might be M. torrefactus

with more fully developed fronds, but the latter has a much longer spine and shorter canal

Nevertheless, his fig. 61 is without any doubt C. torrefactus localised “ China ”. Poirier (1883 : 252)

had already synonymised C. rubiginosus with C. torrefactus. Val Sweetman (in litt.) personally

observed that “ biological habits ” for both forms are widely different whilst the shells of both species

are much alike. He observed, both in aquaria and in the “ natural environment ”, that C. torrefactus

lays its eggs in “ early summer ” and the egg capsules are hatched before the form called

C. rubiginosus commences laying eggs in “ late February to early March ”. Both share the same

habitat but he never found any evidence of interbreeding (no more details were obtained).

An explanation for this is perhaps that the rubiginosus form is a long established local

population of C. torrefactus, and that “ typical ” C. torrefactus with shorter varicial fronds is a more

recent arrivai in that area (Broome, West Australia), what could explain these différences. I examined

many shells of the Australian form including one with preserved protoconch and I could not separate

it from C. torrefactus on protoconch and teleoconch characters.

Murex affinis is another subjective synonym of M. torrefactus. Moreover, this name is

preoccupied by M. affinis Gmelin, 1791, M. affinis Risso, 1826 and M. affinis Eichwald, 1830.

A letter of inquiry with respect to type material led to the rediscovery (Boscheinen, 1983 : 16)

of Lôbbecke’s long lost material, including the holotype of Murex benedictinus. The shell of this

specimen is 88.7 mm long, not 90 mm as originally described. Boscheinen (1983) considered that the

shell was probably damaged after it was originally measured, which would explain the minor

discrepancy. The name C. benedictinus was used by Fair (1976 : 25) for a Red Sea muricid later

named as C. corrugatus ethiopius Vokes, 1978, and also by Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : 34), who

used the name for another Red Sea species later named C. peledi Vokes, 1978. In fact, M. benedictinus

is merely the form of C. torrefactus with pale violet fronds and strong intervaricial axial nodes, that

is characteristic of eastern African coasts. This is most probably the Chicoreus kilburni of authors (not

Houart & Pain, 1982), recently offered by dealers.

Murex rochebruni is based on a shell with somewhat slender form and short shoulder spines,

but it is undoubtedly C. torrefactus since absence or réduction of shoulder spine is not uncommon

in C. torrefactus or, for that matter, in most other Chicoreus (Triplex) species.

C. kilburni was separated on basis of its more ovate aperture, appressed suture, single and

shallow axial node, among other différences. Unfortunately, at that time, the authors had not seen

a specimen retaining the protoconch. Intensive searching led to discovery of a specimen from

Southern Mozambique with a partially intact protoconch (2 last whorls and terminal varix). The

nuclear whorls and terminal varix are identical to these of “ typical ” C. torrefactus, which suggests

that C. kilburni is only a variant of this morphologically variable Chicoreus species. Again, this

confirms the importance of the protoconch for species récognition.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

GROUP 2

Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 13-19, 87-91, 133, 164, 299-301, 309-323

Murex microphyllus Lamarck, 1816 : pi. 145, fig. 5 ; 1822 : 163.

Murex poirieri Jousseaume, 1881 : 349.

Murex jousseaumei Poirier, 1883 : 58, pl. 6, fig. 1.

Chicoreus akriios Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 228, pl. 4, fig. 1

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Smith, 1953 : 5, pl. 8, fig. 10.

Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus. — Kira, 1965 : 64, pl. 24, fig. 17.

Chicoreus microphyllus. — Zhang, 1965 : 21,pl. 2, fig. 6 ; Cernohorsky, 1967a : 120, fig. 4, pl. 4, fig. 10 ; Cernohorsky,

1967b : 122, pl. 25, fig. 151 ; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 8; Kaicher, 1974 : card 576; Radwin & D'Attilio,

1976 : 39 (in part), pl. 4, fig. 7 ; Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 7 ; Muhlhausser & Alf, 1983 : fig. 2 (in part) ; Freeman,

1986 : 9, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 : 7, fig. 18.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Fair, 1976 : 58, pl. 7, fig. 87 ; Houart & Pain, 1983b : 3, text figs (syntype of Murex

poirieri Jousseaume and Murex jousseaumei Poirier), text fig., p. 4; Houart, 1984b : pl. 1, fig. 5; Springsteen &

Leobrera, 1986 : 135, pl. 36, fig. 16a.

Chicoreus penchinati. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 187 (in part), fig. 7 ; Cernohorsky, 1972 : 122, pl. 34, fig. 5 (not Murex

penchinati Crosse, 1861).

Chicoreus huttoniae. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 10 (not Murex huttoniae Wright, 1878).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) huttoniae. — Fair, 1976 : 49 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 76A (unnumbered on plate) (not Murex huttoniae

Wright, 1878).

Chicoreus akriios. — Rippingale, 1987 : 3, fig. 1 ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 9.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rubescens. — Fair, 1976 : 73, pl. 8, fig. 110 (not Murex rubescens Broderip, 1833).

not Chicoreus microphyllus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 39 (in part), pl. 5, fig. 7 ; Wells & Bryce, 1985 : 86, pl. 25,

fig. 282 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)]; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. [= Chicoreus

(Triplex) strigatus (Reeve, 1845)].

not Murex (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 91, pl. 73, fig. 9 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby,

1841)], figs 9A, B (= Chicoreus (Triplex) strigatus (Reeve, 1845)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 135 (in part), pl. 36, fig. 16b [= Chicoreus

(Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)].

Type localities. M. microphyllus ; none ; M. poirieri : New Caledonia ; M. jousseaumei :

probably New Caledonia ; C. akriios : off Keppel Island, Keppel Bay (Queensland), Australia.

Type material. M. microphyllus : probable syntype mhng 1099/22, here designated as

lectotype ; M. poirieri : lectotype mnhn, here selected from 3 syntypes ; M. jousseaumei : lectotype

mnhn, here selected from 3 syntypes ; C. akritos : holotype sdsnh 53173.

Other material examined : more than 200 specimens from throughout the geographical

range.

Distribution. (Fig. 164). South-western Indian Océan : Madagascar (Nossi-bé and Tuléar) ;

West Thailand ; the Philippine Is (Mindanao) ; South China Sea ; Ryukyu Is ; Australia : North West

Australia to Southern Queensland ; New Guinea ;

limit) ; on coral reefs.

Description. Shell up to 90 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, acute, with 1 3/4-3 protoconch whorls and up to

9 roundly teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed to slightly

appressed. Protoconch whorls glossy, rounded.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5 or 6 short,

open, frondose spines, intermediate spinelets short. Adapical

spines usually short to obsolète but specimens with long

shoulder spine not uncommon. Other axial sculpture con-

sisting of 3 or occasionally 2 low intervaricial nodulose

ridges. Spiral sculpture of 6 or 7 squamous cords flanked by

squamous cords and threads. Small nodules formed where

major cords cross axial sculpture.

Solomon Is ; New Caledonia to the Fiji Is (East

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip fully adhèrent, usually

bearing sériés of weak denticles along edge. Moderately

strong callus delineating large, deep anal sulcus. Outer lip

crenulate, strongly lirate for short distance within. Siphonal

canal moderately short, narrowly open, bent abaperturally at

tip, bearing 2 or 3 short, frondose, open spines.

Colour highly variable, ranging from uniformly pale brown

to bright orange, or pale brown mottled with dark brown and

orange. Typically pale brown with darker spiral cords and

dark brown siphonal canal. Aperture glossy white or bluish-

white. Columellar lip peach, pale orange or bluish-white.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 164. —Distribution of Chicoreus microphyllus (Lamarck).

Remarks. The so called “ typical ” akritos form differs from C. microphyllus in being golden

brown and smaller, but examination of numerous specimens reveals complété intergradation between

the two. The operculum is identical in both forms, while the protoconch, comprising 1 3/4-3 whorls

is identical in the two forms.

C. microphyllus is extremely variable. Most shells hâve short frondose spines with generally a

short shoulder spine. In some specimens the shoulder spine may be long, as in the syntypes of

M. jousseaumei. The shell is usually lightly built and narrowly elongate but may be heavier and more

broadly fusiform. The colour is typically light brown with darker spiral cords but others may be very

pale orange with darker spiral bands or entirely pale to deep orange. Specimens from the Philippines

are consistantly orange with brown blotches (Fig. 323).

Chicoreus (Triplex) paini Houart, 1983

Figs 21, 98-99, 165, 326-328

Chicoreus paini Houart, 1983 (30 June) : 28, figs 1-2, pl. 1, figs 3-4.

Chicoreus kengaluae Mühlhâusser & Alf, 1983 (1 July) : 101, text figs.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus sp. — Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 11.

Chicoreus paini — Houart, 1985 : 12, text fig. (paratype) ; Cernohorsky, 1985 : 49 (in part), fig. 9 (paratype) ; Rippingale,

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Fig. 165. — Distribution of Chicoreus paini Houart.

Type locality. C. paini and C. kengaluae : Honiara, Guadalcanal I., Solomon Is.

Type material. C. paini : Holotype irsnb 26554/396; C. kengaluae : Holotype zsm 1742.

Other material examined : c. 30 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 165). Banda Sea (Moluccas) to the Solomon Is.

Description. Shell up to 71 mm in length, fusiform. Spine

high, 1 1 /2 protoconch whorls and up to 8 convex teleoconch

whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch whorls smooth, weakly

shouldered.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices and 2 or 3 relatively low

intervaricial ridges. Varices of last whorl each with 5 frondose

spines and small intermediate spinelets. Spiral sculpture

consisting of 5 or 6 strong cords, with small, finely squamous

threads.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth throughout or

weakly denticulate adapically ; adhèrent abapically, rim de-

tached and erect abapically. Anal notch small, deep, delin-

eated by strong callus. Outer lip weakly erect, strongly

denticulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

moderaleiy long, open, distally recurved, with 3 or 4 frondose

spines.

Spiral ridges dark brown, interspaces pale brown. Aperture

bordered with pink or peach, occasionally uniformly white.

Columellar lip pink or peach. Orange coloured specimens

hâve been collected from the Solomon Islands.

Radula (Figs 98-99).

Remarks. This species was originally compared with C. brunneus, C. trivialis and

C. microphyllus. The shell of C. paini has 2 or 3 intervaricial ridges, while adult specimens of

C. brunneus always hâve only a single strong intervaricial node. The anal notch is shallower though

larger and the protoconch is more narrowly conical than in C. brunneus. For différences between

C. microphyllus and G. trivialis see table 2.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Table 2. — Comparisons of Chicoreus species of group 2.

Character

C. microphyllus

C. strigatus

C. paini

C. trivialis

C. rubescens

Protoconch

2-3 rounded pro¬

toconch whorls.

Terminal varix

weakly curved

2 rounded proto¬

conch whorls.

First whorl globu-

lar. Curved termi¬

nal varix

1.5 weakly shoul-

dered protoconch

whorls. Terminal

varix unknown

2-2 1/4 rounded

weakly flattened

protoconch

whorls. Terminal

varix undulate,

heavy

Probably multispi-

ral. Last whorl

shouldered

Number of teleo¬

conch whorls

7-9

6-7

7-8

8-9

Spines on last

5-6 short frondose

spines with inter-

mediate spinelets

6 short frondose

spines with inter-

mediate spinelets

5 spines with in-

termediate spine¬

lets

6-7 short and

straight frondose

spines with nume-

rous spinelets

5 spines. 2-3 ada-

pical spines obso¬

lète

Intervaricial axial

sculpture

2-4 ridges (usually

1-3 low ridges

(usually 2-3)

2-3 ridges

1 strong, elongate

node

1 strong ridge

Adult shell length

40-90 mm

23-40 mm

43-53 mm

42-58 mm

25-48 mm

Cernohorsky (1985 : 50, fig. 9) illustrated one of the paratypes of C. paini, presently in my

collection. This paratype, according to Cernohorsky (1985), is a specimen of C. trivialis, but it is

obvious that the shell of C. paini consistantly has 2 or 3 intervaricial ridges while C. trivialis has only

1 strong axial node. Although Cernohorsky also noted that the paralectotype of C. trivialis has

2 intervaricial nodes, that specimen is subadult, while adult shells of C. trivialis has 1 single node on

the 2 or 3 last whorls (adults hâve 8 or 9 teleoconch whorls). Another distinctive feature of C. paini

are the long varicial shoulder fronds on the last adult whorls, and sometimes on earlier whorls, as

in the illustrated paratype.

C. paini has one day priority over C. kengaluae (1 July), having been introduced in June of

the same year [i.e. 30 June following iczn art 21 (c)(i)].

Chicoreus (Triplex) rubescens (Broderip, 1833)

Figs 38, 166, 252, 329

Murex rubescens Broderip, 1833 : 174

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex rubescens. — Sowerby, 1834 : pl. 58, fig. 7.

Murex (Chicoreus) rubescens. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 23, fig. 10.

Chicoreus rubescens. - Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 41, pl. 6, fig. 5; Kaicher, 1979 : card 1993; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 137, text fig.

NOT Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rubescens. — Fair, 1976 : 73, pl. 8, fig. 110 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus (Lamarck, 1816)].

Type locality. Tahiti.

Type material. Lectotype bmnh 197480, here selected from 3 syntypes.

Other material examined : Tuamotus, RH (3 dd), mnhn (1 dd), irsnb (4 dd) ; locality

unknown (Marquesas, Tahiti or New Caledonia), rh (1 lv) ; Tahiti, mnhn (8 dd) ; New Caledonia,

mnhn (2 dd) ; Wallis, coll. J. Colomb (1 dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 166). Only known from the Tuamotu and the Society archipelagoes,

Wallis, and New Caledonia.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Fig. 166. — Distribution of Chicoreus rubescens (Broderip).

Description. Shell up to 48 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, protoconch unknown (probably multispiral), up to

7 weakly shouldered teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed.

Last whorl bearing 3 rounded varices, each ornamented

with 5 spines, 2 or 3 adapical spines obsolète. Most abapical

spine longest. Other axial sculpture after first or second

teleoconch whorl, consisting of single, strong intervaricial

ridge, most prominent on shoulder. Spiral sculpture of

5 strong cords and 8-10 squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip adhèrent, narrow adapi-

cally, with a small elongate node abapically. Anal notch

rather deep, delineated by strong callus. Outer lip denticu-

late, strongly lirate for short distance within. Siphonal ca¬

nal medium-sized, narrowly open, ornamented with 2 or

3 abapically bent open spines.

Pinkish-orange with darker spiral cords. Aperture white.

Edge of columellar lip and outer lip stained pale violet or

Remarks. The only live collected specimen seen cornes from a mixed lot of shells collected at

the Marquesas, Tahiti and New Caledonia, unfortunately without any other information. Apparently

it has never been collected alive before. The species is apparently not rare as several specimens are

présent in European muséum collections. It is possible that it lives sublittorally but the shell does not

présent any of the features characteristic of deep-living species, such as palmate or frondose spines,

lightly built shell, long siphonal canal etc...

In the original description, Broderip mentioned that the shells were found on coral reefs, but

his shells were quite definitely collected dead.

A small juvénile shell measuring 15 mm in length, was recently collected in Wallis.

Although the tip of the protoconch is missing, the remaining whorls indicate a multispiral protoconch

of 3-3 1/2 whorls (Fig. 38).

Chicoreus (Triplex) strigatus (Reeve, 1849)

v Figs 20, 86, 167-170, 171, 304-305, 324-325

Murex strigatus Reeve, 1849 : pl. 1, fig. 189.

Murex penchinati Crosse, 1861 : 351, pl. 16, fig. 6.

Murex multifrondosus Sowerby, 1879 : 16, fig. 192.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 167-170. — Chicoreus (Triplex) sirigatus (Reeve).

167-168, locality unknown, 40 mm (paralectotype, bmnh 1980132).

169, locality unknown, 35.5 mm (lectotype, bmnh 1980132).

170, Philippines, 44 mm (rh)

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) penchinati. — Smith, 1953 : 6, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Chicoreus penchinati. — Arakawa, 1964 : 361, pl. 21, figs 15-16 (radula) ; Cernohorsky, 1971 : 187 (in part), text fig. 12,

fig. 6 (syntype) ; Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 : 140, pl. 40, fig. 2 ; Radwin & D’Arnuo, 1976 : 40, pl. 6, fig. 4 ;

Kaicher, 1980, card 2543 (holotype) ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) penchinati. — Fair, 1976 : 66, pl. 7, fig. 90; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 131, pl. 35, fig. 15.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) sirigatus. — Fair, 1976 : 79, fig. 61.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) trivialis. — Fair, 1976 : 83, pl. 7, fig. 96 (not Murex trivialis A. Adams, 1854).

Murex (Chicoreus) microphyllus. — Eisenberg, 1981 ; 91, pl. 73, fig. 9A-B (not Murex microphyllus Lamarck, 1816).

Chicoreus microphyllus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. (not Murex microphyllus Lamarck, 1816).

Chicoreus multifrondosus. — Rippingale, 1987 : 9, fig. 19.

Chicoreus brunnea. — Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 27 (not Purpurea brunnea Link, 1807).

not Chicoreus penchinati. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 187 (in part), fig. 7 ; Cernohorsky, 1972 : 122, pl. 34, fig. 5 [= Chicoreus

(Triplex) microphyllus (Lamarck, 1816)].

Type localitœs. M. strigatus : unknown ; M. penchinati : Liou-Tcheou (= Ryukyu Is) ;

M. multifrondosus : unknown.

Type material. M. strigatus : lectotype bmnh 1980132, here selected from 2 syntypes ;

M. penchinati : holotype bmnh 1896, 12.1.5 ; M. multifrondosus : holotype mnhn.

Other material examined ; c. 150 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 171). From the Moluccas to the Philippine Is ; Taiwan Strait ; Okinawa

(as north limit). Two specimens were dead collected in French Polynesia (Tuamotu and Society

archipelagoes) (RH and M. Boutet coll.).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 171. — Distribution of Chicoreus strigatus (Reeve).

Description. Shell up to 47 mm in length. Spire high with

2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 ovate teleoconch whorls.

Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch whorls rounded and

glossy.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each omamented with

6 short frondose spines and short intermediate spinelets.

Other axial sculpture consisting of 1-3 low intervaricial ridges

(generally 2 or 3), that extend from suture to siphonal canal.

Spiral sculpture of 6 or 7 low, lightly squamous cords,

flanked by scabrous spiral threads ; 1 small intermediate cord

between each pair of cords. Small knobs nodules where spiral

cords cross axial ribs.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent, rim

weakly erect abapically. Anal notch deep, narrow. Outer lip

crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

moderately short, narrowly open, slightly bent abaperturally

at tip, with 3 or 4 short open, frondose, spines.

Shell ranging from pure white to uniformly orange or pink,

or Iight brown with darker or almost black spiral cords.

Aperture whitish, columellar lip white, suflused with pink, or

uniformy pink or pale orange.

Remarks. Comparison of type material and numerous specimens reveals that M. strigatus,

M. penchinati and M. multifrondosus are based on forms of a single variable species. M. strigatus has

a brown shell with darker spiral cords ; M. penchinati has an orange, red or white shell.

M. multifrondosus, also with orange coloured shell, has long shoulder spines. Apart from colour and

length of spines there are no significant différences between them.

Chicoreus (Triplex) trivialis (A. Adams, 1854)

Figs 22, 172, 330-335

Murex trivialis A. Adams, 1854 : 71.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex trivialis. — SowERBY, 1879, fig. 80.

Chicoreus trivialis. — Kaichbr, 1974 : card 568 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 43, pl. 6, fig. 12 ; Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 12 ;

Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. ; Cernohorsky, 1985 : 49 (in part), figs 4-8 (lectotype and paralectotype) ;

Rippingale, 1987 : 5, fig. 7.

NOT Chicoreus (Chicoreus) trivialis. — Fair, 1976 : 83, pl. 7, fig. 96 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) strigatus (Reeve, 1845)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) trivialis. — Vokes, 1978 : 386 (in part), pl. 2, fig. 6 [?= Chicoreus (Triplex) groschi Vokes, 1978].

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Type locality. Unknown.

Type material. Lectotype and paralectotypes bmnh 1980136, designated by Cernohorsky

(1985).

Other material examined : c. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 172). North-western Australia : from Broome to Cockatoo Islands,

Buccaneer Archipelago, on rocky reefs and on coral rubble. Other localities such as Japan (Fair,

1976 : 83) are based on misidentifications.

Description. Shell up to 58 mm in length, stout, fusiform.

Spire high, with 2-2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 9

angulate teleoconch whorls. Suture strongly appressed. Pro¬

toconch whorls rounded and glossy, weakly flattened.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices and 1 large and heavy

intervaricial node. Each varice with 6 or 7 short, straight,

frondose spines and numerous short frondose spinelets.

Spiral sculpture consisting of 6 or 7 cords that interconnect

the spines, flanked by small squamous threads.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim weakly de-

tached abapically and adhèrent to the shell adapically. Anal

notch small, of moderate depth, delineated by small callus.

Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal

canal relativeiy short and broad, narrowly open, bent

abapically at tip, with 3 or occasionally 4 crowded, straight,

frondose spines.

Light brown to pale orange with darker spiral cords and

spines. Intervaricial node and siphonal canal yet more darkly

pigmented. Shoulder area most Iightly pigmented. Edge of

aperture and entire columellar lip dark pink.

Remarks. Cernohorsky (1985) incorrectly interpreted the Australian shell identified as

C. trivialis by Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : pl. 6, fig. 12) as a form of C. brunneus, but the shell

morphology and colour are in fact perfectly accordant with C. trivialis.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

GROUP 3

Chicoreus (Triplex) axicornis (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 23-25, 173-175, 176, 336-337, 360

Murex axicornis Lamarck, 1822 : 163.

Murex kawamurai Shikama, 1964 : 116, pl. 65, fig. 4.

Figs 173-175. — Chicoreus (Triplex) axicornis (Lamarck).

173, Indian Océan, 59 mm (lectotype, mnhn).

174, Papua New Guinea, 38.5 mm (mnhn).

175, Taiwan, 65.5 mm (mnhn).

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex axicornis. — Kœner, 1842 : pl. 42, fig. 2 ; Stott, 1983 : 4, text fig.

Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 5, fig. 14; Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 12.

Chicoreus axicornis. — Zhang, 1965 : 21, pl. 1, fig. 6; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 32, pl. 4, fig. 2; Kaicher, 1979;

card 2071 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig. ; Lai, 1987 : 57, pl. 27, fig. 4.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) axicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 23, pl. 6, fig. 75.

Chicoreus kawamurai. — Rippingale, 1987 : 7, fig. 14.

not Murex axicornis. — Barnard, 1959 : 196 [= Chicoreus (Chicoreus) litos Vokes, 1978].

not Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 1 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 12A [= Chicoreus

(Triplex) banksii (Sowerby, 1841).

not Euphyllon axicornis. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 124, pl. 26, fig. 54 ; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 11 [= Chicoreus (Triplex)

banksii (Sowerby, 1841)].

not Murex axicornis. — Kensley, 1973 : 140, fig. 472 [= Chicoreus (Chicoreus) litos Vokes, 1978].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) x axicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 23 (in part), pl. 8, fig. 100; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132,

pl. 36, fig. 5b [= Chitoreus (Triplex) banksii (Sowerby, 1841)].

not Chicoreus axicornis. — Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 10 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) banksii (Sowerby, 1841)].

Type localités. M. axicornis : Indian Océan and Moluccas ; M. kawamurai : Southwest

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Type material. M. axicornis : lectotype mnhn, here selected from 2 syntypes ; M. kawamu-

rai : holotype nsmt 61245.

Other material examined : c. 400 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 176). From the eastem African coast (North Mozambique) and the

Seychelles to Sri Lanka ; the Andaman Sea ; South China Sea to Taiwan ; the Philippine Is ;

North-East Australia ; Papua New Guinea ; New Caledonia (MNHN). Depth range : 40-80 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 176. — Distribution of Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck).

Description. Shell up to 86.5 mm in length. Spire high,

acutely conical, with 1 3/4-2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to

8 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed to slightly

appressed. Protoconch whorls rounded, sometimes weakly

subcarinate.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with long

shoulder spine, followed abapically by short spinelet, 1 or

2 medium-sized spines, and 1 or 2 spinelets. Second and third

spines may be reduced into strong spinelets. Intervaricial area

with 2 or occasionally 3 moderately low ridges. Spiral

sculpture of 6 or 7 cords with smaller intermediate cords and

squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth and erect. Anal

notch deep, narrow. Outer lip crenulate, weakly erect, lirate

for short distance within. Siphonal canal relatively long,

narrowly open and recurved abaperturally, with 2 or 3 acute

or frondose spines.

White to dark brown. Spiral cords sometimes darker.

Aperture white. Specimens from the Eastem African coasts

are uniformly pale orange or orange with darker spiral cords

to my knowledge.

Remarks. A variable species with a more extensive geographical range than usually credited

by recent authors. It has often been confused with an Australian form of C. banksii (e.g. Sowerby,

1841 : fig. 66; Hinton, 1972 : pl. 18, fig. 11 ; Fair, 1976 : pl. 8, fig. 100).

Considering its variability, it is surprising to see that only one, relatively recently named taxon

{Murex kawamurai), could be synonymised with this species. In some localities, such as Papua New

Guinea, the shell exhibits only small spines and does not exceed 40 mm in length (subfossil specimens

from Rabaul, New Britain, attain larger size), while most specimens from elsewhere range betweeen

40 and 65 mm in length. In some cases the breadth of the shell (spines included) exceed its length.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Chicoreus (Triplex) banksii (Sowerby, 1841)

Figs 26-28, 100-101, 178, 338-343, 358

Murex banksii Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 191, fig. 82; 184-lb : 140.

Triplex cornucervi Perry, 1811 : pl. 7, fig. 4 (non Purpura cornucervi Rôding, 1798).

Murex crocatus Reeve, 1845 : pl. 33, fig. 168.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) banksii. — Smith, 1953 : 6, pl. 23, fig. 6.

Chicoreus banksii. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 2 ; Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976 : 33 (in part) ; Hinton,

1979 : 26, fig. 9 ; Wells & Bryce, 1985 : 86, pl. 25, fig. 279 ; Rippingale, 1987 : 3, fig. 4 ; Short & Potter,

1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 14 ; Vaught, 1989 : 3, figs 1, 3-9.

Chicoreus banksi (sic). — Kaicher, 1973 : card 157.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) banksii. — Fair, 1976 : 23, pl. 8, fig. 109; Vokes, 1978 : 382 (in part), Springsteen & Leobrera,

1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 8.

Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 1 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 12A (not Murex axicornis

Lamarck, 1822).

Euphyllon axicornis. — Cernohorsky, 1967b; 124, pl. 26, fig. 54; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 11 (not Murex axicornis

Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) axicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 23 (in part), pl. 8, fig. 100; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 136, pl. 36,

fig. 5b (not Murex axicornis Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus axicornis. — Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 10.

Murex (Chicoreus) crocatus. — Fair, 1974b : 12, text fig.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) crocatus. — Fair, 1976 : 35, pl. 7, fig. 92 ; Leehman, 1976b : 5, text g. ; Springsteen & Leobrera,

1986 : 148, pl. 41, fig. 1 ; 153, text fig. (lectotype and type figure) ; Vaught, 1989 : 3 (in part).

Chicoreus crocatus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 : 3, fig. 6.

Chicoreus ryosukei. — Vaught, 1989 : 3 (in part), fig. 6 [not Chicoreus (Triplex) ryosukei Shikama, 1978].

not Chicoreus banksii. — Spry, 1961 : 19, pl. 4, fig. 133 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 33 (in part), pl. 4, fig. 12 ; Rippingale,

1987 : 3, fig. 5 ; Vaught, 1989 : 3 (in part), fig. 2 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) bourguignon (Poirier, 1883)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) banksii. — Vokes, 1978 : 382 (in part), pl. 3, figs 2-3 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) bourguignati (Poirier,

1883)].

not Chicoreus banksii. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. [= Chicoreus (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus (Lamarck, 1822)].

Type localities. M. banksii : Moluccas ; T. cornucervi : South Seas ; M. crocatus : unknown.

Type material. M. cornucervi : no material located in bmnh ; M. banksii : lectotype bmnh

197478, here selected from 3 syntypes ; M. crocatus : 1 probable syntype bmnh 1984076, here

designated as lectotype.

Other material examined : c. 300 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 177). Malaysia; the Philippine Is ; West and North Eastem Australia ;

Papua New Guinea ; the Solomons Is ; New Caledonia. Sand with algae. Depth range : 10-60 m.

Description. Shell up to 82 mm in length. Spire high, with

2 1/4-2 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to 8 weakly angulate

teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch

whorls rounded, sometimes slightly carinate abapically.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 5 frondose

spines. Shoulder spine long or very long, followed abapically

by small spinelet that may be as the short spines in some

specimens, and by 4 short frondose spines ; sometimes a fifth

spine immediately adapical the siphonal canal. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 1, 2 or occasionally 3 elongate

intervaricial nodes or ridges. Spiral sculpture consisting of

5 primary cords and 5 or 6 intermediate secondary cords and

threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim

slightly erect abapically and adhèrent adapically. Anal notch

relatively shallow, delineated by low callus. Outer lip crenu-

late, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal medium-sized, narrowly open and abaper-

turally recurved at tip, with 3 or 4 long, frondose, adapically

curved spines ; second abapical spine usually longest.

Usually light brown with darker spiral cords, varices and

spines. Occasionally ochre or orange or darker with orange

fronds.

Radula. (Fig. 100-101).

Remarks. C. banksii is a highly variable and widely distributed species. The Australian form

(Fig. 343), frequently misidentified as C. axicornis , has a more slender shell and longer shoulder

spines.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 177. — Distribution of Chicoreus banksii (Sowerby).

C. crocatus has long been regarded as a valid species by several authors, but this orange to

dark brown form from the Philippines Islands and Australia is merely a variant of C. banksii, since

there is complété intergradation between the extremes.

C. crocatus was based on a shell from the Norris collection, much of which was incorporated

into the Tomlin collection (nmw). Unfortunately this shell cannot now be located in the Tomlin

collection.

Nevertheless, a specimen in the bmnh (Springsteen, 1982 : fig. 9) agréés very well with the

original description and illustration and is probably the specimen examined by Reeve. It is here

designated as lectotype of Murex crocatus Reeve, 1845;

Another form of C. banksii occurs on the reef at 8-10 m in the vicinity of Anna Plains, Western

Australia. These shells are white with brown fronds or rather uniform light brown or nearly white.

Although this form is particularly distinctive, the presence of intermediate specimens in the area, and

the protoconch morphology confirmed its identity.

The East African shell identified as C. banksii by recent authors is C. bourguignati, a distinct

though closely similar species.

Chicoreus (Triplex) bourguignati (Poirier, 1883)

Figs 29-30, 181, 261, 344-345

Murex bourguignati Poirier, 1883 : 48, pl. 5, fig. 2.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus banksii. Spry 1961 : 19 pl 4 fig. 133 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 33 (in part), pl. 4, fig. 12 ; Rippingale,

1987, p. 3, fig. 5 (not Murex banksii Sowerby, 1841). F 6

Chicoreus (Chicoreus)banksii - Vokes 1978 : 382 (in part), pl. 3, figs 2-3 (not Murex banksii Sowerby, 1841).

Chicoreus groschi. - Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 70, pl. 20, fig. 2 [not Chicoreus (Triplex) groschi Vokes, 1978]

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 178-180. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

178, C. banksii (Sowerby). Moluccas, 77.5 mm (lectotype, bmnh 197478).

179-180, C. ryosukei Shikama. 179, Arafura Sea, 53.1 mm (holotype, nsmt 60928). 180, locality unknown, 41 mm (rh).

Type locality. Nossi-Bé (Madagascar).

Type material. Lectotype mnhn, here selected from 2 syntypes.

Other material examined : c. 50 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 181). Durban, Southern Africa ; North Mozambique to Assab (Southern

Ethiopia, Red Sea) ; Madagascar ; Réunion and Mauritius ; the Seychelles ; Trincomalee (Sri

Lanka) ;on muddy sand and gravel or on coral, on coral reefs. Depth range : 0.50-80 m.

Description. Shell up to 95 mm in length, stout, fusiform.

Spire high, with 2 3/4-3 protoconch whorl and up to

10 weakly angulate teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appres-

sed. Protoconch conical, whorls rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 5 short

frondose spines and intermediate spinelets. Shoulder spine

longest ; relatively strong spinelet between shoulder and

abapical next spine. Other axial sculpture consisting of 2 or

3 low to moderately heavy intervaricial ridges. Spiral sculp¬

ture consisting of 5 or 6 squamous primary cords with 8-10

intermediate secondary cords and threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent, detached

at abapical extremity. Anal notch small, relatively shallow,

delineated by low callus. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal medium-sized, narrowly

open, lightly bent abaperturally at tip, with 3 or 4 relatively

long, fronded spines, the abapical second of which is longest.

Light brown with darker spiral sculpture and varicial

spines.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 181. — Distribution of Chicoreus bourguignati (Poirier).

Remarks. C. bourguignati is the species regularly misidentified as C. banksii from Eastern

Africa. Examination of an adult shell with intact protoconch indicates planktotrophic larval

development for C. bourguignati and non planktotrophic larval development for C. banksii, which

séparâtes them surely. Other minor différences include more numerous whorls, comparatively larger

size, and more uniformly light brown shell in C. bourguignati.

Chicoreus (Triplex) brunneus (Link, 1807)

Figs 31-33, 102-104, 182, 346-355

Purpura brunnea Link, 1807 : 121 (référencé to Martini, 1777 : figs 990, 991, 993, 994).

Murex versicolor Gmelin, 1791 : 3530 (not M. versicolor Gmelin, 1791 : 3531).

Triplex rubicunda Perry, 1810 : pl. 25.

Triplex Jlavicunda Perry, 1810 : pl. 25 ; 1811, pl. 6, fig. 2.

Murex adustus Lamarck, 1822 : 162.

Murex erithrostomus Dufo, 1840 : 56.

Purpura scabra Môrch, 1852 : 97.

Murex australiensis A. Adams, 1854 : 72.

Murex despectus A. Adams, 1854 : 72.

Murex huttoniae Wright, 1878 : 85, pl. 9, figs 1-2.

Murex oligacanthus Euthyme, 1889 : 269, pl. 7, figs 2-3.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) rubicundus. — Smith, 1953 : 6, pl. 3, fig. 11.

Chicoreus rubicundus. — Arakawa, 1964 : 361, pl. 21, figs 13-14 (radula).

Chicoreus adustus. — Spry, 1961 : 19.

Murex (Chicoreus) brunneus. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 54, fig. 10; Eisenberg 1981 •

Chicoreus (Triplex) brunneus. — Kjra, 1965 : 64, pl. 24, fig. 18.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Chicoreus brunneus. — Zhang, 1965 : 19, pi. 2, figs 5, 8 ; Cernohorsky, 1967a : 117, fig. 2, pl. 14, fig. 6; Cernohorsky,

1967b : 120, pl. 25, fig. 148; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 1 ; Kaicher, 1973, card 130; Radwin & D'Amuo,

1976 : 35, pl. 4, fig. 9 ; Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 8 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. , Muhlhausser & Alf, 1983,

fig. 2 (in part); Lai, 1987 : 61, pl. 27, fig. 3 ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 10; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 70,

pl. 20, fig. 1.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brunneus. — Fair, 1976 : 27, pl. 7, fig. 9; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 ; 134, pl. 36, fig. 10.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brunneus brunneus. — Vokes, 1978 : pl. 2, figs 2-3.

Chicoreus brunneus var. huttoniae. — Kaicher : 1974, card 500.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) huttoniae. — Fair, 1976 : 49, pl. 6, fig. 76.

Chicoreus huttoniae. — Rippingale, 1987 : 7, fig. 13.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brunneus flavicundus. — Vokes, 1978 : 381.pl. 2, fig. 1.

not Chicoreus huttoniae. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 10 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus (Lamarck,

1816)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) huttoniae. — Fair, 1976 ; 49 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 76A [= Chicoreus (Triplex) microphyllus

(Lamarck, 1816)].

not Chicoreus brunnea. — Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 27 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) strigatus (Reeve, 1845)].

Type localities. P. brunnea : unknown ; M. versicolor : unknown ; T. rubicunda ; Amboyna

and the Persian Gulf ; T. flavicunda : Botany Bay (New South Wales, Australia) ; M. adustus : Indian

Océan; M. erithrostomus : Seychelles and Amirantes ; P. scabra : China (fide Martyn, 1784);

M. australiensis : Australia ; M. despectus : West Indies (error) ; M. huttoniae : New Caledonia ;

M. oligacanthus : New Caledonia.

Type material. M. adustus : Uncertain type mhng 1099/18, here designated as lectotype ;

M. australiensis : Lectotype bmnh 1980130, here selected from 4 syntypes ; M. despectus : Lectotype

bmnh 1980135, here selected from 2 syntypes. No material found for the other names.

Other material examined. Hundreds of specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 182). Throughout the Indo-West Pacific. From Mozambique to the

Amirantes and Seychelles Is ; Maldives ; Sri Lanka ; Andaman Sea ; throughout Indonesia and

Malaysia ; the Philippine Is ; South China Sea ; Hong Kong ; Taiwan ; Southern Japan ; Guam ;

Marshall Is ; Papua New Guinea ; north-eastern and north-western Australia ; New Caledonia to Fiji

and Samoa ; in mud, sand or on coral reefs. Depth range : 0-20 m.

Description. Shell up to 115.5 mm in length, usually stout.

Spire high, with 2 or 3 protoconch whorls and up to

9 teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch

whorls glossy and rounded.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5-7 foliated

spines (usually 6). Shoulder spine usually rather long ; second

spine slightly abaperturally recurved, third and fourth mo-

derately to very strongly abaperturally recurved, fifth and

sixth spine straight. When varices hâve 5 spines instead of 6,

second and third bent abaperturally, fourth and fifth straight.

In rare cases specimens with 7 spines on each varix on last

whorl, first, sixth and seventh straight, second, third and

fourth more or less recurved abaperturally ; small interme-

diate spinelets are also présent. Other axial sculpture con-

sisting of a single, heavy, more or less elongate intervaricial

node. Spiral sculpture consisting of 5-7 cords, that inter-

connect the spines and with numerous tuberculated interme-

diate threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovate to roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth,

rim weakly erect abapically, adhèrent adapically, or fully

adhèrent. Anal notch deep, narrow. Outer lip crenulate, lirate

for short distance within. Siphonal canal modérately long,

narrowly open abaperturally bent, with 3 or 4 straight spines

of which first always bent abaperturally.

Usually dark brown with darker spiral cords, but (parti-

cularly off New Caledonia), it may be orange, orange stained

with black, beige with black spines, etc... Orange specimens

are also known from Guam.

Aperture bluish-white or pinkish. Columellar and outer

lips bright pink (yellow to orange in Indian Océan speci¬

mens).

Radula. (Figs 102-104).

Remarks. Perhaps connected with its extended geographical distribution and to the different

ecological conditions in which it is encountered, this species has possibly the most variable shell of

ail Chicoreus species from the Indo-West Pacific, together with C. microphyllus, C. banksii and

C. torrefactus. %,

The typical form occurs throughout the range of species, but form and colour variants may

occur together with them, particularly off New Caledonia where the typical form is found with the

extreme M. huttoniae and M. oligacanthus forms.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 182. — Distribution of Chicoreus brurmeus (Link).

Colour, size and spine length are variable but the arrangement of the spines, anal notch,

protoconch and operculum are identical, as is, to a lesser extent, the form of the aperture.

Triplex flavicunda is based on a form with yellow aperture occuring in the Indian Océan,

although similarly coloured specimens also occur in Hong Kong Harbour, together with typical

colour form.

Murex despectus is based on a perfectly typical specimen of C. brunneus and is a subjective

synonym. The type-locality is erroneous, which unfortunately happened with many specimens

described from the Cuming collection.

M. huttoniae is based on an orange shell, such as occur off New Caledonia and Guam. Bryce

Wright, who described the species from a specimen in her own collection, was a dealer in the latter

half of the nineteenth century (K. M. Way, in litt.).

Murex oligacanthus is a form with high spire and short spines. Some of Euthyme’s shells were

found at the Université Catholique of Lyon (France), but not any Muricidae (P. Bouchet, in litt.) ;

nevertheless, the original illustration clearly represents C. brunneus, a similar form of which is

illustrated here (Fig. 350).

Although Murex versicolor Gmelin, 1791 (= C. brunneus) has page priority over the second

M. versicolor (a Fusinus species), Vokes (1971 : 115) as first revisor, selected the second name so that

the first name became the homonym. This was done in the interest of stability, to preserve the widely

accepted C. brunneus.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Chicoreus (Triplex) elisae Bozzetti, 1991

Figs 183, 356-357

Chicoreus elisae Bozzetti, 1991 : 43, figs 1-3.

Type locality. Off Capo Ras Hafun, 150 kms south of Capo Guardafui, Somalia, 100-

150 m.

Type material. Holotype mnhn, and 3 paratypes.

Material examined. Holotype and 1 paratype ; Somalia, rh (2 dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 183). Off Capo Ras Hafun, Somalia.

Fig. 183. — Distribution of Chicoreus elisae Bozzetti.

Description. Shell up to 36.1 mm in length. Spire high, up

to 6 teleoconch whorls. Protoconch unknow. Suture lightly

appressed.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with very small

open spines. Shoulder spine longest. Intervaricial axial sculp¬

ture consisting of one strong, rounded, prominent node.

Spiral sculpture of 6 major cords and numerous, lightly

squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent,

rim slightly erect abapically. Anal notch deep, narrow. Outer

lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

moderately long, straight, with one or two small spines.

Pale brown to reddish brown with dark brown blotches on

the intervaricial node and on the spiral sculpture. Aperture

and columellar lip light pink.

Remarks. Origioally compared with Chicoreus rubescens (Broderip, 1833), C. trivialis

(A. Adams, 1854) and &. groschi Vokes, 1978.

It is not very related to C. rubescens and differs from C. trivalis and C. groschi in having much

shorter varicial spines, a smaller size for a same number of teleoconch whorls and a lighter coloured

shell. C. elisae also has a shorter spire compared to C. trivialis.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Chicoreus (Triplex) groschi (Vokes, 1978)

Figs 34, 184, 362-364

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) groschi Vokes, 1978 : 386, pl. 2, figs 4, 5.

ADD1T10NAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) Irivalis. — Vokes, 1978 : 386 (in part), pl. 2, fig. 6 (not Murex trivialis A. Adams, 1854)

Chicoreus groschi. — Kaicher, 1979 : card 1971 (holotype) ; Houart, 1981c : 16, text fig. ; Houart, 1985c : 240 ; Rippingale,

not CMcoJeus^gmschi. - Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 70, pl. 20, fig. 2 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) bourguignon (Poirier, 1883)].

Type locality. South-west Conducia Bay, north-west of Chocas, Mozambique.

Type material. Holotype nm H192/T2134.

Other material examined, c. 80 specimens from throughout the distributional range.

Distribution. (Fig. 184). Aliwal Shoal, Natal, southeastern South Africa ; Mozambique coast,

in gravel with sparse Thalassodendron (Vokes, 1978 : 386) ; Tulear and Ifaty Lagoon, Madagascar.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 184. — Distribution of Chicoreus groschi Vokes.

Description. Shell up to 65 mm in length, stout. Spire

moderately high, with 2 protoconch whorls and up to

8 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Protoconch whorls rounded and glossy.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 6 or 7 short,

straight, frondose spines of whith third always bent abaper-

turally ; numerous short intermediate spinelets. Other axial

sculpture consisting of a single, strong intervaricial node.

Spiral sculpture of 6 or occasionally 7 primary cords flanked

by small squamous threads, 1 secondary cord, 3 or 4 threads

between each pair of primary cords.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip rim erect, smooth. Anal

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

notch narrow, small, moderately deep. Outer lip crenulate,

lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal moderately

short, narrowly open, tip bent abaperturally, with 3 abapi-

cally bent frondose spines.

Pale brown with darker spiral sculpture, varices and

siphonal canal. Columellar lip pale yellow to peach or

pinkish, occasionally bordered with darker line.

Remarks. C. groschi, previously confused with C. brunneus, differs from that species in the

shape of the terminal varix on the protoconch (Fig. 34), and by the position of the varicial spines.

While C. brunneus has 5-7 spines, of which the second, third, and sometimes fourth are bent

abaperturally, C. groschi has 6 or 7 spines of which only the third is abaperturally bent. Other

différences, as indicated by vokes (1978), include the coloration of the aperture (yellow or orange in

the east African form of C. brunneus vs pale apricot or light pink in C. groschi) and the spinose rather

than ramose ornamentation as in C. brunneus.

Elongate shells, somewhat resembling C. trivialis or with a wide varicial flange, occur off

Mozambique and Madagascar. An elongate specimen of C. groschi was identified as C. trivialis by

Vokes (1978 : pl. 2, fig. 6).

Chicoreus (Triplex) ryosukei Shikama, 1978

Figs 179-180, 185

Chicoreus (Triplex) ryosukei Shikama, 1978 : 36, pl. 7, figs 5-8 (not 3-4 as originally stated).

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus ryosukei. — Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 24, fig. 5 (holotype) ; Houart, 1984a : 12, text fig.

NOT Chicoreus ryosukei. — Vaught, 1989 : fig. 6 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) banksii (Sowerby, 1841)].

not Chicoreus ryosukei. — Shikama, 1978 : figs 3, 4 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978].

Type locality. Arafura Sea.

Type material. Holotype nsmt 60928.

Other material examined. Unknown

Distribution. (Fig. 185). Only known from

Description. Shell up to 53,1 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, up to 8 teleoconch whorls, protoconch unknown.

Suture appressed.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5 ramose

spines. Shoulder spine short, followed abapically by a fairly

long spinelet ; second, third and fourth abapical spines each

longer than the other, last abapical spine shorter, interme-

diate spinelets présent. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting

of 1 relatively strong ridge or 2 weak ridges. Spiral sculpture

i, rh (2dd).

the type locality.

of numerous cords and threads.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent.

Anal notch shallow, narrow, delineated by small callus. Outer

lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

short or of moderate length, with 3 adapically bent, open,

frondose spines.

First 2 or 3 teleoconch whorls pinkish. Following whorls

whitish to pinkish with darker varicial fronds, usually some

more deeply pigmented spiral cords.

Remarks. Without knowledge of the protoconch it is difficult to be certain if this species is

really distinct from C. banksii. It is distinguishable by the position and length of the varicial spines

on the last whorl and by the consistently fully adhèrent columellar lip. The colour, if constant, seems

to be characteristic also. A forms of C. banksii occuring off Anna Plains, Western Australia,

sometimes exhibits similar shell coloration but has an erect columellar lip rim, and varicial spines

positioned as in typical' JO. banksii. Two specimens illustrated by Shikama (1978 : figs 3, 4) as

C. ryosukei actually represent C. ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 185. — Distribution of Chicoreus ryosukei Shikama.

GROUP 4

Chicoreus ( Triplex ) cnissodus (Euthyme, 1889)

Figs 35, 186, 365-367

Murex cnissodus Euthyme, 1889 : 263, pl. 6, figs 1, 2.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus aculealus. — Zhang, 1965 : 21, pl. 2, fig. 7 (not Murex aculealus Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus cnissodus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 154; Radwin & D’Amuo, 1976 : 35, pl. 5, fig. 3; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 136, text fig. ; Lai, 1987 : 61, pl. 29, fig. 5.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cnissodus. — Fair, 1976 : 32, pl. 6, fig. 74 : Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 134, pl. 36, fig. 9.

Murex (Chicoreus) cnissodus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 89, pl. 71, fig. 2.

Type locality. “ New Caledonia ” (doubtful — see remarks).

Type material. None.

Other material examined : c. 80 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 186). Sri Lanka ; the Philippine Is ; Taiwan ; South China Sea, and middle

Japan (Wakayama, Kii Channel). Depth range : 30-70 m.

Description. Shell up to 88 mm in length, spire high, with

3 protoconch whorls and up to 10 rounded teieoconch

whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch conical, of 3 rounded

and glossy whorls.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 5 or

occasionally 6 short to moderately long, approximately

equal-sized, frondose spines. Shoulder spine and abapical

spine sometimes weakly longer than the others. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 2 or occasionally 3 strong intervaricial

nodes. Spiral sculpture of 9-12 spiral cords with 2-4 fine

intermediate squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim erect aba-

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

t "

X ,

t 1

)

(•

A ''

r<^- 4

'~r

N.,.

(

J \

)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 186. — Distribution of Chicoreus cnissodus (Euthyme).

pically and lightly adhèrent adapically. Anal notch deep,

small, sometimes obsolète. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal short or of moderate length,

weakly bent abaperturally, with 2 or 3 straight, open,

frondose spines.

Usually milky white with brown spiral sculpture and

brown spots. Specimens from Sri Lanka light brown with

slightly darker spiral sculpture and dark spiral bands.

Remarks. Although described from New Caledonia, this species has never been subsequently

recorded from there, and the type locality seems very doubtful.

This species is highly distinctive and is very stable in form and colour. Brown shells with short

spines recently found oflf Sri Lanka are otherwise typical in sculpture, apertural characters and shape.

The Sri Lankan form somewhat resembles elongate forms of C. peledi, and indeed, shape and colour

of the shells are sometimes identical, including the darkly pigmented spiral banks. Although similar,

C. cnissodus has a shell with spiral sculpture of 9-12 cords and intermediate threads, while C. peledi

has numerous spiral threads of similar size. C. cnissodus has a more globose shell with impressed

suture and varices with 5 or 6 spines, while C. peledi has only 4 spines.

Chicoreus (Triplex) peledi Vokes, 1978

Figs 187, 250, 368

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) peledi Vokes, 1978 : 391, pl. 3, figs 5, 6.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) sp. — Fair, 1976 : 88, pl. 9, fig. 118.

Chicoreus benedictinus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 34, fig. 10 (not Murex benedictinus Lôbbecke, 1879).

Chicoreus peledi. — Kaicher, 1979 : card 2011 (holotype and paratype) ; Houart, 1981a : 10, text fig. ; Rippingale, 1987 :

9, fig. 21.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Type locality. Eilat, northem end of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.

Type material. Holotype huj 10129.

Other material examined. Eilat, 40 m, on mud, rh (1 lv); Eilat, coll. Rippingale (1 dd) ;

Nuweiba, Sinai, Egypt (ams C138494, Cl 33601, C133604) (4dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 187). Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, from Eilat to Nuweiba, on mud. Depth

range : c. 40 m.

Fig. 187. — Distribution of Chicoreus peledi Vokes.

Description. Shell up to 81 mm in length, stout. Spire

moderately high, up to 8 teleoconch whorls, protoconch

unknown. Suture slightly appressed.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with long

shoulder spine, followed abapically by 3 smaller ones;

numerous intermediate spinelets. Intervaricial sculpture ge-

nerally consisting of 2 strong nodes, occasionally with a third

weaker node. Spiral sculpture of numerous threads of

approximately similar size.

Aperture rounded, outer Iip angulate. Columellar lip

smooth, rim erect, partially adhèrent adapically. Anal notch

deep, narrow, delineated by small callus. Outer lip crenulate,

lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal of moderate

length, bent abaperturally, with 2 long open spines.

Light brown with 3 bands of darker spiral threads, one on

shoulder, one the middle of last whorl, one on base of

siphonal canal.

Remarks. This rare species was illustrated both by Fair (1976 : pl. 9, fig. 118) and Radwin

& D Attilio (1976 : pl. 23, fig. 10). Fair referred to it as an unnamed species from the Red Sea, while

Radwin & D’Attilio believed it to be Murex benedictinus, which is based on a form of Chicoreus

torrefactus. The species is in danger of extermination in the area between Eilat and Taba due to the

extreme pollution from an oil terminal, electric power station and port (Vokes, 1978).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

GROUP 5

Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus

Two subspecies are recognized :

Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus corrugatus (Sowerby, 1841)

Figs 39-40, 188, 376

Murex corrugatus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 189, fig. 72; 184b : 142.

Addition al references

Chicoreus corrugatus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 137 ; Sharabati, 1984 : pl. 18, fig. 5 ; Rippingale, 1987 : 5, fig. 8.

Murex corrugatus. — Leehman, 1973b : 3, fig. 1.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) corrugatus. — Fair, 1976 : 34, pl. 7, fig. 89; Vokes, 1978 : 392, pl. 4, fig. 4.

Chicoreus denudatus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 36 (in part) (not Triplex denudata Perry, 1811).

not Chicoreuspalmiferus. — Hinton, 1972 : 36 (in part), pl. 18, figs 2-3 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby, 1841)].

Type locality. M. corrugatus : Suez [subséquent désignation by Vokes (1978)].

Type material. No type material could be located in bmnh.

Material examined : c. 30 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 188). Apparently restricted to the northem end of the Red Sea, Gulf of

Suez and Gulf of Aqaba.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 188. — Distribution of Chicoreus corrugatus corrugatus and of Chicoreus corrugatus ethiopius.

• C. corrugatus corrugatus

* C. corrugatus ethiopius

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Description. Shell up to 50 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 1 1/2-3/4 protoconch whorls and up to 8 tuber-

culate teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Proto¬

conch whorls rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 6 or 7 open

frondose spines; the 2, or occasionally 3 adapical spines

generally interconnected by a low varicial flange. Interme¬

diate spinelets either absent or very weak. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 2 strong intervaricial ridges that cross

the spiral cords and impart a nodose appearance. Spiral

sculpture of 6-8 strong cords flanked by squamous threads,

3 or 4 intermediate finely squamous threads in each inter-

space.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim

weakly erect abapically, elsewhere adhèrent. Anal notch

broad, shallow. Outer lip crenulate, strongly lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal short, narrowly open, bearing

2-4 anteriorly bent, frondose spines.

Whitish or orange to reddish-brown. Aperture white or

light purple.

Remarks. Although C. corrugatus was synonymised with C. denudatus by Radwin &

D'Attilio (1976 : 36), the shell differs in having spinose instead of palmate varicial fronds. Moreover,

C. denudatus has a narrower and deeper anal notch, a proportionally shorter siphonal canal and one

strong intervaricial node on the last whorl whereas C. corrugatus has 2 low axial ridges in this

position. Vokes (1978 : 108) considered Murex tirondus de Gregorio, 1885 as a possible synonym.

Unfortunately that species was never illustrated and it is impossible to locate type material in the de

Gregorio “ collection ” stored in the IMG (Ruggieri, in litt.). Accordingly M. tirondus must be

regarded as a nomen dubium.

It is difficult to confuse C. corrugatus with any other species. Rather small for the genus, the

shell is usually whitish although populations from the Gulf of Aqaba include pinkish, brown-red or

orange shells.

Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus ethiopius (Vokes, 1978)

Figs 188, 189

Chicoreus (C.) corrugatus ethiopius Vokes, 1978 : 393, pl. 4, fig. 5.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) benediclinus. — Fair, 1976 : 25, pl. 9, fig. 116 (not Murex benediclinus Lobbecke, 1879).

Chicoreus corrugatus ethiopius. — Kaicher, 1979 : card 2046; Houart, 1981c : 16, text fig.

Chicoreus ethiopius. — Rippingale, 1987 : 5, fig. 9.

Type locality. Mandat Island, Dahlak Archipelago, oflf the coast of Ethiopia, near Massawa.

Type material. Holotype huj 10.131.

Other material examined. Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea, rh (3 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 188). Apparently restricted to the Southern end of the Red Sea.

Description. Shell up to 40 mm in length. Spire high, with

1 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 6 elongate teleoconch

whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch whorl smooth (Vokes,

1978 : 393).

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 5 or 6 short

frondose spinelets. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of

2 or 3 strong ridges. Spiral sculpture of 5 or 6 cords and

intermediate threads between each cords.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip adhèrent, smooth, or with

sériés of small denticles abapically. Anal notch broad,

shallow. Outer lip crenulate, strongly lirate for short distance

within. Siphonal canal short, narrowly open, with 2 short,

abapically bent spines.

Brown with darker coloured spiral cords and axial ridges.

Aperture white.

Remarks. The shell is smaller and narrower than C. (T.) corrugatus corrugatus, with a more

ovate, whitish aperture, and is dark brown instead of whitish, orange or reddish brown. Actually, lack

of specimens from localities between the geographical range of C. (T.) corrugatus ethiopius and its

nominate subspecies does not allow to do more research on the spécifie or subspecific status of this

taxon.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Figs 189-191. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

189, C. corrugatus ethiopius Vokes. Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea, 35 mm (holotype, huj 10131. Courtesy of E.H.

Vokes).

190-191, C. denudatus Perry. 190, east of Sydney, 26 mm (holotype of Murex immunitus Iredale, ams C60671). 191, Port

Western, Australia, 34.9 mm (lectotype of Murex australis Quoy & Gaimard, mnhn).

Chicoreus (Triplex) damicornis (Hedley, 1903)

Figs 41, 192, 377-378, 381

Murex damicornis Hedley, 1903 : 378, fig. 92.

Chicoreus falsinii Nicolay, 1976 : 18.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Torvamurex damicornis. — McPherson & Gabriel, 1962 : 168, fig. 200.

Euphyllon damicornis. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 124, pl. 26, fig. 157 ; Hinton, 1972 : 38, pl. 19, figs 14-15.

Chicoreus damicornis. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 6 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 36, pl. 4, fig. 3 ; Abbott

Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig. ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 8.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) damicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 35, pl. 7, fig. 83.

Murex (Chicoreus) damicornis. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 89, pl. 71, figs 5, 8.

Type locality. Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales (Australia), in 19-20 fms (35-37 m).

Type material. — Holotype ams Cl 6416.

Other material examined : c. 50 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 192). Port Macquarie,

range : 40-100 m.

Description. Shell up to 70 mm in length, lightly built.

Spire high, acutely conical, with 1 3/4-2 1/4 protoconch

whorls and up to 7 roundly-fusiform teleoconch whorls.

Suture impressed. Protoconch whorls smooth, rounded.

New South Wales, to Victoria, Australia, Depth

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with (usually)

5 spinelike fronds, shoulder frond very long and broad,

bifurcated at tip. Other spines somewhat smaller, straight.

Abapical spines often interconnected by webbing. Intervari

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

> -

r "

■Â

ÏQ

(

■

rê^ v ’

'nr

? ^

Fv.

- V

' "T* •

U-'

15 3

Fig. 192. — Distribution of Chicoreus damicornis (Hedley).

cial axial sculpture consisting of 1-3 low, shallow ridges.

Spiral sculpture of numerous, nodose, low cords and finer

threads.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim de-

tached abapically, elsewhere adhèrent. Anal notch deep,

narrow. Outer lip weakly crenulate, lightly lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal short, straight, narrowly

open, slightly bent abaperturally at tip, 2 or 3 open, straight

spines.

Usually uniform light cream, occasionally tinged with

brown.

Remarks. This is distinguishable from ail other Australian and Indo-West Pacific species by

the long bifid shoulder spines. It has been included in the généra Torvamurex and Euphyllon by

previous authors but Torvamurex is here considered to be a synonym of Triplex, and Euphyllon of

Chicoreus s. s. The name Chicoreus falsinii conditionally proposed by Nicolay (1976 : 18) is

unavailable (ICZN, article 15) and is based on a specimen of C. damicornis.

Chicoreus (Triplex) denudatus (Perry, 1811)

Figs 42, 190-191, 193, 379-380, 384

Triplex denudata Perry, 1811 : pl. 7, fig. 2.

Triplex frondosa Perry, 1811 : pl. 6, fig. 11.

Murex ausiralis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 : 536.

Torvamurex extraneus Iredale, 1936 : 324, pl. 23, fig. 12.

Torvamurex denudatus immunitus Iredale, 1936 : 324, pl. 23, fig. 14.

Murex palmiferus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 195, fig. 104; 1841b : 142.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) palmiferus. — Smith, 1953 : 6, pl. 7, fig. 7.

Torvamurex denudatus. — McPherson & Gabriel, 1962 : 167, fig. 199.

- Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 7 ; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 15 ; Radwin & D’Attilio,

5 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 12.

Chicoreus denudatus. -

1976 : 37, fig. 17, pl. 4, f

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) denudatus. — Fair, 1976 : 36, pl. 7, fig. 88 ; Vokes, 1978 : pl. 4, fig. 6.

Chicoreus exiraneus. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 120, pl. 25, fig. 150.

Murex sp. — Cochrane, 1980 : 7, fig. 2.

not Chicoreus denudatus. — Cernohorsky, 1972 : 122, pl. 34, fig. 4 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) territus (Reeve, 1845)].

NOT Murex (Chicoreus) denudatus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 89, pl. 71, fig. 7 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) territus (Reeve, 1845)].

Type localities. T. denudata : “Van Diemen’s Land ” (Tasmania), see below ; T. fron-

dosa : coasts of New Holland ; M. australis : Port Western (Australia) ; T. extraneus : Sydney

Harbour ; T. immunitus : 70 fathoms east of Sydney ; M. palmiferus : Red Sea (error).

Type material. T. denudata, T. frondosa and M. palmiferus : none ; M. australis : lectotype

mnhn, here selected from 2 syntypes ; T. extraneus : holotype ams C60673 ; T. denudatus immuni¬

tus : holotype ams C60671.

Other material examined. c. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 193). Australia : Queensland (Cape Moreton) ; New South Wales; Bass

Strait ; Victoria and (?)Tasmania.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 193. — Distribution of Chicoreus denudatus (Perry).

Description. Shell up to 55 mm in length, rather stout.

Spire high, acutely conical, with 2 protoconch whorls and up

to 7 rounded, weakly angulate teleoconch whorls. Suture

impressed. Protoconch whorls rounded ; last nuclear whorl

axially sculptured.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 6 short,

open, palmate fronds, of which 2 adapical and 2 abapical

spines often interconnected. Intervaricial axial sculpture

consisting generally of 2 strong nodes. Spiral sculpture of

numerous coarse cords.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent. Anal

notch narrow, relatively deep. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for

short distance within. Siphonal canal short, narrowly open,

with generally 3 widely open, short spines.

Colour varying from yellowish-brown to rosy-pink, occa-

sionally with brown spiral bands.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. Type-species of the genus Torvamurex Iredale, 1936 (= Triplex). Torvamurex

immunitus, described as a subspecies, has a smaller, narrower shell, but ail other characters are

accordant with the typical form. So-called “ dwarf ” specimens (25-35 mm long) are juvéniles with

fewer teleoconch whorls, numbering generally 6 or 7 in adults.

Short & Potter ( 1987:56) erroneously included the distinct Murex australiensis A. Adams, 1854

as a synonym, suggesting that they confused that name with Murex australis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833.

Tasmania is the type locality for the species but no other material has ever been seen by me

from that locality.

Chicoreus (Triplex) territus (Reeve, 1845)

Figs 43, 194, 382-383, 385-387

Murex territus Reeve, 1845 : pl. 33, fig. 167.

Murex nubilis Sowerby, 1860 : 428, pl. 49, fig. 4.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus territus. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 11 ; Kaicher, 1973 : card 158; Radwin & D’Attilio,

1976 : 43, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) territus. — Fair, 1976 : 80, pl. 7, fig. 95.

Chicoreus denudatus. — Cernohorsky, 1972 : 122, pl. 34, fig. 4 (not Triplex denudata Perry, 1811).

Murex (Chicoreus) denudatus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 89, pl. 71, fig. 7 (not Triplex denudata Perry, 1811).

Type localities. None.

Type material. M. territus : lectotype bmnh 198239, here selected from 2 syntypes ; M. nubi¬

lis : not located.

Other material examined. c. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 194). Common at low tide on mud flats, Queensland, Australia ; off

Southern New Caledonia, 50-80 m (mnhn). Reputedly from south-east Malaya and Broome (Western

Australia) (rh), but confirmation required.

Description. Shell up to 70 mm in length, triangular

shape. Spire high, with 2 teleoconch whorls and up to

8 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Protoconch whorls smooth, rounded.

Last whorl with 3 sharp, frondose varices, each with 5 or

6 short, open abaperturally recurved spines, inter connected

on each other by a varicial flange. Shoulder spine longest.

When varices are strongly rounded spines may be obsolète.

Other axial sculpture consisting of 1 or 2 more or less strong

intervaricial nodes. Spiral sculpture of 5 or 6 major cords,

jlanked by finer threads ; 1 intermediate minor cord in each

interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim

weakly detached abapically, elsewhere adhèrent. Anal notch

small. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal relatively long, narrowly open, slightly bent

abaperturally at tip, generally bearing 3 rather long spines.

Varying from pure white to grey or pinkish brown with

darker blotches. Aperture white to dark brown or grey.

Remarks. Although previous authors hâve synonymised M. nubilis with C. denudatus, the

original illustration agréés more closely with short spined specimens of C. territus.

Chicoreus (Triplex) thomasi (Crosse, 1872)

Figs 37, 195, 388-389

Murex thomasi Crosse, 1872 : 212 ; 1873 : pl. 11, fig. 4.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus thomasi. - Salvat & Rives, 1975i : 312, fig. 194 ; Cernohorsky, 1978a : 74, fig. 20 (syntype), 21 ; Cernohorsky,

ru- X ,ri-' p ' 4 . ; Ka ™, 1980 : card 2529 (lectotype) ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig. (paralectotype).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) thomasi. — Fair, 1976 : 81, fig. 62.

Chicoreus mourus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 39 (in part) (not Murex mourus Broderip, 1833).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 194. — Distribution of Chicoreus territus (Reeve).

Type locality. Marquesas Islands.

Type material. 1 syntype bmnh 1902.5.28.53, here designated as lectotype; 1 syntype nmw

1955.158.12, here designated as paralectotype.

Material examined. Marquesas Is, coll. rh (2 Iv) ; Tahiti, mnhn (1 lv) ; Nuku Hiva,

Marquesas Is, mnhn (1 lv) ; Nuka Hiva, Marquesas Is, irsnb (2 lv), Tahuata, Marquesas Is,

09°54.32'S, 139°6.51'W, 48 m, mnhn (7 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 195). Only known from the Marquesas and doubtfully from Tahiti.

Description. Shell up to 60 mm in length. Spire high, up

to 8 teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch conical

weakly subcarinate, partially broken in examined specimens.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with short open

and straight spine, 1 or 2 obsolète spines on shoulder,

followed by 1 or 2 small spinelets and 2 or 3 somewhat longer

spines abapically. Other axial sculpture consisting of 1 strong

intervaricial node. Spiral sculpture of 8 or 9 cords sur-

mounted by nodose threads and separated by other nume-

rous nodose spiral threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovate, small. Columellar lip edge with small

nodes, weakly erect, adapically adhèrent. Anal notch narrow,

moderately deep. Outer lip crenulate, strongly lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal moderately long, straight,

narrowly open, with 2 or 3 adapically bent spines.

Pale orange to pinkish ; aperture light pink ; edge of the

columellar lip glossy white.

Remarks. C. thomasi was incorrectly synonymised with Chicoreus maurus (Broderip, 1833) by

Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : 39) although the two species differ in numerous characters.

C. thomasi is a rare species, at least in collections, and most specimens examined are from

nineteen century collections,, Recent dredgings in the Marquesas (J. Poupin-SMCB coll. in mnhn)

however finally resulted in the discovery of several specimens in 48 m.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 195. — Distribution of Chicoreus ihomasi (Crosse).

GROUP 6

Chicoreus (Triplex) boucheti Houart, 1983

Figs 44, 106-107, 196, 255, 399-400

Chicoreus boucheti Houart, 1983 : 27, pl. 1, figs 1-2, text figs 3-4.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCE

Chicoreus boucheti Houart, 1984a : 12, text fig. (holotype).

Type locality. Dredged south of New Caledonia, 22°08' S, 167°04' E, in 230-260 m.

Type material. Holotype mnhn.

Other material examined. 22 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 196). Southern New Caledonia.

Description. Shell up to 38 mm in length, lightly built.

Spire high, with 1 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to

5 rounded, weakly angulate teleoconch whorls. Suture ap-

pressed. Protoconch whorls rounded, smooth, last whorl

finely carinate.

Last whorl with 3 varices, each with 3 open, adapical

recurved, weakly frondose spines, additional spinelets présent

between second and third spine, shoulder spine longest. Other

axial sculpture consisting of 2 moderately strong intervaricial

costae. Spiral sculpture of numerous, fine, almost smooth

threads.

Depth range : 170-345 m.

Aperture ovate or roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth,

rim adhèrent over most of adapical part, weakly erect

abapically. Anal notch broad, moderately deep, delineated by

small callus. Outer lip erect, denticulate, lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal long, open, bent abapertu-

rally, with one adapically curved, open spine.

Cream with light brown blotches. The first 3 whorls, axial

costae, subsutural area and space between each shoulder

spine paler cream ; spines and other surfaces light brown.

Occasional uniform light yellow specimens.

Radula (Figs 106-107).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Fig. 196. — Distribution of Chicoreus boucheti Houart.

Remarks. The species was originally compared with C. longicornis from which it differs in

having 3 open, slightly frondose instead of closed, acute varicial spines. C. boucheti also has a more

strongly appressed suture, while the aperture is longitudinally lirate instead of smooth within.

Although the protoconchs of the two species are superficially similar (Figs 44 and 48), that of

C. boucheti differs in having a fine carina on the last whorl. Moreover, C. boucheti has 4 spiral threads

and 12 sharp axial costae on the first teleoconch whorl, whereas C. longicornis has 3 spiral threads

and 12-15 rounded axial costae. The second whorl of C. longicornis has 3 obsolète axial varices, each

with 1 sharp, closed, shoulder spine, and 2 or 3 intervaricial axial costae, while C. boucheti has

3 varices, each with 2 open spines, and 3 or 4 intervaricial axial costae.

Chicoreus (Triplex) cervicornis (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 47, 197, 361

Murex cervicornis Lamarck, 1822 : 163.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex cervicornis. — Kiener, 1842 : pl. 20, fig. 2; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 63, pl. 11, fig. 5; Wells & Bryce,

1985 : 86, pl. 25, fig. 280.

Murex (Euphyllon) cervicornis. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 2.

Chicoreus cervicornis. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 9 ; Kaicher, 1973 : card 140 ; Hinton, 1979 : 26, fig. 13 ;

Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, fext fig. ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 7.

Euphyllon cervicornis. — Hinton, 1972 : 38, pl. 19, figs 11-13.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cervicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 30, pl. 7, fig. 98.

Murex (Murex) cervicornis. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 88, pl. 70, fig. 17.

Murex (Chicoreus) longicornis. — Smith, 1953 : 7 (in part), pl. 5, fig. 9 (not Murex longicornis Dunker, 1864).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Type locality. New Holland (= Australia).

Type material. Holotype mnhn.

Other material examined. c. 40 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 197). Australia : Rottnest Island, North Queensland ; Western Australia ;

north-westem Australia ; Southern coast of Papua New Guinea ; Gulf of Papua ; Aru Islands

(Moluccas); sandy bottom. Depth range : 1-180 m.

Fig. 197. — Distribution of Chicoreus cervicornis (Lamarck).

Description. Shell up to 75 mm in length. Spire high,

with 1 3/4-2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 rounded

teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch whorls

rounded and smooth.

Last whorl with 3 spinose varices, each with 2 long,

bifurcated, closed spines. Shoulder spine longest; short

spinelets présent between the two varicial spines and below

abapical spine. Other axial sculpture consisting of 3 or

4 weak ridges, more strongly developed on spire than on last

whorl. Spiral sculpture of 4 major cords, situated adapically

and abapically on last whorl, two of which interconnect

varicial spines ; numerous smaller cords and threads on entire

shell.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim either

adhèrent or completely but very weakly erect. Anal notch

shallow, small, delineated by small callus. Outer lip smooth,

slightly undulating. Siphonal canal long, narrowly open,

slightly abaperturally bent, with I long closed spine adapi¬

cally and occasionally a smaller spine abapically.

Creamy white to light brown, aperture of same colour.

Remarks. The divided, closed spines and the rather long siphonal canal with its 1 or 2 closed,

straight, acute spines render this species extremely distinctive.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Chicoreus (Triplex) longicornis (Dunker, 1864)

Figs 48, 198, 390-393

Murex longicornis Dunker, 1864 : 99, pl. 22, figs 5-6.

Murex recticornis von Martens in Lôbbecke & Kobelt, 1880 : 81, pl. 3, fig. 3.

Poirieria kurranula Garrard, 1961 : 27, pl. 2, fig. 4.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex <Chicoreus) recticornis. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 5, fig. 19.

Chicoreus recticornis. Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 86, pl. 58, fig. 8 ; Kaicher, 1973 : card 138.

Euphyllon longicornis. — Hinton, 1972 : 38, pl. 19, figs 16-17.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) longicornis. — Fair, 1976 : 55, pl. 6, fig. 78.

Murex longicornis. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 67, pl. 11, fig. 4; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 6.

Murex (Murex) longicornis. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 90, pl. 72, fig. 19.

not Murex (Chicoreus) longicornis. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 5, fig. 9 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) cervicornis (Lamarck, 1822)].

Type localities. M. longicornis : Amboina Island, Indonesia ; M. recticornis : East Australia,

26°05' S, 76 fms (139 m) ; P. kurranula : off Cape Moreton, Queensland.

Type material. M. longicornis : not located ; M. recticornis : syntype lm, here designated as

lectotype, 2 syntypes zmb, here designated as paralectotypes ; P. kurranula : holotype mv F21118.

Other material examined. c. 40 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 198). South-eastern Queensland, Australia, from Cape Moreton to

Gladstone. Depth range : 130-180 m.

Fig. 198. — Distribution of Chicoreus longicornis (Dunker).

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Description. Shell up to 52 mm in length. Spire high,

with 1 1/2-1 3/4 teleoconch whorls and up to 5 rounded

teleoconch whorls. Suture deeply impressed. Protoconch

whorls rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 2 long, sharp

spines, one on shoulder, the other situated abapically, 2 or

3 intermediate open spinelets between the spines. Other axial

sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low intervaricial nodes. Spiral

sculpture of 6 or 7 low cords and numerous intermediate

threads in each interspace.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim weakly

erect abapically. Anal notch shallow, rather deep, delineated

by small callus. Outer lip smooth, slightly undulating.

Siphonal canal long, slender, open, very weakly bent abaper-

turally, with 1 small adapically recurved acute spine.

Whitish to light cream, sometimes with light brown traces.

Remarks. The type specimen of M. longicornis, thought to be in the Hessisches Landesmu-

seum, Darmstadt, could not be located, but from the original illustration, there can be little doubt

about the identity of the species.

It was included in the genus Murex (s.s.) by Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : 67) together with

C. cervicornis, on the basis of the lack of spine foliations and the overall Murex-hke form of the last

whorl. In agreement with Ponder & Vokes (1988), I prefer to treat both as Chicoreus species.

Although the shell morphology is unusual for the genus, the siphonal canal in both species is shorter

than in Murex (s.s.) and bears only 1 or 2 small spine, and they lack the labral tooth that is

characteristic of ail species of Murex (s.s.).

No material has ever been seen by me from Amboina, the type locality for C. longicornis.

Chicoreus (Triplex) paucifrondosus Houart, 1988

Figs 46, 199, 259

Chicoreus paucifrondosus Houart, 1988 : 186, figs 3, 16.

Type locality. New Caledonia, off Grand Récif Sud, 22°39'S, 167°07' E, 222 m.

Type material. Holotype mnhn, and 7 paratypes.

Material examined. Type material.

Distribution. (Fig. 199). Off Southern New Caledonia. Depth range : 105-222 m.

Description. Shell up to 29 mm in length, narrowly

elongate. Spire high, with 2 protoconch whorls and up to

6 elongate, convex teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed.

Protoconch whorls rounded, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 weakly frondose varices, each with

3 major, frondose, short, open spines, occasionally with a

small intermediate spinelet between each spine. Shoulder and

abapical spine largest, médian spine narrower and shorter.

Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 elongate

nodes. Spiral sculpture of numerous scabrous cords and

threads.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip narrow, smooth,

rim adhèrent but weakly detached abapically. Anal notch

broad, shallow. Outer lip slightly erect and crenulate, lirate

for short distance within. Siphonal canal long, slender,

narrowly open, slightly abaperturally bent, with short, acute

spine on its middle, 2 or 3 short spinelets adapically and

occasionally with additional short, open spinelet almost at tip

of siphonal canal.

Bluish-white to light brown with darker coloured spines.

Remarks. C. paucifrondosus differs from the superficially similar C. boucheti in being more

elongate with lower axial sculpture, and shorter, weakly palmate fronds. The protoconch is more

elongate, not subcarinate and has a rounded rather than angulate terminal varix (Fig. 46), while the

columellar lip is narrower and the shell is smaller, relative to the number of whorls.

Chicoreus (Triplex) subpalmatus Houart, 1988

Figs 45, 108-109, 200, 256

Chicoreus subpalmatus Houart, 1988 : 188, figs 1, 2, 15.

Type locality. South of New Caledonia, 23°42' S, 167°59' E, 338 m.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 199. — Distribution of Chicoreus paucifrondosus Houart.

Type material. Holotype mnhn, and 14 paratypes.

Other material examined. 33 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 200). Off southem New Caledonia. Depth range : 238-338 m.

Description. Shell up to 30 mm in length. Spire high,

with 1 3/4-2 protoconch whorls and up to 5 rounded

teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch large,

smooth, ending with a thin, erect, bladelike terminal varix,

slightly carinate.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with short palmate

fronds ; adapical and abapical fronds largest. Intermediate

small spinelets broadly open. Other axial sculpture consisting

of 2 strong intervaricial nodes. Spiral sculpture of numerous

equal sized cords and occasionally one small supplementary

intermediate thread in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim adhèr¬

ent, weakly erect abapicaliy. Anal notch small. Outer lip

strongly erect, crenulate, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal long, slender, abaperturally bent, strongly

curved abaxially, with 1 or 2 small spinelets on it adapically.

Whitish, yellow or pink with paler coloured axial nodes

and varices, and darker coloured fronds and siphonal canal.

Radula (Figs 108-109).

Remarks. Compared with the superficially similar C. boucheti, C. subpalmatus differs by its less

spinose and smaller shell, its more deeply impressed suture, its more regular sculpture, and its

narrower columellar lip, more erect outer lip and heavier, more regular interior sculpture.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

\1S.

? -

r "

l jO>

s / /

)

f i\

J-

-r"”''

60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 200. — Distribution of Chicoreus suhpalmatus Houart.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

GROUP 7

Chicoreus (Triplex) aculeatus (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 51, 139, 201, 204, 394, 397

Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822 : 163.

Chicoreus artemis Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 32, pl. 4, fig. 4 (unnecessary n.n. for Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex aculeatus. — Kiener, 1842 : pl. 39, fig. 3.

Murex (Chicoreus) aculeatus. — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 53, fig. 6.

Chicoreus aculeatus. — D’Attilio, 1966 : 4, fig. 5; Cernohorsky, 1971 : 188; Kaicher, 1973 : card 160; Cernohorsky,

1985 : 47 (in part), figs 1-2 ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 154, text fig. C ; Lai, 1987 : 63, pl. 30, fig. 30 ; Rippingale,

1987 : 9, fig. 22.

Murex aculeatus. — Leehman, 1978b : 1, text fig., second row.

Chicoreus artemis. — Houart, 1981a : 8, text fig. ; Houart, 1981b : 7, fig. 2.

Chicoreus rossiteri. — De Couet & Muhlhausser, 1983 : 3, bottow row of text fig. (not Murex rossiteri Crosse, 1872).

not Murex aculeatus. — Reeve, 1845 : pl. 15, fig. 60 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977].

NOT Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis aculeatus. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 22, fig. 3 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977].

NOT Chicoreus aculeatus. — Zhang, 1965 : 21, pl. 2, fig. 7 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) cnissodus (Euthyme, 1883)].

not Chicoreus aculeatus. Cernohorsky, 1967a : 117, fig. 1, pl. 14, fig. 5 ; Cernohorsky, 1967b : 118, pl. 25, fig. 147 ;

Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. ; de Couet & Muhlhausser, 1983 : upper row of text fig. ; Cernohorsky,

1985 : 47 (in part), fig. 3 ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 154, figs a & b [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama,

1977)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aculeatus. — Fair, 1976 : 18, pl. 7, fig. 86 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977].

not Murex artemis. — Leehman, 1978b : 1, text fig. upper row [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977].

not Murex aculeatus. — Leehman, 1978b : 1, text fig., bottom row, shell on the left [= Chicoreus (Triplex) rossiteri (Crosse,

1872)], shell on the right [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977)].

NOT Murex (Chicoreus) artemis. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 10 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) rossiteri (Crosse, 1872)].

not Chicoreus (Chicoreus) artemis. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 131, pl. 35, fig. 16 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis

Shikama, 1977)].

Type locality. Unknown. Punta Engano, Mactan, Philippine Is, here designated.

Type material. None, the presumed syntype in the mnhn is Chicoreus banksii (Sowerby,

1834) ; no specimen was located in the mhng. Neotype (mnhn) here designated.

Other material examined. C. 200 specimens frora throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 204). Southern Africa, north Zululand, 27°32'8" S, 32°42'6" E

(NM D6517); Malaysia (Phuket I.); the Philip

Usually caught in tangle nets or in lobster nets,

taken with sponges and coral rubble.

Description. Shell up to 67 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 3-3 1/4 protoconch whorls and up 9 teleoconch

whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch conical, whorls weakly

subcarinate.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each with 3 or 4 major,

straight, slightly frondose spines, abapical spine shortest.

A short to medium sized intermediate spine between shoulder

and second spine rarely présent ; short intermediate spinelets

présent. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of one pro¬

minent node, rarely with an additional ridge. Spiral sculpture

Is ; Taiwan and Southern Japan (Tosa Bay).

Habitat unknown, the south African specimen was

of 8 or 9 strong cords, 1 or 2 finer cords and 3 or 4 scabrous

threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim par-

tially erect abapically. Anal notch broad, moderately deep,

delineated by shallow callus. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for

short distance within. Siphonal canal moderately long, nar-

rowly open and bent abaperturally at tip, with 2 or

3 abapically curved spines.

Light brown, orange or pink, with darker coloured cords.

Remarks. Kiener (1842 : pl, 39, fig. 3) was the first to illustrate Murex aculeatus Lamarck,

1822, probably figuring the specimen used by Lamarck for its description. Three years later, Reeve

(1845 : pl. 15, fig. 60) illustrated another species as Murex aculeatus, his illustration clearly represents

the species now known as C. nobilis Shikama, 1977.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Fio. 204. — Distribution of Chicoreus aculeatus (Lamarck).

C. aculeatus has a rather complicated nomenclatural history. It has been regarded as a

secondary homonym of Aranea aculeata Perry, 1811 and of Muricites aculeatus Schlotheim, 1820 by

Vokes (1970, 1971), Fair (1976), Radwin and D’Attilio (1976), and Houart (1981, 1983), and it

was renamed Chicoreus artemis by Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : 32).

Cernohorsky (1985) however stated that the taxon Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822 is not a

homonym and that Chicoreus artemis Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 is thus an unnecessary replacement

name. Muricites aculeatus Schlotheim is a species of Tympanotonos (Potamididae), while Aranea

aculeata Perry, 1811 belongs in Murex (s.s.) (Ponder & Vokes, 1988 : 22-23).

Since C. aculeatus was originally introduced in Murex, some doubts persisted about a possible

secondary homonymy between Lamarck’s and Perry’s taxon, so I requested the opinion of the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, iczn Secretary, Mr. P. K. Tubbs (letters

dated 6 May and 7 October 1986), confirmed Murex aculeatus Lamarck cannot be considered as a

secondary homonym of Aranea aculeata Perry, since both names hâve never been combined with the

same generic name. Therefore, the replacement name artemis is unnecessary and the correct name for

the species is Chicoreus (Triplex) aculeatus (Lamarck, 1822).

Since the type specimen of Murex aculeatus is lost, a neotype (close to Kiener’s illustration)

is here designated (mnhn), to stabilise the concept of the species.

Chicoreus (Triplex) cloveri Houart, 1985

Figs 52, 131, 136, 205, 398

Chicoreus cloveri Houart, 1975b : 160, fig. 5.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus cloveri. — Houart, 1986a : 13, text fig. (paratype); Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 72, pl. 21, fig. 1.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Type locality. Dredged in 180 m, muddy sand, at Tamarin Bay, 20 miles south of Port

Louis, Mauritius.

Type material. Holotype mnhn and 2 paratypes.

Material examined. Type material ; Mauritius, coll. J. Drivas (1 lv.).

Distribution. (Fig. 205). Mauritius. Depth range : 50-180 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 205. —- Distribution of Chicoreus cloveri Houart.

Description. Shell up to 30 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 5 teleoconch

whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch whorls rounded and

smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, frondose varices, each with

4 short frondose spines ; shoulder spine broad, foliaceous,

followed by 2 smaller medium-sized spines. Anterior spine

shortest. A small spinelet often présent between shoulder and

second spine. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of

1 prominent node and 1 weak ridge. Spiral sculpture of

numerous scabrous cords and threads.

Aperture roundly-ovate, weakly angulate adapically. Co-

lumellar lip smooth, rim adhèrent. Anal notch deep, rather

narrow. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal long, with 3 short foliaceous, adapically bent

spines.

Uniformly light brown. Aperture white.

Remarks. Closely related to C. nobilis from the West Pacific, although smaller with a brownish

shell and a different protoconch (Fig. 52). Little is known about its habitat.

Source : MNHN, Paris

ROLAND HOUART

Chicoreus (Triplex) crosnieri Houart, 1985

Figs 53-54, 141, 206, 257, 396

Chicoreus crosnieri Houart, 1985b : 161, fig. 4.

ADDITIONAI. REFERENCE

Chicoreus crosnieri. — Houart, 1986a : 13, text fig. (holotype).

Type locality. South of Madagascar, 26°05' S, 44°50' E, 100 m.

Type material. Holotype mnhn and 2 paratypes.

Other material examined. OfF Grand Récif, Tuléar, Madagascar (rh) (1 dd), coll. Blôcher

(3 dd), coll. Mühlhàusser (1 dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 206). South-westem Madagascar. Depth range : 85-165 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 206. — Distribution of Chicoreus crosnieri Houart.

Description. Shell up to 37 mm in length. Spire high, with

2 protoconch whorls and up to 6 weakly angulate teleoconch

whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch glossy, tip fiattened.

Last whorl with 3 more-or-less frondose varices, usually

with 4 medium-sized spines. Shoulder spine sometimes short

or medium-sized, followed by 2 short spines, and long

abapical spine. Second and third spine or second only,

sometimes very short or obsolète. Intervaricial axial sculpture

consisting of 1 large and 1 weak axial node. Spiral sculpture

of 9 or 10 squamous cords, usually with 1 or 2 intermediate

squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim erect

on one quarter of abapical part. Anal notch deep, small.

Outer lip erect, crenulate, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal long, straight, narrowly open, weakly bent

abaperturally at tip ; with 3 abapically bent spines.

Light brown, occasionally darker cords. Aperture white.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

Remarks. C. crosnieri is closely related to C. rossiteri and C. aculeatus (Table 3).

Table 3. — Comparisons of Chicoreus species of group 7.

Character

C. nobilis

C. ryukyuensis

C. cloveri

C. aculeatus

C. rossiteri

C. crosnieri

C. fosterorum

C. zululandensis

Protoconch

Conical, 1.5-

2.25 rounded

Rounded,

erect terminal

Globose. 2.25

whorls. Fiat,

almost

straight termi-

Globose, 2.25

whorls

Conical,

3-3.25 whorls,

weakly cari-

nate. Slightly

rounded, erect

terminal varix

Conical,

3-3.25 whorls.

Weakly cari-

nate. Slightly

rounded, erect

terminal varix

Flattened,

2.25 whorls.

Broad,

itraight, ter-

Globose and

arge. 2

rounded

whorls. Erect,

rounded ter-

Rounded,

2 whorls.

Erect, some-

what angulate

terminal varix

Number of

teleoconch

whorls

8-9

5-6

Apertural va-

rix and sipho¬

nal canal

See Figs 135-

142

Ornamenta¬

tion of sipho¬

nal canal

3 foliaceous

adaperturally

recurved spi¬

nes, mostly

situated on

abapical end

of canal

3 foliaceous

adaperturally

recurved spi¬

nes, covering

entire canal

3 short, folia¬

ceous adaper¬

turally recurv¬

ed spines, si-

abapertural

end of canal

2 or 3 straight

abaperturally

bent spines,

distributed

3 straight,

abaperturally

bent spines

distributed

3 straight,

abaperturally

bent spines. 2

crowded spi¬

nes at adaper-

tural end, 1

between them

and aperture

3 or 4 straight

frondose,

open, short

spines, distri¬

buted over

whole canal

2 similar, open,

foliaceous spi¬

nes. Last aba-

pertural spine

somewhat

shorter

Adult shell

length

37-57 mm

33.5-37.9 mm

20-29.5 mm

38-67 mm

36-58 mm

25-37 mm

41-46 mm

31.5-34.5 mm

Chicoreus (Triplex) fosterorum Houart, 1989

Figs 49, 142, 207, 401-405

Chicoreus fosterorum Houart, 1989 : 60, figs 1-5.

Type locality. Mzamba, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa, c. 30°51' S, 29°46' E.

Type material. Holotype nm 5343 and 3 paratypes.

Material examined. Type material.

Distribution. (Fig. 207). Pondoland, Transkei and Aliwal Shoal, south Coast of Natal, South

Africa. Depth range : 50 m.

Description. Shell up to 46 mm in length. Spire high, with

2 protoconch whorls and up to 5 teleoconch whorls. Suture

appressed. Protoconch whorls smooth, large, globose.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5 short,

foliaceous spines. Shoulder spine broad, strongly frondose.

Other spines short, broadly open. Anterior spine largest ;

short intermediate spinelets. Intervaricial axial sculpture

consisting of a prominent single node. Spiral sculpture

consisting of numerous squamous cords and threads over

entire surface.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim adhèr¬

ent, weakly erect abapically. Anal notch narrow, rather deep.

Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphona!

canal long, narrowly open, weakly bent abaperturally at tip,

3 or 4 short, straight, frondose, broadly open spines.

First 3 or 4 spire whorls pinkish orange, subséquent whorls

white.

Remarks. C. fosterorum is closely related to C. cloveri, C. nobilis and C. ryukyuensis. C. cloveri

has a smaller shell, with a smaller protoconch, more weakly frondose spines, while the spines on the

siphonal canal are smaller and situated abapically on the canal. The anal notch of C. cloveri is larger

and the abapical end of its columellar lip is recurved and thickened, but straight and smooth in

C. fosterorum.

Source : MNHN, Paris

100

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 207. — Distribution of Chicoreus fosierorum Houart.

From C. nobilis, C. fosierorum differs in its paucispiral, globose rather than conical

protoconch. C. nobilis also has a broader anal notch, 2 or 3 intervaricial ridges while there are fewer

and longer spines on the varices and on the siphonal canal.

C. ryukyuensis is also related but has more weakly frondose spines, a smaller protoconch with

a different terminal varix (Figs 49 & 57), a broader, larger anal notch, and a more ovate aperture.

Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977

Figs 55, 110-111, 137, 202, 208-210, 211, 251

Chicoreus nobilis Shikama, 1977 : 14, pl. 2, fig. 9, pl. 5, fig. 1.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex aculeatus. — Reeve, 1845 : pl. 15, fig. 60 (not Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis aculeatus. — Smith, 1953 : 7, pl. 22, fig. 3 (not Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus aculeatus. — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 117, fig. 1, pl. 14, fig. 5 ; Cernohorsky, 1967b : 118, pl. 25, fig. 147 ; Abbott

& Dance, 1982 : 137, text fig. ; de Couet & Mühlhâusser, 1983 : 3, upper row of text fig. ; Cernohorsky, 1985 :

47 (in part), fig. 3 (not Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) aculeatus. — Fair, 1976 : 18, pl. 7, fig. 86 (not Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rossiteri. - Fair, 1976 : 72, pl. 6, fig. 79 (not Murex rossiteri Crosse, 1872).

Chicoreus sp. — Leehman, 1976a : 9, text fig.

Murex artemis. — Leehman, 1978b : 1, text fig., upper row, bottom row, shell on the right (not Chicoreus artemis Radwin &

DAttiho, 1976).

Chicorem^Chkoreus^ariemis. - Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 131, pl. 35, fig. 16 (not Chicoreus artemis Radwin &

Chicoreus nobilis - Houart, 1981a : 8, text fig. ; Houart, 1981b : 7, fig. 3 ; Houart, 1986c : 762, fig. 3 ; Rippingale,

1987 : 3, fig. 2.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) nobilis. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 131, pl. 35, fig. 15.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

101

Figs 208-210. — Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama.

208, Philippines, 43 mm (coll. A. Lesage).

209, Landsdowne-Fairway Reefs, 30.5 mm (mnhn).

210, Fiji, 32.2 mm (rh).

Type locality. Off Cebu I., Philippines.

Type material. Holotype kpm 3280.

Other material examined. C. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 211). The Western Pacific : Taiwan ; the Philippine Is ; Papua New Guinea

(Madang Province) ; the Coral Sea ; New Caledonia and Fiji Islands ; under and on coral rubble.

Depth range : 9-100 m. A single specimen was collected in Mauritius (rh) but this record need

confirmation.

Description. Shell up to 57 mm in length. Spire high,

with 1 1/2-2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 9 convex

teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch whorls

rounded, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 5 short

frondose spines. Shoulder spine usually longest, shortest

spine situated immediately below. Most abapical spine gene-

rally rather shorter than other spines ; presence of small

intermediate spinelets. Fiji Islands specimens with very short

to obsolète shoulder spine and longer abapical spines.

Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of 2 or occasionally

3 prominent ridges. Spiral sculpture of 8 or 9 major cords and

2 or 3 intermediate threads in each interspace.

Remarks. Both shells illüstrated by Fair (1976 : pl. 6, fig. 79) as C. rossiteri and by

Cernohorsky (1985 : 49, fig. 3) as C. aculeatus are C. nobilis.

C. nobilis was first illüstrated by Reeve (1845 : fig. 60) as Murex aculeatus (see in remarks

following C. aculeatus).

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth, adhèrent,

rim slightly erect abapically. Anal notch deep, narrow,

delineated by strong callus. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for

short distance within. Siphonal canal long, narrowly open,

bent abaperturally at tip, with 2 or 3 frondose, adapically

recurved spines.

Yellowish to bright pink or orange, spiral cords usually

more deeply pigmented, but uniformly coloured specimens

not rare. Aperture whitish or pale violet, encircled with pale

to bright pmk band.

Radula (Figs 110-111).

Source : MNHN, Paris

102

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 211. — Distribution of Chicoreus nobilis Shikama.

Chicoreus (Triplex) rossiteri (Crosse, 1872)

Figs 56, 112-113, 138, 203, 212-213, 214, 258, 395

Murex rossiteri Crosse, 1872a : 74, 218, pl. 13, fig. 2.

Chicoreus saltalrix Kuroda, 1964 : 129, figs 1-3.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) saltatrix. — Fair, 1976 : 74, pl. 8, fig. 105 (holotype) ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 130, pl. 35,

fig. 10; p. 154, text fig. b (holotype).

Chicoreus saltatrix. — Houart, 1981b ; 7, fig. 1.

Chicoreus rossiteri. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 41, pl. 4, fig. 6; Houart, 1981a : 8, text fig.; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 137, text fig. ; de Couet & Muhlhausser, 1983 : 3, second and third row of text fig. ; Springsteen & Leobrera,

1986 : 154, text fig. a ; Rippingale, 1987 : 9, fig. 24.

Murex (Chicoreus) rossiteri. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 93, pl. 75, fig. 6.

Murex aculeatus. — Leehman, 1978b : 1, text fig., bottom row, shell on the left (not Murex aculeatus Lamarck, 1822).

Murex (Chicoreus) artemis. - Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 10 (not Chicoreus artemis Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976).

MOT Chicoreus (Chicoreus) rossiteri. - Fair, 1976 : 72, pl. 6, fig. 79 [= Chicoreus (Triplex) nobilis Shikama, 1977)1.

not Chicoreus rossiteri. — de Couet & Muhlhausser, 1983 : 3, bottom row of text fig. [= Chicoreus (Triplex) aculeatus

(lamarck 187711 ° 1 \ r /

Type localities. M. rossiteri : Lifou (Loyalty Is, New Caledonia) ; C. saltatrix : Okinoshima,

Southwest of Tosa province, Shikoku, Japan.

Type material. Not located. C. rossiteri : neotype mnhn, here designated (New Caledonia).

Other material examined. C. 150 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

103

Figs 212-213. — Chicoreus (Triplex) rossiteri (Crosse).

212, Philippines, 43.2 mm (mnhn).

213, Philippines, 41 mm (rh).

Distribution. (Fig. 214). Okinoshima I. (Shikoku) and off Kyushu, Japan ; the Sulu Sea,

Philippine Is ; Papua New Guinea ; New Caledonia. Depth range : 40-150 m.

Description. Shell up to 60 mm in length. Spire high,

with 3-3 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 9 teleoconch

whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch conical, whorls glossy,

weakly subcarinate.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, frondose varices, each with 4

or 5 adapically recurved, weakly foliaceous spines. Shoulder

and most abapical spine longest ; second spine shortest.

Other whorls sometimes spineless. Shoulder spine occasio-

nally very reduced to obsolète. Intervaricial axial sculpture

consisting of 1 prominent node, occasionally with an addi-

tional small ridge. Spiral sculpture of numerous scabrous

cords and threads.

Aperture ovate to roundly-ovate. Columellar lip with small

nodule abapically and one adapically, or with a sériés of

weak nodules along the edge ; adapically adhèrent and

detached abapically. Anal notch broad, moderately deep,

delineated by small callus. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal long, slender, narrowly open

and bent abaperturally at tip, with 2 or 3 straight abapically

bent spines.

Uniformly white to deep pink.

Radula (Figs 112-113).

Remarks. Recently collected specimens in New Caledonia (mnhn) confirmed the type-locality

for the species (Fig. 258). Records of C. rossiteri from Fiji (Fair, 1976 : pl. 6, fig. 79) are based on

C. nobilis. The species is probably also présent in other West Pacific localities since the protoconch

morphology indicates planktotrophic larval development.

It is clear that shells from New Caledonia, the Philippine Islands and Japan are conspecific

since they share the same sculpture, shape, occasional absence of the shoulder spine, and exactly the

same protoconch (protoconch of Japanese specimens unknown). Some forms are slightly more

slender with a correspondingly higher spire, but this degree of intraspecific variation is exhibited by

many species with a wide geographical range. Japanese specimens are closest to the New Caledonian

form but are larger. Hou art (1981) discussed the différences between C. aculeatus, C. nobilis and

Source : MNHN, Paris

104

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 214. — Distribution of Chicoreus rossiteri (Crosse).

C. rossiteri (as C. saltatrix). Although related to C. aculeatus, C. rossiteri differs in its varicial

ornamentation and colour and by occasionally lacking the shoulder spine on the last whorl as well

on the spire whorls, which, to my knowledge, is never observed in C. aculeatus (Table 3).

Chicoreus (Triplex) ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978

Figs 57, 130, 135, 215, 253, 359

Chicoreus (Triplex) ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978 : 35, pl. 7, figs 1-2.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCE

Chicoreus (Triplex) ryosukei. — Shikama, 1978 : figs 3-4 (not Chicoreus ryosukei Shikama, 1978).

Type locality. Okinawa Islands.

Type material. Holotype nsmt 60929.

Material examined. A photograph of the type material ; Okinawa Is, kpm 3281 (1 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 215). Only known from

Description. Shell up to 37.9 mm in length. Spire high,

with 2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 6 rounded teleoconch

whorls. Suture slightly appressed. Protoconch glossy, whorls

rounded, globose.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 6 short

frondose spines. Shoulder spine largest, abapical spine shor-

test, short intermediate spinelets présent. Other axial sculp¬

ture consisting of 1 prominent intervaricial node and 1 weak

Okinawa, the type locality.

ridge. Spiral sculpture of numerous cords and threads.

Âperture roundly-ovate, weakly angulate adapically. Co-

lumellar lip smooth, rim partially erect abapically. Anal

notch deep, rather large. Outer lip crenulate, lirate for

short distance within. Siphonal canal moderately long, with

3 frondose, adapically bent spines.

Uniformly pinkish-white to üght orange.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

105

U 1

xi#

0 '

J / /

V r

)

■A :

4 .

J-

)

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 215. — Distribution of Chicoreus ryukyuensis Shikama.

Remarks. A specimen illustrated by Shikama (1978 : figs 3, 4) as C. ryosukei represent

C. ryukyuensis Shikama, 1978. For comparisons with other species of this group, see table 3.

Chicoreus (Triplex) zululandensis Houart, 1989

Figs 50, 140, 216, 254

Chicoreus zululandensis Houart, 1989 : 62, figs 6-8.

Type locality. North Zululand, South Africa : SE of Kosi River Mouth, 26°55'0" S,

32°55'8" E, 65 m, bottom of sponge, gorgonians, medium sand.

Type material. Holotype nm D8049 and 2 paratypes.

Material examined. Type material.

Distribution. (Fig. 216). Only known from the type locality and from north Zululand, off

Jesser Point, bottom of sponge and coral rubble. Depth range : 65 m.

Description. Shell up to 34.5 mm in length. Spire acutely

conical, with 2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 rounded

teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch whorls

rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 frondose varices, each with 4 moderate-

sized, weakly foliaceous, adapically curved, open spines.

Shoulder spine shortest, sometimes obsolète. Abapical spine

longest. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of 1 or

2 strong nodes. Spiral sculpture of numerous crowded

squamous cords and threads.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim erect aba-

pically. Anal notch deep, narrow, relatively small. Outer lip

weakly erect, crenulate, weakly lirate for short distance

within. Siphonal canal long, narrowly open, straight, very

slightly bent abaperturally at tip, with 2 equal-sized, open,

foliaceous spines.

Pinkish-orange with paler maculations, especially on the

varices.

Source : MNHN, Paris

106

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 216. — Distribution of Chicoreus zululandensis Houart.

Discussion. This species is closely related to C. rossiteri and C. crosnieri. It differs from

C. rossiteri in having a paucispiral rather than multispiral protoconch (Figs 50 & 56), and in having

finer, more numerous spiral cords and threads on the teleoconch.

From C. crosnieri it differs in having a more acute protoconch with a different terminal varix

(Figs 53-54 & 56), in having narrower, more numerous spiral cords, and a siphonal canal with straight

spines instead of strongly abapically bent as in C. crosnieri.

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus RH1ZOPHORIMUREX Oyama, 1950

Chicoreus (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus (Lamarck, 1822)

Figs 36, 105, 217, 218, 369-375

Murex capucinus Lamarck, 1822 : 164.

Murex quadrifrons Lamarck, 1822 : 170.

Murex caslaneus Sowerby, 1834 : pl. 64, fig. 44.

Murex lignarius A. Adams, 1853 : 268.

Murex biluberculatus Baker, 1891 : 133, pl. 11, fig. 4.

Murex permaestus Hediey, 1915 : 745, pl. 85, fig. 91.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Phyllonotus) quadrifrons. — Smith, 1963 : 9, pl. 7, fig. 5.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) quadrifrons. — Fair, 1976 : 70, pl. 8, fig. 102 (syntype)

Chicoreus capucinus (Rôding, 1798). — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 118, pl. 14, fig. 7 ; Short & Potter, 1987 : 56, pl. 27, fig. 13.

Murex capucinus. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 188, fig. 1 (lectotype).

Naquetia capucinus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 168 ; Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig 5

Chicoreus (Naquetia) capucinus. — Fair, 1976 : 29, pl. 14, fig. 176 ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 135, pl. 36, fig. 15.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

107

Fig. 217. — Chicoreus (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus (Lamarck).

Locality unknown, 124.3 mm (lectotype, mhng 1099/23. Photo J. Dajoz).

Naquetia capucina. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 80, pi. 15, fig. 13 ; Wells & Bryce, 1985 : 88, pl. 25, fig. 285.

Murex (Naquetia) capucinus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 88, pl. 70, fig. 12.

Chicoreus capucinus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136 v text fig.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) capucinus. — Houart & Pain, 1983a : 18, text fig. p. 17 (syntype of Murex quadrifrons Lamarck).

Chicoreus permaestus. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 120, pl. 25, fig. 149 ; Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 10.

Pterynotus (Naquetia) permaestus. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 84, pl. 57, fig. 8.

Murex lignarius. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 189, fig. 2 (lectotype).

Chicoreus banksii. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 136, text fig. (not Murex banksii Sowerby, 1841).

Type localities. M. capucinus : none ; M. quadrifrons : none ; M. casianeus : none ;

M. lignarius : West Africa (error) ; M. bituberculatus : Australia ; M. permaestus : 10 fms, off Mapoon,

Queensland Australia.

Type material. M. capucinus : lectotype mhng 1099/23 (designated by Cernohorsky, 1971) ;

M. quadrifrons : holotype mhng 1099/45 ; M. castaneus : not located ; M. lignarius : lectotype

bmnh 1985229 (designated by Cernohorsky, 1971) ; M. bituberculatus : holotype Chicago Academy

of Sciences 20702 ; M. permaestus : holotype ams Cl4130.

Source : MNHN, Paris

108

ROLAND HOUART

Other material examined : c. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 218). Singapore; north western Australia to Queensland; Papua New

Guinea ; the Philippine Is ; Solomons and Fiji Is ; on muddy sand.

l l£

(?•-" ■

■

i h

fiî.

x *

)

ç.

». '■

V; ■

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 218. — Distribution of Chicoreus capucinus (Lamarck).

Distribution. Shell up to 124.3 mm in length (lectotype of

Murex capucinus). Spire high, with 2 protoconch whorls and

up to 9 convex teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Proto¬

conch acutely conical.

Last whori with 3 (very rarely 4 or 5) rounded, usually

spineless varices, each with short webbed expansion on

adapical section. In some specimens spiral cords extend to the

varices; giving rise to short open spines. Intervaricial axial

sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low, shallow ridges. Spiral

sculpture of 7-9 strong cords and 1-3 intermediate threads

between each.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip fully adhèrent. Anal notch

shallow. Outer lip crenulate, strongly lirate for short distance

within. Siphonai canal spineless, occasionally with short

webbed expansion abapically ; short and broad ; weakly bent

abaperturally.

Uniformly brown to dark brown, occasionally with darker

spiral cords, aperture and columellar lip bluish-white, outer

lip stained with brown.

Radula (Fig. 105).

Remarks. A highly distinctive species but with an intricate nomenclature.

Lamarck had 3 specimens when he introduced the species, the largest shell was “ 4 pouces et

4 lignes ’ in length (approximately 117 mm), which is unusually large for the species. This is probably

the only specimen remaining in the mhng type collection, although somewhat larger than originally

cited. Cernohorsky (1967 : 188), following Hedley (1915 : 746), considered that the type of

M. capucinus was a worn C. torrefactus but despite its excessively large size it undoubtedly represents

C. capucinus of authors. The overall sculpture, the rounded, spineless varices, the aperture with

characteristically small callus and straight, adhèrent columellar lip, and the broad siphonai canal,

clearly distinguish the specimen from C. torrefactus.

Murex quadrifrons and Murex lignarius do not occur off West Africa as originally stated for

M. lignarius (A. Adams, 1853 : 268) and in subséquent référencés to M. quadrifrons, and the west

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

109

African locality is thus erroneous. The lectotype of M. lignarius is a typical specimen of C. capucinus.

M. quadrifrons and M. castaneus are merely rare variants with 4 or 5 varices. M. quadrifrons was

already considered by Reeve (1845) to be a variant of M. capucinus.

Murex bituberculatus Baker was based on a shell localized “ Australia ”, with no other data.

The holotype is 34 mm long, has 6 teleoconch whorls (plus 2 protoconch whorls), and is undoubtedly

a juvénile example of C. capucinus. The short siphonal canal, light chocolaté coloured, as well as the

shape, the 2 intervaricial axial nodes, and the spiral sculpture are characteristic of that species.

M. bituberculatus was synonymised with M. capucinus by Fair (1976 : 26).

When describing M. permaestus, Hedley (1915) considered the large type specimen of

C. capucinus (see above) to be a probable specimen of C. torrefactus.

D’Attilio (1988) considered that C. capucinus (as Murex permaestus) was a muricopsine

species, due to the projecting central denticle on the central radular teeth. Study of the radular

characters of several species of Chicoreus s.l., including C. capucinus, led to the observation that this

so-called “ abnormal ” muricine radula is présent in other Chicoreus species, including C. brunneus,

and C. torrefactus (Figs 94-95, 102-103). Classification of C. capucinus in the Muricopsinae only based

on radular characters is thus inadéquate.

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus SIRATUS Jousseaume, 1880

Chicoreus (Siratus) alabaster (Reeve, 1845)

Figs 74, 219, 414-415

Murex alabaster Reeve, 1845 : pl. 10, fig. 39.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Siratus) alabaster. — Shikama, 1963 : 71, pl. 55, fig. 3 ; Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 5.

Siratus alabaster. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 162; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 103, pl. 17, fig. 10; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 134, text fig. ; Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 23, fig. 4 ; Kosuge, 1985a : 25, pl. 11, fig. 5 ; Springsteen & Leobrera,

1986 : 130, pl. 35, fig. 7 ; Rippingale, 1987 : 31, fig. 86.

Chicoreus (Siratus) alabaster. — Fair, 1976 : 19, pl. 5, fig. 60 ; Lai, 1987 : 57, pl. 27, fig. 3.

Type locality. Island of Cagayan, Province of Misamis, Mindanao, Philippine Islands ;

found on the beach.

Type material. Holotype bmnh 1974079.

Material examined. Ca. 20 specimens from the Philippine Is and one specimen from Taiwan.

Distribution. (Fig. 219). Only known from the Philippine Is, Taiwan and southeastern Japan.

Description. Shell up to 184 mm in length. Spire high,

with 3 protoconch whorls and up to 9 teleoconch whorls.

Suture impressed. Protoconch conical, broad, rounded,

smooth.

Last whorl with 3 winged varices, each with webbing

extending to the adapical part of siphonal canal. Intervaricial

axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low elongate nodes. Spiral

sculpture of numerous major and minor threads that extend

on to varicial wings.

Aperture rounded, large. Columellar lip smooth, rim

detached abapically, adhèrent on a small portion adapically.

Anal notch obsolète. Outer lip weakly crenulate, weakly lirate

for short distance within. Siphonal canal long, slender,

narrowly open, bent abaxially, with 1 or 2 broadly open

spines.

White to ivory-white with sometimes some pale brown

traces on the spiral threads and on the intervaricial node.

Remarks. A highly distinctive species, and the largest of the subgenus. Radwin & D’Attilio

(1976 : 103) incorrectly stated that the protoconch comprises 1 1/2 nuclear whorls ; in fact there are

3 whorls. The limited geographical range is quite unusual for a species that probably has

Source : MNHN, Paris

110

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 219. — Distribution of Chicoreus alabaster (Reeve).

planktotrophic larval development, although the larval shell is large and certainly heavier than other

multispiral protoconchs of species treated in this révision. Nevertheless it would be not surprising if

the geographical distribution of this species proves to be wider than is currently known.

Chicoreus (Siratus) pliciferoides Kuroda, 1942

Figs 75, 114-115, 220, 416-420

Murex pliciferus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 195, fig. 101 ; 1841b : 38.

Chicoreus pliciferoides Kuroda, 1942 : 81, new name for Murex pliciferus Sowerby, 1841 non Murex pliciferus Bivona-Bemardi,

Murex propinquus Kuroda & Azuma, in Azuma, 1961 : 300, text fig. 7, 10.

Siralus hirasei Shikama, 1977 : 5, pl. 2, figs 9-12.

Siratus vicdani Kosuge, 1980 : 55, pl. 14, figs 1-2, 4.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Siratus) pliciferoides propinquus. — Shikama, 1964 : 119, pl. 64, fig. 9.

Siratus pliciferoides. — Kira, 1965 : 61, pl. 23, fig. 16; Kuroda, Habf. & Oyama, 1971 : 140, pl. 41, fig. 7; Kaicher,

1974 : card 539 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 107, pl. 17, fig. 17 ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 134, text fig. ; Kosuge,

1985b : 59, pl. 23, fig. 3 ; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36, fig. 4.

Chicoreus (Siratus) pliciferoides. — Fair, 1976 : 68, pl. 5, fig. 59 ; Lai, 1987 : 57, pl. 27, fig. 3.

Murex pliciferoides. — Leehman, 1978c : 3, fig. 1.

Murex (Siratus) pliciferoides. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 92, pl. 74, fig. 4.

Siratus vicdani. — Springsteen & Leobrera : 150, pl. 41, fig. 3.

Type localities. M. pliciferus : None ; M. propinquus : Fishing area “ Renkoba ” off Tosa,

Japan, 80 fms (146 m) ; S. hirasei : None ; S. vicdani : Punta Engano, Mactan Island, Philippines.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

111

Type material. S. hirasei : Holotype kpm 3326 ; S. vicdani : Holotype imt 80-58 ; other

material not located.

Material examined. C. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 220). Northern New Caledonia (250-290 m) ; the Solomon Is (120 m) ; off

Port Hedland, western Australia (500 m) ; the Philippine Is ; Taiwan ; southeastern and middle Japan

with Boso Peninsula as north limit. Depth range : 50-500 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 220. — Distribution of Chicoreus pliciferoides Kuroda.

Description. Shell up to 146 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 2 3/4-3 protoconch whorls and 9 up to teleoconch

whorls. Suture deeply impressed. Protoconch conical, whorls

rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, spinose varices, each with

sharp open spines, number of spines varying from one single

small shoulder spine to one long shoulder spine followed by

5 or 6 other spines that progressively lengthen abapically ;

some specimens completely spineless, others with webbed

flange on each varix on last whorl. Intervaricial axial

sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 shallow nodes, or sometimes 2

or 3 prominent ridges. Spiral sculpture of numerous primary

and secondary cords.

Aperture rounded. Columellar Iip smooth, rim erect aba¬

pically and adhèrent at adapically extremity. Anal notch

moderately deep, sometimes delineated by small callus. Outer

lip weakly crenulate, lirate for short distance within. Sipho-

nal canal short to long, narrowly open, bent abaxially, with

1-3 broadly open spines, or smooth.

Ivory-white, sometimes with 2 or 3 bands of darker spiral

cords, especially when juvénile, but they may persist in adult

Radula (Figs 114-115).

Remarks. M. propinquus is based on a variant with large body whorl, short siphonal canal,

and short shoulder spines, while S. fiirasei is a form with brown spiral cords and thick varices. Such

forms, however intergrade with typical examples of the species. The holotype of S. vicdani is a juvénile

specimen of C. pliciferoides with only 6 teleoconch whorls. D’Attilio & Myers (1988) discussed and

illustrated specimens from Japan, the Philippine Is, the Solomon Is and northwest Australia.

Source : MNHN, Paris

112

ROLAND HOUART

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus CHICOPINNATUS n. subgen.

Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) guillei (Houart, 1985)

Figs 76, 221, 263, 411

Pterynotus (Plerynotus) guillei Houart, 1985 : 162, figs 1-1 A.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCE

Pterynotus guillei. — Houart, 1986a : 13, text figs (holotype and paratype).

Type locality. Off Réunion, 20°52' S, 55°38' E, 110 m.

Type material. Holotype and 1 paratype mnhn.

Material examined. Type material.

Distribution. (Fig. 221). Known only from the type locality.

> *-

i \r-\

/ J /

v>*

A '

'■^ v r

fv:.

U-/

45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 221. — Distribution of Chicoreus guillei (Houart).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

113

Description. Shell up to 33.2 mm in length. Spire high,

with 2 protoconch whorls and up to 6 weakly shouldered

teleoconch whorls. Suture appressed. Protoconch whorls

rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 broad varices, apertural varix with short

spines at intersections with the spiral cords, connected by thin

webbing that extends onto siphonal canal. Intervaricial axial

sculpture consisting of a single strong node. Spiral sculpture

of 12-14 cords, flanked by 2 minor threads.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim adhèrent

adapically, weakly erect abapically. Anal notch shallow,

broad. Outer lip slightly erect, crenulate, lirate for short

distance within. Siphonal canal long, straight, narrowly open,

tip slightly bent abaperturally, with 2 or 3 short, broadly

open spines, connected by thin webbing.

Light brown with darker coloured intervaricial nodes and

medium part of the varices. Aperture white.

Remarks. C. guillei differs from C. orchidiflorus in having a straight siphonal canal with thin

webbing instead of long spines, in having a single, strong intervaricial node, in having more numerous

spiral cords, and in the shape of the terminal varix of nuclear whorls (Figs 76 & 78).

Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) laqueatus (Sowerby, 1841)

Figs 222, 412-413

Murex laqueatus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 190, fig. 78 ; 1841b : 142.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Pterynotus laqueatus. — Fair, 1976 : 53, pl. 13, fig. 168 ; D’Amuo, 1981 : 78, figs 1-5 (syntype) ; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 141, text fig.

Marchia laqueata. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 58, pl. 9, fig. 5 ; Mac Donald, 1979 : 8, fig. 3 ; Kosuge, 1985a : 24,

pl. 11, fig. 4.

Murex laqueatus. — Leehman, 1977 : 4, text fig. ; Higa, 1978 : 5 ; Leehman, 1978d : 5, text fig. ; Leehman, 1979 : 6, text fig.

Murex (Marchia) laqueata. — Earle, 1980 : 1, text fig.

Naquetia laqueata. — Kaicher, 1980 : card 2587.

Type locality. Unknown.

Type material. Holotype umz.

Material examined. Holotype (photographs only) ; Guam, rh (1 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 222). Off Okinawa ; Taiwan ; Kwajalein ; Guam ; Tahiti ; Hawaii ; under

large boulders. Depth range : 15-45 m.

Description. Shell up to 39 mm in length. Spire high,

protoconch unknown,up to 7 weakly angulate teleoconch

whorls. Suture slightly appressed.

Last whorl with 3 winglike varices, adaperturally squa-

mous, strongly folded. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting

of a single, strong node. Spiral sculpture of 7 or 8 cords,

flanked on each side by a squamous thread. Cords and

threads extending onto varices.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip with 1 or 2 small nodules

abapically, rim adhèrent. Anal notch narrow, shallow, deli-

neated by small callus. Outer lip strongly denticulate,

10 strong similar lirae within. Siphonal canal narrowly open,

long, straight, slightly bent abaperturally at tip, with 2 or

3 abapically bent, short, blunt spines.

Pink with shades of orange, yellow and violet on the spiral

sculpture, spines and siphonal canal. Aperture pale violet.

Outer and columellar lips pink, except the annulations and

the columellar knobs which are pale violet.

Remarks. The (worn) protoconch and early teleoconch morphology suggest a placement in

Chicopinnatus rather than in Pterynotus, where it is usually placed. D’Attilio (1981) illustrated the

holotype and other shells from Guam, and gave a detailed description. He also illustrated the radula,

which has a strongly projecting central cusp as in Muricopsinae. Radulae with a projecting central

cusp, however, occur inf'several other species of Chicoreus ( s.l .).

Source : MNHN, Paris

114

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 222. — Distribution of Chicoreus laqueatus (Sowerby).

Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) orchidiflorus (Shikama, 1973)

Figs 77-78, 129, 223, 262, 406-410

Pierynolus orchidiflorus Shikama, 1973 : 5, pl. 2, figs 7-8.

Chicoreus sublilis Houart, 1977 : 13, figs 1-5.

Pierynolus cerinamarumai (incorrect original spelling) Kosuge, 1980 : 53, pl. 14, figs 3, 5-9, pl. 15, figs 1-2.

Pierynolus celinamarumai (justified emendation) Kosuge, 1985 : 27.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Pierynolus orchidiflorus. — Lan, 1980 : 71, pl. 29, figs 63-65 ; Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 24, fig. 4 (holotype) ; Rippingale,

1987 : 29, fig. 82. ^

Murex orchidifloris (sic). — Leehman, 1980b : 11, text fig.

Chicoreus orchidifloris (sic). — Houart, 1981a : 9, text fig. ; Houart, 1981c : 16, text fig. p. 17.

Chicoreus orchidiflorus. — Houart, 1986c : 763, figs 9-9b.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) orchidiflorus. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 130, pl. 30, fig. 11.

Chicoreus cerinamarumai. — Houart, 1981c : 16, text fig. p. 17.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) celinamarumai. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 130, pl. 30, fig. 12.

Pierynolus celinamarumai. — Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 70, pl. 20, fig. 7.

Pierynolus orchidiformis (sic). — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 138, text fig.

Type localities. P. orchidiflorus : none, Taiwan here designated ; C. subtilis : northem-east

of Taiwan; P. celinamarumai : off Bohol Island, Philippine Islands, 100-150 m.

Type material. P. orchidiflorus : Holotype nsmt 60927 ; C. subtilis : Holotype irsnb

IG 25708 ; P. celinamarumai : Holotype imt 80-55.

Other material examined. C. 40 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 223). Réunion and Mauritius ; Taiwan ; Philippine Is ; New Caledonia ;

Tubuaï, Austral Is, French Polynesia. Depth range : c. 150 m (sublittoral-minimum depth unknown).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CH/COREUS (MURICIDAE)

115

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 223. — Distribution of Chicoreus orchidiflorus (Shikama).

Description. Shell up to 40 mm in length, fragile. Spire

high, with 1 3/4-2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 weakly

convex teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed or slightly

appressed. Protoconch whorls rounded and glossy.

Last whorl with 3 winglike, finely folded varices, adapical

and abapical parts divided or joined by a thin webbing.

Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low ridges.

Spiral sculpture of 7-9 cords and 2 or 3 intermediate

squamous threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth or with

1 or 2 small nodules abapically, rim adhèrent, weakly

detached abapically. Anal notch large, rather shallow. Outer

lip erect, denticulate, strongly lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal long, curved, tip bent abaperturally, narrowly

open, with 2 or 3 abapically bent, open, squamous spines.

Varying front uniform white to yellowish or pure orange.

Radula (Fig. 129).

Remarks. It is here appropriate to designate Taiwan as type locality, which is also the type

locality of the synonymous C. subtilis Houart.

Pterynotus celinamarumai is the form with non-divided varicial wings.

Specimens dredged off New Caledonia (Houart : 1987) (ams and mnhn) hâve heavier shells

with shorter varicial flanges (Fig. 409), but the spiral and axial sculpture, as well as the protoconch,

are the same as in the typical form.

Genus CHICOMUREX Arakawa, 1964

Chicomurex Arakawa, 1964 : 361.

Type-species (by original désignation) : Murex superbus Sowerby, 1889.

Description. Shell up to 85 mm in length, with 3 more or with a small anal sulcus ; outer lip striate for short distance

less spinose varices, adapically webbed ; aperture rounded, within ; siphonal canal medium-sized.

Remarks. The decision to consider Chicomurex and Naquetia as généra separate from

Chicoreus is based on différences in radular morphology. Both généra hâve crowded rows of teeth

along the radula with a large and broad triangular central cusp on the rachidian, unlike those in

Chicoreus ( 5 . 5 .) and its subgenera.

Source : MNHN, Paris

116

ROLAND HOUART

I hesitated to treat some currently recognized species of Chicomurex as distinct species, because

they hâve identical protoconchs and are otherwise extremely similar, the decision to treat

C. problematicus, C. superbus and C. venustulus as distinct is still a matter of personal opinion.

Chicomurex elliscrossi (Fair, 1974)

Figs 224, 269

Ghicoreus elliscrossi Fair, 1974 : 1, text fig. 2.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Naquelia cf. laciniatus. — D’Attilio, 1966: 4, fig. 2 (not Murex lacinialus Sowerby, 1841).

Chicoreus lacinialus. — Habe, 1968 : 80, pl. 25, fig. 16 (not Murex lacinialus Sowerby, 1841).

Chicoreus elliscrossi. — Kaicher, 1974 : card 511.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) elliscrossi. — Fair, 1976 : 39, pl. 14, fig. 173.

Murex elliscrossi. — Fair, 1981 : fig. 5.

Siratus elliscrossi. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig.

Chicomurex elliscrossei (sic). — Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 28.

Phyllonotus superbus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 92 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 1 (not Murex superbus Sowerby, 1879).

Type locality. Off Kii Peninsula, Japan.

Type material. Holotype usnm 709574 (not seen).

Material examined. Off Saeki City, Japan, 100 m, rh (1 lv) ; off Nada, Gobo City,

Wakayama Pref., Japan, in lobster net, rh (4 lv).

Distribution. (Fig. 224). Off south-eastem Japan. Depth range : 50-100 m.

Fig. 224. — Distribution of Chicomurex elliscrossi (Fair).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

117

Description. Shell up to 78 mm in length, stout. Spire

moderately high, up to 8 teleoconch whorls, protoconch

unknown. Suture slightly appressed.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, adapically spinose and

abapically webbed between spines ; spines usually short to

obsolète. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of 2 or 3 low,

broad ridges. Spiral sculpture of 7 or 8 obsolète cords and

numerous obsolète threads, strongest and squamous on

varices.

Aperture rounded, broad. Columellar lip smooth, rim erect

abapically, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch narrow, shallow,

delineated by small, elongate callus. Outer lip finely denti-

culate ; strongly lirate for short distance within. Siphonal

canal moderately long, broad, narrowly open, with 3 abapi¬

cally bent open spines, most adapical spine bent abapertu-

rally.

Whitish or cream with pale orange or brown spots.

Aperture porcellaneous white.

Remarks. This species originally was misidentified as Chicomurex laciniatus (Sowerby) by

japanese authors. Radwin & D’Attilio (1976 : pl. 6, fig. 1) identified a specimen of C. elliscrossi

as C. superbus , but C. elliscrossi has a broader shell, with stronger intervaricial nodes, a broader

aperture, more shouldered and thicker shell, narrower and straighter columellar lip, smaller anal

notch, delineated with a small callus, a lower spire and broader siphonal canal.

Figs 225-227. — Genus Chicomurex.

225, C. venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). Off south-westem coasts of Tahuata, Marquesas Is, 40.5 mm (holotype, usnm

707241. Courtesy of H. Rehder).

226, C. laciniatus (Sowerby). Philippines, 54.5 mm (rh).

227, C. superbus (Sowerby). Taiwan, 80 mm (rh).

Chicomurex laciniatus (Sowerby, 1841)

Figs 71, 120-121, 226, 228, 267, 421-423

Murex laciniatus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 187, fig. 59.

Murex scabrosus Sowerby, 1841 : pl. 189, fig. 73 ; 1841b : 140.

Chicoreus filialis Shikama, 1971 ( Chicoreus filiaris on plate) : 29, pl. 3, figs 3, 4.

Source : MNHN, Paris

118

ROLAND HOUART

2; Houart, 1986c : 762,fig. 4; Springsteen &

fig. 1 (lectotype) ; Cernohorsky,

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) lacinialus. — Arakawa, 1964 : 362,

Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36, fig. 2.

Chicoreus laciniatus. — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 119, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 9 ; Fair, 1974a

1978b : 65, pl. 18, fig. 3.

Naquetia laciniatus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 169.

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) laciniatus. — Fair, 1976 : 53, pl. 7, fig. 934 (lectotype).

Phyllonotus laciniatus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 89, pl. 6, fig. 3 ; Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 1.

Murex (Phyllonotus) laciniatus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 90, pl. 72, fig. 17.

Siratus laciniatus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig.

Phyllonotus superbus. — Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 2 (not Murex superbus Sowerby, 1889).

Chicoreus filiaris. — Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 24, figs 2, 3.

not Naquetia cf. lacinialus. — D’Attilio, 1966 : 4, fig. 2 [= Chicomurex elliscrossi (Fair, 1974)].

not Chicoreus laciniatus. — Habe, 1968 : 80, pl. 25, fig. 16 [= Chicomurex elliscrossi (Fair, 1974)].

Type localities. Murex laciniatus and Murex scabrosus : none ; C. filialis : off Taiwan.

Type material. M. laciniatus : lectotype bmnh 1974072/1, here selected from 2 syntypes;

M. scabrosus : not located ; C. filialis : holotype kpm 3334 (not seen).

Other material examined. C. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 228). Southern Africa, north Zululand (nm D6819); Seychelles; Sri

Lanka ; Indonesia ; the Philippine Is ; Taiwan and Southern Japan ; Marshall Is ; Papua New

Guinea ; Queensland, Australia ; New Caledonia ; Fiji Is ; under coral and on Sand. Depth range :

40-200 m.

4 5 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 228. — Distribution of Chicomurex laciniatus (Sowerby).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

119

Description. Shell up to 77 mm in length. Spire high,

with 2 3/4 protoconch whorls and up to 8 teleoconch whorls.

Suture impressed. Protoconch conical, whorls rounded,

glossy.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, squamous varices. Intervaricial

axial sculpture consisting of 2 moderately high to low

elongate nodes. Spiral sculpture of 7 squamous primary cords

and intermediate secondary cords and threads in each

interspace, small, open, squamous spinelets, strongest on

abapical part of each varix.

Aperture rounded. Columellar lip smooth, rim weakly

erect abapically, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch narrow,

shallow, delineated by elongate callus. Outer lip denticulate,

lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal large, mode¬

rately short and narrowly open, tip bent abaperturally, with

3 short spines, adapical or two adapical spines weakly bent

abaperturally.

Generally light brown with darker varices, occasionally

orange, white, or pale brown, 3 paler bands frequentiy

présent, most conspicuous on varices. Aperture white, colu¬

mellar lip violet or pink.

Radula (Figs 120-121).

Remarks. A highly distinctive species. Some shells, particularly from off Queensland and the

Coral Sea may be paler coloured and more narrowly elongate, but exhibit no other différences, and

seemingly, ail présent C. laciniatus. Specimens from off Queensland closely resembles C. venustulus

(Fig. 423) from which they differ, however, in having a larger aperture, lower axial nodes, a narrower

columellar lip and a broader siphonal canal.

C.filialis is a synonym and was introduced as the resuit of confusion between C. laciniatus and

C. elliscrossi by Japanese authors.

Chicomurex problematicus (Lan, 1981)

Figs 229, 266

Phyllonotus superbus problematicum Lan, 1981 : 11, figs 1-4.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Siralus superbus. Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig. (not Murex superbus Sowerby, 1889).

Murex superbus. — Coucom, 1983 : 1, text fig. (not Murex superbus Sowerby, 1889).

Phyllonotus superbus. — Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 24, fig. 10.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus problematicum. — Houart, 1984a : 12, text fig.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus problematicus. — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 151, text fig. (holotype).

Chicoreus superbus problematicus. — Lai, 1987 : 63, pl. 30, fig. 2.

Chicomurex problematica. — Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 29.

Type locality. Off Bohol, Cebu, Philippine Island, 300 m.

Type material. Holotype Taiwan Muséum, Tapei (not seen).

Material examined. C. 50 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 229). Philippine Is and Taiwan, generally associated with corals ; Aus-

tralia : North Queensland and Capricorn Channel, Queensland. Depth range : 80-100 m.

Description. Shell up to 75 mm in length. Spire modera¬

tely high, with 3-31/2 protoconch whorls and up to

8 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch

conical, whorls smooth, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 thick, rounded varices ; adapically

spinose, abapically webbed between spines. Intervaricial axial

sculpture consisting of 2, occasionally 3, elongate ridges.

Spiral sculpture of 15 or 16 cords and intermediate threads in

each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip weakly folded, rim

erect abapically, adhèrent at adapical extremity. Anal notch

small shallow, delineated by small elongate callus. Outer lip

denticulate, lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal

long, narrowly open, bent abaperturally, with 3 or 4 broadly

open spines that are webbed between.

Pale brown or ochre with darker coloured spiral cords and

abaperturally side of siphonal canal.

Remarks. Although originally proposed as a subspecies of C. superbus, they are clearly distinct

species since they are sympatric and to my knowledge, do not intergrade. C. problematicus differs

from C. superbus in having a broader, more angulate shell, a smaller aperture and straighter

columellar lip, while the spiral cords are more numerous and finer. The siphonal canal is ornamented

with thin convoluted webbing instead of 3 open spines as in C. superbus.

Source : MNHN, Paris

120

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 229. — Distribution of Chicomurex problematicus (Lan).

C. problematicus differs from C. elliscrossi in its smaller aperture, folded columellar lip, more

numerous spiral cords, and longer, narrower siphonal canal, which is ornamented with folded

webbing instead of spines.

Chicomurex protoglobosus n. sp.

Figs 72-73, 126-127, 230, 427

Type material : Holotype mnhn.

Type locality : Off SW New Caledonia, 22°46'S, 167°20'E, 300 m, musorstom 4, stn

DW 227, collected by Bouchet and Richer de Forges, 30 September 1985 aboard R. V. Vauban.

Material examined : only known from the holotype.

Description. Shell 30.1 mm in length, broad. Spire high

with 1 1/2 protoconch whorls and 4 1/4 teleoconch whorls.

Suture impressed. Protoconch large, whorls rounded and

glossy ; terminal varix weakly curved and erect. Teleoconch

whorls convex. First teleoconch whorl with 15 rounded axial

ridges ; second whorl with 3 varices and 4 or 5 intervaricial

axial ridges ; last whorl with 3 varices and 2 or 3 intervaricial

axial ridges. Varices with small fronds or spines ; shoulder

spine longest. Spiral sculpture of first teleoconch whorl

consisting of 4 cords ; second with 7 unevenly spaced cords ;

penultimate whorl with 15 irregular cords and threads, and

last whorl with many nodulose cords and threads. Aperture

rather large, roundly-ovate, outer lip thin (immature). Sipho¬

nal canal moderately long, open and slightly bent abapertu-

rally.

Ochre with some brown maculations on shoulder, varices,

and spiral sculpture.

Radula (Figs 126-127). With along crowded rows of teeth,

typical for Chicomurex, latéral tooth sickle-shaped, central

tooth with a large central triangular cusp, two smaller

marginal cusps, and two minor latéral cusps.

Remarks. Chicomurex protoglobosus differs from ail other species of Chicomurex in its large

and globose protoconch, most probably indicating intracapsular metamorphosis. C. turschi has a

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

121

Fig. 230. — Distribution of Chicomurex protoglobosus n.sp.

small, rounded, paucispiral protoconch, and shell with 4 1/4 teleoconch whorls like the holotype of

C. protoglobosus are only 13 or 14 mm in length. Ail other species of Chicomurex hâve conical,

multispiral protoconchs. Judging from its paucispiral protoconch, C. protoglobosus is probably

endemic to the New Caledonian area.

Chicomurex superbus (Sowerby, 1889)

Figs 67, 124-125, 227, 231, 424

Murex superbus Sowerby, 1889 : 565, pl. 28, figs 10-11.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Chicoreus) supersus (sic). — Shikama, 1963 : 70, pl. 54, fig. 8.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus. — Arakawa, 1964 : 361, pl. 21, fig. 5-6 (radula) : 362, text fig. 1 (radula) ; Fair, 1976 :

79, pl. 14, fig. 174; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36, fig. 1.

Chicoreus superbus. — D’Attilio, 1966 : 4, fig. 1 ; Fair, 1974a ; 1, fig. 3.

Phyllonotus superbus. — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 92 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 2.

Murex (Phyllonotus) superbus. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 94, pl. 76, fig. 4.

Murex superbus. — Lan, 1981 : fig. 6.

Chicomurex superbus. — Rippingale, 1987 : 11, fig. 30. , ,

not Chicoreus superbus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 139 ; Lai, 1987 : 63, pl. 30, fig. 1 ; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 70, pl. 20, fig. 3

[= Chicomurex venuslulus (Rehder & Wilson, 1975)]. .

not Phyllonotus superbus. — RaÜwin & D'Attilio, 1976 : 92 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 1 [= Chicomurex elltscrossi (Fair, 1974)].

not Phyllonotus superbus. — Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 2 [= Chicomurex lacinialus (Sowerby, 1841)].

not Siratus superbus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig. [= Chicomurex problematicus (Lan, 1981)].

NOT Murex superbus. — Coucom, 1983 : 1, text fig. [= Chicomurex problematicus (Lan, 1981)].

not Phyllonotus superbus. — Okutani, 1981 : 8, pl. 24, fig. 10 [= Chicomurex problematicus (Lan, 1981)].

Source : MNHN, Paris

122

ROLAND HOUART

Type locality. Hong Kong.

Type material. Holotype nmw 1955.158.16 (not seen).

Material examined. C. 30 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 231). Southeastern Japan ; northeastem Taiwan ; the Philippine Is ; New

Caledonia ; Australia : off Lord Howe I. ; Capricom Channel, Queensland. Depth range : 80-325 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 231. — Distribution of Chicomurex superbus (Sowerby).

Description. Shell up to 85 mm in length. Spire high,

narrowly conical, with 3-3 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to

8 rounded teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch

conical, whorls smooth, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices ; each adapically spinose

and abapically webbed. Intervaricial axial sculpture consist-

ing of 2, occasionally 3 nodes or axial costae. Spiral sculpture

of 7 or 8 major cords (including shoulder sculpture) with

minor squamous cords and threads in each interspace.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip broad, smooth,

rim erect, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch broad, shallow.

Outer lip erect, weakly undulate, lirate for short distance

within. Siphonal canal moderately long, slightly bent abaper-

turally, narrowly open, with 3 slightly abapical bent spines,

most abapical spine sometimes very weakly bent abapertu-

rally.

White or cream with orange or brown spots. Aperture

white.

Radula (Figs 124-125).

Remarks. This is a highly distinctive species. For comparisons with C. elliscrossi,

C. problematicus and C. venustulus, see remaries on these species.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

123

Chicomurex turschi (Houart, 1981)

Figs 69-70, 122-123, 232, 264, 431-433

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) turschi Houart, 1981 : 186, figs 1-6.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Phyllonotus sp. — Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 3.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) turschi. — Houart, 1984a : 12, text fig.

Chicomurex turschi. — Rippingale, 1987 : 13, fig. 31.

Type locality. Off Durangit, Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea, 45-60 m, bottom with sponges.

Type material. Holotype irsnb 374.

Other material examined. C. 40 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 232). Zululand, South Africa (nm E4300) ; Madagascar ; the Philippine Is

(no other data) ; Papua New Guinea ; south of New Caledonia. Depth range : 45-75 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 232. — Distribution of Chicomurex turschi (Houart).

Description. Shell up to 40 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 1 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to 7 teleoconch

whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch wljprls smooth, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, squamose varices, slightly

webbed between spines abapically. Intervaricial axial sculp¬

ture consisting of 2 or 3 elongate nodes, strongest on

shoulder. Spiral sculpture of 7 or 8 primary cords, secondary

cords, and numerous threads that extend onto varices.

Aperture ovate, weakly angulate. Columellar lip abapically

with 3 or 4 small denticles, folded adapically, rim adhèrent

adapically, detached abapically. Anal notch shallow, deli-

neated by elongate callus. Outer lip denticulate, lirate within.

Siphonal canal narrowly open, of moderate length, weakly

bent abaperturally at tip, with 3 short, open spines, adapical

spine slightly bent abaperturally.

Cream or light brown with 3 darker bands, most apparent

on varices ; brown spots on suture and sometimes on axial

node. Occasionally entirely white or orange. Aperture bluish-

white.

Radula (Figs 122-123).

Source : MNHN, Paris

124

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. Chicomurex turschi was originally compared with C. venustulus and is clearly

distinguishable from this and other species of the genus by its paucispiral protoconch and small adult

shell size.

Chicomurex venustulus (Rehder & Wilson, 1975)

Figs 68, 116-119, 225, 233, 265, 268, 425-426, 428-430

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus Rehder & Wilson, 1975 : 7, figs 4, 5, frontispiece figs 2, 3.

Chicoreus gloriosus Shikama, 1977 : 14, pl. 2, fig. 8.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Chicoreus superbus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 139; Lai, 1987 : 63, pl. 30, fig. 1 ; Drivas & J a y, 1988 : 70, pl. 20, fig. 3 [not

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus Rehder & Wilson, 1975].

Chicoreus venustulus. — Cernohorsky, 1978b : 65, pl. 18, fig. 5 (holotype); Kaicher, 1979 : card 1596.

Chicomurex venustulus. — Houart, 1981a : 10, text fig. p. 7 ; Rippingale, 1987 : 13, fig. 32.

Chicoreus (Chicomurex) venustulus. — Houart, 1981d : figs 7-9 (holotype); Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36,

fig. 3.

Stratus venustulus. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig.

Phyllonotus sp. — Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 4.

Type localities. C. venustulus : off south-western coasts of Tahuata, Marquesas Islands,

36-39 fms (66-71 m) ; C. gloriosus : off Cebu island, Philippine Islands.

Type material. C. venustulus : holotype usnm 707241 ; C. gloriosus : holotype kpm 3277.

Other material examined. C. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 233). Réunion and Mauritius ; the Philippines is ; Taiwan ; Papua New

Guinea ; North Queensland, Australia ; New Caledonia (mnhn) ; the Marquesas. Depth range ;

45-100 m.

Description. Shell up to 55 mm in length. Spire high,

with 3-3 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to 8 teleoconch

whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch conical, whorls

smooth, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 rounded varices, each adapically spinose

and abapically webbed. Intervaricial axial sculpture generally

consisting of 1 strong and 1 weak elongate axial node ; some

specimens from Papua New Guinea or New Caledonia with

lower axial sculpture, and generally 2 or 3 nodulose

axial costae. Spiral sculpture of 6 or 7 primary cords,

5-8 secondary cords, and numerous threads in each inter-

space. Primary and secondary cords ending as short, open

and adapically bent spinelets on varices.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip usually smooth,

rarely with weak narrow folds adapically. Rim erect abapi¬

cally, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch narrow, shallow,

delineated by small elongate callus. Outer lip denticulate,

lirate for short distance within. Siphonal canal moderately

strong, narrowly open, bent abaxially, with 3 or 4 spiral cords

ending as open spines ; 2 adapical spines strongly bent

abaperturally.

Pink or light orange, occasionally with darker spiral bands,

generajly one large or two narrow bands on last whorl,

extending onto varices. Aperture white.

Radula (Figs 116-119).

Remarks. Specimens from off New Guinea and New Caledonia attain smaller size (length

35-40 mm) than those from elsewhere, but apart from size and the usually lower axial ridges, ail other

features are identical.

C. venustulus differs from C. superbus in its smaller size, the strongly abaperturally bent spines

on the siphonal canal, the relatively smaller aperture, and the lower spire.

C. venustulus may be also compared with some forms of C. laciniatus but C. laciniatus has

lower intervaricial axial cords, a narrower, coloured, more completely adhèrent columellar lip, a

larger aperture, more strongly fimbriate, squamous varices, and a broader and shorter siphonal canal.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

125

Fig. 233. — Distribution of Chicomurex venuslulus (Rehder & Wilson).

Genus NAQUETIA Jousseaume, 1880

Naquelia Jousseaume, 1880 : 335.

Type-species (by original désignation) : Murex triqueter Bom, 1778.

Triplex Humphrey in Harris, 1897 : 172. Type-species (by original désignation) : Triplex flexuosa Perry, 1811 (= Murex

triqueter Born, 1778) (not Triplex Perry, 1810).

Description. Shell up to 104 mm in length, spire high, Anal notch rather deep, often delineated by a callus. Siphonal

with 3 winglike or rounded varices on last whorl ; aperture canal medium sized to long,

ovate ; outer lip undulate, weakly or strongly lirate within.

Geographical distribution of the genus. Indo West-Pacific.

Remarks. Recent authors hâve used Naquetia at the generic or subgeneric level (Radwin &

D’Attilio, 1976; Fair, 1976; Houart, 1985a; D’Attilio, 1987a & b). Like D’Attilio (1987a &

b) I prefer to treat Naquetia as a genus for species that lack the foliaceous varicial spines,

characteristic of Chicoreus species. Members of both groups hâve shells with 3 rounded varices on the

last whorl, and a medium-sized siphonal canal, most species having similar ornamentation on the

early teleoconch whorls. Furthermore, some young specimens of Naquetia hâve small shoulder spines

as in Chicoreus. Nevertheless, radulae of Naquetia and Chicomurex species are closely similar

(Figs 116-127 and 128) and are quite different from those of species of Chicoreus and its subgenera

(Figs 92-115 and 129).

Source : MNHN, Paris

126

ROLAND HOUART

Naquetia barclayi (Reeve, 1858)

Figs 58, 234-236, 237, 434

Murex barclayi Reeve, 1858 : 209, pl. 3, fig. 2.

Pieronolus (sic) annandaleiPreston, 1910 : 119, fig. 3.

Figs 234-236. — Naquetia barclayi (Reeve).

234, St. Brandon Shoal, near Mauritius, 83.2 mm (lectotype bmnh 196277. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes).

235, Reunion, 89.5 mm (coll. P. Bert).

236, Taiwan, 88 mm (rh).

AddITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Naquetia) barcleyi (sic). — Shikama, 1964 : 119, pl. 64, fig. 10.

Naquetia barclayi. — D’Amuo, 1966 : 4-5, figs 1,2; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 80, pl. 15, fig. 8; Kaicher,

card 2515 (syntype) ; Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig. (paralectotype) ; D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987a : 58, fi

(lectotype), 9 (sculpture), 10 (anal notch) ; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68, pl. 19, fig. 16.

Pterynotus barclayi. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 83, pl. 56.

Murex barclayi. — Harasewych, 1973 : 4 (in part), figs 1, 2 ; Leehman, 1974 : 6, text fig. ; Leehman, 1980a : 14, te;

Murex (Latirus) barclayi. — Leehman, 1973a : 8, text fig.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) barclayi. — Fair, 1976 : 24, pl. 14, fig. 172 (syntype); Houart, 1985 : 8, figs 1-4, 6.

Murex barclayi. — Leehman, 1978a : 9, text fig.

Murex (Naquetia) barclayi. — Eisenberg, 1981 : 87, pl. 69, fig. 14.

Naquetia annandalei. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 165; D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987a : 56, figs 1-2 (holotype), 3-6, 11 • D’

& Hertz, 1987b ; fig. 7 (holotype), 8-9; Rippingale, 1987 : 25, fig. 67.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) annandalei.

pl. 35, fig. 6.

Naquetia annadalei (sic). — Okutani, 1983 : 8, pl. 23,

, fig.

3; Vokes, 1978 : 396; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 ; 130,

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

127

not Murex (Pteronotus) trigonulus. — Smith, 1953 : 4, pi. 8, figs 8, 12 (= Naquetia fosieri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987).

not Murex annandalei. — Leehman, 1973b : 3, fig. 3 (= Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987).

NOT Naquetia annandalei. — Radwin & D’Amuo, 1976 : 80 (in part), pl. 15, figs 9-10 (= Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz,

1987).

not Naquetia annandalei. — Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133, text fig. [= Chicoreus (Siratus) consuela (Verrill, 1950)].

NOT Naquetia annandalei. — Sharabati, 1984 : pl.-18, fig. 3 [= Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)].

NOT Chicoreus (Naquetia) barclayi. — Houart, 1985 : 10, fig. 5 (= Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987).

Type localities. M. barclayi : St. Brandon Shoal, near Mauritius ; P. annandalei : off

Gopalpore [Gopalpur], Bay of Bengal, India, 30-38 fms (55-69 m).

Type material. M. barclayi : lectotype bmnh 196277 (designated by D’Attilio & Hertz,

1987a), paralectotype nmw 155.158.15 ; P. annandalei : holotype zsi 4708/1 (not seen).

Other material examined. C. 50 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 237). Off Durban, South Africa ; Barazulo I., Mozambique ; Mauritius

and Réunion ; the Bay of Bengal ; Southern Queensland, Australia ; the Philippine Is ; Taiwan, and

Southern Japan (Kii). Depth range : 70-100 m.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 237. — Distribution of Naquetia barclayi (Reeve).

Description. Shell up to 104 mm in length, elongate or

broadly elongate. Spire high, acutely conical, with 3 1/2

protoconch whorls and up to 8 teleoconch whorls. Suture

impressed. Protoconch conical, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 winglike varices, each finely plicate,

joining the siphonal canal on its midline. Intervaricial axial

sculpture consisting generally of 3 elongate ridges. Spiral

sculpture of 8 or 9 cords and of numerous intermediate

threads in each interspace.

Aperture ovate to roundly-ovate. Columellar lip smooth,

rim detached abapically, adhèrent adapically. Anal notch

deep, delineated by small callus and 2 strong denticles on

outer lip. Outer lip smooth, lirate within. Siphonal canal

relatively long, narrowly open, strongly bent abaperturally.

Light brown with darker spiral bands and spots. Aperture

white.

Source : MNHN, Paris

128

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. Due to its confusion with N.fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987, N. barclayi has often been

confused with Murexconsuela Verrill, 1950 (see Finet& Houart, 1989). Indeed, C. consuela, a Caribbean

Siratus species, resembles a small N.fosteri but, with a same number of teleoconch whorls, C. consuela has

a smaller shell with rounded aperture, and small denticles on the columellar lip.

Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822 has been included as a synonym of N. barclayi (mainly due

to the confusion existing between N. barclayi and N.fosteri) by many authors ( e.g. Sowerby, 1841 ;

Tapparone-Canefri, 1875; Poirier, 1883; Smith, 1953; Vokes, 1971; Fair, 1976; Houart,

1985a) but they are clearly distinct species (see below).

Pteronotus annandalei Preston, 1910, described from a specimen from off Gopalpur (Bay of

Bengal) differs from typical N. barclayi in having a narrower shell and weaker sculpture. Typical

N. barclayi also has more pronounced denticles on the inner side of the outer lip and a broader

aperture. Nevertheless there are intermediates, and these différences are not considered sufficient to

separate the two forms at species or subspecies level. Unfortunately the protoconch of the Indian

form is unknown, N. annandalei of authors from the Red Sea, confined in the Gulf of Aqaba, is

N.fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987.

Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)

Figs 61-64, 238, 437-445

Murex cumingii A. Adams, 1853 : 270.

Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822 : 167 (not M. trigonulus Lamarck, 1816).

Murex (Chicoreus) triqueter var. amanuensis Couturier, 1907 : 142.

Murex jickelii Tapparone-Canefri, 1875 : 582, pl. 19, fig. 6.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Pteronotus) (sic) triqueter. — Smith, 1953 : 4, pl. 4, fig. 4 (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Pterynotus triqueter. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 126, pl. 26, fig. 160 (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Pterynotus (Naquetia) triqueter. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 88, pl. 59, fig. 5 (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Pterynotus (Naquetia) trigonulus. — Cernohorsky, 1967a : 124, fig. 6, pl. 15, fig. 15.

Murex trigonulus. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 189, fig. 3 (lectotype) ; Purtymun, 1981 : 6, text fig. (bottom fig., shell on the left).

Naquetia trigonulus. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 166 ; Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 81, fig. 46, pl. 15, fig. 12 ; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 133, text fig.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) trigonulus. — Vokes, 1974 : figs 1, 3 ; Fair, 1976 : 83, pl. 14, fig. 179 ; Vokes, 1978 : pl. 5, fig. 5 ; Houart,

1985 : 11, figs 11-13; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36, fig. 6.

Naquetia trigonula. ~ Mac Donald, 1979 : 8, fig. 1 ; D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987b : figs 10-13.

Murex cumingii. — Cernohorsky, 1971 : 189, fig. 4 (lectotype).

Chicoreus (Naquetia) cumingii. — Finet & Houart, 1989 : 7, figs 1-3.

Pterynotus (Naquetia) jickelii. — Fair, 1973 : 8, text fig.

Naquetia jickelii. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 167; Sharabati, 1984 : pl. 18, fig. 1.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) jickelii. — Fair, 1976 ; 51, pl. 14, fig. 178; Vokes, 1978 : 396, pl. 5, figs 6-7; Houart, 1985 : 10,

fig. 7.

Phyllonotus laciniatus. — Radwin & D’ Attilio, 1976 : 89 (in part) (not Murex laciniatus Sowerby, 1841).

Naquetia annandalei. — Sharabati, 1984 : pl. 18, fig. 3 (not Pteronotus annandalei Preston, 1910).

not Murex trigonulus. — Purtymun, 1981 : 6, bottom fig., shell on the right [= Naquetia triqueter (Born, 1778)].

Type localities. m. cumingii : Philippine Islands ; M. trigonulus none ; Murex triqueter var.

amanuensis : Amanu (Tuamotu) ; M. jickelii : Suakin, Sudan, Red Sea.

Type material. M. cumingii : lectotype bmnh 1963.817 (designated by Cernohorsky, 1971);

M. trigonulus : lectotype and paralectotype mhng 1099/35 (designated by Finet & Houart, 1989) ;

M. triqueter var. amanuensis : not located (not in mnhn) ; M. jickelii : holotype zmb 37370 (not seen).

Other material examined. C. 150 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 238). South-westem Madagascar ; the Seychelles ; the Southern Red Sea

(from the Dahlak Archipelago to Suakin) ; Sri Lanka ; Celebes Sea ; the Moluccas ; the Philippine Is ;

Okinawa ; Middle Japan ; Guam ; Marshall Is ; Wallis ; Samoa Is, and the Tuamotus as eastern limit.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

129

Fig. 238. — Distribution of Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams).

Description. Shell up to 63 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 2-2 1/4 protoconch whorls and up to 7 elongate,

weakly convex teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Proto¬

conch whorls smooth, last whorl shouldered.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, frondose, webbed varices,

webbing strongest abapically. Intervaricial axial sculpture

consisting of 2 or 3 nodulose cords. Spiral sculpture of

6 nodulose cords and numerous threads.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, sometimes with a

small callus adapically ; rim adhèrent. Anal notch rather

deep, sometimes delineated by shallow callus and 2 small

denticles. Outer lip undulate, lirate for short distance within.

Siphonal canal short to moderate in length, broad, narrowly

open, omamented with 2-4 spiral cords.

Yellowish to pale brown with 2 or 3 brown spiral bands on

last whorl and numerous brown blotches on shell surface.

Aperture white.

Remarks. Finet & Houart (1989) presented a historical review of this species and, on basis

of new evidence, they concluded that Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1816 is probably a synonym of

Murex triqueter Bom, 1778, and that the 2 syntypes of M. trigonulus (mhng 1099/35) are

M. trigonulus Lamarck, 1822 (not Lamarck, 1816). M. trigonulus Lamarck, 1822 is a homonym of

the prior M. trigonulus Lamarck, 1816 and the next available name for the species is M. cumingii

A. Adams, 1853, the lectotype for which was designated by Cernohorsky (1971, fig. 3). See

discussion of N. triqueter above, for a comparison of these two species.

Murex jickelii was incorrectly synonymised with Murex laciniatus Sowerby, 1841 by Radwin

& D’Attilio (1976 : 89). M. jickelii is rather a synonym of M. cumingii, since shells from Madagascar

(Fig. 443), the Moluccas and elsewhere are quite indistinguishable from the Red Sea form. Moreover,

the protoconch (partially broken) of a Red Sea shell (Fig. 64) is the same as that of a typical specimen

from the Moluccas (Fig. 63).

Source : MNHN, Paris

130

ROLAND HOUART

Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987

Figs 60, 239, 435-436

Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz, 1987 : 190, figs 1-6.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Pteronotus) (sic) trigonulus. — Smith, 1953 : 4, pl. 8, figs 8, 12 (not Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822).

Murex annandalei. — Leehman, 1973b : 3, fig. 3 (not Pteronotus annandalei Preston, 1910).

Chicoreus (Naquetia) annandalei. — Fair, 1976 : 21, pl. 14, fig. 171 (not Pteronotus annandalei Preston, 1910).

Naquetia annandalei. — Radwin & D’Amuo, 1976 : 80 (in part), pl. 15, figs 9-10 ; Mœnis, 1983 : 538, text fig. (not Pteronotus

annandalei Preston, 1910).

Chicoreus (Naquetia) barclayi. — Houart, 1985 : 10, fig. 5 (not Murex barclayi Reeve, 1858).

Type locality. Off Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.

Type material. Holotype sdnhm 91996.

Material examined. Holotype (photographs) ; Eilat, Red Sea, 20-25 m, coll. D. Peled (2 dd) ;

Eilat, 30 m, rh (1 dd).

Distribution. (Fig. 239). Northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, off Eilat, Red Sea.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 239. — Distribution of Naquetia fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz.

Description. Shell up to 94.5 mm in length, narrowly

fusiform, stout. Spire high, with 1 1/2 protoconch whorls and

up to 8 weakly convex teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed.

Protoconch whorls convex, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 rounded, spineless varices, each abapi-

cally ornamented with varicial flange that extend onto

siphonal canal. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting of

3-5 elongate, irregular ridges crossed by 8 spiral cords and

1 intermediate thread in each interspace, giving a nodulose

appearance.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

131

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, rim adhèrent

adapically, weakly erect abapically. Anal notch narrow, deep.

Outer lip erect, strongly lirate within. Siphonal canal

medium-sized, narrowly open, weakly bent abaperturally at

tip, with 2 short, broadly open triangular spines.

First 4 or 5 teleoconch whorls bright pink or pale orange ;

teleoconch light brown with 2 darker brownish bands on last

whorl and 1 on early whorls.

Remarks. N.fosteri has long been interpreted as a slender form of N. barclayi. It has also been

erroneously synonymised with Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822 (not 1816) by several authors (see

discussion on N. barclayi ) and confused also with Naquetia annandalei (Abbott & Dance, 1982 : 133,

text fig.) and with Murex consuela Verrill, 1950 (Reeve, 1845 : pl. 22, fig. 87 ; Kobelt & Kuster in

Martini & Chemnitz, 1870 : 121, pl. 36, fig. 9 ; Tryon, 1880 : 84, pl. 11, fig. 120).

N. fosteri differs from N. barclayi in its more narrowly fusiform shape, fewer intermediate

spiral threads, heavier, more strongly rounded varices, paired lirations within the outer apertural lip

and especially in its protoconch (11/2 smooth and convex whorls, vs 3 1/2 whorls).

N. fosteri seems to be restricted to the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea, while N. barclayi is

widely distributed in the Indo West-Pacific, from Southern Africa to south of Japan, probably

reflecting respectively non planktotrophic and planktotrophic larval development as suggested by

protoconch morphology.

Naquetia triqueter (Born, 1778)

Figs 59, 128, 240, 446-447

Murex triqueter Born, 1778 : 288 (référencé to Martini, 1777 : fig. 1038).

Purpura cancellata Rôding, 1798 : 143.

Purpura variegata Rôding, 1798 : 143.

Triplex flexuosus Perry, 1811 : pl. 7, fig. 1.

Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1816 (not 1822) : pl. 417, fig. 4.

Murex roseotinctus Sowerby, 1860 : 429, pl. 49, fig. 6.

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

Murex (Naquetia) triqueter. — Shikama, 1963 : 71, pl. 54, fig. 7.

Pterynotus triqueter. — Hinton, 1972 : 36, pl. 18, fig. 12; Salvat & Rives, 1975 : 312, fig. 196.

Naquetia triqueter. — kaicher, 1973 : card 164 (in part) ; Hinton, 1979 : 27, fig. 6 ; Drivas & Jay, 1988 : 68, pl. 19, fig. 9.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) triqueter. — Vokes, 1974 : fig. 2 ; F air, 1976 : 83, pl. 14, fig. 177 ; Vokes, 1978 : 394 (in part) ; Houart,

1985 : 12, figs 8-10; Houart, 1986b : figs 3-3b.

Naquetia triquetra (sic). — Radwin & D’Amuo, 1976 : 82 (in part); Mac Donald, 1979 : 8, fig. 2; Abbott & Dance,

1982 : 133, text fig.

Murex triqueter. — Jazwinski, 1979 :11, text fig. ; Purtymun, 1981 : 6, upper text fig.

Chicoreus (Naquetia) triquetra (sic). — Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986 : 132, pl. 36, fig. 7.

Murex trigonulus. — Purtymun, 1981 : 6, bottom fig., shell on the right (not Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822).

not Murex triqueter. — Born, 1780 : 291, pl. 11, figs 1, 2 [= Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)].

not Murex (Pteronotus) triqueter. — Smith, 1953 : 4, pl. 4, fig. 4 [= Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)].

not Pterynotus triquetor (sic). — Spry, 1961 : 19, pl. 4, fig. 139 [= Naquetia vokesae (Houart, 1985)].

NOT Pterynotus triqueter. — Cernohorsky, 1967b : 126, pl. 26, fig. 160 [= Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)].

not Pterynotus (Naquetia) triqueter. — Wilson & Gillett, 1971 : 88, pl. 59, fig. 5 [= Naquetia cumingii (A. Adams, 1853)].

not Naquetia triqueter. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 164 (in part) [= Naquetia vokesae (Houart, 1986)].

NOT Naquetia triquetra (sic). — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 82 (in part), pl. 15, fig. 11 [= Naquetia vokesae (Houart, 1986)].

not Chicoreus (Naquetia) triqueter. — Vokes, 1978 : 394 (in part), pl. 5, fig. 4; Houart, 1985a : 12 (in part) [— Naquetia

vokesae (Houart, 1986)].

Type localities. M. triqueter : üast Indies and Tranquebar (Martini, Mil), restricted to

Tranquebar, India (Vokes, 1974 : 259) ; M. roseotinctus : Philippines.

Type material. M. triqueter : Vokes (1974) designated lectotype the shell on fig. 1038 of

Martini (1777) ; this shell cannot presently be located (see discussion below) ; M. roseotinctus :

holotype bmnh 1974100. No material for the other names.

Source : MNHN, Paris

132

ROLAND HOUART

Other material examined. C. 100 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 240). Christmas I., Indian Océan ; Straits of Makassar ; the Moluccas ;

Okinawa ; Papua New Guinea ; Marshall Is ; Samoa Is, and the Tuamotus as eastem limit.

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 240. — Distribution of Naquetia triqueter (Born).

Description. Shell up to 60 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, acutely conical, with 3 1/2 protoconch whorls and up to

9 elongate teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch

conical, glossy.

Last whorl with 3 rounded squamous varices, each more

developed abapically. Intervaricial axial sculpture consisting

of 2 or 3, occasionally 4, rounded, nodulose cords, crossed by

14 or 15 squamous, similar sized spiral cords.

Aperture ovate. Columellar lip smooth, small elongate

callus adapically, rim adhèrent. Anal notch deep. Outer lip

denticulate, strongly lirate for short distance within. Siphonal

canal broad, short, narrowly open, slightly bent abaxially,

omamented with 4 or 5 squamous spiral cords, tip bent

abaperturally.

White to pale brown with darker bands, especially visible

on varices, darker maculations on axial ridges. Aperture

white.

Radula (Fig. 128).

Remarks. In a historical review of Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1816 and Murex trigonulus

Lamarck, 1822, Finet & Houart (1989) concluded that M. trigonulus Lamarck, 1816 was

synonymous with M. triqueter Born, 1778.

Born (1780) illustrated M. cumingii erroneously identified by him as M. triqueter. In her paper

on the identity of Murex triqueter Born, Vokes (1974) designated Martini’s figure 1038 as lectotype

for that species in accordance with iczn [article 73c (i) and 74b]. She also illustrated the specimen

figured in Born (1780), now in nhmw.

Houart (1985a) erroneously included the later named N. triqueter vokesae in the geographical

distribution map of N. triqueter and confused both species.

Since N. cumingii and N. triqueter are frequently confused, the two species are contrasted

(Table 4).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

133

Table 4. — Comparisons of Naquetia triqueter and N. cumingii.

Character

N. triqueter

N. cumingii

Protoconch

Conical, multispiral, 3 1/2 whorls

Weakly angulate, last whorl keeled.

2-2 1/4 whorls

Number of teleoconch whorls

6-7

Outer lip and inner side

Rim denticulate, intemally striate

Rim slightly crenulate. Intemally with

short, elongate denticles

Spiral sculpture

12-14 squamous cords of approximately

similar size

6 strong spiral cords and 3-4 interme-

diate threads in each interspace

Colour

Pale brown to white with darker spiral

bands and brown maculations on the

axial costae

Pale brown to white or yellowish with

3 darker bands on last whorl and on

varices

Naquetia vokesae (Houart, 1986)

Figs 65-66, 241, 448-449

Chicoreus (Naquetia) triquiter (sic) vokesae Houart, 1986 : 95, figs 1-2.

AdDITIONAL REFERENCES

Pterynotus triquetor (sic). — Smith, 1961 : 19, pl. 4, fig. 139 (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Naquetia triqueter. — Kaicher, 1973 : card 164 (in part) (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Naquetia triquetra (sic). — Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976 : 82 (in part), pl. 15, fig. 11 (not Murex triqueter Born, 1778).

Chicoreus (Naquetia) triqueter. — Vokes, 1978 : 394 (in part), pl. 5, fig. 4 (holotype) ; Houart, 1985a : 12 (in part) (not Murex

triqueter Born, 1778).

Type locality. South east Nacala Bay, northern Mozambique, dredged from gravelly bottom

with sparse Cymodocea, 9 m.

Type material. Holotype nm H213.

Other material examined. C. 60 specimens from throughout the geographical range.

Distribution. (Fig. 241). N. Zululand (nm

Mozambique ; Nossi-Bé and Tulear, Madagascar ;

Description. Shell up to 70 mm in length, stout. Spire

high, with 2 protoconch whorls and up to 9 elongate, slightly

convex teleoconch whorls. Suture impressed. Protoconch

whorls rounded, smooth.

Last whorl with 3 low, rounded varices. Terminal varix

adaperturally squamous, abaperturally ornamented with va-

ricial flange that extends along siphonal canal. Other sculp¬

ture consisting of 3-5 low axial ridges, crossed by 12-15 spiral

cords, each flanked by fine spiral threads. Axial varices

D7448) and Natal (sam A35983), South Africa ;

Comoros I., and Southern Tanzania.

occasionally with small open, shoulder spines.

Aperture roundly-ovate. Columellar lip rim adhèrent,

briefly detached abapically, smooth. Anal notch small,

shallow. Outer lip weakly denticulate, lira te for short distance

within. Siphonal canal short and broad, narrowly open,

slightly bent abaperturally.

Cream to light brown with darker spiral bands. Axial ribs

also darker coloured. Aperture white.

Remarks. Although introduced as a subspecies of N. triqueter because of extreme similarities

in teleoconch morphology, the protoconch is entirely different, paucispiral (non planktotrophic) in

N. vokesae, conical and multispiral (planktotrophic) in N. triqueter. However, as indicated by

Bouchet (1989), different types of larval development hâve never been observed in a single species,

so it is préférable to treat it as a distinct species.

Further différences from N. triqueter include more convex spire outline, the less prominent

axial sculpture, and the weaker spiral sculpture.

Source : MNHN, Paris

134

ROLAND HOUART

15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 165 150

Fig. 241. — Distribution of Naquetia vokesae (Houart).

FOSSIL SPECIES

Genus CHICOREUS Montfort, 1810

Subgenus TRIPLEX Perry, 1810

Chicoreus (Triplex) altenai (Cox, 1948)

Figs 242-243

Murex altenai Cox, 1948 : 46, pl. 4, fig. 2.

Type locality. North Bornéo, Dent Peninsula, Sg. Togopi, Neogene.

Type material. Holotype nhmb.

Remarks. Probably related to Chicoreus microphyllus (Lamarck, 1822). Although the absence

of protoconch whorls makes a better comparison difficult, C. altenai has more globose teleoconch

whorls, fewer spines on varices and more numerous axial ridges between each pair of varices.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

135

Figs 242-245. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

242-243, C. aliénai (Cox). North Bornéo, Neogene, 39.1 mm (holotype, nhmb).

244-245, C. dennanti (Tate). 244, Clifden Bank, Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia, Miocene, 22.1 mm (MV 112052).

245, near Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, Miocene, 30.1 mm (lectotype, sam T416B).

Chicoreus (Triplex) amblyceras (Tate, 1888)

Figs 82, 450-451

Murex amblyceras Tate, 1888 : 101, pl. 2, fig. 12.

Type locality. Fyansford Formation, Schnapper Point, Victoria, Australia (here desi-

gnated) ; Miocene.

Type material. Lectotype sam T428A, here selected from 10 syntypes.

Remarks. One specimen (specimen H in the type material) is Murex basicinctus Tate, 1888 ;

3 specimens (C, D and F) although somewhat different (see remarks under Chicoreus cf. amblyceras)

are not definitely separated.

Tate noted 2 localities : “ Lower Beds at Muddy Creek ” and “ Blue Clays at Schnapper

Point, Victoria ”. This latter is here restricted as type locality, being the locality of specimen A (noted

as holotype on the plaquette, by a previoüs revisor), and here designated as lectotype. C. amblyceras

is related to the Recent Australian species C. territus, C. damicornis and C. denudatus.

Source : MNHN, Paris

136

ROLAND HOUART

Chicoreus (Triplex) cf. amblyceras (Tate, 1888)

Figs 81, 454-456

(See remarks under Chicoreus amblyceras (Tate, 1888).

Remarks. Unlike C. amblyceras, this form has no axial ornamentation on the first three

teleoconch whorls, while C. amblyceras has prominent axial costae. The spiral sculpture on the last

whorl is also more regular, and the spiral cords are heavier abapically whereas these are

approximately equal-sized in C. amblyceras. Although there are no other noteworthy différences,

these specimens may represent another species.

Chicoreus (Triplex) basicinctus (Tate, 1888)

Figs 80, 452-453

Murex basicinctus Tate, 1888 : 99, pl. 2, fig. 9.

Type locality. Codell Mari, Murray River Cliffs, near Morgan, South Australia ; Miocene.

Type material. Lectotype sam T417A, here selected from 6 syntypes; specimen 8 on the

plaquette is Typhis philippensis Watson, 1883.

Remarks. Distinct from any Recent and fossil species and related to the Recent Australian

C. damicornis.

Chicoreus (Triplex) batavianus (Martin, 1884)

Figs 465-467

Murex batavianus Martin, 1884 : 97, pl. 6, fig. 9.

Type locality. Batavia, Java, Indonesia ; Miocene.

Type material. Lectotype rml 9689, here selected from 7 syntypes.

Remarks. This fossil clearly belongs to the Recent group including C. axicornis, it could be

the ancestor of this species.

Chicoreus (Triplex) dennanti (Tate, 1888)

Figs 79, 244-245

Murex dennanti Tate, 1888 : 98, pl. 2, fig. 7.

Type locality. Muddy Creek Mari, near Hamilton, Victoria, Australia ; Miocene.

Type material. Lectotype sam T416B, here selected from 5 syntypes.

Remarks. Distinct from any Recent species, it has bulbous paucispiral nuclear whorls as in

other Australian fossil Chicoreus species. It seems to belong in the C. microphyllus group.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

137

Chicoreus (Triplex) juttingae (Beets, 1941)

Figs 83, 469-471

Murex (Chicoreus) juttingae Beets, 1941 : 95, pl. 5, figs 207-211.

Type locality. Bornéo (précisé locality unstated) ; Miocene.

Type material. Holotype rml 312.451 and 5 paratypes 312.453.

Remarks. From the shell contour, lack of spines and protoconch morphology, this distinctive

species seems to be related to the Recent C. capucinus (Lamarck, 1822).

Chicoreus (Triplex) karangensis (Martin, 1895)

Fig. 474

Murex karangensis Martin, 1895 : 130, pl. 20, fig. 295.

Type locality. Djilintung, Java, Indonesia ; Miocene.

Type material. Holotype rml 9683.

Remarks. This species is based on a small shell (length 16 mm), and with 4 or 5 teleoconch

whorls lacking the protoconch. It is apparently distinct from any Recent and fossil species, but is

probably a juvénile.

Chicoreus (Triplex) komiticus (Suter, 1917)

Fig. 468

Murex zelandicus var. komiticus Suter, 1917 : 37, pl. 4, fig. 21.

Type locality. Komiti Bluff, Kaipara Harbour, North Auckland, New Zealand ; Lower

Miocene.

Type material. Holotype om C16.46.

Remarks. This species apparently belongs to the group that includes the Recent species

C. cervicornis and C. boucheti (group 6). The specimen illustrated by Suggate et al. (1978 :

fig. 11.12 : 7) and by Speden & Keyes (1981 : pl. 29, fig. 7) is not this species in my opinion but is

related to Chicoreus syngenes, from which it differs, however, in having a wider aperture, a longer and

sharper siphonal canal, and smaller varices and intervaricial nodes. This specimen (Figs 460-461) may

represents an undescribed species. Finlay (1930 : pl. 1, fig. 13) illustrated another specimen of this

form that was also misidentified as C. komiticus.

Chicoreus (Triplex) lawsi (Maxwell, 1971)

Figs 475-476

Murex lawsi Maxwell, 1971 : 758, figs 11, 12.

Source : MNHN, Paris

138

ROLAND HOUART

Type locality. Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand ; Lower Miocene.

Type material. Holotype nzgs, tm4912.

Remarks. Although its outline resembles that of some Siratus species, Murex lawsi is closely

related to Chicoreus batavanius (Martin, 1884) and C. amblyceras (Tate, 1888), which also hâve a

relatively long siphonal canal. Accordingly it is here included in the subgenus Triplex.

Chicoreus (Triplex) lundeliusae Ludbrook, 1978

Figs 479-480

Chicoreus (Chicoreus) lundeliusae Ludbrook, 1978 : 140, pl. 16, figs 1-8.

Type locality. Roe Plain, Eucla Basin-Hampton Microwave Repeater Tower, South

Australia, 31°57'57"S, 127°34'45" E, Roe Calcarenite ; Early Pleistocene.

Type material. Holotype wam 70.1137.

Remarks. Although compared originally with Chicoreus (Chicoreus) ramosus (Linné, 17581 it

differs mainly from that species in its smaller size, more elongate shape, and by the absence of a labrai

tooth. It was also compared with Chicoreus (Triplex) denudatus (Perry, 1811), but that species is

smaller with more palmate fronds and the aperture is denticulate instead of crenulate.

Chicoreus (Triplex) naricus (Vredenburg, 1925)

Figs 463-464

Murex (Haustellum) naricus Vredenburg, 1925 : 213, pl. 7, fig. 13.

Type locality. Nari, Bagothoro Hili in Sind, India ; ?01igocene.

Type material. Holotype gsi 12571.

Remarks. Although originally compared with species of Murex ( s.s .), the shell is incomplète,

consisting of 2 whorls and part of last whorl and aperture. I agréé with Vokes (1971 : 73) that this

species probably belongs in Chicoreus. It may be related to C. altenai and C. timorensis.

Chicoreus (Triplex) rutteni (Beets, 1950)

Figs 477-478

Murex (Phyllonotus) rutteni Beets, 1950 : 308, figs. 3, 4.

Type locality. Coral limestone, hill near Sekoerau, East Bornéo ; Pliocène.

Type material. Holotype rml 113.166.

Remarks. The remaining parts of the incomplète holotype are sufficient to separate if from

any hitherto known species.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

139

Chicoreus (Triplex) syngenes Finlay, 1930

Figs 457-459

Chicoreus ?syngenes Finlay, 1930 : 76, pl. 1, figs 3, 4.

Type locality. Clifden, New Zealand ; [Hutchinsonian] Miocene.

Type material. Holotype aim tm-164.

Remarks. The nearest Recent species is C. virgineus (Rôding, 1798) that ranges from the Red

Sea to Sri Lanka, but C. syngenes lacks the typical labral tooth of this and other species of Chicoreus

(S.S.).

Chicoreus (Triplex) tateiwai Hatai & Kotaka, 1952

Figs 472-473

Chicoreus tateiwai Hatai & Kotaka, 1952 : 78, pl. 7, figs 13-14.

Type locality. Paiponchon, Shinsoruton, San-u-nanmyon, Myonchon District, Hamukyon-

pukuton, Korea ; Heiroku formation, Lower Miocene.

Type material. Holotype igps 74352.

Remarks. The holotype is a somewhat immature specimen, probably related to the

C. microphyllus group. The protoconch is unknown. Vokes (1971 : 105) erroneously credited

authorship to Kuroda & Kotaka.

Chicoreus (Triplex) timorensis (Tesch, 1915)

Fig. 462

Murex timorensis Tesch, 1915 : 64, pl. 82 (10), fig. 141.

Type locality. Timor ; Miocene.

Type material. Holotype mgm 13886.

Remarks. The shell has a narrow aperture, broad and spineless varices, and a short, rather

sharply pointed siphonal canal. It is possibly the ancestor of the Recent C. thomasi, which is endemic

to the Marquesas Islands.

Chicoreus (Triplex) totomiensis (Makiyama, 1927)

Murex totomiensis Makiyama, 1927 : 126, pl. 6, figs îo, 21.

Type locality. Dainiti, Japan ; Pliocène.

Tyme material. Not seen (not available).

Source : MNHN, Paris

140

ROLAND HOUART

Remarks. Although originally compared with C. penchinati (= C. strigatus) and Murex borni

(an European Miocene species), from the original illustrations, the species is nearer to the

C. microphyllus group (group 2) as well as to some forms of C. brunneus. Moreover, it strongly

resembles C. tateiwai.

Genus CHICOMUREX Arakawa, 1964

Chicomurex kendengensis (van Regteren Altena, 1950)

Figs 248-249

Chicoreus kendengensis van Regteren Altena, 1950 : 206, text fig. 1, 2.

Type locality. Poetjangan layers (volcanic faciès). — Kendeng beds, East Java, Indonesia ;

Miocene.

Type material. Holotype and 4 paratypes rml.

Discussion. This species was originally refered to Chicoreus ( s.s .) but it has the outline of a

Chicomurex species. It is distinctive in having 4 varices on the last whorl. This species is not referable

to Chicoreus ( s.l .), and it is here tentatively included in the genus Chicomurex.

Chicomurex lophoessus (Tate, 1888)

Figs 84-85, 246-247

Murex lophoessus Tate, 1888 : 98, pl. 2, fig. 5.

Type locality. Fyansford Formation, Schnapper point, Victoria, Australia ; Miocene.

Type material. Lectotype sam T424, here selected from 8 syntypes.

Remarks. Classified in Chicoreus (s.s.) by Vokes (1971 : 67) it is here transfered to the genus

Chicomurex.

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

141

Figs 246-247. — Genus Chicomurex.

246-247, C. lophoessus (T.te), 246, Schnappar Point, victom.AœtnJia Mitgnn 39n

Balcombe Bay, Momington, Victoria, Austraha, Miocene, 35.5 mm (mv 110690 1).

(lectotype, sam T424). 247,

Figs 248-249. — Chicomurex kendengensis (van Regteren Altena), East Java,

Indonesia, Miocene, 46 mm (holotype, RML).

Source : MNHN, Paris

142

ROLAND HOUART

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work has been possible due to the help of many people and I would like to thank here

ail of those who permitted me to examine type material or who provided useful information,

photographs or other material for examination, or who helped me in one way or another. Their help

and collaboration is most appreciated : Dr G. Arbocco (mcst), Mr P. Bert (France), Dr M. Bishop

(umz), Mr M. Blôcher (W. Germany), Dr J. Boscheinen (lm), Dr P. Bouchet (and staff) (mnhn),

Dr S. Boyd (mv), Dr J. Breurois (mhnm), Prof. J. D. Campbell (uo), Dr W. O. Cernohorsky (aim),

Dr H. E. Coomans (zma), Mr J. Dajoz (mhng), Mr A. D’Attilio (sdnhm), Mr K. DeWolfe

(Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, USA), Mr J. Drivas (Reunion Id.), Mr C. P. Fernandes

(Portugal), Dr H. Feustel (hld), Dr Y. Finet (mhng), Mr R. Foster (Calif., U.S.A.),

Mr A. Garback (ansp), Dr E. Gittenberger (rmnh), Mr C. Glass (Calif., U.S.A.),

Dr P. G. Heltne (Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago, U.S.A.), Mr R. Isaacs (u.k.),

Dr A. W. Janssen (rml), Dr R. Janssen (smf), Dr P. Jung (nhmb), Dr Y. Kanie (ycm),

Dr R. N. Kilburn (nm), Dr R. Kilias (zmb), Dr S. Kosuge (imt), Prof. T. Kotaka (igps),

Mr T. C. Lan (Taiwan), Mrs A. Lesage (Belgium), Mr G. Lévêque (New Caledonia),

Mr A. Lievrouw (irsnb), Mr I. Loch (ams), Dr. C. Maugenest (mgm), Dr P. A. Maxwell (nzgs),

Mr C. Muhasay (Philippines), Mr H. Mühlhàusser (Germany), Dr K. Muraoka (kpm). Prof.

T. Okutani (nsmt), Dr P. G. Oliver (nmw), Mr T. Pain (u.k.), Mr D. Peled (Israël), Dr N. Pledge

(sam), Dr W. F. Ponder (ams), Dr D. Potter (qm), Mrs A. Richards (New Guinea),

Dr R. Robertson (ansp), the late Dr J. Rosewater (usnm), Dr C. Ruggieri (img), Dr S. C. Shah

(gsi), Mr F. J. Springsteen (Australia), Mr V. Sweetman (Australia), Mr R. J. Symonds (umz),

Dr A. Trew (nmw), Mr P. K. Tubbs (iczn), Dr J. van Goethem and staff (irsnb), Mr A. van

Walleghem (Belgium), Mr R. Vasile (Chicago Academy of Sciences), Dr C. Vaucher (mhng), Prof.

E. H. Vokes (tu), Ms K. M. Way (bmnh), Dr F. Wells (wam) and Mrs T. Whitehead (Australia).

I also thank Mrs J. Buyle (Belgium) for processing some of my photographs.

Dr P. Bouchet and Dr A. Warén (Stockholm) were most helpful for préparation and sem

work of the radulae. I would also like to thank Dr P. Bouchet, Prof. E. H. Vokes (Tulane

University), and especially Mr B. A. Marshall (National Muséum of New Zealand, Wellington) for

considérable éditorial work on the manuscript.

Source : MNHN, Paris

250,

251,

252,

253,

254,

Figs 250-254. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

C. peledi Vokes. Eilat, Red Sea, 65 mm (rh).

C. nobilis Shikama. Off Cebu 1., Philippines, 55.6 mm (holotype, kpm 3280).

C. rubescens (Broderip). ?Tahiti, 48 mm (rh).

C. ryukyuensis Shikama. Okinawa 1s, 33 mm (kpm 3281).

C. zululandensis Houart. North Zululand, South Africa, 31.5 mm (holotype, nm D8049).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 255-259. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

255, C. boucheti Houart. South of New Caledonia, 31.2 mm (holotype, mnhn).

256, C. subpalmatus Houart. South of New Caledonia, 30 mm (holotype, mnhn).

257, C. crosnieri Houart. South of Madagascar, 37 mm (holotype, mnhn).

258, C. rossiteri (Crosse). New Caledonia, 45.1 mm (mnhn).

259, C. paucifrondosus Houart. New Caledonia, off Grand Récif Sud, 28.7 mm (holotype, mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 260-264. — Subgenera C. (Triplex) and C. (Chicopinnatus), genus Chicomurex.

260, C. (Triplex) dovi Houart. Mombasa, Kenya, 77 mm (paratype, rh).

261, C. (T.) bourguignon (Poirier). Nossi-Bé, Madagascar, 81 mm(lectotype, mnhn).

262, C. (Chicopinnatus) orchidiflorus (Shikama). Tubuaï I., 25.8 mm (mnhn).

263, C. (C.) guillei (Houart). Off Réunion, 33.2 mm (holotype, mnhn).

264, Chicomurex turschi (Houart). Off Durangit, Papua New Guinea, 35.5 mm (paratype, rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 265-269. — Genus Chicomurex.

265, C. venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). Taiwan, 54 mm (rh).

266, C. problematicus (Lan). Philippines, 70 mm (rh).

267, C. lacinialus (Sowerby). Chesterfields, 38.5 mm (mnhn).

268^C- venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). OIT Cebu I., Philippines, 49.5 mm (holotype of Chicoreus gloriosus Shikama, kpm

269, C. elliscrossi (Fair). Wakayama, Japan, 73 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

147

Figs 270-273. Subgenus C. (Chicoreus).

270, C. ramosus (Linné). New Caledonia, 180 mm (rh).

271, C. austramosus Vokes. S. Africa, 65.2 mm (coll. Glass & Foster).

272, C. ramosus (Linné). Natal, South Africa, 107 mm (rh).

273, C. lit os Vokes. South Africa, 73 mm (coll. Glass & Foster).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 274-279. — Subgenus C. (Chicoreus).

274-275, C. virgineus (Rôding). 274, Dahlak, Red Sea, 73 mm (mnhn). 275, Sri Lanka, 53.5 mm (mnhn).

276, C. ramosus (Linné). New Caledonia, juvénile, 90 mm (mnhn).

277-278, C. cornucervi (Rôding). 277, West Australia, 78 mm (mnhn). 278, Arafura Sea, 87 mm (rh).

279, C. litos Vokes. North-east of Beira, Mozambique, 55.7 mm(holotype, NM G8656/T2130. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

149

Figs 280-285. — Subgenera C. (Chicoreus) and C. (Triplex).

280-281, C. (Chicoreus) bundharmai Houart. Banjarmasin, South Bornéo, 63.8 mm (holotype, mnhn).

282-285. C. (Triplex) torrefactus (Sowerby). 282, Philippines Is, 68.1 mm (lectotype of Murex rubiginosus Reeve, bmnh

197475). 283, locality unknown, 83.1 mm (lectotype of Murex affinis Reeve, bmnh 197499). 284, Papua New Guinea,

juvénile, 30.1 mm (mnhn). 285, Diego-Suarez, 76 mm (holotype of Murex rochebruni Poirier, mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

150

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 286-291. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

?? 6 ~ 287, o9 insu, “ rum (Püsbry). 286, off Waikiki, Oahu, 69 ram (holotype, ansp 47192. Courtesy of R. Robertson) 287

Hawaii, 86 mm (rh). 7 '

mourus (Broderip). 288, Anaa I., Tuamotu, 49 mm (lectotype, bmnh 197473). 289, Marquesas, 46.5 mm

n (holotype of Murex steeriae Reeve, UMZ, courtesy of umz). 291, Marquesas,

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

151

Figs 292-297. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

292, C. dovi Houart. Malindi, Kenya, 102 mm (holotype, irsnb 26656/402).

293-294. C. palmarosae (Lamarck). 293, Sri Lanka, 89 mm (rh). 294, Philippines, 97 mm (mnhn).

295, C. saulii (Sowerby). Philippines, 88 mm (mnhn).

296-297, C. torrefactus (Sowerby). 296, Broome area, West Australia, 45.2 mm (ams Cl06255). 297, Seychelles, (

(mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 298-305. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

298, C. mourus (Broderip). Gulf of California (erroneous), 82.3 mm(holotype of Murex mexicanus Stearns, usnm 46803.

Courtesy of J. Rosewater).

299-301, C. microphyllus (Lamarck). 299, ?New Caledonia, 58.9 mm (lectotype of Murex jousseaumei Poirier, mnhn.

Courtesy of P. Bouchet). 300, New Caledonia, 63.5 mm (lectotype of Murex poirieri Jousseaume, mnhn. Courtesy of

P. Bouchet). 301, Tryon I., Queensland, Australia, 32 mm (ams C106519).

303, C. saulii (Sowerby). Capul 1., Philippines, 75 mm (holotype umz, courtesy of R.J. Symonds).

304-305, C. strigatus (Reeve). 304, Ryukyu I., 40.8 mm (lectotype of Murex penchinati Crosse, bmnh 1896.12.1.5). 305,

Philippines, 32 mm (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CH1COREUS (MURICIDAE)

153

Figs 306-312. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

306-308. C. torrefactus (Sowerby). 306, Broome, West Australia, 90 mm (rh). 307, Madagascar, 76 mm (rh). 308, Papua

New Guinea, 86mm, orange (rh). „ . ...

309-313. C. microphyllus (Lamarck). 309, locality unknown, 61.2 mm (lectotype, mhng 1099/22. Photo J. Dajoz). 310,

North Queensland, Australia, 49.8 mm (ams Cl 16612). 311, Queensland, Australia, 32 mm (ams C106519). 312, New

Caledonia, juvénile, 24 mm (mnhn). 313, Papua New Guinea, 60 mm (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

154

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 314-321. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

314- 321 . C microphyllus (Lamarck). 314-315, off Keppel I„ Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia, 51 mm (holotvoe of

Chicoreus akritos Radwin & D Attiho, sdnhm 53173). 316, Queensland, Australia, 79 mm (coll. O Rippingale) P 317

LlUb/41). 320, Fiji, 40.5 mm (ams C67477). 321, Queensland, Australia, 58 mm, orange (rh). '

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

155

Figs 322-328. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

322-323. C. microphyllus (Lamarck). 322, Queensland. Australia, 89 mm (ams C106509). 323, Philippines, 40.5 mm (rh).

324-325. C. slrigalus (Reeve). 324, locality unknown, 20.5 mm (holotype of Murex multifrondosus Sowerby, mnhn). 325,

326-328"c.' paM H ou a ri. 326, Honiara, Guadalcanal I., Solomon Is, 43 mm (holotype, irsnb 26554/396). 327, Honiara,

Guadalcanal I., Solomon Is, 53.5 mm (holotype of Chicoreus kengaluae Mühlhâusser & Alf, zsm 1742. Courtesy of H.

Mühlhàusser). 328, Solomon Is, 52 mm, orange (coll. R. Isaacs).

Source : MNHN, Paris

156

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 329-337. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

329, C. rubescens (Broderip). Tuamotu, 30 mm (irsnb IG 10591).

330-335, C. trivialis (A. Adams). 330-331, locality unknown, 37.5 mm (lectotype, bmnh 1980136). 332, locality unknown,

24.1mm (paralectotype, BMNH 1980136). 333, Broome, West Australia, 42 mm (mnhn). 334, Cockatoo I., N.w!

Australia, 49.5 mm (mnhn). 335, Cockatoo I., N.W. Australia, 54 mm (rh).

336-337, C. axicornis (Lamarck). 336, Mozambique, 39.5 mm (mnhn). 337, Celebes, 60.5 mm (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

157

Figs 338-342. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

338-342, C. banksii (Sowerby). 338, Philippines, 69 mm (mn^)._339, 56^5 rr

Philippines, 49 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

158

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 343-347. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

C bemksii (Sowerby). North Queensland, Australia, 35.5 mm (mnhn).

C-bourguignaü (Poirier) 344, Seychelles, 55 mm (mnhn). 345, Mozambique Channel, 78.5 mm (rh).

346-347, C. brunneus (Link). 346, Indian Océan né» 3 mm i \^,r i->..

J. Dajoz). 347, Phuket, 80.5 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

159

Figs 348-355. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

348-355, C. brunneus (Link). 348, West Indies (erroneous), 53 mm (lectotype of Murex despeclus A. Adams, bmnh

1980135) 349, Australia, 44 mm (lectotype of Murex australiensis A. Adams, bmnh 1980130). 350, New Caledonia,

52 5 mm (mnhn). 351, Chesterfields, 32 mm (mnhn). 352, New Caledonia, juvénile, 26.5 mm (mnhn). 353, New

Caledonia, 49.5 mm (mnhn). 354, New Caledonia, 36 mm (mnhn). 355, Australia (no other data), 77.1 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

160

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 356-361. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

356-357, C. elisae Bozzetti. Off Capo Ras Hafun, Somalia, 24.2 mm (paratype, rh).

358, C. banksii (Sowerby). Anna Plains, West Australia, 45.9 mm (rh).

359, C. ryukyuensis Shikama. Okinawa Is, 37.9 mm (holotype, nsmt 60929. Courtesy of T. Okutani).

360, C. axicornis (Lamarck). Southwest Taiwan, 77 mm (holotype of Murex kawamurai Shikama, nsmt 61245. Courtesy

of T. Okutani).

361, C. cervicornis (Lamarck). Australia, 57 mm (holotype, mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

161

Figs 362-367. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

362-364, C. groschi Vokes. 362, South-West Conducia Bay, Mozambique, 62.3 mm (holotype nm H192/T2134. Courtesy

of E.H. Vokes). 363, Mozambique, 53 mm (coll. R. Isaacs). 364, Mozambique, 64.5 mm (coll. R. Isaacs)

365-367, C. cnissodus (Euthyme). 365, Taiwan, 86 mm (mnhn). 366, Sn Lanka, 79 mm (rh). 367, Taiwan, 87.1 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

162

ROLAND HOUART

Figs 368-373. — Subgenera C. (Triplex) and C. (Rhizophorimurex).

368, C. (Triplex) peledi Vokes. Eilat, Red Sea, 58.8 mm (holotype, huj 10129. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes).

369-373, C. (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus (Lamarck). 369, off Mapoon, Queensland, Australia, 55 mm (holotype of

Murex permaesius Hedley, ams C14130). 370, Philippines, 60.1 mm (mnhn). 371, Australia, 35 mm (holotype of Murex

bituberculatus Baker, cas 20702. Courtesy of R. Vasile). 372, locality unknown, 70.4 mm (holotype of Murex

quadrifrons Lamarck, mhng 1099/45. Photo J. Dajoz). 373, West Africa (erroneous), 54.9 mm (lectotype of Murex

lignarius A. Adams, bmnh 1985229).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

163

Figs 374-379. — Subgenera C. (Rhizophorimurex) and C. (Triplex).

374-375, C. (Rhizophorimurex) capucinus (Lamarck). 374, Philippines, 90 mm (mnhn). 375, North Queensland,

Australia, 59 mm (ams Cl 14069).

376, C. (Triplex) corrugatus corrugatus (Sowerby). Eilat, Red Sea, 46 mm (œil. R. Isaacs).

377-378, C. (Triplex) damicornis (Hedley). 377, Queensland, Australia, 42.5 mm (mnhn). 378, Locality unknown,

54 mm (rh).

379, C. (Triplex) denudaïus (Perry). Queensland, Australia, 45.5 mm (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

164

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Figs 380-383. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

380, C. dénudants (Perry). Sydney Harbour, 44.5 mm (holotype of Torvamurex extraneus Iredale, ams C60673).

381, C. damicornis (Hedley). Shoalhaven Bight, New South Wales, Australia, 55.5 mm (holotype, ams C16416).

382-383, C. territus (Reeve). 382, locality unknown, 52 mm (holotype, bmnh 198239). 383, New Caledonia, 22 mm

(mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

165

Figs 384-389. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

384, C. denudatus (Perry). New South Wales, Australia, 27.5 mm, juvénile (rh).

385-387, C. terriius (Reeve). 385, Queensland, Australia, 50 mm (ams Cl 13897). 386, Broome, West Australia (locality

doubtful), 52 mm (rh). 387, Queensland, Australia, 43.2 mm (rh).

388-389, C. thomasi (Crosse). 388, Marquesas Is, 45.5 mm (lectotype, bmnh 1902.5.28.53). 389, Marquesas, 39.8 mm

(irsnb IG 10591).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 390-398. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

390-393, C. longicornis (Dunker). 390, East Australia, 26°05' S, 42 mm (lectotype of Murex recticornis Kobelt, LM.

Courtesy of J. Boscheinen). 391, East Australia, 26°05' S, 35.2 mm (paralectotype of Murex recticornis Kobelt, zmb).

392, off Cape Moreton, Queensland, Australia, 42 mm (holotype of Poirieria kurranula Garrard, mv F21118. Courtesy

of S. Boyd). 393, Queensland, Australia, 39 mm (rh).

394, C. aculeatus (Lamarck). Wakayama, Japan, 52 mm (rh).

395, C. rossiteri (Crosse). New Caledonia, 26.5 mm (irsnb IG 10591).

396, C. crosnieri Houart. South of Madagascar, 28 mm (paratype, mnhn).

397, C. aculeatus (Lamarck). Philippines, 38 mm (Neotype, mnhn).

398, C. cloveri Houart. Mauritius, 23 mm (holotype, mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

167

Figs 399-405. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

399-400, C. boucheti Houart. 399, New Caledonia, 35 mm (mnhn). 400,New Caledonia, 37.5 mm (mnhn).

401-405, C. fosterorum Houart. 401-402, Mzamba, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa, 36.5 mm (holotype, nm 5343).

403-404, on Aliwal Shoal, south coast of Natal, South Africa, 41 mm (paratype, nm 5343/T 114). 405, on Aliwal Shoal,

south coast of Natal, South Africa, 46.5 mm (paratype 86-083, coll. Glass & Foster).

Source : MNHN, Paris

168

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Figs 406-408. — Subgenus C. (Chicopinnatus).

406-410, C. orchidiflorus (Shikama). 406, Taiwan, 40.2 mm (holotype, NSMT 60927. Courtesy of T. Okutani). 407,

northem-east Taiwan, 30 mm (holotype of Chicoreus sublilis Houart, irsnb IG 25708). 408, off Bohol I., Philippines,

33.6 mm (holotype of Pterynotus celinamarumai Kosuge, imt 80-55. Courtesy of S. Kosuge). 409, New Caledonia,

24 mm (ams C147586). 410, Philippines, 39.1 mm (rh).

411, C. guillei (Houart). Off Réunion, 29.5 mm (paratype, mnhn).

412-413, C. laqueatus (Sowerby). 412, Locality unknown, 30 mm (holotype, umz. Courtesy of A. D’Arnuo). 413,

Guam, 34 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

169

Figs 414-420. — Subgenus C. (Siratus).

414-415, C. alabaster (Reeve). 414, Philippines, 141 mm (rh). 415, Philippines, 66.8 mm, juvénile (rh).

416-420 C. pliciferoides Kuroda. 416, Philippines, 38 mm, juvénile (rh). 417, Philippines, 38.2 mm, juvénile (rh), 418,

Taiwan 131.2mm (mnhn). 419, Taiwan, 101.5mm (rh). 420, northern New Caledoma, 68 mm (mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

170

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Figs 421-427. — Genus Chicomurex.

421-423, C. laciniatus (Sowerby). 421, locality unknown, 53.2 mm (lectotype, bmnh 1974072. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes).

422, Philippines, 59.5 mm (mnhn). 423, North Queensland, Australia, 40.1 mm (AMS Cl 16622).

424, C. superbus (Sowerby). Coral Sea, 24°02' S, 159°38' E, 83.5 mm (mnhn).

425-426, C. venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). 425, Papua New Guinea, 34.5 mm (rh). 426, New Caledonia, 47 mm (coll.

Glass & Foster).

427, C. protoglobosus n.sp. Off S.W. New Caledonia, 30.1 mm, juvénile (holotype, mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

171

Figs 428-434. — Généra Chicomurex and Naquelia.

428-430, Chicomurex venustulus (Rehder & Wilson). 428, Philippines, 51.2 mm (rh). 429, Papua New Guinea, 39.6 ir

subfossil (mnhn). 430, Taiwan, 70.1 mm (rh). .

431-433, C. turschi (Houart). 431, South of New Caledonia, 13.1 mm, juvénile (mnhn). 432, Philippines, 37.5 mm (o

J. Colomb). 433, Ifaty Lagoon, Madagascar, 18.1 mm, juvénile (coll. J. Drivas).

434, Naquelia harclayi (Reeve). Philippines, 94.1 mm (rh).

Source : MNHN, Paris

172

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Figs 435-442. — Genus Naquetia.

435-436, N. fosteri D’Attilio & Hertz. Off Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, 92.2 mm (holotype, sdnhm 91996. Courtesy

of A. D’Attilio).

437-442, N. cumingii (A. Adams). 437-438, locality unknown, 37.2 mm (lectotype of Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822,

mhng 1099/55/1). 439, Philippines, 53 mm (mnhn). 440, Philippines, 18.5 mm, juvénile (coll. Glass & Foster). 441,

locality unknown, 39 mm (paralectotype of Murex trigonulus Lamarck, 1822, mhng 1099/35/2). 442, Seychelles, 42 mm

(mnhn).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CH1COREUS (MURICIDAE)

173

Figs 443-449. — Genus Naquetia.

443-445, N. cumingii (A. Adams). 443, Tulear, Madagascar, 40.1 mm (rh). 444, Dahlak, Red sea, 40 mm (rh). 445,

Madat I., Ethiopia, 50.5 mm (coll. D. Peled).

446-447, N. triqueier (Bom). 446, Papua New Guinea, 55.5 mm (mnhn).447, Philippines, 35.1 mm (holotype of Murex

roseotinctus Sowerby, bmnh 1974100).

448-449, N. vokesae (Houart). 448, Mozambique, 56.2 mm (rh). 449, South east Nacala Bay, northem Mozambique,

66 mm (holotype, nm H213. Courtesy of E.H. Vokes, specimen whitened).

Source : MNHN, Paris

174

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Figs 450-456. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

450-451, C. amblyceras (Tate). 450, Victoria, Australia, Miocene, 17.5 mm (lectotype, sam T428A). 451, Victoria,

Australia, Miocene, 24.9 mm (paralectotype, sam T428B).

452^453, C. basicinctus (Tate). 452, near Morgan, South Australia, Miocene, 35 mm (lectotype, SAM T417). 453,

Clifden Bank, Muddy Creek, Victoria, Australia, Miocene, 32 mm (mv 112058-62).

454-456, C. cf. amblyceras. 454, Balcombe Bay, Fossil Beach, Momington, Victoria, Australia, Miocene, 28.1 mm (mv

112039-43). 455-456. Same locality, 29.8 mm (mv 112039-43).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CH1COREUS (MURICIDAE)

175

Figs 457-464. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

457-459, C. syngenes Finlay. 457-458, Clifden, New Zealand, Miocene, 31.1 mm (holotype, aim tm-164). 459, Calamity

Point, Sandstone, Clifden, New Zealand, Miocene, 46 mm (nzgs 10344).

460-461, C. cf. komilicus. Pakaurangi Pt., Kaipara Harbour, 41.5 mm (nzgs 1161).

462, C. timorensis (Tesch). Timor, Miocene, 63 mm (holotype, mgm 13886. Courtesy of Chr. Maugenest).

463-464, C. naricus (Vredenburg). Nari, India, ?01igocene, 38 mm (holotype, gsi 12571. Courtesy of S.C. Shah).

Source : MNHN, Paris

Figs 465-474. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

465-467, C. baiavianus (Martin). 465-466, Batavia, Java, Indonesia.Miocene, 33 ram (lectotype, RML 9689). 467, same

locality, 42 mm (paralectotype, rml 9686).

468, C. komiticus (Suter). Kaipara Harbour, North Auckland, New Zealand, Lower Miocene, natural size (holotype

OM C16.46. Courtesy of J.D. Campbell).

469-471, C.juitingae (Beets). 469-470, Bornéo, Miocene, 34 mm (holotype, rml 312.451). 471, same locality, 21.5 mm

(paratype, rml 312.453).

472-473, C. tateiwai Hatai & Kotaka. Hamukyon-pukuton, Heiroku formation, Korea, Lower Miocene, 31.2 mm

(holotype, igps 74352).

474, C. karangensis (Martin). Djilintung, Java, Indonesia, Miocene, 16 mm (lectotype, rml 9683).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CH1COREUS (MURICIDAE)

177

Figs 475-480. — Subgenus C. (Triplex).

475-476, C. lawsi (Maxwell). Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, Lower Miocene, 27 mm (holotype,

nzgs tm 4912, from Maxwell, 1971, with author’s permission).

477-478, C. rutteni (Beets). Hill near Sekoerau, East Bornéo, Pliocène, 44.5 mm (holotype, rml 113.166).

479-480, C. lundeliusae Ludbrook. Roe Plain, South Australia, Early Pleistocene, 83.7 mm (holotype, wam 70.1137.

Courtesy of F. Wells).

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

179

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Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

185

INDEX

Species names printed in italics are the valid species with the here adopted combination. Other référencés, including

objective or subjective synonyms, preoccupied names, nomen nudum, nomen dubium, are printed in boldfaces. Species names

preceded by an asterisk are fossils.

abortiva. Triplex 13

Acanthina 34

aculeata Aranea 96

aculeatus, Chicoreus 78, 94, 100

aculeatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 95, 100

aculeatus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 36, 48, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101,

102, 103, 104, 166

aculeatus, Murex 78, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102

aculeatus, Murex (Chicoreus) 94

aculeatus, Murex (Chicoreus) axicornis 95, 100

aculeatus Muricites 96

adustus, Chicoreus 72, 73

adustus, Murex 72, 158

affinis, Murex 55, 56, 57, 58, 149

akritos, Chicoreus 59, 154

aiabaster, Chicoreus (Siratus) 23, 109, 110, 169

alabaster. Murex 109

aiabaster, Murex (Siratus) 109

alabaster, Siratus 109

* aliénai, Chicoreus (Triplex) 134, 135, 138

•altenai, Murex 134

amanuensis, Murex (Chicoreus) triqueter var. 128

*amblyceras, Chicoreus (Triplex) 24, 135, 136, 137, 174

•amblyceras. Murex 135

anguliferus, Murex 44, 45

annadalei Naquetia 126

annandalei, Naquetia 126, 127, 128, 130, 131

annandalei, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 126, 130

annandalei, Murex 127, 130

annandalei, Pteronotus 127, 128, 130

aranea, Murex 40

Area 34

argyna, Murex 52

artemis, Chicoreus 95, 96, 102

artemis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 95, 100

artemis, Murex 95, 100

artemis, Murex (Chicoreus) 95, 102

asianus, Chicoreus 36, 37

asianus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 36, 37, 38, 39

asianus, Murex 37

asianus, Murex (Chicoreus) 37

australiensis, Murex 72, 73, 86, 159

australis. Murex 84, 85, 86

austramosus, Chicoreus 38

austramosus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 15, 38, 39, 147

axicornis, Chicoreus 67, 69

axicornis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 67, 69

axicornis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 17, 43, 44, 47, 67, 68, 136,

156, 160

axicornis, Euphyllon 67, 69

axicornis, Murex 41, 67, 68, 69

axicornis, Murex (Chicoreus) 67, 69

banksi, Chicoreus 69

banksii, Chicoreus 69, 70, 107

banksii, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 69, 70

banksii, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 18, 28, 47, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,

72, 73, 77, 95, 157, 158, 160

banksii. Murex 69, 70, 107

banksii. Murex (Chicoreus) 69

barclayi, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 126, 127, 130

barclayi. Murex 126, 127, 129

barclayi. Murex (Latirus) 126

barclayi, Murex (Naquetia) 126

barclayi, Naquetia 21, 126, 128, 131, 171

barclayi, Pterynotus 126

barcleyi, Murex (Naquetia) 126

*basicinctus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 24, 135, 136, 174

*basicinctus, Murex 136

*batavianus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 136, 137, 176

*batavianus, Murex 136

benedictinus, Chicoreus 56, 58, 79

benedictinus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 56, 82

benedictinus, Murex 55, 56, 57, 58, 79, 80

bitubercularis, Murex 106, 107, 109, 162

*bomi Murex 140

boucheti, Chicoreus 88, 89, 92

boucheli, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 25, 28, 48, 88, 93, 137, 144,

167

bourguignon, Chicoreus (Triplex) 18, 47, 69, 70, 72, 76, 145,

158

bourguignati, Murex 70

brevifrons, Chicoreus (Triplex) 37, 38, 44

brevifrons, Murex 38

brunnea, Chicoreus 64, 73

brunnea Purpura 64, 72, 73

brunneus, Chicoreus 73

brunneus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 73

brunneus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brunneus 73

brunneus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 18, 25, 28, 44, 47, 61, 66,

72, 74, 77, 109, 140, 158, 159

brunneus, Murex (Chicoreus) 72

bundharmai, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 15, 39, 40, 149

cancellata, Purpura 131

capuchinus. Murex 35

capucina, Naquetia 107

capucina. Purpura 13

capucinus, Chicoreus 106, 107

capucinus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 107

capucinus, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 106

capucinus, Chicoreus ( Rhizophorimurex) 13, 19, 25, 28, 69,

106, 108, 109, 137, 162, 163

capucinus. Murex 106, 107, 108

capucinus, Murex (Naquetia) 107

capucinus, Naquetia 106

cameola, Purpura 13, 56

cameolus, Chicoreus 56

castaneus. Murex 106, 107, 109

celinamarumai, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 114

Source : MNHN, Paris

186

ROLAND HOUART

celinamarumai, Pterynotus 114, 115, 168

cerinamarumai, Chicoreus 114

cerinamarumai, Pterynotus 114

cervicornis, Chicoreus 89

cervicomis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 29

cervicornis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 48, 89, 91, 137, 160

cervicomis, Euphyllon 89

cervicomis. Murex 89

cervicornis, Murex (Euphyllon) 89

cervicomis, Murex (Murex) 89

Chicomurex 1, 2, 25, 115, 116, 120, 121, 125, 140

Chicopinnatus 1, 2, 35, 36, 112

Chicoreus 1, 2, 13, 25, 34, 35, 36, 46, 58, 73, 92, 106, 109,112,

113, 115, 125, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140

cloveri, Chicoreus 96

cloveri, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 35, 36, 48, 96, 97, 99, 166

cnissodus, Chicoreus 78

cnissodus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 78

cnissodus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 19, 47, 78, 79, 95, 161

cnissodus, Murex 78

cnissodus, Murex (Chicoreus) 78

colpos. Murex 51, 52

consuela, Chicoreus (Siratus) 127

consuela Murex 128, 131

comucervi, Chicoreus 41

cornucervi, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 1, 40, 41, 148

comucervi, Euphyllon 41

comucervi. Murex 41

cornucervi. Murex (Chicoreus) 41

comucervi, Murex (Euphyllon) 41

cornucervi, Purpura 34, 40

comucervi. Triplex 69

comudama, Purpura 13

corrugatus, Chicoreus 81

corrugatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 81

corrugatus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus 19, 47, 81, 82, 163

corrugatus, Murex 81

crocatus, Chicoreus 69, 70

crocatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 69

crocatus, Murex 69, 70

crocatus, Murex (Chicoreus) 69

crosnieri, Chicoreus 98

crosnieri, Chicoreus (Triplex) 21, 36, 48, 98, 99, 105, 144, 166

cumingii Chicoreus (Naquetia) 128

cumingii, Murex 128, 129, 132

cumingii, Naquetia 21, 22, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 172, 173

cyacantha. Murex 45, 46

damicomis, Chicoreus 83, 84

damicornis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 83

damicomis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 19, 47, 83 135, 136, 163, 164

damicornis, Euphyllon 83

damicornis, Murex 83

damicomis, Murex (Chicoreus) 83

damicornis, Torvamurex 83

*dennanti, Chicoreus (Triplex) 23, 135, 136

*dennanti, Murex 136

denudata. Triplex 34, 81, 84, 85

denudatus, Chicoreus 81, 84, 86

denudatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 84

denudatus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 14, 19, 47, 82, 83, 84, 85, 135,

138, 163, 164, 165

denudatus. Murex (Chicoreus) 86

denudatus, Torvamurex 84

despectus. Murex 72, 73, 74, 159

dovi, Chicoreus 48

dovi, Chicoreus (Triplex) 16, 35, 47, 48, 49, 145, 151

•dujardini, Murex 34

elisae, Chicoreus 75

elisae, Chicoreus (Triplex) 47, 75, 160

elliscrossei, Chicomurex 116

elliscrossi, Chicomurex 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 146

elliscrossi, Chicoreus 116

elliscrossi, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) 116

elliscrossi, Murex 116

elliscrossi, Siratus 116

elongata. Purpura 13

elongatus. Murex 37, 38

erithrostomus. Murex 72, 73

erythraeus, Murex 45

ethiopius, Chicoreus 82

ethiopius, Chicoreus corrugatus 82

ethiopius, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrugatus 47, 56, 58, 81, 82, 83

Euphyllon 34, 84

extraneus, Chicoreus 84

extraneus, Torvamurex 84, 85, 164

falsinii, Chicoreus 83, 84

ferrugo, Murex 44, 46

fiatus, Murex (Pirtus) 34

filialis, Chicoreus 117, 118, 119

filiaris, Chicoreus 117, 118

flavicundus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) brunneus 73

flavicunda, Triplex 72, 73, 74

flexuosa. Triplex 125, 131

foliatus, Triplex 34, 52

fortispinna. Murex 43

fosteri, Naquetia 21, 127, 128, 130, 131, 172

fosterorum, Chicoreus 99, 100

fosterorum, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 36, 48, 99, 167

frondosa, Triplex 84, 85

Frondosaria 34

frondosus, Murex 43

fusiformis, Purpura 43

gloriosus, Chicoreus 124

groschi, Chicoreus 70, 76

groschi, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 76

groschi, Chicoreus (Triplex) 18, 47, 65, 70, 75, 76, 77, 161

guillei, Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) 23, 112, 113, 145, 168

guillei Pterynotus 112

guillei, Pterynotus (Pterynotus) 112

hirasei, Siratus 110, 111

huttoniae, Chicoreus 59, 73

huttoniae, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 59, 73

huttoniae, Chicoreus brunneus var. 73

huttoniae, Murex 59, 72, 73, 74

immunitus, Torvamurex 84, 85, 86

incamata, Purpura 43

inflata, Frondosaria 34

inflatus. Murex 43, 44

insularum Chicoreus 50

insularum, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 50, 51

insularum, Chicoreus (Triplex) 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 150

insularum. Murex 51

insularum, Murex torrefactus 50

jickelii, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 128

jickelii, Murex 128, 129

jickelii Naquetia 128

jickelii, Pterynotus (Naquetia) 128

jousseaumei. Murex 59, 60, 152

*juttingae, Chicoreus (Triplex) 24, 137, 176

*juttingae, Murex (Chicoreus) 137

*karangensis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 137, 176

*karangensis, Murex 137

kawamurai, Chicoreus 67

kawamurai. Murex 67, 68

•kendengensis, Chicoreus 140

*kendengensis, Chicomurex 140, 141

kengaluae, Chicoreus 60, 61, 62, 155

kilburni, Chicoreus 52, 56, 57, 58

kilburni, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 55, 56

*komiticus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 137, 175, 176

*komiticus, Murex zelandicus var. 137

kurranula, Poirieria 91, 166

Source : MNHN, Paris

INDO-WEST PACIFIC CHICOREUS (MURICIDAE)

187

lacinialus, Chicomurex 23, 30, 117, 118, 121, 124, 146, 170

laciniatus, Chicoreus 116, 118, 119

laciniatus, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) 118

laciniatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 118

laciniatus. Murex 116, 117, 118, 128, 129

laciniatus. Murex (Phyllonotus) 118

laciniatus, Naquetia 118

laciniatus, Naquetia cf. 116, 118

laciniatus, Phyllonotus 118, 128

laciniatus, Siratus 118

lactuca, Purpura 13

laqueata, Marchia 113

laqueata. Murex (Marchia) 113

laqueata, Naquetia 113

laqueatus, Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) 113, 168

laqueatus, Murex 113

laqueatus, Pterynotus 113

*lawsi, Chicoreus (Triplex) 137, 177

*lawsi, Murex 137, 138

lignarius. Murex 106, 107, 108, 109, 162

litos, Chicoreus 42, 148

litos, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 15, 42, 43, 67, 147

longicomis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 91

longicornis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 14, 20, 48, 89, 91, 92, 166

longicornis, Euphyllon 91

longicornis, Murex 91, 92

longicornis. Murex (Chicoreus) 89, 91

longicomis, Murex (Murex) 91

*lophoessus, Chicomurex 24, 140

•lophoessus, Murex 140, 141

*lundeliusae, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 138

"lurdeliusae, Chicoreus (Triplex) 138, 177

maurus, Chicoreus 51, 55, 86, 87

maurus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 51, 55

maurus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 15, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 150,

152

maurus, Murex 51, 55

maurus, Murex (Chicoreus) 51, 55

mexicanus, Murex 50, 52, 152

mexicanus, Murex (Chicoreus) palma-rosae 51

microphyllus, Chicoreus 56, 59, 64

microphyllus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 56, 59

microphyllus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 14, 16, 17, 26, 35, 47,

48, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 73, 134, 136, 139, 140, 152,

153, 154, 155

microphyllus. Murex 56, 59, 64

microphyllus. Murex (Chicoreus) 59, 64

monodon. Murex 34, 40

multifrondosus, Chicoreus 64

multifrondosus, Murex 63, 64, 65, 155

Murex 24, 92, 138

Naquetia 1, 2, 25, 115, 125

*naricus, Chicoreus (Triplex), 138, 175

*naricus. Murex (Haustellum) 138

nobilis, Chicoreus 100

nobilis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 100

nobilis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 21, 25, 29, 36, 48, 94, 95, 97, 99,

100, 101, 102, 103, 143

nubilis, Murex 86

oligacanthus, Murex 72, 73, 74

orchidifloris, Chicoreus 114

orchidifloris. Murex 114

orchidiflorus, Chicoreus (Chicopinnatus) 23, 31, 113,114, 145,

168

orchidiflorus, Chicoreus 114

orchidiflorus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 114

orchidiflorus, Pterynotus 35, 114

orchidiformis, Pterynotus 114

orientalis, Chicoreus 36, 38

paini, Chicoreus 60

paini, Chicoreus (Triplex) 17, 27, 47, 60, 61, 62, 155

palmarosae, Chicoreus 53

palmarosae, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 53

palmarosae, Chicoreus (Triplex) 14, 16, 44, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54,

55, 151

palmarosae. Murex 34, 52, 54

palmarosae, Murex (Chicoreus) 53

palmiferus, Chicoreus 56, 81

palmiferus, Murex 56, 84

palmiferus, Murex (Chicoreus) 84

paucifrondosus, Chicoreus 92

paucifrondosus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 38, 92, 93, 144

peledi, Chicoreus 58, 79, 80

peledi, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 79

peledi, Chicoreus (Triplex) 47, 56, 79, 143, 162

penchinati, Chicoreus 59, 64, 140

penchinati, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 64

penchinati, Murex 59, 63, 64, 65, 152

penchinati. Murex (Chicoreus) 64

permaestus, Chicoreus 107

permaestus. Murex 106, 107, 109, 162

permaestus, Pterynotus (Naquetia) 107

philippensis, Typhis 136

Phyllonotus 25, 123, 124

Pirtus 34

pliciferoides, Chicoreus 110

pliciferoides, Chicoreus (Siratus) 23, 29, 110, 111, 169

pliciferoides, Murex 110

pliciferoides, Murex (Siratus) 110

pliciferoides, Siratus 110

pliciferus. Murex 110

poirieri, Murex 59, 152

pomum, Phyllonotus 25

ponderosus, Murex 45, 46

ponderosus, Murex (Chicoreus) anguliferus 45

Potamididae 96

problematica ( Chicomurex) 119

problematicum, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus 119

problematicum, Phyllonotus superbus 119

problematicus Chicomurex 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 146

problematicus, Chicoreus superbus 119

problematicus, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) superbus 119

propinquus, Murex 110, 111

propinquus, Murex (Siratus) pliciferoides 110

protoglobosus, Chicomurex 1, 23, 31, 120, 121, 170

Pterynotus 1, 11, 36, 113

quadrifrons, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 106

quadrifrons. Murex 106, 107, 108, 109, 162

quadrifrons, Murex (Phyllonotus) 106

ramosus, Chicoreus 34, 43

ramosus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 15, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 138,

147, 148

ramosus, Murex 11, 34, 43, 44

ramosus. Murex (Chicoreus) 43

recticomis, Chicoreus 91

recticornis. Murex 91, 166

recticomis. Murex (Chicoreus) 91

Rhizophorimurex 1, 2, 35, 106

rochebruni. Murex 55, 56, 57, 58, 149

rosana, Purpura 13

rosaria. Triplex 52

rosarium Purpura 52

rosarius, Chicoreus 53

rosarius, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 53

rosarius Chicoreus (Triplex) 53

roseotinctus, Murex 131, 173

rossiteri, Chicoreus 95, 101, 102

rossiteri, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 100, 102

rossiteri, Chicoreus (Triplex) 21, 25, 29, 36, 48, 94, 95, 99,

102, 103, 104, 105, 144, 166

rossiteri. Murex 102

rossiteri, Murex (Chicoreus) 102

Source : MNHN, Paris

188

ROLAND HOUART

rubescens, Chicoreus 62

rubescens, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 59

rubescens, Chicoreus (Triplex) 19, 47, 62, 63, 75, 143, 156

rubescens, Murex 59, 62

rubescens, Murex (Chicoreus) 62

rubicunda, Triplex 72, 73

rubicundus, Chicoreus 72

rubicundus, Murex (Chicoreus) 72

rubiginosus, Chicoreus 56, 58

rubiginosus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 56

rubiginosus. Murex 55, 56, 57, 58, 149

rudis, Purpura 44

*rutteni, Chicoreus (Triplex) 138, 177

*rutteni, Murex (Phyllonotus) 138

ryosukei, Chicoreus 69, 77

ryosukei, Chicoreus (Triplex) 21, 35, 47, 69, 71, Tl, 78, 104,

105

ryukyuensis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 36, 48, 77, 99, 100,104, 105,

143, 160

saltatrix, Chicoreus 102, 104

saltatrix, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 102

sauliae, Murex (Chicoreus) maurus 53, 54

saulii, Chicoreus 54, 56

saulii, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 54

saulii, Chicoreus (Triplex) 16, 47, 49, 51, 54, 151, 152

saulii, Murex 54, 56

saulii, Murex (Chicoreus) 54

scabra, Purpura 72, 73

scabrosus. Murex 117, 118

senegalensis, Murex 35

sinensis. Murex 36, 37, 38

sirat. Purpura 35

Siratus 1, 2, 35, 46, 109, 138

steeriae (Chicoreus) 51

steeriae, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 51

steeriae. Murex 51, 52, 150

strigatus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 64

strigatus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 17, 26, 47, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65,

73, 140, 152, 155

strigatus, Murex 63, 64, 65

subtilis, Chicoreus 114, 115, 168

subpalmatus, Chicoreus 92

subpalmatus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 29, 48, 92, 93, 94, 144

superbus, Chicomurex 22, 31, 116, 117, 119,121, 122, 124, 170

superbus, Chicoreus 121, 124

superbus, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) 121

superbus, Murex 115, 116, 118, 119, 121

superbus. Murex (Phyllonotus) 121

superbus, Phyllonotus 116, 118, 119, 121

superbus, Siratus 119, 121

supersus, Murex (Chicoreus) 121

•syngenes, Chicoreus 139

*syngenes, Chicoreus (Triplex) 137, 139, 175

•tateiwai, Chicoreus 139

*tateiwai, Chicoreus (Triplex) 139, 140, 176

territus, Chicoreus 86

territus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 86

territus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 19, 47, 84, 86, 87, 135, 164, 165

territus, Murex 86

thomasi, Chicoreus 86

thomasi, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 86

thomasi, Chicoreus (Triplex) 19, 47, 86, 88, 139, 165

thomasi, Murex 86

*timorensis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 138, 139, 175

*timorensis. Murex 139

tirondus, Murex 13, 82

torrefactus, Chicoreus 51, 55, 56

torrefactus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 56

torrefactus, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 16, 25, 27, 35, 47, 48, 49,

51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 73, 80, 81, 108, 109, 149, 151,

153

torrefactus, Murex 51, 55, 57, 58

torrefactus, Murex (Chicoreus) 55

Torvamurex 34

*totomiensis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 139

*totomiensis, Murex 139

trigonula, Naquetia 128

trigonulus Chicoreus (Naquetia) 128

trigonulus, Murex 128, 129, 131, 132, 172

trigonulus, Murex (Pteronotus) 127, 129, 130

trigonulus, Naquetia 128

trigonulus, Pterynotus (Naquetia) 128

Triplex 1, 2, 25, 34, 46, 86, 125, 134, 137

triqueter, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 131, 133

triqueter. Murex 125, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133

triqueter, Murex (Naquetia) 131

triqueter, Murex (Pteronotus) 128, 131

triqueter, Naquetia 21, 31, 128, 131 132, 133, 173

triqueter, Pterynotus 128, 131

triqueter, Pterynotus (Naquetia) 128, 131

triquetor, Pterynotus 131, 133

triquetra, Chicoreus (Naquetia) 131

triquetra, Naquetia 131, 133

trivialis, Chicoreus 65

trivialis, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 64, 65, 76

trivialis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 13, 14,47, 61, 62, 65, 66, 75, 77,

_ ï 5ô

trivialis, Murex 64, 65, 76

tubulatus. Murex 13

turschi, Chicomurex 22, 30, 120, 123, 124, 145, 171

turschi, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) 123

Tympanotos 96

variegata, Murex 13

variegata, Purpura 131

venustulus, Chicomurex 22, 30, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 124,

125, 146, 170, 171

venustulus, Chicoreus 124

venustulus, Chicoreus (Chicomurex) 124

venustulus, Siratus 124

versicolor, Murex 72, 73, 74

vicdani, Siratus 110, 111

virgineus, Chicoreus 45

virgineus, Chicoreus (Chicoreus) 15, 27, 44, 45, 46, 139, 148

virgineus. Murex (?Siratus) 45

virgineus, Purpura 44

virgineus, ?Siratus 45

vokesae, Chicoreus (Naquetia) triquiter 132, 133

vokesae, Naquetia 22, 131, 133, 134, 173

zululandensis, Chicoreus 105

zululandensis, Chicoreus (Triplex) 20, 36, 48, 99, 105, 106,

143

Source : MNHN, Paris

ACHEVÉ D’iMPRIMER

EN OCTOBRE 1992

SUR LES PRESSES

L’IMPRIMERIE F. PAILLART

À ABBEVILLE

Date de distribution : 20 octobre 1992.

Dépôt légal légal : octobre 1992.

N° : d’impression : 8096.

Source : MNHN, Paris

13 NOM- 1932

Source : MNHN, Paris

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