tumnnj

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Ill'

THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXX

MAY, 1916, to APRIL, 1917

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXX

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acella haldemani Binney ...... 135

Adula caleforniensis Phil ....... 2

Adula diegensis Dall ....... 2

Adula falcata Gould ....... 3

Adula, Notes on the Californian species of ... 1

Aesopus myrmecoon Dall. . . . . . .27

Ambloxis Raf. 1818 replaces Campeloma 1819 . . Ill, 114

Amnicola deserta (pi. 5, figs. 8, 9), vol. xxix, . .111

Amnicola neomexicana Pils. (pi. 5, figs. 4), vol. xxix, . Ill

Amphissa bicolor Dall ....... 27

Amphissa columbiana Dall, n. n. for corrugatum Rve . 27

Amphissa versicolor var. cymata Dall . 27

Amphissa versicolor var. reticulata Dall . . . .27

Anculosa — Leptoxis . . . . . . . .114

Angitrema (Tryon) — Pleurocera Raf. . . . .114

Ariolimax californicus, the conjugation of ... 22

Astarte quadrans as food for flounders .... 132

Ataphrus pembertoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . .70

Avicula gregorii Hall and Ambrose, n. sp. ... 69

Bifidaria Clementina oldroydae Vanatta, n. var . . .48

Bifidaria minuta, note on'. . . . . . .84

Brazil, a new land shell from ...... 53

Busycon, the feeding habits of . . . . . .66

Campeloma 1819— Ambloxis Raf., 1818 . . 112,114

Campeloma floridense Call. . . . . . .42

Campeloma, new subspecies of . . . . . .41

Campeloma limum Anth. .....

Campeloma rufum geniculiforme Pils., n. subsp. . . 42

iii

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Campeloma rufum nieridionale Pils., n. subsp. . . 42

Ceriphasia Swain,, replaces Pleurocera Try on . . .114

Cerithium branneri Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 70

Chitons, fossil Calif ornian . . ... 71

Chromodoris zebra Heilp. ..... 103, 140

Columbella arnoldi Dall, n. n. for C. minima Arnold . 26

Columbella hypodra Dall, n. n. for C. variegata Stearns . 27

Columbella lucasana Dall., n. n. for C. festiva Kiener . 25

Columbella milium Dall, n. n. for C. parva Sowb. . . 26

Columbellidae, notes on the West American . . .25

Common names ..... . 120

Contradens cambojensis (Sow. ), the anatomy of . . 106

Cypraea, monstrosities in. ...... 34

Euconospira missouriensis, a color-marked . . .114

Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., in New Jersey . 72

Eulimastoma, a new subgenus of Pyramidellids . . 73

Eurynia arkansasensis Lea . . . . . .54

Eurynia lienosa Conr. ....... 55

Eurynia subrostrata Say ....... 55

Fresh-water mollusca of Oneida Lake, N. Y. . . .5

Fresh-water shells from Central and Western N. Y. . . 29

Gonidea angulata, the anatomical structure of . . .50

Goniobasis in Western Pennsylvania. .... 4

Goniobasis pennsylvanica Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . 4

Gwatkin, Henry Melvill (obituary) . . . . .119

Helices, antiquity of the ....... 83

Hemphillia malonei Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 9) . .117

Holospira bryantwalkeri Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. IV, fig. 6) . 124

Horatia (Hauffenia) micra P. & F. . . . . .84

Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea), the anatomy of . .85

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm 12

Lampsilis luteola group, notes on . . . .74

Lampsilis radiata oneidensis F. C. Baker, n. var. (PI. II). 74

Lampsilis ventricosa satur Lea ...... 56

Lemiox rimosus Raf., the anatomy of . . .39

Leptoxis Raf., replaces Anculosa . . . . .114

Limax Arborum in a Colorado greenhouse. . . . 120

Loboa brunoi von Ihering n. gen. and sp. (PI. IV, fig. 7). 121

Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . . .81

Mactra beali Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . . . . .80

Marty n's Universal Conchologist .... 130

Melanella iotoides Bartsh, n. n. for M. iota . . .72

Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose, n. sp . . .79

Missouri mussels, breeding records of . . . .13

Missouri River as a faunal barrier . . . . .92

Mollusca from San Bernardino Co. , Cal., additional records. 37

THE NAUTILUS. V

Mollueca of Cincinnati ....... 67

Mollusks collected at Castle Island, Boston, a list of . . 129

Neosimnia catalinensis Berry, n. sp. (PI. 5, fig. 3) . .21

New Jersey shells ........ 72

New Mexico, a new pleistocene mollusk locality in . . 134

New species from the cretaceous and tertiary of California 68, 77

Notes . -12, 24, 48, 56^ 71, 83, 96,120, 132

Nudibranchs, method of preserving ..... 142

Nudibranchs, the nature of conical bodies in the mantle . 103

Opeas mauritianum Pfr. in Philadelphia, Pa. . . .12

Operculum evolution, notes on. . . . . .97

Oregon, snails from near Mt. Hood . . . . .117

Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp. . . . . 102

Ostrea titan Conr. var. perrini Hall & Ambrose n. var. . 80

Ovula from California, a new . . . . . .21

Oxychona bifasciata Burrow (PI. iv, figs. 4, 8). . . 127

Oxychona bosciana blanchetiana Moricand (PI. iv, figs. 2, 3) 127

Oxychona, notes on the bifasciata group of . . .125

Oxychona pyramidella currani Bartsch, n. subsp. . 53, 128

Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose n. sp. . . .79

Parametaria Dall, n. n. for Meta Rve. . . . .25

Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. ... 68

Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . . 82

Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 77

Pleistocene mollusca from Callaway Co. , Mo. . . .64

Philomycus (Pallifera) arizonensis Pils., n. sp. . .119

Planorbis dilatatua and P. sampsoni . . . .95

Pleurocera of Try on becomes Ceriphasia Swains . .114

Pleurocera Raf. , replaces Angitrema of Tryon's Monog. . 114

Pleurocera subulare Lea . . . . . . .122

Pleurodonte (Zachrysia) torrei Henderson, n. sp. (PI. I). 49

Polygyra albolabris Say 140

Polygyra albolabris major and fuscolabris. . . .24

Polygyra brevipila cherokeensis Clapp, n. subsp. . . 3

Polygyra labrosa fimbriata Clapp ..... 139

Polygyra zaleta . . . . . . . .140

Popular names of shells ....... 87

Publications received . . . . 9, 48, 59, 96

Rafinesque's genera of fresh-water snails .... 109

San Diego drift shells 83

Scalenostoma babylonia Bartsch . . . . .74

Scalenostoma rangii de Folin ...... 73

Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . 78

Shell hunt in the Black Range 99

Shells of Mt. Monadnock, N. H 57, 84

Sierra Nevadas, shell collecting in 92

VI THE NAUTILUS.

Smith, Edgar A. (obituary) ...... 84

Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . . .69

Strobilops floridana in New Jersey . . . . .72

Strornbiformis lapazana Bartsch . . . . .134

Strombina colpoica Dall, n. n. for C. subulata Sowb. . 28

Strombina fusinoidea Dall, n. n. for C. fnsiformis Hinds . 28

Strombina liacina Dall, n. sp. .

Strombina paceana Dall, n. sp. . . . . .28

Subemarginula golischae Dall, n. sp. . 61

Subularia Monts. , on the status of . . . . 133

Subularia metcalfei A. Ad. ... .133

Teredo diegensis Bartsch, n. sp. . 48

Teredo from the West Coast of America, a new. . . 47

Unionidae ...... .13

Unio giganteus Barnes, observations on . .61

Unio, the Rafmesque — Poulson collection of . .43

Valvata micra, note on .....

Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecuhensis Clapp .... 138

Viviparus and Campeloma, new subspecies of . . .41

Viviparus contectoides Binn. in Boston, Mass . . .72

Viviparus contectoides compacta Pilsbry, n. subsp. .

Viviparus contectoides impolitus Pilsbry, n. subsp. . .41

Viviparus malleatus in Boston, Mass.

Zachrysia, a new Cuban .... .49

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

77

Ambrose, A. W . 68,

Baker, Frank C 5,74,135

Bartsch, Paul 47, 53, 72, 73, 92, 133

Berry, S. S 21, 37, 83

Blake, J. Henry 132

Byne, St. G

Chace, E. P 71

Clapp, Geo. H. ... 3, 138

Cockerell, T. D. A . 11, 9, 120

Crozier, W. J 103, 140

Ball, Wm. H. . 1, 25, 57, 61, 84

Ferriss, Jas. H

Frierson, L. S. ........ 61

Goodrich, Calvin . ...... 122

Greger, Darling K. . . . . . . 64, 114

Hadley, E. E. ... .... 83

Hall, E. B. . . ... 68, 77

Heath, Harold . . 22

Hedley, Charles . 97

Henderson, John B .

Henderson, Junius ... . 49, 134

Johnson, C. W 48, 57, 72, 87, 130

Lowe, H. N. .

Maury, Carlotta Joaquina .....

Ortmann, Arnold 39, 50, 54, 85, 106

Pilsbry, H. A. . 4, 9, 41, 58, 84, 95, 109, 117, 119, 124

Smith, H. H 24

Sterki, V 84

Utterback, W. I ... 13

Vanatta, E. G. . . 12, 48, 72

Von Ihering, H. ........ 121

Walker, Bryant ... .... 43

Warren, Shields 66, 129

Winkley, H. W 120

IHE NAUTILUS.

Vor. XXX. MAY, 1916. No. 1

NOTES ON THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF ADULA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The genus Botula was proposed by Morch. in 1853, in the

second part of the Yoldi catalogue, page 55, for Modiola vagina

Lamarck and M. fusca Gmelin, the latter better known as M.

cinamomea Lamarck.

The former seems not to differ materially from the typical

Modioli except in its less arcuate form, and the latter by its

small size, incurved umbones and boring habit must be relied

on to carry the genus if it is valid. The group now under con-

sideration differs but little from Botula so typified, the species

grading from one to another so as to nearly bridge the gap be-

tween Botula and Lithophaga. It can hardly rank higher than

a subgenus at most.

The subgenus Adula was proposed by the brothers Adams in

December, 1857, in their " Genera of Recent Mollusca," for the

single species Mytilus soleniformis of Orbigny, 1846, from Payta,

Peru.

The generic name was used again in 1861, by Henry Adams

for a Planorbis, probably by inadvertence.

The typical species of Adula differs from those of the California

coast by having more nearly central umbones, if Orbigny 's fig-

ure can be relied upon.

The earliest of the Californian species to be noticed was :

2 THE NAUTILUS.

ADULA CALIFORNIENSIS Philippi.

Modiola californiensis (Esch. ms. ) Philippi, Zeitschr. Mai. for

1847, p. 113. California, Eschscholtz.

Adula stylina Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 644,

1864 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., vol. 14, p. 425, Dec.

1864 ; Smithsonian reprint, p. 237, 1872. Neeah Bay, Wash.

Modiola (Lithophagus) schmidtii Schrenck, Amurl. Moll., p.

500, pi. 21, figs. 4-7, Oct. 1867. West coast of Sakhalin Island,

Sea of Tartary.

Adula californiensis Dunker, Conch. Cab., neue Ausg., viii, pt.

3, Lithophaga, p. 22, pi. 5, fig. 19, 1882 ; Index Moll. Mar.

Japan, 1882, p. 227.

Distribution. Neeah Bay, Wash, to San Diego, Cal., North-

ern Japan and the Sea of Tartary.

This species is shorter than A. falcata, and destitute of the

of fine transverse surface sculpture which in the latter recalls

that of some species of Lithophaga. It is slender, with the

radial ridges rather emphasized and the shell substance has

usually more or less dark bluish coloration.

The posterior dorsal area (where it has not been cleaned off

by a collector or dealer) has a more or less velvety pile, such

as is often found on Modiolas, underneath which the peri-

ostracum has a brilliant polish. The umbones in the adult are

invariably eroded. The Japanese specimens, received from

Hirase, are quite identical with those from California.

ADULA DIEGENSIS Dall.

Modiolus diegensis Dall, NAUTILUS, xxiv, No. 10, Feb. 1911,

p. 110. San Diego, Cal. (young shells).

Distribution. San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and Cape

St. Lucas.

The young specimens of this species are apparently free-living

and have less of the arcuation found in the last species, which

is a borer.

The adult shell has the posterior portion much more capa-

cious than in A. californiensis, nearly twice as wide and high as in

specimens of the latter of the same length. The color seems

variable. The young shells described by me were dark bluish,

THE NAUTILUS.

the adults later received from Mrs. E. P. Chace were brownish.

The relations of this group to Myrina remain to be cleared up.

ADULA FALCATA Gould.

Lithodomus falcatus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist, iv, p.

92, Nov. 1851; Monterey, Cal.; Gulf of Cal. Shells, Apr. 1852,

p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 9.

Lithodomus gruneri Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lithodomus, 1857, pi.

iii, fig. 12. "New Zealand" in error.

Lithodomus (Lithophaga) falcatus Gould, Otia. Conch., p. 213,

1862.

Adulafalcata Dunker, Conch. Cab. neue Aueg., viii, pt. 3,

Lithophaga, p. 22, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1882.

Distribution. Straits of Fuca to San Diego, Cal., and south-

ward, boring in indurated clay and soft sandstone.

This is the largest of the genus and distinguished from either

of the other Californian species by its much greater length and

the sculpture of the periostracum.

POLYGYRA BREVIPILA CHEROKEENSIS, NEW SUBSPECIES.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Differs from typical brevipila (NAUTILUS, xx, p. 110) by its

uniformly smaller size and darker color. In both these respects

it resembles cohuttensis, for which it might be taken at first

sight ; but the form and details of apertural structures are

almost exact reproductions, in miniature, of brevipila. At pres-

ent, it seems better to regard the new form as a sub-species of

brevipila, though a well marked one. The fact that it has been

found in two localities, twenty miles apart, shows that it is not

merely a dwarfed local variety. It should be remembered that

nearly all the species of Stenotremes are markedly constant in

size, even when they have a wide geographic range.

Diam. 7 mm. alt. 5 mm. whorls 5.

Type locality : near Pleasant Gap, Cherokee Co, Ala., "in a

shady but dry ravine on the mountain side, about 1200 ft.

generally under stones." Collected by Herbert H. Smith, Aug.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

1915. A single specimen was found near Cave Spring, Floyd

Co. Ga. about 20 miles N. E. of the Alabama locality. Types

no. 7871 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Academy

of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Alabama Museum of Natural Hist.,

and cabinet of Dr. Bryant Walker.

Polygyra brevipila, cherokeensis and cohuttetwis form an interest-

ing and very natural group, differing from stenotrema, hirsuta and

their allies by the continuous free lip and the shape of the lip

notch. Other common characters are the fine, closely-set hairs

and very convex, rounded body whorl. The fulcrum is long.

The known localities are all in the southern extension of the

Allegheny mountain range, from N. W. Georgia to central

Alabama. All the species occur in wooded but rather dry

ravines on mountain sides, and they commonly conceal them-

selves by clinging to the lower sides of stones. Polygyra brevi-

pila was collected in such a ravine, about 2000 ft. above sea

level ; cohuttensis at about 1500 ft. ; and cherokeensis at 1200 ft.

GONIOBASIS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

GONIOBASIS PENNSYLVANIA n. sp.

The shell is oblong-conic, rather solid, smooth ; periostracum

strong and persistent, of a buffy citrine color. The spire is

conic, with straight or slightly convex outlines, and is more or

less eroded, the erosion beginning at an early age. The young

up to a length of about 6 or 7 mm. are acutely carinate periph-

erally, the carina appearing as a welt or seam immediately above

the suture on the spire ; after which the periphery becomes

merely convex or somewhat flattened. The last whorl is large,

tapering downward. Aperture more than half the total length,

ovate ; outer lip very slightly sinuous, almost straight in pro-

file view. Parietal callus rather thin.

Length 16.5, diam. 10, length aperture 10 mm.

Length 16, diam. 8.3, length aperture 9 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Operculum with the nucleus at about the lower sixth of the

total length.

Distribution. — Ohio river system in western Pennsylvania.

Ohio River at Coraopolis (type locality ; S. N. Rhoads, Sept.

1898); Neville Island, Allegheny Co.; Beaver River below

Wampuin (Rhoads); Allegheny River (E. A. Randall, 1868);

Pittsburgh (H. S. Stupakoff, 1895). Type and cotypes No.

73954 A. N. S. P.

While related to G. depygis (Say) and G. livescens (Mke. ),

this species is readily known by its short spire, bright olivaceous

yellow color and the strong, persistent cuticle. It was found

in abundance by Mr. Rhoads, and was listed by him as Gonio-

basis depygis (NAUTILUS XII, April, 1899, p. 137). Though I

have not seen the specimens, it is apparently what Dr. Ortmann

catalogued as Goniobasis translucens Anth. (Proc. Amer. Philos.

Soc., Vol. 52, 1913, p. 328). If so, it occurs as far upstream

as Warren Co., Pa.

Some individuals have two rather wide carob-brown bands,

occupying the middle of the spaces above and below the per-

iphery. Sometimes there are narrow bands very near the

suture and columella, the latter visible inside.

THE FRESH- WATER MOLLUSC A OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Oneida Lake lies near the center of New York State in lati-

tude 43° north and longitude 75° west. Oswego and Oneida

counties border the lake on the north and Onondaga and Madi-

son counties on the south. It is 27 miles southeast of Lake

Ontario. The lake is oriented almost directly east and west,

which is the longer axis, and is 21 miles in length by 5.50

miles in greatest width. The level of the lake is 369 feet above

the sea or 124 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth

recorded is 55 feet, which occurs about one and a half miles

southeast of Cleveland. The shores are relatively very low, as

the lake is in the bed of an ancient glacial lake, lacking the

6 THE NAUTILUS.

bold character of the land in the vicinity of the Finger Lake

region farther south, where lakes Cayuga, Seneca, etc., lie in

preglacial rock-cut valleys. The general depression of the

country immediately surrounding the lake produces low,

swampy shores on many parts of the lake, especially at the

east and west ends. Large swamp areas occur in Big Bay,

Maple Bay, west of Constantia, and at the east end where Fish

Creek enters the lake.

Oneida Lake is the largest inland body of water in the State,

having an approximate area of 80 square miles and a shore line

of approximately 65 miles. The areas bordering the shores

are always shallow and usually deepen rather abruptly, forming

in many places submerged terraces of greater or less width.

These terraces are either sandy or bouldery in character, usually

the latter, the rough water washing out the fine particles and

removing them to the quieter bays and protected areas near the

points. For this reason the points are always stony and

bouldery and the bays sandy. A notable fact is the almost

total absence of mud on the shores of the west end of the lake,

mud areas being confined to a few small spots, principally at

the mouth of small creeks. The shallow zones bordering the

shores, 6 feet or less in depth, are from 200 to 1600 feet in

width, and the approximate area of shallow water within the 6-

foot contour is estimated to be upwards of 6f square miles or

8 per cent, of the entire area. This is significant when it is

remembered that this shallow zone is nearly all covered with

vegetation and is the area which supports all of the animal life

and affords breeding grounds for the majority of the fishes in

the lake. If we include the bottom area enclosed by the 12-foot

contour, below which little or no vegetation lives, we find the

total approximate area to be 8366 square acres (13 square

miles), which afford feeding grounds for fish and other aquatic

animals. The west end of the lake, which is the only part at

present investigated, is very shallow, scarcely exceeding 20 feet

in depth beyond Frenchman Island.

The noteworthy species are Physa ancillaria warreniana, Plan-

orbis binneyi, and Lymnsea stagnalis lillianae, which appear to be

new records for the State. These species are common in Toma-

THE NAUTILUS. 7

hawk Lake, Wisconsin, where they occupy habitats similar to

those in Oneida Lake. This is an interesting case of distribu-

tion. Acella haldemani, Bythinia tentaculata and Vivipara con-

tectoides add new localities to the State. The 10 species of

Pisidia, 4 of which are still undetermined, is noteworthy.

Margaritana had previously been reported from Oneida Lake

and the record is now substantiated. A number of common

species are reported for the first time from this general region.

No list of Oneida Lake mollusks is known to the writer.

Beauchamp, however, published an excellent list of the Mol-

lusca of Onondaga County, some years ago, and this is the only

paper on the mollusks of this region known to the writer.

Further studies will doubtless raise the list to upwards of 100

species and races. Additions are to be expected in Pisidium,

Sphserium, Musculiuin, Amnicolidse, Valvata, Physa, and Galba.

The studies from which this list has been compiled have

been carried on by the writer for the New York State College of

Forestry at Syracuse University under the direction of Professor

C. C. Adams, Forest Zoologist, for the purpose of ascertaining

the relation of the molluscan fauna to the feeding habits and

breeding grounds of the fish fauna of the lake, especially the

food and game fish. Full information concerning the ecological

associations and economic value of the mollusks recorded may

be found in Technical Bulletin No. 4, now in press, published

by the College of Forestry. The author is indebted to Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Dr. V. Sterki, and Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in

determining critical molluscan material.

CLASS PELECYPODA

Family Unionidte.

Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ) Anodonta cataracta Say.

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin) Anodonta marginata Say.

Lampsilis borealis (Gray) Anodonta implicata Say.

Lampsilis iris (Lea) Anodonta grandis Say.

Nephronajas li gam en tin a Anodonta grandis footiana

(Lam. ) Lea.

Strophitus edentulus (Say) Alasmidonta undulata (Say)

Strophitus undulatus (Say) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn)

S THE NAUTILUS.

Family Margaritanidce

Margaritana margaritifera (Linn6)

Family Sphaeriida.

Spharium striatinum (La- Pisidium variabile Prime.

marck) Pisidium compressum Prime.

Sphcerium vermontanum Pisidium compressum Icevigatum

Prime. Sterki.

Musculium securis (Prime) Pisidium henslowanum

Musculium rosaceum (Prime) (Sheppard)

Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Pisidium, 4 undet. spp.

Pisidium xquilaterale Prime.

CLASS GASTROPODA.

Family Viviparidse.

Vivipara contectoides W. G. Campeloma decisum (Say)

Binney. Campeloma integrum (DeKay)

Family Amnicolidae.

Amnicola limosa (Say) Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say)

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry Gillia altilis (Say)

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, Bythinia tentaculata (Linn6)

variety

Family Valvatidee.

Valvata tricarinata (Say) Valvata bicarinata normalis

Walker

Family Pleuroceridx.

Goniobasis livescens (Menke)

Family Physidee.

Physa ancillaria warreniana Physa Integra Haldeman.

(Lea) Physa gyrina Say

Family Ancylidse.

Ancylus tardus Say Ancylus parallelus Haldeman.

Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Family Planorbidae.

Planorbis trivolvis Say Planorbis campanulatusS&y.

Planorbis trivolvis Say, var- Planorbis parvus Say.

iety Planorbis hirsutus Gould.

Planorbis binneyi Try on. Planorbis exacuous Say.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Family Lymnaeidee.

Lynmaa stagnalis lillianx Acella haldemani (Deshayes)

Baker. Galba palustris (Mueller)

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Galba catascopium (Say)

Pseudosuccinea chalybea Galba emarginata (Say )

(Gould)

Family Succineida.

Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say.

New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

PUBLICATIONS DECEIVED.

THE CRUISE OF THE TOMAS BARRERA : THE NARRATIVE OF A

SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO WESTERN CUBA AND THE COLORADOS

REEFS, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY, FAUNA AND FLORA

OF THE REGION. By John B. Henderson.1 — This is the narra-

tive of a six weeks cruise during May and June, 1914, planned

by the author with the advice of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of Havana.

Other naturalists invited to join the party were Mr. George H.

Clapp, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Mr. C. T. Simpson, Sr. Manuel Lesmes

and Victor J. Rodriguez. Preparators and assistants, an am-

phibious Patron (Captain) and a crew of seven completed the

party. The Tomas Barrera was 65-foot fishing schooner, and

the route was to Cape San Antonio and return to Havana. In-

land trips were made to Pan de Azucar, the Sierra de Vinales,

Pan de Guajaibon and other places.

'Pp. 320; G. P. Putnam's Sons.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Several of the classics of natural history were inspired by

tropical America, but so far as we remember, no nature book

of interest to the general reader has taken Cuba, our nearest

tropical neighbor, for its subject.

Although the author has special knowledge of mollusks, it

is quite evident that he is first of all a lover of nature. Now

it is the little Cuban tody which appeals to him, and again, a

big luminous beetle or a marvelous palm. His description of

the reef pools with their strange and beautiful families, of the

wierd land crabs and their ways, and of collecting marine animals

with a submarine electric light, stick in one's memory. What

naturalist can read about the " Cove of delight" in the Vinales

Sierra without longing to visit that wonderful region. The

human interest which even the most vivid nature-book needs,

is supplied by the adventures and misadventures of the party

from day by day, and the contact with Cubans, for whom the

author evidently has a sympathetic liking.

Thirty-seven full-page illustrations, charming Cuban views,

and characteristic animals and plants, add much to the interest

of the volume. The bird plates, by Fuertes, and those of

coral-pool fishes, are in color.

Those who have been in the tropics will renew their thrills in

Mr. Henderson's pages, while naturalists who have not had

that experience as yet, may realize the conditions a naturalist

finds among the sierras, "mogotes" and on the coral reefs of

Cuba.— H. A. P.

REVIEW OF SOME BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE GKOUP ANATINACEA

FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. By William Healey Dall

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 49, Nov. 1915). Pending the

appearance of a comprehensive work on the West American

marine shells, the series of descriptive and revisionary papers

by Doctor Dall is indispensable to working conchologists. The

present one deals with a group which has been little studied

on the West Coast. Six new species of Thracia, six of Cyatho-

donta, three Kennerlyia, one each of Coelodon, Foveadens and

Lyonsia are described, several being from such well-known

localities as Santa Barbara and San Diego Bay. Others are

THE NAUTILUS. 11

from points between Alaska and the Strait of Magellan, and

one, Oyathodonta cruziana, from Santa Cruz, West Indies.

PRODROME OF A REVISION OF THE CHRYSODOMOID WHELKS OF

THE BOREAL AND ARCTIC REGIONS. By W. H. Dall. (Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington, pp. 7, 8, Jan, 25. 1916). An extended

and intricate subject is presented here in tabloid form. A few

changes affecting well-known American species may be noted.

Chrysodomus dims becomes Searlesia dira (Rve. ).

Ckrysodomus or Sipho idandicus and related species belong to

the genus Coins.

Chrysodomus kelseyi becomes Exilia kelseyi (Dall).

REDISCOVERY OF POURTALES' HALIOTIS. By John B. Hender-

son. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915). In 1869 Count

Pourtales dredged a Haliotis in the Straits of Florida, which

was subsequently destroyed in the Chicago fire. It was de-

scribed from memory by Dr. Dall in 1881, as Haliotis pourtalesii.

In 1911 Mr. Henderson, dredging on the "Pourtales Plateau'1

off Key West, in 90 fathoms, had the good fortune to secure

another specimen, which is described and figured in this paper.

It was first announced in THE NAUTILUS, vol. 25, p. 81. As

Haliotis on the Eastern American coasts had become almost

mythical, this was one of the most interesting finds of recent

years in those waters. A species from the Galapagos, which Dr.

Dall had subsequently identified as H. pourtalesii, is renamed

Haliotis dalli Henderson. Both are figured.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF ANODONTITES FROM BRAZIL. By Wm.

B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 1915). A

salmonea, A. darochai are A. aurora are new species from Ceara,

Brazil.

A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, TEXAS

AND OKLAHOMA BY DR. E. C. CASE. By Bryant Walker.

(Occ. Papers Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 15. Dec.,

1915). These lists record shells taken from stream debris in

many localities, often remote from places which have been

12 THE NAUTILUS.

visited by conchologists. It is a valuable addition to our knowl-

edge of these arid-region faunas.

NEW FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE OZARK MOUNTAINS. By

Anson A. Hinkley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, Dec. 1915).

The following new species are described: Anculosa arkansensis,

Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis and Somatogyrus crassilabris 1 all from the

North Fork of White River, near Norfolk, Arkansas.

THREE NEW HELICES FROM CALIFORNIA. By S. S. Berry.

(Univ. of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 16, No. 9.

January 5, 1916). Epiphragmophora petricola, E. tudiculatarufi-

terrae, and Polygyra pinicola are described as new from the San

Bernandino Mts., near Redlands and back of Pacific Grove,

Monterey Co., respectively. H. A. P.

NOTES.

OPEAS MAURITIANUM (Pfr. ) — Subulina octona (Brug.) was

reported from green-houses at Philadelphia, Pa. in THE NAUTI-

LUS volume vi, p. 107, (1893) and volume xi, p. 120 (1898).

Upon examining one of these sets collected by Mr. Robert

Walton, I found one specimen of Opeas mauritianum (Pfr.)

This is an addition to the " Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia"

published by Mr. Morris Schick in THE NAUTILUS, volume viii,

p. 133 (1895). The specimen is in the collection of The Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, tray No. 113421.

We also have Opeas mauritianum in the the collection from a

green-house at Garfield Park, Chicago, Illinois, being A. N. S. P.

No. 91237, collected by Mr. F. C. Baker in 1906 ; also No.

11748 collected at Washington, D. C.. by Mr. E. Lehnert many

years ago. — E. G. VANATTA.

WE have learned with deep regret of the death, on the 26th

of March, of DR. WILHELM KOBELT, the distinguished German

conchologist, at the age of 76.

1 This species was first defined by Walker, in NAUTILUS vol. 29, p. 53.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. JUNE, 1916. No. 2

BREEDING RECORD OF MISSOURI MUSSELS.

BY W. I. UTTERBACK.

The following record includes twenty-six of the most repre-

sentative species of the different subfamilies of Naiades for

Missouri. Actual numbers of mussels are recorded for those

collected in north and northwest Missouri but no definite rec-

ord of numbers of sterile and gravid individuals could be kept by

the author in his survey of the Osage River from the latter part

of June to the middle of August while under the direction of

the U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.1 The

revised nomenclature for the Naiades is followed in this report

since the revival of Rafinesque 2 has been accepted by the leading

students, and since, too, it has been found that the glochidial and

marsupial characters are the best bases for classification ; 3 however,

for the sake of clearness, the more familiar names appear as

synonyms in parentheses after the revised names.

In the following tables the kinds of glochidia are indicated thus :

Lamp. = Lampdlis type (i. e. , suboval - subelliptic, spineless

glochidia).

An.=Anodonta type (i. e., subtriangular, spined glochidia).

Prop.=Proptera type (i. e., axe-shaped, spined-spineless glo-

chidia).

'U. S. Bu. Fish.. Econ. Cir., No. 10, 1914.

2 L. S. Frierson, 1914 a, (NAUTILUS, xxviii, pp. 6-8 ; E. G. Vanatta, 1915

a, (Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., pp. 549-559).

3 Dr. A. E. Ortmann, 1911 b, (Mem. Carnegie Mus., iv, pp. 279-339 ; 1912

h, (An. Car. Mus., viii, pp. 222-365).

14

THE NAUTILUS.

8

PH

OQ

ft

•4

M

1

O

O

03

w

I

D

00

o

K

OQ

O

03

O

S5

M

Q

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U

03

03

THE NAUTILUS.

15

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Special attention would be directed to the fact that this

record includes four instances of the male discharging sperm,

one in case of Lasmigona complanata (Say), two instances of

Lastena suborbiculata (Say) and one of Lampsilis cardia (Raf.),

all observed in the laboratory aquarium. In case of both com-

planata and suborbiculata this physiologic fact disproves the

report that, like their nearest allies, Lasmigona compressa (Lea)

and Lastena ohiensis (Raf. ), are hermaphroditic. Another in-

stance of sperm discharge for Lampsilis cardia was observed in

nature. This discharge was observed as a tiny stream of milky

white cysts. Upon examination with a lens, magnifying 385

diameters, these cysts were observed to be hollow globular

masses of sperm, each cyst revolving through the water by

means of the flagella of hundreds of sperm cells thrust out

through the matrix. It was the pleasure of the author to ver-

ify the observations of Dr. A. E. Ortmann, (191 la, p. 319),

in discovering on several instances the female of this same

species, (cardia), buried in the gravel with only the siphons,

mantle flaps and two blackish ovisacs exposed. The ribbon-

like flaps waved to and fro in an undulating manner and occas-

sionally a white leaf-like conglutinate would be discharged. It

was noted that the marsupia of this species were sterile and

receptive on occasion of the sperm discharge.

Another physiologic observation, made in the laboratory,

should be mentioned here in connection with the reproductive

functions of the Naiades and that was in case of the rotary

motion of the late embryos of Pleurobema obliqmim coccineum

(Conrad) and of Lastena ohiensis (Raf.). These are noted to

be revolving clock-wise around one axis at the rate of about fifty

times per minute. This phenomenon may be common with all

species of Naiades and the reason why only seldom seen may

be because of the short duration of this embryonic activity

which may be necessary in the final development into the

glochidial stage, for it was only in this structural stage that this

rotary motion was seen.

The most prolific and continuous breeder, found by the

writer, is Lasmonos fragilis. This mussel, being the predomi-

nant form in northwest Missouri and thus being the most

THE NAUTILUS. 17

accessible, ample opportunity was given to obtain the most

complete record and has been found gravid with ripe glochidia

every month of the year except for March and August. How-

ever, high water prevented the keeping of a complete record for

any species during March. In all probability fragilis bears

glochidia throughout this month also as more individuals of this

species were found in glochidial gravidity during the month

immediately preceding than at any other time of the year.

Hence, we would conclude that this species is bradytictic (i. e.,

a long-period breeder) with an overlapping breeding season.

Lastena ohiensis and Strophitus edentidus may be classed likewise

because of the same character in that they also overlap in their

breeding season. The fact of non-parasitism as the normal

habit of these last mentioned may account for their eccentricities

of breeding season. We may also account for the very peculiar

marsupial structures of S. edentidus because of this independent

metamorphosis of its larva. As far as now known all species of

Naiades, except the last named, are dependent upon fish-hosts

as their natural distributors ; however, the wide distribution

of both S. edentidus and L. ohiensis has been considered to be

due to the buoyancy of the placentulae, (gelatinous cords holding

glochidia), discharged by the former and also to the very light

papery shells of both juvenile and adult of the latter.

Probably this account will show the smallest gravid individual

on record. On March 3, 1913, a gravid Proptera laevissima }

bearing mature glochidia, was collected by the writer in Lake

Contrary, St. Joseph, Mo., measuring 89 mm,, in length, and on

September 10, 1914, 61 laevissima were collected, 32 of which

were found gravid with ripe glochidia. Strange to say, these

female shells were all smaller than the other 29 males ; however,

none in this collection exceeded 43 mm. in length, two being

only 39 mm. long. Upon further study it may be found that

these so-called laevissima are really distinct species and that the

occurrence of smaller shells may be found to be normal, as seen

in case of Obliquaria reftexa and of Plagiola lineolata (Raf. )

(=P. securis [Lea]).

The Breeding Record kept herein corresponds with those of

18

THE NAUTILUS.

Ortmann, Sterki,1 Surber,2 Howard,3 Lefevre and Curtis * in the

exceptions which these authors make for the general rule that

the species of the sub-family Unioninae are short-period breeders

(tachytictic) and those of the sub-families Anodontinae and

Lampsilinae are long-period breeders (bradytictic). The writer

agrees with Surber 2 and Howard 3 that Megalonaias heros should

be classed as doubtfully bradytictic. Probably it would be

more nearly correct to consider heros as tachytictic with the latest

breeding season known. Another case of eccentricity of breeding

season is that of Obliquaria refieoca. Although this species

belongs to the sub-family possessing long period of gravidity as

the rule, yet the writer has only found it sterile during every

month of the winter season. Amygdalonaias donaciformis has

also been found to be sterile in a few instances throughout the

winter months, yet this knowledge may be too meagre to estab-

lish it as a short-period breeder. However, being found gravid

with mature glochidia the early part of June may be partial

evidence that this species is bradytictic. The writer is able to

verify Surber' s discovery that donaciformis produces the smallest

glochidmm (0.060x0.063 mm.) on record,2 and also that, in its

metamorphosis, the encysted young shows the unusual growth

of adult shell beyond the margin of the glochidial shell.

In keeping this record it was occasionally noted that in a few

cases, especially as found in Lasmigona complanata and Lasmonos

fragilis, that the marsupia would contain early and late embryos,

and even mature glochidia, at the same time. However, this

irregularity is doubtless abnormal since uniformity of develop-

ment and maturity is the rule for all species.

It may be of interest here to state how the author has been

enabled to distinguish sterile females from males of those species

which have no sexual dimorphism of shell and no definite dif-

ferentiation of marsupium and of post-ventral mantel margin

as seen in the Unioninae and Anodontinae. In most cases, as

1 1903a (American Nat., xxvii, pp. 103-113).

2 1912a (U. S. Bu. Fish., Doc. 771 ).

3 1915 (Nautilus, xxix, pp. 4-11).

4 1912 (U. S. En. Fish., xxx, Doc. No. 756).

THE NAUTILUS. 19

pointed out by Dr. Ortrnann, even a macrospic examination

will enable one to note that the septa (vertical partitions for the

ovisacs) of the sterile marsupium are distinctly more crowded

than those that separate the gill chambers of the male gills.

A histologic study shows five or ten gill filaments between the

septa of the sterile marsupium or brood pouch.

Tables 2 and 3 are summarized accounts made out from com-

plete individual records kept on the regular form issued by the

U. S. Bureau of Fisheries for Biological Stations. These indi-

vidual accounts of the different species comprehended the sterile

females as well as those gravid with early-late embryos and

mature-immature glochidia. As proof of this record the author

still holds in his possession the preserved anatomical material,

gravid with glochidia and also much that is gravid with early

and late embryos. The soft parts have been preserved with the

shells, the latter having been cleaned in a solution of sodium

carbonate (Na2COs) made by dissolving five pounds of this

chemical in five gallons of water. Then the soft parts were

preserved in the marked shells after the right valves were cut

loose and temporarily examined afield when the best studies

can be made before the tissues are contracted or discolored

by the preservative. The best preservative for the whole speci-

mens has been found by the author to be 70 or 80 per cent,

alcohol, since such preserving fluids as formaldehyde contain

so much free acid that the shell is deteriorated by the chemical

reaction upon the limy composition.

While the writer was engaged for over three years in procur-

ing data for his illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the

Naiades of Missouri l it was his good fortune to discover a few

glochidia, which follow in the descriptive table here, as the

first on actual record. The author is indebted to Dr. T. Surber

for his acknowledgement of the novelty and also for his verifi-

cation of measurements of these glochidia.

The author is confident that fertilization of the ova takes

place in the suprabranchial canals and when more data is at

hand this determination may be set forth as a well-proven phe-

1 American Midland Naturalist, Vol. iv, l'JM-1916, Plates I-XXVIII.

20

THE NAUTILUS.

THK NAUTILUS.

nomenon. The physiologic preliminaries for ovulation have

been noted by the writer on many instances in his detailed

studies of two most accessible species of this State. It was

found that the ovisacs were frequently distended with water

before being rilled with eggs, a reproductive function that may

be necessary in all species in order that the ova may not be

injured, that greater numbers may be admitted and that the

laminae may be stretched to a thinness more suitable for the

aeration of the embryos.

A NEW OVTJLA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS, new species.

Shell very thin, fusiform, swollen above the middle, maxi-

mum diameter contained about 2^- times in the length ; color a

nearly pure porcelain or pearly white, the extreme ends tinted

with brownish yellow for a distance of 2 to 3 mm. Surface

polished and glossy ; closely and finely longitudinally striate,

the striae readily visible to the eye and rather irregular, a few

being somewhat coarser than the remainder. Spiral sculpture

comprising some 20-25 low cords at each end, becoming min-

utely wavy as they are intersected by the longitudinal striae ;

indications of an extremely faint wavy spiral striation over the

rest of the shell are discovered by a strong lens. Shell pointed

at both ends, but distinctly more produced at the apex than the

base. Outer lip not greatly thickened, bordered by a narrow

white callus ; retracted at both ends, in each instance with an

obscure angle. Columella sinuous ; a low spiral fold and

channel at the summit obliquely encircling the axis.

Length 23 mm. ; maximum diameter 8-i mm.

Type : Cat. No. 1224 of the writer's collection.

Type Locality : 50 fathoms, off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island,

California (Avalon Aquarium, August 1906).

Remarks: The type and a young specimen from the same

locality taken by J. H. Paine in 1903 are before me. N. cata-

linensis does not seem to be very similar to any of the related

22 THE NAUTILUS.

forms which I can find to have been described from this region.

It is a more delicate and inflated species than either variabilis

C. B. Adams or vidleri Sowerby, if I am correct in my deter-

mination of these forms, and not at all close to either. It seems

to be nearest to the 0. barbarensis Dall, but the latter is much

more compact, more solid, and more highly tinted, as well as

usually of considerably smaller size. While it is possible that

the relatively thin callus on the lip is indicative of immaturity,

another large specimen which has come to my notice from the

San Pedro Channel agrees in this as in every other particular.

A figure will appear on a plate of this volume.

TEE CONJUGATION CF ARIOLIMAX CALIFOHNICUS.

BY HAROLD HEATH.

The newly hatched young of Ariolimax caltfornicus measure

approximately five eighths of an inch in length, and under

favorable conditions become from three to three and a half

inches long at end of four months. Full-sized adults, measur-

ing in the neighborhood of eight inches, probably reach such

dimensions in not over ten months. A three-inch individual

possesses all of the essential features of the adult, though the

constitutent organs of the reproductive system are of small size.

For several years the specimens of this species that are used

for class dissection at Stanford University have been collected

from a nearby and comparatively circumscribed area along the

San Francisquito creek where the conditions throughout are

uniform. It was therefore surprising to find that annually

fully five per cent of the large-sized animals dissected in the

classroom lacked the penis entirely, while in an equal number

it was abnormally undeveloped when compared with that of

smaller individuals which had not yet reached sexual maturity.

As the years went by the conviction became stronger that at

some previous time the penis in all such specimens had been

cast off, and that its diminutive proportions in otherwise fully

formed animals represented a regenerative stage.

To test the correctness of the hypothesis fully two hundred

THE NAUTILUS. 23

animals were placed in an enclosure, and were fed for several

weeks. Preliminary steps in the reproductive process (the so-

called Liebspiel) were noted on several occasions, but evidently

complete union never took place since no young were produced.

More definite information, therefore, was sought in the field,

but conjugation evidently takes place at night since on two

days only — and those dark and gloomy in the early morning-

was the act witnessed.

Prior to the act of conjugation each individual viciously bites

the side of its mate (faced in the opposite direction), then

violently retracts the head which gradually is protruded before

the next onslaught. The intensity of this first phase gradually

lessens as the bodies become curved about each other, thus

finally bringing the genital papillae in contact. The penis of

one individual only is then inserted, and after a period of several

hours the two animals commence to draw apart. In both of

the observed cases, when the penis had become exposed to the

extent of about half an inch, one of the animals turned its head

and commenced to gnaw upon the walls of the organ. These

biting movements were unusually vigorous, and therefore in

marked contrast to those witnessed during the feeding process

but practically identical with those in the initial stages of con-

jugation, and within ten minutes had so scotched the penial

walls that the exposed portion had stretched to an inch in

length. The other animal (subsequent dissection in one case

showed it to be the possessor of the intromittent organ con-

cerned) now took part in the process, and within a very few

minutes the penis was entirely severed.

All four of the animals were subsequently killed and dissected.

In two of the individuals the gnawed-off penis extended from

the genital pore through the proximal section of the oviduct to

the distal, blind end of the seminal receptacle. The walls of

the oviduct were in a high state of contraction, and only with

the greatest care was it possible to dissect out the penis without

destroying the surrounding tissue. In the other two specimens

the penis was wholly absent, and the vas-deferens extended to

to the genital pore — a condition of affairs exactly duplicated in

some of the other animals examined on previous occasions in

24 THE NAUTILUS.

the laboratory. As no other cases of conjugation were encoun-

tered it has not been possible to determine whether the penis

regenerates or not, though I am firmly convinced that it does.

Whether this act of mutilation invariably takes place is not

known, and the significance of the process is far more obscure.

It is possible the amputated penis may act as a plug to retain

the spermatozoa in the seminal receptacle, or on the other hand

it may be that the presence of a human observer or some natural

enemy brings with it unusual conditions, such as jarring the

earth or some specific scent, and that the severing of the intro-

mittent organ is a provision whereby the animals are enabled

to separate more rapidly than usual. The fate of the penis is

likewise unknown ; it evidently is either absorbed or, what is

more likely, is cast out before the eggs pass to the exterior.

NOTES.

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MAJOR AND P. A. FUSCOLABRIS. — Clapp

mentioned that you wanted to examine the animal of Polygyra

albolabris major Binn. I happened to have one. So send it.

The form ranges through Southern Alabama and I have found

it as far north as Wetumpka. In Central and Northern Ala-

bama the common large southern form of albolabris is pretty

generally distributed, though not very common : some speci-

mens approach major in size.

' ' The form which you called P. albolabris fuscolabris is as far

as I know confined to the Cumberland Plateau and outlying

masses (Monte Sano etc. ) in Madison and part of Jackson Cos.

Judging by the shells alone, I should be very much inclined to

call this a distinct species. Ordinarily it is flatter than albolabris

and always it can be easily distinguished by its peculiar luster

as if varnished lightly : this is due to microscopic sculpture.

Some of our specimens are larger than the average major. By

the way, you must have had a specimen which was not quite

mature : in full-grown shells the lip is white and the body of

the shell is rather dark brown." — HERBERT H. SMITH.

Having dissected the specimen of P. a. major sent, I find it

identical with P. albolabris anatomically, and its status as a sub-

species rather than a distinct species is therefore confirmed. —

H. A. PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. JULY, 1916. No. 3

NOTES ON THE WEST AMERICAN COLUMBELLIDAE.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL.

During the arrangement of the Columbellidae from the West

Coast of America in the collection of the National Museum it

was found that a number of the names needed revision, and

several other notes were made which may be useful to students

pending the preparation of a general manual of the mollusks of

this region.

The genus usually known as Meta Reeve, or Conella of H. and

A. Adams (but not of Swainson), is in need of a new name,

for Reeve's Meta of 1859 is preoccupied by Koch for a well-

known genus of spiders since 1835. I propose for it the new

name Parametaria.

The large series at my disposal shows that the differences

used by Reeve to split up these shells into species are not of

specific value, some specimens having a rounded, others an

angulate or keeled shoulder ; &c, &c. It is not improbable

that there is really but one species. For it the earliest name is

" Conus" dupontii Kiener, 1850, which will supersede Reeve's

name of cedonulli given in 1859. It is positively known only

from the Gulf of California and adjacent regions.

Columbella f estiva Kiener, 1841 (not of De Laborde, 1830)

from the vicinity of Cape St. Lucas and south to Panama, may

take the name of C. lucasana.

Columbella terpsichore Sowerby, 1822, and C. lyrata Sowerby,

1832, are identical.

Columbella (Anachis) parva Sowerby, 1844, being preoccupied

26 THE NAUTILUS.

by " Bwdnum" parvum H. C. Lea, 1841, may take the specific

name of C. milium.

Columbella (Anachis) minima Arnold, 1903 ; not of Tenison

Woods, 1878, nor of Sacco, 1890, may be renamed arnoldi.

Columbella (Anachis) guatemalensis Reeve, 1859, and tessellata

C. B. Adams, 1852 (not of Dunker, 1871) should be united

with C. lentiginosa of Hinds, 1844.

Columbella gaskoini Carpenter, 1857, is identical with C.

(Anachis) taeniata Philippi, 1846.

Anachis petravis Dall, 1908, proves to be identical with A.

subturrita Carpenter, 1866.

Nitidella cribraria Lamarck, 1822, is preoccupied by Gmelin

under the name of ocellata, 1792. N. lavigata Linne, 1758, and

N. dichroa Sowerby, 1844, have been received by the Museum as

from Panama, which I believe to be an error. Both are known

to be Antillean. The latter is also N. elegans Dall, 1871, not

of Adams, 1850.

Nitidella incerta Stearns, 1892, is probably to be referred to

the subgenus Alia. jV. cervinetta Carpenter, 1857, is identical

with N. baccata Gaskoin, 1851.

Nitidella dalli E. A. Smith, 1880, is a synonym of N. gouldi

Carpenter, 1857 ; but not of Columbella gouldi Reeve, 1858.

In 1870 I segregated from the heterogeneous species listed by

H. and A. Adams under the name of Astyris, 1853, a group of

three or four species to carry the name, of which A. rosacea

Gould, 1840, was later selected by Fischer as the type. C.

clausil'iformis Kiener, 1834, proposed as type by Try on, 1883,

belongs to the older genus Aesopus Gould, 1860, and cannot

serve as type of Astyris.

The characteristic Californian group of bright-colored shells,

which have been by the writer and others carried under the

name of Astyris, should be included under the subgenus Alia,

H. and A. Adams, 1853. C. unifasciata Sowerby, from Peru

and Chile, is the type of Alia.

C. gausapata Gould, may be considered a good species, which

ranges from Port Etches, Alaska, to San Diego, California.

Under carinata Hinds, 1844, may be included as varieties cali-

forniana Gaskoin, 1852, and hindsii Reeve, 1858. These forms

THE NAUTILUS. 27

are represented nearly over the range of the species which ex-

tends from San Francisco Bay, south to Salina Cruz, Mexico,

and perhaps even farther.

C. (Astyris') variegata Stearns. 1873, is preoccupied by C.

variegata Menke, 1828, and may take the specific name of

hypodra.

Nitidella filosa Stearns, being preoccupied was called Colum-

bella stearnsi by Trjron, 1883 ; it is referable to the genus Aesopus.

A minute species four millimeters long, of a whitish color more

or less tinged or spotted with brown, almost duplicates Aesopus

stearnsi in form and sculpture, though so much smaller than

the Florida species. I have named it Aesopus myrmecoon. It

ranges from San Pedro, California, to Point Abreojos, Lower

California. (U. S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 105498).

The genus Amphissa H. and A. Adams, 1853, is characteris-

tic of the Northwest Coast, and is typified by " Buccinum"

corrugatum Reeve, 1846. But this is not the Buccinwn corru-

gation of Brocchi, 1814, and, since it is very abundant on

the coast of British Columbia and in Puget Sound, it may

take the name columbiana. It ranges from the Alaska Penin-

sula to San Pedro, California.

The Amphissa bicolor Dall, 1892, was unfortunately named.

When fresh it presented distinct brown spiral bands on a pale

olivaceous ground, but, as in many of the deep-water species,

the coloration has not proved permanent and the banding is now

hardly perceptible, the whole shell being of a light olive tint.

Amphissa versicolor Dall, 1871, ranges from Oregon to San

Diego, with its metropolis apparently in the Bay of Monterey.

There are several marked varieties: cymata Dall, with distinct

brown axially waved lines on a white ground; lineata Stearns,

1872; incisa Dall, with sharply cut regular sculpture and

beautifully mottled coloration (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 223-

294); and reticulata Dall, of a uniform whitish color, very acute

spire, and fine regular corded spiral sculpture crossed by about

17 nearly straight axial narrow ribs. This form is usually in

rather deep water, and ranges from Port Althorp, Alaska, to off

San Diego, California in 62 to 183 fathoms. It is about the

same size as A. versicolor but has a much more acute snire and

28 THE NAUTILUS.

straighter axial ribs, and may prove on further study to be

specifically distinct. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 210004).

Columbdla fusiform/is Hinds, 1844, is not the species so named

by Anton, 1839, or Orbigny, 1844. It is a Strombina and may

take the name of fusinoidea. It is a Panama species.

Columbella subulata Sowerby, 1847, is not C. subulata Duclos,

1840. It is a Strombina and may be hereafter called S. colpoica.

It ranges from the Gulf of California to Panama.

Strombina lilacina Dall, is a short stumpy white species with

an acute spire, the latter with a lilac flush in perfect specimens;

the axial riblets are inconspicuous, but the spiral sculpture is

of regular strong channeled grooves with wider flat interspaces,

about nine on the last whorl; the distal end of the pillar pro-

jects beyond the outer lip, with a very deep recurved short

siphonal sulcus; there is no dorsal hump, and the shell is about

an inch long. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 219764). It has

been received from the Gulf of California and Manzanillo.

Another species which seems to be undescribed, I propose to

call Strombina paceana, as a tribute to the author of the excel-

lent bibliography of the Columbellida in the fifth volume of the

Proceedings of the Malacological Society, London. It is 37 mm.

long, of which the spire takes 20, and the maximum diameter

is 10.5 mm. There are more than ten whorls (nucleus lost);

the spire is acute, with a narrow turriculation at the suture: the

upper whorls are flattish and smooth, the last whorl and a half

coronated in front of the suture by about nine small pustules.

The shell is mostly dark brown with a silky periostracum.

The aperture is narrow and edentulous, 15 mm. long. It has

been obtained from Scammon Lagoon, L. Cal., and the Gulf of

California. (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 130616).

The word Strombina was used by Bronn in 1849 in a large

sense to include Aporrhaidee, Strombidse, &c. According to the

best usage this does not affect its use as a generic name. I

have therefore not adopted the clumsy Strombocolumbus proposed

by Cossmann in 1901 to replace Strombina. This author was

probably misled by the brief entry in Scudder's nomenclator

given to Bronn' s Strombina. It may be added that the type of

Alia is C. unifasciata Sowerby, selected by Chenu in 1859, not

THE NAUTILUS. 29

C. carinata Hinds, as given by M. Cossmann; the type of Am-

phissa is corrugala Reeve, not A. versicolor; the type of Mela is

dnpontii Kiener, not phiUppmarum Reeve; Fischer's name for

Strombina bicanalifera is Bifurdiim, not Bifurdna, as per Coss-

mann; Conidea Swainson, 1840, is a synonym of Pyrene Bolten,

1798, but its type is Buccinum punctatum Bruguiere, 1789, not

Columbetta punctata of Lamarck, Sowerby and others; the type

of Anachis H. & A. Adams, 1853, is scalarina Sowerby, which

is quite distinct from rugosa Sowerby, cited by Cossman; the

type of Atilia is sitffktsa Sowerby, not minor Scacchi; these cor-

rections have already been indicated by Mr. Pace, for the most

part, and point clearly to the advisability of consulting original

sources rather than relying on quotations by other authors.

FEESHWATEK SHELLS FROM CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK.

BY CARLOTTA JOAQUINA MAUKY, PH. D.

Some years ago the writer made extensive collections of

molluscs from the lakes of Central and Western New York.

The preliminary determinations of the species were verified by

comparisons with specimens in the Say and Lea collections at

Philadelphia and Washington ; and doubtful cases were referred

to Dr. Pilsbry, Dr. Dall, or Mr. Charles T. Simpson, who kindly

passed judgment upon them. Thus every effort was made to

make the identifications correct. Large numbers of individuals

were obtained to observe the ranges of variation among the

different species.

The writer presented the collection to the Museum of Cornell

University where it is on exhibition.

From many of these lakes the mollusca have never been

before recorded, nor have dredgings for deep-water forms been

made except ours in Cayuga Lake.

It is also interesting historically that Say obtained several

types from this region.

The mollusca were found to be most abundant in sheltered

coves where the water is shallow and sun-warmed ; and in the

inlets and outlets of the lakes.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

The following is a list of the species and the lakes in which

they were found : —

Lampsilis cariosa Say. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis iris Lea. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis luteola Lam. Cayuga, Little York, Canandaigua,

Chautauqua Lakes, Genesee River.

Lampsilis luteola var. rosacea DeKay. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis radiata Gmelin. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York

Lakes.

Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Niagara River (From Dr. Sager).

Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild. Chautauqua Lake.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Green, Chau-

tauqua Lakes.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes.

Anodonta fiuviatilis Lea. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say. Cayuga, Cayuta. Chautauqua Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say var. footiana Lea. Canandaigua, Hem-

lock, Chautauqua Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say var. decora Lea. Chautauqua Lake.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Cayuga Lake.

Anodonta implicata Say. Cayuga Lake.

Anodontoides ferussacianus var. buchanensis Lea. (Anodonta

subcylindracea Lea). Cayuga, Little York Lakes.

Symphynota costata Raf. (Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes). Ca-

yuga Lake.

Alasmidonta marginata Say. (Alasmidonta truncata Wright).

Tioughnioga River.

Unio complanatus Sol. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Little York

Lakes.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Chautauqua Lake.

Sphaerium partumeium Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Sphaerium simile Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Hemlock, Conesus,

Chautauqua, Silver Lakes.

Sphaerium striatinum Lam. var. Chautauqua Lake.

Sphaeriwm transversum Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca.

Pisidiwn compression Prime. Cayuga Lake.

Pisidium virginicum Bourg. Hemlock Lake.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

scutellatum Sterki. Chautauqua Lake.

Limnaea catascopium, Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Chautau-

qua Lakes.

Limnaea catascopium white variety. Chautauqua Lake.

Limnaea columella Say. Cayuga, Conesus, Cayuta, Silver

Lakes.

Limnaea elodes Say. Fall Creek and Cayuga Lake (Say's type

locality).

Limnaea elodes var. umbrosa, Say. Conesus Lake.

Limnaea emarginata Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Limnaea humilis Say. Dwyer's Pond, Ithaca.

Limnaea stagnates Linn. var. appressa, Say. Fall Creek at

Ithaca and Canandaigua Lake.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Canandaigua,

Chatauqua Lakes.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. major. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Silver, Cayuta, Chautauqua,

Conesus Lakes.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca, Cayuga, Cayuta,

Hemlock, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Chautauqua Lake.

Planorbis lentus Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca and Cayuga Lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Chautauqua, Canandaigua, Conesus

Lakes and Glacial Kettle near Ithaca.

Planorbis trivolvis var. corpulentus Say.

Segmentina armigera Say. Cayuga Lake.

Ancylus diaphanus Hald. Cayuta Lake.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Fall Creek, Ithaca and Cayuga

Lakes.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Physa ancillaria Say. Owasco, Chautauqua Lakes.

Physa gyrina Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Physa, heterostropha Say. Chautauqua Lake, Fall Creek at

Ithaca, Courtland Pond.

Pleurocera subidare Lea. Cayuga Lake.

Elimia virginica Say. Cayuga, Conesus Lakes.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Elimia virginica var. muUilineata Say. Cayuga Lake.

Bythinia tentaculata Linn. Cayuga Lake, Seneca River at

Waterloo.

Bythinella attenuata Hald. Chautauqua Lake.

Byihindla nickliniana, Lea. Chautauqua Lake.

Amnicola granum Say. Chautauqua Lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua, Cayuta Lakes.

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. Cayuta Lake.

Amnicola pallida Hald. Chautauqua Lake.

Valvata sincera Say. Cayuga Lake.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Cayuta, Chautauqua, Owasco Lakes.

Vivipara contectoides Binney. Cayuga Lake.

Campeloma decisa Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Conesus, Chau-

tauqua Lakes.

After making this collection from the shallow waters of the

lakes, the question naturally arose whether a deep-water mollus-

can fauna exists in Cayuga Lake.

To determine this, Professor G. D. Harris and the writer

aided by Dr. Pilsbury, now of Ann Arbor University, made

three dredgings from east to west across the lake between the

Ithaca Lighthouse and Estey's Glen. A United States Fish

Commission dredge, weighting about fifty pounds, with a net

attached was employed. As the dredge was worked by hand

power with a windlass, it was not feasible to go below about

200 feet. The maximum depth of Cayuga Lake is about 450

feet. This deep is in the middle of the lake at a point north-

east of Toughannock Point (formerly known as Goodwin's

Point), some miles north of our furthest section.

These dredgings proved very conclusively that molluscs are

abundant from the shore line to about ten feet, after twenty-five

feet they become very scarce, the dredge yielding only a few

Amnicolas and broken fragments of shells, the occupants having

apparently been preyed upon by fishes.

In the greater depths no signs of mollusca or of plants were

found. There was only a very fine grey mud entirely barren

of life.

We believe this to be due partly to the great depth of the

Finger Lakes; but much more to the extremely low tempera-

THE NAUTILUS. 33

ture of the water of Cayuga Lake, which even in midsummer

is very cold except in sun-warmed shallows.

It is interesting to compare the present molluscan fauna of

Cayuga Valley with its Pleistocene ancestry of which fossil re-

mains ' occur in a delta terrace between Toughannock Falls and

Frontenac Beach, about twenty feet above the present lake level.

These Pleistocene forms include:

Lampsilis luteola Say.

Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes.

Anodonta fragilis Lam., (marginata Say).

Anodonta yrandis Say.

Anodonta grandis var. footiana Lea.

Sphserium simile Say.

Pisidium compression Prime.

Pisidium virginicum Bourg.

Limnaea palustris Mull.

Limneea elodes Say.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis deflectus Say.

Planorbis lentus Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Amnicola limosa Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Campeloma decisa Say.

These mollusca were approximately synchronous with the

Pleistocene forms of the Don Valley beds of the Toronto forma-

tion, one-hundred and seventy miles northwest of Ithaca.

They apparently lived during the Peorian, or Fourth Inter-

glacial Period. The colony was established by Mississippian and

St. Lawrence molluscs coming in from the West. After the

annihilation of the colony by the advance of the ice, everyone

of the interglacial species re-established itself when the ice

finally retreated, and all are now living in the waters of Cayuga.

1 See C. J. Maury, Interglacial Fauna in Cayuga Valley. Journ. of Ge-

ology, 1908, vol. xvi, no. 6, pp. 565-5(57.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

ON MONSTEOSITIES IN CYPRUS..

BY ST. G. BYNE, M. SC., F. L. S.

It will doubtless interest those who make a special study of

the genus Oypraa if I enumerate some of the monstrosities which

occur in the collections of myself, friends and museums. It is

very remarkable that so many species inhabiting the Islands of

New Caledonia should have their extremities pinched, and ab-

normally prolonged or rostrated. Many of these have had

definite varietal names assigned to them by Dautzenberg and

others. I have included dwarf adult specimens which seem to

be especially abundant in the Andaman Islands judging by a

large consignment which I have examined from that locality.

One sometimes meets with shells which have been damaged and

repaired by the animal.

C. tigris L. (a) A few examples from Sarawak abnormally

flattened and gibbous. (b) Having a strong ridge running

longitudinally over the dorsal surface. This seems to be due

to one half being more thickly coated with calcium carbonate

than the other, (c) Miss A. Foster of Bournemouth possesses

two small unusually heavy examples. The dorsal surface is

coated with a thick greyish-green enamel. The anterior ex-

tremities are pinched up and strongly rostrated.

C. caputserpentis L. Having a small dark brown protuberance

upon the base.

C. lurida L. Two specimens from Naples whose extremities

are curiously pinched and flattened out, and resembling New

Caledonian forms.

C. arabica L. var. niger Roberts. This rare black variety

from New Caledonia is well known to collectors.

C. arabica L. Mr. C. P. Richards of St. Anstell possesses in

his collection a remarkable adult example, with greatly produced

spire, the mouth reduced one third its normal length by some

hard foreign substance being wedged in and coated over with

enamel by the animal, thus altering the shape of the shell evi-

dently to accommodate itself to the new conditions.

C. histrio L. Although many consider this to be a variety of

C. arabica, yet I am of opinion that it should be raised to spe-

THE NAUTILUS. 35

cific rank in future lists, as its differences in form and color

are more than varietal, (a) very conical. Indian Ocean.

C. moneta L. var. barthelymi Bernardi. Having the extremi-

ties constricted and prolonged. A rare variety from NCAV

Caledonia.

C. annulus L. I cannot agree with those who consider this

to be merely a variety of C. moneta, as the average specimen of

each is so different in character. One can easily separate the

varieties of annulus and moneta by the aid of the excellent de-

scriptions by S. Raymond Roberts in Tryon's Manual Conch,

vol. vii, pp. 177-8.

(a). A dwarf specimen in the Manchester Museum measur-

ing 11 mm.

(b). var. noumeensis, Marie. Dautzenberg mentions a speci-

men from New Caledonia, in the Bordeaux Museum, 30 mm.

long.

C1. caurica L. This varies greatly in form from being long

and narrow, to almost circular. A friend informs me that he

has two hundred specimens all differing in shape and color.

I have a specimen whose dorsal surface is decorticated so as to

resemble that of a C. tabescens.

C. caurica L. var. concava Sowb. described in 1870, by Sowerb)7

(from H. Owen's MSS) in his "Thesaurus Conchylior-

um." Said to be from the R. Gambia, W. Africa. Is the

locality correct for this Indian and Pacific Ocean species.

C. caurica L. var. nana Melvill. A dwarf form of var oblon-

gata, Melv.

C. erosa L. var. chlorizans. An olive-green dwarf form (18

mm. long — Richards).

C. erosa L. Dwarf type specimen measuring 17 mm.

C. lynx L. var. caledonica Crosse. This well-known variety

has the extremities pinched and extended, making the shell

much narrower than the type.

C. lynx L. Having the aperture curiously widened out on one

side.

C. mauritiana, L. (a). Frequently occurs extremely conical

in shape. (b). Somewhat resembling C. mus, v. bicornis in

having a distinct lump above posterior extremity, (c). A dwarf

shell in my collection from the Andaman Islands measuring

48.5 x 32 mm. This is absolutely adult in every particular,

and is probably unique.

C. mus L. var. bicornis Sow. In my experience there seem

to be many intermediate forms between a good pronounced

specimen of this variety and the type.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

C. stercoraria L. (a) I have two dwarf specimens of the type

measuring 33.5 and 35 mm. (b) Mottled with patches of a

paler colour, the whole having a gangrenous appearance,

caused by a disease of the mantle.

C. stercoraria L. var. gibba Gmel. More conical than the type

and having the sides heavily flounced as in C, arabica, var.

rcticulata.

C. arabicvla Lamarck. A fine example with the outer lip

much extended beyond the posterior extremity.

C. algoensis Gray. A very pinched-up humped shell, quite

an abnormality.

C. umbilicata Sow. A fine example in Mr. Richard's collec-

tion, 103 mm. long, with the outer lip extended into a curious

flange on the anterior extremity.

C. pantherina Sol. (a) The outer lip so extended that the

animal has contracted it into the shape of a letter V at the

posterior extremity, (b) Having a proboscis-like protuberance

projecting a quarter of an inch from the posterior end of the

dorsal surface at an angle of forty-five degrees, probably caused

by a barnacle, (c) Variety theriaca Melv. Having a large

whitish callosity on the posterior end of the dorsal surface giving

the shell a very remarkable appearance, (d) The base mark-

edly convex, giving the shell a rocking-horse-like motion when

the ends are pressed against a smooth surface, (e) The dorsal

surface strongly corroded by a disease of mantle. Red Sea and

Philippines. Some specimens of C. tigris collected by Mr.

Stanley Gardiner in the Seychelle Islands are similarly attacked.

C. exanthema L. Abnormally flattened on dorsal surface.

(Miss Foster).

C. onyx L. var. adusta Chemn. A specimen in the Manchester

Museum has a barnacle attached, partly enameled over and

colored like the rest of the shell.

Dautzenberg in his paper " Sur quelques deformations chez

des Cypra?a de la Nouvelle-Caledonie" in the Journal de

Conchyliologie, vol. liv, has enumerated the following varie-

ties, many of which are subject to melanism :

neglecta, L., var. marteli, Dautz.

stolida, L., var. crossei, Marie.

mappa, L., var. montrouzieri. Dautz.

vitellus, L. var. subrostrata, Dautz.

errones, L. , var. compressa, Dautz.

aselht-s, L., var. bougei, Dautz. 31 mm. long !

clandestina, L. , var. marteli, Dautz.

punctata, L., var. rostrata, Dautz.

cribraria, L., var. rostrata, Dautz.

erosa, L., var. protracta, Dautz.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. AUGUST, 1916. No. 4

ADDITIONAL RECOEDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM SAN BERNARDINO

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY S. S. BERRY.

Deferring for the present any attempt to revise the list pub-

lished some years ago (NAUTILUS, vol. 23, pp. 73-79, Nov.,

1909), it may be desirable to record the following additional

species from my rapidly-accumulating notes on the mollusks of

San Bernardino County. A few of these are new to California,

while one or two are reported for the first time from the Pacific

drainage as distinguished from that of the Gulf of California.

VALLONIA CYCLOPHORELLA Ancey.

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600-5000 feet (S. S. B., July,

1910).

HELIX ASPERSA Mu'ller.

I have not seen this European garden pest in Redlands until

the present season, when some specimens were handed me by

W. F. Chance. It is already abundant in certain parts of the

city, notably in gardens on Olive and Palm Avenues.

VlTREA ALLIARIA (Miller).

Walnut Avenue, Redlands (A. G. Smith and S. S. B., Jan.,

1914, etc.), abundant.

VlTREA MILIUM PUGETENSIS (Dall).

Waterman Canyon (A. G. Smith, Jan., 1914). Probably

identical with the Redlands specimen previously reported as

milium. The specimens agree with the description of V. m.

meridional^ Pilsbry and Ferriss, but except for their slightly

38 THE NAUTILUS.

larger size do not seem very different from Seattle specimens of

pugetensis.

BlFIDARIA PENTODON (Say).

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (1 specimen, S. S. B.,

July, 1910).

BlFIDARIA HEMPHILLI Sterki.

Waterman Canyon (S. S. B., Nov., 1913). This species does

not seem to have been reported previously north of San Diego.

It is a common form in this canyon.

VERTIGO MODESTA PARIETALIS Ancey.

Common in Bluff Lake Meadow, alt. 7550 feet (S. S. B.,

July, 1910), and other alpine cienagas.

VERTIGO MODESTA CASTANEA Sterki.

Holcomb Meadows, east of Sugarloaf Peak, at altitude of 8300

feet (S. S. B., Aug. 18, 1913).

VERTIGO OVATA (Say) var.

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (S. S. B., July, 1910).

PUNCTUM CONSPECTUM PASADEN^E Pilsbiy.

Walnut Avenue, Redlands (S. S. B., Jan. 21, 1916).

AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS OCCIDENTALS Cooper.

Cienagas above Bear Lake, alt. about 7000 feet (S. S. B. ,

Aug., 1910). Determined by Mr. Vanatta.

SUCCINEA STRETCHIANA Bland.

Should replace the name S. oregonensis in my former lists.

ANCYLUS sp.

Prospect Park, Redlands (A. G. Smith, Dec., 1910); road-

side pool, near San Bernardino (S. S. B., Aug., 1911). A

small species which it is not yet possible to identify satisfac-

torily with any of the named forms. I have not chanced upon

any previous records of this genus for the entire southern sector

of California.

PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Gould var.

Marsh at Knight's Ranch, Bear Valley, alt. 6750 feet (Mrs.

Kate Stephens, Aug., 1903). The specimens are not typical.

According to Dall's synopsis of the races of operculari? in his

Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of the Harriman Alaska Ex-

THE NAUTILUS. 39

pedition, they would possibly come under centervillensis Tryon.

GOMDEA ANGULATA Lea var.

Chino Creek, near Ontario (R. H. Tremper, April, 1911).

The specimens are somewhat like a small form of G. a. harold-

iana Dall, but are more produced in front.

PISIDIUM ROPERI Sterki.

Abundant in Dry Lake, north slope of San Gorgonio Moun-

tain, alt. 9050 feet (S. S. B., Aug., 1913). The specimens

were determined by Mr. Vanatta. Those from lower altitudes

previously reported as P. californicum Newcomb MS. are per-

haps the same.

THE ANATOMY OF LEMIOX RIMOSTJS (RAF.).

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

LEMIOX RIMOSUS (Rafmesque) 1831 = MICROMYA C^ELATA

(Conrad) 1834. See: Simpson, Synops. Nai., 1900, p. 525,

and Descr. Catal. Nai., 1914, p. 34.

Lemiox rimosus Frierson, NAUTILUS, 28, 1914, p. 7.

I collected this species at the following localities: Holston

River, Turley Mill, Grainger Co., and Mascot, Knox Co.,

Tenn.; North Fork Holston River, Hilton, Scott Co., Va., and

Rotherwood, Hawkins Co., Tenn.; Clinch River, St. Paul,

Wise Co., Va., and Clinton, Anderson Co., Tenn.; Powell

River, Combs, Claiborne Co., Tenn. At the latter locality, a

gravid female was found on Sept. 12, 1913 (with glochidia).

Anal and supraanal openings separated by a moderately long

mantle connection, which is somewhat shorter than the anal,

and considerably shorter than the supraanal. Anal with fine

papilla?, branchial with large papillae. Palpi with the posterior

margins connected at base only. Gills of the usual Lampsiline

structure; inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with

abdominal sac, but often there is a short slit posteriorly (not

more than one-fourth of the length of the abdominal sac).

Marsupium of the Lampsiline type, located in the posterior

section (less than one-half) of the outer gills, kidney-shaped;

40 THE NAUTILUS.

leaving a small posterior part of the gill non-marsupial. There

are about 12 ovisacs on each side in my gravid female.

In the female, the mantle margin in front of the branchial

opening has the inner edge nearly parallel to the outer. The

outer edge is denticulate posteriorly (corresponding to the den-

ticulate margin of the shell). The inner edge has, just in front

of the branchial, a few small papillae, and then it is lamellate

and elevated, and rather smooth. Farther in front, there are

again a few small papillae. This differentiated part of the inner

edge reaches nearly to the middle of the lower margin. The

lamellar elevation is very distinct, and sharply defined from

the anterior and posterior papillate part, and is slightly longer

than either of them, and, in the specimen at hand, somewhat

thickened, with a blunt edge (of course, the specimen is con-

tracted by the action of the alcohol; it is probable that this

edge was capable of some sort of expansion). In the region of

the lamella, the inner edge of the mantle is farthest remote from

the outer, but not much so, and there is no sudden drawing

apart of the mantle edges (as in the genus Truntilla).

In the male, the female structure of the inner mantle is indi-

cated in a rudimentary condition: the papillae are extremely

small, and the smooth lamellar part is present, but thin and

hardly elevated.

Color of the soft parts whitish. Edges of mantle brownish,

blackish in the region of the anal and branchial, and the outer

edge is spotted black and brown in this region, chiefly in the

female. A black streak runs along the inside of the inner edge

in front of the branchial, extending, in the female, upon the

lamellar elevation, which is entirely black. Edge of marsupium

pale (without black pigment).

Glochidia subovate, higher than long. L. 0.21, H. 0.26 mm.

The genus Lemiox is a Lampsiline form with very peculiar

shell characters, the most remarkable of which is the sculpture

of the posterior part of the shell by rugose wrinkles, which pro-

duce, in the female, a distinctly, but irregularly, denticulate or

scalloped margin of the shell. The postbasal expansion of the

female shell is rather small, but distinct, and corresponds, in

its location, to the lamellar expansion of the inner mantle edge.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Beak sculpture distinctly double-looped, consisting of three to

four bars, the first one or two bars subconcentric. According

to the soft parts, this genus belongs in the group of Lampdlinae

which have a differentiated mantle edge in front of the bran-

chial; but with regard to the particular structure of this edge,

it is unique, in having papillae as well as a short, elevated la-

mella. It is not very closely allied to Lampsilis, which has a

large and long mantle flap, but stands nearer to the Eurynia-

type, and possibly most closely to Carunculina (recte: Toxolasma

Raf. ), and we might regard the short lamella of Lemiox as an-

alogous (or possibly even homologous) to the "caruncle" of

Carunculina. But it cannot be united with the latter on account

of the shape of the lamella, and the sculpture of shell and beaks

(it differs also by the nearly complete connection of the inner

lamina of the inner gills).

Simpson placed the species with Micromya (now a subgenus

of Eurynia), but the structure of the mantle edge as well as the

shell is distinctly different.

There is no question that this form should be regarded as the

representative of a distinct generic type, Lemiox, and that it

should be placed in the vicinity of Eurynia and Toxolasma

(— Carunculina').

In the denticulations of the edge of the shell, there is some

resemblance to the genus Truncilla, but there is no considerable

space between the edges of the mantle, as in that genus, and

also in other characters, Lemiox is entirely different from Trun-

cilla.

NEW SUBSPECIES OF VIVIFARUS AND CAMPELOMA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

VlVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES IMPOLITUS n. Sllbsp.

The shell is heavier than contectoides, rough and with irregular

growth-lines and wrinkles, and often somewhat malleated ;

shoulder more conspicuous ; and on the last whorl the bands

are obsolete. The umbilical perforation is very narrow or

closed. Length 39, diam. 31.5 mm. Type no. 66701 A. N.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

S. P., collected by H. E. Sargent in a marsh on the Paint Rock

River, Jackson Co., Alabama.

VlVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES COMPACTUS n. SUbsp.

The shell is compactly coiled, imperforate ; whorls a little

less inflated than in contectoides. Length 27.5, diam. 20.5

mm. Type no. 27731 A. N. S. P., from Dougherty, Georgia.

Also from Chetachee creek, Ala., both lots from the Wheatley

collection.

CAMPELOMA RUFUM MERIDIONALS n. subsp.

The shell is short, solid, dull citrine, paler at the shoulder ;

surface having fine growth-lines as usual, crossed by many

weak, minute and crowded spiral striae. Spire shortly conic, the

summit eroded. Last whorl strongly shouldered, the shoulder

narrow ; very convex in the peripheral part. Aperture large,

brown within in the upper two-thirds. Lip slightly sinuous.

Columellar callus moderate.

Length 29.3, diam. 20.3, length of aperture 17.8 mm.

Length 29, diam. 21.3, length of aperture 18.2 mm.

North Carolina : Little Sugar Creek ; Crozier's Branch, Ca-

barrus Co. (type loc.), also Georgia. Type 122781 A. N. S. P.

Distinguished by its short, obese shape and distinct striation.

CAMPELOMA RUFUM GENICULIFORME n. subsp.

This race is like the preceding in color and sculpture, but

differs in outline. The spire is elevated, and the whorls have a

broad, horizontal shoulder, below which the wall is nearly

vertical, as in typical C. genicula (Conrad). It differs from

genicula by the brown color in the mouth and on the eroded

summit.

Length 31.5, diam. 20.4 mm., length of aperture 16.8 mm.

Dooley Co., Georgia. Type 122782 A. N. S. P.

CAMPELOMA FLORIDENSE (Call).

"Campeloma floridense Call MS." (as synonym of C. linnim},

Call, Bull. Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History,

vol. 1, No. 5, p. 159, 160, pi. 6, fig. 7 (May, 1886).

This species was mentioned as a MS. name under Campeloma

limum by Mr. Call, who apparently had not seen the true

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Paludina lima Anth., as his description does not fit it, being

partly drawn from the Florida species, partly compiled from

Anthony.

The shell has a rather short spire and large aperture, it varies

on different parts of the same specimen, and in different speci-

mens from dark citrine to blackish brown. The interior is

chocolate, chestnut-brown or dark indian-red ; the invariably dark

color being highly characteristic. The surface has unequal,

minute, spiral strise. The last whorl is somewhat compressed

below the narrow subsutural shoulder. Columella rather heavy,

nearly white. A large specimen measures, length 34.6, diam.

22.3, aperture 19.8 mm., 4 whorls remaining.

So far as known, this species is restricted to the St. Johns

River and tributary creeks, in Florida. Mr. Johnson and the

writer dredged it in Lake County. It is one of the most distinct

species, owing to its color.

Campeloma limum (Anth.) is a more slender, green species

with a smaller mouth, bluish within, and a more or less dis-

tinctly subangular periphery. Melantho decampi W. G. Binney

is a synonym of C. limum.

THE RAFINESQUE-POULSOH UNIOS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In publishing the complete list of the Rafinesquean Unios in

the Poulson collection with their modern equivalents, Mr.

Vanatta has rendered a distinct service to all students of the

American Naiades. Now, for the first time, we, to whom the

specimens are inaccessible, are informed exactly as to which of

the species familiar to us under Simpsonian designations are

represented in that famous collection and their names as iden-

tified by Rafinesque himself.

While, with a single exception, it is not claimed that these

are the original types of Rafinesque' s species, and it is explicitly

stated that the ultimate recognition of any of Rafinesque' s

species "depends upon whether it could be identified by de-

scriptions published prior to any other recognizable name fo r

44 THE NAUTILUS.

the same species," nevertheless it is a distinct advantage to

know exactly what Rafinesque in 1831 understood or claimed

to be the species that he had described in 1820.

The author has presented a tentative synonymy of the species

represented in the Poulson collection, " if they were recognized

and the names dated from 1820." In this suggested arrange-

ment, Rafinesque' s genera and subgenera are ignored and all of

his species are treated as Unios and synonymy is based entirely

on the supposition that they were described as Unios.

In this, the author seems to have overlooked Rafinesque' s

explicit statement, (p. 298), as to his method of compiling hi&

Monograph.

In 1819, Rafinesque had proposed to divide the North Amer-

ican Unios, "provisionally," into eight subgenera. In 1820,

in his " Monographic," after referring to this fact he says:

"Since then, having increased my species and verified their

characters, it appears to me to be proper to make from them

many genera and subgenera, but to humor ("pour complaire")

naturalists, who might hesitate to adopt the changes in nomen-

clature that the discoveries necessitate, I will give the name

of Unio in the second place to all new species, observing to those,

who would assign them all to the genus Unio, which thereby

would contain more than seventy species, that it would be

necessary in the description of the specific characters to repeat

those of my new genera, this would render the definitions of the

species long and prolix."

In accordance with this statement, throughout the Mono-

graphic he first prints his name for the species in italics and

then, "pour complaire," adds in parenthesis and in Roman type

the popular or conventional name.

If, instead of adopting this system, he had in every instance

stated in his explanatory remarks that for those who did not

adopt his new genera the species would be an Unio, there

could be no possible doubt of his intention to use his new gen-

eric terms. And, in view of his explicit statement, I do not

see how any other inference can be properly drawn from the

method that he did adopt. There is not to be found anywhere

in the Monographic the slightest intimation that he had eve?

THE NAUTILUS. 45

any doubt as to the correctness of his new classification or that

in any degree he intended to impugn its validity.

If I am right in this contention, much of the tentative syno-

nymy proposed by Mr. Vanatta will have to be reviewed.

In view of the fact that the adequacy of Rafinesque's original

descriptions is expressly left in abeyance, it would seem to be

better to retain the Simpsonian names until all of those ques-

tions can be definitely determined.

Expressly reserving, therefore, all questions relating to the

adequacy of Rafinesque's original descriptions and simply to

determine "the effect on nomenclature if they were recognized

and the names dated from 1820," taking the species in the

order given by Vanatta, it would appear to be necessary to make

the following changes :

Truncilla. brevidens Lea.

Described by Rafinesque as Obliquaria interrupta. It is not,

therefore, preoccupied by Unio solenoides interrupta and, if

identifiable, would take precedence over Lea's name.

Truncilla sulcata (Lea).

Unio sulcatus Lea (1830) is not preoccupied by Pleurobema

mytiloides sulcata Raf. (1820). But Obliquaria obliquata Raf. , if

identifiable, would have priority.

Plagiola securis (Lea).

Obliquaria depressa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by the

Unio depressa Lam. (1819). But both Say (1834) and Conrad

(1834) have given preference to lineolata Raf. over depressa Raf.,

although the latter has page precedence. This they had the

right to do under the Code and, if identifiable, Rafinesque's

name will take precedence over Lea's.

Plagiola elegans (Lea).

Truncilla truncata Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio

truncataSpeng]. (1793). If identifiable, Rafinesque's name has

priority over Lea's. MetaplataRaL is subsequent to both.

Tritogonia tuberculata Bar.

Unio tuberculata Bar. (1823) is not preoccupied by either

Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. or Obovaria striata tuberculata Raf.

(1820). But Obliquaria verrucosa Raf., if identifiable, has

priority for the species.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea).

Obovaria stegaria tuberculata Raf. is not preoccupied by

Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. But Obovaria striata tuberculata has

page precedence. If identifiable, stegaria Raf. (1820) has

priority over irrorata Lea (1830) as the specific name.

Unio gibbosus Bar.

Barnes' name (1823) is not preoccupied by Amblema gibbosa

Raf. (1820). But Unio dilatata Raf. (1820), if identifiable,

has priority.

Unio pusillus Lea.

Obliquaria pusilla Raf. (1820) did not prevent the use of

of pusillus for a Unio by Lea in 1840. Lea's name will, there-

fore, stand.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).

Simpson did not separate asperrima Lea varietally from

lachrymosa as Vanatta's remark would indicate. If identifiable,

Rafinesque's name, quadrula, has priority and would become

the specific name and, if separable varietally, lachrymosa Lea

would become a variety.

Quadrula pustu losa ( Lea ) .

Obliquaria retusa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio

retusa Lam. (1819). If identifiable, Rafinesque's name would

have priority over Lea's.

Quadrula subrotunda (Lea).

Unio subrotunda Lea (1831) is not preoccupied by Obliquaria

subrotunda Raf. (1820). However, sintoxia Raf. (1820), if

identifiable, has precedence over subrotunda Lea.

The statement that " many of Rafinesque's species have been

credited to Conrad by Mr. C. T. Simpson " is hardly fair to the

latter. Conrad did sufficiently describe and figure a consider-

able number of species in his " Monography " of 1836, which

he credited to Rafinesque. At least one of these, U. cordatus,

does not agree with the specimen under that name in the Poul-

son collection as identified by Vanatla. Simpson states ex-

pressly that he had made careful and repeated attempts to

identify Rafinesque's species and that, while he found quite a

number that should be recognized and which he did recognize,

as to the remainder he was "utterly unable to make anything

THE NAUTILUS. 47

out of them." Having reached this conclusion, the only thing

that he could do was to credit the species described in the

Monography under these indeterminable names to Conrad.

The list of names proposed by Rafinesque and not mentioned

in Simpson's Synopsis is also misleading. Of the twenty-three

" Unios " listed, only three were described as distinct species of

Unio by Rafinesque : eight are varieties of certain species of

Unio, while the remaining twelve are made up of one species

and eleven varieties described under various different generic

names. It would certainly have been better if Simpson had

given a complete list of all of the species named by Rafinesque

as long as he attempted to compile such a list at all. But the

value of quoting indeterminable species is questionable and so

far as nomenclatoral purposes are concerned, they are practical!}'

nomina nuda.

In conclusion, Mr. Vanatta proposes new names for three

species described by Lea and Conrad under names supposed to

be preoccupied by Rafinesque.

One of them, Pleurobema simpsoni, proposed for Unio striatus

Lea seems unnecessary as Rafinesque' s striata was described as

an Obovaria and not as an Unio.

If Rafinesque's Unio nigra and Unio viridis are identifiable,

the other two changes proposed are proper under the Code.

These changes are but a foretaste of what is likely to happen

to very many of the familiar names used for our American

species, when the thankless and interminable task of collating

all of the varietal names used for the Unionidae from the begin-

ning has been completed and the unnecessary and vicious pro-

visions of the Code in regard to the standing of varietal names

is enforced according to the letter of the law.

A NEW TEREDO FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In looking over the West American Teredinidae in the collec-

tion of the U. S. National Museum, I find an undescribed

species from the San Diego region which may be called :

48 THE NAUTILUS.

TEREDO DIEGENSIS new species.

Expanded portion of pallets ovate, tipped at the distal end,

which is the smaller, by a thick black distally truncated corneous

cap. A complete description and illustration of the shell, which

is like typical Teredo, will follow shortly in a monograph on the

American species of this family.

There are six lots of this species in the collection of the U. S.

National Museum from San Diego, California. The type is

registered under Cat. No. 74219 U. S. N. M.

NOTES.

BlFIDARIA CLEMENTINA OLDROYDAE, N. VAR. — Shell similar to

B. dementina St., but it lacks the basal fold. The angular la-

mella has a transverse depression, which gives it a double ap-

pearance in the face view. Length 1.9., diam. .9 mm. From

Santa Barbara Island collected by H. HemphilJ in October

1902. The type is No. 113848 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., donated

by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, in whose honor it is named. — E. G.

VAN ATT A.

VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS Reeve. — In the NAUTILUS, Vol. 19, p.

35, July 1915 I published a note on the occurrence of this

species in Massachusetts. That the colony is still thriving is

shown by Messrs. Wm. J. Clench and Kendall Foster who ob-

tained over 50 specimens this spring, varying from 10 to 45

mm. In cleaning one of the larger specimens I obtained from

the oviduct a specimen measuring 6 mm. — C. W. JOHNSON.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W.

Harmer F. G. S. Part II, pgs. 201-302. (Palaeontographical

Society 1914). This part contains the Pleurotomidae. A

number of new species are described and all of the species are

figured on seven plates.

THE NAUTILUS.

PLATE I.

PLEURODONTE TORRE! HENDERSON.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. SEPTEMBER, 1916. No. 5

A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

PLEURODONTE (ZACHRYSIA) TORREI n. sp. PI. I.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, straw color with russet streaks

strongly arched forward, darker just behind the aperture. Four

whorls, first -| subtly spirally lirate and then malleated ; the

rest finely costulate striate, the striae arching forward and

becoming wavy and complicated on the last whorl, and especially

in the peripheral region, by two sets of revolving striae, one

microscopically fine, giving under the lens a wrinkled appear-

ance. There is a smooth shining area about the base. Last

Avhorl abruptly descending in front, strongly carinated, the

carina directed upward, so that the whorl is concave above and

convex below except in the last \ whorl, where the carina is

less obvious and the whorl becomes swollen and convex above.

The outline of the final \ whorl is nearly straight, and bulges

out into a gibbous ring about the aperture. Aperture small,

very oblique, truncate oval. Peristome thickened, slightly ex-

panded, white ; basal margin horizontal, nearly straight, form-

ing an obtuse angle with the curved outer lip ; obsoletely

toothed near the insertion of the columella.

Major diam. 31 ; min. diam. 25 ; height 17 ; ap. (inside) 11

by 8^ mm.

Locality: Farallones de Canipu, " Cayo del Rey': in the

Mayari hills of Oriente Province, Cuba.

The shell has a lop-sided appearance, attenuated on the left,

and swollen on the right side. The peculiar shape suggests a

50 THE NAUTILUS.

deformity ; but many specimens taken without other forms or

variation preclude such conclusion. The species is more closely

comparable with P. guantanamensis and P. proboscidea than

with any other of the group ; but from these it is separable by

the revolving sculpture and the up-tilted carina. It is the only

carinated Zachrysia yet observed.

THE ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF GONIDEA ANGULATA (LEA).

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

The specimens at hand belong to the var. haroldiana Dall

(Smithson. Misc. Coll. 50, 1908, p. 499; Hannibal, Proc.

Malacol. Soc. London 10, 1912, p. 127, pi. 6, f. 10 ; Simpson,

Descript. Cat. Nai., 1914, p. 466). They have been collected

by H. Hannibal in Coyote Creek, Milpitas, Sta. Clara Co.,

California, partly on March 31, 1913, and partly in June, 1913.

Over two dozen were received, among them males, sterile and

gravid females.

Anal and supracmal openings separated by a well-developed

mantle-connection, which is about f as long as the anal, and

about half as long as the supra-anal. Inner edge of anal with

fine papillae. Branchial opening separated from the anal by

the gill-diaphragm, its inner edge with large papillae ; branchial

well defined anteriorly by the sudden disappearance of the

papillae.

Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins connected for

about the half of their length.

Gills long and broad, the inner the broader. Outer gill

gradually narrowing in front, its anterior end at the highest

point of the line of attachment of the mantle, quite distant from

the palpi. Inner gill narrowing more suddenly, and its anter-

ior end about midway between palpi and anterior end of outer

gill or at two thirds of this distance, but there is always a space

behind the palpi. Outer lamina of outer gills entirely con-

nected with mantle. Inner lamina of inner gills free from

abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. Behind the foot,

the two inner laminae of the inner gills are connected. Thus

the gill-diaphragm is complete.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Gills with well- developed septa, running parallel to the gill

filaments and forming water tubes. However, the septa are

not all continuous, but are often interrupted, chiefly so toward

the proximal (basal) part of the gill, and, toward the edge,

frequently shorter septa are intercalated. In the female, all

four gills have marsupial structure : the septa are much heavier

and more closely set than in the male ; this structure is most

evident in the central parts of the gills, while at the anterior

and posterior ends it resembles more that of the male. The

heavy septa in the middle of the gills of the female are frequently

perforated by subcircular holes, so that here the interruptions of

the septa assume a rather regular arrangement.

When gravid, all four gills of the female are charged. The

gills, when fully charged, are only slightly swollen, with edges

remaining sharp, and often there are no ova at the ends of the

gills, chiefly the anterior end. The outer gills are charged first,

and thus there are some individuals in which the inner gills

have not yet received ova. The ova only incompletely stick

together in the shape of placentae, and easily fall apart.

Glochidia moderately large, subovate or nearly subcircular :

they represent, in outline, a segment of a circle cut off by the

hinge line ; but the circle is not regular, being more narrowly

rounded in the middle of the ventral margin. There is no trace

of hooks. Valves of the glochidium rather strongly convex.

Length and height about equal, 0. 19 mm.

None of the gravid females collected on March 31 had glo-

chidia, but such were present in some specimens collected in

June. This, and the additional facts that in some females the

gills were not yet fully charged in March, and that some were

discharged in June, demonstrate that the beginning of the breed-

ing season falls at the end of the month of March and that it

lasts at least till June : a rather unusual time in North-American

Nayades.

Color of soft parts grayish or brownish white, without any

marked or characteristic tints.

This species originally was described as an Anodonta, and

Simpson (1900 and 1914) placed it in his group of Homogenae,

which largely (with the exception of the last three genera)

52 THE NAUTILUS.

corresponds to my subfamily Anodontinae (Ortmannn, Naut.

23, 1920, p. 117 and Ann. Cam. Mus. 8, 1912, pp. 224 and

278). However, it does not belong here at all. It is true, the

rudimentary condition of the hinge suggests its affinity with

the Anodontinae, and what Simpson knew about the anatomy

did not conflict with this. But the material at hand proves

conclusively that none of the characters of the Anodontinae are

present. It is, indeed, a member of the family Unionidae (as

defined by myself 1. c. ), for it has a complete diaphragm formed

only by the gills ; it has a supraanal opening ; the gills have

septa and water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments.

However, the facts, that all four gills are marsupial ; that the

charged gills are only moderately swollen, with sharp edges ;

that no system of secondary water canals is developed within

the gills ; and that the glochidia are not triangular and have no

hooks, place Gonidea with the subfamily Unioninae.

Within this subfamily, the genus has quite an isolated posi-

tion, offering a curious mixture of primitive and advanced

characters. The most primitive features are, that all four gills

are marsupial in the female, and the interrupted character of the

septa. This latter character is quite unique, suggesting even

the ancient family of the Margaritanidae. The rather long

mantle-connection between anal and supraanal openings does

not agree with the more primitive types of the Unioninae (Fus-

conaia etc.), but rather with the more advanced ones (Unio,

Elliptic), while the rudimentary condition of the hinge again is

unique in the subfamily, exhibiting an advanced condition,

which is not known, except in the genus Lastena (see Naut. 28,

1915, p. 106). The simple beak sculpture (4 to 5 subconcentric

bars) appears as primitive. The glochidia are also of a primi-

tive shape, agreeing with the shape generally found in Unioninae.

Hannibal (Science, 36, Dec. 20, 1912, p. 865) has suggested

an amended division of the Nayades into families and subfami-

lies. I am not prepared to accept this as proposed, but I

believe we shall be finalty compelled, chiefly for the sake of

convention, to follow his fundamental idea, namely that my

subfamilies ( Unioninae, Anodontinae, Lampsilinae) should rank

as families. Then my Unioninae would become Unionidae (not

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Quadrulinae, as Hannibal proposes, for I emphatically want to

retain the European Unio in this group), and certain groups of

my " Unioninae" should be elevated to the rank of subfamilies.

Of the genera treated by myself in 1912 (1. c. p. 239, 240),

eight (Fusconaia to Uniomerus) should form the subfamily

Quadrulinae ; the European Unio should form the subfamily

Unioninae, and Parreysia and Lamellidens probably should form

a third subfamily. In addition, another new subfamily should

be erected for the present genus, that of the Gonideinae, with

the characters of shell and soft parts as indicated above.

However, I refrain at present from working this out in detail,

since there are yet many, chiefly exotic (Asiatic) genera, which

require further study.

A NEW LANDSHELL FKOM BRAZIL.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Among a lot of shells collected by Mr. H. M. Curran on the

Rio Grungugy, Bahia, Brazil, is an Oxychona which differs

from any of the described forms, and which I take pleasure in

naming after the discoverer :

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI. New subspecies.

The shell strongly suggests Oxychona pyramidella (Wagner)

described in his Testacea Fluviatilia Brasiliana, page 22, plate

16, figures 1 and 2, 1827, but differs from it by having the

spire entirely white. The lip of our shell is of old-rose color

while the broad basal band, which terminates a little before

reaching the aperture, is liver-brown with a glaucous suffusion.

The basal band is about one-third of the width of the base and

is separated from the peripheral angle by a narrow white zone

about one-fourth the width of the brown band. Our shell has

seven whorls and measures : height 18.4 mm., greater diameter

22 mm., lesser diameter 18.6 mm.; the aperture measures from

the columella to the outer angle of the keel 12.5 mm., from the

columella to the posterior angle 6 mm. The type is Cat. No.

322281 U. S. N. M.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for comparing

our specimen with material in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

STUDIES IN NAIADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

( Concluded from Vol. 29, page 67. )

EURYNIA (MICROMYA) ARKANSASENSis (Lea). (See: Lampsilis

ark. Simpson, 1900, p. 557).

Three males and three sterile females from Saline River,

Benton, Saline Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July

13, 1911.

Mantle-connection between anal and supraanal moderately

long, but shorter than either opening. Anal with distinct or

indistinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. In front of

branchial, the inner edge of the mantle is slightly lamellar in

the female, with a series of about a dozen very small, rather

distant, and somewhat irregular papillae, accompanied by a

streak of black pigment. These papillae are smaller than those

of the branchial opening, and are most distinct anteriorly.

They are smaller than those of vanuxemensis, but agree very

nearly with those of constricta. In the male, the streak of black

pigment is present, but the papillae are represented by mere

crenulations.

Posterior margins of palpi connected at base. Inner lamina

of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac. Mar-

supium of the sterile female with 20 to 25 ovisacs, its edge

pale brownish.

This species also in the shell resembles E. vanuxemensis and

constricta, but it is more swollen and has more anterior beaks.

The female has the characteristic shape of these species, but

the enlarged and truncated posterior part is more evenly

rounded, and the posterior end not so much produced. At

least one of my females (the largest) has an indication of the

" constriction" seen in old specimens of the two other species.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

EURYNIA (MicROMYA) LiENOSA (Conrad). (See: Ortmann, 1912,

p. 340).

In addition to the specimens investigated previously (from

Mississippi), I received a gravid and discharging female from

H. E. Wheeler, collected May 19, 1911, in the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, and several gravid females collected in September,

1911, in Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co., Arkansas.

The glochidia agree with those decribed previously, but their

general shape should be called subspatulate, with almost straight

anterior and posterior margins. Length, 0.20; Height, 0.27mm.

EURYNIA (EURYNIA) SUBROSTRATA (Say). (See: Lampsilis s.

Simpson, 1900, p. 546).

Specimens from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co.,

Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, September, 1911. Two were

gravid females, one with eggs, the other with glochidia.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal long, over

twice as long as the short anal, and somewhat longer than the

supraanal. Inner edge of anal crenulated, that of branchial

with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle,

in front of the branchial, carries a row of numerous, small, but

distinct papillae, which are subcylindrical or subconical, of

rather uniform size (the largest in the posterior part), and are

somewhat distant from each other. A black streak extends

from the branchial to a certain distance forward. In the male,

the black streak is short, and the papillae are rudimentary and

very distant from each other.

Palpi with one-third of the posterior margins connected.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal

sac, but sometimes a small hole is present at the posterior end

of the foot.

Marsupium in the posterior half of the outer gills, in my

specimens, with 18 to 25 ovisacs. Edge with some blackish -

brown pigment.

Glochidia subovate (not subspatulate), higher than long.

Length, 0.21; height, 0.26 mm. They are closely allied to

those of E. nasuta, but are distinctly smaller (0.25 X 0.29 mm.

in nasuta).

56 THE NAUTILUS.

The glochidia have been figured by Lefevre and Curtis (Bull.

Bur. Fish., 30 [1910], 1912, pi. 8 f. 13, 14, 15), and the fig. 13

gives the shape correctly, but measurements have not been

published. Lefevre and Curtis (Journ. Exper. Zool., 9, 1910,

p. 95), point to the glochidia of this species as having a shape,

which might be regarded as transitional toward the '' axe-head "

(or "celt") glochidia of Proptera. This is quite right; but

the glochidia found in the subgenus Micromya of Eurynia are

yet closer to the axe-head type.

The same authors have published (1910, pi. 1, f. 2; 1912, pi.

6, 1 2), a general figure of the soft parts of the gravid female.

In shell characters, this species is near E. nasuta (Say), but

the papillae of the mantle edge are somewhat larger, and not as

closely set. This makes it, to a degree, transitional between

typical Eurynia and the subgenus Micromya. With regard to

the glochidia, E. subrostrata is more closely allied to E. nasuta.

Also E. recta (Lamarck) has subovate, and not subspatulate

glochidia.

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA SATUE (Lea). (See: Simpson, 1900,

p. 527).

A number of specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita

River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler,

on May 19 and June 26, 1911, among them gravid females with

glochidia, discharging on the latter date.

Soft parts entirely like those of L. ventricosa (Barnes).

Glochidia like those of L. ventricosa in shape, subovate, but

distinctly smaller. Length, 0.22: height, 0.25 mm. (0.25 X

0.29 in ventricosa^).

This form, according to Simpson, is " a rather delicate, dark

colored variety of ventricosus." There is nothing "delicate"

about my specimens. The form satur was founded upon a

female, and the male has never been figured. I have males.

Both sexes differ from ventricosa by greater convexity of the

valves, more prominent umbones, and by dark color. The

peculiar emargination of the posterior margin of the female is

an individual character, restricted to old specimens. Some of

my younger specimens are lighter in color, dark olive-green,

and have rays. A very similar form is L. excavata (Lea)

THE NAUTILUS. 57

(Mississippi to Georgia), but this has a rather sharp posterior

ridge. Eastern excavata are also much lighter in color, but I

have specimens from Jackson, Miss., which are as dark assatur.

On account of the glochidia, I have the suspicion, that satur

might be a good species. Intergrading specimens are not known.

NOTES.

Recently the Boston Society of Natural History received

from Prof. Edward S. Morse a pamphlet with the following

title on its cover — " PUBLICATIONS OF THE 0. G. B. III. MOL-

LUSCA OF CINCINNATI. CINCINNATI: L. A. BURDSAL, PRINTER.

1876." Wishing to know the origin of this publication, our

Librarian wrote to the Cincinnati Society of Natural His-

tory and the following information was received from Mr.

Lester D. Collier, through the kindness of Mr. Charles Dury.

"The pamphlet described was published by some Woodward

High School boys and the Burdsal mentioned was one of them.

The letters 0. G. B. stands for " Our Geological Boys ". Wm.

Doherty was one. I was well acquainted with these boys, who

were much interested in geology. The list of shells was made

by them from specimens collected here and mostly by them.

Some of them are dead and most (if not all) of them, gone

from here. This is my recollection of it". The paper con-

tains twelve pages, including the title page, " List of the

mollusca existing in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio".

The preface is dated August 6, 1876. The list contains 103

species. — C. W. JOHNSON.

SHELLS OF MT. MONADNOCK, N. H. — Mt. Monadnock, where

I am staying (for the last seven summers) being mostly spruce-

clad and often very dry during the late summer, is a very poor

collecting ground for snails. However the excessively wet last

July has started them out and by the energetic collecting of

Miss Rebecca Kite and myself we have succeeded in getting

representatives of the following species from between 2,000 and

3,000 feet altitude, all rare.

Polygyra albolabris Say.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra palliata Say. (2 specimens).

Polygyra thyroides Say. (1 dead and broken shell).

Pyramidula alternata Say. (2 specimens).

Pyramidula cronkhitei catskillensis Pils.

Strobilops virgo Pils. (1 specimen).

Succinea obliqua Say. (2 specimens).

Zonitoides arboreus Say. (The least rare species).

Vitrea radiatula Alder. (1 specimen).

Agriolimax agrestis L.

Philomycus pennsylvanicus Pils.

Limax sp. indet. (1 specimen).

— WM. H. BALL.

PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.

MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC MACTRINAE OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF

NORTH AMERICA. By Earl L. Packard (Univ. of California

Publ., Bull. Dept. of Geology, Vol. 9, No. 15, pp. 261-360,

pis. 12-35, May, 1916).

This thorough and interesting account of the fossil Mactrinae

of that region has also considerable bearing on the recent forms.

Spisula voyi Gabb, described as a Callista (1869) is found to be

the same as S. alaskana Dall 1894. Eight new species and one

new variety are described. The illustrations are excellent.

NEW MIOCENE FOSSILS. By Axel Olsson (Bull. Amer. Pal-

eontology, Vol. 5, No. 27, 32 pp., 3 pis., July, 1916).

In this paper are described and figured 34 new species and 3

new varieties of mollusca from the Yorktown, Duplin and

Choptank formations of Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland,

and one species from Alum Bluff, Fla., also a new subgenus

Heterocerithiopsis.

A PRELIMINARY CATALOG OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPHAE-

RIID.E. By Victor Sterki, M. D. (Annals of the Carnegie Mu-

seum, X, 1916).

The last general work on our species of this family was that

of Prime published in 1865. The growth of collections of

freshwater shells since that time has been enormous, and large

THE NAUTILUS. 59

areas entirely or quite imperfectly unrepresented in the older

collections have been explored. More intensive work and better

methods of collecting have resulted also in a great increase of

species known from the older States. Most of the material col-

lected in recent years has been studied by Dr. Sterki, who has

now given us a systematic catalogue, with distribution, synony-

my and descriptions of new forms. The recent species admitted

by Sterki and by Prime number as follows:

Sphaerium Musculium Eupera Pisidium

(Species . . 31 23 2 88

(Subspecies .8 9 0 49

Prime. Species. . . 17 13 1 17

While there has been great increase in all the genera, during

the past 50 years, Pisidium has been enlarged far more than

the genera of Sphaeria, in which specific characters are more

obvious. To conchologists Pisidium is much what Crataegus is

to the botanists.

A classification into subgenera is given on pages 472-4. The

subgenera Lacustrina (type Pisidium idahoense) and Fontinalina

(type P. fontinale} are new. We may inquire whether authors

who give preference to the principle of tautonymy in type

selection (International Rules, Art. 30, I, d) would consider

Oyclas cornea the type of Corneocyclas F£r., which in that case

would replace the subgenus Corneola Clessin. Dr. Sterki has a

monograph of the American Sphseriida? under way. Until this

is published, conchologists will find the present catalogue in-

dispensable.— H. A. P.

SOME DIRECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING THE

SPHAERIID.E AND AQUATIC GASTROPODS. By Victor Sterki,

M. D. This paper, following the preceding, will be found

useful by all conchologists collecting freshwater shells, as it gives

the methods which have proved most effective.

A TRIP TO ISLANDS IN LAKE ERIE. By Calvin Goodrich

(Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916, pp. 527-531).

The record of a collecting excursion made by Dr. Clapp, Dr.

Bryant Walker, Mr. Lucas Beecher and the author in July, 1915,

60 THE NAUTILUS.

to the group of islands belonging to Ohio and Ontario, of which

only two, Put-in-Bay and Green (formerly Strontian) have

appeared in previous conchological literature. Lists of the land

shells of seven islands are given with a resum6 of the geological

history of the islands during successive stages of glacial time.

The exceptional interest of these faunas as indices of the rate of

evolutionary change, giving definite data on the question of the

age of well-marked insular races, is alluded to. The paper

forms an introduction to the following one.

NOTES ON THE LAND-SHELLS OF THE ISLANDS AT THE WESTERN

END OF LAKE ERIE AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES. By

George H. Clapp, (Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916). The new

forms are as follows:

Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, Green Island.

Pyramidula solitaria roseoapicaia, North Harbor Island.

Pyramidula solitaria mynesites, Mouse Island.

Pyramidula alternata eriensis, Middle Sister and other Islands.

Polygyra profunda strontiana, Green, North Harbor, Middle

Sister Island.

Polygyra albolabris goodrichi, Middle Sister Island.

"Many of the larger shells of these islands show distinct

insular modification. . . . Others are indistinguishable from

the mainland forms, and this is particularly true of the shells

of Put-in-Bay island, where there seems to have been no change

in the species we found." The divergence from mainland forms

of the species is notably different on different islands, as in the

cases of Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, and roseoapicata. Dif-

ferent species are diversely modified, so that the differentiation

of the races does not appear directly related to the insular con-

ditions, though such relations might become obvious on further

investigation. It may be a case of isolation products, due to

different mutations occurring in the several colonies. Important

facts for evolution might follow further study of the physical,

faunal and floral conditions of the islands. At all events, the

little exploration by Messrs. Clapp, Goodrich and Walker has

opened up an interesting field for research.

A form similar to P. alternata eriensis is found in some of the

islands off the New England coast. An excellent plate of shell-

figures and diagrams showing variation curves illustrate the

paper. H. A. P. & C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. OCTOBER, 1916. No. 6

A NEW SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA. '

BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL.

Among some specimens sent for examination from California

I find a new Subemarginula collected by Mrs. W. H. Golisch of

Los Angeles at San Nicolas island of the Santa Barbara group.

SUBEMARGINULA GOLISCH.E n. sp.

Shell of moderate size, radiately ribbed, concentrically zoned

and radiately striped with dark rose color, the worn apex green-

ish, the interior whitish, the extreme edge of the slightly cren-

ulated interior margin with the external coloration showing

through. Sculpture of rather strong radial ribs, corrugated

more or less by strong incremental rugosities, alternated in front

and behind with a single feebler rib, on the sides there are two

or three minor riblets between the major ribs ; apex rather

acute, somewhat anterior ; marginal notch shallow, its groove

distinct on the internal face of the shell ; the number of major

ribs in the type specimen is about twenty. Length 20 ; apex

behind the notch 7 ; width 13 ; height 7.5 mm.

In a general way this shell looks like one of the varieties of

Fissurella volcano Reeve, except for the entire apex.

OBSERVATIONS ON TTNIO GIGANTEUS BARNES.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Although the common and striking plicated shells were

among the first of the Western Unios to receive names, their

nomenclature is still considerably confused.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The first species to be named was the plicatus. Although

that Thomas Say described it in Nicholson's Encyclopedia, was

an easily ascertainable fact, Dr. Lea persisted throughout his

life in denying this, and he credited the species to LeSueur ; an

error in which he has been largely followed.

Say's type came from Lake Erie, and it has been claimed

therefore that his species is really the flattened form widely

known as undulatus. But in 3830 Mr. Say wrote the " plicatus

is a species with very prominent umboes." Therefore the pli-

catus (s. s. ) is that form which, as Barnes wrote, "can stand

on end." The more common form of the same species which

has flattened umboes, is very generally called undulatus Barnes.

This is an error of nomenclature for two distinct reasons. The

earliest name for this form is costata Rafinesque. The descrip-

tion of costata has been said to be inadequate, but without

good reason, for Rafinesque' s figure is unquestionably that of a

plicate shell. His statement that its "disc is flattened" pre-

cludes the plicnta, (s. s. ) and the statement that the "animal

is yellow" excludes the multiplicatus.

The two forms above named constitute a single species, con-

nected by myriad links. The third form is readily distinguished

by its umboes being covered with literations. It is widely but

erroneously called heros Say, or multiplicatus Lea, neither of

which names should be used, since either of them have been

preceded by at least two (if not three!) names. The earliest

name is almost certainly peruviana Lamarck. But because of

ambiguity this name cannot be used.1 Another name is the

undulatus Barnes, almost universally applied to the costata, but

is without doubt the heros Say! Barnes' statement among others,

that its "disc is tuberculate below the beaks" almost alone

proves this contention. As in the case of peruviana, the iden-

tity of undulatus has been thoroughly confused by authors,

about half identifying it with heros, the others with costata.

Luckily there can be no doubt concerning the identity of the

1 Lea stated that Lamarck's Unio peruviana was what has commonly been

known as U. plicatus. This identification is entirely borne out by the figure

n Encyclopedie Methodique, cited by Lamarck — EDS.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

name which we now adopt for this magnificent Naiad, Unio

giganteus Barnes 1823.

This very appropriate name has been totally overlooked by

systematists. Simpson, it is true, mentions it ; but he credited

it to Lea, saying, ' ' Dr. Lea does not describe this but only states

that it is in Dr. Mitchell' s collection. Probably it has never been

described." (Synopsis, 1900, page 767, note 4.)

Unio giganteus was, however, described as a named variety

of his crassus which, as is well known, embraced the plicate

shells. (His Variety "jfif," is typical Lake Erie plicata /)

Following the general description of crassus, Barnes writes—

"Variety (i) Unio giganteus. Mississippi. Dr. MitcheW s col-

lection." The variety (i) deserves particular notice. A single

valve sent by Professor Douglass to Dr. Mitchell weighs fifteen

ounces. It is in every respect a gigantic shell. The distance

between the points of the two lobes of the cardinal tooth is one

inch ; the length of the lateral tooth, three inches ; diameter of

the posterior cicatrix, one inch, and its depth, one-fourth of an

inch.

This species, of which four specimens were obtained by the

N. W. Expedition, might perhaps constitute a separate species

under the designation of Unio giganteus. It is three times the

size of the largest Unio crassus mentioned by Mr. Say and M.

Lamarck.

Three specimens —

Diameter 2.9, Length 4.8, Breadth 7.2,

3.0, " 4.6, 7.0,

3.1, 4.7, 7.1, are pre-

served in Dr. MitcheW s collection.

Another specimen —

Diameter 2.9, Length 4.9, Breadth 7.0, and weighing fourteen

ounces, is preserved in Gov. Cass's collection, Detroit.

Habitat. The Mississippi, near Prairie du Chien. Prof.

Douglass.

These specimens labeled "giganteus," in Dr. Mitchell's col-

lection, were mentioned by Mr. Lea, who (in Obs., vol I, page

31, footnote) writes — "The giganteus of Dr. Mitchell's collec-

64 THE NAUTILUS.

tion is also a peruviana which occurs in our western waters of a

larger size and more ponderous than any species we know of."

The reader will note that Lea identified the giganteus as per-

uviana. At this time (1829) he regarded all the plicate shells

as being one species. He never mentioned giganteus again !

Can it be that this omission arose because of his very evident

wish to protect his name of multiplicatus ?

With the possible exception of peruviana, the giganteus is the

earliest name given to the species, as well as the most appro-

priate. Following Lea, Simpson placed "giganteus" (Lea)

under plicatus. The giganteus of Barnes however can be noth-

ing else than heros. No other Naiad attains the dimensions

given by him.

This species has recently been erected into a separate genus

by Utterback, whence its proper name is now Megalonaias

giganteus Barnes, 1823.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA FROM CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI.

BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI.

During the past season, engineers in charge of river improve-

ment being carried on near Mokane, Mo., called my attention

to two localities where an abundance of fossil or semi-fossil

shells were being unearthed, and upon their invitation to con-

duct me to the localities, both were examined, and collections

made.

The first place visited was an excavation on the east bank of

Middle River, a short distance below the point of its entrance

into the gorge of the Missouri. At a depth of twenty-six feet

below the level of the flood-plain of the Missouri River, in a

black, sticky clay the following species were gathered:

Polygyra profunda, Succinea ovalis f,

Polygyra albolabris, Gastrodonta ligera,

Polygyra thyroides, Helicina occulta,

Polygyra elevata, Pyramidula solitaria.

Polygyra clausa, Pyramidula alternata,

Polygyra appressa, Pyramidula perspectiva,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Polygyra mflecta, Helicodiscus parallelus,

Polygera fraterna, Catnpeloma subsolidum,

Polygyra monodon, Pleurocera sp. ? ,

Polygyra hirsuta, Sphaerium transversum.

The second locality examined was an exposure of typical loess

in the government quarry a short distance above the town of

Mokane on the M. K. & T. R. R. The full section of strata

exposed in the quarry face measures approximately seventy

feet ; rising abruptly from the flood-plain of the river, the Jeffer-

son City formation (Ordovician) presents a precipitous face of

sixty feet followed by a layer of tough, bluish clay, interspersed

with worn fragments of limestone ; upon this bed of clay is

deposited a layer of loess that varies in thickness but having

probably an average of nine feet. The loess is capped with a

layer of soil rich in humus and supports a flora typical of the

Missouri Bluff region.

While occasional specimens of the species listed were found

throughout the entire thickness of the loess, it was only in a

thin zone, about sixteen inches from the base, that they were

collected in abundance, in fact they are so abundant in this zone

as to attract attention from the highway below, by the white

line they present at the top of the quarry, being even more pro-

nounced than the Ordovician-Pleistocene contact.

Of the entire series collected from this exposure, all have lost

their color markings and uniformly present the usual chalky

appearance common to the fossils of the loess.

A few are filled with a heavy iron-stained deposit ; others are

filled with the surrounding loess mass and occasionally speci-

mens are unfilled and crumble to dust upon their removal from

the matrix.

Careful examination of all fragmentary as well as the better

preserved shells in the collection gathered at this place fails to

detect a single aquatic species, the fauna being composed wholly

of land forms, and their being massed together in a single layer

can be readily explained as an accumulation left in a depression

after a torrential rain. However, a misinterpretation of condi-

tions, such as presented in this locality, combined with a lack

of knowledge of the habits of the forms found, has led a number

66 THE NAUTILUS.

of writers to use just such evidence to advocate the theory of a

fluviatile origin for the widely distributed beds of loess in the

Missouri Valley region.

By passing a quantity of the material from the shell zone over

a set of sieves of different mesh. I was enabled to recover a

number of very minute species, some of them, notably Cary-

chium exile Lea, being quite abundant.

List of species from the government quarry near Mokane, Mo. :

Polygyra albolabris, (a) Pyramidula solitaria, (c)

Polygyra appressa, (a) Pyramidula alternata, (a)

Polygyra appressa, small Pyramidula alternata, small

var., (c) var., (c)

Polygyra elevata, (a) Gastrodonta ligera, (r)

Polygyra multilinear, (r) Helicodiscus parallehis, (c)

Polygyra thyroides, (c) Vallonia pulchella, (a)

Polygyra zaleta ?, (c) Vallonia sp. indet., (r)

Polygyra fratema, (c) Bifid aria contracta, (c)

Polygyra monodon, (c) Bifidaria armtfera, (c)

Polygyra hirsuta, (c) Bifidaria procera?, (r)

Zonitoides arborea, (r) Carychium exile, (a)

Zonitoides minuscula, (c) Helidna occidta, (c)

(a) == abundant, (c) == common, (r) == rare.

THE FEEDING H \BITS OF BUSYCON.

BY SHIELDS WARREN.

Last September I made a series of observations on the feed-

ing habits of Busycon at Hyannisport, Massachusetts. This

place was well suited for the work, since both B. canalicidata

and B. carica occur plentifully, and oysters and quahaugs are

fairly numerous. All these observations were made under

natural conditions.

There are two distinct stages in the feeding habits, the first

when the animal is small and the shell weak, the second when

the animal is grown and the shell strong. In the first stage

they are incapable of attacking a large lamellibranch, and eat

carrion and small univalves, such as Nassa, which o.ccur abund-

THE NAUTILUS. 67

antly on the flats. To get at the Nassa, they envelop the shell

in the foot until it is asphyxiated, and then clean out the

animal with the radula. In the second stage the quahaug and

oyster are the chief articles of food, and, contrary to the general

opinion, the radula is not used to bore through the shells, but

the edges of the valves are chipped away against the lip of the

Busycon's shell.

I was led to take up these investigations by the following

facts : in examining radulae of the Busycons I noticed that

they were not so worn as in the borers Polinices and Urosalpinx ;

the lips of their shells are almost invariably chipped : and the

dead quahaug shells on the flats were not bored but chipped.

Subsequently I found that Mr. Harold S. Colton had de-

scribed (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila ; 1908) the feeding of B.

canaliculata as observed in the aquarium of the University of

Pennsylvania. The following statements are quoted from his

summary.

" They (canaliculata and carica') open the shells of oysters by

wedging their own shell between the valves and tear out the

flesh with their radula. They probably treat quahaugs in the

same way.

"Sycotypus will attack any except Venus."

He also states that the whelk waits until the bivalve opens

and then inserts its shells between the valves.

Mr. C. W. Johnson suggested to me that the bivalves might

have been weakened by life in the aquarium, and this is pro-

bably the explanation of the shells' opening their valves while

gripped in the Busycon's foot. Also while B. canaliculata will

not attack quahaugs as early in life as B. carica, since the lip

of its shell remains almost paper-like until the animal is well

grown, I found two large specimens eating quahaugs.

The Busycons I observed ate in the following manner. An

oyster is held in the foot with the hinge toward the canal, while

a quahaug is grasped in such a way that the hinge is toward

the columella, but in both cases the edges of the bivalve are

left free. In the majority of cases the Busycon rests on its foot

with the canal pointing upwards at an angle of about 30°. The

foot is slowly contracted, about six times a minute, and the

68 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of the oyster is brought against the inner edge of the lip

with considerable pressure and then drawn inward and toward

the canal. A small piece is chipped from the edge of the oyster

and the process repeated until a gap is made large enough to

to admit the radula, which then tears out the flesh. This

method of getting at the animal explains not only the rough-

ened and chipped condition of the lip of the Busycon, but also

the chipped oyster and quahaug shells. Occasionally I have

found a live quahaug with its edge much chipped but still

intact, so the whelk does not always succeed. Usually, how-

ever, it encounters but little difficulty.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS AND

TERTIARY OF THE TESLA, PLEASANTON, SAN JOSE, AND

MT. HAMILTON QUADRANGLES, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. B. HALL AND A. W. AMBROSE.

INTRODUCTION.

During the paleontological work at Stanford University, for a

folio covering the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and Mt. Hamilton

Quadrangles, several new forms were found. In order that the

names of these might be established, the writers decided to

publish the descriptions of the same. The writers' thanks are

due Dr. James Perrin Smith for his assistance to the writers in

this work.

HORSETOWN — MIDDLE CRETACEOUS.

PECTEN CLARKENSIS n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell small, two specimens found averaging 17

mm. in altitude, little higher than long, compressed, thin, sub-

circular, equivalve and equilateral ; ears equal, moderately

small, base regularly rounded, margins smooth. Surface

marked by 20 or 21 radiating nearly equal ribs, being two or

three times the width of interspaces that terminate abruptly a

little way from margin, also by obscure lines of growth.

Dimensions. Alt., 16mm.; latitude, 16mm.; longitude,

18 mm. ; hinge line (restored and approximate) 9 mm. ; diam-

eter, 11 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Notes. Characterized by definite number and character of

ribs, and easily distinguished from P. operculiformis, P. califor-

nicus, P. complexcosta, and P. interradiatus. Named in honor of

W. 0. Clark.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Found by W. 0. Clark on the San Jose Quadrangle,

two and a half miles Northeast of Milpitos, just at beginning of

foothills and a little north of serpentine outcrop.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

AVICULA GREGORYI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell oblique, subcompressed ; ears very un-

equal ; beaks moderate, anterior; cardinal line straight ; anterior

ear short and angular with small byssal notch ; posterior ear

broad ; anterior margin regularly rounded from near umbo to

base, posterior margin straight and sharply rounded to base,

basal margin forms an excentric curve, most produced behind.

Ears gradually round into body of shell. Surface marked by

numerous faint, but distinct, radiating ribs.

Dimensions. Altitude 7 mm.; longitude 9 mm.; hinge line

5 mm. ; diameter.

Notes. Distinguished from A. pellucida by ribs, byssal notch

and lack of acuminate posterior ear. Named in honor of A. E.

Gregory, Stanford University, Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. One and one-half miles S. 10 W. of Carnegie, Tesla

Quadrangle.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

SONNERATIA ROGERSI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell small, not often above a diameter of 4.5

mm. ; discoidal, laterally compressed and flattened ; umbilicus

not large, about one-quarter total diameter, funnel form due to

sloping sides and gradual increasing thickness of shell ; sides

converge gently toward periphery; ventral surface subquadrate;

surface ornamented with about sixty transverse flexuous ribs

which usually cross the ventral surface and terminate in about

one-quarter as many distinct tubercules upon the shoulder of

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the umbilicus. The ribs show a tendency to bifurcate from

these ridge-like tubercules, and become less distinct on the sides

of the shell, curving gently backward, and becoming very dis-

tinct and wider near the outer margin where they turn decid-

edly forward. The suture line is simple, consisting of a few

broadly rounded saddles and wide lobes having very short

branches. Saddles little indented, and are bifid with rounded

denticles and incisions. Lobes unequally tripartite.

Notes. This form easily distinguished from S. stantoni, as it

has nearly twice as many ribs, a lack of fine lines, striations on

ribs and interspaces, and a greater size. Named in honor of

Professor A. F. Rogers, Stanford University, Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Three-quarters of a mile South of Carnegie, Corral

Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

CHICO — UPPER CRETACEOUS.

ATAPHRUS PEMBERTONI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell medium, thick, rather flattened, spire low;

whorls four, rounded, enlarging rapidly anteriorly, and revolv-

ing a little obliquely; whole body being about twice as large as

penultimate. Aperture oblique, subcircular. columellar lip

thick and rather straight. Surface smooth, marked only by

occasional very faint lines of growth; umbilical region covered

by a smooth callus, which merges insensibly into general surface.

Dimensions. Alt., 12 mm.; lat., 18 mm.; alt. of body whorl,

7 mm. ; alt. of aperture, 9 mm.

Notes. Distinguished from A. crassa by its size, higher spire,

and non-rounding of columellar lip. Named in honor of J. R.

Pemberton.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Jordan Ranch, Arroyo del Valle, Tesla Quadrangle,

Alameda County. California.

Horizon. Lower Chico, upper Cretaceous.

CERITHIUM BRANNERI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell elongate, slender; whorls numerous, prob-

THE NAUTILUS. 71

ably eight, two apical whorls being lost, rounded on sides;

suture linear, impressed. Surface marked by numerous, slightly

curved longitudinal ribs, about twenty-six to a volution; these

are more prominent near upper suture of the whorl and become

very indistinct at the lower suture ; very fine striae cover both

ribs and interspaces, running parallel with ribs ; ribs and inter-

spaces crossed alike by numerous shapely elevated revolving

threads, running parallel to suture. These produce a small

node at each crossing of the longitudinal rib one-quarter of the

way down on the lowest whorl, one-third down on the second,

one-half down on the third, and the entire way down on the

remaining whorls. Aperture, sub- circular ; inner margin some-

what thickened and curved.

Dimensions (less several apical whorls). Alt,, 16mm.; lat.,

7 mm.; alt. of body whorl, 13 mm.; alt. of aperture, 4^ mm.

Notes. Named in honor of Dr. John C. Branner.

Type. Museum, .Stanford University, California.

Locality. One mile north, 20° west of Tesla and Corral

Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Middle Chico, upper Cretaceous.

( To be continued)

NOTES.

FOSSIL CHITONS. In working over some fossil shells from the

Pleistocene strata of Deadman's Island, San Pedro, California,

I find that I have three species which are not listed by Arnold

in his "Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Pliocene and

Pleistocene of San Pedro."

Katherina tunicata Sby. One perfect anterior valve.

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. One perfect posterior valve.

Mopalia hindsii (Sby. ) Rve. One central valve in good con-

dition.

These were identified by comparing with recent specimens.

Ischnochiton conspicuus is found living in this vicinity and has

been reported fossil from the Pleistocene at Signal Hill, Long

Beach, by Mr. T. S. Oldroyd. (NAUTILUS, vol. 28, page 80.)

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Katherina tunicata and Mopalia hindsii are found living at Mon-

terey and farther north but are not found living in this locality.

— E. P. CHACE.

VlRIPARUS CONTECTOIDES BlNN. IN BOSTON, MASS. This

species has recently appeared in great numbers in the Lake in

the Public Garden. Adults measuring 23 mm. (slightly eroded)

are comparatively scarce, but specimens measuring from 9 to

13 mm. are abundant. Mr. E. G. Vanatta has recorded it from

the lily pond, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (NAUT. vol. 26,

p. 84, 1912). As this species is frequently kept in aquaria, it

has probably been introduced in the Lake with goldfish which

are annually placed there. — C. W. JOHNSON.

MELANELLA IOTOIDES. — When I published Melanella iota in

my " Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine

Mollusks," Bulletin 91, U. S. National Museum, page 67, plate

19, fig. 2, 1915, I overlooked the existence of a previously de-

scribed Melanella bearing this name ; namely, Eulima iota C. B.

Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., p. 422, 1852.

My shell therefore requires a new name, and may be known

as Melanella iotoides. — PAUL BARTSCH.

NEW JERSEY SHELLS. — The following species of shells were

picked from leaf-mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long on

April 7th and May 19th, 1916, near Garden Lake Station, west

of Clementon, Camden county, New Jersey. The Euconulus

and Strobilops are southern species new to the state : Polygyra

albolabris Say, P. thyroidus Say, P. fallax Say, Pupoides margin-

atus Say, Bifidaria armifera Say, B. contracta Say, B. pentodon

Say, Vertigo tridentata Wolf, V. milium Gld. , Strobilops fioridana

Pils., Vallonia excentrica St., Columella edentida Drap., Polita

hammonis Strom., P. indentata Say, Striatura milium Mrse. , Zon-

itoides arborea Say, Z. minuscula Binn., Agriolimax campestris

Binn., shell only, Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., Helico-

discus parallelus Say, Punctum pygmseum Drap., Succinea avara

Say, and Carychium exiguum Say. — E. G. VANATTA.

THE NAUTILUS.

PLATE II.

C\J

UNIO RADIATUS ONEIDENSIS BAKER.

HE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. NOVEMBER, 1916. No. 7

EULIMASTOMA, A NEW SUBGENUS OF PYRAMIDELLIDS AND REMARKS

Off THE GENUS SCALENOSTOMA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Additional material received by the United States National

Museum makes it necessary to create a new subgenus for the

Pyramidellida typified by Odostomia (Scalenostoma) dotella Dall

and Bartsch (Bull. 68, U. S. N. M., p. 230, 1909). Scalenostoma

must be referred to the family Melanellidae (= Eulimidae) .

There is a wonderful resemblance between Eulimastoma and

Scalenostoma as far as texture of shell and sculpture are con-

cerned, and it was this resemblance and the absence of repre-

sentatives of the genus Scalenostoma that caused me to consider

this a Pyramidellid in the past. Material now at hand shows

that Odostomia (Eulimastoma') dotella Dall and Bartsch has an

obliquely tilted, deeply immersed nucleus, a Pyramidellid

character, while Scalenostoma has the usual attenuated, acute,

non-sinistral tip.

The following synonymy should be noted :

Scalenostoma Deshayes, Cat. Moll. He de la Reunion, pp. 58-

60, PI. vii, figs. 26-8, 1863. Type Scalenostoma carinatum Des-

hayes=Subeulima Souverbie, Journ. de Conch, xxiii, p. 296,

1875. Type Subeulima lamberti Souverbie.

The west American members of the genus Scalenostoma are:

SCALENOSTOMA RANGII (de Folin).

Chemnitzia rangii de Folin. Les Meleagrinicoles p. 61, PI. 6,

fig. 1, 1867. Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangii, Dall and Bartsch

Bull. 68, U. S. N. M., p. 230, PI. 30. fig. 2, 1909. Odostomia

74 THE NAUTILUS.

(Scalenostoma) rangii, Bartsch, Proc. U. S. N. M., No. 1906, p..

307, 344, 1912.

SCALENOSTOMA BABYLONIA (Bartsch).

Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc. U. S. N. M.,

No. 1903, pp. 287-8, PI. 38, fig. 3, 1912, Odostomia (Scale-

nostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc., U. S. N. M., No. 1906, p. 307,

344, 1912.

The South African species of this genus which I described in

the Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine

Mollusks, Bull. 91, U. S. N. M., p. 70, PI. 19, fig. 6, 1915, as

Subeidima magniftca must now be called Scalenostoma magnifica

(Bartsch).

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF LAMPSILIS FROM ONEIDA LAKE

WITH NOTES ON THE L. LUTEOLA GROUP.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

LAMPSILIS RADIATA ONEIDENSIS F. C. BAKER. Plate II.

Shell elliptical in outline, rounded at both ends, somewhat

compressed ; dorsal margin slightly curved, ventral margin

rounded, notably so in the male shell ; female shell produced

postbasally ; surface usually roughened by growth lines, rarely

smooth ; epidermis olive-green, the posterior half usually black

or brown, obscuring the markings ; a few dark green rays of

the radiata type are present on some shells ; umbones promi-

nent, inflated, but little elevated above the contour of the dorsal

margin ; unbonal slopes rounded ; cardinal teeth of the left

valve double, rather heavy, serrated, the anterior cardinal higher

than the posterior and pyramidal in shape, the posterior cardi-

nal rectangular somewhat compressed ; the pit between the

cardinal teeth is deep and wide ; there is a small, narrow pit at

the base of the anterior cardinal tooth ; cardinal teeth of right

valve two in number, triangular, the anterior small, compressed,

the posterior large, elevated above the anterior, forming a trun-

cated pyramid ; the pit between the teeth is narrow and deep ;

the anterior cardinal of this valve is reduced to a mere remnant

in some individuals ; the ridge joining the cardinal and lateral

THE NAUTILUS. V5

teeth is heavy and bears one or more tubercles ; lateral teeth as

in radiata; anterior adductor muscle scar, posterior adductor

muscle scar, and dorsal muscle scars more heavily impressed

than in radiata ; nacre bluish-white, slightly iridescent.

All of the specimens seen have their umbones eroded.

Length 56, height 36, breadth 21 mm. $.

" 53, 35, " 20 mm. 9.

" 51, 37, " 20 mm. $.

60, 40, 24 mm. ?.

66, 41, " 27 mm. <?.

63, 41, 27 mm. 9.

Types in collection of the New York State College of Forestry

at Syracuse University ; cotypes in collection of the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and Dr. Bryant Walker,

Detroit, Mich.

This race of Lampsilis is related to both radiata and luteola.

From the latter it differs in the more elliptical sometimes orbi-

cular outline of the male shell, the olive green and brown epi-

dermis and in the cardinal teeth which are heavier and broader,

not so deeply serrated, and of different shape. From radiata it

differs in its outline, in its epidermis, which is not as rough,

and in the cardinal teeth, which are not as heavy, and are

more elevated, triangular and pyramidal. The pits at the base

of the cardinal teeth are deeper.

This race is common in Oneida Lake and is very uniform in

the characteristics noted. It was previously listed1 as Lampsilis

borealis but specimens of borealis* from the type locality, Duck

Island, Ottawa River, Ontario, Canada, received from Dr.

Walker, show that it is not that species, true borealis having a

heavier, more inflated shell, heavier and differently shaped

cardinal teeth and an epidermis like that of radiata. Small

females of oneidensis have a superficial resemblance to Lampsilis

1 The Fresh-water Mollusca of Oneida Lake, New York. NAUTILUS, xxx,

page 7, 1916 ; The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. Tech. Bull.

No. 4, New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, page 257,

fig. 44, 1916. The references to borealis in the latter publication should be

changed to oneidensis.

'Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, No. 3, page 53, 1882.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

luteola rosacea but differ in the form of the cardinal teeth as well

as in the outline of the shell and in the color and texture of the

epidermis.

Oneidensis apparently bears the same relation to radiata that

rosacea does to luteola. It is not a depauperate or sporadic form

of radiata, for it occurs plentifully and is always recognizable at

a glance when mixed with luteola and radiata. A lot of shells

from Lower South Bay contained these three mussels in the

ratios indicated: oneidensis, 28; radiata, 15; luteola, 16. Indi-

viduals occur with a pink shell and nacre like that of the race

rosacea. How widely distributed this race of radiata may be is

not known but it should be found in other parts of New York

State.

The luteola group of Lampsilis living in Oneida Lake is of

unusual interest from the standpoint of variation. Here the

two species have apparently interbred, causing a mixture of the

characters of both species. Thus, individuals of radiata occur

with a normal hinge but with a polished surface like luteola.

Also, luteola individuals occur with a rough surface and the

crowded rays of radiata. The breadth of shell in both species

varies nearly fifty per cent. All specimens of luteola are more

numerously rayed than are those from the West and also those

from Western New York, showing apparently a tendency to

vary toward the radiata type of surface. A tinge of red is found

in individuals of all species, though not as strikingly as in the

typical rosacea of DeKay.

A form of luteola occurs in the lake which is much compressed

(resembling in this respect radiata} the epidermis is smooth and

the bright green rays are widely spaced. These individuals are

noteworthy forrthe marked elliptical outline of the shell and the

acute V-shape formed by the ventral half of the shell. Meas-

urements are given below of these specimens together with

typical forms of radiata and luteola. All are males.

Length 80, width 47, breadth 27 mm. Luteola, compressed.

" 58, "34, " 19 mm. Luteola, compressed.

" 64, "40, " 35.5 mm. Luteola, typical.

" 62, " 38, " 35. 5 mm. Radiata.

« 80, " 25, " 25 mm. Radiata, Mohawk river.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

The radiata of Oneida Lake are not typical being more in-

flated, quadrate in outline rather than elliptical, the rays are

not as even or as numerous and the color of the shell is usually

yellowish rather than greenish, in this respect approaching

luteola. The radiata type in the lake shows a decided variance

toward the form of the shell herein described as oneidensis.

The only safe criterion for separating the Oneida Lake radiata

from luteola is by the form of the cardinal teeth. Many years

ago F. R. Latchford 1 tersely characterized these differences as

follows : "In U. radiatus these are short, erect, and triangular.

In U. luteolus they are long, curved, compressed, and oblique."

The dull, rough epidermis is characteristic of radiata but, as

noted in Oneida Lake specimens this may not be present or

typically developed. It seems evident that in Oneida Lake

evolutionary forces have been at work upon this group of the

Naiades and that the form herein described as oneidensis is the

result.

Figures 1 and 3 represent male, 2 and 4 female individuals.

My thanks are due Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in work-

ing out the relationships of this race and also Dr. C. C. Adams,

of the New York State College of Forestry, for the loan of the

plate upon which the race is figured.

New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS AND

TERTIARY OF THE TESLA, PLEASANTGN, SAN JOSE, AND

MT. HAMILTON QUADRANGLES, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. B. HALL AND A. W. AMBROSE.

{Concluded from page 71}

PHOLADOMYA HAREIGANI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell, right angle, thick; beaks low, anterior,

in-curved, nearly touching. Buccal end abruptly truncated at

'Notes on the Ottawa Unionidae. Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, No. 3,

page 51, 1882.

78

THE NAUTILUS.

right angles to cardinal and basal margins. Cardinal margin

regularly rounded anteriorly from beaks; anterior end rounded

into straight basal margin; posterior end, anterior end and basal

margin closed. Surface marked by prominent irregular lines of

growth following curvature of shell and extending continuously

along sides and on posterior end to umbones, also marked by

17 to 19 less prominent radiating, regularly spaced ribs that

cover entire surface of sides and do not extend on to posterior

end as in the case of the lines of growth. The radiating ribs

become more prominent proceeding from the anterior to the

posterior end.

Dimensions. Length, 50 mm. Posterior width, 40 mm.

Posterior thickness, 35 mm. Greatest width and thickness at

posterior end.

Notes. Named in honor of P. F. Harrigan, Los Angeles,

Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Black shale, Western Pacific Railroad cut near

Altamont, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Upper Chico, upper Cretaceous.

SCHLOENBACHIA TEMPLETONi, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell discoidal and compressed, slightly inflated

on the last whorl, attains a diameter of 16 cm. Keel slight and

broken into nodes. Surface ornamented with about 45 (counted

along ventral margin) rounded, slightly curved, forward point-

ing ribs, that begin in narrow elongated nodes (slightly diverg-

ing from plane of keel) on the ventral margin and end on the

umbilical margin in about a third as many pointed nodes as

ribs, from which the umbilical walls make a perpendicular

descent. Some of the ribs bifurcate on the surface of the shell

in nodes without any apparent regularity of system and from

three series of costal nodes on the surface — not counting the

umbilical and ventral margin nodes — and run nearly regularly

with the curvature of the whorl. The nodes on the ventral

margin are opposite each other. The tubercules of the keel

stand a little forward of the marginal nodes in a position to

exactly meet the forward curving of the ribs.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Notes. Named in honor of E. C. Templeton, Stanford Uni-

versity, California.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Western Pacific Railroad cut between Altamount

and Greenway, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Upper Chico shale, upper Cretaceous.

TEJON — UPPER EOCENE.

PANOPEA SMITHII, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell subquadrate, about twice as long as wide;

beaks small, nearly central but a little toward the posterior end.

Cardinal margin nearly straight anteriorly with end regularly

rounded, slightly sloping posteriorly with end abruptly trun-

cated, basal margin slightly concave. Posterior end gaping,

anterior end and basal margin closed. An angulated furrow

runs from the umbones to posterior end of basal margin. A

gently curved furrow runs from umbones to center of basal

margin, giving a bulging appearance to both dorsal and ventral

ends. Surface marked by coarse, rather regular ribs.

Dimensions. Length, 72 mm.; width, 37 mm., apparently

from others found, this form represents the adult form.

Notes. Named in honor of Professor James Perrin Smith, to

whom the authors are deeply indebted.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Creek cut opposite where Livermore road crosses

the Western Pacific Railroad, Corral Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Tejon, Upper Eocene.

MONTEREY — LOWER MIOCENE.

MESODESMA PACIFICA, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Right valve. Cast. Shell subtrigonal, inequi-

lateral. Beak small. Posterior end truncate, at extremity

making angle of 133° at beak between posterior dorsal margin

and anterior dorsal margin, anterior margin straight, abruptly

truncated at end, deep furrow cutting at angle of 25° to anterior

dorsal margin from beak, gradually disappearing until obscure

at center of valve.

Dimensions. Long. 40 mm.; alt. 22 mm.; diameter 4 mm.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes. This form is easily recognized by its shape and pos-

terior truncation. Harold Hannibal has collected this form on

Vancouver Island in the Sooke Formation (Oligocene). The

writers had the opportunity of comparing the material with a

specimen collected by Mr. Hannibal. It showed a strong hinge,

a large resiliary pit, rather deep, and a thick shell, with con-

centric striation.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Localities. Monterey Sandstone, P. 282, on the Pleasanton

Quadrangle, in Alameda Creek, 1£ miles south of Mouth of

Welch Creek, and one-fifth mile south of Calaveras Fault,

Sunol, Calif.

Horizon. Monterey Sandstone, Lower Miocene.

MACTRA BEALI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Left valve. Shell trigonal, thin, slightly ventri-

cose, inequilateral ; umboes prominent ; beaks not prominent,

situated slightly posterior to middle of shell ; anterior margin

slightly curved upward, running to anterior extremity where it

is sharply rounded ; posterior margin practically straight, run-

ning to posterior extremity where it is angularly truncated ;

basal margin regularly curved ; posterior and anterior margin

make an angle of 105° at the beak ; surface smooth.

Dimensions. Long. 44 mm. ; lat. 34 mm. ; diameter 9 mm.

Notes. It is very similar to an unnamed form found by

Harold Hannibal in the Sooke formation (Oligocene) of the

North Pacific coast. Named in honor of C. H. Beal, Stanford

University, Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Monterey Sandstones of Pleasanton Quadrangle.

This particular valve came from locality P. 227.

Horizon. Monterey Sandstone, Lower Miocene.

BRIONES — MIDDLE MIOCENE.

OSTREA TITAN Conrad. VAR. PERRINT, n. var. Hall and

Ambrose.

Description. Lower valve. Shell irregularly elliptical, con-

tracted at beak ; beak curved toward right when viewed from

THE NAUTILUS. 81

exterior ; right valve very ventricose ; extremely laminated,

giving rough plaited surface ; left valve almost flat, laminated ;

muscle-scars distinct ; hinge long, narrowing at beak, viewed

from interior curves to left ; cavity of hinge deep, coarsely

wrinkled, with wrinkles running up onto either side of hinge ;

interior of hinge ends abruptly, cutting at right angles toward

interior of shell, although not characteristic of all forms.

Dimensions. Alt. 155 mm. ; long, maximum at base, 85 mm.,

minimum near beak 56 mm.; diameter lower valve 61 mm.

Notes. This species greatly resembles 0. titan Conrad, the

main difference between the two being in the hinge. This vari-

ety has a long curved pointed hinge, while the 0. titan has a

much shorter hinge, about as wide as long. Also the summit

of this variety does not rise above the beak of the opposite valve.

All forms do not have as curved a hinge as this one figured. It

is generally elongate, and seldom, if ever, has the subcircular

shape the 0. titan often has.

It is very abundant in the Briones, and may generally be

found any place in the Briones on the Tesla, Pleasanton, Mt.

Hamilton or San Jose Quadrangles. This particular specimen

is slightly smaller than the ordinary 0. titan var. perrini.

It is named in honor of Professor James Perrin Smith.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Briones of the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and

Mt. Hamilton Quadrangles, Calif.

Horizon. Briones, Middle Miocene.

MACOMA WILCOXI. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Right valve ; shell thin, elongate, inequilateral ;

surface smooth ; beaks, small, low, pointed, nearly medial,

curved slightly towrard posterior end ; anterior extremely regu-

larly rounded ; posterior dorsal margin straight, sloping more

steeply from beak than anterior dorsal margin toward extremity

which is angulated at a point somewhat below the horizon-

tal medial line of the valve ; base curved. Hinge unknown,

interior inaccessible.

Dimensions. Long., 31 mm.; lat. , 18 mm.; diameter, 5 mm.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes. The angular posterior extremity gives it a distinctive

shape. It is named in honor of R. W. Wilcox, Delta, Colorado.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality, This specimen was found in Briones reef sandstones

on the north limb of the Haywards Pass syncline. It is also

found on the anticline northwest of Dublin, California. It is

also found on the Tesla Quadrangle in the clays at the mouth

of the small gulch joining Arroyo Seco from south, one-half

mile above 963 Mark, Livermore, California.

Horizon. Briones, Middle Miocene.

PECTEN TOLMANT, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Both valves convex, left more convex of two,

inequilateral, base regularly rounded ; margins smooth. Right

valve with 16 to 18 prominent rounded ribs, separated by

rounded interspaces, narrower than the ribs; ribs on left valve

more prominent and irregularly spaced; surface sculptured by

numerous, fine, imbricating, regular lines of growth; hinge line

less than one-half length of disk; ears subequal; anterior ear of

other specimens show 5 or 6 sharp radial lines emanating from

beak, crossed by fine, faint, concentric lines; sculpture of pos-

terior ear less distinct but truncated at right angles.

Dimensions. Alt. 67 mm.; long. 71 mm.; diameter 9 mm.;

umbonal angle 130°.

Notes. This species resembles an enlarged P. andersoni but

is undoubtedly a new form. This form is much larger than

P. andersoni, the hinge (proportional to size) much shorter, and

the umbonal angle much larger.

It is possible this form is a descendant of P. andersoni, of

Monterey times. The young are very similar to P. andersoni,

and it is not certain that the forms classified as P. andersoni in

the Briones are not the young of P. tolmani. Named in honor

of Prof. Cyrus Fisher Tolman, Jr.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Briones of Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and Mt.

Hamilton Quadrangles.

Horizon. Brionet, Middle Miocene ; probably Monterey,

Lower Miocene.

THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

SAN DIEGO DRIFT SHELLS. — A small bag of drift taken on

the shore of False Bay, near Asher Station, San Diego, Califor-

nia, March 28, 1916, contained the following interesting assem-

blage of molluscan shells, Mr. E. G. Vanatta being responsible

tor certain of the determinations.

Pisidium species.

Assiminea californica Cooper, one specimen (E. G. V.).

Lymnaea bulimoides Lea, young.

Physa niMalli Lea, young (E. G. V.).

Planorbis deflectus Say, two young specimens (E. G. V.).

This species seem to be new to Southern California.

Succinea stretchiana Bland, young (E. G. V. ).

Vitrea shepardi (Hemphill), one specimen (E. G. V.).

Recorded heretofore from Santa Catalina Island.

Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall).

Striatura milium meridionalis (Pilsbry and Ferriss), one speci-

men (E. G. V.).

Punctual conspectum (Bland), the most common species.

Vertigo diegensis Sterki, one specimen.

Bifidaria hemphilli Sterki. — S. S. BERRY.

ANTIQUITY OF THE HELICES. — Helix (Epiphragmoph&ra) tudicu-

lata is a land snail peculiar to Central and Southern California,

ranging from the Sierras southward to San Diego. It is very

common, and even abundant in some localities.

A few years ago the writer found a fossil specimen of this

species in Silverado Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains. Orange

County, California, which cannot be assigned to a later period

that the Miocene, and may be even older, as the Eocene and

Cretaceous are also known to occur in Silverado Canyon.

The shell was found in situ, being embedded in a ledge of

rather soft limestone, which contained numerous fossil leaves

and stems. It was remarkably well preserved, retaining much

of its original color, and the dark band encircling the larger

whorl was still very distinct.

The writer is not aware that the species tudiculata has ever

before been reported as being identified with any geologic

period. — E. E. HADLEY.

NOTE ON VALVATA MICRA Pils. and Ferr. — When this species

was described ' I doubted its pertinence to Valvata, suggesting

that it might be a Horatia or Daudebardiella. I have recently

seen an article by C. Pollonera,2 in which he described a sub-

lProc. A. N. S. Phila. 1906, p. 172. New Braunfels, Texas.

8 Bolletino dei Musei de Zoolo^ia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Univ.

di Torino, Vol. xiii, No. 334, p. 3, Dec., 1898.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

genus Hauffenia of the genus Horatia, with two new species

from the valley of the Natisone, in Italy. These shells are very

small, diam. 1J to 2 mm., and almost exactly the shape of V.

micra and its variety nugax which measure 1.2 and 1.5 mm.

The resemblance is so close that I have no doubt that the Texas

shell belongs to the same genus, and should be called Horatia

(Hauffenia') micra (P. and F. ).

Horatia seems to belong to the subfamily Lyogyrinae. The

operculum resembles that of Lyogyrus. I would be less dis-

posed to admit that our shell belongs to this Dalmatian and

Italian genus if it were not that two Dalmatian freshwater genera,

Emmericia and Lanzaia, have very close relatives in the Panuco

River, northeastern Mexico ; also the terrestrial genus Coilostele,

elsewhere known only in Mediterranean countries, has a species

in northeastern Mexico. — H. A. PILSBRY.

NOTE ON BIFIDARIA MINUTA ST. — The name given to this

species, NAUTILUS, Jan. 1916, p. 105, was used by PfeifTer in

1842, his "Pupa minuta Say" being a Bifidaria. I propose

therefore to change the name of my species to Bifidaria carnegiei.

-V. Sterki.

MT. MONADNOCK SHELLS. — After sending you the Monadnock

list (p. 57) we got a specimen of Polygyra monodon Say, the very

young of which, in the first list, had been identified at the

museum as P. palliata. — W. H. Dall.

EDGAB A SMITH.

Edgar Albert Smith F. L. S., keeper of mollusks in the British

Museum, died on July 22, at the age of 68. He was the son of

Frederick Smith, the entomologist. Smith joined the British

Museum in 1867, the year after the acquisition of the important

collection made by Hugh Cuming, with the arrangement of

which he was occupied for many years. On the removal to

South Kensington it fell to him to install the large collection in

the shell -gallery, which he carried out to the great benefit of the

many collectors and students of shells who continuously visit

the Museum. On this collection he published over 300 papers

and monographs. He became assistant-keeper in 1895, re-

ceived the I. S. 0. in 1903, and retired in 1913. He was Past-

president of the Conchological and of the Malacological Societies.

His extensive knowledge of conchology and of the collections

under his charge, and the friendly help he was always ready to

give will cause his loss to be regretted by a wide circle. — Mu-

seum Journal .

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. DECEMBER, 1916. No. 8

THE ANATOMY OF THE NAYAD HYRIOPSIS MYEKSIANA (LEA).

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea). Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914,

p. 212.

The Carnegie Museum of Pittsburg has received, from Dr. B.

H. Bailey (Cedar Rapids, la.) two shells with the soft parts,

and the soft parts of a third one. One of these with shell is a

a female, the others are males. They were collected by Dr. E.

B. McDaniel at Petchaburi, Siam.

The genus Hyriopsis Conard, 1853, has been defined only by

shell characters, and the anatomy was unknown hitherto.

Simpson (1. c. p. 207) has placed it in the vicinity of Lamp-

silis, apparently relying on the similarity of the shell to that of

Lampsilis (Proptera) alata (Say), which is a Lampsilis shell.

The soft parts at hand exhibit the following characters :

Branchial opening separated from the anal by a complete gill-

diaphragm, but not by a mantle-connection. Anal and Supra-

anal openings of about the same length, separated from each

other by a well developed mantle-connection of moderate length,

shorter than either. Anal opening with inner edge nearly

smooth ; Branchial opening longer than the anal, with strong,

irregular papillae on inner edge. In front of the Branchial, the

inner edge of the mantle becomes smooth. Palpi subfalciform,

long, posterior margins connected for about half their length,

and connected with the inner face of the mantle for about one

third of their length.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Gills long and wide, the inner the wider, chiefly so anteriorly.

Outer gill narrowing gradually toward its anterior end, the

latter near the highest point of attachment line of mantle.

Inner gill narrowing anteriorly very suddenly, with its anterior

end about midway between the posterior base of palpi and ant-

erior end of outer gill. Outer lamina of outer gill entirely

connected with mantle ; inner lamina of inner gills free from

abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Behind the foot, the

two inner laminae of the inner gills are connected.

The male has in both gills weak septa, distant from each other,

and incomplete (interrupted), and in the female, they are of

the same character in the inner gill. The whole outer gill of the

female is marsupial, and has distinct, heavy, and crowded septa,

running parallel to the gill- filaments, forming water-tubes. But

these septa are somewhat irregular and interrupted, chiefly to-

ward the margin, and in the posterior half of the gill, they are

rather regularly interrupted by transverse holes. The anterior

section of the gill has the most continuous septa. No heavy

mass of tissue is seen at the edge of this gill, which is sharp.

Charged marsupium, embryos, and glochidia unknown.

Color of soft parts (in alcohol) whitish, with black-brown

pigment on the edges of anal and branchial openings.

That this species should belong in the affinity of Lampsilis

(or the subfamily Lampsilinae) , is out of the question. The

whole anatomy is truly that of the subfamily Unioninae of the

family Unionidae (NAUT. 23, 1910, p. 116, and Ann. Cam. Mus.

8, 1912 p. 223, 224). The Anodontinae are excluded, since no

trace of a thickening of the edge of the marsupial gills is observed.

However, a remarkable character of the septa of the marsupium is

that they are interrupted. This is an unusual character in the

family Unionidae, and more regularly found among the sub-

family Hyriinae of the Mutelidae (1. c. p. 225). Yet there is

a Unionine form known, which has interrupted septa in the

marsupium. and this is Gonidea from the Pacific slope of North

America (see : Ortmann, NAUTIL. 30, 1916, p. 50). In Gonidea

all four gills are marsupial, while in Hyriopsis only the outer

ones are marsupial : but in their structure they are very closely

alike.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Disregarding the interrupted character of the septa, Hyriopsis

stands rather close to the European Unio, but, of course, we do

not know whether there is any relation in the glochidia. Alto-

gether, Hyriopsis represents a type, probably most closely related to

Gonidea, and undoubtedly belonging to the subfamily Unioninae.

It surely does not belong to the Lampsilinae,

CONSISTENCY IN POPULAR NAMES OF SHELLS.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

I have recently rearranged the exhibition of New England

raollusks in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural His-

tory, the object being to make it more attractive and of general

interest to the public. Trays were abandoned and the specimens

placed on three large white tablets which cover the entire surface

of each of the horizontal cases (2^ ft. x 5 ft.). Of these cases

there are twelve, with drawers below for the large stud}7 series.

Specimens preserved in fluid are removed from exhibition and

replaced by colored drawings of the animals, either natural size

or enlarged according to the size of the species. These beauti-

ful drawings were made from the living animal by Mr. J.

Henry Blake. The Society also possesses a series of the glass

models of the Nudibranches made vears ago bv the Blaschkas.

J */

Small maps of New England, both land and marine areas, on

which are marked the localities or areas covered by those species

having a limited or restricted distribution, are placed with the

species.

This brings us to a question of popular interest, that is, the

common names for the more conspicuous shells. The many

changes in nomenclature affecting the old, classic, scientific

names are a serious handicap towards popularizing conchology;

and to attempt to explain why these changes are necessary is

not the most enjoyable theme in conchological circles. It there-

fore seems expedient that some fixed, appropriate, popular

name should be applied to the more common species. There

have been some excellent names proposed by Dr. Alfred G.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Mayer (Sea-Shore Life, N. Y. Aquarium, Nature Ser. No. 1,

1905) ; Julia E. Rogers (The Shell Book 1908) ; Josiah Keep

(West Coast Shells 1911). Professor Keep gave a somewhat

popular name to every shell ; but I cannot agree with him in

some cases. Why Polinices (not Polynices) should be called

"moon shell " while Natica is made a part of a common name

of one species, I cannot see. This name is also used in the Shell

Book where the inconsistency in the use of common names

greatly mars the value of the work in this respect.

There is one thing we should take into consideration, and that

is, there are English names in general use. which may be found

in the various dictionaries. Turning to the Century Dictionary

under sea-snail, we find the following : — In conch, a marine

gastropod whose shell resembles a helix, as those of the family

Littorinidae, Naticidae and Neritidae. Periwinkle is generally

applied to the former, and as the latter has a restricted distri-

bution and is confined to the more tropical waters, it seems

therefore that the term sea-snail would be more appropriately

restricted to the Naticidae. Dr. Mayer gives a pertinent name

which combines their nest or "sand-collar" with the shell ; for

Polinices heros (Natica or Lunatia heros of authors) the Northern

Sand-collar Snail, and for P. duplicata the Southern Sand-collar

Snail. Local or provincial names that are misleading should

not be considered in adapting fixed common names, for ex-

ample, among the New England fishermen the name " cockles "

is applied to the sea-snails (Polinices), but in all dictionaries

the name cockle usually applies to the various species of Cardium.

The name Periwinkle is almost universally used for the

species of Litorina (generally written Littorina the original spell-

ing of the genus being Litorina) although Keep uses the term

" Littorine.J) The name "Common Periwinkle " should be

applied to the original and widely distributed species L. littorea

and not to L. irrorata as in the Shell Book ; to the latter, the

name Dotted Periwinkle might be applied. The name Red

Periwinkle seems better than "Rough Winkle," for L. rudis,

for the shell, although usually more or less reddish, varies

from a grayish white to a dark brown (var. tenebrosa). The

Seaweed Periwinkle for L. obtusata palliata suggested by Dr.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Mayer is very appropriate from its habit of living among Fucus

or rock-weed. These are often called simply winkles, although

the latter term is often locally applied to a number of gastropods

more property included under Whelks.

The Century Dictionary says : A Whelk is a gastropod of the

family Buccinidae, in a broad sense, a buccinoid or similar

univalve with a spiral gibbous shell, whose aperture forms a

kind of spout and whose whorls are more or less varicose or

whelked." Illustrations, Nassa reticulata and Nassa obsoleta.

Keep restricts the whelk to the genus Buccinum using " Chry-

sodome" etc. for other buccinoids, "Nassa" for the species of

Nassidae and "Purple" for the species of Thais (Purpura).

With the passing of the genus as used by Lamarck and the

preoccupation of the genus JVassa, it seems therefore best to

adopt the name whelk as defined in the dictionary and apply

it to all the buccinoid and muricoid shells. Buccinum undalum,

the Common Whelk ; B. cyaneum the Blue Whelk, Neptunea

decemcostata, the Ten-ribbed Whelk ; Coins stimpsoni ( Tritono-

fusus or Sipho stimpsoni of authors), Stimpson's Whelk ; Colus

pygmaeus, the Pygmy Whelk. To the genus Busycon (Fulgur)

has been applied the term Giant Whelks. The most suitable

names proposed for the species are Nodose Whelk (B. can'ca),

although the var. eliceans becomes spinose when adult ; Reversed

Whelk (J5. perversum); Channelled Whelk (B. canaliculatum)

and Pear Whelk (B. pyrum). Locally the oystermen call them

winkles or wrinkles, while in other localities they are re-

ferred to as conchs. The species of Alectrion (Nassa) might

bear the following names based on their habits, Mud Whelk

(A. obsoleta); Sandy-mud Whelk (^4. vibex) and Sand Whelk

(A. trivittata). For the common Thais lapillus (Purpura

lapillus') the name Rock Whelk seems more appropriate than

"Rock Purple," and the western T. saxicola might be called

the Western Rock Whelk, Urosalpinx cinerea is popularly known

as the Oyster Drill.

For the species of Crepidula I prefer the term Slipper Shells,

as the name implies, to that of boat-shells, quarter-decks or

deckers, and the names proposed in the Shell Book seem appro-

priate. The Arched Slipper Shell for C. fornicata, the Flat

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Slipper Shell for C. plana, and the Cup and Saucer Limpet for

Crucibulum striatum, also the Tortoise Shell Limpet for Acmaea

tcstudinalis.

Among the bivalves there is also much confusion in the

popular names, due to the restricted use of the names clam,

mussel etc. In New England the Clam is Mya arenaria and

Venus mercenaria is known as the Quahaug. In the New York

market the former is called the Soft Shell Clam and the latter

the Clam or Hard Shell Clam. The Little-neck Clam is the

young of Venus mercenaria. The terms Long Clam and Round

Clam are also used for the two species. To avoid confusion it

seems best therefore to adapt a double name applicable to the

entire coast, the Long Clam or Soft Shell Clam for M. arenaria

and the Round Clam or Quahaug for V. mercenaria. To the

other species, Mya truncata, the name Truncate Clam might be

applied. Spi-ssula solidissima (Mactra solidissima) is usually

referred to as the Surf Clam, also locally as the Beach or Hen

Clam. Area campechiensis and its Var. pexata are called the

Bloody Clam from the color of its gills and circulatory fluids.

To Venericardia borealis (Cardita borealis) Dr. Mayer has given

the name Cod Clam, as it constitutes one of the foods of the

cod. To the Astartidae the term Little Brown Clams seems

appropriate and to the species Astarte castanea the Chestnut Clam

and to A. undata the Wavy Clam. Cyprina islandica known on

the New England coast as the Black Quahaug might also be

known as the Round Black Clam. Solemya velum has been

called by Dr. Mayer the Swimming Clam, from the ability of

the animal to move through the water for a considerable distance

without touching the bottom. This habit is more fully elabo-

rated by Professor Edward S. Morse in connection with the large

Northern Swimming Clam, S. borealis (Biol. Bull., xxv, 261,

1913). To the long narrow species the term clam is usually

replaced by the word shell, thus Ensis directus Conr. (E. ameri-

canus Gld. ) is known as the Razor Shell. The fisherman of

New England call it the " Skate rock." To Siliqua costata have

been applied various names such as Sand-bar Clam, Flat Razor

etc. I prefer the name Ribbed Pod-shell. For Oyrtodaria siliqua

(Glycymeris siliqua) the name Northern Pod-shell. Tagelus

THE NAUTILUS. 91

gibbus (Solecurtus gibbus} has been called the Short Razor Shell.

The fishermen at St. Augustine, Fla., call it the " Longarone,"

probably a Spanish term referring to its length.

The term Mussels usually applies to the family Mytilidae,

but is also used in connection with the fresh-water clams

( Unionidae). Mytilus edulis is universally known as the Edible

Mussel ; Modiolus modiolus as the Horse Mussel and M. demissus

and var. plicatulus as the Ribbed Mussel. The scallops are

somewhat unfortunate in their scientific names. The Common

Scallop (Pecten irradians of authors) is now known as P. gibbus

var. borealis Say. If we have to call our large species P. magel-

lanicus, we need not emphasize the fact by calling it the

"Magellan Scallop." It is known by our fisherman as the

Big or Deep-water Scallop ; the latter seems quite appropriate.

P. islandicus has been called by Dr. Mayer the Arctic Scallop.

Piddock is a well-established English name for the species

of the family Pholadidae, but it has not been generally adopted

in this country, although used in most of the popular works.

The name Rough Piddock is applied to Zirfaea crispata (Zir-

phaea crispata}, the Truncated Piddock to Barnea truncata

(Pholas truncata) and "Angel's Wings'1 to B. costata. For

uniformity the name Ribbed Piddock seems more suitable for

the latter. The Wood-eating Piddock figured in the Shell Book

is a Martesia, probably M. cuneiformis Say.

It seems hardly worth while at present to attempt more than

to give popular names to the common or conspicuous species.

It also seems inexpedient to make it general. The idea is to

create a greater local interest in the subject ; therefore a provin-

cial or faunal list of the common names of the species of the

Atlantic coast of the United States seems all that is necessary,

leaving the west-coast conchologists to improve their list of

common names if they think it desirable. With no national

association to take it up, this will have to be done by those in-

terested in the matter, and I shall be very glad to confer with

any one taking up the subject.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

THE MISSOURI EIVEE AS A FAUNAL BABRIEB

BY PAUL BART8CH.

Several years ago I published a note in ' ' Science ' ' on this

topic. It seems that this has not come to the attention of most

of the workers who are dealing with fresh-water pearly mussels,

and I therefore deem it wise to again call attention to it.

In our work during the Mississippi Valley Pearl Mussel In-

quiry, we found that the enormous amount of sediment carried

by the Missouri River formed an effectual barrier to the distri-

bution of the Unionidae. There, while the Mississippi and its

tributaries to the north of the Missouri River teemed with

aquatic life, careful search in the Mississippi below the mouth

of the Missouri, and the mouth of the Ohio, did not reveal a

single living Unionid. Dead specimens were also absent on the

sand bars south of St. Louis. The heavy load of mud carried

by the waters of the Missouri, yielding f inches of sediment in

a three-inch tube, probably strangles these and other organisms.

We have, therefore, the curious condition of a river forming

a barrier to aquatic animals.

SHELL COLLECTING IN THE SIERRA NEVADAS.

BY HERBERT N. LOWE.

To see the Yosemite and the groves of Giant Sequoias had

been a dream long cherished during my thirty years residence

in California. Some dreams come true ; and this summer my

mother and I drove there, with our " Buick Six " well stocked

with camp outfit.

The early part of September is rather a dry and unpropitious

time for collecting mollusks in the mountains. Rock piles and

moist meadows were the most favorable stations. These lovely

Sierra meadows, filled with brilliant wild-flowers and sur-

rounded by noble forests of pine, cedar and fir, are the most

charming spots imaginable. One vainly hunts for words to give

an idea of the wonderful scenery of the Sierra Nevadas. Each

day was simply perfect, with clear warm sunshine and air sweet

THE NAUTILUS. 93

with odors of pine and fir ; an experience never to be forgotten

by the lover of nature.

Leaving the State Highway at Madera, we struck off through

the foothills on the Yosemite Road. About five miles west of

Raymond I made my first find of Epiphragmophora tudiculata

var. cypreophila in rock piles near the road. By the amount of

effort it takes to find these it seems to be rather a rare species.

At the old mining camp of "Coarse Gold" we stopped for

lunch and a few Physa diaphana Tryon were found in the near-

by stream. Our stop for the night was at "Fish Camp," a

most beautiful spot, situated in one of the many Sierra meadows,

and headquarters for a large logging camp near by. A diligent

search was unrewarded by any molluscan species whatever.

However at Wawona, our next stop, I had better luck.

About half a mile south of the hotel is a small springy

meadow on a gently sloping hillside. Here under sticks were

five live Vertigo ovata Say ; Succinea stretchiana Bid. and Pisid-

ium, all " side by each ;" a few of the very rare Vitrea or Euco-

nulus chersinella Dall were also found here with Euconulus julvus

var. alaskensis Pils. A search of the upper end of the north

meadow resulted in some fine large Polygyra loricata Gld. and

Vitrina alaskana Dall, also a single specimen each of Vertigo

modesta var. castanea Sterki and Striatura milium var. meridionalis

P. &F.

While in the Yosemite, a hike was taken to Vernal Falls,

and on exploring rock slides near there a few specimens of Epi.

tudiculata var. tularensis Hemp, were found in company with a

flattened form of Epi. hillebrandi which Dr. Pilsbry considers

new. In the thick moss near the Falls a few Vitrina alaskana

Dall had their happy homes. In a small meadow about

twenty miles from Yosemite on the Big Oak Flat Road, some

fine Pyramidula cronkheiti Newc. were living under small logs

in company with two Pisidium and a Sphaerium.

After our two delightful days at Wawona and the Mariposa

Grove of giant Sequoias, and four more in the Yosemite, we

took the Big Oak Flat Road out of the Valley as far as Crockers,

where the Tioga road leads over the pass into the Mono Lake

country and Western Nevada. One crosses the pass at an

94 THE NAUTILUS.

elevation of ten thousand feet where the snows never melt,

and only a half mile from the road is a real live glacier. From

the sudden change in scenery on the easterly side of the Sierras

one might fancy he was in the Swiss Alps. Mono Lake, over

ten miles across, with two volcanic islands in its center, is fair

to look upon ; but the bitter waters are so charged with alkali

that no living creature can exist in it. Surrounded as it is by

snow-capped mountains, whose melting snows pour in on all

sides, its waters remain absolutely mid linkable. From Lake

Mono one travels through sand and sage brush to the lovely

pine-forested shores of Lake Tahoe. Here we struck the fine

Lincoln Highway leading to San Francisco. We crossed sev-

eral times the old emigrant trail. One pictured the days of

the hardy pioneers of the gold rush of '49, the long trains of

oxen toiling up these terrible mountain trails, and contrast

the ease of our modern automobile transportation over good

roads and comparatively easy grades.

A stop was made by a spring on the Lincoln Highway about

twenty-three miles east of Placerville. The Epi. mormonum var.

cala Pils. was found here. Under boards and sticks were

Polygyra columbiana, Goniobasis nigrina (the most southerly

locality reported) and a form of Polygyra loricata. This makes

the third instance on this trip where I noted land and fresh-

water species living side by side. On the return south from

San Francisco we stopped at Old Monterey to collect a few Epi.

californiensis in the sand-hills at Point Pinos and Epi. dupeti-

thouarsi at Cypress Point. The latter species seems to be get-

ting quite scarce owing to the attentions of the squirrels and

the cleaning-up of Cypress Point for picnic parties. All logs

and sticks carefully burned up leaves no place for Madam Snail

to rear her family. However, after diligent search some very

fine specimens of this handsome species were added to my

plunder.

For convenient reference a list follows of the species found

on this trip.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata cypreophila Newc. Rock piles five

miles west of Raymond.

E. tudiculata tularensis Hemp. Rock slides near Vernal Falls.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

E. hillebrandi yosemitensis, new subspecies. Rock slides near

Vernal Falls.

Darker in color than typical hillebrandi; more depressed in

form, and with a much wider umbilicus. The three specimens

found measure as follows :

Altitude 11 diameter 26 mm.

10.2 " 23.5 "

10 " 25 "

E. mormonum cola Pils. Near Spring on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Near Spring on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra loricata Gld. New variety? on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra loricata Gld. (typical). Under sticks on edge of

Wawona Forest.

Succinea stretchiana Bid. Wawona meadow.

Vertigo ovata Say. Wawona meadow.

Vertigo modesta castanea Sterki. Wawona meadow.

Striatura milium meridionalis Pils. and Ferriss. Edge of Wa-

wona Forest.

Zonitoides arbor ea Say. Meadow south of Wawona, also Big

Oak Flat Road.

Pyramidula cronkhitei Newc. Edge of Wawona Forest ; also

Big Oak Flat Road.

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. Edge of Wawona Forest.

Vitrea chersinella Dall. Meadow south of Wawona.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Big Oak Flat Road and Moss near

Vernal Falls.

Physa diaphana Tryon. Stream at "Coarse Gold."

Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. Big Oak Flat Road.

Goniobasis nigrina Lea. Spring on Placerville Road.

Pisidium abditum Hald. Big Oak Flat Road.

Pisidium occidental Newc. Big Oak Flat Road.

Sphaerium occidentals Prime. Big Oak Flat Road.

NOTES.

PLANORBIS DILATATUS AND P. SAMPSONI. Besides its greater

size, P. sampsoni differs from typical dilatatus by its very much

more widely open umbilicus. The two species seem to be fairly

distinct. Various forms which in collections are often referred

96

THE NAUTILUS.

to dilatatus are still of uncertain status. Among these are some

shells hardly distinguishable from multilineatus Van. , occurring

as far east as Ohio and Pennsylvania. There is in eastern

Pennsylvania a form more depressed than dilatatus, with the

periphery sharply angular and central, the lip thin, umbilicus

wider than in dilatatus ; this form may be called P. d. pennsyl-

vanica (types 67477, spring near Glenolden, Delaware Co.. Pa.,

coll. by E. G. Vanatta) .— H. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF THE ISLE

OF PINES, by John B. Henderson. Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, vol. 10, 1916. 35 species are recorded, 28 being land

shells. 16 species are special to the island, the two species of

Priotrochatella and two of Pineria being isolated types, not re-

lated to the Cuban fauna. The rest are Cuban species, or most

nearly related to those of Cuba.

HUNTING MOLLUSCA IN UTAH AND IDAHO, by Junius Hender-

son and L. E. Daniels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., 1916,

pp. 315-339, 4 plates. This important paper is devoted chiefly

to the genus Oreohelix. The field chosen is in northeastern Utah

and the adjacent part of Idaho, the scene of Henry HemphilPs

remarkable finds, which excited the attention of conchologists

over twenty-five years ago. Hemphill's localities were rather

indefinite, and his material was assorted in such a way as to

make the distinction between individual and racial variations

uncertain. The expedition of 1915 was therefore devoted to

search for his localities and to collecting in the same stations so

far as they could be determined. Nearly all of the Hemphill

species and other forms were rediscovered, and a large part of

the paper is devoted to the consideration of their characters and

values, the several forms being illustrated. New forms found

were : Oreohelix hemphilli eurekensis, 0. strigosa form toolensis, 0.

haydeni corrugata and 0. tenuistriata. The discussion of Oreohe-

lix peripherica (including numerous Hemphillian varieties) may

be mentioned as particularly valuable. In the Oquirrh Moun-

tain but little good material could be found, as the range has

suffered severely from fires, and the Hemphill colonies have

probably been burned over.

To everyone studying Oreohelix this paper is indispensable ;

but the discussion of variation in its relation to taxonomy,

pp. 317-320, will interest all who deal with such problems. —

H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. JANUARY, 1917. No. 9

NOTES ON OPERCTJLTJM EVOLUTION.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

Australian Museum, Sydney, N. S. W.

Conchological text books describe various styles of opercula

such as the concentric, lamellar, unguiculate, multispiral, pau-

cispiral, or articulate. Yet little, if anything, has been said on'

the inter-relation of these various forms. Woodward and

Fischer even warn their readers against trusting to opercula for'

guidance in classification.

Dr. J. E. Gray had a clearer idea of the homologies and tax-

onomic value of the operculum than many of his successors.

In 1833 he showed that spiral opercula can only grow by rotat-

ing backwards on their axes, just as a spiral gasteropod shell

rotates backwards with regard to the columellar muscle. He

maintained that shell and operculum were morphological twins

representing the right and left valves of a pelecypod shell.

This hypothesis he supported by the correspondence in the

appearance of the operculum early in embryonic life, by the

right-hand spiral of the shell reflected in the left spiral of the

operculum, or vice versa, by structural resemblance and by the

frequent mutual gain or loss in solidity or complexity. The

muscle between the columella and operculum may be compared

to the adductor muscle of a bivalve, while the operculigerous

lobe answers to the mantle.

Among recent writers Thiele supported this view ; on the con-

trary, Huxley disputed Gray's homology and asserted that the

gasteropod operculum was equivalent to the bivalve byssus.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

But Houssay in 1884 showed that it would be more correct to

compare the byssal gland of the bivalve foot to the mucous gland

of the gasteropod foot than to its operculum.

In molluscan ancestry the operculum should be of high antiq-

uity, for not only was it possessed by ammonites, but it exists

in the tubicolous worms. Perhaps the valves of a chiton indi-

cate metameric repetition of what in the gasteropod developed

as shell and operoulum. A detailed history of the growth of

the gasteropod operculum is lost in records of geological time.

Gray erred in considering the annular operculum to be the sim-

plest pattern. It is here advanced that its apparent simplicity

is that of degeneracy. The round, multispiral, horny operculum

worn by Pteurotumana and Trocfms, though actually far ad-

vanced, is yet the mosl primitive operculum found among recent

gasteropoda.

From a gland that secretes new matter on its growing edge,

this multispiral operculum must be carried backwards rapidly.

By "rapidly" is meant that it describes many revolutions in a

lifetime. Let rotation be slowed down, and the product will be

the paucispiral operculum. To maintain this kind of operculum

with on area equivalent to that of the multispiral type, each

spiral has to be greatly broadened. The shape has now changed

from round to oblong. So starting from a round, quickly-turn-

ing operculum, the first stage in evolution, or retrogression, pro-

duces an oblong, slowly-turning operculum. It is suggested

that this type of operculum is associated with forms like Littor-

t?m, Cerithhim or A'atica, in which other organs, such as the gill

plume, radula or nervous s) stem have not attained extremes of

differentiation.

Again, let rotation continue to slow down, till the operculum

ceases to revolve upon its muscle. The product, an operculum

•without axial movement, may now proceed along different lines

of development. In one direction it adds fresh growth upon all

eides and becomes concentric as in Vivipara, Vermttux, or Char-

on?'a. In another direction the increase is confined to one side

and may result in a lamellar operculum like that of Thais, or

an unguiculate one like those of Stroinlus or Pyrene. 1 expect

that when traced to early stages, both the lamellar and ungui-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

culate types will be found to arise from paucispiral nuclei.

These extremes of operculum development are seen to be corre-

lated generally with advanced development of other organs. A

final stage is here apt to occur iu which the operculum is alto-

gether lost.

The course of evolution here sketched has not marched regu-

larly through the gasteropod phylum. On the contrary it is

suggested that in several different groups the operculum has

strayed independently along this road of degeneracy.

A SHELL HUNT IN THE BLACK RiNGE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF

A N±,W OREOHELIX.

BY JAS. H. KERRISS.

A stop-over at Deming in the summer of 1915, to shake hands

with Dr. Svvope, deflected the firm of Pilsbry & Ferriss in their

snail explorations from the Mogollon Mountains, via Silver City,

to the Black Range, via Cook's Peak. Samuel D. Swope, M. D.,

promoter of civic prosperity, friend of conservation and science,

knew the unexplored snail country, and with bake ovens and

tactful advice sent us to the biggest mountain range in New

Mexico.

Cook's Peak, one of the earliest land -marks of California

overland emigrants, interesting botanical ly and historically, had

no encouragement for us in conchology. At the post office of

Swarts, on the Mimbres river, we transferred from a heavy

wagon and its mule team to a pack train of horses, sufficient

for two ladies, two men and a camp outfit. In that exchange

we got Teodoro Solis, formerly of Chihuahua, the best packer

and camper alive.

A large colony of Ashmunellas was found in the foot hills.

The next day at Mitchell Gray's mining cabin on Silver Creek,

well up the side of Sawyer's Peak, both Ashmunellas and Oreo-

helix came out to meet us a few feet from camp. We reveled

here a week or so with the snails of Sawyer and then followed

the continental divide northward, Sierra county on the right,

Grant county on the left.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

At the Reed ranch, head of Black Canyon, I was left to finish

the Black Range alone. The Doctor had made engagements in

California and the ladies had schools and conventions calling

them to Joliet. Teodoro safely loaded my companions into an

auto at the Hot Springs resort and upon his return the work

was continued for another month by way of Black Canyon,

Diamond Creek (where we were detained briefly by enormous

speckled trout), then over the range eastward, making our first

camp at the ranch of Teodoro' s brother near Chloride.

This was the forest primeval. The trail ran about nine to ten

thousand feet in elevation and the yellow pine, Douglas fir,

spruces and quaking asps were large and thick. It was our

highest and wildest range to date. The cattle, wild and keen

of scent, are trapped for slaughter in corrals with swinging gates,

something like monster turkey-traps. Black and silver-tipped

bears, and mountain lions were plentiful. A couple of untamed,

off-the-reservation Apaches also were hiding in what seemed

to be our best snail coves. We saw one a few seconds

but did not catch him. Deer and turkey were fairly abundant,

and the whole country is marked by interesting historical events.

Near here Dr. Fewkes had dug some of his most valued speci-

mens of prehistoric pottery. At one point a train of pack burros

had rolled down into the Las Animas country. During our

short stay two saddle horses also rolled down into that cavern

.of lost souls. In one of the gulches the bones of an unknown

soldier had lain so long his clothing and a roll of money were

destroyed by the weather. On the Kingston trail a bear dropped

out of a tree upon a packer and killed him. Here Apache Kid

had robbed and burned a miner's cabin, and at another point,

lying in wait behind a rock, he shot a miner in the back ; and

when we dropped down into Chloride we met the men who fol-

lowed this same Apache Kid into the San Mateo range and

killed him — saw the mule that packed their dunnage, and lo-

cated the men in Chicago who sent Kid's head to the Yale skull

and bone fraternity. Also saw the carcass of a bull that killed

a ranch-owner's saddle horse, and was killed and pried off the

angry and pompous owner by an efficient cowboy.

I soon found myself in the whirl of Black Range society. Off

THE NAUTILUS. 101

upon an independent excursion of my own a mad cow ob-

structed the right of way. The law was upon my side but I

knew the peculiarities of Spanish half-breed cattle well enough

to get behind a tree, and did my best. Going around the tree

rapidly, I kept behind it all but once and then in a fleeting

second was fairly introduced. Grasping her heartily by the

horns, I shook them ; but the impulsive creature was really over-

whelming in her attention, and upon her knees walked all over

me. This spot is now marked, and it is quite a large one.

Luckily the same cowboy with his 45 that killed the bull, came

up the trail and with a bang released me from further embar-

assment. Pride only received a jolt. My horsehide coat was

cow -proof.

Again when alone, and my thoughts were far away, just at

dusk, a robust mountaineer from the Great Smokies came into

camp to show me the mummied right hand of the last man who

climbed the trail to take him back to Tennessee. As a stranger,

and a little timid, it was my part to show that I had no partic-

ular interest in the specimen ; but those mountaineers possess

keen insight into the minds of the tender-feet and I presume

the camp site is marked also. However, the dwellers of the

high and lonesome will never find the spot where I lay out the

rest of the night watching to see if that uncanny naturalist was

coming back with any more fragments of his specimen.

After leaving the limestone gulches of Sawyer Peak, shells

were rare. Sonorellas take kindly to granite ; but there are no

Sonorellas in this range. Ashmunellas are also friendly to

granite ; but the Oreohelix split. Ore. cooperi, the quaking-asp

fiend, and Ore. depressa, are found in all rocks and under down

timber ; but Ore. metcalfi and Ore. chiricahuana never leave the

limestone, neither do any of the Holospiras. Very seldom also

have any two of the same genus been found in the same colony.

Never with Holospiras, and with Ashmunellas only when a

toothed and a toothless form come together. In the Black

Canyon region I found a very few individuals of Ore. cooperi in

with colonies of Ore. depressa and we also found this great

rambler occasionally in the limestone with colonies of Ore. met-

calfi on Sawyer. In Southern Arizona we have found two and

102 THE NAUTILUS.

three species of Sonorellas in large slides. As a rule it is one

species at a time in the south-west, and it is a surprise, great

luck, it' more than one genus of those noted above turn up in

any one colony. With the little fellows it is different. They

have some peculiarities, bat as a rule go it as they please, hit or

miss.

In the limestone foothills, while mining, Teodoro had seen

shells. We went to the exact spots, both at Chloride and Her-

mosa, but no traces of shells were there. The fumes of the

smelters, blasting, chickens, loss of timber, disease, starvation

or something, had removed them from that vicinity. In a hill

on the Little Palomas I found two bones of Oreohelix, but two

hours of hard digging did not find any more signs. Of Holo-

spiras there were plenty.

At Chloride the proprietor of the Oliver mines told us he had

seen fossil shells deep in the dirt at his camp. Here seemed to

be a good place to get at least well-preserved bones, and after

our return from a side trip to the Cuchillo range, Monticello,

Animosa Canada and the San Mateo range, we visited Mr.

Oliver's camp. This happy spot is located on Mineral Creek,

five miles above Chloride, in a narrow belt of limestone. Under

the limestone spawls and fallen timber live shells were abundant.

We ate our lunch at a maiden-hair spring, picking shells and

water cress during the process. The fern (Adiantum capillus-

veneris) had pinnae an inch wide, a form that has been wrong-

fully catalogued from the Grand Canyon of Arizona as A. tenerum,

the Florida species. A branch of the stream southward, with

hard limestone and a dry hillside, had no shells. The belt

northward was not examined.

I returned to Deming via Hermosa, Las Animas Canyon,

Hillsboro, and Kingston. The story of the findings will be told

jointly in another article, but I desired to name this ribbed,

gaudy and hard-to-find species of Chloride all by myself, in

honor of one who has encouraged me so much to spend more

than thirty of my vacations in bear, cow and catamount coun-

tries : —

OREOHELIX PILSBRYI, n. sp. — With numerous spiral beaded

cords, this belongs to the haydeni school of sculpturing. In

THE NAUTILUS. 103

color it is unevenly blotched white and horn color, a few ex-

amples opaquely white. When blotched or mottled, the cords

and growth wrinkles are often white, thus intensifying the con-

trast between the two colors. Spire elevated, whorls depressed

and sharply carinated. Spiral cords from 5 to 9, with two

strong cords or one strong cord between two smaller cords, above

the periphery. Fine spiral striae between cords, strongest on

the under surface. Growth wrinkles strong, 2 to 6 per mm., a

large wrinkle about every one and one-half mm. gives the under

surface a checkered effect. Whorls 4£, umbilicus small, funnel-

shaped, not cylindrical, all whorls visible to the apex. Embryo

whorls 2£, darker-colored, smoother than later whorls but

plainlv marked by spiral cords and oblique growth wrinkles.

Mouth oblique, and in older individuals lip sometimes stained

yellow. In the aged the last whorl often drops half below the

periphery.

Alt. 10, diam. 17.5 mm. (No. 112918a, A. N. S. P.)

" 11, " 18 mm.

Type specimens in my own collection and in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

These shells had an enemy which broke an irregular hole in

the upper surface of the shell, about 2 mm. in diameter. I

have not noticed this form of destruction in other colonies of

land shells.

THE NATUEE OF THE CONICAL BODIES ON THE MANTLE OF CERTAIN

NUDIBRANCHS.

BY W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 57.

A study of the supposed "warning" coloration of brilliantly

pigmented nudibranchs as represented by Chromodoris zebra

Heilprin, has incidentally made clear the previously unknown

significance of the " white conical bodies" which occur on the

posterior ventral surface of the mantle of this species and give

it a beaded appearance. Since white nodular structures of a

presumably similar character have been noted upon the mantle

104 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of other tropical nudibranchs, the function of these organs

as worked out in C. zebra is probably identical among all the

species in which they occur.

The bodies in question are in fact glands, which store a spe-

cial secretion concerned in protecting the nudibranchs from the

attacks of preying enemies. They are, in a functional sense,

comparable to the repugnatorial glands of the littoral pulmonate

Onchidium, although their mode of action is different. They

occur, usually 5, 6 or 7 in number, immediately over the

"tail." In some instances 10, 12, and even as many as 19, of

these organs have been noted. The manner of their distribu-

tion strongly suggests that 5, and in some cases 7, specialized

regions exist which give rise each to one of the conical bodies.

The central gland of the 5 or 7 is situated in the median plane

of the body. It is significant that the increased number of the

organs, when they exceed 7, is usually (if not invariably) asso-

ciated with some injury, such as would be occasioned by the

bite of a fish, which has removed a portion of the gland-forming

area of the mantle.

Not all the bodies on a single animal are of the same size, one

or more being sometimes quite minute. The definite pattern

according to which they are arranged is preserved even in cases

where one or more of the glands is totally suppressed.

Each of the glands is provided with a pore. In rare cases

two pores have been found upon a single gland. The pores are

surrounded by a sphincter. When Chromodoris is violently

disturbed in any way, its consistent reaction is to withdraw the

gills and rhinophores, to erect the lateral edge of the mantle,

and to turn under, ventrally, the posterior part of the mantle

bearing the glandular organs. At the same time the glands

become turgid, through the contraction of their muscular in-

vestment, the pores being then more prominent. If the irritat-

ing stimulation is continued, there issues from the pores of one

or more of the glands a white creamy secretion, which is not

dissolved by sea water. It is composed mainly of globules of

an oily substance. The secretion is not acid, but is neutral to

litmus.

When the glands are stimulated individually with induction

THE NAUTILUS. 105

shocks, they respond by pouring out their secretion, and the

same reaction occurs, on stimulation, when the portion of the

mantle which bears them is detached from the rest of the animal.

Chromodoris behaves with reference to these organs in such a

way as to point to their importance in the animal's economy.

The characteristic ventral ward inbending of this portion of the

mantle, so different from the boldness with which its lateral

borders are thrown into prominence when the creature is dis-

turbed, inevitably suggests a reflex of a protective kind. The

nature of the conditions which determine their discharge leads

one to regard the glands as repugnatorial in function. Careful

study of the results of feeding these mollusks to fishes and var-

ious invertebrates has demonstrated that these bodies cannot,

however, represent the sole source of offensive secretions. A

repulsive material, histologically and microchernically resemb-

ling that found in the conical glands, constitutes in fact part of

the secretion which proceeds from the whole integument of

Chromodoris, but particularly from the lateral portions of the

mantle. It is noteworthy that in many individuals there are

to be observed, especially over the region of the mouth and

tentacles, minute white bodies occurring on portions of the

ventral mantle surface remote from the conspicuous white

papillae. These bodies also give rise to the white secretion.

Such facts lead one to consider that the glands at the posterior

end of the animal are merely the expression of a specialized

development of the repugnatorial function which is the common

property of the whole dorsal and lateral integument. The ex-

posed location of the papillae also negatives the supposition that

the glands may be the primary seats for the elaboration of the

repugnatorial material, to be secondarily transported to other

regions of the animal's surface. As a matter of experimental

test, these nudibranchs when totally deprived of the beaded area

of the mantle remain unimpaired in their ability to develop a

protective distastefulness for fishes and invertebrates.

The repulsive character of the contents of the glands is read-

ily established by controlled feeding tests in which food frag-

ments are smeared with the secretion. Such morsels are invar-

iably rejected. It remains doubtful, however, if this emulsion

106 THE NAUTILUS.

of substances represents the only repugnatorial material pos-

sessed by Chromodoris. It seems possible that the oily element

of the secretion is particularly involved in the production of the

curiously penetrating odor which the nudibranch emits, and

that some other substance is also concerned in determining the

general distasteful quality.

Incidentally, the glands cannot be implicated in any mutual

attraction between individuals at the time of pairing, for ani-

mals from which the glandular equipment has been completely

removed, are found to mate readily and deposit normal egg

masses.

I have commented above on the suggestive appearance of pro-

tection evidenced by the inturning of the posterior beaded border

of the mantle. A closer analysis shows, however, that any pro-

tection which is in this way afforded to the conical glands is

purely incidental. For if the projecting "tail" of the nudi-

branch is stimulated (as with induction shocks), the beaded

portion of the mantle is not rolled under upon itself, but is

spread out so that the openings of the glands point in the gen-

eral direction of the irritated area. Their discharge under these

circumstances may occasionally be seen. I therefore believe

that the ventralward inflection of the gland-bearing portion of

the mantle is primarily a reaction having to do with the normal

discharge of the glands. When the nudibranch is attacked at

the side, or anteriorly, the glands are thus given an opportunity

to discharge a part of their contents in an appropriate direction.

A full account of these observations wili be published later.

Agar's Island, Bermuda.

THE ANATOMY OF CONTRADENS CAMBOJENSIS (SOW.) (NAYADES).

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Two specimens, male and gravid female, from Petchaburi,

Siam, are at hand, received from B. H. Bailey, and collected

by Dr. E. B. McDaniel.

These specimens agree very well with Unio cambojensis Sow-

erby (Conch. Icon. 18. Unio. 1866, pi. 42, f. 231), in general

THE NAUTILUS. 107

shape, color of inside (rose color), and sculpture of outside.

Frierson, who has seen these shells, also thinks that they belong

to this species. •

Simpson (Descript. Catal., 1914, p. 1013) makes this a syn-

onym of U. rusticus Lea (1856), and places it in the genus

Nodularia. But Lea's shell is larger, heavier, has more ele-

vated beaks, and coarser and more obscure sculpture. This is

also evident from the figures of rusticus given by Haas (Syst.

Conch. Cab. 9. Heft 44, 1911, pi. 21, f. 2-5 , where the spe-

cies is placed in the genus Contradens Haas.

Haas (1. c. Heft 48, 1913, p. 173) defines this genus by the

sculpture of the shell, and chiefly by the character of the hinge

teeth, and describes the anatomy of two species (C. hageni

Strub. and verbecki Bttgr. ), which agrees fully with that of the

European Unio. However, the glochidia are peculiar in not

having a spinulose, triangular hook, but a swelling of the lower

margin covered with fine spinules arranged in vertical rows.

(This undoubtedly is a primitive structure, which, in its further

development, leads to the hook of Uiiio and of the Anodontinae).

Of the septa, Haas says that they are u well developed."

Anatomy of my specimens of Contradens cambojensis:

Anal opening separated from the supraanal opening by a

moderate mantle connection ; supraanal very short, anal with

inner edge nearly smooth ; branchial opening with papillae on

inner edge. Anal and branchial openings separated by a gill-

diaphragm, of the normal Unionid-type. No special structures

on mantle edge in front of the branchial opening. Palpi sub-

falciform, large, their posterior margins united for two-thirds or

almost three-fourths of their length.

Structure of gills Unionine, but in the male and in the inner

gill of the female, the septa are extremely weak and scarce,

almost absent.

The outer gill of the female is marsupial in its whole length, and

when charged, moderately swollen, with sharp edge. Septa are

present, and stand close, forming water tubes, but the septa are

incomplete, interrupted, so that the water-tubes (ovisacs) commu-

nicate with each other. In the charged and distended mar-

supium, the septa practically are replaced by rows of somewhat

108 THE NAUTILUS.

irregular, subcylindrical, transverse pillars between the two

laminae. This interrupted character extends through the whole

gill, and by the arrangement of these pillars in rows, parallel to

the gill-filaments, their homology with the septa of the Union-

idae is indicated. There are no secondary water-tubes.

The glochidia (pi. 4. fig. 10) fill the whole interior reticulate

space in the gill, and they do not stick together so as to form

distinct placentae. Their shape is very peculiar : transversely

elliptical, nearly kidney-shaped, i. e,, the outline is subelliptical,

with one long side of the ellipse slightly cut away by the hinge

margin. Thus they are much longer than high : L., .025, H.,

.021 mm. In addition, on the posterior end (the end nearer the

adductor muscle), there is a gentle emargination, but only on

one valve (right or left?), thus producing a slight gap on the

margin. The ventral margin does not show any indications of

a thickening or of the presence of spinules (such as figured by

Haas in Contr. verbecki, pi. 22, f. 4).

There is no question that, according to shell characters, this

species ought to be placed in Haas' genus Contradens. Also the

anatomy agrees up to a certain point, with the exception, that

here we have not "well developed" septa in the marsupium,

but the septa are perforated or interrupted. This is a condition

previously observed in the Unioninae : Hyriopsis and Gonidea

(see Ortmann. NAUTILUS, 30, 1916, p. 86 and p. 50). It is

possible that Haas has overlooked this character, and that a

similar structure is more often found in Asiatic Nayades. At

any rate, Haas' figures of horizontal cross sections of the gills

of Rectidens prolonpatus Drouet (pi. 26, f. 4) and of Acuticosta

chincnsis Lea (pi. oO, f. 7) suggest this (text not yet published).

And further, the glochidia of Contr. verbecki (Haas, pi. 22, f. 4)

are entirely different, as mentioned above.

For the present it is well to leave this species in Haas' genus

Contradens, but for the final arrangement of these and the allied

forms, the following facts are paramount :

1. According to its general anatomy, it belongs to the subfamily

Unioninae of the family Unionidae.

2. The perforated or interrupted character of the septa of the

marsupial gills is a peculiar feature, which has been observed

in this subfamily, only in the West American genus Gonidea,

and in the Asiatic genus Hyriopsis, but which is a general char-

acter in the subfamily Hyriinae of the family Matelidae (South

America and Australia).

3. The glochidia are quite peculiar, differing from those de-

scribed for Contr. verbecki, and being dissimilar to any known

Nayad glochidium.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. FEBRUARY 1917. No. 1O

RAFINESQUE' S GENERA OF FRESH- WATER SNAILS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The rules of nomenclature now in force allow the resurrection

of some generic names which were formerly thought to be dead

and buried, among them several of those of Rafinesque. It

seems desirable, therefore, to fix the types of all of them, so

that inevitable changes, however unwelcome, may be made,

once for all.

Rafinesque has the reputation of having been a misunder-

stood and neglected genius. It is luck}' that we had few such

geniuses. One or two others would have practically scrapped

the nomenclature of our fresh-water shells. But science is

democratic. Fool, lunatic and savant have the same considera-

tion in nomenclature. This is not the fault of the rules ; it is

inherent in democratic institutions.

Returning to Rafinesque, we may fairly claim that he was

versatile, an all-around zoologist and botanist, besides several

other things. In common with Lamarck and others of his

school, he saw clearly that the vast increase in the knowledge

of nature in the half-century since Linnaeus demanded an

expansion of the Linnaean generic system.

His best work was apparently in ichthyology. In writing of

mollusks he seemed unable to express himself clearly, either in

English or French. His generic descriptions are often mere

words. One gains an idea of what he was driving at with the

greatest difficulty. Each diagnosis is a cryptogram. What

wonder that really scientific zoologists of the time, such as Say,

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Lea, Barnes, turned from bis writings bewildered and con-

temptuous.

Enthusiastic lover of Nature, indefatigable explorer of wild

and sparcely peopled regions, in advance of his time in taxo-

nomic instinct, Rafinesque missed being a zoological genius by

his obscurity of expression, his careless haste and his incurable

confusion of ideas.

This seems a heartless estimate of a life devoted to science ;

but for the time being, I speak impersonally, and merely of his

relation to molluscan nomenclature. His high spirit under

crushing misfortune, that is beyond praise.

MELANIDIA Raf., Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 144. Sub-

stitute for Melania Lamarck, therefore taking the same type, M.

amarula (L. ).'

PHYSINA Raf., loc. cit., substitute for Physa Drap. , type Physa

fontinalis ( L. ) .

LAPHROSTOMA Raf., loc. cit., substitute for Neritina Lam.,

type N. meleagris Lam.

VIVIPARELLA Raf., loc. cit. , substitute for " Vivipara Lam.,"

type Helix vivipara lAiin. = Viviparus vivipara (L. ).

PLEUROCERA Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. etc., Ill, 1819, p.

355. No species described in the original publication. Subse-

quentl}r Rafinesque described Pleurocera verucosa (Annals of

Nature, 1820, p. 11) which has been selected as type by Han-

nibal (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 169). This is

Angitrema verrucosa of Tryon.

ELLIPSTOMA Rafinesque, American Monthly Magazine, etc.,

IV, p. 42, 1818 ; Journ. de Physique, etc., Bruxelles, vol. 88,

p. 424, 1819. Type E. gibbosa Raf., selected by Hannibal,

1912; Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., X, p. 168. The prior name

Ellipsostoma de Blainville was not a generic but a family name,

hence does not affect the status of Ellipstoma.

The description of this genus recalls Angitrema of Tryon' s

monograph (Strepomabidae) . Mr. Hannibal has identified E.

gibbosa Raf. with Angitrema geniculata (Hald.), a species not

1 Types of this and the following three names fixed according to Art. 30,

sect. II f of the International Code.

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

known to occur within about 200 miles of the localities assigned

by Rafinesque for E. gibbosa (Ohio and Wabash), and in a

different drainage. Tryon thought Ellipstoma was Anculosa.

Other guesses (we did not call them identifications) made inde-

pendently by Dr. Bryant Walker and the writer did not agree,

and Dr. Dall declined to make a specific identification. It may

be that others, with keener discernment, may arrive at a result

satisfactory to themselves; but it seems to me unwise to base

nomenclature upon a diagnosis of such doubtful application.

Ambloxis Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., Ill, p. 355, 1818.

The diagnosis of this genus agrees better with the group usually

known as Meiantho or Campeloma than with any other of the

region, and no doubt it had the species subsolida Anth. or a

related form as a basis. Rafinesque mentioned, but did not

describe, A. eburnea and A. ventricosa. Mr. Binney, in Land

and Fresh-water Shells II, p. 45, figured Lymnula ventricosa and

Lymnea eburnea from Rafinesque' s MS. work Conchologia Ohio-

ensis, both being placed in the synonymy of Meiantho decisa.

Binney mentions also, that L. eburnea was figured under the

names Ambloxis, Amblostoma, or Lymnulus major, or Lymnea

eburnea, by Rafinesque, in the MS. work mentioned.

I select, therefore, the species eburnea Raf. as type of the

genera Ambloxis (Raf., 1818) Amblostoma (Raf. MS. in Binney,

1865) and Lymnulus (Raf. MS. in Binney, 1865). Ambloxis

eburnea Raf. appears to be Paludina subsolida Anth., or possibly

some closely related form. As the species was in no way de-

fined by Rafinesque, remaining a nude name until Binney

figured it in 1865, it will become a synonym of Anthony's

species.

Dr. Theodore Gill (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1864, p. 152)

recognized Ambloxis as identical with Campeloma, but said that

the "insufficiency of the generic diagnosis as well as the want

of connection with any described species will prevent its adop-

tion." This was before Binney's publication.1 Tryon (Amer.

JDr. Walker suggests that Gill had seen Binney's advance proofs, and did

not make an independent identification. Binney, however, only mentioned

Ambloxis incidentally.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Journ. Conch., I, 1865, p. 82) identified Ambloxis with Melantho

(of American authors).

As Ambloxis has been recognized as "Melantho" by three

thoroughly competent authorities, Gill, Try on and Binney, and

the latter author has figured a species to serve as its type, it

appears that we will be obliged to adopt Ambloxis as a generic

term to replace Melantho and Campeloma.

AMBLOXUS Raf., Enum. and Account, etc., 1831, p. 3. Fol-

lowing the description of Melania rugosa Raf. , and preceding

that of Melania viridis Raf., Rafinesque wrote :

"I leave the name of Melania to the shells with opening

obtuse at the end, or they may form the S. G. Ambloxus."

In an earlier paper he had mentioned " Melania Lam." In

the sentence quoted, he defined Melania and Ambloxus in one

and the same phrase, so that they are necessarily identical.

The type of Melania, M. amarula (L. ), becomes automatically

the type of the subgenus Ambloxus Raf., and it is here desig-

nated as such.

Neither of the two species of "Melania" which Rafinesque

defined by diagnoses of less than two lines length, has been rec-

ognized. M. rugosa is probably one of several plicate species of

the region indicated by him, and it will never be possible to say

which, as his type-specimen is not known to exist, and no exact

locality was given for it. When a complete collection of the

shells of Licking River is available, it may be possible to guess

at the specific identity of M. viridis, which is described thus :

u Suboval, smooth, five spires, end obtuse, opening oblong.

Fine shell, one inch, green, from Licking River."

This is clearly a species of Campeloma (Melantho), a genus

which Rafinesque had named Ambloxis in 1818. From this, it

seems likely that Ambloxus was merely a lapsus mentis for

Ambloxis.

In case it be ruled that Ambloxus is not equivalent to Melania

Lamarck, but must be restricted to one of Rafinesque' s species,

then the type will be Melania viridis Raf. ; and Ambloxus (1831)

will become a synonym of Ambloxis (1818).

Melania virginica (Gmel. ), nominated as type of Ambloxus

by Mr. Hannibal, was not mentioned or implied by Rafinesque,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

is certainly distinct from both of his species, and therefore can

not be considered in this connection.

OXYTREMA Raf., Journ. de Physique, etc., vol. 88, 1819, p.

423. No species mentioned. Not identifiable. The descrip-

tion of aperture suggests Angitrema annigera, but the shape

assigned excludes that species, and also To, which has been

suggested by Mr. Hannibal.

CAMPELOMA Raf., loc. cit., p. 423. Monotype C. crassula

Raf. This species has been synonymized with Paludina pon-

derosa Say, but on wholly insufficient grounds. It is more like

P. subsolida Anth. which often has the "summit acute." It is

not so in ponderosa. Moreover, subsolida is often sinistral.

This condition must be very rare in ponderosa. I have never

seen a sinistral one, and none is on record. However, nobody

could pretend to identify such a specific description positively.

Campeloma becomes a synonym of the earlier Ambloxis.

OMPHISCOLA Raf., loc. cit. p. 423. No species mentioned.

Under Opinion 46 of the International Commission, no type

can be selected for this genus, since no species "can be recog-

nized from the original generic publication." Beck, 1837,

selected Lymnaea glabra (0. Mull), a species outside of Rafi-

nesque's assigned territory. Dall (1905) suggests that it may

have had Lymnaea reflexa, Say, as a basis, but does not assign

that as type. In my opinion, it cannot be positively identified.

LYMNULA Raf., 1. c., p. 423. New name for "Lymnea Auct."

Type therefore L. stagnalis.

ESPIPHYLLA Raf., Jour, de Physique, vol. 88, 1819, p. 423.

Monotype E. nympheola Raf. Probably imaginary, but suggests

Succinea slightly.

LEPTOXIS Raf., loc. cit., p. 424. No species was mentioned

by Rafinesque, but the terms of the diagnosis can hardly be

applied to anything but Anculosa or Somatogyrus. In his mon-

ograph of 1848, Haldeman used Leptoxis in place of Anculosa ;

this identification being supported by figures in Rafinesque' s

unpublished MS., Conchologia Ohioensis, possessed by him.

Desiring to retain the name Anculosa, I laid the case before

several persons, expert in questions of nomenclature, whose

verdict was in favor of Leptoxis. The type of Leptoxis will be

Anculosa praerosa Say.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

CYCLEMIS Raf. , loc. cit. Species C. minutissima and C. oliv-

acea, undescribed. C. olivacea here selected as type. Undeter-

minable, but the type may be Viviparus intertextus Say.

OMPHEMIS Raf. , loc. cit. Species 0. lacustris and 0. phaioxis

Raf., undescribed. Type 0. lacustris here selected ; not deter-

minable, but provisionally it might be identified with Viviparus

contectoides W. G. B. I think that Cyclemis and Omphemis were

based, at least partly, on Viviparus.

LOMASTOMA Raf. , loc. cit. Monotype L. terebrina Raf. Not

determinate. Imaginary ?

EUTREMA Raf., loc. cit. Monotype E. terebroides Raf.

Mythical ?

DUPLICABIA Raf., Atlantic Journal etc., No. 5, p. 165, 1833.

Monotype D. bonariensis R&t. = Chilina fluminea (Maton).

SUMMARY.

AMBLOXIS will have to be used for the genus commonly known

as Melantho or Campeloma ; Campeloma, and in part, Ambloxus,

becoming synonyms.

PLEUROCERA replaces Angitrema (of Tryon's monograph), at

least for species congeneric with verrucosa. (Pleurocera of Try on

will become CERIPHASIA Swainson).

LEPTOXIS will replace Anculosa.

All of the other names which I have been able to identify

become synonyms of genera of earlier dates.

A COLOR-MARKED ETTCONOSPIRA FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF

MISSOURI, AND A LIST OF REFERENCES TO COLORATION IN

FOSSIL SHELLS.

BY DARLING K. QREGER, COLUMBIA, MO.

An examination of the extensive series of Pennsylvanian

fossils from the vicinity of Kansas City, Missouri, in the Uni-

versity of Missouri collection, brings to light two specimens of

gastropods retaining traces of coloration. The material" comes

from the oolitic layer of the Drum member. The oolite is light

buff or gray and the greater number of its many fossils are of

the same light color. The sbell which I figure on the accom-

THE NAUTILUS, XXX.

PLATE III

GREGER: EUCONOSPIRA MISSOURIENSIS (SWALLOW).

THE NAUTILUS, XXX.

PLATE IV

10

1-4, 8. OXYCHONA. 7, LOBOA BRUNOI V. IHER.

5, 6, HOLOSPIRA. 9, HEMPHILLIA MALONEI.

10. GLOCHIDIUM OF CONTRADENS CAMBOJENSIS.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

panying plate is probably one of the best preserved examples

of Swallow's " Trochus" missouriensis yet collected, and the

ornamental color pattern consists of revolving bands, the outer

or peripheric band dark, and the inner (upper) one light. ' On

the base of the shell the color is still better preserved ; a central

umbilical space is light, followed by a dark band. This in turn

is followed by another light band, and the outside, or periph-

eric, band is dark, as on the upper surface. The ornamentation

of this species is further increased by a series of still darker

curved bands that follow the gracefully curved growth-lines of

the shell.

In his description of this species Professor Swallow states

that "the surface is highly polished and beautifully cancel-

lated " and that "it still retains its pristine luster." The shell

of which he thus wrote is preserved in the University collection

(Type No. 928, paleontological collection, University of Mis-

souri) and while its surface is highly polished and exquisitely

cancellated only a slight trace of the bands of color that orig-

inally adorned it are present.

After removing a mass of oolite by which the base and part

of the spire of the figured specimen were concealed, and its

beautifully polished surface was revealed, I could well appreci-

ate the feeling of the great English paleontologist, Davidson,

who in describing a color-marked Brachiopod says : " When we

reflect how vivid, beautiful and varied must have been the tints

which once adorned the now black and dingy fossils, we are

delighted when by some fortunate accident, some remains of

that color is faintly preserved upon a shell which has for almost

countless ages been concealed from the sight of man." I will

not attempt to suggest what the original tints were that adorned

this species ; however, the colors as preserved upon the speci-

men are a light pearl gray and chestnut brown, in the revolving

bands, and in the curved rays following the growth lines a dark

chocolate brown to black.

In the list of references to coloration which follows, the writer

has not in any sense attempted a complete bibliography of the

subject. Further search through the German and Italian

literature, to little of which he has had access, will undoubtedly

bring to light other references.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

1836. Phillips, J. — Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire,

Pt. 2, pp. 226, 229, 230, PI. 15, fig. 2, PI. 16, figs. 6, 10.

1842. Archiac, E. J. A. D. de St. S. d' and Verneuil, E. de-

Trans. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. 6, p. 346, PI. 27, fig. 6.

1844. Koninck, L. G. de — Description des Animaux Fossiles,

pp. 329, 395-396, 397-398, 406, PI. 23, figs. 4 a-b, 31,

figs. 1 a-c, 36, fig. 5.

1851. Davidson, T. — On the classification of the Brachiopoda,

British Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, p. 53.

1855. Davidson, T. — Oolitic and Liasic Brachiopoda, British

Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, p. 6.

1858. Davidson, T. — The Carboniferous Brachiopoda, British

Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 2, p. 13, PL 1, figs. 6, 9, 16.

1859. Davidson, T. — The Carboniferous System in Scotland

characterized by its Brachiopoda, The Geologist, Vol. 2, p.

473, PI. 12, fig. 2, Dec., 1859.

1860. Davidson, T. — The Carboniferous System in Scotland

characterized by its Brachiopoda, The Geologist, Vol. 3, p.

238, June, 1860.

1860. Swallow, G. C. — Descriptions of new fossils from the

Carboniferous and Devonian rocks of Missouri, Trans, of

the Acad. of Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. 1, pp. 657-658.

1862. Deslongchamps, E. Eudes — Etudes Critiques sur des

Brachiopodes nouveaux ou peu connus, Fascicule 1st, pp.

23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 37.

1869. Marsh, 0. C. — On the preservation of color in fossils

from Paleozoic formations, Proc. Amer. Assoc., Vol. 17,

for 1868, pp. 325-326.

1871. Kayser, L. — Notiz uber Rhynchonella pugnus mit Far-

benspuren aus dem Eifler Kalk, Zeitschrift der Deutschen

geologischen Gesell, Bd. 23, pp. 257-265.

1880. Davidson, T. — Supp. to the Permian and Carboniferous

Species, British Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 4, Pt. 3, p. 268,

PI. 30, figs. 12 a, b, c.

1887. Oehlert, D. P. — Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie,

Appendice Brachiopodes, p. 1196.

1887. Waagan, W. — Palaeontologica Indica, Series 13, Salt

Range Fossils, Vol. 2, pp. 699, 701, PI. 74, figs. 1, 4, 8.

1890. Keyes, C. R. — Preservation of color in fossil shells, THE

NAUTILUS, Vol. 4, July, 1890, pp. 30-31.

1892. Hall, J., and Clarke, J. M.— An introduction to the

study of Brachiopoda, Eleventh Annual Report, New York

State Geologist, p. 150.

1896. Ruedemann, R. — Note on the discovery of a sessile Con-

ularia, American Geologist, Vol. 17, pp. 158-165.

1896. White, T. G.— The faunas of the Upper Ordovician

THE NAUTILUS. 117

strata at Trenton Falls, New York, Transactions New York

Academy of Science, Vol. 15, p. 85.

1906. Raymond, P. E. — An Ordovician Gastropod retaining

color markings, THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 19, pp. 101-102, text

figs.

1908. Greger, D. K. — A new Devonian Brachiopod retaining

the original color markings, American Journal of Science,

Vol. 25, pp. 313-314, text figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7.

1908. Raymond, P. E.— The Gastropoda of the Chazy Forma-

tion. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. 4, pp. 212-

213, PL 55, figs. 16, 17.

1911. Cleland, H. F. — The fossils and stratigraphy of the

Middle Devonian of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geol. and Nat.

Hist. Survey, Bull. No. 21, pp. 69, 73, PL 12, figs. 3, 4,

5 ; PL 13, figs. 8, 9.

1912. Girty, G. H. — Notice of a Mississippian Gasteropod re-

taining coloration, American Journal of Science, Vol. 34,

pp. 339-340, PL 1, figs. 9, 10, 11.

1913. Zittel, Karl A. von— Text Book of Paleontology, 2nd

Edition, p. 367.

1914. Weller, S. — Mississippian Brachiopoda, Monograph

No. 1, Illinois Geol. Survey, pp. 477-478.

1914. Roundy, P. V. — Original color markings of two species

of Carboniferous Gastropods, American Journal of Science,

Vol. 38, pp. 446-450, PL 3, figs. 1-13.

1914. Greger, D. K. — On the retention of the original color in

fossil Brachiopods, THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 28, pp. 93-95.

A NEW HEMPHILLIA AND OTHER SNAILS FROM NEAR BIT. HOOD,

OREGON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During an outing at Tawney's Hotel, on the Salmon River,

12 miles from Mt. Hood, elevation 1600 ft., Mr. J. G. Malone

found a number of snails, among them a new slug, which may

be described as follows.

HEMPHILLIA MALONEI n. sp. PL IV, fig. 9.

Most like H. camelus externally. The general color is dusky

drab, becoming blackish brown on the tail. There are a few

small black spots along the sides of the mantle, which has a

ver}' large opening exposing the shell. Pneumostome is about

118 THE NAUTILUS.

midway of the mantle. Behind the mantle there is a short

median impressed line, flanked by obliquely decurrent lines ;

followed posteriorly by irregular, coarse granulation, the end of

the tail then becoming carinate. The pedal furrows rise be-

hind, as in H. camelus, and there is no horn above their junc-

tion, and no specialized caudal mucous pore. The shell consists

wholly of yellow periostracum, whatever lime it contained hav-

ing been dissolved by the preserving fluid (formaldehyde). The

mantle is smooth. Total length preserved in formaldehyde 33

mm.; length of mantle about 16 mm.; width of the sole 4.3

mm. Length of the shell about 10.5 mm.

The short penis (pi. 4, fig. 9) is produced laterally in

an ample pocket which contains a large " papilla " attached

distally, as shown by dotted line in the figure. There are also

some smaller fleshy processes. The penial retractor (r. p.} is

inserted at the origin of the epiphallus (epi. ), as in H. camelus*

The duct of the spermatheca (sp. ) is narrow, as in H. glandulosa.

H. danielsi Vanatta (Proc. A. N. S., Phila. 1914, p. 367) from

Montana differs externally by having a smaller shell pore, and

internally by the entirely different shape of the penis, with the

penial retactor inserted on the epiphallus. The duct of the

spermatheca is wide. The organ figured as a penial gland, in

Mr. Vanatta' s fig. 2, is apparently homologous with the large

lateral penial pocket or sack of H. malonei.

Locality, Tawney's Hotel, on the Salmon River, 12 miles

from Mt. Hood. Collected by J. G. Malone, August, 191 6*

Collection Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., No. 115577.

This species resembles H. camelus in external appearance and

by having the penial retractor inserted at the apex of the penis.

It is more like H. glandulosa in the shape of the penis and the

slender duct of the spermatheca.

One of the specimens had been extensively gnawed, evidently

by the type specimen. Another, which had been confined in

the same box, disappeared. Probably the survivors knew

where their companion went.

Mr. Malone found the following snails in the same neighbor-

hood :

Ariolimax sp. (common, but not collected).

THE NAUTILUS. 119

KI > iphragm ophora fidelis G ray.

Polygyra columbiana Lea.

Pristiloma sp., fragment.

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea.

Circinaria sportella hybrida Ancey.

Goniobasis plicifera silicula Gld.

PHILOMYCTJS IN ARIZONA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the course of our desert journey of 1910, the Santa Rita

Mountains, in southern Arizona, were visited. The party

(Messrs. Ferriss, Daniels, and the writer) camped at the head

of Agua Caliente canyon, somewhat above the 7000-foot contour.

A two-day trip was made eastward across Madera canyon, and

over the saddle north of Old Baldy, dropping down the eastern

slope of the range to about the 6800-foot line. Some slugs

picked up here (our Station 17). were thought to be all Agrio-

HIIKIX, but on closer inspection, three Philomycus were found in

the lot. It is a new genus for Arizona ; in fact, the place is over

a thousand miles southwest of any record in this country. The

species may be called Philomycus (Pattifera) arizon&nsis, n. sp.

It is 20mm. long, the sole 1.8 mm. wide. Color: above bister,

below snuff brown (in alcohol). Jaw with few ribs. Type

and two smaller specimens are No. 115575, A. N. S. P.

HENRY MELVILL GWATKIN.

Professor H. M. Gwatkin, widely known as a special student

of molluscan radulse, died during the first half of November.

He was born at Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England, July

30, 1844, and was educated at Shrewsbury School and St. John's

College, Cambridge. He took his B. A. at Cambridge in 1867,

and was a Fellow of St. John's College from 1868 to 1874,

Theological Lecturer from 1874 to 1891, and Dixie Professor of

Ecclesiastical History from 1891 to the time of his death. He

was Gifford Lecturer at Edinburgh, 1903-05, and in 1897 re-

120 THE NAUTILUS.

ceived the honorary D.D. degree from Edinburgh. In 1882 he

published " Studies of Arianisrn." It is very interesting to find

that a man who thus gave his life to theological studies, should

have chosen for his hobby such a subject as the radulse of the

mollusca. His collection, which I was permitted to examine

when in Cambridge some years ago, is amazingly rich, doubt-

less far exceeding any other. He was indefatigable in securing

material from all over the world, and was able to prepare good

mounts from animals long dried in the shell. Unfortunately

the shells themselves were not usually preserved, so in case of

doubtful identifications there will be no ready means of con-

firming the assigned names. It is understood that the whole col-

lection has gone to the British Museum. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

NOTES.

COMMON NAMES : Speaking of common names reminds me of

the time I lived in Branford, Connecticut. I used to hear the

name "Squaw Clam" frequently. I found the name originated

from the fact that in the duck season the old squaws fed on

these forms. So I made up my mind to find out what a squaw

clam was. I tried Mulinia lateralis with one man : I got " yes,

that' s it. " Tellina tenera with another, ' ' yes, that' s it, " Macoma

with another, "yes, that's it." I don't know how many species

I tried, but I found that squaw clam embraced so many that

no genus would hold them. — H. W. WINKLEY.

LIMAX ARBORUM IN A COLORADO GREENHOUSE. — In a green-

house at Boulder, devoted principally to the growing of tropical

orchids, numerous slugs have recently appeared, and have

proved extremely destructive to the plants. I have before me

a Cattleya flower absolutely ruined by them. There is every

reason to believe that the slugs came with a consignment of

orchids from Denver, but how they reached Colorado remains

unknown. The species is Limax arborum, as I was able to con-

firm from an examination of the penis-sheath, which shows the

so-called flagellum very well. The specimens are very uniform,

all belonging to the variety subrufa LeComte, having the body a

rather pale and translucent reddish, mantle with the usual

black bands and a nebulous or evanescent median one, back

with two grey bands, lateral bands not developed. _ It seems

that this particular form is common in Belgium, and it may be

supposed that it reached America with garden plants from that

country. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. MARCH, 1917. No. 11

LOBOA BRUNOI N. G., N. SP., A LAND SHELL FROM THE BRAZILIAN

ISLAND OF TRINITY.

BY DR. HERMANN VON IHERING.

The present Director of the Brazilian National Museum at

Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Bruno Lobo, has rendered to science an

excellent service in accompanying, with some employees of that

museum, the expedition which in the present year was under-

taken by the Admiralty for political and military reasons. It

will be a matter of great interest to know the geological and

biological results of the expedition.

Dr. Bruno Lobo has kindly charged me with the study of the

Mollusca which have been collected by the expedition. I shall

give information on the matter in the official publication, but

there is one point which I desire to communicate immediately

to my competent friend, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, hoping to hear his

opinion. Among the marine shells I have found also a small

land shell, which evidently inhabits this island. The shell is

quite intact and not worn in its sculpture, but of a chalky white

aspect not rare in shells exposed to an arid environment. The

shell is of a stenogyroid habitus and seems to me the represen-

tative of a new genus of the family Achatinidae. I give here

the description accompanied by a figure.

LOBOA BRUNOI n. g., n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 7.

The shell has a conic-turreted form and is of rather solid

texture, perforate, of a dirty chalky-white color. The whorls,

122 THE NAUTILUS.

in number 7^, are convex and separated by a deep suture. The

last whorl is a little longer than the spire, descending only at

its end. The apex is obtuse, first ascending then descending,

smooth, shining. The two embryonic whorls are sculptured

with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and numerous very fine

pores, which exi&t also in some of the following whorls. The

whorls of the spire are ornamented with feeble longitudinal ribs

which are somewhat irregular and sometimes bifid and with

numerous impressed spiral lines. The aperture is small, some-

what oblique, occupying one-third of the total length of the

shell. The peristome is sharp, simple, the columellar lip dilated

above, reflected, somewhat thickened and covering the umbilical

chink. The parietal callus is broad, white, and forms a straight

line connecting the outer lip with the columella, with which it

forms an obtuse angle.

The length of the shell is 19.5, the diameter 7.3, the alt. of

the aperture 6.5, the diameter of the aperture 4 mm.

The unique specimen, found at the Brazilian Island of Trin-

ity, is kept in the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. The

species is dedicated to my distinguished colleague, Prof. Dr.

Bruno Lobo, Director of the National Museum of Natural His-

tory and Anthropology at Rio de Janeiro.

House de Joinville, Est. de St. Catharine, Brazil,

20th of September, 1916.

PLEUROCERA SUBULARE LEA.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Lea's Melania subularis1 came from the Niagara river. It is

a shell common to the waters of Lake Erie, especially the north-

ern and western shallows. A form, recognizable superficially as

different, occurs in the lake tributaries. These river shells, as

a rule, are lighter of structure, less polished and, whorl for

whorl, somewhat larger than lake shells. The percentage of

dark shells in the streams is, I would say offhand, lower than in

'Philos. Trans. IV., p. 100 ; 1831.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

the lake. But the differences are so slight that they do not

warrant distinction even as a sub-species.

I believe it was this stream form that Anthony had before

him when he described his Melania neglecta,1 from the Great

Miami river, " near Dayton, Ohio." The descriptions of subu-

laris and neglecta might be interchanged and cause little or no

perplexity to the student. In September, 1916, I collected in

the Great Miami at Tadmor, about ten miles north of Dayton,

and in January last, collected over exposed gravel bars of the

river at Dayton itself. Save that there seem to be an unusual

number of distorted specimens among these shells, I cannot see

any marked differences between them, and recognized subulare

of the lake drainage. Anthony mentioned two varieties, one

banded, the other "plain, horn-color, or with bands but faintly

indicated by an almost imperceptible difference of color in the

interior of the mouth." Heavy specimens of this latter variety,

with " remarkably expanded outer lip," were separated by Lea

under the name Trypanostoma labiatum.* In the Tadmor lot, I

have specimens running from thin attenuated forms to the ro-

bust labiatum of expanded lip, banded and unhanded, all of the

same colony. In a family so variable as the Pleuroceridae,

there can be little justification for Lea's action, if only because

the dignifying of one form with a name makes it a duty to

name the other forms — a business that would pile up the no-

menclature like ore-heaps around a blast furnace.

Melania intensa Anthony s is simply a "purple-black " variety

of subulare. Such shells occur more or less commonly in local-

ities where subulare flourishes. I collected nearly a handful in

the Wabash river at Logansport, Ind., last year. One can get

black and partly black shells. In a sending b}^ A. J. Brown

from Spring river, Fulton county, Ark., was a specimen black

from apex to a little beyond the beginning of the last whorl.

At that point the animal seems to have run out of coloring

matter, finishing the shell in pale yellow.

1 Ann. Lye. N. Y., p. 128 ; March, 1854.

2Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 174; 1862.

3Keeve, Monog., sp. 371.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

In the synonymy of subulare may be included Trypanostoma

pallidum Lea.1 This is merely an extreme form, such as occurs

somewhat rarely among fresh-water Gastropoda. It represents

an old-age development, denied to all except a few animals of

unusual vitality or unusual good luck in escaping hardships

and enemies. Judging by the figure in Tryon 2 (the description

suggests difficulties) Melania tracta Anthony, placed by Tryon

in the synonymy of Pleurocera elevatum Say, is the pallidum

stage of subulare growth.

Pleurocera subulare is probably the most widely distributed

member of its genus, inhabiting from easternmost Ontario to

Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. East of the Mississippi it

does not appear to go below the line of the Ohio river. Con-

sidering the variableness of the family, the characteristics of

this species are remarkably constant. There is slight difference

between the subulare of the Great Lakes region and that of

streams of northern Arkansas.

The synonymy of this species may be set down as:

Melania subularis Lea, 1831.

Melania tracta Anthony, 1850.

Melania neglecta Anthony, 1854.

Melania intensa Anthony mss., Reeve, 1860.

Trypanostoma pallidum Lea, 1862.

Trypanostoma labiatum Lea, 1862.

A NEW HOLOSPIRA FROM CHIHUAHUA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

HOLOSPIRA BRYANTWALKERI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.

A species of the subgenus Haplocion. The shell is rimate,

cylindric, the upper third tapering, summit mucronate. Very

pale flesh-colored. Sculpture of closely set riblets, narrower

than their intervals, very straight and retractive on the upper,

'Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 173; 1862.

2 Monograph of Strepomatidae, Washington, p. 96; 1873.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

arcuate on the lower whorls. There are 43 riblets on the penult

whorl. In the conical part of the spire the riblets are partly

hollow, and broken down in places. The whorls are quite con-

vex, and in the lower part of the conical portion they overhang

a little. The last whorl is well rounded below, and carries the

aperture forward shortly in advance of the ventral outline of

the shell. Aperture is small, almost circular, a little oblique,

with a quite flat, reflected and continuous lip. The internal

axis is simple.

Length 19.5, greatest diam. 5.3 mm.; 14£ whorls remain, the

embryonic whorls being broken off. Aperture 4 mm. long,

measured outside peristome.

Rio Conchos. Chihuahua, Mexico, not far above its confluence

with the Rio Grande, collected by Mr. B. H. King, 1912.

This species is larger than any similarly sculptured Haplocion.

An entire specimen would have about 17 whorls, with a length

of slightly over 20 mm. The holotype is in coll. Bryant Walker,

no. 36935.

With the preceding there were two specimens figured in pi. 4,

fig. 5, which appear referable to H. pasonis Dall. The riblets

in the last whorl are slightly closer than in a specimen of the

original lot of pasonis, but I can find no material difference.

They measure :

Length 21.6, diameter in the middle 6.6 mm.; 11|- whorls.

Length 21.4, diameter in the middle 6.1 mm.; llf whorls.

NOTES ON THE BIFASCIATA GROUP OF OXYCHONA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The genus Oxychona contains conic, acutely carinate, thin and

light-colored snails of eastern Brazil, evidently arboreal, distri-

buted from the Province of Rio to that of Bahia. Although

very similar in ehape to the Helicid genus Papuina, I was led

to place the group in the Bulimulidce, near Drymseus and

Zaplagius, by the characters of the teeth and embryonic shell.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Dr. von Ihering, who considered the group in a valuable paper1

has confirmed this classification.

Having occasion lately to go over the specimens in the Acad-

emy collection, it became evident that the synonymy of 0.

bi/asciata, the most widely known of them, had been made too

comprehensive by Pfeiffer, who has been followed by subse-

quent authors. Certainly two, probably three species seem to

have been lumped ; though closely related they appear to be

distinct. References to the literature may be found in Manual

of Conchology V, p. 128 ; XI, p. 181 ; XIV, p. xxxvii, 154.

Partial Key to species of Oxychona.

a Last whorl descending deeply below the keel in front ; shell

pitted above the keel and suture ; aperture with a rather

long "spout," the lip but slightly expanded above it,

white ; alt. 15, diam. 22 mm., between Rio and Campos,

State of Rio de Janeiro. 0. lonchostoma (Mke. ).

a' Last whorl not descending in front.

b. Shell higher than wide. 0. gyrina.

b'. Shell wider than high.

c. Lip above the angle well expanded and calloused

within ; outlines of spire nearly straight ; peri-

tome white or pale pink. 0. bifasciata (Burr).

c'. Lip scarcely or not expanded above the angle,

sinuous.

d. Peristome white or pale pink, basal margin

rather wide; u spout " moderately developed.

0. bosciana (Fe"r. ).

d'. Peristome rose-colored throughout, basal mar-

gin narrow. Spout longer.

0. pyramidella (Wagn.).

I have not seen lonchostoma, gyrina or typical pyramidella, all

of them described nearly a century ago, and not recorded by

any subsequent collector. 0. mimarum is not sufficiently

known to contrast with the figured species. Notes on the other

species and their subspecies follow.

1 Analyse der Siid-Amerikanischen Heliceen. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. ,

Phila.,XV, 1912.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

OXYCHONA BIFASCIATA (Burrow, 1815). PI. IV, figs. 4, 8.

This is described by Burrow as "white with two purplish

brown transverse bands and a dark brown apex. Inhabits Per-

nambuco." The figure, shows the outer lip to be expanded

and thickened within ; it measures, length 18, diam. 18 mm.

Specimens in collection of the Academy are variously banded

(pi. IV, figs. 4, 8), and have two very small dark spots behind

the upper lip in two specimens, none in two others. The upper

lip is well expanded, calloused within, the callous thicker near the

periphery, giving the inner edge a sinuous contour. The basal

lip is wider than in blanchetiana, and the last whorl is barely

concave above the keel, not pinched out as in blanchetiana. The

outlines of the spire are almost straight. In one of the four ex-

amples the tip of the apex is dark. In one of the specimens

the lip has the faintest roseate tint, which becomes distinct at

the columellar insertion. The others have a white lip ; and this

was no doubt the typical color, as a colored lip would have

been mentioned by Burrow.

Length 15, diam. 16.4 mm.; 6^ whorls.

Length 15.4, diam. 17 mm.; 6^ whorls.

OXYCHONA BOSCIANA (Ferussac).

Ferussac's figured type shows dark bands a short distance

below and above the periphery, another below the suture ; the

upper two bands spreading ?nto blotches behind the lip ; spire

slightly concave, and the latter part of the last whorl strongly so

near the periphery, causing the aperture to be conspicuously

produced, spout-like. The upper lip is sinuous, and not at all

expanded. Length about 16|-, diam. about 21 mm. Lip white.

Helix bosciana was mentioned in the Prodrome, but first defined

by three figures in the Histoire naturelle, pi. 64, fig, 1. This is

one of the old plates, drawn by Bessa and engraved by Coutant.

I do not know the date of issue, but it was probably not long

after 1820.

OXYCHONA BOSCIANA BLANCHETIANA (Moricand, 1833). PI. IV,

figs. 2, 3.

Mem. Soc. de Phys. et d' Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vi, p. 539,

pi. 1, f. 3.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

This is the best known form. Typically it is white above,

with two dark blotches behind the lip, but as often there is also

a narrow dark band a short distance below the suture, and

sometimes an interrupted one above the carina. The base has

a band, often split, near the periphery. Upper lip not expanded.

Lower lip reflected, white or faintly pinkish. Outlines of spire

concave. Length 17.4, diam. 19.5, or somewhat smaller.

This form was collected by Blanchet in the environs of

Bahia. It appears to differ from typical bosciana only in color,

and its status as a subspecies is very dubious. It is probably

a mere color- form of bosciana.

Hidalgo has figured another variety of bosciana, collected by

the Spanish Expedition around Rio Janeiro, which seems rather

out of the range of the species (Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, pi.

1). It is evident that the species has various local color-races,

about which we know very little at present.

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA (Wagner, 1827).

This is a form having the general shape of bosciana, with two

bands above, one below the periphery of the last whorl. The

aperture seems to be produced outward in a narrower spout than

in bosciana, upper lip apparently not expanding, and the whole

lip rose-colored. The habitat given is the province of Bahia,

"in sylvis mediterraneis inter montem sanctum et flumen S.

Francisci." The figures are rather poor, and series of speci-

mens are needed to determine whether it is to be ranked as a

subspecies of bosciana or as a distinct species.

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI Bartsch. PI. IV, fig. 1.

See NAUTILUS for September, 1916, p. 53. Rio Grungugy,

Province of Bahia. Figures of the type of this handsome race

are now given. It differs conspicuously from blancheliana by

the more pinched keel, the longer external spout of the aperture,

more sinuous, broadly rose-bordered lip, and other features fully

described by Dr. Bartsch. The microscopic sculpture is the

same. It appears to be more elevated than 0. pyramiddla, with

somewhat diverse color-pattern.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

OXYCHONA MIMARUM AtlCey.

Oxychona bifasciata var. mimarum Anc. , Le Nat., 1901, p. 93.

Pilsbry, Man. Conch. XIV, p. 154. This unfigured form from

Minas Geraes is probably specifically distinct. Not seen by the

writer.

A LIST OF MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT CASTLE ISLAND, BOSTON.

BY SHIELDS WARREN.

Castle Island, Boston Harbor, is an interesting collecting

ground owing to the number of mollusks that flourish there

under the adverse conditions necessarily present in a great sea-

port. The main channel to the inner harbor passes the island,

and every ebb-tide strands much of the water-front debris on its

shores. Although the island would seem an unfavorable habitat

for even hardy mollusks, it is one of the best collecting places

for nudibranchs in the vicinity of Boston. In the early spring

considerable numbers come there to breed, particularly Acantho-

doris pilosa and Lamellidoris bilamellata, and I have found scat-

tered specimens of these and other species from October to June.

The shore of the island on the east and south is sand and

gravel with scattered boulders, and is sand and mud, with

patches of eel-grass, elsewhere. Between Castle Island and City

Point are extensive mussel flats ; and clay, dredged from the

neighboring channel and dumped beside the bridge, contains

numerous valves of oysters and quahaugs similar to those found

in the excavations for the Boylston Street Subway. Litorina

littorea is very plentiful on the rocks and is gathered by the

Italians for food. The imbricated form of Thais lapillus is fairly

abundant.

Below is a list of the mollusks I have collected on the island,

and which seems to be fairly representative of the whole of

Boston harbor. Species marked with an asterisk have not been

obtained living.

130

THE NAUTILUS.

Ostrea virginica.*

Pecten magellanicus.*

Anomia aculeata.

Anomia simplex.

Mytilus edulis.

Modiolus modiolus.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus.*

Clidiophora goiddiana.

Venus mercenaria.*

Ensis dir edits.

Mesodesma arctatum.

My a arennria.

Saxicava arctica.

Acmaea testudinalis.

Polinices heros.

Polinices triseriata. *

Crepidula fornicata.

Crepidula glauca.

Crepidula plana.

Cingula acideus.

Lilorina liltorea.

Litorina obtumta palliata.

Litorina rudis.

Lacuna vinda.

Urosalpin x cinereus. *

Thais lapillus.

Aledrion obsoleta.

Aledrion triviUata.

Coins stimpsonii.

Aeolidia papillosa.

Coryphella, ritfibranchialis man-

anensis.

Polio lessonii.

Acanthodoris pilosa.

Lamellidoris bilamellata.

Lamellidoris muricata.

MARTYN'S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST.

A copy of this rare work has recently been obtained by the

Boston Society of Natural History. Bernard Quaritch, in de-

scribing this copy in his catalogue, says — "4 vols. atlas 4to,

with colored frontispiece, 2 engraved plates of medals and J60

plates containing 322 colored figures. Contemporary tree-calf,

neatly rebacked. With the [John] Townly book plate.

"The copy agrees with that in the British Museum (Natural

History) and is quite complete. The complete work in four

volumes is very rare although the first two are comparatively

common. Even Sir Joseph Banks was unsuccessful when en-

deavoring to obtain the entire work. Evidently Martyn only

completed copies by order. Other than the copy offered, only

one example has occurred for sale by auction in London since

1895 and I have been able to trace the sale of only eight copies

for upwards of 50 years prior to that date. The Roscoe copy

sold for £32 2 s. 6d. and the Fonthill example for £52.10 s."

The Society's copy cost £21.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Dr. Wm. H. Dall in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, 1905,

vol. 29, pages 415-432, gives a very interesting account of

Thomas Martyn and an exhaustive description of the first two

volumes, containing 80 plates, based on a copy in the U. S.

National Museum and a similar copy in the Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences, Philadelphia. In the publication, 1907, vol. 33,

pages 185-192, Dr. Dall gives some supplementary notes, based

on a copy in the library of Mr. John B. Henderson of Wash-

ington, also consisting of 80 plates, together with some notes

received from Mr. Charles Hedley referring to a four-volume

copy in the Australian Museum, Sidney.

The size of the copy in the U. S. National Museum is 11 x

12£ inches and the one in the Academy of Natural Sciences is

12| x lOf inches, while Mr. Henderson's copy is 16 J x 16^

which is the size of the copy obtained by the Society. The

latter copy has in Vol. I, the first and second engraved title

pages both dated 1784, the engraved dedication to the King,

introduction preface and letter including 39 pages, two plates of

medals, and 'explanatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. II has

only the second title-pages same as in Vol. I, 1784, and ex-

planatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. Ill has only the first

title-page, same as in Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of

the 40 plates. Vol. IV has only the first title-page, same as in

Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of the 40 plates. Dr. Dall

says the first two volumes were issued in 1784, Volume III in

1786 and the work completed probably in the spring of 1787.

In the Society's copy, in the explanatory table for Vol. IV,

figure 135 is (Cochlea) denrachates not dentrachates and figure

137 is (Cochlea) caelata not cretata as given in the explanatory

table of the copy in the Australian Museum. In the Henderson

copy Dr. Dall says plate 59 has two views side by side. In

the Society's copy only one view is given. All of the other

plates agree with that copy.

In the NAUTILUS, vol. 22, p. 72, Mr. S. S. Berry refers to a

copy comprising four volumes in the library of the Leland Stan-

ford Junior University. This work lacks the explanatory table

for the plates of the fourth volume. This is apparently the

only other set of four volumes in America. In 1913 Mr. Berry

132

THE NAUTILUS.

obtained a copy of the first two volumes of this work (NAUTI-

LUS, Vol. 27, p. 95). In the same volume of THE NAUTILUS,

page 107, Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, described a copy

in his library. The two volumes are bound in one and trimmed

to lOf x 13T7^ inches. The sizes of the bound volumes appar-

ently vary according to individual tastes. The size of the title

pages in the Society's copy would not admit of trimming; the

plates of medals are about 14 x 11 and the explanatory tables

llf x 11 inches; the actual size of the paper on which the

plates are printed is 11 x 13£ inches, but the ruling or "neat-

line'11 surrounding the shells varies between 7 x lOi. The

plates are mounted on a heavy blue-gray paper. — C. W. JOHNSON.

NOTES.

ASTARTE QUADRAN3 AS FOOD FOR FLOUNDERS : — While Walking

along the beach on the ocean side, North of Provincetown, Cape

Cod, I chanced to come upon a complete dried skeleton of the

common flounder. The flesh had been removed by the beach

Crustacea etc, so that no muscle or entrails was visible, except

the dried ligaments which held some of the bones together. In

the space where the stomach had been, was a pile of Astarte

quadrans, eighty-six valves in number, varying in size from the

adult 9/20 inch to 3/20 inch, all in good condition and the

majority having intact the ligament connecting the valves.

Not a specimen of any other shell was present, although in the

locality where the flounder lives are found several species of

small shells.

This shows one of three things, viz : — that this fish had the

ability to discriminate ; or had found a spot where only this

shell existed; or an epicurean fondness for "little-neck" As-

tarte.— J. HENRY BLAKE.

MR. HORACE F. CARPENTER began in September of 1916 to

install his collection of shells in the upper south room of the

main building of the Roger Williams Park Museum, Providence,

R. I., and at this date upwards of 4,000 species have been placed

on exhibition.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXX. APRIL, 1917. No. 12

THE STATUS OF THE GENUS SUBULARIA MONTEROSATO.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In 1853, H. & A. Adams published in vol. 1, pp. 237-238

of their work on the ' ' Genera of Recent Mollusca ' ' the genus

Leiostraca, defining it in the following manner :

"Shell turreted, subulate, flattened, widest from side to side,

polished, smooth, semipellucid ; sides with a thin varix ex-

tending as far as the apex of the spire ; aperture oblong, en-

tire ; inner lip distinct, callous, slightly sinuous in the middle ;

outer lip flexuous.

"Ex. L. bilineata, Alder, pi. 25, fig. 3. Shell, L. Metcalfei,

A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

"The most curious circumstance about the type of this genus

is the fact of its being compressed from before backwards, with

a varix on each side, as in Bursa and Pythia.

' ' Species of Leiostraca.

acuta, Sow. Mindorensis, Adams and Reeve

bilineata, Alder solitaria, C. B. Adams.

bivittata, H. and A. Adams subulata, Donov.

(bilineata, Adams and Reeve) unilineata, Adams and Reeve

fulvocincta, C. B. Adams varians, Sow."

Metcalfei, A. Adams

Since the characters of the genus are based upon the shell,

and pi. 25, fig. 3 shows the head of an animal only, while fig.

3a, Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. shows the shell characters above

defined, we may take Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. as the type of

the genus. Even if we were to admit all the species listed by

134 THE NAUTILUS.

H. & A. Adams as a possible field for type selection, Leiostraca

metcalfei A. Adams is the only one that meets the full charac-

terization of their genus, all the others being members of the

genus Strombiformis Da Costa, 1778.

Unfortunately, Albers, in his Die Heliceen, p. 156, 1850, used

the name Leiostracus, which was considered homonymous with

H. & A. Adams' Leiostraca by Monterosato in his paper on

Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di alcune Conchiglie Medi-

terranee, p. 103, 1884, where he published the substitute name

Subularia with the statement " (= Leiostraca, H. e A. Adams,

1853, non Leiostracus Albers, 1850)." Subularia metcalfei (A.

Adams) therefore became the type of Subularia Monterosato.

The whole may be condensed into the following formula:

Subularia Monts., 1884, type Subularia metcalfei (A. Ads. ) =

Leiostraca H. & A. Adams 1853, type Leiostraca metcal/ei A.

Ads. ; not Leiostracus Albers 1850.

Since Subularia and Strombiformis have been sadly confused in

the past, I add a copy of a figure of the type of Subularia (pi. 5,

fig. 2), and of a typical Strombiformis (pi. 5, fig. 1, Strombi-

formis lapazana Bartsch).

A NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSK LOCALITY IN NEW MEXICO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In the spring of 1916 Dr. Max M. Ellis, with Messrs. G. C.

Roe and B. Jaffa as assistants, while collecting fishes in New

Mexico, found a deposit containing many small land and fresh-

water shells. It is in the bank of the North Spring River,

about two and a half miles below (east of) Roswell. The valley

was evidently at one time deeper than now, but had been partly

filled by mud, sand and fine gravel. More recently the stream

has cut into the deposit to a depth of fifteen feet. The thick

fossiliferous stratum is at the base of the bluff, extending into

the water and possibly far below, and is covered by about ten

feet of soil, chiefly adobe. Twenty pounds of the weathered

material yielded (in addition to abundant fragments of Chara

and other plants, a few fragments of mammal bones and 400

caddis cases of the genus Helicopsyche) the following mullusks :

THE NAUTILUS. 135

3500 Pisidium spp. (loose valves).

373 Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

2 Carychium exiguum Say.

23 Pupoides marginatus (Say).

20 Bifidaria armifera Say.

5 Bifidaria contracta Say.

5 Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella Pils.

136 Bifidaria procera cristata Pils. & Van.

2 Pupilla muscorum (L. ).

5 Vertigo sp.

5 Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill. ).

2 Polita indentata (Say).

400 Zonitoides minuscidus (Binn.).

13 Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis Pils. & Fer.

2 Succinea sp.

15 Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

100 Planorbis parvus Say.

100 Physa virgata Gld.

6 Ancylus rivularis Say.

4500 Paludeslrina seemani (Ffld.).

There were also 75 seeds of " Snow-on- the-Mountain," Di-

chrophyllum marginatum (Pursh), but they may have been

blown into the weathered material recently and hence may not

be fossil. They are entirely unaltered.

The same collectors obtained 30 Planorbis antrosiis Conrad and

5 Physa sp. about two miles below the head of the North Spring

River west of Roswell, but did not bring in any of the weath-

ered material or stop to examine the deposit thoroughly.

NOTES ON ACELLA HALDEMANI (DESH.) BINNEY.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Notes on the ecology of this the slenderest of our Lymnaeas

are rare, and its whereabouts during a large part of the year

has been a matter of conjecture. Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland of

Grand Rapids, Michigan, has collected the species extensively

and his observations are of interest in connection with the

136 THE NAUTILUS.

writer's notes which follow. Kirkland says,1 "This is a deep

water species, which migrates shoreward in the fall, doubtless

for spawning purposes, as adults only have been captured, but

this should be verified by dissection. September 25 is the

earliest date they have been taken, and they remain until ice

forms, how much longer is not known. ' ' Sargent " reports them

in Heath Lake, Minnesota, in the fall, and adds, ' ' Where do

they keep themselves in the summer? ".

This question can now in a measure be answered as the

species has been found in July in Lower South Bay, Oneida

Lake, in several localities. The specimens collected were all

young, none exceeding 11 mm. in length, the greater number

being 3 to 5 mm. long. They were invariably found on the

leaves or stem of the pond- weed (Potamogeton interrupts). It

is evident that they do not retire to very deep water but only

to the zone where this pondweed, or perhaps other suitable

vegetation grows. This may be in water from two to six feet

deep. The shells are very difficult to find, as in life they are

nearly the color of the plant and look exactly like a young leaf

beginning growth. This plant is admirably adapted for the use

of this snail, its leaves being very long and exceedingly narrow

and flat. Five specimens gave the following measurements:

Whorls 2; length 3.0; breadth .6; aperture length 1.5;

breadth .5 mm.

Whorls 2£; length 4.0; breadth 1.0; aperture length 2.0;

breadth .75 mm.

Whorls 2^; length 5.5; breadth 1.4; aperture length 2.0;

breadth 1.0 mm.

Whorls 3; length 8.0; breadth 1.7; aperture length 3.5;

breadth 1.0 mm.

Whorls 3£ ; length 10.5 ; breadth 2.5 ; aperture length 5.0 ;

breadth 1.5 mm.

The whorls are usually flat-sided as in the adult shell, but

in two specimens they were somewhat rounded. Adult speci-

mens from Nicholson's Bay, Oneida Lake, measure :

1 Baker, Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, page 197, 1911.

2 NAUTILUS, IX, page 127, 1896.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.25 mm.

Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.0mm.

Length 23.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.5 mm.

Adults are said by Kirkland to appear in Reed's Lake, Mich-

igan, about September 25 and to be common until Thanksgiving

Day or later. They were observed in the west end of Oneida

Lake, in several places, on September 10 and continued to be

noted until the middle of October, when they were quite abun-

dant. At this time work was discontinued by the writer.1 No

adults were seen in July, 1916, at which time several of the

habitats were visited in which Acella was abundant in the fall

of the previous year. It is evident, from the observations of

Kirkland, Sargent, and the writer that Acella migrates to deeper

water sometime in the late fall or early winter, probably when

ice forms to such an extent that the surface vegetation upon

which it rests and feeds is destroyed. That it will resist cold

weather is shown by the observations of Kirkland who found it

on Thanksgiving Day when the ice had formed, and by the

writer who collected it in October when the water was so cold

that it numbed the fingers, in fact ice had formed the morning

of the same day.

Acella is purely an inhabitant of vegetation, at least as far as

the recorded observations indicate, and as far as known has

never been found on any other material. Kirkland and Sargent

note it on the under side of lily leaves. In Oneida Lake it has

been noted on the following vegetation :

Smith's bullrush (Scirpus smithii) on the stem.

Floating pond-weed (Potamogeton natans~) on leaves and stem.

Pond-weed (P. interruptus) on leaves and stem.

White water-lily (Castalia odorata) on leaves and stem.

Yellow water-lily (Nymphaea advena) on leaves and stem.

The habitat in Oneida Lake is invaribly a sheltered cove, bay,

or other spot protected from violent wave action.

1 Baker, Technical Bulletin, N. Y. State College of Forestry, IV, pages

283-284, 1916. There are also other references to the ecology of the species

in other parts of the volume.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Information concerning the breeding habits of Acella are still

a desideratum. It occupies the surface in shallow water (one

to three feet) in the fall ; but where does it lay its eggs ? None

were observed in the fall of 1915 though adults sexually mature

were collected. It may be that the animal descends to the

pond-weed zones in the winter and lays its eggs on the Potamo-

geton and that they subsequently hatch out in the spring.

Certainly, as young were found in July which had 3^ whorls

and were 10 mm. long, they must have been hatched at the

latest in the spring. We are ignorant, also, of whether the

maximum growth is completed in one or more years. There

is much about this most characteristic Lymnaeid that is still to

be learned.

Neio York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM ALABAMA AND ARKANSAS, WITH NOTE ON

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND P. ZALETA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) CONECUHENSIS n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell thin, depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus being about

1 mm. in diameter and showing all the whorls ; color light horn,

highly polished ; whorls 6, the first five closely coiled, the last

rapidly expanding. Surface sculptured with spaced, unequal,

radial grooves stopping at the periphery, which is slightly sub-

basal. Aperture subtriangular, lower lip slightly flattened and

reflected where it joins the columella. Adult shells are tooth-

less, but a young shell of 4£ whorls, 2f mm. in diameter, shows

a single pair of small tubercular teeth.

Diameter 4^-, altitude 2|- millimeters.

Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Alabama. Collected by Herbert H.

Smith.

Types No. 8111 of my collection. Paratypes in collection of

Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

This species resembles Vitrea simpsoni Pils., but has about one

more whorl in the same diameter ; it is also less depressed, and

the basal lip is less flattened.

THE NAUTILUS, XXX.

PLATE V

**-"

-

6

8

1. STROM ^ IFOR MIS LAPAZANA BARTSCH.

2. SUBULARIA METCALFEI A. AD.

3. NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS BERRY (p. 21).

4. AMNICOLA NEOMEXICANA PILSBRY.

5-7. VITREA CONECUHENSIS CLAPP.

8. 9. AMNICOLA DESERTA PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS. XXX.

PLATE VI.

4 5

CROZIER: CHROMODORIS ZEBRA HEILPRIN.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

POLYGYRA LABROSA FIMBRIATA n. Vat.

Differs from the type in having a well-developed peripheral

fringe of two or three rows of hairs about 0.25 mm. in length,

the hairs also showing as a sutural fringe, and the "prostrate

hairs," of Eland's original description, are much more elevated.

On the base are spiral rows of short, erect bristles continuing to

the umbilicus. Aperture typical.

Diameter 11, altitude 6 mm., whorls 5.

Sulphur City, Washington Co., Arkansas. Collected by A.

J. Brown, Jan., 1917. Types No. 8112 of my collection.

Paratypes in collection of A. J. Brown. Fifteen adults and as

many young examined.

Over forty labrosa from seven localities in Arkansas and twenty

from Galloway, Mo. , including one from Bland and two others

labeled "Identified by Bland," were examined. Three shells

from Clinton, Ark., show traces of hairs and three fresh shells

in the Galloway lot also show some hairs, but in neither case

are they as prominent as in the Sulphur City shells.

In P. A. N. S., Feb. 1903, p. 202, Dr. Pilsbry says : " In all

other Stenotremes except P. barbigera (Redf. ) the cuticular hairs

form a comparatively close pile. ... In no other (except

pilsbryi} do they form a series of circular, concentric fringes.

P. barbigera has a single fringe of similar filaments, usually

persisting at the suture only." This is true of the average cab-

inet specimen, but both barbigera and spinosa have a peripheral

as well as a sutural fringe, and both have hairs arranged in

spiral rows on the base when carefully prepared, as shown by

hundreds of specimens collected by Herbert H. Smith in Ala-

bama, and I have shown in the NAUTILUS, Vol. XXVII, p. 12,

that P. edwardsi has well developed fringes when fresh. In

the note on edwardsi there is a mistake in giving the length of

the hairs as 1 mm., it should be £ mm. When the note on P.

edwardsi was written I had forgotten that A. G. Wetherby had

called attention to this same fact in his very valuable paper

"Some Notes on American Land Shells," No. 1, p. 2 of an

undated "separate." The paper was published in the Journal

of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON Polygyra albolabris AND P. zaleta.

In some regions where P. albolabris and zaleta are found to-

gether occasional elevated specimens of the former or depressed

ones of the latter occur and it is very difficult, at first glance,

to say to which species they belong. If, however, the shells

are examined under the microscope with a magnification of

about 25 diameters they can be readily separated, as zaleta looks

polished in the high light while albolabris is dull. This is due

to the fact that between and on the ribs of albolabris are fine,

vertical wrinkles in the epidermis which are absent in zaleta.

As a rule zaleta is also much lighter in color than albolabris, or

if dark specimens are found they are generally much lighter on

the base, and just behind the aperture there is invariably a patch

of much lighter color than the body of the shell.

SOME STRTJCTUEAL VARIATIONS IN CHROMOBORIS ZEBRA.

W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Kesearch, No. 64.

Abnormalities of a minor character are by no means uncom-

mon in nudibranchs, and, while these features are usually not

of any great morphological significance, some of them seem

sufficiently curious to warrant description. I have noted sev-

eral such deviations from the typical structure while examining

a large number of specimens of Chromodoris zebra Heilprin.

Smallwood (1910) has described some of the variations in

the coloration of this animal, and has also referred to the vari-

ability shown by the branchiae, particularly in the manner in

which one or several of these organs terminate by division of

their free ends into several parts. I have elsewhere (Crozier,

1917) made note of the variation in the number of the glandu-

lar papillae which occur upon the ventral surface of the poster-

ior border of the mantle.

Variation in the branchiae is, in fact, somewhat more frequent

and more extensive than Smallwood observed. Not unusually,

branchia? are to be seen which not only divide to a greater or

less extent at their tips, but also show a branching at some

THE NAUTILUS. 141

distance from the tip (Fig. 1). In many instances the presence

of an accessory branchia arising in this way is unaccompanied

by duplication of the pointed tips.

The high sheath which surrounds the branchial rosette is

normally quite smooth. In only one of the many hundreds of

Chromodoris which I have handled was there noted any other

condition. In this single specimen, however, there were three

distinct ridges running from the dorsal surface to the external

margin of the branchial collar ; two of these ridges were ex-

tended in an anterior direction, their edges being sharp and

prominent, while the third, less conspicuously developed than

the other two, was on the left side of the collar. The appear-

ance of these structures is shown in Figure 2, where may be

seen the manner in which the ridges were united with the collar.

The edge of the mantle occasionally shows evidence of injury,

and this may explain the origin of modifications found at the

anterior end of the mantle in several specimens. These modi-

fications consisted in a well-defined median indentation of the

buccal veil, which was thus symmetrically bilobed. But this

region of the mantle is almost always folded at the margin to

some extent, and since the pigment pattern frequently shows

no local disturbance at the region of the indentation, the feature

which is shown in Figure 3 (particularly at c) may be merely

an unusually strong expression of a tendency to wavy folding.

The " rhinophores " of Chromodoris (cf. Arey, 1917), which

are usually straight, may appear somewhat bent near the tip,

or may even assume a slightly corkscrew shape. In one indi-

vidual there was found a bifurcating " rhinophore " on the left

side ; the one on the right side was normal. As shown in the

accompanying sketch (Fig. 4), the rhinophoral collar (c) had

grown in such a manner as to accommodate the additional

structure.

One specimen occurring among a lot of 231 collected early in

January, 1917, was found to possess a striking modification of

the rhinophoral collars. Figure 5 depicts the condition refer-

red to, which consists in the fusion of the two pockets, into

which the " rhinophores " are respectively retracted, so that

but a single depression provided with a single collar is present

142 THE NAUTILUS.

in this particular animal. The posterior edge of the collar was

higher than the anterior one, and when both " rhinophores "

were retracted this posterior border of the collar was folded

over the anterior edge in such a way as to lead to the appearance

of two minute openings into the single pocket.

Agar's Island, Bermuda.

REFERENCES

AREY, L. B. 1917. The sensory potentialities of the nudibranch " rhino-

phore." (Proc. Amer. Soc. Zool., 14th Ann. Meet.) Anat. Record.

Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 514-516.

CROZIER, W. J. 1917. The nature of the conical bodies on the mantle of

certain nudibranchs.

NAUTILUS, Vol. 30, p. 103-106.

SMALLWOOD, W. M. 1910. Notes on the hydroids and nudibranchs of

Bermuda.

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, Part I, p. 137-145.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES, Plate VI.

FIG. 1. Branching gills.

FIG. 2. Ridges about the branchial collar; a, anterior; 6, posterior; c,

branchial collar (gills not shown); d, triangular depressions.

FIG. 3. Lobed condition of the buccal veil.

FIG. 4. A bifurcate rhinophore; c, collar of rhinophore.

FIG. 5. Fused rhinophoral pockets; a, rhinophores extended; 6, retracted.

A METHOD OF PRESERVING LARGE NUDIBRANCHS.

W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 65.

Those who have had occasion to study collections of nudi-

branchs, especially when they include specimens of the larger

tropical species, have doubtless often wished that the organisms

submitted for their examination had been so preserved as to

exhibit in more natural fashion the appearance of these crea-

tures when alive. After various attempts to secure good prepa-

rations, I find that the simple procedure herein outlined gives

tolerably fair results. The method has been tried almost ex-

clusively upon Chromodoris zebra, but it seems likely that

other large forms will yield equally good preservations when

treated in the same way.

A saturated solution of cocaine hydrochloride is made up in

sea water, and 2-3 cc. of this solution is then injected into the

THE NAUTILUS. 143

heart (or into the region of the heart) of Chromodoris by means

of a syringe and hollow needle. A " Record " syringe, such as

is used by surgeons, is useful for this purpose. Within an hour

or so — depending on the temperature, on the size of the animal,

and on the exact amount of the narcotic that has been injected

—the nudibranch will be fully anaesthetized, usually with the

gills and rhinophores fully extended; frequently also the genital

papilla will be protruded, and the pharynx everted. It is ad-

vantageous to add a few crystals of chloretone to a small vol-

ume of sea water containing the nudibranch; furthermore,

several injections of the cocaine may sometimes yield a better

result than a single dose.

When completely anaesthetized, the animal may be killed

and fixed in 75 per cent, alcohol. Precipitated slime, on the

surface of the body, can be subsequently removed with a camel's

hair brush. In order to avoid the distortion which inevitably

results if these large nudibranchs are fixed while they rest upon

the bottom of a dish, it is well to suspend them vertically in

the fixing fluid until they are killed and begin to harden. This

may be done by gripping the caudal extremity of the foot be-

tween the jaws of a light "artery clamp" or some similar in-

strument; or a thread may be sewn through the foot for this

purpose.

The injection of a relatively small amount of a narcotic

usually gives much better results than does the attempt to anaes-

thetize these nudibranchs by adding magnesium sulphate, or

chloretone, to the seawater containing them. In the latter

method, not only does the surface frequently become covered

with a number of vesicular blebs, edematous in appearance, but

also the proper time for removal to the killing fluid must be

selected with considerable care. A similar procedure, involving

the injection of chloretone into the body-cavity, has been em-

ployed by Pearse1 with holothurians.

The proper penetration of the fixative is of course important

for the conservation of the internal organs. This result may

be assured if a fair volume of the fixative is employed, and if

in addition an incision several centimeters long is made along

the edge of the mantle (preferably on the left side) previous

to immersion in the fixative.

Frequently it is desirable that the normal integumentary

1 Pearse, A. S. , 1910. Eine Methode, um Holothurien in ausgedehntem

Zustande zu konservieren. Zeits. f. biol. Tech. u. Method., Bd. 2, p. 94-95.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

colors of the nudibranch should be preserved as faithfully as

possible. Two fluids which I have found useful with Chromo-

doris zebra are Merkel's fluid and the sublimate-acetic mixture

(saturated aqueous solution of sublimate plus 5 per cent glacial

acetic acid). The sublimate mixture in particular gives a very

fair preservation of the blue pigment of Chromodoris, which ia

permanent for six months at least, if not for a longer period.

The sublimate precipitates the blue substance so that it is no

longer soluble in aqueous alcohol, and at the same time renders

it insensitive to the acetic acid, which otherwise would cause

the substance to become pink. Possibly the platinic chloride

in Merkel's fluid has a similar action, since I find that both

mercurous salts and platinic chloride precipitate the blue pig-

ment from aqueous solutions.

Agar's Island, Bermuda.

TO SUBSCRIBEKS.

For twenty-seven years the present editors of THE NAUTILUS

have tried to furnish to the lovers of conchology a little monthly

keeping them in touch with the progress of the science and

offering all who had interesting papers and notes a medium of

publication. The generous appreciation of our subscribers has

been our reward for this labor of love.

Now we have to announce to our friends, that after due con-

sideration, the editors have decided to issue the paper as a

quarterly, beginning with Volume 31.

There are many reasons for this change. First perhaps is the

saving in time on the part of the editors, and second, the fact

that we can handle longer articles to much better advantage.

It is proposed to make each quarterly number 40 pages and

to increase the subscription price to $2.00. While we greatly

regret the latter change, it becomes imperative under present

conditions. We will cheerfully do the work, expecting you to

pay the printer. As in the past author's separates and illustra-

tions are furnished at the expense of the authors.

The first number of the quarterly series will appear in July.

Taking for granted your sincere and earnest cooperation as in

the past, the editors will endeavor to make the future numbers

of THE NAUTILUS indispensable to students of mollusca.

H. A. P. AND C. W. J.

MBL

LIBRARY

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