THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XVIII.
MAY, 1904, to APRIL, 1905.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PII.SBKY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XVIII.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Abida. .'...., . 104,106
Achatina .' 144
Admete woodworthi Dall, n. sp. . . . . . . 123
Agriolimax agrestis in Colorado . . . . .90
Alabama shells collected in October and November, 1903 37,54
Aleea 103,115,119
Alycaeus oshimanus Pilsbry & Hirase, n. sp. ... 7
Ancyli, notes on Eastern American ... 16, 25, 75
Anculosa ampla, picta, plicata, etc, . . . . .42
Ancylus borealis Morse (PI. VI, figs. 14-1G) . . .80
Ancylus elatior Ahth. (PI. V, figs. 10-12) . . . .78
Ancylus filosus Conrad (PI. IV, figs. 1-8) . . .75
Ancylus haldemani Bgt. (PI. VI, figs. 9-13) . . 78
Ancylus ovalis Morse ........ 78
Ancylus parallelus Hald. (PI. V, figs. 1-9) . . . .77
Ancylus pumilus Sterki (PI. YI, figs. 20-22) . . 82
Ancylus rivularis Say (PI. I, figs. 1-10, 13-15) . . 17, 25
Ancylus shimeki Pilsbry (PI. VI, figs. 17-19) . . .81
Ancylus tardus Say (PI. I, figs. 11, 12, 16-23, PI. II, 1-22) . 27
Aporema Dall . . . . . . . . .143
Area ponderosa at Chatham, Mass. . . . . . 48
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Arion circumscriptus on Goat Is., Niagara Falls, N. Y. . 91
Ashmun, Rev. E. H. (Portrait) . 120, 121
Ashmunella, a new ........ 72
Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss, n. sp. ..... 53
Bermudian mollusks, some notes on . ... . . 129
Bifidaria . 107
Buccinum from the Kuril Islands, new species of . . 87
Buccinum chishimanum Pils., n. sp. . . . . .88
Buccinum inclitum Pils. n. sp. . . . . . .87
Cambridge Natural History : errata corrected . . .58
Cape Cod mollusks, some notes on ... . . 129
Carychiurn nipponense Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 7
Cave-snails ......... 67
Cecilioides acicula Miill ....... 130
Cerion incanum Binn. . . . . . . .137
Clams affected by sewerage ...... 60
Clausilia pilsbryana Ancey, n. n. for C. oscariana Pils., preoc. 21
Delaware, a glimpse at the shell fauna of . . . .63
Diplothyra . . . . • . . . . . .102
Drymaeus nubilus Preston=D. recluzianus Pfr. var. martesi-
anus Pils. . ... ... 22
Ena . . . . . . . 105, 106, 115, 117
Erato albescens Dall, n. sp. . . . . ' . .124
Eucore . ..... . 103, 105
Eulota (^Egista) eminens Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ... 4
Eulota (JEgista) friedeliana var. goniosoma P. & H., n. v. . 34
Eulota (^Egista) friedelinana var. vestita P. & H., n. v. . 33
Eulota (J^gista) kobensis var. pertenuis P. & H., n. v. . 34
Eulota (^Egista) kobensis var. koshikijimana P. & H., n. v. 34
Eulota (^Egista) mimula var. goniosoma P. & H., n. v. . 4
Eulota (J^gista) tokunoshimana P. & H., n. sp. . . .33
Eulota (Euhadra) irrediviva P. & H., n. sp. 32
Eulota (Plectotropis) pannosa var. awashimana P. & H., n. v. 3
Eulota (Plectotropis) pressa P. & H., n. sp. ... 33
E ulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensissubdivesta P.&H. . . 3
Ferrissia Walker . . . . . . . 16,75
Genota riversiana Raymond, n. sp. . . . . 14
Glochidia of Unio on fishes ...... 142
HaJiotis, a peculiar ........ 67
THE NAUTILUS. V
Helix conella, A. Ad. probably syn. of Plectotropis deflexa
Pfr. . . .3
Helix hortensis at Chatham, Muss. . . .48
Helix hortensis on Little Duck Island, Maim- . . .46
Helicina pterophora Sykes = = H. oxyrhyncha l'ios*u it
Debeaux . . . . . . 22
Iron Bound Islands, Maine, land shells of . . . .45
Jaminia ... . . 103, 105, 114, 117
Japanese shells, description of new . . • 3, 32
Leda amblia Dall, n. sp. ....... 123
Liguus fasciatus on the Florida East coast . . .88
Limax (Amalia) hewstoni in California . . . .36
Lirnax rnaximus in California . . . . 12, 23, 34
Limnreas, new American . . . . . . 10, 62
Limnaia reflexa crystalensis Baker, n. var. . . . .11
Lirnntea reflexa hemphilliana Baker, n. var. • . .11
Limneea reflexa iowaensis Baker, n. var. . . 10
Lioplax pilsbryi Walker, n. sp. . . . . . .133
Lynansea decollata oronoensis Baker, n. var. . . .62
Lymnaea bryanti Baker, n. sp. . . 141
Lymnsea desidiosa Say, var. modicella Say .... 127
Lymnaea humilis Say ........ 125
Lymnsea owascoensis Baker, n. sp. ..... 141
L^muaea parva Lea ..... . 126
Lymnaea randolphi Baker, n. sp. . . 63
Lymnsea stagnalis higleyi Baker, n. var. .... 142
Lymna?as, critical notes on the smaller . . . . 125
Lucina (Miltha) children! Gray, and a new species fruin the
Gulf of California 110
Macrochlamys cerasina shinanoensis P. & H., n. subsp. . 6
Macrochlamys chaunax P. & H., n. sp. . . .6
Magilia perattenuata Dall, n. sp. . ..... 123
Margaritana margaritifera in Pennsylvania . . .91
Marrat, Frederick Price 120,143
Martesia of the Eastern United States . . . 100,112
Martesia cuneiformis Say (Fig. 2) ..... 101
Martesia striata Linn (Fig. 1) . . . . . . 100
Martesia (Diplothyra) caribrea Orbigny (Fig. 3) . . 102
Martesia (Martesiella) fragilis Verrill & Bush . . .112
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Medionidus siropsonianus AValker, n. sp. .... 136
Melania hahajimana P. & H., n. sp. . . . 8
Melania libertina var. gigas P. & H., n. v. . . . .9
Molluscan stampede (illustrated) . . . .31
Museum Boltenianum ........ 84
Myrtle Beach, a new locality in S. Carolina for recent and
fossil mollusks ........ 60
Natica prietoi Hidalgo, at Algiers . . . . .21
New collector in the field [a chipmunk] . . . .23
Notes and news . . . 12,22,36,59,67,84,91.131
Nudibranchs, California!! ....... 131
Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp, n. sp. . . . . .30
Oreohelix clappi Ferriss, n. sp 53
Oreohelix strigosa metcalfei Cockerell, n. subsp. . .113
Ostrea arrosis Aldrich, n. sp. (PI. Ill) Eocene of Alabama. 61
Oyster, a distorted . ..... 24
Panacea Dall, n. gen 143
Panopea bitruncata Conrad (Plate IV) . . . .73
Parmulophora Dall, n.n. for Parmulina Dall, preoc. . . 113
Parreysia barnumi Pils.,n. n. for Unio browni Whitf. preoc. 12
Patinigera Pall, n.n. for Patinella Dall., 1870 (not Gray,
1848) .... .113
Pennsylvania!! snails and the State Zoologist . . . 131
Petriola Dall, n.n 143
Phacoides (Miltha) xantusi Dall, n. sp. . . . .111
Pholeoteras euthrix ........ 67
Physa gyrina ......... 31
Pisidium atlanticuni Sterki, n. sp. ..... 128
Pisidium limatulum Sterki, n. sp. .... 108
Plectopylis in the Riukiu Islands 58
Plectopylis (Sinicola) hirasei Pils., n. sp 58
Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) catalinse Raymond, n. sp. . . 2
Pleurotoma (Genota) stearnsiana Raymond, n. sp. . 1, 15
Pleurotoma from the pliocene of California, a new . .14
Polygyra appressa tryoniana Pils., n. subsp. . . 89
Polygyra wheatleyi clingmanica Pils., n. subsp. ... .90
Polygyra monodon and P. hirsuta, Albino . . . .92
Polygyra (Stenotrema) barbata Clapp, n. sp. . . . 85
Polygyra stenotrema seminucla Clapp, n. var. . 86
THE NAUTILUS. VI 1
Polygyra tridentata discoidea in Indiana . . . .92
Psilocochlis Dall, n. subg. . . . "... 9
Ptychocheilus ... . '"." . 107
Publications received . . 24, 68, 92, 108, 120, 132
Punctum apertum Pils. & Hir., n. sp. 5
Punctum elachistum Pils.& Hir., n. sp. . . ."' 5
Pupa, note on the nomenclature of the snails usually called. 103
Pupilla . 103, 105, 116, 118
Pupilliclse, notes on the nomenclature of . . 105, 114, 116
Santa Catalina Island, a dredging trip to . .18
Saraphia . 105, 106
Scalaria candidissima at Algiers ... .21
Schizostoraa castaneum, constrictum, etc. . .40
Scissurella (Schizotrochus) kelse}ri Dall, n. sp. . . . 124
Scyphomya . . .113
Sensitiveness of snails to weather conditions . ... . 109
Septidfe . . . . 69
Snails and slugs in the New International Encyclopedia . 22
Sonorella lohrii lioderma Pils., n. subsp . . . 59
Southwestern shells . . . ... 49
Sphyradium . . 103,107,115,117
Stenothyra formosana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . ... 8
Somatogyrus walkerianus Aldrich . . . . 140
Strombus pugilis L., sexual dimorphism in . . . . 138
Terebra histrio Desh. from Senegal, W. Africa . . . 21
Teredina fistula H. C. Lea . . .13
Teredo fistula H. C. Lea, generic position of . . 13
Tornatellina monodonta Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . 6
Tomigerus, new species of . . . .144
Trichodina Anc. . . ... 143
Tulotoma magnifica Conr., etc. . . . ... 43
Turbinella, a singular eocene ... . 9
Turbinella (Psilocochlis) mccallie Dall, n. sp. . 9
Unio browni Whitf. preoc. = Parreysia barnumi Pils. . 12
Unio chipolaensis Walker, n. sp. . 135
Unio crassidens from Wisconsin, fossil (PI. VII) , . 97
Unionidae at Eastham, Mass. . . 47
Unionidse from the Chipola river . . 134
Vallonia pulcbella (Mull.) . . 129
viii THE NAUTILUS.
Vaucheria Pallary .... . .144
Vertigo . . . 103, 105, 11G, 119
Vitrea lucida (Drap.) ....
Venus arakana Nevill not V. arakanensis . . . .23
Zonitoides arboreus Say . . . . . .130
Zonitoides cbisbimanus Pils. & Hir., u. sp. . . . .5
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aldrich, T. H. . . . . . . . .61, 140
Ancey, C. F. . . 21
Baker, Frank C. .10, 62, 125, 141
Bartsch, Paul 12
Blaney, Dwight . . . . . . . . . . 45
Bryant, Owen ......... 129
Burns, Frank . . . . . . . . .60
Clapp, Geo. H . . . 30, 85
Cockerell, T. D. A 22,90,91,103,113,131
Colton, Harold Sellers .138
Conner, Chas. H. ... 91, 142
Dall, Wm. H. . . .9, 84, 110, 113, 114, 123, 143
Daniels, L. E. . 92
Ferriss, Jas. H. . ... . . . . .49
Henderson, Jr., John B. . . . . . .109
Hinkley, A. A .37,54
Hirase,Y. 3,32
Johnson, Charles W. . 13, 24, 47, 73, 93, 96, 100, 112, 121, 132
Lowe, Herbert N • . .18
Moore, Clarence B. . . . . . . . .88
Pilsbry, Henry A., 3, 12, 23, 32, 58, 59, 68, 87, 89, 94, 105, 116
Raymond, W. J. . ....... 1, 14
Rhoads, S. N 63
Simpson, Charles Torrey ....... 137
Smith. Edgar A. . ' 143
Stearns, R, E. C 34, 58
Sterki, V 108,128
Vanatta, E. G. 23
Van Hyning, T 23, 31, 92, 144
Wagner, George ......... 97
Walker, Bryant 16, 25, 75, 133, 136
Winkley, Henry W 24
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVIII. MAY, 1904. No. 1.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.
Subgenus GENOTA H. and A. Adams.
Section Dolichotoma Bellardi.
Pleurotoma ( Genotti) stearnsiana, new species.
Shell broadly fusiform, spire acute, outline of spire moderately
convex; whorls eight and one-half, convex anteriorly, slightly con-
cave near the suture, the margin at the suture strongly appressed;
suture distinct; aperture longer than the spire; color orange to cream,
a broad, spiral, brown band below the suture and nine or ten narrow,
clearly-defined bands on the last whorl, one or two of these also visible
on the spire, bands nearly as wide as the lighter interspaces; interior
of aperture yellowish, lighter within and spotted with brown on the
outer lip by the external bands; first two whorls smooth, later whorls
with numerous revolving threads, closely beaded on the spire by in-
cremental lines which follow the outline of the lip, threads not
beaded below the periphery of the last whorl, but roughened by the
growth-lines and somewhat coarser anteriorly ; aperture rather
narrow; posterior sinus shallow, rounded; lip acute, produced below
the sinus, canal wide; pillar solid, somewhat curved, obliquely
truncate below. Operculum normal. Long, of shell 30.5, of aper-
ture and canal 17, of body-whorl 23 mm.; max. diam. 13 mm.
Divergence 50°. An extremely old specimen which shows a thick-
ening of the pillar like an obscure fold, measures: long, of shell 41 .5,
2 THE NAUTILUS.
of aperture and canal 22.5, of body-whorl 29.5 mm.; max. diam.
18 mm. Divergence 48°. This specimen was dead when collected.
University of California Marine Biological Laboratory, stations
55 and 67, off San Diego, 25 to 30 fathoms, sand and mud, bottom
temperature 50 J F. Also dead specimens from stations 21 and 28,
Catalina Island, 30 to 40 fathoms, sand and mud, bottom temp. 51° F.
P. (Gen old) stearnsiana is at once separable from the forty or more
specimens of its nearest ally, P. carpenteriana, examined by the
writer. The former species is very uniform, although found in dif-
ferent localities. With the same number of whorls it is half as large
as P. carpenteriana and is proportionately broader. The average
ratio of length to diameter is 2.38 in five specimens of P. stearnsiana,
in five specimens of P. carpenteriana it is 2.70. The spire is pro-
portionately shorter in the former species and the brown bands are
more conspicuous. P. carpenteriana has been found in the California
Pliocene and Pleistocene and seems to be the first in time of a closely
related group, embracing besides the two species already named, P.
tryoniana Gabb, Pleistocene and Recent, and P. cooperi Arnold,
found thus far in the Pleistocene of San Pedro only. It gives me
great pleasure to dedicate the present species to Dr. Robert E. C.
Stearns, known to all students of West American conchology.
Section Ant/planes Dall.
Pleurotoma (Ant/planes) catallnae, new species.
Shell sinistral, thin, elongated, slender, whorls ten to eleven ;
color light, pinkish -brown, without bands, interior of aperture a
little lighter: upper whorls more or less chalky; nucleus smooth, in-
flated: later whorls convex, suture deeply impressed; sculptured by
fine incremental lines and on the last whorls a few obscure, spiral
striations, mostly below the periphery; anal fascicle traceable on the
spire as a flattened or obscurely grooved band ; aperture narrow ;
canal wide and short ; pillar nearly straight, with a well-defined
callus, obliquely truncate below; outer lip produced, deeply emargin-
ate near the sutural margin of the whorl. Long, of shell 27, of
aperture and canal 10.5; max. diam. 7.0 mm. Divergence 20°.
Dredged in 125 fathoms, green rnud, off Catalina Island, living, U.
C. M. B. L. Station 36 ; off Point Loma, San Diego, 50 fathoms,
Station 72 (a single, dead specimen); off Point Loma, 106 fathoms,
green mud and sand, bottom temperature 47.9° F., Station 73.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
This attractive shell is much like a reversed P. (Antiplanes}
santarosana Dall, in color and sculpture, but the whorls are more
oblique besides being reversed, and the spire is even more slender
than in Dall's species. P. (Ant! pi ones) catalinae was found associa-
ted with P. (Antiplanes) perversa Gabb, which is also sinistral.
The latter species is wider, has less rounded whorls and the color is
a darker brown with a light, spiral band, as stated by Gabb in his
original description. The two species are readily separated.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
Eulota (Plectotropis) pannosa var. awashimana n. var.
This race is similar to E. pannosa in color, texture, sculpture and
the profuse peripheral fringe, but differs in being much smaller, pro-
portionally higher, with decidedly narrower umbilicus, which is not
enlarged at the opening, the base being almost angular around it.
Whorls 5|-, the last very shortly and slightly deflexed in front. It
is more robust and less depressed than E. deflexa. Alt. 8, diam.
13 mm.
Awashima, Echigo. Types no. 86495, A. N. S. P., from no.
1164 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Two species of Plectotropis have been described by A. Adams
from Awashima : H. setocincta and H. scabricula. The first meas-
ures about 12x6 mm., the altitude half the diameter, being therefore
more depressed than awashimana, in which the alt. is nearly two-
thirds the diam. H. scabricula is about 9x6 mm., with 6^ whorls,
the last " subangulate " peripherally. This species is therefore
smaller than awashimana, with more whorls and blunter ambitus.
Helix conella A. Ad., 1868. from " Tabu-Sima " (not H. conella
Pfr., 1861), is probably a synonym of Plectotropis deflexa Pfr., from
the same island.
Eulota (Plectotropis'} shikokuensis subdivesta n. subsp.
Shell more depressed than E. shikokuensis^ and smoother, the
oblong granules bearing no cuticular scales, the periphery without a
fringe. Whorls nearly 6, the last very shortly and abruptly de-
4 THE NAUTILUS.
flexed in front. Umbilicus more broadly open. Alt. 7, diarn. 16
mm., umbilicus 5 mm. wide.
Sodayama, Tosa. Types no. 84783, A. N. S. P., from no. 1022
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
E. s. var. hodaka (NAUTILUS xvii, 105) is a much less depressed
form, measuring, alt. 9.5, diam. 16, umbilicus 4 mm. wide, and alt.
8, diam. 14 mm.
Eulota (Aegista} eminens n. sp.
Sliell broadly and deeply umbilicate, lo\v-trocliiform, dull yellow-
ish-brown, finely striate, the last stria? on the last whorl broken into
low granules, which when quite unworn bear short cuticular laminae
in places. Spire convex-conic. Whorls 6| to 7, slightly convex,
closely coiled, and very slowly widening, the last whorl obtusely
subangular at the periphery, and descending a little in front, very
convex beneath. Aperture very oblique, rounded, about one-fourth
of the circle excised at the parietal wall. Peristome thin, narrowly
expanded, reflexed below. Alt. 7.3. diam. 10.8, width of umbilicus
3 mm.
Toba, Shima. Type no. 86493 A. N. S. P., from no. 590a of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species belongs to the group of Aegista mfmtila, but differs
from all the known species by its elevated spire, higher than in any
other Japanese Aegista, and approaching the contour of the species
referred to the section Ccelorus.
Eulota (Aegista) mimula var. goniosoma n. var.
This race resembles mimula, trachyderma and mikuriyensis in the
rather small aperture with thin, expanded lip, subreflexed below, but
not thickened within. The spire is low conoid-convex, the periphery
strongly angular and the base convex, abruptly curving into the wide
umbilicus. The lusterless surface is brownish-yellow, freckled with
buff dots, finely, rather irregularly striate, and in some specimens re-
taining short, triangular cuticular lamina? below the periphery.
Whorls 5^ to 5|. Alt. 6.5, diam. 11.3 to 12 mm., width of umbili-
cus 4 mm.
Amagisan, Izu. Types no. 86462 A. N. S. P., from no. 1165 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
On account of its strongly angular periphery, this might be con-
THE NAUTILUS. 5
sidered a distinct species, and it may prove to be so ; but it belongs to
a group of forms which may for the present be ranked as subspecies
of E. mimula, and including the following:
E. mimula Pils.
E. mimula trachyderma Pils. & Glide. (E. aperta trachyderma,
Proc. A. N. S., 1901, 614).
E. mimula mikuriyensis Pils. (E. aperta mikuriyensis, Naut.,
xvi, 45).
E. mimula goniosoma Pils. & Hir.
Punctum elachisturn n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, brown, the first whorl whitish.
Whorls 2|, the last one sculptured with rather widely spaced lamellae
and close spiral strise in the intervals, the spire nearly smooth. The
whorls enlarge rapidly, and the last one is somewhat compressed be-
low the periphery, which is rounded. The aperture is large, oblique
and rounded, about one-fourth of the circle excised by the preceding
whorls. Alt. 7, diam. 1.2 mm.
Yanagawa, Chikugo. Types no. 86492 A. N. S. P., from no
1159 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
There are fewer whorls than in P. leptum, which is also a little
larger, and judging from the figures, more densely lamellose.
Punctum apertiirn n. sp.
Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, thin, brownish-corneous,
sculptured with delicate, thread-like riblets, in large part cuticular.
Whorls 3, convex, parted by an impressed suture. Aperture ob-
lique, rounded, slightly more than one-fourth of the circle excised by
the preceding whorl ; peristome thin and simple. Alt. 7, diam. 2mm.
Nemuro, Nemuro. Types no. 86490 A. N. S. P., from no. 1156
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This little snail from the northeastern province of Yesso, is dis-
tinguished by its depressed form and wide, shallow umbilicus.
Zonitoides chishimanus n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, whitish-corneous, thin ; closely and deli-
cately rib-striate, densely and finely striate spirally between the
lamella?. Spire convex. Whorls nearly 3^, convex, slowly increas-
ing, the last rounded peripherally and below. Aperture quite ob-
6 THE NAUTILUS.
lique, wide-lunate, the peristome simple and thin. Alt. .7, diam.
1.1 mm.
Kunashiri, Chisohima chain (Kuril Is.). Types no. 86491 A. N.
S. P., from no. 1155 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This very small, whitish species is more closely sculptured than
any Japanese Punctum, unless P. leptum Westerl. be an exception.
That species from Nagasaki is larger and has a much narrower
umbilicus.
Macrochlamys chcmnax n. sp.
Shell perforate, convex-conic above, more convex below the
slightly 'obtusely angular periphery, the angle above the middle;
thin, somewhat transparent, pale yellow. Surface brilliantly glossy,
showing some slight growth-wrinkles and densely-crowded, very
minute spiral stria?. Whorls 4, moderately convex, the last about
double the width of the preceding, subangular, the angle becoming
obsolete at the aperture. Aperture rather large, rounded-lunate.
Peristome simple and thin, reflexed at the columellar insertion. Alt.
2.7, diam. 4.5 mm.
Irnotoshima, an islet south of the Hahajima, Ogasawara. Types
no. 83030 A. N. S. P., from no. 899 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Also found on Hahajima.
Macrochlamys cerasina shinanoensis n. subs-p.
Shell resembling M. cerasina and M. gudei, but much larger than
the former, more globose and more glossy than the latter. There are
61=? convex, very slowly widening whorls, the last one angular at the
periphery in front, becoming rounded on the latter part. Spire low
conic, with nearly straight outlines. Base strongly convex, impressed
around the narrow axial perforation, which is nearly concealed by
the triangular dilation of the columellar lip. Alt. 10.4, diam. 7.4 mm.
Enasan, Shinano. Types no. 86483 A. N. S. P., from no. 1173
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Tornatellina monodonta n. sp.
Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pale yellowish corneous, im-
perfectly transparent, almost smooth. Spire straightly conic, the
apex obtuse. Whorls 4|, moderately convex, the last somewhat
swollen. Aperture oblique, ovate, somewhat less than half the total
length. Outer lip thin and simple, columella strongly twisted, form-
THE NAUTILUS. /
ing a white spiral fold. No parietal lamella. Length 3, diam.
1.9 mm.
Imotojima, Ogasawara. Types no. 86479 A. N. S. P., from no.
1158 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This form is distinguished at once from others described from
Ogasawara-jima and the islands of Izu by the absence of a parietal
lamella. It occurs also on Hahajima, no. 1158« of Mr. Hirase's
collection.
Qarycldum nipponense n. sp.
Shell oblong, with a rather wide spire and obtuse apex, clear,
transparent corneous, smooth and glossy. Whorls 4, convex, the
suture well impressed. Aperture oblong, oblique, with a single,
small, acute lamella at the middle of the inner margin, and a larger
tubercle opposite to it within the outer lip, which is thickened
throughout. Length 1.3, diam. .G mm.
Sendai, Rikuzen. Types no. 86441 A. N. S. P., from no. 1157a
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A dwarf among pygmies. It is like C. hachijoense in its polished
surface, but differs in the wide spire, not tapering regularly as in that
insular form. C. noduliferum, pessimum and borealis are all conspic-
uously striate. C. noduliferum and C. nipponense are the only species
at present known from the main island of Japan. Specimens sent
from Uji-Yamada, Ise, indicate that C. nipponense has a wide range
along the ocean coast of Nippon.
Alycceus oshimamis n. sp.
Shell of the depressed low-conoid shape of other Japanese species,
the umbilicus oblong, the last whorl deviating tangentially about
half-way across the preceding. Whorls 3f, the first two smooth,
reddish or yellowish, the following whorl rib-striate, at first finely
and closely, but on the first half of the last whorl the riblets become
quite widely spaced. Last half of the last whorl swollen, and very
much more finely and closely sculptured than any other part of the
shell ; the neck rather strongly contracted, then swollen and sculp-
tured again. Aperture very oblique, circular, the lip strengthened
by an external rib, built forward beyond the rib, the upper and lower
margins arched forward a little. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm. Operculum
thin, yellow.
THE NAUTILUS.
Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83385 A. N. S. P., from no. 931 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species differs from tlie allied A. vincius in its sculptured
neck and less developed "collar" or lip-rib. No land shell of the
important island of Oshima is known to be identical with species of
Kyushu or of the main island of Japan.
Stenothyra formosana n. sp.
Shell small, ovate, smooth and glossy, yellowish olivaceous. Spire
convex-conic, about 4 whorls remaining, the earlier ones being
eroded. Last whorl moderately inflated, distinctly compressed from
back to face, strongly contracting to the aperture, which is subverti-
cal, ovate, and not much exceeding one-third the length of the shell.
Length 3.9, diam. 2.2 mm.
Kironten, Formosa. Types no. 86485 A. N. S. P., from no. 159
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This small, plain species is related to a form in the collection of
the Academy labelled S. glabra A. Ad., but is very much larger,
and not quite so much contracted at the aperture. S. glabra was not
very fully defined by Adams. It was described from Peiho, but has
been reported from Formosa by Nevill, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 43.
Melania hahajimana n. sp.
Shell rather thin and light, yellowish olive, usually with some in-
distinct reddish longitudinal streaks on the spire ; somewhat glossy,
sculptured with irregular, unequal but fine spiral grooves and striae,
which on the spire cut the longitudinal growth-wrinkles into oblong
beads, irregularly and unevenly developed. The spire is slender
with slightly concave outlines. Apex eroded, 6 or 7 remaining
whorls but slightly convex, separated by an impressed, oblique
suture. Last whorl inflated in the middle. Aperture ovate, ob-
lique, broadly rounded below, the thin lip slightly sinuous.
Length 34, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 10.5 mm.
Length 30, diam. 10, length of aperture 10.8 mm.
Hahajima. Ogasawnra. Types no. 8G45 A. N. S. P., from no.
172 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
The slender spire, thin texture and inflated last whorl widely
separate this form from M, boninensis of Chichijima, the only Melan-
ian hitherto known from the Ogasawara-jima. It is related to M.
THE NAUTILUS.
tuberculata (Mull.), a widely distributed Oriental form, much more
strongly sculptured, with more convex whorls.
M. boninensis Lea has been found to grow much larger than the
original examples, reaching a length of 32.5 mm.
Melania libertina var. gigas n. v.
Very large, finely striate spirally, more coarsely so at the base, but
without longitudinal folds. Olivaceous-brown, yellow in places, with
some darker-brown streaks ; the color concealed by a black ferrous
coat. Length of decollate shells with about 4 to 4^ whorls remain-
ing, 48 to 51, diam. '20 mm., length of aperture 21 to 22 mm.
Arato, Echizen. Types no. 86441 A. N. S. P., from no. 171 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is the largest Japanese Melanian now on record. Some spe-
cimens of M. lobbeckiana are longer, but they are not so stout in
figure.
A SINGULAR EOCENE TURBINELLA.
BY WILLIAM I1EALEY DALL.
A singular TurbincUa has recently been received from Mr. S. W.
McCallie, of Georgia, which seems to stand, to some extent, between
the two well known types, Turbinella proper and Vasum.
Psilocochlis subg. nov.
Shell thick and heavy, with depressed dome-like spire and few
whorls, a strong siphonal fasciole surrounding a wide umbilical fun-
nel, which is completely filled by a heavy deposit of callus, which
also extends to the posterior angle of the aperture; the pillar exhib-
its three strong elevated plaits, and the surface is smooth orfreefrom
ribs, nodules, or prominent sculpture of any kind. Type:
Turbinella (Psilocochlis) McCallie sp. nov.
Shell short and broad, with about four whorls, of which all but the
last are very small ; apex hardly rising above the last whorl, which
is dome-shaped above and widest at about the level of the posterior
angle of the aperture, diminishing forward and slightly constricted
behind the strong and flaring siphonal fasciole ; umbilical funnel
smooth, but nearly filled with a smooth appressed mass of callus, con-
10 THE NAUTILUS.
timions over the body, and much thickened behind ; pillar straight,
with three strong plaits, canal shallow, short ; suture distinct, sur-
face smooth except for very fine incremental and revolving lines ;
outer lips broken, but apparently simple and sharp. Length 50,
max. breadth about 38 mm., diameter of umbilical funnel about
20 mm.
Horizon : Claibornian Eocene of Richmond Co., Ga.
This singular shell has very much the aspect of Pyrula smitltii
Lea (Lacinia alveata Conrad), Contr. to Geology, pi. v, fig. 1G2 ;
but has a lower spire, and is wider and rounder at the shoulder, be-
side having the strong plaits on the pillar which do not exist in
Lacinia. It will be illustrated in a forthcoming publication. Mean-
while collectors should be on the lookout for it.
NEW VARIETIES OF AMERICAN LIMNJEAS.
BY FRANK COLLINS UAKER.
LimncEQ. reflexa iowaensis var. nov.
Shell thin, with a short, dome-shaped spire; whorls 5— 5-jL, rather
flat-sided, loosely coiled; suture well marked but not profound;
aperture with the characteristic turret of typical reflexa, with a heavy
plait extending across the columellar callus ; spire and aperture of
equal length ; color dark horn, either plain or with spiral or longitu-
dinal zebra-like markings ; aperture marked internally by several
longitudinal red bands, indicating the position of former peristomes ;
umbilicus covered.
Length 28.50, width 12.00, aperture length 13.50, width 7.00 mill.
Length 30.00, width 11.50, aperture length 15.00, width 7.00 mill.
Length 26.50, width 11.50, aperture length 14.00, width 7.50 mill.
Length 26.00, width 11.00, aperture length 12.00, width 6.00 mill.
This peculiar variety was found in a collection recenlty sent to the
writer for study, by Mr. Bryant Walker. It differs from all forms
of this species in having the spire and aperture of equal length, in
the peculiar dome-shaped spire and in the general robust appear-
ance.
In the Illinois and Michigan Canal, at Joliet, this variety is found
and shows a perfect gradation from the short, stumpy variety, with
THE NAUTILUS. 1 1
spire and aperture of equal length, to the long, spiral reflexa. In
this lot one may trace the variation from iowaensis, through umbrosa
and jolietensis to typical reflexa.
In a lot of shells received from Mr. Henry Hemphill, four speci-
mens were found which appear to belong here. Two specimens are
fairly typical, while two show a variation toward variety umbrosa.
They are from Lake Albert Lea, Minnesota. The types are from
Muscatine, Iowa.
Limnsea reflexa crystalensis nov. var.
Shell solid, with dome-shaped spire ; whorls 5-6, flatly rounded,
loosely coiled; sutures not impressed, but well marked; spire
of variable length, but typically about the length of the aper-
ture; aperture long-ovate, peristome with a heavy internal rib;
columellar callus heavy, spreading over the inner lip and crossed by
a strong plait ; umbilical region showing a slight perforation beneath
the overhanging columellar callus ; color light or dark horn, some
species are strongly zebra-marked, and all exhibit the fine wavy
sculpture of this group of Limiueas. It seems sometimes malleated.
Length 19.50, width 8.00, aperture length 9.00, width 4.00 mill.
Length 21. 00, width 8.00, aperture length 10.00, width 5.00 mill.
Length 22.00, width 9.00, aperture length 10.50, width 5.50 mill.
Length 23.00, width 8.50, aperture length 10.50, width 5.00 mill.
Length 23. 50, width 1 0.50, aperture length 12.50, width 5.50 mill.
Length 28. 00, width 10.00, aperture length 12.00, width G.OO mill.
Length 23.50, width 9.00, aperture length 1 1.00, width 5.00 mill.
Length 28.00, width 9.00, aperture length 11.50, width 5.50 mill.
This variety may be collected in countless numbers at Crystal
Lake, Illinois. The lot from which this description was drawn num-
bers 105 specimens, and was collected by Dr. N. H. Lyon. This
variety bears the same relation to reflexa that variety michiganensis
Walker does to pahistris, and its growth is probably governed by the
same physical conditions.
Limnsea reflexa hemphilliana nov. var.
Shell rather solid ; color light horn ; whorls G, very flat-sided,
loosely coiled, nuclear whorls very dark red; sutures not impressed;
spire acutely pyramidal, about as long as the aperture; aperture
elongate-ovate ; peristome thin, bordered internally by a red band ;
12 THE NAUTILUS.
col umella oblique, with a rather heavy plait; parietal wall "covered
by a spreading callus which almost closes the umbilicus; some speci-
mens show a tendency to become malleated.
Length 27.00; width 11.00; aperture length 14.00; width 7.25 mill.
Length 27.00; width 11.50; aperture length 15.00; width 7.50 mill.
Distribution : Lake Albert Lea, Minnesota.
Specimens of this very distinct variety were found in a lot of
shells received from Mr. Bryant Walker. They look like a widened-
out variety exilis with a short spire. They have some relation to the
variety iowaensis, but the spire is sharply conic, while in that variety
it is dome-shaped.
GENERAL NOTES."
LIMAX MAXIMUS L. IN CALIFORNIA. — The United States
National Museum has recently received several specimens of this
species from Mr. S. A. Pease of San Bernardino, Cal. Mr. Pease
informs us that they were collected out of doors, near a house,
in Redlands, and that it was reported to him that they were
feeding upon flowers and plants. He also states that he has heard of
this same slug in different parts of San Bernardino county.
The specimens sent us are darker than the usual East American
form and not so large, the longest individual (preserved in formalin)
measuring 58. mm. — PAUL BARTSCH.
NOTICE OF Six NEW SPECIES OF UNIOS FROM THE LARAMIE
GROUP.— By R. P. Whitfield (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX,
1903, p. 483-487). U. eesopiformis, verrucosiformis, retusoidet
browni, percorrugata and postbiplicota are described from Snow
Creek, on the Missouri River, about 130 miles N. W. of Miles City,
Montana. The names indicate the species of the recent fauna be-
lieved to be related to these Laramie forms ; but the radial V-like
beak-sculpture of at least part of them shows that there is nothing iu
the supposed relationship of the Laramie forms to any surviving
North American Unios. They belong to the Hyriinse of Simpson's
arrangement, and are only referable to Unio in a Lamarckian sense.
The name Unio browni Whitf. being preoccupied, that species may
be called Parreysia barnnmi. It is named for Mr. Barnum Brown,
who collected the series — H. A. Pihbry.
THE NAUTILUS. XVIII
PLATE I.
WALKER: ON ANCYLUS.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XVIII.
JUNE, 19O4.
No 2.
ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF TEREDO FISTULA H. C. LEA.
BY CHAUI-ES W. JOHNSON.
Among the H. D. and W. B. Roger's collection of tertiary fossils
of Virginia, now in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.
TEREDINA FISTULA, H. C. LEA.
TEREDINA FISTULA, H. C. LEA.
History are five specimens] (Catalogue no. 9582) of what is usually
referred to as Teredo fistula H. C. Lea (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2
14 THE NAUTILUS.
ser., ix 234, pi. 34, fig. 5, 1845). Dr. Ball (Trans. Wagner Free Inst.
Sci., iii, pt. iv, p. 813, 1898) suggests that this may possibly be the
same as Teredo calamus by the same author (op. cit., fig. 4) which
apparently differs only in size. The position of T. fistula has always
been questioned owing to the absence of all shell characters. Among
the above-mentioned material is a specimen having a total length of
58 mm. with valves about 12 mm. in length imbedded in the lower
end of the tube as shown in fig. 1. From this it will be seen that it
evidently belongs to the genus Teredina, although I have seen no
trace of the tube being separate, and the number of accessory valves
are poorly defined, the small, dorsal, triangular space having but a
slight median and transverse groove. The valves are divided into
three areas by two faint radial lines which interrupt the concentric
lines as shown in fig. 2. On the anterior angle near the margin are
traces of a fine squamose imbrication over-riding the concentric lines.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA FROM THE PLIOCENE OF CALIFORNIA,
BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.
Subgenus Genota H. and A. Adams, section Dolichotoma Bellardi.
Genota riversiana, new species.
Shell narrowly fusiform, spire elevated, outline of spire contained
within two straight lines; whorls slopingly shouldered, convex
anteriorly, slightly concave near the suture, an obtuse angle separat-
ing the wider convex area from the narrower concave area, whose
widths are in the ratio of five to four ; posterior margin of the whorls
strongly appressed, suture distinct ; first two or three whorls broken
away, later whorls with conspicuous, elevated, revolving threads, of
which about eight below the shoulder and six above are more
prominent, those above somewhat finer and closer ; between the pri-
mary threads are much finer, secondary threads ; on the last whorl
about sixteen principal threads below the shoulder, coarser and more
widely spaced anteriorly, with one to three secondary threads
occupying each interspace ; axial sculpture consisting of sharp, ele-
vated growth lines, elegantly decussating the revolving threads,
THK NAUTILUS. 15
especially conspicuous just below the suture ; on the uppermost of
the remaining whorls are faint nodes, about twenty to the whorl ;
aperture rather narrow ; posterior sinus shallow, rounded ; lip
slightly produced below the sinus, as shown by the growth lines ;
two-thirds of last whorl broken away ; canal rather wide ; pillar
solid, curved, a somewhat prominent, smooth swelling above ; body
whorl eroded in front of the aperture, with a wash of callus striated
in lines parallel to the lip.
Length of shell 59, of aperture and canal 30, of body whorl 41 ;
max. diam. 20.5 mm. Divergence 30°. These measurements are
taken from the broken shell. The spire was probably about 4 mm.
longer and the total length of the perfect shell could not have been
less than 75 mm., with 7 or 8 whorls. From the Pliocene of Santa
Monica, California.
Genota riversiana is the narrowest form of this subgenus found in
California. Only an occasional, greatly produced G. carpenteriana
Gabb can compare with it in this respect. The narrow form, the
prominence of the revolving sculpture and the obtuse angle, behind
the middle of the whorls, well characterize this species. In G.
cooperi Arnold and G. tryoniana Gabb the angle is sharper and in
front of the middle of the whorls. The principal revolving threads
in the present species are more conspicuous and more nearly equal
than in G. cooperi, of which a fine specimen from the Pleistocene of
Santa Monica is before the writer. The latter species is the most
sharply sculptured of those hitherto described. Form and sculpture
at once separate G. riversiana from G. carpenteriana Gabb, and still
more widely from G. stearnsiana Raymond, which is the shortest and
widest species of the subgenus.
It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to the
discoverer, Professor J. J. Rivers, who has made a large and most
interesting collection of the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils found in
the vicinity of his home.
The list of subgenus Genota will now be as follows :
1. Genota carpenteriana Gabb, Late Tertiary to Recent.
2. " tryoniana Gabb, Late Tertiary to Recent.
3. " cooperi Arnold, Quaternary.
4. " stearnsiana Raymond, Recent.
5. " riversiana Raymond, Late Tertiary.
It is a very compact group. No. 2 is scarcely more than a variety
16 THE NAUTILUS.
of No. 1. The others are well differentiated, yet closely related.
No. 1 is the most abundant in numbers ; the others are apparently
rare.
NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. II.
BY BKYANT WALKER.
In preparing my former paper on this subject (NAUT., XVII, p.
13), I overlooked Hedley's note on Ancylastrum (Proc. Mai. Soc.,
I, p. 118) in which he calls attention to the fact that Bourguignat's
type was A. cumingianus and not A.fluviatilis. The latter species
being the type of the genus Ancylus, Ancylastrum, as used by Cles-
sin and those who have followed him, was wholly unnecessary, being
equivalent to Ancylus s. s. This rectification leaves the section re-
presented by A.fluviatilis and characterized by its elevated, capuli-
form shell, with the apex recurved and decidedly posterior, free, as
it should be, to be known as Ancylus s. s.
The division of the Eastern American species into two sections
distinguished by the character of the apex, was only a further step
in the direction pointed out by Clessin in establishing his section
Haldemania and, had his name been available, it would have been
used for one of them. Independent of the apical characters, Cles-
sin's group was a valid one, and he was entirely justified in separ-
ating it from the Eurasion sections represented respectively by A.
fluviatilis and lacustris. And the fact that both of these species
have the apex radiately striate, does not at all militate against the
validity of Clessin's Haldemania, nor of the two sections that have
been proposed to take its place. In order, however, that there may
be no confusion hereafter on this point, the description of the section,
which includes the Eastern American species with a striate apex,
may be amended to read as follows :
Section Ferrissia Walker.
Shell conical, ovate, oval or oblong, usually elevated ; apex acute
or somewhat obtuse, placed only slightly behind the middle of the
shell, and usually turned toward the right side, not recurved, radially
striate.
Type : A. rivularis Say.
Most of the species belonging to this section are by preference in-
THK NAUTILUS. 17
habitants of running water, and are usually found on stones, dead
shells, etc., in rivers and streams. The smaller, stronger and more
compact shell is no doubt the result of their environment. A few
species, however, of which A. parallelus is the most notable example
are to be found on plants or dead leaves in slow-flowing or stagnant
water. The distribution of the species seems to be more general
than that of the species of Lasvapex.
I. Ancylus rivularis Say (1819). PI. I, figs. 1-10 and 13-15.
This was the first species of American Ancylus to be described and
the meagerness of the original description is probably to be attributed
to this fact. But one dimension is given and nothing whatever is
said in regard to the contour of the shell. It was not until A. tardus
was differentiated in 1840, that any information was given on the
latter subject and then only by inference. The consequent doubt as
to what form was really intended to be covered by the description
was recognized at an early date. The characteristic difference in
the position of the apex and the shape of the shell was first pointed
out by Adams (Thomp. Hist, of Vt., p. 164, 1842), and his remarks
on the prevalent uncertainty in regard to Say's species are quoted
with approval by Haldeman. It was not until the latter in his mon-
ograph supplied an accurate description and a good figure, that the
species can really be said to have been established. I am inclined
to agree with Haldeman rather than Tryon in considering Gould's
rivularis (Invert, of Mass., p. 224), to be parallelus rather than Say's
species.
Taking Haldeman's description as the typical expression of the
species, A. rivularis is a well-marked form, which typically is easily
differentiated from all other recognized species. It has a general
distribution through the Northern States from New England to
Nebraska and southerly to Virginia and through the Ohio and Mis-
sissippi Valleys southwest at least as far as New Mexico. I have
not seen it, however, from any of the southern Atlantic or the Gulf
States east of the Mississippi. It is subject to considerable variation,
however, in size and contour, and it is not always easy to differentiate
it from the western form of A. tardus. It is not likely to be mis-
taken for any of the other eastern American species, except perhaps
A. haldemani, which differs in the particulars stated under that
species.
( To be continued.}
18 THE NAUTILUS.
A DREDGING TRIP TO SANTA CATALINA ISLAND.
H. N. LOWE.
Last October it was the writer's good fortune to spend a week at
Avalon, Santa Catalina Island.
A small dredging outfit was included among the baggage. The
same dredge had five years ago brought up Fusus roperi Dall and
Turbonilla lowei Dall and previous to that had been used with such
good results by the late Edward W. Roper off Eastport, Maine and
with what results it was now used the following list will show. As
there were numerous small power launches at anchor in the bay, I
decided to venture the price of a day's use of a launch and see what
strange creatures live in old ocean " a hundred fathoms deep."
I invited to go along as a traveling companion, my young friend,
John Paine, for whom at my request Dr. Dall has named two of the
new species dredged.
The morning selected was clear and bright and the water smooth
as glass as we steamed up the island till just off " Moonstone Beach "
and under the lee of " Long Point." Here we decided to make our
first haul in some 30 fathoms of water.
The water was so transparently blue that we could see our dredge
as it sank down, down into the realms of Mermaids and sea-serpents.
Anyone who has done any dredging well knows we did not take
along any rocking chair or wear our Sunday clothes.
After the dredge had been down a reasonable length of time we
commenced hauling in our thousand feet of dripping rope, by no
means an easy task. Almost every haul would be different, some-
times the dredge would be entirely filled with soft mud or sand,
again with broken shells, and twice it came up filled with small stones
to which beautiful bunches of Brachiopods were attached.
The second day we dredged in somewhat deeper water up to fifty
fathoms with very good results.
After my return it took every evening for over three weeks to sort
over the dredgings with the aid of a strong lens.
Dr. Dall has kindly worked up the doubtful material and described
the new species, in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington, Dec. 13, 1903, pp. 171-176.
The following is a full list of the species dredged :
THE NAUTILUS.
19
Actseon punctocselata Cpr.
Actseon painei Dall. n. sp.
Actseon traski Stearns.
Admete gracilior Cpr.
Amphissa undala Cpr.
Amphissa versicotor Dall.
Angulus carpenteri Dall.
Sittiam asperum Cpr.
Cadulus fusiformis P. & S.
Gsecum crebrecinctum Cpr.
Gallista neivcombiana Gabb.
Gallista (dementia) subdiaphana
Cpr.
Cancellaria cooperi Cpr.
Gardium biangulatum Sby.
Gardium quadriganarium Conr.
Galliostoma splendens Cpr.
Gallisotoma variegatum Cpr.
Protocardia centijilosse. Cpr.
Only one adult specimen of
this beautiful shell.
Capulus californicus Dall.
Gavolina pacifica Dall.
Ghama exogyra Conr.
ClathureUa lowei Dall. n. sp.
Cerithiopsis tubercidata Cpr.
Gerithiopsis assimilata Cpr.
Gonus californicus Hds.
Columbella carinata Hds.
Golumbella tuberosa Cpr.
Grepidula navicelloides NuU.
Crenella columbiana Dall.
Ghama muricata Hds.
Two examples had unusually
long, incurved spines.
Cuspidaria obesa Lov.
Daphiiella clathrata Gabb.
Dentalium neohexagonum S. & P.
Diplodonta orbella GUI.
Drillia cancellata Cpr.
Drillia empyrosia Dall.
Adult shells very rare.
Erato cotumbella Mke.
Erato vitellina Hds.
Eulima rutila Cpr.
fttsus ambustus Gld.
Fusus kobelti Dall.
Fine large specimens.
Hinnites giganteus Gray.
Ischnochiton biarcuatus Dall. n. sp.
Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld.
Ischnochiton punctul at issiinus Cpr.
KeHia suborbicularis Mont.
Kellia laperousi Deshayes.
Lucina annulata Rev.
Lucina approximata Dall.
Lucina caJifornica Corn.
Lucina nultalli Conr.
Laqueus californica Koch.
Found in large bunches at-
tached to stones, dead shells and
ascidians.
Laqueus jejfreysi Dall.
Found with L. californicus,
rare.
Leda acuta Cpr.
Leda hamata Cpr.
A few live specimens of this
interesting species.
Lepidopleimis crebricostatus Cpr.
Lepidopleurus mertensi Midd.
Leptochiton nexus Cpr.
Lima orientalis Cpr.
Limatula subauricalata Mont.
LinguJa albida Hds.
Lunatia draconis Dall. n. sp.
Lyonsia californica Conr.
Macromphalina californica Dall.
20
THE NAUTILUS.
Mangilia densistriosa Cpr.
Mangilia fancherx Dall.
Mangilia sculpturata Dall.
Metzgeria californica Dall.
Mitra maura Swains.
Mitra lowei Dall. n. sp.
Modiola polita Verrill.
Murex californicus Dall.
Murex painei Dall.
Muricidea incessa Brod.
Muricidea santarosana Dall.
Nassa insculpta Cpr.
And a var. with heavy ridges.
Nassa perpinguis Hds. var.
Natica russa Gld.
Necera californica Dall.
Occasional examples of this
curious shell.
Nucula belloti A. Ads.
Ocinebra lurida Micld. var.
Odostomia amianta D. & B.
Odostomia kennerleyi D. & B.
Opalia retiporosa Cpr.
Ovuluin Sp.
Two fine specimens dredged.
Pandora bicurinata Cpr.
Pachypoma insequale Martyn.
Pecten floridns Hds.
Pecten hericeus Gld.
Pecten latiauritus Conr.
Pecten vancouverensis Whiteaves.
Phasianella compta, Gld.
PlaciphoreUa velata Cpr.
Pleurotoma carpenleri Gabb.
Pleurotoma perversa Gabb.
Psephidea ovalis Dall.
Puncturella cucullata Gld.
Puncturella galeata. Gld.
Ranella californica Hds.
The adult specimens dredged
were only half the size of those
found on the mainland yet were
twice as thick and heavy.
Scala crebrecostata Cpr.
Scala bellastriata Cpr. var.
Scala sawinse Dall. n. sp.
Saxicava rugosa L.
Semele pnlcJira Mtz.
Sistrum carbonarium Sby.
Tegula peramabilis Cpr.
Thracia plicata Cpr.
Terebratella obsoleta Dall.
Terebratella occidentals Dall.
Several fine large specimens
of these most beautiful brachio-
pods.
Tornatina culcttella Gld.
Trophon stuarti var. smithi Dall.
Trophon tenuisculpta Cpr.
Trophon trianc/ulatus Cpr.
Turitella cooper i Cpr.
Turbonilla lowei D. & B.
Tvrbonitta simpsoni D. & B.
Turbonilla hypolispa D. & B.
Turbonilla hypolispa var. stylina
Cpr.
Turbonilla auricoma D. & B.
Turbonilla aresta D. & B.
Turbonilla tridentata var. cata-
linensis D. & B.
Turbonilla aurantia Cpr.
Turbonilla eucosmobasis D. & B.
Turbonilla latifunda D. & B.
Turbonilla torquata Gld.
Trnchydermon flectens Cpr.
Trivia ritteri Raymond.
Venericardia ventricosa Gld.
Verticordia ornata Orb.
Volvula cylindrica Cpr.
Williamia peltoides Cpr.
THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES ON A FEW SHELLS.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Prof. H. A. Pilsbry has described and figured a few years ago
(Proo. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1901, p. 632, pi. xxxvi, fig.
30-41)' a Japanese Clausilia which he called Cl. oscariana, in honor
of Dr. Oscar Boettger, the well-known German writer on Clausiliae.
He was probably unaware that a Chinese species of this genus re-
ceived the same name from P. V. Gredler (Zur Conchylien-Fauna
von China, xvii Stiick. Wien, 1892, p. 8), who, curiously enough,
lias dedicated his species to Dr. O. von Mollendorff whose Christian
name is Otto not Oscar. At all events, the name Oscariana cannot
stand for the Japanese Clausilia, this homonym having several years
of priority. Hence, I propose to substitute for it the name Clausilia
pilsbryana Anc.
I must also call attention to Claus. oscari Thiesse (Bttg., Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 34, fig. 16) a somewhat distinct form of CL
schuchi, v. Voith, perhaps entitled to specific rank, though Dr. West-
erlund (Fauna der in der Palaarktischen region lebenden Binnen-
Conchylien, iv, p. 140) calls this a variety of Cl. schuchi.
Terebru histrio Desh., was described (Journ. de Conch. 1857, pi.
iv, fig. 11) without a locality, from a specimen in Deshayes' collection.
I have procured a fine specimen collected on the coast of Senegal to-
gether with T. bitorquata Desh., already known as West African,
Drillia rosacea Reeve, Marginella petiti Duval, M. goodalli Sow., M.
cleryi, Petit. My example, consisting of 16 whorls, is 42 mill, long
and 10 mill. wide. For the identification I am indebted to Mr. Ph.
Dautzenberg.
Natica prietoi Hidalgo (Journ. Conch, xxi, p. 332, Moll. Esp., pi.
20B, figs. 2-3), a very rare shell, discovered on the coast of Southern
Spain, was found again by myself at Algiers. I secured a large,
somewhat worn example and a smaller one very perfect. With this
I detected a specimen of another scarce species worthy of record, viz.,
Scalaria candidissima, Monterosato.
22 THE NAUTILUS.
Dryrnceus nubiltis Preston, of which I have purchased a specimen
from the author, who described it in the " Journal of Malacology,"
vol. x, no. 1, March 1903, appears to be absolutely the same as
Drymceus recluzianus Pfr., var. martensianus Pils., from Costa Rica,
which of course has the priority.
Helicina pterophora Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc. of London, vol. v,
no. 1, 1902, p. 20, fig.), from Guatemala, appears not to differ
essentially from H. oxyrhyncha Crosse and Debeaux, from unknown
locality. The shells labelled oxyrhyncha in the collection of the
British Museum, from Bonacca Island, Honduras, are hardly refer-
able to this species, hence, I suppose that Mr. Sykes has been mis-
led in considering his species pterophora as distinct from the true
oxyrhyncha. An example of the latter in my collection is quite
typical, lacking the colored bands of pterophora and uniform yellow.
NOTES AND NEWS.
SNAILS AND SLUGS IN THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLO-
PEDIA.— In The Dial (Chicago) of Nov. 16, 1904, I took occasion
to set forth the character of some of the articles on scientific subjects
found in the most recent Encyclopaedias. The article " slug " was
examined in a number of them, with interesting results. I said,
however, " the ' New International ' and the ' Encyclopaedia Amer-
icana ' have not yet reached the letter S, so we cannot tell what sur-
prises they have in store for us." The former of these has now come
to S, and to day I turned with interest to " slug." The common
Ayriolimax campestris appears as " Lima campestris " though one
would think a campestrian Lima might find it difficult to exist ! We
are also told that slugs are " vegetable eaters," without qualification.
Turning over the article " snail," I find a colored plate of American
snails. The generic nomenclature is almost pre-historic, " Helix "
covering three different families, not to speak of genera. Thus we
have Helix fuliginosa, Helix alternata, etc. We also have Bulimus
dealbatus and Bulimus fasciatus.
Now all this is stupid enough, and it seems fitting for those who
THE NAUTILUS. 23
know better to agitate the matter sufficiently to bring about a reform,
if that is possible — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
A NEW COLLECTOR IN THE FIELD — A few days ago I noticed
in my garden, where a Chipmunk (Tamias striatus Linne. ) had been
" cleaning house " for the spring, the only refuse he had brought out
was about a pint of empty shells, consisting of two species, about an
equal number each, Polygyra monodon Rack, and Succinea avara
Say. With the Polygyras the upper half of the shells were eaten
away and then nicely cleaned of the animal, the Succineas all
had the animal cleanly taken out without breaking the frail shell in
the least. The Succineas are every season very plenty within fifty
feet of Mr. Chipmunk's abode, and the P. monodon is the predomin-
ating species of the genus in this locality, Des Moines, Iowa — T.
VAN HYNING.
Messrs. Walker, Clapp and Henderson have made a short collect-
ing trip in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. They report a small catch.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON LIMAX MAXIMUS L. IN CALIFORNIA. —
It may be appropriate to add to Mr. Bartsch's note on the occurence
of Limax muximus L. in California, that the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia has received this species from the following
additional places in that state: Oakland, collected by Messrs. Williard
Wood and F. L. Button in 1896 ; Los Angeles, Dr. R, E. C.
Stearns, collected April 9, 1901; Monterey Co., Mr. Geo. H. Clapp;
San Jose, collected by Mr. O. P. Jenkins in 1902; and also from
Pasadena, Oct. 1896 and Long Beach in 1899, collected by Mr. H.
N. Lowe. — E. G. VANATTA.
NOTE ON VENUS ARAKANA Nevill. — In the Proceedings of the
Malacological Society for Oct., 1903, Mr. Smith has correctly re-
ferred Vemis malonei Vanatta to Nevill's ppecies, but at the pame
time he has added a new name to the synonymy by calling it
V. " arakanensis." The brothers Nevill did not describe this ehell
as " Venus ( Timoclea') arakanensis" as quoted by Mr. Smith. They
24 THE NAUTILUS.
called it " Cryptogramma arakana." The correct form is used by
Sowerby, on p. 33 of his Supplement to Marine Shells of South
Africa.— H. A. PILSBRY.
A DISTORTED OYSTER The most curious distortion that I havfi
seen was handed to me by a parishioner a few days ago. The species
is the common oyster taken from the Sound here (Branford, Conn.)
The earlier growth is 4^ inches long, 1| inches wide, the shell then
shoots off to the right at an angle of 100° and continues 2^ inches
with a width of 2 inches. It next turns to the left at an angle of
120° and adds 2 inches more. This is the external appearance —
Owing to the fact that in each case the animal abandoned a part of
the shell and built from the middle, the internal appearance is a
double curve. — HENRY W. WINKLEY.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA, SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE
FAMILY PYRAMIDELLID>E — By Wm. H. Ball and Paul Bartsch
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XVII. pp. 1-16, Feb. 5, 1904). The
family consists of four genera Pyramidella, Turbonilla^ Odostomia
and Muschisonella. The former is divided into 20 subgenera for 10
of which new names are proposed. Turbonilla consists of 12 sub-
genera of which five are new, and Odostomia 37 subgenera, eight of
which are new. Four new species are described viz. — P. dodona,
T. archeri, 0. pilsbryi and 0. americana. An elaborate system of
subgenera and sections is proposed for the wonderfully varied and
numerous forms of this difficult family. The work has long been
needed, and when suitably illustrated will be of great utility. — C.W.J.
A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN WESTERN FLORIDA AND
HORN ISLAND, Miss By E. G. Vanatta (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1903, pp. 756-759). The 119 species enumerated were collected by
Mr. Clarence B. Moore, while engaged in archaeological researches.
Vitrinella mooreana, Erycina floridana and Ouna dalli are described
as new. — C. W. J,
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII.
PLATE II.
t.
4:
JO.
to.
WALKER: ON ANCYLUS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVIII. JULY, 19O4. No 3.
NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. II.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Ancylns rivularis Say. PI. I, figs. 1-10, 13-15.
The typical form as established by Haldeman is represented by
fig. 3 (the specimen figured agreeing almost exactly with his dimen-
sions), and is an ovate, moderately elevated shell with a subacute
apex, which is inclined toward the right side, and with about one-
third of the shell posterior to it. The anterior and dextral slopes
are regularly but not strongly convex ; the posterior slope is quite
concave immediately below the apex, but becomes nearly straight
toward the peritreme ; the left slope is nearly straight, sometimes
slightly concave towards the apex. The lines of growth are well
marked but quite irregular, and there is more or less of a tendency
to the radial rippling on the anterior slope so common in many
species. The shell is distinctly narrowed toward the posterior ex-
tremity, the greatest width being just in front of the apex. Asso-
ciated with the specimen figured, and grading into it, is a more
depressed form, with the apex less prominent'and the posterior slope
nearly straight (fig. 4). Similar examples have been supplied from
several localities in the neighborhood of Buffalo, N. Y., and indeed
it seems to be rather the characteristic form of that region. The few
examples seen from eastern Massachusetts are smaller and rather
more depressed than the typical form.* Western specimens appar-
* The "large specimens" from Caribou, Me., quoted by Nylander (NAur.,
xiii, p. 105) should, I think, be referred to A. parellelus.
26 THE NAUTILUS.
entry average larger than those from the Eastern States. The
largest examined are from Lincoln, Neb., one of which is represented
by fig. 6, which has the apex more obtuse than others from the same
lot. A series submitted by Dr. Sterki, from Ohio, are uniformly of
medium size, none of them attaining the dimensions of specimens
from Michigan and further west. Fig. 9 represents another western
form, larger, proportionately higher and with the anterior slope more
convex than in the typical form, and which in the longitudinal out-
line approaches the western form of tardus, and not infrequently is
very difficult to differentiate from it, while fig. 13 represents an
extreme form, unusually high, with nearly straight lateral slopes and
a very acute apex.
While as a rule it is not difficult to separate this species from
tardus, and on the whole the two species seem sufficiently distinct,
it is by no means always easy to decide in regard to individual cases
or even large series. This has been particularly true in regard to
the series from Ohio, received from Dr. Sterki, in which the two
forms seem to run together almost inextricably. As shown by the
figures given of each species, none of several distinctive characters
relied on are invariable, the posterior slope is frequently quite as
concave in tardas as in rivularis, while the convexity of the anterior
slope is not uncommonly quite as great in the one as in the other,
and neither the position of the apex nor the outline of the peritreme
is an absolutely invariable character. The most that can be said is,
that while typically the two forms are quite distinct, and in the main
can be readily distinguished, nevertheless the variation is so great
that, as is often the case with all the fresh-water groups, the sup-
posed specific characters fail to give an infallible basis for determi-
nation, and the decision in such cases must be the result of the indi-
vidual opinion of the observer based upon his general conception of
the species as applied to the particular specimens in question.
Taking this species as a whole, it may be said to be distinguished
from tardus by larger size, more depressed form, more acute apex,
which is more inclined toward the right side, and nearer the centre
(longitudinal) of the shell, the posterior slope is proportionately
longer and more oblique, the anterior slope is usually not so convex,
the left slope is usually longer and more convex than the right, the
shell is usually decidedly wider anteriorly and the transverse section
is wider in proportion to its height, and the side lines consequently
THE NAUTILUS.
27
more oblique. Tliis last specification is perhaps a more reliable dis-
tinction in doubtful cases than any of the others. Occasionally
depressed specimens occur in which both of the side slopes are de-
cidedly concave, and the apex quite papilliform, This form, how-
ever, seems to be an individual rather than a racial peculiarity.
The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :
Var. brunnea Hald.
I have been unable to get any information whatever in regard to
this form.
II. AncyJus tardus Say (1840). PI. I, figs. 11, 12, 16-23. PI.
II, figs. 1-22.
Say differentiated this species from his rivularis on three grounds :
1. The apex inclined backwards, but not laterally.
2. The straight posterior slope.
3. The oval aperture, not distinctly narrowed at one end.
His type came from the AVabash. But two dimensions are given,
length 215., breadth yL in. (3.75 x 2.5 mm.). Binney errs in quot-
ing the length as 4.25 mm. He also states that the type is in the
collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Among the Ancyli re-
ceived from the Academy is a single specimen (No. 58045) labelled
" Wabash River, Mrs. L. W. Say," which is undoubtedly the speci-
men referred to. As shown by the figure (PI. II, fig.-l), the pos-
terior margin is somewhat broken. Its present dimensions are
exactly those given by Say (3.75 x 2.5). It is a dead, somewhat
worn, shell, and the defective peritreme might easily have escaped
observation. When perfect, it must have been somewhat larger.
Adams (Thompson's Hist, of Vt., 1842), was next to recognize
the species, which he says differs from rivularis in the position of
the apex and shape of the aperture. His dimensions (6.25 x 4 x 3.25
mrn.) indicate a much larger shell, proportionately a little wider and
very much higher than the type.
THE NAUTILUS.
Haldeman's descriptions (Mon., 1842), though short, when read
in connection with his description of rivularisy clearly differentiate
the form indicated. His figure was evidently drawn from the broad
form found in eastern Pennsylvania, and which justifies his remark
that tardus is proportionately broader than rimtlaris, when understood
as applying to the outline of the p*eritreme and not to the transverse
section. His dimensions, however, are quoted from Adams.
Neither Binney, Tryon nor Clessin, have added anything to our
knowledge of this species.
I have not been able to find a specimen that agrees either actually
or proportionately with the dimensions given by Adams, which indi-
cate a large, narrow and very high form. Western specimens of the
same length are uniformly wider and lower. The only Vermont
specimens seen are a pair in the collection of the Philadelphia Acad-
emy labeled " Vermont," and a small suite of immature examples
from Hartland (No. 58036) (pi. II., fig. 7). The former are quite
typical in their longitudinal and transverse outlines, but are very
wide, almost sub-circular in shape (4.5 x 3.5 and 4.25 x 3). The lat-
ter are similar, but more depressed. Similar specimens, interme-
diate in elevation (pi. II., fig. 4), have been found at Orono and in
the Aroostook River in Maine. In all these the posterior slope is
straight. An elevated form (pi. II., fig. 10) similar to the Vermont
shells occurs at Silver Spring and Columbia, Pa., and is very like
that figured by Haldeman ; the posterior slope, however, is more
oblique, and in some examples noticeably concave (pi. II., fig. 12).
All these shells, however, are alike in the comparatively small size
and great width, and should a larger suite show that this is the prev-
alent eastern form of the species it should probably be distinguished
varietally. The western, and no doubt the typical, form is quite
different. Larger, narrower and higher, it is typically a well-marked
form. The resemblance between Say's type (pi. II., fig. 1) and the
upper half of fig. 20, pi. II., is very striking, and I have no doubt
but that Say's specimen is an immature example of this common
western species, which is found abundantly from Ohio west to the
Mississippi Valley. It is, however, quite variable, as shown by the
figures, and, as already stated, at times very difficult to differentiate
from the equally variable forms of rivularis. The typical western
form is represented by figs. 17 and 20, pi. II., and is characterized
by its regularly oval outline, elevated obtuse apex, which is scarcely
THE NAUTILUS. 29
turned from the median line, and steep, nearly straight lateral slopes.
The anterior slope is usually more decidedly convex than in rivularis,
and the posterior slope, though frequently quite concave, is shorter,
more direct and less oblique than in that species. The variations in
contour leading towards rividaris are shown by figs. 11, 16, 18, 20
and 22 on plate I. An unusually narrow form (pi. II., fig. 14)
occurred sparingly among the material supplied by Dr. Sterki.
The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :
Plate I., fig
.
Plate 1 1., fig.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
AJl the "figures are drawn on the same scale.
Plate I.
Figs. 1-5 A. rividaris Say. Erie Canal, N. Y.
Figs. 6-8 " Lincoln, Neb.
Figs. 9-10 " Lamberton Creek, Kent Co., Mich.
Figs. 11-12 A. tardus Say. " "
Figs. 13-15 A. rividaris Say. " "
Figs. 16-23 A. tardus Say.
Plate II.
Figs. 1-3 A. tardus Say. Wabash River.
Figs. 4-6 " Orono, Me.
Figs. 7-9 Vermont.
Figs. 10-11 Silver Spring, Pa.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
Figs. 12-13 A. tardus Say. Columbia, Pa.
Figs. 14-16 " Tuscawaras River, Ohio.
Figs. 17-19 " Plaster Creek, Kent Co., Mich.
Figs. 20-22 " Rockford,
A NEW OMPHALINA FROM ALABAMA.
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
Omphalina pilsbryi n. sp.
Shell about the size and general contour of 0. fuliginosa ; umbili-
cate, color rich reddish-chestnut with a dull satiny luster above,
smoother and more polished below. Strife of growth fine and close,
crossed by microscopic granules in spiral series like beads, giving
the upper surface a dull luster; below the granules are obsolete and
the surface polished. Apex smooth, and in all adult specimens seen
denuded of the epidermis. Whorls 5^, rather flattened and slowly
increasing, the last whorl very much wider, more than double the
width of the preceding one, almost round, no flattening on the base.
Aperture oblique, circular. No thickening at the lip, which is
darker than the balance of the shell.
Greater diameter 27, lesser 23^, altitude 1 7^ mm. Oblique
height of aperture 14, width 14 mm.
Greater diam. 24, lesser 21, alt. 14.5 mm.
On hillsides in woods around Wetumpka, Ala. Collected by
Herbert H. Smith.
From above this shell has much the appearance of the large granu-
lated variety of 0. Icevigata found with it, but it lacks the close ribs
of that species, and the embryonic whorls are smooth, while in
Icevigata they are sharply ribbed. On the base the resemblance is
less striking, as Isevigata. has a very small umbilicus, the base is
flattened, and the internal white thickening makes the base several
shades lighter than the upper surface.
This is one of the finest of the Omphafinas, and while it is quite
common around Wetumpka, it appears to have been entirely over-
looked by collectors. I take great pleasure in naming it after Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry, who is doing so much to clear up the dark places in
American Conchology. Type in my collection, and cotypes in the col-
lections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, National Museum, etc.
Ill K NAL TILLS.
A MOLLUSCAN STAMPEDE.
31
BY T. VAN HYNlNci.
Iii the summer of 1899, while collecting shells in the vicinity of
Des Moines, Iowa, I made ;in observation which has seemed to me
to be of more than ordinary interest. Along the margin of a hayon,
adjacent to the Des Moines river, 1 discovered what was quite ap-
parently an old, abandoned cray-fish hole beside an old stump. Clear,
cold spring water was bubbling up from within the hole, overflowing
and running down the slope about ten feet to the bayou. All the
way up the little stream, from the bayou to the hole, Physa gyrina
wa.s very numerous and in all stages of development, from very
minute young ones up to well-developed adults. All were headed up-
, stream and moving slowly towards the hole. Around th»j margin of
the hole, and down in it as far as I investigated, about fourteen
inches, the surface or wall of the hole was covered with them one
32 THK NAUTILUS.
layer deep MS tightly as tliey could possibly be crowded together, all
headed downward. All in the hole were adidt specimens. The
lateral ones had wedged themselves in underneath the ones forward
of them until they were seemingly forced to the bottom of the hole,
and there became an immovable mass, as there would be no other
way of escape but to back out, which the lateral ones were not in-
clined to do, but on the other hand were anxious to go ahead. With
the water bubbling up through the space left in the center of the
hole, the shells had become very smooth and shining. With a stick
I dug down about fourteen inches and gathered about a pint of shells
from the walls, and a great number fell down the hole. I do not
know how much further it extended as it tilled with dirt and shells
from my interruption. About a month later I returned to get some
of the water for analysis, but it had ceased to flow and dried up ;
recently dead shells were very plenty all around. I scraped up a
cigar-box full more of them. My impression would be that the
water, either from its cool temperature or some appetizing ingredient,
was the attraction. I have been sorry ever since that I did not give
it more thought at the time. The figure in the upper right-hand
corner, while not artistic, serves to show the manner in which the
shells were adhering to the walls of the hole ; the density of the
mass is not over-illustrated in the least, if any difference they were
even more tightly arranged than illustrated ; there was not a space
in which a shell could possibly move.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. IIIRASK.
Eulota (Euhadra) irrediviva n. sp.
Shell urnbilicate, resembling E, mercatoria, but very much move
depressed. Sculpture of fine growth-lines, minute scattered papillae,
and densely crowded, very fine spiral stria: ; the surface rather
glossy. The specimens are fossil and have lost color except a dull
reddish band above the periphery and sometimes another below it.
Whorls o, the apical one rather large, the last whorl double the
width of (lie preceding, slightly subangular in front, only a trifle de-
scending to the aperture. The aperture is oblique, wide and low,
the upper and basal margins subparallel ; lip reflexed and recurved,
the basal lilt noticeably straightened. Alt. 21, diam. 36 mm.
THE NAUTILUS.
Okinoerabushima, Osumi. Type no. 87335 A. N. S. P., from no.
1250 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
The most depressed member known of the mercatoria group, and
requiring comparison with -no other species. It has been found only
as a fossil, probably quaternary, and is the first land snail to be de-
scribed from the island.
Eulota (Aegista) tokunoshimana n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed with convexly conic spire, thin
but rather strong, reddish brown, the spire a little paler. Surface
dull, densely covered with minute short scales or the papilla? left
after the loss of scales. Whorls 7 to 7^, convex, very closely coiled,
the last descending a trifle in front, barely perceptibly angular in
front, elsewhere rounded, especially beneath. The aperture is rather
small, oblique, lunate, the narrowly expanded and slightly thickened
lip forming about three-fourths of a circle.
Alt. 14.3, diain. 21, width of umbilicus 5 mm.
Alt. 14, diam. 21.5, width of umbilicus 4 mm.
Alt. 13.5, diam. 18.5, width of umbilicus, 4 mm.
Tokunoshima, Osumi. Type no. 87334 A. N. S. P., from no.
1210 of Mr. Hirase's coll.
A peculiar, compact and high-spired Aegista, with more the
sculpture of Plectotropis.
Eulota (Plectotropis) pressa n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, low-conic above, convex be-
low the rather acute peripheral carina ; thin, dull brown. Surface
somewhat shining, finely striate, the stria? irregular, but not scaly.
Whorls 5^, the last hardly descending in front. Aperture small,
oblique, the upper margin straightened, hardly expanded, lower
margin narrowly expanded, slightly refiexed, thin, and deeply arcu-
ate. Alt. 6.2, diam. 10.8, width of umbilicus 3.2 mm.
Okinoshima, Tosa. Types no. 87336 A. N. S. P., from no. 1181
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A small, plain species, with the spire higher than in E. intonsa,
and the last whorl narrower.
Eulota (Aegista') friedeliana var. vestita n. var.
Differs from E. friedeliana by being very densely covered with
minute short scales. Alt. 9, diam. 16.5, width of umbilicus 5 mm.
34 THE NAUTILUS.
Oshinui, Osumi. Types no. 87338 A. N. S. P., from no. 1199 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota friedeliana var. goniosoma n. var.
More widely umbilicate and more depressed than friedeliana or
var. peraperta. Whorls 5-|, the last bluntly angular at the periphery.
Surface covered with short triangular cnticular scales, or their short
solid bases. Alt. 8.5, diam. 19, width of umbilicus 7 mm.
Shimo-Koshikijima, Satsuma. Types no. 87337 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 1238 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota (Aeffista) kobensis var. pertenuis n. var.
Shell very thin, very openly umbilicate, the spire very low ; nearly
planorboid. Lightly striate. Whorls 5, the last very slightly de-
scending in front. Peristome expanded, thin, not thickened within.
Alt. 0, diam. 15 mm., width of umbilicus 5.5 mm.
Irazuyama, Tosa. Types no. 87340 A. N. S. P., from no. 1098a
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota (^Aeyistc?) kobensis var. koshikijimana n. var.
Shell rather thin, nearly planorboid, chestnut-colored ; surface dull,
densely, finely and sharply striate. Whorls 5^, the last somewhat
descending in front. Peristome expanded, narrowly reflexed, flesh-
colored, only slightly thickened within. Alt. 6.5, diam. 15, width
of umbilicus 5.3 mm.
Shimo-Koshikijima, Satsuma. Tyes no. 87341 A. N. S. P., from
no. 1241 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is quite a distinct form by its thin lip and minutely lamellose
cuticle.
The four Aegistas described above would probably be treated as
species by many Helicologists, but their relationships are, we think,
better shown by connecting them with the allied forms.
LIMAX MAXIMUS AND OTHER SLUGS IN CALIFORNIA.
BY ROBERT E. C. STKA.KNS.
The occurrence of Limax maximus at Redlands, as reported by
Mr. Bartsch in the May number of the NAUTILUS, carries this form
farther inland and to a higher altitude than heretofore known on the
THE NAUTILUS. 35
West coast, at least in California, the general locality being over
fifty miles from the sea, and the elevation over 1300 feet or more.
Mr. Bartsch remarks that his specimens were " darker than the
usual East American form, and not so large, the longest individual
(preserved in formalin) measuring 58 mm." This slug is said to
occur " in different parts of San Bernardino county."
In point of size, examples 75 mm. or more are not infrequent.
Dr. Pilsbry, commenting on specimens sent to him a year or two ago,
said " that it was not the common form, but a melanistic variety
which I have never seen from the East." Hereabout there is con-
siderable variation in this respect ; occasionally individuals are met
with that are much darker than any of those sent to him at that time.
In some places this slug has already become a pest. In my
grounds I have not found that it does any material damage to flow-
ers or plants, quite unlike Helix aspersa in this matter. It seems to
prefer the vicinity of the garbage can, which it exploits after dark,
being nocturnal in its wanderings, concealing itself in cool, damp,
dark or well-shaded places during the day. A greasy, cast-away
soup-bone is apparently to its liking, judging by the numerous slime-
tracks centering around such an object. It frequently invades human
habitations, directing its visits to the pantry. It is surprising how
small a hole or narrow crack even the largest individuals can pass
through. In order to keep them out, especially of the pantry
and porches, ordinary table salt in liberal quantities strewn around
and close to the threshhold, inside and outside of the pantry and
kitchen doors, and other places indicated by the shiny slime-tracks
as points of entrance, will do these pests up every time ; the salt
adheres to their sticky bodies, dissolves and is absorbed, and the in-
truders are literally corned to death. For all places about the
dwelling-house, salt is the safest and most effective article. Air-
slaked lime that has not lost all of its heat is also good. This should
be used freely in cellars and basements, and other places of conceal-
ment where the slugs occur. Another remedy, excellent, but too
poisonous to be used unless safely placed out of the way of children
or pet animals, is made by taking the refuse of the soup-kettle, add-
ing water so as to make when stewed a gruel of the consistency of
molasses ; mix with it, after straining out the coarser portion, some
Paris green ; daub pieces of board or old shingles with some of the
mixture, and place near such spots as are indicated by the tracks.
This prescription is a settler.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
Having experimented successfully witli these " remedies," I can
assure satisfactory results. Of course trapping under pieces of
board placed here and there, turning the same occasionally and col-
lecting by hand, may be practised with more or less success.
In England, in wet, cool seasons, slugs are particularly destruc-
tive to fields of young wheat ; there they work at night. Lime is
used to a great extent, and trapping under cabbage and other large
leaves is often resorted to. Soot is sometimes used in the wheat
h'elds in the same way as lime.
Another foreign slug Limax (Amalia) hewstom '( — A. gagatesf)
had become a nuisance in the grass plots of San Francisco twenty
years ago, and has presumably extended its territory over a larger
area by this time. Our large native slugs, Limax (Ariolimax),
columbianus Gld., and its near relative californicus Cp., inhabitants
of Central California, the first-named found also as far north as
British Columbia, appear to be free of the sins which have made the
foreign forms obnoxious. These two species are sometimes met
with of the length of six inches. Their dirty yellowish green color,
often blotched or spotted, is rather repulsive. It is not unlikely that
slugs may become a serious pest to the farmers in some parts of Cal-
ifornia at some future time, an unwelcome incident pertaining to the
development of irrigation.
The sense of smell seems to be highly developed in L. maximus,
and probably in all of the slugs, and again, the sense or instinct of
direction. L. maximus is the only species that I have had an oppor-
tunity to observe in this connection. The slugs are " not popular
with the masses ;" and very good people call them " nasty things."
Los Angeles, Cal., June 13, 1904-
NEW MOLLUSCAN GENERA FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS. By
George H. Girty (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxvii, 1904). Limipecten
is a new genus of Pectenidse based upon a Texan species, L. texanus
n. sp. Its relations with Aviculipecten and Acanthopecten are fully
discussed. Pleurophorella is a new group near AHerisma, type P.
papillosa, Young Co., Texas. Clavilites is a new genus of Denta-
liidae, annulate like Plagioglypta, but having a dorsal ridge over
which the ribs pass with a strong anterior bend. Type C. howar-
densis, from Kansas. Schuchertella n. gen. is a Brachiopod group
formerly called Orthothetes, but not Orthotetes of F. de Waldheim.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou XVIII. AUGUST, 19O4. No 4.
LIST OF ALABAMA SHELLS COLLECTED IN OCTOBER AND
NOVEMBER, 1903.
A. A. HINKLET.
For several years I have been interested in the variations and
geographical distribution of the family Pleuroceridce. of our fresh
water shells. Under the same environments a species will often
show considerable variation, while specimens from widely different
stations will show very marked differences which are often confusing
in the determination of species. This has been one cause of the large
synonymy of this group.
Last fall I had the pleasure of a short visit to several of the
streams from Decatur to Montgomery, Alabama. At Decatur, a
stop between trains did not allow much time for collecting.
At Blount Springs, Randolph creek was followed over most of its
rock-bed between the mountains, from the railroad to the bottom
lands of the Mulberry river. The river was followed up stream for
several miles. Most of the distance the water was shallow, flowing
over a seamed rock-bed.
The Black Warrior was followed from the wagon bridge near
Warrior to the L. and N. R. R. bridge. The only shoal places were
at the two bridges.
The Bucksehatchee creek near Calera was a water course with
i i ' j ., r
pools here and there.
A walk of three miles from Calera to Wilson's creek gave an
opportunity to follow that shaded stream into Montevallo. Individ-
38 THE NAUTILUS.
uals were not numerous until the town was reached, where in some
places the bed of the stream was literally covered with Goniobasis.
A large spring at the edge of the town furnished several species.
The Coosa river at Farmer, Shelby Co., offered no good collect-
ing places, but farther up the stream at Ft. William's Shoals the
stream was explored for considerable distance with very satisfactory
results. In the clear, shallow water everything was plainly visible,
the colors of the shells often showing with remarkable distinct-
ness. Shoal creek, below Farmer, contained but few individuals.
At Wilsonville only one small shoal was searched.
At Wetumpka there are more accessible places for collecting than
at any of the other Coosa river localities visited.
The Tallapoosa river above Tallassee, is a much broken stream
caused by a rough rock-bed, with a considerable fall.
The Pleuroceridse were looked for closely, and especially the Coosa
river forms ; but many described species and others listed from that
stream were not found. Some of them were undoubtedly overlooked
or are to be found in other situations than those explored, but I
think the earlier collectors in some way mixed their collections ; and
species are credited to the Coosa river which were not found there,
while some of the Coosa river forms were credited to other streams.
This subject is open for further investigation.
For aid in determination of the species, thanks are due Prof. Pils-
bry for kindly comparing a large part of the Pleuroceridce and part
of the Unionidee with specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences,
and for describing some new forms of Limnseidse. To Mr. Bryant
Walker for his excellent work with new forms of Somatogyrus, etc.
and identifying part of the Helicidce and Unionidee. And to Dr.
Sterki for identifying the Corbiculidse.
Very little attention was given the land shells and the fresh-water
species which inhabit muddy situations. The Unionidce were taken
as they were noticed while looking for the Pleuroceridce, so that this
list is not as full as it might otherwise have been.
In the genus Schitostoma or Gyrotoma, the fissure appears to be
the most constant character, while the striae, carinas, nodules, bands,
ground-color and outline, all vary more or less.
FAMILY PLEUUOCERIDJE.
Pleurocera annul Iferum Con. Warrior, common.
THE NAUTILUS. 39
P. anthonyi Lea. Wetumpka.
P. canalitium Lea. Wilsonville.
P. dignum Lea. Spring Creek, Farmer.
P. excuratum Con. Decatur. Except for the stria? there is no
difference between this and moniliferum.
P. formanii Lea. Wetumpka, common. Along the shore in
muddy bays.
P. incrassatum Anth. Wilsonville and Wetumpka.
P. incrassatum Anth., var. showalterii Lea. Wetumpka.
P. moniliferum Lea. Decatur, often found in submerged logs.
P. nobile Lea. Decatur, found on muddy and sandy bottom.
P. ponderosum Anth. Decatur, common.
P. striatum Lea. Blount Springs..
P. thorntonii Lea. Spring Creek at Farmer.
P. vestitum Con. Montevallo and Blount Springs, common.
Lithasia brevis Lea. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals.
Goniobasis ampla Anth. Wilsonville ; Fort William Shoals and
Wetumpka, common, often found devouring the animal from smaller
shells.
G. capillaris Lea. Wilsonville ; Fort William Shoals and We-
tumpka.
G. carinifera Lam. Randolph Creek. Also Spring, Montevallo.
This form was received from Prof. Call years ago, labelled G. ma-
cella Anth.
G. clausa Lea. Fort William Shoals and Wilsonville, common.
G. crebristriatus Lea. Wetumpka, specimens referred to this spe-
cies are readily separated from impressa and capillaris, the young
have not the carina of the former, and the mature specimens are not
eroded like the latter, the outline and color differ from both.
G. crenatella Lea. Wetumpka; Fort William Shoals and Wilson-
ville.
G. cylindracea Con. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals, com-
mon.
G. expansa Lea. Tallapoosa River, Tallassee; Mulberry River,
Blount Springs, common.
G. fallax Lea. Wetumpka ; Fort William Shoals and Wileon-
ville, common.
G. hydeii Con. Black Warrior, Warrior, common.
G. impressa Lea. Wilsonville ; Fort William Shoals and We.
tumpka.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
G. laeta Jay. Wilsonville; Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka,
common. G. lewisii Lea and culta Lea are probably synonym?.
G. neyata Lea. Wetumpka.
G. nigrocincta Anth. Spring at Montevallo.
G. nigrocincta Anth., var. quadricincta Lea. Tallassee.
G. nigrocincta Anth., var. grata Anth. Montevallo.
G. pybasii Lea. Calera.
G. rubicunda Lea. Wetumpka, common and variable.
G. semicostata Con. Randolph Creek and Blount Springs.
G. showalterii Lea. Fort William Shoals. The elongated oper-
culum of tliis species, unlike that of Anculosa rubiginosa, shows a reg-
ular growth with the growth of the shell.
G. symmetric a Hald. Bucksehatchee Creek, Calera ; Randolph
Creek, Blount Springs.
G. vaniixemiana Lea. Spring Creek ; Fort William Shoals, We-
tumpka and Wilsonville.
G. vanuxemii Lea. Fort William Shoals.
G. variata Lea. Montevallo, common.
G. wheatleyii Lea. Spring Creek, Farmer and Fort William
Shoals.
Schizostoma alabamaeiisis Lea. Wilsonville and Wetumpka.
S. castaneum Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka and vicinity. Mature
specimens were rare. Fissure deep and narrow ; three- or four-
banded, when four-banded the two middle ones are approximate.
The carina is obscure except at the tip of the young ; the spire of
mature specimens is eroded giving them a cylindrical shape.
S. constrictum Lea. The most plentiful species of this genus at
Fort William Shoals, generally three-banded, smooth or inclined to
be nodulous below the hem ; differs from incisum by the fissure being
more direct and deeper, ground color lighter, the bands are more dis-
tinct. Incisum is never nodulous. S. amplwm and salebrosum are
synonyms.
S. ellipticum Anth. (syn. bulbosum Anth.). Wetumpka and Wil-
sonville. Several hundred specimens show considerable variation,
many are smooth, others more. or less striate, some quite distinctly
nodulous, three-banded, the bands generally broad, giving the shell
a dark appearance. S. cylindraceum may be a form of this species.
S. glans Lea. Fort William Shoals, close to ellipticum if not a
synonym.
THE NAUTILUS. .41
S. excisum Lea (syn. pumilum Lea). Wetumpka and vicinity.
Varies from cylindrical to globosely ovate, banded or without bands,
those without bands are mature and nearly all of them show a di--
position to have bands on the first whorl. The cord-like elevation
behind the fissure is well developed on some while others show very
little or nothing of it. The stria? are generally distinct. The fissure
is direct, medium in length and width.
S. ylandula Lea. Described from one specimen. The only
noticeable difference from incisum, of which it is a color variety,
is the light color and the bands more narrow and distinct. The
color and bands resemble constrictutn, but the fissure places it with
incisum.
S. incisum Lea. The most plentiful species of this genus at
Wetumpka. The fissure is very short, wide and oblique, in some
cases only a sinuous outer lip. The three broad bands are clouded,
giving the shell a dark color.
S. letpisii Lea. Coosa River, near Wilsonville, Ala. Two
specimens referred to this species may be only elongated forms of G.
irnpressa with a very sinuous outer lip.
S. ovoideum Shutt. Wetumpka.
S. pyramidatum Shutt. (syn. pagoda Lea, wetumpkaensis Lea,
babylonicutn Lea).
Shell smooth, striate, or carinate, four-banded or without bands.
The carina, always prominent on the young, disappears with the
erosion of the spire. The fissure is short and constant in character.
Pagoda was described from three specimens. In his description of
ivetumpkaensis Mr. Lea says it is umblicate. I find this is not the
case with all the specimens and especially the young, nor is the
supposed umbilicus confined to wetumpkaensis. It 5s not a true
umbilicus but caused by erosion. S. babylonicnm was described from
one specimen and I think it only a mature form of that described as
wetumpkaensis. Showalterii and demissum may also be forms of
this species.
Anculosa ampla Anth. There are not many specimens which I
refer to this species. The epidermis and character of the bands,
outline of body-whorl, and shape of aperture, differ from picta and
all its varieties. The columella of the specimens from Fort William
Shoals is always purple; it is white in a few specimens from Wet-
umpka and vicinity.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
A small. variety found on the exposed surface of stones in the swift
current, is remarkably depressed with a very large aperture. The
columella is broad and thickened its entire length ; it is sometimes
white instead of tinted and purple; the spire is very much depressed,
hardly extending beyond the body-whorl ; when placed aperture
down, the apex is low down on the right side. One of the largest
specimens measured over the columella, is .30 of an inch, the largest
measurement is .40 of an inch. When placed aperture down, the
height is .21 ; extreme length of aperture .30 of an inch, width from
center of columella to outer lip .19 of an inch.
It seems to me that the forms described as A. elegans and A. for-
mosa Lea, more properly belong in the synonym of A. picta instead
of ampla. Young specimens referable to these varieties appear to be
only color varieties of young picta.
A. melanoides Conrad. This unpretentious species was found on
pebbles in strong current in Black Warrior River at a bridge near
Warrior. The spire is more elevated than usual with the species of this
genus, the perfect ones have four whorls, the spire of most specimens
is eroded, only two whorls left. A few are banded, but most have no
indication of bands. Mature specimens with eroded spire measure
.40 to .45 length and .28 to .30 inch diameter. Columella a little
thickened at the base and the aperture angulated at the juncture of
the columella and outer lip.
A. picta Conrad. Common at Fort William Shoals, Wetumpka
and vicinity. A very variable species, smooth, sometimes corded or
plicate, or both. The bands extremely variable. The most common
form is eight to twelve narrow bands made up of dots and dashes.
These may be placed so as to form diagonal stripes as in A. zebra
and ftammata, and in some instances these diagonal bands are so
strong as to blur the revolving lines of dashes. The bands are often
continuous and number from two to twelve, or the two characters of
bands may be alternate on the same specimen. Many are imper-
fectly banded and a few without bands, occasionally one in purple.
The columella is often purple or tinged with that color; the prevail-
ing color is white, the plicae are often waves or folds. The sh«ll may
be globose. In old specimens the body-whorl is often compressed
above the periphery, sometimes giving the shell a distorted appear-
ance.
A. plicata Con. Black Warrior River at Warrior, Ala., common.
THE NAUTILUS. 43
At this locality the species is not typical ; among several hundred
there are few with small or indistinct plication. Most specimens are
smooth with the exception of a raised line a little helow the suture,
which is more or less crenulate. Many specimens are three-banded,
the upper one just below the raised line and narrower than the other
two. None were found in the Coosa River.
A. ligata Anth. Wetumpka. The young of this species was often
found on the under side of rocks in swift water.
A. rubiginosa Lea. Coosa River at Wetumpka also found at Wil-
sonville. More or less striate, in some striae are remarkably well de-
veloped, producing costate specimens with a crenulated outer lip. In
form they vary considerably. Some of the plicate specimens have a
little resemblance to A. plicata, but evidently are not that species.
Specimens with an elongated operculum were found in only one
situation, on the west side of an island above the Wetumpka bridge;
the length of the operculum seemed to have no reference to the size
of the shell. Occasionally one will have a clear, white columella.
They are generally attached to rocks and pebbles in the current, and
the colors show up bright and distinct through the clear water of the
stream.
A. taenidtd Con. . The specimens I refer to of this species may be
a smooth form of rubiginosn.
FAMILY VIVU'ARIDJE.
Viviparus contectoides Binney. n. var. Decatur. In a small
swamp deeply shaded by a heavy growth of trees, this species was
quite numerous. Mature specimens were rare, the larger part being
verv young to half grown.
Tulotoma magnified Con. Coosa River at Fort William Shoals
and Wilsonville. This species was nearly always found on the
under side of rocks where there was little or no current. They were
generally in colonies ; it was not uncommon to find 20 or 30 under a
single stone a foot square or more.
T. maqnifica Con., variety bimonilifera Lea. Farmer and Wil-
sonville. This form was found only in a fossil state. In some places
they were numerous in cultivated fields and some distance above
high-water mark. The size averaged larger than the living magnified
and the lower row of nodules is more strongly developed.
T. angulata Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka ; this form differs
44 THE NAUTILUS.
from magnified by being smooth or nearly so, some being nearly as
smooth as viviparus. They are found under rocks in the swift
current of the stream. Both forms, magnified and angulata, vary
greatly in color from a light horn to a dark purple.
Campeloma ponderosum Say. Tennessee River, Decatur ; Coosa
River, Wilsonville ; Fort William Shoals and AVetumpka.
0. coarctatum Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior ; Tallapoosa
River, Tallassee.
C. decisum Say. Tennessee River, Decatur.
0. nolani Tryon. Coosa River, Wetumpka.
Lioplax cyclostomatiformis Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior j
Coosa River, Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka.
FAMILY VALVATIDA;.
Valvata bicarinata Lea. Coosa River near the railroad bridge,
Farmer, Ala., but three specimens found.
FAMILY
Somatogyrus aureits Tryon. Coosa River, Fort William Shoals,
rare.
S. constricius Walker. Coosa River, Wetumpka and Wilsonville,
very few; nearly always found on the underside of the rocks associ-
ated with S. coosaensis and S. hinkleyi, very seldom more than one on
the same rock. The light color, eroded spire and deep suture made
them easily noticed among other species.
S. coosaensis Walker. Wetumpka, Fort William Shoals; common.
On rocks in swift water; sometimes 25 to 30 were seen together.
S. crassus Walker. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals ; not
plentiful.
S. hinkleyi Walker. At all localities in the Coosa River, One
specimen supposed to be from the Tallapoosa River above Tallassee,
was probably mixed with S. pilsbryanus by accident.
S. nanus Walker. Very plentiful at Fort William Shoals. They
literally covered the rock-bed of the stream in favorable situations,
showing up very plainly through the clear water, but owing to the
swift current it was difficult and tedious collecting them.
S. obtusus Walker. Coosa River, Farmer, above the railroad
bridge, found among the drift in a stagnant pool, made by the low
stage of water.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
S. pilsbryanus Walker. Tallapoosa River above Tallassee, very
plentiful on rocks in swift water, often seen on the rocks back of the
water as it fell over a natural darn.
S. pumilus Con. Tennessee River, Decatur, Ala. Found along
the shore in muddy places, protected by saw-logs.
S. subglobosus Say. Tennessee River, Decatur, Ala. One speci-
men.
S. umbilicatus Walker. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals,
rare.
Amnicola n. sp. Coosa River near the railroad bridge, Farmer,
Ala.
FAMILY LIMNJEID.E.
Limnsea desidiosa Say. In a small stream near the Union Depot,
Montgomery, Ala. This species was quite numerous.
L. columella Say. Wilsonville, Fort William Shoals, Tallassee,
Farmer and Blount Springs.
Physa pomilia Con. A small stream near the Union Depot, Mont-
gomery, Tallapoosa River, Tallassee, Randolph Creek, and a small
rill at Blount Springs.
( To be continued.)
THE LAND-SHELLS OF IRONBOUND ISLAND, MAINE.
BY DWIGHT BLANEY.
The following land-shells have been collected on Ironbound
Island, Frenchman's Bay. This is one of the many rocky islands
on the coast of Maine — with high cliffs toward the sea, and sloping
to the water on the bay side.
Heavily covered with spruce mixed with a few birches, and with
comparatively little cleared land, it does riot seem a very likely place
for collectino- land-shells. Under the guidance of our friend Prof.
o t-j
Edward S. Morse, we have ransacked all favorable situations, and
feel well rewarded with the following nineteen species.
The numerals refer to Pilsbry and Johnson's Land-shells of
America.
No. 141. Polygyra monodon (Rack.), common.
No. 200. Pupa muscorum (L.), common.
46 TI1K NAUTILUS.
No. 224. Vertigo ventricosa (Morse), common.
No. 224a. Vertigo ventricosa var. elation, (Sterki), rare.
This species is noted in the catalogue as from Ohio, Michigan and
Minnesota.
226. Vertigo bollesiana (Morse), rare.
260. Vitrea hammonis (Strom), rare.
264. V. binneyana (Morse), common.
268. V. ferrea (Morse), common.
278. Euconulus f'ulvus (Mull.), common.
283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say), abundant.
293. Z. exiguus (Stimp.), common.
494. Z. mil in in (Morse), rare.
338. Pyramidula alterrfata (Say), abundant.
344. P. striatella (Anth.), abundant.
346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), common.
248. Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.), common.
353. Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.), rare.
362a. Succinea obliqua totteniana (Lea), common.
367. S. avara (Say), not common.
The Pupa muscorum L. was found in a most interesting situation.
On the seaward side of the island, on a rough, stony beach, rises a
pinnacle of rock many tons in weight. This is nearly fifty feet high
and is separated from the main cliff by about forty feet. I climbed
one day to a flat place near the top, three feet square, covered with
Juniper bushes, to gather some wild bluebells, Campanula rotundi-
folia L., and while clinging in this narrow space, picked over the
valves of clams and mussel shells brought by Crows. Needless to
say, I was inspired to find hidden in the lower shells, deep in the
bushes, quite a colony of Muscorum. This is the only place on the
island where this species is found, and a careful search on the adja-
cent cliffs revealed no more of them. How they could have got
there is of course an interesting problem. Two fresh-water species
are found on the island. Pisidium abditum (Hald.) and Lymnsea
caperato. Say, and the following land-shells have been found on
neighboring islands.
13. Helix hortensis Mull, Little Duck Island, common.
106. Polygyra sayii (Binn.), Hancock Point.
180. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say), Sovvard's Island, common.
254. Vitrina limpida Gld., Calf Island, common.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
NOTES ON SOME CAPE COD MOLLTJSCA.
BY C. W. JOHNSON.
During a recent trip on Cape Cod, Mass., I was mostly interested
in studying the insect fauna, but incidentally collected a number of
shells. One ofternoon, at low tide I wandered over the sand-flats of
Provincetown harbor ; on my way out I met a little Portuguese boy
(Portugese, by the way, constitute about one-third of the population)
with a bucket full of periwinkles (Litorinalitorea}. I asked him what
he was going to do with them. " Eat 'em," was his reply. To my
inquiry whether they were good, he said, "Yep." The piling and
rocks (the remains of an old pier) were literally covered with them ;
over almost everything was a coating of small barnacles (Balanus
balanoides), and it was interesting to see the load carried by some of
the periwinkles, often greater in size than the shell itself.
On every hand were trails of the sea-snails, but I was suprised to
find that Polinices (Neveriia) duplicata far outnumbered P. (Lunatia)
heros ; the former were much smaller than those I have collected on
the New Jersey coast, and their nidimental bands, popularly known
as '' sand collars," were also correspondingly smaller. The nidus of
P. duplicata is readily distinguished from those of P. heros by the
lower or expanded margin being undulated or wavy. One specimen
of Columbella avara was found. Of the Pelecypods, Pandora gould-
ana was abundant, and two specimens of the old Gytherea convexa
Say (which we must now call Callocardia morrhuana Linsley), were
collected. In places the coarse sand had a dark purple line. Close
inspection showed it to be made up of the little Gemma gemma.
At Easthatn are located a number of large fresh-water ponds,
with no apparent inlet or outlet, in which the water is very clear,
and quite cool. In the one nearest the station, called Depot Pond,
I found three species of the Unionida. All of them were undersized,
and very much eroded, features characteristic of still water, even
though apparently more pure than many streams. The specimens of
Unto complanatus were about two inches in length. It was by far the
most common species, although dwarfed Lampsilis radialus, about
two and a quarter inches in length, with a thick, dark, sparsely rayed
epidermis, was also abundant. The other species wras a very fragile
example of Anodonta cataracta Say (A. fluviatilis Dillw.), about two
48 THE NAUTILUS.
inches in length. Attached to shells and stones were a few Amni-
cola It'mosa. Under an old board I found a colony of Pyramidula
striateUa associated with Zonitoides arboreus. In the salt marshes
east of the station Mehnnpus lineatus was in great numbers, together
with a few Litorina rudis var. lenebrosa.
My first stroll along the beach at Chatham was at high tide. Com-
ing upon some lobster pots I found quantities of animal life strewn
about. Among them were beautiful specimens of Politnces heros, but
the animals wers dead, and were left behind because they took up en-
tirely too much room for their size ; they were like some specimens
a friend once described as " dead, but not gone, and unwilling to be
forgotten." The next day, at low water, in the little bights between
the several bars which extend out from the beach south of the inlet,
were to be seen hundreds of specimens of P. heros of all ages, from
the size of a pea to one nearly four inches in length, while the nidi-
mental bands were unusually large, and owing to the coarse san'd ex-
ceedingly handsome.
Amono1 the other interesting shells were the Areas of the New
England coast. Area transversa and A. pexata Say, or as we must
now call it A. campechensis Gmel. Is not this northern form worthy
of a varietal name ? As Say's description covers both, can we not
restrict his name to this form as described and figured by Gould ?
Scattered along the outer beach we found upwards of twenty single
valves of Area ponderosa Say, several with portions of the ligament and
epidermis in place. To find so many of this species at the extreme north-
ern limit of its distribution was a surprise; it seems even to be more
plentiful here than on the New Jersey coast. Mesodesma arcuatum
was very common ; a few valves of Cochlodesma leanum, Astarte
castanea and two valves of Divaricella quadrisulcata were also found.
In a heap of scallop shells Pecten gibbus var. borcalis Say (Pecten
irradians of authors), I obtained some very interesting examples of
Crepidula fornicata, many of the specimens in adapting their shells
to the surface of the scallop becoming strongly ribbed.
A rainy day had its advantages; it not only gave me a chance to
attend to all the material I had collected, but it brought out the Helix
hortensis in great numbers along the steep bank near the light-houses;
they were all of the light-colored, bandless variety. I am not aware
that this species has been recorded from this place which adds
another locality to the mainland records.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou XVIII. SEPTEMBER, 19O4. No. 5.
SOUTHWESTERN SHELLS.
BY JAS. H. FERRISS.
Joliet has a botanical park where nature herself made a good start
in a collection. Fast as the money and friends can be had the col-
lection is being improved. I am superintendent of the ferns upon a
salary of '2.r) cents per year, which is to be paid whenever the com-
missioners have their salaries increased to that point. An effort to
complete a collection of the U. S. ferns and cacti has led me into the
Southwest after rare examples.
I was surprised on the first day out to find shells among the fern
roots upon the hot side of the Franklin Mountain at El Paso, as
surprised as when the ferns were found in the first place. This
mountain of clay and rock, thoroughly baked, is as uninviting to the
collector as a well-used brick kiln. There were two shells there,
Holospira roemeri Pfr. and Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis Pils. This
will be a species some day. Of less than twenty species found upon
this first trip, six were new species or varieties.
Not until the last half of the fern trip made the present year were
the snails given serious consideration. A collector will find few
specimens in a land where to him the conditions are new, unless he
gives his whole soul to the work.
Frank Woodruff, ornithologist and photographer of the Chicago
Academy was with me a couple of weeks. At Deming, N. M.. we
formed an alliance with the city marshal who escorted us to the
Florida Mts., ten miles away. At Bowie, Ariz., an expedition was
50 THE NAUTILUS.
outfitted for the Chiricahua Mts. We went as far as old Fort Bowie.
It was rather cold. Some mornings we crawled out from under
snow-banks. Water was scarce, and our guides inexperienced. We
were after birds, ferns, snap shots and Indian relics, and at the end
of two weeks had found only four snails — Sonorclla hachitana Dull,
Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss, A. levettei Bid., and a Physa.
Former information told me the Chiricahuas were unexplored, and
were occasionally exploited by the Apaches. By cautious approaches
we made our way to the fort, now occupied by a single miner only.
Here we learned there had been no raids for five years, and that the
mountains were safe as the streets of Philadelphia.
At the fort Mr. Woodruff turned back to El Paso and Albuquer-
que. With a miner, ponies and a burro 1 pushed into the higher
peaks. These run up about 8,000 feet. We pitched our tent in
Cave Creek Canyon, and altogether it was a delightful situation, —
caves, strange birds and plants, mountain streams, heavy forests,
every day perfect, good folks, and new shells around every point.
The miner herded the ponies, prepared warm suppers, and my regu-
lar daily grist was two shells I had never seen, and a new fern to
the territory. The last day we packed up and visited a ca\e a
quarter mile from our camp. Upon our return we found four snails
we had never seen. Two were new species.
The next day we rode up a wagon road to a saw mill in a heavy
pine forest at the top of the mountain. I walked a little and found
one new species, two varieties and two I had not seen in the terri-
tory. This was a government forest reserve, and here we found
Chas. T. McGlone, of Ashland, Ky., in charge, with a lion hunter
for a partner, and the partner had a fiddle. The canyons are deep,
heavily wooded and well watered; and truly at parting my heart
was heavy. I know many species of snails were left behind.
The mountains seem rather difficult to reach from the railroads.
They are far away, cattle ranches are about ten miles apait, and
there are no stages or hotels, but the approach is easy enough, like,
snail hunting itself, when you catch on. From the Huachuca
station on the Sonora branch of the Southern Pacific I walked fifteen
miles across the plain to a canyon formerly visited, and in the next
month wore out another pair of hob nails. I left home with rheuma-
tism, dyspepsia and several more or less important defects, but was
so busy no inventory had been taken since crawling out of the snow
•I'UK NAUTILUS. 51
in the Ciiiricahuas. The first Sunday morning in the Huachucas I
rested up a little, and found there was nothing out of repair except a
few fingers. I am not afraid of an automobile now.
Truly, snails were as thick together on the under surface of rocks
as mussels are found on the seashore. At the very peak of one of
the highest mountains, composed of slabs of limestone, there was not
enough stone to cover the Oreohelix. They were hibernating on top
and glued together in masses. Upon one side of the peak a dark
banded variety was found, upon the other, not two hundred feet
away, a white variety. This shell seems to be a home-body. A
canyon though three miles in length from top to bottom, was usu-
ally peopled by one variety. Over a divide but a few steps was
another variety, though every colony in the canyon was liable to
have some distinctive mark in size, color or form. And this was
true of the Ashmunellas. No two colonies seemed exactly alike,
and they did not visit back and forth, nor travel far from the best
part of their own rock pile.
On the south side of the Huachucas I found a colony of typical
Ashmunella chiricahuana about one-half albinoes, a mile west a
colony of typical Ashmunella levettei, nearly all albinoes. Half a
mile lower down the levettei were chestnut-colored and polished. In
between these three colonies were light horn-colored shells running
from typical levettei with four large teeth to typical chiricahuana
with no teeth at all, and all forms between, one tooth, two teeth,
three teeth, rudimentary forms of these, and mere suspicions of teeth
or thickening of the lip. Did these two species come together here,
or was this the exact spot upon which the original Ashmunella
Adam and Eve located? It is up to Dr. Pilsbry. I have described
two species there can be no mistake in. With no courage left, the
whole responsibility is now dumped upon his shoulders. The last
heard from Messrs. Clapp and Walker, they were running too.
Some of the Oreohelix are black, white, brown, red, banded, lined,
speckled, mottled and variegated, of only ten mm. diameter. Other
colonies of similar colors were of twenty-five mm. diameter. Some
were carinated, some as round-barreled and as umbilicated as a
Circinaria, some depressed, and some were old-time bee-hives. The
levettei colonies, outside of the albino camp, varied from dark chest-
nut to dull white, and from ten mm. diameter to twenty millimeters.
The broken rocks tumbled down from the cliffs, the " slide," or talus,
52 THE NAUTILUS.
is tlie liome of the snails. A good snail lioe is necessary, and one
should wear gloves, for the chemicals, or climate, crack the collector's
hands. A little shade helps, and the colonies will he found where the
ventilation is good, the soil sweet and with a normal condition as to
moisture, not wet or springy, but a natural soil condition. The
most favorable location is selected, and the collector must not be dis-
coura"-ed at the absence of dead or living shells until after the
O "
thorough overhauling of a slide. Ashmunella chiricahnana was
found, one by one, but after digging away at a rocky slide for an
hour without results I found one pocket large as my hat with 85 ex-
amples, and soon after took 125 from a like pocket, and left the rest.
Oreohelix and Ashmunellas were nearest the surface. Though
hibernating. Oreohelix would be often found under the top stone.
The Ashmunellas were next to the soil, and often buried in the
loose leaf mould. Sonorellas were deep delvers, and lived down
where the stones were wedged close together or buried in the soil.
Seldom were more than one, two or three specimens found in one
colony, not counting the little fellows, but such as they were I have
never seen shells thicker in the southern mountains. I found a
number of small shells in the drift on the plains which I did not find
alive. Holospiras were usually found under dead vegetation upon
dry hill-sides. Vitrinas were in damp ravines in the decaying vege-
tation. Infnndibularia tuba Pils., was found in the drift of the San
Pedro at Benson. It was not found in the Huachucas, or the drift
of the streams from those mountains, and therefore I suspect it came
from the mountains near Tombstone. There are a number of species
credited to the Huachucas and Chiricahuas I did not iind.
Fort Huachuca is a division headquarters of the army, and is
occupied by three or four troops of cavalry. Many collectors visit
the post and the mountains. Botanists and entomologists predomin-
ate. These mountains are probably no better than many others in
the territory, but are good, and the collectors in the army lead the
way. In the Carr Canyon I found C. R. Biederrnann in a cabin of
his own. He expects to remain there two or three years studying
Arizona insect life for the Philadelphia Academy. From what he
has told me of strange snails in strange places, and from what 1 have
seen and run over without seeing, I am satisfied there is fully two
years' hard work ahead for the collector who will do Arizona justice.
I will do what I can, but all assistance will be cheerfully welcomed.
THE NAUTILUS. 53
It is an open field, and the climate is glorious. Take a guide, for
water is scarce. The verification of these wonders is now left to Dr.
Pilsbry. He has the evidence.
Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss, n. sp.
The shell is much depressed, lens-shaped, acutely carinate peri-
pherally, rather thin and pale corneous-brown. The umbilicus,
narrow within, enlarges rapidly at the last whorl. _ Surface nearly
smooth, very lightly marked with growth-Hues. Whorls 4^, slightly
convex, the last very shortly descending in front. Base more con-
vex than the upper surface. The aperture is small and very oblique,
the lip well reflexed, white, with an obtuse, squarish tooth in the
outer margin and two compressed teeth in the basal margin, the
inner one smaller ; these three being nearly equally spaced.
There is a rather short, straight, obliquely set parietal tooth. Alt.
4^, diam. 13^ mm.
Florida Mountains, Luna Co., New Mexico. Found in a tumble
of rock near the top of the mountain, probably an elevation of 6,500
feet. Only a few were found, and none found at any other place.
Cotypes in collections of J. H. F. and A. N. S. P. This very dis-
tinct species differs from all other known forms of the levettei group
in the small number of whorls. It is also flatter and more acutely
keeled than any other Ashmunella.
Oreohelix clappi Ferriss, n. sp.
The shell is moderately depressed, the alt. about two-thirds the
diam., and about equally convex above and below the obtuse peri-
pheral angle. The umbilicus is about one-sixth the diam. and con-
tracts rapidly within. It is brownish-white under a thin greenish-
yellow cuticle with some darker oblique streaks and two indistinct
brownish bands. In old individuals the cuticle remains only in
small shreds. Sculpture of irregular growth-wrinkles and very fine,
faint spiral striae, nearly obsolete on the upper surface. Whorls 4^,
convex, the last double the width of the preceding, the first 1^ rad-
ially obliquely costulate. Base very convex. The aperture is short-
oval, nearly circular, and very oblique. The ends of the lips con-
verge,, and in old shells are continuous, being connected by a short
raised parietal ledge.
Alt. 9.6, diam. 15 to 16 mm.
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Alt. 9, ilium. 14 mm.
Cave Creek Canon, Cliiricahua Mts. Cotypes in collections of
J. H. F. and A. N. S. P. Found alive, buried deeply in rotten shale
about the base of cliffs near the stream.
This species differs from all the forms of 0. strigosa by its radially
costulate apical whorls and greenish cuticle.
XIST OF ALABAMA SHELLS COLLECTED IN OCTOBEK AND
NOVEMBER, 1903.
,A. A. HINKLEY.
FAMILY LIMNJEID^E (continued from August number).
Planorbis trivolvis Say. A very few specimens found in same
location as Viviparus, near Decatur, Ala.
P. bicarinatus Say. A single specimen taken from the Coosa
River, near the railroad bridge, Farmer, Ala.
P. dilatatus Gould. Coosa River, Farmer, and Wetumpka.
Very few fotind.
P. tantillus Pilsbry. Coosa River, Wetumpka. Found on rocks
in swift water, generally on the under side; they are so small that col-
lecting them was tedious, though they were abundant in places.
N. g., «. sp. Same location as above.
FAMILY ANCYLID^E.
Ancylus rhodacme Walker. A common species in the Coosa River
at Fort William Shoals, Wetumpka and vicinity.
FAMILY
Polygyra pustuloides Bland. Blount Springs, one specimen at
Tallassee, Ala.
P. tridentata tennessensis, W. and P. Warrior, Tallassee. Larger
than the northern form of tridentata.
P. injiecta Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Warrior and Mil
stead.
P. obstricta carolinensis Lea. Wetumpka and Tallassee.
P. appressa perigrapta Pils. Tallassee, Warrior, Milstead,
Farmer and Montevallo.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
P. ttiyroides Say. Tallassee, Farmer and Warrior.
P. spinosa Lea. Blount Springs and Warrior.
P. stenotrema Bland. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.
P. hirsuta Say. Blount Springs and Warrior.
P. downieana Bland. Blount Springs. Only one specimen found.
P. monodon f rater na Say. Tallassee.
FAMILY CIRCINAKIID^E.
drcinaria concava Say. Blount Springs and Tallassee.
FAMILY ZONITID^E.
Omphalina polita Pils. Blount Springs. Only two young ones
found.
0. Jsevigata Pfr. Tallassee and Warrior.
Vitrea carolinensis Ckll. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.
Euconulus sp. Tallassee. Young specimens.
Zonitoides arboreiis Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior,
common.
Gastrodonta demissa Binney. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Farmer
and Montevallo.
G. internet. Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.
•
FAMILY ENDODONTID.E.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and War-
rior.
P. perspectiva. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Warrior and Milstead.
Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Tallassee.
FAMILY HELICINtD^E.
Helicina orbiculata Say. Only dead specimens were found at
Blount Springs. At Tallassee living specimens were found on a hill
under leaves where the ground was damp.
FAMILY UNIONID^i.
Not being familiar with Charles T. Simpson's classification of the
Unionidas, 1 follow Dr. Lea, and use the genus Unio in its compre-
hensive sense.
Unio acutissimus Lea. Mulberry and Black Rivers.
U. ulatus Say. Decatur.
56 THE NAUTILUS.
U. (inodontoides Lea. Wetumpka.
U. arctatus Con. Mulberry River and Black Warrior River,
common.
U. arcus Con. Wilsonville, Wetumpka and Fanner.
U. asperatus Lea. Fort William Slioals and Wilsonville, common.
U. atrocostatus Lea. Black Warrior River, common. Fort
William Shoals.
U. blandianus Lea. Fort Willam Shoals, one specimen.
U. brutubyanus Lea. Mulberry River, common.
U. cahawbaensis Lea. Mulberry River, common.
U. cerinus Con. Black Warrior River.
U. chultanoogaensis Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka.
U. chunii Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen.
U. conipactus Lea. Coosa River, Wilsonville and Farmer.
U. cornulus Bar. Fort William Slioals, Decatur and Wilsonville.
U- corvunculus Lea. Black Warrior River.
U- crassidens Lam. Decatur and Coosa River.
U. ebenus Lea. Decatur.
U. decisus Lea. Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka.
U. dolo^us Lea. Wetumpka, common.
U. dromas Lea. Decatur.
U. excavatus Lea. Black Warrior River, common ; Wilsonville,
one specimen ; Mulberry River and Wetumpka.
U-fibuloides Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen.
U. flavescens Lea. Black Warrior River, common ; Mulberry
River.
U. foremanianm Lea. Fort AVilliam Shoals, common.
U. gibbosus Barnes. Decatur.
U. gracilis Barnes. Coosa River, Black Warrior River at War-
rior, Mulberry River at Blount Springs.
U. greenii Con. Mulberry River.
U. instructus Lea. Black Warrior River, common.
U. lewisii L<ja. Coosa River, Fort William Shoals and We-
tumpka.
U. lienosus Con. Black Warrior River, common.
U. metaneeer Raf. Fort William Shoals, one specimen.
U. metastrialus Lea. Black Warrior River.
U. multiradiatus Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen
Wilsonville, one specimen.
T1IK NAUTILUS. 57
U. obliquuf Lam. Decatur.
U. orbiculalus Hild. Decatur.
U. parvidus Lea. Mulberry River and Black Warrior River.
U. penitus Con. Coosa River, Wetumpka and Black Warrior
River.
U. perovalis Con. Mulberry River.
U. perplexus Lea. Decalur.
U. planus Lea. Coosa River and Fort William Shoals, two
specimens.
U. plenus Lea. Decatur.
U. pyramidatus Lea. Decatur.
U. reclus Lam. Black Warrior River.
U. rettisns Lam. Decatur, Ala.
U. rubidits Lea. Black Warrior and Mulberry Rivers.
[7. rubelhis Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior, common.
U. rumphianus Lea. Black Warrior and Mulberry Rivers.
U. securis Lea. Fort AVilliam Shoals, Wetumpka and Decatur.
U. spams Lea. Mulberry River.
U. sublalus Lea. Mulberry and Black Warrior Rivers.
U. stabills Lea. Black Warrior River.
U. tuberculatus Barnes. Found at all river localities.
U. vibex Conrad. Mulberry River, Blount Springs, Ala.
U. vanuxemensis Lea. Wetumpka, Black Warrior and Talla-
poosa.
Anodonta subvexa Con. Black Warrior River.
A. sp. Black Warrior River and Warrior, Ala.
A. sp. Coosa River.
FAMILY CORBICULID^.
Sphserium solidulum Prime. Bucksehatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.,
common.
S. striatinum Lam. Black AVarrior River, and AATarrior. Rather
scarce, muddy places.
Muscnlium contractum Prime. A single specimen taken from the
Bucksehatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.
Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Tennessee River, Decatur, Mulberry
River, Blount Springs, Black Warrior River, AVarrior, Ala.
58 THK NAUTILUS.
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY : ERRATA CORRECTED.
ROBKRT E. C. STEARNS.
On page 38, Vol. III., " Molluscs, etc.," of the Cambridge Nat-
ural History (1895), occurs the following :
" Mr. R. E. C. Stearns records 3 a case of Buliminus pallidior and
H. veatchii from Cerros I., living without food from 1859 to March,
1865."
The figure "3" refers to the Am. Nat., XI. (1877), p. 100;
Proc. Calif. Ac., iii, p. 329, in the foot-note, as the sources of the
foregoing statement which contains about as many errors as it is pos-
sible to get in less than three lines. I am well acquainted with the
person referred to, and have been for many years, also with his
articles in the volumes named in the foot-note, and can safely assert
the word Buliminus does not occur in either of his papers. He does
not say that the bulimoid form lived from 1859 to March, 1865, but
that examples of Bulimus pallidior lived from March, 1873, the day
they were collected, until June 22, 1875, two years, two months and
sixteen days, and that the specimens were collected at San Jose del
Cabo, Lower California ; further, that one individual of the nine
was still living October 18, 1875. This species lias not as yet been
reported from Cerros Island, where H. veatchii was collected and
lived, as stated.
On page 278 of the Cambridge volume it says that the genus
Buliminus is peculiar to the Old World. I am not aware of its hav-
ing any representative in the Americas. We now write Bulitmdus
for Bulimus, as I had it written in 1873.
Los Angeles, Gal., July 19, 1904-
PLECTOPYLI8 IN THE RIUKIU ISLANDS
BY H. A. P1LSBRY.
Plectopylis (Sinicola) hirasei, n. sp.
Shell small, depressed, openly umbilicate, the upper surface con-
vex; uniform olivaceous brown. Surface dull above, glossy beneath,
sculptured above with fine growth-striae cut into minute beads by
equally fine decussating lines ; below with arcuate, rather irregular
and wide-spaced delicate riblets and fine growth-striae, and rather
THE NAUTILUS. 59
weak spiral lines. Whorls 6. very slowly increasing, convex, the last
slightly deflexed in front, the periphery near the summit, the base
very convex. Aperture small, lunate, the peristome narrowly re-
flexed and a little thickened, connected across the parietal margin
by an elevated white, callous lamella. At its last third the last
whorl is obstructed within by a vertical parietal barrier, behind the
ends of which stand two tubercles, the upper one triangular, the
lower one oblong, each giving out a low callous towards the other;
and by six palatal plica? : the first minute, subsutural ; the second
larger, slightly oblique and curved ; the next three connected, larger
and more oblique, and the sixth plica smaller and standing on
the umbilical wall. Alt. 3, diam. 5.7 mm.; width of umbilicus 2
mm. Miyakojima, Riukiu. Types no. 87637 A. N. S. P., from no.
1295 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is the first Plectopytis found in the, Japanese Empire, and is
one of the most interesting of Mr. Hirase's many discoveries. The
admirable studies of Mr. Gude enable us to fix its position as nearest
the Chinese P. cutisculpta Mlldff. (see Gude, Science Gossip, iii,
180, 181, Dec. 1896, and Mlldff., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882, p.
184, and x, 1883, pi. 12, f. 12).
A NEW LOWER CALIFORNIAN SONORELLA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Sonorella lohrii lioderma, n. subsp.
The shell is similar to lohrii, but the last whorl is a little more
convex and evenly rounded, and the last two whorls are glossy, with
no granulation, being marked with faint growth-striae only. The
spire is sometimes a little more elevated than the type of S. lohrii.
Near Moleje, Lower California, Cotypes no. 58107 and no. 88367
A. N. S. P., the latter from Lower California without special locality.
The type specimen of £ lohrii Gabb is finely granulated through-
out. S. L liodertna would be a species the way some people cut up
Sonorella.
GENERAL NOTES.
WEST AMERICAN SHELLS. — Professor Keep's new book on the
shells of the Pacific coast is now in press, and will be published in a
short time. There will be over 300 illustrations. The marine
60 THE NAUTILUS.
shells include those of British Columbia and Alaska, and land and
fresh-water shells from west of the Rocky Mountains.
CLAMS AFFEOTKD BY SEWERAGE. — The local quahog, or little-
neck clam, and scallop industry is menaced by action of the State
Board of Health declaring the shellfish taken in New Bedford
harbor and Clark's cove to be infected, and calling upon the commis,
sioners on inland fisheries and game to prevent further taking. The
number of men engaged in quahog-fishing here is about 300, and the
income involved ranges between $50,000 and $75,000.
The sewers of New Bedford and Fairhaven all enter into the river
and cove. The eagerness of the fishermen, many of them French-
Canadians, has carried them nearer and nearer to the sewers, until
they are frequently seen at work at the sewers' mouths.
The board has been making bacterial tests since last spring, and
reports that the shellfish are polluted by the sewer.
The demand of the State Board will also affect the fall and winter
scallop fishing, another important industry. — Boston Evening Record.
ZOOLOGICAL RF/JORD FOR 1903 — The Zoological Society of
London is now issuing *' special records." Each volume is divided
into twenty parts. The part (VII.) on Mollusca by Mr. E. R.
Sykes, assisted by Mr. E. A. Smith, has been received. It contains
85 pages, the matter being arranged admirably for ready reference.
It is furnished by the Society for 4 shillings.
A NEW LOCALITY IN SOUTH CAROLINA FOR RKCENT AND
FOSSIL MOLLUSKS — I write to call the attention of collectors to a
new locality in a new though old country. This is a long beach on the
ocean front, without breaks for thirty miles, as I am informed. An
ideal place for automobile explorations. I was only there for a half
day, and saw only a part of the shells, but they are there by the
millions.
There are many Cretaceous, Eocene} Pliocene and Pleistocene shells-
as well as immense numbers of recent specimens. The locality is
" Myrtle Beach." There is a ten-mile railroad from Conway over
there and a good hotel. Conway is the county town of Horry (pro-
nounced " Oree") county, South Carolina, and has heretofore been
out of the world, but now has railroad connections with the Coast
Line Railroad, and is an ideal place for conchologists and botanists.
— FRANK BURNS, Ph. D.
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII
PLATE III.
ALDR1CH : OSTREA ARROSIS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVIII. OCTOBER, 19O4. No. 6.
A NEW OYSTER FROM THE EOCENE OF ALABAMA.
BY T. H. ALDUICH.
OSTKEA ARROSIS 11. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 1-4.
Shell oval, lower valve thick and heavy, upper valve thin. Sur-
face oflower valve strongly ribbed, ribs very numerous, close-set and
cross marked by growth lines, inner edge of lower valve is scalloped.
Both valves have a large, muscular scar, not central. The beak is
strong, making a stout hinge in the lower valve, much smaller in the
upper. The upper valve is smaller, fitting into the other ventrally
above the crenulations ; its surface is generally covered with tine,
raised lines of growth ; interior with crenulations near the beak, be-
coming obsolete on the ventral margin. Size of old specimens 125
to 140 mm. from be*ak to ventral margin, about one-fifth less at right
angles across the shell.
Locality — Fleming's Mill, on Pea River, in Southeast Alabama,
from the Nanafalia horizon.
Remarks — Figures 1 and 2 are the exterior-and interior of a large,
lower valve ; fig. 4, upper valve of young shell ; fig. 3, young shell
with both valves in place. In old shells the ribbing becomes obso-
lete on the beak, and in some examples the beak is bent, strongly to
one side. This oyster seems to be the precursor of 0. sellae.fonms
Con. Some young examples occur in the Alabama River lignitic,
but the full-grown shell has not before been found that I am
aware of.
THE NAUTILUS.
NEW AMERICAN LYMNAEAS. II.
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Lymnsea decollate! oronoensis var. nov.
Shell very globose, inflated, solid ; whorls 3-3^, very convex, the
last almost globular ; spire broadly conic, depressed, sutures a little
impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, the upper part shouldered two-
thirds the length the entire shell ; columella with a distinct plait ;
umbilicus very narrowly open ; color a rich greenish horn, inclining
to black in some specimens. The spire is frequently decollated.
width 11.50; aperture
width 10.00 ; aperture
length 11.00
width 7.00
length
10.00 ; width 6.00
width 12.00; aperture length 12.00; width 8.00
length
8.75 ; width 5.50
Length 17.00
mill.
Length 16.00 ;
mill.
Length 17.00 ;
mill.
Length 12.00; width 9.00; aperture
mill, (half grown).
Distribution: Orono, Maine. (Collection of Mr. Bryant Walker.)
This variety may be distinguished from decollata by its larger
size, more globose form of whorls and the whole shell, and the
rounded aperture shouldered at the upper part. The young or half-
grown shell somewhat resembles young individuals of mighelsi and
catascopium.
Haldeman's figure 3 on plate 14 of his monograph seems to repre-
sent a form of this variety. It appears to be quite a characteristic
variety.
Judging from specimens received by Mr. Bryant Walker from
Mighels and examined by the writer, decollata has been figured
accurately only by Haldeman in his monograph, plate 14, figs. 1, 2.
The species has not been understood by most American collectors,
specimens of einaryinata, catascopium and migltehi having been re-
ceived as decollata. It is, however, a very characteristic species,
not closely connected with any other form. The variety oronoensis
resembles some young forms of mighelsi as well as some varieties of
catascopium. This resemblance, however, is merely superficial.
The typical decollata received from Mighels measure as follows :
Length 12.00 ; width 8.00 ; aperture length 9.00 ; width 5.50 milL
THE NAUTILUS. 63
Length 12.25; width 8.00 ; aperture length 9.00; width 5.50 mill.
Length 11.25 ; width 7.75 ; aperture length 8.00 ; width 5.00 mill.
Length 9.75 ; width 7.00 ; aperture length 7.00 ; width 4.50 mill.
Lymnsea randolphi nov. sp.
Shell large, generally inflated, ovate ; whorls five to six, rounded,
inflated, distinctly shouldered ; spire short, pyramidal ; the first 3-4
whorls are small and regularly wound, but the last whorl abruptly
enlarges to more than four times the diameter of the preceding whorls,
causing the spire whorls to appear as (hough set upon a pedestal ;
sutures deeply impressed ; sculpture consisting of close-set, regular
lines of growth crossed by fine, impressed, spiral lines ; the surface is
malleated in many specimens and in some individuals there is a ten-
dency to form raised spiral ridges on the body-whorl ; aperture very
large, ovate, almost patulous, distinctly shouldered at the upper
part; columella without distinct plait, but covered by a heavy, erect
callus which overhangs the umbilicus; umbilicus deep, widely open;
color probably horny as in the majority of Lymnajidae, but chalky
white in the type specimens. Length 29.5, diam. 20, length of
aperture 19. mm.
Habitat : Marsh Lake, near Dyea Valley, Alaska, collected by
Mr. P. B. Randolph.
This is a very distinct species, not easily confounded with any
other. It has a superficial resemblance to Lymnsea mighelsi Binney,
but that species is imperforate or at most only very narrowly per-
forated. The shape of the spire, the rounded aperture and the open
umbilicus will easily distinguish it.
Lymnsea atkensis Dall, is a narrow species with a long spire, a
very narrowly open umbilicus and wholly lacks its peculiar shouldered
whorls. The sculpture is more marked in randolphi.
Cotypes are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and in the Chicago Academy of Sciences.
A GLIMPSE AT THE SHELL FAUNA OF DELAWARE.
BY S. N. RHOADS.
Literature is strangely silent as to the fauna of the State of Dela-
ware. To remedy this in some degree, as well as to satisfy a long-
<>4 I'lIK NAL'TILI,s.
standing curiosity to compare the zoological features of the Hay
State with those of New Jersey, my old tramping ground, I paid her
five or six visits in different localities during the spring, summer and
fall of 1903. While these expeditions were mainly ornithological,
the Mollusca claimed more than passing attention, and a small col-
lection of specimens was made and presented to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where Prof. H. A. Pilsbry kindly
made the identifications and comparisons here recorded.
Disclaiming any but a tyro's knowledge of conchology, it only re-
mains for me to preface these records by stating my conviction that
the evidence given by the vertebrates ot Delaware indicate that her
southernmost border is more strictly Lower Austral than Upper
Austral. Certain species of birds and reptiles are found there which
do not occur in southern New Jersey or Pennsylvania. In the
Brandywine valley hills above Wilmington there is perhaps a shade
of approach to a preponderating number of species typical of the
Upper Austral and Lower Transition. In the upper Choptank
valley the Lower Austral finds its most northerly reaching arm on
the Atlantic seaboard, and the bird fauna there found in the thickly-
forested bottoms is a curious combination of three distinct sub-faunae,
one northern, one western, and another southern. (R.)
In general character, the snail fauna is nearly identical with that
of eastern Maryland west of the Chesapeake, but there are a few
somewhat conspicuous differences, such as the occurrence of typical
Polygyra tridentata, in place of P. t.juxtide-ns, in Maryland. Pyra-
midula alternate/, feryusoni (Bid.) is another species of the coastal
plain, which has not yet been found in Maryland or eastern Penn-
sylvania.
The Unionidce offer unexpected interest by the finding of a colony
of dwarf races of several species at Seaford, Sussex Co. (P.) Sea-
ford is at the head of navigation on the Nanticoke River, an affluent
of Chesapeake Bay, and lies near the centre of the level region reach-
ing, with but slight elevation above high-tide level, across the entire
peninsula. It is a sandy loam country with stretches of piney up-
lands and extensive areas of half-swamp lands. The left bank of the
river is fifteen to twenty feet high in some places. Some scattered
cypresses and white cedar occur on the left bank, but have nearly
been exterminated. The botany and vertebrate zoology of the region
are Lower Austral rather than Upper Austral in their prevailing
THE NAUTILUS. •'•."»
species, this 'ueing (lie dividing line between the two I'aunal regions.
(R.)
In this locality the Uniones are normal in shape, but very much
smaller than in other places in Delaware and the neighboring states.
i ~ o
Adult specimens of Unio complatiatus measure 42 to 52 mm. long
(the normal size being 70 to 95 mm. in other Delaware streams).
U.jisherianus is 40 to 43 mm. long, against 05 to 108 mm. at
Choptank Mills.
Lampsilis cariosus, 40 to 44 mm. long.
Lampsilis ochraceus, 40 to 50 mm. long.
Lampsilis radiatus, 42 to 48 mm. long.
Lampsilis n'isutus, 50 mm. long.
The whole Unio fauna is thus dwarfed, the shells being from about
half to two-thirds the ordinary size. (P-)
It has occurred to me that the dwarfing of the Unionida? of the
Nanticoke may be due to the fact that no tributary of this sluggish
river runs through a soil furnishing ingredients favorable to shell
growth. The relative sluggishness of this whole river system may
also have the degenerating effect of non-resistance. (R.)
In the following list a few Delaware shells collected by Mr. Wit-
rner Stone are included, such records being duly credited :
Polygyra tridentata (Say). Braudywine Valley between Duponts
and Rockland, Delaware.
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts
and Rockland, and hills southwest side Brandywine near Paline,
Delaware. (W. Stone!)
Polygyra thyroides (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts
and Rockland ; southwest of Brandywine Hills just below Penn.
State line ; and near Delaware City, Delaware. (W. Stone !)
Polygyra hirsnta (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts
and Rockland, and near Delaware City, Delaware.
Polygyra monodon fraterna (Say). Brandywine Valley between^
Duponts and Rockland, Delaware.
Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say). Brandywine Valley between"
Duponts and Rockland ; near Dover, Kent Co.; also near Delaware
City.
Bifidaria contracta (Say). Near Delaware City, Delaware.
Gircinaria concava (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts
and Rockland, Delaware.
66 THE NAUTILUS.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Choptank River, just below Cboptank
Mills (one mile east of Henderson, Maryland), Kent Co.
Vitrea indentata (Say). Chop tank River, just below Choptank
Mills (one mile east of Henderson, Maryland), Kent Co. Also
Brandywine valley between Duponts and Rockland, and near Dela-
ware City.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Choptank River, just below Chop-
tank Mills, Kent Co.: Brandywine valley between Duponts and
Rockland ; Mt. Cuba and southwest side of Brandywine hills, just
below Pennsylvania State line (W. Stone !), near Delaware City ;
cnear Dover, Kent Co., and Seaford, Sussex Co.
Gastrodonta ligera (Say). Brandywine valley between Duponts
and Rockland.
Gnstrodonta suppressa (Say). Brandywine valley between Du-
ponts and Rockland. Southwest side Brandywine hills, just below
Paline and Mt. Cuba (W. Stone !); also near Delaware City.
Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Mt. Cuba (W. Stone !), Brandy-
wine valley between Duponts and Rockland.
Pyramidula ulternuta fergusoni (Bid.). Brandywine valley be-
tween Duponts and Rockland.
Lymncea^ humilis (Say). Near Delaware City; between Du-
pont's Powder Mill and Rockland.
Lymnaa desidiosa (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts
and Rockland.
Lymnsea columeUa (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts
and Rockland ; Seaford, Sussex Co.
Planorbis bicarinatus (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts
and Rockland.
Physa heterostropha (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts
and Rockland ; Seaford, Sussex Co.; head of Red Clay creek,
Christiana township.
Goniobasis virginica (Gmel.). Brandywine River between
Dupont's Powder Mill and Rockland ; also Seaford, Sussex Co.,
Delaware.
Sphaerium sp. Head of Red Clay Creek, Christiana Township,
Delaware.
1 The original orthography of this name is, here restored. American authors
have almost universally spelled it Liinnsea. — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS. G7
Lampsilis nasiitits (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co.; Choptank Mills,
Kent Co., DelaAvure.
Lampsilis radiatus (GmeL). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.
Lampsilis curiosus (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.
Lampsilis ochraceus (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.
Unio co/n/t/annfKS (' Sol.' Dilhv.). Seaford. Sussex Co.; Head of
Red Clay Creek, Christiania Township; Clioptank Mills, Kent Co.
Unio fisherianus Lea. Seaford, Sussex Co.; Clioptank Mills,
Kent Co., Delaware.
Anodonta cataracta Say. Mill-pond at head of Indian River,
Millshoro, Sussex Co.; Choptank Mills, Kent Co., Delaware.
Strophitus edentulus (Say). Head of Red Clay Creek, Christiana
Township, Delaware.
Strophitus undulatns (Say). Choptank Mills, Kent Co., Dela-
ware. A single, well-developed specimen.
Alasmodonta marginata varicosa (Lam.). Head of Red Clay
Creek, Christiana Township, Delaware.
NOTES AND NEWS.
A PECULIAR HALIOTIS — Not long ago a freak in the Haliotis
line came under my observation, and thinking it of sufficient interest
to the readers of THE NAUTILUS, I send the following description :
The shell is, in most particulars, a characteristic Haliotis cracherodii,
measuring 4f inches in length, li\ inches in height, and 3£ inches
in width. It was obtained from a lot of shells brought from the
coast of Lower California, by Frank Holzner, a local dealer in shells
and curios, and unlike any other I have seen, has no holes whatever,
and no scars or indentations to indicate even a good intention in
that direction. — F. AY. KELSEY.
NEW CAVE-SNAILS. — Dr. R. Sturany has been investigating an
interesting collection of snails from caverns in Herzegovina (Nbl.
D. M. Ges. for July-Sept., '04). Besides species of Clausilia and
Pnpa,\\e describes a very small subcylindric land-snail with a round
mouth and hairy cuticle as Pholeoteras euthrix. It is 2.5 to 3 mm.
long, and has minutely latticed sculpture, beginning even upon the
embryonic whorl. As only empty shells were found, and nothing
THE NAUTILUS.
resembling them is known, the position of the new genus is left un-
certain. It is curious that with the exception of a Carychium dis-
covered by Dr. R. E. Call in Mammoth Cave, no cave-snails have
been found in America. Those having opportunities should search
in other caves of this country.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
MOLLUSCA OF THE " PORCUPINK " EXPEDITIONS. By E. R,
Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., London, VI, 1004). The material col-
lected by these dredging expeditions in the northeast Atlantic, etc.,
was not wholly examined by Jeffreys, whose death interrupted the
work. Mr. Sykes is now supplementing his valuable reports, the
first paper dealing with the Tectibranchs. A number of new forms
are described, with valuable information upon others. An excellent
plate illustrates several little-known species.
A CRITICAL LIST OF THE SPH^ROSPIRA SECTION OF THER-
SITES — By Hugh Fulton. (Journal of Malacology, XI. 1904.)
With the specimens from the Cox and Beddonie collections, Mr.
Fulton has critically revised this group of handsome Queensland
Helices, correcting numerous errors in former works, and naming as
new T. consors, a form figured as T. pnrsoni Cox in the Manual of
Conchology. It is only fair to say that most of the errors in former
works were due to wrongly named shells sent out by Cox and other
Australian conchologists. The work seems to he well done and will
be of value to collectors having these fine Australian snails. — H. A. P.
AN HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG-
SIIELLS AND TRITONS — By W. H. Dall. (Smithsonian Misc.
Coll., Vol. 47, 1904.) Perhaps no prominent gastropod family lias
suffered such vicissitudes of nomenclature as the Tritons. Dr. Dall,
without going into their morphology to any length, has fundamentally
examined the nomenclature and taxonomy of the group from the
earliest times, and gives in this paper the results of an investigation
of the early literature of the groups, which may well be called ex-
haustive. In the Ranellidtx he recogni/es one genus, Bur so. Bolten,
THE NAUTILUS. 69
equivalent to the old genus Ranella. The Tritons are arranged
thus :
Family SP:PTID^E.
Genus Trachytriton Meek (Cretaceous only).
Genus PersoneHa Conr. (Eocene, and perhaps including the recent
Triton quoyi Rve).
Genus Ranellina Conr. (Eocene).
Genus Gyrineum Link (Tritons with continuous lateral varices).
Genus Euqyrina Dall (Type Ranella gignntea Lam.).
Genus Argdbuc'cinum Mo'rcb (Type Ranella vexillinu Brod. In-
cludes also the West Coast species Priene oregonensis Redf., etc.).
Genus Distortrix Link (Distorsio of authors).
Genus Cytnatinm Bolten (Triton femorale, etc.).
Genus Septa Perry (Large forms such as T. tritonis, etc.).
In recent years all of these groups containing recent species have
been generally recognized under one name or another. Cymatium
contains nearly all the forms ordinarily called "Triton " except those
segregated in Septa, a group which Dall considers sufficiently differ-
entiated for generic rank, although Kesteven and others have opposed
this view.
The classification proposed by Dall will, we believe, meet wilh
general approval. It seems worthy of acceptance pending the inves-
tigation of the soft anatomy of the snails in question, which is still
imperfectly known.
The chief innovations in generic nomenclature of the two families
are for the most part consequent upon the adoption of the Museum
Bolteniatmm as an acceptable source of nomenclature, — a position
still in debate. This work is so excessively rare that it is hardly to
be called published in the ordinary sense. Of the first edition —
which is the only one seriously affecting nomenclature — there is one
copy in America and we suppose not over half a dozen, if so many,
known in the world. Even in Germany, Herrmannsen,'over fifty
years ago, could not get access to a copy, though he made concholog-
ical literature an exclusive study for years. The work has other
objectionable features, as the free use of polynomials, such as Oym-
binm cock/ear neptimi, Cardium cor aurihun, Alurex initra episcopalis,
Cassis mitella polonica, Neptunea corona mexicana, etc. Nobody who
swallows these ought to choke over Chemnitz. It is evident that
some general consensus of opinion is called for, before it will be ad-
70 THE NAUTILUS.
visable to throw aside the clear-cut images of Lamarck and his school
for their nebulous prototypes in Bolten, which have been all but un-
known for over a century.
The genus Colubraria is made the type of a new family Colubrariidee,
which, however, is not defined. Golubraria is as yet unknown ana-
tomically. We have elsewhere shown that, as limited by Dall, the
family is a mixture of Buccinidce and Muricidce, with possibly an-
other, but still unknown, element in the typical Colubrarias.
The essay, though not lengthy, will be read with great interest by
those who make a study of molluscan nomenclature. The eminence
of its author, both in the field of malacology and of general zoologi-
cal nomenclature, will ensure a thorough consideration of the posi-
tions taken, by those competent to deal with such questions—
H. A. P.
NOTES ON THE PLEUROTOMID^E, with description of some new
genera and species. By Thos. L. Casey. (Trans. Acad. Sci. of St.
Louis, XIV.) Mr. Casey proposes a new classification of the family,
establishing eight " tribes " based chiefly upon characters of the
sinus. The consideration of genera is confined mainly to those rep-
resented in the American tertiaries, some 20 new genera being
erected. Numerous new Eocene species are described, chiefly from
Alabama and Texas. A single new recent species, Hehnella insolens
from St. Helena, is described. Mr. Casey subdivides much more
minutely than has been the custom in this family, raising nearly
every group to generic rank. While " genera " and " subgenera,"
etc., are essentially conventional, varying in rank with every investi-
gator, yet minute subdivision may easily be carried too far for prac-
tical convenience by reason of the great number of species likely to
be found to fall between such narrowly restricted groups, requiring
the formation of still more new " genera." The characters of the
protoconch are extensively used. This is perhaps the most valuable
feature in the paper, as they have not hitherto been adequately
studied in the Pleiirotornidse generally. The genus Donovania, in-
cluded by Mr. Casey in the Pleurotomidae, has been shown to belong
to the Rhachiglossa. — H. A. P.
THE MUSEUM. By L. P. Gratacap (Journal of Applied Micro-
scopy, V.). All sides of the subject, from the location and archi-
THE NAUTILUS. 71
lecture of museum buildings to the cases for storage and display, and
the installation and labeling of collections, are considered by Mr.
Gratacap, whose practical experience in one of our largest museums
gives his ideas a high value. The brochure is copiously illustrated.
6
THE EFFECT OF THE BASSIAN ISTHMUS upon the existing ma-
rine fauna ; a study in ancient geography. By C. Hedley (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1903). A 35-fathom line on either side
would bound a submarine plateau 80 to 90 miles wide, stretching
from Australia to Tasmania. Mr. Hedley considers at length the
great faunal difference between the South Australian and East Aus-
tralian coasts, concluding that the faunal evidence indicates that Bass'
Strait was bridged until recent times by an isthmus. The deeply
dissected south coast of Tasmania indicates recent subsidence there
also, pointing to a former extension of Tasmania southwards, thus
separating what he terms the Adelaidean from the Peronian or tem-
perate East Australian faunas, by a promontory extending into de-
cidedly colder waters. The ideas advanced are well supported and
supply a beautifully simple explanation of the long-known and
hitherto unexplained diversity of the South Australian and Victorian
marine faunas. — H. A. P.
ADDITIONS TO THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF NEW ZEA-
LAND. By Charles Hedley (Rec. Australian Museum, V, pt. 2,
190-t). In reporting upon a parcel of dredgings, Mr. Hedley re-
marks that " the fauna of the continental shelf of New Zealand is
practically unknown. It also appears that the element common to
New Zealand and Australia, hitherto calculated on the beach fauna,
will be disproportionately increased when the fauna of the conti-
nental shelf is taken into consideration." Besides new forms of
several genera, Hedley describes a new genus of the Carditidce, Ver-
ticipronus. The valves are small, smooth, and capped by a flat pro-
dissoconch. Another new genus, Incisura, is erected for Scissurella
lyttletonensis Smith. This little snail is shown to belong to the
Fissurellidse, having characters similar to the very young of Fis-
surideo. The specimens we have examined bear out Mr. Hedley's
interesting conclusion. Incisura is apparently the most primitive of
existing Fissurellidde. — H. A. P.
72 TIIE NAUTILUS.
A NEW ASHMUNELLA FROM NEW MEXICO. By Paul Bartsch
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904, p. 13, 14). A. townsendi,
described from two specimens collected by Mr. C. H. S. Townsend
on the slopes of the ridge on the south fork of Ruidoso river, about
five miles above the town of Ruidoso, at an altitude of 8,500 ft.
This is in the Sierra Blanca, Mescalero Indian Reservation, Lincoln
Co., New Mexico. " A sh mun ella townsendi is most nearly related
to A. rhyssa Dall, but fs much smaller than that form and is uni-
formly more strongly sculptured." It measures, alt. 8.2, diam. 15,
width of umbilicus 2.3 mm., being thus larger than A. altissima
Ckll. from the summit of Sierra Blanca. From an intermediate
altitude, A. townsendi seems to be also intermediate in characters
between rhyssa and altissima. The use of the term " axial " to de-
scribe obliquely radial sculpture seems rather forced. The direction
of such sculpture approaches " axial " only at the periphery, and it
is presumed that by " axial " is meant " in line with or in the direc-
tion of the axis " as the Century Dictionary expresses it.
SHELLS OF LAND AND WATER : a familiar introduction to the
study of Molluscs. By Frank Collins Baker (Chicago, A. W.
Mumford, large 8vo). As its title indicates, this book is for the use
of those beginning the study of shells, and is especially designed to
be placed in the hands of young people interested in nature study,
but without much or any previous acquaintance with rnollusks.
The chapters on The Home of the Clam, Pond Snails, Snails of the
Forest and Field, The Oyster and its Relatives, The Cowries, etc.,
afford an attractive insight into the mysteries of these creatures, and
will be a revelation to many intelligent people to whom shells have
had no meaning. Eight full-page colored plates are very good ex-
amples of the new "three-color process," and illustrate many of our
native species besides numerous exotic shells. These figures will
help many a learner to some knowledge of common " mantlepiece "
shells. The text is also fullv illustrated with wood-cuts and half-
if
tone engravings, and a good deal of attention is given to the obser-
vation and collecting of mollusks. The work is written in the some-
what old-fashioned form of a series of discourses or monologues by a
professor to several pupils. It is well gotten up typographically. —
H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII.
PLATE IV.
JOHNSON: PANOPEA BITRUNCATA.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XVni. NOVEMBER, 19O4. No. 7.
PANOPEA BITRUNCATA CONRAD.
BY CHARLKS W. JOHNSON.
The sliell of the genus Panopea, like most of the burrowing
Pelecypods is subject throughout its growth to Considerable variable-
ness. The causes of mutation are so admirably described by Dr.
Dall ' that I quote in full the following paragraphs:
" All boring mollusks in which the shell has so degenerated that
it no longer covers the whole adult animal when retracted are more
liable to variation in minor details than those in which the valves
meet distally, and dynamically influence their own development by
fixing for it certain definite limits. This is markedly the case in the
present genus. Those shells which live in an easily movable
medium, such as sand or fine, soft mud, are thinner, better devel-
oped, more elongated and less distorted than their congeners who
are obliged to confine themselves to a gravelly or stony situs. So
marked is the difference that I have several times been presented
with supposed new species based on these dynamic characters, and
by a curious reversal of logic, have been assured that the differences
must be specific, because the animals inhabited, respectively, the
different kinds of ground alluded to.
•' I have observed, also, that where the ground into which the
1 Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, by William Healey Dall.
Transactions of the Wagner Free Institution of Science, Vol. Ill, part IV, page
827. Philadelphia, April, 1898.
74 THE NAUTILUS.
borrowers retire is a comparatively thin coating over a stony or
rocky layer which they cannot pierce, the tendency in Panopea,
Mya, etc., is for relatively short and broad shells, with shorter
siphons, to survive ; which naturally have a wider, shorter, and more
rounded pallial sinus, and shorter and more incurved nymphs. I
believe the influence of environment is direct and not selective ; at
all events the association of situs and specimens so characterized is,
as far as I have been able to determine, quite uniform, whether
selective or not."
While living at St. Augustine, Florida (1880-87), I was fortu-
nate in finding in the harbor, on a sand; bar near " Marsh Island,"
a specimen of Panopea bitruncata with valves intaot. and from which
the animal had apparently just been removed. This specimen which
is shown on plate IV, represents a nearly normal shell (reduced ;il>out
one-fifth) with the lines of growth but slightly interrupted anteriorly.
It had probably grown under favorable conditions in the adjacent
sandy-mud bottom. The shell measures 133 mm. (o.25 inches) in
length, with a width of 80 mm. On the ocean beach I also found
several single valves; these were proportionately shorter, and wider,
giving them a more truncated appearance. In my list of the slidU
of St. Augustine, Florida, in this Journal, Volume IV, page 4, 1 re-
ferred these to Glycimeris bitruncata Conr., while in naming the one
from the harbor, I followed Dr. Dall's catalogue of the shell-bearing
mollusks of the southeastern coast of the United States (Bull. 37,
U. S. Nat. Mus.) and called it G. reflexa Say.
Since Dr. Dall's review of the species (Trans. Wagner Free lust.
Sci. Vol. Ill, pi. 4, p. 831), I have made a careful study of the type
of P. bitruncata in connection with all recent specimens obtainable
and find no greater variation than exists in the Pliocene specimens of
Florida. The type of P. bitruncata is an injured specimen ; the
upper or dorsal portion of the posterior end being broken away,
gives the shell a very oblique truncation, while the lower portion of
the anterior has been frequently arrested in its development, the
lines of growth being interrupted and crowded together, gives that
end also a very oblique outline. The umbonal and younger portion
of the shells are alike in all the specimens I have examined.
Uniting the recent and Pliocene forms, and adopting the oldest
name will make the synonomy stand as follows :
THE NAUTILUS. 75
. PANOPKA BITKUNCATA Conrad.
Panopsea americana Stimpson.. Check List Shells N4 Arner.
Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. II, 1860; Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1871, p. 130 ; not of Conrad 1838.
Glycimeris bitruncata Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1872,
p. 21£, |.l. 7, t. 1.
Panopsea bilruncata Tryon. Amer. Marine Conch., 138, pi. 21,
fig. 321, 1874.
Panopcea mennrdi Heilprin. Trans. Wagner Free Inst., I, 90,
pi. 9, f. 19, 1887 ; not of .Deslwyes.
. Panopsea floridana Heilprin. L. c. I, 91, pi. 10, f. 21.
. Panopsea navicula Heilprin. L. c. 1, 91, pi. 10, f. 22:
Panopsea reflexa Dall.. Bull 37, U. S. Nat.-Mus., p. 70, 1889;
not of Say.
Panopaa floridana Dall. L. c. Ill, pi. 4, p. 831, 1898.
Conrad's type was obtained at Fort Macon, North Carolina; it is
also recorded from Cape Lookout, (Bickmore); Mobile Point, Miss.,
(.Conrad), and the west coast of Florida ( Willcox). It has also been
taken at Crooked Island, Calhoun Co., Fla. (Clarence B. Moore),
two specimens measuring 180x109 mm., and 165x112 mm. It is a
common species in the pliocene of the Caloosohatchie, .Shell Creek,
and Alligator Creek, Florida.
The original spelling of 'the generic name is Panopea Menard,
1;807. It is Glycimeris Lamarck, 1799, (not Glycytneris Da Costa,
1778), and Panopsea Lamarck, 1812.
NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. III.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Section FERRISSIA.
III. Ancylus filosus Conrad (1834). PI. 6, tigs. 1-8.
' Conrad's description of this species is very meager. No dimen-
sions are given and the only real specific character indicated is " the
numerous, radiating, prominent lines." Subsequent authors have
supplied no additional information except Haldeman, who gives a
figure, though, curiously enough, he state* in the text that the species
is unknown to him. -No specimens from the original locality, the
Black Warrior River, have been accessible to me. The only ex-
76 TIIK NAUTILUS.
amples seen are two lots in the Lewis collection, so labelled by him,
one from the Coosa and the other from the Cahawba River, Ala.,
and a set from the latter stream collected by Call. Dr. Pilsbry has
kindly compared these with the type specimen in the collection of
the Academy and writes that though less strongly striated radially,
" they agree with the type in form, and the almost invariably red
apex."
As evidenced by these shells, A.filosus closely resembles in shape
and contour the eastern form of A. tardus. It differs, however, in
the light green color, the radiating ribs and, when present, the rosy
apex. In none of these shells are the ribs very strongly developed,
nor do they extend uniformly over the shell from apex to periphery.
But there are indications of them on all. They are usually more
conspicuous on the sides, especially immediately below the apex and
toward the anterior slope, the central portion of the side slope being
comparatively smooth. Between these heavier ribs are usually
several smaller ones, which seem to be extensions of the apical
stria?. The larger ribs are heavier and coarser than those noticed in
any other species and, when fully developed, would be "very promi-
nent " and conspicuous. The anterior slope is usually strongly con-
vex, although, as shown by the figures, there is some variation in
this particular; the posterior slope is nearly straight and direct, not
very oblique, and the side slopes are slightly convex. The marginal
outline varies from a regular oval to obovate with the greatest width
behind the apex.
The Cahawba River specimens are thinner and more translucent
than those from the Coosa and are apparently less typical, being less
elevated, with the anterior slope more oblique.
The apex is much eroded in all of the Coosa specimens, but is
nearly perfect in those from the Cahawba. When perfect it is
"somewhat inclined" or rather Hattened posteriorly, and very
slightly inclined to the right. Binney and Tryon are consequently
in error in referring the species to Acroloxus ( Velletia), which is a
European group not represented in our fauna.
The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :
Fig. 1, length 4.0, breadth 2.9. alt. 1.9 mm.
Fig. 4, length 4.5, breadth 3.5, alt. 2 mm.
Fig. 7, length 4.0, breadth 3.0, alt. 1.75 mm.
THK NAUTILUS. 77.
IV. Ancylus parallelus Hahl. (1841). PI. 5, figs. 1-9.
This common and well-known species has a wide range through'
the northern states and Canada, extending from Nova Scotia and
New England to Manitoba and Minnesota. It is peculiarly a north-
ern form, and its range toward the fouth is comparatively limited,
Rhode Island, Central New York, Northern Ohio and Indiana, so
far as the records go, seem to mark the limit. It is not listed from
Philadelphia (Shick) nor Alleghany Co., Pa. (Stupakopf), nor
Cincinnati (Harper and Wetherby), nor the Chicago Area (Baker).
Mr. Marsh has kindly permitted me to examine the specimens
from Mercer Co., III., w.iich he quoted as this species in the
NAUTILUS III, p. 34, and they prove to be a form of A. tardus.
Shimek's citation from Iowa City, la., which should be verified, if
correct, probably marks its extreme range to the southwest, as it
does not occur in any of the Iowa lists nor in those of Missouri,
Nebraska or Kansas. The tentative citation of this species from
North Park. Col., by Ingersoll (Rep. U. S. G. & G. Surv., 1874,
p. 405) must also be considered very doubtful.
It is easily distinguished by its narrow, elongated shell, with
nearly straight lateral margins, which widen more or less anteriorly.
The anterior slope is typically (fig. 1) only slightly convex, but there
is considerable variation in this particular ; the posterior slope is
long, very oblique and nearly straight, the right slope is nearly
straight, and the left slope slightly convex. The apex is sub-acute
and slightly turned towards the right, and is nearly in the centre of
the shell. Lines of growth well marked, but fine and irregular. It
is at times subject to considerable irregularity in growth, when living
on a small reed, the peritreme is concave at the ends (as noticed in
A. juscus} and the lateral slopes are noticeably more convex and the
apex less prominent. Several examples have been noticed, in which
the shell in the earlier stages was unusually narrow, but on ap-
proaching maturity, a sudden expansion of the entire margin took
place, resolving the peritreme to nearly its normal outline (fig. 4).
Specimens of extraordinary size (fig. 7), far surpassing those from
any other locality, have been collected by Nylander at Caribou, Me.
Specimens nearly as large (7.5 x 4.5 x 3) have been collected by
Ferriss on the north shore of Lake Superior. Fine specimens
larger than the average also occurred in Schuyler's and Little Lakes,
N. Y. (fig. 4). In most places, however, the average length is less
.78 THE NAUTILUS.
than 6 mm. . A. parallelus is one of the few species of Ferrissia that
by preference chooses the quiet waters of the inland lakes for its
home. In northern, Michigan, where it is the only species found, it
is abundant on the under surface of the lily pads and on the round
reeds (Scirpus lacustris), growing in water 3 to 6 feet deep.
The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :
Fig. 1. Length 6.5, breadth. 3.10, alt. 1.75 mm.
Fig. 4. Length 4.80, breadth 3.25, alt. 1.75 mm.
Fig. 7. Length 8.66, breadth 5.00, alt. 2.50 mm.
V. Ancylus haldemani Bgt. (1844). PI. 6, figs. 9-13.
| t , .
Haldeman's types of the species, for which he used the preoccu-
pied name of depressus, came from the headwaters of the Holston
River, in Washington County, Virginia, and are now in the collec-
tion of the Philadelphia Academy. Dr. Pilsbry lias kindly fur-
nished the accompanying outlines of the larger of the two specimens
(figs. 9, 10), and states that " the base is a little raised at the ends,
but very slightly so, so that the growth-lines appear nearly straight.
There are some coarse radii, especially on the long slope, but not
noticeable over the whole surface, but the apical tract is beautifully
striate."
I have referred to this species a small series* collected by Hemp-
hill in the Doe River at Roan Mountain Station, Tenn. As shown
by the figures (figs. 11-13), they agree quite exactly with the type.
The specimen figured is decidedly obovate in its marginal outline,
the greatest width being behind the apex, but others are more regu-
larly oval.
It is a well-marked form, and, as stated by Haldeman, differs
from both rivularis and tardus in the obtusely rounded apex, which
in the Doe River specimens is directed nearly straight backwards.
In the type specimen, it is apparently more excentric. There is no
indication in the Doe River specimens of the " coarse radii " which
are present on the type, but merely a slight rippling of the anterior
slope. But this, no doubt, is a variable feature. The specimen
figured is slightly longer and proportionately wider than the type ;
the dimensions being : Length 4.43, breadth 3.33, alt. 1.5 mm.
VI. Ancylus elatior Anth. (1855). PI. 5, figs. 10-12.
Through the kindness of Mr. L. P. Gratacap of the American
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII.
PLATE V.
6.
4:
yo,
WALKER: AMERICAN ANCYLUS.
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII.
PLATE VI.
4-.
tr-
8.
15.
WALKER: AMERICAN ANCYLUS.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Museum of Natural History in New York City, I 'have had the
opportunity of examining an author's example of this rare species.
This specimen, though not quite as large as the type, agrees with
the description in all other particulars. The locality is given as
Kentucky and there is but little doubt that it is one of the original
lot.
It is a remarkably strong, heavy shell, as compared 'with the other
eastern species, and differs from them all in its size, greater eleva-
tion and the convex outline of the posterior slope. The marginal
outline is broadly oval, the greatest width being behind the centre
and immediately under the apex. The apex is quite acute and
turned toward the right. The apical striae are strong and close to-
gether at the apex, but rapidly diminishing in size, and the strong,
irregular lines of growth on the outer half of the circumference are
scarcely more than rippled by the radial lines. The apical portion
of this specimen was quite heavily encrusted with lime, which I did
not attempt to remove, and which covered up any indications of the
rosy color mentioned by Anthony in his description. The irregular
shape of this specimen is no doubt an individual peculiarity, caused
by a change in the line of growth after a period of rest, possibly a
change in the object on which the shell rested. Down to the line
where the new growth began, the outlines are quite regular, but be-
low it, there is first a decided constriction, rather more marked in
the posterior and left slopes, and then a rapid expansion all around
the circumference. Similar instances have already been described
as occurring in A. parctllelus. The dimensions of this specimen are :
Length 5.75, breadth 4.5, alt. 3 mm.
Accompanying this shell were two smaller ones of evidently a dif-
ferent species, apparently the same as that found by Hinkley in the
Ohio River, and which will be more fully described in connection
with that form. In Mr. Hinkley's collection is a single specimen ot
the genuine elatior, which was collected by him in a creek near Flor-
ence, Ala. The apex is badly eroded, but the rosy tinge is very
evident. Its dimensions are: Length 5, breadth 4.8, alt. 2.5 mm.
The outline is entirely regular without any trace of the constric-
tion shown in the Anthonyan specimen.
VII. Ancylus avails Morse (1864).
I have not been "able to get any information in regard to this
80 THK NAUTILUS.
species in addition to that afforded by the original description. It is
apparently a Ferrissia and distinguished from the other northern
species by •' the delicate ribs which radiate from the apex to the
periphery of the shell." Judging from the figure, the shell widens
posteriorly and not anteriorly, and the apex is turned to the right
and noj, as stated by the author, to the left. Whether this be so or
not, the broadly ovate shape forbids its reference to the section
Acrohxus (Velletia), made by Binney. Clessin's remark that the
form of the apex as shown in Binney's figure recalls the European
forms belonging to Ancyius s. s. seems equally untenable.
VIII. Ancyius lorealis Morse (1864). PI. 6, figs. 14-16.
I have not been able to get any authentic specimens of this species
for examination. Its main characteristic is stated by the author to
be the "fine regularly interrupted, radiating lines (which) mark the
surface of the shell from the apex to the border." Otherwise " the
species resembles A. tardus in its general form."
The only specimens, at all referable to this species, which I have
seen, are those from the St. John's river at Fort Kent, Me., men-
tioned by Nylander (NAUT., XIII, p. 105), one of which is figured.
They are quite close to A. tardus and possibly should be referred
to that species, but -they are narrower and more elliptical than
the form of tardus, which is apparently prevalent in that State. The
growth lines, especially near the apex, are quite strong, and where
these are crossed by the apical striae, the effect is that of "fine inter-
rupted radiating lines," but this is confined to the apical region. The
remaining surface of the shell is irregularly rippled in the manner
noticed in nearly all the American species. In view of the fact that
in many of the species where it occurs, the radial character (except
at the apex) is a variable feature, the reference of these examples to
A. borealis seems fairly justified. The dimensions of the specimens
before me are as follows :
Length (fig. 14) 3.75, breadth 2.33, alt. 1.25 min.
Length 3.33, breadth 2.10, alt. 1.25 min.
Length 3.50, breadth 2.00, alt. 1.33 min.
Length 4.00, breadth 2.50, alt. 1.40 min.
Compared with the dimensions of the type, these shells are slightly
narrower and not quite as high. But the difference is so slight as to
be easily within the lines of individual variation.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
The apex is very obtuse, being almost flat on top when viewed in
profile.
IX. Ancyhu shimeki Pilsbry (1890). PI. 6, figs. 17-19.
1890. Ancyhis obliqiius Shimek. Bull. Lab. Nnt. Hist. St«te
Univ. la., I, p. 214.
1890. Ancylus shimekii Pilsbry. NAUT., IV, p. 48.
Shell elevated,- thin, transparent, horn-colored, with a yellowish-
brown epidermis ; aperture ovate, conspicuously wider anteriorly, in
many (especially young) specimens slightly reniform by a barely
perceptible incurving of the right margin, the anterior, left and pos-
terior margins regularly rounded, the right slightly incurved,
straight, or but slightly convex; apex somewhat acute, elevated,
strongly depressed posteriorly and to the right, and curved down-
ward, in most specimens quite overhanging the posterior right
margin of the shell ; the apical portion of the shell (one-half or more)
is strongly laterally, or rather obliquely, compressed, a character
which makes the young appear proportionately much narrower than
the adults; the posterior slope of the shell is long and strongly con-
vex, the posterior being short and concave. The surface is marked
by fine lines of growth.
Largest specimen: Length 3.5, width 1.8, height 1.2 mm.
Average dimensions: Length 2.7, width 1.7, height 1.2 mm.—
(Shimek.)
As the Bulletin, in which this species was described, is very
scarce and out of print, it seems better to reproduce the original de-
scription, which is very full and accurate, than to present a new one.
The only specification to be added being that the apex is radially
striate.
Through the kindness of Prof. Shimek, I have before me part of
the original lot collected by him in Deadman's Run, near Lincoln,
Neb. It lias also been found at Galloway, Neb., living on Cerato-
phyllum demersum L. In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy
a single immature specimen was detected in a vial of A. rivularis
from the Delaware River at Philadelphia (No. 75811). These are
the only authentic records known to me. The tentative reference of
this species to Gundlachia by Pilsbry (NAUT., IV, p. 48, and IX,
p. 63), was based on a misapprehension of the species, which is
quite different from the Rock Island, Ills., examples figured by him.
THE NAUTILUS.
The reference of the specimens from Rock Run, Joliet, Ills., to this
species by Baker (Moll. Chic. Area, p. 306), is erroneous fof the
same reason.
The A. sltimekii is a very distinct, little species, and, when once
seen, is not likely to be mistake-n for any other. The high, narrow
shell with the rapid expansion towards the base ; the prominent,
excentric, deflected apex, almost reaching the posterior margin, the
long convex anterior slope, -and the peculiar posterior slope are very
characteristic and separate it from all the described .species. It is
more nearly related to the small Ohio species, called pumilus by
Sterki, than to any other, but is clearly distinct as pointed out under
that species.
The specimen figured, the largest received from Shimek, is
slightly smaller than1 the average size as stated in the original de-
scription, being :
1 Length 2.66, breadth 1.66, alt. 1.0 mm.
X. Ancylus pumilus Sterki (1900). PI. 6, figs. 20-22.
' 1894. Ancylus — -? Sterki. The L. & F. W. Moll, of New
Pliila.,O., sp. 83, p. 8.
1900. Ancylus pumilus Sterki. List of L. & F. W. Moll, of
Tuscawaras- Co., O., 8th, An. Rep. 0. St. Acad. Sci., p. 36,
Separate p. 7.
Shell small, thin, translucent, shining, horn-colored; oval or
slightly obovate ; ends regularly rounded ; sides nearly equally
curved ; apex radially striate, prominent, rather obtuse, not depressed
at the tip, about half way between the central and posterior margin
and decidedly turned to the right ; anterior and left slopes very con-
vex ; left slope nearly straight ; posterior slope straight below the
projecting apex ; surface with the lines of growth fine and incon-
spicuous, more or less irregularly rippled with transverse wrinkles
on the anterior slope.
Fig. 20. Length 2.75, breadth 1.75, alt. 1.0 mm.
This minute species, which was first detected in the Tuscawaras
River near New Philadelphia, by Dr. V. ISterki, seems to have an
extended range. Examples have been seen from the following
localities: Alexandria, Va., ' Seneca, N. Y., Vermilion River, O.,
Cuyahoga River and Garrettsville, O., and the Mississippi River,
Rockford, 111. Specimens from the Kankakee River, 111., and Iowa
City, la., though differing from the typical form in having the
THE NAUTILUS. 8.3
anterior slope only slightly convex, seem to be also referable to this
species.
Distinguished primarily by its small size, this spec'ies is well char-
acterized by the prominent, obtuse apex, the short, straight posterior
slope and long, convex anterior slope. It is very close in general
appearance to A. s/tiniekii, but seems to differ persistently in having
the apex, which is less excentric in position, projecting decidedly
.upwards and not depressed at the tip as in that species, the anterior
slopes not quite so convex, while the posterior slope is longer, more
oblique and nearly straight. The extreme lateral compression char-
acteristic of shimekii is not present in this species, the right slope
being nearly straight ; this difference is particularly marked in the
immature shells, which in shimekii are decidedly narrow and pro-
portionately higher than the mature shell, while in pumilus the pro-
portions are nearly the same. Sterki's types are immature examples,
to which his statement, that '• the sides are parallel," is quite appli-
cable, but in mature examples the lateral margins expand a little and
become more curved as shown in the figure, which is from one of the
largest specimens seen, the dimensions being :
Length 2.75, breadth 1.75, alt. 1.0 in. in.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
All the figures on each plate are drawn on the same scale, but
those on Plate VI are somewhat more enlarged than those on Plate V.
PLATE V.
Figs. 1-3, A. parallelns Hald. Little Lakes, N. Y.
Figs. 4-6, A.parallelns Hald. Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.
Fijrs. 7-9, A.parallelus Hald. Caribou, Me.
Figs. 10—12, A. elatfor Hald. Kentucky.
PLATE VI.
Figs. 1-3, A. filt>i>us Con. Coosa River, Ala.
Figs. 4-6, A. filosus Con. Coosa River, Ala.
Figs. 7-8, A. filosus Con. Cahawba River. Ala.
Figs. 9-10, A- haldemani Bgt. Holston River, Washington Co.,
Va.
Figs. 11-13, A. haldemani Bgt. Doe River, Tenn.
Figs. 14-16, A. b/irealls Mse. St. John's River, Me.
Figs. 17-19, A. shimekii Pils. Headman's Run, Neb.
Figs. 20-22, A. pumilus Sterki. Tuscawaras River, O.
£4 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES AND NEWS.
Mr. A. A. Hinkley is making a collecting trip to Alabama.
EDITORS NAUTILUS :
In the course of some remarks on the '' Museum Boltenianum,"
Dr. Pilsbry In the October NAUTILUS refers to the '' free use of
polynomials " in that work, citing some supposed examples, and sug-
gesting that no one who could " swallow these ought to choke over
Chemnitz."
The general question of the acceptability of Bolten's work is too
large to enter upon here, and I believe it has been practically settled
in a sense adverse to the arguments I used twenty years ago, and
which Dr. Pilsbry now reiterates. But the matter of " polynom-
ials " can be settled right here. Bolten used polynomials as much
and no more than Linne and Gmelin, 1758-1792. Let us remember
that Bolten's work was a posthumous MS. printed without revision
by the writer. It contains 2409 entries of species. Of these 64 are
what Dr. Pilsbry refers to as " polynomials." (The •' Murex mitra
episcopafis," by the way, is not one of them, and does not occur in
the book as far as I can discover ; " Mitra episcopalis " is there all
right.)
Now Bolten's polynomials are partly hyphenated ; part of them
are words which we now combine in one word (as " mille puncta-
tutn ") ; a lot of them are taken from Gmelin or Linne (as " caput
serpentis," '" lingua fells,'" etc.), and have always been in use ; others
are geographical (as "•Novae zedandise" "Bonse spei "), and have also
been in use continuously to this day ; all of them are either sub-
stantive phrases like " pes-asininus" or adjective combinations like
" <itro-viridis," which we now use and write as one word. In the
whole sixty-four there is only a single case where something like a
Chemnitzian polynomial occurs, when to the name of the shell
" sinistrorsa " is added, indicating that the specimen was reversed.
Now exactly such polynomials occur in the work of Linne and most
of the older writers after 1758, and have been accepted as valid
without demur. Even D'Orbigny as late as 1853 indulged in at
least one. While we may regard them as awkward and objection-
able, they are not incompatible with the Linnean nomenclature, and
have never been so considered.
The polynomials of Martini and Chemnitz, on the other hand, are
simply descriptive phrases or brief sentences ; the dwindled rem-
nants of the earlier " nomen triv iale " of pre-Linnean authors, and do
not come under the same class as those above cited from Linne and
Bolten. In short, with access to the book and a little comparison,
Dr. Pilsbry could soon satisfy himself that, on the score of regular
nomenclature, there can be no possible objection to Bolten.
WM. H. DALL.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XYni. DECEMBER, 1904. No. 8.
NEW FORMS OF POLYGYRA FROM ALABAMA.
BY GEORGE H. OLA IT.
Polygyra (Stenotrenia^ barb at a n. sp.
At first glance this species would be readily taken for P. stenn-
tremn and as it may exist in some collections under that name it can
best be described by comparison with that well-known and widely
distributed species.
Viewed from above, the difference is at once apparent, as barbata
has stiff' hairs about -£ mm. in length which are widely spaced, and
the diagonal series cross the lines of growth at nearly a right angle.
The upper half of the outer lip is well reflected, not appressed as in
stenotrema and there is a distinct constriction back of it. From below
the difference is still more striking, a^ the width of the mouth in barbata
is tally double that ot s/enotrema ; in barbata the width, measured
from the top of the tooth to the edge of the lip just below the notch,
is 1 mm., while in a stenotrema of the same size it is only about ^ mm.
The lamellif'orm tooth is more sinuous and less massive. The flat-
tened upper lip, which is markedly concave, has a well pronounced
tooth just opposite the upper end of the abruptly truncated parietal
tooth. The " fulcrum," which is plainly visible through the shell, is
the most pronounced feature, as it is 3 mm. in length, extending from
the axis fully half way across the body-whorl. Embryonic, whorls
polished and obsolete!}' ribbed, while in stenulreitta they are granida-
86 THE NAUTILUS.
ted. The granulated embryonic whorls of Stenotrema and its allies,
would seem to make the section Stenotrema of at least subgeneric
value, although the almost smooth apex of barbata indicates that
there is some variation in the group. The young of barbata are
umbilicate. In size there is a wide variation in this species but in
all other particulars the characters are absolutely constant.
Greater diam. 11, lesser 10, altitude 7 mm.
Greater diam. 10, lesser 9, altitude 6J? mm.
Greater diam. 8, lesser 7^, altitude 5^ mm.
The average diameter is 9 to 10 mm. Whorls about o^.
Types from the flood-plain of the Tallapoosa River near the Mont-
gomery Road about five miles southeast, of Wetumpka, Ala., in col-
lections of Geo. II. Clapp and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
This most interesting species was first found by Mr. Herbert II.
Smith in November, 1903, and he reports it scarce and apparently
very local.
On Poole's Island in the Coosa River just below the Georgia line,
in Alabama, Mr. Smith found a smaller form of barbata which
differs slightly in the mouth being still wider and the lip notch
weaker. It averages from 8 to 9 mm. diam.
Polygyra. Stenotrema seminuda n. var.
In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900,
page 129, Dr. Pilsbry defines P. Stenotrema vnr. nuda as follows:
" Surface without hairs or their scars ; other characters of typical
Stenotrema."
Among the shells collected by Mr. Herbert H. Smith in Central
Alabama is a variety of Stenotrema which differs from nuda in having
very short, widely spaced hairs, in other particulars agreeing with
var. nuda. As it appears to be a " connecting link," I have called
it var. seminuda. In size it varies from 5| x 8 to 7 x 10 mm., the
average diameter being 9 to 9^ mrn.; color from greenish- white, al-
most albino, to dark reddish-brown. Types from Bangor, 4 miles
north of Blount Springs, Blount Co., Ala., in coll. G. H. C. and A.
N. S. P.
Mr. Smith has sent in three or four apparently well-marked varie-
ties of Stenotrema, but it will be well to await the conclusion of hi-;
work before attempting to define these local race.-'.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
NEW SPECIES OF BUCCINUM FKOM THE KURIL ISLANDS.
BY II. A. PILSBRY.
Buccinum inclitum n. sp.
Shell ovate-pyramidal, solid, cream-colored with a few incon-
spicuous reildish-brovvn stains. Tlie spire is straightly j)yrami«Uil,
the apex small, the first whorl wanting in the type specimen. 8
whorls remain; they are very convex and separated by deep, chan-
nelled sutures. Below the suture the flattened, sloping surface is
sculptured with four or five spiral cords. These are followed by
three very strong spiral ribs, separated by deep striate intervals.
On the last whorl there are four large ribs, grouped near the
periphery, which is formed by the second rib ; below them the base
has about & gradually decreasing spiral cords, with one to three
smaller cords and threads in each interval, exclusive of those on the
convex, si phonal fascicle. Over the whole of this sculpture there is
a very fine spiral striation, and the upper slope of the whorls has
small radial waves, making the ribs slightly nodose. The aperture
is tinted with pale yellow on both lips, the outer lip being somewhat
expanded, and posteriorly flaring. The anterior canal is short and
wide.
Length 82, diam. 46 mm.
Etoro, Chishima [Kuril Is.]. Type is no. 88768 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 1704 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This noble and beautiful species is somewhat related to B. leuco-
stoma and B. martensianum, but it is much more strongly sculptured
than either. B. carinatnm Dkr. is also related, but it differs by the
small number of spiral keels.
Buccinum chishimanum n. sp.
Shell ovate, rather thin but moderately solid, yellowish olive-
green, the principal spiral ribs typically red-brown with light spots.
Spire slate-blue or ashy-purple. Whorls 6, the apex slightly
mamillar and smooth, the last whorl ventricose, sculptured with
numerous very unequal .spiral cords and threads, the larger cords
widely spaced on the upper half, more numerous below. Over all
there is a microscopic sculpture of distinct, fine and close fold-like
growth-stria^, and very fine, subobsolete spiral strife. The suture is
bordered with weak folds, sometimes stronger and tubercular. The
8.8 THK NAUTILUS.
aperture is half-round, glossy, dark chestnut-brown inside, the
bevelled and slightly expanded lip cream-white. The basal notch is
rather wide and not very deep.
Length 31, diam. 20 mm.
Etoro, Chishima (Kuril Is.), types no 87757 A. N. 8. P., from
no. 1597« of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This whelk seems to be related to the smaller, thinner and
smoother B. morchianum (Fischer), but the two are quite distinct.
In some specimens the coarser spirals are all low, subequal and
almost evenly distributed over the surface. As usual in Buccinum,
the coarser sculpture is variable. Some specimens lack the thin,
greenish cuticle, being dull, creamy-ashen, like many arctic shells.
There is always a livid or purplish worn spot in front of the aper-
ture.
ON THE NORTHERNMOST HABITAT OF LIGUTIS FASCIATUS ON THE
FLORIDA EAST COAST.
BY CLARENCE H. MOORE.
These snails at the present writing (1904), live in great abund-
ance at Miami, Dade Co., Florida. They were found by me in
small numbers at Arch Creek, about nine miles north of Miami.
Going northward I found them, here and there, along the banks of
New River, below Ft. Lauderdale about 24 miles, in a straight line,
north of Miami.
North of this point inquiries were made along the banks of the
canal where " hammock " land (such as Liguus requires) is often in
sight, but in no case had the snails been seen by the inhabitants.
At Boca Raton, Dade Co., the hammock is not large, and much
undergrowth has been burned recently. We saw no living Liguus,
nor any of their shells on the ground. Glandina was present and
various shells of other kinds.
Occasionally among the Keys, south and east of the peninsula, the
statement was made to me by persons I met, that occasional snails of
this species had been seen by them as far north as Lake Worth.
A number of inhabitants living about six miles south of Lake
Worth had never seen the snails. Around the southern end of Lake
Worth there is much fine hammock, where the vegetation seemed
expressly made for Liguus, but a careful search made by my party
THK NAUTILUS. 89
yielded no evidence of these snails on the trees or of their shells on
the ground. Glandina and many smaller snail shells were found.
When I reached Palm Beach, on Lake Worth, I called on a
dealer in shells, who told me he had sold many Li<juus from Miami,
but had (bund none around Lake Worth. He said he had placed a
number of snails from Miami around Lake Worth, in the hammock,
but the snails died.
At present, therefore, New River is apparently the northern limit
of Li gnus on the East Coast; and satisfactory evidence is lacking that
it ever extended further north.
NEW LAND SNAILS FROM NORTH CAROLINA,
BY II. A. 1MI.SBRV.
Pulygyra appressu (ryoniana n. sub.-p.
The shell is imperforate, similar in shape to P. appressa; rather
dark greenish-brown ; very glossy. Sculpture on the last 4 whorls
of regular, tine, curved riblets, which are slightly narrower than
their intervals, and fine engraved spiral lines, more prominent in the
intervals than on the ribs. The first (embryonic) 1-^ whorls are
densely sculptured to the apex with obliquely radial stria?, followed
by a small fraction of a whorl with coarser, irregular striae before the
riblets set in. Spire convexly conic. Whorls 5^ to 5|, slowly in-
creasing, the last somewhat angular at the periphery in front. The
suture descends slightly to the aperture. The aperture is very
oblique, somewhat " dished." The peristome is very wide, strongly
thickened within, contracting the aperture, and broadly, flatly re-
flexed ; white, with a fleshy outer border in all but old shells. The
back of the lip is bright yellow, this color spreading to form a tri-
angular spot at the suture. A stout, strongly curved parietal tooth
stands on the parietal wall.
Alt. 11, diam. 17.5 mm.
Alt. lO.o, diam. 17 mm.
Tryon, Polk Co., North Carolina. Types no 88769 A. N. S. P.,
collected by H. A. Green.
This form resembles P. appressa periyrapta in sculpture and
shape, although a little less depressed than that form. It differs in
the wider peristome, which contracts the aperture more, and in the
90 THE NAUTILUS.
basal lip, which lacks the long tooth of appressa and perigrapta, or
has only the slightest vestige of it. P. a. tryoniana differs from P.
wheatleyi in the more depressed body-whorl with a tendency to angu-
lation, the larger parietal tooth and especially in the sculpture. P.
wheatleyi has small sharp raised points scattered over the upper sur-
face and in the more delicate specimens upon the base also, and
while some spiral lines may be seen on the base in some specimens,
they are very weakly developed. In P. tryoniana there is no trace
of hair-bases or points, the sculpture being like that of P. appressa
perigrapta.
Polygyra wheatleyi clingmanica n. subsp.
Shell small, thin and fragile, somewhat transparent, pale. The
glossy surface is set throughout (except near the apex) with short
delicate hairs, readily removed and often in large part lost from old
or cleaned shells. The rib-stria? of the typical form are much weak-
ened or nearly effaced. Lip narrow, no parietal tooth. Alt. 8.7
diam., 13 mm.
Near the summit of Clingman Dome, Great Smoky Mountains.
Types no. 77616 A. N. S. P., collected by Messrs. Ferriss, Clapp,
Walker, Sargent and the author, 1899.
This form was noticed by me, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 127.
It seems sufficiently differentiated from the typical form of wheatleyi
from Cherokee Co., N. C., from the more solid form prevalent in
the Great Smoky Mts., generally, and from the form of Roan Mt.,
to require a special name. It was found from the summit of Cling-
man Dome to our camp at the " Balsams," near the western end of
the mountain. Lower down, the ordinary P. wheatleyi replaces it.
It is analogous to P. andrewsse altivaga.
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS IN COLORADO.
BY T. D. A: COCKERELL.
To-day, October 25, 1904, "I was surprised to find Agriolimqx
in abundance in a vacant lot in the town of Boulder, Colo-
rado. This is the first indication of the establishment of this slug in
the Rocky Mountain region. The specimens are much darker than
thoj-e one ordinarily finds in England, and those I collected are re-
ferable to the following mutations:
THE NAUTILUS. 1)1
(1.) Mut. rufesceits, Duniont and Mortillet. Reddish, without
any distinct spots or lines. Sixteen specimens.
(2.) Mut. brunneus, Taylor. Very dark-brown; one or two are
so nearly black that they could be taken for mut. niyer, Morelet.
Eight specimens.
(3.) Mut. semirufus, nov. Head and mantle rufous ; body poster-
ior to mantle almost black. Two specimens. This indicates that
the coloration of the head and mantle, and that of the body, may be
separately inherited, though more frequently the color of the animal
above is uniform.
The common English forms pallida Schrenk, and retfculata
Miiller, are absent.
MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA IN PENNSYLVANIA.
BY CHAS. H. CONNER.
A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of receiving a few specimens
of Margaritana margari.tif era Linnseus, which were taken trom Still
Creek, near Quakake, Schuylkill Co., Pa. As I believe this species
of fresh-water mussels has not been reported living in Pennsyl-
vania, I send you this note.
Mr. Frank M. Ebert who kindly forwarded the specimens to me,
states that they are found in the several streams of the vicinity. He
and others have taken a great quantity of pearls of all sizes and
grades from them. Though Mr. Ebert. has collected the species for
some time, he informs me that he has never found a gravid specimen.
The foot and gills of the specimens examined are brownish, the
rest of the body being white.
NOTES AND NEWS.
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS, JOHNS. (FASCIATUS Nn.ss., pars).—
Last June I found this European slug in abundance on Goat Island,
Niagara Falls, N. Y. It appears to be an addition to the fauna of
New York, but Dr. N. L. Britton. to whom I mentioned the occur-
rence, said he was sure lie had heard some report of it. The speci-
mens were of the usual grey color, with narrow bands and a slight
keel. In 1887 I searched the same locality, but at that time the
Arion was apparently absent. — T. D. A. COCKEKELL.
92 THE NAUTILUS.
ALBINO POLYGYKA MONODON AND P. HIRSI:TA — I am sending
the white (albino) form of Polyyijra monodon. which I have found
this season near Des Moines, Iowa. This while form is associated
with the ordinary brown ones, but I never find P. monodon near P.
monodon fruterntt. P. m. fruterna and P. hirsnta I find associated.
I also have a few white P. hirsuta. — T. VAN HYNING.
GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA DISCOIDEA IN
INDIANA — I send you to-day specimens from Charlestown Landing
and Mt. Vernon of P. tridentata discoidea Pils. It seems that this
variety extends across the whole width of the State, for Charlestown
Landing is 50 miles above Louisville, Connelton, the original locality
of the variety, is 75 miles below, and Mt. Vernon is but a little way
above the Illinois line, where the Wabash river joins the Ohio. At
all of these places the variety occurs on the immediate banks of the
Ohio river, but when you go back into the country you get the
typical triden'atu — L. E. DANIELS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
PHYLOGENY OF Fuses AND ITS ALLIES. By Amadeus W.
Grabau (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection [no. 1417] part of
Vol. XLIV, 1904).
This work represents a great amount of investigation and careful
study. A pupil of the late Professor Hyatt, the author has applied
the principles of development, parallelism and acceleration in de-
fining genetic boundaries. In this group the author considers the
protoconch and nepionic stages of the conch to be the most important,
although not always to be relied upon. Parallelism is constantly
cropping out, " but parallelism is no guide to affinity, and hence grave
mistakes in classification are made, unless this fact is borne in mind.
Parallelism is much more potent in the later stages of development
than in the earlier ones, although it is by no means unknown in
these latter." This and the following quotation briefly define the
author's views :
" The Fusidrc as a group are highly accelerated, and near the
acme of development. Primitive types are uncommon, except in
the eocene and even there regressive species appear. The majority
of species have attained the acme of development for the group, many
THE NAUTILUS. 93
of them reaching it while still young. * * Ft/siis m/iis, the type
of the genus, is itself a regressively accelerated type, in which the
characteristic acmatic features have nearly disappeared in the adult.
Excessive degradational acceleration is seen in ('t/rtx/t/s, Clavilithes
and similar genera."
In the eocene of the Gulf States there is a group of shells having
the form of a true Fusus but with a protocoiich similar to many
suHfies usually referred to Pleurotoma. For such shells the new
I ti
genus Fahifnsus is proposed. Type : Fusus meyeri Aldrich
(not Dunker). 1 beg to differ with the author in using F. meyeri,
Aldr. Fusus meyeri, being preoccupied, becomes a synonym and re-
mains a synonym ; the name of F. ottonis Aldr. proposed in its stead
should be adopted.
For two forms (Fusus quercollis and F. rugatus) from the lower
eocene of Alabama, the name of Fulyurojnsus is proposed. The
protoconch is Fulguroid. The new .generic name of Heilprinin is
"•iven to a number of recent and late tertiary fusoid shells from the
O *
Antillean region and Florida. " They differ from Fusus in the very
remarkable, strongly accelerated protoconch, which is throughout its
greater portion crossed by riblets." Type : Fttsus caloosaeiisis
Heilp.
Under the head of Phylogerontic Fusidre is placed the peculiar
Cyrtulus serotinus Hinds. Its genetic relation to Clavilithes is dis-
puted ; in its young stages it is a typical Fusus, but in the adult the
whorls become thick and loosely wrapped about one another ; this
type of structure is designated as Melongenoid. To the eocene
forms which most closely resemble Uyrtulus, the new generic name
of Ctacellofusus is given. " Genotype : GlaveUofusus spiratus sp.
nov." Under this genus are described three new species from the
Paris Basin, forms which are considered by most authors to be only
variations of the variable ClavililheS longsevus Lam. The author
seems to have had very few specimens showing the protoconch on
which to base such novel conclusions. Under the genus Cluvi-
lithes several new species are described, including C. solanderi, based
on the Murex longsevtis Solander (in part) and including specimens
figured by Sowerby. (Mineral Conch. I, 141, tab. 63, f. 1, 1812).
It may be of interest to know that this identical specimen is in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. It was
presented to the Academy by Dr. Thos. B. Wilson, who purchased it
94 THE NAUTILUS.
in Europe ninny years ago, together with several others illustrated in
the same work.
For another new genus derived in part from the genus GlaviHthes
of authors, the name of Rhoprtlith.es is proposed (•' Genotype : Fusus
no<z Lamarck "), while three new species have been found in the
gleanings from the Paris Basin. The generic name of Cosmolithes
is proposed for fttstts uniplicatus Lam.
It is not easy to define the true position of many of the genera.
Whether a Pleurotomoid or a Fulguroid protoconch should remove a
shell in every other respect a Ftisus, from the family, or what posi-
tion a shell with the protoconch of a Fiisus, but with the form of a
Henrifusus, should occupy, the author has not always clearly defined.
A table of genera showing their relative position to allied forms
would have been very useful and would more readily convey to stu-
dents the author's conclusions.
The work contains 192 pages, including 18 plates. The two plates
of protoconchs are exceedingly fine, but the half-tone plates could be
improved upon. — C. W. J.
STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. Part VIII. By C.
Hedley. With a Note on Terebra Hedleyi Tate. By Edgar A.
Smith (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. AVales, Pt. 1, 1904, pp. 182-212,
plates 8-10). The author has again brought forward some changes
in nomenclature that should be adopted. The Strombus urceus
Linn. == S. Jtoridus Lam. The species commonly known as S.
urceus L. is rightly S. ustuhitus Schumacher. Acmsea octoradiata
Hutton 1873, should be used in place of A. saccharina Linn., var.
perplexa Pilsbry, as suggested by Dr. Pilsbry. A new genus Stiva
and 14 new species are described. Linta sydneyensis is proposed in
place of L. brunnea Hedley not Cook. — C. W. J.
NOTES ON THE GENUS SONOKELLA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES. By Paul Bartsch. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, vol. 47, part 2, Oct. 10, 1904.) This study deals \\itli
a group of Southwestern Helices, nearly all of which have been de-
scribed since 1890 ; and the foundation of the genus dates only from
1901. To the anatomical characteristics already known, Mr.
Bartsch adds a very useful conchological generic character, dis-
tinguishing t.ie, genus from Epiphragmophora : the shell of Sonorella
THE NAUTILUS. '.'.")
never has incised spiral lines. The species are shown to fall into
groups according to the sculpture of the embryonic shell ; the char-
acters and distribution of all of them are discussed more or less fully,
and the following new forms are described : S. a&hmuni, -S. dull!, N.
b'tileyi, S. buileyi orcutti, S. fisheri from the United States, and S.
nelsoni, S. yoldinani, S. merrill), S. mearnsi from adjacent, slates of
Mexico. Six plates of illustrations represent all of the known
species and typical examples of the apices ; all being reproduced
from photographs.
There will probably be some difference of opinion about the rank
given to the several forms described as species ; but whether they be
ultimately ranked as species or subspecies, Mr. Bartsch's careful
work in discriminating the numerous forms gives the paper a high
value. It ought to be mentioned that the use made of Hyatt's terms
of growth is almost throughout erroneous; but as this is in the
present case a mere question of descriptive terms, it does not
seriously detract from the value of the essay. — H. A. P.
A NEW SPECIES OF AMPIIIDROMUS. By Paul Bartsoh (Smiths.
Misc. Col., vol. 47, pp. 292-3). A. gossi, from Mount, Kin Baloo,
North Borneo, is described and figured. It is probably a color-form
of A. pictus Fult., also described from Mt. Kina Balu, and a very
variable species, as the specimens I have seen demonstrate.—
H. A. P.
WEST AMERICAN SHELLS. By Josiah Keep, A. M. San Fran-
cisco, 1904. Pp. 360, 304 figs. Twenty-three years ago Professor
Keep published a modest little book, " Common Sea-shells of Cali-
fornia." This was the first successful attempt to popularize the
study of American mollusks. It was followed in 1887 by a more
extended book, " West Coast Shells," which also met with a cordial
welcome from advanced students and beginners in nature study
alike.
The edition of this book being exhausted, Professor Keep has pre-
pared a more extended work including descriptions and figures of
many more species, and a list of West Coast and Rocky Mountain
Mollusca. The descriptions are simply worded, and being supple-
mented by several hundred figures in the text, enable the western
student to identify and learn something of nearly all the shells likely
90 THE NAUTILUS.
to be encountered in ordinary shore collecting, or dredging in mod-
erate depths. Lovers of shells everywhere, even those not interested
in Pacific shells, will delight in the simple and direct English of the
book, and will find their knowledge of mollusk-life broadened by it.
There is a contagious enthusiasm in its pages.
So much good must be said of Professor Keep's book that we
hesitate to mention any defects. On p. 152, Physa k< columbel/a" is
a misprint for P. co/iimbiana, and Aplcxa is misspelled. Fig. 136,
on p. 154, is apparently Planorbis binneyi. Ancylus subrotundus is
a species of Lanx. Fig. 103, on p. 123, is Oreohelix haydeni, not
strigosa. The species striatella and cockerelli. are not Oreohelices.
Figs. 119 are not Ashmunella levetlei. Various other errors occur
among the land shells. There are many wrong authorities given for
specific names, and the list at the end contains a great many errors
and entries of the same species under two or three names which
might have been avoided by submitting it to specialists on Molluscan
nomenclature. Such a check, to pick up loose ends, is necessary in
a work covering so wide a field, for part of which the author must
rely on published data of various periods and various degrees of per-
fection. Fortunately many of the errors occur in the list, rather than
in the main text of the work, which aside from these defects deserves
all the praise we have given it. — H. A. P.
THE C'fl'RJEJE OF THE PERSIAN GuLF, GuLF OF OMAN, AND
NORTH ARABIAN SEA. By Jas. Cosmo Melvill and Robert
Standen. (Jour, of Conch. XI, pp. 117-122, Oct., 1904.) About
35 species and varieties are recorded, including the following new
varieties : Cypraea caurica L. var. cairnsiana nov. •' This variety
which we dedicate to Mr. Robert Cairns * * * is precisely to the
typical form of caurica what coloba Melvill ( = = greegori Ford) is to
cruent.a." O. ocellata L. " var. pelidna, a pale, pinkish-livid or grey
shell, from Karachi, is most peculiar and remarkable; In form and
marking it is as the type ; the basal lineations are faint, but normal.
The color, however, shows no trace of brown." O. piilcheUa Sowb.
var. '• pericalles nov. Shell uniformly smaller (32 mm.), very
polished, in form like the type, dorsal markings similar, and as
variable, with occasional dark sepia blotches, more or less distributed
in various examples, * * * Kiener figures the var. pericalles
(Genre Porcelaine pi. xxiii, f. 2a), mentioning it as the young form
(p. 26). Our specimens, twelve or more in number, are, however,
mostly adult, exhibiting a dwarf race of this very beautiful and still
uncommon species." — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII
PLATE VII
WAGNER: FOSSIL UN1O CRASSIDENS FROM WISCONSIN.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVIII. JANUARY, 19O5. No. 9.
ON AN INTERESTING FOSSIL UNIO FROM WISCONSIN.
BY GEORGE WAGNER.
A little over a year ago Mrs. George Marston, of Quincy, Illinois,
presented to the University of Wisconsin the mollusca brought to-
gether by her late husband, an arderxt and an able collector of our
Wisconsin forms. The collection was placed in my hands for ar-
rangement. In looking it over I was immediately attracted by a
single somewhat broken valve of a Unio, evidently fossilized, and
the only fossil form in the collection.
Mrs. Marston had very kindly, and very wisely, sent with the col-
lection all of her husband's correspondence relating to it. In look-
ing over the letters I came across a copy of one written by Mr.
Marston, and containing the necessary locality data for this shell.
According to this letter the .>hell was found about 1889 in the
city of Green Bay, Wisconsin, during excavations for the city water-
works reservoir. It came from a depth of about fifteen feet below
the surface, and presumably from the till.
i: As Mr. Marston well knew, the shell is wholly unlike any Unionid
now found in Wisconsin. It is a left valve, quite heavy but very
brittle. When found, the outer surface still retained most of the
epidermis, but this has almost entirely disappeared. The height is
70 mm., the breadth of the single valve approximately 22 mm.
The shell when complete was very evidently smooth, with a rather
elliptical .outline. The' wall is thick but thins down cmisidiM-aMy
98 TIIK NAUTH,L>.
toward the posterior end. Anterior margin incrassate. Posterior
dorsal curve regular and strong. Posterior umbonal slope flattened,,
and separated by a decided angle from the lateral slope. There are
some traces of waviness on this posterior slope. The umboms are
not very prominent and but very slightly incurved ; the ligament
long and heavy. The cardinal teeth, though much weathered, were
evidently short and heavy, the lateral teeth long and nearly straight.
The anterior adductor cicatrix is large and deep, strongly pitted ; the
protraclor impression triangular. The pallia! cicatrix is very deep,
( and crenulate. Only a small portion of the posterior cicatrix re-
mains.
On comparing the valve with the Unios in our collection, I am
forced to the conclusion that we have here a specimen of Um'o crctssi-
dens Lam. I am further strengthened in this belief on comparing-
the specimen with the figures and description of U. crassiilens by
Call (a study of the Unionidae of Arkansas, etc. — Trans. Ac~
Sciences, St. Louis, Vol. VII, pp. l-f>.~>, plates I-XXI). Finally I
have compared it with two specimens of U. crassidens. one from the
Ohio river, the other from southern Michigan, which were kindly
sent to me for this purpose by Dr. W. S. Strode, of Lewistown, Illi-
nois. It may be that further material will force us to recognize it
as a separate variety, but I do not think it probable.
Now let us consider the present distribution of U. crassidens^
According to Call (/. c.) it is abundant in the Cumberland river of
Tennessee as well as in other rivers of that State. It occurs-
abundantly also in the Coosa and the Alabama, in the Tombigbee,
and southeast to the Chattahoochee (Simpson, Synopsis of the
Naiades, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII, pp. 501-1044). It
also occurs in the Mississippi and its eastern tributaries as far north
as the forty-second parallel ; or, in general, to northern Illinois and
southern Michigan. It does not occur within the Basin of the Great
Lakes, neither has it ever been found in any stream west of the
Mississippi so far as I know. We must look upon it then as essenti-
ally a southeastern form, with its center of distribution lying prob-
ably somewhere in the rivers of Tennessee.
We are thus confronted with the problem of its occurrence, in
fossil form at Green Bay, in the St. Lawrence Basin. It is because
this involves an interesting point in the causes affecting present
geographical distribution, that this note is written.
1I1K NAUTJ1.LS. '.''I
One of the marked topographic features of Wisconsin is a long
diagonal valley extending from Green Bay, and really as a Continua-
tion of tlie l>asin of this bay, toward the southwest. It follows the
Juis'm of Lake Whincbago and the course of the Fox river. In the
neighborhood of Portage it overrides the water-shed, and is con-
tinued in the valleys of the Wisconsin and the Rock. At Portage
the Fox and the Wisconsin are less than two miles apart, and in
Spring become confluent, the upper Wisconsin contributing largely
toward the floods of the Fox (Irving, Geology of Wisconsin, Vol.
II, pp. 418, 419).
.Now, according to Irving (1. c. p. 426), it is very probable that
in preglacial times the entire area of the Fox river drainage, includ-
ing the basin of the Wolf, far north of Green Bay, was drained by
the Wisconsin, or a stream occupying approximately its bed. Given
this former unity of the Fox and the Wisconsin drainage, the oc-
currence of a Mississippi form as a fossil in Green Bay is made clear,
even though this form be now a southern one. For it must be re-
membered here that southern forms in general had a decidedly more
northern distribution before the Pleistocene, and especially before the
Pliocene.
How as to its disappearance? We know that during tlie Pleisto-
cene the northern part of our hemisphere became ice-coated nearly
as far south as the Ohio river. One of the lobes of this great ice
mass entered this very same Green Bay— -Wisconsin Valley — and
plowed through it nearly its entire length.
It is evident that this enormous ice mass swept everything living
before it, or buried it beneath, and Unio crassidens had to go with
the rest.
When the ice finally receded the conditions were so changed as
to forbid the establishment of previous faunal conditions. In the
first place, the drainage of the Fox was now separated from that of
the Wisconsin. But more important, the climate of this region had
become so much colder that many of the former inhabitants, U.
crassidens among them, seem not to have been robust enough to re-
gain even such part of their former territory, to which the waterway
was freely open. Finally alteration in tension between various
species probably also contributed to the same general result.
It is highly desirable that the Unionids, as well as other mollusca
found on both sides of the divide between the Mississippi and St.
100 THE NAUTILI'S.
Lawrence Basins be much more completely studied, especially in
regions where the divide is narrow. Together with tin's we need to
obtain and study the fossil forms of the Tertiary and Pleistocene.
Thus and thus only can we get a much more accurate and detailed
knowledge of the effect of the Glacial Period on the distribution of
animals.
Plate VH. External and internal views of fossil Utrio crassidens
from Green Bay.
University of Wisconsin, Zoological Laboratory, November 29, 1904-
ON THE SPECIES OF MARTESIA OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Three species of the genus Martesia are found on the eastern coast
of ,the United States. They are more abundant south of Cape
Hatteras, becoming less common or rare to the northward. Like
most burrowing shells they are subject to considerable variation.
There is also a great difference in appearance between the young
and adult shell, the large anterior gape of the young being closed in
the adult by a calcareous deposit called the " callum " attached to
either valve and extending to the middle or lower edge of the valve.
The shell has a large protoplax and a narrow elongated metaplax
and hypoplax ; mesoplax and siphonoplax wanting; valves with a
single radial sulcus. The species can readily be distinguished by the
form of the protoplax, which though showing slight variation, prob-
ably due to a favorable or unfavorable -situs, is quite constant in its
general character.
MARTESIA STRIATA (Linn.). Fig. 1.
Pholas striata Linn., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. 1111, 1767.
Pholas pitsilla Linn., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. 1111, 1767.
Pholas nana Pultney, Dorset. Cat. p. 27, 1799.
Pholas falcata Wood, Gen. Conch, t. 16, f. 5-7, 1815.
Pholas clavata, Lam., Anim. s. Vert. V, p. 446, 1818.
Pholas conoiffes Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 457, 1825.
Pholas Hornbeckii Orb., Historia Fis. Polit. y Nat. de la isla de
TIIK NAUTILUS. 1011
Cuba, Moluscos, p. 282, pi. 25, f. -23-25 (1845); and in tlie French
edition, p. 217, pi. 25, figs. 23-25, 1853.
Pliolas semicostata H. C. Lea, Proe. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist. I, 204,
1844; Boston, Jour. Nat, Hist. V, p. 285, pi. 24, f. 1, 1845.
Pholas terediniformis Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, pi 161.
Pholas Beauiana Recluz, Jour. Conch. IV, p. 41), pi. 2, f. 1-3,
1853.
Pholas corticaria Sowerby, Thes. Condi. II. 495, pi. 108, f. 94-
96, 1855.
Martesia striata Tryon, Mon. Plmhidacea, p. 92, 1862.
Mnrtfsia corticaria, Tryon, Mon. Pholadacea, p. 92, 1862.
Shell narrowly wedge-shaped, thin, anterior truncated, cordate,
with sinuous elevated crenulated ridges, showing slight radial sculp-
ture anteriorly ; radial sulcus slight; the posterior portion marked
only by somewhat irregular concentric undulations or growth lines;
callum smooth, and angulate at the line of attachment ; the protoplax
normally three-lobed, those of the sides sometimes wanting in the
smaller specimens, giving the protoplax a " halberd-shaped " appear-
ance as shown in the figure of P. corticaria Sowb. Length, 8-23 mm.
Distribution, South Carolina, Florida and the West Indies,
Europe, Japan (Dunker), Philippines (Cuming). It was described
by Linnaeus from southern Europe, while to the West Indian shell
he gave the name of P. pit sill a. The slight radial sulcus and angular
margin of the " callum " of P. semicostata H. C. Lea, shows that it
is undoubtedly a synonym of this species. P. terediniformis and P.
falcata, as stated by Tryon, are only the young of this species. P.
Hornbeckii Orb., also comes under this category. The type of P,
corticaria was found in a piece of" cast-up mahogany.
Through the kindness of Mr. J. J. White, of Rockledge, Florida,
I received an interesting series varying in size from 8-21 mm. long.
They were collected at Oceamis, Florida. These specimens were
also found in drift-wood, a feature which undoubtedly accounts for
the wide distribution of this species.
MARTESIA CUNEIFORMIS (Say). Fig. 2.
Pholas cuneiformis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. II, p. 322, 1822.
Martesia cuneiformis Tryon, Mon. Pholadacea, p. 91, 1862.
Shell broadly wedge-shaped, anteriorly truncate, cordate; with
broad sinuo^e crenulated ridges, the anterior crenulations forming
102
THE NAUTILUS.
radial costae ; near the deep radial sulcus (lie crenulations are want-
ing, and beyond the sulcus are merely concentric undulations or
growth lines, callum smooth, line of attachment rounded, cordate ;
protoplax arrow-shaped with a medial depression and oblique stri*.
Length, H-18.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 3.
Connecticut to the West Indies. Near New Haven, Ct., in oyster
shells (Perkins); Holly Beach, N. J. (Ford); Oceanus, Fla. (White),
and found by the writer at St. Augustine.
Subgenus DIPLOTHYRA Try on, 1862.
The protoplax and also the metaplax are bordered by an elevated
callous margin ; in the former case obliterating the deep depression in
front of the umbones. Metaplax and hypoplax divaricating. Tryon
considered the sculptured and smooth portions of the protoplax as a
"double accessory valve," and on that character founded the genus
Diplothyra. The above characters seem to separate it subgenerically
from the typical Martesia.
MARTESIA (DIPLOTHYRA) CARIB^EA (Orbigny). Fig. 3.
Pholas caribata Orb., Historia, etc., p. 281, pi. 25, f. 20-21, 1845.
French edition, p. 211, t. 25, f. 20-21, 1853.
Diplothyra Smithii Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 450;
Mon. Pholadacea, etc., p. 126, pi. — , f. 2, 1862.
Shell broadly wedge-shaped, inflated anteriorly and tapering ab-
ruptly towards the posterior; the anterior half with fine wavy lines
forming slight radial costoe, radial sulcus (yuite prominent, posterior
half marked only by small concentric undulations and growth lines;
I UK N A L I I I. La. 103
the form of the protoplax is variable and the sculptured portion often
very irregular or obsolete; callum round and tumid. Length, 9-17 mm.
New York to Florida, Cuba and Texas. Tottenville, Staten Is-
land, burrowing in oyster shells (Tryon).
Although the figure given by d'Orbigny lacks the protoplax, the
raised callus border surrounding it is clearly defined, while his de-
scription of the protoplax — " Ovato-oblonga, antice producta, acuta
uncinata, postice dilatata angulata," agrees with what has been con-
sidered D. smilhii. During my residence at St. Augustine (1880-87),
I found a large number of fine specimens in a piece of soft artificial
limestone off the water battery of Fort Marion. In my list of the
shells of St. Augustine (THE NAUTILUS IV, 4) I confused this with
M. cuneiformis. This species has only been recorded from shells
and limestone while M. striatiis and cu»eiforwis are more frequently
found in wood. Its occurrence as far north as New York is prob-
ably accidental.
NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SNAILS USUALLY CALLED PUPA.
BY T. D. A. COCKEKELL.
Since it appears that the name Pupa is not applicable to the snails
usually known as Pupa muscorum, blandi, etc., it becomes necessary
to determine what generic name they are entitled to. Mr. B. B.
Woodward has placed them in Jaminia, Risso, 1826, of which he
regards Pupilla, Leach, as a synonym. A study of Dr. DalPs paper
in NAUTILUS, 1904. p. 114. convinced me that this conclusion was
not unassailable, and with the help of additional information very
kindly supplied by Dr. Ball, 1 have decided to my own satisfaction
in favor of Pupil/a. The argument is as follows :
1. Jaminia, Risso, 1826, contained species afterwards referred to
Alaa (1830), Abida (1831), Pupilla (1831), Encore (1837), and
Sphyradium (1837). The first species is minutissima Hartmann, but
this does not agree with the generic diagnosis. The only figured
species is an Abida, or Eucore.
2. Altza, Jeffreys, 1830, contained among other things cdentula,
Braparnaud (now referred to Sphyradium) and minutissima, Hart-
mann. The latter is taken as the type by Dr. Ball (t. c., p. 115).
Conchologically, minutissima has the characters of Sphyradium, and
not at all those of Vertigo, Pupilla, etc. Its reference to Sphyradium
104 run N A UTII.KS.
sliould be fortified \>y an examination of the jaw and lingual mem-,
brane, lint for my own part, 1 am satisfied that it belongs there. If
this is confirmed, Alsea takes the place of Sphyradium, Agassiz, 1837.
3. Abida, Leach in Turton, 1831, has for its sole example and:
therefore type Pupa secale. Encore, Agassiz in Charpentier, 1837,
was proposed for P. tridens and P. quadridens. I do not think these
can be regarded as different genera, but the characteristic European
group of " Pupa " secale, P. tridens, P. quadridens, etc., surely de-
serves to rank as a valid genus, separate from the circumpolar group
commonly known as Pupa, subg. Pupilla.
4. If Alsea == Sphyradium, and Encore = Abida, all the species of
Jamhiia were provided for by 1831. If Sphyradium is distinct from
Alsea, apparently the diagnosis of Jaminia prevents us from using
that name for Sph.yrudium.
5. Jaminia is therefore either Abida or Pupilla, both published in
the same \\oi k. Abida has in its favor the figured example ; Pupilla
has Mr. B. B. Woodward's decision. Apparently priority of place
should decide the matter.
6. Dr. Dall informs me that in Turton Pupilla umbilicata is on
p. 98, P. mar gin at a (our muscorum') on p. 99 ; Abida secale on p. 101
as a synonym of Vertigo secale (Draparnand) Turton. Hence Pupilla
was first removed, and Jaminia stands as the proper name for Abida,
with Eucore as a section.
7. I do not think the status of Pupilla is affected if we regard
umbilicata as its type, for I cannot imagine any one could place
umbilicata and muscorum in different genera:
8. Our forms of Pupilla stand thus :
Pupilla muscorum (Linne).
b. unidentata (C. Pfr.).
c. bigr.anata (Rossm.).
Papilla hebes (Ancey).
Pupilla blandi Morse.
b. sublubrica (Ancey).
c. obtusa (Ckll.).
d. alba (Ckll.).
Pupilla sonorana (Sterki).
. b. tenella (Sterki).
Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry).
b. dextroversa (Pils. & Van.).
Pufiilla sterkiiiua (Pilsbry).
TIIK NAUTILUS.
NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF PUPILLID.E.
BY U. A. 1'ILSKKV.
The receipt of an article from Professor Cockerell upon tliis sub-
ject, published in this number, causes me to insert here Mime notes
which had been prepared for a forthcoming paper upon the snails of
Arizona and New Mexico. The status of the name Pupa was dis-
cussed by Mr. B. B. Woodward (Journ. of Conch., Oct., 1903,3.58).
who did good work towards clearing the ground. Dall in this jour-
nal for February, '04, also went over the nomenclature correcting
some errors, but complicating the question by a few new ones. His
statement that " Risso's first species [of Jaminia] is Vertigo minu-
tissima Hartmann, which should properly have been placed in Sura-
phia" is not borne out by an examination of Risso's work, wherein
the species stand thus:
Risso's species.
Jaminia muscorum
J. maryinata
J. edentula
J. secale.
J. tridens
J. granum
J. sulculata
J. trilamiUata
J. heterostropha
J. quinquelamellata
J. septemrlentata
J. heptodonta
J. multidentata
J. niso
Equivalents in ordinary use. Modern genus.
Pupa muscorum L.
Pupa nmbilicata Drap.
Bulimus obscurus Miill.
Pupa secale Drap.
Bulimus tridens Brug.
Pupa granum Drap.
Undetermined
Undetermined
Bui. quadridens Miill.
Pupa cinerea
Pupa avenacea Brug.
Undetermined
Pupa polyodon Drap.
Bulimus niso Pfr.
Pupilla.
Jaminia.
Ena.
Abida.
Encore.
Abida.
Abida.
Abida.
Encore.
Abida.
Abida.
Abida ?
Abida.
Encore.
All of Risso's species of Jaminia that are recognizable belong to
the subsequent groups Ena 1831, Pupilla 1831, Abida 1831, Encore
1837, and Lauria 1840.
Now P. muscorum under the name maryinata was second of the two
species for which the name Pupilla was proposed in 1831 in Turton's
Manual, the other being P. umbilicata. The latter was removed in
1840 to Lauria, lea vino1 P. muscorum the type of Pupilla. There is
10B THE NAUTILUS.
nothing especially new about tliis conclusion, since it was readied by
Gray in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 176), and has been held by Pfeiffer, by
Von Martens (Die Hel. 18GO, p. 290), and nearly every one else.
There have been differences of opinion about the limits of ihe group
Pupflla, but never about its type. Among American writers, Morse
and Try on have used Pupillu as a generic name.
J\bida was next removed from Jaminia. This is the group com-
monly known as Tor quill a. Then in 1837 Encore was proposed for
the species tridens and quadridens (heterostropha Risso). These suc-
cessive eliminations leave only the group Latiria Gray, represented
by J. maryinata Risso (== Pupa umbilicata Drap.) to bear the name
Jaminia.*
From the foregoing it follows that the name Papilla will replace
Pupa, as Prof. Cockerell has held. The groups represented in
Jaminia Risso. will stand thus :
PUPILLA Lch. in Turton, for Pupa of authors.
JAMINIA Risso, restricted, for Lauria Gray.
ENA Leach in Turton, for Buliminus Auct.
ABIDA Leach in Turton, for TorquiUa Auct.
ETCORE Ag. in Charp., for Cttondrula Auct.
All of these groups I regard as of generic rank.
As to Saraphia Risso, the only species of the group that has been
positively identified is S. tridentata, which is the Carychium tridenta-
turn of recent authors.
After a bout with Risso, one is likely to accept as a just one Bour-
guignat's estimate of his abilities : " Ecrivain fecond, mais sans juge-
ment, innovateur infatigable, mais absurde, Risso a embrasse dans
ses ecrits presque toutes les branches de 1'histoire naturelle, sans en
avoir bien traite" une seule."
The group Alcea Jeffreys, 1830, has been discussed by Professors
Dall and Cockerell, who agree that its type must be Pupa minu-
tissima Hartm. It does not do to fix types for these old groups
without reference to what has been done by otlr predecessors. Gray
and Herrmannsen took a hand in this game over fifty years ago, and
they expressly selected Alsea pulustris = Vertigo antirertigo as the
*The progress of events had already restricted Jaminia before Gray chose J.
heterostropha for its type (P. Z. S , 1847, p. 176). His selection came too late
and is ineffective.
THE NAUTILUS. 107
type of AItK<t. I do not see liow their action can lie successfully
opposed. The name Alsea has quite generally been used for dex-
tral forms of Vertigo, and is so retained in Westerlund's last Catalog.
No valid grounds exist for shifting the name : and the advisibilily
of substituting AJcea for Sphyradium, as Prof. Cockerell suggests,
need not be considered. His suggestion that P. minutissima may be
a Sphyrddium is interesting, and deserves investigation.
Ptychocltilus Boettger, is preoccupied by Agassiz in Pisces; a fact
I neglected to mention at the time I proposed Nesopupa. The names
stand thus :
Ptychocheilns Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XIX, 18.~>5,
p. 227.
Ptychochilus Jordan, Bull.- U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 10, p. 58 (1*77).
Ptychochilus Boettger, Conch. Mittheil., 1881.
Bifidaria and Eubifidaria of Sterki call for some notice in view of
the note by Dall in NAUTILUS, Feb., 1904vp. 116. The original
species referred by Sterki to Bifidaria were Pupa contracta Say and
P. servilis Gld. from certain Mexican Ipcalities. For P. contracta
Sterki subsequently (1892) proposed the section Albinula, leaving
serrilis the type of Bifidaria.
In January, 1893, Dr. Sterki proposed Eubifidaria with the lype
'• hordeacea Gabb," by which he meant the form which I call Bifi-
daria procera crislata. This is demonstrated by his previous article
treating of " hordeacea" by his list of the preceding year, and by
the words of his diagnosis of Eubifi.daria, "lamellae typical."
The type of Eubifidaria is therefore P. hordeacea Sterki not Gubb
= B. procera cristata P. & V., and the group becomes an absolute
synonym of Bifidaria, s. str. The true horducea Gabb, which Dr.
Sterki demonstrably did not intend, belongs to a different genus,
Pupoides.
In conclusion I might say that the generic and subgeneric nomen-
clature of the United States forms, given in my catalogue of 1900,*
stands as there set fprth with the single exception of the genus fvpa,
which now becomes Papilla.
The family name having precedence for the group is Pupillidae
Turton, 1831.
* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, pp. 605-61-0.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
PlSIDIUM LIMATULUM, n. sp.
Mussel small, inequipartite, somewhat oblique, well inflated,
superior margin slightly curved, angle at the scutum projecting and
rather sharp, at the scutellum rounded ; supero-anterior slope dis-
tinct, almost straight, anterior end a rounded angle situated low ;
inferior margin rather well curved, posterior truncate ; beak some-
what posterior, moderately large and projecting over the hinge mar-
gin, rounded or slightly flattened on top ; surface dull to somewhat
shining with subregular, crowded, sharp stria? very fine over the
beaks, becoming coarser towards the margins; color pale horn in the
adult, straw to whitish in younger specimens ; shell rather thin ;
hinge comparatively stout, plate rather narrow ; cardinal teeth ; the
right slightly curved, its posterior end much thicker and grooved,
the left anterior slightly curved, the posterior oblique, long, more
projecting than the anterior; lateral teeth rather large, cusps pointed,
strongly rugose, and so are the grooves, the outer posterior in the
right valve comparatively long ; ligament moderately thick.
Size : long. 3, alt. 2.5, diam. 2 mill.
Habitat : Alabama : Calera, in the current of a creek, and pools
left on same ; Town Creek at Montevallo; spring creek at Ebenezer
Church, a spring brancli in Big Wills Valley, six miles south of
Valley Head, all collected by Mr. Smith in 1904, and sent for ex-
amination by Mr. Bryant Walker.
Pis. limatulum is related to P. punctatum Sterki, but considerably
larger, and like that minute Pisidivm, ranges under the Rivulina
group. With a little care, it cannot be mistaken for any other
species; even half-grown examples are considerably different from P.
punctatum.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
LIST OF SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF FRENCHMAN'S BAY,
MAINE. By Dwight Blaney (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.
32, no. 2, pp. 23-41). This valuable list of 127 species and 5 varie-
ties collected during the summers of 1901-1904, shows what can be
done by careful and continuous work, and adds much to our knowl-
edge of the distribution of New England marine shells. C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XVIII. FEBRUARY, 19O5. No. 10.
SENSITIVENESS OF CERTAIN SNAILS TO WEATHER CONDITIONS.
BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.
While collecting last summer about Cazenovia, N. Y., my atten-
tion was constantly drawn to the extreme sensitiveness to atmos-
pheric conditions of several species of land snails. I was surprised
to rind that upon some clear days collecting was excellent while
upon rainy days scarcely a living specimen could be found.
Puzzled by this failure of my expectations, I selected for special
observation a certain wooded hillside where the prevailing larger
types were Polygyra albolabris, tliyroides, dentifcra, Gastrodonta in-
tertexta, Omphalina inornata and fuliginosa. I visited the locality
from day to day keeping careful note of weather conditions.
I found that the periods of greatest activity among these snails
were invariably marked by a falling barometer, but these periods
began considerably before there were any noticeable meteorological
symptoms presaging rain. At the commencement of actual rainfall,
the larger Zonitids only remained especially active. Towards the
close of a rain period (generally lasting from twelve to twenty-four
hours) though before definite signs of clearing were apparent, all the
snails disappeared, sometimes almost completely. The bright clear
days succeeding a rain epoch were always poor collecting days, even
though the woods were left damp and wet from the drenching that
only a Cazenovia rain can give. It would appear therefore, that
the moisture in the air rather than that upon the ground influenced
110 THE NAUTILUS.
the snails. Their extreme sensitiveness was shown by their antici-
pation of a weather change from dry to wet, eight to twelve hours
before visible signs were given, but what seemed more remarkable
was the general withdrawal to shelter of all the snails during a rain
period two to three hours before a final clearing of the atmosphere.
A village neighbor kept alive all summer a fine large P. albolabris
in a small window garden. "Alby's " mistress declared that he was
a most reliable barometer and that she could safely accept his weather
predictions. The mornings he selected for a stroll beyond the limits
of his garden were sure, she alleged, to be followed by thunder-
storms in the afternoon.
I also observed that upon certain fair days the board sidewalks
were covered with Cochh'copa lubrica, hundreds being crushed by
pedestrians. I was finally able to verify my theory that these tiny
mollusks left their damp retreats beneath the boards from six to
eight hours before rain. Indeed, I used the sign frequently to my
advantage to regulate my collecting rambles farther afield.
I was unable to discover that the small and minute species living
habitually under bark and among debris was affected by weather
changes, though I have little doubt that closer observation would
show them to be considerably influenced by the amount of moisture
in the air. The one very noticeable exception to this was in the
case of Strobilops. I learned to look for them only in the driving
rain, when they all left their usual stations beneath the bark of fallen
trees to crawl about in the open.
NOTE ON LUCINA (MILTHA) CHILDRENI GRAY AND ON A NEW SPECIES
FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
In my synopsis of the Lucinacea (1901, p. 812) on the authority
of Dr. Carpenter (Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, pp. 552, 620),
I stated that the Phacoides (Miltha) childreni Gray, was a native of
the Gulf of California and that the original ascription of it to Brazil
was an error. I am indebted to Dr. H. von Ihering of the Museu
Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil, for the means of correcting this state-
ment, which proves to be mistaken.
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
The shell was first described as Lucina cltildrense by Gray in the
Annals of Philosophy, for 1825, p. 136. Nearly at the same time
he referred to its unequal valves in the Zoological Journal, 1, p. 221.
In the autumn of the same year Sowerby figured the interior of a
right valve in part xxvii of his "Genera" under the name of
Lucina childreni. Only in 1828, in the supplement to Wood's Index
Testaceologicus, was the shell called Tellina childreni and figured on
supplementary plate 1, figure 1.
The shell was recently collected at Pernambuco by Senor Alfredo
de Carvalho and sent to Dr. Von Ihering, who forwarded a speci-
men to the National Museum, thus confirming Gray's original
locality. On comparison with specimens from Cape St. Luc:is,
named by Carpenter, it became evident that we had to do with two
very similar but distinct species. The rarity of the shell is doubt-
less responsible for the delay in discovering the mistake.
The Brazilian species will of course keep the name given by
Gray. To the Cape St. Lucas form we may give the name of
Phacoides (Mitthd) xantusi in honor of its discoverer.
The differences are only apparent on a close scrutiny. The P.
xantusi seems to be a smaller species when adult, more rounded,
more equivalved and with a shorter ligament. It has a more or less
bifurcate and vermiculate radial sculpture, that of P. childreni
being finer, more regular and more distinctly divided into fine con-
tinuous radial grooves and a microscopic minor sculpture between
them.
As in many other Lucinacea, directly under the beaks there is a
small impressed area. In P. xantusi this in the right valve projects
so as to fill an excavation in the other valve and is so much impressed
as to make the beak appear sharper and more produced and to dis-
tinctly arcuate the two cardinal teeth. In P. childreni the area is
smaller, less impressed, not markedly extended toward the other
valve and the teeth remain straight. Outside this area a narrow
lunule, concentrically striated and bounded by an incised line, rises
almost vertically with a length of 19 mm. and a height of about 2
mm. In the Californian species the lunule is very small and bent
vertically downward so that in the closed valves it is excavated and
not projecting and has a length of about 6 mm. It is almost wholly
confined to the right valve. If my specimens fairly represent the
species, the posterior area in the Brazilian shell is proportionately
112 THE NAUTILUS.
shorter than in the Californian and the basal margin much more pro-
duced.
It may be noted that all the figures, including that of Reeve in the
Iconica (Lucina pi. iii, fig. 12, 1850), represent the Brazilian
species. The group is represented by nine species in the Tertiary of
the Southern United States and Lower California, from the Clai-
bornian up to the Pliocene. It is interesting to find that the Florida
Pliocene, P. caloosana Dall, though smaller, has the upraised lunule
like that of Brazil; while the Pliocene, P. juaimis Dall, of San Juan,
Lower California (opposite Guaymas), resembles the recent P.
xantusi in having the folded lunule"", only, in this case, the margin is
more deeply infolded and the shell heavier, more elongate-oval, and
about one-fourth smaller. It measures 55 mm. in height by 51 mm.
in width; P. xantusi, 71 x 65 mm., and P. childreni. 86 x 77 mm.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF MARTESIA OF THE EASTERN
COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
Since the publication of my article on the species of Martesia of
the Eastern United States, I find I have overlooked two important
facts, involving one, and possibly two species. The first is Martesia
(Martesiella) frayilis Verrill and Bush (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xx, p. 777, pi. 79, f. 10, 1898). P^or this species the above new
subgenus is proposed, " which differs from Martesia in having a
well-defined, elongated, median, dorsal plate, posterior to the umbos,
in addition, to the shield-shaped one over them." This seems to be
a typical Martesia for the " elongated median, dorsal plate " (meta-
plax) is present in all the species. The description of the shell,
" umbonal plate" (protoplax), and the figure would indicate that it is
very close to or identical with a small specimen of J/. striata Linn.
The " specimens were found in a piece of wood floating near Station
2565, N. hit. 37° 23', W. long. 68° 8'," about 500 miles off the
coast of North Carolina.
The second and more important omission was kindly pointed out
by Dr. Dall, who in a recent letter says: " I read your paper in the
last NAUTILUS with much interest, but I cannot agree with you in
regard to the Pholas semicostata of Lea, for which I proposed the
THE NAUTILUS. 113
genus Scyphomya some years ago. It is entirely distinct from
Martesia and nearer Zirfaea in some of its characters, but very dis-
tinct from either. I have Carolinian specimens, but the shell ap-
pears to be rare."
The genus Scyphomya was proposed in the Trans. Wagner Free
lust. Science, vol. iii, pt. iv, p. 822, 1898, and while I consulted
this work I overlooked it from the fact that Dr. Dull places this
genus in the sub-family Teredininse, and I only went over that por-
tion pertaining to the genus Martesia. From the original descrip-
tion, and the figure alone one would feel doubtful in defining the
species. I therefore followed Tryon and left it in the synonymy
under M. striata.
NOTES ON SOME PREOCCUPIED NAMES OF MOLLUSKS.
BY W. H. DALL.
Prof. Cockerell has kindly called my attention to the fact that the
name Parmulina proposed by me Oct. 1, 1902, for a section of Circe,
had been used in the same year for a Rhizopod by Penard. Investi-
gation showing that the latter author had several months' precedence
in publication, the name Parmulophora is proposed for the mollusk.
In the same work in which Parmulina was proposed, I note the
overworked name of Quadrula used for a Rhizopod. Rafinesque
precedes all others in the use of this name, which he applied to a
naiad, but it has been used for a Rhizopod, an insect and a crusta-
cean.
I noticed while looking up the data in the case of Pannulina, that
the name Patinella, applied in 1870 by me to Patella mayellanica and
its allies, had been previously used by Gray, in 1848, for a polyp.
In place of it for the limpet, I suggest Patinigera.
A NEW OREOHELIX.
BT T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Oreohelix strigosa metcalfei, n. subsp.
Shell with max. diam. 20 to 21 mm., alt. about 11 mm.; periphery
with a strong but rather obtuse keel, just below which is a single
brown band ; umbilicus broad, not contracting rapidly within ; the
114 THE NAUTILUS.
greyish-olivaceous cuticle is confined to the apical whorls in the
adult : the " costulation '" of the apical whorls is evident, and the
oblique striation of the last whorl above is very coarse and prominent.
Mountains near Kingston, New Mexico (O. B. Metcalfe). One
living adult and many dead shells, adult and young. Accompanied
by Ashrnunella, Holospira, Vitrea, Helicodiscus, Vallonia and
Cochlicopa.
NAMES IN THE PUPILLID.K.
BY W. H. UALL.
In the January NAUTILUS (page 105), Dr. Pilsbry discusses this
subject, and incidentally states that in my notes upon it in the Feb-
ruary number I corrected some errors, but complicated the question
" by a few new ones." I beg to submit, with all deference to Dr.
Pilsbry, that it is not I who have introduced the new errors.
A more careful examination of Risso, Draparnaud and Pfeiffer,
would have shown him that Jaminia muscorum (Drap. not L.} Risso
is, as I stated, following Pfeiffer and other European authorities,
Papa minutissima Hartmann, and not muscorum Linne.
It would be presumptuous in me to attempt for myself a synonymy
of the ancient species of common European land shells, which have
been worked over with the utmost care for a century by a long line
of distinguished students. I did not attempt it, but relied on such
respectable authorities as Gray, Draparnaud, and especially Pfeiffer,
than whom no one was more careful, erudite, and familiar with the
subject. In working out the details of the nomenclature of Pupillidse
(a work still in MS.), involving a great amount of labor, I have, as a
rule, adopted Pfeiffer's conclusions as to specific identity as entitled
to greater weight than any others.
The result of a careful historical search through the whole applic-
able literature differs in important particulars from Dr. Pilsbry 's
table in the January number. It is, of course, true, that Pfeiffer,
like other peoplCj is not infallible, nevertheless conclusions based on
his identifications deserve a certain amount of respect, and should
not be stigmatized as new errors, even if some doubt continue to ex-
ist in occasional instances.
Risso identified his species by Draparnaud's posthumous mono-
graph and its figures, occasionally citing Ferussac and Playfair, and,
THE NAUTILUS. 115
under Jaminea, only once any older author. Hence the identifica-
tions of Draparnaud's names and figures, which seem to be sufficiently
certain, settle definitely the place of Risso's names. This results in
the following table for Jaminia :
Risso's names. Pfeiffer's identifications.
/. muscorum Drap. minutissima Hartmann.
marginata Drap. muscorum Linne.
edentula Drap. edentula Drap.
secale Drap. secule Drap.
tridens (L. Gmel.) Drap. tridens Miiller.
granum Drap. granum Drap.
sulculata Risso. unidentified.
trilamellata Risso. ''
heterostropha Risso. quadridens Miiller.
quinquelamellata Risso. quinquedentata Born.
septemdentata Risso. avenacea Brug.
heptodonta Risso. unidentified.
mnltidentata Risso. polyodon Drap.
niso Risso. niso Risso (doubtful).
Pfeiffer (Nomenclator, p. 356, No. 108) identifies J. edentula Risso
positively with Pupa edentula of authors, but under obscurus also
enters the name with a query, probably by some transposition of in-
dex slips, since the figure cited by Risso cannot represent obscurus,
which is elsewhere well figured by Draparnaud. This results in the
inclusion of Sphyradium and the exclusion of the Ena of Dr. Pils-
bry's table.
Alsea of Jeffreys was proposed for dextral Pupillidse, but as this
distinction is practically valueless, we have to fall back on his list of
species and proceed by elimination to get the group which will bear
the name permanently.
The table of equivalents for his original list is as follows in their
original order :
Jeffreys' names (1830). Pfeiffer's identifications.
1. Pupa marginata Drap. = muscorum L. not Drap.
2. " nitida Jeffreys. = edentulum Drap.
3. •' revoluta Jeffreys. = edentulum var.
4. " cylindrica Jeffreys. = minutissima Hartmann.
5. " vulgaris Jeffreys. = pygmcea Drap.
6. " palustris (Leach MS.)
Jeffreys. = antivertigo Drap.
116 THE NAUTILUS.
Of these 1 = z Pupilla, 1831 ; 2 and 3 == Sphyradium, 1837 ; 5
and 6 = Vertigo Miiller, 1774 ; leaving only 4, minutissima, which
becomes the type. All the eliminations antedate Gray in 1847,
who named palastris (== antivertigo} as type too late. Herrmannsen
says that muscorum and antivertigo are the types, and that Beck re-
stricted it to antivertigo. The latter statement is an error, as Beck
did not restrict the group at all, or name any type, giving a hetero-
geneous list much like that of Jeffreys.
The correction of hordacea " Gabb " to hordeacea " Sterki, not
Gabb," may be allowed in view of the data given by Dr. Pilsbry,
but, in a general way, when a species, not of the writer's own, is
mentioned by an author without further data as type of a new group,
it is, I think, essential not to "go behind the returns," as any other
way must lead to hopeless confusion.
Mv notes in the article referred to, were condensed from some
hundred pages of synonymic data, and no attempt was made to give
more than the barest outline of the cases cited. Bui in every case
good reasons can be adduced for the position taken, though no one is
less ready to claim infallibility than the present author.
THE PUPILLID.E OF EISSO AND JEFFREYS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The first attempt at a difficult and involved problem often falls
short of a complete solution, through the omission of some obscure or
apparently irrelevant factor bearing upon the matter; but the work
done clears the way for another student to approach the task more
advantageously. A discussion like the present one upon the Pupae
is not properly to be called a controversy. It is a symposium, to
which various students bring their several portions of fact, observa-
tion and deduction, to the end that harmonious structure may be
built more symmetrical than any formed by a single effort.
My former paper upon Pupillidse (NAUTILUS, January, p. 105),
was faulty in two respects: first, in ascribing " new errors" to Dr.
Dall, for I propose to show that the errors largely antedate his work,
and second, in my failure to give at length my reasons for certain
identifications of some of Risso's names. These reasons I will pro-
THE NAUTILUS. 117
ceed to give, so far as they relate to species about which there is any
difference of opinion.
Dr. Ball's identifications of Risso's list of species of Jiuninia agree
with those given by me except for the following four species:
Risso's name. Ball's table (p. 115). Pilsbry's table (p. lor.).
(1) J. muse or urn. minutissima Hartm. P. muscorum L.
(2) J. marginata. muscorum L. P. umbilicata Dr.
(3) J. edentula. edentula Drap. B. obscurus Miill.
(4) J. quinquelamellnta. quinquedentata Born. P. cinerea.
My reasons for the names given in the third column follow :
(1). /. muscorum. The identity of this shell is at first sight not
very clear. Risso refers to Drap., who (very badly), figures P.
minutissima under the name muscorum ; but Risso's description does
not at all fit minutissima, nor does the size given. Bourguignat, who
examined the Risso specimens, refers them positively to the P. mus
corum of L., as understood at the present time, and the description
agrees with this species. Risso's specimens would fall in the form
'l unideiitata" Risso describing it as with a very small posterior la-
mella.
The evidence obtained by a careful study of the original work
therefore shows that Risso did not have P. minutissima.
(2) J. marginata. Risso gives three references: " Drap. 61, 6,
iii, 36, 38. Feruss. 59, 475. Playf. 59, 9, iii, 23, 24," all of them
pertaining to forms of muscorum L. " Playf." is not Playfair, as
might be supposed, but Risso's curious conception of the name
Pfeiffer ; the work referred to being Carl Pfeiffer's Systematische
Anordnung und Beschreibung deutscher Land und Wasser-Schnecken
(1821). Pfeiffer is elsewhere referred to as " Pleyfel !"
Risso says that the peritreme is provided with a long acute lamella
posteriorly on the right. This cannot be made to fit any form of
muscorum, but applies perfectly to umbilicata Drap.; and Bourguig-
nat referred Risso's specimens, which he examined, to that species.
(3) /. edentula. This is described by Risso as witli eight whorls,
toothless aperture, and ten mm. long, so it clearly is not Sphyradium
edentulum, as Dall supposes. It is obvious that the reference to
Draparnaud's P. edentula was an error. These and the other char-
acters given by Risso agree with Buliminus obscurus (Ena obscura),
118 THE NAUTILUS.
which occurs at Nice ; and Bourguignat, who examined Risso's col-
lection, has recorded this identification.
(4) The last of the four cases is only a nominal disagreement, the
two names referring to one and the same species. I used that of
cinerea Drap. because grave doubt has been cast upon the identity of
Born's quinquedentata with the form so named by many later authors,
while " Pupa cinerea " is a common name for the form in collections.
This disposes of all the cases in question, and so far as I can see,
the name Jaminia will be retained for Risso's second species J. mar-
ginata Risso = Pupa umbilicata Drap. It will be noted that Dall,
in his first article, also selects Risso's second species as type, but as
he was misled by a wrong identification of marginata Risso, he did
not use the name for the same group. Jaminia is a genus of the
" European system " with no species in America. It has a great
superficial resemblance to Pupilla, but with some extraordinary
characters certainly entitling it to generic rank.
I am not concerned to show whether or not Pfeiffer correctly
identified Draparnaud's figures, but I fully share Dr. Dall's confi-
dence in his general accuracy. While there is no doubt that Risso,
like everybody else at that time, identified his shells largely by Drap-
arnaud's volume, yet his names do not rest for identification solely
upon the references to Draparnaud any more than Binney's species
rest upon the references he cites. Primarily, they rest upon the de-
scriptions given by Risso himself. To identify Risso's species by the
references to Draparnaud's figures presumes absolute accuracy of
identification on Risso's part. Therefore, in discrediting the identifi-
cations as given by Dr. Dall, I am not questioning Pfeiffer's relia-
bility in the least. I am simply recording a few of the mistaken
identifications of Risso, who, it is acknowledged by all who have used
his work, was careless to a degree.
Dr. Dall, in using Risso's list, considers it necessary to point out
what his species really are in terms of Pfeiflferian nomenclature.
But it seems to me that the very foundation of the subsequent struc-
ture is involved in getting at the actual identity of the species in
question. Otherwise conclusions based upon the list are without
permanence. The names can either be taken as they stand in Risso,
or they can be really corrected. No half-way correction of the list
of species goes to the root of the matter. There probably cannot be
found a zoologist of experience in the world who will support the
THE NAUTILUS. 1 10
method of identifying Risso's species by means of Pfeiff'er's identifi-
cations of Draparnaud's figures, as opposed to the method by the
study of Risso's own descriptions.
In my opinion, any sound work based upon Risso must begin with
a study of his descriptions, specimens in hand. In the case of non-
marine forms, the task has been materially lightened by Bourguignat,
who examined and reported upon Risso's collection; but even with
this, it is safest to check up all points with the shells and descriptions
themselves.
In the matter of Alsea Jeffreys, a few words may not be amiss. I
hold that when an author distinctly indicates a certain group by his
diagnosis, the mere inclusion of some heterogeneous species should not
be allowed to totally pervert his intention. This is common law,
and good law too. Now Jeffreys defines Alsea as having short
lamella? in the mouth (making no 'provision for toothless forms in
his diagnosis); and he expressly states that Alsea is separated from
Vertigo because the shell is dextral (the type of Vertigo being sinis-
tral).
Now there are still authors who hold that the dextral Vertigines
need a subgeneric or sectional name, and from the time of Gray
(1847) to the last Catalog of Westerlund (1890) the name Alsea,
with the type antivertigo has been more or less constantly in use. I
do not think that Dr. Dall can brush aside these facts by stigmatiz-
ing the distinction for which the name has always stood as " practi-
cally valueless," and proceed to fasten a totally new significance
upon it. Quite a respectable company of conchologists of high rank,
including Pfeiffer (in the Nomenclator Hel. Viv.), find use for Alsea
in the sense established by Gray, as set forth in my former note.
I do not wish to be understood to break a lance in support of the value
of Alsea as a division of Vertigo ; butadivision adopted by Pfeiffer and
other high authorities is at least entitled to respectful consideration.
It seems inadvisable to use the name of such division for a totally
different group, at all events until malacologists recognize a Supreme
Authority who shall pronounce once for all upon what distinctions
are "practically valueless," — a consummation remote from this con-
tentious generation.
The facts are, in short, as follows : (1) Jeffreys regarded the
toothed forms of his list as typical of his group. Gray in 1847
selected one of these, P. antivertigo, as type, that species never be-
120 THE NAUTILUS.
fore having been selected as a genotype. (2) This usage has ob-
tained currency by numerous authors, while the name has never been
used in any other sense. (3) Ball (1904) ignores this use of the
name, and selects a new type which disagrees wholly with the origi-
nal diagnosis, though included by Jeffreys in the original list of
species.
The cases of Jaminia and Alcea are now respectfully submitted for
the judgment of conchological and nomenclatorial experts.
NOTES AND NEWS.
We regret to announce the death of Rev. E. H. Ashmun, which
occurred at San Rafael, California, Dec. 21, 1904. We hope to give
a further notice next month.
MR. FREDERICK PRICE MARRAT died at Liverpool, England, on
November 7, 1904, at the age of 84. " For more than 40 years Mr.
Marrat had been connected with the Liverpool Museum, where he
worked in conjunction with the late Mr. T. J. Moore and the Rev.
H. H. Higgins, a trio of enthusiastic museum workers who con-
tributed so greatly to the building up of the magnificent collection in
the Liverpool Museum. Mr. Marrat paid special attention to the
geological, mineralogical and conchological collections, his most in-
timate work being connected with conchology, not only the concho-
logical collection in the Liverpool museum being named by him, but
also similar collections in various museums, and also in private
houses. He was the principal authority on the genus Oliva, of which
he acquired a very extensive series, and contributed monographs to
Reeve's Conchologica Iconica and to Sowerby's Thesaurus Concliy-
liorum, as well as to many periodicals and other publications on the
mollusca." — (Museums Journal, Dec., 1904.)
PUBLICATIONS KECEIVED.
MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH AFRICA (PELECYPODA). By G. B.
Sowerby (From " Marine Investigations in South Africa, Vol. iv).
Thirty-three new species are described and figured on two plates.
THE NAUTILUS, XVIII
PLATE VIII.
EDWARD H. ASHMUN.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XVIII. MARCH, 19O5. No. 11
EDWARD H. ASHMUN.
Rev. Edward Houghton Ashmun, was horn at Tallmadge, Sum-
mit Co., Oliio, March 12, 1S53. Most of liis boyhood was spent
there, his father being a farmer. When seventeen he moved
with liis father to Weeping Water, Nebraska. As time went on, he
became strongly impressed with a desire, to enter the ministry, and
toward that end went to Tabor College, at Tabor, Iowa, where he
graduated in 1879, and entered the Yale Divinity School, finishing
in 1882. He was pastor of the Congregational Church at Syracuse,
and Beatrice, Nebraska, after which he was called to the Boulevard
Church in Denver, Colorado, which became very prosperous under
his ministry. In 1892 he was appointed to the position of Home
Missionary Superintendent of Arizona and New Mexico, in which
position he remained six years, and then Pastor Superintendent of
Arizona for two years, residing at Jerome, Arizona.
It was during his residence in the southwest that Mr. Ashmun
became interested in studying the land shells of that region, and
made many rare and interesting discoveries. Collecting in this arid
region is laborious and rarely as remunerative as in the more fertile
sections. The molluscan fauna is largely confined to the higher
mountains, the only situation where there is sufficient moisture for
snail life; species are thus widely separated and insulated by the
lower and arid wastes, thus presenting as many interesting problems
in distribution as exist in true insular faunas. Under the above
conditions lives a group of snails, with shells like those of Polygyra,
but. anatomically very distinct, and nearer related to Sonorella,
122 THE NAUTILUS.
which on the other hand is related to Epiphraymophora. To this
group of shells Messrs. Pilsbry and Cockerell, gave the name of
Ashmunella* in recognition of his valuable field work. Mr. Ashmun
also discovered a number of new Pupidae, etc. as shown by the follow-
ing list of new species collected by him in that region : —
Bifidaria perversa Sterki. Ashtmmella rhyssa Dall.
Bifidaria quudridentata Sterki. Ashmunella miorhyssa Dall.
Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki. Ashmunella ashmuni Dall.
Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall.
Sterki. Ashmunella pseudodonta capita-
Pupilla sonorana Sterki. nensis A. & C.
Pupilla sonoranatendla Sterki. Agriolimax ashmuni Pils. &Van.
Pyramidula cockerelli Pils. Sonorella ashmuni Bartseh.
Mr. Ashmun's article on " Collecting in Arizona and New
Mexico" (THE NAUTILUS, xiii, p. 13, 1899) is very interesting and
gives a good idea of the difficulties which attend collecting in that
region. Conjointly with Prof. Cockerell he described a new sub-
species of Ashmunella ( A . pseudodonta capitanensis}. It was collected
on the Capitan Mts., New Mexico, at an elevation of 8,200 feet.
(NAUT. xii, p. 131, 1899).
During his last year in Arizona his health began to fail, and he
moved to Idaho, .hoping that the change would benefit him, but after
two years as pastor of the church at Weiser, he had to give up his
charge, and after a time was obliged to go to a sanitarium, where he
remained ten weeks and was apparently cured of the stomach trouble
with which he had been suffering. He was advised to live out of
doors as much as possible for two years, and was appointed to inves-
tigate the mosquito pest at San Rafael, California. This seemed to
furnish the outdoor life he needed, and he improved for a time, but
in the fall caught a cold and finally had to give up. He was
threatened with paralysis from the first, and it seemed that his nerve
exhaustion was complete. He again went to a sanitarium, but nothing
could be done. He died December 21, 1904, and was interred at
Santa Rosa, California.
He was married in 1890 to Miss Anna L. Lyman, daughter of the
Rev. Addison Lyman of Kellogg, Iowa, who with a son, Henry G.
Ashmun, a bright boy of twelve, survives him, and to whom we ten-
der our sincere sympathy. C. W. J.
* The NAUTILUS, XII, p. 107; Proc. Academy Nat. Science for 1899, p. 188,
and for 1900, p. 107.
THE NAUTILUS. 123
SOME NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
In assorting some mixed material from California a number of
new species were noted; arid, as it lias become necessary to refer to
some of them by name, the following preliminary diagnoses are given.
Leda amblia n. sp.
U. S. Fish Commission station 4f>17, Monterey Bay. Shell
chalky under a polished dark olive-green periostracum, compressed,
rostrate, concentrically and feebly irregularly striatc, with obscure
microscopic radial lines; lunule narrow, lanceolate; escutcheon, long,
wide smooth and slightly concave, the valve margins rising slightly
in the median line; valves bluntly rounded in front, bluntly truncate
behind, the rostrate portion not set off from the body by any con-
striction, and the radial subangular lines which bound the rostral area
are feeble and obscure ; interior whitish, with a deep subumbonal
impression, a very shallow and obscure pallial sinus, very short
siphons, 12 or 13 anterior, 18 or 1!) posterior normal hinge teeth,
with a narrow, back ward ly oblique socket for the resilium. Lon. of
adult shell 18. 0; alt. 9.5; diam. 5.5 ; vertical of the beaks behind
anterior end, 7.0 mm. This has much the general form of L. leonis,
Pall, but wants the prominent sculpture and is of a different color.
Magilia, perattmuata n. sp.
Monterey Bay, 10-45 fins., Woodworth. Shell small, very
slender, with one smooth turgid nuclear, and six smooth normal
whorls; the whorls are but slightly convex, whitish, the suture very
distinct, its posterior margin slightly overhanging or dominant; aper-
ture narrow, short, simple, the outer lip slightly concavely waved
between the periphery and the suture, canal short, a little recurved^
relatively rather wide. Lon. of shell 9.5 ; of last whorl 3.75 ; max.
diam. 2.5 mm. A single specimen sent by Mr. Woodworth is broken
and dead, but its characters are not shared by any other species from
the Coast as far as now known.
Ad mete woodwortki n. sp.
Monterey Bay, 10-45 fms., Woodworth. Shell small, thin, whitish,
with a yellow-brown periostracum, five normal, sculptured, and one
124 I'll K NAUTII 1,'S.
smooth, turgid nuclear \vhorl, gradually increasing, suhtal nlaie by a
prominent spiral thread at the shoulder \\hile }oui>g, rounded at the
last whorl, with S or 9 obscure riblets on the upper part of the spire,
which are obsolete on the last whorl and a halt'; spiral sculpture of
rounded threads, with wider flattish, somewhat irregular interspaces;
peristome continuous with a sliglit notch or sulcus near the end of
the nearly straight pillar, and with no umbilicus; there are two ob-
scure plaits on the pillar, which is not marked by any umbilical chink
or fissure; aperture with the external sculpture modifying the margin,
but no lirations. Lon. of shell 9.0; of aperture 4.0; max. diam 4.5
mm.
This is less strongly sculptured, more slender and with a less ar-
cuate pillar than any of the other Admetes of the coast, and belongs
in the group half way between such Cancellarias as C. modesta and
Admete graciiior Carpenter. It has very much the form of C. cii-
cumcarinata Dall, on a smaller scale and with a more acute spire.
Erato albesccns n. sp.
U. S. Fish commission station 4431, California. Shell whitish, thin
and polished, with four whorls ; the spire low and nearly covered
with a thin glaze extending from near the aperture ; shell bluntly
pyriform with a wide mouth, smooth pillar, the outer lip thickened,
obscurely marginate externally, with about nine obscure distant den-
ticulations internally, pillar short, twisted, with a flaring edge and
almost gyrate axis; the body with a thin wash of callus, but, in the
type no sign of pustulation. Lon. of shell 15.0; of aperture 13.5;.
max. diam. 10.0 mm.
This succeeds E. vitellina Hinds as the largest species of the genus
and is a much thinner and lighter shell, beside differing in color.
Scissurella (Schizotrochus) kelseyi n. sp.
California at U. S. Fish Com. Station 4353, also off San Diego.
Shell large for the genus, trochif'orm, white, with about four
rounded whorls, sculptured with fine (forwardly convex) arcuate
threads or raised lines, which above the fasciole are spirally micro-
scopically striate, and on the base, with somewhat regularly spaced
and stronger spirals ; the fasciole is narrow, slightly above the
periphery, bounded by two sharp, very thin, elevated keels; the slit
Ml K N A i: TILUS. 1 25
extends iiliout one-iiftli of the circumference of the la.»t wliorl. Tie
aperture is nearly circular, interrupted for a short distance by the
body, the inner lip slightly reflected over a small umbilicus ; the
operculuta is multispiral and pale yellow. Alt. of shell 0.0 ; of
aperture, 3.0 ; max. diam., 5.5 mm.
This species is somewhat like S. umbilicata Jeffreys from the
North Atlantic, but is larger, more strongly sculptured and more
elevated proportionately. It is the second species of the family to
he described from the Pacific Coast ; the other Schismope rimuloides
Carpenter having been reported from San Diego and Mazatlan. It
is named in honor of Prof. F. W. Kelsey, of San Diego, to whose
interest in the local mollusks we owe several additions to that fauna.
CRITICAL NOTES ON THE SMALLER LYMNAEAS.
FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
The small forms of Lymnrea, which have been included under the
names of humilis and desidiosa, have been little understood by Amer-
ican conchologists, at least two good species being included in
humilis. A recent somewhat exhaustive study of these small forms
has led the writer to conclusions diametrically opposed to those held
by Binney and Tryon and most subsequent students of fresh-water
mollusks.
In pursuing these studies, the types of Say's and Lea's species in
Philadelphia and Washington have been examined, and in addition
the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,
the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan,
Mr. Henry Hemphill, San Diego, California, Mr. J. H. Ferriss,
Joliet, Illinois, and the Chicago Academy of Sciences have been
studied. My thanks are due to the above-named gentlemen for the
use of their collections, and also to Dr. W. H. Dall, Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry, Mr. Paul Bartsch and Mr. E. G. Vanatta, for much valu-
able assistance and kind criticism.
Lymnsea humilis Say.
Lymnseus /inmilfs Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 378, 1822.
Lymnea grijjfithiana Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soo., II, p. 33, 1* II.
126
THE NAUTILUS.
Lymnea linsleyi DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 72, pi. iv, fig. 74, 1843.
Lymnea lecontii Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 112, 1864.
In this species American conchologists .have confused several
seemingly valid species. Say's types (two specimens) preserved in
the Philadelphia Academy, came from South Carolina and agree
fairly well with Binney's figure 99, in Land and Fresh-Water Shells
of North America. The South Carolina specimens are a trifle nar-
rower and less rotund than specimens from the north. Humilis is of
good size, with regularly rounded whorls, a broadly conical spire,
impressed sutures, 5-5^ whorls, aperture elongate-ovate and a trifle
less in length than the spire. The last whorl is somewhat inflated,
and the umbilical chink very distinct, being more open in some
specimens than in others. The surface is marked by lines of growth,
and in some specimens from Maine by elevated spiral ridges. The
fine impressed sculpture of some Lymnteas (as columella) is absent
in this species, as well as in the others mentioned below. Typical
measurements are as follows :
aperture length 4.50
width 4.75
width 2.75 mill.
aperture length 4.50
aperture length 3.50
width 2.75 mill.
width 2.50 mill.
Length 9.00
(Say's type.)
Length 8.50 ; width 4.00
(Chicago.)
Length 7.50 ; width 4.25
(Maine.)
Small forms of Lymncea cubensis Pfeiff'er, resemble humilis ;
cubensis has a wider, more solid shell, a more open umbilicus, and
the expansion of the columella is broader and of a different form, as
is #lso the aperture.
L. humilis is found from Maine to California, and from Canada
to Mexico.
Lymncea parva Lea.
Lymnea par v a Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., II, p. 33, 1841.
Lymnea curta Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., II, p. 33, 1841.
This is a very small species, in fact the sm/Ulest of the Lymnaeas.
It differs from humilis in its diminutive size, and in the very differ-
ent form of the shell, which is solid, translucent, turreted ; color
light brown or yellowish-white ; whorls 4^-5 ; these are more con-
vex than in humilis, caused by the more deeply impressed sutures ;
the spire forms an acute pyramid in some specimens, and a broad
THE NAUTILUS. 127
pyramid in others, and is considerably lunger than the aperture ; tlie
aperture is roundly elliptical and almost continuous, differing mark-
edly in this respect from kumilis ; the inner lip is more erect in the
present species, which causes the umbilicus to be round, deep and
open. The umbilical region is gracefully rounded. Typical ex-
amples measure as follows :
Length 6.00; width 3.00; aperture length 3.00; width 1.7.1 mill.
(Indiana.)
Length 6.00; width 3.00; aperture length 2.50; width 1.25 mill.
(Penn.)
Length 5.50; width 3.00; aperture length 2.75; width 1.50 mill.
(Ills.)
This species is widely distributed, being found from Maine to Cali-
fornia and from Canada to Mexico.
Lymncp.a desidiosa Say var. modicella Say.
Lymseus modicellus Say, Jour. Phil. Acad., V, p. 122, 1825.
Say described this species from two specimens which are still pre-
served in the Philadelphia Academy. It would seem to be distinct
enough to be recognized at least as a variety of desidiosa, to which
it is more closely allied than to Int mills. The principle characteris-
tics are the short, dome-shaped spire, the regular elongate-ovate aper-
ture and the large size of the last whorl as compared with the spire.
The umbilical chink is narrowly open and there is a small plait on
the columella. Typical specimens measure as follows:
Length 8.50; width 4.75; aperture length 4.75; width 2.75 mill.
(Say's type.)
Length 7.75; width 3.25; aperture length 4.50; width 2.25 mill.
(Berry Lake.)
Length 7.00; width 3.50; aperture length 4.50; width 2.00 mill.
(Berry Lake.)
The range of this form, as far as known, is from Ontario to Oregon
and south to Texas. It has been found in Big Payette Lake, Idaho,
at an altitude of 5,000 feet above the sea level.
The forms described by Dr. Lea as L. plica, planulata, exigua and
ruslica seem to be absolute synonyms of desidiosa, some of these
being, in all probability, immature forms. The types of exigua and
ruslica are not in existence, so far as known. They are not in the
Philadelphia Academy nor in the Smithsonian Institution.
128 rn !•; NA UTILUS.
A NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.
1JY V. STEKKI.
Pis. atlanticum, n. sp.
Mussel of medium size, somewhat inequipartite, oblique, short, an-
gular, rather well inflated : superior margin, moderately to rather
strongly curved, with the angles at the scutum and scutellum pro-
jecting and more or less rounded ; supero-anterior slope well marked,
steep, slightly curved to almost straight, anterior end a rounded
angle situated low; posterior part high, posterior margin (squarely)
truncate to subtruncate to rounded, inferior well curved; beaks some-
what nearer the posterior end, rounded, prominent over the hinge
margin, rather variable; surface dull to somewhat shining, with
strife very fine and crowded over the beaks and somewhat coarser
towards the margins ; color straw or whitish to pale horn to grayish
or brownish ; shell opaque to more or less translucent, rather thin,
nacre glassy to whitish ; inner surface densely rugulose within the
pallial line, muscle insertions distinct ; hinge rather slight, curved,
plate narrow ; cardinal teeth : the right curved to angular, its pos-
terior part thicker and grooved, the left anterior short, angular, the
posterior oblique, short, slightly curved, thin, less projecting than the
anterior; lateral teeth rather slight, the inner cusps of the right
valve not pointed, the outer quite small, those of the left valve
pointed, not very abrupt ; ligament slight.
Size: long. 4.3, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.6 mill.
Size: long. 4.5, alt. 3.9, diam. 3.1 mill.
Habitat : New York to Florida and Mexico: Cedarville, N. Y.,
sent by Mr. Walter Webb (No. 4853*), Lynchburg, Va., sent by
Mr. J. B. Henderson, from Sanderson Smith (No. 654), Lake Jessup,
Fla., 'sent by Mr. Bryant Walker (No. 3002); pools near We-
tumpka, Ala., sent by the same, collected by Mr. Smith in 1904
(No. 4963), De Kalb, Bowie Co., Tex., collected and sent by Mr.
Jas. H. Ferriss (No. 466), Texolo, Vera Cruz, Mexico, sent by Dr.
H. A. Pilsbry (No. 4746). From most places there were good
numbers of specimens, young to full-grown. Although evidently all
of one species, the specimens show considerable variation in regard
* Of my collection of Cycladidfe.
T1IK NAUTILUS. 1 29
to size, shape, relative size and prominence of the leaks, stria; ami
appearance of the surface, color, transluceney or opacity of the
shell. Some of the full-grown examples are straw-colored all over,
others horn or arayish with a broad or narrow light zone along the
margins. None of the different forms can be regarded and described
as typical and the others as varietal since they are connected by in-
tergradations. In younger specimens, the superior margin is gener-
ally less curved, the anterior and posterior more so than in the adult.
The rugosity of the inner surface of the shell is like that of Pis, nnv-
eboracense, although microscopical, much coarser than e. g. in P.
variabile Pr. and compression Pr.
Pis. atlanlicum seems nearest related to P. noveboracense, but the
mussel is shorter, its posterior part comparatively higher, the supero-
anterior slope is steeper and the color is different.
SOME NOTES ON BERMUDIAN MOLLUSKS.
BY OWEN BRYANT.
Dr. Pilsbry, in his article on " The Air-breathing Molhisks of the
Bermudas " in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy (Vol. X,
part 2, p. 493, Sept., 1900) says: ''From the data supplied by Prof.
Verrill's expedition and that of Prof. Heilprin, it seems that Val-
lonia pulchella, Gecilioides acicula, Agriolimax laevis and Physa a cut a
rest upon single records now nearly twenty years old, and they may
not have permanently colonized ; but as none of them are conspicu-
ous forms, and no special collectors of land shells have sought for
them, the merely negative evidence is inconclusive."
In this connection it is interesting to note that Physa acuta Drap.,
was found by Mr. Davis and recorded in the NAUTILUS (Vol.
XVII, p. 125, Mar., 1904). Gecilioides acicula Mull, and Vnl-
lania pulchella Mull, were found by Mr. Addison Gulick and myself
on the grounds of the Hotel Frascati, while studying at the Ber-
muda Biological Station in July and August, 1903. A careful
search would very likely reveal Agriolimax laevis Miill.
Vallonia pulchella (Miill.).
First recorded by Jones, 187G. (The Visitor's Guide to Her-
130 THE NAUTILUS.
i
muda, by J. M. Jones. Halifax, 1876, p. 138). It occurs also in
the lists of Bland, 1881 (In Wallace's Island Life, p. 256) and of
Heilprin, 1889 (The Bermuda Islands, p. 182).
I found it scarce under loose stones on the grass near the Frascati.
Cecilioides acicula Mull.
First recorded by Bland in 1861 (Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of N. Y., VII, p. 351). Also recorded by Jones in
1876.
I first found a dead shell of this species in looking over some red
earth at the laboratory. Later I discovered thirty-five or more on
the ground under an overhanging stone about 100 feet from the first
locality. Most of these were either alive or recently dead. The
soft parts were drawn up above the body whorl. It probably lives
in the grass.
For the identification of this species I am indebted to Mr. Paul
Bartch who kindly compared specimens with those in the National
Museum.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
This species is apparently unrecorded; a considerable number were
on the under side and in the crevices of a large rotten log in a
bamboo thicket near the Frascati. They are somewhat lighter and
yellower than New England specimens.
Vftrea lucida (Drap.)
The first mention of this species is made by Prof. A. E. Verrill
(Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol. xi, pt. 2. p. 733, fig. 81), who says: The
fresh shells of this species were found in large numbers by Mr. A. H.
Verrill in March 1901, in a garden at Hamilton but none were living.
The last whorl of many of the shells was distorted and rough, as if
the conditions had been unfavorable for some time before death.
Perhaps the weather was too dry. It is doubtful therefore whether
it has succeeded in establishing itself permanently in the islands. It
is a native of southern Europe."
I found this species very abundant in the Botanical Garden, at
Hamilton. They were on the ground and under leaves in flower
beds, and beside a wall where shrubs and vines were growing. Many
were alive though a large proportion showed the distortion which
Professor Verrill speaks of and which is well shown in the figure he
gives.
THK NAUTILI;^. 131
Vitrea lucida seems now to have become a part of the fauna of the
Bermudas.
In closing I take pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to
Mr. A. Gulick for his kind assistance in the determination of the
species named above, and to Dr. Pilsbry for the final determination
of Vitrea lucida and Zonitoides arboreus.
NOTES.
PENNSYLVANIAN SNAILS AND THE STATE ZOOLOGIST. — In the
last Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology of the Pennsyl-
vania State Department of Agriculture (Vol. II, no. 8), Prof. H. A.
Surface, the State Economic Zoologist, remarks (p. 245) : " Since
very little has been written concerning the molluscan life in Penn-
sylvania, we may at some future time prepare a Bulletin upon this
particular subject," etc., etc. As most of the common non-marine
mollusks of the Eastern States were described by Thomas Say from
Pennsylvanian examples, and there have been articles bearing on
our mollusks published at pretty short intervals for almost a century,
we had somehow gotten the idea that a good deal had been " written
concerning molluscan life in Pennsylvania." To be told that all that
conchologists have done upon Pennsylvanian mollusks in a hundred
years looks " very little " in the official eye of the State Zoologist,
is discouraging. He must be looking for something the size of the
Encyclopedia Britannica. We are on the watch for that promised
Bulletin.
Califomian Nudibranchs. — The publication of Dr. MacFarland's
preliminary account of the Doridida? (sens, latiss.) of Monterey Bay
(Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., Feb., 1905), is an event of no little im-
portance to malacology. Out of twenty species, fifteen are new,
three belonging to new genera. Two of the new genotypes I had in
hand in 1901, and prepared descriptions; but I learned by corre-
spondence with Dr. MacFarland that he had them earlier, and had
studied their anatomy. I can, however, cite localities extending
their range far southward. Hopkinsia rosacea, MacF., was collected
by Miss V. Thomas at La Jolla, Aug. 3, 1901. The specimen was
apparently immature, being only about 12 mm. long, with only 5
branchial plumes. Its color was a brilliant crimson, the dorsal pro-
132 THE NAUTILUS.
/
cesses somewhat paler, and tipped with white. Laila cockcrelli,
MacF.. was taken by my wife as far south as La Jolla, while Mrs.
Oldroyd showed me one dredged at San Diego by Prof. Kof'oid —
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE DORIDID.E OF MONTEREY
BVY, CALIFORNIA. By F. M. MACFARLAND. (Proc. Biol. Soc.
of Washington, XVIII, pp. 35-54, Feb. 2, 1905.)
It is with pleasure that we announce the publication of this paper.
The nudibranchs have been sadly neglected on the Pacific coast, and
we shall look forward with much interest to the series of systematic
ami morphological papers soon to appear. The present paper con-
tains the descriptions of 20 species, including three new genera
(Montereina, Laila and Hopkinsia) and the following new species :
Montereina nobilts, Discodoris fieathi, Rostanga pulchra, Cndlina
maryinata, C. flcwomaculata, Doriopsis fulva, Aegires albopunctatus,
Laila cockerelli, Triopha maculata, T. grandis, Polycera atra,
Acanthodoris hudsoni, A. brunnea, Ancnln pacifica, Hopkinsia
rosacea. — C. W. J.
DESCRIPTION OF TWELVE NEW SPECIES AND ONE VARIETY
OF MARINE GASTROPODA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF
OMAN AND ARABIAN SEA. By JAMES COSMO MELVILL. (Jour.
Malacology, XI, pp. 79-86, pi. vii, 1904.)
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MIOCENE — This magnificent
work on the Miocene of Maryland, consists of a volume of text of
543 pages (pp. 130 to 401 being devoted to mollusca), and another
volume of 126 plates, 69 of which contain illustrations of mollusca.
The introductory chapters are by Drs. Wm. B. Clark, Geo. B.
Shattuck and Wm. H. Dall ; while the systematic portion represents
the work of several specialists. The Cephalopoda, Gastropoda,
Amphineura and Scaphopoda are described by Dr. G. C. Martin, the
total number of forms described being about 220, of which 68 repre-
sents new species or varieties. A new subgenus of Canceflaria (Can-
cellariella) is proposed. The Pelecypoda are described by Dr. L.
C. Glenn, 185 species are recorded, of which 32 are new. Most of
the beautiful drawings represent the work of the late Dr. J. C. Mc-
Connell. C. W. J.
?HE NAUTILUS, XVIII.
PLATE IX.
6
WALKER: NEW VIVIPARID/E AND UNIONID/E.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVIII. APRIL, 1905. No. 12
LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
In the fall of 1902, Messrs. G. F. & B. H. King of Mimsville,
Ga., to whom we are indebted for the discovery of several new spe-
cies of Unionidce recently described in the Nautilus, took a wagon
trip of more than one hundred miles from their home into western
Florida. No land shells were collected. The list of fluviatile spe-
cies, however, though not large, is of considerable interest, especially
as there are practically no records from that part of the state. En-
tering Florida at Neal's Landing, the Chipola River was struck at
Marianna. From there the route continued southwesterly to
Econfina on Econfine Creek. No Unionidse were found in the
Econfine, but in a tributary called Moccasin Creek, several species
occurred. The Chipola River is a branch of the Flint River. Econ-
fine Creek flows directly into St. Andrew's Bay.
Ampullaria depressa Say, Chipola River.
Vivapara yeorgiana Lea, " "
Campeloma genicida Con., " " and Mud Creek, a trib-
utary of the Econfine.
Lioplax pihbryi, n. sp. PI. ix. figs. 1, 2 and 3.
Chipola River (type locality), Econfine Creek, and Mud Creek,
Fla.
Shell elevated, turreted, imperforate, rather thin, olive-green
above, becoming almost black on the body whorl with numerous dark
134 THE NAUTILUS.
strigations : whorls seven, ventricpse, moderately increasing above,
rapidly so toward the base, those of the spire carinated with a sloping
shoulder, lower whorls sub-carinate, flattened above and strongly
shouldered ; lines of growth strong, decussated by numerous, closely
set, elevated, transverse lines; , suture very deep; aperture rather
large, very oblique, regularly oval, sides nearly parallel, regularly
rounded above and below; outer lip thin, drawn back above and
somewhat sinuous ; inner lip closely appressed throughout.
Alt. (Fig. 1 apex eroded) 30, width 18 mm.
« '< 2 " 28 " 20 "
This fine species, the largest yet known of the genus, was found in
some abundance in the Chipola River. Only a few occurred at the
other localities.
It differs from all the described forms in its size and peculiar com-
bination of characters. Young specimens of about five whorls,
except in being imperforate, slightly wider and more strongly
transversly striate, closely resemble striate specimens of L. sub-
carinata in shape, the shouldering and carination of the whorls
being almost exactly the same. But with increase of growth the
shape becomes entirely different and the mature shell in general ap-
pearance approaches Lea's L. elliottii, but differs from that species in
being very much larger, proportionately wider, with the lower whorl
more flatly shouldered, with transverse raised lines and imperforate
axis.
I take great pleasure in naming it after Dr. Pilsbry.
Goniobasis catenaria Say. Chipola River and Econfine Creek.
li dooleyensis Lea. " " "
This species is apparently one of the characteristic forms of the
Flint river drainage system. Originally described from Vienna in
Dooley County, Ga., the Messrs. King have found it in great, abund-
ance in Rawle's Spring and Dry Creek, Early County, and in the
Chickasawahatchee Creek, Baker County. From Mr. A. C.
Billups, I have also received it from the Flint River. On the
present trip it was found in both the Chipola and Econfine.
UNIONID^E FROM THE CHIPOLA RIVER.
Medionidus kingii B. H. Wr.
Lampsilis paulus Lea.
" subangulatus Lea.
THE NAUTILUS. 135
Lampsilis claibornensis Lea.
" lienosus Con. Not typical ; referrable to Lea's caligino-
sus.
" lienosus unicostatus H. B, Wr.
" vibex Con. (approaching var. nigrinus Lea.)
Anodonta gibbosa Say,
Unio singularis B. H. Wr.
" arctatus tortivus Lea. Very abundant and extremely vari-
able.
" coruscus Gld.
" nigellus Lea var.? Very close to some forms of the variable
arctatus tortivus Lea.
" curvatus Lea, a single young shell is thus named by Mr. W.
A. Marsh Sr. It is quite similar to young specimens of
the Moccasin Creek forin referred to obnubilis (nolani) by
Mr. Marsh, but differs in being rather more elongated,
more pointed and less broadly rounded posteriorly.
Unio chipolaensis, n. sp. PI. ix. figs. 6 and 7.
Shell ovate, not very thick, somewhat inflated in the umbonal
region, evenly rounded before and triangulate behind with a slight
emargination just above the superior posterior angle ; dorsal margin
decidedly curved, basal margin slightly but regularly curved,
epidermis smooth, chestnut-colored, darkening to black on the umbos,
with several darker lines indicating arrested periods of growth.
Umbonal slope well rounded towards the beaks, but flattening out
and becoming slightly biangulate posteriorly. Beaks prominent,
apparently incurved when perfect. Cardinal teeth compressed,
crenulate; those in the left valve are nearly in a straight line.
Lateral teeth rather long, slender and slightly curved. Cicatrices
distinct. Cavity of the beaks large and rounded. Nacre salmon-
color, darker anteriorly.
Length 32, width 56.5, diam. 22 mm.
Chipola River, Fla.
This species is a member of group of U. buckleyi and is disting-
uished by smooth, chestnut epidermis, entirely without rays, but
ornamented with concentric dark bands such as occur in Pleurobema
chattanoogaensis, inflated umbonal slope, prominent beaks and bian-
gulated posterior extremity with a slight emargination above. It is
related to some forms of U. burtchianus B. H. Wr, but differs in
136 THE NAUTILUS.
being less elongated and more inflated with more prominent beaks.
The color both of the epidermis and nacre is also quite different.
Messrs. Frierson and Marsh, to whom specimens have been sub-
mitted, agree that it is distinct from any described fo:m, and Mr.
Simpson remarks that it <k looks more or less like two or three species,
but I cannot refer it to anything." Mr, B. H. Wright suggests that
it is close to some forms of U. confertus Lea, but both in shape and
color, which is remarkably constant in all the specimens seen, it
seems sufficiently distinct.
UNIONIDAE FROM MOCCASIN CREEK, A TRIBUTARY OF THE
ECONFINE RIVER.
Lampsilis anodontoides floridensis Lea.
" lienosus Con. (caliyinosus Lea).
" vibex Con. (i-utilans Lea) v
Unio' downiei Lea, var.
arctatus tortivus Lea.
A very large, heavy, inflated form similar to Lea's tetricus, longer
but not so swollen as that figured by Simpson in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. xv. PI. Ixiv. figs. 3 and 4. Associated with this form is an-
other more compressed, strongly rayed and with umbonal slope,
decidedly biangulate, which Mr. Simpson thinks is also referable
here. Mr. Marsh considers this identical with Wright's nolani, a
synonym of the following species.
Unio obnubilis Lea. Two specimens smaller, thicker and appar-
ently quite distinct from the last-mentioned form are referred to
santeensis Lea, by Marsh, to which Simpson somewhat doubtfully
assents.
A NEW SPECIES OF MEDIONIDUS.
BY BRYANT AVALKER.
Medionidus sirupsonianus n. sp. PI. ix. figs. 4 and 5.
Shell small, rather thin, somewhat inflated, elliptical, inequilateral,
strongly plicate on the posterior slope. Epidermis dark yellow,
smooth, polished, covered with dark green pencilled rays which tend
to break into a net-work of angular lines covering the entire surface.
Anterior end compressed, rounded, and slightly elevated above the
TIII; NAUTILI'S. 137
line of the hinge superiorly ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded,
the tip being nearly on the median line of the shell ; posterior ridge
somewhat angled ; dorsal slope covered with strong sub-concentric,
somewhat irregular ridges extending from the posterior ridge to the
margin; basal margin regularly curved; hinge margin nearly
straight, slightly angled between the cardinal and lateral teeth.
Cardinal teeth crenulate, erect, rather compressed, those in left valve
nearly on the same line ; lateral teeth slender, straight and nearly
smooth. Anterior cicatrices well impressed, posterior cicatrices
distinct, dorsal cicatrices under the plate behind the cardinal teeth.
Beak cavity rather shallow, cavity of the shell deep and uniform.
Nacre bluish-white, rather thicker anteriorly.
Length 36; height 19, width 13 mm.
Habitat, Calvary, Ga.
Only three specimens of this little species were received, and these,
unfortunately, without any information as to the stream where they
were found.
This species belongs to the " conradicus " group of Medionidus as
defined by Simpson, and is most nearly related to M. penicillatus.
But it differs decidedly from all the described species in the com-
pression of the anterior end, the elevation of the superior-anterior
margin and the regularly rounded posterior margin, which is equally
curved above and below, the tip being nearly on the median line and
not depressed toward the basal margin as in all the allied species.
The ridges on the posterior slope are cpjite as strong, but not so
numerous as in M. kinyii.
It is named in honor of Mr. Charles T. Simpson, whose recent
retirement from active conchological work has been a source of regret
to all interested in American Conchology.
A NEW LOCALITY FOR CEEION INCANUM.
BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.
I have just returned from a visit to " Baker's Haulover," the nar-
row strip of land between the extreme upper end of Biscayne Bay,
Florida, and the Atlantic. This strip may be twenty rods wide, is
low and covered with mangroves on the inner side, and next the
ocean is sand-bank twelve or fifteen feet high with shore grapes, low
138 THE NAUTILUS.
shrubs, grass and weeds. On the sandy part I found immense num-
bers of dead shells of Cerion incanum and a diligent search revealed
a few living examples on grass close to or even on the sand. As the
weather for the past few days had been unusually cold, I thought it
possible that it might be buried in the sand, and digging around the
roots of bunches of grass I unearthed the species alive by thousands.
In some cases a double handful would be buried around a small
bunch of grass. Many of the specimens had a thin, almost transpar-
ent epiphragm at the aperture, while occasionally it was deeper
seated, thicker and white.
The apex is rather conical, the apical whorls are corneous, while the
. last whorl has strong irregular wide-spaced riblets and a dark base,
often outlined by a revolving bluish stripe. The body of the shell
is a uniform bluish-white, and occasionally a specimen has the base of
nearly the same color. In a somewhat wide experience of collecting
this species, I have never seen it so abundant. Associated with it were a
few Polygyra carpenteriana and rarely a Glandina truncata minor.
In the Manual of Conchology, Vol. xiv. p. 215, Pilsbry states
that Mr. S. N. Rhoads found five specimens of the Cerion incanum
on Virginia Key, but that he thought they had probably been drifted
there, and Pilsbry believes this key to be the extreme northeastern
limit of the species. "Baker's Haulover " is eight or nine miles
north of the extreme northern end of Virginia Key and is on the
mainland. I followed up the beach from the " Haulover " for a half
mile perhaps, but there seemed to be no diminution in the numbers of
specimens at the farthest point reached.
Lemon City, Florida.
Jan. 29, '05.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN STROMBUS PUGILIS LINNE.
BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.
Sexual dimorphism does not seem to be common among the Gaster-
opoda. It can occur only in the sub-class Streptoneura, in which the
sexes are separate. Cases are seldom reported. When they are,
they are hidden amid a mass of facts in some large work. I find
that sexual dimorphism has been noticed in Margarita helicma1 and
1 Dwigbt Blaney, Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXII., No. 2, p.
38, 1904.
THE NAUTILUS.
139
Fig. 1.
Buccinum undatum1 by Morse, in Cre/rid/tla* by Conklin, in Rissoa
ftculeus* and Littorina litlorea* by .Jeffreys, and in Fulgur carica by
Burnett Smith.5 As far as I can find out, no one has reported it in
Strombus pugilis.
The material was collected to determine if the variety alatus was
but a case of sexual dimorphism, and if not was there any such dif-
ference. 1 collected most of the individuals after a severe "norther"
in the latter part of January which had cast them up in moderate
numbers on the beach of Sand Key near Clearwater Harbor, Florida.
Of those I examined, nineteen were males and nine were females.
The variety alatus differs from the type in that it lacks the char-
acteristic tubercles on the body whorl. Forty-four per cent of the
females and twenty-six per cent of the males showed a tendency to
be smooth. Of these observations
and the ones to follow, the probable
error is so very large, on account of
the small number of individuals at
hand, that only where the differ-
ences are pronounced, are the results
of value.
On the material at hand I made
the following measurements;-(Fig. 1)
the length AB, the width CE, the
angle at the apex, the columellar
angle, and the aperture FG. On
account of the ornamentation of the
shell, the width CE and the apical
angle were found to be so variable
as not to be favorable for compar-
ison. The ratio of AB to FG was
in the case of females larger than in
the case of the males. If this be /
true, and I have too few individuals
to be sure of it absolutely, a very interesting feature is shown.
The
JE. S. Morse, 1876, Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII.
2E. G. Conklin, Jour, of Morphology, 1897, Vol. XIII., No. 1.
3 Jeffreys, British Conchology, Vol. IV., p. 38.
*lbid., Vol. III., p. 343.
5 Burnett Smith, 1902, Proc. Acad. Natural Science of Phila., Vol. LI V., p. 507.
140 THE NAUTILUS.
aperture of the male is larger than that of the female. This is true
also in Nautilus pompilius.1
The average columella angle CDE is for males 37.4° and for
females 40.4°. The columella angle of the females is larger than
that of the males. This is characteristic, and it is possible to sepa-
rate the males from the females in a large series at a glance with
very few errors. One male, however, showed the female angle and
one female the male angle.
The results of these observations indicate that the relation of the
variety alatus to the type is not of sexual character, that the aperture
of the male may be a trifle wider than that of the female, but the
columella angle is a true case of sexual dimorphism.
A NEW SPICIES OF SOMATOGYRUS FROM SOUTH ALABAMA.
BY T. H. ALDRICH.
SOMATOGYRUS WALKERIANUS n. sp.
Shell small, globose, rather solid, smooth, color greenish-yellow.
Spire short, obtuse. The nucleus is obliquely placed, and projects
markedly beyond the outline of the spire on the left side. Whorls
about four, suture impressed. Body whorl large, slightly shouldered ;
outer lip slightly expanded. Inner lip thick-
ened and rounding below into a rather nar-
row and deep groove, which runs up into the
slightly perforate umbilicus. Aperture rather
pointed above and rounded at the base. Alt.
4.25 ; diam. 4 mm.
LOCALITY. — Conecut River, Escambia
Co., Ala., twenty miles east of Brewton,
living on limestone rocks, rather common.
REMARKS — This shell resembles a small
_S. subylobosus Say, but is not so strongly shouldered, has a much
lower spire, and also the groove behind the pillar lip. Examples in
cabinets of A. A. Hinkley and Bryant Walker. Type in my collection.
1 Bather, 1895, Natural Science, Vol. VI., p. 411.
TilK NAUTILUS. 1 41
NEW SPECIES OF LYMJTJEA.
BY F. C. BAKER.
Lymnsea oioascoensis nov. sp.
Shell small, elongated, turreted, rather thin ; color light horn ;
surface shining, marked by close-set lines of growth; in some speci-
mens there is a tendency to form raised, keel-like ridges, as in
malleated forms of Lymnsea; apex small, round, of the same color as
the rest of the shell; whorls 5^, shouldered, rather flat-sided; spire
elongated, sharply conical ; sutures deeply impressed ; aperture
roundly ovate, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell ; outer
lip thin, inner lip erect, causing the aperture to be almost continu-
ous; columelhi rather broad, flattened, somewhat thickened by a
callus but without a plait; umbilicus round, wide and deep, exhibit-
ing one volution ; the base of the shell is roundly flattened.
Length 8.50; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.
Length 8.75; width 4.00; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.
Habitat: Owasco Lake, N. Y., collected by Dr. Howard N. Lyon.
This distinct little shell may be known by its turreted shell, long
spire and large, open umbilicus. Its nearest ally is desidiosa.
Lymnsea bryanti nov. sp.
Shell small, thin, robust, pointed ; color light horn; surface rather
dull, marked by rather indistinct lines of growth, but without im-
pressed spiral lines; the base of the shell is marked by several indis-
tinct spiral ridges, and the last whorl is malleated in some specimens;
whorls 4^-5, rounded, roundly shouldered, rapidly increasing in
diameter; the last whorl is large and quite convex ; spire acutely
conical, shorter than or as long as the aperture ; sutures well im-
pressed ; aperture elliptical or elongate-ovate; columella a trifle
thickened, without a plait, the callus turned back and appressed to
the parietal wall as in cubensis ; umbilicus distinct and rather widely
open.
Length 7.50; width 4.00; aperture length 4.00; width 2.25 mill.
Length 6.50; width 4.00; aperture length 4.00; width 2.00 mill.
Length 6.50; widlb 4.00; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.
Habitat, Alameda Co., California. Collection of Mr. Bryant
Walker.
142 THE NAUTILUS.
This little shell is related to cubensis but is easily distinguished by
its thinner shell, more pointed spire, less rounded whorls and more
elongate aperture. The shape of the aperture and the form of the
columella are different from those of humilis.
Lymncp.a stagnalis var. higleyi, new variety.
Shell ovate with short spire and wide, spreading aperture which
is twice the length of the spire ; whorls rather flat-sided, the last
somewhat shouldered ; collumellar plait very large, thick, heavy,
shining, white ; aperture widely flaring, the upper part somewhat
shouldered ; umbilicus tightly closed by the closely appressed, reflec-
ted, columellar callus.
Length 50.00 ; width 30.00 ; aperture length 32.00 ; width 22.00
mill. (Ferriss).
Length 42.00; width 27.00; aperture length 27.00; width 19.00
mill. (Academy).
Length 38.00; width 22.00; aperture length 25.00; width 17.00
mill. (Walker).
Habitat ; Michipecoten Bay, North Shore, Lake Superior.
In a lot of specimens of Lymnaea stagnalis sent to the writer for
examination by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, there were three specimens which
differed markedly from any described American form of this species.
The nearest variety seems to be Hemphill's occidentals, but that
form is decidedly more shouldered on the body whorl, the aperture
does not flare and the spire is more " pinched." The color is a clear
translucent whitish horn. The writer has seen no European variety
exactly comparable with this variety.
It is named in honor of Prof. William K. Higley, Secretary of
the Chicago Academy of Sciences. ,
GLOCHIDIA OF UNIO ON FISHES.
BY CHAS. H. CONNER.
A short time ago (Feb. 25, 1905), while hunting especially for
fresh-water shrimps, I obtained some young minnows and sun-fish
{Eupomotis gibbosus). Upon examination of the latter, I found
several Gtochidia, apparently of Anodonta cataracta Say, clinging to
the anal and caudal fins.
TIIK NAUTILI'S. 143
On Monday, Feb. 27th, I had the honor of submitting the sper.i-
mens, in situ and intact, to Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Vanalta, of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, for verification, and they confirmed
the discovery.
As no record of observed parasitism in America of Gloc.lildia has
been made in any scientific journal that I am aware of, il was a
«reat pleasure to find them living, and confirm the observations
made in Europe.
The fish were taken from the most eastern of the three connected
ponds at Westville, N. J.
NOTES.
MARRATT AND THE CONCHOLO^IA ICONICA. — In the February
NAUTILUS, p. 120, in the extract from " The Museums Journal,"
concerning the late F. P. Marratt, it is stated that he was the author
of the monograph on Oliva in Reeve's " Conchologia Iconica."
This is an error which might be corrected if .you think it necessary.
When Lovell Reeve wrote that monograph in 1850, Marratt was
unknown as a conchologist.
Of the " Conchologia Iconica " Reeve was author of Vols. I.-
XIV., and as far as Tornatella in Vol. XV. The rest of that vol-
ume, commencing with Pyramidella to the end, and Vols. XVI.—
XX. were the work of the late G. B. Sowerby.— EDGAR A. SMITH,
British Museum (Natural History).
NOTE ON THE GENUS APOREMA BALL — This group, of which
Pholadonya arata Verrill is the type was named in 1903. But I
am informed that Aporema was used in 1890, by Scudder, for an in-
sect, and the molluscan genus therefore requires a new name,
propose for it Panacea. — WM. H. DALL.
NOTE ON TRICHODINA ANCEY. — Inasmuch as the name Trich-
odina, proposed by Ancey in 1888 for an Achatinoid land shell (cf.
Man. Conch, pt. 67, p. 182) was used in 1830 by Ehrenberg for a
genus of Foraminifera, I would propose that it be replaced by
Petriola — WM. H. DALL.
144 THE NAUTILUS.
THE GENUS VAUCHERIA PALLARY. — Mr. Pallary describes
(Journ. de Conch. '04, p. 7.) a shell supposed to be that of a slug,
under the name Vaucheria tingitana. M. Dautzenberg has recently
received fresh specimens, which proved to be plates (the tergum) of
PoUicipes cornucopia, a stalked barnacle of European seas. The
supposed new genus therefore becomes a synonym of the Cirrhipede.
SNAILS IN SEPULCHRES — While I was very recently conduct-
ing the exhuming of quite a number of Indian skeletons, within the
corporate limits of Des Moines, Iowa, I found, very much to my sur-
prise, several living specimens of Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.) and
Helicodiscus lineatus (Say,) very snugly associating with the long dead
and buried aborigines. They attracted my attention by being among
some of the small white beads, which were about the same size and
color. I would often pick up a shell for a bead. They were min-
gled with decayed fibrous roots, fragments of blankets etc., in among
the bones, often in the crevices of broken and decayed bones. Every-
thing was in a very advanced stage of decay, denoting in the neigh-
borhood of seventy-five years' burial; the evidence showed that the
bodies had been wrapped in blankets and buried in wooden boxes.
In a number of instances the entire outfit, box and all, was reduced to
a mere, trace less than half an inch in thickness ; others were two or
three inches thick, and a few produced fairly well-preserved skeletons.
All contained shells of the above-named species. The burials lay
from eighteen inches to three and a half feet deep, in a very loose, fine,
sandy, Pleistocene loam. If the snails were at home, as they appar-
ently were, is not their association with dead mens' bones an unusual
occurrence ? — T. VAN HYNING, Supt. Mus. State Hist. Dept.
Des Moines, la.
IN the last number of the Proceedings of the Malacological So-
ciety of London, Dr. von Ihering adds three new species to the
genus Tomigerus, the first for many years.
A new species of Achatina, A. morrellt, is described by Mr.
Preston, from the Zambesi river. It seems to be closely related to
A. capelloi. Furtado — H. A. P.
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