THE
NAUTILUS.
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS.
VOL. XIII.
MAY, 1899, to APRIL, 190O.
PHILADELPHIA :
Published by H. A.PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XIII.
INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.
Abalone flshery in California ...... 81
Agassiz Association Department .... 23,34,59
Amnicola Johnsoni Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . . '21
Amnicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . .20
Amnicolidffi from Florida . . . . . 20
Amnicoloid, a new N.-E. Australian . . . . .144
Arion fasciatus Nils, in America ...... 9
Arizona and New Mexico, Collecting in . . ...13
Ashmunella thomsoniana portene Pilsbry and Cockercll,
n. v. .... . ... 49
Aspidoporus, Dr. liabor's rediscovery of . . . .32
Bifidaria armifera var. ruidosensis Cockerell, n. v. . . 36
California, collecting in Southern . . . . .28
California, mollusks collected by R. C. McGregor in northern 64
Calliostoma Veliei Pilsbiy, n. sp. ..... 128
Canandaigua Lake Region of New York, Mollusca of . .87
Capulus Californicus Dall., n. sp. .... .100
Chitons from the Pliocene of the Caloosahatchie River,
Florida 130
Chlorostoma Hidalgoi Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . .111
Chlorostoma Orbignyanum Pilsbry, n. sp. .... Ill
Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb. . . . . . .110
Chlorostoma of Southern and Eastern Patagonia . .110
Chondropoma Martensiamun Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . 140
Clausilire of Celebes, note on the . . . . .86
Cochlicopa lubrica in Alaska .... 12
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Conulus coroicanus Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .17
Correspondence ......... 83
Corrosion of shells in cabinets ...... 122
Donax stultorum Mawe vs. Cytherea crassatelloides Conr. . 73
Dredging in San Diego Bay ...... 101
Dredging off San Pedro ....... 27
Epipbragmophora andivaga Ancey, n. sp. . . . .18
Epiphragmopbora Bowersi Bryant, n. sp. .... 122
Epipbragmophora fidelis Gray ...... 25
Epiphragrnophora Harperi Bryant, n. sp. .... 143
Epiphragmophora mormonum buttoni Pilsbry, n. v. . . 128
Epiphragmophora mormonuni cala Pilsbry, n. v. . . . 128
Epiphragmophora Turtoni Ancey, n. sp. . . . .18
Field notes and reminiscences . . . . . .115
Florida, Collecting on the Gulf Coast of . . . .52
Florida, Notes on some land shells of Western . . . 141
Gastrodonta demissa var. lamellata Pilsbry, n. v. . . 107
General notes . . . 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 70, 84, 117, 129
Glandina truncata var, minor Pilsbry, n. v. . . . .46
Gonibasis acutililosa siskiyouensis Pilsbry, n. v. . . . 65
Hartman, William D. (with portrait, pi. I) . . . .61
Helix hortensis at Rockport. Mass., variations of . . 32
Land shells of Berks Co., Pennsylvania . . . .70
Limax coccineus Gistel ....... 117
Lithasia obovata, changes with growth of . . . .97
Lucidella Foxi Pilsbry, n. sp 56
Lucidella trochiformis Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . .56
Maine, List of Shells from Northeastern . . . 102, 118
Manitoba, List of Land and Freshwater Shells of . . 1
Margaritana margaritifera var. falcata from a tunnel . . 130
Mexican shells, notes on some southern . . . .139
Miami, Florida, Annotated List of land and freshwater shells 43
Modiola plicatula in San Francisco Bay .... 86
Mollusca associated with the Mastodon . . 34, 55, 100
Mollusks of Lily Cash Creek, Illinois 30
Myoforceps aristatus Dillwyn, from California . . . 131
New Mexican Shells, Notes on some . . . . .79
Ostnea, Origin of the mutations of . . . . .91
Owasco Lake, N. Y., notes on the mollusca of . . .57
THE NAUTILUS. V
Pachychilus vulneratus . . . . . . .139
Paludestrina monas Pilsbry, n. sp 21
Petricola denticulata, note on . . . . . .121
Philomycus lactiformis (Blainvillc) 24
Physa cubensis in Florida . . . . . . .70
Pisidia new to our country and new species ... 9
Pisidium amnicum Mull. ....... 9
Pisidium boreale Sterki n. n. (for septentnonale Prime pre-
occupied) ....... .12
Pisidium contortum Prime 10,59
Pisidium handwerki Sterki, n. sp 90
Pisidium henslowianum Shep. ...... 9
Pisidium medianum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .10
Pisidium medianum var. minutum Sterki n. var. . . .11
Pisidium milium Held 10, 59
Planorbis corpulentus Say ....... 133
Planorbis crista var. cristata Drap. in Maine . . 59, 105
Planorbis opercularis var. multilineatus Yanatta . . 48
Planorbis rubellus Sterki and P. Harni Pilsbry . . .51
Polyg}rra, new southwestern form of . . . . .37
Polygyra appressa, notes on ...... 54
Polygyra auriculata in Western Florida . . . .118
Polygyra binneyana Pilsbry, n. sp 38, 60
Polygyra caloosaensis Johnson, n. sp. Pliocene (illustrated) 07
Polygyra divesta indianorum Pilsbry, n. var. . . . 39
Polygyra dorfeuilliana var. percostata Pilsbry, n. var. . 37
Polygyra monodon var. friersoni Pilsbry, n. var. . . 36
Polygyra neglecta Pilsbry, n. sp. ..... 40
Polygyra tridontoides [= texasiana — ED.] in New Mexico . 84
Polygyra uvulifera var. bicornuta, n. var. .... 107
Pomatia aspersa in California ...... 60
Pyramidula alternata, notes on two varieties of . . . 41
Pyramidula alternata var. costata Lewis . . . .41
Pyramidula alternata var. rarinotata Pils., n. var. . .114
Publications received . .... 71,84,119,131
Purpura coronata Lam. in America ..... 130
Rhode Island, Collection of Fresh-water shells from . .112
Rumina decollata, some notes on . . . . .117
Shells collected at Oakdale, Morgan Co., Tenn. . . .70
VI THE NAUTILUS.
.
Shells and Mastodon . . . . . . 34, 55, 100
Sigaretus oldroydii, notes on . . . . .85
Stepbanoda Iheringi Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .17
Stephanoda latastei Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .17
Strobilops liubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry, n. var. . . .46
Stroinbus, attempt to define the natural groups of . 76, 93
Thomson, John H. (Biographical note) .... 113
Thysanophora hornii Gabb ....... 98
Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, Natural History of . . 19
Turritellidiv, Viviparous Miocene . . . . .68
Unios of the Sabine River 79
Unionida? in a tunnel ........ 130
Unio conjugans Wright, n. sp. . . . . . .89
Unio Danielsii Wright, n. sp 31
Unio dispalans Wright, n. sp 50
Unio Hagleri Frierson, n. sp. (Plate 11.) .... 109
Unio Harperi Wright, n. sp 6
Unio Kingii Wright, n. sp. . . . . . . .138
Unio polymorphic Wright, n. sp. . . . . 42
Unio rotulatus Wright, n. sp. . . . . . .22
Unio (Lampsilis) Rovirosai Pilsbry, n. sp. . . .140
Unio singularis A\r right, n. sp. . . . . . .75
Unio Tinker! Wright, n. sp 7
Unio unicostatus Wright, n. sp 69
Veronicella, notes on Jamaican . . . . . .131
Viviparous miocene Turritellidae . . . . .68
Zonitidre collected by J. H. Ferriss in Arkansas and the
Choctaw Nation ..... . 107
Zunitoides neornexicanus Cockerell A: Pilsbry, n. sp. . . 114
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.
Aneey, C. F 17
Ashmun, Rev. E. H . . 13
Baker, Frank C 30,57,112
Burns, Frank 68
Button, Fred. L 130, 131
Bryant, F. W. . . . 122, 143
Chadwick, G. H .54, 76, 93
Clapp, Geo. H. . . 41,70
Cockerell, T. D. A 32,36,49,84,117
Collinge, Walter E. . . . ... 9
Dall, Wra. H. . . . . 82,85,91,100,121
Frierson, Lorraine S. . . . . . . .79, 109
Hanham, A. W. ......... 1
Johnson, C. W . (17,117,180,141
Kenclig, Rev. A. B. . . 113
Keep, Josiah ......... 60
Kelsey, F. W. . . . . 101
King, Mrs. E. H. .... 23
Lowe, H. N. .' . . . . . 27
Mitchell, C. F. . . . 87
Nylander, Olof O. . . . '59,102,118
Pilsbry, Henry A. 20, 32, 87, 49, 51, 56, 64, 70, 79, 98, 107, 110,
114, 128, 131, 139, 144
Post, E. J ... 51
Randolph, P. B. . . .25
Rhoads, Samuel N. . . . . . . .43
Smith, W. Hilles . . . .34
Stearns, R. E. C. . . .8,19,73,81,86,100,115
Sterki, V. ... . 9, 90
Sykes, E. R. . . 86
Yanatta, E. G .48
Walker, Bryant . . . . . . 55, 97, 133
Wright, Berlin H. 6, 22, 31, 42, 50, 69, 75, 89, 13S
(vii)
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. MAY, 1899. No. 1.
A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MANITOBA.
BY A. W. HAN1IAM, WINNIPEG, MAN.
When I commenced collecting here in 1894, my enthusiasm was
soon checked by the dearth of land shells, in which, since I first col-
lected, I have been particularly interested. In fresh- water species
things were different, as this list shows, but I have never felt the
same interest in them, and my work here, as far as they are con-
cerned, lias been half-hearted, and I have done nothing at all during
the past two seasons. Under these circumstances, I have thought it
advisable to publish this list before my records get lost or destroyed.
The most striking feature here (even after Quebec) was the utter
absence of all the larger species of land shells (with the exception of
the Succineas), and the scarcity of even the small kinds which have
been taken. However, I am still impressed with the idea that some
few of the larger species may occur, rarely perhaps, in the well-
wooded districts lying in the extreme east, southeast and northeast
of the Province. The country I have worked here has been mostly
prairie, even though swampy or wooded in places, and really almost
the only localities worth exploring are the river " bottoms." Water
shells, especially by contrast, are quite conspicuous; the sand dredged
from the Red river for building purposes contains a mass of Sphreria,
and along the river banks the large valves of Uniones are very notice-
able. The raihvay ditches and sluices, which are generally dry early
in the summer, have in their bottoms a mass of Limnrea, Aplexa and
2 THE NAUTILUS.
small Planorbis. Often large areas of prairie, inundated during the
spring, are covered with these dead shells, which are the •' land "
shells of the novice.
Soon after my arrival in Manitoba, I received a good deal of assist-
ance from the Rev. George W. Taylor, of Gabriola Island, B. C.,
who kindly furnished me with lists of the species he had taken here
in 1893, during a flying visit; also any other records or lists of
Manitoba species that he knew of.
The lists furnished were as follows :
His own from Winnipeg in 1893.
Condray's, also from Winnipeg.
Hollands', from Norquay, Man.
Bells', \
Christy's, >• all from Winnipeg eastward.
Daw son's, )
(The species taken by Condray and Holland being in his own -ol-
lection.)
All these records are included in the subjoined list. Dr. V. Sterki,
Mr. Ed. W. Roper, Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and others, have kindly
helped in the identification of the more troublesome things of my own
taking. The numbers before the land shells (following Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry's valuable catalogue), show that our local or provincial spe-
cies are few and far between.
(47. Acanthinula harpa Sav.) This species has been taken along
the north of Lake Superior, both West as well as East, and I feel
sure is to be found in the northern unexplored parts of the province.
48. VaUonia pitlchella Mull. (Condray, Holland, Taylor, etc.)
50. VaUonia costata Miill. Taken here under stones, etc., along
railway banks.
(Dr. Sterki remarks of these cosfata, "a beautiful and interesting
form with rather crowded ribs.")
53. VaUonia gracilicosta Reinh. Winnipeg in 1893, by Taylor.
180. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. (Christy and Holland.)
186. Bijidaria artiiifera Say. Very rare here, also taken by Tay-
lor. A rather small form occurs at Brandon; very few were taken.
187. Bijidaria contracta Say. From Carberry, by Christy.
188. Bijidaria hohingeri Sterki. Rather plentiful here in the
Spring of 1894 in Red River drift. Also taken by Condray and
Taylor.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
199. Bijidaria pentodon Say. A few taken here, also recorded
by Condray and Taylor. (Dr. Sterki writes " somewhat different
from the typical figure, the last whorl comparatively small.")
219. Vertigo binneyana Sterki. Rare here, also taken by Condray.
222. Vertigo ovata Say. Not uncommon here.
Vertigo sp. (2 examples) Winnipeg. (Dr. Sterki writes, " in size,
shape and striation much resembles V. gouldii Binn., but there is a
peculiar, very strong callus in the palate.")
235. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill.(F. subcylindrica, Linn.) Well dis-
tributed and not uncommon.
254. Vitrina limpida Gld. A few on "load-stools" late in the
fall. Several other records.
260. Vitrea hammonis Strom. (H. radiatula Aid.) From all
points recorded.
264. Vitrea binneyana Morse ? A few shells taken at Brandon,
were recorded as this species. They have been mislaid, or would
have been referred to Dr. Sterki.
270. Vitrea in dent at a Say. From Pine Creek, by Christy.
278. Conulus fulvus Miill. Plentiful locally. (Dr. Sterki says,
" different to the usual form.")
282. Zonitoides nitidus Miill.? Some dead shells from river drift
may be this species.
283. Zonitoides arboreus Say. From all points recorded.
290. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. A few dead shells from Red
River drift. (Also Red River, Binney's Manual.)
294. Zonitoides inilium Morse. Very rare here.
316. Afjriolimax campestris Binn. Seen occasionally in this dis-
trict, not included in the other lists.
344. Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful, in all lists.
346. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Recorded by Condray. I have
taken one or two shells here.
348. Punctual pygmanni Drap. Taken here, not included in other
lists.
358. Succinea retusa Lea. (S. ovalis Gld.) My Winnipeg spe-
cimens are all small. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)
360. Succinea haydeni W. G. Binn. (Dawson.)
361. Succinea hawkimi Baird. Carberry. (Christy.)
362. Succinea obliqna Say. From all points recorded.
366. Sticcinea grosvenorii Lea. (S. lineata Binn.) Wood Moun-
tain (Dawson).
THE NAUTILUS.
3G7. Succinea avara Say. Rather common here. (Christy,
Dawson and Taylor.) Var. vermeta Say ? (Referred to this by Dr.
Sterki.) A small colony taken under logs on railway bank near the
city. (If only S. avara, then an unusually large coarse form.)
370. Succinea oregonensis Lea. (A few examples referred to this
species by Dr. Sterki). From 'Winnipeg.
Carychium exiguum Say.) By no means abundant here. (Named
" exile Lea. j by Dr. Sterki.)
Sphceriiim sidcatum Lam. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)
" solidulum Prime. Common here in Red River. (Also
recorded by Christy & Dawson.)
Spfiterium striatinum Lam. (Christy & Dawson.)
" stramineum Conrad. (Dawson).
" rhomboideum Say. (Christy & Dawson.)
" jayamun Prime. (Christy.)
" tenne Prime. Souris River (Dawson).
" transversum Say. Playgreen Lake (Bell).
" simile Say. A single valve was in a lot of S. solidulum
referred to Mr. Ed. W. Roper for naming.
Sphcerium partumeium Say. (Dawson.) One specimen taken
here, kindly named by Mr. Roper.
Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).
" variabile Prime. Pine Creek (Christy).
" abditum Hald. (Holland).
" ferrissli Sterki. These are the only Pisidia I have found
here, and I took a small colony of them in moss in a dried-up swamp
late in the year. Only a few appeared to be full grown (named by
Dr. Sterki).
Unio alatus Say. Have taken some fine shells along the banks of
the Red River here. (Christy & Dawson).
Unio osperrimus Lea. A few from Red River here. (Christy).
" boreal/'s A. F. Gray. Lake of the AVoods (Christy).
" canadensis Lea. (Taylor.)
" boydianius Marsh. Red River here. Kindly named by Mr.
Ferriss.
Unio gracilis Barnes. Not uncommon in Red River.
" lachrymosus Lea. (Bell, Dawson & Taylor.)
" ligamenlimis Lam. Roseau River (Dawson).
" hippnpeus, I understand from Mr. Ferriss that this species
has been taken in Lake Winnipeg.
THE NAUTILUS. 5
Unio luteolus Lam. Red River. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.)
" multiplicatus Lea. (Christy.)
" occidens Lea. ? Red River.
" plicatus Lesueur. (Bell & Christy.)
" radiatus Lam. (Bell.)
" recttts Lam. Some large specimens, with beautiful nacre,
have been taken from the Red River here. (Christy, Dawson &
Taylor.)
Unio rubiginosus Lea. Common in Red River. (Christy, Daw-
son & Taylor.)
Unio spalulaius Lea. (Red River, by Dawson.)
" subovatus Lea. ? (Dawson.)
" undulatus Barnes. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.) Appears
to be common in Red River.
Margaritana complanata Barnes. (Bell & Dawson.)
" rugosa Barnes. (Dawson.)
Anodonta ferussaciana Lea. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson.)
" footiana Lea. Souris River. (Dawson.)
" plana Lea. ? I sent a shell to Mr. Ferriss, which he
considered this species.
Anodonta subcylindracea Lea. (Holland.)
'' undulata Say. (Bell & Dawson.)
Valvata tricarinata Say. Rare here. (Christy & Dawson.)
" sincera Say. (Christy & Dawson.)
Campeloma decision Say. Rare here. (Lake of Woods, Dawson.)
Bythinetta oblusa Lea. Winnipeg (also by Condray here).
Amnicola porata Say. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson).
" pallida Hald. (Christy & Dawson.)
" granum Say. Pine Creek. (Christy.)
Limncea stagnalis L. I have taken a few dead shells along the
Assiniboine River here. Also included in the other lists.
Limncea decollata Mighels. Lake of the Woods (Dawson.)
" megasoma Say. Echimamish River (Bell).
palastris Miill. On all the lists. Some shells which I
think belong to this species are very prettily lined. This form is
rather abundant in some of the marshes.
Limncea catascopium Say. Lake Manitoba, etc. Also on Daw-
son's list.
Limncea caperata Say. On all the lists.
6 THE NAUTILUS.
" desidiosa Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy.
" humilis Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy and Dawson.
Physa heterostropha Say. On all the lists. Quite uncommon here.
" ampidlacea Gould.? (Dawson.)
" ancillaria Say. Lake of the Woods (Dawson). Also rarely
at Winnipeg.
Aplexa lypnorum L. On all lists. Usually a fine shell here.
Planorbis corpiilentus Say. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).
" trirohis Say. On all the lists.
" tnacrostowus Whiteaves. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).
" bicarinafus Say. (Bell and Dawson.)
campanula/us Say. Winnipeg, also by Bell and Dawson.
exacutus Say. Winnipeg, also by Christy, Dawson and
Holland.
Planorbis albt/s Mull. (Holland and Taylor.)
" parvus Say. On all the lists.
tnnbiUcatcllus Ckll. (umbilicatus J. W. Taylor.) Bran-
don (Christy, etc.).
Planorbis cristatus L. A pair from this place, identified by Dr.
Sterki.
•
Planorbula armigera Say. On all the lists.
Ancyhis paroUcJns Hald. (Christy & Dawson.)
" riviilaris Say. (Dawson.)
NEW SOUTHEKN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN II. WRIGHT.
N. Harperi, sp. nov.
Shell smooth, with slightly elevated growth lines, bhick towards
the umbos and tinged with red towards the base. Shining above,
rayless, oblique or very inequilateral. Umbos elevated and nicely
rounded; substance of the shell moderately thick, thinner posteriorly;
bluntly pointed behind with an inclination to biangulation. Dorsum
slightly arched, ligament red, basal margin slightly curved ; nmbonal
ridge rounded above and decidedly flattened out at the posterior ex-
tremity ; teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, cardi-
nals pointed, compressed and oblique, with a supplemental tooth or
pointed callosity in the right valve midway between the cardinal and
THK NAUTILUS. 7
lateral teeth ;ut<l an accompanying depression in the opposing valve;
laterals straight with an elevated collar or ridge as an extension of
the lower lateral tooth and exiending up to the cardinal; cicatrices
confluent, cavity of the beaks very slight, nacre pale white in old and
flesh-colored 'in young.
Diameter .75, length 1.25, widtli "2 inches.
Habitats — Altamaha, Suwannee and Flint Rivers.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Two adults were first received from the Altamaha
River, Liberty County, Ga. Later three others came from the
Suwannee River, Madison County, Fla., and still later twenty others
from Spring Creek, a branch of the Flint River, in Decatur County,
Ga. — showing quite a range, and yet in all of these places it seems
.to be a rare shell, as so few were received in large lots of several
hundred. The teeth are quite large and solid for the size of the shell.
It is difficult to place it with any group, for which reason comparisons
would seem out of place. The younger specimens bear some resem-
blance to simulans or mix, but it is less inflated in the umbonal re-
gion, and more compressed or flattened and pointed behind than
either of them, and is also more oblique or inequilateral. It has
heavier and blunter umbos and beaks than N. perovatus Con., and
also a straighter base and less pointed behind.
We dedicate this species to Prof. George W. Harper, Principal of
the Woodward High School, of Cincinnati, O.
U. Tinker!, sp. nov.
Shell black above, shading off to a lighter color posteriorly and
around the base, covered with close elevated growth lines ; nearly
circular, somewhat inflated ; rayless, except in the very young, which
are covered with fine green rays ; bluntly pointed behind, gracefully
and continuously curved in front up to the dorsal margin ; dorsum
arched ; base abruptly extended near its center by reason of the
broad, rounded ridge which extends from nmbo to base ; cardinal
teeth solid, direct and double in both valves ; lateral teeth double in
the left and single in the right valve, heavy, somewhat curved, very
deeply indented and coarsely serrated ; beak cavity considerable and
very angular, anterior cicatrices separated by a mere thread, posterior
cicatrices confluent ; nacre white or slightly flesh-colored.
Diam. 1, length 1.50, width 1.75 inches.
Habitat : Tombigbee River, Alabama.
8 THE NAUTILUS.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks : This is another of those shells that is not strongly dis-
tinct from other known forms and yet sufficiently removed from any
to make a name necessary. It seems to lie between U, castaneus
Lea and U. unicolor Lea — from the former it differs in being more
circular, thinner, not tumid, not so oblique, darker colored, shorter lat-
erals, less capacious, beaks blunter and undulations fewer and coarser.
From unicolor it differs in being thicker, rougher, more inflated,
narrower, pallial margin and white nacre. Some forms of it approach
U. leibi Lea, but are less inclined to a quadrate outline and blacker,
and the young are beautifully rayed.
We name this species for Prof. B. W. Tinker, Superintendent of
Schools of AVaterbury, Conn., who has a fine collection and takes
special interest in this branch of natural science.
( To be continued.)
CREPIDULA CONVEXA SAY, VAR. GLAUCA SAY, SAN FRANCISCO BAY.
As will be seen by the following from a recent letter received from
Mr. Hemphill, he has made another interesting discovery :
" I had a couple of hours a few days ago on the old oyster-beds at
Alameda again, and have added Crepidula glauca Say to the intro-
duced shells from the east. 1 send you samples of the dark and light
varieties. The largest ones I send are as large as any among the 30
or 40 specimens J found."
The largest measured 12^ mm. by not quite 9 mm. and are quite
characteristic. It remains to be seen whether this species will attain
as large size in this new environment as in its native haunts. The
last (February) NAUTILUS, it will be remembered, contained a brief
note, announcing the detection of Fusi(S ( Urosalpinx) cinereus, in
this same locality, on the eastern shore of the bay, a dozen miles or
so distant from where U. cinereus was first discovered. This is Mr.
Hemphill's third find of eastern forms in San Francisco Bay.
The specimens above noted are in the U. S. National Museum
No. 158501.
ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
Los Angeles, Gal, March 10, 1899.
THE NAUTILUS. 9
ON THE OCCUKRENCE OF ARION FASCIATUS, NILS. IN AMERICA.
BY WALTER E. COLLINGR, F. /.. S.,
Mason University College, Birmingham, Enghind.
Whilst in Washington, D. C., a friend of mine collected for me a
few slugs from a garden, amongst which I was surprised to find a
single specimen of Arionfasciatits Nils. The specimen measured (in
alcohol) 20 mill., and is of a brown color with darker lateral bands
which are continued to the anterior border of the mantle; the foot-
sole is almost white and there is a faint keel ; it approaches very
closely the var. neustriacus Mabille. Adult keeled forms of this
variety are very uncommon in the British Isles, and from this fact I
assumed that this individual had probably been introduced from
Europe. My friend has since ascertained that such is very likely the
case, as he has learned that a previous owner of the garden was in
the habit of importing plants which were usually packed in moss.
A. fasclatus is easily distinguished from A. hortensis Fer., by its
white foot-sole, and from the majority of the species of this genus by
the peculiar form of the receptaculum seminis, which instead of being
pyriform or oval in shape, is elongated, terminating in a long pointed
apex.
PISIDIA NEW TO OUR COUNTRY, AND NEW SPECIES.
BY DR. V. STEHKI.
It has been considered almost an axiom that the American Pisidia
lie eo ipso distinct from those of the eastern continent. But last year,
the efforts of several conchologists have brought to light a number of
species which are identical with European forms.
1. In Lake Ontario, on the New York shore, by Mr. Frank C.
Baker; in the Hamilton Bay, Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston, a
Pisidium has been collected which is absolutely identical with a form
from England received as amniciun Miill., and, as it seems, not dis-
tinct from one of France, under the same name. Mr. Clessin, to
whom a few specimens were submitted, thinks it not exactly amni-
cum. Considering the great variability of most Pisidia, these forms
must be studied further.
2. Pis. hensloicianum Shep. has also been collected in Hamilton
Bay, Lake Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston ; a number of good
specimens.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
3. Pis. milium Held, conforming with European specimens, have
been collected in Straits Lake, Michigan, by Mr. Bryant Walker,
and in Dallas Lake, Stearns County, Minn., by Mr. H. E. Sargent.
Among a number of fossils from a marl bed in Tuscala County,
Mich., also collected by Mr. Walker, there was one valve of the
same species.
4. In Aroostook County, Maine, Olof O. Nylander has found a
few specimens of a Pisidium identical with one from England named
milium Held, which, however, Mr. Clessin says, is not that species.
It is of somewhat the same shape and color, but larger and the beaks
are more prominent.
The question whether these Pisidia be native or introduced is an-
swered, at least for milnim, by the fossil found. As to No. 4, an im-
portation is rather improbable, from its habitat. Eor Nos. 1 and 2
the possibility of a colonization cannot be denied, just as Bitltynia
tentaculata has immigrated from Europe, and, on the other hand,
Calyculina transversa Say seems to have been transported into Eng-
land. Further researches are very desirable, and also fossils should
be secured wherever such may be obtainable.
5. Pi's, contorl'iim Pr. This Pisidium has been described, in 1852,
as a fossil sp. from Massachusetts, and has lately been collected
from marl beds in Maine by Mr. Nylander, and in Michigan, by Mr.
Walker. Last year Mr. Nylander succeeded in finding a few recent,
living specimens, in Aroostook Co., Me. The shell is transparent,
of a deep wine or amber color, the surface highly polished.
ti. Pis. mediamim, n. sp. Mussel of rather small size, elliptical in
outline, much inflated, often of somewhat irregular growth; superior
and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior well rounded, or
with a slight angle above, anterior rounded or slightly truncated ob-
liquely; beaks rather in the middle, slightly directed toward the
posterior, rather high, prominent over the hinge margin ; scutum
and scutellum very slightly marked; surface with very fine, crowded
stria\ somewhat shining, light horn to yellowish or straw colored ;
shell thin, nacre colorless, muscle insertions barely perceptible;
hinge fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth lamellar, slightly curved, the
right one in its posterior part somewhat thicker, simple or with a
fine, longitudinal groove; lateral teeth pointed, the outer ones of the
right valve comparatively large ; ligament fine, long. 2.5 to 3.5, alt.
.2.0 to 2.8, diam. 1.7 to 2.3 mill.
THE NAUTILUS. 11
Habitat: Michigan, all over the state; lakes in Wisconsin.
Far. minutum, n. Smaller, less elongated, of more regular shape,
almost globular when fully grown, usually of deeper color, surface
with very fine striation, polished, but almost always covered with a
greenish or blackish coating. Aroostook County, Me., very com-
mon in some waters, collected by Mr. Olof O. Nylander ; Mohawk,
N. Y., in the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis ; also some forms
from Michigan rather range with the variety, e. g., from Hess lake,
collected by Mr. L. H. Streng. This Plsidium has been known for
years. But owing to the fact that Pis. rotundatum Pr., of almost the
same size, was not exactly known, it was thought better to defer
publication. It is one of the best characterized of our species, not
nearly related to or resembling any other Pisidium, except P. fe.rru-
gineum Pr.,1 which is at once distinguished by the strong ridges on
the beaks. Pis. medianum is mainly characterized by its beaks being
almost exactly in the middle of the mussel, its anterior part being
sometimes even smaller than the posterior. Hence its name.
Specimens have been collected in deeper water, 24 meters, of Lake
Michigan, off New York point, and also from the stomachs of white-
fish, sent by Mr. Bryant Walker. Among a lot from Blue Lake,
Michigan, collected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, there were many speci-
mens with that peculiar, perpendicular scar so often seen in Pisidia
and Sphaeria, but unusually deep.
7. Pis. kirldandi, n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique,
well inflated when mature, very little so in the young, high, rather
oval in outline; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved,
posterior slightly truncated, passing into the superior by an obtuse,
rounded angle, antero-superior slightly curved or almost, straight,
sloping toward the rounded anterior end; scutum well, scutellum
slightly marked ; beaks somewhat posterior, high and prominent in
the mature, low in the young mussel, with stout ridges, highest at the
posterior and slanting towards the anterior ends, slightly sinuous on
the outer sides; surface with very coarse, rather regular striation,
dull, rugulose, straw colored in the young, light grayish in the adult
with a light zone along the margin ; shell rather thick, nacre almost
glossy, appearing bluish in old specimens, muscle insertions distinct;
hinge stout, hinge plate broad ; cardinal teeth of moderate size, rather
high up on the plate, the right one angular, its posterior part thiek-
1 That species has, so far, been seen only from New Kngland and New York.
12 THE NAUTILUS.
ened, with or without a groove ; below it is a deep excavation ; left
cardinal teeth : the anterior rather stout hut its edge acute, the pos-
terior oblique, slightly curved ; lateral teeth stout, the outer ones of
the right valve quite small ; ligament strong.
Long. 4, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.7 mill.
Habitat : Michigan, Illinois, Ohio.
In a lot from the Grand River, at Grand Rapids, Mich., collected
by Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland. in whose honor the species is named,
there were over two hundred specimens, most of them young and
half grown, in company with Pis. cotnpres&nm Pr. (thousands of dif-
ferent forms), Jail ax, crucialum, punctatum, and a number of other
species. A few from Berry Lake, Chicago, were sent by the Chicago
Academy of Science (Mr. F. C. Baker), and one single valve was
ibund in the Anglaize River, tributary to the Maumee River, Lake
Erie drainage, by the writer, in 1893, in company with Pis. compres-
sniii Pr.
Pis. kirklandi is related to P. compression Pr., and more so to
fallax St. From the former, it is at once distinguished by the more
rounded outlines of the adult specimens ; the young are higher in the
anterior part, and the mussel is nearly square, while the young of
contpressinu are more triangular ; and in the latter, the beaks are
higher, the (young) mussel is of comparatively larger diameter.
From P. fallax it differs by its larger size, the coarse striation, the
shape of the ridges and the grayish color.
Pis. septentrionale Prime.1 The name being pre-occupied for a
Lapland species, P. fallax var. septentrionale St. must be changed,
and v. horeale is herewith proposed.
New Philadelphia, Ohio, March, 1899.
GENERAL NOTES.
COCHLICOPA LUBRICA ill Alaska. In the article describing
Uyalina pellucida and H. arctica, Science Record, II, p. 172, 1884,
Mr. Lehnert records finding a specimen of the above species in the
same dried-plant packing material the Hyalines were found in, from
Point Barrow, Alaska.
WEST COAST OYSTER HERMAPHRODITIC — F. L. Washburn, of
the University of Oregon, has lately confirmed Prof. Schiedt's dis-
covery that male and female elements co- exist in the West American
oyster. There seems to be no evidence of protandry, mature eggs
and spermatozoa existing at the same time. The full account is in
Science for March 31.
aCat. Corbiculadse, 1895, p. 61, " Undescribed."
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. JUNE, 1899. No. 2.
COLLECTING IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.
BY REV. E. H. ASHMUN.
When I began searching this region for land shells, about four
years ago, I had done no land collecting, and for that matter but
very little in any line, and there have been many surprises. It is a
very dry region and I did not expect to find much, and, indeed,
molluscan life is scarce, but it has proven of sufficient interest to make
up in quality what it lacks in quantity. This is due to the fact that
these territories were little known to the conchologist, and to the
existence of many mountain ranges, separated by vast stretches of
semi-arid plains, isolating them, as far as their molluscan life is con-
cerned, and thereby increasing the probability of the presence of new
forms in the different mountain areas.
My collecting has had to be done " on the side," in connection
with a regular vocation, as time could be snatched for it. But the
regular work lias taken me over a considerable part of both territories,
and so afforded an opportunity of collecting in a number of different
localities, though seldom giving time for a sufficiently thorough search
of any of them.
AVith but few exceptions, no land shells are found except in the
high altitudes of the mountains, these localities only supplying suffic-
ient moisture and vegetation, and the collector must be prepared for
long tramps and much climbing and hard lifting as well, in overturn-
ing rocks and logs to reveal the hiding place of these tiny creatures.
14 THE NAUTILUS.
I have found shells at 10,000 feet alt., and other collectors still
higher. I once walked fifteen miles in one day, and upset rocks and
logs enough, 1 should think, to materially change the appearance of
the entire locality, and had to take a train at 10 p. m. and ride till 3
o'clock. After a day of this tramping, climbing and lifting, without
finding much, I have asked myself, Does this pay? but have been
just as eager to improve the next opportunity, no matter how much
hard work it involved.
Sometimes the most promising locality has yielded nothing of spec-
ial interest, while a less likely field lias produced new species. Espec-
ially has this been the case in places that at first seemed too dry to
be worth investigating, but which have later been found to contain
minute forms, especially Pupida>. This fact, taken in connection with
their minuteness, accounts mainly for the new Bifidarite being mostly
recent finds.
A horseback ride of twenty miles from Crittenden, Arizona, with
a companion, brought us into the Santa Rita Mountains, where we
camped one night with no roof but the blue canopy. A half day's
collecting in what seemed a very promising canon resulted in only
about forty specimens all told ; but when I found the lot to contain
Bifidaria pilsbryana, further west than before known, and the first
examples of Bifid, ashmuni Sterki, my disappointment was percep-
tibly mollified.
One Monday morning I walked four miles up the very dry Eph-
raim canon, having to be back in just four hours from the time of
starting. I covered the eight miles, had two hours for collecting, and
was back on schedule time with but few shells, but they included
Bifidaria perversa Sterki, and Bifid dalliana Sterki, both n. sp., and
Bifid, ashmuni form minor. The representatives of this genus are so
minute that they easily elude one's search, especially in dark canons
and beneath thick undergrowth; and 1 have found it of advantage,
particularly when my time was limited, to gather the dirt and leaves
found to contain them and carry it away. I usually have a flour sack
in my pocket for the purpose. About a peck of such dirt taken home
from Jerome, Arizona, nearly 500 miles, "panned out" 93 Bifid,
hordeacella var. parvidens Sterki, n. var., and about 40 Thysanophora
horni Gabb, but it took many hours to look it over. At the present
writing, I have dirt from five different localities, ranging from 100
to 850 miles from home, perhaps two bushels in all, waiting to be
THE NAUTILUS. 15
examined. The greater part of it is river drift. I have just now
shipped it 500 miles to my new home.
My experience has given emphasis to the importance, readily ap-
preciated in marine collecting, of securing many examples of what
one finds, though time has not always permitted it. The Hoosier
woman who advised her husband to " git a plenty while yer gittin,"
was wise in her day and generation.
In 1895, I found a quantity of Physa virgata traski Lea, in Salt
River, at Tempe, Arizona, large and fine, and a goodly number were
taken. The same locality has been revisited a half dozen times since,
but not until April, 1899, have I again seen as large ones. Cirnega
is the Spanish word applied to a marshy place from which water
flows — at once a marsh and a spring. In one of these, near Critten-
den, Arizona, in the summer of 1897, I found Physa mexicana con-
oidea, and under logs, Bifidaria pentodon ; but it was late in the
afternoon when I reached the place, and I could secure but few of
either. I had supposed it a perpetual spring, but returning last fall,
I found it as dry as a floor.
Not a little of my collecting has been done in snatches of time when
it seemed almost an accident that anything was discovered. As the
train on the Santa Fe Pacific R. R. stopped one morning at Navajo
Springs, Ariz., I rushed down to the bed of the (then dry) Rio Puerco
of the West (Arizona rivers sometimes run bottom-side up), to see
if I could pick up. something from the drift, not expecting the train
to stop more than five minutes at the most. But fortunately a freight
accident ahead delayed our train two hours, and I gathered twenty-
one species. The other passengers were grumbling over a late break-
fast, but a trifle like a belated meal does not disturb a " shell crank "
when there is any collecting on hand.
On the 13th of last January I was taking the 90-mile stage drive
to White Oaks, N. M.; as the stage stopped to change teams at 9
a. m., I walked on ahead with no thought of any collecting at that
time of the year, but passing an artificial pond I concluded to take a
look at it. By breaking the ice I secured five examples of Physa
mexicana, Phil. My hands were cut on the ice and chilled by the
wind. I had nothing to put my shells in, and carried them in my
hand for an hour till I found an empty cartridge and could deposit
my shells within a shell. At 3 p. m., when the next change was
made, I again walked on ; and under some rocks, where the snow had
16 THE NAUTILUS.
melted, I found three Bifid, hordeacella, which I deposited in my
spectacle case for want of a better receptacle. I expected the stage
every minute, but the Mexican driver was accommodatingly slow,
(his poco tiempo is usually mucho tiempo), and I had time to gather
up a little dirt into my silk muffler, which contained 13 more speci-
mens.
This is a mild climate, but not so much as to make an all night
stage ride in the mountains in mid-winter, in an open rig, an un-
mixed luxury. We have the same brand of snow and ice that they
manufacture up in Minnesota. If the reader will take down his
picture of a six-horse Concord stage with a Jehu driver and replace
it with one containing a buckboard and a pair of half-starved bronchos
or lazy mules and a Mexican driver, who sabes little English and less
horsemanship, he will see the real and raw article as it is served up
to us on this 22-hour ride. But a plentiful supply of wraps, includ-
ing several thicknesses of paper under my vest and a heavy blanket
enveloping my head and shoulders, a burning lantern between my
feet and an occasional walk or run of a mile or so, served to keep me
above freezing point.
Returning by a different route I halted the stage in a canon of the
Aseuras Mountains long enough to gather up into a gunny sack nearly
a bushel of drift lodged by the road side, in which over 1,200 shells
were found.
The localities visited have not been thoroughly examined, and
many mountain ranges await the first visit of the collector. There
is no reason to doubt that further search will yield excellent returns.
The following new species and varieties have rewarded my efforts:
Bifidaria perversa Sterki.
Bifidaria quadridentata Sterki.
Bifidaria asltmuni Sterki.
Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki form minor.
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. var. parvidens Sterki.
Bifidaria da/liana Sterki.
Papilla stitwrana Sterki.
PupiUa sonorana var. tenella Sterki.
AshiiinneUa rhyssa Dall.
Ashmunella miorhyssa Dall.
Aslununella ashmuni Dall.
Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall.
THK NAUTILUS. 17
AshuntneUa pseudondonta subsp. capitanensis Ashmun & Cockerell.
Agrlolimax ashmuni Pils. & Van.
Pyramidula Cockerelli Pilsbry.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW LAND SHELLS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY, DRA-EL-MIZAN, ALGERIA.
Conulus Coroicanus, Anc.
Testa turbinata, globosa, tennis, pellucida, nitidissima, virenti-
cornea, obtecte et minute perforata. Spira abrupte coni'^a, elata,
apice parvo, vix obtusiusculo. Anfractus 6^—6^ convexi, lente cres-
centes, sutura lineari subappressa discreti, lineolis increment! laevibus,
ultimus altus, tumidus, initio obtuse angulatus, angulo prope aper-
turam evanido, basi convexus. Apertura subobliqua, rotundato-
lunata, nmpla. Peristoma simplex, rectum, ad coluniellam minute
supra perforationem in trianguli forma dilatatum, marginibus remo-
tis. Diam. 6-61-7, alt. 5-|--5^ mill.
Andes of Bolivia, east of Lake Titicaca, province of La Paz.
A very fine translucent species, remarkable on account of its large
size, conic spire and tumid last whorl. It is provisionally referred
to Conulus, until the soft parts are examined.
Stephanoda Iheringi, Anc.
Testa orbicularis, depressa, aperte lateque umbilicata, umbilicus
circularis, tertio diametri vix minor, anfractus omnes prcebens, albes-
cens (subfossilis), tenuissime confertimque striata, striis parum obli-
quis, in ultimo suliflexuosis. Spira convexa, obtusissima, parum
elevata. Anfractus 4^, lente accrescentes, convexi, sutura impressa;
ultimus rotundatus, cylindricus, hand deflexus, proecedente vix am-
plior. Apertura lunata, costerum regulariter extus basique rutundata.
Peristoma simplex, hand expansum. Diain. H, alt. §, alt. apert. vix
fmill.
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
An insignificant minute shell, but not referable to any other of the
group.
Stephanoda Latastei. Anc.
Testa orbiciilata, depressa, haud nitens, late umbilicata, umbilicus
magnus, tertio diametri paulo latior, angulo obtuso cinctus, sordide
fulvida, castaneo flammulata, epidermide fusco. Spira anfractu pen-
ultimo vix prominente, medio distincte concava. Anfractus 5j lente
crescentes, sutura profunda, embryonales oculo undo loeves, sequentes
lamelloso-costulati et lineis tenuissimis spiralibus sub valida lente
impress!, intervallis microscopice sti'iatulis ; sculptura in anfractu
18 THE NAUTILUS.
ultimo validiore, costulis rlexuosis ; nltimus longe et paulatim deflexus,
altiis, subcylindricus, pone suturam tumidultis. Apertura subohliqua,
extus sinuosa, oblongo-lunata, basi obscure subangulata. Peristoma
simplex, marginibus remotis. Diam. maj. 7 ; min. 6^ ; alt. fere 4
mill.
" Cordillere de Chilian," Chili (F. Lataste). Belongs to the typi-
cal group, which includes S. dissimilis d'Orb., S. Binneyana Pfr.,
Gratiohti Hupe, and probably allied to the latter, but surely quite
distinct.
Eplphragmophora andivaga, Anc.
Testa depressa, attamen convexa, obtecte umbilicata, subsolida,
nitidiuscula, corneola, fascia mediana in ultimo anfractu, utrinque
late pallido-marginata, duabusque pallide fuscis in parte supera ejus-
dem anfractus in penultimo continuis, in ultimo versus aperturam plus
ininusve coalescentibus decorata, basi fuscula, centro pallidior, epi-
dermide tenui pallide luteo-virescente induta, lineis obliquis incre-
menti striatula, superne striis spiralibus tenuiter incisa. Spira con-
vexa, late subconoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 4^ regulariter sed satis
rapide crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura impressa ; ultimus supra con-
vexodeclivis, initio obscure subangulatus, antice leviter defiexus, basi
post aperturam constrietus. Apertura elliptica, sublunata, valde ob-
liqua, fasciis transmeantibus. Peristoma album, crassiusculum, re-
flexum. supra umbilicum mediocrem fere penitus evoluturn, margini-
bus remotis, callo tenui junctis. Diam. 1 9£, min. 15|, alt. 10 mill.
Andes of Peru, along with E. claromphalos Deville et Hupe, Buli-
mnhis revinctus Hupe, B. stenucme Pfr., B. Moniezi Dautz. and others.
This is a small species, not referable to E. ahophila Phil., Tschu-
diana Phil., clansoinplialos Dev. & Hupe, to which it seems to be
allied. It is shaped like E. rnfocincta Newcomb, from Catalina
Island, California.
Eplphragmophora Turtoni, Anc.
Teste globoso-subdepressa, imperforata vel umbilico prorsus clauso
munita, solidula, sub epidermide tenui ac pallido stramineo-lutescente
albida, striatula et (primis anfractibus exceptis) undique confertim
et minute malleata, suboleoso-micans, fascia mediana castanea su-
turam anfractuum 2 inferiorum sequente cingulata. Spira elevato-
subglobosa. Anfractus 5 convexi, primi loevigati, sequentes oblique
striatuli ; ultimus amplus, rotundatus, antice longe \ aldeque deflexus,
subtus breviter depressus, radiatim striatulus, basi pone aperturam
constrictus. Apertura obliqua, transverse oblonga, ferri equini fere
exacte formam simulans, vix lunata. Peristoma album, labiatum,
undique crasse valdeque rotundato-revolutum, intus prope columellam
tuberculo indistincto proeditum, marginibus callose appressis, valde
convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, basali in umbilici loco albo-
dilatato. Diam. maj. 29, min. 24^, alt. 18 mill.
THE NAl TILUS. 19
Habitat : unknown, but most probably Bolivian.
This fine species is quite distinct from others. The nearest ally is
E. este/la d' Orb., from which it differs in being more globose, im-
perforate, in having the peristome more developed with the margins
approximate, and many other particulars. It cannot be confounded
with E. Tuciimanensis Doering, and E. SaJtana Am;., from northern
Argentina, in which the sculpture is not the same at all and from
which the above characters may separate it at a glance.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TRES MARIAS ISLANDS, MEXICO.
The above is the title of '- North American Fauna, No. 14," re-
cently published by the U. S. Dept. Agriculture (Division of Bio-
logical Survey). The title should be modified by placing the words
" Contributions to the," before the word "Natural," as no mention
is made of the Insecta, and only six species oj mollusks are given.
These are all land shells, and determined by Dr. Dall as follows:
Polygyra ventrosula Pfr., Orthalicus undatus Brug., Orthalicus un-
datus melanocheilus Val.,1 LameUaxis - —? Opeas sub/da Pfr., and
Glandina turn's Pfr. The two forms of Orthaltcns were heretofore
known to occur in the islands; the others are additions to the list
published by the National Museum in 1894. The author of this
number of the N. A. Fauna, Mr. E. W. Nelson, in mentioning the
names of Col. A. J. Grayson and Alphonse Forrer, says, " no other
naturalist is known to have visited the islands until the spring of
1897," when in April of that year Mr. Goldman and himself crossed
over by sail-boat from San Bias, remaining on the islands from the
2d to 31st of May. The summary of animal species collected includ-
ing the six mollusks above named sums up 121. The author should
have known that the islands were visited in the spring of 1876 by
Mr. W. J. Fisher, who made a large collection of molluscan forms
as published in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, pp. 139-204, of
Vol. XVII, 1894, where 89 species were listed. Four of the land-
' The Orthalicus of northwestern Mexico is not tindotiis, which is an exclusively
Antillean and Floridian form. It is O. princeps Brod,, a more boldly marked
form than undatm, with distinct and coarser spiral striation, and various differ-
ences in the soft anatomy, which has been worked up by Strebel, and confirmed
by my own preparations. Probably melanocheihin holds the same relation io prin-
ceps that floridensis does to undatus: but this has not been proven as yet. — KD.'
20 THE NAUTILUS.
shells collected by Mr. Nelson, not previously detected, added to
those before credited to the islands, makes a total of 93, or three-
sevenths of the animal forms constituting the Fauna of the group, thus
far reported.
It is not unlikely that insect species were collected by Grayson
and Forrer and have been described and perhaps published some-
where. Only the mollusks collected by Mr. Fisher came under my
notice. ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
Los Angeles, OaL, May 11, 1890.
NEW AMNICOLIDAE FROM FLORIDA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
During the past decade a number of undescribed species of this
family have accumulated in our collections, chiefly gathered by Mr.
C. "W. Johnson, Prof. C. E. Beecher and the author.
Amnicola sanctijohannis n. sp.
Shell slightly rimate, ovate-turbinate, corneous, somewhat trans-
lucent, rather thin. Surface glossy, the growth-lines hardly visible.
Spire rather high, conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4^, rather
convex, separated by a moderately impressed suture which is mar-
gined below by a conspicuous transparent border (not visible, of
course, in opaque dead or incrusled shells.) Aperture ovate, angu-
lar above, a little flattened on the parietal side ; peristome a trifle ex-
panded and blackish in fully adult shells, acute, continuous, the parietal
wall adnate but with distinct edge, often somewhat calloused within.
Alt. 3.4, diam. 2.4 mm. ; greatest axis of aperture 1.7 mm.; another
specimen measures 3.2, 2.5, 1.7 mm. St. John's river, Florida, at
Astor, Lake Co., (type locality), and Silver Spring Run, Marion Co.,
(Pilsbry & Johnson); AVekiva river (C. E. Beecher.)
This is a larger species than A, floridana Ffld., and differs in being
imperforate, translucent waxen-whitish when taken alive, and in
showing a distinct sub-sutural margin like " Hydrobia " monroensis.
The aperture is distinctly angular above, not rounded as in adult A.
floridana.
The type series was collected by C. W. Johnson and H. A. Pilsbry,
in 1894. Mr. Beecher's specimens from Wekiva river are thinner
and bear a delicate ferrous incrustation.
THK NAUTILUS. 21
Amnicola Johnson!, » sp.
Shell umbilicate, globose, rather thin, pale brown, somewhat trans-
parent. Surface nearly smooth, showing faint growth-striae. Spire
short, obtuse. Whorls 3^, the first convex, planorboid above, the
rest very convex, somewhat flattened and strongly " shouldered "
below the sutures. Convex at periphery and around the circular
umbilicus. Aperture large, oblique, oval, somewhat angular above;
peristome thin, the outer and basal margins unexpanded, columellar
margin expanded above, not continuous across the parietal wall, which
is merely varnished by a light deposit, and is about half the length
of the free columellar lip. Alt. 2.7, diam. 2.56, longest axis of aper-
ture 1.7 mm. Operculum Amnicoloid.
St. Augustine, Florida (C. W. Johnson).
The conspicuously obtuse apex and globose contour are unlike any
other Floridian species, and somewhat similar to the much larger,
more solid and opaque northern porata form of Atnnicola liinosa
(Say). It is named after Mr. Charles W. Johnson, who collected
the series of some forty specimens in the collection of the Academy.
Lyogyrus Dalli Pils. & Beech, is similar to the present species in
contour, but is smaller, paler, and differs generically in the closely
coiled operculum. L. gramnn (Say) has a decidedly more conical
and produced spire, rounder whorls, and, of course, differs in the
operculum.
Paludestrina monas, n. sp.
Shell turbinate-conic, rimate-perforate, thin, pale brownish horn-
colored ; smooth. Whorls 4, very convex, especially below the
deeply impressed suture, the apex obtuse. Aperture vertical, oval,
slightly narrowed at the upper extremity, the inner margin slightly
less orcuate than the outer ; peristome thin, the outer margin gently
expanded, a little sinuous, being produced forward below. Alt. 1.8,
diam. 1.3 mm.
Wekiva river, Florida, with Lyogyrus Dalli and Amnicola sancti-
johannis (C. E. Beecher, February, 1886).
In contour this species resembles Bythinella Aldrichi on a small
scale. The sinuation of the outer lip is somewhat like that of Pleur-
ocera, though much less pronounced. Something similar is found in
B. Hempliilli.
The following species of this family are now known to us from
Florida :
22 THE NAUTILUS.
Paludestrina (formerly Bythinella) aequicostata (Pilsbry).
" " " Nickliniana var. attenuata (Hald.).
" " " brevissima (Pilsbry).
" monas Pils.
Littoridina (?) monroensis (Ffld.). Described as Hydrobia.
Amnicola sanctljohannis Pils.
" floridana Ffld.
" johnsoni Pils.
Lyogyrus Dalli P. & B.
Gillia (?) wetherbyi (Dall). Described as Hydrobia.
We will be glad to hear of any other species from the State. The
above-named forms are all from the St. Johns and Wekiva rivers and
St. Augustine, and their occurrence elsewhere will be of interest to
learn. Probably additional species will reward search in other
streams.
They may be collected with a fine-meshed wire scoop, or by gath-
ering a ma«s of aquatic vegetation, drying it in the air, and then
shaking over a paper. This method has been very successfully prac-
ticed by Mr. C. E. Beecher in the Wekiva river.
In some places Amnicolidee are incredibly numerous in lake beds.
The floor of Lake George, on the St. Johns, is covered in some parts
with mud charged with Paludestrina cequicostata, and the same spe-
cies has been found on the bottom of Lake Okeechobee.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
U. rotulatus, sp. nov.
Shell black, smooth anteriorly and over the umbos and with ele-
vated growth-lines over the remainder of the surface, circular, in-
flated, rayless ; umbonal ridge wanting, but replaced by two slightly
raised, diverging curved folds ; beaks retuse, blunt and broad ; sub-
stance of the shell rather thick and uniform ; beak cavity very deep,
wide, sharply angular and with no visible cicatrices ; anterior cica-
trices distinct, remarkably deep and rough ; posterior cicatrices con-
fluent, smooth and slightly impressed ; cardinal teeth low, very much
notched, inclined to be double in the left and single in the right
valve; lateral' teeth long, slightly curved, not prominent, and gradu-
THE NAUTILUS. 23
ally disappearing in the dorsal region, where a broad smooth plate
separates them from the cardinal teeth ; nacre dead white, except for
a small area in the posterior part which is silvery, iridescent.
Diameter 1.25, length 2, width 1.8 inches.
Habitat — Escambia River, Escambia County, Florida.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks : This species is clearly a member of the circulus group,
and its southernmost member. Compared with N. circttlus Lea, it is
more uniformly inflated, black, longer laterals, teeth all less promi-
nent, deeper beak cavity and the superior forward cicatrices are
deeper and shorter. It is to be regretted that thus far the type
specimen is the only one in hand, and that does not show the beaks,
which are much eroded. It is, however, so radically distinct that
we do not feel any hesitancy in according it specific rank.
CORRECTION: In description of U. Harper i Wr., in NAUTILUS
for May, p. 6, " N," first line, should be " U."
( To be continued.^)
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.
[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the
Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W. s. Strode.]
COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
[Extract from the report of Mrs. E. H. King. From the Transactions of the
Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1898.]
I spent the winter and spring of 1898 in Southern California, and
visited the seaside a number of times. Redardo, Santa Monico, San
Pedro, Terminal Island and Dead Man's Island. I collected a great
quantity of fossils (about 20 species) on Dead Man's Island, among
them a beautiful Fusns which I prize very highly. At the base of
the Island in shallow pools I found a number of living Nassa mendica.
The tide came in while we were on the Island and we were com-
pelled to return on the sea wall, which is built of huge blocks of
granite piled promiscuously. We scrambled over these and often
had to jump from one to another, the burning hot sun blistering our
faces, but we held on to our shells and finally reached the shore.
We were told the sea-wall was a mile and a quarter long.
24 THE NAUTILUS.
At Redondo I secured the largest shell of Pachydesma crassatel-
loides that I have ever seen. Terminal Island afforded more shells
than any other place I visited. On muddy banks of little pools near
the lagoon I found a quantity of Cerithidea sacrata and Melampus
olivaceus. 1 had read that these were found on " mud flats of
brackish pools," and a short search revealed abundance of them, also
a few specimens of Bulla nebulosa. On the ocean side of the Island
I found a good Ocinebra Poulsonii, a Trophon Belcheri and the rare
Waldheimia. A few good shells of the following : Psammobia rubriata,
Lutricola alba, Neverita reclusianus, Lunatia Lewisii, Drillia penicil-
lata, Monoceros engonatuin, Amiantns cal/osa, Macoma secta, Cltione
succinta, Tapes staminea, Mytilus, Crucibulum spinositm, and three
varieties of Acmaea, a quantity of Chlorostoma gallina and Pecten
equisulcatus, upon which were numerous GrepiduJa. The beach is
strewn with dead shells, among them large specimens of Glycimeris
and Macoma.
GENERAL NOTES.
Philomycus lactfformis (Blainville). This slug, described by Blain-
ville in 1817 (Journ. de Phys., p. 443) as Limacella lactiformis, has
been only known since that time by the original specimen, which is
in the British Museum. Specimens from York Co., Pa., collected by
Mr. Witmer Stone in 1889, prove to agree excellently with the Blain-
villean animal, having just the same white color and semi-pellucid
appearance. It is not likely that the species is separable from the
ordinary forms attributed to P. carolinensis, except as a color varia-
tion.—II. A. P. & T. D. A. C.
J. F. Babor, of Prague, has added to our slight knowledge of the
Arionine group Armnculus, in describing the anatomy of A. austria-
cus n. sp., from Schneeberg, near Vienna, in the Austrian Alps.
(Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., III.)
M. Ph. Dautzenberg has recently described a collection made by
M. J. L. Weyers, of Sumatran mollusks. New forms of Cerithidea
and Stdnothyra are described, and valuable notes and figures of Me-
lanians and Navacellas are given. M. Weyers found the Antillean
Subufina octona abundant in many localities (Ann. Soc. Roy. Mai.
Belg. 1899).
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. JULY, 1899. No. 3.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS GRAY.
BY P. B. RANDOLPH.
This species is found in great abundance in and around Seattle.
On the bicycle path that runs around the north end of town they can
be seen by the score on warm spring days, and I thought a few notes
on size, coloration and banding would be of interest to the readers
of the NAUTILUS.
The first thing that attracts the attention of the collector is the
variety of the coloration of the shells, ranging from dusky brown to
nearly w'hite.
In the dark forms the bands are nearly obscured ; in the albino
form (E. Jidelis flava Hemp.), ours differ from the description (4th.
Sup. 5th. Vol. Terrestial Air-Breathing Mollusks, Binney. p. 185)
in that the bands are very faint on the upper halt' of the body whorl
and from the periphery gradually growing darker to the umbilicus.
In twelve examples before me there are no signs of bands on the
other whorls. From the body whorl the color <j;ro\vs lighter and the
i/ CD O
embryonic whorl shows a decidedly pinkish tinge. The entire shell
is covered with a thin yellow epidermis which in adult specimens is
generally destroyed, leaving the upper surface a dead while.
Albinos are not uncommon, averaging about one in one hundred
of the common form. This form and var. minor, have been found,
to my knowledge, only in or near clearings, never in the deep woods
or swamps.
26 THE NAUTILUS.
A favorite spot for depositing their eggs is in the heavy bark of
some old fir stump, a foot or more from the ground. Two years ago
I collected over fifty specimens on and near the base of a big stump
in a clearing.
A few pass the winter in trees twenty feet or more from the
ground. Our broad-leafed maple (Acer macropliyUum} which grows
a very rugged and massive trunk, is one of their favorite retreats,
especially for the young of the late summer brood.
A theory current in this section is that the reason E. fidelis has
departed from E. infumata in height of spire and coloration, is that
the latter pass so much of their lives under burnt logs that the spire
has become depressed and they have assumed the protective colora-
tion so characteristic of that species.
Never having visited the haunts of E. infumata, I do not know
how thick the timber may be or how large the burnt districts are, but
I venture to say that nowhere on the Pacific Coast is the timber
larger, or are there more down and burnt tracts than on Puget
Sound. And still I have never seen a f delis that I could not tell at
a glance from E. infumata, and in life the animals differ so much
from each other in coloration that I do not understand why (lie latter
is not a good species instead of a mere variety.
The number of bands on the body whorl is six, though in some
the bands are but faintly seen as mere lines of different shade from
the adjoining bands. The width and brightness of the bands are
most striking, and for convenience I have called the typical form
figured in Binney's Land Shells No. 1, and the extreme form of
banding No. 2.
Measuring them on the body whorl J of an inch back from the ex-
treme edge of lip, I find that No. 1 has bands of the following width
and color:
Band i, T3<j in. wide, Chestnut with dark blotches.
Band ii, iV in. wide, Light j'ellowish, merging into band above.
Band iii, £ in. wide, Black band.
Band iv, iV in. wide, Light yellow, merging into No. v.
Band v, Narrow chestnut.
Band vi, Entire base of shell black, darker near the umbilicus.
Greatest diameter of shell measured 1^ inches.
No. 2.
The greatest variation is seen in the following :
THE NAUTILUS. 27
Band 5, i3^ in. wide, Light chestnut with dark blotches.
Band ii, Light edge to No. i.
Band iii, ^, Black.
Band iv, Liglit edge to band iii.
Band v, j3,- in. wide, Yellow, gradually merging to black of base.
Band vi, No. 6, Black to umbilicus.
Greatest diameter of shell measured 1^ in.
In size they vary greatly. The following are the extremes.
Largest. Smallest.
Greatest Diam. H in. Greatest Diam. IT« in.
Smallest " 1^ in. Smallest f in.
Altitude, | in. Altitude, ft in.
DREDGING OFF SAN PEDRO.
BY H. N. LOWE.
Last summer, while the late Mr. Edward W. Roper was living in
Long Beach, we (that is, Mr. Roper and myself) decided to do a little
dredging off' San Pedro. As there had been no extensive work done
in that line at San Pedro in late years, we were in hopes of being
rewarded with some rare shells and possibly some new species.
Mr. Roper sent for his dredging outfit which lie had previously
used at Eastport, Maine. We chartered the little sloop " North
Star "and made three dredging trips with moderate success. We
dredged in water from 5 to 20 fathoms depth, on muddy, sandy,
gravelly, once on a bottom composed of dead bivalves for the most
part, and two or three times among the rocks at 10 fathoms.
I made one subsequent trip with Mrs. M. Burton Williamson with
the same boat and dredging outfit. We were greatly troubled in
dredging by a species of red algre, which covered the bottom so
thickly in places as to choke the mouth of the dredge, thus prevent-
ing the shells from entering. For the past two years, the ocean has
been full of this moss, and at times the beach has been covered with
it. From this algje in the dredge we obtained a few live specimens
of Calliostoma splendens Cpr. and C. gloriosum Dall.
Besides the shells, we dredged a number of curious crustaceans
and echinoclerms not found on shore.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
The following list includes all the species taken in the four dredg-
ing trips : all are live specimens unless marked dead :
List of Shells Dredged.
Bittiiim asperutn Cpr., plentiful at 10 fathoms.
Cadulus fusiformis Pils. & Sharp, a few alive in sandy mud.
Calliostoma gloriosum Dall.
Calliostoma splendens (Mke.) Cpr.
Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. alive in sandy mud.
Callista subdiaphana Cpr. several young shells alive, one large dead
one, one inch in diameter.
Chrysallida communis C. B. Ads.
Corbula chittyana C. B. Ads, two specimens alive at 20 fathoms
soft mud. " This is exactly like West Indian specimens, and I should
question its Pacific coast habitat if it were not that we have one worn
valve apparently the same from Lower Cal." Dall.
Corbula luteola Cpr.
Crepidula advnca Shy., dead.
Orepidula navecelloides Nutt. var., two live ones of a very thin cup-
shaped form with brown epidermis.
Cylichna attonsa Cpr.
Dentalium neohexagonuiit Pils., sandy mud at 10 fathoms.
Dentalium semipolitnm Cpr. alive with D. neoJiexagonum Pils.
Drillia canccllata Cpr., 10 to 20 fathoms, fine gray sand.
Drillia empyrosia Dall., dead.
Drillia Hemphilli Stearns, 5 to 15 fathoms.
Drillia inermis Cpr.
Drillia pedroana Dall., dead.
Drillia pudica Hds.
Drillia quisqualis Hds., with D. pudica at 10 fathoms in sandy
mud.
Eucosmia substriata Cpr.
Eulima, mi cans Cpr.
Eulima rutila Cpr.
Eulima thersites Cpr., one live one at 15 fathoms.
Golems mamillaris, on dead bivalves.
Halistylus pupoidens Cpr.
Labiosa undulata Gld., dead.
Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.
THK NAUTILUS. 29
Leda acuta Conr., with L. taphria, rare.
Leda taphria Dull., plentiful at 5 fathoms.
Leptothyra sanguined Cpr., one dead, " unusually elevated variety
or malformation." Dall.
Lyons/a caJifornica Conr.
Macoma yoldiformis Cpr.
Manyilia angnilata Cpr., rare at 20 fathoms.
MuiKjiUa sculpturata Dall., a few at 20 fathoms.
Mangilia variegata Cpr.
Modiola fomicata Cpr.
Myarelhi simplex Cpr.
Murex trwhi'.us Sby., one fine specimen dredged from rocks at 10
fathoms, had beautiful recurved frills.
Muricidea barb aren sis Gabb., one live one.
Muricidea incessa Brod.
Muricidea santa-rosa Dall, rare at 10 fathoms.
Nucula exigua Ads., dead.
Nacula tennis Ads., one live one at 20 fathoms.
Ocinebra foreolata Hds., dead.
Odostomia inflecta Cpr., one " live " example at 20 faths. soft mud.
Odostomia subplanata Cpr.
Olivella boetica C[>r., plentiful at 5 faths.
Pec ten latlanritus Cpr.
Placunanomia macroscJiisma Desh var., two specimens found inside
of an old barnacle were of a dark chocolate color on the inside, diam-
eter 2^ inches.
Psamobia edentula Gabb., one young shell showing color pattern.
Scala bellastriata Cpr., one live specimen.
Semele pulchra Sby.
Sentele rubropicta Dall.
Cadnlus (Polyschides] quadrrftssatits Cpr., with Cadulus.
Solen ensis L. var. minor Conr.
Solen sicarius Ghl.
Telllna Idee Dall, one dead shell.
Tellina modestus Cpr., 5 to 10 fathoms sandy mud.
Terebratella transversa Sby.
Tornatina culcltella Gld.
Tornatina incufta Gld.
Turbonilla chocolata Cpr.
30
THE NAUTILUS.
Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.
Turbonilla torquata Gld.
Turbonilla tridentata C pr.
Turbonilla sp ? a few specimens dredged at 15 fathoms were of a
light brown color and extremely slender. Held at Washington for
further study.
TurriteUa Cooperi Cpr.
Venus toreuma Gld., one dead shell.
Volvula cylindrica Cpr.
NOTES ON THE MOLLTJSKS OF LILYCASH CREEK.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Some time ago Mr. J. H. Handwerk and Mr. W. Chadwick began
a systematic survey of the little stream known as Lilycash creek,
near Joliet, 111., dividing it into sections. Section I extended from
the mouth of the creek, where it emptied into the Desplaines River,
to the Plainfield road, a distance of about two and one-half miles.
Later, they propose to take up section II, which will include the bal-
ance of the creek. A list of the species found within that area,
which Mr. Handwerk \vas kind enough to submit to me for identi-
fication, may be of interest, since the region has afforded several
peculiar new species, and is very prolific in Sphoariidae.
The writer is indebted to Dr. V. Sterki and Prof. H. A. Pilsbry
for the identification of several of the species enumerated.
The following species were collected :
Sphtfrinni stamineum Conrad. Pisidium sp. Now in the hands
Sphterium iilycashense Baker. of Dr. V. Sterki, who believes it
Sphcerium striatinum Lamarck. to be a new species.
Sphcerium simile Say. Pisidinm roperi Sterki.
Sphczrium occidental Prime. Limncea humilis Say.
Galycidina transversa Say. Limncea desidiosa Say.
Calyculina truncata Linsley. Plonorbis parvus Say.
Pisidium viryinicum Gmelin. Pliysa hderostropha Say.
Pisidium alditum Haldeman. Pleurocera elevatum Say.
Pisidium compression Prime. Amnicola limosa Say.
THE NAUTILUS. 31
P/'st'ditn>i walkeri Sterki. Amnicola limosa var. parva Lea.
Plsidium cruciotum Sterki. ( 'incinnalia cincmnatiensis Lea.
Pisidium punctatnm Sterki. Pomakiopsis cincinnatiensis An-
Pisldium fallax Sterki. tliony.
Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Campeloma mfnm Haldeman. Ke-
Pisidiinu varidbile Prime. versed.
Total 28 species.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN II. WRIGHT.
Unio Danielsii, sp. nov.
Shell uniformly solid, very inequilateral, subquadrate, rayless ;
posterior area closely, irregularly and sharply wrinkled ; umbonal
region traversed by several parallel, well-separated, flattened ridges
or growth lines, which merge together towards the base; umbos ex-
ceedingly inflated and umbonal ridge very sharp above, gradually
flattening out into biangulation towards the base ; umboj broad and
gracefully rounded ; beaks erect but evidently not prominent; lig-
ament dark red, not heavy; dorsal margin somewhat arched, abruptly
rounded before, nearly straight on base and bluntly pointed behind ;
teeth heavy, well separated, the laterals long and curved, the single
one having a central deep notch ; cicatrices deep, smooth, the pos-
terior ones confluent and the anterior ones distinct ; beak cavity very
slight; nacre creamy white with lavender border and very iridescent.
Diameter 1.25, length 1.5, width 2.25 inches.
Habitat : Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks : Several quite distinct forms of this general type have
recently come to hand, some of which have been distributed under
the name of " U. incrassatus Lea. var.?" This form, however, de-
parts so far from that of the type of the group as to fully warrant
erection into specific rank. Its distinguishing feature is the remark-
able degree of inflation in the posterior umbonal region, prolonged
posterior and notched single lateral tooth. It is also rayless.
It gives pleasure to name this for Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte,
Ind., who, with others, has rendered financial aid to make these dis-
coveries possible.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
VARIATIONS OF HELIX HORTENSIS AT ROCKPORT, MASS.
BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!..
I have just received from Mr. G. H. Clapp a little series of H.
hortensis collected at Kockport, Mass. The specimens (40) include
all the variations Mr. Clapp could find in a series of about 300 shells
collected. Mr. Clapp says : " The bandless or very faintly banded
forms were by far the most common. Typical shells were scarce,
even less plenty than the transparent banded variety. On rainy
days the shells were out by the hundreds."
The variations in the series are as follows :
(1.) v. stibylobosn, Binney ; shell greenish. 00000 and 00340.
(2.) v. arenicola, MacGillivray ; bands colorless, translucent.
12345.
(3.) v. sitbalbidu, Locard ; yellowish-white or very pale yellowish.
00000 and 003«.
(4.) v. htten, Moq.; yellow. 00000, ,03,5, 123455, 00345, 12345,
123(45), (123)(45), 1,345, 10345,00334, (two), 00,00, 00340, 12045.
Some are unusually thin ; most of the bandless yellow specimens are
very brilliantly colored ; one 12345 specimen is very small, only 16
millim. diam.
The really interesting thing about the series is that no less than
three specimens show split bands, indicating apparently that this col-
ony of H. horlensis is varying in the same direction as the Lexington,
Va., H. nf moral! x. The two split-land formulas are new, to the best
of my knowledge.
DR. BABOR'S REDISCOVERY OF ASPIDOPORUS.1
In 1833, Fitzinger described as Asptdoporus Umax a slug from the
mountains of Austria, which had the character, anomalous for a
European form, of an opening in the mantle, as in the tropical Afri-
can Urojcyclvs. It remained for a good many years unnoticed ;
but in 1884, Heynemann saw ihe original example, and declared it
^eber Aspidoporus limax Fit/,., in Annalen ties K. K. Naturhistorischen
Hofmuseums, xiii, Heft I.
THE NAITILUS. 33
to be a deformed or abnormal Ainalla. Tliis view was adopted by
Tryon and others; Morch, Binney and Fischer having doubted the
very existence of such a slug.
In examining the slugs of the Vienna Museum lately, Dr. Babor
found Fitzinger's specimens, and he also obtained fresh individuals
collected by Dr. Sturany in northern Steiermark, and by Dr. Wer-
ner in Montenegro. These specimens prove that Aspidoporns Umax
is not only a valid species, correctly observed by Fitzinger, but it
belongs to a special group of at least subgeneric value.
The mantle is formed as in Amalia, having the impressed " horse-
shoe," but there is a small orifice which in some specimens penetrates
to the shell-sack, while in others it is merely a short, sharp impres-
sion, not penetrating through the mantle. The shell-plate is small
and moderately thick. Pallial organs and nervous system as in
Ama/ia, and the jaw and teeth are also not peculiar, except that the
former is a little notched in the middle, below. The intestine is
somewhat peculiar. There are six longitudinal folds, G5 and the
lower part of GB (forming the last posterior loop), being independent
of the spiral torsion of the normal A mafia folds, lying to one side.
There is no coecum.
In the genital system the accessory gland (characteristic of
A matin), i» completely wanting.
Dr. Babor, in discussing the systematic position of Aspidopoms
and Am alia, gives evidence for regarding them as independent of the
Limacidce, and as a branch from the family HdicidcE (in the narrow
sense). The main argument for this view is that the embryologic
origin of the spermatheca is diverse in the two groups, Amnlia being
of the Helicid triaule type, while Limax is of the diaule type. An
adequate discussion of this question would require more space than is
available in this place ; but it should be said that the well-developed
pedal grooves show Ama/ia to be a typical Aulacopodous snail, and,
therefore, far removed from the Helicidi?; while the particular modi-
fication of the retractor muscle system distinctly points to the Lima-
cida. This is not likely to be a wholly independent parallel evolu-
tion. Moreover, I fail to s^e any such resemblance between the
intestinal arrangements of Aspidopyrtts and the Helices as Dr. Babor
alludes to, though the gut is wholly unlike that of Limax.
It is very gratifying to have the real existence of Aspidoporus
proven, especially as the genus is undoubtedly more primitive than
34 THE NAUTILUS.
Aittalia, and a valuable link in the phylogenetic history of that group ;
and it is fortunate that the material fell into the hands of so compe-
tent a naturalist as Dr. Babor. H. A. P.
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.
[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Leu Conchological Chapter of the
Agassiz Association, by its Gemra.1 Secretary, Dr. VV. S. tetrode.]
SHELLS AND MASTODON.
[Extract from the report of Mr. W. Ilille.s Smith, Niles, Mich. From the Trans-
itions ol the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 1899.]
action
Since my last report I have had the pleasure of gathering shells
that were cohabitant with the Mastodon. About two miles west and
a little north of the village of Buchanan, Berrien Co., Mich., is what
is known as the Bakertown Marsh. In company with Prof. E. H.
Frane, of Colon, Mich., who was hunting for remains of the Mas-
todon, I was hunting for remains of the mollusks, each in pursuit
of his own hobby. The marsh had in former years been a lake about
three miles long and one mile Avide, and is now grown up to marsh
grass without a sign of a tree in it anywhere, but in our excavations
and along the large ditch was a layer or stratum of timber or drift
wood, if such it might be called. The main part of our search was
along the large ditch which is fully a mile long and runs through the
middle of the marsh, mside for the purpose of draining it, and all
along on both sides of this ditch this layer of drift wood could be
plainly seen. At one place was to be seen a large stone which would
measure fully a cubic yard, lying right on top of this drift, and its
weight had depressed the wood fully eight inches, showing unmistak-
able evidence of glacial drift. Some of the timber was as large as
six inches in diameter, but the most of it was small and closely re-
sembled ourHblack oak of to-day. Commencing at the top and read-
ing down, the strata appear as follows: Marsh bog, 16 inches.
Recent peat, 20 inches. Peat and drift wood, 10 inches. Lake silt
with no whole shells, 8 inches. Semi-ligneous peat, 12 inches. Shells
and lake drift, 8 inches. Blue clay, 7 inches. Quick sand, 7 to 10
feet.
THE NAUTILUS. 35-
The skulls of tlie mastodon were found partly in and partly under
the semi-ligneous peat, showing the shells to be as old or older than
the mastodon. You may think, What has all this to do with shells?
It is to give you, dear reader, some small idea of how long these shells
have been lying there in what was once thought to be their last
resting place, and how little the species differ from the same kind of
the present day. The shells, so far as found, are as follows :
LimncEa stagnalis L., L. desidiosa Say, L. hunrilis Say ; Planorbis
dfflectus Say, P. parvus Say, P. bicarinatus Say, P. trivolvis Say,
P. campanulatus Say; Ancyhis riviilaris Say; Amnicola limoxa .Say,
A. histrica Pils.; Campeloma integer Say, (1 obesum Lewis, ('. sub-
solidtnn Anth.; P/n/sa ancillaria Say, P. heterostropha Say, P. in-
tegra Hald.; StroMlops labyrinthica Say; Succinea ova/is Gld.; Cary-
cliium exiginuu Say; Valvata tricarinata Say; Zonites radiatulus Aid.;
Pleurocera clevalum Say, Goniobasis livescens Mke., Margaritana
rtigosa Bar., M. deltoidea Lea, Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, A.
Jootiana Lea, Sphcerium simile Say, S. striatinnm Lam., Pfsidium
compressinn Prime, Unio pressus Lea, U. novi-eboraci Lea, U. ven-
tricos/fs Bar., U. spatulatus Lea.
All the shells are white and very frail except the Pleurocera ele-
va/1/in, which is strong and still retains its coloring. The Limntza
stayiiah's is larger than any that has come to my notice of the present
day shells, some of them measuring over two inches long, and the
Pluiiorbis campanulatus and bicarinatus are also very large, larger
than the present day shells of the same species. The Valvata tri-
carinata was also larger than any that 1 have seen and was quite
plentiful.
One thing struck me as rather singular, that the shells seemed to
be in colonies. For instance, take the whole line of that ditch, and
there was only one place about a rod long where the Pleurocera ele-
vatinn was found, and the other shells had their localities where they
were plentiful and almost none at all elsewhere. The Valvata tri-
carinata seemed to be as evenly distributed as any, and it was more
plentiful in some places than it was in others.
There are many things to be found by a, careful observer in over-
hauling a mass of such stuff as that lake drift. For instance, Prof.
Cram in searching a lump of the dirt found a perfect skeleton head
of a fly of the general appearance of our house fly, oniy larger, and
we found unmistakable evidence of man by the presence of flint im-
plements and horn tools.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
Bifidaria armifera var. nov. nridosensis — Shell only 4 mm. long,
with the two outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture.
Three specimens collected by Mr. C. M. Barber in the nest of an ant
{Poyonomyrmex) at Blackwell's Ranch, Ruidoso, New Mexico, Oct.
10, 1898, together with Succinea avara, Cochlicopa lubrica, ffelico-
discus lineatits, Vitrea inde)itata, Zonitoides arboreits, Leucochetla fat-
lax and Vallonia gracilicosta. The shells have quite a distinct ap-
pearance, and the locality is a long way from the ordinary range of
B. armifera. Dr. Sterki, to whom I sent a specimen, says he has
known the form for many years, and has seen it from Kansas, Mis-
souri and Minnesota ; he also states that he has seen true armifera
from Mexico — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The collection of the late H. D. Van Nostrand has been acquired
by Columbia University, New York, where it will be suitably dis-
played S. R. R.
Among other interesting forms described by Professor Ralph Tate
in tin; last volume of the Trans. Royal Society of South Australia,
are five species of the curious genus Philobrya, from the tertiary and
recent faunae of Australia and New Zealand. The genus is referred
to the family Mytilidce by Tate, who gives a list of all the species
now known. Though the shells are so small, the genus should be
easily recognized by the peculiar spreading embryonic shells perched
at the apices of the valves.
A NEW SPECIES OF PRISTILOMA — Mr. E. G. Vanatta has re-
cently described, with a figure, a new Pristiloma (P. pilsbryi) from
Portland, Oregon. The summits of the whorls are nodulous " very
much like Macrochlamys diadema Ball." (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1891).)
Another new form has recently been described by Mr. Pilsbry as
Prlstiluiiia Tuylori, types having been collected by the Rev. Geo.
W. Taylor at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. The Pristiloma arctica
of Lehnert, from Point I'arrow, Alaska, is also figured in the same
paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1899), and a key to the known
species of the genus is given.
A NE\V VARIETY OE PULYGYKA MONOOOX. — P. monodon frier-
soni: Shell large, alt. 7, greatest diam. ]()! mm., differing from the
typical form in having 6^ whorls or over, which are more closely
coiled and narrower in consequence of their greater number ; base
very convex, strongly swollen around the deep axial excavation ;
perforation very narrow and oblique. From Frierson, La., collected
by Mr. L. S. Frierson. H. A. PILSBRY.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. AUGUST, 1899. No. 4,
NEW SOUTHWESTERN FORMS OF POLYGYRA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Mr. James H. Ferriss made a journey through Arkansas and the
Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory, during February of this year.
It was too early in the season for the best results with snails ; they
were partially torpid, and not readily flushed from cover; and while
some log-rolling had to be done, Mr. Ferriss missed the excitement of
moving half a ton of rock for each one, as he was accustomed to do
in the Smokies. Nevertheless, some interesting things were collected.
Near Texarkana, Ark., on the Red River, numerous specimens were
taken of a variety of Polygyra Dorfetn'lliana, agreeing with var.
Sampsoni Wetherby, in the ample umbilical region, but differing in
the heavy rib-striation of the whole base (Sampsoni being nearly
smooth beneath), and in the almost marginal position of the upper
lip-tooth, which is less immersed than in any of the other forms of
the species. This form may be known as var. percostata. But Fer-
riss' greatest success was in stalking big game. It isn't everybody
who can find unknown Polygyras nearly an inch in diameter; and
Mr. Ferriss is prouder of it than a boy with a new knife.
The new form was at first thought to be P. kiowa'ensis var. arkan-
saensis, but a comparison with the types of that shell shows the new
one to be quite different. As not many more large and distinct new
Polygyras can reasonably be expected in these United States, and
THE NAUTILUS.
the name of Mr. W. G. Binney has not yet been given to one of the
genus, Mr. Ferriss unites with me in calling this one Polytjyra Bin-
neyana n. sp. (Binney 's Mesodon).
It may best be described by a comparison with the most nearly
allied species, P. divesta (Gld.). Shell of about the same depressed
form as the large variety of P. divesta, narrow, its width contained
15-18 times in that of the shell, and half covered by the reflexed but
not appressed lip. Color, brownish-yellow. Sculpture similar to that
of the large variety of divesta, the surface being glossy and finely
striated, showing under a lens very fine, close spiral stria?. Whorls
51, rather slowly increasing, the last becoming much wider, rounded"
at the periphery, a little deflexed in front, constricted behind the
peristome. Aperture oblique, elliptical-lunate; peristome rather
narrowly reflexed, with its face rounded and the edge a little re-
curved ; baso-columellar margin arcuate, sometimes showing a very
slight median callus.
Alt. l:H, diam. 22 mm. (Hardy).
Alt. 11, diam. 19^ mm. (Tushkahoma).
Typical P. divesta is very much more coarsely striated, with the
umbilicus wholly covered by a well-developed, appressed callus, as in
P. afbo/abn's.
P. Binneyana occurred at Hardy, Sharp Co., in northern central
Arkansas, and at Tushkahoma, Choctavv Nation.
P°tygyra divesta was originally described from Arkansas, no special
locality being given. The original specimens, of which two from
Gould are before me, are very coarsely striated, with the lip flattened
and not recurved at the edge, and measure 16^ and 18 mm. in
diameter. This rather coarse form is before me from the following
o
localities :
Louisiana: Grand Cane, De Soto Parish, in N.-W. La. (Wil-
liamson).
Arkansas : Mabelvale, Pulaski Co. (C. W. Johnson) and Hot
Springs, Garland Co., in the central, and Eureka Springs, Carroll
Co. (Sampson) in the northwestern part of the State. Binney gives
the locality Washita Springs.
Missouri: Chadwick, Christian Co., and Springfield, Greene Co.
(Ferriss) both in the southwestern part of the State.
Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (Sampson), on the southeastern
edge of the State.
THE NAUTILUS. 39
Indian Territory : Port Gibson (C. T. Simpson), in the Cherokee
County, northeastern part of the Territory.
Binney reports divesta from Yernon Co., Mississippi ; but as there
is no county of that name in that State, a reliable locality for the
species east of the Mississippi river is still wanting. Probably the
reference is an error for the parish in Louisiana of the same name.
In some of the lots the lip is quite narrow and recurved a little at
the edge ; and there is great variation in size, the smallest specimens
being from Eureka Springs, Ark., and Springfield, Mo., with a
diameter of 15 mm.; the largest are from Eureka Springs, Ark.,
and Grand Cane, La., and measure 19 mm. in greatest diameter.
Binney gives measurements of a specimen 20 mm. diameter.
In the Indian Territory, at Limestone Gap, Choctaw Nation.
(C. T. Simpson), and Tushkahoma, about 40 miles farther eastward
in the Choctaw Nation (J. H. Ferriss, 1899), a large form occurs,
diameter 21 to 27 mm., with glossy, shining surface and very fine
striation, the last whorl proportionately wider than in the typical
form, lip narrow and recurved. This is apparently a well-marked
sub-species, and may be called P. divesta mdianorum. It adds another
to the small group of forms such as P. jacksoni deltoidea Simp., P.
cragini Call, P. kiawaensis Simp., and Vitrea Simpsoni Pils., which
give a certain individuality to the fauna of a small territory in this
region. When the areas of the southwestern snails come to be
mapped, as Mr. Bryant Walker has mapped the Michigan species,
we will find that this tract has quite a number of special species and
sub-species.
Polygyra vnltuosa and allied species.
In the recently published catalogue, P. ntltttosa, Henrietta, Copei
and Cragini were united as sub-species of the first. A careful review
of the forms of this group, in the light of material and hints furnished
by A. G. Wetherby, has caused some modifications of that arrange-
ment, which was originally proposed by Mr. Binney. I would no\v
define the southwestern species and sub-species of Tnodopsis thus :
I. Basal lip with a keel on its face.
a. Keel slight, umbilicus narrow. P. vultuosa.
a'. Keel very strong ; aperture lunate ; umbilicus wider.
P. rultuosa Copei.
a2. Keel strong; aperture triangular; spire higher.
P. vultuosa Henrietta.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
II. No trace of a keel on the convex face of the basal lip.
a. Umbilicus small, showing the penultimate whorl only;
striation fine. P. Cragini.
a1. Umbilicus wide, showing all the whorls within, cylindri-
cal and wide at the bottom where the first whorl is
prominently seen ; striation coarser than in Cragini,
base more convex, spire Hatter; basal lip somewhat
sinuous ; teeth stronger, the upper one square, the basal
tubercular; diam. 11-12 mm. P. neghcta n. sp.
The type locality of P. vultuosa is " Arkansas and Texas." This
is rather vague ; but I have collected the typical form in Calcasieu
Parish in southwestern Louisiana and at Houston, Texas. Mr.
Singley has sent it from Lee Co., Texas.
P. vultuosa Henrietta (Mazyck, January, 1878) was described
from " Eastern Texas." Forms probably referable to it, though
certainly not typical, have been sent by Mr. Singley from Robertson
Co., and Wheelock, Texas.
P. vultuosa Copei (Wetherby, March, 1878) was from Hardin
Co., 20 miles N. of Beaumont, eastern Texas. I have it from
Angelina Co., also (McDaniel).
P. Cragini (Call, Dec. 1886) originally came from the banks of
Chetopa Creek, Neosho Co., southeastern Kansas. Mr. Jas. H.
Ferriss collected it at Tliayer, also in Neosho Co. Mr. Simpson
got specimens at McAllister, in the eastern part of Indian Territory,
and it extends south to Wood Co., in northeastern Texas. The sole
locality in Arkansas is near Texarkana on the Red River (Ferriss).
P. Cragini is easily distinguished from all forms of vultuosa by the
total absence of a keel on the face of the basal lip. It is brown and
glossy, usually between 7^ and 9^ mm. diameter, and the umbilicus
is quite small.
P. neglecta (n. sp.) has been in our collection from several locali-
ties and collectors for some years, under the names " vultuosa"
" Cragini" and "fallax var." It is much depressed, light yellow-
ish-corneous, glossy and finely rib-striate, with five closely coiled
whorls, the last much constricted and opaque behind the peristome
and a little deflexed in front. Aperture small, " dished " as in P.
frauditlenta, with a square tooth on the outer lip, bent inward, a
smaller tubercular marginal tooth on the basal lip, and an abruptly
bent parietal tooth, connected or almost connected with the colu-
THE NAUTILUS. 41
mellar end of the peristome. The umbilicus is ample and deep, and
shows the base of the first whorl prominently at the bottom : enlarged a
little at the mouth by the deviation of the last whorl.
Alt. 5^, diam. 12^ mm. (Eureka Springs).
Alt. 4-^r, diam. 1(H mm. (Springfield).
This is a very constant and easily recognized form, without the
keel on the face of the basal lip of vultuosa, the dark color, fine
striation and raised spire of Oragini, and differing from both and
from the large P. frauduhnta in the peculiar umbilicus. The
localities are :
Southivestern Missouri: Springfield, Greene Co., and Pearson's
Creek (A. G. Wetherby).
Eastern Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (F. A. Sampson).
Northivestern Arkansas: Eureka Springs (Sampson).
It will be seen that although the range of P. neglecta comprises
localities in three States, they are not far removed from one another,
and so far, the total area indicated for the species is remarkably
small.
The only reference to this form in previous conchological litera-
ture is under the name
Triodopsis fallax, small variety, F. A. Sampson. Ann. Rep.
Geol. Survey of Arkansas for 1891, ii, p. 189 (1893).
NOTES ON TWO VARIETIES OF PYRAMIDTJLA (PATULA)
ALTERNATA (SAY).
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
In the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 6, page 188, the
late Dr. Jas. Lewis published a paper entitled " Notes on the Land
Shells of East Tennessee," in which he gave a very brief descrip-
tion of Helix (dternata Say var. costata.
As this variety is found in various collections under the names of
Var. mordax and Var. costifera, it is thought that a description of
it will prove of interest.
Pyramidida (Pati/fa") ahernata var. costata (Lewis). Shell flat-
tened on upper surface, more convex below, carinated, heavily
ribbed above, ribs ending on the cari'na, almost smooth below but
ribs faintly continued into the umbilicus with light intermediate ribs
42 THE NAUTILUS.
radiating from the umbilicus and ending at the carina. Color like
the type, generally yellow or yellowish-white with very faint ,or no
brown patches on under surface. Whorls about 0-5.
Greater diam. 19, lesser 17, alt. 9 mm.
Greater diam. 19, lesser 16^, alt. 9 mm.
The very heavy ribs ending on the carina will .serve at once to
distinguish this from any of the other numerous varieties of alternata.
There is a wide variation in the number of ribs on the body- whorl
as the following figures will show :
Diam. 19 mm., 24 ribs.
Diam. 19 mm., 38 ribs.
Diam. 17-| mm., 32 ribs.
So far reported from " East Tennessee " (Lewis) and Cades Cove,
Blount Co., Tenn. (Ferriss & Clapp).
Another variety of alternata is found near Knoxville, Tenn. It
is a large, coarse shell with rounded body-whorl and scarcely a trace
of carina tion. Color dull brown with very faint darker markings,
ribs low but fairly strong, epidermis very heavy and wrinkled, the
wrinkles under a glass having a netted appearance like the venation
in the wings of insects. Whorls 5-g-.
Greater diam. 23^, lesser 20, alt. 12| mm.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN II. WRIGHT.
U. polymorphus, sp. nov.
Shell smooth, uniformly but moderately solid, red or dark red, very
inequilateral, oval, oblong or subquadrate, rayless or with rays ; pos-
terior area smooth, wrinkled or subplicate ; umbos flattened or in-
flated, umbonal ridge sharp and area abrupt, or ridge depressed and
area flattened ; base nearly straight or emarginate, dorsum arched,
abruptly rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind ; beaks not
prominent ; teeth solid in proportion to shell, laterals nearly straight
or remarkably curved, prominent and well separated, double in the
left and single in the right valve, cardinals quite oblique, usually
disposed to be double in both valves and covered with shallow serra-
tions ; dorsal cicatrices in a row immediately under the posterior car-
dinal or under the dorsal plate, anterior cicatrices quite remote, very
THE NAUTILUS.
43
deeply impressed and smooth, posterior cicatrices confluent; shell
cavity moderate and uniform, beak cavity slight ; nacre dead white,
purple or pink, or a combination of these shades.
Diameter 1.25, length 2.00, width 3.75 inches.
Habitat : Spanish Creek, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks : This is one of the most variable forms we have ever
handled. It belongs to theforbesiamtsjvesti'tus, Moussonianus group,
with which we have tried hard to place,it specifically. Out of several
hundred specimens, none could be found that were typical of any of
the above-named species. It is the connecting link between the
beautiful hartwrightii of South Florida, and the group above named,
of Georgia. It is usually rayless, though some of the younger forms
are densely covered with broad green rays,, and it becomes very
rough and ponderous in old age. In view of the many phases it
assumes, it has been thought best to' select no one individual as a
type, but to make the description broad enough to embrace all of its
variations, and to deposit examples of all with the National Museum.
ADDENDUM : July NAUTILUS, p. 31, first line of description of
Unio daniehii insert the words "yet black" after "solid."
(To be continued.}
ANNOTATED LIST OF LAND AND FRESH- WATER SHELLS RECENTLY
COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA.
BY SAMUEL N. KHOADS.
The collection forming the subject of the following paper, was
secured during a visit to Miami, covering a period of about four
weeks, from January 12, 1899. The size and completeness of the
collection is largely due to the field assistance of my kind friends,
Messrs. Stevenson and Dickinson, of Miami, the former of whom has
searched out the shells of South Florida for the past two years with
commendable perseverance.
The classification of land species follows that of Pilsbry and John-
son's catalogue. The identifications were all made by Prof. H. A.
Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where
the collection is now located.
44 THE NAUTILUS.
Family CYCLOSTOMATID.E.
Chondropoma dentatwn (Say). Miami; pine woods under flat
rocks ; very abundant.
Family TRUNCATELLID^E.
Truncatella caribceensis " Sowb.," Rve. Miami. Found sparingly
and only beneath the wet drift. Far above high-water mark on the
bay side. Not found in similar positions in the tide-water limits of
the Miami River, brackish water not seeming to agree with it.
Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Miami. Abundant. The above notes
on caribaensis are equally applicable to this associated species, which
is easily distinguishable by its smaller size and dark coloration. It
is ten times as numerous as the preceding.
Family HELICINID^E.
Helicina orbiculata Say. Miami and Lemon City. Abounding ;
especially in dense hammock at the bases of trees well under the
vegetable mold in the winter season.
o
Family HELICIDJE.
Cepolis varians (Mke.). Virginia Key. The remarks given
under Cerion incanum equally apply to this shell. They are only
found alive on " Hammock Keys." Virginia Key is too low for
hammock growths.
Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf.). Virginia Key. A single bleached
specimen taken on the beach.
Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bid.). Miami and Virginia
Key. Abundant and of universal distribution in all kinds of situa-
tions except muckland. The most abundant land snail of South
Florida.
Polygyra septemvolva Say. Miami and Lemon City. The open
muckland and wet prairie species, distinguished by large size, flat-
ness and angularity. It is rare in the districts named.
Polygyra uvulifera (Shuttl.). Miami and Lemon City. Asso-
ciated with Chondropoma under flat stones in pine woods in the pro-
portion of one to ten of the latter. Rare in the wet lands.
Polygyra avara Say. Miami. Rare; only two specimens taken.
Polygyra pustula (Fer.). Miami. Another rare and strangely
local species: found under decaying vegetation on the ground beneath
oak hammock. Not taken in the pine woods.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
Polygyra jejuna (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Local and
generally rare, but abundant in colonies at certain seasons. On the
underside of young cabbage palms in the early morning I found this
neat species almost abundant in a small area near the standpipe in
Miami. Elsewhere it was very scarce. It hibernates under stones
in rock piles.
Thysanophora vortex (Pfr.). Miami. Abundant in most situa-
tions except the pine barrens.
Thysanophora dioscoricola cceca (Gpy.). Numerous in certain
localities on the under surface of the leaves of magnolia and of pal-
metto. On the latter sometimes a score can be taken from a single
leaf.
Thysanophora playioptycha granunt (Streb.). Miami. Only one
specimen secured.
Family BULIMULIDJE.
DrymcKus dominicus Rve. Miami and Lemon City. Rare. The
very young of this fragile snail are often found associated with P.
dioscoricola caeca, but the adults are seldom seen.
Liguus fascialus (Miill.). Miami. Abundant; distribution lim-
ited to a narrow strip of hammock lands bordering the bay not more
than one-fourth of a mile wide. Not found in mangroves. Dark
colored varieties rare and apparently confined to the most densely
forested hammock. This snail is largely eaten by tree crabs, which
bite the shells in half during their winter hibernation on the tree
trunks. The numerous basal portions of the shells firmly cemented
to the trees is evidence of the frequency of this destruction.
Family UROCOPTIDJE.
Urocoptis poeyana (Orb.). Miami. Abundant under stones in
pine barrens. Perfect adult specimens with uninjured spires are
very rare and when found exceedingly difficult to preserve.
Macroceramus pontijicus (Gld.). Miami; rather rare; under
edges of flat rocks.
Cerion incamun (Binn.). Virginia Key. Only dead shells of
this species were found on this Key, whither they had probably been
carried by the tide from some larger Key. All those secured were
inhabited by crabs.
Family PUPID^-;.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say (Pfr.). Miami and Lemon City ;
not rare, preferring moist hammock.
4G THE NAUTILUS.
Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry. n. var. Miami. Rare :
found only under bark of dead limbs in mangrove swamp. This sub-
species was discovered by the writer in mangroves skirting the Bay
close to the State Agricultural Experimental Station in the suburbs
of Miami, and was found nowhere else. I requested Prof. Pilsbry
to name it after my friend Mr. Stevenson, to whose conchological
researches and friendly services the success of my work at Miami
was largely due.
Bifidaria contracta (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Rather' rare ;
in hammock mold.
Bifidaria servilis (Gld.). Miami. Very rare, only two specimens
being secured.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Lemon City. Rare, one specimen only,
from hammock.
Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Miami. Rare, in moist hammock under
bark and leaves.
Bifidaria rhoadsi Pils., n. sp. Miami, very rare.
Family ACIIATINID^.
Opeas octonoides (C. B. Ad.). Miami. Only found in damp
mold under hammock trees along the high tide borders of the
Miami River. Rare.
Opeas gracittima (Pfr.). Miami. Associated with the preceding,
but less numerous. Sometimes found alive under rocks in same
situations.
Family GLANDINID.E.
Glandina truncata minor Pilsbry. n. var. Miami, Lemon City
and New Smyrna. Abundant. This depauperate form rarely grows
to more than half the size of largest truncata.
Familv ZONITIDJE.
ii
Vitrea indentata (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Rarely asso-
ciated with Zonitoides arboretis, which it so closely resembles.
Comihrs chersinus (Say). Miami. Rare ; associated with its more
numerous and darker counterpart, Strobilops labyrinthicus, under
moist rotten bark of open hammock.
Guppya (jundlachi (Pfr.) Miami and Lemon City. Not common.
Associated with Zonitoides and Vitrea under bark of logs.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Abundant.
Zonitoides dallianus (Simp.) Miami. Only eleven specimens
found among two hundred arboreus collected.
THK NAUTILUS. 47
Zonitoides minus culus alachuanus (Dull.) Miami, Lemon City and
New Smyrna. This small white Zonitoides is found everywhere
under decaying bark in damp hammock lands.
Family VAGINULID.E.
Vaginulus fioridanus Binn. Miami. Not common. This seems
to be the first record for Vaginulus from the east coast of the main
land. Previous Florida records are from Charlotte Harbor and
Purita Rossa.
Family AMPULLARID.E.
Ampullaria depressa Say. Miami River and Everglades. Abun-
dant.
Family AMXICOLID^E.
Amnicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry. Miami River. Rare.
Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.). Miami River. Rare ; inhabiting
small streams and ditches upon the aquatic vegetation in company
with Amnicola sanctijohannis.
Family AURICULID.E.
Auricula peilucens Mke. Miami. This rare snail was found only
in and under soft, rotten mangrove branches which lay on the mud
in the mangrove swamps along the bay side. They have the power
to deeply imbed themselves into the soft rotten wood.
Carychium exiguum (Say). Lemon City ; locally plentiful in dark
hammock under leaves and logs.
Melampits floridamts Shuttl. Miami. This rarer small species
seems confined to the brackish water areas of the Miami River.
Melampus cojfeus (Linn.). Miami. Abundant in salt water and
more brackish areas, seeming to prefer mangrove swamps, but also in
more open marshy places, where it ascends the higher sedges at cer-
tain seasons, apparently to deposit its eggs, as it does not seem to eat
the grasses on which it is found.
Family LIMN.EID^.
Limncea cubensis Pfr. Miami River. A rare species.
Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Miami and Lemon City. In the edge of
the Everglades at the head of the Miami River and in the ditches of
the muck gardens in that neighborhood this animal abounded, asso-
ciated with intercalaris in about equal numbers. It was rare in the
Everglades proper.
Planorbis intercalaris Pilsbry. Miami and Lemon City. Abund-
48 THE NAUTILUS.
ant. This is found sparingly associated with the following in the
true Everglade territory.
Planorbis scalaris (Jay). Head of Miami River and Everglades
adjacent. Rather rare. This peculiar form is most typical of the
glades as contrasted with the Planorbes of the streams.
Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Lemon City. Rare ; three specimens
taken in a small stream.
Planorbis parvus Say. Lemon City. Only one specimen taken.
Planorbis cultratus Orb. Very rare. One specimen secured from
a drainage ditch flowing into the Miami River two miles above its
mouth. The type locality for cultratus is Cuba. It was subse-
quently found in Texas. This is the first record of it from Florida.
Ancylus peninsula Pils. & Johns. Miami and Lemon City.
Rather rare. Taken on rotten leaves in still water.
Family
Physa heterostropha peninsula Pilsbry. Miami, Lemon City,
Everglades, head of Miami River. Locally abundant, preferring
small streams in swift water, where they are generally attached to
weeds far below the surface.
Family CYRENID^E.
Pisidium abditum Hald. Miami and Lemon City. This minute
species is rare and difficult to secure alive.
Family CYRENOIDID.E.
Cyrenoidea ftoridana Dall. Miami. Abundant locally in the
outer edges of the Mangrove swamps skirting the bay.
Family UNIONID.E.
Unto paludicolus Gld. Upper Miami River and Everglades.
Rare, or at least difficult to secure, owing to its hiding among the
roots of thick algae in swift water. One was dredged in a small
stream near the town.
Unio papyraceus Gld. Head of Miami River above the rapids.
Only three specimens of this fragile Unio were dredged while forty
of paludicolus were being secured. It is more than possible that
Gould's types of these two species came from the Miami region and
perhaps from the Miami River.
GENERAL NOTES.
PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Var. OREGONTENSIS Van., Nautilus IX.
p. 54, September, 1895, is preoccupied by P. oregonensis Tryon.
Mon. Fresh-water Univalve Moll, of the U. S. 1870, p. 200. I would
here propose the name multilineatus for my variety. — E. G. VANATTA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. SEPTEMBER, 1899. No. 5.
ANOTHER NEW ASHMUNELLA.
BY II. A. I'lLSUUY AND T. D. A. OOCKERELL.
Ashmunella thomsonlana porterse, n. var.
Shell corneous, shining, with distinct lines of growth and minute
spiral incised lines ; umbilicus broadly exposing the penultimate
whorl; whorls 5^ to nearly G; lip ochreotis-tinged above and at the
edge, the teeth white; parietal tooth well-developed, outer tooth
long, basal tooth always bifid. Max. diam. 14-1G|- mm.
Tentacles and dorsal surface of animal dark plumbeous; foot a
lighter brownish-grey ; exposed part of mantle grey. Genitalia as
in typical Aslimunella : penis with the thick basal part 4 mm. long,
the narrow terminal part (scarcely broader than the epiphallus)
3 mm.; epiphallus 28 mm. with the retractor muscle 3 mm. from its
beginning (thus higher up than in A. miorfiyssa) ; flagellum 1 mm.;
spermatheca filiform, 21 mm. long including duct. Eggs pellucid
white, 3 x 2± mm.
Beulah (Upper Sapello Canon), New Mexico, 1899 : numerous
specimens collected by Miss VVilmatte Porter, after whom the variety
is named. Other specimen* later collected by Miss Helen Blake at
the same place.
This form will fall into the first division of the t\vo keys to the
species of Ashmvndla given by the writers in Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., 1899, p. 193.'
1 " Ashmunella, a new genus of Helices, " by II. A. Pilsbry and T. D. A,
Cockerel!.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
The following modification of the key may be made:
a. Aperture strongly 3-dentate or 4-dentate.
b. Basal tooth simple, tubercular or somewhat elongate;
diam. 12-13 mm. A. thomsoniana.
b\ Basal tooth distinctly bifid ; diam. 14- 16^ mm.; umbilicus
wider. A. thomsoniana porterte.
a1. Aperture toothless or without teeth on the outer lip, etc., etc.
To those who do not have access to Ancey's original description,
it may be useful to have his note on the supposed variety orobcena.
He says: "Very closely allied to the preceding [tltomsoniana~\,
being similar in the number of whorls and size, but differing in hav-
ing the last whorl scarcely descending at its termination, higher, the
aperture larger and less oblique."
These characters seem to be merely individual rather than racial.
It is from the same locality as A. tJioitisoniinia. Besides the speci-
mens of thomsoniana in the Academy received from the late Mr. J.
H. Thomson, of New Bedford, Mass., part of the original lot, we
have received A. thomsoniana from Mr. Ashmun, who lias lately col-
lected a few specimens in Santa Fe Canon, the original locality.
The species differs widely from Pulygyra krettei, which is not an
Ashmunella but apparently a true Pulyyyra.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN II. \VK1GHT.
U. dispalans, sp. nov.
Shell uniformly thin, oblong-elliptical, flattened, inc<|iiilatfral,
smooth, with close slightly elevated growlh ridges; anterior margin
abruptly and uniformly rounded, base very slightly rounded, anterior
abruptly pointed, dorsal margin straight; epidermis yellowish and
nearly occulted by the light green fasciculated rays ; beaks small
and surrounded by Jour or five irregular undulating ridges; umbonal
slope uniformly rounded or subangular ; beak cavities slight; cica-
trices smooth, slightly impressed and showing the successive nacreous
layers, anterior ones distinct, posterior ones indistinguishable ; dorsal
notch very long and shallow, ligament long, depressed, thin ; cardinal
teeth low, very oblique, thin and obliquely striated, lateral teeth
slender, long, nearly straight, double in the left and single in right
t
THE NAUTILUS. 51
valve, and extending quite up to the cardinals by a fine thread-like
elevation ; dorsal plate entirely wanting; nacre silvery white, tinged
with pink towards the beaks and more or less spotted witli thin layers
of vitreous- like matter ; pallial line hardly discernible. Width 2^,
length lT3g-, diameter f inches.
Habitat: Suwannee River, Florida.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks : Affinity, U. Iai»el/atus Lea. A large series of this
shell has been in hand for two years and for a time it was doubtfully
referred to U. subinjtatus Con. Mr. Simpson compared them with
authentic specimens of that species in the National Museum without
being impressed with their likeness, but said they seemed nearer to
that species than to any other. A comparison of the teeth with that
of the Indian species, given as its affinity, leads to the conclusion
that they should group together. The cardinals are shorter and
more robust, but have the same direction and sculpture. At first
glance the shell reminds one of U. camptodon, Say, but the radical
differences in the beak sculpture and teeth clearly distinguish it from
members of that group.
To be Continued.
PLANORBIS RUBELLUS STERKI, AND P. HARNI PILSBRY.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
In this Journal for April, 1891, Mr. E. H. Ham gave a list of the
shells found in western Pennsylvania, chiefly around his home in
Blairsville. A few of the species had been submitted to me for de-
termination, among them a Planorbis of the exaculus group, which I
consider a new species, or possibly a new variety of exucutus. This
was entered in the list as " Planorbis (? var.) Harni Pilsbry."
(Nautilus IV, p. 137.) I intended at the time to describe the
species ;.but other matters crowded it out of mind, and the name
remains a nude one to this day.
Mr. E. G. Vanatta has recently called my attention to the specific
identity of my types of P. Harni with a form received from Dr.
V. Sterki as " P. exacutus var. rubelliis." This variety was described
by Dr. Sterki on page 7 of a privately printed brochure entitled " The
Land and Fresh Water Mollusks in the vicinity of New Philadel-
phia," (Beobachter Press, New Philadelphia, Ohio, 1894).
52 THE NAUTILUS.
As Dr. Sterki stated the differential characters of his variety while
my own was without a description, his name for it will stand, my P.
Harni becoming a synonym, though several years earlier in date.
The species is smaller than P. exacutus, the last whorl seen from
above less wide, the suture deeper and the apex a little more sunken.
Below, the umbilicus of P. rubellns is very much wider and less deep,
and the last whorl is consequently far narrower than in exacutus,
and the aperture is smaller. As in exacutus, the form is biconvex
and the periphery acutely keeled, color reddish corneous. Alt. 1,
diam. 4-| mm., or somewhat smaller.
The localities now known are as follows: Pennsylvania: Blairs-
ville, Indiana Co., in a small stagnant pond, adhering to the under
sides of dead leaves (E. H. Harn, March, 1889). Ohio : Tuscaroras
Co., near New Philadelphia.
There is also a tray of 8 specimens in our collection without
locality record.
The shells seem always to be covered with a ferruginous crust. I
repaid P. rubellns as specifically distinct from P. exacutus, the char-
acters being quite. constant in the series of some twenty-four speci-
mens examined. P. exacutus is a wide-ranging species, extending
from New England to New Mexico.
COLLECTING ON THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.
BY E. J. POST.
The keys at the entrance to Tampa Bay, are perhaps one of the
most favorable collecting grounds on the gulf coast. The result of
a twelve days' trip in March is shown by -the accompanying list, with
the number of specimens collected ; most of the collecting was done
at Pass-a-Grille, Long Key, and the north end of Mullet Key. All
dredging was done with a small hand sieve at low tide. Hanrinea
succinea were very abundant in the drifts between Point Pinellas
and St. Petersburg. Melampvs cojfeus and M. cojfens var. gundlachi,
were collected on the south end of Long Key ; they were unusually
large and fine. There was an immense wash of Bittium varium
ashore, the second that has come under my observation in eight years
collecting. Helices were very abundant on Long Key. I collected
175 specimens under one thistle, 85 of which were Polyyyra uvulifera,
THE NAUTILUS.
53
the other being P. cereolus and the var. carpenteriana. Very large
specimens of P. cereolus were also collected on Mullet Key.
List of Species Collected.
Anoinia simplex Orb. ... 80
Pecten dislocatus Say. . . 1
Pecten nucleus Born . . . 205
Avicula atlantica Lam. . . 1
Modiola tulipa L 25
Modiola plicatula Lam. . . 50
Modiolaria lateralis Say . . 15
Nucula proxima Say ... 1
Cardita floridana Conr. . . 370
Parastarte triquetra Conr. . 12
Lucina floridana Conr. . . 12
Lucina costata T & H. . . 4
Lucina crenulata Conr. . . 1
Lucina lintea Conr 12
Cardium magnum Born . . 6
Cardium isocardia L. . . . 1
Cardium mortoni Conr. . . 30
Venus cancellata L. . . . 20
Venus rostrata Sowb. . . . 295
Cylherea hebra?a Lam. . . 4
Cytlierea conradina Dall . 12
Cyrena floridana Conr. . . 75
Donax variabilis Say . . .
Tellina alternata Say . . , 2
Macoma tampaensis Conr. . 4
Solen americana Gould . . 70
Dentalium disparile Orb. . 6
Dentalium eboreum Conr. . 4
Acueon punctostriatus C. B.
Ads 1
Tornatina canaliculata Say. 17
Bulla occidentalis A. Ads . fi
Haminea succinea Conr. . 170
Melampus corteus L. . . . 320
Melampus coffeus var. gund-
lachi Pfr. 170
Marginella minuta Pf'eiffer. 900
Marginella succinea Conr, . 4
Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. 2
Fasciolaria tulipa L. . . . 27
Fasciolaria distans Lam. . . 36
Fulgur pyrum Dill .... G
Fulgur perversuin L. . . . 45
Melongena corona Gruel . 40
Nassa vibex Say 1144
Columbella rusticoidesHeilp. 95
Columbella avara Say. . . 22
Columbella similis Ravenel. 10
Columbella lunata Say . . 54
Murex rufus Lam 2
Eupleura caudata Say. . . 2
Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr. 100
Eulima gracilis C. B. Ads. 21
Pyramidella Candida Morch. 298
Turbonilla conradi Bush. . 400
Turbonilla hemphilli Bush ]
Turbonilla dalli Bush . . j
Caecum floridanum Stimp . 1
Meioceras nitidum Stimp. .
numerous
Syrnola caloosaensis Dall. . 5
Pyrula papyratia Say . . . 3
Erato maugerise Gray ... 1
Cerithiopsis emersoni C. B .
Ads 1
Bittium varium Pfeiffer
numerous
Cerithium floridanumMb'rch. 140
Cerithium muscarum Say . 210
Cerithium minimum Gruel. 6
Cerithidea scalariformis Say 210
Modulus floridanus Conr. 498
54
THE NAUTILUS.
Terebra dislocata Say. . . 1
Terebra protexta Conr. . . 20
Conns pealii Green .... 95
Drillia leucocyma Ball. . . 10
Drillia thea Ball 20
Mangilia biconica C. B. Ads. 85
Mangilia stellata Slearns . 65
Mangilia cerinella Dall . . 25
Oliva literata Lam. ... 6
Olivella mutica Say . . . 1450
Olivella floralia Duel ... 12
Olivella bnllula Reeve
(young) 60
Marginella aureocincta
Stearns 150
Marginella apicina Menke . 630
Marginella denticulata var.
opalina Stearns .... 54
110
296
338
4
5
7
120
2
23
Vermicularia spirata Phil .
Litorina angulilera Lam. .
Rissoina chesnelii Michaud,
Crepidula fornicata L. . .
Crepidula plana Say . . .
Crepidula aculeata Gruel .
Natica pusilla Say ....
Nevcrita du plica (a Say . .
Sigaretus perspectivus Say.
Isclmochiton papillosus C.
B. Ads
Acanthochites spiculosus
Reeve
Polygyra cereolus Mulilf. .
Polygyra cereolus Carpen-
teriana Bland 96
Polygyra uvulif'era Shutt. . 2070
Succinea campestris Say. . 35
20
15
440
NOTES ON POLYGYRA APPRESSA.
BY G. H. CHADWICK.
In Messrs. Pilsbry and Johnson's recent catalogue of North Amer-
ican Land Shells, Polyyyra ( Triodopsis) appressa (Say), is accredited
to Scott Co., Va., among other localities. A fine series from that
locality having come under my notice, I perceived a considerable
difference between them and northern specimens, and a careful ex-
amination and comparison with examples of the typical form from
Bernadotte, 111., and var. periyrapla Pilsbry, from Tennessee, seem
to fully confirm the distinction.
The Virginian variety, for which I propose the name sciilptior,
may be known by the following characters :
Surface costulate above, horn-colored inclining to reddish chestnut,
becoming smoother and greenish beneath, entirely covered with a
fine spiral granulation ; upper lip-tooth obsolete; parietal tooth as in
typical appressa. Diam. 14 to 18 mm. ; alt. 7 to 9 mm.
While the warm color and coarse ribs are noticeable and constant
features, the microscope discloses the most important diagnostic char-
THE NAUTILUS. 55
acter, namely the beautiful fine granulation which covers even the
ribs and shows a markedly spiral arrangement. This is quite differ-
ent from the spaced spiral incised lines of perlgrapta, which while
slightly waved, cut the growth striae so regularly as to produce a can-
cellated effect, the intervening surface being moreover always marked
with excessively fine vertical scratches. A compound lens reveals
incised spirals in typical appressa also, but exceedingly minute and
rather irregular or punctate. Finally, in scitlptior the whorls are
generally narrower and more convex than in either of the other
forms. In the tray-full examined there was but a single departure
from the normal, and that was a tridentata!
The types are deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia.
SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON THE MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH THE
MASTODON IN BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
The material which formed the basis of Mr. W. Hilles Smith's in-
teresting paper in the July Nautilus, is the same covered by my ar-
ticle in the Nautilus for March, 1898 (Vol. XI., p. 121). The
undetermined Pisidia there mentioned have been submitted to Dr.
Sterki, who, with his usual good nature, has determined them as
follows :
1. Plsidiinn pauperculum St.
2. Pisidium sp. near " abditum," Distinct.
3. Pisidium sp. "near abditum."
4. Pisidium roper i St.
5. Pisidium medianum St.
0. Pisidium sp. " Resembles most vesiculare."
7. Pisidium ventricosum Prime.
8. Pisidium miliurn Held.
In this connection it is interesting to note that these forms are
identical with those from the marl deposits in Tuscola County, which
were examined by Dr. Sterki at the same time. This not only goes
to prove that these shells were contemporaneous with the mastodon,
but also that the post-pleistocene fauna was substantially the same
throughout the lower peninsula of Michigan.
56 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW JAMAICAN FORMS OF LUCIDELLA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBUY.
There are in Jamaica three strongly marked specific stocks of
Lucidella : L. aureola Fer., with the variety undulata; L. depressa
Gray (placed by Pfeiffer in Helicina), with the aperture like aureola,
but the shell smaller, more depressed, and weakly sculptured ; and L.
lineata C. B. Ad., of which L. nana Pf'r., is doubtless a variety or
synonym. These are quite small, with a strong, squarish tooth on
the basal lip, and strong, sharp spiral lirte.
Another well marked species of the lineata type was collected by
Messrs. Wm. J. Fox and C. W. Johnson in a cave at Port Antonio,
on the northeastern coast of Jamaica.
L. Foxi, n. sp.
Shell with the depressed general form, size and color, and the acute
lira?, of L. lineata Ad.; the lirse bearing sparse, rather long and equi-
distant prostrate hairs, easily rubbed oft'. Whorls 4^, the last com-
pressed but not keeled at the periphery, descending in front, exca-
vated at the umbilical region, which is covered by a thin callus which
is sparsely and very minutely asperulate or roughened by minute
pointed granules. Aperture very oblique, subtriangular, the outer
and upper margins expanded, scalloped, with four to six projecting
points ; the basal margin narrowly reflexed ; basal lip bearing a large,
squarish, projecting tooth, as in L. lineata; upper margin with a
tubercular tooth well removed inward from the lip-edge ; outer lip
with a small tubercular tooth, distinctly developed only in fully mature
specimens.
Alt. 2, diam. 3.8 mm., or smaller, diam. 3.5 mm.
Cave at Port Antonio.
L. trochiformls n. sp.
Small and distinctly trochoidal, the base flattened, smooth except
for some radial wrinkles, and one or two spiral threads close to the
periphery ; upper surface convexly conoidal, radially undulated and
spirally 1 irate ; periphery acutely carinated and irregular or serrate;
whorls 41, but slightly convex, the last a little deflexed, somewhat
impressed in the axial region below. Aperture oblique, triangular,
the lip narrowly reflexed ; basal lip being a prominently projecting,
squarish tubercle, upper margin with a small submarginal tubercle,
THE NAUTILUS. 57
and there is another smaller one on the outer lip below the external
angle.
Alt. 2, diam. 2.7 mm.
Differs from lineata and Foxi in the trochiform shape, almost
complete freedom from spiral threads on the base, and in the acute
periphery. It has a small tubercle on the outer lip, as in L. Foxi, a
larger species with sculptured base, rounded periphery, scalloped
upper lip and different contour.
The specimens were found associated with L. lineata.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF OWASCO LAKE, N. Y.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Recently the Chicago Academy of Sciences has received from Dr.
Howard N. Lyon, of Chicago, a fine lot of the shells of Cayuga Co.,
N. Y., collected for the most part by himself about Owasco Lake and
River. Dr. Lyon was very precise concerning his data, and for this
reason a list of the species in the collection may be of value.
For brevity I have used the following symbols for localities :
* Near Auburn, in Owasco River.
** Hayden's Mills, six miles below Auburn.
f Foot of Owasco Lake.
| Cascade.
tt Marsh at foot of Owasco Lake.
J I North end of Owasco Lake.
1. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes, *f July, 1893.
2. Alasmodonta pressa Lea,*f in brook four miles north of Auburn,
July 1893 and 1882.
3. Stropkitus edentidus Say.f
4. Unio complanatus Solander,* in South Street Brook, July, 1879.
5. Anodontopsis subcylindraceus Lea,* in South Street Brook, var-
ious collections from 1880 to 1885.
G. Lampsilis hiteolus Lam,* July, 1883.
7. Sphcerium simile Say,* in South Street Brook, 1882.
8. VaUonia pulchella Miiller, April, 1882.
9. Polygyra albolabris Say.|
10. Polygyra thyroid es Say, var. buccidenta Gould. \
58 THE NAUTILUS.
11. Polygyra palliata Say.J
12. Polygyra tridentata Say.J
12«. Polygyra tridentata var. juxtidens Pilsbry.J
l'2b. Polygyra tridentata var. bidentata Baker. J
13. Polygyra monodon Rackett.j
Nos. 9 to 13 were collected on a well wooded limestone hill, well
watered.
14. Bifid aria armifera Say.*
15. Pupa innscorum Linne, Auburn. Common in damp grass
throughout the city, often found in private grounds.
16. Vertigo miliurn Gould,** 1880.
17. CocJtlicopa lubrica Miiller,** 1880 and 187G, on driftwood in
Owasco River at Auburn.
18. Omphalina fuliginosa Griff.! 1883.
18. Vitrea ham mom's Strom,** April, 1882.
20. Conulus fulvus Miill.,** on roots of grass near edge of river,
April, 1882.
21. Zonitoides arboretis Say.|
22. Zonitoides nitidus Miiller,** April, 1882.
23. Gastrodonta ligera Say,** April, 1882.
24. Agriolimax campestris Binney.
25. Pyrainidnla alternata Say,* very abundant in low meadows,
under bark of trees and the under side of logs where the ground is
partially shaded.
26. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.J
27. Succinea retusa Lea, tt on logs and trunks of trees near high
water mark, July, 1880.
28. Succinea avara Say, ft July? 1880, in company with the above.
29. Limncea palustris Miiller, tt 1884.
30. Limnaa emarginata Say, ft ** a'so 'in Owasco River, at foot
of lake, 1880, and April, 1882.
31. Limncea desidiosa Say,|+ on weeds, 1880.
33. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, f, 1881, Port Byron, 1883.
34. Planorbis trivolvis Say, f old and new outlets, 1880, Port
Byron.
35. Planorbis campanulatus Say, * 1882, also in brook emptying
into lake at Cascade.
36. Planorbis parvus Say,* on big dam.
37. Physa heterostropha Say,* Port Byron, 1879 to 1882.
THE NAUTILUS. 59
38. Physa anciUana Say, ft 1879 to 1885.
39. Aplexa hypnoruin Linne, ft 1883.
40 Valvata tricarinata Say,* found in driftwood at the tail race
of tlie " Big Run," spring of 1881.
41. Canipcloma decisum Say, f Owasco River near Owasco Lake,
August, 1882, also in Owasco River three miles below lake.
AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.
Ag
[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Leu Conchological Chapter of me
gassiz Association, by its General Secretary. Dr. \V. 6. Strode.]
During the last year I have done, all the work possible towards
collecting the Pisidia of the northeast of Maine. About 50, 000
specimens have been obtained and worked over by Dr. V. Sterki of
New Philadelphia, Ohio. Tlie material has been finely preserved in
nearly every locality. The cold water of our streams is favorable
for the development of this minute clam. In all about twenty
species and some varieties have been obtained. Many of these
species have proved new to the State, and a few have been published
by Dr. Sterki as new species. A part are very difficult to identify
until a larger amount of material is obtained. Jt sometimes results
that among thousands of specimens there will be only one individual
representing a certain species. Plsidium contortion Prime, has
been found living in a small lake in the northeast of Perham. It
had heretofore only been found fossil, in Maine and Massachusetts.
The little Ptsidluni inilinin Held, so common in the north of
Europe (a straggler like myself), has been found living in the south
branch of Caribou stream in Woodland. It is curious how this little
creature came across the ocean.
Two years ago I found PUiuorbis crista Lin., var. cristatu Drap., a
species of Northern Europe, in Barren Brook, Caribou. This sum-
mer I have found it fossil in the marl deposit of Lovely Brook in the
town of Fort F airfield. I think this is proof that it was not imported
by any accident or in the outfit of any emigrant coming to this con-
tinent. In my last report I had about 81 species collected in this
region. This year I have of land shells 33 species, fresh water gas-
tropoda 23 species, and of Unio 1, Margarilana 2, and Anodonta 1
species ; Sphserium 5, and Pisidium 20 species and several varieties.
60 THE NAUTILUS.
Total 8") species. The Pi'sidia will be published by Dr. Sterki, and
the results will thus be made known to those interested in these little
animals. OLOF O. NYLANDER.
GENERAL NOTES.
We regret to record the deatli on August Kith of Dr. W. D. Hart-
man, of West Chester, Pa. Further notice will appear next month.
I'OMATIA ASPERSA IN CALIFORNIA. — I louiul a fine living speci-
men of Ponialia aspersa, Miill., this summer at Pacific Grove, Cali-
fornia. A small colony of I his European snail was established many
years ago at, San Jose, more than fifty miles from the spot where this
specimen was lound. The species is apparently becoming naturalized.
— Josiah Keep.
POLYGYHA BIXNEYANA. — Owing to hasty proof reading, several
errors appear in the article on " New Southwestern Forms of Poly-
gyra " in the July issue. On page 38, sixth line from top, the word
umbilicus should be inserted between dtvcstu and narrow. On p. 39V
second line, for " county " read " country." — H. A. P.
THE BRITISH PLIOCENE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA are revised
by Messrs. A. S. Kcnnard and B. B. Woodward, in Proc. Malac.
Soc., Lond. JII., pt. 4, March, 1899. "It is in the Red and Nor-
wich Crags that the genesis of our present mollusean fauna is to be
sought. It is a noteworthy fact that many of our existing species
are met with for the first time in these beds, and are not known to
have existed on the continent until a much later date. This may
result from the imperfection of the geological record, or it may indi-
cate that these forms have been derived from a region to the north-
ward." Of 38 species discussed, G are extinct. G species, Corbicitla
ftumincdis, Helix ladea, Hygromia rubiginosa, H. incarnata, Heli-
codonta Jens, and Eufota frutiontn are now extinct in England, though
living on the continent; C. fluminalis and Eulota fiuticum having
existed to the Post-Pliocene. It is interesting to find that Kulot.a
extended in the Pliocene so far fo the westward. Helix Incteu and
ffeli.ffodonta /e/?«, each represented by very scanty but apparently
authentic material, are now restricted to the cireum- Mediterranean
fauna. One new species, P<i/udcstrina Rcevet\ is deseribed from the
Norwich Crag. It is allied to the Upper Oligocene and Lower Mio-
cene P. obtusa (Sandb.) of Germany.
VOL. XIII.
PLATE I.
'
4
DR. WILLIAM D. HARTMAN.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. OCTOBER, 1899. No. 6.
WM. D. HARTMAN, M. D.
Dr. William Dell Hartman, whose dealh occurred on August 16th,
at West Chester, Pennsylvania, was born in East Pikeland township,
Chester county, Pa., December 24, 1817. He was the eldest son of
General George Hartman. The founder of the Hartman family in
Chester county was his great-great-grandfather, John Hartman, a
native of Schwerin, Hesse Cassel, Germany, who came to Philadel-
phia in 1753.
After receiving an education in the schools of the neighborhood,
William Hartman attended the famous school of Jonathan Gause and
the academy of Jonathan Strode. He studied medicine with Dr.
Wilmer Worthington and about that time became profoundly inter-
ested in the study of botany. Dr. William Darlington, in his "Flora
Cestrica," mentioned him as "a zealous and promising young botan-
ist." He attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated
from the Medical Department in 1839, at the age of twenty-one years.
After graduation he returned to West Chester and engaged in the
practice of his profession. His practice soon became very extensive
and was maintained until the infirmities of advanced years compelled
him to relinquish it. Even then many patients visited him at his
office.
Dr. Hartman devoted all the time that could be spared from his
medical practice to the study of natural science. Besides botany, he
studied entomology, mineralogy and conchology, and became an
I
62 THE NAUTILUS.
authority in each of these branches, especially as they related to
Chester county. The latter science, however, finally engrossed Hart-
man's attention ; and it is by his work on mollusca that he became
most widely known. For over forty years he corresponded upon
conchological topics with the leading authorities in the science in this
country and abroad. Among his correspondents and co-laborers were
Isaac Lea, LL. D., of Philadelphia ; Charles Wheatley, of Phoenix-
ville ; George "W. Try on, Jr., J. G. Anthony, Dr. J. C. Cox, Andrew
Garrett, W. H. Pease, E. L. Layard and many others.
Through Mr. Garrett he obtained what is perhaps one of the finest
collections of Polynesian land shells in the world, especially of the
genus Partula, of which he described 25 species. The critical study
of the genus Partula particularly engaged his attention during several
years; and his careful work and extensive writings on the group,
have given him high rank as an authority thereon. His beautiful col-
lection of AchatineUidce was purchased by the Bremen Museum some
time before his death. The last conchological work that Dr. Hart-
man undertook was a revision of the Helicinidce. He gathered much
interesting material, but failing health prevented the carrying out of
his intentions. His collection of marine shells is rich in Polynesian
species and contains many varieties.
One of the best known publications from the pen of Dr. Hartman
was " Conchologia Cestrirn," treating of the mollusca of Chester
county, Pa. In its preparation he was associated with the late Dr.
Ezra Michener, of New Garden township, but Dr. Hartman did the
larger part of the work. It is illustrated with 207 wood-cut figures
of shells described in the work. This book, published in 1874, was
formerly used as a text-book in many schools in Chester and Dela-
ware counties.
He was also the author of the following papers :
Opercula of the family Strepomatidse. Amer. Jour. Conch, vi,
316, 1871.
Description of a Partula supposed to be New, from the Island of
Moorea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2211, 1880.
A catalogue of the genus Partula Fer. (privately printed in West
Chester), 1881.
Observations on the species of the genus Partula Fer., with a
Bibliographical Catalogue of all the species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
ix, No. 5, pp. 171-190, 1882.
THE NAUTILUS. 63
Observations on the duplicates of the Genus Partula Fer. contained
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., formerly
belonging to the collection of the late Wm. H. Pease, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. ix, pp. 91-96, 1882.
Descriptions 'of new species of Partula and a synonymic catalogue
of the genus. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., 203-223, 1885.
New species of Partula from the New Hebrides and Solomon Is-
lands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 30-35, pi. ii, 1886.
A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Auriculella,
Pfeiffer. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., 14, 1888.
A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Achatinella.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 16-56, 1888.
New species of shells from the New Hebrides and Sandwich Isl-
ands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 250, pi. xiii, 1888.
New species of shells from New Hebrides. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
91-94, pi. v, 1888.
Descriptions of new species of shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 284-
288, pi. iii, 1890.
Catalogue of the genus Partula. THE NAUTILUS, vi, 73 and 97,
1892.
Melania yokohamensis, new species. THE NAUTILUS, xi, 41, 1897.
Dr. Hartman was elected a corresponding member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1853, and the same year he
was elected a corresponding member of the Lyceum of Natural His-
tory of New York city. He was a member of the West Chester His-
torical Society and one of its organizers ; also a member of the West
Chester Philosophical Society, the Geological Club of Chester County,
and an honorary member of the Chester County Medical Society.
He was a member of the Episcopal Church.
In 1883 Dr. Hartman went abroad, visiting the British Museum,
Jardin des Plantes and other museums.
Personally Dr. Hartman was of a most kindly disposition and social
so far as his busy life would allow. His kindness professionally and to
his scientific friends and co-workers was unlimited. He was ever
ready to assist young men in their studies in the various branches of
science, and many owe their first impulse to his encouragement and
kindly assistance.
Dr. Hartman married Mary Jane Kabel, a daughter of John Kabel,
of Jefferson county, West Virginia, on December 3, 1841. Mrs.
Hartman survives her husband, as do also five children.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
MOLLUSKS COLLECTED BY R. C. MCGREGOR IN NORTHERN
CALIFORNIA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Mr. R. C. McGregor being engaged during the summer of 1898
in Fish Commission work which took him over a considerable area
in northern California, interested himself in the collection of inol-
lusks, which he sent me for study.
The region is one which has been very superficially examined
hitherto, and it is not surprising that a number of very interesting
species were found. But few land shells were taken, among them
the extremely rare Polygyra roper i, and a peculiar Oircinaria.
Pyramidula striateUa occurred in many localities, the specimens be-
ing referable, probably, to the ill-defined variety cronkhitei.
Among the fresh-water pulmonates, the re-discovery of Ancylus
patelloides Lea, a species falling into Clessin's genus Lanx, and A.
altus Tryon, also a Lanx, are the most important finds. These
species will be fully treated elsewhere, with illustrations of the
anatomy.
The series of Gom'obases collected induced me to attempt a revision
of the West American species, the results of which are included below.
The list of species is as follows :
Epiphragmophora mormonum (Pfr.). Redding, Shasta Co.
Polyyyra loricata (Gld.). Battle Creek, s. boundary Shasta Co.
Polygyra ropen ,'(Pils.). Redding, Shasta Co. One adult specimen.
Vallonia pukhella (Mull.). Redding, Shasta Co.
Oircinaria sp. undet. Redding. I cannot refer the single fresh
adult shell collected to any of the described forms.
Pyramidula striateUa (Anth.). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.; Duck
Lake, 20 miles west of Susanville, and Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.;
Bartle's, Siskiyou Co., on McCloud River.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Bartle's and Duck Lake.
Vitrina pfeijf'eri Newc. Bartle's and Duck Lake.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.
Succinea nuttalliana (Lea). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.
Succinea stretchiana (Bid.). Duck Lake and Bartle's.
Limntea stagnalis (L.). Upper waters of "Willow Creek, trib. to
Susan R., Lassen Co.
IJmncea proximo (Lea). South Fork Pitt R., Modoc Co.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
Limncea desidiosa (Say). Redding (reported as L. adelince on p.
60 of vol. xii.).
Limncea hnmilis (Say). Duck Lake, Lassen Co.
Poinpholyx eft'tisa (Lea). Shasta Co. in the Sacramento R. at Red-
ding, in Battle Creek, and Pitt R. below the falls; Grasshopper
Lake, Lassen Co.; also Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou Co.
(\irinifex newberryi (Lea). Eagle Lake; Head of Fall River,
southeastern Siskiyou Co.
Planorbis trivolvis hornii Tryon. Upper waters of Willow Creek,
Lassen Co.
Planorbis parvus Say. Duck Lake, Lasson Co., and a small sink-
ing creek on Van Loan's ranch, 20 miles S. of Alturas ; also Red-
ding, Shasta Co.
Ancylus oregonensis Clessin. Redding.
Lanx patettoides (Lea). Shasta Co., at Redding, Battle Creek,
and Pitt R. below falls. At the latter two localities a spotless form
or variety occurs, associated with spotted specimens.
Lanx altus (Tryon). Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou
Co. This is probably only a variety of Lea's Ancylus newberryi, but
it is rounder and higher, and the young are more conic and not ele-
vated at the ends as in L. newberryi.
Pltysa triticea Lea. Battle Creek, S. border of Shasta Co.; S. Fork
Pitt R. at South Fork P. O., Modoc Co. ; West Fork Feather R.,
Morgan Spr., Plumas Co.; Duck Lake and Willow Creek, Lassen
Co.; Dunsmuir, Siskiyou Co. A common species in northern Cali-
fornia, originally described from young specimens.
Goniobasis pUcifera (Lea). Klamath River at Klamathton, Sis-
kiyou' Co. A form heavily striate throughout, but folded on the
earlier whorls only.
Goniobasis nigrina (Lea). Battle Creek, southern boundary of
Shasta Co., 10 miles above its mouth ; West Fork Feather River,
Plumas Co.; small spring at Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.; headwaters of
Fall R., southeastern Siskiyou Co.
Goniobasis occata (Hinds.). Battle Creek, southern boundary of
Shasta Co. The upper keels are generally nodose, as in G. acutiflosa,
which is evidently a form derived from occata.
Goniobasis acutifilosa (Stearns). Small creek at Eagle Lake.
Sculpture less strong than in the typical form.
Goniobasis acutifilosa siskiyouensis n. v. Excessively variable in
<><> THE NAUTILUS.
sculpture, spiral carinte wholly absent on the last whorl or two, or
reduced to two or three low angles ; or when developed, more numer-
ous and less prominent than in the type form. Contour about as in
acutifllosa. Based upon a series of 94 shells from the headwaters of
Fall River, S.-E. Siskiyou Co. There is also a series of the same
form in the collection labelled "G. circumlineata Tryon, California."
The Goniobases of the West Coast are fully as variable as those of
the East ; and far too many species have been made. The following
synopsis is believed to be in accordance with the facts.
a. Earlier (or all) whorls longitudinally costate. plicifera.
a1. Earlier (or all) whorls spirally keeled.
b. Last whorl with many spiral keels. occata.
bl. Last whorl with few spiral keels. acutifilosa.
bz. Last whorl rounded, not sculptured. rubiginosa.
a2. Earlier whorls convex, without spiral or longitudinal sculpture.
bulbosa, nigrina, circumlineata.
G. plicifera Lea includes the following synonyms or slight local
races : silicula Gld., 1847, shastaensis. Lea, 1856, rudens Reeve,
I860, bairdiana Lea 18G2. Its range extends from the southern end
of Puget Sound, Washington, to Pitt and Feather Rivers, California.
G. bulbosa Gld., 1847, described from the Columbia River, and
before me from the Owyhee River, includes newberryi Lea, 1860,
from the upper Des Chutes River, both streams being tributary to
the Columbia.
It is doubtful whether G. nigrina Lea, 1856, should be included
in bulbosa, but it seems to me very likely. G. nigrina includes
draytonii Lea, 1862, and Melania calif ornica Clessin, Malak. Blatter
(n. F.) v, p. 189, pi. 4, f. 9, 9 (1882), as synonyms, and G. circiim-
lineata Tryon is probably only a variety, distinguished by larger size
and more or less malleated whorls, which show spiral flat faces like
some forms of Limncea palustris, or sparse low spiral carinsB. G.
nigrina, in its several forms, is distributed over northern California
from Sonoma and Napa counties rioith to Humboldt, and east to
Lassen and Plumas counties. It is characteristic of the Sacramento,
as bulbosa is of the Columbia, drainage.
The fossil G. tayloriana Gabb has the sculpture of occata and
acutifilosa, and is probably an ancestral form of these species.
Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds). Small creek at Eagle Lake;
head of Fall River, Southeastern Siskiyou Co.; S. Fork Pitt R.,
Modoc Co.
THE NAUTILUS.
67
\'<ilr«t<i v irons Try on. Willow Creek, tributary to Susan River,
Lassen Co.
Anodonta culifornieiifis Leti. Upper waters of Willow Creek.
Marguritana margaritifera (L.). Sacramento R. at Redding.
Pisidium utiramontanum Prime. Duck Lake, Lassen Co.; W.
Fork Feather R. at Morgan Spr., Plumas Co. Another species of
Pisidium occurred in Mocloc and Siskiyou counties.
A NEW PLIOCENE POLYGYKA FROM FLORIDA.
BY CHAS. W. JOHNSON.
Polygyra caloosaensis, n. sp.
Whorls six, slightly depressed, crossed on the body whorl above
by about 65 coarse, oblique, subarcuate costae, that end rather ab-
ruptly at the periphery; toward
the apex they become gradually
smaller or obsolete, apical whorl
smooth ; below the periphery
the cost* become obsolete and
the surface has an indented or
malleated appearance. Umbili-
cus wide, one entire whorl (be-
side the body whorl) being visible
below. Aperture sublunate, nar-
rowed above, lip broad, unevenly
reflected, slightly thickened on
the base, giving the appearance
of an obsolete tooth, callus con-
tinuous over the parietal wall
and bearing a prominent oblique
process, that is subtruncate
above, but extends narrowly
toward the base. Alt. 6 mm.,
greatest diam. 11 mm.
Two specimens, (one immature) from the material collected by the
late Dr. H. G. Griffith from the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie
River, Florida.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
Type No. 9316 Collection of the Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Tliis species belongs to the typical cereolus section, but has the size
and form of P. iivulifera. Dr. Dall records P. cereolus microdonta
from the Caloosahatchie beds (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. iii, pt. 1,
p. 19), but this species cannot be confounded with that.
VIVIPAROUS MIOCENE TURRITELLIDJE.
BY FRANK BURNS.
I have lately made one of the most interesting discoveries that I
have met with in all my work in the Southern Tertiary, and send
you below the facts for publication.
I lately went to -Plum Point, a classical spot in Maryland, to try
to get a fair representation of the fauna there, as the beds and shells
are so friable that it has been heretofore almost impossible to do so.
I have a large amount of marl and many hundreds of the larger bi-
valves, collected to get the small things enclosed in the matrix be-
tween the valves, also in such gastropods as I could get out without
breaking. In looking over some sand I came across a small frag-
ment of Turritella cumberlandia Con., 21 mm. long and 11 mm.
wide, and out of this I obtained over two hundred embryonic shells
that were enclosed in the mother shell. Of all the great number of
thousands of such shells that I have heretofore collected, I never saw
anything like this, nor have I read of it.
These embryonic shells were never born, so to speak. Their
mother died with them enclosed, and, as the animal decayed, the
front of the aperture was closed with fine silt, leaving the embryonic
shells intact, where they have remained for an immense period of
time, as this is the lowest fossiliferous bed in the Miocene. These
embryonic shells are about one millimetre in length and about as
wide. I have heretofore collected very young Turritellida from fine
sand where they had died, but never before saw one in the parent
fossil. A fine point for investigation is whether the recent Tarri-
teUidce are oviparous or viviparous. The literature that I have
access to is a little hazy on the subject.
Since writing the above I have found another specimen in the
same condition, but of a different species, Turritella indmta Con.;
both from the same bed at Plum Point.
THE NAUTILUS. 69
The last specimen was bored by a mollusk and, of course, died
before spawning. As soon as I removed a small portion of sand the
little fellows came pouring out by the hundred, so that I have du-
plicated the most interesting find of my life.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio unicostaius, sp. nov.
Shell thin, obovate, somewhat inflated, inequilateral. Smooth,
with distant and inconspicuous growth lines; epidermis olivaceous
with numerous, well separated, indistinct, broad green rays through-
out the entire disk, but which are usually most distinct on the pos-
terior half: dorsal margin short and straight, anterior margin very
short and abruptly rounded, base sub-emarginate, posterior margin
rounded and usually (in the male) biangulated; umbos prominent,
beaks eroded, umbonal angle obsolete ; posterior area with a single
little rib extending from beak to the superior posterior margin; beak
cavities well defined; dorsal cicatrices deep and close up under the
beaks, anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior ones confluent and all
smooth; lateral teeth slender, straight and prominent; cardinals
lamellate, oblique and prominent ; nacre pale flesh color, pink or
red. Width 1|, length 1, diameter ^ inches.
Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks: Affinity, U. Uenosus. A large lot of these shells has
been in hand for two years — and some have been distributed to con-
tributors to the collecting fund under the name of U. nigrinus Lea,
and U. Uenosus Con. var. Its outline is much more obovate than
either species and it is smaller and thinner than the latter. The
female shells of unicostatus show a still further departure from both
of the above-named species in developing a far greater degree of ex-
pansion on the base. The little rib on the posterior area is also a
distinguishing feature, though it i*s sometimes nearly obsolete. Its
epidermis is never black like that of U. nigrinus.
70 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
LAND SHELLS OF BERKS Co., PENNSYLVANIA — During August
of the present year I spent some days in Amity township, Berks
Co., Pa. Only a few hours were given to collecting, the following
species being obtained:
Polygyra albohibris (Say), P. tridentata (Say), P. hirsuta (Say).
Vallonia pulchella (Mtill).
Bifidaria arm if era (Say).
Pyramidula striatclla cotskillensis (Pils.).
Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).
Zonitoides arbor ens (Say).
Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).
Vitrea rhoadsi Pils., V. indent at a (Say).
Agriolimax campestris (Binn.).
This extends the range of Pyramidula striateUa catskillensis, not
hitherto found in Pennsylvania, and adds another locality for Vitrea
rhoadsi. The other species are of course common and widely dis-
tributed H. A. Pihbry.
PHYSA CUBENSIS IN FLORIDA. — The small, slender, glossy
Physa of peninsular Florida often goes under the name P. pomilia
Conr., in collections. Recognizing that this was incorrect, I gave
the MS. name "P. heterostropha peninsula " to the specimens col-
lected at Miami by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (this journal, p. 48). On
comparing with Antillean forms I find that the species is Physa
cubensis Pfr., described from western Cuba. — H. A. Pihbry.
SHELLS COLLECTED AT OAKDALE, MORGAN Co., TENN — Dur-
ing a few hours stay, the following species were collected on the
bluffs along the Emory River.
Polygyra stenotrema Fer.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. 2 dead and poor.
Pulygyra wet/ierbyi Bid. 4 alive and poor.
Polygyra tridentata Say Var. 4 alive, one dead.
Polygyra appressa sculptior Chad. Saw many dead ones.
Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. 1 alive — saw a few dead.
Oniplidlina laevigata Pfr. 1 y^oung alive — several dead.
Gastrodonta interim Say.
Am sending you one of the tridentata. You will note the teeth are
THE NAUTILUS. 71
like var. complanata but the sculpture is like trldentata. My largest
shell, the dead one, is 2(H mm. diam. I thought at first they wen-
complanata but on comparing with typical shells from Burnside, Ky.,
collected by Sargent, I saw the difference. — Geo. H. Clavj>.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OK THE ARABIAN SEA, PERSIAN
GULF, AND GULF OF OMAN, mostly dredged by Mr. B. W. Townseud,
with descriptions of twenty-seven species by Jas. Cosmo Melvill.
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. ser. 7, Vol. iv. pp. 81-01 pis. i, ii.
Aug. 1899.
REPORT ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OBTAINED DURING THE
FIRST EXPEDITION OF PROF. A. C. HADDON TO THE TORRES
STRAITS in 1888-89. By Jas. Cosmo Melvill, and Robt. Standen.
Linn. Soc. Journ. Zool, Vol. xxvii, pp. 150-20(3, pis. 10, 11, 1899.
Review of the work done in that region with a list of the collect-
ing stations of Prof. Haddon is followed by a catalogue of the species.
4-19 species are recorded, including 24 that are new. One new genus
of Neritidoi, Mayadis, and a new subgenus of Pholado»tya Sowb.,
Pariliinya, are described. The paper closes with some very interest-
ing remarks on the few recent species of Pholadoniya. — C. W. J.
WEST AMERICAN EULIMID.E, By Edw. G. Vanatta. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. 1899, pp. 254-257, pi. xi. Three new species are described
and Eulima compacta Cpr., E. micans " Cpr." Reeve, and E, rutilix
Cpr. are redescribed and figured.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Vol. Ill, no. 5, July, 1899. Lieut-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen deliv-
livered the Presidential Address on February 10 on the subject of
Indian malacology, a field which he has made peculiarly his own.
The address begins with an interesting sketch of the workers on In-
dian mollusks, and continues with a review of the progress and pre-
sent state of our knowledge of the most prominent and characteristic
forms of the mollusk life of India. Particularly interesting are the
paragraphs upon Camptoccras and the Zonitidce. The development
of the latter group in India is enormous in number of genera and
species, and remarkable in the series of forms leading to slug-like
genera such as Girasia. And as it is to Godwin-Austen himself that
72 TIiE NAUTILUS.
we owe a knowledge of tlie anatomy of these forms, his ideas of the
succession and relationships of the genera will naturally carry great
weight. Godwin-Austen is emphatic in opinion that the slug-like
genera trace their ancestry to forms with well-developed shells,
Macrochlamys standing in an ancestral relation to Austenia and
Girasia. This goes to confirm the doctrine that naked forms are
never primitive pulmonates. The address will well repay careful
reading by those interested in land snails.
Messrs Wm. Moss and W. M. Webb give the results of the dis-
section of Trachycystis, Dorcasia and homeria. In Dorcasia globulus
the genital system was found to be simple, as in Polygyra^ but the vas
deferens is bound to the penis distally. homeria subcastanea is the
first species of its subgenus to be dissected, and the anatomy proves it
to have been rightly located in the genus Phtrodonte. It has a special
feature in having the penis retractor musc-le inserted on the epiphallus,
as in the allied Oriental forms. "• The male organs in particular r6-
semble those of Chloriles porteri more nearly than they do Plexro-
donte."
In his notes on the non-marine molluscan fauna of the Hawaiian
Is., Mr. Ancey gives descriptions, notes and figures of numerous
little-known and new forms; a new genus, Thaanumia,\s proposed.
In a succeeding paper, Mr. Sykes figures numerous hitherto unfigured
Hawaiian land shells described by Ancey and Gulick. This is a
most valuable and welcome contribution.
A new Dinoplax, D. fossus, is described by Mr. E. R. Sykes.
Like the type of the genus, it is from South Africa.
Mr. Smith describes a large snail from Perak as Hemiplecta
floweri.
Mrs. Agnes Kenyon gives the history of the seven specimens of
Valuta Roadniyhtce at present known, all being from various localities
on the coast of Victoria. The largest measures 8 inches in length.
The number closes with an article by Mr. H. Suter, describing six
new forms of New Zealand land shells. The soft anatomy of several
is figured, and in FlammuUna (Pyrrha) virescens a peculiar flat ap-
pendiculum, inserted opposite the entrance of the spermathecn, was
found. This is a new structure for the Eitdodontidcz, and the ex-
amination of allied species will be looked for with interest.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. NOVEMBER, 1899. No. 7.
DONAX STULTORUM, MAWE CONRAD'S SPECIES, CYTHEREA
CRASSATELLOIDES.
BY ROUT. E. C. STEARNS.
On delving into the literature and resurrecting the little known
\v<>rk of some good old forgotten author, in pursuance of the law of
priority, we have to rehabilitate an overlooked name at the expense
of a better and more appropriate one, that has been in use for nearly
two-thirds of a century. Of course this results in some confusion,
and the revision of labels, catalogues, etc., which is no trifling affair.
An instance of this kind is seen in the case of the well-known
C'i/fltci-i'0 (Tireld) crassatettoides of Conrad (1837), of California!!
waters, which now, though the specific name is highly appropriate, is
found to conflict with that of stnltornm of Mawe, who figured it in
1823, from a young example, assigning it to the genus Doitax. The
late Dr. Philip Carpenter, who was inclined to be conservative in
cases of this kind, while mentioning Mawe's species in the British
Association Ivi-port, 1SD3, p. 524, and in the tabulated list of the
shells of the Vancouver and California!) province, same volume (p.
f>40), adheres to Conrad's name and says, " jun. == stii/torum Gray."
With over a hundred juniors before me, measuring from three-
fourths to an inch and a half (19 to 37 nun.) in length, it seems
strange that this form, even in its adolescent stages, should have
been regarded as a Donax. On page 526, of his report as above,
Carpenter says "[the young of this Pachydesma is 'Trigona stult-
74 THE NAUTILUS.
orum Gray,' Desh., MS., in British Museum.]" The earlier syn-
onymy may be arranged thus:1
1823. Donax stultorum Mawe. The Linn. Syst. Conch., pp. 37,
40, pi. 9, f. 7 (no description; locality "Indian Seas").
1828. Donax stultorum Mawe, Gray. Index Testaceologicus,
Suppl., pi. 2, Donax, f. 2. Also Hanley's edit., 1856 (no descrip-
tion).
1837. Cytherea ( Trigonella) crassatelloides Conrad. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., vii. pt. 2, p. 253, pi. xix, fig. 17.
1838. Trigona stultorum Gray. The Analyst, viii, p. 304 (no de-
scription; refers to " Venus stultorum Gray, Wood, Suppl., t. 2, f.
2." This is a false reference for Donax stultorum, loc. cit.).
1843. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Hanley. Descript. Catal.
Rec. Biv. Shells, p. 106.
1843. Cytherea stultorum Gray, Hanley. Descript. Catal. Rec.
Biv. Shells, p. 106. (First description of stultorum. )
1844. Cytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides Con., Hinds. Zob'l.
Voy. H. M. S. "Sulphur," Moll., p. 65, pi. 21, f. 1.
1849. Trigonella crassatelloides Conrad, Journ. A. N. S., Phila.,
i, pt. 3, p. 213.
18 — (?). Cythercea crassatelloides Con., Sowerby. The?. Conch.,
ii, p. 612, pi. 127, f. 1-3. (G. stultorum placed in synonymy as the
young.)
1853. Trigona crassatelloides Con., Desh., Catal. Conchif. Coll.
B. M., pt. 1, p. 46.
1853. Trigona stultorum Gray, Deshayes. Catal. Conchif. Coll.
B. M. pt. 1, p. 46.
1864. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol.
xiv, pi. 1, f. 3.
1898. Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides Conrad. Stearns in Proc.
U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. xxi, pp. 371-378, plates xxiii-xxv.
Conrad never actually used the combination " Pachydesma cras-
satelloides," though it is implied in his brief note of 1854.
This species exhibits many varietal aspects, as is shown in the
paper last referred to.
The generic synonymy is as follows :
Trigonella Conrad, 1837. Journ. A. N. S., Phila., vii, pt. 2, p.
1 Dr. Pilsbry has kindly assisted me in compiling the literary history of this
species.
Til 1C NAUTILUS. 75
253 (proposed as a snbgenus of (_'yt//erea ; type and sole species
Cytherea crassatelloides Conr.).
Trigonella Conrad, 1849. Journ. A. N. S., Phila., I, 213 (diag-
nosis of genus).
Pachydesma Conrad, 1854. Proc. Acad. N. S., Pliila., vii, p. 31
(" note on the genus Trigonella Con. This name being superseded,
I propose to substitute that of PacJtydesma").
Prior to 1843 no description of Donax stullorum was published —
not a line except the name and the locality, " Indian Seas." The
specimen figured by Mawe is young, and apparently the color- var.
tr iserialis.
The first description was by Hanley in 1843. Gray merely refers
to the plate in Index Testae. Suppl., not even to Mawe's earlier
publication.
Query : Should Mawe's figure, which is quite recognizable, but
without description and with a false locality and erroneous generic
reference, displace Conrad's name, which was from a known locality,
was well defined, and was accompanied by a good figure of the typi-
cal many-rayed shell ?
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio singularia, s
Shell uniformly and moderately solid, wide, rather inflated and
very inequilateral. Surface silicate, with distant growth lines;
epidermis dark olive, ray less, finely wrinkled, and towards the base
becoming fuscous; dorsal margin slightly arched, anterior margin
abruptly rounded, base straight or subemarginate, posterior margin
bluntly rounded or biangulated ; beaks not prominent, and sur-
rounded by five or six sharp concentric ridges which gradually
merge into the sulcations on the umbos ; umbonal ridge bluntly
rounded ; lateral teeth erect, solid, straight, widely separated from
the cardinals and, in the left valve, from each other, single in the
right and double (?) in the left valve, the superior division possessing
scarcely prominence enough to warrant calling it a tooth ; cardinal
teeth solid, double in the left and single in the right valves ; the single
one being deeply serrated on its summit ; beak cavities very slight;
76 THE NAUTILUS.
anterior cicatrices smooth, well-impressed and distant ; posterior
cicatrices sliglitly impressed, smooth and confluent ; nacre pale blue,
white or coppery. Width, 2| ; length, 1| ; diameter, T9^ inches.
Habitat : Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks : Affinity, Unio sca»tn<itns Morel. The roughness of the
surface of this singular shell is the one feature that at once arrests
attention. We know of no other U. S. species of this class (as to
outline) that possesses such a surface. It, is not, however, so con-
spicuously furrowed as its affinity.
AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GEOUPS OF STROMBS.
BY GKO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.
Having recently had the privilege of studying a fine series of the
living species of Strombus, Pterocera and Terebellum, the opportunity
seemed favorable for a critical examination of the entire group. As
I am not aware that any similar attempt has been made to revise the
Stromhi. the results obtained are respectfully submitted to the scien-
tific world. Lacking anatomical data, I have freely used neglected
and sometimes indefinable features of the shells as guides to their
inter-relationships. Forced to recognize some new groups, I have
left the secondary matter of names to those more skilled in nomen-
clature, but have indicated the probable application of the titles
already in use, as to the types of which scarcely any two authors, save
Tryon and Fischer, agree.
Of the species and varieties of Xtrombtis recognized in Tryon's
monograph, I have seen all but /\ fntct/fr, taunts, listen', dilatatus,
labiosxs, dcfortnis, septhmis, ntiiit'iims, siblxddi, erytln iirns (true), }>nl-
chellt/s, /iet//i, scalariformis and bttlbidns, although S. goliath, fusifor-
mis and terebellutits were not now before me. All ten of the Ptero-
certe were at hand.
The grouping of the species which seems to me most in accordance
with their natural relations, as indicated by shell features and geo-
graphical distribution, is as follows:
GROUP A (Monodactyhis}.
Canal lengthened, bent abruptly dorsally; lip with margin straight-
ened, incurled, truncated at both ends, bearing a posterior digitation
THE NAUTILUS. 77
originating above the shoulder angle ; body regularly sculptured with
spiral strife and rows of nodules ; spire elegant, high, without varices;
suture suddenly, vertically ascending at aperture ; eolumellar callus
thinning rapidly, or with an impressed area, posteriorly; no conspic-
uous periostracum.
S. auris-diance, melanostomus, aratrnm, australis.
Distribution : Mauritius to Japan and Polynesia.
The American forms and tricornis, included by Tryon, differ con-
siderably (note the italicized passages above) from this very natural
little Lido-Pacific group, and are grouped elsewhere.
GROUP B (nov.).
Canal bent back, the columellar callus terminating below in a prom-
inent knob, giving a bilobed appearance ; lip with the antesinual lobe
directed forward, the outer margin inrolled and thickened, descending
from the suture and lobed in the posterior sinus ; body with spiral
rows of squarish nodules; spire moderate.
S. papilio, lentiginosus.
Distr. : Zanzibar to Polynesia.
The wide difference between these two species and the smooth ones
allied to laciniatus is readily seen from the above definition, while
many points of resemblance with Group A will be detected, suggest-
ing community of origin.
Sub-group B 2.
Callus prominent below, hardly knobbed ; lip edge sharp, "hooded"
posteriorly, but not lobed; spire high, nodular.
S. grnnnlatiis.
Panama and Galapagos.
This species, which differs utterly from all other American forms,
agrees too closely in many respects with the lentiainostis group, and
seems to form a geographically isolated section.
GROUP C (Strombus).
Sh^ll large and strong; canal not much lengthened, somewhat
curved or sin/ions; lip widely expanded, especially above, where it is
sometimes lobed ; suture ascending at aperture ; body spirally corded ;
periostracum thick and coarse, spirally wave-striolate.
S. galhis, gigas, goliath, costatus, integer, bituberculatus, bubonius,
galeatus, peruvianus .
Distr.; American, South Carolina to Brazil, Mazatlan to Peru;
West African.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
I can find no reliable feature by which to separate the American
" monodactyl " species (the posterior lobe, which is derived from the
shoulder-angle and is not homologous with the digitation of the
Oriental forms, being incipient in gigas itself), and I have detected
the peculiar periostracum in all but yalhts. Moreover in the char-
acters of spire and body gallus agrees with gigas, bitnberculatus with
coslalus (and has a variety corresponding with inermis), and pemri-
aims with galeatus, and this accords with their geographical range.
Sub-group C J.
Canal short, straight ; lip scarcely expanded, with margin faintly
incurled, deeply receding at the suture, and not surmounting the
shoulder of the penultimate whorl ; body nearly smooth; periostracum
finely, densely, vertically lamelluse; inner lip spreading.
S. pu (/His, gracilior.
Antillean and West Mexican.
The last clause of the definition is needed to distinguish this small
American group from Gonomurex luhuanus, which it strangely par-
allels. Only a conservative spirit and the occasional presence of
wave- ^triolations on the periostracum induce me to give this group
secondary rank under group C.
GHOUP D (Evprotomus).
Canal very short, with the dorsal margin produced beyond the short
tip of the straightened columella; lip with the antesinual lobe broad,
rolled upward and inward, the outer margin broadly and abruptly
inflected; body with a large node; spire high, whorls nodulous.
S. laciniatu-s, latissimus, ponderosus, taurus.
Distr. ; Japan to Fiji Is.
S. tricornis. Red Sea.
The last species is aberrant in its single posterior lobe and obso-
lescent inflection of the lip margin, but the resemblance to perun'anus
is evidently deceptive. $. taurus strikingly emphasizes the close al-
liance of this group to
GROUP E (Pterocera).
This group need not be redefined. It has the peculiar form of
antesinual lobe of the preceding group, and differs mainly in the
elongated canals and numerous lip-claws.
( To be continued.)
THE NAUTILUS. 79
NOTE ON SOME NEW MEXICAN SHELLS.
BY II. A. PILSBRT.
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell recently sent a small box of Olivia-
tile debris containing shells, obtained during (lie past summer by
Professor J. D. Tinsley at South Spring Creek, near Roswell, N. M.
The list of species follows:
Polygyra texasirma (Moric.) Planorbis exactitus Say.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Aiicyhts rivularis Say.
Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.). Ptiysa virgata Gld.
Carychium exigmim (Say). Paludestrina seenianni (Ffld.).
Limn(za humilis Say. Amnicoln sp.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Pisidium compressum Prime.
There was a single dead specimen of the Amnicofa, which is prob-
ably a new species somewhat like A. micrococcits, but more conic.
With the shells were numerous minute bivalve crustaceans of the
Cypris type, and some of the Valvata-like larva-cases of Helicopsyche,
composed of much coarser materials than are chosen by our eastern
H. arenifera.
AMONG THE UNIOS OF THE SABINE RIVER.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
The Sabine River forms part of the boundary between Texas and
Louisiana. The Houston, East & West Texas Railroad crosses the
river at Logansport, a thriving village of about one-half mile in diam-
eter. This town derives its support from an immense saw-mill,
one of the largest in the world. It is worthy of a trip to see the
huge logs pulled about, and in a few minutes turned into finished
lumber, loaded into cars and ready to go unto the uttermost parts of
the world.
But it was not lumber for which I took my trip to the Sabine, but
to describe the river and its inhabitants. This river flows through
and over immense sand banks. Its walls are fifty feet high, and
mainly of pure sand from top to bottom.
At the time of my visit it was so low that even a fiat-bottomed
skiff could not be paddled up it, except here and there in pools. As
80 THE NAUTILUS.
soon as we were out of sight of the town we waded into the river.
In the clear water the Unios could be seen and picked up, and in a
couple of hours we had collected about 1,000 and returned to the
town, and shipped our catch home. By this time the August sun was
at a heat of about 92°, and we spent the rest of the day trying to
keep cool. By the next train we came home, and cleaned up and
assorted our booty. They were a rich lot. You lovers of Unio, read
the list:
Uuio multiplicatus Lea.
Unio trapezoide^ Lea.
Unio perplicatus Con. with several "aliases."
Unio purpuratus Lam., very numerous and large.
Unio anodonloides Lea., rather scarce, and very poor.
Unio cornutus Barnes. Fine.
Unio sphaericus Lea.
Unio refulfirens Lea.
o
Uuio hydianus Lea.
Uuio castaneus Lea.
Unio gracilis Bar., very abundant.
Uuio nigerrimus Lea. A very distinct species, and most certainly
not subrostratus Say, as has been claimed.
Uuio cerinus Conrad, scarce.
Unio askewii Marsh, abundant.
Uuio chunii Lea, scarce.
Unio riddellii Lea. This shell is so rare that Mr. Chas. T. Simp-
son writes me that these from the Sabine river are the only undoubted
specimens he has ever seen (excepting the type).
Unio asper Lea.
Unio elegans Lea.
Unio satur Lea. Another " rara avis." (Some uniologists think
this shell to be a variant of U. occidens, but, from the study of 105
specimens, I believe it a "good" species.)
Unio amphiclm?nus Frierson. This is a remarkable shell, and its
novelty has now "stood fire" without loss.
Anodo-ita imbecillis Say.
Auodouta edentula Say. (From a tributary of the Sabine river,
and by odds the largest specimen I have ever seen.)
Anodonta virens-stewartiana, etc., etc.
Margaritana confragosa Barnes.
TIIK NAUTILUS. 81
Besides these, there are a lot of" " suspects " also, which may yield
the following species :
Unio cuneus Con.
Unio hebetatus Con.
Unio - — . New species ; has pink nacre.
Finally, our box yielded two large univalves, which Mr. Marsh
pronounces to be Campeloma geniculant Conrad.
ABALONE FISHERY IN CALIFORNIA PROTECTIVE REGULATION.
BY R. E. C. STEARNS.
The continued gathering or " fishing " of Abalones (ffah'otis, Ear-
thells or Ormers, as they are variously called), along the coast of
California, has recently led to restrictive action by some of the county
authorities. The supervisors of Monterey, and of other of the sea-
board counties, have taken the necessary legal steps to regulate the
fishing, which has been carried on continuously from about 1864 to
the present time by the Chinese, and of late by the Japanese. The
well-known species, Haliotis rufescens and H. cracherodii, so abund-
ant between tidemarks a few years ago, have, owing to the uninter-
mittent collecting by the Asiatic fishermen, become comparatively
scarce.
An ordinance recently passed by the authorities of Monterey
County, makes it unlawful to " fish " for Abalones except in deep
water, and by means of diving apparatus or other deep-sea devices.
A license of $60 is also to be charged in the future for " fishing" for
abalones. (This license fee is presumably for the term of a year.)
The ordinance is said to be " the result of a fight " between the city
of Monterey, seeking to stop the gathering and shipping out of the
county (or country ?) of Abalone meats and shells, and the Japanese
cannery, that has carried on an extensive business at a plant on Car-
mel Bay, about six miles south of Monterey. Practically, the ordi-
nance is a compromise between local parties ; the fishermen being
restricted to " deep water," excepting a limited portion of the littoral
82 THE NAUTILUS.
zone, between a line drawn due west from Carmel river and the
southern boundary of the county.
Monterey City, with its Del Monte hotel and fine surroundings,
Pacific Grove with it.s many attractive features, the beautiful Car-
mel Valley and the old Mission church, make the region hereabout
the most popular seaside resort in Central Calitornia, and draw
great numbers of people from all parts of the state. The rambles
along the shore, collecting the beautiful Abalones and other shells,
by visitors, who carry them away as souvenirs, has been one of the
many attractions, and has had no doubt something to do with the
above action on the part of the authorities, to prevent the extermin-
ation of one of Nature's most beautiful forms. Whatever may have
been the motive that lias led to this restrictive regulation, it is amply
justified on the broad ground of public interest, and the example of
the Monterey supervisors should be followed by the officials in all of
the coast counties. R. E. C. S.
CORRESPONDENCE.
HONOLULU, HAWAIIAN IDS., SETT. 1G, 1899.
My trip to Alaska was most interesting and successful.
My attention was chiefly given to geologv and paleontology, so I had
little time for collecting shells, still I did something and added a few
points to our knowledge of geographical distribution. The most in-
teresting was the discovery at Biorka Island, at the entrance of
Sitka sound, that a number of the southern species creep up along
the seaward margin of the archipelago much further north than they
do among the islands. Thus I found Leptotliyra carpenteri, Psam-
mobia California a, CaUiostoma filos/tm, etc., at Biorka, though they
do not occur in Sitka Sound nor, as far as I know, much north of
Vancouver Island, in the inner channels. Prof. Ritter, of Cala.
State University, did the dredging that was done, but the results in
mollusks were less novel than in other directions.
After our return to Portland I came down here Aug. 9th per
steamer, making the passage in six days very comfortably. The sea
en route was much less supplied than I had expected with pteropods
TIIK NAUTILUS. 83
and other pelagic life, and there was hardly a trace of phosphores-
cence, a great contrast to the northern seas, which fairly reek with
lite in a myriad forms. We saw Velella and Hying fish (once) and
a few porpoises, one petrel, and away from land were attended as
usual by the black-footed albatross.
Here I have been revising the catalogue of the shell collection of
O G
the Bishop Memorial Museum, a surprisingly well developed and
outfitted museum of Polynesian ethnology and natural history. After
Mr. Bishop, formerly of Honolulu, a wealthy banker who founded
the museum in memory of his wife (who belonged to the royal fam-
ily of Hawaii), the existence and flourishing condition of the museum
is largely due to Dr. W. T. Brigham, the director, who has been a
resident here for many years.
The shell collection is that made by Andrew Garrett, and (apart
from the great collections like those of the Nat. Museum at Wash-
ington, the Academy at Philadelphia, the British Museum, etc.) is
one of the best in Pacific Ocean species that exist. There are tf,000
or 9,000 species and about 22,000 specimens, mostly in excellent
condition, neatly mounted on tablets with printed labels. Local col-
lecting is poor. The land shells are found in the wet region high up
on the mountains and not near the town, where irrigation alone en-
ables anything to grow. There is little on the reefs near the town ;
I noticed a Tectarius and a Melaraphe. Plecotrema striata Phil, was
the only thing at all common. The animal is much like that of
Alexia ; there is no transverse sulcus to the sole of the foot and the
eyes are directly over the middle line of the tentacles at their bases.
There are one or two species of Mthmia here, very similar to the
Oregonian species as regards the shells, but these are true Melanians
with a fringe on the mantle edge. The muzzle is rather long, flat
and tapering, the mouth is a vertical slit ; the colors gray, dotted
with opaque yellow and white. A singular fact appeared on trying
to drown some for dissection ; although there were no eggs on the
shells, there appeared a lot of young Melanians with about six
smooth, glassy nepionic, and one subsequent sculptured, whorls.
There seems to be no escape from the deduction that these species
are viviparous. The grown shells are always decollate. I shall try
and bring some home. The live Achatinellas and Auriculellas look
like other pulmonates (Helicidse). *
WM. H. DALL.
84 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
POLYGYRA TRIODONTOIDES IN NEW MEXICO. Prof. J. D. Tins
ley has just brought me several specimens of P. tridontoides Bland,
which he collected this year on South Spring Creek, near Roswell,
in the Pecos Valley. This adds a species to the fauna of New Mex-
ica, and extends its range considerably to the west. — T. D. A.
COCKERELL.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
THE MOLLUSCA OF FUNAFUTI. By Chas. Hedley. (Memoirs
of Australian Museum, III., 1899.)
Several expeditions have recently been made to the Ellice Islands,
in which is situated the Funafuti Atoll; In his introductory remarks
Mr. Hedley says : " The poverty of the fauna of the atoll, compared
with that of any continental area lying under corresponding latitudes,
such as Queensland, New Guinea, or the Melanesian Plateau, again
asserts itself. Whole groups, the Brachiopoda and the Polyplacophora,
are missing, giving to the fauna an unsyminetrical aspect. Especi-
ally significant is the absence ot mollusca with large eggs, such as
Nautilus, Melo or Voluta, from this drifted fauna. In many cases the
Funafuti shells are smaller than the usual stature of their respective
species."
"It comes as a surprise to a naturalist to find the pelagic fauna
scarce in this latitude. One Pteropod, one Ileteropod, and a frag-
ment of lanthina were all of this class that came under my notice.
The quiet waters of the lagoon prove a richer field for a collector than
the storm-swept ledges of the ocean beach. The sole representative
of a fluviatile fauna was a species of Mela/ita, which occurred in some
abundance in the native wells."
Part I. contains the- Gasteropoda, Part II., the Pelecypoda and
Brachiopoda, followed by a summary of the entire fauna, and later
by "a supplement.
Four new genera, Obtortin, Contnmax, Thetidos and Mecoliotia, 53
new species and four new varieties of Gasteropoda ; G new Pelecy-
poda, one new Scaphopoda, and one new Brachiopoda are described.
Upwards of G50 species are recorded from the atoll.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XIII. DECEMBER, 1899. No. 8.
NOTE ON SIGARETUS OLDEOYDII.
BY W. H. DALL.
Nearly two years ago (NAUTILUS, December, 1897, p. 86), I de-
scribed, from a single specimen obtained in deep water at San Pedro
by Mrs. Oldroyd, an interesting shell belonging to the Naticidae.
Although of rather naticoid shape, it showed a well-marked fine
spiral striation and a flaring umbilicus, recalling S. concavus La-
marck, but with a much thinner and more delicate shell and larger
umbilicus. Recently Mr. J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, dredged
in Drake's Bay, Cal., a larger shell which proves to be the adult
form of S. oldroydii. In this the Naticoid form has become more
pronounced, the umbilicus smaller and narrower, and a basal zone of
paler color than the rest is well marked. The shell .continues to be
very thin, the soft parts in life cover it almost entirely, though the
thin extension of the mantle over the shell contracts greatly when
the creature is placed in alcohol. The soft parts and operculum are
typically Sigaretoid, but the shell when adult might almost be taken
for a Lunatia. The dimensions of the adult are alt. 50, max. diam.
55 mm. It is almost exactly intermediate, as far as the shell goes,
between Slgarelus, Eunaticina and Lunatia.
8G THE NAUTILUS.
MODIOLA PLICATULA LAMARCK IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
The cry is, " Still they come." In my short note in the February
number of THE NAUTILUS, I suggested the probability that Mytilus
hamatus Say, would sooner or later be detected in the San Francisco
Bay region. Though not as yet reported, its near relative, Modiola
plicatula, is there sure enough, and has been for several years.
Through the kindness of Dr. J. P. Smith, of the Leland Stanford,
Jr., University, I have received an example nearly two inches long,
collected on the eastern shore of the bay by Mr. N. F. Drake, in
1894, at a point "3 miles north of Stanford University." 1 am fur-
ther indebted to Dr. Smith for specimens of Urosalpinx cinereus,
from the oyster beds near Redwood city; these were collected by Mr.
E. E. Smith in 1898.
Some time ago, Mr. Hemphill sent me several examples of Gemma
purpurea Lea.; these were compared by Mr. Dall with specimens in
the National Museum ; he wrote to me, saying, they " were about
midway between the typical southern form and the large flat north-
ern var. Totteni Stm." The shells were all dead, and might have
been brought in mud with the seed oysters, at the time the latter
were planted on the Alarneda flats.
Los Anyeles, CaL, October, 1899.
NOTE ON THE CLAUSILIJE OF CELEBES.
BY E. R. SYKES.
In their very valuable work * on the land-shells of this island,
Herr P. & F. Sarasin describe (p. 218) two new species of this genus
— C. bouthainensis and C. menahassce — and list the forms known hith-
erto. Unfortunately, a little note by the present writer,2 in which
the species were listed, two new forms described, and the name of
(7. balantensis proposed for C. celebemis, Bttg. non Smith, appears
1 Wiesbaden, Oct., 1899, 4to.
*J. Malac. vi, pp. 23-4, pi. iv, pars (Aug. 1897).
THE NAUTILUS. 87
to have escaped their notice. Judging from their descriptions and
figures, (7. bouthainensis appears to be a synonym of C. pyrrha Sykes,
and C. minahasste is very close to G, makassarensis ; indeed these
last two may be identical, but their figures indicate a shell in which
the whorls increase at a more even rate. In both cases the plicae
palatales seem to be similar in number, size and position.
Further, they place C. celebensis Bttg. (non Smith) as a variety of
G. moluccensis, following Dr. Boettger,1 who has also proposed Para-
phtzdusa as a new section for G. subpoiita Smith.
If these conclusions be correct, then the Celebes list will stand as
below :
(7. alternata Moellendorff.
C. celebensis Smith.
G. cwningiana Pfr.
Var. moluccensis Mts.
celebensis Bttg. non Smith,
balantensis Sykes.
Var. simillima Smith.
G. makassarensis Sykes.
(7. minahassce Sarasin.
G. pyrrha Sykes.
bouthainensis Sarasin.
C. subpolita Smith.
G. usitata Smith.
I feel some doubt as to whether C. simillima be not a good species,
distinct from G. cumingiana.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF CANANDAIGUA LAKE REGION, N. Y.
BY DR. CHAS. T. MITCHELL.
During the past summer I have collected, mounted and placed in
my collection in the Union Free School Building in this village the
shells of the following species of mollusca found in the above men-
tioned region, which consists of the Lake, its inlet and outlet, and its
shores, and glens opening toward the lake ; most of the species are
plentiful, while a few are rare :
1 Nachrbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1899 (April), pp. 56-9.
<88 THE NAUTILUS.
1. Unio complanatus Sol. Outlet.
2. Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Lake.
3. Lampsilis iris Lea. Outlet.
4. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Outlet and Lake.
5. Alasmodonta pressa Lea. Outlet, rare.
6. Alasmodonta marginata. Say. Outlet.
7. Anodonta grandis Say. Outlet.
8. Anodonta excurvata De Kay. Inlet.
9. Anodonta fragilis Lam. Inlet.
10. Anodonta impllcata Say. Lake.
11. Anodonta footiana Lea. Outlet, rare.
12. Anodonta salmonia Lea. Outlet.
13. Anodonta simpsoniana Lea. Lake, rare.
14. Anodonta leivisii Lea. Lake.
15. Anodontoides subcyliiidraceus Lea. Outlet, rare.
16. Anodontoides fcrrussacianus Lea. Outlet, rare.
17. Sphcerium striatinum Lam. Lake.
18. Sphcerium rhomboideum Say. Lake.
19. Sphcerium simile Say. Lake.
20. Polygyra albolabris Say. Glens.
20a. Polyc/yra albolabris var. dentata Walk. Glens, rare.
21. Polygyra thyroides Say. Glens.
22. Polygyra sayii Binn. Glens.
23. Polygyra palliata Say. Glens.
24. Polygyra appressa Say. Glens, rare.
25. Polygyra fallax Say. Glens, rare.
26. Polygyra trldentata Say. Glens.
27. Polygyra monodon Rack. Glens, rare.
28. Polygyra hirsata Say. Glens, rare. .
29. Pyramidula alternata Say. Glens.
30. Ompbalina fuliginosa Griff. Glens.
31. Omphallna inornata Say. Glens.
32. Circinaria concava Say. Glens/
33. Succinea obliqua Say. Glens.
34. Oochlicopa lubrica Miill. Shores.
35. Vallonia pulchella Miill. Shores.
36. Limncea stagnalis Linn. Lake.
37. Limncea emarginata Say. Lake.
38. Limncea palustris Miill. Lake, rare.
THK NAUTILUS. 89
39. Limncea ainpla Migli. Lake.
40. Limncea catascopium Say. Lake.
41. Physa anciUaria Say. Lake.
42. Physa sayii Tapp. Lake.
43. Physa heterostropha Say. Lake.
44. Planorbis carnpanulatus Say. Lake.
45. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Lake.
46. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake.
47. Campeloma integer Say. Lake.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BKRL1N II. WRIGHT.
Unio conjugans, sp. nov.
Shell thick, solid, inflated, inequilateral, quadrate ; dorsal margin
arched, posterior margin truncate and subemarginate, basal margin
emarginate, anterior margin uniformly rounded ; umbos rounded,
umbonal ridge prominent, with a marked depression in front; epi-
dermis dark chestnut ; tuberculate throughout, the tuberculations
being without apparent order of arrangement or uniformity of shape,
except that they expand downward and each base terminates at a
growth-line, and near the base of the shell they become joined into
two broken ridges on the anterior half of the shell ; cardinal teeth
very heavy and deeply serrated, those in the left valve being tripar-
tite and those in the right valve double ; lateral teeth, which extend
to the abrupt posterior dorsal angle, are solid, depressed, curved and
comparatively smooth ; anterior cicatrices deep, contracted and
barely distinct ; posterior cicatrices well impressed and widely sepa-
rated ; pallial line deeply impressed and the pallial margin much
thickened in the anterior portion ; dorsal cicatrices many, small, and
arranged in a long oblique row under the cardinal teeth ; beak cavity
deep, wide and bluntly terminated ; nacre dead white with large
umbraceous spots. Width 3f , length 2J, diain. 2 inches.
Habitat : Hiawassa river, Polk Co., Tenn.
Type in National Museum.
Remarks : Affinity, U. blandianus Lea and U. tuberculatus Barnes.
This species fills the gap between these species, and removes the
latter from the isolated position it has heretofore held, uniting the
90 THE NAUTILUS.
members of the group into a continuous chain, one end of which is
U. cyUndricus Say, U. cylindricus Say var. strigillatus Nobis, U.
tuberculatus Barnes, U. conjugcms Nobis, U. b/andianus Lea, U.
asperrimus Lea, etc., and at the other extreme U. nodiferus Con.
Anteriorily the shell reminds one of tuberculatus, except that it is
much more inflated in that region. Posteriorly it resembles blandi-
anus Lea = rumphianus Lea. It is wider and more inequilateral,
however, than that species.
(7b be Continued.')
PISIDIUM HANDWERKI, N. SP.
BY DR. V. STERKI.
Among a lot of Pisidia from the Lilycash Creek, Joliet, 111., col-
lected and sent for examination by Mr. J. H. Handwerk, in 1898,
there were a few specimens of evidently a new species. Yet it
needed confirmation by more materials. But all efforts of Mr.
Handwerk to secure more examples were in vain until a few weeks
ago, when he sent a lot of several thousand specimens from the same
creek, containing P. compression, fa/lax, cruciatum, punctatum, one
of the abditum group, and a few dozen of the Pisidium under consid-
eration, which is now confirmed as a n. sp. and named in honor of its
discoverer.
Mussel small, rather rounded in outline, rather high, moderately
inflated ; beaks moderately large, somewhat papilliform ; superior
margin strongly, inferior moderately curved ; posterior rounded or
slightly truncated, anterior end rounded or with a slight indication
of an angle ; surface with dense, almost regular and sharp striae,
and with a silky gloss, tops of beaks smooth and shining, slightly
flattened ; color of epiconch pale to yellowish horn ; shell rather
strong, nacre colorless or whitish, hinge stout, strongly curved, plate
moderately broad, lateral teeth stout, rather high, short; cardinal
teeth small, line; the right one angular, with the posterior part
somewhat thicker, inserted in a longitudinal groove on the hinge
plate, formed by a sharp, tooth-like prominence along the lower edge
of the plate ; posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve rather long,
longitudinal, nearly straight, its ends sloping; anterior oblique, quite
small, or almost obsolete ; ligament rather small.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
Long. 2.4, alt. 2.2, diam. 1.7 mill.
Hab. : Lilycash creek, Joliet, 111. Probably it has been over-
looked in materials from other places, owing to its resemblance to
immature specimens of some forms of P. compression Pr. When
once known it will always be recognized. It also resembles some
forms of P. paupercuhun Sterki in size and shape, but its compara-
tively coarse striation will distinguish it at once. Pis. handiverki is
not a showy Pisidium, with striking features, but nevertheless a
good species.
New Philadelphia, 0., Nov., 1899.
ORIGIN OF THE MUTATIONS OF OSTREA.1
The oysters are a proverbially difficult group, owing partly to their
adherent situs and partly to the fact that they have not hitherto been
studied with regard to the direct influence of the environment on
individual specimens. That this is very great I have convinced
myself from a prolonged study of a multitude of specimens of 0.
virginica of which the provenance was known, and of many hundred
specimens of our tertiary species, which usually show from the
character of the scar of attachment something of the circumstances
in which they grew. The conclusions to which I have been led by
this study may be regarded as in part provisional, but in the main
highly probable, and as furnishing a first contribution to the sort of
study which is essential if we would understand the processes of nature
through which these animals acquire their most conspicuous external
characters. They may be regarded as especially applicable to the
Crassostrea group.
Leaving out of account the nepionic characters, the characteristics
of the adult shell may be summarized and derived as follows : The
most permanent characters of the shell, and the best, if not infallible
guide to specific recognition among the puzzling mutations a largo
series presents, are the form of the hinge-margin, the minute sculp-
!This interesting extract by Dr. Win. H. Ball is taken from bis review of tbe
Tertiary Ostreidse in tbe Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science,
Vol. Ill, Part IV, p. 675, 1898. As tbe original paper deals chiefly with ter-
tiary forms, and is probably not accessible to many interested in recent oysters,
we reprint it here.
92 THE NAUTILUS.
ture of the superficial layer of the shell (often denuded in otherwise
perfect fossils), and the sculpture of the valve-margins near the hinge
and on each side of it. While not invariable in all specimens, these
characters, taken together, will usually enable one to refer the indi-
vidual to its proper place.
The characteristics due to situs may be partially summarized as
follows: When a specimen grows in still water, it tends to assume a
more rounded or broader form, like a solitary tree compared with its
relatives in a crowded grove. When it grows in a tideway or strong
current, the valves become narrow and elongated, usually also quite
straight. Specimens which have been removed from one situs to the
other will immediately alter their mode of growth, so that these facts
may be taken as established. When specimens are crowded together
on a reef, the elongated form is necessitated by the struggle for ex-
istence, but, instead of the shells being straight, they will be irreg-
ular, and more or less compressed laterally. When the reef is dry
at low stages of the tide, the lower shell tends to become deeper,
probably from the need of retaining more water during the dry
period. Such oysters are the so-called " raccoon oysters," a name
which they get from the visits of that animal at low water to feed
upon them. The so-called "raccoon oysters" figured in Dr. C. A.
White's Review of the Ostreidte (Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey,
1883, pi. 81-2) are not the reef oysters which first acquired this
name, but deep-water specimens which had grown in a place where
they were subjected to current action. When an oyster grows in
clean water on a pebble or shell, which raises it slightly above the
bottom level, the lower valve is usually deep and more or less sharply
radially ribbed, acquiring thus a strength which is not needed when
the attachment is to a perfectly flat surface which acts as a shield on
that side of the shell. Perhaps for the same reason oysters which lie
on a muddy bottom with only part of the valves above the surface of
the ooze are less commonly ribbed. AVhen the oyster grows to a
twig, vertical mangrove root or stem of a gorgonian, it manifests a
tendency to spread laterally near the hinge, to turn in such a way as
to bring the distal margins of the valves uppermost, and the attached
valve is usually rather deep, the cavity often extending under and
beyond the hinge margin ; while the same species on a flattish sur-
face will spread out in oval form with little depth and no cavity un-
der the hinge.
THK NAUTILUS. 93
The average life of the ordinary 0. virginica when " planted " for
sale is about four or five years. In prehistoric times, when the reefs
were undisturbed, the favored individual might attain a much greater
age; in which case the lower valve especially took on excessive
thickness, and the ca-vity of the shell often became considerably
elongated and somewhat hour-glass-shaped, as in 0. contracta Conr.,
whose characters in typical specimens are distinctly senile, while
younger specimens of the same species have the normal form.
In the hinge of the oyster the resiliurn occupies the central ridge,
while the ligament covers the edge of the depressions on each side
of that ridge. The form and relative position of the muscular scar
of the adductor is, within certain limits, a useful character, but its
depression below the general interior surface of the valve or its occa-
sional elevation above it, as in Plicatula, is of no systematic value,
being merely a corollary of the rate of growth from the various
secreting surfaces. The habit of rapid growth, causing a vesicular
character of the shell substance, is more pronounced in some species
than in others, and in some specimens of a species than in others ; it
is rarely the case that this habit (as in 0. percrassa Conr.) has
attained a constancy entitling it to systematic significance.
AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GROUPS OF STROMBUS.
BY GEO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.
(Plerocera continued.^)
1. Lip armed with closed spines,
a. Within smooth, orange,
(Hepta dactyl as. )
Pt. aurantia, lambis, bryonia.
Distr. : Red Sea and Mauritius to Japan, Australia and Polynesia.
b. Within wrinkled, violet,
(MiUipes.)
Pt. Scorpio, pseudoscorpio, miUipeda, elonyata.
Distr.: Zanzibar and Mauritius to Japan and New Guinea.
2. Lip deeply cut into nufinerous open lobes, within finely, deeply,
regularly grooved.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
Pt. violacea. Indian O., Zanzibar.
The last species is certainly quite distinct, but the other two minor
groups are of slight value, the apertural wrinkles being a dynamical
feature incipient in lambis itself.
GROUP F (Harpago.)
Here the antesinual lobe gives rise to one of the great claws, a fea-
ture unique among living Strombs, and sundering it widely from the
previous group, from which Dr. Gill long ago divorced it.
H. chiragra, rugosa.
Distr. : Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.
The six groups previously considered agree in the strong and heavy
shells, usually of large size, with spreading callus. Those which fol-
low are usually rather small and of lighter structure, and have the
inner lip restricted or defined.
GROUP G (Gallimda).
Shell usually light, elegant ; antesinual lobe diminished, lip ex-
panded medially, descending rapidly from the suture with a broad
sinuation ; posterior canal narrow, hugging the spire ; body somewhat
flattened in front of the aperture, usually with four or five sagittate
color bands; the early whorls with small varicose ribs at intervals.
Contents as given by Tryon, with the probable addition of S. pul-
chellu,s, which is unknown to me autoptically.
Distribution : Red Sea and Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.
S. canarium, isabella.
Red Sea to Japan and Australia.
The last two species, erroneously grouped with the American forms
by Tryon, but correctly placed by Chenu and others, are aberrant in
their heavier growth, obscure posterior canal and undefined inner lip.
These differences, however, hardly seem to warrant the institution
of a sub-group.
GROUP H (Conomurex).
Shell conoid, often distorted ; lip with margin rather straight and
incurled, posterior sinus deep, anterior sinus distinct, oblique, remote
from the canal ; inner lip narrow, scarcely defined ; color bands
sagittate.
8- luhuanm, mauritianus, fasciatus, gibberulus.
Distribution: Red Sea and Natal to Japan and Polynesia.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Forms of fasciatus approach closely to the variety coniformis of
mauritianus, and the aperture of the former species is indifferently
smooth or finely ridged. It, therefore, becomes necessary to enlarge
the group. S. luhuanus has the epidermis thickly lamellose, almost
velvety. The sagittate bands are more numerous than in the pre-
ceding group.
GROUP J (Canariam).
Shell small, but solid ; posterior sinus absent, posterior canal a
sligltt groove in the calloused angle at the suture ; anterior sinus very
near the canal ; aperture finely ridged ; lip margin with an external
rib, but not expanded.
S. ustulatus, dentatus, corrugatus and var. elegans, urceus (=flori-
dus), hcemastoma, hellii, scalariformis, maculatus.
Distribution : Red Sea to Hawaii and Australia.
In form and sculpture, 5. elcgans is very suggestive of Rimetta, but
the exaggerated canals of the latter genus sufficiently distinguish it.
Sub-group J 2.
Surface smooth or with low vertical folds, polished; lip sinus
almost merged into the canal ; body drawn out, narrowed. S. samar
(blilbulus, terebellatus). Distr.: Japan to Australia and Polynesia.
The last two species are not before me, but apparently they are
allied to samar and indicate close affinity of this group with the fol-
lowing. The accessory sinuses developed in samar must not be con-
fused with the true lip-sinus.
GKOUP K (Seraphs').
In this group, which need not be redefined, we find the culmina-
tion of the features incipient in samar. The lip-sinus is broad, basal
and merged in the canal. The beautiful color-forms of the single
protean living species of " Terebelhun" inhabit the Indo-Pacific re-
gion from Mauritius to Japan and the Fijis.
GROUP L (Rimella).
Not studied. The living forms inhabit Chinese and Philippine
waters.
GROUP M (Rostellaria).
Not studied. Red Sea to China and Moluccas.
The groups above recognized are probably by no means all of equal
96 THE NAUTILUS.
rank. Nevertheless, each appears to be clearly distinct from all the
others, and no species occur which cannot be at once referred to one
or another of them. Whether they may be recognized as genera is
mainly a question of personal opinion, but it seems evident to me, as
I have intimated in several places, that the extreme forms, such as
Pterocera and Terebellum, to which the older authors Lave unan-
imously given generic rank, are in nature more closely allied to the
various types gathered into the old genus Strotnbiis than the latter
are to each other. One more relationship should be pointed out,
namely, that apparently existing between groups G, H and J. It
remains for the palaeontologist and anatomist to verify or correct de-
ductions based on the recent shells alone, and I await their final
judgment.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
Strombns goliatJi. — Ponderous and distorted specimens of gigcts are
sometimes mistaken for this species, probably because Tryon remarks:
"perhaps a variety of S. gigas." Not long since, I had the good
fortune to find a very fine example of the true goliath lying unknown
and unhonored in a collection once famous but forgotten. So com-
pletely does it differ from all its cousins that none need ever mistake
it. Through the munificence of Pres. Jesup, this king of Strombs is
now enthroned at last in the American Museum, New York City.
Strornbus costatus inermis. — Mr. Frederick Stearns reports " 1 live
mature shell" of this species from the Loo Choo Islands. Can a form
so commonly reported from the West Indies be also living in Orien-
tal waters ? Or has an error crept in ?
Strombus corrngatus — I have been led to separate this (above)
from dentatus, and to consider elegans a variety of it, judging by the
material at hand. A few other forms, usually considered varieties,
are restored to specific rank, merely as an expression of personal
opinion.
Distribution : The Strombina occupy two great areas : An Ameri-
can, centering in the West Indies and spreading to Senegal, Brazil,
and West America ; and an Oriental, apparently centering in the
Philippines, reaching to Natal, the Red Sea, Japan, Hawaii and the
South Seas, and sending a single species (granulatus) into American
waters. Europe has no living forms, although rich in fossil ones.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XIII. JANUARY, 19OO. No. 9.
CHANGES WITH GROWTH OF LITHASIA OBOVATA (SAY).
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Having lately received from Mr. A. C. Billups, of Lavvrenceburg,
I ml., a package of unsorted material from the Falls of the Ohio, I
have been able to trace out the various stages in the growth of this
species, whi'ih are quite peculiar, ami, I believe, have not been de-
scribed.
The difference in shape between the mature shell and the young is
very striking. In the adult, the very large, almost shouldered body,
and long, narrow aperture, nearly twice as long as the short, rapidly
acuminating and generally eroded spire, is characteristic of the
species, and was well described by Say in his original description
published in 1829 ; while the young shell, until it attains the sixth
whorl, is almost spindle-shaped, and would be taken at first glance
for a young Goniobasis ; the spire is sharply conical, and longer
than the aperture, which is broadly triangular, the long (columellar)
side of the triangle being slightly concave.
The manner in which tliis remarkable change in shape is brought
about is as follows :
The first two whorls are smooth and well rounded, and the apex
rather obtuse. At about the beginning of the third whorl, a sharp
carina is developed on the periphery of the body whorl, which rapidly
increases in strength for the next four whorl*. During this stage the
98 THE NAUTILUS.
junction of the lip with tlie body whorl is beneath the carina, in some
cases a short distance below, so that the carina is well marked on the
upper whorls, but usually the lip starts from just under the edge
of the carina, so that the side of the spire is almost straight, the edge
of the carina projecting but very slightly, if at all, beyond the surface
of the adjoining whorls ; the aperture is decidedly triangular, both
extremities being acutely angled, and the lip itself is sharply bent in
the centre where the carina appears.
At about the beginning of the fifth whorl, the lip ascends and
crosses the carina, and from thence, until it finally disappears alto-
gether, the cariua emerges from the upper part of the aperture. This
change in the relative position of the lip and cariua induces a radical
change, not only in the shape of the lip, but of the whole shell. The
O 7 t/ i
lip, in order to clear the carina, becomes broadly rounded above and
curvvs in rapidly to meet the body whorl at almost a right angle,
forming a deep channelled suture, while the body whorl becomes
more venlricose, more or less shouldered, and rapidly increases in
size.
For about a whorl after the change takes place, the carina retains
its size and position, but after the sixth whorl is reached it gradually
diminishes and finally disappears entirely, although the body whorl
at all subsequent stages of growth is more or less flattened in its upper
part.
With the disappearance of the carina, the shell rapidly assumes its
mature form and, with the usual erosion of the apical whorls, becomes
the short, stout, heavy specimen customarily seen in collections.
NOTE ON THYSANOPHORA HORNII GABB.
BY IIKXHY A. 1'ILSIiUY.
My attention has been called by Mr. Geo. II. Clapp, of Pittsburg,
to the fact, that some specimens of Tliys. liornit show very line deli-
cate cuticular riblets, more or less uneven at their free edges, and
running much more obliquely than the growth-lines, on the surface
of the last whorl.1 This is usually obscured by the thin coat of earth
which encrusts the shell, and which it is evidently the function of
irThis structure lias been lucidly described by Ball, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xix, 1890, p. 336.
TMK NAirrii.i s. 99
these riblets to collect. Only a good lens reveals this sculpture, and
in specimens which have been collected dead, or cleaned l>y ordinary
methods, it is usually lost. Still, a snflicicntly patient examination
will srenerally show some trace of it somewhere on most specimens'.
77/t/s. conspurcateUa, of eastern Mexico, the type of the genus, has
similar euticular riblets, but they are more widely spaced and rather
more persistent.
In young; and half-grown shells, if perfectly preserved, the riblels
bear rather sparsely scattered and long hairs, very delicate and easily
rubbed oil'. I do not know that adults ever retain them ; though in
several Mexican species such hairs occur on the full-grown shell, and
many AVest Indian species hear close bristles.
The foregoing observations are based upon the entire series of
specimens in the collection of Mr. E. H. Ashmun, which he most
liberally sent me for examination, and those in the collection of the
Academy, including Gabb's types.
The published figures and descriptions of this species leave much
to be desired. Gabb gives quite a good description, though none of
his specimens show 4*, whorls, as he states. The dimensions,
"height .<>!>, greatest diam. .lf>. smallest diam. .13 inch " == 2^, 4,
3^ mm., are in a rough way accurate. The figures are had.
Binney's figures (Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 169, fig. 1;V.() are too
narrowly umbilicated, the spire is too conic, and the terminations of
the lip do not approach enough. Moreover, they do not indicate the
surface-sculpture. The whorls are described as " scarcely convex '
whereas they are unusually so ; the ends of the peristome are said to
be "hardly approaching" while they actually converge so as to
nearly meet in adult shells. The dimensions, " greater diam. 4, les-
ser 3^, height 1 mm." are erroneous, the largest in Gabb's type lot
measuring 4 mm. in greatest, .°>.f> in least diameter, u'ft/t a licujlit of
2.6 mm. An adult specimen from Jerome, Arizona, collected by
Mr. Ashmun, measures : diam. 3.o, alt. 2.3 mm.
Gabb's types were from "Fort Grant, at the junction of the Ari-
vapa and San Pedro rivers," in Graham Co., southeastern Arixona.
Mr. Ashmun has collected specimens in the following localities:
Jerome, Patagonia Mts., Crittenden, Prescott and Nogales, Arizona,
and Cook's, New Mexico. The International Boundary Commis-
sion collected hornii at the summit of Hachita Grande Mt., Grant Co.,
N. M., and Dall mentions seeing the species from the drift of the
Yaqui River, Mexico. No other localities are known for the species.
100 TUB NAUTILUS.
A NEW SPECIES OF CAPULUS FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY W. II. DALL.
Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, of Los Angeles, Cal., recently sent me a
species of Capulus which appears to be new, and which adds to the
fauna of California a genus not hitherto known to belong to it.
Capulus californicus u. *p.
Shell only moderately elevated, oval or more or less conformable
with the object upon which it roosts, (he apex small, somewhat later-
ally compressed, incurved almost symmetrically, nearly concealing
the smooth, one-whorled nucleus, situated near the posterior margin ;
surface nearly smooth, somewhat irregular, mesially with small faint
radial not very close-set ridges, covered witli an imbricated dense
soft glistening periostracum which projects beyond the margins ; in-
terior polished, white, with faint rosy rays extending from the apex
to the anterior margin ; Alt. 10, Ion. before the apex 30, behind it
5.5, total basal length 36.5, average width 29 mm.
This fine shell was found on the flat valve of Pecten diegcnsis
Dall (floridus Hinds non Gmelin), in 20 to 25 fathoms off San
Pedro, California.
Carpenter reported some fragments of Gapnhis from Mazatlan, but
these were not really sufficient to establish the presence of the genus.
The present species is related to C. culyptra Martyn. of Japan, and
C. htnujoricus of the northeast Atlantic. It is less elevated than
either, tlie sculpture is much fainter than in C. hunyaricus and the
apex is less conspicuous, more posterior and less coiled.
I have several times received a small shell collected among kelp
roots and variously mottled or tinted with purple or reddish-brown
and yellow. A very young specimen of this kind was described by
Carpenter under the name of Pgep/iis telliiin/«l!s. It is not a Psepiiis
but has the characters of Petrirvla. I have suspected for a long time
it was the young of .P. carditoides, but have not yet seen enough
material to make, this certain, and therefore suggest that Pacific
coast students should endeavor to solve the problem.
MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH MASTODON REMAINS.
I have received from Dr. Arthur Mead Edwards, the well-known
microscopist of Newark, N. J., certain Molluscan forms for deter-
THE NAUTILUS. 101
ruination. It will be noticed, they are all common fresh-water
species. The first lot includes Planorbis parvus, P. campanulatus,
Limncea luntiilis, Pltysa heterostropha, Valvata carinata and V. sin-
cera ; all of the above Say's species. The foregoing are from the
" fossiliferous sands overlying the clays of Essex county," Ontario,
Canada ("Pleistocene "), and are associated with Mastodon remains.
They were collected in 18(J7 by Dr. Henry M. Ami, of the Can-
adian Geological Survey, and sent to Dr. Edwards by the collector,
presumably with microscopic material.
In the second lot, there is only the single species Planorbis parvus
Say; this was found associated with Mastodon remains at Newlrjrgh,
N. Y., by F. W. Schaffer (in 1899), who sent the examples to Dr.
Edwards. Of the species named herein, P. pan-us and L. humilis
exhibit a wide distribution in the past as well as in the present times.
Both of these are reported as occurring living, and fossil, in the
Lahontan and Bonneville areas of the Great Basin ; P. heterostropha,
living in both, but semi-fossil only in Bonneville. V. sincera credited
to Salt Lake, living, by its collector Henry Ilemphill, is represented
as a semi-fossil in the Bonneville area by Call's var. Utahensis. The
occurrence of living examples in either of the areas mentioned,
is not noted in Call's list of Great Basin mollusca.1 While, L. lium-
ilis is everywhere, east and west, north, and pretty widely dispersed
towards the south, P. c<inip<titnl<if><s has a much more restricted
range and has yet to be reported west of the Rocky Mountains.
I have to thank Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Wagner Free Institute
for kind attention connected with the above.
ROUT. E. C. STEARNS.
Los Angeles, Gal., October, 1890.
DREDGING IN SAN DIEGO BAY.
BY F. AV. KELSEY.
The use of the dredge has afforded me a great deal of pleasure,
while furnishing me with a goodly amount of wholesome physical
exercise so much needed by those following sedentary occupations,
and the specimens thus obtained add largely to my local collection.
While working in the bay I use a dredge cutting but 14 inches,
1 Bulletin No. 11., U. S. Geographical Survey.
102 THE NAUTILUS.
operated from a roomy, Hat-bottomed .skiff propelled by oars, and I
do most of my work alone, during the early morning hours while the
water is quiet. The dredgings are carefully worked over while rest-
ing between " pulls," and when I am ready to return home the re-
sults of my day's work are, so to speak, "all in a nutshell."
In from '1 to "> fathoms on mud bottom I find MargineUa pyrifor-
mis, MargineUa regularis, Myurella sniifth'.?, DriUia hempJiiUi, Eul!»t<i
micans, Eulima rnfffct, Thradu c/t.rta, Mactra calif or nica (young),
Ollivcl/it J)octic(>, Anr/iilns modestus, Anyithis variegatus, A/<;/i>hrs ob-
tusns, Dentalium neohexagonum, Lyonsia c/t/ifor/ifca, Mangelia ////////-
lata and Oadulus nitctifim:
As we go toward the channel the depth increases and the bottom
is a mixture of sand and mud. Here in from f) to 8 fathoms we find
Yoldia coopei'i (young) and Led it /<//>///'/•(/.
Tl>e channel proper ranges from <S to 14 fathoms and the bottom
generally consists of coarse, yellow sand and decomposed and broken
shells, among which we find both live and dead specimens of Semele
pulchra, Corbula luteofa, Isapis'fenestrata, /SU/H'S obtusa, Caecum cali-
fon/icitt/t, (^iiccnni crebricoslatum, Scula Iriiidsii and Acsopns chrys-
attoideus.
Scattered among the above species, we find many stray specimens
of such shells as Ntissn /><'i-/>ni</nix, Nnxyn. cooperi, Nassa mendica,
Nassa tcyiiht, Ccittiostoma lri<-olnr, Calliostoma gemmulatum, CctUios-
toiiKt ciiiKtlii-iiliitiiin, and many other species which are generally found
upon the low flats at low tides and which are scarcely worth mention-
ing as dredge species. I find that for dredging in shallow waters a
dredge made of galvanized iron without any net but having a screen
bottom produces as good results as any, and is much more easily
manipulated.
A LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE.
BY OI.OF O. NYLANDEI!, CAIIIBOU, MAINE.
The following is a list of land and fresh water shells collected in
the northeastern part of Maine, principally along the Aroostook and
Fish Rivers.
Valuable assistance has been received from Prof. H. A. Pilsbry
and Mr. Bryant Walker.
All the Pisidia, and nearly all (lie minute land shells have been
TMK NAUTILUS. 103
critically examined by Dr. V. Slerki, without whose generous assist-
ance it would have been impossible to determine the many small
species.
There is some additional material in the hands of Dr. Sterki,
which when straightened out will probably add a number to the list.
Most of the species are distributed over the whole area, and the
names of localities are only cited in referring to species that are
very local in their distribution.
In this list are included a number of species that have been cited
as doubtful in Maine, and the new species recently collected by me.
LlST OF Sl'KCIKS.
Acanthinula Jnnp/i Say. One specimen at Fort Kent.
Vallonia pulcltella Miill. Gardens in Caribou and Presque Isle.
. Vallonia cxcviihicn Sterki. Rare, Caribou.
Polygyra <ill>»l«l>ris Say. Not common.
Polygyra Stnjil Binn. Well distributed.
Polygyra dent if era Binn. Rather common.
Polygi/ra nioimdnn Rackett. Common in some localities.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Plentiful in this region.
Strobilops rinjo Pils. Rare (identified by Dr. V. Sterki).
Bijidaria •j>citt<><l<>n Say. '' Resemble cnrfii/ei)S more than any
others I have seen " (Sterki). Near Caribou stream, Woodland.
Vertigo ventricosti Morse. Plentiful in some localities.
Vertigo ventricosa ehitior Sterki. Common along streams, in
Woodland. Caribou and New Sweden.
Vertigo bollesiana Morse. Rare ; collected in woodland.
Vertigo Goiildii Binn. Not very abundant.
Vertigo Gonlilii pnnnluxa Sterki. "Fine examples with the two
palatal folds continuous and one angular" (Sterki). Woodland, rare.
Cochicopa ln.l>rica Miill. Iloulton, Presque Isle, Caribou, Fort
Kent and Portage Lake, abundant in these localities.
Vitrinn Jniij)iii(i GUI. Caribou and Presque Isle, found in large
numbers this summer at Fort Kent.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Fairly distributed.
Vitrea Binneymxt Morse. Little Madawaska Lake and along
Caribou stream in Woodland and Caribou.
Vitrea ferrea Morse. In company with V. fiinneyana. These
species are rarely found.
Gonulus fulous Mull. Everywhere.
104 THE NAUTILUS.
Zotiitoides arboreus S;iy. Common everywhere.
Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Fairly common.
Zotiitoides utiliutn Morse. Quite rare. Woodland.
Pyr«ni!dnla a/ternnfa Say. Common.
Pyramidula alternato alba. One living specimen obtained in the
north of Woodland.
Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful.
Pyramidula striatella? var. Shell greenish-white, animal nearly
white. Can I his be Pattda cronkhitei Newc.? It i.s about the same
size as P. striuteUit.
Pyramidula asleriscus Morse. Caribou, Woodland and Maduwaska
Lake. Rare.
Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Widely distributed, nowhere abundant.
Punctum pi/ymamm Drap. Rare.
Sphyradium etlentitlum. Drap. Well-distril)Uted.
Succinea oHii/itn Say. Common everywhere.
Succinea ocalis Gld.
Succinea firm-it Say. Common in wet places on lake shores and
river fiats, together with S. ovnlis.
Carychium exfi/mnn Say. Very abundant in wet places every-
where.
Carychium exile Lea. Not common ; found with C. exiijtiuin.
Aplexa hypnorum Inline. In ditches along the roads in three dif-
ferent places in Woodland ; specimens abundant.
PlnjKn heterostropha Say. Common in all streams.
Physa aiiciUoritt Say. Only se«jn at Square Lake Inlet.
Lenmcea emaryinata Say == </////>/(/ Mighels and Litniicea emarginata
Mighels, Binn. From Cross Lake, Square Lake, Portage Lake, Fish
River, Saint John River, at Fort Kent and Aroostook River.
This is an extremely variable species, Caribou individuals differ
greatly in every locality.
Limncea desicliosa Say. Aroostook River, Caribou stream, Salmon
Brook.
Linmiea huntilis Say. Common in damp places and ditches along
the roads.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Common in Barren Brook, Caribou. In
Caribou Lake, Washbnrn, and in nearly every small lake I have
seen in Aroostook county, fine specimens can be obtained.
Planorbts campanulalus Say. Cross Lake, Square Lake, Eagle
Lake and Portage Lake.
TIIK NAUTILUS. 105
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Aroostook River, Fish River and
Saint John River.
Planorbis bicar!n<i1ns aroostookensis Pils. East brancli of Sulinon
Brook, Woodland, and Caribou stream, in Caribou.
Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Common and widely distributed.
Planorbis deflectns Say. Salmon Brook Woodland, rare ; Portage
Lake.
Planorbis parvus Say. Common in brooks and lakes.
Planorbis exacutus Say. Portage and Square Lakes ; rare.
Planorbis crista Linne, var. cristat.a Drap. Barren Brook, Cari-
bou. This species was recorded in THE NAUTILUS, Vol. X, page.
117, by Mr. Bryant Walker as P. nautileus Linne. Mr. A. W.
Hanham, on page 130, and Geo. W. Taylor, on page 139 of tin- same
volume use the name of P. nuntilcns. Dr. v. Sterki and Prof. H.
A. Pilsbry say '' it is Planorbis crista Linne, var. cristatits Drap.
It occurs in northern Europe."
Ancylus rivularis Say. Caribou stream, Collin's Millpond, very
large specimens.
Ancylus parallelus Hald. Cross Lake and many smaller lakes
and streams.
Ancylus ? Madawaska River, New Sweden.
Ancylus t urdus Say. Aroostook River, Caribou.
Ancylus borcalis ? Morse. .Saint John River, Fort Kent. Mr.
Bryant Walker says it is identical with this rare form.
Valvata tricarinata Say. Little Madawaska River, New Sweden
and the Fish River Lakes.
Valcata sittcera Say. Dredged in the Fish River Lakes.
Campeloma decisum Say. Widely distributed throughout Aroostook
and Fish Rivers. Four young sinistral shells were taken from a nor-
mal dextral female from Portage Lake.
Amnicola limosa Say. Common everywhere, and very variable in
form. In my former article in THE NAUTILUS, Vol. xi., p. 10, it is
called Pomatiopsis.
A. Cincinnatiensis Lea.
Unto complanatus Sol. Lakes and streams ; common.
Margaritana margaritifera Linne. Aroostook River.
Margaritana-undulata Say. Lakes and rivers.
Anodonta fragilis Lam. Generally distributed, some very large
specimens in the muddy bottom of Salmon Brook Lake. Perham.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
Sph cerium simile Say. Generally distributed.
Spli cerium striatinum Lam. Fish River and Saint John River at
Fort Kent.
Sphcerium rliomboideinn Say. Fine specimen in Gelot Lake, New
Sweden, and all the smaller lakes of the Little Madawoska river
system.
Calyculina secnris Prime. Aroostook River.
Calyculina sccuris cardissa Prime. Square Lake and other localities.
Pisidium nbditinm Ilald. Common.
Pisidiinn adamsi Prime. Cross Lake Inlet.
Pisidium cequilaterale Prime. Portage Lake. Little Madawaska
River.
Pisidiinn coitfortum Prime. Hear Mud Lake, Perham and West-
moreland.
Pisidiinn <-nmpr<_>sxinn Prime. Generally abundant.
Pisidiinn i'cri-injini'iim Prime. Fogelin Lake, New Sweden and
many other localities.
risidiiim f(ill<ix Sterki. Aroostook River.
Pisidiinn fiillax boreale Sterki. Aroostook River at Caribou and
Little Madawaska River, New Sweden.
Pisidiinn in/Hum Held. South branch Caribou Stream, Woodland
and Sawyer's Brook, Castle, Hill.
Pisi<liinn mcdiaiunn iitiinitiini Sterki. Racket's Mill Brook, a
tributary of Caribou Stream in the northern part of Woodland.
Pisidliun. pdii'pi'rciihini Sterki. Little Madawaska River.
Pisidhim piniperailiini i/y/aiideri Sterki. Dredged in Portage Lake.
Plsidiinn politnm Sterki. Portage Lake and Cross Lake.
Pisidimn puiictatum Sterki. Portage Lake, Little Madawaska
River.
Pisidiinn roperi Sterki. Johnson Brook on the Fort Kent road
and north of Perham.
Pisidiinn sph'ndidiihnii Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou and many
other localities.
Pisidium ventm'cosum Prime. Barren Brook, Caribou.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Common everywhere.
Pisidiinn walkeri Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou.
Pisidiinn indkeri mainense Sterki. Racket's Mill Brook, Wood-
la'nd and many other localities.
THK NAUTILUS. 107
SOME ZONITID.E COLLECTED BY J. H. FERRISS IN ARKANSAS AND
THE CHOCTAW NATION.
BY II-EXHY A. PILSBRY.
Some account of shells collected by Mr. J. II. Ferriss in Arkansas
and Choctaw Nation was published in TIIK NAUTILUS for August
of this year. A series of Zonitidce collected at. the same time affords
some interesting data. I'ifrea xftnj>soiu (Pi Is.) was taken at Poteau,
in the eastern part of the Choctaw nation on Poteau river, near the
State of Arkansas. It resembles V. capsefla, but differs in the tri-
angular form of the aperture.
Gastrodonta demissa, typical, \vas taken in Arkansas near Texar-
kana, and at Tushkahomma and Poteau in the C'lioctaw Nation.
At both Tushkahomma and Poteau a form having the characteris-
tic lens-shaped contour, brilliant gloss and basal slriation of <l<'ntissa
occurred, differing from demissa in having a long and strong lamella
within, like the outer lamella of G. (jnlarix. There is no trace of an
inner or columellar lamella, such as yufaris and sup/iri's^n generally
show, and the general form of the shell is entirely that of demissa,
quite unlike suppress*!. The umbilicus is a small round puncture, as
of a pin stuck through a sheet of paper, quite as in typical demissa;
and the periphery is subaugular. In G. snppressa the periphery is
well rounded anil the umbilicus larger. This variety may be called
var. lamellata. It is most interesting as connecting the yularis group
with the ligera group of Gastrodonts.
The form I described some years ago as Zonites brittsii, from Hot
Springs, Ark., belongs also to demissa, from which it differs in the
imperforate axis, and very slight excavation of the base in the center.
A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL.
BY IIEN'UY A. PILSBUY.
Polygyra uvulifera bicornuta n. v.
Shell diH'ei-ing from the typical P. urulifera (the type locality of
which is Long Key, above mouth of Sarasota Bay), in being less de-
pressed, the last whorl strongly grooved within the umbilicus, the
aperture everywhere more contracted ; parietal margin of the peri-
stome strongly elevated, produced in two erect processes or " horns,"
one at the junction of outer lip and parietal lip', another upon the pari-
etal Up near ifs inner termination, situated like the corresponding lobe
108 THE NAUTILUS.
of P. aiiricrilata; a conspicuous pit penetrates under the parietal
fold. Striation fine but regular and equally developed above and
below. Size about fliat of typical uvuUfera.
Alt. G|, greatest diameter 14^ mm.
Alt. f>, greatest diameter 14 mm.
Alt. 6^, greatest diameter 13 mm.
Aripeka, Hernando Co., Fla. (Mr. Geo. Pine); Hernando Co. and
Longwood, Fla. (Mr. Van Hyning's coll.).
Tins form resembles P. ouriculata at first sight, but the deep notch
in the basal lip near its inner end, and the peculiar, Hat, forward-
running inner end of that lip, as well as the strong semicircular ridge
on the parietal margin, one end of which enters the deep notch men-
tioned, the other forming the lower border of the main parietal fold
— all ally it rather to P. uvulifera. In P. auriculata there is no such
notch in the basal lip, and the inner end of the latter is attenuated,
not flattened and bent forward. It is an interesting intermediate
form.
P. uvulifera varies a good deal in texture, color, size and striation,
the largest and most solid shells before me being from Long Key, the
type locality, where they are nearly smooth, the striation obsolete;
diam. 13—14 mm. I have seen a great many specimens from both
sides of the peninsula and the keys, but saw no variation toward the
variety described above.
In most localities P. uvulifera diverges from the " historic type,"
as found on Long Key, in being less chalky, and decidedly more
strongly striate, the stria' thread-like. The size varies with locality.
Thus at Miami, where it is numerous about a mile up the river on
the south side, they measure 9 to 1(H mm. diameter. They occur
here under stones (limestone) in a hot, sparsely-wooded plain exposed
to the sun, in company with P. cereolus carpenteriana, Urocoptis,
Macroceramus and Ohondropoma with an occasional Vaginulus, and
moderate numbers of large black scorpions and tarantulas. At Palm
Beach they are much larger, diam. 12^-13 mm., and here the soil is
sandy, and the forest luxuriant.
Mr. Pine sent numerous specimens of uvulifera from Hernando
Co. which differ from the Long Key types in being strongly striate
and smaller. They are more narrowly umbilicated than P. uvulifera
bicornuta, with the opening rather less contracted, the umbilical
groove on the last whorl generally less strong, and they want the
accessony " horn " of the parietal margin. They are also more
coarsely striate, and may be separated from young or immature bicor-
nuta by the narrower umbilicus. I do not know whether these occur
with the varietj' or at separate stations. The largest sent measures
12 mm. diameter.
P. (turiciildtn extends some distance down the east coast, and over
to the middle of the State in the lake region. I have never seen it
from the west coast counties, and would be glad to have data on its
occurrence there if it has been found.
NAUTILUS VOL,. XIII.
PLATE II.
UN i<> HAUL-KKI FRIKRSON.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. FEBRUARY, 19OO. No. 10.
A NEW ALABAMA UNIO.
UY LOKKAIN1C S. FllIKRSON.
Plate II.
Unlo (Pleurobema) Hagleri.
Sliell smooth, elliptical, unequilateral. Length, 2.1. Height, 1.6.
Diameter, 1 (inches). ( Dimensions are of a medium-sized shell;
they are sometimes larger.)
Beaks low ; nmhos somewhat inflated ; umbonal slope rounded.
Epidermis dark reddish brown, striate, rayless. Lines of growth
numerous and well impressed. Nacre white, rarely rose, frequently
spotted with green, iridescent in posterior. Teeth double in left
valve, single in the right. The anterior sinistral cardinal tooth is
wedge-shaped, and nearly squarely cut off on top. Its axis is inclined
at an angle of about 75° with that of its fellow, which is low, thick
and triangular. The laterals are stout and slightly curved. Dorsal
plate rather large. Muscle scars frequently confluent in front.
Distinct behind and well impressed. Pallia! scar well impressed in
front, fainter behind.
Cavity of the beaks shallow. Cavity of the shell excavated from
the region of the beaks toward the posterior margin. The shell var-
ies in form from an almost perfect ellipse (lower figure) to a form
swollen in the post-basal region (upper figs.) similar to the females of
Lampsilis. But there is no good reason to suppose this a sexual
character.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
Habitat, North River, Alabama, near Tynes. Examples may be
seen in the National Museum and in the cabinet of Mr. W. A.
Marsh, of Aledo, Illinois, and in my own. Thirty specimens re-
ceived. The shell is allied distinctly to instructus Lea, and also to
rubellus Conrad, and to froschelianus Lea. Some of them remind
one offassinans Lea.
From rubellus Conrad it may be distinguished by being longer, not
so stout or inflated. It need not be confounded with the other shells
named, as it differs from them entirely, although allied. It is named
for the collector. Figured specimens are deposited in coll. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila.
SPECIES OF CHLOKOSTOMA OF SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PATAGONIA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The genus Chlorostoma is essentially Pacific, being chiefly devel-
oped upon the Pacific shores of Asia and North and South America.
The former open strait between the Americas allowed it to spread to
the Antillean region and eastern shores of the United States, where
a number of species have existed from the tertiaries to the present
time. A few forms also found their way around Cape Horn. The
species have been generally divided between two genera, Ompha-
lius, including the umbilicate forms; but this division is purely arti-
ficial and unnatural, very closely allied species being separated by it.
It would be better to drop Omphalius into the rubbish-heap of syn-
onymy. The etymology of Chlorostoma, " green mouth," is not very
appropriate to most of the species.
There are no species of the genus known from European or Afri-
can seas. On the eastern coast of South America, south of Brazil,
the following occur :
Cblorostoma patagonicum (Orbigny).
Trocltus patagonicus Orb., Voy. dans 1'Air.^r. Mend., Mollusques,
p. 408, pi. 55, f. 1-4 (1835-1846).
Trochus corrugatus Koch in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib, etc.,
I, Trochits, pi. 2, f. 7 (Nov., 1843).
This species was found by d' Orbigny in the Bay of San Bias,
Patagonia ; Philippi gives the locality Brazil. Dr. A\rm. H. Rush
collected a few specimens in Maldonado Bay, Uruguay. The sculp-
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
ture is very fine grained, the suture narrow but deeply plowed, and
the columella armed with two or three small denticles at the base, as
in the genus generally. The outer lip is weakly grooved within on
the thick part near the margin. The deep umbilicus readily sepa-
rates this species from the following form.
The exact date of d'Orbigny's publication of this species is not
known to me.
Cblorostoma Hldalgol n. sp.
Shell very similar to Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb., (Trochus cor-
rugatus Koch), but wholly imperforate, the umbilical region covered
witli a white callus. Fleshy-einereus, with the apex eroded, white.
Sculpture of crowded spiral series of small, irregular granules, simi-
lar to those of G. patagonicum. Spire conic, periphery rounded, the
base flattened. Aperture very oblique, somewhat triangular; colu-
mella armed with two small teeth at its junction with the basal lip.
Alt. 15, diam. 17 mm.
" Rio Negro, Patagonia," coll. A. N. S. P.
This form differs conspicuously from C. patagonicum Orb. (corru-
gatus Koch) in the completely imperforate axis, the other species
being conspicuously umbilicated at all stages of growth. C. Hidalgoi
is also more conical. In color, sculpture, and the deeply scored
suture, the two species are extremely similar.
It is named in honor of the author of the Moluscos del Viaje al
Pacifico, a meritorious work on the South American fauna.
Chlorostoma Orbignyanum, n. sp.
Shell imperforate, conic, with flattened base; purplish-gray, with
blackish spirals above, black below. Surface dull, sculptured with
numerous low spiral lira, several below the suture obscurely beaded,
the others nearly smooth; the line near the suture separated by
narrow intervals, those toward the periphery more widely spaced,
with one or several interstitial threads in each interval. There are
about 10 lira? on the penultimate whorl, and 10 below the periphery
on the base. Whorls o, very convex, separated by deep sutures, the
last whorl flattened below the suture, obtusely angular at the peri-
phery ; the base free from spiral sculpture in the center, eroded and
brilliantly pearly in front of the aperture. Aperture very oblique,
pearly within, with a rather wide dull border within the thin outer
lip, acute ; columella short, concave, porcdlanous, terminating in a
small tubercle below, adjacent to which there is a minute denticle;
112 TIiE NAUTILUS.
umbilical region somewhat calloused, (lit- place of the umbilicus
marked by a moderately sunken pit, surrounded by a weak spiral
rib which terminates in a faint denticle at I he junction of the eolu-
mellar and hai-al margins of the peri>lonie. Alt. 14, diam. 10^ mm.
Beagle Channel, Patagonia (Dr. II. von Ihering).
This species (No. 1020 of von Ihcring's register) is obviously
unlike the forms of eastern Patagonia, and there is nothing like it in
Mabille and Rochebrune's work on Cape Horn mollnsks. Of the
Chilian species, it is allied only to O. fuscrscens Phil.,* but in C.
Orbignyanum the whorls are more convex, the prevailing color black,
and it is imperforate.
ON A COLLECTION OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM RHODE ISLAND.
BY FRANK C. 13AKKR.
During the month of July, 1809, the writer made a collection of
marine and fresh-water shells in the state of Rhode Island, and a list
of the fresh-water species may be of interest. Collections were made
at the following places :
1. Nayatt, R. I. A small pond between the railroad depot and
the bay. The bottom is made up of soft, black, carbonaceous mud,
and the shores are lined with dead leaves and twigs.
2. Newport, R. I. Bailey's Pond, near Bailey's Beach. A pond
of good size and considerable depth, bordered by cat-tails.
3. Providence, R. I. Cat Swamp. A small clear stream, flowing
through a flag-swamp. The numbers after the species indicate the
above localities.
Calyciilina partumeia Say. 1, 2. Common.
Calyculina truncata Linsley. 1. Common.
Calyculina securis Prime. 2. Not common.
Pisidium, near abditum, but possibly P. Ims Sterki. 1. Common.
Pisidium splendidulum Slerki. 1,2. Not common.
Limncea p'thistris Mu'ller. 3. Common.
Phmorlris trivolvis Say. 2, 3. Common.
Planorbis deflectus Say. 1. Common.
Planorbis parvus Say. 1, 2, 3. Common.
*Conchylien Cabinet, Trochus, p. 182 ; Man. of Conch., XI., Trochidte, p. 181.
Til 1C NAUTILUS. 113
Segment ina armigern Say. 1. 2. Common.
Physa heterostropha Say. 1, 2, 3. Common.
Aplexa Itypnoruin Linne. 2. Common.
Campeloma decisum Say. 1. Apparently not common.
My thanks are due to Dr. V. Sterki tor determining the Pisidia.
JOHN H. THOMSON, PH. D.
The subject of this memoir was born in Westport in 1824, and died
in the city of New Bedford, Mass, (but a few miles from his birth-
place), July, 1896, aged 71. He had the usual public school and
academic education of the time. In early life, like so many New
England coast town boys, he took to the sea, and soon reached the
post of master. He spent some years in California and South Amer-
ica, and returning to New Bedford, he settled there for life. He
developed an early fondness for natural history, and in this, finally
narrowed down to the science of conchology. He at once became
fascinated with the subject, and spared no time, pains, or money in
his enthusiastic determination to master his subject. He was fortu-
nate at this juncture to fall into the hands of so capable and sympa-
thetic an instructor as Dr. Augustus A. Gould, to whom he ever felt
grateful for giving him a fuller and clearer insight into the delicate
minutiae, so essential in describing many species and varieties of
shells. By this association he was greatly aided and stimulated in
his subsequent pursuit and study. He soon became known as a most
conscientious and reliable student of conchology, and soon made many
friends ; his correspondents were among the most noted of his time,
in both hemispheres. He obtained and carefully studied the works
of the leading conchological authorities, without regard to price, al-
though he was never a rich man.
As a collector, his success in securing species from remote parts
was really phenomenal. He sold his earliest and largest collection,
during the Franco-Prussian war, to an institution, I think, in Bel-
gium, but through the misfortunes of war it was in some manner con-
fiscated, and so the purchaser lost his prize. His later and last col-
lection is owned by the writer of this article. Among the many
societies of which Dr. Thomson was a member, two stand pre-
eminently conspicuous, The Zoological Society of London and the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I am credibly in-
114 THE NAUTILUS.
formed the degree of Pli. D. was bestowed upon him by Columbia
College of New York City.
Among his published articles is a monograph on the Terrestrial
Mollusca of his native county. He was a most careful and pains-
taking worker in his chosen field, and was an acknowledged authority
among his peers. The doctor was a most delightful companion, and
the many hours he spent in my family are remembered and cherished
with keenest pleasure. To that noble band of pioneers in conchol-
ogical study and labors in the United States (of whom, alas, so few
survive) we offer our most grateful thanks, and to the departed
write, Rcquiescat in pace. A. B. KENDIG.
Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1899.
NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN LAND SNAILS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Pyramidula alternata rarlnotata n. v.
Similar to the typical form in size, form and sculpture, but very
sparsely marked with comparatively small chestnut spots on a pale
brownish-corneous or dirty buff ground ; streaks on the base nearly
obsolete.
Caldwell, Fayette and Jackson counties, Texas.
Mr. Bryant Walker call-'d my attention to this form, sending spe-
cimens from Caldwell and Fayette counties, collected by Mr. J. A.
Singley ; and 1 find in the collection of the Academy some speci-
mens sent me by Hon. J. D. Mitchell, from the Navidad River bot-
tom, Jackson co.
Zonitoides neomexicanus Cockerell & Kilsbry, n. sp.
Shell minute, depressed, in form similar to Zonitoides minus culus ;
whitish corneous, somewhat translucent, fragile, the umbilicus wide,
its width contained 2^ times in the greatest diameter of the shell.
Surface marked with very fine but rather sharp growth stria?., and
crowded, microscopic spirals throughout, the spirals conspicuous to
the apex. Whorls 3|, quite convex, the last everywhere well
rounded. Aperture round-lunate, the penultimate whorl excising
about one fourth the circumference of the peristome ; lip thin and
acute, a little dilated at the columellar margin.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
Alt. nearly 0.8, greatest diameter 1.7 mm. Another specimen is
slightly larger, diam. about 2 mm.
Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., New Mexico, about 5,700 feet alt.,
Sept., 1899, coll. by T. D. A. Cockerel!.
This species differs from all the minusculus group in being con-
spicuously though very minutely striate spirally, the strire extending
to the very apex, as in the southern race of Zonitoides mil/'um. It
differs from milium in wanting the peculiar wrinkle-sculpture so
characteristic of that form. Z. exiguus is evidently a nearer cousin
of the new form, having a similar system of spirals, likewise extend-
ing upon the nepionic whorl, but it is larger, with less broad umbil-
icus, and a conspicuously different coarser sculpture of oblique lam-
inae. Zonitoides neomexicanus may well go between extyuus and
milium in the list of species.
FIELD NOTES AND REMINISCENCES.
Mr. Simpson's entertaining account of Helicina Dysoni under
difficulties, in the June, 1897, NAUTILUS, is exceedingly entertain-
ing ; the shower of Heliciivas that followed the stirring up with a
pole was decidedly unique, the first of the kind on record, for though
" raining cats and dogs " is an old story, a shower of snails, like
snailing with a pole, is a new departure. As an humble disciple of
Izaak Walton, I have in years gone by done considerable in the way
of fishing with a pole; the man that goes snailing with a pole will
bear watching — by the snails. The special habitat or station of H.
Dysoni, roosting in the palms, brought to mind what my friend, the
late Henry Edwards, well known as a good entomologist, good actor
and a good fellow, told me about the habits and habitat of the cur-
ious Helix (Paryphanfa) Busbyi collected by him in New Zealand.
(The specimens he gave to me are now in the U. S. National
Museum.) Helix Busbyi lives in the tops of the tall Kauri pines,
hiding in the axils where the birds " go for him." In order to sepa-
rate the soft parts, which they want, from the shell, which they do
not want, they seize the animal when protruded from the shell and
whack away to the right and left against the twig or branch they are
perching on until their purpose is accomplished, when the shell
drops to the ground, and is found generally in a battered condition.
The Maoris have a name for these shells which signifies that they
come from heaven, which is probably a mistake.
116 THE NAUTILUS.
When in Florida, in 1869, on Long Key, one pleasant morning I
noticed several specimens of Poly gyro septemvolva here and there on
the sand. " All dead," I said to myself, lest the snails mi^ht hear
me, " there must be fire where there is so much smoke, there must be
live snails where there are so many dead ones," so I started in to hunt
close. After a while I detected them snugly lurking in the axils of
some very large thistles. I did not gather them in, as Simpson did,
when on the, war path for his Helicinas, by charging on 'em with a
pole. My legs being well protected by high-cut hunting hoots, I
kicked out vigorously a la mustang in an underthrust way against the
butt of the thistle plants, and the result was a jerking of numerous
snails hither and yon in a somewhat promiscuous way ; the success
of the performance, judged by the result, caused me to second the
motion, and I gathered in a goodly number, enough for my own col-
lection and for distribution among my friends. What the snails
thought of the performance I have never learned, and Simpson, it
will be noticed, is reticent on this point touching his Helicinas.
As to my prowess as a collector, it would be unwise to say anything
as long as my friend Henry Hemphill is on the face of the earth, but
I dare to say that dear old Doctor Newcomb, of blessed memory,
was so generally successful in that line as to justify my placing him
near the head of the class. Well, the good Doctor and myself once
on a time, away back in June, 1867, went conchologizing up the
coast of California to Bodega Bay. We found the collecting ground
very limited in extent, th'ough we got about 90 species; we also
gathered in nearly 500 dead shells of Helix Nictttniana, grouped
formerly with Arionta, but now Doctor Pilsbry, expert, editor, etc.,
comes to the front and unblushingly says these west coasters must
tumble to the name of Epiphragmophora, which is hard on the poor
snails, and a rather long word to write. Well, there were hundreds
of 'em on the surface of the sand, but not one living one could we find.
That is what we didn't get, one lire Nickliniana. Where they kept
themselves we couldn't discover. We hunted high, we hunted low,
dug into the sand around the roots of the stunted shrubs that manage
to live in this cold, windy, exposed locality, and rummaged about
generally, without success, and when the sun went down we retired
from the field in good order with our flags at half mast, somewhat
the worse for the rough day and bad luck in the snail business,
though we had the pleasure of each other's company, and that counts
THK NAUTILUS. 117
for a good deal as the world goes. Probably the snails had stepped
out through fear of being called Epiphragmophora; who knows? per-
haps, Dr. Pilsbry can tell, he ought to know. R. E. C. S.
[But I don't.— H. P.]
SOME NOTES ON RUMINA DECOLLATA LINN.
BY C. W. JOHNSON.
In March, 1897, Mr. T. L. Montgomery, Librarian of the Wagner
Free Institute of Science, brought from Bermuda some live specimens
of Rumina decollata. Some of these were given to my young friend,
Mr. H. S. Viereck, while the others were placed among some plants
kept in the museum of the Institute. Mr. Viereck placed them in
his yard in Philadelphia. They flourished and increased greatly in
numbers during the summer and survived the winter of 1897-98.
During the summer of 1898 they again thrived, but in the following
spring only dead shells could be found ; the blizzard of February, 1899,
was probably too severe for them.
The specimens kept at the Institute are still vigorous, but produced
only one brood. Through the kindness of Mr. Viereck, I obtained,
in September, some live European Helices, including Helicella erice-
tonim, collected by his sister in Germany. An old aquarium was
quickly turned into a snailery ; thinking that the Rumina would en-
joy new quarters, a few were also placed in the snailery. A day or
so afterwards, when giving the Helices some cabbage leaves, I noticed
that the Rumina seemed very close to the Helicella. On picking up
a specimen, I was greatly surprised to find the former greedily de-
vouring the poor ericetorum. I could not blame the carnivorous fel-
low, for it was probably the first "square meal " it had had since it
was taken from its island home. The lesson to be learned is, do not
put your carnivorous and herbivorous shells in the same quarters, if
you want to keep both alive.
GENEKAL NOTES.
LIMAX COCCINEUS, Gistel — Through the kindness of Dr. T. S.
Palmer, I have been able to see the hitherto overlooked description
of Limax coccineus, Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, 1848,
118 THE NAUTILUS.
p. 168. This slug is said to be 9" long, bright red (hochroth) in
front, with blackish stripes behind the head, tentacles red-granular,
mouth, white. Is it not surely the common red Arion of Central
Europe, now known as A. rtifus (or empiricomrn), var. lamnrckii,
Kal., 1851 ? If so, Gistel's name coccineus has priority for the
variety, and must be adopted.
This work of Gistel's has in it several other new names for
mollusca. On p. 173, Eugira is proposed for Iridina, Lam. This
appears to be needless, but some may hold that it interferes with the
later Eugyra^ Aid., 1870. The following are supposed new species :
Helix platychela from Sicily, p. 167 ; H. erycina from Sicily, p. 167 ;
H. jenisoniana from Montenegro, p. 1G7 ; Clausilia grossa from
Croatia, p. 167 ; Bulimus meridionalis, p. 167 ; B. pellucidus from
S. Russia, p. 167 ; Linnteus flavescens from Spain, p. 168. The H.
platychela and erycina are probably the Sicilian forms already in the
literature, otherwise credited. Clavsilia grossa may be the species
of Ziejiler. The other names seemed to have been overlooked — T.
D. A. COCKERELL.
POI.YGYKA AURICULATA IN WESTERN FLORIDA Mr. L. E.
Daniels, of La Porte, Indiana, has recently sent me typical speci-
mens of P. auriculata collected by him in a hammock one mile south
of Tampa, Florida, thus supplying an authentic gulf coast locality for
the species. Since they were received, I thought to look in Mr. C.
T. Simpson's " Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida," Proc.
Davenpiirt Acad. Nat. Sci., V., 1889, p. 65, where he reports P.
auriculata as common in Manatee county. There is a possibility
that some locality records for auriculata may have been based on
specimens of P. uvulifera bicornuta. — H. A. P.
CORRECTION TO LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE
IN JANUARY NUMBER. — Page 103, line 12, for fiurpa read harpa.
Page 103, line 16, for Sagii read Sayii.
Page 103, line 28, for fine read five.
Page 104, lines 27, 28, read Limncea emarginata ntighelsi Binn.
Page 104, line 30, omit Caribou.
Page 105, line 33, read Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Lea, and line
34 omit A. cincinnatiensis.
Page 106, line 13, for rear read rare, and for Westmoreland read
Westmanland. — OLOF 0. NYLANDER.
THE NAUTILUS. 119
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SOLENID^E OF NORTH AMERICA AND THE
ANTILLES. By Wm. II. Dull. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol.
XXII, pp. 107-112, 1899.) — In monographing the fossil species, Dr.
Dall has found it necessary to make many changes in nomenclature
involving many of the recent species. The following is a list of the
recent species as revised by Dr. Dall :
East American Species.
Solen viridis Say. Rhode Island to Georgia.
Solen (Solena) obi i qua Spengler. Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas.
(S. rudis Sowb. not C. B. Ads. + philippinarum Sowb. not Hanley
are synonyms.)
Ensis directus Conrad. Labrador to Indian Key, Florida, Pliocene
to recent.
("E. americana Beck," of H. & A. Ads., is probably a manuscript
name. Solen siliqua Chickering, not Linn, is a synonym. This
species was generally confounded with Solen maynus Schumacker,
under the name of Solen ensis Linn., by the earlier American authors.
In this connection Dr. Dall seems to have overlooked as a synonym
S. americana Gould. (Invertebrates of Mass., Binney ed., p. 42, 1870),
a name used by most American conchologists. Solen directus was
described by Conrad (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 325, 1843) as a fossil,
from what he considered a miocene deposit fifteen miles below New
Berne, N. C. This formation is now known as the Croatan beds of
the Pliocene.
Ensis minor Dall. Cape May to Florida and Texas. "This is
Solen ensis var. minor of some of the earlier writers, and bears to E.
directus the same relation the Ensis ensis Linn., of Europe, does to
the North European E. magnus Schum. It differs from the young
of E. directus in having the valves wider behind than in front and
relatively narrower as a whole.
Siliqua squama Blainville, Grand Banks of Newfoundland and
Gulf of St. Lawrence.
" This is Machcera nitida Gould, and Gultellus mediiis Sowb. (not
Gray)."
Siliqua costata Say. Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Cape Hatteras,
N. C.
" The following are synonymous names : Solecurtoides nahantensis
Desmoulins; S. sayi Gray; S. radiatus Ravenel (not Linnaeus);
120 THE NAUTILUS.
Cultellus grayanus Sovvb. (not Dunker?); Cultellus subsulcatus Sowb.;
Cultellus belcheri (as of Gray manuscript) Sowb. ; not C. costatus
Middendorf nor Sowerby.
Psammosolen sancta-martlice (Cliemn.) Orbigny. N. Carolina,
Bermuda, the Antilles and south to Rio Janeiro.
Psammosolen ciimingianus Dunker. N. Carolina to Texas and
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
West American Species.
Solen sicarius Gould. Vancouver Island to San Pedro, California.
Solen rosaceus Carpenter. Santa Barbara, Cal., south to the Gulf
of California.
Solen. mpxicanus Dull. West coast of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
Solen (Solena) rndis C. B. Adams. . Panama.
" Confounded with S. obliqnus Spengl. of the Antilles, by Carpenter
and Sowerby."
Ensis californicus Dall. IMonterey, Cal., south to the Gulf of
California.
Siliqua lucida Conrad. Monterey to San Diego, Cal.
Confounded with the young of S. nuttallii by Carpenter and Gabb.
Siliqua media Gray. Okhotsk and Bering Seas northward to the
Arctic Ocean at Cape Lisburne.
Syn. Machczra costata Midd. (not Say) ; S. borealis Conrad.
Siliqua patula Dixon. Okhotsk Sea, the southern border of Ber-
ing Sea and the Gulf of Alaska to Sitka.
Syn. Solen maximus Wood (not Gmel.); S. gigas Dillw.; S. gran'-
dis (Hinds' manuscript, as of Gmelin) Dunker ; Carpenter ; S. splen-
dens Chenu.
Sili'qi'a (patula var.) alta Brod. and Sowb. Bering Sea and Strait.
Syn. Culfellus costalus Sowb. (not Say).
Siliqua (patula var.) nuttallii Conrad. Lituya Bay, Alaska, south
to Oregon and Monterey, California.
Syn. S. californica Conrad, and S. nuttafi Sowb.
The following new species are described :
Solen mexicanus. Gulf of Tehuantepec.
Ensis californicus. From 14 fathoms sand, off the Island of San
Pedro Martir, Gulf of California.
Tagelus poet/i. Cuba; mouth of Old River, Belize; Greytown,
Nicaragua, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Some scattered notes on
Tagelus gibbus Spengler, are also given.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIII. MARCH, 1900. No. 11.
NOTE ON PETRICOLA DENTICULATA Sby.
KY \V. H. DA LI,.
The enquiry suggested by me in the NAUTILUS for January (p.
100) has been quickly answered. Mrs. Oldroyd bas kindly forwarded
to me three specimens of Petricola from Long Beach, Cal., collected
by Mrs. Blood, which solve the problem as to the adult form of Car-
penter's Psephis teUiiiiyalis beyond all shadow of a doubt. The little
brown radiated nepionic shells appear with astonishing distinctness
against the white shell of the adult Petricola. What is still more
curious is that these dark-colored tips must fade, as in all the museum
series extending from San Pedro to Peru not a single one retains the
color, and one of Mrs. Blood's specimens has very little. There are
two species of Petricola, belonging to the section Petricolaria Stol-
icxka, on the coast of California, neither of which goes much north
of San Pedro. One is the elongate P. cognata C. B. Adams (the
analogue of the east coast P. pholadiformis), also named gracilis by
Ueshayes. The other has the following synonymy, and very likely
more.
PETKICOLA DENTICULATA Sowerby.
P. defiticiiliitu Sby. P. Z. 8., 1*34, p. 47.
P. ventricosa (Deshayes Ms.) Sowerby, Thes. Conch., p. 773, pi.
Kit!, figs. 6, 7, 1S54 (in synonymy).
P. nivea Sowerby op. cit., p. 773, pro par te, not of Gmelin, 1792.
P. tennis Sowerby IS:1^, C. B. Adams and others, pro pnrte.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
Psephis tellimyalis Cpr. B. A. Rep. Moll. Western N. Am., p.
641, 1864; Journ. de Conchyl. xii, p. 135, 1865 (larval shell).
This species belongs to the middle American or Panamic fauna
and is known to extend as far north as San Pedro and south to the
Peruvian coast. The P. cognata is somewhat more restricted and
seems most abundant in the Gulf of California. It has been found
as far north as San Diego. The P. nivea (Mytilus niveus Chemn.)
Gmelin, is an Indo-PaciHc species, very similar to P. denticulata and
confounded with it by most of the early writers.
DESCKIPTION OF A NEW CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELL.
BY F. W. BRYANT.
Eplphragmophora Bowersi, " sp.
Shell umbilicated, convex ; epidermis olivaceous ; spire slightly
elevated ; whorls between 4 and 5, convex, gradually increasing ;
suture well defined; aperture transverse, nearly circular; peristome
whitish, thin, very slightly expanded at the basal portion, at the
columella broadly reflected, yet leaving the umbilicus entirely open,
showing within the whorls to the apex ; base convex.
A well-defined, moderately broad, light-chestnut band revolves
above the centre of the body whorl, and is visible above the suture
on the whorl preceding the last ; lines of growth close and distinctly
marked.
Greater diameter 13, lesser 10, height 6 mm.
Location, San Jacinto Mts., Riverside County, California.
THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS.1
The above is the title of a paper of the greatest importance to all
collectors of shells, and especially to those having charge of museums
where the shells are usual[y glued to cards or tablets. Although no
corrosion of shells has been noticed in the collections of this country,
it is well to be on the lookout, and to guard against all apparent
causes.
1 The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets. By L. St. G. Byne, M. Sc. With a
prefatory note by T. Cosmo Melvill, M. A., F. L. S. The Journal of Conchol-
ogy. Vol. ix., pp. 172-178, and pp. 253-254, 1899.
THE NAUTILI'S. 123
Mr. Melvill says: I first noticed the deterioration of a Mitra
(ZierUanci) ziervogeliana\n our National Collection, now many years
ago, and a year or two afterwards the disease had spread to another
example on the same tablet. I have never had any specimens in
my own collection thus attacked, excepting one, and that I fancy
must have come into my possession diseased, and it was forthwith
destroyed. But none of these are glued or affixed in any way to
tablets, as is the case in most museums, but are either placed loose
on cotton wool, or in glass-topped boxes. I may add that I have
seen too frequently in the almost hermetically-sealed drawers under
the cases in the British Museum a dulness first pervading the exter-
ior of certain smooth species more markedly e. g., Conus, Cypraaa, and
especially Naticidae. Then grey acid efflorescence, both tasting and
smelling strongly of vinegar, covers the whole surface like a powder,
rising doubtless from the interior, and the specimens are soon almost
irretrievably ruined. This evil being, therefore, of most serious sig-
nificance, the sooner one is able to cope with it satisfactorily the
better, and I am sure our best thanks are due to Mr. Byne for hav-
ing been the first to take the matter in hand.
From Mr. Byne's exhaustive paper we extract the following ;
" The shells which formed the subject of my experiments were
from the National Collection at South Kensington, furnished me
through the courtesy and kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith. These alone
are referred to unless where otherwise distinctly stated. The shells
in the cabinet drawers are in many instances either partially or en-
tirely destroyed, the surface being corroded and covered with a fine
white powder substance, which can be easily scraped off with a knife.
This caused them to resemble Eocene mollusca.
Many species are quite unrecognizable on account of the surface
being eaten away so deeply. The destruction has traveled from
shell to shell and drawer to drawer, like a disease, several valuable
specimens being spoilt.
The mischief has assumed large proportions, and being still on the
increase causes the greatest anxiety.
The most remarkable facts are —
1. Only marine species are attacked.
2. Highly polished shells, such as those of Cyprrea, are the most
liable to be affected.
3. It does not extend to every specimen in a drawer, and of sev-
eral mounted on the same tablet, perhaps one only is attacked.
124 THK NA I' TILTS.
4. Loose shells are also destroyed, but there are comparatively few
of these compared with the number of those mounted on cards.
.X The shells affected are from twenty to fifty years old, but the
corrosion does not appear until after the lapse ot about ten years.
The process is thus an extremely slow one.
('). It occurs principally amongst the shells kept in drawers in the
dark, where the air is confined and seldom changed.
7. If the tongue be placed against one of the shells, an astringent
alum-like taste will be observed.
We now come to the consideration of possible causes of corrosion.
They appear to me to be four in number.
I. Damp — It the shells were placed in a room or gallery that was
not properly warmed, a very probable reason would be that a fungus
had been formed, eating away the surface of the shell. The shell
gallery of the Natural History Museum is, I am assured, excessively
dry. This cause is, therefore, excluded.
II. The action of sulphuric acid — It is well known that the atmos-
phere of cities contains free sulphuric acid (in addition to other
sulphur compounds) derived from household fires and the burning of
coal-gas. This acting over a peri xl of years would slowly eat away
the calcium carbonate of the shell, forming calcium sulphate. If this
were the explanation, then the whole of the white powdery substance
on the surface of the shell would consist of calcium sulphate. Analy-
sis, however, showed that none was present.
III. Presence of salt. — Shells that had not been soaked in fresh
water before being placed in the cabinets would contain salt, not
only in the epidermis, but also held mechanically amongst the parti-
cles of calcium carbonate. It is highly probable that its presence
would exert a deleterious influence.
Chemical tests showed that it was practically absent, in the shells
examined, a fact that occasioned some surprise.
IV. Act ion of an acid snhs/nt/re. — After carefully considering all
the facts in my possession. 1 have come to the conclusion that the
corrosion is due to the action of butyric acid.
Upon opening the box of shells sent me by Mr. E. A. Smith, I at
once noticed a pungent vinegar-like odor, which pervaded the lin-
gers and everything that came in contact with them. This pointed to
the pre.-ence of acids of the acetic series. Analysis showed that every
shell contained butyric acid, as calcium butyrate. A few contained
Till. N A III I.I S. 1 -•'
calcium acetate. Butyric acid is a product of tin- fermentation of
animal matter, and its original sourer was found in tlie following
manner ; A specimen of Stromf/iis frii-nr/tis was soaked in distilled
water for a week. A piece about the si/e of a pea, of a grayish gela-
tinous substance was found at the hot loin of the glass vessel. This
had come from the interior of the shell, and chemical tests showed it
toheorganic matter. The sheM had probably been more than twenty
years in the Museum.
This at once furnished the explanation which I now bring forward,
namely: That the pieces of the animal left in the shell, through in-
sufficient cleaning or otherwise, ferment, setting free butyric acid.
This substance is extremely volatile, and pervades the whole of the
drawers and cabinets. The amount present can only be extremely
small, but acting as it does for so many years, it slowly eats away
the surface to a considerable extent, converting the calcium carbon-
ate into calcium butyrate.
The reason that land and fresh-water species are not attacked is
that their epidermis acts, so to speak, as a coat of mail. Hence,
highly-polished species of Cypnea, etc., are the most liable to corro-
sion through lack of such protection.
The fact that the shells exposed to daily public inspection in the
top cases are less attacked is explained on the hypothesis that the
light acts as a deterrent. I have also come to the conclusion that the
gum used in attaching the shells to the tablets has something to do
with the corrosion. The majority of (lie shells affected in the Na-
tional Collection are gummed to tablets. As far as can be ascer-
tained, the corrosion has never occurred in private collections where
the shells are and always have been loose. The gum ferments,
acetic acid being formed. This eats away the calcium carbonate,
forming calcium acetate; this latter substance was found in several
of the shells examined, in addition to the calcium bulyrate.
V. Pri'i'eiifiun. — In the case of those shells which are badly
affected, nothing can be done, and their instant removal is absolutely
essential, for if left, they only increase the mischief with those just
beginning to show signs of corrosion. I recommend that they be
soaked for twenty-four hours in a solution of corrosive sublimate ( 1
part in 1,000 water) and then thoroughly dried.
As an experiment, all shells should be subjected to such treatment,
in the hope that it may prove effectual. It is <|iiite impossible to say
126 THE NAUTILUS.
beforehand whether this will be an infallible remedy. Time only
can prove its efficacy.
On page 235 of the same volume Mr. Byne gives the following
supplementary notes to his former observations :
''At the time of writing my former paper I did not possess any
knowledge of bacteriology, but I had come to the conclusion some
months before that the corrosion was due originally to the action of
bacteria. I am now enabled, through the kindness of Dr. Ewart, to
adduce a considerable amount of evidence in support of this. I still
adhere to the five items of my previous summary.
The white powdery substance upon the surface of the shells was
found to consist of calcium butyrate, in some instances mixed with
calcium acetate. It was formed by the action of butyric ami acetic
acids upon the calcium carbonate of the shell structure.
Since butyric acid does not occur in the atmosphere, it can hardly
have had an external origin. It must, therefore, have been derived
from fermentative processes occurring in the organic material of the
shell, or of adhering portions of the molluscan inhabitant. Hoth
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are known which can cause various
carbohydrates to ferment, producing butyric and acetic acids. It is
very often the case that a portion of the liver is left, attached to the
shell, especially to the apex. This might easily undergo butyric
fermentation, and, moreover, the same might occur with the adhesive
substance used to fix the specimen to its card. Both aerobic and
anaerobic butyric bacteria exist, but the common forms are anaero-
bic. Hence we should expect to find the danger of spoiling in-
creased with imperfect aeration in closed or hermetically sealed
cases, in which at the same time there would be no possibility of the
acid products escaping. A little moisture is required to start the
fermentation ; hence, dry cases should escape, and even in damp air
the process can only take place with great slowness, for so soon as
the products accumulate to a certain extent, fermentation ceases
until they have been removed.
That the mischief is of bacterial origin is supported by the follow-
ing facts :
1. Butyric acid has been found.
This could only be produced by the butyric fermentation of carbo-
hydrates, or even proteid substances. Acetic acid is amongst the
fermentative products of butyric bacteria, and calcium acetate has
been found in some of the shells.
THE NA I'Tll.l S. \'21
2. The shells in the top cases that are exposed to Ityht are "practically
unaffected.
This points strongly to bacteria. The deadly action of direct
sunlight on bacteria is well known, and may produce death in from
five minutes to an hour when they are in the vegetative condition.
Even strong diffuse daylight suffices to retard or even inhibit the de-
velopment of many bacteria.
3. The shells in the drawers kept in the dark are the worst at-
tacked.
This necessarily follows from the above statement. Darkness is
favorable to the development of these fermentative organisms.
Within the shell the bacteria would even in the top cases be pro-
tected from the inimical effect of light.
I stated in my former paper that the corrosion had not occurred in
private collections. Since its publication I have been informed that
some shells in a large private collection at Birmingham have been
badly corroded, and have caused anxiety for some time past.
PREVENTION.
It must surely be conceded that an infallible remedy cannot be
given. My critics have either overlooked or paid no attention to
the fact that the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of
about ten years.
The suggestions received are :
1 . Boiling in oil.
2. Rubbino1 over the surface with such substances as oil of tur-
D
pentine oil of cloves, and formalin.
I am of the opinion that these may be dismissed as ineffectual.
Now that we know that the corrosion is caused by bacteria," I am more
than ever convinced that soaking in corrosive sublimate solution,
combined with previous thorough cleaning, will prove effectual. It
must be remembered that corrosive sublimate is an extremely poison-
onous substance. The drawers should be thoroughly aerated at in-
tervals, to remove accumulated acid vapors, which will never be
present in more than minute traces.
The drawers should also be kept well dried.
1 2* THE NAl'J ll.l S.
NOTE ON THE VARIETIES OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA MORMONUM.
i;v n. A. IMLSHKY.
In (renting of this species both Binney and Stearns have com-
mented on its variability. In examining the series in our collection
it appears to me that three well-marked races or subspecies exist,
which may be readily distinguished.
Typical mormon u in is large and depressed, pale reddish corneous,
often fading to a paler tint on the base ; the brown girdle is conspic-
uously darker, and broadly bordered with white above and below.
Surface glossy, sculptured with growth-wrinkles only, or if spiral
stria- are present they are very faint ; apex minutely granulose.
Diam. 29-31, alt. 14-1,') mm., sometimes smaller. Whorls (>.
Mormon Island, in the American River, Sacramento Co., Cal.
(type locality); Tnolumne Co. (Hemphil!).
Binney's figures represent Pfei tier's type.
Var. ctt/fi, n. v. Smaller and less depressed ; dark reddish brown, .
the peripheral girdle not conspicuously darker, yellow-bordered ; sur-
face sculptured with dense minute spiral striae ; whorls 5^;diam. 22,
alt. 14 mm., or diam. 2<>,alt. l~> mm. Types from Big Trees, Cala-
veras co., Cal.; Fred. L. Button. H. Hemphill.
Much commoner in collections than the pale, glossy typical form.
Var. butfoni, n. v. Color as in var. cala, but shell more depressed,
periphery more or less carinated in front, the surface studded with
minute prominences which bear rather long golden-brown hairs when
nnrubbed ; granulation of the apex more strongly developed. Whorls
;H. Diam. -22-24, alt. lH-12 mm.
Nassau Valley, Calaveras Co., Button. Redding, Shasta. Co.;
McGregor. Probably some larger shells collected by Hemphill at
Cave City, Tuolumne Co., belong to this variety, but the specimens
before me are in poor condition. The largest measures 29 mm. diam.
This variety forms a transition to E. /ti/lebrandi, which is only an-
other term in the variation series, as Stearns has already remarked.
A NEW CALLIOSTOMA FROM FLORIDA.
I'.Y IIKNHY A. IMLSBKY.
Calliostoma Veliei ". >i>.
Shell imperforate, high-conic, moderately solid, white, with a series
of small, reddish macula- at the periphery of each whorl. Whorls
TIIK N AH ni, i;s. 1 2!)
nearly 7, the first one smooth and rounded, the rest lightly concave
a'love and sculptured with four equal headed spirals (and some inter-
stitial threads on the last whorl or twoj, with a much broader, more
prominent spiral rih at the periphery and projecting ahove each su-
ture, where a narrower spiral shows below it ; the last whorl quite
convex just below the prominent rih, the base moderately convex,
and sculptured with 14 beaded spirals, contiguous toward the periph-
ery, but more separated and with interstitial threads in the intervals
on the rest of the base, which is further sculptured by h'ne, curved,
radial grooves. Three or four of the spirals are rather sparsely
dotted with red. Aperture trapezoidal, white and pearly within ;
columella pearly, white and concave above, ending below in a slight
tooth. Alt. 10^, diam. 9| mm.
Caxambas Pass, S.-W. Florida, collected in 1S98 by Dr. -T. W.
Velie, in whose honor it is named.
GENERAL NOTES.
ONLY A ONE-TENTH OYSTER CHOI-. — This has been the poorest
year in ten in the oyster industry of Maryland. In years past from
5,000,000 to 10,000,000 bushels of oysters have been taken from the
bay. This }ear the yield will be about 1,000,000 bushels.
The question of legislation for the protection of the oysters has
agitated the state for years, but in the meantime the bivalve is dis-
appearing. Notwithstanding the diminishing supply, however, there
have been sufficient oysters to keep going all the packing houses in
Baltimore, which employ about 5000 people. Nearly 500 dredging
boats are sailing out of Baltimore. — Pliila. Record, Dec. 30.
BIVALVE SHELLS USED IN MANILA i <>K WINIHMV PANI>.-
In Manila, where there is an interesting Held open to the naturalist,
the natives have, an odd substitute for glass. It is a bivalve shell of
about nine inches of surface, so transparent that, print can he readily
seen through it, and admitting a mellow light in a room where it
is used as window glass. The shell is an attractive object, flat,
and in appearance resembles isinglass. One could almost imagine
that it was some skillful invention of the natives, could not (he growth
rings be readily observed. The outer side of the shell is perceptibly
rough, while the interior i< perfectly glazed over and in the light has
the pearly lustre found in manv of the thin-shelled, oyster-like niollusks
130 THE NA.UT1LUS.
of the tropics. The shell is the Placima placenta of science, and is
well known in China, the common name being the Chinese window
oyster. It is employed there also for windows and used in lanterns.
The Chinese grind up the shell and make from it the silver paint so
common in their water colors. The bivalve is very common in
the Philippines, and forms a very good and cheap substitute for
glass. — The PJiila. Record.
UNIONID^E IN A TUNNEL — I am interested in two examples of
Margaritana margaritlfera V&.T. falcata, taken in a water tunnel near
Santa Cruz, in this state (California), 700 feet from the mouth of the
tunnel, and 300 feet underground. They differ from the normal
specimens in being both unusually large and thin, the nacre being
very richly colored. — FRED L. BUTTON.
PURPURA CORONATA LAM. IN AMERICA. — This well-known West
African species has been reported from Demerara and Trinidad by
the Rev. A. H. Cooke. Living specimens were collected at Liv-
ingston, Guatemala, in the spring of 1899, by Mr. Silas L. Schumo,
and are now in the collection of the Academy. — H. A. PILSBRY.
ADDITIONAL CHITONS FROM THE PLIOCENE OF THE CALOOSA-
HATCHIE RIVER, FLORIDA. — In recently working over (with the
assistance of Mr. E. G. Vanatta) a lot of fine material, mostly ob-
tained in cleaning the larger mollusca, collected by the late Dr. H. E.
Griffith, ten valves of Chitons were found. These were kindly stud-
ied by Dr. Pilsbry, with the following results :
Chcetoplenra apiculatn Say. One head and two central valves.
Ischnochiton papiUosus C. B. Ads. Two central valves.
Jsclmochiton striolatus Gray. One head and one central valve.
Acanthochites pygmam Pilsbry. One central valve.
The two other central valves were too imperfect for determination.
IscJi.slriokitus has only been recorded recent from St. Thomas and
Barbados.
Dr. Dall, in his work on the " Tertiary Fauna of Florida" (Trans.
Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. Ill, pt. 2, p. 435), records but one
species, Acanthochites spiculosus Reeve ; "A fragment of a central
valve," ''too imperfect to make the identification certain." —C. W.
JOHNSON.
TIIK NAUTILUS. 131
NOTES ON VERONICELLA — In Journ. Institute of Jamaica, Vol.
'2, p. 1)01 (1899), Mr. H. Vend ryes publishes without descriptions the
names of two varieties of V. sloanii credited to me. I had not in-
tended to publish these names, as they seem to represent mutations
only, but since they are published, it may be well to explain that v.
maculata is F, No. 24, and v. subpalllda is G, No. 20, of Ckll. &
Larkin's paper on the Jamaican species of VeroniceUa in Journ. of
Malacology, Vol. 3, pt. 2, 1894. Mr. Vendryes lists Limacettus
lactescens from Jamaica, but it belongs to North America, and has
not been found in the West Indies. When the locality of it was
unknown, 1 guessed that it might possibly have come from Jamaica,
along with the VeroniceUa described at the same time by Blainville.
Dr. Simroth has lately (cf. Zool. Record for 1898, Mollusca, p. 62)
applied the name decipiens to an African VeroniceUa. This must be
changed, as Semper has used the same name for a South American
species. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
My friend, F. W. Kelsey, of San Diego, Cal., recently sent me a
peculiar Lithophagus, taken near that city, which I at once recog-
nized as a Myoforceps, and Dr. Dall afterwards kindly determined
the species as M. aristatus Dillwyn. The finding of this interesting
species, with its elongate, crossed ends, in shell ground which has
been well worked for so many years, is worthy of note and to the
credit of the enthusiastic collector named. The fact that mature
specimens are found imbedded in hard rock is proof that it is not of
very recent introduction. — FRED. L. BUTTON.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OK THE RECENT AND TERTIARY LEPTONACEA OF
NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. By WM. H. DALL.
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxi., pp. 873-897, plates 87 and 88,
1899.)
" The Leptonacea form a very interesting and puzzling group.
Their characters combine features characteristic in other Teleo-
donts of immaturity, with such as are more probably due to environ-
mental modifications. Without being in themselves prototypes, they
exhibit features which we may readily suppose might have been
characteristic of prototypic Teleodonts. Groups which are really
Io2 THE NAUTILUS.
stai ting points for numerous subsequently developed genera, are
usually notable for their tendency to vary and interchange charac-
ters. In the present case, perhaps, the very general habit of com-
mensali«m or parasitism, has produced degeneration, accompanied by
a revival of atavistic primary characters."
Other introductory remarks are followed by a list of species from
the east and west coasts of North America, with synonymy and dis-
tribution. From the east coast there are recorded 13 genera, 34
species and one variety ; from the west coast 12 genera, 33 species
are listed.
A list of the tertiary species of ihe United States is also given,
containing 73 species, divided among 13 genera, followed by "de-
scriptions of new species and remarks on others imperfectly known."
18 new recent species are described, all of the new species are in-
cluded in preceding lists. On plate 87 is shown a crab (Gebia pu-
yctensis, Dana), with Erycina rtit/i'fera, Carp., attached by its bys-
sus to the underside of the abdomen of the crab. C. W. J.
THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. — By Wm.
H. Dall. (Extracted from The Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the
North Pacitic Ocean, Ft. Ill, pp. 539-546, 1899.)
A very interesting paper on the geographical distribution of species
and the physical characteristics of the region. The faunal summary
gives a total of 86 forms. Only three land shells are known from the
group : Succinea clirysis, Vitrina exilis and Pupa decora var.? A
fauual summary of the Commander Islands given for comparison,
shows a total of 74 species from those islands, including six land and
three fresh-water forms : Limax hyperboreus, V. exilis, H. radiutnltt,
Conn his fulnts, Patnla ruderata var. pauper, P. decora, Limncea orata,
L. humilis and Pisidium aquilaterale. Fossil mollusks were found
only on St. Paul Island.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS, AUSTROSAREPTA, AND NOTES
ON OTHER MOLLUSCA FROM NEW SOUTH WALES. By Charles
Hedley. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., pt. 3, pp. 429-434, Dec. 1899.)
Following Dr. Dall's classification, Mr. Hedley places this interesting
genus in the subfamily Sareptirxz ; the type is a new species A- picta.
A new species, Tewostoma xtarkeyce, is described and figured. Sol en
sluaull Gray, Nerifula Jucida, Cassis nana T. Woods, Cantharus
waterhousia lira/.., are also figured — -C. W. J.
VOL. XIII.
PLATE III.
4
i-
7
PLANORBIS COKPULENTUS SAY.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOJ,. XIII. APRIL, 1900. No. 12.
THE GENUINE PLANOKBIS COEPULENTUS, SAY.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
The sound judgment and critical acumen of that great naturalist,
Thomas Say, has been exemplified not only in the large proportion
of his species which have withstood the scrutiny of the " higher criti-
cism " of the modern school of conchologists, hut also by the number
which in recent years have been rescued from the synonymical bone-
yard, to which they had been relegated by his immediate successors,
and restored to their original integrity.
The fine species which he described in 1824 as Planorbis corpulen-
tus has been one of the most unfortunate of these forgotten species in
its scientific history. Owing, no doubt, in a large measure to its
extreme rarity, it has been constantly misapprehended, not only by
all the descriptive writers, but by nearly every one who has had oc-
casion to refer to it.
The earlier American conchologists were unanimous in referring
o O
to it unusually large specimens of P. trivolvis, and generally consid-
ered it a form of that species and doubtful, even, of varietal rank.
In 1841, Haldeman referred to it a large Planorbis collected by
Nuttall, in the Lewis river, Oregon, and his example was followed by
Gould, Chenu, Clessin, Tristram ,and Sowerby. AV. G. Binney
(18Gf>) was " inclined to believe that Say had before him a form ot
P. trivolvis when he drew his description of P. corpulentus," and con-
sidered the west coast species referred to that form by Haldeman,
134 THE NAUTILUS.
Gould and others, to be a distinct species. It is evident from the
museum register given by Binney, that he had no Canadian exam-
ples of the species before him, although he remarks that he " had
seen no specimens from the localities visited by Mr. Say while on
Long's expedition that were not forms of P. trivolvis."
Tryon, in his supplement to Haldeman, affirmed Binney's opinion,
referred corpulentus to trivolvis, and described the western form as
P. binneyi.
This decision, so far as it differentiates the west coast form from
Say's corpulentus, is undoubtedly correct, and all the west coast cita-
tions of that species must be eliminated.
Following the lead of eastern naturalists, the species has been
cited either specifically, or as a variety of trirolvis in many of the
eastern local lists, but without description or remarks. Such are
Anthony, " Cincinnati ; " Wheatley, " New York to Ohio ; " Hub-
bard, "Ohio," and Lewis, "• Little Lakes, N. Y."
Jay is the only one of the eastern cataloguers who appears to have
had a specimen from near the original locality, and which possibly
may have been true. He gives the locality of his example as " Win-
nepeck river."1
It follows therefore that all the citations of this species from the
eastern and central states must also be rejected.
There thus remain for consideration only the few citations from
the Manitoba region of Canada and the northern central part of the
United States. Say's original description cites the Winnepeck river,
Winnepeck Lake, Lake of the Woods aud Rainy Lake. Dawson in
the " Report of the British North American Boundary Commission,"
quotes it from Flag Island, Lake of the Woods, and remarks that
" the specimens are from Say's typical locality and agree perfectly
with his description. If P. corpulentus is a variety of trivolvis, as
has been suggested, it is a very well marked one, and is character-
istic of the open reaches of the lake."
1 Part of Say's collection is now in the American Museum of Natural History
of New York. Mr. R. P. Whif.field, the Curator, writes: " We have in the Say
collection one shell from the Winnepeck river, but it is not the one figured by
Say in Long's Expedition, but is smaller, lacking the outer volution as com-
pared with that figure. We have one quite large specimen from the J. J. Cooke
collection from Lake Superior, and four specimens from the W. A. Haines' col-
lection, which are labelled Winnepeck river. But I can find no evidence as to
who collected them or where."
THE NAUTILUS. 135
Grant iij the " Sixteenth (1887) Annual Report of the Geological
and Natural History Survey of Minnesota," cites it from "Vermilion
Lake and all over St. Louis and Lake Counties," and says: "it is
found clinging to rocky shores and reefs, and seems to seek places
where the water is quite rough."
Hiinham in his recent " List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells
of Manitoba," published in THE NAUTILUS, quotes simply Dawson's
original citation of the Lake of the Woods.
These references, with Jay's citation in his Catalogue, which pos-
sibly may be one of the original lot collected by Long's expedition,
are the only ones, which I have been able to find, that can with any
probability be referred to Say's species.
Having before me four different lots, aggregating sixteen speci-
mens, of what is undoubtedly the genuine corpulenfus of Say, I can
confidently affirm that the species is entirely distinct from P. trivol-
vis, and must be accorded specific rank.
Say's description is very exact, and when read so as to apply to a
a sinistral species, as this undoubtedly is, as shown by the young
shell (fig. 7), leaves but little to be added.
The characteristic features of the species are the high, narrow, bi-
carinate, rugosely striate whorls, with widely separated raised growth
lines and large expanded aperture, which is higher than wide. The
superior surface is either almost perfectly flat, or more or less con-
cave, sometimes deeply so, varying as the shell is coiled horizontally
or somewhat obliquely to the axis; the superior carina, until the last
half of the last whorl is reached, is almost a right angle, the sides of
the whorl being but little convex, with the greater convexity below
the middle; the body-whorl enlarges very rapidly during the last
half of its growth, and become more ventricose, and both carinas be-
come less prominent; the superior, however, retains its position and
sensibly modifies the shape of the aperture, while the lower one
from the rounding out of the base of the shell, becomes subobsolete
and does not affect the convexity of the lower part of the lip ; the
umbilicus is large and crateriform, the base of the shell until the
body-whorl begins to enlarge towards the mouth being flat, and slopes
sharply from the carina into the umbilicus, so that the lower carina,
during that period of growth, is much more acute than the superior
one; the whorls of the young shell are very narrow and high, and
owing to the rapid increase in height in proportion to .width, the col-
136 THE NAUTILUS.
umellar insertion of the lip is on the base of the preceeding whorl
between the umbilicus and the lower carina (fig. 7), which thus
forms a strong spirally entering fold slightly below the centre of the
inner margin. Compared with this species, P. trivolvis is distin-
guished by its greater width in proportion to its height, wider and
more convex whorls, finer and closer stria?, wider and more oblique
aperture, less prominent superior carina, which is nearly central on
the penultimate whorl, the constantly rounded base of the whorls in
all stages of growth, never sharply and acutely carinate as in corpu-
lenlus ; and smaller umbilicus, not exhibiting the apical whorls.
The specimens before me are from the following localities :
1. Michigan. Coll. University of Michigan (figs. 1, 2 and 3).
Exact locality and collector unknown. These specimens have
been in the University museum for many years, and no further infor-
mation in regard to them is attainable. They are much heavier and
thicker than those from the other localities represented, but are other-
wise very similar. In all probability they were part of the material
turned into the museum from one of the early geological surveys, and
quite likely are from the western part of the Upper Peninsula, as noth-
ing like them has been found in the upper part of the Lower Penin-
sula, or in the eastern portion of the upper. They were originally
catalogued as P. trivolvis Say.
2. Rat Portage, Keewatin, Manitoba.
Coll. Fred'k Stearns. Collected by A. C. Lawson in 1884.
3. Vermillion Lake, Minn., (fig. 4, 5 and G).
Received from H. F. Nachtrieb of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey of Minn.
4. Vermillion Lake, Hudson Bay Territory (fig. 7.)
From the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis. Collector un-
known.
Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has
kindly furnished the following data in regard to the material belong-
ing to the Survey :
" In the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada, there are
five typical examples of Planorbis corpulentus collected by Dr. James
Fletcher, in 1882, at the Lake of the Woods; by A. C. Lawson in
1884, at Rat Portage, above the Falls, and by W. Mclnnes in 1890,
at Green water Lake, Thunder Bay District. There are also speci-
mens which are at least very similar to P. corpulentus in the same
THE NAUTILUS.
137
museum, collected by J. B. Tyrrell, in 1879, at McLeod Lake and
by Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1889, at Nicola Lake, both in British
Columbia.
" I have never seen any of the land or fresh water shells referred to
by Dr. Dawson in his Brit: N. Am. Bound. Report, and believe that
they went to the British Museum."
Rev. George W. Taylor of Nanaimo, B. C., writes that a pair of
the shells collected by Lawson are the only ones in his collection and
that " the large Planorbis occurring on this (western) side of the
Rockies is P. ammon."
In conclusion, therefore, it may be said that P. corpulentus Say, is
a valid species and entirely distinct from either the eastern P. trivol-
vis on the one hand, or the western P. ammon or binneyi on the other;
that it is a characteristic form of the Manitoba lake region, and ex-
tends from there into northern Minnesota and Michigan. Nothing
is known in regard to the animal.
Bibliography.
1824 Say— Long's Expedition II. 262, pi. XV, f. 9.
1837 Beck — Index Molluscorum p. 118.
1840 Whittemore— Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts 0. S. XXXVIII, 193.
1848 Anthony — List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati.
1844 Haldeman— Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. 19, pi. III. fig. 7-9.
1842 Adams — Thompson's Hist, of Vt. 155, Reprint 5.
1843 DeKay— Zoology of N. Y.— Mollusca— 64, pi. VIII, 185* a. b.
1845 Wheatley— Cat. Shells of U. S. 21.
1852 Jay— Cut, of Shells 267.
1852 Gould— U. S. Ex. Ex. Moll. 114, f. 130, 130 a, 130 b.
1856 Lewis— Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 260.
1856 Carpenter— Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. A. pp. 210 and 316.
1858 Say— Binney's Ed. 128, pi. LXXIV, f. 9.
1859 Cooper— Rep. Moll. P. R. R. Survey 378.
1861 Tristram- -Cat. Coll. T. and F. Moll, in Guatemala, P. Z. S. 231.
1864 Carpenter— Sup. Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. A. pp. 532, 558, 5P9, 607,
675.
1865 Binney— L. and F. W. Shells II, 114, f. 190.
1870 Tryon— Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. pp. 199 and 202.
1872 Carpenter— Moll. West N. A. pp. 18, 44, 85, 93, 161.
1876 (?) Sowerby— Conch. Icon. XX. f. 4.
1886 Clessin— Conch. Cab. Planorbis, 144. pi. 17, f. 4; pi. 22, f. 1.
1887 Grant— 16th An. Rep. Geo. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 484.
1893 Walker — Nautilus VI. 136.
1894 Walker— Rev. Moll. Fauna of Mich. IS.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
1899 Hanhara— Nautilus XIII, 1.
Anthony — List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati.
Hubbard— Cat. Terr, and Fluv. Shells of Ohio.
1859 Chenu— Man. de Conch. I, 482, f. 3560.
NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.
BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.
Unio Kingil, sp. nov.
Shell small, moderately thin, plicate behind, inflated, elliptical
and very inequilateral. Epidermis dark yellow and covered through-
out with fasciculated rays, which are more or less interrupted, form-
ing arrow-shaped markings. Sides rounded, and with a slight
enlargement from umbo to base, causing a slight emargination be-
hind it. Beaks quite prominent and surrounded by ten or twelve
fine, irregular, broken concentric folds. Umbonal ridge well defined
and the terminus of all the knotty plications that thickly cover the
posterior area. Lateral teeth slender, straight and quite smooth ;
cardinals erect and well roughened. Anterior cicatrices scarcely
distinct and often confluent ; a deep extension running well under
the cardinals. Beak cavity slight ; cavity of shell profound and
uniform. Nacre variable, from greenish gray to rose. Width, If
in. ; length, | in. ; diam. | in.
Habitat. A branch of the Flint R. in Baker Co., Ga.
Type lot in National Museum.
Remarks : Affinity, Unio Walkeri, Wrt. and U. peniciUatus Lea.
From the former they are easily distinguished by their greater infla-
tion and rounded sides, and more rounded umbonal angle, the finer
and rougher plications and diminished length ; from th^ latter it
is also more inflated, darker and coarser, and has a sharper um-
bonal angle. In some specimens the rays almost disappear, and
again are so dense as to give a green appearance to the shell.
Mr. Charles T. Simpson has compared the type lot with the Lea
types and considers it nearer to U. peniciUatus Lea than to Walk-
eri, but sufficiently distinct from both to warrant the standing we
here give it. Mr. Simpson also suggests a generic name, by which
this group will be distinguished in his forthcoming Synopsis of the
family.
It affords me pleasure to name this species for the discoverers,
THE NAUTILUS. 139
Messrs. G. F. and B. H. King, who take great interest in natural
history, and who are about to engage upon a thorough exploration of
S. W. Ga. and W. Fla. in the interest of science. Their address is
Mimsville, Ga.
NOTES ON SOME SOUTHERN MEXICAN SHELLS.
BY HENRY A. P1LSBRY.
A small collection of shells from the state of Tabasco, Mexico, re-
ceived from Prof. Jose N. Rovirosa, is interesting as supplying a
new species of the genus C/wndropoma, a genus common to southern
Mexico and the West Indies, but far more fully developed in the
latter region.
A new Unio of the Lampsilis group also occurred. The following
is a list of the species :
Polygyrti Yacatanea Mor. var. Jielictomphala Pfr. San Juan Bau-
tista.
Tltysanophora conspurcalella Morel. San Juan Bautista.
Oxystyla princeps Brod.
Subulina troc/ilea (Pfr.). San Juan Bautista.
Opeas micro, (Orb.). San Juan Bautista.
Glandina Ghiesbrechti Pfr.
Succinea Guatemalensis Morel.
Planorbis tennis Phil.? (Young.)
Planorbula obstructa Morel. Margin of the Grijaloa R.
Aplexa aurantia Cpr. Macajuca.
Aplexa Tapanensis Cr. & Fisch. San Juan Bautista.
Chondropoma Martens ianurn Pilsbry. Montauas de Poana. See
below.
Helicina lirata Pfr. Garden of the Juarez Institute, San Juan
Bautista.
Neritina virginea L. Pueblo " La Ceiba."
Pachychilus vulneratus Crosse & Fischer. Upper Puyacatengo R.
near Teapa. This is the form referred by Morelet (in coll.) to P.
Helleri, and made by Crosse & Fischer a variety of P. chrysalis
Brot., under the above name. The form seems to offer considerable
differences from P. chrysalis, typical specimens of which were col-
lected by Sr. Rovirosa at Ixtacomitan, Chiapas, and it may prove
specifically independent. The specimens are old, more truncated
140 THE NAUTILUS.
than any other Pachychilus I have seen, one with a greatest diam-
eter of 24 mm., measuring 39 mm. in height, and having less than
two whorls remaining, the suture describing only one spiral turn.
The shells from Morelet's collection before me are much smaller,
though doubtless this exact form.
Unio Rovirosai Pilsbry. Laguna de Atasta, near San Juan Bau-
tista. See below.
Descriptions of New Species.
Chondropoma Marten sianum n. sp.
Shell perforate, turreted, truncate, thin, corneous, with many faint
reddish-brown narrow spiral bands interrupted into dots. 41 to 5^
whorls remaining in adults, very convex, separated by very deeply
impressed sutures, the last whorl well rounded below. Sculpture of
numerous very low spiral cords, a median one often larger, giving
the upper whorls a subangular appearance, crossed by very numer-
ous vertical lamella? with scalloped edges, about 4 or 5 lamella? in
the space of a millimeter, on the latter half of the last whorl. Aper-
ture circular ; peristome broadly and equally reflexed on the outer,
basal and columellar margins, its face somewhat lamellose, nearly 1
mm. wide.
Alt. 13, diam. 6.6, internal diam. of aperture 3.2 mm. (5-|
whorls.)
Alt. 11.3, diam. 6.5, internal diam. of aperture, 3.3 mm. (4^
whorls.)
Montaiias de Poana, Tabasco, Mexico (Jose N. Rovirosa).
This species is most nearly allied to C. radiosum Morelet, but
differs as follows : It is smaller and more slender; the lamella? are
not produced into short spines where they cross the spiral cords ; the
peristome is decidedly narrower, recurved instead of flat or flaring for-
ward ; finally, the aperture itself is as large as in C. radiosum, though
the shell is smaller.
It is named in honor of Dr. E. von Martens, who is now publish-
ing an extensive work on the non-marine mollusks of Mexico.
Unio (Lampsilis) Rovirosai n. sp.
Shell large, ovate, rather thin (about as in U. luteolus}, inflated,
nowhere gaping, covered with a rather thin black cuticle, sculptured
with coarse and irregular growth-wrinkles, lamellose toward the basal
margin; beaks rather small, situated a little behind the anterior
THE NAUTILUS. 141
fourth of the length ; hinge margin slightly curved, anterior end
narrowly rounded, posterior end much wider. Interior white, faintly
pink tinted in the cavity, hardly iridescent. Right valve with one
strong wedge-shaped cardinal tooth standing nearly at a right angle
to the larger axis of shell, slight rudiments of accessory teeth in front
of and behind it on the hinge-line ; the lateral single, stout and high,
separated by nearly its own length from the cardinal. Left valve
with two stout, subequal, oblique, crenulated cardinal teeth and two
strong laterals. Anterior adductor and pedal scars deep, posterior
scars very shallow, the adductor and foot retractor completely united.
Dorsal scars well within the cavity of the beaks, the major row (of
about 6-8 small deep scars) extending obliquely across the cavity
from below the cardinal to the lower side of the hinge-plate ; some
smaller, shallower scars below the main series. Pullial line deep an-
teriorly and below, shallow posteriorly. Length 111, height 71,
diam. 43 mm.
Laguna de Atasta, near San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico.
Type is a ? specimen. It is allied to U. umbrosus Lea, differing
in the narrower anterior end and consequently triangularly oblong
form, the hinge-line and basal margin converging strongly forward ;
the lateral teeth are also shorter. The female is much more swollen
posteriorly than in U. umbrosus. .
It is named in honor of Prof. Jose N. Rovivosa, known for his
botanical explorations in southern Mexico.
This species falls into the genus Lamp'silis as understood by Simp-
son. Pending the publication of his classification of the group, it is
here placed under Unio.
SOME NOTES ON THE LAND SHELLS OF WESTERN FLORIDA.
BY C. AV. JOHNSON.
The following notes on the land mollusca are based on a few ob-
tained incidentally while collecting fossils in Western Florida during
the latter half of February and the first week in March.
These notes give a more southern and western distribution for a
number of species than has heretofore been recorded.
The more southern distribution is undoubtedly due to the direct
southerly course of all the rivers, which during freshets carry down
great quantities of drift-wood to which a number of the land shells
142 THE NAUTILUS.
usually cling for preservation. A more western range for a number
of the eastern species would be expected, and more thorough and ex-
tended researches would probably show a much greater distribution
westward.
In the woods just east of Tallahassee, among the leaves around the
foot of some large magnolias and oaks, a number of Polygyra pus-
tula and P. hopetonensis and a few Omphalina Icevigata and Strobilops
labyrinthica were found. Near by in an old decayed log were found
Glandina truncnta (young), Vitrea indentata, Zoniloides arborens,
Z. milium and Philoniycus carolinensis.
At Jackson's Bluff on the Ocklocknee river, 24 miles west of Tal-
lahassee, is a fine exposure of the Chesapeake miocene. Here a few
favorable logs and stones were hastily turned over ; under the lime-
stone was found Helicina orbicuJata and Glandina truncata, while
from the logs were taken Ompiialina Icevigata, Gastrodonta sup-
pressa, a form in which the umbilicus is but slightly perforate,
G. demissa, Vitrea indentata, Hdicodlscus lineatus and Polygyra
inflecta; for the latter species this is a more southern locality than
has previously been given.
Two miles below Jackson's Bluff is Larkin's Bluff; under some
boards and wood near the Bluff only Polygyra hopetonensis was found ;
this is the most western locality from which I obtained this species.
About half a mile below Bailey's Ferry, on the west side of the
Chipola river, 11 miles west of Blountstown, is the farm of Mr. J. P.
McClellan; here the Chipola bed comes to the surface and the shells
are ploughed out in the field. After obtaining a fine lot of the Chipola
fossils and several boxes of the marl from which the clay and sand
had been washed through a seive, I turned over an old log, just as
I was leaving, and found Gastrodonta intertexta, the strongly carin-
ated form, but with the usual internal callus. G. demissa, the most
southern locality from which this species has been recorded. Poly-
gyra appressa var. perigrapta, formerly recorded only from the
mountainous portions of Tennessee and adjacent States, P. inflecta,
and P. pustula, which has not before been reported west of Cedar
Keys. In crossing the field near by I found an immature specimen
of P. albolabris.
While waiting for the steamboat at Blountstown a short stroll
was taken through the woods ; a search beneath the oak logs dis-
closed a number of Polygyra fallax. It seemed strange how these
were confined exclusively to the oak; numerous pine logs were turned
over, close by the oak, and all conditions seemed equally favorable,
but not a single shell was obtained. P. fallax has not to my knowl-
edge been recorded south of northern Georgia. Under the bark of
logs, in the drift along the Apalachicola river, was the ever present
Zonitoides arborens.
As the steamboat did not connect with the east-bound train, I was
obliged to go to Marianna for the night. I had noticed from the car
THE NAUTILUS. 143
window the week before an outcrop of limestone at the railroad
bridge across the Chipola river, one mile east of town, that I wanted
very much to examine, so before train time, the next morning, I
made a grand rush for the river. The nummulitic limestone con-
tained but one mollusk, Pecten perplanus, but what it lacked paleon-
tologically, it made up malacologically in furnishing a suitable en-
vironment for numerous species of snails. A glance showed it to be
an ideal collecting ground; limestone, moisture, a varied vegetation,
a cave and an old quarry with moss-covered rocks in all directions,
is just what the snails want, and visions of a new species or variety
formed an active stimulant; for I felt sure that Hemphill, Ferriss or
Sargent had not been there. But alas, while the snails were thick,
a nov. sp. was not to be found by " dis chile." Ferriss would no
doubt have found one, for I still believe it's there. Pyramidula
alternata was very abundant, a coarsely sculptured and beautifully
marked form, among which I found a sinistral specimen. P. per-
spectiva was also plentiful; neither of these have previously been re-
corded from Florida. Among the leaves in front of the cave were
numerous fine specimens of Gastrodonta demissa, the. majority of
which are slightly more depressed than the typical form. Ompha-
liint laevlgata chiefly frequented an old log, while Helicina orbiculata
were found among the rocks in the drier portions of the quarry. A
few specimens of the following species were also obtained : Glandina
truncata, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitreaindentata, Strobilops labyrinthica,
Blfidaria armifera, Polygyra itiflecta, P. appressa var. perigrapla,
and P. steitotrema. The hitter species have not before been recorded
from Florida. In the river drift near the bridge were numerous
specimens of Polygyra auriformis and a few Succinea lateola. As this
drift was not the direct wash of the river, but was formed by the
water backing up over the low ground along the railroad, I am in-
clined to think that the two species could be found living among the
grass and sedge along the high-water mark.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA HARPERI, N. SP.
BY F. W. BRYANT.
Shell unbilicate, translucent, white ; suture well defined; spire a
depressed cone composed of five regularly increasing convex whorls,
the first three smooth, the remainder marked by obscure, closely-
crowded, oblique lines of growth; base convex; aperture nearly
circular, oblique; peristome thin, broadly expanded, and reflexed at
lower third of baso-columellar portion, its extremities joined by an
elevated ridge, bordering which is a somewhat triangular callus
bounded on the inner side by a ridge extending from the middle of
the base of the reflected portion of the peristome obliquely to the
144 THE NAUTILUS.
upper part of the basal whorl ; width of umbilicus about one-fifth
greater diameter of shell.
Numerous dark microscopical lines extend from the peristome over
the body whorl nearly perpendicular to the lines of growth.
Greatest diam. 17, least diam. 14, alt. 9 mm.
Locality, San Jacinto Mts., California.
A NEW N.-E. AUSTRALIAN AMNICOLOID.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The species described below was received from Mr. D. Thaanum.
It is evidently referable to the genus Petterdiella, the synonymy of
which is as follows :
Ampullaria sp., Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1876,
p. 117.
Amnicola sp. of various authors.
Brazieria Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1888, p. 7G. Not
Brozieria Ancey, 1887 (see Man. Conch. IX, p. 29).
Petterdlana Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 189G, p. 105.
Pseudampullaria Ancey, Ann. Mus. d'liist. Nat. Marseille I, 1898,
p. 148.
All of the above names are based upon Ampullaria tasmanica Ten.-
Woods.
Petterdiana Tbaanumi ». >i>.
Shell small, globose, Ampullaria-shappd, narrowly perforate ; light
brown; smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire short. Whorls
4, quite convex, the last perceptibly flattened below the suture,
globose, not angular at the periphery ; narrowly excavated around
the perforation. Aperture oblique, roundly ovate, narrowly rounded
above ; outer lip simple ; columella concave, wide and flattened ;
parietal callus short and rather heavy, though very much less thick
than in P. tasmanica. Alt. 3.3, diam. 2.8 mm.
Near Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
This species di tiers from P. tasmanica in having the last whorl
much less dilated towards the aperture, this difference being particu-
larly noticeable when the shell is viewed in the line of the axis from'
above ; the aperture is consequently less ample, and the outline, of
the shell in a front view is more regular. There is also a fraction of
a whorl more than in P. tasmanica, the columella is not so wide, and
the callus across the parietal margin is comparatively thinner, while
in P. tosmanica the heavy columellar callus continues across the
parietal wall.
This is the second species of the genus, and so far as I know the
first to be recorded from Australia.
.WBRARY
WH 17WI