THE

NAU

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXVI

MAY, 1912, to APRIL, 1913.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

A. PII.SBRT, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Xntnrnl Sciences

PHILADELPHIA.

r. W. JOHNSON. Curator of the Boston Society of Natural IHstoiy,

BOSTON.

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Abnormal shells (PI. V) . . . 38

Agriolimax, Feeding habits of . . . . . . 108

Alabama, Additions to the list of Mollusca from Monte

Sano . 14

Amnicola winkleyi Pils., n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 9, 10) . . 1

Ancellaria castanea Sowb. . . . . . .77

Anculosa minor Hinkley, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 7, 8) . . 47

Annularia ramsdeni Pils. & Hend., n. sp. 42

Annularia pseudalatum Torre, n. sp. . . . . 43

Aplexa hypnorum Linne ..... .64

Ashmunella ashmuni Dall ...... 81

Ashmunella thomsoniana, Pecos River, N. M. . . .69

Baldwin, D. D. (obituary and portrait) . . 48, 82

Bermuda shells . . . . .12

Bifidaria contracta ........ 17

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (PI. II) . 17, 21, 31

Bifidaria pellucida parvidens ...... 81

Boston Malacological Club .... . 144

Bryant, F. W. (obituary) 119

Buccinum solutum Herm.=Chrysodomus heros Gray . 46

Buccinum stromboides Herm. .... .47

California, Two new land shells from . 37

Campeloma decisum Say, reversed . . . . .4.1

Cannibal snails . . . . . . . .132

Carocolus sagemon var. semiaperta ..... 106

Carychium minimum at Quincy, Mass. . . . .24

Cepolis alauda Fer. . ..... 2

Cerion pinerium Dall ..... .112

Chondropoma carenasense Pils. & Hend., n. sp. . . 44

Chondropoma wilcoxi Pils. & Hend., n. sp. . . . 45

Chondropoma dissolutum. . . . . .112

Chondropoma picta Pfr. ... ... 104

Cincinnatia in the Delaware drainage . . . .96

Circinaria concava from Sheboygan County, Michigan 3

Colombia, Land shells of Carthagena . . . .84

Columbella misera Sowb. var. californica Rve. (PI. IV,

fig. 15) 76

Columbella picta Reeve (PI. IV, fig. 13) . . . .76

Columbella propinqua E. A. Smith (PI. IV, fig. 14). . 76

(iii)

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Columbella tefpsichore Leathes (PI. IV, fig. 12) .76

Columella— Sphyradium .... .60

Conchological chat from London . . .85

Conchological Museum . 34

Cryptogirasia . . . . 70

Cryptosoma, Theob. . 1857, not Bruelle = Megaustenia,

n. n. . . . ... 70

Cuba, A day's collecting at Antilla .... 2

Cuba and the Isle of Pines, A collector in western . 99, 111

Cuban land shells, New ....... 42

Cuban, Pleistocene fossils from Eastern . 69

Cuban Urocoptis, New . 55, 109, 125

Cumberlandia, A new genus of Naiades . . .13

Cumberlandia monodonta Say . . 14

Cyclas albula Prime ... . 139

Cyclostoma semicanum . . . . Ill

Cypraea erosa carmen Smith, n. var. (PI. IV, fig. 10) . 78

Cypraea erosa nebrites Melv. (PI. IV, fig. 9) . .78

Cypraea erosa subalba Smith, n. var. (PI. IV, fig. 11) . 78

Cypraea helvola Linne" (PI. IV, fig. 8) . . 78

Cypraea helvola Linn 6, var. mascarena Milv. (PI. IV,

fig. 6) . . 78

Cypraea hirasei Roberts, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 1, 2, 3) . 97

Cypraea hungerfordi kiiensis Robt., n. subsp. (PI. VI,

figs. 5. 6, 7, 8) . 98

Cypraea pantherina and vars. ... . 78

Cypraea turdus Lam. ..... .78

Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi cuestana Edson, n.

subsp. . . . . 37

Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsi . . . . .49

Epiphragmophora oregonensis Lea, Notes on the validity of 49

Eulima tenostoma . . . .55

Floridian Viviparus, A new . ... 48

Florida, Land shells of southern . . . . 16, 31

Fresh-water Mollusca living out of the water . . .64

Galba montanensis Baker, n. sp. . . 115

Glandinella poeyanas Pfr. . . . . .112

Gripp, Charles W. (obituary) . . . . . .132

Guatemala, Notes on shells from Quirigua . . .11

Harmandia somboriensis Rochebrune . . . 141

Helix alonensis Fer. (PI. IV, fig. 5) . 26

Helix hortensis Mull. ....... 74

Helix (Iberus) quahierana Linn. (PL IV, figs. 1, 2, 3) . 26

Helix (Iberus) qualtierana, var. grandae Smith, n. var.

(PI. IV, fig. 4) 27

Hermann (Dr. Johann), Work in " Der Naturforscher,"

1781 45

Holospira bilamellata Dall (PI. V, figs. 8, 9) . 41

Holospira mesolia Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .89

Hyria 141

THE NAUTILUS. V

Lamarck's Collection of Shells . . . 119

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) in the upper Potomac

drainage . ... . .51

Lymnaea auricularia near Philadelphia

Lymnaea from Montana, A new . 115

Lymnsea parva. . . . .65

Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia at Cambridge, Mass. . ,116

Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia in Colorado . . . .84

Macroceramus caniniarensis rotundibasis Pils. , n. subsp. . 130

Maine mollusca, Notes on .... .73

Marine gasteropoda from Aden with description of new

forms ..... . .74

Marginella obscura Reeve, (PI. IV, fig. 16) . . 77

Megaustenia Ckll. n. n. for Cryptosoma preoccupied . . 70

Mexico, Shell collected at ManzaniUo, west . . . 143

Microceramus perconicus trinidadensis Pils., n. var. (PI.

VIII, figs. 15, 17, 18) . . .129

Microceramus sanctispiritensis Pils., n. sp. (PL VIII, figs.

11, 12, 13} ... .127

Missouri, Shells of southeast ... . . 90

Mitra costellaris Lam. . . . .77

Mitra deshayesii Reeve ... ... 77

Montana, A list of the Mollusca from the Mussel Shell

valley ... .130

Murex despectus Linne . .... 47

Murex fulvescens Sowerby . . ... 120

Musculium orbiculare Sterki, n. sp. . . . . 140

Nassa pulla var. minor Smith n. var. (PL IV, fig. 17) . 77

New England notes ........ 54

Nerita cancellata Herm. ... . 46

New Mexico, Mollusca from Northern . . 80

New Orleans mollusca . ..... 36

Nodularia jourdyi Morelet 141

Notes . . 12, 24, 35, 48, 59, 69, 84, 96, 108, 119, 132, 144

Nyctilochidae ....... .59

Nyctilochus Gistel = Septa Perry = Triton Auct. . . 59

Odostomia trifida, winkleyi, etc. . . 54, 74

Oliva andamanensis Bdg. (PL IV, fig. 7) . .77

Opeas clavalinum kyotoense at Cambridge, Mass. . . • 24

Oreohelix alta Pils., n. var. . . . 144

Oreohelix carinifera Pils., n. sp.

Oreohelix colonies in Colorado ... 9

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. .

Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll. ... 10

Oreohelix haydeni betheli n. subsp. Pils. and Ckll. . . 144

Oreohelix haydeni Gabb. ... 11, 89

Oreohelix haydeni gabbiana Hemp. 11, 30

Oreohelix hendersoni Pils., n. sp. . 11, 29

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. (PL V, fig. 16) . 41, 81

Ovula (Neosimnia) hirasei Pils., n. sp. (PL VII, fig. 4) . 114

VI THE NAUTILUS.

Ovula nipponensis Pils., n. sp. (PI. VII, fig. 9) . . 114

Panama, Collecting in .... . 121

Paludestrina salsa at Rowley, Mass. . . 54

Parreysia dalliana Frierson, n. sp. . . 142

Physa sayi ...... . . 65

Physunio micropterus Morelet . . . 141

Pisidium abditum Hald. ...... 6

Pisidium abditum subrotundum Sterki . . . 7, 65

Pisidium alleni Sterki, n. sp. . 9

Pisidium columbianum Sterki, n. sp. . . 117

Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki, n. sp. . 95

Pisidium f urea turn Sterki, n. sp. .118

Pisidium (furcatum var.?) rhombicum Sterki . .119

Pisidium glabellum Sterki, n. sp. ..... 137

Pisidium lerrnondi Sterki, n. sp. . 138

Pisidium minus Ad. . .... 7

Pisidium (nevadense var. or sp.?) modicum Sterki, n. . 137

Pisidium overi Sterki, n. sp. . . . .136

Pisidium peraltum Sterki. . . . 95

Pisidium regulare Prime . . .... 7

Pisidium sphaericum Sterki, n. sp. . . . .8

Planorbis bicarinatus Say, abnormal (PI. V, fig. 4) . .41

Pleistocene fossils from Eastern Cuba . . .69

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) goldmani— sipunculata • • 60

Pleurodonte marginella Gmel. . .3

Polygyra albolabris Say (PI. V, fig. 13). . . .40

Polygyra appressa Say. . . . . . . 1, 93

Polygyra cereolus (PI. V, figs. 1, 2, 3) 39

Polygyra cereolus and var. carpenteriana . . 16, 31, 33

Polygyra elevata Say (PI. V, fig. 15) . . 40, 91

Polygyra exoleta Binn. (PI. V, fig. 14) .. . 40

Polygyra fallax Say. ... . .80

Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pils., n. subsp. . . .80

Polygyra fraterna Say (PI. V, fig. 5). . 40, 91

Polygyra hirsuta Say ... . 40, 91

Polygyra hopetonensis var. obsoleta. . . . .79

Polygyra inflecta Say (PI. V, fig. 6). . . 39, 91

Polygyra mobiliana, banded . . . . .120

Polygyra palliata Say, in New England . . . .59

Polygyra profunda Say (PI. V, fig. 12) . .40

Polygyra texasiana. ....... 90

Polygyra tridentata Say (PI. V, figs. 10, 11) . .39

Polygyra vannostrandi Bid 79

Polymita muscarum ....... 2

Pseudogalba new name for Simpsonia . . 120

Publications received . . . . 60, 71

Pyramidella bartschi=0dostomia bartschi. . . 54

Pyramidella fusca and producta at Chatham, Mass. . . 55

Radix auricularia at Cambridge, Mass 116

Rostellaria curvirostris Lam. (young) . . . .79

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

Rumina decollata in Mobile and New Orleans . 4

Septa Perry, Note on the genus.

Snail trap ... .60

Solenaia (Mycetopus) rugatus Sowerby . 142

Sonorella argus Edson, n. sp. . . . 37

Sonorella coloradoensis Steam . . 30

Spain, Notes on the Molluscan fauna of the Sierra Elvira . 25

Sphaeriidae old and new . . 6, 95, 117

Sphaerium acuminatum Prime. . . 139

Sphaerium occidcntale Prime . . .64

Sphaerium ohioense Sterki, n. sp. . .139

Sphyradium, American species of . 60

Spondylus americanus Hermann (1781)— ecbinatu? Mart.

(1784). . . 46

Strange names for old acquaintances. . . 45

Strombus columba Lam. . . 79

Taylor, D.D., George W. (obituary) . . 82

Terebra clarkei Smith, n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 18,. . 75

Thysanophora cockerellte Pils. , n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 5, 6) . 12

Trapezoideus rnisellus Morelet . . ... 141

Trivia eos Roberts, n. sp. (PL VII, figs. 10, 11) . 99

Trochetella stellata Pory . .... Ill

Turbo canaliculatus Herm.— T. spenglerianus Gmel. . 46

Unio (Lampsilis?) purpuriatus Say (PI. Ill, figs. 4, 5) . 22

Unio (Nodularia) putzeysi Preston, n. n. for N. subnigra

Preston . .70

Unio (Obovaria) jacksonianus Frier., n. sp. (PL III, figs.

1, 2, 3. . 23

Unio silongweensis, n. n. for N. vicinus Preston not Lea . 35

Unionidae, A criticism of Dr. Haas' monograph . . 141

Urocoptis acicularis Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, fig. 6) . .68

Urocoptis bacillaris Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 7, 8). . 57

Urocoptis bacillaris exilis Torre, n. var. (PL VI, fig. 10) . 58

Urocoptis bacillaris albicostulata Torre, n. subsp. (PL VI,

tig. 9). . . . . .66

Urocoptis bacillaris sordidula Torre, n. subsp. (PL VI, fig.

11) .. . .66

Urocoptis boqueronis Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 1, 2, 3) . 67

Urocoptis camagueyana Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 12, 13) 68

Urocoptis canteroiana Arango (PL VIII, figs. 4, 5) . . 126

Urocoptis cara Pils. & Hend., n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 27-

30) . . 110, 128

Urocoptis cienfuegosensis Pils., n. sp. (PL VIII, figs. 6,

7, 8) .127

Urocoptis cinerea Pfr. (PL VI, figs. 14, 15) . . .55

Urocoptis (Cochlodinella) mediana Pils., n. sp. (PL VIII,

figs. 1, 2, 3) 126

Urocoptis fortiuscula Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 24, 25, 26) 57

Urocoptis hidalgoi cabrasensis Pils. & Hend., n. var. (PL

VIII, fig. 16) .... . 110

Vlll THE NAUTILUS.

Urocoptis ischna Pils. . . . 105

Urocoptis livida Torre, n. sp. (PL VI, figs. 21, 22) . . 56

Uroooptis livida occulta Torre, n. subsp. (PI. VI, fig. 23). 56

Urocoptis longa Pils. &Hend., n. sp. (PI. VIII, figs. 9, 10) 128

Urocoptis pallida Torre, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 18, 19, 20) . 57

Urocoptis parallela Torre, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 4, 5) . . 67

Urocoptis philippiana Pfr. ..... 104

Urocoptis pruinosa Mor. . . . . . . .112

Urocoptis scaeva Gund. . . • . . , 104

Urocoptis stricta Torre, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 16, 17) . 66

Viviparus contectoides in Philadelphia . . 84

Viviparus walkeri Pils. and Johns, n. sp. (PI. Ill, figs. 6, 7) 48

White, James Johnson (obituary) . . .35

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, H. B. . . 3

Baker, F. C. . .. 115, 120

Barret, Wm. T. . 61

Berry, S. 8. .130

Clap'p, Geo. H. . .120

Clapp, W. F. . . 24, 116

Cockerell, T. D. A. . . 69, 70, 144

Ball, W. H. . 58, 108, 132, 143

Daniels, L. E. . 38

Edaon (Harry), Henry M. . 37, 49

Frierson, L. S. ... 22, 23, 141

Gaines, Marshall R. . 34

Hanham, A. W. . 83, 133

Hedley, C. 45, 85

Henderson, Jr., John B. . . 2, 42, 309

Henderson, Junius . . 9, 80, 84

Hinkley, A. A. . 36, 47

Johnson, C. W. 48, 59, 120

Long, Bayard . . . . 27

Ortmann, A. E. . 13, 51

Pilsbry, H. A., 1, 11, 29, 42, 45, 48, 60. 72. 79. 84, 88, 109,

114, 125, 144

Presbrey, Eugene W. ....... 121

Preston, H. B. 35, 70

Roberts, S. Raymond . 97

Sampson, F. A. . .90

Smith, H. H. . . . 4

Smith, Maxwell . .25. 74

Sterki. V. . .6, 64, 95, 117, 136

Torre, Carlos de la . . 55, 66

Vanatta, E. G. 12, 16, 31, 69, 84, 96

Wheeler, H. E. . . . 14, 99, 111

Winkley, H. W. . . 54, 73, 144

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE I

1.2. POLYGYRA CLARKII BRADLEYI VAN. (VOL. XXV, p. 120).

3.4. ALDRICH & PILSBRY: A NEW PLIOCENE NER1T1NA.

5.6. THYSANOPHORA COCKERELL/E PILSBRY.

7.8. HINKLEY: ON ANCULOSA.

9, 10. AMNICOLA WINKLEYI PILSBRY.

11, 12. ASHMUNELLA FERRISSI PILS. ARIZONA.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. MAY, 1912. No. 1

A NEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

AMNICOLA WINKLEYI, n. sp, Plate I, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is umbilicate, ovate-conic, composed of 4£ to nearly 5

strongly convex whorls, separated by a very deep suture ; whitish

corneous when cleaned of the thin brown stain, glossy, faintly striate ;

apex rather acute, aperture ovate, nearly vertical ; peristome contin-

uous, a little flattened where it is very shortly in contact with the

proceeding whorl.

Length 4.8, diam. 3.1 mm.; length of aperture 2.2 mm.

Saco, Maine.

By its dentition this species belongs to the group of Amnicola

lustrica Pils., the shape of the central tooth and its denticulation

being quite unlike A. limosa. It differs from limosa by its projecting

first whorl, that of limosa being flat on top. A lustrica is smaller

and more slender. A schrokingeri Ffld. is closely related but is a

very much smaller species. Frauenfeld gives the length as 3.15

mm., and the largest in a series of over 100 before me is 3.2 mm.

long, with 4^ whorls.

A. winkleyi has some resemblance to A. (Cincinnati a) cincinnati-

ensis Anth. by its acute apex and very convex whorls, but it is less

solid, and differs very widely in dentition.

This species is one of the fruits of the careful examination of the

New England fauna by the Rev. Henry W. Winkley, during the

past decade or more. Doubtless the species exists in many collec-

tions under one name or another. My attention was called to it in

the course of a study of the northern species for a monograph of the

New York fauna.

THE NAUTILUS.

A DAY'S COLLECTING AT ANTILLA, CUBA.

JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The very new little town of Antilla, at the head of Nipe Bay,

Cuba, is a very unlikely looking place for land-shells. Off in the

distance are fine ranges of high mountains that beckon to the col-

lector, but the few hills near Antilla are low and seem always to be

surrounded by mangrove swamps and therefore quite inaccessible.

Jn the hopes of finding something we turned to the only approachable

hill, one lying just at the edge of the town. It is a wretched little

apology for a hill, without rocks or any good feature for the collector

other than a somewhat vigorous crown of vegetation. Arrived at

the spot we found the place most uninviting. Goats, pigs, chickens

and the whole assortment of Cuba's domesticated fauna ranged the

woods, and a very dead horse sent clear to Heaven a protest against

our invasion.

But no collector of land-shells happening along Antilla way should

neglect devoting an hour or so to these goat-infested woods, for right

there live in reasonable abundance the finest Polymita muscarum

that ever came out of Cuba. Practically all the color varieties

known of that really exquisite arboreal snail appear to live there.

They range from black (with one orange band) through the yellows

and reds (generally brilliantly painted in bands) to the pure china-

ware glazed white. One would naturally suppose that so bright a

color spot on a tree as this shell presents would be most easily

detected. When once seen it certainly looks easy enough, yet I

feel sure that we collected but a small proportion of the inhabitants.

The reason is that the snail usually hides in the crotch of a limb, or

fastens itself to the trunk of shrub or tree at just the spot where a

convenient leaf covers him. The best manner of stalking them is

to look along the ground for " bones" and when a " cemetery" is

found then turn the eyes upward to the vegetation, for these creatures

seem to have a gregarious habit and live in colonies. This may not

be true in the rainy season when all tropical snails are more active.

From this little wooded hill we took besides the muscarum some

very fine Cepolis alauda Fer. of the more typical form than is usually

seen in collections. This is also a tree snail with much the same

habit as the muscarum but they do not affect the colonial mode of

life as definitely, and they are less shy in exposing themselves on

THE NAUTILUS. 3

the tree to full view of the eager collector. The great range of

variation in this species, not only in color but in size and form

causes one to wonder if there are not possibly several distinct species

included in the one comprehensive name of " alauda." There is

also there, in these woods, but rather sparingly, Pleurodonte mar-

ginella Gmel. of a very dark color form. These also live on the

trees, but only on the large trees and then invariably on the trunks.

They look just like great big buttons and may be detected a hundred

feet away. On the ground, quite common, were Pleurodonte auricoma

provisoria Pfr. and a Helicina that we may call, for the present,

submarginata Gray, also, Oleacina subulata Pfr. On the tree trunks,

low down near the ground, very strictly of social habit, were Mac-

roceramus pictus (Gundl.) Pfr. and, more commonly distributed, the

Chondropoma revinctum Poey.

We answered the call of the more distant mountains later and I

would like to tell of that trip when I shall have had time to identify

the material collected. That is up in the " picta " country. I know

of nothing more wonderful for jaded nerves and " that tired feeling"

than to range the woods and banana fields for Polymita picta.

NOTES ON CIRCINAKIA CONCAVA (SAY) FROM SHEBOYGAN COUNTY.

MICHIGAN.

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER.

Circinaria concava was considered to be a typical shell of the

Upper Austral, and in the southern peninsula of Michigan was not

known to extend much farther north than the old Saginaw-Grand

River outlet. In consequence, it was a surprise to find it last sum-

mer near the north shore of Burt Lake, Cheboygan County, about

one-hundred and fifty miles north of this line. Even more peculiar,

however, was its habitat, as it was living in and along the edge of a

large, boreal, cedar-spruce-fir (Thuja-Picea- Abies) bog, along with

such a typically boreal species as Pyramidula astenscus (Morse).

A quite thorough search of the hardwoods and other transition

habitats of the region failed to reveal this shell, so it appears we

have an austral shell living in a boreal bog in a transition region.

One is tempted to conclude that this species, weakened by living too

far north, is unable to cope with its competitors in the more favor-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

able habitats, and is, for that reason, restricted to the unfavorable,

sparsely populated, boreal bog, just as the boreal plants and animals

are confined to these relict islands throughout the transition and the

northern parts of the Upper Austral zones. These rivals would

probably not be other shells in the case under consideration, as Cir-

cinaria is the only snail in the region that is mainly carnivorous in

habits, but would probably be some of the carnivorous arthropods.

The shells themselves show the influence of poor conditions as

they are, thin, fragile, and dwarfed. The largest specimen collected,

which was a shell of four and one-half whorls measures : greater

diameter 11.9 mm., lesser diameter 10.4 mm., altitude 5.3 mm.,

while a shell with five whorls from southern Michigan measures :

18.9 mm., 16 mm., 8.5 mm. ; and a young shell of four and one-half

whorls from the same region as the latter : 13.9 mm., 11.8 mm., 6.4

mm. This difference in size is even more marked in the embryonic

first whorl, and the northern shells are more transparent and vitreous

than the southern, have little of the latter's clouded, milky appear-

ance, and truly resemble in texture an over-grown Vitrea. In addi-

tion, the revolving, microscopic wrinkles, which mark the typical

shells over the entire upper surface but most strongly along the

inner, sutural slope of each whorl, are more delicately and strongly

marked in the northern form.

The question as to how this form got into this region is, at present,

unanswerable, but the fact that the bog, in which it was found, lies

between the Nipissing fossil beach and the present shore of Burt

Lake is at least interesting in this connection.

BTJMINA DECOLLATA IN MOBILE AND NEW OBLEANS.

BT. HERBERT H. SMITH.

This species is common in Southern Europe and has been carried

by commerce to Bermuda, Havana and other places. As far as I

know, the only recorded North American locality is Charleston,

S. C., where it has been fully naturalized for many years. For its

discovery in Mobile and New Orleans we are indebted to Mr. L. H.

McNeill, of the former city. This gentleman sent to me a drawing

of the shell, stating that he had first noticed it in New Orleans as

THE NAUTILUS. 0

early as 1907, l and subsequently found it common in Mobile. Mr.

McNeill is interested in shells and had collected them with the late

Dr. Charles Mohr : he did not remember seeing this species in the

Mohr cabinet or elsewhere, and asked me for information. The

drawing, though he apologized for it, was so good as to leave little

doubt in my mind ; moreover, Mr. McNeill stated that the shells

were always decollate ; and, from their occurrence in the older or

French parts of the two cities, he believed them to be introduced.

At my request he took the trouble to gather and forward more

than 100 living specimens; and a few days after, he sent some dead

but good shells which he had brought from New Orleans. These

are like Charleston or Bordeaux specimens. Mr. McNeill's notes

are so good that I gladly transcribe them :

" The Mobile specimens were gathered at the S. E. corner of

Monroe and Royal Sts. Another location is the S. E. corner of St.

Emanuel and Canal Sts. Both are in the oldest parts of the town,

and the first on the site of old Fort Charlotte (Fort Conde of the

French ;) there were dozens of them crawling across the sidewalk,

it being a damp and cloudy day, and many had been crushed by

pedestrians. The shell is found over quite a large area of the city."

With regard to the New Orleans specimens he writes : " I noticed

them first while putting up a building on the uptown side of Jackson

Ave., two doors towards the river from Prytania St., and afterwards

in other locations, including Girod and Claiborne Cemeteries. I

also saw a gardener destroying several of them, remarking that they

were a pest among the violets, which suggests that they are well

known all over the city."

These exact locality notes are interesting. In Mobile, at least,

the snail appears to be common only in the older or French streets,

and probably that is why so large a species has been overlooked by

Mohr, Showalter and other good collectors. During a recent brief

visit, I collected in vacant lots where rubbish piles, stones, etc., gave

plenty of shelter : snails were much in evidence, but no Rumina

was seen. I was not looking for it, not knowing, at the time, that

it lived in the city ; but I could hardly have missed so large a species

had it been at all common. These lots were in newer parts of the

1 After this was written and sent to press I learned that Mr. Ferriss collected

Rumina at New Orleans, some years ago. As far as I know the fact was not

published.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

city, a mile or more from the French streets. Probably the species,

though fully naturalized, has not extended its range so far.

All the indications are that Rumina was introduced in Mobile a

century or more ago, during the French rule, and in all probability

it was brought from some French port. The New Orleans race may

be as old or older ; both cities date from the 17th century. I shall

not be at all surprised if Rumina turns up in Pensacola, another old

colony ; and it is more than probable that other European species

may be found in these Southern cities.

SPHAERIIDAE, OLD AND NEW.

BY V. STERKI.

A revision, or monograph, of the North American Sphariida has

been demanded for years. But the way is not [clear : very much is

yet to be learned with respect to many species, their interrelations,

the extent of their variation, and their distribution. A great deal

of material for study from all over the continent is still desirable.

A catalogue of the known species, with some notes will be published

soon, and on the following pages will be found some descriptions and

rectifications The numbers cited are those of the special collection

of Sphfzriidce.

Piridium abditum Haldeman, Proc. Acad. Phila., I. p. 53, 1841 ;

Prime, Mon. Corb. 1865, p. 68 The P. abditum muddle has been

the greatest stumbling block in the otherwise difficult study of

Pisidium. Beginning with T. Prime, this " species " has been the

general dumping ground into which almost anything was thrown

that was not plainly " a black bass or a snapping turtle," or to re-

main serious, any Pisidium, even such as noveboracense, variabile,

tequilaterale, compressum, etc.. and occasionally Sph. occidentale.

The authentic specimens, from Lancaster Co., Pa., in the T.

Prime collection : are of a rather small form but serve to define the

1They had been there for about seventy years, and remained covered with a

ferruginous crust so that their real shape, surface sculpture and color could

not be seen. Now they are clean. Of the seven, five are immature, of a rather

small form, as noted, 2.8-3.3 mm. long, the others, two pair of valves, are

3.8-4 mm. long. The description, in Mon. Corb., is quite inadequate, even

with respect to the original form: "very inequilateral" [should be inequi-

THE NAUTILUS. 7

species, which is really widely distributed, common and very vari-

able, even if restricted after eliminating the three following species

and some others which are clearly distinct.

The mussels of the typical and near-typical forms average larger

and more inflated. It appears that there are several geographical

subspecies ; the following is one of them :

P. abditum subrotundum St. (P. subrotundum, The Nautilus XX,

p. 19, 1906) The mussel is less inflated than in abditum, averaging

smaller, the beaks are broader and less elevated ; rather uniform.

Appears to be a northern form ; New England to Ontario, Michigan

and northern Ohio.

P. minus (Ad.), Gyclas minor Ad., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. I,

p. 48, 1841 ; ranged under the syn. of P. abditum by Prime, Mon.

Corb., p. 68. Is distinct so far as can be judged from the authentic

specimens (3 valves, from Waybridge, Vt.) in the T. Prime collec-

tion, but appears to be rather rare. Specimens fairly well agreeing

with them have been seen from : Duxbury, Mass. (W. F. Clapp,

No. 6969) ; Denisville, Me. (Dr. Jas. Lewis' collection, now Mr.

Bryant Walkers' No. 2582) ; Klinger's Lake, St. Joseph Co. Mich.

(B. Walker, 6846) ; Ann Arbor, Mich. (H. E. Sargent, No. 3099,

none full-grown) ; Cowley Farm, Nepean, Ont. (Justice F. R.

Latchford, No. 6929), and apparently Greenport, L. I, N. Y. (J..B.

Henderson from Sanderson Smith, No. 675).

P. regulare Pme., Boston Journ. VI, p. 363, pi. XII, figs. 11, 12,

1852. Also arranged under the synonymy of P. abditum, in Mon.

Corb., 1. c.; certainly not a form of abditum, to judge from the single

specimen from "Ohio" in the Prime collection, ranging nearer P.

noveboracense Pme., but appears to be distinct. Specimens identical

were collected near Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan,

1911, by Mr. H. B. Baker, Nos. 7084 and 7085, and probably the

same near Geauga Lake, southeast of Cleveland, Ohio, by Mr. John

A. Allen, 1910, No. 6542. Others were seen before but not recog-

nized.

partite] : generally not so, and the figure shows rather the contrary and, by

the way, has the beaks too high and otherwise faulty: "generally light straw

color " is exceptional : generally light to dark corneous, often yellowish

"cardinal teeth separate" is meaningless; "long. 0.15, lat. [= alt.] 0.14:

diam. 0.09 inches " does not agree with " shell elongated," and with the figure

" The surface is at times also quite rough and the striae coarse" — conf. with ;

" the exterior surface is much smoother " (than in P. noveboracenae').

8 THE NAUTILCS.

Pisidium spharicum, n. sp — Mussel very inequipartite, strongly

inflated, nearly globular ; superior margin nearly straight, short, pos-

terior subtruncate, the others rounded, supero-anterior slope barely

marked ; beaks near the posterior end, high, prominent over the

hinge margin, rounded; scutum and scutellum distinctly marked;

surface dull to slightly glossy, with fine, irregular stria3 and a few

lines of growth, color yellowish to grayish corneous, lighter along the

margins, often with brown to blackish mottlings, whitish to straw in

the young ; shell rather strong, posterior muscle scars and pallial

lines distinct; hinge stout, curved, cardinal teeth rather small, the

right angular, with the posterior part thicker and grooved, the left

anterior short, abrupt, angular, the posterior steeply oblique, little

curved ; ligament strong. Soft parts not examined.

Long. 5.6, alt. 5.3, diam. 4.6 mm. (100: 95 : 82).

Long. 4.8, alt. 4. diam. 3.4 mm. (100: 84: 71).

Hab. ; New England to Virginia, Ontario and Wisconsin (?) :

Westbrook, Me., collected by Prof. A. H. Norton ; Saco, Me., Dan-

vers and Lynnfield, Mass., by the Rev. H. W. Winkley ; George R.

North, Warren, Knox, Co., Me., by N. W. Fermond: Cambridge

and Woburn, Mass., by Wm. F. Clapp. ; Va. oppos. Washington,

D. C., Sterki ; Unalitoulin Id., Ont., by Justice F. R. Latchford;

Fox River, Wis., by Geo. T. Marston, sent by E. W. Roper (if no

label was misplaced ; one of the two specimens in the collection is

true, the other is a P. abditum*).

Types : No. 797, Westbrook Me., for full-grown specimens, No-

727 Saco Me., and 6641, Lynnfield, Mass., for juv. and adolescent

of a smaller form ; yet anyone of the lots in the collection might

serve as types.

This very distinct and characteristic Pisidium has been known

for many years, but unfortunately much misunderstood and ill-

treated. Generally it has been taken for a form of abditum; the

late E. W. Roper named it adamsi, and under that name, specimens

are in various collections ; I have named it P. minus, having seen

two specimens under that name, in a collection, but from that species

it is also distinct, as evidenced by authentic specimens of minus. —

From larger forms of abditum it is easily distinguished by the large

and prominent beaks situated close to the posterior end of the mus-

sel, and the strong hinge. In the young, the superior and supero-

anterior margins form a peculiar somewhat angular curve, much as

THE NAUTILUS. 9

in the young of P. compressum Pme. — It cannot be mistaken for

any other species.

Pisidium alleni, n. sp. — Mussel rather large, well inflated, oval to

ovoid in outline, without any projecting angles, beaks slightly behind

the middle, large, prominent, rounded ; scutum and scutellum slightly

marked, small ; surface shiny, with irregular stria) and several (4-6)

strongly- marked lines of growth, color straw to light yellowish,

plumbeous around the beaks in old specimens ; shell and hinge me-

dium strong, the latter rather long, cardinal teeth placed on the

upper part of the hinge plates, the right angular with the posterior

part thicker and grooved, left anterior short, pointed, the posterior

oblique, rather long, nearly straight, ligament strong.

Long. 6.2, alt, 5, diam. 3.8 mm. (100 : 81 : 61). Half-grown

specimens are rather different in shape, somewhat oblique, moder-

ately inflated, posterior margin subtruncate, beaks markedly low and

broad, apparently more posterior ; young mussels are very flat.

Hab. — New England, New York ; Hebron and Buckfield, Oxford

county, Me., collected by Mr. John A. Allen ; Franklin county, Me.,

by Mr. N. W. Lermond ; " N. H." in the collection of Dr. James

Lewis (B. Walker's), and that of the Cincinnati Soc. N. H.; Clifton,

Staten Island, N. Y., Mr. J. B. Henderson, from Sanderson Smith.

Types No. 587 la from Hebron, Me.

The only species to which this has resemblance is roperi St., which

is much smaller, with shell and hinge slighter, and half-grown speci-

mens not so oblique, and markedly constant over a wide territory. I

take pleasure in naming the species in honor of Mr. J. A. Allen,

who has done much good collecting in New England and Ohio.

(To be continued.)

OBEOHELIX COLONIES IN COLOKADO.

BY JUNIDS HENDERSON.

(Concluded from Vol. XXV, p. 139)

OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.)

Where the formations were badly cut up by igneous intrusions

and displaced by folds and faults, in the neighborhood of Rabbit

Ears, and elsewhere, attention was sometimes called to the existence

of the calcareous formations in unexpected places by the presence of

10 THE NAUTILUS.

numerous dead snail shells lying on the soil-covered surface. The

species is very abundant about nine miles east of Meeker, on a Lower

Mancos shale slope, with \gabbiana. We have but one reversed

specimen of the species.

These records show that cooperi is much more generally dis-

tributed than any other Oreohelix in Colorado, with its variety minor

a close second, and depressa third.

OREOHELIX COOPERI MINOR Ckll.

I recently found dead shells very abundant, including one reversed

specimen, on the exceedingly dry slopes of a gulch where the red

Carboniferous sandstones were almost barren of soil and vegetation,

except dwarf cedar and pinyon pine, altitude 7,200 feet. There are

thin limestone bands in the formation. By 15 minutes' search 37

live ones were obtained, the majority being, to my surprise, under a

small pinyon log and the cones which had lodged against it, the bal-

ance two or three at a time under small cedar logs. This form also

occurs on a similar slope about two miles distant, and I found no

other species of Oreohelix there. A few were found on a steep Nio-

brara slope southeast of Sulphur Springs. A very fine colony occurs

on a steep, rather dry terrace south of White River, about two miles

southeast of Meeker, under Amelanchier, etc., and another four miles

southwest of Meeker. These were by no means as unfavorable lo-

calities as the McCoy and Sulphur Springs colonies of minor occupy,

and seemed much better suited to snail life than the flourishing

Muddy Creek colony of cooperi, and as well suited as the big de-

pressa-cooperi colony at Steamboat Springs. My first impression

was that perhaps minor was merely an ecological form of cooperi,

dwarfed by unfavorable environment, but more careful consideration

of the facts of distribution and an examination of our large series of

both, seem to render that supposition untenable. Four dead speci-

mens are from Placerville, San Miguel county, and twelve from

Montrose, were collected by Mr. E. R. Warren, the well-known

mammalogist. We have a lot from near Ohio City, Colo. (Frank

Rohwer), and ten dead ones from Johnson county, Wyoming (N.

DeW. Betts). This form has been likened to 0. s. concentrata Ball

(NAUTILUS, XVI, 106-107), but I have compared it with authentic

concentrata received from Dr. Dall and find it quite distinct. I

should say that minor is a dwarf variety of cooperi and concentrata

perhaps a dwarf form of depressa type.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

The Ohio City specimens were abundant at 11,000 feet, just above

timber line, near a snow bank. That it was not a case of dwarfing

of specimens of cooperi on account of lack of moisture or low tem-

perature is indicated by the fact that 0. s. depressa at that and

higher altitudes seems at its best.

OREOHELIX HATDENI (Gabb).

The only place in Colorado from which this species has been re-

ceived is Glenwood Springs, where it was found alive in such abund-

ance by Bethel and Dakan, and some fossil specimens collected near

there. I see no reason for Binney's conclusion that it is only a vari-

ety of strigosa.

OREOHELIX HAYDENI GABBIANA (Hemphill).

In the Glenwood Springs colony hereinbefore described there is

some tendency to intergrade with haydeni, and the sculpture of the

embryonic whorls further indicates a close relationship. Dakan found

another astonishing colony near Newcastle, from which he brought

over 1,000 very fine adult specimens collected alive in a few moments.

I found them more sparingly at another point near there, on Lower

Mancos shales. Nine miles east of Meeker I found a colony on

Lower Mancos shales, where they were mingled with cooperi in about

equal proportions. It was raining, and the snails were crawling

about under the bushes by the hundreds.

OREOHELIX HENDERSONI Pilsbry.

Known only from the type locality, where dead shells were col-

lected three years ago by Mr. A. Dakan, on Little Thompson Creek,

ten miles northwest of Longmont, on a talus slope of Niobrara lime-

stone. Dr. Pilsbry considered it new, so I asked Mr. Dakan to search

for live ones. Last July, during better snail weather, he returned to

the place and had no difficulty in getting 160 live ones and many

more dead ones. He says " it appears to be a small, healthy colony."

NOTES ON SHELLS FROM QTJIRIGTTA, GUATEMALA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

In the course of a recent visit to Guatemala, chiefly for studying

insects, Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell collected the following snails, all

from Quirigua.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.)

Ampullaria sp. (young).

Helicina amcena Pfr.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttl.)

Thysanophora cockerellae n. sp.

Opeas micra (Orb.)

Euglandina cumingi (Beck.)

Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. and F.)

Succinea sp. (immature).

Aplexa princeps Phillips.

THYSANOPHORA COCKERELLJE n. sp. PI. I, figs. 5, 6.

Related to T. conspurcatella, hornii etc. The spire is conic, com-

posed of nearly 4| very strongly convex whorls united by a very

deep suture, the last whorl regularly rounded, rather coarsely striate.

Umbilicus contained 3^ times in the diameter. Aperture subcir-

cular, about one-fifth of the circumference occupied by the preceding

whorl.

Alt. 2.4, diam. 3.4 mm.

Quirigua, Guatemala, W. P. Cockerell, 1912.

The spire is decidedly higher than in T. conspurcatella Morel.

It is nearer T. proximo, Pils., from the state of Michoacan which agrees

in size of umbilicus, but the spire is higher in T. cockerellce. T.

fischeri Pils. is a more delicate shell with narrow umbilicus. Seven

specimens were collected, the largest being measured above and fig-

ured. Most of the lot are decidely smaller with 4 whorls. The

surface is not in good condition, but will probably prove to have

cuticular processes like those of the related species mentioned.

It is named for Mrs. Cockerell.

NOTES.

BERMUDA SHELLS — Mr. Arthur Haycock presented to the Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a set of shells from Whitby

Cave, Bermuda, including Strolilops hubbardi Br., Zonitoides bris-

toli Gul., Thysanophora hypolepta Shutt., Bifidaria rupicola Say,

and Striatura milium meridionalis Pils. The Striatura is new to

the Bermuda fauna. — E. G. VANATTA.

ERRATA. — February number, page 110, end of sixteenth line from

bottom, for " the rows " read two rows.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. JUNE, 1912. No. 2

CUMBERLANDIA, A NEW GENUS OF NAIADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

The type-species of this new genus is Unio monodonta of Say,

which stands, in Simpson's system (Pr. U. S. Mus. 22, 1900 p 679)

as Margaritana monodonta (Say).

As Simpson lias correctly recognized, this species has affinity with

the genus Margaritana (Type : margaritifera Linnaeus), and, con-

sequently belongs to my family Margarita aid > (NAI.'TILUS, 25, 1911

p. 129). Through the courtesy ot Mr. Bryant Walker I had the

opportunity to examine the soft parts of a number of individuals

from the Cumberland River, and was able to ascertain that all

essential characters given by me for this family are present, chief! v

so the conformation of the diaphragm, of the posterior end of the

gills, and of the anal and branchial openings. But there is one

interesting difference. While in other species of the genus Margari-

tana the interlamiriar connections of the gills are scattered, am]

irregularly distributed, or fall into more or less distinct oblique rows,

in the present species these irregular, interrupted rows are developed

as continuous septa, which run obliquely forwards. In the middle of

the gills, these septa are well developed and quite continuous, but

rather distant from each other. Toward the ends of the gills they

are more irregular, shorter, and chiefly at the posterior end they arc

somewhat interrupted, and thus it is clearly seen that they represent

a further development of the oblique, interrupted row-; present in other

species of Margaritana.

The septa of this species (monodonta^) have nothing to do with the

septa of the family Unionid*, for in the latter they run parallel to

14 THE NAUTILUS.

the gill-filaments while here they cross them obliquely. Moreover,

the septa of the Unionidce are much more closely set (chiefly in the

females), and much moie regular.

Margaritana monodonta differs by this structure markedly from

all species of Margaritana I know. I have seen the typical Mar-

garitana-slractuvQ not only in Margaritana margaritifera (L.) (both

from Europe and northeastern America), but also in two specimens

of Margaritana shmntu (Lam.) (== crassa Simpson, 1, c. p. G78)

from near Perpignan, France (sent to me by Mr. W. Israel), and

in a number of specimens of Margaritana hemleli (Conr.) from

southern Alabama (I am obliged to Mr. H. H. Smith for these).

While I thus consider these three species as congeneric (the creation

of Pseudunio for sinuata by Haas notwithstanding), M. monodonta

differs from them in an important structure, which undoubtedly

represents a higher specialization, a forward step in evolution, and it

is, as I believe, entitled on this account to the rank of a separate-

genus, which I propose to call Cumberlandia (Type: monodonta

Say).

As to tin- distribution of Ountberlandia monodonta. Walker's papers

should be consulted (Pr. Mai. Soc. 9. 1910 pp. 137-139, and

NAUTILUS, 25. 1911 p. 57-58). According to this, the metro-

polis ot it seems to be in the Cumberland and Tennessee

Rivers, but it has spread into the lower Ohio drainage, and into

Indiana and Illinois. In the Ohio, it was not known, up to the

present, above Cincinnati : but I may mention here, that I found

last summer (July 13, 1911) a dead specimen of Cumberlandia

monodonta in the Ohio River at Bumngton Island, near Portland,

Meigs Co., Ohio. I also may add, that according to the experience

gained by my last year's collecting, it is entirely excluded that this

species occurs anywhere in the Big Sandy or Great Kanawha Rivers,

and that I do not think that it reached its present range by coming

"down" the Ohio. But this will be discussed elsewhere.

ADDITION TO THE LIST OF MOLLUSCA FROM MONTE SANO, ALABAMA.

BY. H. E. WHEELER.

Through the kindness of Prof. Herbert H. Smith, conchologically

the "discoverer " of Monte Sano, and Mr. George H, Clapp, who

TUK NAUTILUS. 15

determined the collections from this region, I am able to make the

following additions to the list published in the March number of the

NAUTILUS for the current year. It should be noted that some of

species listed then and now were not found on the mountain

proper, but, living on the foothills or in the adjacent valleys, are

entitled to enumeration in the fauna of the region. .

I'olygyra auriformis, Bid. This and the species clausa are low

land shells, collected near the base of the mountain.

f'uli/gyra pustiiloides, Bid. Near Huntsville, and also on the

mountain.

Polygyra tridentata Say. " Common in the whole region, and

probably on the table land of the Mountain." Smith.

Polygyra clausa Say.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Typical hirsuta is found on Monte Sano

according to Clapp.

Str obi lops virgo Pils.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bijtdaria corticaria Say.

Bifidaria pentodon Say.

Hifidaria pentodon gracilis Sterki.

Bifidaria ctappi Sterki. See NAUTILUS, Vol, XXII, pp. 108,

I"',.1. Sterki gives Huntsville, Alabama as one of the type

localities. Clapp has it also from Monte Sano.

Vertigo milium Gld.

Vertigo rugosula oralis Sterki. "In the Huntsville region, and

almost surely from the mountain." (Smith).

Vertigo gouldii Binn.

Cochlicopa lubrica morseana P. From the western part of Vin-

cent Mountain. This is one of the numerous connected spurs of the

.-nine mountainous chain, and the species is likely to be found on

Monte Sano in suitable situations.

Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp. See NAUTILUS, Vol. XVIII, p. 30.

Collected by the writer at Normal, several miles north of Huntsville.

Alabama, and by Smith on Monte Sano.

Euconulus cher&inus dentatus, Sterki. " More correctly a ' form ';

certainly not a variety." (Smith).

Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. Collected by the writer at Hunts-

ville, and by Prof. Smith on the mountain.

Gastrodonta acerra Binn. Huntsville region. Should be found on

the mountain.

16 THE NAUTII,CS.

Punctum blandianum Pi Is.

Pyramidula cumberlnndiana, Lea. Rarely at the southern end

of Monte Sano. This record, furnished by Smith, cancels the nega-

tive note in previous article.

There is a variety of Pyramidula alternata, Say, which is quite

constant, distinguished principally by its sub-carinate contour, which

was collected on an isolated peak (Ward's Mountain ?) three miles

south west of Huntsville.

Pyramidula sub-sp. nov. (Pilsbry). A splendid sub-species of

bryanti which has been described by Dr. Pilsbry, but not yet pub-

lished. Locality a dry ridge about 6 miles north of Monte Sano.

iSuccinea avara Say. Reported by Clapp.

Caryckium exiguum Say. " Associated with exile, H. C. Lea,

but rare and local." (Smith).

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

This list is based upon shells picked from leaf-mould collected in

Florida by Messrs. Clarence B. Moore, H. A. Pilsbry, C. T.

Simpson, Stewardson Brown, H. W. Fowler, and J. S. Raybon.

All are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Many of the specimens of Truncatella bilabiata are a rather smooth

form parallel to T. c. succinea Ad.

The typical Polygyra cereolus Mu'hl. were at first divided by size

from the var. carpenteriana Bid., but these two forms intergrade as

shown by the following count of specimens in a large series from two

localities. In a lot from Little Pine Key there are 46 Polygyra

cereolus measuring from 14.5 to 10.5 mm. ; 700 Polygyra c.

carpenteriana measuring 10.3 to 7.5 mm., and 40 measuring 8.3 to

7 mm. in diameter.

From Big Pine Key at Robert Watson's place there are 12 P.

cereolus measuring 14.5 to 11 mm. in diameter; 1009 var. carpen-

teriana measuring 11.3 to 9 mm., and 16 from 9 to 7 mm. It will

be seen that no definite division can be made. Each of these lots

represents a single colony, the snails being scraped up with the dirt,

without selection, from under stones in an area of a square rod or

two.

THE NAUT1LU8. 17

The Bifidaria contracta from Florida form a race in which the

inner portion of the parietal lamella is divided from the forward part

by a depression, as if it were another lamina joined to the main one.

In picking them over, one has a tendency to divide each lot of

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella from Florida into four forms, figured

on plate II, as follows: — form A, long, figs. 1. 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 15;

form B, medium-sized, tigs. G, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19; form C, small,

tigs. 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, and form D, obese, tigs. 12, 18, 22.

All these forms seem to intergrade in size through a small number of

examples. The variation observed is largely due to the formation of

a lip when the shells have made a different number of volutions, as

the long forms have about 5^ whorls and the short forms only about

4 whorls. It is peculiar that the long shells from Florida have weak

teeth and the short specimens have strong teeth ; while in Texas

the converse is often the case.

To give an idea of the relative abundance of the forms, in a lot of

Bifidaria p. hordeacella from Bahia Honda Key I counted 25 long,

31 medium, 15 small, and 7 obese shells. In another series from

Key West there are 111 long, 358 medium, 22 small, and 140 obese

specimens. Each of these lots was from dirt gathered in the area of

a square yard or less. The size in mm. of the several forms may be

measured by the scale supplied on the plate.

Vertigo variolosa is very scarce, as only four perfect specimens

were found. Helicina tantilla also continues to be excessively rare.

Many other equally small species were obtained by thousands.

For lists of species from other keys visited, see the THE NAUTI-

LUS, xix, 1905, p. 38, and xxi, 1908, p. 99. Altogether over 50,-

000 specimens have been picked from dirt and debris obtained on the

Florida Keys.

BAHIA HONDA KEY, Lee Co., collected by Dr. H. A. PiLsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella caribaeensis succinea Ad.

Thystmophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus MUhl.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Bid.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella gracillima Horidana Pils.

BLUE HILL, HORR'S ISLAND, Lee Co. (near Key Marco), collected

by Clarence B. Moore.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Pupoides raodicus Gld.

Bih'daria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo variolosa Gld.

Guppya gundlachi Pf'r.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

BOCA GRANDE KEY, Monroe Co., collected by Stewardson Brown

and H. W. Fowler.

Drymseus multilineatus Say.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Succinea floridana Pils.

BOCA CHICA KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

C. T. Simpson, S. Brown and H. W. Fowler.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella caribaeensis ' Sby ' Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina orbiculata clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floridana Pila.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

FIKAHATCHEE KEY, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE II

22

VANATTA: VARIATION OF BIFIDARIA PELLUCIDA HORDEACELLA.

THE NAUTILUS. XXVI.

PLATE III

1,2.3. UNIO JACKSONIANUS FKIERSON.

4. 5. UNIO PURPURIATUS SAY.

6.7. VIVIPARUS WALKERI PILS. & JOHNS.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Biridaria p. hordeacella Pi!.<.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Euglandina rosea Fer.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pf'r.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

A SMALL KEY OPPOSITE FLAMINGO, Monroe Co. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

GILBERT'S, Lee Co. (near Matanzas Pass). Collected by Clar-

ence B. Moore.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

GRASS KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by J. S. Raybon.

Truncatella caribaeensis ' Sby ' Rve.

KEY WEST, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and C.

T. Simpson.

Truncatella caribseensis ' Sby.' Rvr.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Miihlf.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Opeas gracile Hutt.

Opeas micra Orb.

Euglandina rosea minor Binn.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Succinea campestris Say.

LIGNUM VIT^E KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

LOSSMAN'S KEY, Monroe County. Collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Heliciua orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora selenimi Gld.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Thysanophora caeca Guppy.

Polygyra cereolus Miihl.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Polygyra septemvolva Say.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Vitrea indentata Say.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

Euconulus chersinus Say.

Guppy a gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides arborea Say.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides minuscula alachuana Dall.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

" MC!LVAINE'S PLACE," on a small key two miles northeast of

Marco, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Vertigo rugosula oralis St.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

LITTLE MARCO KEY, Lee Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Microceramus floridanus Pils.

MORMON KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribseensis ' Sby.' Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

NAMELESS KEY (Mr. Addison's), two miles east of Marco, Lee

Co. Collected by Mr. Moore.

Pupoides modicusGld.

No NAME KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by Dr. Pilsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Thysanophora seleniiia Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptyclia Sliutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Drymasus multilineatus Say.

Microceramus pontificus Bid.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Strobilops floridanus Pils.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

BIG PALO ALTO KEY, Bade Co., collected by Clarence B.

Moore.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

PANTHER KEY, Lee Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Bifidaria pellacida. hordeacella (Pils).

Fig. 1, 3, 5. Form a. Key West Fla. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 2. Form a. New Braunfels, Texas. A. S. N. 68888.

Fig. 4. Form a, Summerland Key, Fla. A. N. S. 104021.

Fig. 6, 7, 8. Form b. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 9, 10. Form a. Bahia Honda Key, Fla. A. N. S. 105521.

Fig. 11. Form d. New Braunfels, Texas. A. N. S. 68888.

Fig. 12. Form d. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 13. Form b. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 14. Form c. Bahia Honda Key. A. N. S. 105521.

Fig. 15. Form a. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Fig. 16. Form b. Key West, A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 17. Form b. Babia Honda Key. A. N. S. 105521.

Fig. 18. Form d. Bahia Honda Key. A. N. S. 105521.

Fig. 19. Form b. Bahia Honda Key. A. N. 8. 105521.

Fig. 20, 21. Form c. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 22. Form d. Key West. A. N. S. 104029.

Fig. 23. Form c. New Braunfels Texas. A. N. S. 68888.

Fig. 24, 26, 27. Form c. Summerland Key. A. N. S. 102742.

Fig. 25. Forme. Bahia Honda Key. A. N. S. 105521 .

(Key West, figs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22.

Bahia Honda Key, figs. 9, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 25. Summerland

Key, figs. 4, 24, 26, 27. New Braunfels, Texas, figs. 2, 11, 23).

( To be concluded^).

TJNIO (LAMPSILIS?) PURPURIATUS SAY.

BT L. S. FRIKRSON.

Though Mr. Say describes very well his Unio purpuriatus, its

identity seems to have been nearly lost, That it may again be

known to students, it is now figured, plate III, figs. 4S 5, and his de-

scription repeated. " Transversely oval, slightly oblong, in some

specimens with a little tendency towards ovate ; dirty yellowish or

fuscous, obscurely radiate with blackish green ; beaks behind [be-

fore] the middle, hardly raised ; anterior [posterior] edge rounded,

or rather composed of two nearly rectilinear lines ; posterior [an-

terior] margin rounded ; hinge margin regularly rounded ; cavity of

the hinge membranes (behind [before] the beaks) narrow but very ob-

vious ; basal margin arquated, a little compressed in the middle and

sometimes almost contracted in that part ; within purple, margin

livid, anterior [posterior'] subroargin iridescent; primary teeth

nearly direct, rather thick, striated ; lateral teeth hardly extending

beyond the sinus of the hinge margin. Length [height] one inch

and three-fifths ; breadth [length] three inches and one-tenth. Con-

vexity over nine-tenths of an inch.

REMARKS. — Conrad's identification of this species with U. medell-

inus Lea no doubt has confused the situation. Crosse and Fischer

doubted this identification of Conrad's, but they erred in thinking

that the name was badly spelled and meant to be purpuratus, preoc-

THE NAUTILUS.

eupied by Latnark. Mr. Say intended this name to show that his

shell was the Mexican analogue of purpureiis, and hence his name

purpuriatus is a valid name. Mr. C. T. Simpson's remark in his

Synopsis that U. strebeli Lea was a young medellinus was an error,

and still further confused the situation.1 Examples of U- purpuri-

<ifus were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley and distributed as U.

strebeli.

The species occurs in both white and purple nacre, and many are

cnlirdy rayless. The example figured is smaller than Say's, but

some, of Mr. Hinkley's specimens attained the dimensions given by

Say.

UNIO (OBOVARIA) JACKSONIANTJS, NEW SPECIES.

BY I.. S. FKIERSON.

Shell ovate, smooth, rounded before and below, nearly straight

from beak to post-point, which is about half way the height of ill--

shell ; umbonal rid ire low, and the posterior area very narrow ; beaks

not high. M-ulpture pot seen ; nacre bluish white; iridescent behind ;

teeth double in led, single in right valve ; cardinals stout, Mvct, lat-

erals not very large : muscle scars confluent behind, separate before ;

pallial line obsolete behind. Length, 45 mm.1 heigi.l. :;;; nun.;

thickness. 20 mm.

Habitat : Pearl River, Miss, (and also in the Yalabusha River,

Miss.).

Numbers of' thi> species have been in hand for several years and

have been distribuied largely tinder the name of •• U. castaneus Le.i,

Variety." Collectors will rectify their names accordingly. The

novelty of the present species was determined by gravid specin

collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley. and by a comparison with castaneus

of the Lea collection by Mr. Bryant Walker. This species has not

the female form of castaneus and the dorsal scars are in the bottom of

the beaks in place of being on the te-'lh.

In outline it is nearly exactly the same as U. strodeanus B. II.

Wright (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1900, Plate 1, fig. ;',), but dif-

1This error was caused by someone having marked a young U. medtllinns

•'type1' and misplacing it; and it finally got into the tray of strebeli. ThU

explanation was given by Dr. Wm. H. Dull.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

fers in being greenish, while strodeanus is dead black ; its beak cav-

ties are deeper, and its teeth are much longer, stouter and more

erect.

From U. curtus, to which it is allied, it differs, lacking the pro-

nounced swelling before.

Many of these shells show a constriction like the U. constrictus of

Conrad, and it may be that this is a sexual mark.

Figs. 1 and 2 represent the normal shape, Fig. 3 the constricted

form.

Types in the Academy of Natural Sciences, cotypes in my own

collection, in the National Museum, and specimens of the same lot

are in many other cabinets as " castaneus."

NOTES.

CARTCHIUM MINIMUM Mull.: It may interest students of geo-

graphical distribution, to learn that a thriving colony of Carychium

minimum Mull., has been found in a greenhouse at Quincy, Mass.

I have observed this species at intervals for nearly a year, and as it

is becoming more plentiful, there seems to be a reasonable chance

that it may escape to the surrounding country. Considering its

natural habitat, there is a possibility of its becoming accustomed to

our climate. W. F. CLAPP.

OPKAS OLAVULINDM KYOTOENSE Pils.: I have found a few speci-

mens of Opens claviilinum kyotoense Pils., in a greenhouse at Cam-

bridge, Mass., but only in the hottest house, although they are very

hardy if kept in a warm vivarium. They wiil not survive a slight

drop in temperature. Therefore there seems little likelihood of this

species becoming a permanent addition to our northern fauna. Un-

like the majority of our North American pulmonates this species

does not appear to mind direct sunlight, but will leave the shade of

a protecting leaf, to spend an hour or two in crawling on the glass,

exposed to the rays of a bright midday sun.

I am indebted to Mr. George H. Clapp for the identification of

this species. He states that specimens have also been found by him

in Phipp's Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1901, and by Mr.

Bryant Walker in a " Bigonia House " at Buffalo, N. Y.

W. F. CLAPP.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE IV

/8

n

SMITH: MOLLUSCA OF THE SIERRA ELVIRA.

MOLLUSCA OF ADEN.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. JULY, 1912. No. 3

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE SIERRA ELVIRA, SPAIN.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.1

While staying in Granada, Spain, during April 1910, the writer

made several excursions for the day to the Sierra Elvira mountains.

This striking range rises from the plain before Granada and may be

distinctly seen from the battlements of the Alhambra.

The Sierra Elvira is a treeless Jurassic range named after the

ancient town of Iliberris. It is covered with rocks so sharp in places

that shoe leather offers little protection to the feet and climbing is

necessarily a slow operation. On a clear day the sun reflected on

the rocks makes the place not unlike a furnace. When the day is a

cloudy one the biting cold wind from the snow-covered Sierra

Nevada constantly keeps up. Nevertheless the splendid view amply

repays the climber even if he is not in quest of snails. There are

several small caves in a lofty valley several miles from the railway

which skirts the base of the Sierra far below. Several species were

found near the mouth of one of these caves. The more distant

portions of the range no doubt contain other species not taken by

the writer.

One day the ascent of the Sierra Elvira was made from Pinas

Puente a quaint old town in an attractive situation on the Cubillas.

In the brooks flowing into this stream a species of Melanopsis was

noticed in abundance. It was at Pinas-Puente that Columbus was

overtaken by the messenger of Queen Isabella in 1492, when in

1 Read before the Brooklyn Conchological Club, January 29, 1912.

26 THE NAUTILCS.

despair he had given up negotiations with the Spanish monarchs and

was actually on his way to France.

I was accompanied on these trips by William M. Bunker, Hon-

orary President of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce. Mr.

Bunker assisted in turning over many large stones, adhering to the

under surface of which the majority of the specimens were found.

Leucochroa candidissima Drap. This species lives on the southern

sides of the Sierra.

Helix sp. A small form of the caperata group.

Helix alonensis Fer. (pi. IV, fig. 5). One example obtained.

Helix (lberus~) gualtierana Linn. Plate IV, fig. 1 (typical), 2, 3,

(convex form).

Eighteen specimens are before me: a selection made with a view

to proportion, arranging these in lots according to the height of the

spire, there are :

10 shells with a flattened spire (a few are sunken above) (fig. 1).

4 shells in which the spire is more produced (fig. 2).

4 shells with the highest spire (fig. 3).

In the first lot the examples appear to approach closely the typical

form of gualtierana, which was described by Linn. The typical

form may easily be distinguished by the flattened or sunken spire,

the half or nearly covered umbilicus, the strongly carinated peri-

phery and the aperture which is decidedly broader than high.

Pilsbry's figure (Manual, Vol. IV, plate 53 fig. 6) agrees perfectly.

A variety (plate 4 fig. 2) has the aperture of the type but with a

more developed spire. In the third lot (fig. 3) the shells run

about the same size as the type. The peripheral keel is similar.

On the other hand the aperture is of a distinctly different shape.

In the majority of the examples examined it is nearly as high as

wide, less extended laterally than in the typical form.

Helix gualtierana var. laurenti Bourguignat (Revue et mag. de

zoologie, 1870, p. 05, pi. 14, figs. 5-7) was based on a shell from Mt.

Gador, near Almeria. It is decidedly conic above, the apical

portion is not depressed as in convex forms of gualtierana though a

little flattened at the tip ; the base is figured as rather strongly

convex. Figs. 11-13 of pi. 53, Man. Conch. IV, are similar though

larger, but figs. 9, 10, copied from Kobelt, cannot be this race.

I took a solitary example, dead and bleached, which agrees with

the original account of laurenti in the conic top. It is solid, much

THE NAUTILUS. 27

more finely sculptured than gualtierana, umbilicus wholly closed. It

differs from laurenti by the more deeply descending last whorl and

the much less convex base. Alt. 20, diam. 31 mm. If found to

be a different race, it may be called ver. yrauadce (pi. IV, fig. 4).

Helicodonta (Curacolina) lenticala Fer. The examples before me

are smaller than the Sicilian specimens.

Buliminus quadridens Miill. Several dozen specimens were taken.

Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I submitted the form, writes, "The Buliminus

is B. quadridens Miill., rather a long form of the species, but

certainly that."

LYMNAEA AURICULARIA NEAR PHILADELPHIA.

BT BAYAKD LONG.

The writer's proper field of activity belongs in the realm of botanj ;

but like many another, he sometimes wanders from the beaten path

of his own special science. A note, however, upon the occurrence

of a foreign species markedly thriving in our own natural habitats,

and there associating with indigenous forms in so perfectly a

naturalized state that only a knowledge of the normal distribution of

the species makes it possible to detect the status of its occurrence :

such a note seems rather familiar ground, since there is such a host

of introduced plants whose migrations must be kept under observa-

tion. So the writer may, in a measure, be justified in breaking into

Conchology. Botanists make rather a point of putting upon record

the early occurrences of foreign elements entering into our flora,

because, besides being of an historical interest, a lack of such

data, among plants at least, has often led to considerable confusion

and error as to what are actually indigenous plants of any given

area. Such a condition is probably not so likely to occur among

shells, but still it may be of no less importance to have definite

record of observations of species becoming naturalized, in case the

forms should possibly become widespread and a knowledge of their

original centres of dissemination lost.

In 1910 there was brought to the Philadelphia Academy by

Samuel R. Jacob some shells which he had casually collected in

Europe, and also some specimens of Lymnaa auricularia (Linn.)

which, however, were said to have been collected from near

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Philadelphia in a pond about one mile south of Ogontz, Montgomery

County, Penna., along Old York Road. A possibility of accidental

mixture of specimens was thought to exist, and no published record

made of it.

Upon Mr. E. G. Vanatta's learning that I lived near the auricularia

locality, he mentioned the case to me and I felt confident that the

station referred to must be that known as Dobbin's pond at Old York

Road and Ashbourne Road. He asked me if I would not sometime

examine the pond with the hope of verifying the Jacob record. I

accordingly did so on May 22nd of this year and found, associated

with Planorbis antrosus Conrad, an abundance of a large Lymneea

which proved to be the desired L. auricularia, as was verified the

following morning by Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Vanatta when I brought

in living material.

Dobbin's Pond was doubtless at one time well kept, since it is

situated on private property, but for many years the estate has been

largely left to take care of itself, and consequently much debris of

refuse, dead leaves and sticks has collected in it. A delta formation

of considerable extent occurs at the inlet stream. Few, if any, large

water-plants, like pond-lilies, occur, but there is an abundance of

algal growth, and pond-scums cover much of the surface.

The Lymncea is a very striking species, both because of the large

size of full-grown individuals, and, of the conspicuous dark mottling

of the mantle on a light yellow ground as seen through the shell on

the younger individuals. The mottling was commonly obscured in

the large specimens because of algal growth and dirt. Most of the

animals, especially the half-grown ones, were found crawling around

in shallow, quiet water on the muddy bottom, along the sides of the

delta. The large individuals were generally found attached to

floating logs or sticks, and one was seen sticking to grass stems

hanging into the water. The majority of the specimens seen were

doubtless half-grown individuals from the past season. The shells

were found to measure on the average about 17 mm. X 12 mm.

The largest shells measured about 28 mm. X 21 mm., but some of

Jacob's collection are as large as 30 mm. X 24 mm. One specimen,

found dead, has the aperture very beautifully and widely flaring but

in most of the material this is not well-developed, or else has been

broken away.

Except for a very possible solution, suggested by Mr. Vanatta,.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

I am rather at a loss to account for the occurrence of this European

species at this station. In both the localities previously reported,

that of Mr. H. E. Walter at Lincoln Park, Chicago, reported by

Mr. F. C. Baker,1 and that of Mr. R. E. Call, at Flatbush, Brooklyn,

N. Y.,11 the introduction of the species seems to be satisfactorily

traced to European plants cultivated in either green-houses or ponds.

But neither of these conditions certainly prevail at the present time

at the new locality, or to furnish a particularly satisfactory solution.

Mr. Vanatta suggests that, from the common use of these snails in

aquariums, and the pond being on private property once doubtless

well taken care of, it is very possible that the contents of an

aquarium may have been transferred to the pond at some time or

other. I have since made inquiries and am told that the pond has

contained gold fish for many years and that they are at present still

frequent there. So the evidence seems rather suggestive that this

solution may be correct.

Suffice it, however, that the species has certainly become exten-

sively naturalized in this pond and is actually one of its most

prominent molluscan elements.

A NEW OKEOHELIX FROM COLORADO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

We have recently received from the Hon. Junius Henderson a

series of shells collected by Mr. Albert Dakan, which seem to

represent a new specific form, which may appropriately be named for

Mr. Henderson, whose scientific works include an excellent account

of the mollusks of Colorado.

OREOHELIX HENDERSONI, n. sp.

The shell is solid, in shape much like 0. strigosa depressa (Ckll.),

the last whorl annular in front of the aperture, becoming rounded in

the last half, shortly descending in front. First 2^ whorls rusty

brown ; the ground color then becomes very pale brown, and a

narrow darker band midway between sutures appears, usually not

continuing upon the last whorl, which is lighter, more cream-colored,

1 Nautilus xv, p. 59, 1901.

'Science, New Series, xvi, p. 65, 1902.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

beneath. Old shells, by loss of the cuticle, have the last 1^ whorls

opaque white with some faint corneous or ruddy stains. Embryonic

shell of 2^ whorls, the first somewhat convex, first half whorl smooth,

next whorl having fine, close, radial thread-like stria?, last 1^ whorls,

having similar strice and spiral cords, becoming coarse on the last

half whorl. This sculpture stops abruptly at the end of the embry-

onic stage. Neanic and adult stages have rather fine, irregular

wrinkles of growth, indistinctly cut by very weak lightly impressed

spiral lines which are often almost obsolete. Aperture quite oblique,

nearly round.

Alt. 8.6, diam. 16.3 mm.; whorls 4|.

Genitalia as figured for 0. s. depressa and 0. elrodi, the end of the

penis closely resembling the latter species. Epiphallus tapers at the

end. Length of penis 13.6, of epiphallus 5^, of spermatheca and

duct 14^ mm.

North bank of Little Thompson Creek, about 10 miles N.-W. of

Longmont, Colorado. About 160 living and over 100 dead shells

found among roots of " woodbine " in loose limestone talus, at south-

ern point of ridge of Niobrara Limestone, July 26, 1911, by Mr.

Albert Dakan.

The strong spiral sculpture of the embryonic shell, abruptly giv-

ing place to oblique wrinkle-striae at the inception of the neanic

stage, distinguishes this species from 0. strigosa depressa (the com-

mon Colorado form of strigosa), to which it is related by the soft

anatomy. The early stages are much as in 0. yavapai, but that

species and its varieties differ strongly by the very short penis.

O. gabbiana (Hemph.), from the Oquirrh Mts., differs from hen-

dersoni by the less strong embryonic spiral and more strongly de-

veloped, widely spaced spirals of the last whorl, which is carinate or

angular. An Oreohelix from Glenwood Springs, Colo., which has

been provisionally referred to gabbiana is probably a form of hen-

dersoni. Another form which seems referable here is from New-

castle, Colorado, also collected by Mr. Albert Dakan. The shells

are very large, alt. 14.5, diam. 24 mm., with 5^ whorls. It was

found on a hillside, out by thousands on a moist day.

I should not complete this account without offering an apology to

Mr. Henderson for allowing the name of this species to appear in his

article on Oreohelix Colonies (p. 10 of the May number), in advance

of any published description. I had written the above account some

THE NAUTILUS. 31

months before, when the shells were received. The press of other

rmitter and the habit of giving other contributors precedence over

the Editors in our limited space, explain the appearance of the MS.

name. To tell the honest truth, I had forgotten that it was not pub-

lished !

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATrA.

[Concluded for p. 22.]

PAVILION KEY, Monroe Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella carilneensis ' Sby.' Rve.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

PKI ICAN KEY, Lee Co , (A small key near the entrance to

Chokoloskee Key), collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. rarpenteriana Bid. Some of the specimens lack the

internal lamella.

PIXE ISLAND, Lee Co., collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribaeensis ' Shy.' Rve.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilahiata Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Practicolella jejuna Say.

Polygyra septemvdva volvoxis Pfr.

Bifklaria. p. hordearella Pis.

Euglandina rosea Fer.

Euglandina rosea parallela Binn.

Zonitoides singleyanus Pils.

LITTLE PINK KEY, Monroe Co., collected by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry

and C. T. Simpson.

Truncatella caribaeensis ' Sby.' Rve.

Thysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Praticolella jejuna Say.

Polygyra c. carpentmana Bid.

Microceramus pnntificus Gld.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floriclana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simp.' Pils.

Guppya gundlacbi Pfr.

Succinea floridana Pils.

BIG PINE KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by H. A. Pilsbry, C. T.

Simpson, S. Brown and H. W. Fowler.

Truncatella caribaaensis succinea Ad.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Helicina tantilla Pils.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Strobilo[)S hubbardi Br.

Pupoides modicus G1<1.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo variolosa Gld.

Euglandina r. parallela Binn.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

Guppya gundlacbi Pl'r.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Succinea floridana Pils.

PORPOISE POINT, Monroe Co. Part of a key. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

RABBIT KKY, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella bilabiata Pt'r.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Bid. Many of the specimens

from this place lack the internal lamina.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

EAST CAPE, CAPE SABLE, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence

B. Moore.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

SEMINOLE POINT, Monroe Co. Part of a key. Collected by

Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella caribaeensis ' Sby.' Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pi'r.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid. Many of the specimens in this

lot have the internal lamina reduced to a few indistinct nodules.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Vertigo rugosula oralis St.

SNAKE KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by Clarence B. Moore.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid. The specimens from this place

are very small and many have a very high spire ; they also almost

lack the internal lamella.

Bih'daria p. hordeacella Pils.

SNIPE KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by S. Brown and H. W.

Fowler.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

SUGAR-LOAF KEY, Monroe Co. Collected by H. A. Pilsbry and

C. T. Simpson.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella clathrus Lowe.

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Tliysanophora selenina Gld.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Tliysanophora plagioptycha Sliutt.

Polygyra cereolus Miihlf.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Microceramus pontificus Gld.

Strobilops floridanus Pils.

Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bih'daria p. hordeacella Pils.

Vitrea dalliana ' Simps.' Pils.

SUMMERLAND KEY, Monroe Co., collected by Dr. Pilsbry.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Helicina o. clappi Pils.

Helicina tantilla Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Girl.

Thysanophora incrustata Poey.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt.

Polygyra cereolus Miihl.

Pupoides modicus Gld.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

Bifidaria rupicola Say.

Varicella g. floridana Pils.

Vitrea dalliana 'Simps.' Pils.

Guppya gundlaebi Pfr.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

TORCH KEY, Monroe Co., collected by H. A. Pilsbry.

Chondropoma dentatum Say.

Truncatella caribseensis succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Truncatella clatlirus Lwe.

Polygyra cereolus Mil hit'.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid.

Cerion incanum Binn.

Bifidaria p. hordeacella Pils.

A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM.

Conchologists the world over are interested in the work of Mr. Y.

Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan. I doubt if many of them are aware how

deeply they are indebted to him. His quarter century of explora-

tion of Japan, by land and by sea, of Corea, and of China, at great

personal sacrifice of money and time, has given to science many new

species, enriching cabinets all the world round with choice specimens

most delicately handled.

He has an extensive and valuable collection of material, contain-

ing co-types of the numerous new species brought to light by his

efforts. He has plans for the establishment of a Conchological

Museum for the preservation and exhibition of this collection. He

has in hand cash for about three-fourths of the cost of this under-

taking. He still needs $5,000 to finish the work as planned.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Mr. Hirase lias expressed to me, in writing, his willingness, in

case he is aided by friends in America to the extent of $5,000, to

have that sum expended under the supervision of the Trustees of the

Doshisha University, in paying the last hills on the plant ; to guar-

antee perpetually the free use of the Museum to students of the

Doshisha University; and, in case of the discontinuance of the

Museum, to cover info the treasury of the Doshisha for the use of

that institution, the $.5,000 advanced in aid of his undertaking.

A number of gentlemen have already by word of mouth or in

writing indicated a desire to aid Mr. Hirase. Is not the present the

best time to carry out this purpose ?

Please send your checks — large or small — to Mr. C. W. Johnson,

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass., and thus dis-

charge, in part, the debt due Mr. Hirase. He does not seek pay.

He is worthy of our best sympathy and encouragement.

A good museum of the kind he plans will be of immense value to

Japan and the world of science, will be a generous crown to his life

of hard work, and an encouragement to other lovers of science to

emulate his example. MARSHALL R. GAINES.

NOTES.

JAMES JOHNSON WHITE. — We regret to announce the death of

our friend Mr. J. J. White, which occurred at Rockledge, Florida,

April 2C>, 1912. lie was born in Kittanning, Pa., Feb. 13, 1846.

Moved with his parents to Illinois, and later lived in Iowa. In

1<SX,) he removed to Florida, living at Palm Beach, and since 1892

at Rockledge. Mr. White was deeply interested in the study of

mollusca, and by correspondence and exchange was known to many

of the readers of THE NAUTILUS.

UNIO SILONOWEENSTS, a new name for Unio vicinus Preston not

Lea. Mr. Bryant Walker has called my attention to the fact

that the name Unio vicinus, used by me in the Annals & Magazine

of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. VI, 1910, p. 00, PI. IV, fi-. 7 for

a Central African species, was preoccupied by Lea in 18">G (.11.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 61 and Lea, Obs. on genus

Unio, Vol. 6, p. 61). I now propose the new name Unio silung-

weensis for the African form. — II. B. PRESTON.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. C. T. Simpson, the well-known author of the " Synopsis of

the Naiades," has arranged for the publication of his " Descriptive

Catalogue of the Naiades." This is the companion volume to the

Synopsis and was prepared immediately after that work appeared,

but for various reasons its publication has been delayed until now.

It will contain full descriptions of all the species recognized in the

"Synopsis" with comparative notes, keys, etc. Descriptions and

references to all the species described since the publication of the

"Synopsis" have been added, bringing the subject down to date.

Unfortunately it is not to be illustrated, but its publication will for

the first time place in the hands of the students of the Unionidse

adequate descriptions of all the species in one volume. The cost and

in many cases the practical impossibility of obtaining the literature

necessary for any accurate work in studying this family has been a

great drawback to interesting our American collectors in this group,

and, in the absence of a fully illustrated manual, this work of Mr.

Simpson's will go far towards supplying the long-felt want of such a

publication.

It is expected that the Catalogue will be published early in the

fall and will be a volume of from 800 to 1000 pages. It is to be

published by Bryant Walker of Detroit, Mich.

NEW ORLEANS MOLLUSCA — The writer with Mr. J. B. Upson,

spent the best part of one day the last week of December, 1880, on

the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, to the east of Spanish Fort and

collected the following species :

Polygyra espiloca Ravenel, common.

Polygyra febigeri F6r., abundant. These two species of Polygyra

were determined for the writer by Thomas Bland, in a letter dated

May 20, 1881.

Zonitoides arborea Say.

Zonitoides minuscula Binney.

Glandina bullata Gould. Mr. Bland said of this form " Glandina

truncata, var. (scarcely bullata}" several fine specimens were found

and some quite young.

Rumina decollala L. One dead example.

Succinea campestris Say, common.

Planorbis lentus Say, scarce.

Segmentina havanensis Pfr., common.

Lymncea techella Hald., few.

Gnathodon cuneatus Gray, great quantities of dead shells.

Also young specimens of Viviparus, Campeloma and Sph&rium. —

A. A. HlNKLEY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE V

.V

15

•;- *,

17

DANIELS: ABNORMAL SHELLS.

THE NAUTILUS.

. XXVI. AUGUST, 1912. No. 4

TWO NEW LAND SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY HARRY EDSON

SONORELI.A ARGUS, 11. Up.

Shell small, depressed, flesh-colored, with a narrow brown hand

encircling the whorls a little ahove the periphery. This shell ap-

proaches very nearly S. fisheri, Bartsch hul differs in color, size, and

in having a wider umbilicus.

Collected by Mr. A. M. Strong at the Iron Cap copper mine,

Argus range, Inyo Co., California. Cotypes in the geological

museum of Stanford University, and A. N. S. Phila.

The type measures : maj. lat. 11.3mm., min. lat. 9.o mm., alt.

5.7 mm., aperture : maj. lat. 6 mm., alt. ."».3 mrn.. umbilicus. '2 mm.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA DUPETITHOUARSI CUKSTANA, II. Sllbsp.

Shell large, depressed, polished, obliquely striated, with seven

whorls, the last whorl descending slightly near the aperture ; deeply

and widely umbiHcated, showing three volutions ; lip slightly re-

flexed, the ends approaching ; color translucent brown, circled near

the top of the whorls by a dark brown band edged with yellow.

The type measures ; greater diam. 26^ mm., lesser diam. 22£

mm., alt. 15£ mm. ; aperture, width 16 mm., alt. 13^ mm., includ-

ing peristome.

This shell is quite, similar to seqaoicola Cooper, but >hu\vs no -;igns

of being hirsute and lias much .-oars'-i- -tri:ttion<.

Habitat Cuesta Pass, Santa Lucia Mts., California, collected by

Mr. Harold Hannibal. Cotype in coll. A. N. S. P.

Both species will be figured on a future plate.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

ABNORMAL SHELLS

BY L. E. DANIELS

In the United States as elsewhere shells are frequently met with

that are abnormal to a greater or less degree due to the shell having

met with an injury during its growth.

Tryon, in the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 2, plate 1,

fig. 4, figures an abnormal specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus Say,

from the collection of Charles M. Wheatley Esq., of Phoenixville,

Pa., collected by him at Mexico, Oswego Co., N. Y. He says

" this is the first American specimen which we have observed to

deviate much from the normal form ; reversed or scalariform shells

being very much rarer in America than in Europe. Some of our

species of Lymnaa are sometimes slightly scalariform, and in the

Viviparida this is more frequent, but the deviation has never been

observed to be very great. Melantho Integra and decisa are both

occasionally met with, reversed. I believe that no scalariform Helix

has been observed in the United States, and the reversed specimens

known do not exceed ten or twelve."

Thomas Bland in " Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Helicidae Part 3," 1862, says. "In one of my specimens of H.

tridentata, after completion of the shell, the animal continued the

last whorl about 2 mill beyond the lip, partially reflected the new

lip, and added two incipient teeth in advance of the old ones. On

plate 4, fig. 20 a sketch is given of the very singular reparation of

one of my specimens of H. septemvolva. The fracture was behind

the aperture, which the animal in consequence abandoned, but it

formed a new one by reflecting the outer lip, on the lower part of

which it added a small tooth, — it found insufficient space for another

partial tooth behind the old aperture."

Binney in the Manual of American Land Shells, page 282, fig.

300, figures an abnormal specimen of Stenotrema monodon. The

peristome having been broken after the animal's arrival at maturity f

a new peristome has been formed somewhat in the rear of the first,

and a new parietal tooth added. On page 291 he figures P. triden-

tata with a double peristome.

S. C. Wheat in Bulletin of the Brooklyn Conchological Club

figures a specimen of Pyramidula alternata Say (fig. 5) found near

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Ithaca, N. Y. It is terraced, the suture being placed far below the

carina of the preceding whorl. The carina is unusually sharp.

Another specimen (fig. 4) was flat, the suture being above the carina

and deeply impressed. He also figures an abnormal P. thyroides

and P. tridentata,

H. A. Pilsbry in Mollusca of the Southwestern States I, page

274, say : " Scalariform monsters are not rare, but the inception of

that abnormal condition seems to be invariably traceable to an in-

jury of the shells." He figures on plate XXIV fig. 32 a scalariform

specimen of Oreohelix strigosa concentrata (Dall).

Through the kindness of the Editors of " The Nautilus " I am

enabled to present to its readers the following descriptions and fig-

ures of abnormal specimens in my cabinet.

Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns).

East side of Powell's Plateau near Mojave Creek, Grand Canyon,

Arizona, 1909.

The shell is scalariform, due no doubt to an injury when young.

Poly gyro, cereolus (Miihlf). PI. V, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Long Boat Key. Tampa Bay, Fla., 1900.

One specimen (fig. 1) is normal up to the end of the eighth whorl.

A break then occurred, after which the whorl deviates downward, is

abruptly recurved, traversing the base across the umbilical region.

A nearly normal aperture is formed. In another shell, fig. 2, the

whorl adjacent to the aperture dips down for a short distance, sub-

sequently rising above the level of the spire. A well-formed nor-

mal example is shown in fig. 3.

Polygyra tridentata (Say.) PI. V, figs. 10, 11.

Wyandotte, Crawford Co., Ind., 1903.

This shell had been broken back of the peristome, the animal in-

stead of repairing the break retreated eight mm., and formed a new

peristome and parietal tooth.

I succeeded in extracting the animal without breaking the outer

peristome although the attachment to the shell was very slight, this

(the outer) peristome being dead.

Polygyra inflecta (Say). PI. V, fig. 6.

Jeffersonville, Clark Co., Ind., 1903.

Peristome malformed, the callus wanting above, teeth rudi-

mentary.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Poly gyra prof unda (Say). PI. V, fig. 12.

Near Hoge's Bridge, Morris, Ills., 1910. This shell had formed

a peristome, then carried the shell forward twelve mm. and formed a

second peristome. The shell between the two peristomes is white,

has no epidermis, and has a rough appearance.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). PI. V, fig. 13.

North Vernon, Jennings Co. Ind., 1903. In one specimen the

last two-thirds of the body-whorl has been injured, resulting in a

linear furrow running parallel with the suture. Another shell

(fig. 13) was injured before forming the peristome which has two

projecting points. The umbilicus is partly open.

Polygyra exoleta (Binn). PI. V, fig. 14.

Mitchell, Ind., 1901. Peristome malformed, bisinuate.

Polygyra elevata (Say). PI. V, fig. 15.

Mitchell, Ind., 1901. This specimen appears to have attained its

growth, and apparently had partially formed the peristome, for at

the proper place a parietal tooth was formed which is about one-half

grown. The last half of the body-whorl was then broken off and a

new peristome and parietal tooth were formed.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). PI. V, fig. 7.

Bass Lake, Starke Co., Ind., 1902.

Aperture malformed exactly as in the specimen of elevata des-

cribed above, the last part of the whorl having been broken off after

the parietal tooth was half formed, and a new peristome and tooth

were developed a fourth of a whorl behind the original aperture.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). PI. V, fig. 5.

Brookville, Ind., 1903.

This shell had formed a peristome and parietal tooth, then carried

the shell forward five mm. and formed another peristome and parietal

tooth, the last aperture being small. The original parietal tooth

remains standing deep within. This shell belongs to the same class

of monster described above for P. profunda. It is unlike most

abnormal shells which are due to breakages, for here a second period

of growth is superposed upon a normally formed and completed

shell.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Holospira bilamellata Dall. PI. V, figs. 8, 9.

Hacheta Grande Mts., New Mex., 1910.

This shell was normal up to the penultimate whorl, when without

any apparent injury it contracts suddenly to three-fifths the former

diameter. The last whorl enlarges again somewhat, and is nearly

normal. A normal example is figured for comparison, fig. 9.

Holospira n. sp.

Dragoon Mts., Arizona, 1910.

A strongly ribbed new species which will shortly be described by

Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss. The shell was broken at the end of

the eighth whorl. The next 2^ whorls are ribless ; ribs then begin

again irregularly, finally becoming normal on the last whorl.

Oreohelix strigosa depressa (Ckll) PI. V, fig. 16.

Jacob's Canyon, Kaibab Mts., Ariz., 1910.

A scalariform specimen, the last whorl free in front. There are

no signs of this shell ever having been injured in the least. Normal

shells are shown in tigs. 18, 19.

A reversed specimen from Powell Plateau, Grand Canyon, Ariz.,

1909 is shown in fig. 17. J. H. Ferriss of Joliet, Ills., has a similar

one.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. PI. V, fig. 4.

Lily Lake, La Porte, Ind., 1909.

This extraordinary specimen has the general shape of Viviparus

intertextus with a small umbilicus and a deeply channeled suture.

The aperture is oval with expanded peristome. So abnormal in

shape is this specimen that it takes some study to see the common

Planorbis bicarinatus in it.

Campeloma decisum (Say).

Pine Lake, La Porte, Ind., 1906.

While reversed specimens of Campeloma are not rare the novelty

of this one is that it contained three young, all of which are reversed.

NOTE BT THE EDITOR. — Little has been published upon abnormal

shells in this country, though there must be abundant material scat-

tered among collections. The notes given above afford suggestions

for a classification of teratologic shells into several classes as follows :

1. Shells in which growth has been resumed after the completion of

a normal peristome, figures 5 and 12.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

2. Shells in which broken parts have been repaired or restored.

2a. Broken peristome repaired, figs. 13, 14.

2b. A new peristome developed behind the original one after

breakage, figs. 7, 10, 15.

3. Shells coiling abnormally.

3a. Shell sinistral, fig. 17.

3b. Shell scalariform, figs. 4, 16.

3c. Shell irregularly coiled, figs. 1, 2, 8.

Part of these cases are always due to breakage ; others, such as

no. 1 and 3a to more obscure constitutional conditions. Scalariform

shells may be due to several causes. The subject is of some import-

ance from an evolutionary standpoint because the modifications

denoted by classes 1, 3a, 3b and 4c have in some cases become

actually characteristic of species or genera.

Collectors having material enlarging our knowledge of the subject

as illustrated by Mr. Daniels are invited to make it known.

Figures 1 to 9 of plate V are about double the natural size.

NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS : I. ANNULARIA AND CHONDKOPOMA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.

The following species will be illustrated in connection with the

second paper of this series.

ANNULARIA RAMSDENI n. sp.

The shell is openly umbilicate, wider than high with conic spire.

Last whorl brownish-corneous or whitish, the spire light red, whorls

4^, strongly convex, the last tubular. Suture narrowly channeled,

the axial threads forming little points where they pass over the raised

edge of the channel. Sculpture of closely crowded lamina-like axial

threads, their intervals having one or two smaller threads. There

are a few low spiral cords within the umbilicus and a stronger one

near its opening. The first If whorls are smooth and well raised.

Aperture oblique, circular, pale red within the lip. Peristome

expanded, duplicated by a thin outer lamina on the columellar and

upper sides, dilated in a forwardly concave lobe above, which is

appressed to the preceding whorl.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Operculum of three whorls, each nearly covered by a white, level

lamella arising from the inner margin, spreading nearly to the outer.

Male: alt. 11.8, diam. 13 mm.

Female : alt. 12.5 diam. 15 mm.

El Jique de la Argolla, Barrio de Rio Seco de San Antonio, 15

miles northeast of Guant&namo, under stones, Charles T. Ramsden

12-24-'! 1.

The cotypes figured were observed coupling Mar. 19, 1912.

This species is closely related to A- pseudalatum. It is larger,

with more rapidly enlarging whorls, the aperture relatively larger,

its diameter more than half that of the shell, while in A. pseudalatum

it is less than half; and it differs especially in sculpture, the major

axial threads being much more numerous and closer together.

Annularia (or Choanopoma) alatum Pfr. is a more opague, solid shell

with no sutural channel, coarser, unequal striae, and a differently

formed lip.

In both A. ramsdeni and A- pseudalatum the last whorl is free in

front just before finishing the lip, but the additional thin lamina and

superior appendage of the lip connect with the preceding whorl in

the fully adult stage. This species is named for the discoverer, Mr.

Charles T. Ramsden.

Dr. W. H. Dall has called attention to the fact that the generic

name Annularia has precedence over Choanopoma for species of

this type.

ANNULARIA PSEUDALATUM Torre, n. sp.

The shell is openly umbilicate, wider than high, with a low conic

spire; corneous; whorls 3| to 4^, very convex, the last tubular,

barely in contact with the preceding at the aperture. Sculpture of

straight, slightly retractive and very thin axial threads, separated by

intervals in which there are several (three to five) delicate axial

striae. There are several weak spiral cords within the umbilicus, the

lowest one stronger than the others. The first If whorls are smooth.

Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome thin, narrowly expanded,

duplicated by a thin outer lamina along the columellar, parietal

and upper margins, this lamina expanding in a forwardly concave

lobe above. Operculum of about 3 whorls, similar to the preceding

species.

Alt. 7.2, diam. 10.2 mm.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Alt. 8, diam. 10 mm. ; diam. of aperture, with periatome 4.5 mm.

Alt. 7, diam. 9 mm.

Farallones east of Hermitage, Charles Wright.

This form is described and figured from specimens determined by

Professor de la Torre, for comparison with the preceding. It is not

uncommon in the older collections, under the name " Choanopoma

alatum Pfr." Pteiffer's species is larger, more solid, opaque fleshy-

white, with the interior orange ; the aperture is much more oblique

and the sculpture entirely different.

CHONDROPOMA CARENASENSE n. sp.

The shell is perforate, tapering-cylindric, truncate, about 3£

whorls remaining; very pale brown, with small often indistinct dark

spots arranged in vertical series at irregular intervals, sometimes

having 5 or 6 narrow, faint, spiral bands, with spots as above.

Sculpture of many fine spiral cords, 10 to 14 on the penult whorl

crossed by more closely set vertical lamina-like threads which have

small nodes where they cross the spirals, and finely crenulate the

suture, where each stands separate. Whorls convex, the last

ascending a little in front. Aperture ovate ; peristome expanded,

built out in a narrow flat margin, widest as the columeller margin

and at the posterior angle, where it ascends in a very short lobe or

obtuse point ; parietal margin appressed to the preceding whorl.

The operculum retracts about one-fourth of a whorl within, is light

brown, with a spiral convexity just outside the suture.

Length 12.5, diam. 7.5 mm. ; length of aperture with peristome

6 mm.

Length 12, diam. 7 mm.; length of aperture with peristome 5.7

mm.

Length 10.3, diam. 6 mm. ; length of aperture with peristome 5

mm.

Cayo Carenas, in Cienfuegos Bay, Pilsbry, 1903, and Henderson

1910.

C. candeanum (Orbigny) tapers more, to a narrower truncation,

and the sutural denticulation is more widely spaced. In C. caren-

asense every vertical thread denticulates the suture, none being

united or dropped out there. It is an abundant snail on Cayo

Carenas, a tiny islet now nearly covered with residences.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

CHONDROPOMA WILCOXI n. sp.

The shell is perforate, ovate-twisted, truncate, 3 to 3^ whorls

remaining. Pale fleshy buff, indistinctly marked with spiral series

of small brown dots. On the last whorl there are 6 such rows, three

more distinct ; on preceding whorls there are four rows of dots ; the

suture has a narrow whitish margin below. Sculpture of many

subequal spiral threads intersected at right angles with narrower,

slightly weaker, axial laminas, producing an evenly latticed surface ;

on the last whorl there are about 40 spirals. The whorls are rather

strongly convex ; last whorl ascending slightly to the aperture. The

aperture is vertical, ovate, somewhat acuminate above, brown inside.

The peristome is white ; it expands a trifle, and is somewhat thick-

ened on the face, which is narrow and convex. At the upper angle

it is a very little dilated.

Length 19, diam. 11, length of aperture 8^ mm.

Rosario, east shore of Ensenado Cochinas, in forest. Henderson

and Simpson.

STRANGE NAMES FOR OLD ACQUAINTANCES

BY C. HEDLEY AND H. A. PILSBRY.

It is pleasant to find that there was a time when the editor was

not regarded as the natural enemy of his contributor. Thus when

Dr. Johann Hermann, aforetime Professor at Strassburg, presents

an essay on conchology to his friend the editor of " Der Natur-

forscher" he greets him cordially and at the conclusion takes affec-

tionate leave.

Did this quaint old essay not disturb our nomenclature, we should

not need to disturb the dust which for nearly a century and a half

has gathered on this venerable periodical. But the names which

Hermann gave have escaped the attention of most modern writers,

yet they are presented regularly and precede several now in use.

Like Marryat, the novelist, our author made but a single contribu-

tion to molluscan literature. In the professor we find a careful

worker: not only did he fulfill the modern requirements of nomencla-

ture, but he embellished his paper by a colored engraving illustrating

five species.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Two species of Spondylus are contrasted and are named respec-

tively S. mediterraneus and S. americanus (Der Naturforscher XVI,

1781, p. 51). The former is evidently £ goederopus Linne". The

latter must be the common spiny species of the West Indies com-

monly known as S. americanus Lamarck, for which Doctor Dall

(Trans. Wagn. Inst. Ill, part iv, 1898, p. 759), after a consideration

of the extensive synonymy, adopts the name S. echinatus Martyn,

1784, which apparently should now give place to S. americanus

Hermann, 1781.

TURBO CANALICULATUS, Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, XVI, 1781, p. 52, PI. ii., fig. 1.

This species is clearly the ordinary large Turbo of the West

Indies, usually known as T. spenylerianus Gmelin. The latter

author, though he cited Hermann's work (Syst. Nat., xiii, 1790 p.

3571), made the double error of using his name in another sense and

of bestowing a subsequent name upon Hermann's species. Both the

species termed Turbo canaliculatus by Gmelin and Kiener respec-

tively, are Oriental.

NERITA CANCELLATA, Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, xvi, 1781, p. 56, pi. ii, fig. 8. 9.

Here again Gmelin has misunderstood the work of Hermann.

After quoting (p. 3670) the above reference, he adds from Chemnitz

accounts of two distinct shells, the one Natica sulcata Born, a West

Indian Natica, the other Vanikoro cancellata, Lamarck. In his turn

Lamarck was thus led to confound these species, a confusion which

was unraveled by Deshayes, (An. s. vert. [2] viii, 1838, p. 644).

Hermann's illustration well represents Nerita sulcata, Born (Index

Mus. Caes. Vind., 1778, p. 416, PI. 17, fig. 5, 6), which is main-

tained by three years' priority.

BUCCINUM SOLUTUM Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, XVI, 1781, p. 53, PI. ii, fig. 3, 4.

Dr. W. H. Dall kindly gave us the benefit of his wide knowledge

of this boreal group. Hermann's figure appears to him to represent

a short form of Chrysodomus heros Gray (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p.

14, PI. VII) a species erroneously united by Kobelt, Conch. Cab.

Fusus, 1881, p. 61, to Neptunea fornicata Gray non Gmelin. Her-

mann's name should therefore be maintained.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

BUCCINUM STROMBOIDES Hermann.

Der Naturforscher, XVI, 1781, p. 54, PI. ii, figs. 5, 6.

This has been recognized as a fossil from the Paris basin and was

used by Morch (Journ. de Conch. VIII, 1858, p. 43) as the type of

the genus Cryptochorda.

MUREX DESPECTUS Linne.

Hermann, Der Naturforscher, XVI, 1781, p. 54, PI. ii, fig. 7.

Here Hermann professes to figure a sinistral Chrysodomus despectus

but Dr. Dall points out to us that the illustration better suits a

sinistral C. antiquus.

A NEW SPECIES OF ANCULOSA.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

ANCULOSA MINOR, n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Shell small, depressed, thick, light olive in color, whorls five, those

of the spire flat ; periphery angulate or carinate; lines of growth fine

and cut by fine revolving impressed lines, giving the surface of the

shell a reticulate appearance under the microscope ; peristome

straight and thin ; aperture ovate, columellar callus thick, wide, dark

colored or white, extended across the parietal wall ; umbilical region

indented. Three specimens measured length 33, dium. 27, length,

30, cliam. 24, and length 30, diam. 25 hundredths of an inch.

Habitat — near Florence, Alabama, in the Tennessee river, near

the south bank, in a shaded situation where there was but little

current and a good many leaves in the water and on the bed of the

stream. A. A. H. Nov. 10, 1904. Cotypes in coll. Hinkley and

A. N. S. Phila. (No. 105866).

This little species has been referred to Anculosa carinata, but I am

sure they are distinct ; compared with that species they are smaller,

thicker, spire not as elevated, aperture more regular oval and the

columellar callus thicker. From A. costata it differs in being more

elevated, thicker, whorls flat and suture linear, aperture smaller.

The young of this species is very much like the young of A. crassa

Haldeman, but are more elevated, have no bands and the impressed

lines are more strongly marked ; nor does crassa have the second

carina. The young are quite close to those of A. praerosa and

tintinnabulum (see the Nautilus vol. 21, page 110, plate 10, figures

48 THE NAUTILUS.

1, 7, and 8) A. minor is a little more elevated than the former, has

5 flat whorls and the space between the carinae is on the same plane

as the rest of the base of the shell, the revolving impressed lines are

more prominent than on either of the above species, the mature

shell has more in common with A. mefanoides, but that species is

more elevated with no carina or impressed lines.

A NEW FLORIDIAN VIVIPAEUS.

BY H. A. PILSBRT AND C. W. JOHNSON.

VIVIPARUS WALKERI n. sp. Plate III, figs. 6, 7.

The shell is perforate, moderately solid, globose- conic, dull yellow-

ish-brown, lighter beneath, with three or four very indistinct pur-

plish-brown bands, or dull purplish-brown without bands ; faintly

striated. Spire short, much eroded and whitish in adults, which

retain about 3 whorls. Whorls very convex, somewhat flattened

horizontally below the very deep suture. The aperture is large,

slightly oblique, ovate, livid and showing the bands within by trans-

mitted light, when any are present.

Length 26, diam. 22, length of aperture 16^ mm.

Length 26, diam. 21, length of aperture 15 mm.

Types no. 70,053 A. N. S. P., collected by Pilsbry and John-

son in Juniper Creek, Lake County, Florida, 1894.

This species differs strongly from other Viviparas of Florida by

its broad, short form. It was taken in considerable numbers in the

type locality, but was not found elsewhere. V. waltoni Tryon is the

prevalent form in Lake George, and V. georgianus in the St. John's

River. It is named in honor of Mr. Bryant Walker, whose work on

fresh-water shells is well-known to readers of THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

WE have to record the recent death in Honolulu of the veteran

Hawaiian conchologist, D. D. BALDWIN. A sketch of his life and

work will be given later.

MR. CHARLES HEDLEY of the Australian Museum has been

studying the museums of this country during June and July.

MESSRS. J. B. HENDERSON, JR., and GEORGE H. CLAPP have

returned from a cruise in the western Bahamas on the yacht Eolis.

DR. PAUL BARTSCH has also visited the Bahamas on the Carnegie

Institution yacht Anton Dohrn.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE VI

2.4

TORRE: CUBAN UROCOPTID^E.

(X 21

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. SEPTEMBER, 1912. No. 4

NOTES ON THE VALIDITY OF HELIX (EPIPHRAGMOPHORA) OREGON-

ENSIS LEA.

BY HENRY M. EDSON.

[The article following is probably the last written by Mr. Edson whose un-

timely death was recorded in THE NAUTILUS for March, p. 132.]

This species seems to be recognizable, but has been buried for a

long time in the synonymy of Epiphragmorphora dupetithouarsi

Desh. It was described by Dr. Lea1 in 1836 from specimens col-

lected by Mr. Nuttall in Oregon ; after a careful reading of the

original description and comparing it with Pfeiffer's description of

mormonum I am convinced that Epip. mormonum is synonymous.

The type locality of mormonum was Mormon Island in the Amer-

ican River in Sacramento Co., Cal ; it has also been collected at

Redding, Shasta Co., by McGregor,2 in Tuolumne Co., by Hemp-

hill,* and at Klamath,4 Oregon. Dr. Lea's description of oregonensis

follows, "Shell subcarinate, thin, smooth, reddish-brown, double-

banded on the carina, above slightly convex, below somewhat in-

flated ; Habitat, Wahlamet near its junction with the Columbia

River ; Diam., 6, Length .4 of an inch." 5

Dr. Lea also states that the specimen was immature so that of course

the description would be somewhat defective. " That part of the

1 Lea Obs. Vol. II, 1836, p. 100.

1 Nautilus, XIII, 1899, p. 64.

'Nautilus, XIII, 1899, p. 128.

4 Washington State Museum, fide H. Hannibal.

5 Diam. 15 mm., Alt. 9 mm.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

specimen which has the epidermis presents in it, under the micro-

scope, a remarkable waved appearance." He also says, " shell sub-

carinate," and his figure 1 shows it to be so. This feature alone

would eliminate Epip. dupetithouarsi, for although the very young

shells of dupetithouarsi are planulate the whorls are always rounded

and especially in a shell of the size of Dr. Lea's specimen, which

must have been over half grown. This taken with the subsequent

collection of mormonum Pfr., at Klamath, Ore., which is close to the

original locality of oregonensis, and the fact that Dr. Lea also de-

scribed Polygyra townsendiana* from the same locality at the same

time, makes it pretty certain that Helix mormonum Pfr. was the

shell Dr. Lea described, and not a specimen of dupetithouarsi ;

While Dr. Lea's description was based on an immature shell I con-

sider it quite recognizable, as Nuttall was not likely to confuse his

localities, and dupetithouarsi does not by any chance get so far north.

Dr. Lea described Helix oregonensis in 1836; it thus has precedence

of mormonum Pfr. by twenty-one years, as Dr. Pfeiffer did not de-

scribe mormonam until 1857.

The synonymy would stand as follows :

1836. Helix oregonensis Lea, Obs. II, p. 100, xxiii, fig. 85;

Pfeiffer Mon. Hel. Viv., I, 1848, p. 428.

1857. Helix mormonum Pfr., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 109 ;

Mon. Hel. Viv., iv. p. 276; Fischer & Crosse, Moll. Mex. et Guat.,

1870, p. 251.

1885. Arionta mormonum, W. G. Binney, Manual Amer. Land

Shells, Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 14.

1897. Epiphragmophora mormonum Pfr., Pils. Naut. xi, p. 48.

Keep, West Coast Shells, 1911, p. 277.

NOTE. — As the type of Helix oregonensis Lea is now in the U. S.

National Museum we requested Dr. Paul Bartsch to compare it with

mormonum in view of the identification advocated by Mr. Edson.

He writes as follows. " I have been looking over Mr. Edson's

manuscript and also Lea's type of Helix oregonensis. I consider

that oregonensis has nothing to do with dupetithouarsi Desh. The

latter species in the young stage has a well rounded periphery, while

in oregonensis we have a strong keel at the junction ot the dark and

'Lea Obs. II, 1836, pi. xxiii, fig. 85.

»Lea Obs., II, 1836, p. 99.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

light band. The anterior light band is about as wide as the dark.

The posterior one is scarcely indicated, being represented by a mere

line. The nepionic whorls of the two shells are also different : that

of oregonensis being papillose while that of the dupetithouarsi is

wrinkled. The young oregonensis is also much larger considering

the same number of whorls in the two species. Then too, the sculp-

ture of the adult whorls is quite different ; in oregonensis we have a

surface which is covered by a crinkly epidermis, the crinkles

placed obliquely. The lines of growth are irregular and not well

marked, while in the dupetithouarsi we have regularly impressed

lines and none of the crinkled epidermis, the latter being smooth ;

dupetithouarsi has a well-rounded spire while in oregonensis it is

flattened, etc. I believe that oregonensis comes nearer to the

group of E. mormonum than E. dupetithouarsi, You have the types

of cola and buttoni, so I will leave the comparison of them with you."

It seems from the above that we will have to write oregonensis

in place of mormonum, but whether Lea's name applies to the typical

middle Californian mormonum or to one of the described sub-

species remains in doubt. Adult specimens from Oregon are needed

to settle this question.

H. A. P.

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA (BARNES) IN THE UPPER POTOMAC DRAINAGE.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

Some time ago the writer reported (Mem. Carnegie Mus., 2, 1906,

p. 373) that a western species of crawfish. Cambarus obscurus Hagen,

is found in the Potomac drainage, in Wills Creek, at Ellerslie, Alle-

gany Co., Md., and Hyndman, Bedford Co., Pa. This fact was dis-

cussed on p. 445 (1. c.), and explained in general terms as an "arti-

ficial introduction by human agency." I may add that this crawfish

apparently has increased in numbers since its first discovery (August

10, 1904, and May 8, 1905), for on September 7, 1909, I found it

very abundantly at Hyndman (for about a mile in the creek above

the tannery). And further, on May 6, 1912, this species was seen

in the South Branch Potomac at Romney, Hampshire Co., W. Va.

Although only a cast-off shell was found, this was of a male of the

first form, and positively established the presence of this species at

this locality.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

A case parallel to this has now come to light; the presence, in

the Potomac system, of a western mussel, Lampsilis ventricosa

(Barnes). This is a form common, for instance, in the Ohio drain-

age in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, but it is not found

in any of the Atlantic river systems investigated by the writer (Dela-

ware, Susquehanna, James). The following records are at hand :

September 4, 1909. Potomac River, Hancock, "Washington Co.,

Md. Here it was in the smaller branch of the river in great num-

bers and in all sizes, from 41 mm. long upward. About two dozen

were taken.

May 9, 1911. South Branch Potomac River, South branch,

Hampshire Co., W. Va. About a dozen were found within the first

mile of the South Branch above its junction with the North Branch.

All were of medium size.

August 16, 1911. Shenandoah River, Harper's Ferry, Jefferson

Co., W. Va. A single male was found, below medium size.

May 6, 1912. South Branch Potomac River, Romney, Hamp-

shire Co., W. Va. About a dozen were found in a very small

branch of the river. Some were rather large, but most of them

were quite small (smallest 20 mm. long). These small ones were

found all together in fine gravel at the head of a riffle, in shallow

water, attached to small pebbles by their byssus.

In other parts of the Potomac drainage, thoroughly investigated,

this species was not found, and this is especially true for the head-

waters of the Shenandoah River and the northern tributaries of the

master stream (Antietam, Conococheague and Great Tonoloway

Creeks in Pennsylvania and Wills Creek in Maryland).

It is probable that this species will turn up elsewhere in the

Potomac. The localities known at present are all to the West of the

Blue Ridge Mountain, that is to say, within the Great Allegheny

Valley and the Allegheny Mountains. It should be noted, that its

representative Atlantic form, Lampsilis cariosa (Say), which is so

common in the Delaware and Susquehanna, is not found in this

region, but is present farther below in the Potomac : I have speci-

mens from Cabin John, Montgomery Co., Md.

There is no question that we have to deal with a form of Lamp-

silis ventricosa. It is true that the Potomac form represents a pecu-

liar type in so far, as all the specimens collected are rather uniform

in shape, but the same shape is frequently met with in western speci-

THE NAUTILUS. 53

mens, although there is a much greater range of variation in the

latter. The Potomac specimens are rather high and short, and their

size remains far below that of western ventricosa. My largest speci-

men (a male from Hancock) is 114 mm. long, 82 mm. high, and 58

mm. in diameter, while I have many individuals from western Penn-

sylvania, which are 150 mm. long and over. Further the posterior

ridge of the shell is in the Potomac form a little more distinct than

in the average of the western specimens, but again in this character

there are western specimens, which agree with the eastern.

In all other particulars the two forms agree, and also the color

and color markings (rays) of the epidermis are the same, and quite

variable. But on account of the small size, the shorter and higher

outline, and somewhat more distinct posterior ridge, we might regard

the Potomac-race as a variety, which I propose to call : Lampsilis

ventricosa cohongoronta (an old Indian name of the Potomac). I

may add, that I have investigated the anatomy, of males, sterile and

gravid females, and that there is no difference whatever. Also the

glochidia are the same.

It is evident that this shell is, zoogeographically, out of place in

the Potomac, and, considered together with the case of the western

crawfish mentioned above, we must conclude that both are artificial

introductions into this river, probably quite accidental, and the idea

is suggested that the shell might have been transported in the larval

stage, as glochidium, during its parasitic life upon certain fishes.

Western species of fishes have repeatedly been transplanted into the

Potomac system. H. M. Smith and B. A. Bean (Bull. U. S. Fish

Comm. 18 (or 1898) 1899 pp. 179-187) mention no less than seven

species (disregarding four European), and among them are the fol-

lowing : Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris (Raf.)), Large mouth

Black Bass Micropterus salmoides (Lac.), and Crappie (Pomoxis

annularis Raf.).

Now just these have recently been given by G. Lefevre and W. C.

Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisheries, 30, 1912, pp. 157 and 160) as most

susceptible to infection with the glochidia of species ot Lampsilis,

among them Lampsilis ventricosa. The introduction of Black Bass

was in the Shenandoah River in 1889; that of the other two fishes

in various parts of the Potomac and the Chesapeake-Ohio Canal

chiefly in 1894. I do not hesitate to attribute to this fact, the trans-

plantation of certain western fishes, the accidental introduction of

54 THE NAUTILUS.

glochidia of this mussel, which found in this region congenial envi-

ronment, and thus the mussel became established and is propagating.

In the western waters, L. ventricosa prefers similar ecological condi-

tions: rivers and streams of medium or small size, with riffles and

rapidly flowing water, and gravelly bottom.

Very likely the same cause accounts for the accidental introduc-

tion of Gambarus obscurus ; in seining for bass, for instance, in

western Pennsylvania, it would be quite impossible not to catch a

number of this crawfish.

This is an interesting instance of the stocking of a stream with a

mussel species by the help of fish. Lefevre and Curtis (1. c., p. 192)

discuss this way as a possible means of mussel transportation ; how-

ever, they express some doubt as to its practicability. But here we

have, apparently, the demonstration that this is possible, and having

happened once quite by accident, it is to be expected that it also

might be successfully accomplished when intended and done with

the proper care.

NEW ENGLAND NOTES.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

A careful search at Wood's Roll and Chatham, on Cape Cod,

reveals more specimens of the species described as Pyramidella

(Sulcorinella) bartschi. These have been compared with the type

by Dr. Bartsch as well as myself, and they show it to be an Odosto-

mia. The name is therefore changed to Odostomia (Evalea) bartschi.

Mr. W. F. Clapp has also found it within the cape.

Short trips to a few points reveal Odostomias, and their distribu-

tion should be noted. The four species, Odostomia trifida, bisutur-

alis, winkleyi and P. fusca, are to be found at low tide in inner

waters as follows: In a small creek in the marsh near the station at

Rowley, Mass. (This same spot is the most northerly locality where

I have found Paludestrina salsa.}

At old Newbury. Mass., in the Parker River, in eel-grass patches,

is another colony. The third is in Great Bay, New Hampshire, at

a spot half way between Dover and Portsmouth.

Last summer I obtained the best lot of Pyramidettidse I have ever

seen. My stay at Chatham was short, and confined to low-tide col-

THE NAUTILUS. OO

lecting. One small area revealed excellent specimens of P. (Syrnola)

fusca and producta, with one specimen of winkleyi. At Wood's

Hole I found much material of species already recorded and a few

of Turbonilla verrilli. I also got a good series of Turbonilla sumneri.

Eulima stenostoma and conoidea occur at Wood's Holl, and a few

specimens of Tellimya ferruginosa were found at the locality where

Verrill located them years ago. While Turbonilla is ordinarily to

be found only by dredging, it does occur at some places at low tide.

A chance to observe leads me to think it is a burrowing shell, hence

collectors will do well to sift sand in seeking this form. Another

suggestion for collectors is, watch carefully for Eulima. I accident-

ally discovered in sifting that E. stenostoma after being sifted from

the OUjd has a tendency to float on the surface of the water, as does

a\so\Solenom^a. In working at low tide and sifting there is a tempta-

tion to float off dead eel grass, leaving the shells at the bottom of

the sieve. Watch carefully, lest Eulima floats away.

A trip made the day before writing this revealed a few Odostomia

trifida in the creeks back of Nantasket Beach, Mass. I cannot too

strongly urge on field workers the duty of sweeping with a dip-net in

places where eel grass abounds, and be sure to take at least an inch

below the surface of the mud or sand in which it grows. Shells are

abundant there, and occasionally rare forms, Odostomia gibbosa, for

example, of which I obtained two more specimens last summer.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTI8 OF THE TJ. CINEBEA GROUP.

BY DOCTOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) cinerea Pfr. Plate vi, figs. 14, 15.

This species has hitherto been known only from the original de-

scription in the Conchylien Cabinet and its copy by Pilsbry in the

Manual, xv, page 273. The exact locality of its occurence in Cuba

has also been unknown, collectors apparently having missed it.

In my recent conchological excursions through the central part of

the island I obtained it both in its typical form and through a series

of varieties and mutations which appear to define a natural group

containing a number of species and subspecies.

Specimens agreeing closely with Pfeiffer's description generally

56 THE NAUTILUS.

have 9-10 whorls ; if the shell is entire (rare) there are 22-24

whorls, the two embryonic ones being smooth, corneous and some-

what bulbous. The radula formula is 7.2.1.2.7, there being 19 teeth

in each transverse row ; the inner two laterals on each side are much

larger than the others, the third tooth becoming abruptly smaller

than the second ; the outer laterals are capped with a low ledge in

place of cusps. The internal axis of the shell is encircled by a low

thread below, which in the upper whorls is lamelliform and bears

very delicate filament-like spines. This last character determines

the position of this species in a group along with U. wrighti,

baculum etc., although the radula frequently indicates the Section

Teterentodon.

Central Cuba on walls and stones at Cerro de Guajabana near

Caibarien, Santa Clara Province.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) livida, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 21, 22.

Shell slenderly fusiform, somewhat swollen in the middle third,

tapering to a narrow truncation above ; livid-colored, fleshy above

and bluish or purplish below. Surface, glossy, sculptured with obli-

quely subarcuate riblets not flattened on the lower whorls. Remain-

ing whorls 10-12, somewhat convex, the last free in a descending

curved neck scarcely carinated. Aperture as in U. cinerea but paler

within. The spiral thread of the axis is stronger and perceptibly

spinose in the middle and upper whorls.

Longitude 16, diameter 2.7, aperture diameter 2.1, whorls 11^.

Longitude 17, diameter 2.9, aperture diameter 2.3, whorls 12.

Longitude 12.5, diameter 2.2, aperture diameter 2, whorls 11.

Central Cuba : On walls and large stones at El Palenque de

Taguayabon and La Puntilla, near Remedies in the Province of

Santa Clara.

This species differs from U. cinerea Pfr. by its more fusiform

shell, livid color, glossy surface and by its regular sculpture ; also by

its stronger internal axis.

Urocoptis livida occulta n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 23.

Differs from the type in sculpture and color ; the surface is glossy

and nearly smooth, the riblets being obsolete in the middle whorls

but well raised on the free curved neck ; the color is livid pinkish

above and violet below with scattered corneous streaks, peristome

white.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Longitude 15, diameter 2.9.

Longitude 12, diameter 2.3.

Longitude 13, diameter 2.5.

Central Cuba: Under stones at the sides of the road between

Remedies and Taguayabon in the Province of Santa Clara.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) pallidula n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 18, 19, 20.

Belonging to the cinerea and livida group, it differs in its sculp-

ture and color; the surface is obliquely subarcuately striate, the

delicate striae being closely spaced to the last whorl, where they

become coarser and more widely spaced riblets ; the color is fleshy to

pale yellow, with scattered corneous streaks, sometimes bordered with

an opaque white patch. In general shape, though slightly fusiform,

it resembles typical U. livida with its descending curved neck and

moderate aperture. The internal axis is somewhat sinuous, and the

lamelliform spiral thread is well developed for this group, lying near

the base in each whorl.

Long. 18.3, diam. 3, ap. diam. 2.6, whorls 13.

Long. 15, diam. 2.4, whorls 13.

Long. 15, diam. 2.2, whorls 20 (entire).

Central Cuba: On walls and stones at Mogotes de las Jumaguas,

very near Sagua la Grande, in the Province of Santa Clara.

Urocoptis ( Gongylostoma) fortiuscula n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Resembles U. livida occulta in color. The median whorls are

finely striate, but it differs from the last in its stronger and rather

swollen shell, the last whorl less or not at all descending, and the

aperture being larger. The internal axis is slightly sinuous and the

lamelliform spiral thread is near the base, as in U. pallidula.

Long. 17.5, diam. 3.8, ap. diam. 3, whorls 11.

Long. 14.5, diam. 3.2, whorls 9^.

Some specimens from the same locality are much smaller:

Long. 10, diam. 2.6, ap. diam. 2, whorls 8.

Long. 12, diam. 3, whorls 9.

Central Cuba: On and under stones at Casimba de Buenavista,

district of Malpaez near Sagua la Grande, in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) bacillaris n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 7, 8.

Slenderly fusiform, somewhat swollen in the middle third, taper-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

ing to a narrow truncation above; thin, pale corneous, profusely

variegated with cream-white and having pale brown streaks. Sur-

face glossy, sculptured with rather strong and oblique sinuous riblets,

separated by wide intervals; suture subcrenulate. Whorls 12-15,

somewhat convex, the last free in a moderately long descending

curved neck. Aperture subcircular, a little oblique, the peristome

white, sometimes brownish below, expanded and somewhat reflexed

throughout. Axis encircled by a thread-like lamella, spinose in the

median and upper whorls, and a low spiral cord above it ; in the last

two whorls the axis is simple and sinuous.

Long. 17, diam. 2.8, ap. diam, 2.3, whorls 14^.

Long. 13.8, diam. 2.2, whorls 13£.

Central Cuba: On stones at the Sierra de Matahambre y Tati-

bonico, and Veredas de Aguada y del Chorreron, in the mountains

near Las Llanadas, district of Mayajigua, in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Related to U. contentiosa Ar., but differs by its sinuous and more

widely spaced riblets and by the free and descending last whorl.

Urocoptis bacillaris exilis n. var. Plate vi, fig. 10.

Smaller than typical bacillaris; slenderly fusiform, often entire,

the upper two-thirds conspicuously attenuate to the bulbous apex,

the lower part somewhat swollen ; paler, variegated colored, sculp-

tured with oblique and sinuous thread-like riblets, suture subcrenu-

lated. Whorls 22-24 in the entire shell, 12-13 in the truncated

specimens, a little convex. Axis twisted and encircled by a delicate

spiral thread, spinose above.

Long. 14.7, diam. 2.1.

Central Cuba : On stones at Vereda le los Negros, a road between

La Legua and Tatibonico, district of Mayajigua in the province of

Santa Clara.

NOTE ON THE GENUS SEPTA PERRY (TRITON ATTCT.).

BY WJM. H. DALL.

A recent article in the Victorian Naturalist (Australia) by Messrs.

Mathews and Iredale, on the hitherto unnoticed Arcana of George

Perry, shows that another change is necessary in the nomenclature

of this genus. It appeared that although Perry states in his "Con-

THE NAUTILUS. 59

chology " that several of his genera are " for the first time pub-

lished" in that work (the text of which probably was written first),

yet some of them actually appeared in print a year earlier in his

short-lived journal called the "Arcana." Among these was Septa,

which appeared in connection with the single species Murex rubecula

Linne, which of course must be taken as the type. Perry's idea of

his genus doubtless was that it covered the species called Triton by

Lamarck, and so, in intent, it is a synonym of Cymatium Bolten,

1798. On account of the character of the type however, it might be

retained as a section for the species I formerly ranked under Lam-

pusia Schumacher, 1817.

The first name available for the group typified by Murex tritonis

L. seems to be Nyctilochus of Gistel, 1848, and if, in accordance

with usage, we take this as the typical genus of the family, the

family name would be Nyctilochidcz. The genus Aquillm Montfort,

1810, upon which the family name was based by Dr. Pilsbry some

years ago, is unfortunately synonymous with Cabestana Bolten, 1798,

and therefore cannot be used.

NOTES.

POLYGTRA PALLIATA SAY IN NEW ENGLAND. — The occurrence

of this species in New England has for a long time needed verifica-

tion. Repeated search in the Berkshires and Green Mountains by

the writer has failed to reveal its presence, although the other species

with similar distribution have been found. C. B. Adams, in Thomp-

son's History of Vermont, p. 159, 1842, says : " It is seldom found

in Vermont." W. G. Binney includes the species in the " Inverte-

brata of Massachusetts," but gives no locality. In July Messrs.

G. M. Allen and W. S. Brooks while trapping for small mammals

on Mt. Ascutney, Vt., obtained three specimens, one adult and two

young ; the latter were found feeding on the wet oat-meal used in

baiting the traps. It is somewhat surprising that this species should

turn up at last in this more isolated peak in the Connecticut Valley

and not in the Green Mts. proper, although there is little doubt but

that it will be found there with more thorough collecting C. W.

o GJ

JOHNSON.

THE University of Michigan has conferred the honorary degree

of Doctor of Science upon Mr. Bryant Walker, of the class of 1876,

in recognition of his valuable work on mollusks.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

SNAIL TRAP. — " A woman whose garden was being overrun with

snails wrote to the Bureau of Agriculture at Washington for a remedy.

She was told to put large pieces of cut raw potato on the under side

of a board, raised at one end a few inches from the ground. This

she did, with the result that in one week a thousand snails had col-

lected in that one spot."

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NEW SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS FROM THE PANAMA CANAL

ZONE. — By William H. Dall. Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. 59, no. 18,

July 27, 1912.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus} goldmani and Plekocheilus pirriensis

are described as new. The latter is a large and fine form related to

P. coloratus of Colombia. Not having seen the specimens I may be

wrong, but P. goldmani does not appear distinct from sipunculata

Forbes, which I have ranked as a variety of P. otis. The specimen

figured as P. labyrinthus Desh. seems to be what I described as P.

otis orthorhinus. It is not labyrinthus Dh., which is the same as P.

otis Sol. H. A. P.

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF SPHYRADIUM, with an inquiry as

to their generic relationships. By G. Dallas Hanna. U. S. Nat.

Mus. Proc. vol. 41, pp. 371-376. The type species, S. edentulum

Drap. ( Vertigo simplex Gld.) has been dissected by Mr. Hanna, who

shows that by the direct ureter and genitalia it belongs to the Pupil-

lidtz, closely resembling Vertigo. The jaw however is composed of

16 overlapping plates, as in Punctum. The classification proposed

by Dr. Sterki and generally adopted recently will therefore give way

to the old view that edentulum is a Pupoid snail. Until Punctum

can be examined, its position must be held in suspense. If the foot

has pedal grooves, it will remain in Endodontidtz. Otherwise it may

be a helicoid form of PupiZlidte, but this does not seem likely. Mr.

Hanna gives S. alticola Ingersoll specific rank, and describes a new

form from the Pleistocene of Kansas as S. hasta. It is nearly 6

mm. long.

It may be mentioned in this connection that the name Sphyradium

is not tenable for this group, which must be called Columella. The

argument in the case will be given in a monograph of New York

shells now in preparation H. A. PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. OCTOBER, 1912. No. 6

THE MUSSEL SHELL BEDS NEED PKOTECTION.

BY WILLIAM T. BARRET.1

I began in the mussel shell business in the season of 1902 on the

Ohio river at Henderson. Ky. ; have been in it ever since that time,

and have done practically all of my work on the Ohio. The first

five years I never worked above Louisville, finding all the shells

that we could sell in that territory, that is, from Louisville down.

The beds were large and very productive. I have known from 50

to 60 boats to work on one bed, and some beds produced from 3000

to 5000 tons of shells before they were whipped out. What I mean

by being " whipped out " is, that there are not enough shells left to pay

wages for catching them. A mussel catcher could work faithfully

for 10 hours and not catch over a box of shells on these beds. The

price for catching is from 25 to 40 cents per box. The price de-

pends on the quality of shells caught. These boxes will hold about

100 pounds of cooked shell.

In the early days the mussel catchers caught from 10 to 15 boxes

per day on these beds. As this territory became less productive, it

was necessary for me to find new territory where shells were more

plentiful. 1 came to the upper Ohio, and with camps scattered along

the river, have worked it from Louisville, Ky., to Parkersburg, W.

Va., the last four years. There may be some wild beds left, but

there are very few, if any.

1 From a memorial addressed to the General Assembly of Kentucky.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The Ohio has been worked hard from one end to the other, and if

the present system of working the beds continues, in two or three

years, they will all be " whipped out." Under the present system

you can work where you like, so naturally everybody likes to work

where the mussels are the thickest, and the catchers keep right after

them until they whip the bed out.

I remember when the bed at Shawneetown, 111., was found, and

it was one of the best ever found on the river. The mussel catchers

working on the Wabash river in Indiana heard what a fine bed it

was, and came out of the Wabash, floated down the Ohio to

Shawneetown until there were over 100 boats at work on that bed.

They worked it out in a few weeks. Since that time it has been

worked some each year, but has produced very little. It was found

seven years ago and produced that season about 2000 tons of shells

and the total production since that time will not exceed 200 tons in

the seven years.

Over 25 per cent, of the mussel shells caught in the Ohio river

today are practically wasted — they are so small that the cutters in

the blank factories, who work by the piece, can't make anything cut-

ting them, so naturally they throw them in the waste shell if the

foreman of the shop isn't standing right by looking. In most shops

they work as many as 100 cutters, and one foreman ; so you see he

can't see many.

My idea is that the State, through its Legislature, should take con-

trol and regulate the number of boats per mile that work these beds.

I think that four boats to the mile would be about right and only

allow them to catch 15 tons to the boat. In other words, confine the

production to 60 tons to the mile of shell beds per year.

There are about 90 miles of shell beds in the Ohio river in Ken-

tucky's boundary from Cattletsburg to Cairo, and equally as many

in her tributaries. This would mean a production of from 5,000 to

10,000 tons per year. This production would save the mussel beds,

and they would continuously consume the sewerage, thereby purify-

ing the water, and would insure from 5,000 to 10,000 tons of raw

product annually for the button factories of this country.

The Legislature could pass a bill granting the State the right to

protect the beds by license for a term of years, say on a royalty basis

of $1.00 per ton for all workable shells produced. This would give

the state a revenue from this source of from $5,000 to $10,000 per

THE NAUTILUS. 63

year, and it would be handled without any expense to the state.

The State Auditor should be given the power to make a contract along

the lines mentioned for their protection. The contracting party

could be required to send an invoice of each shipment monthly, to-

gether with check for royalty to the Auditor, thereby saving the

State any expense. The books to be always open for inspection, and

a bond given the State that will guarantee this contract to be carried

out to the letter.

The Legislature in making a law giving the State this right should

embody in it all the things necessary to protect the mussels and

mussel beds, viz.: That 60 tons of button shells to one mile of mussel

bed is all that can be taken out in one year ; this to apply to beds of

less than a mile proportionately, one-quarter of mile, 15 tons; one-

half mile, 30 tons, etc. No dredges of any kind, or oyster tongs

should be allowed — nothing but the hook that catches the mussel as

an individual. And the hook should not be allowed to work on any

mussel beds when there is more than 20 feet of water on the nearest

government gauge. When there is more water than this, the current

is much stronger and drags the hooks over the beds so fast that they

often catch into the mussel itself, thereby killing it and losing the

shell entirely. I have seen boats working in high water that would

pull up as many as 25 of these mussel meats at one time. This is

ruinous to a mussel bed.

The catchers like to work on high water because there is more

food in the water for the mussel at that time, and consequently more

mussels come to the surface to feed, and they can catch them faster.

There should be a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than §50.00

and 30 days in jail for each offense for any one violating any of

these laws. Each county should have legal jurisdiction to prosecute.

First Step Toward Protection. — Iowa is the oldest state in experi-

ence with the mussel-shell button industry. The first factory was

started at Muscatine about 16 or 18 years ago. They got the shells

from the upper Mississippi river, and for several years found suffi-

cient quantity there to run their plants. As the business increased,

it became necessary for them to hunt new fields. They have con-

tinued to do this until to-day the Mississippi river and all its tribu-

taries have been worked and worked without any idea of protecting

the mussel beds.

The button industry has made tremendous strides — 9 years ago

64 THE NAUT1LCS.

consumption of shells by the button factories was from 10 to 12

thousand tons — to-day the consumption of a normal year will exceed

100 thousand tons. The State of Iowa has seen how necessary it

was to do something to insure the raw product for the button fac-

tories. To this end through their Congressmen they got the Fed-

eral Congress at Washington to appropriate money for the protection

of the mussel. With this money they have established at Fairport,

Iowa, a mussel hatchery, where they are experimenting and trying

to raise the mussel in ponds. They realize the necessity of produc-

ing the shells.

Instead of working the mussel beds until we are forced to hatch,

cultivate and raise them, why not protect the wild beds that we

have, and harvest the crop that they produce annually ?

There is no doubt but this is the better way ; and Kentucky has

in its boundary the major portion of the Ohio river with 90 miles of

shell beds. Protect them and save this raw product for the button

industry. It is valuable to Kentucky and to the whole world.

This is the right way — take the lead, and the other states will follow.

FRESH- WATER MOLLUSCA LIVING OUT OF THE WATER.

BY V. STERKI.

Aplexa Jiypnorum (L.) and Spharium occidentale Pme. are well

known examples of mollusks living at places where water stands only

during part of the year, often for short periods in spring, and

occasionally after heavy rains. The last named species appears to

be especially well adapted to that kind of habitat, and even recently

discharged young mussels have often been found living on apparently

quite dry soil under a thin layer of dead leaves. It is also known

that small Lymnsea, and Pomatiopsis are offer found crawling out of

water.

Fresh-water mollusks of almost all groups bury themselves in the

•soil, with the disappearance of surface water, and survive for shorter

or longer periods. But quite a number of pulmonates and branch-

iates appear to remain not only alive but active and propagating for

long periods or permanently. How much this fact has to do with

THE NAUTILUS. 65

the evolution of terrestrial life from aquatic, and what physiological,

and eventually anatomical and embryonic changes are involved,

must be left to the scientists.

The following observations may be worthy of notice in this con-

nexion.— In low woods, north of Geneva, Ohio, Segmenting armigera

(Say) were found alive in company with Spher. occidental, and in

the same woods Physa gyrina were found, then mostly dead shells,

where they could not have been transported from any permanent

body of water.

In damp woods at Kenmore, Summit Co., Ohio, among patches

of various terrestrial mosses, a few dozen Amnicola limosa Say

(.4. parvaf), living and of various ages, were found (late August),

and with them a few puerile Physa apparently sayi Tappan.

No water was standing in the woods, even after heavy rains, and

moreover these snails or their parents must have survived e. g. the

exceptionally hot and dry summer of 1911.

In July of that summer, in a marsh near Hudson, Ohio, which

had been dry as a bone for weeks, like hundreds of others, Dr. Rush

and I found several dozen specimens of Lymntea apparently lanceata

Gld., living and in good condition, clinging to stems and leaves of

sedges (Carex and Scirpus), several inches above the ground. There

is hardly a doubt that they had been gathering all the moisture they

could from dew at night.

In woods of that vicinity we found Pisidium nbidtum subro-

tundum, typical, full-grown to young, under dead leaves in a damp

spot. Other Pisidia have been found at similar places, and also in

swamps among mosses, out of water, and even on steep banks where

water could never be standing.

Small Lymncea, apparently parva Lea, are often found in green-

houses, on mossy flowerpots, sometimes in large numbers, evidently

doing well and propagating.

Similar observations have doubtless been made by other

malacologists.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIS OF THE U. CINEEEA GROUP.

BY DOCTOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

(Concluded from page 58).

Urocoptis bacillaris albicostulata n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 9.

This species differs from the type and its other varieties in the

sculpture of stronger white thread-like riblets.

Long. 18.2, diam. 2.9, whorls 17.

Long. 12.9, diam. 2.1, whorls 13.

Central Cuba: On stones at Cueva Bonita and Rosa Perdida in

the northeastern limit of the Santa Clara Province.

Urocoptis bacillaris sordidula n. subsp. Plate vi, fig. 11.

This is the smallest of the bacillaris race. It is slenderly fusi-

form and truncate above, corneous and whitish streaked but the sur-

face is lusterless; sculptured with less oblique and sinuous thread-

like riblets separated by less wide intervals. Whorls 10-41 a little

convex, the last free in a shorter neck, with the aperture more ob-

lique. Axis twisted and encircled by an inconspicuous spiral thread,

minutely spinose above.

Long. 12, diam. 2.1, ap. diam. 2 mm., whorls 12.

Central Cuba : On stones along the road east of El Bano de

Mayajigua in the Province of Santa Clara.

This may be regarded as a degenerate form of U. bacillaris living

in the plain near the foot of the mountains where the typical form

lives.

U. (Gongylostoma) stricta n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 16, 17.

Differs from U. bacillaris in its more slender shell which in this

species is not swollen and is almost cylindric in the middle third ;

also differs by the sinuous, well-raised riblets, more regularly wide-

spaced throughout which are somewhat tubercular at their upper

ends. Whorls slightly convex. Axis encircled by a thread-like

spinose lamella which in some of the whorls has an indistinct spiral

cord above it.

Long. 19, diam. 2.2, ap. diag. 2, whorls

Long. 13.7, diag. 2, whorls 12£.

THE NAUTILUS. G7

Central Cuba : On stones at Lomas del Purio near Calabazar de

Sagua in the Province of Santa Clara.

This species resembles U. wrighti Pfr. though it is less slender

and more strongly sculptured.

Urocoptis (^Gongylostoma) boqueronis, n. pp. Plate vi, figs, 1, 2, 3.

Slenderly fusiform, tapering to a narrow truncation above ; thin,

corneous with some indistinct darker streaks ; regularly sculptured

with narrow thread-like whitish riblets which are slightly arcuate,

somewhat oblique in the upper half, less so in the lower, and sep-

arated by intervals two or three times their width. Whorls 11-13,

a little convex, the last free and produced into a rather short neck.

Aperture subcircular, a little oblique, the peristome whitish, ex-

panded and somewhat reflexed. Axis encircled by one spiral

spinose lamella with a low spiral cord above it.

Longitude 13.2, diameter 2.4, aperture diameter 2, whorls 13^.

Central Cuba: On walls exposed to the sun at the entrance to El

Boqueron, an underground passage of the river Tatibonico del Norte

through the Sierra de Tatibonico, in the eastern limit of the Santa

Clara Province.

This species differs from U. bacillaris and its varieties by its non-

sinuous but slightly arcuate riblets, more uniform color, less produced

neck, etc.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma] parallela, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 4, 5.

Slenderly fusiform, frequently entire, somewhat swollen in the

middle, tapering to a narrow truncation or to the bulbous apex : pale

brown in color; sculptured with strong wide-spaced riblets which are

nearly straight; whorls 26-28 (entire), 12-14 in the truncate

specimens, somewhat convex, the last one free and produced in a

long curved neck. Aperture subcircular, slightly or not at all obli-

que, peristome whitish, expanded and reflexed as in the other related

species. Axis encircled by one spiral spinose lamella and a well

developed spiral cord above it.

Longitude 20, diameter 2.9, apt.-rture diameter 2.5, whorls 26,

(entire).

Longitude 15.2, diameter 2.9, aperture diameter 2.6, whorls 13^,

(truncated).

Central Cuba : On walls exposed to the sun at the north side of

68 THE NAUTILUS.

El Boqueron where reappears from underground the river Tatibonico

de Norte, in the eastern limits of the Santa Clara Province.

This species resembles U. boqueronis but is easily distinguished

from it by the larger size, uniform color, the straighter riblets which

are also stronger and wider spaced.

Urocoptis acicularis, u. sp. Plate vi, fig. 6.

Cylindric-subulate, very slender, the upper third tapering to a

very narrow truncation or to a bulbous apex ; brownish with scat-

tered dark corneous streaks bordered with white patches. Sculpture,

delicate thread-like and wide-spaced riblets which are nearly straight

and slightly or not at all oblique. Whorls 25-28 in the entire shell,

14-16 in the truncate specimens, nearly flat, the last free in a curved

neck with a weak basal keel. Aperture subcircular, brownish in-

side, the peristome white, glossy, expanded and flatly reflexed.

Axis encircled by one spiral, denticulate or spinose, well-developed

lamella without a noticeable cord above it.

Longitude 17, diameter 2, aperture diameter 2, whorls 27,

(entire).

Longitude 14, diameter 2.1, whorls 15£, (entire).

Longitude 15.2, diameter 2.3, whorls 15^, (entire).

Central Cuba : On stones and walls at Chinchilla and the Mogotes

de las Tumaguas, near Sagua la Grande in the Province of Santa

Clara.

Characterized and distinguished from the others of the group

chiefly by its cylindric form and very slender shell.

Urocoptis (Gongylostoma^) camayueyana n. sp. PI. vi, figs. 12, 13.

Fusiform-cylindric, more swollen above the middle and slowly

tapering to a wide truncation ; cream-colored or pale corneous, a

little darker below. Sculptured with very strong cord-like whitish

riblets which are in part hollow but rarely broken, more inflated

and closely spaced in the upper than in the lower whorls, where they

become degenerate, though again becoming somewhat lamellose on

the neck. The suture is denticulate by the projection of the ends of

the riblets. Whorls 7-9, somewhat convex, the last one free and

produced in a long, round, twisted neck. Aperture subcircular,

slightly oblique, the peristome whitish, expanded and a little re-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

flexed. Axis encircled by an inconspicuous spiral cord which is

somewhat lamellose and minutely spinose above.

Long. 11.3, diam. 2.5, ap. diam. 2, whorls 8.

Long. 14.5, diam. 2.8, whorls 13.

Central Cuba : On stones at El Cercado, Cerro de Tuabaguey,

and Los Paredones, a narrow pass across the Sierra de Cubitas, in

the northern part of the Province of Camaguey.

This little species, notable for its wide truncation, strong cord-like

riblets and the long contorted neck, belongs to the same group as the

more elongated preceding species of the neighboring region of Santa

Clara province, but it is also geographically and morphologically one

of the most distant forms of this section. Notwithstanding, in the

young specimens, when the shell is complete, it has the shape of U.

boqueronis and U. parallela, its singular form being due to the muti-

lation suffered in the adult stage ; the aperture and peristome are

similar; the internal axis, though different at first sight, because it

is encircled by a low cord, if attentively examined in the first whorls,

appears to be somewhat lamellose, and bearing very minute charac-

teristic spines at the edge; and finally the radula is of the same type

as in U. bacillaris, etc., similar to that of U. baculum Pilsbry, and

to Pilsbry's section Tetentrodon: 15 to 19 teeth; but in U. cama-

gueyana the two last lateral teeth are so degenerated that only

their places remain on the radula, so that the formula could be

(2)5.2.1.2.5(2).

NOTES.

PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS FROM EASTERN CUBA. — Mr. Clarence L.

Aman at my request investigated a deposit of clay exposed in an

excavation at Guamo, on the Rio Cauto, Oriente Province, Cuba.

He sent the following species to the Academy of National Sciences :

Marginelta mi'nuta Pfr., Bittium gibbernlnm Ad., Caecum (Meioceras)

nitidum Stimp., Leda acuta Conr., Polymita picta Born, Cepolis

strobilus Fer., Cepolis lucipeta Poey and Pleurodonte emarginata

Gdl. This find is interesting as it shows that in Pleistocene times

the sea extended far up the Cauto valley. — E. G. VANATTA.

ASHMUNELLA THOMSON i ANA. — I recently collected a dead shell

of this species in a new locality, the steeper part of the trail between

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the Field and Viveash ranches in the canon of the Pecos River, New

Mexico. The specimen is to be referred to thomsoniana proper,

having the basal tooth simple, but it is the smallest on record for

that species; diam. max. 11^, min. a scant 10, alt. 6^; whorls 4^.

Should this small size and number of whorls prove constant in the

locality, the snail would I think deserve to be separated as a race. —

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

THE GENERA CRYPTOGIRASIA AND CRYPTOSOMA. In the

Fauna of British India, Mollusoa (vol. I, 1908), p. 203, Godwin-

Austen adopts the generic name Cryptogirasia, crediting it to

" Cockerell, A. M. N. H. (6) vii, 1891, p. 99 (no description)."

The name Cryptogirasia was a manuscript one of mine, dating from

1891 ; but as a matter of fact it was printed in the plural form

(^Cryptogirasia^) in the place cited. It was not wholly without

description ; this and the other genera and groups of " Helicarionina,

sens, lat." were defined by a table. From the standpoint of generic

nomenclature, Cryptogirasia must date from 1908, when it was

adopted and defined by Godwin-Austen. The other genera credited

to me in the same work were published in the correct form, either

in P. Z. S. or NAUTILUS. They were defined in the table cited.

Cryptosoma Theobald, 1857, applied to an oriental genus of the

same family, is a homonym of the earlier Cryptosoma Brull£, used

for a genus of crabs of the family Calappidae. I have not found the

exact date of Brul!e"'s genus, but it is not later than 1848. The

Molluscan Cryptosoma may take the name Mtgaustenia; type

Megaustenia prcestans ( Vitrina prtestans Gould, 1843).

T. A. COCKERELL.

UNIO (NODULARIA) PUTZEYSI new name for U. (Nodularia}

subnigra Preston Mr. Bryant Walker having pointed out to me

that the name "subnigra" used by me (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

London, Ser. 9, vol. IV, 1909, p. 89) for a species of Unio from the

Lower Belgian Congo is preoccupied, I now propose to substitute

for this the name "Putzeysi" in honour of Dr. S. Putzeys of

Brussels, whose work on the land and fresh-water molluscan fauna

of the Belgian Congo is well known to every student of the con-

chology of that region. — H. B. PRESTON.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

PUBLICATIONS KECEIVED.

THE MAI.ACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON has given variety to

the last number of the Proceedings by adding a department of

humorous fiction. In it they print a fantastic farce entitled " A

synopsis of the recent and tertiary fresh-water mollusca of the

California!! Province." A leading part in this piece is taken by a

weird character called " Syntonia," or the " Syntonic Form" — a

sort of djinn or genie, competent to produce any transformation

desired with the aid of a pinch of magnesium salts, which the author

obligingly supplies when it cannot be found otherwise.

That magnesium salts are "producing the mischief" with the

snails is proved by an act with " balanced aquaria," — conditions,

results and laboratory where done not specified.

What the Syntonic Form cannot do is readily accomplished by an

" accentuation of the evolutionary influences " which, along with

other deviltry, are to blame for making Lymntza auricularia out of

the " so-called peregra and catascopium." Curious nobody ever

thought of this perfectly lucid explanation before.

But what occult influence is responsible for subgenera based on

forms ranked as subspecies of species belonging to other subgenera ?

Or putting a genus in one subfamily, its subgenera in another (done

several times on p. 147)? The method of classification is blamed

on Professor Hyatt, but we all know that Hyatt was a good natura-

list. He was above all a believer in strictly phylogenetic classifica-

tion. He had little use for such elementary trifling in taxonomy as

grouping together genera of different phyla which have reached

superficially similar or analogous evolutionary stages.

Time wasted in looking up type specimens might be saved if

naturalists would get syntonic brains by judicious dosing with

magnesium salts. Just see what has been done to the freshwater

Mollusca of the Californian Province ! Synonymy can be made by

glancing over a few books ; classification by drawing the names

out of a hat after they have been well shaken up. The study of

variation and inheritance may be be left to old fogies who want to

know what really happens under known conditions.

AVe fear that the Malacological Society has started out too well in

its department of humorous conchology. Merely ignorant or wrong-

headed articles they may possible get, but where such another

contribution to the gayety of nations as this? — H. A. P.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

THE MOLLUSCA OF COLORADO, PART III. By Junius Henderson

(Univ. of Colo. Studies, vol. IX, May, 1912). Contains numerous

additional locality records (of which fourteen pertain to species and

subspecies not included in former parts of the work), some rectifica-

tions, and evidence for the removal of a few species given in former

lists. A faunal work is never finished, but the papers by Mr. Hen-

derson form a good foundation for further work in Colorado. It is

by far the most complete account of any Rocky Mountain mollusk

fauna.

THE WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSKS of the genus Eumeta.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Cerithiopsis from the

west coast of America.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Bittium of the west

coast of America.

New mollusks of the genus Aclis from the North Atlantic.

The west American mollusks of the genus Amphithalamus.

The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Alvania from the

west coast of America.

The west American mollusks of the genus Cingula.

These papers by Dr. Paul Bartsch published in the Proceedings

of the National Museum for 1911-12 are well-illustrated monographs

of the west American species of the genera named. All are small or

minute shells, the identification of which has hitherto been of great

difficulty owing to the brevity of the scattered literature concerning

them, and the lack of illustrations. Dr. Bartsch has described the

old and new species with a fulness of detail which all who work

with these forms hereafter will appreciate — H. A. P.

REPORT ON LANDSHELLS COLLECTED IN PERU in 1911 by the

Yale Expedition under Professor Hiram Bingham. By William

Healey Dall (Smithsonian Misc. Coll. vol. 59, No. 14, 1912).

Extensions of the known range of a considerable number of species

are given, but the chief interest of the paper attaches to the discovery

that a group of slender Andean Bulimuli including scalaricosta,

infundibulum, umbilicatellus^ tubulosus and spiculatus have an internal

lamella on the axis, somewhat as in Holospira. The new subgenus

Phenacotaxus (type umbilicatellus Pils.) and the section Ataxiellus

(type pectinatus Dall) are proposed to receive these forms. The

color-variation of Drym&us poecilus Orb. is discussed. — H. A. P.

D. D. BALDWIN.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. NOVEMBER, 1912. No. 7

NOTES ON MAINE MOLLUSCA.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

For the purpose of making a more careful examination of the

warm-water colonies in Maine, the writer spent two weeks at Wis-

casset and the same time at Orr's Island in Casco Bay. General

collecting at Wiscasset revealed the same species that I found on

former visits. A careful search in sheltered places revealed several

colonies of Odostomia trifida and bisuturalis, especially large and

abundant at Edgecouib. A drive of five miles and work in a

drenching rain at Sheepscote Bridge gave one or two specimens of

Odostomia bisuturalis var. ovilensis t Modiolus demissus var. plicatulns

and Ostrea virginiana. Unfortunately the refuse from a saw-mill

has nearly exterminated life at the type locality for ovilensis. Ten

miles east of Wiscasset, at Newcastle and Damariscatta, I had only

one low tide, but I found Modiolus demissus var. plicatulus, C'repidu/a

convexa, llyanassa obsoleta, Haminea solitaria, Urosalpinx cinereus,

Astyris lunata and P. (Syrnold) fusca, the last two new to Maine, I

believe. Odostomias have been found here by Mr. Wentworth, but

I didn't have time to visit the locality where he found them.

At Orr's Island I found two more colonies of Astyris Zunata, a

few Odostomia bisuturalis; other forms of interest were Gingula acu-

leits, Skenea planorbis of a light color, Retusa pertenuis and youldii,

Bela bicarinata var. violacea (one specimen at low tide) and Mysella

planulata, with of course the more common forms. I found only one

land shell, Zonitoides arborea.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

A day was spent in the famous Quohog Bay. I dredged the whole

length of the bay and found it absolutely barren, except a very inter-

esting colony at the head of the bay. The species found there were :

Ensis directus, Callocardia morrhuana, Macoma calcaria, M. bal-

thica, Yoldia limatula (the largest I have ever seen), Venus merce-

naria, Mysella planulata, Gemma gemma, Tellina tenera, Retusa

pertenuis, Crepidula convexa, Haminea solitaria, Astyris lunata,

Odostomia trifida, bisuturalis, winkleyi and ffibbosa.

A trip to the biological laboratory at South Harpswell enabled me

to rob the cemetery in the next lot, result equal : Vitrina limpida?

Cochlicopa lubrica, Pupilla muscorum, Vallonia excentrica and Pyra-

midella cronkhitei var. anthonyi.

The famous Brown Cow Island was visited. Helix hortensis

banded and plain was there, but not so abundant as sixteen years

ago. I also obtained a few of the beautiful wine-colored Polygyra

albolabris, together with Succinea ovalis, Pyramidula alternata, Vitrea

hammonis, Vitrina limpida, Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi, Helico-

discus parallelus and Gochlicopa lubrica.

On the whole a very satisfactory summer, with several species

added to the marine list.

ON A COLLECTION OF MARINE GASTROPODA FROM ADEN WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS.

BY MAXWELL SMITH.

(Read before the Brooklyn Conchological Club Jan. 29, 1912).

The collection which forms the subject of this paper is a portion of a

series collected by Mrs. Blair, the wife ot a Governor of Aden. The

greater portion of this interesting collection is housed in the Royal

Scottish Museum of Edinburgh. During the summer of 1910 Mr.

Eagle Clarke, the Curator of the Department of Mollusca, placed in

my hands a number of shells selected from the Blair collection.

Upon reaching London I compared many of the species with the

types in the British Museum and also examined the collections

made by Messrs Yerbury and Baynham which are preserved in the

same institution.

A brief re'sume' of the work that has already been done at Aden

THE NAUTILUS. 75

may be of interest. One of the most exhaustive treatises dealing

with molluscan life in these waters may be found in the proceedings

of the Zoological Society of London, 1891, part iii. In this paper

Mr. E. A. Smith lists the collections made at Aden by Major

Yerbury and the Rev. Mr. Baynham. Mr. Smith also gives a

review of the principal collections previously recorded from Aden.

Signor Caramagna, Dr. Jousseaume and the Rev. A. H. Cooke

reported on mollusks from the vicinity of Aden. After the appear-

ance of Mr. Smith's paper Commander E. R. Shopland was appar-

ently the next person who collected extensively at Aden. His field

work was accomplished between 1892 and 1901. An account of the

results may be found in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society

of London (Vol. 5 page 171").

My best thanks are due Mr. Eagle Clarke of Edinburgh and Mr.

E. A. Smith of London for their kindness in supplying data, with-

out which it would have been impossible to prepare this paper.

Sepia rouxii D'Orb. According to Tryon this cephalopod in-

habits the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It is thus natural to find it

in the Gulf of Aden, which connects the two.

Conus amadis Auct.

Conus betulinus L.

Conus cuvieri Crosse. As Mr. E. A. Smith writes, this species

is not identical with C. cervus. In my opinion cuvieri is a distinct

species.

Conus nussatella L.

Conus taeniatus Hwass.

Conus textile L.

Te.re.bra cafrulescens Lk.

Terebra cinerea Born.

Terebra clarkei n. sp. Plate IV, fig. 18.

Shell slender, shining, suffused irregularly with golden brown ;

whorls 9-10, somewhat gradually increasing, distinctly rounded ;

apex acute, darker in color; surface closely plicated, forming on the

earlier whorls slightly crenulated sutures, plications extending to

the base ; distinctly three banded, the two lower bands closer

together ; aperture long.

This species comes in the same section of the genus as T. nitida

Hinds. From Terebra celidonota Melvill & Sykes it differs in being

more slender. The aperture is also longer and there are three spiral

76 THE NAUTILUS.

bands in place of the one band, near tbe suture, which occurs in

celidonota. In clarkei only one of the bands is visible on the upper

whorls. I take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Eagle

Clarke. Type in the writer's collection.

Terebra lamarckii Kien. I agree with Mr. Smith upon the

validity of this species. The examples before me are well defined

and show little variation. Tryon and Reeve considered it a variety

of T. duplicata L. In the latter the longitudinal stria? are farther

apart. The style of coloration is also strikingly peculiar.

P/eurotoma tigrina Lk.

Murex palma-rosa Lk. Not previously reported from Aden.

Murex ramosus L.

Murex rota Sowb. Fresh beach specimens were obtained of this

beautiful species.

Murex tenuispina Lk. This and M. palm-rosce may have been

obtained at some distance from Aden.

Cohimbella picta Reeve. PI. IV. fig. 13. Up to the present the

locality of this species has been unknown. The specimen before me

agrees perfectly with the type in the British Museum.

Cohimbella misera Sowb. var. californica Reeve. Plate IV, fig.

15. Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I submitted the single example, writes

" this occurs in Japan — not in California, which was an error of

Reeve's."

Cohimbella propinqua E. A. Smith. Plate IV, fig. 14. The type

is in the British Museum.

Cohimbella terpsichore Leathes. Plate IV, fig. 12. Aden, as the

first locality known for this species, was reported by Shopland.

The type is in the British Museum.

Eburna valentiona Swainson. I am inclined to believe that this

is only a stout form of E. spirata as pointed out by Von Martens.

Nossa albescens Dunker.

Nassa arcuJaria L.

Nassa bimaculosa A. Ad. From other examples in my collection

I conjecture that bimaculosa is a valid species.

Nassa canaUculata Lam.

Nassa coronata Lain.

Nassa fissilabris A. Ad.

Nassa gemmulata Lam.

Nassa nodifera Powis.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

Nassa pulla L.

Nassa pulla L., var. minor, n. var. Plate IV, fig. 17. The

length of tliis shell is about the same as the aperture of the type.

All the examples obtained are of the same size.

Vasum cornigerum Lam.

Ricinula ricinus L.

Rapana bulbosa SoUmder.

CanceUaria melanostoma Sowb.

Mitra castellans Lam. Apparently the first record of the species

in these waters. Shopland reports 50 species of Mitra as occurring

at Aden. With the addition of two species taken by Yerbury and

Baynham, and the present two species, the total number is brought

up to 54.

Mitra crenulata Lam.

Mitra deshayesii Reeve. This species may be said to inhabit the

triangle formed at the corners by Polynesia, Mauritius and the Red

Sea. It has not before been reported from the Gulf of Aden.

Mitra plicata Lam.

Latirus polygonus Gmelin.

Harpa minor Humph.

Harpa ventricosa Lam.

Oliva andamanensis Bdg. Plate IV, fig. 7. The four examples

before me agree perfectly with those in the British Museum, which

were taken at the Audamen Islands.

Oliva inflata Lam. From the number of individuals taken, this

must be an abundant form.

Ancillaria acuminata Sowb.

Ancillaria albisulcata Sowb. A characteristic feature, of this

species is the long white columella.

Ancillaria castanea Sowb. I am inclined to believe that this

species will prove to be a variety of A.fulva. The color is the only

distinction.

Ancillaria fidva Swains. The columella of this species is con-

siderably thickened at the base.

Maryinella obscura Reeve. Plate IV, lia. 1C. The locality of

this species was for many years unknown. In 1891 Mr. E. A.

Smith discovered the species among the Yerbury and Baynham

Collections and included it in his list (P. Z. S. L.). When in

London I examined these shells and also the type. The Blair shells

are slightly larger, but otherwise similar to the type.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Cassis nodulosa Gmelin. The example before me is remarkably

fine. There are 12 tubercles on the margin.

Lotorium pilearis L.

Natica lineata Lam.

Natica chinensis Lam.

Naticina papilla Gmel.

CyprcRa clandestine/, L.

Cyprcea cruenta coloba Melvill.

Cyprcea erosa nebrites Melvill. Plate IV, fig. 9.

Cyprcea erosa subalba, n. var. Plate IV, fig. 11.

This beautiful new variety of erosa comes nearest to nebrites. It

differs from the latter in possessing milk white " specks " on a violet

white ground. The ocellations are not so persistent as in the var.

nebrites. The brown square spots, however, are similar. Type in

the writer's collection.

Cyprcea erosa carmen n. var. PL IV, fig. 10. Sides much swollen,

pitted and furrowed above the callus on the left side. The base is

white, having none of the stippling of nebrites, and the squarish spot

at the side is nearly or quite covered by the basal callus. The back

is pale lilac-pink with traces of white spotting at the sides only.

Two cotypes measure 32 and 24 mm. long, in coll. A. N. S. P.

(No. 106457) and my own.

Cyprcea errones L.

Cyprcea felina ursellus Gmel. This variety may easily be

distinguished by the white base.

Cypraen helvola L. PI. IV, fig. 8.

Cyprcea helvola L. var. mascarena Melvill. Plate IV, fig. 6.

Cyprcea Isabella, L.

Cyprcea pantherina Sol. Among the series are the vars. theriaca

(one nearly black), albonitens and syringa.

Cyprcea staphylcea L. This species has apprently not been

reported from Aden.

Cyprcea stolida L. This new record extends the western range

beyond Ceylon.

Cyprcza talpa L.

Cyprcea tigris L. One individual is 4^ inches long.

Cyprcea turdus Lk. The Aden shells are large. I have in my

collection three similar specimens which where taken at Muscat,

Arabia. This species reaches its greatest development in the Per-

THE NAUTILUS. 79

sian Gulf, where the shells are of the same size but greater in

weight. The dorsal surface of the Persian Gulf examples I find

white and the coloring also somewhat lighter.

Turritella columnaris Kien.

Mitrularia eqnestris L. var. tortittis Reeve.

Strombus columba Lain. Tryon when writing the Manual was

uncertain as to the presence of this species in the Red Sea. Shop-

land's report and the present record confirm the presence of the

species in these waters.

Strombus gibbendus L.

Strombus mauritiunus Lam. Tryon and Paetal cite Mauritius as

the home of this Strombus. I doubt if it was collected so far north.

Strombus variabills Swains.

Rostellaria curvirostra Lam. A young specimen is of interest.

There are 1 4 whorls present. The embryonic whorl is pearly, the

following 10^ whorls covered with the longitudinal plications, the

remaining whorls smooth except the lower portion of the body whorl

which is ornamented with spiral lines. The opercula of an adult is

twisted and the under surface raised in the center.

Bullaria ampulla L.

Hydatina physis L.

Umbraculum indicum Lam.

NOTE ON A VARIETY OF POLYGYRA FALLAX.

BY H. A. PILSBHT.

The group Triodopsis in States of the Atlantic slope presents

numerous forms which by their variations perplex the conchologist.

Polygyra ( Triodopsis} hopetonensis (Shuttlw.) in its various varieties

is a widely-spread species. The variety obsoleta from Newbern,

N. C., probably belongs to it, but it needs further investigation with

more specimens.

Polygyra vannostrandi (Bid.) is distinct by its closely coiled

whorls, but the aperture is like that of P. fallax, both having large

teeth, the basal tooth inclined to be double and the outer lip-tooth

wide and deep-seated. The two species are not always easy to tell

80 THE NAUTILI'S.

apart, but are doubtless distinct. P. v. alabamensis and another

variety, with decidedly wider umbilicus, but still unnamed, replace

typical vannostrandi in Alabama. Neither is so distinct as to be

startling.

Polygyra fallax is common in southeastern Pennsylvania, and

extends south to the Carolinas at least. Specimens taken by Messrs.

Henderson, Walker, Clapp and myself at Smith's Island, Cape Fear,

are much smaller than Pennsylvanian shells. In the western part

of the Ozark region the closely related and still smaller P. cragini

(Call) occurs, being widely separated from all parts of the range of

P. fallax.

When collecting fossils in Florida in 1900, Mr. C. W. Johnson

found a peculiar variety which seems referable to fallax, and which

I think is worthy of a name.

Polygyra fallax goniosoma n. subsp. The shell differs from P.

fallax by being distinctly or strongly angular in front, the angle

being situated high on the whorl. Sculpture of rib-striae stronger

above the angle, the strise becoming smaller below it, and usually

more numerous by intercalation of strias. Aperture as in fallax, the

outer lip retreating, outer lip-tooth broad and deeply placed, basal

tooth buttressed on the columella side, parietal tooth angularly bent.

Alt. 7, diam. 12.4 mm.; whorls 5^.

Alt. 6.2, diam. 10.3 mm.; whorls 5|.

Blountstown, Calhoun Co., Florida, under oak logs in oak and

pine woods, collected by C. W. Johnson, 1900. Cotypes no. 77948

A. N. S. P.

This form may possibly be referable to P. vannostrandi, but in the

number of whorls it agrees better with P. fallax.

MOLLTJSCA FROM NORTHERN NEW MEXICO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1910, while engaged in ethno-zoological work for the School

of American Archeology, at its summer camp in the canyon of El

Rito de los Frijoles, about thirty-five miles northwest of Santa Fe,

New Mexico, and also in the near-by Jemez Mountains, near Valle

Grande, I collected the following species of mollusks :

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Ashmunella askmuni Dall. Abundant at Rito. A few immature

specimens from the mountain locality may possibly be the variety

rolusta Pils. The Rito is not a great distance from Bland, the type

locality of ashmuni, and robusta was described as from " Jemez

Mountains near Bland, New Mexico, at higher elevations than

ashmuni."

Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. Three dead specimens at the

mountain locality.

Pupilla muscorum L. One at the Rito.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Abundant at both the Rito and the moun-

tain locality.

Bifidaria pellucida parvidens Sterki. One at the mountain

locality. Identified by Prof. Cockerell.

( Vertigo coloradensis basidens P. & V. Though the type locality

is Bland, N. M., none were found at the Rito.)

Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller. Common at the Rito.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Abundant at the Rito and common

at the mountain locality.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Three dead ones at the mountain locality

and four at the Rito.

Euconulus trochiformis alaskensis Pils. Common at the Rito and

one at the mountain locality.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Abundant at the Rito and common at

the mountain locality.

Pyramidula shimekii cockerelli Pils. Only two at the summer

camp at the Rito, but abundant two miles above.

Succinea avara Say. One at the Rito.

A\rith the exception of AshmuneUa and Bifidaria, it will be noticed

that this is the fauna common in the mountainous portions of Colo-

rado, in similar situations. It would be interesting to know how far

north As/tmuneHa extends, which could be determined by an exami-

nation of the Rio Grande Valley and adjacent mountains from

Buckman northward into Colorado.

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

DAVID DWIGHT BALDWIN.

D. D. Baldwin, the veteran Hawaiian conchologist, died at

Honolulu, June 16th, at the age of eighty years and seven months.

Burial was in the old Makawao Cemetery, Maui.

Mr. Baldwin was born at Honolulu November 26, 1831. His

childhood was spent at Waimea, Hawaii, and his boyhood at Lahaina,

Maui. From 1844 till 1851 he attended the Punahou School, where

he was prepared for college under the tuition of the Rev. Daniel

Dole. In 1852 he sailed for the United States by way of Cape

Horn. He entered Yale College in 1853, and graduated there with

honor in 1857, taking the astronomical prize. During his college

course he became acquainted with Miss Lois Gregory Morris, whom

he married October 7, 1857. Returning to the Islands he became

principal of the Lahaina School, which he conducted for seven years.

Latterly he engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane. From 1865

to 1872 he was manager of the Kohala Planatation, where he intro-

duced the so-called Lahaina cane, to which that plantation owed its

success. He then visited New Haven, Conn., where he remained

over a year. On his return, in 1874, he was appointed vice-principal

of Lahainaluna Seminary.

In 1877 Mr. Baldwin was appointed Inspector-General of Schools,

holding that post for eight years. During his administration, and

largely by his influence, the number of schools in which the English

language was the basis of instruction increased from five to one

hundred. He also drew up the first course of study for such schools.

In October, 1885, he retired from the arduous position of

Inspector-General to take his former position as vice-principal of

Lahainaluna Seminary. In 1891 he removed to Haiku, Maui, and

finally retired from educational work in January, 1905, having been

connected with the Department of Public Instruction for thirty-eight

years.

While Mr. Baldwin's energies were largely devoted to education,

he was deeply interested in the natural sciences, especially studying

shells, ferns and mosses. In conchology he was esteemed the chief

Hawaiian student, and almost the only one to publish original work

on Achatinellidx between the period of Newcomb and Gulick and

the present time. Baldwin's Catalogue of Land and Fresh-water

Shells of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu, 1893), though brief and

THK NAUTILUS. 83

unpretentious in form, has been most useful to other investigators

for its judicious and reliable synonymy and its locality records, the

fruit of extensive collecting and inquiry.

Many beautiful new species of Achalinellidse were described by

Baldwin in articles published in the Proceedings of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (189.0) and in THE NAUTILUS.

Among them are several of exceptional interest to those tracing the

relationships of the species and genera.

Mr. Baldwin was known extensively among conchologists in

America and abroad as a kind and generous correspondent. He

supplied many of the new Hawaiian species described by Ancey,

Sykes, Pilsbry and others.

His extensive collection and scientific library remain the property

of his son Mr. E. D. Baldwin, of Honolulu.

Species of the genera Amastra, Leptachatinft, Tornatellina, Philo-

nesia, Endodonta, Cecilioides, Succinea, Helicina and Melania have

been named in honor of Mr. Baldwin, and Ancey dedicated to him

the group Baldwinia, a section of Partulina. These, with his good

work on Achatinellidx, will keep his memory green.

GEOHGE W. TAYLOE, D. D.

The Rev. Dr. George W. Taylor died at his home on Departure

Bay, Vancouver Island, August • — , - — . Dr. Taylor was well

known as a student of Pacific coast shells, especially those of British

Columbia. A keen collector in conchology and entomology, he was

also well posted in many other branches of natural history.

When a biological marine station was established on this coast, he

was put in charge by the Dominion government, remaining in that

position until his death. He was largely responsible for the estab-

lishment of this station, chose the site on Departure Bay, near

Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, and bad the building of the station left

entirely in his hands.

Dr. Taylor leaves a very large and valuable collection of shells,

particularly rich in Limpets and Unionidce. In the Transactions of

the Royal Society of Canada, 1895-96, he published a Preliminary

Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of the Pacific Coast of Canada,

with notes upon their distribution ; also a Supplement to the same a

84 THE NAUTILCS.

year or two later. He was engaged upon a new Catalogue for pub-

lication when I visited him two years ago, which owing to poor

health was never completed. Dr. Taylor was a Fellow of the

Zoological Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

He also published lists of the land and fresh-water shells of Van-

couver Island and of British Colnmbia. — A. W. HANHAM.

NOTES.

LAND SHELLS OF CARTHAGENA, COLOMBIA — During a brief

stop at this port Dr. A. P. Brown collected the following snails on

the hill La Popa, about a mile from Carthagena : Euglandina

cuminyi (Beck), Oxystyla maracaibensis (Pfr.) and Bulimulus kreb-

sianus Pils. The hill is chiefly composed of recent corals and sea

shells. H. A. P.

VlVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES IN PHILADELPHIA Mr. J. Baily,

Jr., discovered V- contectoides Binn. in a lily pond near Memorial

Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, in June, 1909 ; Mr. S. Jacobs

collected some at the same place in 1910, and Mr. H. L. Mather

found it again on April 20, 1912, showing that the species is well

established there. E. G. VANATTA.

LYMNAEA (RADIX) AURICULARIA Linn, in Colorado. — Mr. F.

R. Warren, the well-known mammalogist, has transmitted to me

for examination five specimens of this species, which were collected

alive in a pond on Monument Creek, in Colorado Springs, Colorado,

by C. F. Fraker. I wrote to Dr. F. C. Schneider, of Colorado Col-

lege, which is located in that city, and asked him to look for more.

He replied : " We went to the pond in Monument Park for them,

only to find it recently cleaned. As a result we took only one spe-

cimen." There is no reason to doubt that the species has been acci-

dentally introduced there, and it will be interesting to note how it

withstands the climatic conditions of Colorado, at an altitude of

nearly 6,000 feet.

JUNIUS HENDERSON,

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. DECEMBER, 1912. No. 8

CONCHOLOGIC4L CHAT FEOM LONDON.

BY CHARLES HEDLET.

Like so many kindred institutions the Natural History Museum

at South Kensington has suffered from its architect. Space and

funds have been lavished on fantastic decoration which would have

gone far to improve laboratory accommodation. Our subject has

suffered with others, perhaps more than others, from cramped space

and poor illumination.

The hall devoted to conchology is about a hundred and forty feet

long and forty broad, and is lit by windows in the roof. From the

ceiling hangs two huge American models of Cephalopoda with out-

stretched tentacles. These fearsome things are the principal attrac-

tion for the casual visitor.

Around the walls special series are displayed. The wants of the

local students are satisfied by an excellent exhibition of British

Mollusca; the slugs and minute shells being shown by drawings.

General morphology is admirably illustrated by models, figures

and specimens, both whole, sectioned and dissected. The operculum

for instance is traced through various modifications. Branchiae and

other organs are shown in large models. There are micro-photo-

graphs of lingual ribbons. A movable frame imitates the torsion

of the prosobranchiate viscera. Monstrosities have a case to them-

selves. Application of shells to arts and industries, to wit, ostreacul-

ture, cameo cutting and the pearling industry are appropriately

86 THE NAUTILUS.

displayed. Parts of perforated bulls or piles exemplify the damage

inflicted on the works of man by the shipworm.

In this high latitude and damp climate the colors fade but little.

Protection in this respect is afforded by drawing the window blinds

on a bright day.

The floor of the hall is occupied by about two hundred glass-

topped double-deck cases standing waist-high above chests of locked

drawers. These run in four rows down the room and are divided

by broad gangways.

A modern policy in museum administration is to divide collections

into a general exhibit and a special study series. The former

presents an epitome of the subject for the use of the public or the

beginner in science, the latter to contain types and full series for the

study of the specialist. Such special collections are kept in rooms

from which the public is excluded, where books, microscopes and

the like are available and where drawing or dissecting can be done.

This arrangement is current in other departments at South Ken-

sington but not in that of conchology.

Practically the whole of the museum collection of shells is exhib-

ited or stored in the public hall. Shown in the glass cases to the

general public are named examples of almost all the shells of the

world.

When a specialist consults the collection, an attendant unlocks

the drawers or cases indicated and waits beside the student till the

case is to be locked up again. To the public an open case and a

conchologist at work are part of the show. So he is tormented and

distracted by rustics who try to read what he is writing in a note-

book, by children who want to finger the priceless types he is ex-

amining, or by beginners who want his help in naming shells. If

the public were excluded it still would be sufficiently difficult to

make observations and comparisons with a pocket lens in a dim-lit

hall and write with a fountain pen upon the cases for a table.

Recent acquisitions to the collection are mounted in black, square,

glass-topped boxes, and labeled both under the lid and on the

bottom of the box. The bulk of the collection is, however, gummed

on paper-covered wooden tablets. Labeling consists of the separate

specific name and author, written or printed on white paper in the

lower center, the locality in the left lower corner. Where " type "

occurs it is at the left top corner. The generic name in larger print

THE NAUTILUS. 87

occupies a separate tablet. On the under surface of the tablet,

H. C. in the corner, means that it was a part, of the famous Hugh

Cuming collection. Besides, the under surface sometimes has a

wealth of scientific information ; critical notes by those who have

worked upon the collection. Here the specialists gather a harvest

of synonomy, references to literature, comparisons, collected notes

on habitat, and' so forth. The register number, including the year

of accession, when it occurs, is given here. But the student may

glance over the face of the collection and miss the information

jotted down by his predecessors, but concealed below. Frequent

reversal of the tablets helps to dislodge the specimens. Types are

not invariably thus distinguished. I noticed several " Challenger "

shells, which though evidently types, were not so marked. There

is more strictness in this respect of late years than of former.

After a lapse of time the gum becomes brittle, so that the opening

and shutting of a drawer or the lifting of a tablet may unfasten a

shell. The loose shell may readily be returned to a wrong tablet

and thus originate error. For this reason it is to be hoped that the

whole collection will be ultimately transferred to boxes. Again in

boxes they are easier to examine, far safer from dust and from

accidental crushing.

In former years no clear distinction prevailed between the range

in space of a species and the source of a particular specimen. So

" localities " were " added " rather recklessly and perhaps sometimes

erroneously to old specimens not provided with a " habitat." Even

upon the original tablet of a type subsequent specimens have some-

times been intruded. Again in the union of names, a species was

apt to be submerged under the name of another species with which

it was thought identical. Varietal names ware disallowed, so that

an absolute synonym and a geographical race were treated alike in

elimination.

On the whole, the nomenclature is well up to date. Recent sug-

gestions by Dall and Pilsbry, and the restored names of neglected

authors like Bolten and Perry, are incorporated.

Compared with other large museums the staff is weak. Instead

of two or three or four naturalists that we find elsewhere, there is but

a single scientific officer. He is aided by a couple of attendants who

perform such mechanical work as labeling, registering or packing.

There is no departmental artist.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

The maintenance of so large a collection is sufficient occupation

for the time of a single officer, and the increase of the collection is

therefore slow. To attempt any field work is contrary to the tradi-

tions of the institution. Englishmen, both at home and abroad,

loyally contribute to their great museum. But the casual efforts of

amateurs do not give the results of professional collectors. So that

additions are sporadic and usually consist of chance gifts from the

friends of the museum and small purchases of dealers.

Unlike other museums of the front rank, South Kensington pro-

duces no official conchological publication and lacks the organization

and inspiration which such would afford.

It follows that the London collection, which was once the largest

in the world, will cease to be so in the near future, if indeed it has

not already lost this supremacy.

This year the veteran Mr. E. A. Smith retires to enjoy a well-

earned pension. For half a century he has helped the conchological

workers of the world. And we from the ends of the earth, alike

with these in the center of civilization, cannot find expressions to

convey our appreciation of his patience, his geniality and his learn-

ing. We are like the Fijian chief who exclaimed, " Would that we

were dogs, that by the wagging of our tails we could show what we

feel."

TWO NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELLS COLLECTED BY MESSRS. EEBABD

AND REHN.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The form described below was taken at Garrison, Montana by

Messrs. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G. Rehn during their entomo-

logical expedition of 1909. On superficial examination it was at

that time referred to 0. alpina Elrod. A few specimens had been

picked up also at Garrison by Mr. E. M. Kindle in 1907 and trans-

mitted to me by Mr. J. H. Ferriss. Both lots consist of " dead "

shells only. Doubtless where the " bones " are so abundant as to

attract the attention of non-conchological naturalists, there are plenty

of living snails to be found hard by.

THE NAUTILUS. #9

OREOIIEMX CARINIFERA, n. sp.

Tlie shell is lenticular, carinatc, umbilicate, the width of umbilicus

between a fourth and a fifth that of the shell, whorls 4^, slowly

increasing, the first 2^ strongly convex, obliquely striate, the striae

finer on the embryonic portion. Subsequent whorls are strongly

convex around the upper (inner) part, becoming concave near the

outer edge ; the striation is rougher, and some weak traces of spiral

stria? appear in places. The last whorl is noticeably concave above

and below the peripheral keel ; it descends very slightly or not at

all in front, and on the base there are very inconspicuous, well

spaced spirals composed of granules. The oblique alt. and the

diameter of the apeture are equal, and there is a slight angle at the

termination of the keel.

Alt. 5, diam. 9.4 mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm.; oblique alt. and

diarn. of aperture 4 mm.

Garrison, Montana. Type and paratypes No. 99253 A. N. S. P.

Oreohellx alpina Elrod, which comes from high elevations (8,500—

9,000 ft.) in the Mission Mountains, is about the size of this snail,

but the whorls are less convex, the convexity of the later ones is

simple, while in corintfcra there is a concavity above the periphery.

0. alpina has no spiral sculpture or granulation, and the keel is less

pronounced. I regard such similarity as exists as due to converg-

ence rather than to actual relationship. 0. liemphilli Nc. differs in

the sculpture and shape of the embryonic whorls.

0. carinifera is one of the smallest Oreohelices, the dimensions

given above being those of the largest shell out of about 20 in the

two lots seen. A very similar small form was taken with 0. Itaydeni

in the Wasatch Mountains many years ago by the Wheeler Expe-

dition, but I think it will prove to be distinct. Its exact location in

tluit range is not known, and it was not among the forms taken by

Hemphill there.

HOLOSPIRA MESOLIA, n. Sp.

The shell is cylindric-fusiform, of a delicate pink-white tint, the

upper part white with blue stains; dead shells white throughout.

Whorls 14, the first 2^ smooth, forming the mamillar embryonic

shell, the first whorl rapidly increasing, second swollen, next half

whorl very narrow. Subsequent whorls are nearly fiat, rather finely

but strongly striate, regularly increasing to the 8th or 9th whorl,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

where the shell reaches its greatest diameter. After that the whorls

are nearly smooth, rather glossy, and the shell diminishes slowly in

diameter to the base. The last two whorls have retractive axial

ribs which gradually increase in strength, and are strongest on the

straight part of the last whorl and base. The last whorl is some-

what, compressed laterally and projects, carrying the aperture well

forward. Aperture is very shortly ovate, almost circular, light brown

within. Peristome very broad, flatly reflexed, white. The internal

axis is smooth throughout, rather slender, tapering downwards, with

a diameter of about 1 mm. in the widest part.

Length 23.5, greatest diam. 6 mm.; whorls 14.

Length 22.6, greatest diam. 6.3 mm.; whorls 13^.

Length 20, greatest diam. 5.8 mm.; whorls 12|.

Sanderson, Terrell Co., Texas, on a low limestone ledge along the

railroad. Elevation 2800-2900 ft. Types no. 107001 A. N. S. P.,

collected August 25, 1912 by Messrs. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G.

Rehn.

This handsome Holospira is most closely related to H. semisculpta

Stearns, which was described from a canyon above San Carlos,

Chihuahua, a place on the Mexican side of the Great Bend of the

Rio Grande. Dr. Ball and Dr. Bartsch have kindly compared

specimens with the type of semisculpta, and report that the new

species " differs in the profile, which in your shell is more contracted

toward the base, rendering it spindle-shaped, while the former is

more cylindrical. The ribs in yours do not extend over so many of

the basal whorls, and the expanded peristome gives it a very distinct

appearance. It is doubtless a distinct species."

With the Holospira were found specimens of Polygyra texasiana

texasensis and a Succinea.

SHELLS OF SOUTHEAST MISSOURI

BY P. A. SAMPSON, COLUMBIA, MO.

During a late trip through southeast Missouri I had a few hours'

time for collecting shells, and the result, combined with some former

collecting, is here given.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Fern Glen, St. Louis County.

This is on the Merimac river, twenty-one miles from St. Louis.

The rock exposures are of Chouteau and Burlington limestone, but

none of the shells were found in abundance.

Polygyra zaleta Binn. These cannot be distinguished from Ohio

specimens, and are of about the same size, up to 29 mm. diameter.

From other places in Missouri I have the P. zaleta ozarkensis of 19

mm. or less diameter, contrasting quite sharply with these.

Polygyra thyroides Say. I found only dead shells, but doubt not

that on the low ground living ones could be found.

Polygyra clausa Say. Dead shells not differing from others in

the state.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. A single shell that looks like a

postpliocene fossil, but I think it is not such. I have found it in the

postpliocene at Providence, Boone county, and living as noted below.

Polygyra elevata Say. Typical shells.

Polygyra appressa Say. With rather heavy striation, and from

17^ to 25 mm. diameter.

Polygyra, fraudulenta Pils. Rather more numerous than any

other kind, and not found in Missouri except in localities noted on

this trip.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Three dead shells. The umbilicus of two

was not covered. Similar specimens are noted from Shepard's

Mountain and from Rivermines.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. A single shell. Pilsbry says that evi-

dence is wanting to show that this is found west of the Mississippi

and south of Kansas and Pettis County, Missouri whence I re-

ported it some years ago. The shell from this place and those

from two other places, hereafter noted are of this species; they

certainly are neither blandiana nor uncifera.

Polygyra fraterna Say. With quite small umbilicus.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. This is the farthest north that I have

found this species.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. A single shell, which like the penn-

sylvanica looks like a postpliocene fossil but I do not think it is such.

Gircinaria concava Say. A number of dead shells up to 29 mm.

diameter.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupoides marginata Say.

Gastrodonta liyera Say.

Vitrea indentata Say.

Physa gyrina Say. In a small pond by the side of the railroad

track.

From a pile of mussel shells left by a pearl- hunter I noted seven-

teen or eighteen species.

Kemmswick, Jefferson County.

Polygyra appressa Say. A search by the railroad and on the

bluff above gave a single dead shell of this species, but no other.

Washington County.

Here we are getting away from the limestone formations, and

shells are scarce.

Polygyra fraterna alicice Pils. Mineral Point.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Potosi.

Pupoides marginata Say. Potosi.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Mineral Point.

Zonitoides minusculus Binn. Potosi.

Vitrea indentata Say. Potosi and Mineral Point.

Pltysa gyrina Say. In a spring branch at Potosi. In a large

stream close by no shells were found. A swift-flowing clear stream

at Mineral Point did not show any shells.

Ironton, Iron County.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. A single dead shell was found

on Shepard's Mountain adjoining the town. The other land shells

were found at the same place.

Polygyra inflecla Say. The umbilicus of the single shell found

was not covered.

Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea.

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Physa gyrina Say. In a spring branch. In a larger stream close

by no shells were found.

St. Francois County.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Farmington and Rivermines, the latter

to 25 mm. diameter.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Polygyra appressa Say. Farmington. One of the shells did not

have the umbilicus covered.

Polygyra inflccta Say. Rivermines. In three of the shells the

umbilicus was not covered.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Rivermines. The small, widely um-

bilicated shell, not distinguishable from the northern shell, except

that the color is not uniform, but usually more or less in stripes with

the lines of growth alternately light and dark-colored. A shell from

Jackson, Cape Girardeau county, shows the same stripes.

Polygyra fraterna alicice Pils. Farmington and Rivermines.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. Farmington.

Pyramidula alternala Say. Farmington and Rivermines.

Pyramidula penpectiva Say. Farmington and Rivermines.

Balimulus dealbatus Say. Rivermines.

Pupoides marginata Say. Rivermines and Farmington.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Rivermines and Farmington.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Rivermines :ind Farmington.

Vitrea indentata Say. Rivermines.

Helicodiscus lineata Say. Farmington.

Cape Girardeau County.

Three places in this county were visited : Allanville in the White-

water river bottom, Cape Girardeau on the Mississippi river, and

Jackson on higher ground between.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Allanville and Cape Girardeau, the

largest from the former, 28^ mm. diameter.

Polygyra clausa Say. Jackson.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Jackson. This is the only place

in the State where living shells have been found.

Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. Allanville. Somewhat larger than

those from Fern Glen, 17^ mm. diameter.

Polygyra appressa Say. Cape Girardeau, Allanville. Those

from Cape Giradean vary from the small light colored, very finely

striated shells to the larger, dark colored, coarsely striated, but not

the same as large, dark reddish colored ones from Allenville, which

Pilsbry reports similar to some Arkansas and Illinois shells. They

are an unusual variety. An interesting specimen shows that by

some injury a part of the last whorl was broken away, and a new

94 THE NAUTILUS.

lip was formed more than a half-whorl short of the original one.

The original parietal tooth is more than a half-whorl beyond the new

one.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra leporina Gld. Jackson.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Jackson. See remarks under St.

Francois County.

Polygyra fraterna imperforata Pils. Cape Girardeau.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Jackson and Allanville, the latter the

larger.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Jackson and Allanville.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Allanville and Jackson.

Omphalina friabilis W. G. B. Cape Girardeau. Pilsbry and

Ferriss distinguish this species from fuliginosa largely by the ap-

pearance of the apical whorls, these being smooth, whitish-corneous

and unworn, while in southwestern juliginosa the summit is invari-

ably worn, the cuticle removed from the earlier whorls. The shells

from Cape Girardeau are very fine, measuring 28 mm. diameter, and

the apex not worn in the least.

Vilrea indentata Say. Allanville.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Cape Girardeau and Allenville.

Helicodiscus lineata Say. Allanville.

Succinea sp. Cape Girardeau.

Physa gyrina Say. Allanville and Jackson. From a pond on

the west side of the Whitewater river at Allanville. The shells

were small ; from one on the east side a single larger one and of

short spire.

Sphaerium solidulum Prime. Jackson.

Musculium elevatum Hald. Jackson.

Musculium tramversum Say. Jackson.

St. Genevieve, St. Genevieve County.

Polygyra appressa Say. Found more abundantly than any other,

and more like those from central Missouri than others herein noted.

Polygyra fraterna Say.

Polygyra fraterna imperforata Pils. Of ten fraterna found six

were imperforate, and the others almost so.

Polygyra inflecta Say.

Pupoides marginata Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria procera Gld.

LymncKa, obrussa Say. In a spring branch these and the two fol-

lowing were found.

Physa gyrina Say.

Pisidium sp.

SPH.ERIIDJE, OLD AND NEW, II.

BY V. STERKI.

PISIDIUM PERALTUM St. THE NAUTILUS, XIV, p. 5, 1900

Specimens have been received from some other places : near Doug-

las Lake, Cheboygan Co., Mich., collected by Mr. H. B. Baker, and

Cedar Lake, Lake Co., 111., by Dr. F. C. Baker. But those from

Ky., 111. and la., formerly referred to peraltum, are distinct and

range with the following :

PISIDIUM FRAUDULENTUM, n. sp — Mussel of medium size, barely

longer than high, somewhat oblique, rather well inflated ; superior

margin curved, passing with angles into the adjoining ; supero-

anterior slope well marked, steeply oblique, straight or nearly so, an-

terior end a rounded angle situated near the ventral side, inferior

margin rounded, posterior truncate at right angles to the longitud-

inal axis; beaks rather large, rounded or somewhat flattened on top,

moderately projecting over the upper margin ; surface dullish or with

a silky gloss, rather smooth, with fine, crowded, somewhat irregular

striaj ; color corneous to yellowish ; shell opaque or subtranslucent,

rather strong, hinge strongly angular, curved, very stout, its whole

surface rugulose ; right cardinal tooth angular, enclosing a deep ex-

cavation for the left anterior, often emarginate in the middle, its

anterior part thin, the posterior very thick and usually grooved ; left

anterior rather short and massive, strongly curved upward, with

apex pointed, the posterior short, steep oblique, slightly curved ; liga-

ment and resilium rather short, the latter strong.

Long. 4.5, alt. 4.3, diam. 3 mm. (100 : 95 : 66).

Habitat: Va., Ky., 111., la., Mo., Miss.; ditch on the Cameron Run,

west of Alexandria, Va., No. 602, types, and Roach's Run, Va.,

96 THE NAUTILUS.

opposite "Washington, D. C. (No. 628), both in tide water, collected

by myself, Oct. and Nov., 1896; Bowling Green, Ky., Habana, 111..

Iowa City, la.; as mentioned (under P. perallum, 1. c.); creek below

Elizabethtown, 111., collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, 1894 (received

1904); Flat Creek, Pettis Co., Mo., by Mr. F. A. Sampson, and

from the same place in Mr. Bryant Walker's collection ; north-

eastern Mississippi, collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley.

This differs from P. perdltum as follows : the superior margin is

somewhat less curved, the angle formed by it and the supero-anterior

slope is more projecting ; the mussel is larger but somewhat less in-

flated ; the color is corneous to yellowish, that of perahum is pale

corneous to nearly colorless or grayish, and the shell is more trans-

lucent; the surface of P. fraudulent urn is more dull. As written,

these differences may not appear striking, but they are constant so

far as known ; P. fraudulentum is remarkably uniform.

It appears also that our species ranges near some forms of P.

compressum, and is of the same group ; but the mussel is not so

oblique, the beaks are broader and without ridges ; moreover, the

two were found associated at several places, and distinct.

( To be Continued.^

NOTES.

ClNCTNNATIA IN THE DELAWARE DRAINAGE. On October 1,

1912 Mr. Delos E. Culver collected some pond-weeds at the settling

pond on Darby Creek near Addingham, Delaware Co., Pa., which

contained living specimens of Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis Anth. and

the following other species of shells : Planorbis antrosus Conr.

parvus Say; dilatatus Gld.; Lymnaea cohimella Say; Physa hetero-

stropha Say ; Campcloma decisum Say (one specimen is sinistral);

Ammcola limosa Say ; Lyogyrus granum Say ; Musculium trans-

versum Say ; Pisidmm noveboracense Pr.; variabile Pr.; compressum

Prime. So far as I know, this is the only record of C. cincinnatiensis

in the Delaware drainage, or anywhere between New York state and

the Potomac River. — E. G. VANATTA.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI.

PLATE VII

1-3. CYPR/EA HIRASEI ROBERTS. P. OVULA NIPPONENSIS PILS.

4. OVULA HIRASEI PILS. 10, 11. TRIVIA EOS ROBERTS.

5-8. CYPR/*EA HUNGEttFORDI KIIENSIS ROBERTS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. JANUARY, 1913. No. 9

NEW CYPRJEIDJE.

BY S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.

Recently there was sent to me for examination by Mr. Y. Hirase,

Kyoto, Japan, a small but extremely interesting lot of shells, mostly

belonging to the Cypraidce, two species of which I believe to be

new to science.

CYPRJEA HIRASEI, n. sp. Plate 7, figs. I, 2, 3.

Shell pyriformly ovate, extremities produced, base convex ; only

moderately calloused laterally, the callus extending well up the dome

on the left side, but not on the right. Dorsal surface longitudinally

and spirally faintly ridged or malleated in irregular spiral series,1

this sculpture obsolete towards the anterior end. Aperture nearly

straight, the upper fourth a little curved ; inferior third a little

dilated; teeth small, about 27 on each side and well within the

aperture. Ground work of dorsal surface creamy white, three

banded with flesh color, over which there is a tracery or imperfect

reticulation and near the borders of the lateral calluses a few blots

of yellowish brown ; topped with a conspicuous irregular blotch of a

darker shade. Extremities pink, base white, sides, especially the

left side, faintly spotted pinkish brown.

Length 51, diam. 32, elevation 26 mm.

Habitat, Tanabe, Kii Coast, Japan (Hirase).

1 This raalleation, while conspicuous enough in the shell does not show in

the photographic figure. It resembles the malleation of a rough Lymnxa

palustria.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

The sculpture and pattern of the dorsal surface of this beautiful

shell resembles somewhat that of some ovate examples of C. subviridis

Rve., it differs however in having the spire produced, instead of

sunken; the aperture is less curved posteriori), the teeth more

numerous and the sides faintly spotted, the form of the columella

within the aperture is also entirely different, being broad and

excavated, with a second series of about 6 teeth deep within.

But one specimen was obtained which belongs to the collection of

Mr. Hirase, in whose honor it gives me great pleasure to dedicate

the species.

Mr. Hirase sent me also two specimens of a Cypraea which after

as exhaustive a study as I have been able to make, I am inclined to

consider a strongly marked variety if not sub-species of G. hunger-

fordi Sowb. The following description is therefore offered.

HUNGERFORDI KIIENSIS, n. subsp. PI. 7, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8

Shell pyriform, dorsal surface creamy white, closely freckled with

light chestnut-brown spots and indistinctly banded with pale purplish-

brown clouds or diffuse spots ; extremities, sides and base salmon,

the sides more or less spotted with blackish-brown, along the edges

of the lateral calluses. Aperture nearly straight, teeth in outer

lip rather coarse, 17 or 18 in number, those on columella marginal,

white, somewhat smaller and extending well within the aperture.

Length 31, width 19£, alt. 1;3^ mm.

Length 31, width 19, alt. 15 mm.

Habitat, Kii coast, Japan (Hirase). The dorsal surface of a speci-

men not fully mature is faintly ornamented with a broad, brown-

ish band, the spots on the sides are more numerous and run

together (fig. 9).

Compared with the description of the typical C. hungerfordi, a shell

which I have never seen, it has fewer teeth and the margins are not

thickened. This is obvious in figs. 5-7, which represent a shell cer-

tainly adult. The coloration is also quite different and were it not

for the locality from which it was obtained, I might claim for it

recognition as a full species.

There were also in the collection, much larger specimens of C.

cernica Sowb. than I had before seen, and Trivia insecta, Mighels,

grando, Gask., oryza, Lam. and piJula Kien. This last shell, which

heretofore I had placed in the synonymy of Trivia globosa Gray, is

THE NAUTILUS. 99

to my mind undoubtedly entitled to specific distinction, which more

recent observers have accorded it.

TRIVIA EOS, n. sp. Plate 7, figs. 10, 11.

Shell globosely ovate with rounded base, white, rather finely

ribbed. Dorsal line indicated by a narrow smooth area from which

ribs diverge in every direction, a few being interposed on both sides ;

posteriorly they pass directly over the spire, which projects well,

showing five whorls. On the ventral side the spiral ribs have an

oblique trend and extend well into the aperture, where they decrease

in number and become coarser. The aperture is rather narrow,

but slightly wider anteriorly, outer lip thickened outside, strongly

ribbed transversely, with about 29 ridges forming teeth on the inner

margin ; retracted anteriorly. The inner lip bears a very small

callous projection above, and near the base there is a rounded ridged

lobe projecting inward.

Length 2."). 7, diam. 20, alt. 17 mm.

Habitat, Boshu, Japan (Hirase).

This magnificent Trivia is named for the "Sunrise Kingdom."

Type in the collection of Mr. Hirase. In size it is approached only

by T. oniscus Lam. of South Africa, which however differs by its

pink color, larger smooth dorsal area, fewer ribs, shorter spire, and

especially by its much wider aperture, as in other members of the

South African group of Trivias, to which T. eos has but little affinity.

It should be noted that the irregularity on the left side of fig. 10 is

wholly an effect of light in the photograph, as that slope of the shell

is perfect and evenly curved.

A COLLECTOK IN WESTERN CUBA AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

BY REV. 11. E. WHEELER.

A mid-winter vacation is of such rare occurrence in a minister's

career that the generosity of a congregation th?t made such a thing

possible deserves special mention. It was my purpose to join my

genial correspondent, Mr. Walter F. Webb, at Baracoa on the

North Coast of Cuba, for which port he sailed early last January,

but it turned out that we were separated by the length of the island,

and my excursion to the Oriente Province was abandoned. Enroute

100 THE NAUTILC8.

for Havana I had the unexpected good-fortune to be on the first

regular train which passed over the sea-going extention of the Florida

East Coast Railway, completing the line from Knight's Key to Key

West.

Shortly after my arrival in Havana, I met Dr. Carlos de la

Torre, Curator of the Zoological Department in the Academy of

Sciences, Havana, and Professor of Biology and Zoology in the

University of Havana, and before I could protest I found myself in

the toils of characteristic Cuban hospitality. The Doctor's contri-

butions to the literature of Cuban malacology are too well known to

readers of the NAUTILUS to need any reference here, but it may not

be so well known that he was the favorite pupil of Felipe Poey, the

most brilliant naturalist which Cuba has produced.

To see his collection is worih the expense of a trip to the Antilles.

So far as the described Cuban fauna is concerned it is almost com-

plete. Here are specimens of nearly every species, and for the

display of a variable shell like Polymita picta, Born, or Coryda

alauda, Fer., many ample drawers are required. You may see

specimens of Licina percrassa (Wright) Pfr., rarest of Cuban mol-

lusks, and of which no living examples have ever been found. Its

habitat is Luis Lazo, Pinar del Rio Province, in one of the highest

peaks of the Sierra de Los Organos.

In fact a drawer of Cuban shells calls up many a vivid scene and

many an honored name among the students of molluscan life. Poey

and Gundlach and Pfeiffer seem to spring out of the past, speaking

with such versatility that you give them respectful audience ; in

your imagination Wright and Arango are on the trail of a hundred

new species which unaccountably have been overlooked ; the Count

Morelet is on the high seas again exploring regions that no natur-

alist ever saw before him ; and F^russac is rampant with chagrin

that some oft-handled snail is crawling about with a name wholly

unworthy of its race.

Once on Cuban soil, under the spell of matchless evening skies,

the dormant or overworked energies aroused by all that a tropical

winter can be, why should one sleep? A single rainy day at Ceiba

Mocha, at Rangel, or on any limestone mountain-side, and how shall

arid plains or denuded hillsides, where only shells of somber hue

and homely feature care to dwell, claim any longer a collector's

enthusiasm ? For here is life and color and health, not only in the

THE NAUTILUS. 101

lowly kingdom of crawling tilings, but for the student also who

searches out their haunts.

It was quite natural that the first shells collected by the writer

should have been those introduced by commerce, namely, Rnniina

decolluta, Linn., and Subulina octona, Brug., but surely I must have

seemed, both to natives and tourists, more like an escape Irom some

asylum than a would-be naturalist, engaged, as I was, in turning

over unceremoniously the flower-stands in the Parque de Colon,

right in the heart of Havana.

It was 1878 that Arango published a catalogue1 of Cuban shells

which included also those Irom the Isle of Pines. In it 578 land forms

alone are enumerated, but since that list was prepared more than a

hundred species and sub-species have been described. But this is

only a numerical evidence of the richness of the fauna.

Arango's collection is at the Academy of Sciences, and Gundlach's

«« Museum " may be seen at the Institute. His (Gundlach's) obser-

vations were published only alter the most painstaking study ; birds,

reptiles, insects, and shells all claiming his interest. With a con-

science for accuracy which is the naturalist's only passport in the

scientific world, he would delay the taxidermy of a mammal or bird

until he understood its anatomy and had become thoroughly iamiliar

with its habits.

Though I have hardly a bowing acquaintance with ornithology,

there were some birds which interested me. Among them was a

Phaethon,* the nearly extinct "guacamayo" (Ara tricolor}, and the

" carpintero real " (Picits bairdi). The stately flamingo (Phceni-

copterus ruber Linn.) is common enough, I suppose, but of irresistible

plumage.

I was attracted by a turtle (Emys rugosa*), which I saw in great

numbers near Camoa, and my attention was called to a curious

fresh-water fish3 which has survived the evolutional changes of

nobody knows how many thousand years. Here also could be

1 " La Fauna Malacologica Cubana, par Rafael Arango y Molina," Havana,

1878.

1 Phxthon flavirostris Brandt, the only representative of the Phxthontidse

which visits our Eastern seaboard.

3 Lepislosteus (Atractosteus) (ristcechus, Block, a species still living in Mexico

and the Southern United States.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

studied that rare insectivorous mammal, which from its channeled

teeth, is called Solenodon (S. cabanvs Peters). There is a related

species1 in Santo Domingo, but nowhere else, I believe, except in

Madagascar, is there an animal, the Centetes, at all like it. The

Hutia, a large rodent, which in war times was hunted for food, is

represented by three species,2 but one of these, as well as the Soleno-

don, belongs to the fauna of Eastern Cuba.

At the University of Havana nothing is more touching than the

regard in which Felipe Poey is held. His statue, a magnificent

work of art, is the chief memorial in the quadrangle, and his library

with many interesting relics, and many of his types have their

repository in the spacious Museum. The present University, by the

way, represents only one of the many far-seeing services rendered

the Cuban people, during the American intervention, by Gen.

Leonard Wood. He converted the old ordnance factories into

University buildings which now fittingly crown the Vedado.

At the time of my visit the Professor's assistants were mounting a

recently captured ray {Lcbisa), a fish well known by name only to

Poey and mentioned in his several works, but which has never been

described.3 This curious inhabitant of the Caribbean Sea is from

one to two meters in diameter, having a rough spiny skin which has

been used by the natives as a dish rag. It has a long, slender,

sharply-pointed tail, near the base of which are erected two obliquely-

set and forbidding spines, which look much like the stoutly grown

thorns of a healthy locust tree.

For one who is interested in botany the notes of A. Richards in

Ramon de la Sagra's " Historia Fisica Politico y Natural de Cuba,"

will be found instructive, and other works, such as the "Flora

C/ibana," of Sauvalle, the ilFlora Havanensis" of Gomez de la

Maza, and the "Flora of the British West Indian Islands" of Grise-

bach, have an honorable place among the older authorities.*

1 Solenodon paradoxus Brandt.

*Capromys fournicri, Desmarest ; C. prehensilis, Poeppig ; and C. melanurus,

Poey.

8 The description will appear in Poey's " htiologia Cubana," which Dr. de la

Torre is now editing for publication.

4 This painstaking catalogue lias the advantage of being written in English.

Its author, A. H. R. Grisebach, M. D., was Professor of Botany in tbe Uni-

versity of Gottingen, and the first edition was published in London in 1864.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Of characteristic trees one should mention the gigantic Ceiba,J the

" West- Indian God-t-ree," with its strangely distorted and buttressed

trunks ; the Almac/gof whose maroon-red hark peels off much after

the fashion of our sycamore; and a heavy-foliaged evergreen, the

Indian laurel3 everywhere abundant. The deep holes which often

corrugate the trunk of the last-named species are favorite retreats

for Liguus fasciatus, Mull., and the common Eiirycampta bonplandi,

Lam. On the Giiiness road near Camoa, I took sixteen specimens

of this noble shell from the " crevices" of a single tree.

At Matanzas I saw the Salvadera* a rather large tree whose

fruit, when fully ripe, discharges its wedge-shaped seed from a large

spherical pod with a violent explosion. When such a catastrophe

overtook one of my specimens in my room at the hotel, I am not

sure but that the other guests had good cause to suspect a suicidal

termination of an unclassified American.

On my trip to Camoa I collected a shrub, the leaflets of which

strongly reminded me of our native holly. That evening my Cuban

host, seeing what I had in my bag, held up his hands in horror,

crying, " Guao ! Guao!," and immediately calling some tongs into

requisition, unceremoniously disposed of my beautiful plants. I had

collected one of the most poisonous plants5 on the Island. A

terrible pain and swelling usually attends infection, often fever, and

some natures are so sensitive to it that they cannot pass under its

shade without being poisoned. But though it was prophesied that I

would pay dearly the penalty of my ignorance, no appreciable

inconvenience was suffered. Being already immune to its relative,

our common poison-oak,9 I am tempted to experiment next with that

unnamed plant which Professor Simpson so utterly abhorred.7

1 Ceiba pentandra Gaertn. —Eriodendron anfractuosum D. C.

2 Bursera gummifera L., of the older authorities, now called Elaphrium

simaruba (L.). This tree is common in Florida, there being known as the

" gumbo-limbo." 3 Ficus nitida L.

4 Hura crqiilans L., of the family Euphorbiaccse, called in English-speaking

countries "sand-box."

6Con>ocladia plati/phi/lla. Another member of this genus which occurs in the

Western provinces of Cuba is C. dentata. The (Hippomane mancinclla L.),

bowever, is a much more dangerous plant, and immunity from one class of

poisons does not justify such a prospect in respect to others.

6 Rhus radicans Linn. 7See "Collector's Journal," Vol. I, No. 4, in loco.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Ceiba Moche, a little village of thatched cabins near Matanzas, is

a famous place for shells. Though the season was unusually dry, I

collected the following species there in a few hours :

Oleacina oleacea, F£r. Helix (Microphysa) stigmatica, Pfr.

Oleacina solidula, Pfr. Jeanneretia multistriata, Desh.

Thysanophora vortex, Pfr. Eurycampta bonplandi, Lam.

Cysticopsis debilis, Pfr. Thelidomus auricoma, F£r.

Cysticopsis cubensis, Pfr. Liguus fasciatus, MUM.

Urocoptis scaeva, Gund. One of the two sinistral representatives

of this genus found in Cuba, the other being Urocoptis coronadoi,

Ar., from Marianao, near Havana.

Urocoptis fortis, Gund. Urocoptis gracillima, Poey.

Urocoptis philippiana, Pfr. This beautiful species has not been

previously reported from this locality. It had chosen a piece of wall

unoccupied by other Urocoptids, and seemed to have developed a

prosperous colony.

Megalomastoma apertum, Poey. Ctenopoma rugulosum, Pfr.

Chondropoma dentatum, Say.

Chondropoma pictum, Pfr. This species is distinct from pfeiffer.

ianum, Poey. The animal differs by having red tentacles, and in

the shell the peristome is simple. The sexes are separate, the male

being always about one-third smaller than the female. On the

female shell is generally to be seen a white mark caused by the

abrasive contact of the male.

Eufrochatella sloanei, Orb. Emoda submarginata, Gray.

H^licina adspersa, Pfr. Alcadia nitida, Pfr.

Alcadia hispida, Pfr.

The Jeanneretia multistriata calls to mind a bit of history. Ch.

Jeanneret was a Swiss watch-maker who, in 18G8, was living at

Santiago de Cuba. He discovered many important species, and was

a valued correspondent both of Gundlach and Poey. But being

taken for a spy during one of the political uprisings he was shot from

across the river. His collection was lost. The subgenus Jeanneretia,

erected by Pfeiffer in his honor, is a genuine Cuban group, and is

remarkable for its spiral ridges. Its most typical representative is

Jenneretia sagraiana, named by A. d'Orbigny in honor of Don

Ramon de la Sagra, the author of the famous " Historia fsica,

politico y natural de la Isla de Cuba" 10 volumes, Paris, 1840-

1850.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Another species which bears the name of an almost forgotten

naturalist is Helix parraiana, Orb. D. Antonio Parra was a native

of Spain, and has the distinction of having written the first work on

Cuban fishes. This was published in 1787, the engravings being

made on wood by his son. His expedition was furnished by the

Museum of Madrid, but his work on the fishes and crustaceans was

printed in Cuba.

The Loma de Camoa * is a locality which has been thoroughly ex-

plored, but as it can be reached in an hour from Havana on the electric

railway, it is impossible to pass it by. Here I collected the following

species:

Oleacina oleacea, F£r. Polygyra paludosa, Pfr.

Oleacina solidula, Pfr. Helix (Microphysa ?) stigmatica, Pfr.

Oleacina subulata, Pfr. Cysticopsis cubensis, Pfr.

Thysanophora vortex, Pfr. Jeanneretia multistriata, Desh.

Thelidomus auricoma, Fer. Eurycampta bonplandi, Lam.

Liguus fasciatus, Mull. At Cardenas this species is white, gen-

erally devoid of all markings, save occasionally a few green lines on

the last whorl. But at Matanzas — less than twenty-five miles to the

west — it is richly adorned, and like Joseph's coat, with many colors,

and the apex is almost invariably a rosy hue.

Urocoptis humboltiana, Pfr. Urocoptis cyclostoma, Pfr.

Urocoptis ischna, Pils. I am convinced that ischna is only a

form of cyclostoma. The smooth form is generally found in the

stone walls at the base of the hill, and on either side of the pro-

vincial road, but with it is a costate form that links it with the

ribbed variety. This (ischna) is usually collected on the exposed

cliff above where the heat of the sun would supposedly develop such

a protective sculpture, and a series of specimens can be laid down

showing the imperceptible transition from the typical and original

form down to the elaborately ribbed variety.

Succinea sagra, Orb. Eutrochatella sloanei, Orb.

Cistula catenata, Mke. Eutrochatella babei. Arango.

Chondropoma dentatum, Say. Helicina adspersa, Pfr.

Chondropoma pfeifferianum, Poey. Alcadia nitida, Pfr.

Proserpina depressa, Orb., a species without operculum.

'Zowza=hill; otherwise known as "Jamaica," and for that reason a

frequent occasion for confusion of localities.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

The following species are also known from this locality :

Hyalinia gundlaclii, Pfr. Macroceramus unicarinatus, Lam.

Microceramus turricula, var. perconicus, Pils.

Melaniella acuticostata, Orb. Urocoptis camoensis, Pfr. and

Vertigo ptllucida, Pfr., which I found abundantly at Mariano.

In a small " laguna " near Camoa I found Auipullaria cornea, Wood,

a Planorbis, Ancylus havanensis, Pfr., and Plujsa cubensis, Plr.

At Guanabacoa in the Havana Province there is a vigorous colony

of Carocolus sayemon, var. semiaperta, Mart., which has a curious

history. The species belongs to Eastern Cuba. Some fifty years

ago Dr. Nicolas Gutierrez, the founder of the Academy, and one of

Cuba's most distinguished scientists, put some young scigemons in

his garden at S. Francisco de Paula, near Guanabacoa. They were

typical Caracohis arungiana in different colors, some with and some

without umbilicus. But all are now umbilicated, and correspond

precisely with the variety named by Martens, semiaperta (not in

Arango), which came originally from the Cauto river near Bayauio.1

Cardenas and Matanzas are well worth a visit whether one has

visions of snails or not. The former city — the fifth in size on the

Island2 — is 106 miles from Havana by rail, and its commerce in

honey, mahogany and asphalt has been augmented greatly by Ameri-

can enterprise. Indeed Cardenas has been called an American city,

though I saw fewer Americans and heard less English there than in

other western ports. However, the whole city turned out on Sun-

day to witness the increasingly popular American game — baseball.

I heard a missionary, whose church joined hard against a black-

smith shop, patiently compete for a hearing with its busy anvil, and

just across the narrow street rang deafeningly and incessantly the

electric gong of a moving picture show, which form of amusement

has become as fully identified with Cuban life as it has outrun our

American taste for cheap entertainment. The beautiful Bay is very

ample but shallow, and lies over extensive beds of asphalt. The

water is almost fresh from the constant upward flow ot some mighty

subterranean river, or perhaps from many streams flowing through

the limestone rock of this region.

Here I found flourishing churches, well disciplined schools, and

1 Prof. Pilsbry considers semiaperta only a variety of arangiana.

Its population is about 25,000.

2

THK NAUTILUS. 107

an extensive Museum, whose director, Sr. Francisco Blanes, is an

ardent conchologist as well as a devout Christian. In fact, the

Museum owes many of its choicest collections to this generosity, and

in token of their appreciation the Trustees have given him a life

pension and made him honorary curator.

In the court of the new Museum building Bulimulus sepulcliralis,

Poey and Ennea bicolor, Hutt., the latter introduced within the past

decade, had found a congenial home.

At Matanzas I was the recipient of many courtesies. Dr. Luis

A. Cuni, Professor of Natural Sciences in the Institute de Matanzas,

gave me an automobile excursion through the beautiful Yumuri

Valley, which lies under the protecting care of the Palenque de

Matanzas, and its twin " loaf " the Pan de Matanzas.1 We ascended

the San Juan river in a trim launch getting a magnificent view of

the verdant meadows and the palm-crested mountains. At the

Bellamar caves our guide was an old Cuban who claimed to be their

discoverer fifty years ago, and who seemed to be veritably a part of

their grotesque formations. With Dr. Valdez graciously serving as

interpreter, Dr. Cuni and I compared notes on Natural History, and

parted the best of friends.

To the west of the city rises the Loma de Simpson. On its

summit is a hermitage — the Ermita de Montserrate — which preserves

a cherished memorial of Spanish ecclesiastical history. In this

revered situation I collected two interesting Urocoptids — U. poeyana,

Orb., and U. ehgans, var. aiiberiana, Orb., — and many beautiful

Liguus from the thorny hedges of the Evpltorlia? I reached the

crest of the hill in the early morning, and I shall not soon forget the

panorama of La Cumbre, the mountains set against the deepest of

blue skies, the Valle de Yumuri, a mighty garden of Royal Palms

and tropical flowers, nor the beautiful city itself, whose buildings in

dazzling white seemed to step down to the bay with stately tread.

The Bay of Matanzas is an aesthetic challenge ; not until you see for

yourself, my gentle reader, will you believe that it has mastered the

science of color and perfected the art of display.

1 Both of these mountains are famous for their shells. Nothing is' more

attractive in the cabinet than a well selected series of Chondropoma presasianum,

Gundl., and Chondropoma irradians, Shutt., which can be collected on both

" pans."

* Euphorbia lactea, Han.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

The Matansas fauna was studied and described by Pfeiffer. Dr.

L. Pfeiffer came to Cuba from Germany with Dr. Juan Gundlach,

the ornithologist, and Edward Otto, the botanist, in 1839. Pfeiffer

and Otto left after a residence of two months, but Gundlach re-

mained, and for more than fifty years he devoted his talents to the

exploration of Cuba's Natural History, becoming a worthy co-laborer

of Poey.

(To be concluded.}

NOTES.

Dr. Pilsbry will sail from San Francisco Jan. 7th, for the

Hawaiian Islands, where he will spend several months in studying

Achatinellida for the Manual of Conchology. Articles and notes

for publication in THE NAUTILUS should be sent, up to April 1st,

to Mr. Johnson.

FEEDING HABITS OF ARIOLIMAX — Dr. C. Hart Merriam who

has been summering in the redwood forest of Marin County

California sends some interesting notes about the feeding habits of

Ariolimax columbianus. He observed it taking the fallen drupes

of the California laurel ( Umbellularia) which have a tough skin

covering a layer of pulp outside of a hard kernel. The snail took

the fruit by the end which had been attached to the stem and was

able, by protruding the buccal mass, to eat out the pulp between

skin and kernel for about half the surface of the fruit without break-

ing the rind. Subsequently it was observed to gnaw off the base of

a toadstool about 3 inches in height with a stem a quarter of an

inch in diameter, and make a meal of the stem. It is probable not-

withstanding its "carnivorous" dentition that these slugs live

chiefly on such vegetable matter. W. H. DALL.

MUSSELS IN A WATEH MAIN. — The London Metropolitan Water

Board officials have just made an extraordinary discovery. Re-

cently it was found that a 3G-in. water main at Hampton-on-Thames

was showing signs of becoming choked. It was opened, and 90 tons

of fresh-water mussels were taken out of a quarter of a mile of the

main. The mussels were so tightly massed that the bore was

reduced from 36 in. to 9 in. — Popular Mechanics, Nov. 1912.

THE NAUTILUS. XXVI.

PLATE VIII

NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID/E.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. FEBRUARY, 1913. No. 10

TWO NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDJE.

BY H. A. P1LSBRY AND J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) LONGA, n. sp. PI. VIII, figs. 9, 10*

The shell is cylindric or pillar-shaped, a trifle widest in the

middle, tapering slightly to the rather wide truncation; whitish or

pale brown, indistinctly mottled or rather distinctly streaked with

brown ; glossy, smooth, the last whorl thread-striate, contracted and

angular above the origin of the neck, which is free and descends

shortly. The aperture is somewhat oblique, subcircular. The

peristome is rather broadly expanded, reflexed, white, usually brown-

tinted below. Axis slender, encircled with a small, sub-basal

lamella which is minutely spinose in the upper whorls.

Length 14.2, diam. 2.1, aperture 2 mm.; 13^ whorls.

Length 15.5, diam. 2.1, mm.; 13^ whorls.

A small rocky hill at Zaza del Medio, at the junction* of the

Sancti Spiritus branch with the Cuban Central R. R., Province of

Santa Clara, collected by H. A. Pilsbry, April 15, 1904.

This species belongs to the group of U- wrighti as defined in tin-

Manual of Conchology, vol. XV, p. 263. It differs from the species

there described by its smooth surface. It is also different from the

several new forms recently found by Professor de la Torre, all of

which have been compared.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

UKOCOPTIS (GONGYI.OSTOMA) CARA n. sp. Plate VI, figs. 27-30.

The shell is very slender, pillar-shaped, of nearly equal diameter

throughout, or tapering slightly towaids the truncate summit,

whitish, copiously mottled and streaked with brown ; glossy, smooth

(or rarely showing very weak traces of widely spaced stria}), the

last whorl regularly thread-striatc. The whorls are slightly convex,

the last compressed towards its base, which is angular above the

origin of the neck, last hall' whorl free, tubular and descending,

rounded or having a weak keel below. The aperture is subcircular

white within, rather oblique ; peristome broadly expanding, reflexed,

white. The axis is encircled by two small, nearly equal lamella?

the upper one more oblique, the lower thinner and shortly spinose.

In the penultimate whorl the axis becomes noticeably gyrate and the

upper lamella disappears.

Length lG.;i, diam. 2.1, aperture 2.1 mm.; 14^ whorls.

Length 22.3, diam. 2.3, aperture 2.3 mm.; 20 whorls.

Length 13, diam. 2 mm.; 12^ whorls.

"San Jose locks" about 2 miles northeast of Sancti Spiritus,

Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, H. A. Pilsbry, April, 1904.

Several hundred specimens were taken from the vertical rocks

where they clung in abundance, though in the main lodged in

crevices and holes, like most of the slender Gongylostomas, they vary

widely in size and number of whorls. No complete individuals were

found ; and it appears that about 12 or 15 whorls are lost in large

adults.

U. earn differs from species of the U. wriylili group by having two

equal axial lamellae. It is probably related to the unfigured U.

iinpurata (Arango) which is described as fusiform-cylindric, whitish,

with entire spire and 17 whorls.

UnocopTis IIIDAI.GOI CABRASENSIS, n. var. PI. VIII, fig. 1C.

Differs from U. In'dulyoi by the sparse, weakly developed sutural

nodules, shorter, less closely costate neck, and by having an inter-

mediate collumellar lamella between the two large ones in the

autepenultimate whorl. The shell is corneous with white streaks

and maculrc, smooth except on the last whorl. Length 13^, diam.

in the middle 3 mm.; (.)^ whorls remaining. Cerra de Cabras, Pinar

del Rio, collected by J. B. Henderson, Jr., 1009.

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

A COLLECTOR IN WESTERN CUBA AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

IJY KEV. II. K. WIIEELEU.

(Concluded froi:i p«(jr. 108).

The last few days of my vacation were spent on an excursion to

the Isle of Pines, and I was fortunate in having Dr. de la Torre for

a travelling companion. Looking at the map one sees that in out-

line it is very like the profile ot an ancient volante, the typical

Cuban carriage, and this comparison lias been handed down by those

who travelled in that curious and now almost forgotten vehicle.

Baron von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland visited the Island

early in the nineteenth century, making important geological and

botanical observations. The first conchologist to explore its shores

was D. Jose M. Velasquez. This was sometime in the early thir-

lies, but IIH published no description of the species collected. A

little later Count Arthur Morelet made an expedition to the Antilles,

sailed around the Isle of Pines, landing near the present capital,

Nueva Gerona, on the Casas River. His book, entitled " Testacea

Novissima lusula Ctif>tn/(z et America Centralist' describes species

collected here as well as in Cuba and Centra! America. The

species described from the Isle of Pines were:

Oli'cicinti fol I it-ill' iris (— 0. subnltilo, Pfr?).

Oleacina paragramma (= O. solidula, Pfr.).

Cylindrella (Urocoptis) pruinosa.

Cyclosloma semicanum, a very rare species from the South Coast.*

Cyclostoma pupoidee.

Cyclostoma disjunctum (a synonym of C. moreletiana, Petit, dis-

junetuin being preoccupied).

Ilelicina (Priotroehatella) constellatn,8 and Ilelicina scopulorum.

Poey described Trochafella Stella ta* from Velasquez' manuscript.

This species is not found on the Sierra de Casas, the home of its

nearest congener, Trochalella constef/ata, but on the Sierra de

1 Published 1849-1851.

2 At Carapachi Bci, meaning "Turtles' Bay," a name given to it by tho

fishermen of Cayman's Islands.

3 See Revue Zool., 1847, p. 147.

4 See Poey, Mem. I., pp. 117, 447; and Jay, Cat. 1850.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Caballos, a mountain some three miles to the East of Las Casas and

across the Casas River.

Gundlacli visited the Island about the year 1854 and collected all

the species previously described and some others which were de-

scribed by Poey and Pfeiffer. These were:

Chrondropoma dissolutum, Pfr., a species so near Chondropoma

pictum that it may be worthy of a varietal posiiion only.

Trochatellu luteo-apicata, Poey. Trochatella callosa, Poey.

Helix (Jeanneretiji) pityonesica, Pf'r., which so far as studied

does not appear to be distinguishable save, in size from the common

multistriata.1

Helix (Cysticopsis) comes, Poey (near cubensis, Pfr.).

Glandinella (Bulimus) poeyanus, Pfr, together with a new genus,

Pineria, which is represented by four species only two of which

were described from the Isle of Pines. These were: Pineria

beathiana, Poey, and Pineria terebra, Poey. The latter is not

only one of the rarest, but also one of the most curious, of land

shells.

The only addition to the fauna of the Isle of Pines since Gundlach

is Cerion pinerium, Dall, and a variety of this species is claimed by

its discoverer to be the smallest of the genus.

It was Dr. de la Torre's hope to find some new thing in the Sierra

de la Canada in the interior of the Island. But this range proved

to be a quartz formation covered with pine trees,* which surely have

the right of way, so far as native vegetation is concerned, on the

Ishmd. The common grass of this region is Hypericum yalioides,

Lam. At the foot of the mountain, however, we collected

Oleacina oleacea, Fer. Subulina octona, Brg.

Helix (Jeanneretia) pilyonesica, Pfr. Thysanophora vortex, Pfr.

On the Sierra de Casas we collected all the known species from

that locality, Urocoptls pruinnsa, Mor., rather plentifully. There

seemed to be two forms of this species, one which was stout and

large, the other much more slender, but fully as long. Near Nueva

'The generic position of mullislrictta is still problematical, and can only be

definitely established by an examination of the soft parts.

* Pinus carilKa Morelet. This tree grows also in Western Cuba, Florida and

the Bahamas, and until recently (1904) has been confused with Pimis cubensis

Griseb., the pine of Eastern Cuba.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Gerona we collected two fresh-water species, Ampullaria cornea,

Wood, and P/iysa cnbensis, Pl'r.

Everywhere we saw great colonies of ants1 which are there so

destructive to vegetation. One of the most dread pest?, however, is

the Jejene"1 (pronounced hay-hay-nie), a tiny fly, smaller than a

gnat, whose sting, while not very painful, raises innumerable little

bumps on the skin which smart unpleasantly. They travel in swarms

and are not barred by ordinary mosquito netting, and, their favorite

time for attack being in the night, one can only escape their ravages

under a canopy of closely woven goods. When the Cuban wishes

to take off a conceited man, he says: "He knows also where the

jejene lays his eggs," something, by the way, which even the

Naturalist has not yet discovered.

Of the parrots the Am tricolor is about extinct, but the "Cafarra "

(Chrysofis leucophuln), the white-headed parrot, is still abundant, as

well as the " Psrico " (Conurus crops), a small paroquet with a long

tail. Some six thousand of these birds are exported annually for

pets, but to be trained to talk must be taken from the nest. The

rare " Cayama" known to us as the Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator,

Linn.), seems here to adorn itself with all the glory it can borrow

in a tropical environment.

The giant among the trees of this Island is the Yagruma? whose

dead leaves infold themselves making a good retreat for snails and

wasps alike. One of the abundant wild fruits is the Icaco* used in

preparing a sweet jelly, but this is found also in the coasts of Cuba.

At the foot of the Sierra de Casas we saw that peculiar Anacardium1

which produces a huge seed, shaped like a pear, externally to the

fruit. The bottle palm,5 called in Spanish Burrigona, having a

bulge in its trunk like an Indian club, could not fail to attract

attention, and another common palm was the Mira guana f with

slender trunk, whose leaves filled out a circle as perfectly as a daisy.

1 Spanish " Bibijagua," Atla cephalotes.

*(Ecaclafurens, Poey, not to be mistaken for the larger and less vivacious

sand-fly.

3 Cecropia peltata. See Prof. Simpson's reference to this and other Cuban

trees in the "Collectors' Journal," Vol. I, Nos. 3, 4 and 5. His paper is

entitled: "Notes from a Collecting Trip in Cuba."

*Anacardium occidentals, L. 5 Colpothrinax wrightii Griseb. and Wendland.

6 Colpothrtnax miraguano.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

What of commercial opportunities in tlie Isle of Pines ? Opinions

will v;iry. But some indication may be had in tlie fact that out of

a total population of eight, thousand, five thousand are Americans.

The land itself is by no means fertile. There is nothing specially

inviting in the scenery, excepting the North Coast, and educational

advantages are quite meager. Schools and churches there are, and

many cultured people, hut morals are at a low ebb generally. Tlie

climate is the Island's greatest asset, and its chief products will

always be the citrus fruits.

NEW JAPANESE OVULIDJE.

BY II. A. 1MLSBRY.

OVTULA (NEOSIMNIA) IIIRASEI, n. sp. Plate 7, fig. 4.

Tlie shell is fusiform, its greatest diameter contained 2.8 times in

the length ; thin, bluish white, the ends pale ochre colored for a

distance of 4 or o mm.; glossy, under the lens showing distinct very

fine longitudinal striation, and about G oblique, low and well sepa-

rated spiral cords at the lower end, one or two more than this at the

summit. The rest of tlie surface has a microscopic spiral striation,

so minute as to be hardly noticeable except under the compound

microscope. The two ends are about equally produced, pointed.

Outer lip thickened outside and within, retracted at both ends, very

indistinctly angular near the lower end, columella straight and

simple. Near the summit there is a low, indistinct spiral swelling

very obliquely encircling the axis. Length 28, diam. 10 mm.

Province of Tosa, .Japan, Y- Hirase.

This species is longer and less swollen than 0. sowerbymia Wein-

kanf, (= Ocuhnn spelta Sowb., Th.-s. p. 480, pi. 100, f. C3, 64, not

of Linne). It is decidedly more inflated than 0. carpenter) Dkr.

The axial fold above is quite weak in 0. /n'rasei, and the coloration

is characteristic.

OVULA NIFPONENSIS, n. sp. Plate 7, fig. 9.

The shell is oval, angular at the ends, glossy, bright flesh-pink

gradually becoming paler towards the lip; very indistinctly 4-

banded with brown, maculate with brown on the back and behind

THE NAUTILUS. 115

the ends of (lie outer lip, which is fleshy yellowish on fhe face.

Sculpture of irregular growth-lines and weak, microscopic spiral

Btriation, scarcely visible except under the compound microscope.

At each end there are about seven spiral grooves, which are widely

separated except close to the ends. The outer lip is very convex on

the face, somewhat thickened outside, incurved and armed with

about 28 unequal, not very strong teeth. The grooves between the

teeth extend as far as the middle of the face of the lip. The colu-

mella bears a strong white fold, terminating outwardly in a vertical

callus on the ventral side of the base of the shell. There is scarcely

any anterior notch. Posteriorly the callus of the peristome extends

downward from the apex and towards the aperture. Deep within

the aperture there is a longitudinal callous ridge on the parietal wall

of the aperture. Length 13. ~>, diam. 0 mm.

Fakara, Awaji, Japan, Y. Ilirase.

This belongs to a rather numerous group of species, among which

it is nearest to 0. biil/u Adams and Reeve (Zool. Samarang p. 21,

pi. G, fig. 5). The new form is less narrow anteriorly and differ-

ently colored. It is blunter at the ends than 0. punctata.

A NEW LYMNAEA FROM MONTANA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

GALBA MONTANENSIS, n. sp.

Shell of medium size, rather thin, translucent, ovate- turreted ;

periostracum light horn color; surface shining, lines of growth

distinct, crossed by very fine wavy spiral lines; whorls six. convex,

the body whorl somewhat obese; sutures deeply impressed; spire

acute, longer than the aperture ; aperture ovate, ouler lip thin ; inner

lip wide, somewhat triangular, reflexed over the umbilical region;

there is no distinct axial plait, hut the inner lip is slightly indented

where it touches the parietal wall ; the umbilical chink is narrowly

open. There are two rest period marks on one adult specimen.

Length 14.00; width C.50 ; aperture length, G.80 ; width 4.00

mill, adult.

Length U.OO ; width 5.00 ; aperture length, 5.50 ; width 3.00 mill,

juv.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 14.25 ; width 8.00; aperture length, 7.00 ; width 4.00 mill,

adult.

Length 10.00; width 5.25; aperture length, 5.00; width 3.00

mill. juv.

Type locality. Hayes Creek, near Ward, Montana, in the Bitter

Root Mountains, altitude 382-r> feet.

Types in collection of L. E. Daniels.

This Lymnzeid belongs to the palustris group and is related to

Galba valilii (" Beck " Moller). It differs from that species in

being more solid, the periostracum more polished, and the aper-

ture rounder. The greatest difference is in the inner lip, which

is roundly and evenly reflexed over the umbilicus, lacking the

twist so noticeable in this group, and resembling in this respect such

species as Galba bulimoides cockerelli and Galba caperuta. Half-

grown specimens might easily be mistaken for Galba bulimnides,

the spiral lines and narrow umbilical chink, however, easily separat-

ing them. Vulilii has not been found south of the 55th parallel, and

there is, therefore, a wide gap in the range of the two species.

The specimens at hand show some variation, one specimen being

very obese ; while another, which is believed to be typical, has a

rather long, turrtted spire. The young, half-grown specimens are

always obese. The specimens were collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels

in April TJ12.

RADIX ATJBICULAKIA AT CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.

BY W. F. CLAPP.

About four years ago, a dam was built across the Charles River

at Boston. Above this dam, nearly four miles of the river, which

was formerly salt and full of marine life, is now fresh water. In the

NAUTILUS, Vol. 25, p. 132, Mr. C. W. Johnson writes of a colony

of Modiolus deinusns v. plicatulus Lam., which until a few years ago,

lived about two mil<js above the dam. I collected a very fine set of

Pafudestrina salsa Pils., and a few Odustomia bisuturalis and trifida,

in I.vi93, nearly three miles above where the dam now stands. But

records of the marine molluscan fauna of this part of the river seem

to be very scarce.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

In August, 1912, Dr. Walter Faxon brought me three specimens

of Radix auricularia (Linn.), which he hail found very near the

place where I had collected /*. salsa, and 0. bisuturalis and trifida

in 1893. Iti October, 1912, Dr. Faxon and I collecting again at

this spot, secured several more specimens, varying in age from very

young to fully mature. All we found were on Oliara, and in more

or less deep and exposed parts of the river. I examined quantities

of Potamoyeton without secunng a specimen, but nearly every clump

of Cliara yielded at least one. In the shallow sheltered coves and

ditches we found great quantities of Galba palustfis, Planorbis

trioulvis, Plunorbis tilbns, Pliysn Iteterostropka and Ancy/us parallelus

but these species all avoided the deep water of the river as surely

as 7?. auricularia kept away from the shallow places. I have never

found Galba pnlustris, P. trivolvis, or R. aitricularia in that part of

the river above Watertown which has always been fresh water.

The common species there are Psendo succinea columella and Pfan-

orb/'s bicarinatus, neither of which have yet been found in the river

at Cambridge.

There are numerous explanations for the sudden appearance of

exotic species in unexpected localities. A very popular, and probably

in many cases a true one, is that they have escaped from some nearby

greenhouse. In support of this theory, I will admit that there are

several greenhouses in Cambridge, and that from some of them to

the river would be but a short walk, but a comparatively long crawl.

SPH^RIID^E OLD AND NEW, III.

I5Y V. SrG

P. COLUMBIANUM,1 n. sp. — Mussel of medium size, strongly

inflated, outlines (along the valve edges) oval to elliptic without any

angles, beaks somewhat behind the middle, large, prominent,

rounded or slightly flattened on top, or even calyculate : surface

more or less uneven from lines of growth, somewhat shining, with

fine irregular stria?, color light corneous to yellowish, often in alter-

nating zones, shell thin, sub-translucent ; hinge mther slight, cardinal

teeth small, the right curved with the posterior end thicker, left

'The name is not strictly in conformity with the rules, but appears prefer-

able to columbiense.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior with apex pointed, posterior quite short ; ligament and

resilium rather short and slight.

Long. 4/2, jilt. 3.0, diam. 3 mm. (100 : 80 : 71).

Long. 3.3, wit. 2.0, diam. -J.3 mm. (100 : 79 : 70).

Ilab.: British Columbia, apparently widely distributed and

common, and rather variable with respect to size and shape (no

doubt, also in Washington, etc.). Vicinity of Esquimalt, collected

by Mr. Taylor over twenty years ago, sent by Justice F. R. Latch-

ford, No. 63(5'2 cotypes with the lot in Mr. Latchlord's collection,

and lots simply marked " 13. C." at least some of them from that

vicinity, are in various collections ; Chill iwack Creek and Lake,

B. C., collected by a member of the Canada Geol. Surv. st:iflf, sent

by Mr. Whiteaves ; a marsh, Duncans, B. C., received from Mr. A.

W. llanham. The first specimens were received in 189f>, and the

species has been regarded as distinct ever since.

P. fttrctttum, n. sp Mussel oblique, medium inflated, superior

margin little curved, posterior and inferior forming one continuous

curve to the rounded-angular anterior end, or the posterior margin

slightly subtruncate ; supero-anterior slope at an angle with the

upper margin, well marked, straight or little curved, at an angle of

alt. 4.")° to the longitudinal axis ; beaks slightly behind the middle,

rather large, rounded or slightly flattened on top; scutum and

seutellum slightly marked, small ; surface polished, with slight}

shallow stria;; color plumbeous around the beaks, straw along the

margins, the two shades not sharply defined, shell subtranslucent in

the plumbeous area, rather opaque in the light zones; hinge mod-

erately strong, right cardinal tooth curved with the posterior part

bifid, thrt outer, or posterior, shank separated by a groove even

above, straight or curved with the convexity below, left anterior

short with apex rounded, posterior oblique, slightly curved, the space

between them wide posteriorly ; outer lamina; of the right valve

small ; ligament and resilium short, moderately strong.

Long. 4, alt. 3.0, diam. 2.3 mm. (100 : 90 : 57).

Ilab.: Green Luke, Seattle, Washington, collected by Mr. P. B.

Randolph, with P. idiiloeiise Roper and others; types ace. No. 3896

b, part, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Probably none of the

specimens are full-grown. Tin1 mussel resembles some forms of P.

varfab/fe Pine., but is more oblique, the color is different, and the

cardinal teeth are markedly different; named from the strongly bifid*

or bifurcate, right cardinal.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

The mussel also somewhat resembles P. randolphi Roper, from

Seatllc, Washington, but is much more oblique, the beaks ure larger,

and the surface stria? s»re slighter, more shallow, and more distant.

P. (furcfilum var.?) rhomb icum. — Mussel smaller, more oblique,

rhombic in outlines; beaks small, color more yellow; the posterior

part of the right cardinal tooth is thin and plain and correspondingly

the space between the two left ones is quite narrow; ligament short

and slight. Long. 3, alt. 2.G, diam. 1.8 mm. (the largest specimen).

Also probably none of these are full-grown. Ilab.: with the preced-

ing, in the same lot. Apparently of the same group with P.fui-ctttuin,

to judge from the shape; more material will prove whether the two

are distinct or forms of one species.

F. W. BRYANT.

Mr. F. W. Bryant, of San Diego, Cal., while visiting Hawaii,

died of heart failure on October 23, 1912. Born in Ohio about 70

years ago, he was an old friend of the late Prof. A. G. Wetherby,

with whom he often collected. He described several species of

California!! land shells in THE NAUTILUS (vol. XIII, pages 122

and 113, 1900 and Vol. XVI, page 70, 1902). Pijramidula bryanti

Harper, was named in his honor.

NOTES.

LAMARCK'S COLLECTION OF SHELLS — "We take the liberty of

quoting from a letter to one of the editors written by Mr. Charles

Hedley from Geneva, Oct. 18, '12. "I have just been through

Lamarck's types and have been rewarded for my trouble by recover-

ing two or three lost species. The Lamarckian collection was as

you know bequeathed by Delessert to the Geneva Museum. It is in

excellent preservation, kept locked up apart from the general collec-

tion in four cabinets. The shells are gummed on the usual tablets

and in the case of the bivalves the original label in Lamarck's writing

is pasted to the under surface of the tablets. Each tablet has a

colored margin to indicate geographical division ; thus Australasia

dark blue, Indian ocean yellow. " There is also a copy of the

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Animaux sans vertelres annotated by Lamarck himself. I supposed

that this neat mounting was done by Chenu, but the present custo-

dians did not know. The director and his assistants pay great regard

to this collection but they have not a conchologist on the staff. One

part of a memoir illustrating by photography the shells of Lamarck

has already appeared. I saw proof of the next part which should

be issued this year, and will include the bivalves.

" Tiiis Museum has also the complete collections of Brot, the

specialist on Melania, who was a Geneva citizen. Also the collection

of Bourguignat, who left it here."

BANDED POLYGYRA MOBILIANA : Some months ago I received

from Herbert H. Smith a few Polygyra mobiliana Lea from near

Mobile, Ala. Most of the shells were immature but I noticed that

three adults were distinctly banded and some of the young also

showed a faint band. On bringing the matter to Mr. Smith's atten-

tion he examined all that he had remaining and found that the

majority of them were banded. Since then Mr. L. H. McNeill of

Mobile has collected numerous specimens and finds most of them

banded. I have just received 17 specimens from him of which 15

are banded. The band is brown, much darker than the balance of

the shell, and is located just above the periphery. Shells collected

at Foley, Baldwin Co., are bandless and Smith says that he has seen

no bamled shells of this species except those collected near Mobile.

Mr. McNeill informs me that he got a great many of this ppecies by

" sweeping " the grass at night with an insect net. — GEO. H. CLAPP.

MUREX FULVESCENS Sowerby : Some handsome specimens of

this species, pure white in color and measuring about seven inches in

length, were recently obtained by Mr. J. H. Holmes in the Gulf of

Mexico, off Wakulla Co., Fla., at a depth of 125 feet. — C. W. J.

PSEUDOGALBA, NEW NAME FOR SiMPSONiA. — Mr. Bryant

Walker has called my attention to the name Simpsonia, which is

preoccupied by Rochebrune (1905), for the Naiad previously known

as Chamberlaina duclerci. The name Pseudogalba may be used in

place of Simpsonia (Lymnseida3 of Nortli and Middle America, page

23G). It is perhaps expressive of the relationship of the group to

Galba — FRANK C. BAKER.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. MARCH, 1913. No. 11

COLLECTING IN PANAMA.

BY EUGENE W. PRESBREY.

In 1850, C. B. Adams, Professor of Zoology in Amherst College,

spent six weeks collecting in llie waters of Panama Bay. In 1852,

under his own direction, he published a complete catalogue of species

collected, with careful notes on synonymy, stations and number of

each species taken.

The writer recently spent two weeks covering carefully exactly

the same territory, from Old Panama to Taboga Island, about fifteen

miles. It may interest the readers of THE NAUTILUS to know what

changes in numbers, stations and characteristics may occur in sixty-

three years. Many changes have occurred, due probably to dis-

turbed environment. Adams, in six weeks, took 41. £35 specimens,

51G species! ! Of these there were 38,920 Gasteropoda, 376

species! ! In the same season of the year, from the same rocks and

sands, with the same tides — eighteen to twenty-four feet — the writer,

in two weeks, under most favorable conditions, was able to find only

112 species of Gasteropoda, and about 1000 specimens. Some of

these species were not found at all by Adams, who was a careful

collector, letting nothing escape him, not even numbers. But the

peculiar and interesting fact is that few of the species found in great

numbers by Adams are plentiful now, and many of those species are

not to be found at all. In many stations other species have taken

the place of those found by him.

Adams collected 4oOO Oliva volutella. These are not there now.

Two dead on the beach, and one alive, were all that I found. Of

122 T11E NAUTILUS.

Oliva porphyria, Adams found only a broken fragment. I hunted

in vain for even that. I doubt if Panama is now its natural habitat,

as the shell was scarce in 1850 and is not lound there now. Adams

took 1500 Nassa panamensis on the reef that juts out from the old

sea wall. Not a single Nassa is to be found there now. Of Nassa

hifeostoma, Adams took 330 near the old sea wall. They are not to

be found there now, they having migrated two miles across the bay

where a bushel could be taken at one tide. Adams found fourteen

species of Nassa, I found four. Adams found incredible numbers of

Nerita, two species, took 3200 specimens. Of these only 400 were

Nerita scabricosta, (he only species to be found in considerable num-

bers now on the high-tide rocks. Adams found 29 species of Col-

umbella, 3000 specimens ! ! Four good specimens of C. harpae-

formis. brought up by hermit crabs, and half a dozen other species,

beach worn, rewarded persistent search.

Monoceros cinguJatum. Adams found only 75, most of them

young. Of these one may get a thousand adults in one tide — but

not at Panama, at Taboga Island. Adams took 3900 specimens of

Litorina, 12 species. Now, only one species to be found in consid-

erable numbers. Adams found 110 specimens of Ricinula reeviana,

I found one.

Conus, then and now : brunneus, 4 — 0 ; gladiator, 70 — 1 ; ma~

hogani, 17 — 0; nux, 2 — 12; princeps, 8 — 4; purptiroscens, 12 — 1;

regularis, 1 — 0 ; nms, 0 — 25. I was fortunate enough to find two

specimens of Conus panniculus Lam. at Taboga, one alive, and both

splendid specimens. Has this or any other of the Texti been re-

corded from the Panama Province? A fine specimen of Contti

fergusoni Sby. was found, a species not recorded in the Conch.

Iconica, and considered doubtful by Tryon. This specimen, after

removal of the olive-green, persistent epidermis, shows perpendicular

stripes of delicate yellow alternating with lavender, from rounded

shoulder to base where the colors merge into pale ashy brown, colu-

mella and interior violaceous white. All other specimens that I

have seen are dead white. The figure in Tryon's manual is not C.

fergusoni either in form or color. Fergusoni has the rounded

shoulder and heavy form of Conus betulinus or C. glaums, depressed

accumulated spire, whorls eight, rounded and canaliculate.

Purpura seems to be more plentiful than whem Adams was there.

He found 8 species, 600 specimens. Two miles from Panama one

TUB NAUTILUS. 123

might take a thousand each of four species in a single tide. These

seem to flourish under conditions that have driven other species

away. I am unable to recognize many of Adams' species.

Many Marginellas dead in the sandy mud, few alive. Adams saw

only fragments of Strombus galea, easily found now, botli young and

old. All the Strombi attributed to this province are found in good

condilion but, like other species, washed ashore. They are more

plentiful than when Adams was there, but found at Taboga only.

Ranellu caeluta, Adams took 190 specimens, alive, at half tide.

None alive from high to low tide now. Crabs bring them up in

great numbers and good condition.

Adams found Murex, 9 species. Found them alive, from half

tide to low. Not now. Hermit crabs and diving black boys are the

collectors now. Many beautiful and absolutely perfect specimens,

too, are washed up dead, to half tide. I found six varieties.

Adams names only one species of Fusus (bellus). I took four

species at Taboga, two species alive at half tide. Hermits could

have furnished a peck. CanceUaria about the same but not alive.

Pleurotoma abundant, but in no such numbers as indicated by

Adams. Few alive. Cerithium. Adams found 14 species, 3400

specimens ! ! Half a dozen species now brought up by hermit crabs.

Turritella banksi. Adams took 350 specimens, one-third of them

alive. They have gone to deeper water but crabs bring up fine

specimens. Adams found 90 specimens of Pedipes angulata under

Panama sea wall, and 650 Auricula panamensis in same station.

Not a specimen of anything to be found there now except Purpura

in small numbers and Nerita out of water. Adams indicated

scarcity of Pec ten and Pectuncultis. Now most plentiful decoration

of the beaches. Adams found Cypraea cervinelta, arabicula, punctu-

latis and pustulata on the Panama reefs. Not one of these there

now. There is no coral. To be found in small numbers at Taboga

where there are small patches of coral to furnish food.

Recapitulating : for four miles either side of the Canal mouth in

the Bay all but the coarser, sturdier forms have disappeared. Chi-

tons, Purpura, Siphonaria and Fissurella are there, but few others,

and all in small numbers. There is no food on the reefs. Every-

where, in the region covered by Adams, the stations and habits have

materially changed. It might be interesting to compare individual

specimens of to-day with those of same species taken by Adams

124 THE NAUTILUS.

sixty-three years ago. Forces capable of changing habitat and habit

might change form and characteristics.

My method in collecting is to traverse the beaches and from dead

or broken fragments of shells, observation of tide currents, eddies,

and prevailing winds, mark out probable stations at low water or

beyond. The method is seldom wrong and leads to live specimens,

either for wading or dredging, in shortest time.

Some species in Panama Bay have gone to other stations. Some

have disappeared. Nearly all have sought deeper water and stay

there.

Very solid volcanic rock, some of it nearly pure iron, is continu-

ous from two miles west of Panama City to Taboga Island, fourteen

miles. The Canal runs through part of it, and over the rest of this

strata. Heavy dynamite blasts on the main land arid on the islands

in the Bay where Canal fortifications are to make another Gibraltar,

can be felt distinctly at Taboga, too faraway to be heard, sometimes.

These concussions are frequent, occurring many times a day. A

breakwater extends from the mouth of the Canal to the island forti-

fications. This breakwater is two miles long, and all day long train-

loads of dynamited rock are dumped into the waters of the Bay on

either side. It is possible that four years of concussion and waters

more or less poisoned by nilroglycerene, plus the sewerage of Pan-

ama, may have destroyed food and driven the species to new stations,

to deeper water, or worse, destroyed many of them. The volcanic

reef ends abruptly a mile out and the water suddenly deepens to

thousands of feet. At Taboga the conditions are more favorable

and there is superb collecting ground, but even there low tide does

not expose the live specie? — to any encouraging extent. The infer-

ence that all Panama species near the Canal have sought deeper

water is justified.

There is a big suction dredge at Balboa near the mouth of the

Canal. This dredge takes up everything from bed rock to top sand

and sends a twelve-inch stream of water, mud, and millions of shells

(seldom alive), a mile or two inland to make new land. Most of

these shells have not been dead long, some are semi-fossil. There

is fine collecting at the end of that pipe. But specimens taken there

indicate wholesale destruction of molluscan life at the mouth of the

Canal.

The most interesting " station " however on the Isthmus is in

TOE NAUTILUS. 125

Culebra Cut, 1.00 to 2CO feet above mean tide level. There, in

squeezed-iip marine strata, easily recognizable marine species may

be found in considerable number?. Some are. perhaps, as old as the

Tertiary period, but many of them can be duplicated, alive, on the

Pacific beaches. Coral is found 2G2 feet above present mean tide.

Fifteen miles away in the Chagres basin marine deposits are also

found. Sometime, not so very long ago, (here was an open strait

where the I.slhimis now is. Is the Isthmus younger, very much

younger, than scientifically supposed? How much younger? Is

there any evidence — not of its age — but of its youth, to be found in

the five tons of shell-bearing material sent to Washington by the

diggers in Culebra Cut? I don't know. I'm only a gatherer of

shells — with tin imagination and some disposition to ask questions.

ON SOME CUBAN UEOCOPTIDJE.

BY II. A. P1LSBRY.

The following notes relate to new or rare species collected by the

writer in 1904. My -journey was a rather rapid one, undertaken

with the object of seeing something of the mollusk fauna of the

central part of the island, as nearly all the Cuban shells I had studied

had been taken in the relatively far richer and more frequently ex-

plored regions from Havana Province west, and in Santiago Prov-

ince, or Oriente as it is now called.

My route was from Havana to Cienfuegos by rail, thence to

Casilda, the Port of Trinidad, by the Menendez steamship line,

thence to Tunas de Zaza on the south coast; by rail then to Sancti

Spirilus, eastward to Majagua in Ca maguey Province, and return

by way of Matanzas. Collecting was done at the places mentioned

as well as at many places along the route, and others within a day's

journey on foot or mule from those named.

Around Havana, Matanzas, etc., various well-known Urocopti'dee

were taken which call for no special notice, and also several forms

of the U. elegans group — a very difficult series, not yet worked up,

and extremely abundant in the environs of Matanzas and in Havana

Province. Urocoptis caret P. & H., [7. longa P. & II., and the fol-

lowing species may be mentioned among the new forms taken.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

UKOCOPTIS (COCHLODINELLA) MEDIANA, n. sp. PI. VIII, figs.

1, 2, 3.

The shell is cylindric-fusiform, the upper half or third tapering

slowly to the truncate summit; thin; whitish-corneous with some in-

distinct clear corneous maculation. Sculpture of thread-like rib-

striae, equal to or narrower than their intervals, nearly straight,

slightly oblique, and somewhat irregular, as though a thread were

here and there omitted. Close behind the lip the striation is crowded.

Suture distinctly denticulated by the rib-striae. The whorls are

slightly convex, the last very shortly free in front, with a cord-like

basal keel. The aperture is oblique, circular ; peristome expanded

and shortly reflected. The axis is slender and simple, as in U.

poeyana.

Length 18, diam. 4, diam. aperture 3 mm.; ll£ whorls.

Length 16.5, diam. 3.4, diam. aperture 3 mm.; 11 whorls.

Length 13.5, diam. 3, diam. aperture 2.4 mm.; 10 whorls.

Zaza del Medio, Province of Santa Clara, on a small rocky hill

close to the Cuban Central R. R., under stones.

This species is closely related to U- poeyana, from which it differs

by the coarser striation, which is moreover irregular in places, while

in U. poeyana the sculpture is close and even.

UnocopTis (GoNGYLOSTOMA) CANTEROiANA (Arango). PI. VIII,

figs. 4, 5.

Cylfndrella canteroiana Gundlach MS., Arago, Anales Real Acad.

Ciencias Habana, XII, p. 284, 1876.

A translation of the very brief and unsatisfactory description of

this f-pecies may be found in my Manual of Conchology, XV, p. 254.

In 1904 I collected it on the fine hill •' La Vigia," which forms the

background of the town of Trinidad, and where Gundlach had col-

lected the types a half-century before. I found it on the slope look-

ing out over the Caribbean Sea, on the west slope, and in a cave

near the foot. Also in the foothills of the Trinidad Mountains on

the west side of the valley of Trinidad, and along the trail in these

mountains about two miles from San Joan de Letran.

The shell is cylindrical, the upper half or third tapering to a

rather narrow truncation ; uniform light brown, with lighter riblets;

somewhat glossy. Sculpture of even, rather strong rib-striaj, nearly

straight except on the last whorl or two where they are slightly

THE NAUTILUS. 127

curved, as wide as their intervals. Sutures rather deep, whorls

slightly convex, the last rounded below, very short!} free in front.

The aperture is somewhat oblique, shortly oval, a little longer than

wide. Peristome continuous and free, very liltle expanded, some-

what thickened, narrowly reflected. Axis bears one thin, minutely

crenulated spiral lamella.

Length 14, diam. 3 mm.; 13 whorls.

Length 12, diam. 2.6 mm.; 13£ whorls.

UROCOPTIS (GONGVLOSTOMA) :IENFUEGOSENSIS, n. sp. PI. VIII,

figs. G, 7, 8.

The shell is cylindrical, the upper half or third tapering to a

rather small truncation ; white, mottled and streaked with corneoi'S-

gray, as in U. variegata ; glossy. Sculpture of rather low, coarse

rib-striae, closer and sharper on ihe tapering whorls and on the neck

behind ihe lip. "Whorls slightly convex, the last rounded below,

very shortly free in front. The aperture is slightly oblique and a

little longer than wide. Peristome white, expanded and reflected,

continuous and free. Axis encircled by a small, thin, minutely

serrate lamella.

Length 15, diam. 3.1 mm.; 13 whorls.

Length 12.5, diam. 3 mm.; 12 whorls.

" Lagunilla," a place about 6 miles due north from Cienfuegos,

where there are several small brackish lagoons.

This species has much external resemblance to t7. poeyana Incteo-

flna Pi Is. It is most closely related to U. canteroiana Arango, from

which it differs by the variegated coloration, weaker ribs and smaller

axial lamella. It is the only species of Urocoptis I found in the en-

virons of Cienfuegos. The small lagoons at Lagunilla are slightly

salt to the taste. The rocks and sticks are thickly coated with

Congeria, and there is also Neritina virginea.

MlCROCERAMUS SANCTISPIRITENSIS, n. Sp. PI. VIII, figS. 11,

12, 13.

The shell is shortly rimate, oblong-territe, tapering from the last

or the penult whorl in a long cone which is slender and straight-

sided above. Ground color brownish-corneous, becoming gray-

corneous on the last whorl, the apex whorl or whorls brown or pray

subsequent whorls with sculpture of rib-striae which are white except

128 THE NAUTILUS.

where interrupted by narrow patches or streaks of darker ground-

color. On the base there are often several spiral corneous bands,

leaving one to three spiral zones of long white granules. The rib-

striaj are nearly as wide as their intervals, weaker in the corneous

patches, and continue upon the base, "Whorls rather convex, the

upper ones more convex ; last whorl rounded, with a very weak spiral

cord defining the base, sometimes almost obsolete. The aperture is

oblique ; peristome well expanded, white, the columellar margin

built forward, in a plane with the outer lip.

Length 12.7, diam. o.o mm.; whorls 10.

Length 11.3, diam. 5 mm.; whorls 9^.

Length 9, diam. 4.3 mm.; whorls 9.

Near Sancti Spiritus, Province of Santa Clara, at a place called

" San Jose" rocks," about two miles northeast of the city.

This is a larger shell than M. petitimirts (Oib.), also known as

M. tum'ctda (Plr.), with stronger, closer stria? continuing over the

base ; it is not so v.-ide and the spire is less attenuated above. The

smallest shell found in a large series is 9 mm. long. Nearly all are

over 10 mm.

San Jose rocks, conspicuous from Sancti Spiritus as a white ridge,

stand upon a low ridge of gneiss which runs north of Sancti Spiritus.

The rocks cover only a small area, but form a labyrinth of fissures,

caves, tunnels, deep holes and knife-like crests, the whole clothed

with trees and vines. Deeper and deeper I went, getting big Me-

galomastomas and Helicea in the cool rock chambers. The charm-

ing new Urocoplis cora. hung on the cliffs. Operculates quite new

to me were turning up. Finally I was quite lost in this absurdly

diminutive jungle. I had dropped down several cliffs of eight or

ten feet in gaining the heart of the thicket, and there was nothing

to do but go on in as straight a course as I could steer. After a

hard scramble of half an hour I emerged on the lower side, wet with

perspiration and scratched by the sharp rocks, but happy in the pos-

session of a fine bag of snails.

The rocks of San Jose are apparently a remnant of the Oligocene

deposits which must once have heavily blanketed the gneiss in this

region. Little trace of these beds remains in the country around

Sancti Spiritus.

I found a variety of this species at Zaza del Medio, where on a

small rocky hill or on the adjacent slope to the river I picked up two

THE NAUTILUS. 129

lots, of 13 and 5 specimens respectively.1 In one lot the shells are

more conic than the types, with the rib-striae more delicate and

sharp, obsolete on the base. Specimens measure:

Length 10. f>, diam. 5 mm.; 9^ whorls.

Length 10, diam. 5 mm.; 9 whorls.

Length 9, diam. 4.2 mm.; 9 whorls.

In the other lot the shells are larger but also sculptured with deli-

cate, thin rib-stria?, much narrower than their intervals. Length 13,

diam. G mm., 10 whorls. This race may be called var. tenuistriuta

(pi. VIII, flg. 14).

MlCROCERAMUS PEUCONICUS TRINIDADENSIS, n. var. PI. VIII,

figs. 15, 17, 18.

The shell is imperforate. the last two whorls forming a broad,

shortly cylindric part, those above rapidly tapering in form of a

straight-pointed cone, slender above ; rather glossy ; corneous-brown,

the last 4 or 5 whorls nearly covered with patches on which the

stria} are opaque white. Whorls convex, the earlier ones more

strongly so. Sculpture of regular, closely set, retractive stria?, as

wide as their intervals, every second or third one a little enlarged at

the upper end, forming an irregular series of svlsutural pnpilla.

The last whorl is rounded, or there may bean inconspicuous very

low cord upon which the stria? enlarge, defining the base. The

aperture is oblique ; peristome scarcely expanding, slightly thickened

and white within, the interior elsewhere light brown. Columella

vertical, straight, projecting forward a trifle near Ihe insertion, the

margin dilated above and adnate, not built forward.

Length 7.3, diam. above aperture 3.2, including aperture 3.75

mm.; whorls 8|.

Length 7.7, diam. including aperture 3.9 mm.; 9 whorls.

Length 5.8, diam. including aperture 3.2 mm.; 8 whorls.

West side of " La Vigia," Trinidad, under stones, etc. Also on

the northwest side.

M. percnnicus trinidadeJisis stands near M. angahsvs (" Gundl.,"

Pfr.) which it resembh s in sculpture and in the structure of the

columella, but it differs by the much more obese shape constant in a

large number collected, and by the stronger sutural denticulation.

'Most of tlie small shells I got at Zaza del Medio were lost through an acci-

dent. These two lots were saved by being in bottles carried in my pockets.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

The shape, indeed, is almost exactly that of the west Cuban M.

denticulatus — a species less closely striated and having a rimate base

and built-tbrward columelhir margin. M. petitiunus has narrower,

more separated striaj and no denticulation below the suture ; more-

over, it has a shortly rimate base and fbrwardly-built columellar

margin.

M. perconicus (which I described as a variety of petitianus") is

doubtless a species distinct from pttitiantu, differing in sculpture

and the columella, which is not in the least built forward. It is

more strictly conic than trinidadensis , without sutural denticles,

otherwise the same. M. palenguensis, which I have not seen, seems

to be broader with a larger aperture.

The specimens recorded as M. turricula Pfr. from Trinidad were

probably trinidadensis. I have not seen the form reported from

Cabo Cruz.

MACROCERAMUS OANIMARENSIS (Pfr.).

A single specimen, typical in form and sculpture but white with

a corneous base, I found among rocks in a precipitous, shaded place

on the northwest side of La Vigia. It has already been reported

from Trinidad.

MACROCERAMUS CANIMARENSIS ROTUNDIBASIS, n. subsp.

The shell differs from canimarensis by having only a very weak

trace of the subperipheral keel (which is strongly developed in cani-

marensis); the base being much more convex than in canimarensis,

and not so strongly striated.

" San Jose rocks " near Sancti Spiritus.

I did not find this species living, but dug it from a bed of clay

formed by disintegration of the limestone.

A LIST OF MOLLUSCA FROM THE MUSSELSHELL VALLET, MONTANA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Except for the brief lists by Squyer (NAUTILUS, Vol. VIII, pp.

63-65, 1894) and Elrod (Bull. Univ. Montana, No. 10, pp. 170-174,

1902), there are very few molluscan records extant for the entire

THE NAUTILUS. 131

state of Montana, so that the following list of species from the upper

Musselshell Valley, in the central part of the slat**, is of interest

from a distributional standpoint. The exact locality is Winnecock,

Meagher County, where the writer has done a little collecting dur-

ing August of two succeeding years (191 1-1912). The fresh-water

species were taken in the various springs and overflow pools border-

ing the Musselshell River, and the terrestrial species occurred under

sticks, leaves and stones in the more moist places among the sur-

rounding coltonwoods. No species were taken in the swift-flowing

waters of the river itself, and no land forms were found at a greater

distance from the river than a few rods. All except Vertigo bin-

neyana, Zonitoides tnimiscufa and Planorbis callioglyptus were of

fairly frequent occurrence. The elevation of Winnecock is about

4000 feel about sea level.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki. The specimens appear to cor-

respond very well with Dr. Stciki's diagnosis, and specimens sent to

Mr. George H. Clapp were similarly determined by him. They are

possibly the same as the " Vallonia gracillcosta var.t close to cottata

Say," of Squyer's list.

Vitrea radiatula Alder (hammonis Strom.).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney).

Euconulus fulvtis (Miiller).

Agriolimax campestris (Binney) var. The specimens are perhaps

to be referred to the montanus of Ingersoll.

Pyrnmidula cron&hitei (Newcomb) near var. anthonyi Pilsbry.

Succinea avara Say.

S/icciiiea retusa Lea.

Lyrnnaa paluttris Miiller.

Lymntea caper ata Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis callioglyptus Vanatta. A single poor specimen is thus

somewhat doubtfully determined.

Planorbis nntrosus Conrad (= bicarinatus Say).

Pliysa ayrina Say var.

Aplexa hypnomm Linn 6.

132 TOE NAUTILCS.

CHAELES W. QKIPP.

Mr. Charles William Gripp, of San Diego, Cal., who is known to

many of our readers as an indefatigable collector and generous cor-

respondent in exchanges of shells, died as the result of a serious

accident in San Diego, January 3, 1913, aged forty-eight years.

Mr. Gripp was a native of Odeshog, Sweden, and came to America

in 1875. Since 1897 he was connected with the Sun Diego post-

office. The funeral services were held on January Cth, and inter-

ment was made in the Masonic cemetery. Mr. Gripp was especially

interested in the Californian, and particularly the San Diego moUusk

fauna. He made various excursions beyond (he entrance of the

harbor in fishing boats, and by careful attention to bottom samples

and stones brought up on the roots of kelp, discovered in this way a

number of new species and increased our knowledge of the old ones.

His collection was very complete in his specialty, and arranged and

labeled with that neatness and care more common with European

than American collectors. Personally he was agreeable, generous

and considerate, and will be much regretted by his correspondents.

He left a widow, who was, at the time of his death, seriously ill in a

hospital, thereby adding to the pathos of the circumstances under

which he died. W. H. D.

NOTES.

CANNIBAL SNAIL — A carnivorous mollusk called Glandina was

imported into France from Mexico some months ago, and at a meet-

ing of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, Professor Eouvier asserted

that its cannibal propensities were conferring immense benefit on

market gardeners.

Snails commit serious depredations on French cabbages and

salads, but since the arrival of the Glandina, which lives on snails

and slugs, the latter have largely decreased, and agriculturalists are

able to send their produce to the Halles in perfect condition.

When the Mexican mollusk encounters a French snail, it thrusts

forward its head, and, penetrating to the innermost recesses of the

enemy's shell, devours its prey alive. The eggs of the Glandina

are as large as those of some birds.

The experiments conducted with a hundred giant snails from Mex-

ico have proved so satisfactory that arrangements are being made to

supply 2000 more to the market gardeners round Paris. — Daily Mail,

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVI. APRIL, 1913. No. 12

NOTES ON A FEW BRITISH COLUMBIA MAS IKE SHELLS.

BT A. W. HANHAM, DUNCAN, B. C.

The following notes do not refer necessarily to rare, or even

uncommon species and are in some cases only a comparison of

common species occurring at different localities, sometimes not very

widely separated.

Victoria is on tlie south end of Vancouver Island, inside the

Straits of Juan de Fuca ; Maple Bay and Departure Bay lie on tin-

East or inside coast of Vancouver Island, the former South *>!

Departure Bay and distant about 30 miles ; l>oth fire .--lioltered or

more or less land-locked; Salt Spring Island lies along oufsi/'e the

entrance to Maple Bay, and in the channel outside this entrance the

water is very deep.

TerebratfUa tram- versa Sowerby. This species is common on the

underside of rocks at Maple Bay, and may be found not f»r below

high water mark whore the shore shelves steeply and the rocks are

well piled up.

Fecten hastatus Sowerby and Pecten rubidus Hinds. These species

occur together, and in the channels ofFNanaimo and Departure Bay

I have seen them brought up in the dredge by the pailful. Both

are sometimes coated, even on both valves, with a native sponge,

bright yellow in color when living, named Myxitis parasitica, Lambe.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. Very fine specimens mny be taken

among the rocks at Maple Bay at low tides, but the big fellows are

hard to detach without breaking or chipping the lower valve. A

nicely grown specimen makes a good ash-tray.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

Axinnea septentrionalis Midd. Reported by the late Rev. G. W.

Taylor as being not uncommon on the Northern and Western Coasts

of Vancouver Island, but not observed by him at Victoria or

Departure Bay, so that I was all the more surprised this summer,

to pick up a specimen in good condition at Maple Bay lying on the

beach near high water mark. Through the kindness of Mr. Taylor

I possess a good set of the species from Northern waters.

Psammobia rubroradiata Nuttall. The late Rev. G. W. Taylor

in his List of the Marine Mollusoa of the Pacific Coast of Canada,

refers to this as being a rare species, stating that he had not seen

living specimens. At Maple, Bay this appears to be one of the

species occurring there in numbers, broken shells are in abundance,

and quite good ones are often washed up, many still retaining the

animal, and of quite a fair size. This shell seen lying in the water

is rather a beauty, but in the cabinet a very ordinary shell, as the

color seems largely to disappear.

Semele rubropicta Dall. Quite a rare species at Maple Bay, and

while it might he captured by dredging, half a dozen specimens or

odd valves represent the catch for almost as many seasons.

Volutella pyriformis Carpenter. This is a little beauty, and while

Taylor refers to it as a common species, I have only been fortunate

enough. — with the exception of a tiny juv. specimen at Maple Bay,

— to find it once, and that was at Foul Bay, near Victoria ; hen-

under a stone in a cavity under a large boulder, I secured a small

colony.

Purpura lima Martyn. (= canaliculate, Duclos). This is the

only Purpura that I have taken in any of our inside coast waters

since leaving Victoria; there, P. crispata, Chemnitz, and saxicola,

Val., occurred in perhaps equal numbers with Lima: this absence

seems rather strange. The P. lima of Maple Bay is very common, a

large shell, solidly built, heavy, and sometimes brightly colored and

banded.

Cerostoma foliatum Martyn. I took only two specimens of Cero-

stoma all the time I lived in Victoria, and those at extreme low

tide; at Maple Bay this is a fairly common species among the rocks

between tides, and juv. specimens are quite abundant.

Eulima micans Carpenter. This species is usually only to be ob-

tained in our Northern waters by dredging in from ten to forty

fathoms, but I have met with it rarely at Maple Bay at extreme

THE NAUTILUS.

low tide buried in a sponge on the underside of large flat rocks on

which this sponge sometimes grows in masses.

Bittum filosum Gould. The species is abundant at Maple Bay on

rocks at low tides among the sea weeds, and many of the living

shells are white in colour.

hapis obtusa Cpr. Since my notes on this species in the Febru-

ary Number of Vol. xxlv, a further search the following August in

the same locality, showed the shell to be quite plentiful on its same

host, Tapes staminea Conrad.

Natica clausa B. & S. and Lunatia pallida B. & S. A few small

specimens, living and dead, fell to my bag on one of my few dredg-

ings in Departure Baj.

Velutina laevigata Linn. At Maple Bay very occasional at ex-

treme low tides among the rocks, but not, I believe, a rare species

when dredging in from 10 to 30 fathoms.

Acmaea patina Esch. This and allied species are of course

plentiful both at Victoria and on all our rocky coasts, but none of

the shells found in our inside waters are of any size, miserable

specimens when compared with those taken at Victoria, from which

locality I have some beauties.

Acmaea mitra Esch. The same remarks apply to this species,

except that at Maple Bay it is in addition quite a rare shell, and

those taken have been very small and depauperate-looking, while in

Departure Bay I have not yet met with it.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. This is one of our common species at

Maple Bay between tides, and generous in size, like those I have

from near Victoria, and certainly much more abundant than there.

Leptothyra bacula Carpenter. A rare species, I believe, in north-

ern waters, and the only specimen that I have taken — except on

Southern California beaches — was a small one out of a root of kelp

washed up after a storm. This root was still attached to some very

large barnacles, and was rather a " gold mine " for small species, as

Alvanias, etc.

Margarita lirulata Carpenter. At Maple Bay by far our most

abundant " top;" swarms in certain seaweeds on the rocks at ex-

treme low tides, and stray specimens may even be taken on the

under side of stones between tides, associated with small Littorina.

As Taylor has pointed out, this is a very variable species in our

waters.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Margarita helicina Fah. Reported not uncommon between tides

around Victoria; not yet discovered at Maple Bay.

Solariella peramabilis Carpenter and Solariella cidaris Carpenter.

I have a few nice examples from dredgings in or near Departure

Bay, the latter though, only from channels outside the bay.

Note. While I have been able to do much more collecting at

Maple Bay liian at Departure Bay, dredging has as yet been

attempted only at (he latter locality.

" Errata." NAUTILI'S, Vol. xxiv, page 114, line 10, read " tiny"

instead o!' " fine."

BPB..ffiKIIDJ£, OLD AND HEW, IV.

BY V. STERKI.

Pisidium overi, n. sp. — Mussel rather small, oblique, with the ante-

rior part somewhat longer, medium to well inflated; superior margin

short, nearly .straight, posterior subtruncate to rounded, inferior well

curved ; supero-anterior slope beginning with an angle, close to beaks,

rather long, straight to slightly curved ; anterior end situated well

below the median line, rounded angular; beaks rather small, rounded;

surface dullish to somewhat glossy, with very fine subregular striae;

shell thin, translucent, nearly colorless to pale corneous; hinge me-

dium stout, plate narrow; cardinal teeth rather long, moderately

curved to nearly straight, the right not, or little thicker in its poste-

rior part, left anterior with its apex rounded to somewhat pointed in

old specimens; ligament and resilium rather short and slight.

Long. 3.5, alt. 3, diam. 2.4 mm. (100 : 91 : 68). ,

Long. 3.3, alt. 2.7, diam. 2.1 mm. (100 : 82 : 64).

Hab. : Clear Lake, Deuel Co., S. Dakota, collected by Mr. W. H.

Over, in several lots, in 1906 and 1908; types No. 5752 and corre-

sponding with those in Mr. Over's collection, in whose honor the

species was named (in 1906). Apparently the same Pisidium is from

Cannon Lake, Rice Co., Minnesota, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels

in 1905 (No. 5595); the two specimens in the collection are some-

what larger and more inflated, with the beaks higher.

P. overt somewhat resembles walkeri St. in shape and appearance,

THE NAUTILUS. 137

but is smaller, the anterior part of the mussel is much smaller, and

the cardinal teeth are markedly different, as seen in quite a number

of specimens.

Pisidium nevadense, n. sp. — Mussel inequipartite, oblique, higher

in front of the beaks than behind, medium inflated ; superior and

posterior margins little curved with a rounded — somewhat over right

— angle between them, inferior rather long, somewhat descending

toward the rounded anterior end, supero-anterior slope somewhat

curved ; beaks nearer the posterior end, medium large, rounded,

slightly prominent over the hinge margin ; scutum and scutellum

barely marked ; surface somewhat shining, with slight irregular

stria? and a few slight, impressed lines of growth ; color : straw,

shell subtranslucent, rather strong ; hinge curved, medium stout,

plate rather broad ; cardinal teeth rather large, the right with the

anterior part somewhat thickened, the posterior much thicker, with

a deep groove, nearly bifid, left anterior long, angular-curved, pos-

terior long curved, oblique, extending forward well beyond the apex

of the anterior ; laminse little projecting inward, cusps short, pointed,

especially those of the left valve ; ligament and resilium rather long,

moderately strong. Long. 6, alt. 4.8, diam. 3.3 mm. (100 : 80 : 55).

Hab.: Nevada Co., California ; types no. 56278 in the National

Museum, and my collection no. '2726 ; of the former, one specimen

is 6.4 mm. long. For my specimens J am indebted to the late

R. E. C. Stearns, being identical with those of the National

Museum, which were received from (and collected by ?) J. J. Rivers.

Evidently distinct from all described species, but the specimens were

shelved in the hope of getting additional material. This Pisidium

has the best-formed cardinal teeth of any seen.

P. (nevadense var., or sp.?) modicum, n. — Mussel of similar ap-

pearance, but smaller, less oblique, not higher in front of the beafcs

than behind, beaks somewhat broader, color more whitish ; long. 4.3,

alt. 3.5, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hab.: White Pine, Nevada. Specimens are in the collection of

Mr. B. Walker, from the Wetherby collection, and my collection

no. 5813, part of the original lot; more are probably in other col-

lections.

P. glabellum, n. sp — Mussel small, somewhat oblique, rather well

inflated ; superior margin nearly straight, bounded by angles in front

and behind, supero-anterior slope nearly straight, anterior end

138 THE NAUTILUS.

rounded, posterior and inferior margins forming one curve ; beaks

slightly posterior, rounded or somewhat flattened on top, moderately

prominent ; surface polished, with very fine, slight striae, color corne-

ous, occasionally witn a slight reddish tinge, to clear amber, shell

transparent to translucent ; hinge stout, plate rather broad ; right

cardinal curved, its posterior part thicker, left anterior with apex

pointed, posterior rather short, oblique, well curved ; ligament and

resilium short, strong.

Long. 2.2, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.4 mm. (100 : 87 : 64).

Hab. : New England to Pennsylvania and Minnesota. Types

No. 324 from Hess Lake, Newaygo Co., Mich., collected by Mr.

L. H. Streng, received in 1895, then regarded as distinct and named.

No. 78977 of the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, from Point

Pleasant, N. J. (F. H. Brown, Aug., 1890), conform with the types.

From various places there are specimens of nearly the same size and

appearance, but more or less different in shape: superior margin

more curved, beaks narrower and more elevated, the anterior end

more angular, e. g. from Graham's Creek, Nepean, Ont., collected

by Justice F. R. Latchford in 1911, No. 6812. They appear to

represent a variety.

P. glabellum has some resemblance to small forms of P. splen-

didulum St.; the latter is widely distributed, common and very vari-

able, but from all its forms, glabellum proved distinct. The hinge is

markedly strong and somewhat like that of P. variabile and com-

pressum ; the mussel is somewhat like a miniature P. variabile, and

it appears to range with that group.

P. lermondif n. sp. — Mussel rather small, subequipartite; outlines

nearly elliptical along the valve edges, well inflated around the beaks,

impressed along the margins, with cutting edges; beaks a little pos-

terior, rather small, somewhat prominent over the margin; surface

polished, with shallow, irregular striae; color deep corneous to some-

what olivaceous, shell transparent to translucent, thin; hinge slight,

plate quite narrow; cardinal teeth little curved, the right with its

posterior end slightly thicker, left posterior short, quite above the

anterior; lamina? rather short and slight, cusps in the left valve

pointed; ligament and resilium slight.

Long. 3.4, alt. 3, diam. 2.5 mm. (100 : 88 : 73).

Hab.: Duck Pond, Warren, Me., collected by Mr. N. W. Lermond

(in whose honor the species was named), Sept., 1909. Types No-

THE NAUTILUS. 139

6364, and in the collection of Mr. Lermond. Also at other places

in the vicinity of Warren, Me.

The shape of the mussel is quite peculiar, especially in front or

rear aspect, and if there were only one or a few specimens, they

might be regarded as abnormal. Some forms of P. medianum St.

are of somewhat similar shape, in lateral view, but they are of light

color, the shell is not transparent, the surface dullish, and the hinge

is quite different. Young and half-grown specimens may be mistaken

for P. splendidulum.

Sphszriitm acuminatum (Pme.), Cyclas acuminata Prime, Proc.

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. loo, 1851, was made a synonym of S.

striatinum (Lam.) in Mon. Corb., p. 37, by Prime, but it is dis-

tinct, as evidenced by the specimens (a few valves) in the Prime

collection.1

Cyclas albula Pme., 1. c., is probably the same, to judge from the

specimens — two poor, washed left valves in the Boston Society Nat-

ural History (No. 8086) — but not from the description. There are

no specimens of G. albula in the Prime collection (Mus. Comp. Zool.).

and for the above reasons it appears proper to use the name acumi-

nata, though albula has precedence, yet both are on the same page.

The species is common in the great-lake region, and rather

variable.

S. ohioense n. sp Mussel somewhat inequi partite and elongate,

moderately inflated, the valves rather flat toward the margins,

superior and inferior margins slightly curved, anterior margin

rounded or obliquely subtruncate above, posterior obliquely truncate

to subtruncate, end rounded ; beaks small, slightly elevated ; scutum

and scutellum rather long, narrow ; surface dull, with rather fine

striae — or sulci ; color straw to yellowish corneous to grayish in old

specimens ; shell rather thin, hinge slight, plate narrow ; cardinal

teeth small, short, posterior part of the right thick, nearly cubical,

laminae slight ; ligament and resilium rather long, slight.

Long. 11.5. alt. 8.2, diam. 5.3 (100 : 73 : 45).

Soft parts not examined.

Hab.; Ohio River and tributary. At Cincinnati on Nov. 1, 1895,

I collected a good number of specimens, young to adult, in com-

1 " Origin," probably from Lake Superior, also two valves in the Boston So-

ciety of Natural History (No. 8085).

140 THE NAUTILUS.

pany with S. striatinum and stammeum. Types, No. 1172. Ohio

River at Cannelton, Ind., collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, Sept. 23,

1904 ; Elk River at Shelton, Clay co., W. Va., collected by Dr. A.

E. Ortmann, July 10, 1911. A. Sphaerium almost exactly like

these, and apparently identical, was collected at Joliet, 111., by Mr.

Jas. H. Ferriss, in 1896, (No. 1354).

Musculium orbiculare n. sp — Mussel rather small, inequipartite,

nearly circular in outlines with the postero-inferior part slightly ex-

tended, moderately and evenly inflated ; beaks quite small, narrow,

little prominent, calyculate, somewhat inclined forward ; surface

somewhat shining, smooth, with slight, microscopic striae ; color

pale corneous to grayish with narrow straw colored zones along the

margins : shell thin, hinge slight, cardinals small, the right angu-

lar with the posterior part about as thick as long ; the whole tooth

is little projecting, inclosing a triangular excavation for the left

anterior ; lamina? rather long, slender ; ligament and resilium rather

long, slight ;

Long. 83, alt. 7.5, diam. 3.8 (100 : 90 : 48).

Hab.: 111., Ind.; Athens, 111., Nason collection in the Illinois

State Lab. Nat. History seen in 1911. Types No. 6796. Hammond,

Ind., collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, Aug. 3, 1904 (No. 4400).

This species is markedly different from all others seen and ap-

pears to be distinct. It has some resemblance to M. elevatum Hald.,

but is much smaller and slighter, less inflated, the beaks are much

smaller, and it differs from half grown elevatum of about the same

size more than it does from adults.

There are still large numbers of Sphariida on hand, of all three

genera, which cannot be referred to any of the described species.

Yet it is precarious to establish new species on them, considering the

great variation of many species. On the other hand, haphazard

lumping would do more harm then good, and is unscientific. More

good material from all over the continent is desirable, and will help

ascertaining their real relations. Also a large number of well

marked varieties and subspecies, partly very interesting in several

respects, systematically and geographically, are on file, and will be

published later.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

SOME CRITICISMS ON DR. F. HAAS' MONOGRAPH OF THE UNIONID-E.

BY ].. S. FKIERSON.

The well known Monograph of Unionidse of H. C. Kuster is now

being continued by Dr. F. Haas, and of) plates of fine figures have

been received. Dr. Hans is a prolific maker of new genera, he hav-

ing added already 14 new ones to the tremendous total, although

three plates only deal with the groups of eastern Asia. The new

genera are fully as heterogeneous as are many of those of his

predecessors.

Shells so close as Nodularia jourdyi Morelet and douglasia Greg,

are widely separated, and yet such diverse material as jourdyi and

asperula Lea are placed together. The Physunio crossei and Nodu-

laria rusticus, by Simpson's classification, are placed by Dr. Haas in

the same genus, etc., etc.

The specific determinations are equally open to criticism. A few

of the more striking are as follows : On plate 33, figs. 7, 8 and 9 are

given as P. micropterus Morelet, and Unio pulcher Tapperone-Canefri

is given as a synonym. While these species bear considerable resem-

blance in their external facies, yet they are so diverse as to warrant

their being placed in different genera, as was properly done by Mr.

C. T. Simpson. P. micropterus has very small but well-defined beak

cavities, while pulcher has none. L. pulcher has a row of several dorsal

muscle scars, while micropterus shows none (i. e., hidden beneath

the interdention). More especially, micropterus has a " third mus.

cle scar " over the anterior adductor, not shown by pulcher, and the

latter has the anterior adductor and protractor scars widely separate

(which is shown in Haas' figure), while in micropterus they are con-

fluent. Other differences might be noted, the whole forcing us to

place micropterus in Physunio, while the pulcher belongs to Lamel-

lidens, as Mr. C. T. Simpson properly placed them.

Figures 11 and 12, plate 31 are said to be figures of the Harmandia

somboriensis Rochebrune. If these figures are from authentic

specimens, then Harmandia must lose its place as a genus, for figures

11 and 12, are young ffyria, from South America. Even more

singular is the treatment of the genus Trapezoideus, on plates 32 and

33. It is impossible that the sundry figures given as Trapezoideus

142 THE NAUTILUS.

misellus Morelet can represent a single species. If Fig. 4, plate 33,

is not an abnormal or diseased shell it must be a Solenaia, probably

the Solenaia (Mycetopus) ragatus Sowerby.

The figures 3, and 4, plate 32, are equally impossible. They are

supposed to be Trapezoideus foliaceus, Gould, but are really an un-

described shell, not far removed from the N. dimotus Lea (figured in

the work, on plate 19). I have had for several years, a set of

these, purchased, with a label " Trapezoideus foliaceus, Gould, Ex.

Berlin Museum, Birma," and possibly a part of the same lot figured

by Dr. Haas. Not being able to match them with Gould's species,

I submitted them to Dr. Dall, who placed them near to dimotus, I,

therefore propose for the species as figured by Haas, (fig. 3, and 4,

plate 32) the following name.

PARRETSIA DALLIANA n. sp.

Shell small, rather thick, somewhat ovate. Length (of a medium

specimen) 4.5 ; htigbt (near end of ligament) 2.7 ; Diameter 2,

mm. Rounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly straight, post

basal point rounded. Epidermis olivaceus, greenish in young shells,

brownish in old specimens, and frequently bleached. Beaks very

small, pointed, low, and incurved, with fine zigzag radial sculpture,

which extends a little down the shell, and especially down the post

slope ; in dirty, or eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The

shell is a little inflated, the post ridge rounded. Inside the nacre is

soft cream or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior

blade-like, and the posterior much smaller, and tubercular. The

laterals are double (or even inclined to be trifid); in the right valve

the cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single.

The anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the poster-

ior.

Habitat is stated to be " Birma."

The shell is stouter, shorter and more inflated than /*. foliaceus,

and the posterior portion is not as green. The species lacks the

sculpturing of P, dimotus, and the direction of the cardinal teeth is

different. The shell is a Parreysia according to Simpson's ideas of

classification.

THE NAUTILUS.

143

SHELLS COLLECTED AT MANZANILLO, WEST MEXICO, OCT , 1910,

BY C. E. ORCUTT, IDENTIFIED BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Gadinia peruviana Sby.

Siphonaria lecanium Cpr.

Bulla punctulata Ads.

Terebra variegata Gray.

Conus princeps Brod.

Conus arcuatus Sby.

('onus nux Brod.

Couus gladiator Brod.

Mitra funiculata Kve.

Vasum cestum Brod.

I/yria barnesii Gray.

Latirus ceratus Wood.

Purpura triserialis Blv.

Caniharus sanguiuolentus Duel.

Nassa corpulenta C. B. Ads.

Colurnbella major Sby.

Columbella f'estiva Sby.

Anachis coronata Sby.

Anachis sulcosa Sby.

Nitidella cribaria Lam.

Muricidea dubia Sby.

Craspedotriton ?ealariformis Brod

IVIorum tuberculosum Sby.

Cypraea arabicula Lam.

Trivia pacifica Gray.

Strombus gracilior.

Cerithium maculosum Kien.

Cerithium uncinatum Gmelin.

Cerithium gemuiatum Hinds.

Planaxis nigritella Forbes.

Planaxis nigritella var.

Littorina conspersa Phil.

The above list has a value for geographical distribution,

justifies its publication — W. IT. DALL.

Hipponix grayanus Mke.

Crepidula onyx Sby.

Calyptraea inamrnillaris Broil.

Trochita spirata Forbes.

Crucibulum imbricatum Brod.

Natica chemnitzianum Pt'r.

Poll n ices uber Val.

Scurria mesoleuca Mke.

Turbo squamigerus Rve.

Uvanilla unguis Mawe.

Tegula globula Cf>r.

Nerita bernhardi R»H'!.

Fissurella alba Cpr.

Fissurella microtrf rna Sby.

Fissurella rugosa Sby.

Chiton albolineatus Sby.

Area grandis B. & S.

Pcma cheinnitziana Or!.-.

Lima pacifica Orb.

Pliacoidcs lampsus Dall.

Cardium censors Sby.

Cardium magnificum Dosli.

Venericardia crassicoslata Sby.

Venericardia euvieri Brod.

Anomalocardiu subimbricata Sl>y

Chione undatella Sby.

Paradione squalida Sby.

Tellina cumingi Hanley.

Tellinides viridotincta C|>r.

Semele proxima C. B. Ad.-.

Tagelus politus Cpr.

Thracia plicata

144 TUE NAUTILUS.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLTJB.

The November meeting was devoted to reports by members on the

work done during the summer, collecting or otherwise. At the De-

cember meeting Mr. C. J Maynard gave an account of the distribu-

tion and variation of the species of Cerion in the vicinity of Nassau,

New Providence, Bahama Islands, showing a large series of speci-

mens and illustrating with the aid of a map how the various species

and varieties were distributed from what he considered the original

starting point. At the January meeting the Secretary gave an ac-

count of the various forms of the foot in mollusca, and its adaptation

io the habits of the species. Mr. Olof O. Nylander, of Caribou,

Maine, spoke at the meeting, February 10, on the distribution and

variation of Lymnaa emarginata Say and the var. miglielsi TV. G.

Binney, in Arooslook Co., Me. A large map. on which was marked

the various colonies, clearly showed its limited distribution through-

out the Fish River lakes, and a beautiful series used in illustrating

his paper published in 1901, with many additional specimens, showed

all the gradations between L. emarginata and migkelsi. The speaker

referred to the great abundance of tiie species in some years and their

scarcity in others, and the probable causes; also of the changes which

are now taking place in the region detrimental to their existence.

HENRY W. WINKLEY, Secretary.

NOTES.

A NEW FORM OF OKT-.OHEMX — Oreohdix haydeni betheli, n.

subsp. Typically flat and broad, with a lower spire and wider um-

bilicus than true (Utah) 0. haydeni; last embryonic whorl concave

or even grooved next the suture. The spiral cords are strong

throughout, often more numerous than in typical haydeni, 10 to 16;

fine interstitial spirals visible. Alt. 10, diam. 21 mm. Abundant

under rocks on north side of Grand River at Glenwood Springs, Col-

orado, collected by E. Bethel, J. Henderson, T. D. A. Cockerell and

others. The true betheli occurs on the north side of the river, but

on the opposite side is A related form (alta Pilsbry, n. v.) with the

?pire conoidal and the umbilicus narrower, and also other forms to

be described later. — H. A. PILSBUY and T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Mr. C. J. Maynard is now in the Bahamas making further studies

on the distribution of the various species of Cerion.

MHI, WHOI LIBRARY

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