THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
so o
VOL. XXXIX
JULY, 1925, to APRIL, 1926
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ol Natural Sciences
Philadelphia
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History
Boston
6 /£/
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, XXXIX.
INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.
PAGK
Acanthochites 75
Acanthodorididae of the California Coast 49, 94
Acanthodoris Gray 50
Acanthodoris brunnea MacFarland (PI. 2, fig. 7) . . . 53
Acanthodoris columbina MacFarland (Pis. 2 ,& 3) ... 94
Acanthodoris hudsoni MacFarland (PL 2, fig. 1) ... 51
Acanthodoris lutea MacFarland (Pis. 2 & 3) 60
Acanthodoris rhodoceras Cockerell & Eliot (Pis. 2 & 3) . 55
Acteocina from British Columbia, a new 25
Acteocina oldroydi Dall 25
Agriolimax agrestris in Peru 103
Amazon River, Brazil, Malacological from the .... 1
Amblema costata Ruf 88
Amicula, the status of 47, 75
Amnicola (Alocimna) annandalei Walker (PL 1, fig. 4) . 7
Amnicola winkleyi mozley Walker (PL 1, figs. 2, 3) . . 6
Ampullarius olivaceus Spix 2
Ancilla muscae, new name for A. elongata Gray .... 104
Ancylastrum, note on . 105
Ancylastrum Bourguignat, the type of 44
Ancylastrum Bourguignat, the last word on 114
Ancylus cumingianus Bgt 115
Anodonta grandis gigantea 91
Anodontites trapesialis Lam 3
Aporrhais occiden talis var. mainensis Johns 133
Basiliochiton 105
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS
PAGE
Beauchamp, William Martin 140
Borus lorentzianus Doering (PI. 4, f. 4) 77
Brachypodella ravenii Crosse 42
Brazilian mollusks collected by Dr. Jos. Bequaert ... 78
Bulimulus, a new Texan 24
Bulimulus pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp 25
Bulimulus tenuissimus Orb 2, 4
Caecum in the Miocene of Maryland, protoconch of . . . 66
Caecum patuxentium Mart. (Fig. 1) 66
Calyptraea, notes on West Coast 9
Carunculina parva Barnes 92
Cerion uva L 42
Chiton amiculatus Auct 48, 75
Chitonellus 75
Cingula bryanti Johns 132
Cistulops raveni Crosse 43
Clarke, Dr. John Mason 28
Cryptochiton stelleri Midd 48, 75
Curacao, isolation and 40
Emendation of scientific names 27
Ferrissia oregonensis Clessin, station of 71
Fusconaia flava Raf 88
Gulella bicolor Hutton 1
Hargraves, W. H. (Obituary) 67
Helix nemoralis in Lynchburg, Va 73
Hirase, Yoichiro (Obituary) 67
Hemphillia malonei Van 143
Kentucky, collecting in 71
Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, Mollusks of . 128
Lampsilis anodontoides fallaciosa Smith 93
Lampsilis ovata satura Lea 93
Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar. ), mantle flaps of Ill
Land shells of Breathitt Co., Ky 80
Lanistes pilsbryi Walker, n. sp. (PI. 1, f. 1) 5
Lasmigona complanata Barnes 90
Leptinaria bequaerti Pilsbry (PI. 4, f. 1) 79
Leptinaria lamellata P. & M 2
THE NAUTILUS V
PAGE
Leptinaria mamoreensis Fred. Baker 144
Leptinaria parana Pilsbry (PI. 4, f. 2) 79
Leptinaria perforata Baker 144
Leptodea fragilis R,af 91
Ligumia subrostrata Say 92
Lophochiton, a note on the name 105
Loricates 35
Lymnsea auricularia, additional records for 71
Lymnsea peregra, reversed 21
Lymnsea, the effects of ultra-violet light on 34
May, W. L 000
Manitoba-Ontario boundary Mollusks 121
Marine Mollusks from Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, note on 81
Micromyia lienosa Conrad 92
Milax gagates 103
Mollusca in a museum, the exhibition of 37
Mollusca of the Arequipa Valley, Peru 103
Mollusks from Southeastern Texas 11
Morse, Edward Sylvester (Obituary) 138
Murdoch, R. (Obituary) 69
Mycetopoda falcata Higgins 114
Nahant Beach shells 29
Naiades of Upper Mississippi Drainage Ill
New species of fresh-water operculates 5
Notes and News 27, 70, 103, 143
Opeas gracilis Hutton 2, 42
Orthaulax japonicus Nagao 29
Oyster larvae, the attachment of 30
Paludestrina bottimeri Walker, n. sp. (PI. 1, f. 5) . . . 8
Partula in Guam 14
Physa cubensis Pfr. 43
Planorbis trivolvis winslowi F. C. Baker 116
Planorbis trivolvis pilsbryi F. C. Baker 117
Ploiochiton, new name for Lophochiton Berry .... 105
Polita cellaria in Peru 103
Polygyra (Triodopsis) loricata, new forms of 31
Polygyra loricata lowei Pils., n. var 31
VI THE NAUTILUS
PAGE
Polygyra loricata querceti Pils., n. var 31
Proptera purpurata Lam 92
Publications Received 31, 72, 106, 142
Pupoides marginatus nitidulus Pfr 42
Pupoidopsis hawaiensis on Christmas Island 144
Quadrula pustulosa mortoni Conr 88
Quadrula quadrula Raf. var 89
Radiodiscus orizabensis Pils 28
Reversed snails and reversed human beings 104
Scalez petrolia 109
Snails eaten by Shrews 28
Spirula spirula Linn6 141
Stagnicola walkeriana F. C. Baker 119
Standen, Robert {Obituary) 29
Streptaxis glaber Pfr 1
Striatura milium meridionalis (Pils. & Ferriss) .... 28
Subulina octona Brug 2
Subulina parana Pils 144
Succinea barbadensis Gldg. and S. gyrata Gibb 43
Succinea manaosensis Pils., n. sp. (PI. 4, f. 3) . . . . 79
Tasmancylus Iredale 115
Tornatellides, etymology of 104
Truncilla truncata Raf 91
Tudora fossor H. B. Baker 43
Tudora megacheilos P. and M 43
Turbonilla favilla D. & B 144
Turbonilla hypocurta D. & B 144
Unionidae from the Reefoot Lake region in Western Ten-
nessee 87
Vaginulidae 13
Veronicella laevis Blainv 16
Veronicellidae, nomenclature of 13
Viviparus Ill
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, notes on marine Mollusks from 81
Zalophancylus, a fish vertebra 18
Zonitoides arboreus in Mammouth Cave, Ky 70
Zonitoides arboreus deleterious to cane 70
THE NAUTILUS
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
PAGE
Baker, Frank C 116
Baker, Fred 144
Baker, H. Burrington 13, 40, 44
Bequaert, J 1
Berry, E. Willard 66
Berry, S. Stillman 105
Bishop, Sherman C 70
Clark, H. Walton 71
Clench, William J 11,28,34,71
Cockerell, T. D. A 19, 21, 29, 77, 104
Dall, Wm. H 25, 75, 105
Eyerdam, Walter J. . ' 71
Ferriss, James H 24
Grier, N. M Ill
Hanna, G. Dallas 18, 71
Hanham, A. W 143
Henderson, Junius 104
Ihering, H. von 116
Iredale, Tom 47, 69, 114
Johnson, C. W 27, 37, 138
Lowe, H. N 26
MacFarland, F. M 49, 94
Mozley, Alan 121
Nelson, Thurlow C 30
Ortmann, A. E 73, 87
Pilsbry, H. A 31, 32, 35, 78, 104, 106, 144
Strong, A. M 9
Smith, Burnett 140
Vanatta, E. G 80
Walker, Bryant 5
Weisbord, Norman E 81
Woodring, Wendell P 109
THE NAUTILUS, XXXIX
WALKER: NEW SPECIES OF FRESH WATER OPERCULATES
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXXIX JULY, 1925. No. 1
MALACOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE AMAZON RIVER, BRAZIL
BY J. BEQUAERT
Department of Tropical Medicine, Harvard Medical School
The mollusks listed below were obtained during a recent trip
to the Amazon country (July to September, 1924) as a member
of the Third Hamilton Rice Expedition, in conjunction with
the Department of Tropical Medicine of Harvard Medical
School. The specimens were all identified by Dr. H. A. Pils-
bry, whom I wish to thank most heartily for his help.
Only the lowland country was visited. Among the localities
mentioned, Belem, Para and Manaos are well known. The
others are mostly in the State of Amazonas: San Francisco is
on the left bank of the lower Rio Negro, in about 2° S. and 61°
W. ; Carvoeiro and San Alberto are on the same river, but near
the confluence of the Rio Branco, in approximately 1° 30' S.
and 62° W., the former on the right bank and the latter on the
left bank; Santa Maria is on the left bank of the lower Rio
Branco, in about 0° 45' S. and 62° W.
Streptazis glaber Pfeiffer. Santa Maria, many dead specimens
of normal size. Carvoeiro, one live specimen of a much smaller
form. Manaos, very many living specimens of the small form,
only about half the size of those of Santa Maria.
Gulella bicolor (Hutton). A few dead specimens were found
2 THE NAUTILUS.
at Manaos. This species, originally described from the Sey-
chelles, was evidently introduced by man into Brazil.
Bulimulus tenuissimus (d'Orbigny). This was found in abun-
dance at Belem, Para, on low herbs and grass in the central
square of the town; young, living specimens were also taken at
Carvoeiro. Fred Baker has listed it previously from Para and
Itacoatiara in the Amazon Basin.
Subulina octona (Bruguiere). Manaos, many living speci-
mens. Carvoeiro, abundant. Santa Maria, many dead speci-
mens. This species, though apparently indigenous to tropical
America and Africa, has been widely spread by man.
Opeas gracile (Hutton). Manaos, many specimens, some of
them alive. Carvoeiro, many, but all dead. Though this
species has been scattered by man throughout the tropics, it has
as yet been recorded from two African localities only.
Opeas beckianum (Pfeiffer). Manaos, a few specimens, some
of them alive.
Opeas pumilum (Pfeiffer). Carvoeiro, a number of dead
specimens.
Leptinaria lamellata (Potiez and Michaud). Manaos, one
dead specimen. Carvoeiro, abundant and alive. San Alberto,
living specimens under rotting leaves of bananas in an aban-
doned plantation.
Leptinaria lamellata concentrica (Reeve). Santa Maria, one
dead specimen.
Leptinaria n. sp. Carvoeiro, several living specimens.
Succinea manaosensis Pilsbry. This was found in abundance
in a garden at Manaos, but no living examples were seen.
Ampullarius olivaceus (Spix), variety. One large, adult speci-
men was found dead at San Francisco in a low, swampy patch
of forest near the shore of the Rio Negro.
Ampullarius sp. (near metcalfei Reeve). Numerous immature
specimens from Manaos, where they are abundant in flooded
excavations of the unfinished harbor works. No full-grown
examples were seen.
Hyria corrugata Lamarck. Several examples were bought in
the market at Belem, Para, and were said to have been taken
from one of the branches of the Para River.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
Prisodon syrmatophorus (Meuschen). This was bought in the
market at Belem, Para, with the foregoing and probably came
from one of the rivers in the vicinity
Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck), var. Two examples were
given to me by Mr. P. Le Cointe, who obtained them on the
shores of the Terra Santa Lake, near the right bank of the
Amazon River, east of Faro, in about 2° 10' S. 56° 45' W.
The malacologist who visits the tropics for the first time ex-
pects to be overloaded with material, but if he must restrict his
researches to the lowlands he is usually quite disappointed. In
the moist forests there are but few large and showy forms, the
remainder being never numerous in individuals and quite well
hidden. In the open savanna country the rank and dense
grass renders researches still more tedious in the wet season,
while during the drought most species are aestivating deep in
the ground or in crevices of rocks or trees. Ecological condi-
tions are evidently quite uniform in the tropical lowlands over
large areas; furthermore, certain factors, such as the extensive
flooding of the forest near the banks of the rivers and the scar-
city of lime in the soil, are decidedly adverse to terrestrial snail
life. I have found in Africa that the mountains are malacol-
ogically much richer, especially where they are covered with
dense forests; not only are the rocks more varied, but altitude
produces a series of life zones, while the exposure of the slopes
further modifies environmental conditions. Thus in the Belgian
Congo a quite narrow mountainous strip along the eastern
border has yielded more species of land mollusks than the re-
mainder of the territory. I suspect that the same rule might
hold true for South America, although I have had no occasion
to visit the mountains of that continent.
Only on two occasions during my trip to Brazil did I find
mollusks in fair abundance of species and individuals. The
seven land shells listed above from Manaos, including the Suc-
cinea, were obtained from a small garden adjoining Dr. H. W.
Thomas' Medical Laboratory, where they were aestivating be-
tween stony d6bris and in the crevices of the walls. Many
specimens of Veronicella were found with them. The spot was
very dry, as we had but a few, short rain showers during the
4 THE NAUTILUS.
three weeks of our stay at Manaos (end of July and beginning
of August). In the same garden I found a number of living,
small, bulimulid snails, which can not be identified as the
specimens have been mislaid; they were solidly fixed with the
aperture to the under side of the leaves or more rarely to the
thin twigs of a guava tree and covered all over with a coating of
dirt (perhaps excremental matter of the snail) . On the journey
up the Rio Negro rains were frequent so that conditions were
more favorable for snail life. At Carvoeiro eight species of
snails and a Veronicella were taken in large numbers crawling
over rubbish in waste places within the town. They included
not only a new species of Leptlnaria, but also a minute pupillid
not listed here, which was especially abundant on decaying
bones. Balimulus tenuissimus (d'Orbigny) may further be men-
tioned as the host of a parasitic fly of the family Sarcophagidae
(Malacophagula neotropica J. Bequaert), the maggot of which
appears to attack the live and healthy snail, as the European
Melinda cognata (Meigen) is know to do with certain Helicidae.
Fresh-water mollusks were surprisingly scarce. Only imma-
ture specimens of Ampullarius were seen at Para and Manaos.
No Planorbidae nor Physidae were found, although special
search was made for these snails which are of considerable sani-
tary importance as intermediary hosts of parasitic worms. In
this connection I may call attention to a paper by Dr. A. da
Matta, a copy of which I owe to the generosity of the author.1
No species of Planorbis was found by him at Manaos. So far
as I can discover, the only planorbid known with certainty from
the forested lowlands of the Amazon is P. anatinus d'Orbigny
which was taken by F. Baker (with Physa rivalis) in an artificial
lake in the park in front of the Cathedral of Para. Planorbidae,
however, are common in many parts of the drier, savanna coun-
try, in Venezuela, as well as in southern and eastern Brazil. I
have made analogous observations in Africa, where the Plan-
orbidae and Lymnaeidae are quite abundant in the savanna
1 A. da Matta. Malacologia medica. Notas sobre a geographia sul-amer-
icana do molusco Planorbis e provavel disseminacao da Scbistosomose hepato-
intestinal. Amazonas Medico (2), II, No. 8, 1919, pp. 179-184.
THE NAUTILUS.
country, but generally avoid the forest belt of the lowlands. In
the rain forest they are, with very few exceptions, only met with
in ponds and ditches near human settlements.
The two unionids (Hyria and Prisodon) were obtained in the
market at Para, where they were offered for sale as a local
remedy against eye sore; the pearly inside of the mussel being
scraped off and mixed with water.
NEW SPECIES OF FRESH- WATEK OPERCULATES
BY BRYANT WALKER
Lanistes pilsbryi n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 1.
Shell large, thin, globose-conic, umbilicate; whorls about six,
the last greatly inflated, flattened and obtusely shouldered
above, rounded below and without any angulation around the
umbilicus; spire conic, obtuse and with a sharp carina on the
shoulder of the two apical whorls; yellow with many spiral
bands of greenish-brown, wider and more numerous on the up-
per part of the whorl, apical whorls dark brown; surface smooth
with fine, regular lines of growth and covered with a minute,
close, somewhat irregular spiral sculpture, scarcely visible to
the naked eye, which as it cuts the lines of growth gives a gran-
ular appearance to the surface when examined under a glass;
aperture large, a little oblique, suboval, wider below, interior
white showing the color bands; lip sharp, quite regularly
rounded on the outer margin, drawn back and only slightly
curved on the inner. Operculum unknown.
Type (apex eroded) alt. 62, major diam. 64.4, minor diam.
50.3; aperture alt. 49, diam. 35.1 mm. An immature shell
with five whorls and a perfect apex measures, alt. 43.2, major
diam. 38.4, minor diam. 35.3 mm.
Type locality, So River, Ebolowa, Cameroon.
Types No. 73451, Coll. Walker. Paratype in the collection
of the Philadelphia Academy.
D THE NAUTILUS.
This fine species is more nearly related to L. intortus Lam.
which also occurs at Ebolowa than to any other, but differs in
being nearly twice as large and in the greater development of
the spiral sculpture.
As shown by the figure the upper whorls of the type are
entirely eroded, the description of the apical whorls is drawn
from the smaller specimen indicated above, the description is
therefore a composite one.
I take pleasure in naming it after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, who has
kindly compared the cotypes with the other species of Ldnistes
in the collection of the Academy.
I am also indebted to Miss Mina L. Winslow of the Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan, for the admirable drawing
of the type.
II
Amnicola winkleyi mozleyi n. v. PI. 1, figs. 2-3.
Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate; whorls five, very convex, the
penultimate roundly shouldered; suture deep; bleached white;
growth lines scarcely visible; apex small, acute and projecting;
aperture broad ovate; peristome continuous, shortly appressed
to the parietal wall.
Length (fig. 2, male) 4.6, diam. 3.5, length of aperture
2.25 mm.
Length (fig. 3, female) 4.25, diam. 3.5, length of aperture
2.25 mm.
Type locality. A clay bank, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Types No. 81978 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the collections
of Alan Mozley, The Philadelphia Academy and the University
of Illinois.
This form is closely related to A. winkleyi Pils. , but differs in
being a little longer and much more inflated, the roundly
shouldered penultimate whorl is characteristic, the umbilicus is
larger and the apex more acute.
It is quite different from A. winkleyi leightoni Baker, which
has the last whorl more depressed, a wider umbilicus and lacks
entirely the shouldered penultimate whorl.
THE NAUTILUS. 7
Whether it should be considered a distinct species, closely re-
lated to winkleyi or attached to it as a variety is largely a matter
of individual opinion, but on the whole the conservative view
seems more advisable.
As usual in the Amnicolidse there is a considerable difference
in the amount of inflation, as shown by the figures, which is
probably sexual.
Named after the collector, Mr. Alan Mozley.
I am indebted to both Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. F. C. Baker for
assistance in determining its systematic position.
Ill
AMNICOLA (ALOCINMA) ANNANDALEl n. Sp. PI. 1, fig. 4.
Shell ovate-conic, rimate; whorls 4.5, strongly convex; suture
deeply impressed; greenish corneous, darker above and becoming
nearly white in the umbilical region; surface smooth, polished
and with very delicate lines of growth; apex rather acute; aper-
ture ovate, rounded above and nearly vertical; peristome con-
tinuous, slightly thickened throughout, the outer margin some-
what doubled, the inner layer forming a ledge for the reception
of the operculum, which can not be withdrawn into the aper-
ture, the inner closely appressed to the body-whorl its entire
length; columella a little incurved. Operculum ovate, semi-
transparent, broadly rounded below and bluntly pointed above,
concentric, with a small, spiral, subcentral nucleus, which is
nearer to the inner than to the outer margin.
Length 4.5, width 3 mm. Operculum length 2.25, width
1.5 mm.
Type locality, Taichu Province, Formosa.
Type No. 80026 Coll. Walker. Paratype in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta.
A few specimens of this species were found in a sending o
Blanfordia formosana P. & H. Not being able to approximate
it to any of the described species, a specimen was sent to the
late Dr. N. Annandale of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who
pronounced it to be undescribed, and I take great pleasure in
associating his name with it.
8 THE NAUTILUS.
The subgenus Alocinma was established by Annandale and
Prashad in 1919 (Rec. Ind. Mus., XVIII, p. 25) for the re-
ception of a small group of Indian species, which in the char-
acters of the shell and radula are similar to Amnicola, s.s., but
differ in having a thick, calcareous, subhyaline operculum with
a small, spiral nucleus .
The present species is more elevated than its congeners and
in general shape resembles the A. winkleyi Pils., of New
England.
As usual in the Amnicolidse, some of the specimens are more
obese than the type (a male?) and probably represent the
female phase.
IV
Paludesteina bottimeki n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 5.
Shell minute, oblong-conic, perforate; whorls four, not much
inflated, body- whorl large, equalling f of the length, its sides
somewhat flattened, nearly parallel; suture impressed; green-
ish horn-color; surface smooth, lines of growth scarcely visible;
apex obtuse, the apical whorl scarcely projecting above the
second; aperture oval, rounded below and angled above; peri-
stome sharp, continuous, the upper part appressed to the pari-
etal wall.
Length 2, diam. 1.25 mm.; aperture length 1, diam. 75 mm.
Type locality, Glen Echo, Montgomery Co., Md.
Type No. 82099 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the collections
of W. J. Clench and L. J. Bottimer.
This little species, one of the smallest of the Eastern Ameri-
can Paludestrinae, differs from the recently described P. truncata
Van. in its smaller size, more inflated shape and obtuse, entire
apex.
I am indebted to Mr. Clench for the opportunity of describ-
ing the species and at his request have named it after the dis-
coverer, Mr. Bottimer.
THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES ON WEST COAST CALTPTEAEA
BY A. M. STRONG
Recent lists and papers on West Coast shells include many
changes in names from the generally accepted usage. It is to
be presumed that the authors have had good reasons for these
changes though in but few cases has the reason been given.
Without some statement of the name under which the shell has
ordinarily gone or reference to the authority for the new name
the collector who wishes to keep his records up to date is forced
to do a good deal of research work. These changes result in
different sets of the same shell being found in collections from
different localities under different names. A case in point is
the Calyptraeas of the West Coast. Specimens of the three
northern forms are to be found in the collections variously
labeled C. mamillaris Brod. , C. fastigiata Gld. , 0. contorta Cpr. ,
and under such combinations as C. fastigiata var. mamillaris
Brod., and C. mamillaris var. contorta Cpr.
Keep's West Coast Shells gives only C. mamillaris Brod. and
states the range as Puget Sound to Central America. William-
son's List of Shells from San Pedro in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 15, lists C. mamillaris Brod. and states " = Calyptraea fas-
tigiata Gld. , (?) = Galerus contortus Cpr. ' ' The same statement
appears in Arnold's Paleontology of San Pedro. Try on' s Man-
ual of Conchology describes C. mamillaris Brod. and lists the fol-
lowing names in the synonymy: C. regularis C. B. Adams,
aspersa C. B. Adams, lamarckii Mke., lorica Brod., lichen Brod.,
unguis Brod., fastigiata Gld., solida Rve., poculum Rve., clype-
olum Rve., fusca Cpr., and magellanica Gray. The range is
given as Puget Sound to South America. The only mention of
C. contorta Cpr. in Tryon is in the list of shells which have not
been seen.
Dr. Dall in his Peruvian Fauna, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
37, gives C. mamillaris Brod. and C. lichen Brod. as the two
species of the Peruvian Province, and states that C. unguis Brod.
is a young Trochita. In Bulletin 112 he gives C. fastigiata
Gld. as ranging from Alaska to Puget Sound and C. contorta
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Cpr. as ranging from Catalina Islands to the Gulf of California.
No mention is made of C. mamillaris Brod. occurring from San
Diego northward. Mrs. Oldroyd's recent list of Puget Sound
Shells gives C. fastigiata Gld. as found, while Olsson in Nauti-
lus, vol. 38, p. 125, lists C. mamillaris Brod. from Salinas,
Ecuador. These later uses of the name would seem to be in
part at least a return to Carpenter's separations.
In Mazatlan Catalogue, No. 333, Carpenter treats quite ex-
tensively of Galerus mamillaris Brod. and gives in the synonymy
" + regularis C. B. Adams, = lamarckii Mke." He states "the
form G. lichen is probably only a flattened variety of this
species; but may be distinct. The C. mamillaris of d'Orb. (the
South American shell) is the C. unguis of Brod. and appears to
be a distinct species of which G. sordida of Brod. is probably a
variety." Later in his Supplemental Report, 1863, he recog-
nizes G. fastigiata Gld. from Puget Sound as distinct but "like
mamillaris ' ' , and gives us a new species C. contortus, Monterey
to San Diego. The latter was fully deseribed in the Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 215.
Carpenter based his distinctions between the three North
American forms mainly on the character of the apex. Of C.
mamillaris Brod. he says, "The vertex is about .02 across, gen-
erally rather separated from the shell, and of an elegant dis-
coidal shape like Planorbis, displaying the whorls and sunken
apex." As to color and size he says, "The color is often of a
rich brown within and near the vertex; otherwise of a dingy
white. Epidermis very thin. An extraordinarily large one
measures, long. 1.26, lat. 1.23, alt. 0.56." Gould's descrip-
tion of C. fastigiata calls for a shell with " apex central, acute,
the spire composed of three flattened whorls — covered with a
thin pale-yellow epidermis, interior white. Diameter |, alt.
f inches". Carpenter says of the species, "nucleus large, im-
mersed". C. contorta is described by Carpenter as a white
shell with " whorls twisted, nucleus minute, prominent." It
is also much smaller, "long. 0.26, lat. 0.24, alt. 0.15."
Several hundred specimens have been examined which were
recently dredged off the coast of Los Angeles County. All are
white, with a shining white interior, and a minute prominent
THE NAUTILUS. 11
elevated apex. The largest is only 7 mm. in diameter and they
answer in every way to Carpenter's description of C. contorta.
A number of specimens from Magdalena Bay have been ex-
amined. They were received as (J. contorta Cpr. but have
brown interiors and are over an inch in diameter. The apex is
too worn to be sure of its characteristics but they would seem to
answer to Carpenter's description of C. mamillaris Brod. and are
identical with specimens so labeled from the Gulf of California.
Arnold's specimen from the Pleistocene of San Pedro, diam.
33, alt. 7 mm. would seem to be the same. However a num-
ber of specimens from the Pleistocene of the Santa Monica Hills
all have the small size and minute elevated apex of C. contorta
Cpr.
Any attempt to fix range limits for these three species will
have to wait for further data. C. fastigiata Gld. is the species
of the Puget Sound District, C. contorta Cpr. of the Santa Bar-
bara Channel. There may be some question as to the proper
application of C. mamillaris Brod. to both the Gulf of California
and South American forms. With the exception of C. lichen
Brod. the southern species formerly placed in the genus are
now referred to the genus Cheilea.
A SHORT LIST OF LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM
SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS
BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH
University of Michigan
The following list is based upon a small collection of mol-
lusks sent to me by L. J. Bottimer of Liberty, Texas. I am
indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker for many of the determinations :
Helicina orbiculala tropica Pfr. Lake Charlotte, Chambers
Co. , Texas. ' ' Under drift along lake. ' ' Victoria, Victoria
Co. , Texas. ' ' On trees, fences, weeds, etc. ' '
Praticolella berlandieriana (Moric. ). Victoria, Texas. A
little heavier than usually, and faintly banded.
12 THE NAUTILUS.
Polygyra espiloca Bid. Liberty, Liberty Co,, Texas. "Un-
der logs on damp soil at edge of swamp."
Polygyra thyroides Say. Beaumont, Jefferson Co., Texas.
Victoria, Texas. ' ' On trash at base of trees near Guadalupe
River." Considerable variation in the extent of lip folding
over the umbilical orifice.
Polygyra monodon friersoni Pils. Lake Charlotte, Texas.
" Under drift along shore of lake." Liberty, Texas. " Under
logs in brushy woods."
Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus W. G. Binn. Victoria, Texas.
"Dead on ground."
Slrobilops labryinthica texasiana P. & F. Dayton, Liberty Co. ,
Texas. "In decaying vegetation."
Gastrocopta contracta Say. Dayton, Liberty Co., Texas. " In
decaying vegetation in axis of leaves of cabbage palmetto."
Euglandina singleyana W. G. Binn. Victoria, Texas. ' ' Un-
der logs and drift along Guadalupe River."
Carychium exiguum (Say). Dayton, Texas. "In decaying
vegetation."
Planorbis lentus Say. Moss Bluff, Liberty Co., Texas.
1 ' Edge of marsh. ' '
Segmentina obstructa (Morelet). Moss Bluff, Texas. "Un-
der logs along old canal. ' '
Physa anatina Lea. Liberty, Texas. "On mud and vege-
tation of small pond." Cleveland, Liberty Co., Texas. Lib-
erty, Texas. ' ' Small pond formed by sulphur well. ' '
Physa halei Lea. Moss Bluff, Texas. "Along old canal.'
Lake Charlotte, Texas. "On mud along edge of lake."
A mnicola emarginata (Kust.). Lake Charlotte, Texas.
Amnicola peracuta P. & W. Liberty, Texas. "Edge of
small pond in woods."
Rangia cuneata Gray. Lake Charlotte, Texas. "In mud,
1-2 feet of water. ' ' Two unusually large specimens.
Garunculina texaseiisis (Lea). Devers, Liberty Co., Texas.
" In mud in shallow ditch."
Musculium transversum Say. Lake Charlotte, Texas. ' ' Screen-
ing mud at edge of lake."
THE NAUTILUS. 13
NOMENCLATURE OF VERONICELLIDAE (VAGINULIDAE)
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
During an attempt to identify certain Venezuelan species, the
writer became interested in the classification of this family.
Through the generosity of Dr. Pilsbry, he has been given per-
mission to examine the specimens from North America in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and hopes to pre-
sent the results in a future paper.
While engaged in this work, a series of papers by Drs. Grimpe
and Hoffmann (1924, 1925) added considerably to our knowl-
edge of the morphology of this group. Unfortunately, these
helpful monographs are marred by a haphazard disregard for
the Law of Priority and by a propensity to consider genus and
species as almost equivalent terms.
As a matter of fact, the following group-names have been
proposed in the Veronicellidae:
VeroniceUa Blainville (1817, Jour. Phys. LXXXV, 440, figs.
II-4), monotype V. laevis Blainv. (1. c. ), habitat unknown to
its author but actually Jamaica.
Veronicellus Ferussac (1819, Hist. II, 51, 83), substitute for
VeroniceUa, same type.
Vaginulus Fer. (1821, Tabl. Syst., 13), electotype of Gray
(1847, P. Z. S. XV, 178) Umax nudus Sloane (1725, Hist.
Jam. II, 190, fig. ccxxxiii-2, 3) = Onchidium sloanii Cuvier
(1816, Reg. An. II, 411), l from Jamaica. Electotype of Stol-
iczka (1873, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal XLII, pt. II, 35) V. tau-
naysi= Vaginulus taunaisii Fer. (1821, 13), from Brazil.
Vaginula Blainv. (1828, Diet. Sci. Nat, LVI, 428), substi-
tute for Vaginulus, same type. Not Vaginula Sowerby (1833,
Gen. Shells, fasc. 39, fig. 5).J
Imerinia Cockerell (1891, P. Z. S., 219), defined without
•Attention is called to fact that Cuvier actually cited figs, cclxxiii-1, 2 of
Sloane ; these represent species of lizardi.
* Hoffmann (1925, Jena. Zeitschr. LVI, 172) gives 1820 as the date and then
disregards th« name.
14 THE NAUTILUS.
species; Ckll. and Collinge (1893, The Conch. II, 195), mono-
type Vaginula grandidieri Crosse and Fischer (1871, J. de C.
XIX, 331), from Morondava, Madagascar. Not Imerina Rago-
not (1890) nor Imerinus Gahan (1890).
Vaginina Simroth (1897, S. B. Nat. Ges. Leipzig, 1895-6,
154), defined without species. Type now chosen Vaginina con-
radti Simr. (1913, Voeltzkow, Reis. Ostafrika, III-III, 193),
from Bismarckburg, Togo, West Africa.
Pseudoveronicella Germain (1908, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
XIV, 59), monotype Veronicella gravieri Germain (1908, 55),
from San Thome\
Vaginulopsis Simroth (1912, Bronn. Klas. Ord. Thier. III-3,
513), no species; substitute for Vaginina, same type.
Pleuroprocta Simroth (1913, 130, 191), type by absolute taut-
onymy Vaginula pleuroprocta Martens (1877, Monatsb. K. Pr.
Ak. Wiss. Berlin 1876, 268), from Aburi, west Africa. Used
on p. 202 as a group larger than a genus.
FUicaulis Simroth (1913, 131), type now chosen Vaginula
seychellensis Fischer (1871, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
VII, 155), from Mahe. Seychelles.
Drepanocaidis Simroth (1913, 140), type now chosen Vaginula
braueri Simroth (1. c. ), from Silhouette, Seychelles.
Laevicaulis Simroth (1913, 147), electotype of Pilsbry (1919,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XL, 316), Vaginula comorensis
Fischer (1883, J. de C. XXXI, 55), from Mayotte, Comores.
Prismatocaulis Simroth (1913, 150), type now chosen Vag-
inula voeltzkoivi Simroth (1. a), from Gross-Comoro.
Spirocaidis Simroth (1913, 153), type now chosen Vaginula
lactea Simroth (1. a), from Moheli, Comores.
Flagellicaulis Simroth (1913, 155), type now chosen Vaginula
grossa Heynemann (1885, Jahr. D. Mai. Ges. XII, 9), from
Anjouan, Comores.
Curiicaulis Simroth (1913, 159), monotype Vaginula sub-
aspera Fischer (1883, 55), from Nossi-Comba, near Madagascar.
Rhopalocaulis Simroth (1913, 164), type now chosen Vaginula
grandidieri (C. and F.).
Annulicaulis Simroth (1913, 187), electotype of Pilsbry (1919,
317), Vaginula htotoensis Simroth (1. c), from Kwa-Kitoto, east
Africa.
THE NAUTILUS. 15
Drepanoprocta Simroth (1913, 202), Pleuroprocta s. s., same
type.
Cycloprocta Simroth (1913, 202), defined without species; type
now chosen Veronicella gravieri Germain.
Mesoprocta Simroth (1913, 202); group larger than a genus.
Desmocaulis Simroth (1913, 202), type now chosen Vaginula
subaspera Fischer.
Eleutherrocaulis Simroth (1913, 202), type indicated by Pilsbry
(1919, 316), Vaginula comorensis Fischer.
Flagellocaulis Simroth (1913, 203), misspelling of Flagelli-
caulis, same type.
Vaginopsis "Simroth" Colosi (1922, An. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat. Buenos Aires XXXI, 482), misspelling of Vagimdopsis,
same type.
Latipes Colosi (1922, 486), type now chosen Vaginula ptero-
caulis Simroth (1913, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat. V, 316),
from Merida, Venezuela.
Phyllocaulis, Phillocaulis Colosi (1922, 486), type now chosen
Vaginula borelliana Colosi (1921, Atti. Soc. It. Sc. Nat. LX,
156), from Tucuman, Argentine.
Monocaulis Colosi (1922, 486), type now chosen Vaginula
pterocaulis Simroth. Not Monocaulos Allman (1864).
Angustipes Colosi (1922, 486), type by absolute tautonymy
Vaginula angustipes Heynemann (1885, 276), from Taguara,
Brazil. As Colosi did not definitely include this species, I now
choose as type Vaginula difficilis Colosi (1921, 158), from Tucu-
man, Argentine.
Meisenheimeria Grimpe and Hoffmann (1924, Zool. Anz.
LVIII, 177), authors' type Vaginula fraitenfeldi Semper (1885,
Reis. Arch. Phil. II-III, 324), from Madras, India.
Semperula G. and H. (1924, 177), authors' type Vaginula
idae Semper (1885, 321), from Borneo.
Sarasinula G. and H. (1924, 177), authors' type S. plebeja =
Vaginulus plebeius Fischer (1868, J. de C. XVI, 145), from
New Caledonia.
Vanigula G. and H. (1924, Nova Caledonia III, 387), au-
thors' type Veronicella bleekerii Keferstein (1865, Zeit. Wise.
Zool. XV, 118), from Java.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Cylindrocaulus Hoffmann (1925, Jena. Zeitschr. LXI, 141).
Not Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire (1880, Le Nat. II, 164).
Phyllocaulus Hoffmann (1925, 163), type now chosen V.
borelliana Colosi.
Belocaulus Hoffmann (1925, 198), type now chosen Vaginula
angustipes Heynemann.
Despite Blainville's error (later corrected) in regard to the
presence of a shell, Veronicella laevis is fully as well character-
ized as are most of the older species. Also, Cockerell's descrip-
tion (1893, 218) of the type in the British Museum certainly
agrees very well, in size, extrusion of penis and presence of an
abnormal (anal?) opening, with Blainville's original figure and
definition. In addition, as Cockerell is the only recent author-
ity who has studied the Jamaican species in the field, there
seems every reason to accept his identification of V. laevis. For
these reasons Veronicella should remain as a valid genus, with
Cylindrocaulus as a preoccupied synonj'm.
Dr. Cockerell has kindly sent me some of his Jamaican mate-
rial of this species, and I hope to present additional details of
the anatomy in the near future. At present, it will be sufficient
to state that V. laevis (== sloanii) combines a rather long, quite
simply acrocaul, cylindrical " penis" (or better verge) with
Hoffmann's (Text fig. 19-a) first type of bursa. It is evident
that the latter author had no specimens of this species, but I
cannot understand why he disregarded Leidy's and Simroth's
correct figures of somewhat similar arrangements in V. Jioridana
and V. moreleti. * - - -
On the other hand, the identification of Blainville's species
with Sloane's figure, on which Onchidium sloanii Cuvier was
founded, presents a more difficult question. Ferussac (1819,
84) first suggested this identity, which was ratified by Gray
(1847, 178) and upheld by Cockerell. In favor of this hy-
pothesis are the facts that the type of V. laevis is one of Sloane's
specimens and apparently represents the most common Jamai-
can species.
However, the exceedingly vague figure in the Hist. Jam.
scarcely does seem to represent the individual slug described by
Blainville and Cockerell. Semper (1885, 296) and Hoffmann,
THE NAUTILUS. 17
on the basis of the larger size (3£ inches) and the more lateral (?)
position of the anus, identify Sloane's figure as an apparently
distinct species, Veronicella jamaicensis Cockerell (1892, Jour.
Inst. Jamaica I, 55), which was founded on Vaginula kraussii
Semper (1885, 314) . This species has a similar bursa to the pre-
ceding form (laevis), but is said to develop lateral wings on the
verge; it is Belocaulus sloanei (pars) of Hoffmann (1925, 249).
In this connection, it must be remembered that Sloane described
the living animal and probably gave its extended dimensions;
such a specimen (89 mm. long) would certainly contract to the
length given by Cockerell (50 mm. ) if dropped into alcohol.
Personally, I am inclined to follow Cockerell' s determination of
V. sloanii (+ laevis) and V. jamaicensis, but, in any case, the
validity of Veronicella is not affected in the least by the status
or application of Onchidium sloanii.
Neither of these quite closely related forms have any connec-
tion with a third Jamaican species, which Hoffmann confused
with the true sloanii (-+- laevis) under a name (jamaicensis ; 1925;
152, 233) which does not belong to either one of them! This
third species is actually the Vaginula nesiotis of Simroth (1913,
297), and has Hoffmann's (Text fig. 19-c) third type of bursa.
The second genus in the family is Vaginulus F6r., with Vag-
inula as an exact synonym. Gray's choice of Sloane's species
as the genotype cannot be accepted, because this form was re-
garded by Ferussac (1821, 7, 14) as a doubtful member of his
genus. Stoliczka's designation of the first species, V. taunaisii,
is a valid selection of type and should stand; this choice was
repeated by Cockerell (1891, 218).
If Hoffmann's 9th genus (1925, 250) is accepted, the name
should be Imerinia Cockerell. Those who believe this is pre-
occupied by Imerina or Imerinus can use Curticaulis ; Rhopalo-
caulis, Desmocaulls and Sarasinula would be synonyms of either
name.
Continuing to follow tentatively Hoffmann's classification,
Vaginina becomes the fourth applicable name, and is correctly
used for his 5th genus (1925, 239); Vaginulopsis and Vaginopsis
are exact synonyms. However, Pseudoveronicella would be the
prior name for his 1st genus (1925, 220), with Pleuroprocta,
18 THE NAUTILUS.
Drepanoprocta and Cycloprocta as tentative synonyms. Also,
Filicaulis must be used for his 3rd genus (1925, 228), with
Drepanocaulis, Prismatocavlis, Spirocaulis, Flagellicaulis, Flagello-
caulis and Vanigula as synonyms. Similarly, Laevicaulis be-
comes the name of his 2nd genus (1925, 223), with Annulicaulis,
Eleutherocaulis and Meisenheimeria as synonyms. In addition,
Phyllocaulis Colosi is prior to Phyllocaulus and is the correct
name for Hoffmann's 7th genus (1925, 241), while Angustipes
( + Latipes + Monocaulis -\- Belocaulus) must be used for his
8th genus (1925, 245). Finally, Semperula stands as the name
of his 10th genus (1925, 254), and seems quite free from in-
cumbrances.
ZALOPHANCYLUS, A FISH VERTEBRA, NOT A MOLLUSK
BY G. DALLAS HANNA
The genus Zalophancylus was established in 1912 (Hannibal,
Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., Vol. 10, 1912, p. 152, pi. 6, fig. 15)
for a single species named morani. The figure of the species
shows a conical object with centrally located apex, certainly
lacking in very distinctive characters as Dr. Pilsbry has recently
pointed out (Nautilus, Vol. 38, p. 75, 1925).
On March 3, 1922, Mr. Hannibal told me that he had dis-
covered, subsequent to publication of the description, that this
organism was the mold of the cup-shaped depression in the end
of a vertebra of a fish. In view of the active studies being
made in the family Lancida it seems desirable to publish this
note.
The type specimen has been found in the paleontological col-
lection at Stanford University and is there numbered 2. There
are some minute fragments of shelly substance adhering to the
cast and these show a delicate but decided radial sculpture. If
the object were the inside mold of a Lanx it is not probable that
such sculpture would show at all.
Also, around the margin there are some irregular ridges of
shelly substance. Similar structure has been seen around the
THE NAUTILUS. 19
margins of vertebra of fishes but not in the family of mollusks,
Lancidae.
The specimen is preserved in a portion of a small concretion,
very similar in many respects to concretions found near the
mouth of the Columbia River as at Knapton, Washington and
Astoria, Oregon.
It seems altogether probable that a mistaken locality label
may have led Hannibal to make his original determination and
the name Zalophancylus should be transferred to the Class Pisces.
The locality given with the description was Pliocene lake beds
in the Badland Hills one mile east of Sand Hollow, eastern
Oregon.
PARTULA IN GUAM1
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
After an extensive study of Partula in the Society Islands,
where the genus is most abundantly represented, Dr. Crampton
thought it well to examine the Mariana Islands, over 4000 miles
distant, at the extreme northwestern end of the range of these
snails. He found there only four species, one of them new,
but the observations made amply justified the expedition. The
results are set forth with the minuteness of detail, lucidity of
exposition, and abundance of beautiful figures which we have
come to expect in Dr. Crampton' s reports. The one new species
discovered, P. salifana, was found only in a single locality on
Mount Salifan in Guam. It is very distinct, and in several re-
spects approaches the Society Island type of Partula rather than
the section hitherto known from Guam. It seems likely that it
is not a recently evolved species, developed from the Partula
population of the surrounding country; but rather an old form,
probably once much more widespread, and now limited to a
small region, where it is nearly extinct. Merrill (1914) ex-
1 H. E. Crampton. Studies on the Variation, Distribution and Evolution
of the Genus Partula. The species of the Mariana Islands, Guam and Saipan.
Carnegie Institution, 1925. Pp. 116, 14 plates.
20 THE NAUTILUS.
pressed the opinion that prior to the advent of man, Guam was
undoubtedly covered by a continuous forest. Crampton shows
that there now exist large open areas, quite unsuited to Partula,
and there can be no doubt that the snails have been extermi-
nated in many places where they once existed. The question
is discussed, whether the Mariana Islands represent the peaks
of a much larger, submerged, area, or have developed by uplift
from the ocean bed. The geological evidence appears to sup-
port the latter view, but Crampton regards the biological facts
as favoring subsidence. He points out that as a matter of fact,
these snails do not appear to be transported from island to
island, even when the islands are not very far apart. His ob-
servations do not favor the hypothesis of oversea transport,
although he recognizes that Partula hyalina is found in Tahiti
as well as in the Cook and Austral groups. Merrill, comment-
ing on the poor flora of Guam (225 indigenous species, 27 per
cent endemic), remarks that Guam is undoubtedly recent from
a geological standpoint, and sees in this supposed fact an ex-
planation of the condition of the flora. There is not a single
endemic genus of plants, though one genus is only known from
Guam and Yap. I venture to think that Merrill does not make
sufficient allowance for the extermination of the flora since
man's arrival. It can hardly be doubted that what we now see
is but a fragment of what once existed, and my own observa-
tion (e. g. in the Madeira Islands) is that the plants of insular
areas disappear with human occupation much more quickly
than the snails. Introduced woody plants compete with the
native ones even in the forests, but the snails survive so long as
they have cover, and are less dependent on precise types of en-
vironment than the insects. In my study of bees from the
islands of the Pacific, I have found that those of Guam closely
resemble in type those of Samoa and other parts of Polynesia,
but all these differ strongly from the bee fauna of the Hawaiian
Islands. Considering the ocean depths to the south and east
of Guam, it appears almost inconceivable that there was ever a
land connection with the groups of islands south of the equator,
which are now occupied by Partula. But the whole fauna of
the islands from Guam to Tahiti certainly shows a singular
THE NAUTILUS. 21
congruity, indicating past migrations over the area. The time
involved is probably very great, and it does not seem necessary
to postulate continuity of land at any particular period from
one end of the Polynesian group to the other.1
In dealing with the color-variations, Crampton proposes
special names, "not of taxonomic significance." Hence he
gives the name strigata to a particular form of P. radiolata,
although it was earlier named rushii by Pilsbry. The names of
the color types are similar to those employed elsewhere, especi-
ally in Europe, for what are called varieties. It does not ap-
pear possible to regard them as outside taxonomy, and there is
no warrant, under the present rules, for disregarding priority.
At the same time, it might be possible and desirable to eventu-
ally establish a sort of code of names for such variations, re-
quiring the same designation to be employed for parallel varia-
tions of different species. Even so, the names should be form-
ally proposed and type specimens preserved, or uncertainty will
result.
REVERSED LYMNAEA PEREGRA «
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
Jules Verne, who knew well how to dramatize natural his-
tory, was well aware of the wonder and interest excited by
reversed coiling in shells. In his Twenty Thousand Leagues
1 Dr. P. Marshall, in his address before the Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science, published in 1912, concludes that bathymetrical,
structural and petrographical characteristics support the idea that the real
boundary of the southwest Pacific passes through New Zealand, Kermadec,
Tonga, Fiji, New Hebrides, Solomons, and on to the Admiralty Islands. He
thinks that the land connection or approximation took place in the late Meso-
zoic or in the Pleistocene, probably both. The eastern Pacific islands are
different in structure, nature and origin, and have derived their fauna and
flora by chance migrants from the region just indicated. The headquarters of
Partula are then in a permanently oceanic group.
*The Inheritance of Inverse Symmetry in Limnaea peregra. By Cyril
Diver, assisted by A. E. Boycott and Sylvia Garstang. Journal of Genetics.
March, 1925. Vol. 15, pp. 115-200.
22 THE NAUTILUS.
Under the Sea, he represented the naturalist as picking up a re-
versed shell on a tropical shore, when just as he was gloating
over his find, a stone thrown by a savage smashed it in his
hand. In all my years of collecting, I have never met with an
abnormally reversed specimen, but my brother S. C. Cockerell
was fortunate in finding a pond in Surrey, where sinistral
Lymnaea peregra were not uncommon. On one occasion, after
we had been discussing the phenomenon, he plucked up cour-
age to write to Professor Huxley, who replied kindly, but could
give no explanation. In the forty years since that time, biol-
ogy has been largely transformed, and if we do not yet know
the ' ' explanation ' ' of reversed coiling, we at least know a good
deal more about the subject and its genetic significance. Cap-
tain Cyril Diver, in the elaborate paper cited in the footnote,
gives a full account of recent experiments with L. peregra, ac-
companiel by a discussion of the theoretical bearing of the
results.
Beginning with a general account of dextral and sinistral
gastropods, he goes on to record the known cases of sinistral L.
peregra. It is perfectly clear that the reversed coifing is not
due to the external environment, but is controlled by germinal
factors. In several cases particular ponds have produced
numerous sinistral shells, though dextral ones were always far
more numerous. Extensive breeding experiments with sin-
istral L. peregra were started and carried through with the co-
operation of several workers, residing in different parts of Eng-
land and Wales. It was found that fertile eggs were readily
obtained from single, isolated individuals. The question arises
whether such cases represent parthenogenesis, or self-fertiliza-
tion. The character of the inheritance shown by the offspring
indicates the latter. The cross-breeding of individuals of oppo-
site coiling was not practicable, but sinistrals could be crossed
with sinistrals, dextrals with dextrals. In general, isolated
snails gave either all dextral or all sinistral offspring, and when
a pair gave half and half, it was found that the dextrals were
from one parent, the sinistrals from the other. However, iso-
lated individuals would give sinistrals with few odd dextrals, or
the reverse. It is indicated, but not yet proved, that certain
crosses of heterozygous individuals give a 3 to 1 ratio.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
It is shown that the direction of the spiral is determined at
the very beginning of development. In fact, it appears to be a
property derived from the cytoplasm of the egg cell, the " cyto-
plasmic prelocalization " described by E. B. Wilson. This
does not mean that there is no control by nuclear determiners;
such control exists as it does for other characters, only the prop-
erties of the egg-cytoplasm are those due to the chromosomal
complex of the egg-producer, regardless of the sperm introduced
at fertilization. Thus a dextral snail may produce all sinistral
offspring, the character of the latter being determined by its
chromosomes, while its own character was determined by the
chromosomes of its parent. This seems very extraordinary at
first sight, but is quite intelligible, and appears to be fully sup-
ported by the evidence.
How comes it, then, that some broods are not uniform, and
what is the meaning of the occurrence of strange monstrosities
such as are figured on plate V ? It is set forth that the dextral
condition is not to be regarded as dominant to sinistral, in the
usual Mendelian fashion. They are rather to be thought of as
approximately equal but opposing forces, in heterozygous indi-
viduals. Were they exactly equal, a bilaterally symmetrical
animal should result, but this does not happen. One or the
other type predominates, but exceptions occur, and the mon-
strosities may be related to the internal struggle. However,
the author develops a supplementary hypothesis of "sup-
pressed" inheritance, and after assembling the evidence con-
cludes that broods mostly sinistral with a few dextrals are
' ' suppressed ' ' dextrals, and those mostly dextral with a few
sinistrals are "suppressed" sinistrals. He further supposes
that the inherited germinal constitution may acquire a power of
resistance to the nuclear factors, as a result of "selective breed-
ing, isolation and time"; in other words that the cytoplasmic
properties of the egg-cell may not be due simply to the parental
germ-plasm, but to the accumulated effects of past generations.
In all this, we pass into a region of speculation, where many
will hesitate to follow. It would perhaps be possible to add
another hypothesis, namely that whereas the character of the
sperm did not ordinarily affect the coiling of the zygote pro-
24 THE NAUTILUS.
duced at fertilization, the " prelocalization" might at times be
insufficient or its effects delayed, so as to allow the sperm to
play its part. At all events, the experiments are proceeding,
and it is quite certain that Captain Diver and his associates
have opened up a quarry rich in possibilities for discovery; one
which has already given us at least one important contribution
to the theory of heredity. The principle of deferred inherit-
ance, or dominance by the parental cytoplasm, is fully recog-
nized and elucidated by Wilson (The Cell, Third Edition,
1925), who further remarks, "it is evident that every character
is produced during development by an activity in which the
cytoplasm, and what we call the ' organism as a whole ' plays
a most important part." Wilson, following Sturtevant, gives a
very clear statement of the Lymnaea case (t. c, p. 1109), re-
marking that "these curious relations, at first sight so mysteri-
ous, at once become perfectly plain when we perceive that the
effect of the sperm-chromosomes is delayed for one genera-
tion." ' Nevertheless, there are other complexities which at
present do not " become perfectly plain," and it is through the
intensive study of these that further important theoretical ad-
vances may be expected.
It is difficult to understand why Gwyn Jeffreys is throughout
called "Jeffries," and on p. 198 Conklin is called Conklyn."
A NEW TEXAN BULIMULUS
BY JAS. H. FERRISS
In 1924, passing through Sanderson, a place on the South-
ern Pacific route west of the Pecos River, I found numerous
specimens of a Bulimulus which was at once recognized as new
to me. By a curious accident, the shells went astray, only a
broken one, noticed in Nautilus, vol. 38, p. 41, was to be
found when I got home. This year more were taken.
1 In a similar manner, the color of silkworm eggs appears to be controlled
by maternal influences regardless of the sperm. (Kettew, 1925.)
THE NAUTILUS. 25
Bulimus pilsbryi, new species.
The shell hag a narrow, compressed umbilicus, and is slen-
der, the diameter less than half of the length ; the outlines of
the spire are somewhat convex, the whorls moderately so.
The surface is nearly smooth, rather glossy ; most of the first
whorl irregularly rugose, the second having straight, regular
axial riblets; subsequent whorls with weak growth-strise.
The color is light pinkish-cinnamon profusely streaked with
opaque white, the streaks somewhat ragged (or in some speci-
mens smooth and blending into the ground-color). The aper-
ture is small, oblique, the outer lip thin, narrowly expanded,
the columellar lip broadly expanded; the ends of the lip
approach more than usual and are joined by a thin, trans-
parent film.
Length 27.8, diam. 12, length of aperture 12.5 mm.; 6V3
whorls (type, A. N. S. P. coll.).
Length 27.5, diam. 12.3 mm. (paratype, Ferriss coll.).
Length 28, diam. 12.7 mm.
By its slender figure and narrow aperture this species re-
calls some of the Mexican and Lower Californian forms, such
as B. inscendens (W. G. B.). It is strikingly unlike other
Texan species. It seems very strange that a species so distinct
has occurred at Sanderson only, other Texan Bulimuli being
rather widely distributed.
The shell and anatomy will be illustrated in a paper on
the shells of western Texas now in preparation by Dr. Pilsbry
and myself.
A NEW ACTEOCINA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY WILLIAM H. DALL
Acteocina oldroydi, new species.
Shell small, solid, subcylindric, white, with three and a half
whorls; suture narrow, channelled; spire short and rather
blunt; the specimen has the entire surface decorticated, so
26 THE NAUTILUS.
that the surface characters cannot be definitely described, but
the indications are that the incremental lines are rather rude
and irregular ; the base is rounded, with a deep chink, almost
an umbilicus, behind the anterior portion of the inner lip ; the
shell is very slightly constricted medially; the aperture is
narrow behind, the posterior commissure rounded, falling
short of reaching the suture; the anterior part of the aper-
ture is wide, rounded evenly into the pillar lip which shows
no plait; the entire lip is thin and sharp, with a thin layer
of enamel on the body. Length of shell, 8.5 ; of aperture, 6.5 ;
maximum diameter, 4.5 mm.
Dredged in Departure Bay, British Columbia; T. S. Old-
royd. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333664.
While the surface characters of this species are obscure, its
size and proportions definitely separate it from the species
hitherto known from the region.
SHELL NOTES FROM ITALY
BY H. N. LOWE
Today is Good Friday, and Naples had the best display of
fish of the year. I took a long walk through the old part of
the city. The street stalls were piled high with all manner of
fish and mollusks; great piles of squid and octopi of several
species, buckets of clams, several kinds, and bushel baskets
filled with snails which were continually crawling out into the
street. There were long strings of black Mytilus. These mus-
sels are raised attached to ropes of palm fiber, and appear to be
sold by the yard. Yesterday morning, while waiting at the
Santa Lucia dock for the Capri steamer, I saw fishermen bring-
ing in boat loads of Mytilus, all in these long strings, about
eight inches in diameter, growing on fiber ropes.
On the same dock were long ropes to which earthen jars were
attached at intervals of about two yards, which I found were
intended as homes for unsuspecting octopi.
THE NAUTILUS. 27
The Zoological Station has a wonderful display of marine
life, though the fish are not as gorgeous as those at Honolulu.
Clausilia seems to be almost everywhere here, from the rocks
of Capri to the Pompeian theatre.
On the hills back of Palermo I found about a dozen species
of Helices and Clausiliae. At Girgenti they had even climbed
to the top of the temple of Concordia. I enjoyed an interesting
day collecting them around the Greek temples and rock tombs.
At Isola Bella, below Taormina, small marine shells were
plentiful. About thirty-five species rewarded my exertions.
While in Palermo Mr. Beltrani kindly showed me his collec-
tion of mollusks and slides of radulae. He took me to see the
famous collection of the Marquis of Monterosato, probably the
richest in the world in Mediterranean mollusks, and containing
a large number of types. It was a great privilege and treat to
see this magnificent collection.
Taokmina, April 10.
NOTES AND NEWS
The Emendation of Scientific Names. — There is a ten-
dency among some scientific writers to change the original
form of a word to suit their own ideas as to its proper con-
struction. This leads to no end of confusion and only adds
to the synonymy. The rules of nomenclature clearly state
that a name cannot be changed unless there is an obvious
typographical error. Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, in the Journal
of Conchology, vol. 17, p. 136, says: ''There is at present
among some Continental authors a deplorable tendency to
tamper with the terminations of both geographical and per-
sonal specific names, apparently in a pedantic attempt to
bring them into conformity with classical usage. In a recent
and otherwise admirable work entitled 'Faune Malacologique
. . . des lies Mascareignes', Dr. Germain has thus arbitrarily
altered no less than 25 such names, the net and only result
being the creation of 25 unnecessary synonyms. No protest
28 THE NAUTILUS.
can be too vigorous against this unjustifiable practice. "-
C. W. J.
Dr. John Mason Clarke, New York State geologist and
paleontologist, Director of the New York State Museum and
of the science division of the Department of Education, emer-
itus professor of geology at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute, died at Albany on May 30, at the age of sixty-eight years.
Snails Eaten by Shrews. — The following shells were
turned over to me for identification by C. M. Davis. These
he collected in the runways of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina
brevicauda talpoides). All of these specimens had at least
the first two whorls missing. Apparently this shrew is one of
the worst enemies of land mollusks in this particular section
(Ann Arbor, Michigan) as quantities of gnawed shells are to
be met with on all sides while collecting in the wooded sec-
tions. The shells have been identified as follows : Pyramidula
alternata Say, Omphalina cuprea Raf., Polygyra albolabris
Say, P. zaleta Binn., and P. thyroides Say. — W. J. Clench.
The collection of Helicoid land shells of the late G. K. Gude
of London, England, is for sale. It is a large and valuable
collection containing about 4500 accurately determined species
and varieties. Also well-bound copies of the monographs of
Helix and Bulimus from the Conchologia Iconica. For further
particulars apply to Bryant Walker, 1306 Dime Bank Build-
ing, Detroit, Mich.
R. [adiodiscus] orizabensis Pils., mentioned in Nautilus
XXV, p. 49, was never described. It turns out to be identical
with Striatum milium meridionalis (Pils. & Ferr.), described
from Arizona, and now first recorded from Mexico (near Ori-
zaba).
The genus Orthaulax Gabb, hitherto known only from the
THE NAUTILUS. 29
American Oligocene and Miocene (Florida, West Indies), has
been turned up in southern Japan, the species Orthaulax
japonieus being described by Takumi Nagao (Japanese Jour-
nal of Geol. and Geogr. Ill, No. 1, 1924) from the provinces
Hizen and Higo, in beds considered Eocene — thus earlier than
the appearance of the genua in America.
Nahant Beach Shells. — In thei Nautilus, Vol. 34, No. 4,
1921, p. 100, Mrs. L. D. Thompson published a short list of
the mollusks occurring at Nahant Beach, Massachusetts. The
following additions might be of interest for local records:
Alectrian obsoleta Say, Crepidula plana Say (in dead Poli-
nices heros), Aporrhais occidentalis (Beck.), Mya arenaria
Linn., Petricola pholadiformis Lam., Callocardia morrhuana
(Lins.), Thracia conradi Couth. — "William J. Clench.
Robert Standen, M.Sc. — ' ' The old friends of Robert Stan-
den in the B.N.F.C. will be sorry to hear of his passing. He
was an all-round naturalist, and frequently joined in field ex-
cursions in Northern Ireland, while in the same district he
made many surveys of limited areas — Ballycastle, Rathlin
Island, Whitepark Bay, Murlough, and Glenshesk — his subse-
quent notes on these being of the utmost interest and value.
He was an Ex-president of the Conchological Society of Great
Britain and Ireland and either author or joint author of the
names of hundreds of species of shells new to science. In-
deed, Mr. Standen was one of the best known conchologists in
the world, and his knowledge of marine zoology and botany
generally was only second to that of the Mollusca. He also
took a keen interest in the ethnology of native races, and it
was he who arranged the fine ethnographic collections in the
Manchester Museum. His arrangement of eases and cabinets
of Mollusca in the same institution have long been noted as
the best of their sort in the British Isles or elsewhere. Mr.
Standen was 71 years of age, and passed away last week in
Manchester. He had only lately received the Hon. Degree of
M.Sc. from Manchester University, and honored by his old
friends and colleagues with a token of their esteem. — R. J. W."
30 THE NAUTILUS.
The Attachment of Oyster Larv;e. — The 1923 report of
the New Jersey Department of Biology, issued in 1925, con-
tains the following observations by Dr. Thurlow C. Nelson:
" It is a pleasure to report that at last, after years of search
by the late biologist and by his successor, the attachment of
oyster larvae has actually been observed under semi-natural
conditions. Finding large numbers of oyster larvae of mature
size about the houseboat on the evening of July 22, we low-
ered a glass plate, 3x4 inches, vertically from the deck at 8
p. m., and raised it half an hour later.
"The plate was suspended horizontally in a dish of creek
water and observed under the binocular. Six oyster larvae
were found moving about on the surface of the glass, holding
on by the foot. By extending the foot and then contracting
it sharply the larvae described circles of ever-decreasing diam-
eter, the first larvae coming to rest finally at 8:46 p. m.
Holding fast to the glass by its very adhesive foot, the larva
placed itself in position, left valve downward, and inclined
to the surface of the glass at an angle of about thirty degrees.
The margin of the mantle was extended in contact with the
glass for two minutes and then was withdrawn. The foot, its
cilia beating feebly, was slowly drawn up between the valves,
and eleven minutes after the larva stopped moving over the
glass, fixation was accomplished.
"Most investigators, including the writer, believed that
fixation was effected through the secreting border of the
mantle cementing the larva fast. Stafford, however, found
that the space between the left valve of the spat and the sub-
stratum was nearly filled with the cementing substance, and
he concluded that the byssus gland must pour out the sub-
stance in liquid form, which subsequently hardened and held
the spat fast. That such is the case we are now able to con-
firm from direct observation. ' '
The Monograph of New York Mollusks, long in prepara-
tion by Dr. Pilsbry, has now been completed, and it is expected
will be published as soon as practicable by the State Museum,
THE NAUTILUS. 31
Department of Education, Albany. As most of the species of
Canada, New England and the Middle States occur in New
York, and many forms of wider range are discussed incident-
ally, the work should have some interest beyond the boundaries
of the State. As the size of the edition will probably depend
somewhat on the demand, those desiring copies should so notify
the Secretary of the Museum.
New Forms of Polygyra (Triodopsis) loricata. — Polygyra
loricata querceti. The shell is smaller than typical loricata, with
the three teeth relatively much larger, the parietal tooth long
and strong. Cuticular processes are moderately well devel-
oped. The whorls are closely coiled. Height 3.8, diam. 6
mm., 5^ whorls (type); height 3.4, diam. 5.2 mm., 4f whorls.
Oakland, California. Type and paratypes No. 11147 ANSP.
This form has been called Var. minor Hemphill, but that name
had been used previously in the genus.
Polygyra loricata lowei. The surface is smooth, lacking cutic-
ular scales or threads, somewhat glossy. Teeth are very small,
the parietal tooth inconspicuous. Height 3.5, diam. 6.4 mm.,
4^ whorls. Taken 24 miles east of Placerville, California, near
a roadside spring, by Herbert N. Lowe, 1916. In older speci-
mens the teeth may perhaps become larger, but the smooth
surface is characteristic. — H. A. Pilsbry.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
On some South African Gulellje, with descriptions of
new species and varieties. By Henry Clifden Burnup (An-
nals Natal Mus. V, part 2, 1925). Gulella is one of the largest
genera of South African land snails, intricate and difficult by
reason of the numerous closely related species. Besides the
critical notes, descriptions and figures given in this paper,
Burnup has found that in some species the young have vari-
ously arranged apertural teeth, a character not observed
hitherto in this genus, though known in the related Ptycho-
trema. — H. A. P.
32 the nautilus.
Fauna and Stratigraphic Relations of the Tejon Eocene
at the Type Locality in Kern Co., California. By Frank
M. Anderson and G. Dallas Hanna (Occas. Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., March, 1925). A useful study of this fauna, about which
there has been so much controversy and uncertainty.
Notes on Some Arctic Mollusca from Greenland. By
Dr. L. Soos and Hans Schlesch (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung., XXI,
pp. 94-104, 1924). The authors state that present land and
freshwater molluscan fauna of Greenland consists of ten spe-
cies. The anatomy of Ph&nacolimax angelica Moll., Succinea
graenlandica Moll, and Limncea vahlii Moll, are described
and figured. — C. W. J.
Notes on Some Mactrid/E. By J. R. le B. Tomlin (Jour.
Conch., vol. 17, pp. 134-136, 1924). The exact dates of pub-
lications of Reeves' and Deshayes' species are given.
Notes on South American Ancylule, I. By Bryant Wal-
ker (Occasional Papers, No. 157, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., pp.
1-7, pi. 1, Apr. 4, 1925). Four species are described and
figured, one, Gundlachia lutzi is new.
Studies in Ampullaria. By E. G. Alderson, M.A.1 The
author states that his intention originally was to accomplish
a complete monograph of the Ampullarias, the existing mono-
graphs being more than sixty years old; but this plan was
relinquished, and only shells in his own possession are de-
scribed and figured. "The more one studies this genus," he
writes, ' ' the more evident does it become that casual acquaint-
ances therein are of no profit. ... To understand the Ampul-
larias one must handle them almost daily, and have the whole
of one's material ready for comparison and discrimination."
Among the American species treated, several have been
1 Small quarto, xx -f- 102 pp., 19 plates. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Cam-
bridge, England.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
"storm centers" in the literature of the group; Mr. Ander-
son's views will be interesting to those who have worked over
them. The section on Asiatic forms contains some useful
rectifications, such as the deletion of A. dolioides Reeve, and
a full discussion of A. ampullacea L., type of the genus.
Thirteen African species are figured. The generic name Am-
pullaria is used for both American and Old World species,
though the use of Pila for the latter is mentioned. The 164
natural-size figures by the author are characteristic Ampul-
laria portraits, evidently drawn with great fidelity and well
reproduced. It is to be hoped that Mr. Alderson's collection
will continue to grow and that he will be encouraged to con-
tinue his Studies in Ampullaria. — H. A. P.
On the Radula of Coxia. By Lieut.-Col. A. J. Peile (Proc.
Malac. Soc. London XVI, p. 194, April, 1925). The radula
obtained from a dried animal shows that this peculiar genus
belongs in the neighborhood of Trochomorpha, not to the
Rhytididae or Streptaxidse as hitherto supposed.
Microscopic Sculpture op Pearly Fresh Water Mussel
Shells. By Wm. B. Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 67,
1925, pp. 1-14) . Under the compound microscope most Mute-
lidse examined show minute and remarkably regular radial
stria?. They are present in Spatha, Mutela, Mcmocondyloea,
Anodotitites, Diplodontites, etc., but not in Chelidonopsis or
Diplodon. This structure is apparently of value in determin-
ing relationships of genera.
Quaternary and Recent Molluscan Faunas of the West
Coast of Lower California. By Eric Knight Jordan (Bull.
Southern Cal. Acad. Sci. XXIII, 1924, pp. 145-156). Notes
on three marine deposits of Quaternary age, Magdalena Bay,
San Ignacio Lagoon and Scammon 's Lagoon, with lists of the
mollusks and their range in the Recent fauna. The indica-
tions of these faunas bearing on Quaternary climates are con-
sidered.— H. A. P. Xy.
34 the nautilus.
The Mollusca Collected by the University of Michigan
— "Williamson Expedition in Venezuela. By H. Burrington
Baker (Occas. Papers, No. 156, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., pp.
1-44, pis. 6-11, Apr. 4, 1925). This paper is part III, cover-
ing the Pupillidae to Oleacinidse. A new section Pseudo-
guppya is proposed, with Helix cassiquiensis Pfr. as the type.
In the Streptaxidge the following new genera and subgenera
are proposed: Rectartemon, Tamayoa, Miradiscops, Puncto-
discops, Systrophiella, and Happiella. Nine new species and
subspecies are described. — C. W. J.
Miocene Mollusks from Bowden, Jamaica: Pelecypods
and Scaphopods. By Wendell P. Woodring. Published by
the Carnegie Institution of Washington. 222 pp., 28 plates.
The beautifully preserved fossils of the Bowden formation have
been noticed occasionally in palaeontological literature for over
fifty years. Numerous authors have referred to or described
particular species, but in some cases the descriptions and illus-
trations left much to be desired, and were a source of perplexity
to those working on allied faunas. The Bowden fauna is a very
rich one, and a full report was much needed by all concerned
with tropical American Tertiary faunas. The memoir now
completed for the bivalves and tooth-shells is done in the thor-
ough manner of all of Woodring' s work, and will be found
highly interesting. The treatment of such difficult groups as
the arks and pectens is commendably clear. A few unexpected
forms turned up, such as a new species of the rare genus
Neseromya, and a species of the Pacific family Juliidse, appro-
priately named Julia gardnerae for an industrious worker on the
Miocene.
Woodring concludes that " the Bowden formation is of
middle Miocene (Helvetian) age. It is approximately the
equivalent of the Gurabo formation of the Dominican Republic
and the Gatun formation of Panama and Costa Rica." — H. A. P.
The Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Pond Snails (Lin-
naeus). By C. W. M. Poynter and Alan Moritz. 'Journal of
THE NAUTILUS. 35
Experimental Zoology, Vol. 37, No. 1, January, 1923.) This
paper deals primarily with the effect of ultra-violet light rays
on the pond snails, Lymnaea. Experiments with both ultra-
violet light rays and heat were made to determine time and
type of coagulation of the protoplasm.
Attention is called to the authors' apparent lack of interest in
specifying what particular species was used. In the conclusion
set forth by the authors, " Snail embryos present a wide range
of individual resistance to the action of ultra-violet rays. Re-
sistance increases with advance in age." It would be interest-
ing to know whether or not more than one species was used in
the experiment. From the viewpoint of the experimental
zoologist the work may be satisfactory, but many students in
other branches of biology depend upon such experimental work
to explain and solve problems in their own fields, the latter find
that the lack of exact determination of the species involved
often makes the contribution practically valueless to them.
Indefinite data, when definite data can be obtained, does not
add materially to the subject. The spelling in the title of the
generic name, if copied directly by bibliographers, will cause
considerable confusion, even though the mistake is partly recti-
fied in an abstract printed in Spanish accompanying the
authors' separate, in which the snail appears as Lymnaeus. —
W. J. Clench.
A Monograph of the Australian Loricates. By Tom Ire-
dale and A. F. Basset-Hull. (The Australian Zoologist, Vol.
Ill, parts 5-8, 1923-5. ) While many of the chitons of Aus-
tralia were described about a century ago, the descriptions were
so inadequate that they remained practically unknown. It is
only in the last 25 or thirty years that critical and exact meth-
ods have been applied in either collecting or studying them.
By the work of Bednall, Hedley, Edwin Ashby, Basset-Hull,
Iredale and others, a great number of new species have been
turned up, type-localities of the old authors have been collected
over; with the new material, and re-examination of old types,
many of the species of Blainville have been recognized, and
those of Reeve redefined or discarded.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
In the monograph now in progress, the whole subject is
brought up to date by two of the naturalists who have been
most active in the work. Only a few features of their treat-
ment need be noticed here, as all interested in chitons should
possess the monograph. As usually happens, the old genera
are further divided. Thus, in what was formerly included in
Ischnochiton, the following genera are recognized: Ischnochiton,
Autochiton (n. g. ), Heterozona, Strigichiton, Haploplax, Steno-
chiton, Anisoradsia, Ischnoradsia, Subterenochiton (n. g.). The
old name longicymba Blv. replaces Stenochiton juloides.
The Lepidopleuridee are viewed as degenerates from an Isch-
nochitonoid source. All of the Austral genera are considered
different from the northern. Lorica, Loricella and Kopionella
are segregated in a family Loricidse.
In general, the girdle armature is given more weight in clas-
sification than formerly.
All of the species are illustrated. The beautifully drawn
figures are a very attractive and valuable feature, since no
chiton can be considered fully defined until it is really well
figured. Photographs, unless of a high degree of excellence, do
not come up to the requirements.
Having had the privilege of collecting chitons with both
authors, and of going over part of the collection of the senior
author, the writer feels a good deal of confidence in the work
under consideration, and has a great respect for the prowess of
the authors as chiton collectors.
If any fault is to be found with this monograph, it is in the
changing of the name Polyplacophora to " Loricata." The rule
of priority, if strictly enforced, would leave few Class or Order
names. Thus Pelecypoda would become Bivalvia L., Gastro-
poda would be Univalvia L. But names of Orders have never
been considered as subject to priority rules as genera and
species are, and there appears to be no advantage in the change
proposed. As to the use of ' ' loricate " as a common name to
replace "chiton," that too seems of doubtful advantage.
Everybody concerned calls these animals chitons, without any
confusion with the restricted genus Chiton that I ever heard of.
Why try to juggle with the name as if it were a Russian capital
city ?— H. A. P.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXXIX OCTOBER, 1925. No. 2
THE EXHIBITION OF MOLLUSCA IN A MUSEUM
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
A museum should make its molluscau exhibit as attractive
and educational as possible. A purely systematic collection
with few shells and long printed labels, with the nomenclature
changing daily, will do little to create an interest in the Mol-
lusca. Shells are only equivalent to the skeletons of verte-
brates, and convey little or no idea to the public of how they
grow or of the animals that constructed them. They would
probably appeal to many visitors as a great hall of skeletons in
a museum in Paris, did to a friend, who sent me a picture of
the hall on which he had written " Some valley of dry bones."
How can we show in a clear and attractive way the creatures
that build the shells? The best preserved specimens in alcohol
or formaline usually look more dead than their shells. Un-
doubtedly the most attractive way to show Mollusca, both
those with and without shells, is by glass models such as the
Blaschkas used to make before they devoted all their time to
making glass flowers for the Harvard museum. Glass models
are not now obtainable and few museums can afford skilled
artisans such as the American Museum of Natural History em-
ploys to make their beautiful and instructive groups of marine
invertebrates. The Boston Society of Natural History is quite
fortunate in having over 200 Blaschka glass models of mollusca,
38 THE NAUTILUS.
but most of these represent foreign species and are available
only for the synoptic collection.
Next to the glass models the best way to show the Mollusca
of a local or given area, and a way available to all museums, is
by the use of colored drawings from life, made by a skilful and
careful artist. People are accustomed to looking at pictures
and are not so apt to be misled by an enlarged drawing as by
an enlarged model. Also with enlarged drawings the details of
very small species can be worked out with greater accuracy than
in the models. To add to the attractiveness of the New Eng-
land collection and make it more instructive, the Boston Society
of Natural History is placing with its exhibition of shells,
beautiful colored drawings of the animals, made by the well-
known scientific artist Mr. J. Henry Blake. More than 100
drawings are now in the collection, also some 30 Blaschka
models and numerous maps to show the distribution of the
more interesting species.
Among other interesting objects at the seashore are the egg-
capsules of the various gasteropods which should always ac-
company the species. The egg-capsules of Buccinum undatum
and Chrysodomus decemcostatus were figured in The Nautilus,
Vol. 31, pi. 1. Mr. Owen Bryant some years ago gave the
Society a tube containing 1700 embryonic shells taken from one
string of capsules of Busycon carica, but the number of capsules
was not mentioned. One cannot always find a string of cap-
sules in which the embryonic shells are well developed and the
small holes through which they escape are all closed. A part
of a string, containing 18 capsules intact, was found in the col-
lection, these containing from 11 to 27 shells each, an average
of about 20. Complete strings contain between 80 and 90 cap-
sules, not counting the smaller ones that serve as an anchor for
the string.
The sand-collars are conspicuous objects of a sandy beach,
but it is surprising how few really know that these are the nidus
or nest of the sea snail. The nidus of the Northern Sand-collar
Snail (Polinices heros) has a plain edge, while the Southern
Sand-collar Snail (P. duplicata) has the edge wavy. The little
collar of P. triseriata is not often found as the snail frequents
THE NAUTILUS. 39
deeper waters. Although sand-collars are common in the shoal
waters in June, they are comparatively scarce in August, when
they contain the embryonic shells. Mr. A. B. Fuller obtained
one of P. heros on the Georges Bank in 45 fathoms, with the
young shells ready to leave the collar.
To show variation and some of the conditions that govern the
various forms, sculpture and color of shells, is another interest-
ing feature. The species of Slipper shells (Crepidula) are ad-
mirable for showing variation and mutation due to their habit
of growing on objects of various form and color. Q. glauca
becomes the variety convexa when living on a very convex sur-
face. When found on Alectrion (Ilyanassa) obsoleta they are a
uniform dark biown, but on A. (Tritia) irivittata they are light
colored with brown spots. C. fornicata is usually darker when
growing on a horse-shoe crab than when growing on a large
Busy con. When attached to scallops (Pecten irradians) they
adopt its ribbed sculpture. The forms assumed by ft plana
are marvelous. Crucibidum striatum growing on the almost
smooth Pecten grandis have the sculpture obsolete or wanting.
The jingle shells (Anomia simplex) also shows wonderful adapta-
tion to its surroundings; very convex and often with a free edge
when attached to pebbles, they are ribbed on Pecten irradians
and sometimes so crowded on an oyster shell that they become
angular. The little A. aculeata often lacks its scaly sculpture
when growing on a smooth surface.
The rock or dog whelk (Thais lapillus) shows a wide range in
size and color. Form is usually considered to be the result of
environment, but color is largely hereditary. Shells from an
exposed situation are smaller than those from more sheltered
places, while the variety imbricata usually frequents muddy
situations. On rocks covered with white barnacles (Balanus
balanoides) or where the rocks are light-colored, the shells of
the whelks are white, while on mussel and algae covered rocks
the shells vary in color from blackish brown to light brown,
orange and yellow, with but a small percentage white. An
interesting paper on "Variation in the Dog Whelk," by Harold
Sellers Colton, appeared in "Ecology," Vol. 3, pp. 146-157,
Apr., 1922. Littorina rudis is another shell that shows remark-
40 THE NAUTILUS.
able variation. Although many forms are recorded in Europe,
only tenebrosa has been recognized here. Environment seems
to be the governing factor, tenebrosa usually frequenting the
marshes and the other forms the rocks, often far above the high
water mark. They vary in color to a great extent according to
the color of the rocks they frequent. At Bass Rocks, Glou-
cester, Mass., in algae at about half tide is a colony scarlet in
color.
Where conditions are as diversified as in New England maps
showing the distribution of certain species will be found very
useful and instructive.
ISOLATION AND CURACAO
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
Those of us who were initiated into the mysteries and delights
of conchology through our interest in a local fauna of eastern
or central United States, or of any continental land mass where
the barriers are few and far between, find it difficult, at first, to
realize the necessity for exact localities. Although we may find
a certain species in a woodlot but absent from the adjacent
cedar swamp, we soon recognize that this restriction is purely
edaphic and ecological. Under similar conditions, the same
forms usually turn up over and over again, even if we travel
miles away from the region of our first acquaintance with our
sluggish and secretive favorites. Once in a long time, we may
come across such exceedingly exclusive eremites as Hendersonia
occulta (Helicinidae), which, for example, occurs abundantly
in the deep limestone gorge at the base of the Virginian Natural
Bridge, but is quite absent from the rich forests of the sur-
rounding hills, just as it is from most parts of its remarkably
discontinuous range. However, such cases are exceptional,
and usually the notation of exact localities does seem almost a
waste of time and space.
As a result, we are apt to be totally unprepared for the amaz-
ing segregation that occurs in regions where the barriers are
numerous and relatively impassable. Even if we have followed
THE NAUTILUS. 41
the intensive explorations of Pilsbry and Ferriss in southwest-
ern United States, or have read accounts of such a concholo-
gist's paradise as the Hawaiian Islands, we scarcely are in a
position to visualize the almost complete change of fauna that
may occur in a few miles, or even in a few yards. At least, I
must confess that the actuality of isolation came almost as a
distinct shock, when I sauntered out of Willemstad, Curacao,
in 1920, and found a molluscan fauna that was almost totally
distinct from that which I had been studying in Venezuela,
only forty-odd miles away. And, even then, I was unable to
prognosticate what I observed in 1922, the extremely limited
distribution of some of the forms from these Dutch West
Indies.
As has been described in a previous paper (1924, Occ. P.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 152), each of these islands con-
sists of a core of older igneous and metamorphosed strata sur-
rounded by an irregular zone of coral rock. Many of the shells,
especially those of the genus Tudora, are more or less limited to
the limestone rim; as this is broken in many places, especially
on Curacao, by narrow arms of the sea, we get a series of col-
onies with relatively impassable barriers between them. In
addition, the semidesert climate of the islands is only relieved
by comparatively brief periods of rainfall, so that the snails are
forced to spend most of their lives in a quiescent state. Both
of these factors tend to discourage migration, and, coincident
with this, we find rapid changes in the facies of the shells
within surprizingly short distances; in fact, colonies of Tudora
which are separated by two or three of the more decided breaks
in the shore line show scarcely an intergradient individual.
Even more striking is the case of Tudora pilsbryi, which is prac-
tically limited to the talus below the escarpments of a single
monadnock, where it completely replaces the more widespread
T. megacheilos.
Such a region can only be studied by a conchologist in the
field, and even he will have difficulty, as I did, until be realizes
the absolute necessity for the careful segregation of the lots from
each limited locality. Anyone not especially interested in
snails will fail to recognize the need of such intensive analysis,
42 THE NAUTILUS.
and a random collection will show only a part of the actual iso-
lation of divergent colonies. Besides, as already indicated,
even a conchologist who is not familiar with this type of distri-
bution is slow to comprehend the verity of its occurrence.
In his useful paper " On a Collection of Non-Marine Mollusca
from Curacao" (1925, Bijd. Dierk. Kon. Zool. Gen. Amster-
dam, Afl. XXIV, 25-32), Tera van Benthem Jutting labors
under the load of both these impediments. The limited col-
lection that he describes was picked up in central Curacao by
scientists who were not especially concerned about the mollusks
alone. Besides, I venture to suspect van Benthem Jutting
himself is more familiar with the widespread fauna of western
Europe than with the localized ones of the arid tropics. As a
result, his paper contains certain records which I am quite sure
are based on misconceptions, and a brief discussion of some of
these citations may not be out of order.
Cerion uva (L.). Although a random lot would indicate that
C. u. diablensis and C. u. hatoensis "only denote the extreme
limits of variation " , it is also true that the mean diameter of
specimens from the type locality of the former falls outside the
total range of variation in individuals from the typical colony
of the latter (see table XII of my paper).
Brachypodella raveni (Crosse). ' ' Tafelberg " is often used by
the inhabitants of Curacao to denote vaguely the southeastern
end of the island; as will be shown later, I feel sure that van
Benthem Jutting has no shells from the bases of the escarp-
ments of the Tafelberg of Santa Barbara itself. On this ac-
count, it is no wonder that he is unable to recognize my sub-
species sanctaebarbarae ; all of his specimens came from locali-
ties where only typical raveni would be expected.
Microceramus bonairensis curacoanus H. B. B. The subspecific
name is not ' ' cura^aoana. ' '
Opeas gracile (Hutton). Doubtlessly an introduced species
on cultivated ground.
Pupoides marginatus nitidulus (Pfr.). Cited as " Pupa (Pu-
poides) manginala (Say) ". Of course, Pupa cannot be used for
any Pupillid; if Roeding's "Museum Boltenianum " is re-
jected, as it certainly should be, Pupa will replace Cerion.
THE NAUTILUS. 43
Succinea barbadensis Gldg. and S. gyrata Gibbons. Although
I recognized two forms in my poor material, collected during
the dry season, I am still skeptical as to their specific separa-
tion. Van Benthem Jutting' s excellent figures will be of great
assistance to that very courageous individual who may attempt,
some time in the future, the anatomical studies that will be
necessary before we can make any definite statements about the
West Indian members of this genus.
Physa cubensis Pfr. An interesting addition to the fauna.
However, I would not be inclined to use any freshwater pul-
monate that can withstand the dessication of semidesert condi-
tions as an indicator of zoogeographical affinities; Planorbis
pallidus, at least, certainly enjoys extraordinary means of dis-
persal, as I found it in a raised cement tank which received its
water from a closed well, through the agency of a windmill.
Perhaps both of these shells should be classed as "occasional
migrants", along with the birds that probably transport them.
Tudora rupis H. B. B. Either a mistaken identification or an
error in locality; this species does not occur anywhere in the
vicinity of Hato.
Tudora megacheilos (P. & M.). From the localities, most of
the specimens would belong to the typical subspecies, although
I would expect kabrietensis from the vicinity of the Tafelberg.
If any of van Benthem Jutting' s shells had come from the
escarpments of the Tafelberg of Santa Barbara itself, they would
have certainly included T. pilsbryi, a very distinct and conspic-
uous species.
Tudora fossor H. B. B. Van Benthem Jutting cites 21 speci-
mens of Tudora s. S. from Hato; 10 of these are included under
T. megacheilos, 11 under T. fossor. The latter occurs nowhere
in the vicinity of this locality, where the shells are intermediate
between typical megacheilos and the subspecies rondeklipensis,
which does somewhat approach the distinct species from north-
ern Curagao.
Cistulops raveni (Crosse)! The citation of this species from
" Tafelberg " furnishes additional proof that the lots so labeled
did not come from the escarpments of the Tafelberg of Santa
Barbara. Attention is called to the presence of another " Tafel-
44 THE NAUTILUS.
berg", that of Sint Hyronirrms, in the northern region of Cur-
acao; in fact, most of the coral-capped monadnocks of the
southwestern coast are small "table-mountains".
In conclusion, I may be excused if I diverge considerably
from the field of conchology to mention another interesting
effect of past isolation on Curacao. The prevailing language of
this island, Bonaire and Aruba is Papiamento, which is only
spoken by the natives of this group. The name itself may be
roughly translated as "Much talk" or " Art of talking"; it is
also called "Spaansch", because many of its users truly be-
lieve that it is the original Spanish. Actually, it probably
started as a simplified slave-dialect of Portuguese, but it has
acquired words from all of the tongues spoken in the West
Indies and is characterized by a lack of conjugations, tenses and
abstract terms, which makes it strikingly different from the
Romance languages. Another peculiarity, which it possesses
in common with some primitive languages, is the introduction
of each verb by a syllable, pronounced "ta", which simply
indicates that the next word will be this part of speech. How-
ever, the prospective collectors in Curacao need not be deterred
by any question of a common language, as English is widely
spoken and understood in the islands; in fact, the natives,
starting with the limited Papiamento, seem to have a propensity
to acquire smatterings of several languages, without the ability
to express a complicated idea in any of them.
THE TYPE OF ANCYLASTRUM BOUEGUIGNAT
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
Kennard and Woodward (1925, Naut. XXXVII, p. 83)
have recently re-opened the question of the type of Ancylastrum
Bgt. (Feb. 15, 1853, J. de C. IV, 60, 63) and the validity of
Pseudancylus Walker (1921, Naut. XXXV. 58). They come
to the conclusion that the type of the former is Ancylus fluviatilis
Muller, while Walker (1921, 5-9) had decided that it was
Ancylus cumingiamis Bgt, (either May 1, 1853, J. de C. IV, 170;
or July 25, 1854, P. Z. S., 91).
THE NAUTILUS. 45
The differences between the viewpoint of Kennard and Wood-
ward and that of Walker seem to be divisible into three rather
separate questions:
1. What species are included in the original Ancylastrum
(1. c.)?
2. Was Ancylastrum proposed as a substitute for Ancylus
Gray?
3. What subsequent choice of type is valid ?
The divergences of the two arguments may be tabulated for
each as follows:
Kennard and Woodward Walker
1. It cannot include species 1. As no species names were
described in subsequent mentioned in the original pub -
papers. lication, it includes all species
that satisfy its definition, re-
gardless of their date of de-
scription.
2. Yes. 2. No.
3. Subsequent choice in- 3. The first choice was by
operative and could not be A. Bgt. in a subsequent paper
cumingianus in any case. (1. c. ), where the type, A.
cumingianus Bgt. was also de-
scribed.
As regards the first bone of contention, I must personally
agree with Kennard and Woodward that any genus should in-
clude only those species known at the date of its description.
However, as pointed out by Walker (1921, 7), the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has definitely
ruled otherwise in its Opinion 46^ where, in a similar case, it
has decided that Aclastus rufipes Ashmead (1902) is the type of
Aclastus Foerster (1868). For this reason, Walker's decision is
certainly the correct one; Ancylastrum Bgt. (Feb. 15, 1853)
does include Ancylus cumingianus Bgt. (either May 1, 1853; or
July 25, 1854).
The second question is more difficult, but must, I believe, be
answered in the negative. In the first place, there is not and
never was any such "generic name" as Ancylus Gray; Ancylus
46 THE NAUTILUS.
Miiller (1774), type Patella lacustris Linne (chosen by Children,
1823-4) is the only legitimate Ancylus s. s. In 1840, Gray
(Turton's Manual, new ed., 249) did list A. fluviatilis as the
only species of Ancylus s. s. , but if this is the description of a
monotypic genus or division then the mention of only one
species for a genus or subgenus in any local list does exactly
the same thing. This is not a case similar to that outlined in
Opinion 6 of the International Commission, because Velletia
itself was certainly not proposed as a monotypic group as Gray
(footnote, p. 250) also included Guilding's "two West Indian
species" by page reference. However, it is true that Gray did
in 1847 (P. Z. S., 181) incorrectly designate the type of Ancylus
(although Bourguignat does not cite this publication).
In the second place, even if Ancylus Gray (1847) be regarded
as a preoccupied genus or subgenus, Bourguignat did not defi-
nitely propose his Ancylastrum as a substitute. Bourguignat
first reviewed Beck's division of Ancylus and decided "qu'il
devient impossible d'y attach er la moindre importance." Then
he discussed Gra}f's 1840 paper, designated the type of Velletia,
but mentioned no other species. He also mentioned the sim-
ilar grouping of l'abbaye Dupuy but was again careful to omit
all reference to any species but A. lacustris. Finally, he wrote:
" Quant a nous, nous adoptons la division du genre en deux
coupes, auxquelles nous trouvons des caracteres distincts, tir6s
de la conformation du test, et surtout de celle de V animal: caractere
que nous formulons comme il suit: — ," and proceeded to define
his groups Ancylastrum and Velletia. Again, following the de-
scriptions (p. 63), he admitted "la nature typique qu'il faut
reconnaitre aux especes (note plural) que nous pretendons
classer dans cette section" (Ancylastrum), definitely adopted
Velletia Gray (1840) for his second group, but was still careful
to omit any recognition of Gray's other group.
As Bourguignat commonly did use the word type in quite
the sense of the Code (although he apparently regarded the first
species as the automatic type), my own surmise, which appears
quite as valid as that of Kennard and Woodward, is that
Bourguignat already had A. cumingianus in mind as the geno-
type of his new section. It may be claimed that he incorrectly
THE NAUTILUS. 47
believed Ancylastrum to be Ancylus s. s. , but there is no reason
to consider it as a substitute for Ancylus Gray (1840 or 1847).
Finally to take up the third question, as no type was desig-
nated or indicated in the original description of Ancylastrum,
the first subsequent choice of type is operative. The species
later chosen by the author himself, A. cumingianus (either date)
is included in the original description, according to Opinion 46
of the International Commission, and must be the true type of
the genus. Ancylastrum does apply to the Tasmanian group
and Pseudancylus is the correct generic name for Ancylus fluvi-
atilis Muller.
THE STATUS OF AMICULA
BY TOM IREDALE*
Loricate nomenclature is still unsettled, as Pilsbry's memor-
able basic work must be reviewed in the light of the thirty
years' intensive research initiated by its publication. In the
Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum No. 112, 1921, pp. 197-
198, Dall included a Family Cryptochitonidae with three genera,
Cryptochiton Gray 1847, for stelleri Middendorff, Chlamydochiton
Dall 1878, for amiculatus Pallas, and Symmetrogephyrus (Mid-
dendorff 1848) Chenu 1859, for pallasii Middendorff and vestitus
Broderip and Sowerby. As I am partly responsible for this
nomination it is incumbent to record some apparently neces-
sary rectifications. In the Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., Vol. xi,
June, 1914, pp. 128-129, I showed that Amicula in 1840 was
indeterminable exactly, and that in 1843 it fell as a synonym
of Cryptoconchus. Apparently this conclusion was accepted
without careful criticism but it Was not infallible. Twice in
the year 1842 Amicula had been noted — admittedly in an in-
direct manner — in an acceptable place, and as these introduc-
tions agree there can be no argument as to the recognition of
the genus. However it is regrettable that through this observa-
tion Amicula must replace Cryptochiton as used by Dall, and the
family name be cited as Amiculidae. Thus, Sowerby in the
* By permission of the Trustees of the Australian Museum, Sydney.
48 THE NAUTILUS.
second edition of the Conchological Manual, p. 61, included
Amicula with the definition "A genus formed for the reception
of Chiton amiculatus, Auct. , the valves of which are covered by
an integument; so as to be completely hidden externally."
Then a good figure is given, No. 507, and in the explanation to
the plate on p. 311, Amicula is again cited. The figure is that
of the shell known as Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorff. The
second edition was published in 1842, and a reprint with the
wording "third edition" appeared in 1846. Either of these
may be referred to. Simultaneously Lovell Reeve issued his
Conchologica Systematica, and in Vol. ii, p. 9, wrote "In one
species of the Chiton amiculatus (Plates CXXXII & CXXXIII,
Fig. 80), the mantle is expanded entirely over the shell, and it
has on this account been separated by Gray for the formation
of a new genus, Amicula", and on p. 11 Amicula is given as
the generic name for the shell figured as Chiton amiculatus, and
this is again the Cryptochiton stelleri of MiddendorfT. This intro-
duction is discussed by Middendorff himself (Mem. sci. nat.
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., Vol. vi, 1847, p. 96, Feb., 1848)
who proposes Amiculum as the correct spelling, while rejecting
the name.
When Middendorff proposed Cryptochiton he divided the genus
Chiton into two subgenera Cryptochiton and Phaenachiton. The
latter he again divided into two sections Dichachiton and Hama-
chiton, and then of the former introduced two subsections Syvi-
metrogephyrus and Ametrogephyrus. The last named has been
cited as a synonym of Cryptoplax, its correct location, but the
preceding one Dall has made use of as typified by Chenu.
Dall many years ago concluded " Middendorff adopted a singu-
lar nomenclature, in which the genus was divided into a great
number of sections, subsections, &c, so that his work can
hardly be classed as binomial in the Linnean sense". This is
not accepted today, as Middendorff proves a strictly binomial
writer, and his subsections automatically become of higher
value and all legitimate. The type of a less group would be
available for a higher grouping, but as no type designations
seem to have been made except that of Symmetrogephyrus it will
save trouble and discussion to name as type of Phaenochiton
THE NAUTILUS. 49
and Dichachiton as well as of Ametrogephyrus, Chiton larvaeformis
Blainville. Thus these names will encumber the synonymy of
Qryptoplax, but otherwise make no confusion.
THE ACANTHODORIDIDAE OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST
BY F. M. MAC FARLAND
The genus Acanthodoris was founded by J. E. Gray in 1850
for the reception of the Doris pilosa of O. F. Miiller, described
originally from the Norwegian coast, but of very wide distribu-
tion, having been taken generally in northern European waters
and in the Mediterranean, on the coasts of Iceland, Greenland,
New England, Alaska and the western coast of British America,
while two very doubtful varieties have even been recorded from
Tasmania and New Zealand.
The genus diagnosis as extended by Gray ('57) was based
upon the careful anatomical and systematic studies of Alder
and Hancock ('51, '55), and has been amended somewhat by
later writers, especially by Bergh ('79, '80). The type species
of the genus is recorded as occurring generally in the northern
circumpolar waters, but it is not improbable that a closer study
of a larger series of individuals may establish varietal and even
specific differences between the Alaskan and the European
forms. Specific distinction is much more probable in the case
of the two South Pacific varieties of A. pilosa (0. F. M.) de-
scribed by Bergh ('05). One of these has been provisionally
identified by Eliot ('07) as being identical with Ac. rnollicella
Abraham. But two valid species seem to be found in European
waters, Ac. pilosa (O. F. M) and Ac. subquadrata A. & H.,
while Verrill has recorded the genotype and three other species,
two of which are undoubtedly varieties only, from the New
England coast. The genus seems to reach much greater diver-
sity in Pacific waters as the following list indicates.
1. Ac. pilosa (O. F. M.). Kyska Harbor, Popoff Strait;
Yukon Harbor (Shumagin Island), Alaska. Bergh ('80).
2. Ac. pilosa var. albescens Bergh. Kyska Harbor, Alaska.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
Bergh ('80); Vancouver region, British Columbia. O'Don-
oghue ('21).
3. Ac. pilosa var. purpurea Bergh. Unalaska, Alaska.
Bergh ('80).
4. Ac. coerulescens Bergh. Nunivak Island, Alaska. Bergh
('80).
5. Ac. hudsoni MacFarland. Monterey Bay, California.
MacFarland ('05).
6. Ac. brunnea MacFarland. Monterey Bay, California.
MacFarland ('05).
7. Ac. rhodoceras C. & E. San Pedro, California. Cockerell
and Eliot ('05).
8. Ac. nanaimoensis O'Donoghue. Vancouver region, B. C.
O'Donoghue ('21).
To the above list are to be added two new species described
in the present paper, Ac. lutea and Ac. columbina, to which are
appended further details of structure exhibited by the other
three California species, Ac. hudsoni, Ac. brunnea and Ac.
rhodoceras.
Acanthodoris, Gray. 1850.
Acanthodoris Gray, J. E., Figs. Moll. Animals, IV, 1850, p.
103; Guide Moll. British Mus., 1857, p. 207; Alder and Han-
cock, Monog. British Nudibr. Moll., VII, 1855, p. 43, Appen-
dix p. xvii; Adams, H. & A., Genera Recent Moll. II, 1858,
p. 56; Sars, G. O., Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegiae, 1878, p. 308;
Bergh, Gattungen nord. Doriden, Arch. Naturgesch. XLV,
1879, 1, p. 356; Nudibr. Moll. North Pacific, II, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1880, p. 88; Monog. d. Polyceraden,
III, Verh. k. k. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, XXXIII, 1883, p. 170;
System Nudibr. Gasteropoden, 1892, p. 158; Eliot, C, Monog.
British Nudibr. Moll. (Alder and Hancock) VIII, 1910, p. 155;
MacFarland, F. M., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington XVIII, 1905,
p. 51; Bull. Bureau Fisheries, Washington, XXV, 1906. p.
144; O'Donoghue, C. H., Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. Toronto,
XIII, 1921, 1, p. 168.
Body soft, sub-depressed; notaeum thickly covered with short
villi; margin of rhinophore aperture lobed; branchial plumes
THE NAUTILUS. 51
few, tripinnate, arranged in a circle; head wide, veliform, ex-
panded into tentacular lobes at the sides.
Armature of labial disk of minute hooks, below with project-
ing thickenings of the cuticle. Radula rather narrow, rhachis
naked, first pleural tooth very large, hamate, external pleurae
few (4-8), smaller. Buccal crop connate with pharyngeal bulb.
Glans penis usually armed, vagina usually very long.
Acanthodoris hudsoni MacFarland. Plate II, Figure 1.
Acanthodoris hudsoni MacFarland, F. M., Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, XVIII, 1905, p. 51; Bull. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, XXV, 1906, p. 144; O'Donoghue, C. H., Trans.
Roy. Canadian Inst., Toronto, XIII, 1921, p. 170; Ibid, XIV,
1922, p. 164.
The body is plump and highly arched, the dorsum is covered
everywhere with soft, closely-set, slender papillae. The ground
color is a clear, translucent, yellowish white or pinkish white,
the papillae, the branchiae, and the clavus of the rhinophores
being tipped with lemon yellow, the mantle edged with the
same color. The rhinophores are perfoliate with ca. 24 leaves,
and are retractile within low sheaths bearing numerous short
papillae which are similar to those of the dorsum.
The branchial plumes are five in number, wide-spreading,
bipinnate, non-retractile within a sheath, arranged in a circle
surrounding the low anal papilla, and including numerous
papillae similar to those of the general dorsum.
The labial armature is light yellow, composed of minute
hooks in a triangular area on either side of the lower portion of
the mouth opening. The ventral plate between these areas is
broad, slightly concave, pointed behind and forked in front, the
anterior tips projecting freely into the mouth opening. The
formula of the narrow radula is 27 (5-6. 1. 0. 1. 5-6). The
rhachis is naked, the first pleural tooth (PI. II, Fig. 1) is strong
and compressed, with a quadrangular, basal portion, much
thickened below and along its anterior margin, which is pro-
longed upward in a strong, slightly curved, blunt hook. The
posterior portion of the base forms a thinner, plate-like expan-
sion, overlapping externally the first pleural tooth of the sue-
52 THE NAUTILUS.
ceeding row. The total height of the tooth averages ca. 0.375
mm., the hook alone measuring 0.135 mm., the ratio of the
height of the hook to that of the whole element being nearly
as 1 : 2.8, a proportion which holds good in any part of the
radula, with but slight variation. No great difference in size is
to be found between the younger and older teeth of the same
radula in any of the Acanthodorids with which I am familiar,
and the proportionate height of the hook in comparison to the
total height of the whole first lateral in unworn teeth seems to
be a characteristic for each species. The inner margin of the
hook bears four to seven well developed denticles midway of its
length. In some cases four or five, additional, much smaller
denticles may appear below the larger ones, but they are incon-
stant, and scarcely more than vestiges.
The remaining pleurae, five or six in number, are small and
nearly of the same size, 0.090 mm. to 0.105 mm. in length, and
somewhat resemble the first pleurae in form, the anterior and
dorsal portions being thickened, and prolonged backward to a
point, a thin keel-like expansion extending to the tip below and
uniting it to the basal part. The outer laterals of Ac. hudsoni
are larger and better developed than those of the other Cali-
fornian Acanthodorids, as may be readily seen by comparing
Fig. 1 of Plate II with Figs. 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10, which are drawn
to the same scale of magnification from corresponding regions
of the radulae of the other species.
The vas deferens is ca. 8.5 mm. long, the proximal 3.5 mm.
segment of which is thicker and glandular, the remainder more
slender and muscular, and passes over into the cylindro -conical
preputium, 1.0 mm. in length by 0.4 mm. in diameter, which
incloses at its base the short, bluntly conical glans, armed with
minute hooks. The uterine duct is very slender and short,
passing directly from the anterior, inner margin of the gland
complex to the spermatotheca, receiving the duct of the pyri-
form spermatocyst just before entering the former. The sper-
matocyst is ca. 0.5 mm. in length, the more spherical sperma-
totheca 1.0 mm. in diameter. From the latter the vaginal
duct, ca. 7.0 mm. in total length, decribes an S-shaped loop,
thickens suddenly into a well-marked glandular segment ca.
THE NAUTILUS. 53
1.2 mm. in length, with four longitudinal grooves upon its sur-
face, the intervening ridges thus formed being transversely lob-
ulated at intervals. From this portion the vaginal duct passes
directly outward, dilating gradually into the vagina.
This apparently rare species was originally taken in shore
collecting at Point Pinos, near Pacific Grove, California. It has
also been recorded by O'Donoghue ('21, '22) as occurring at
Jesse Island, False Narrows and Cardale Point, all in the Van-
couver Island region, British Columbia. I have taken an occa-
sional specimen in shore collecting at various places in the near
vicinity of Point Pinos, but never in any considerable number.
Acanthodoris brunnea MacFarland. Plate II, Figure 7.
Acanthodoris brunnea MacFarland, F. M. , Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, XVIII, 1905, p. 52; Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, XXV, 1906, p. 146; O'Donoghue, C. H., Trans.
Roy. Canadian Inst. Toronto, XIII, 1921, p. 171.
The body outline is oval, broadest in front, the mantle is
firm and covered with thickly-set, conical tubercles. The gen-
eral ground color of the dorsum is brown, flecked with irregular
blotches of deep brown or black in varying amount. Scattered
spots of light lemon yellow occur between the tubercles, and the
mantle is edged more or less completely with the same color.
The stalks of the branchial plumes are yellowish-brown, marked
on the inner side with two narrow longitudinal lines of dark
brown, the tips lemon yellow. The rhinophores are a deep
blue-black, tipped with yellowish-white. The under surface of
the animal is in general yellow or whitish, the ventral surface
of the mantle, the head, the tentacles and sides of the body
being sprinkled with fine dark brown or black dots.
The head is large, being continued laterally into broad, veli-
form tentacles. The foot is nearly quadrangular, tapering
slightly behind into the short tail. The rhinophores are long,
the clavus tapering, perfoliate with 20-28 leaves, each edged
with a narrow line of white or pale yellow, and retractile within
low sheaths with tuberculate margins. The branchial plumes
are seven in number, wide-spreading, bipinnate, arranged in an
incomplete circle surrounding the anal papilla and about ten
54 THE NAUTILUS.
other papillae similar to the dorsal tubercles. The anal papilla
is low and its margin is edged with light yellow.
The cuticle of the labial disk is light brown, the labial arma-
ture is composed of minute, mosaic-like hooks, arranged in a
triangular area on the lower part of either side of the mouth
tube entrance, incomplete below, being separated by a single,
median cuticular plate, slightly concave longitudinally, its
blunt anterior end projecting freely into the mouth opening.
The radula formula is 24-28 (6-7. 1. 0. 1. 6-7), its rhachis is
very narrow and naked, the first pleural tooth (Plate II, Fig. 7)
is large and compressed, its quadrangular base is strongly thick-
ened below and in front, but much thinner behind, the pos-
terior lamina being prolonged upward as a squarish, slightly
thickened shoulder. The strong, slightly curved hook, extend-
ing upward as a prolongation of the anterior portion of the base,
is strengthened on its inner margin by a thickened ridge, which
joins the base below in a conspicuous rounded prominence.
The inner margin of the hook bears 14-19, well developed
denticles along nearly its whole length. The outer pleurae are
six to seven in number, similar in general form to the first
pleural tooth but much simplified, the anterior basal end and
the dorsal margin being slightly thickened, tapering away be-
hind the prolongation, being united below to the base by a thin,
keel-like expansion. The total average height of the first
pleural tooth is 0.375 mm., the hook alone averaging 0.157 mm.,
the ratio of hook length to total height being as 1: 2.4 nearly.
The outer pleurae range in length from 0. 180 mm. to 0. 150 mm.,
the outermost one being the shortest.
The vas deferens is long, attaining 18 mm. in length, the
proximal one-half of which is glandular, and closely attached
to the anterior genital complex, being set off from the free,
distal, muscular portion by a distinct constriction. The pre-
putium is cylindro-conical, 3.0 mm. long by 1.0 mm. in aver-
age diameter, the short contained gland is armed with minute
hooks. The vaginal duct and vagina are very short, scarcely
reaching 6.0 mm. in total length and giving no external evi-
dence of any glandular differentiation such as is found in Ac.
hudsoni.
THE NAUTILUS, XXXIX
•
x\\
1 1 i*
3D ' "^
h
//
•
o. H. MaeFarland, del
1. ACANTHODOR1S HUDSONI. 2. 6, 8. A. I.UTEA. 3, 4, A. RHODOCERAS.
5. 9, 10, 11, A. COLUMBINA. 7, A. BRUNNEA.
THE NAUTILUS. XXXIX
7
PLATE III
l. MacFarland, del.
sptlt
1.2, 5. ACANTHODORIS COLUMBINA. 3, 6, A. LUTEA. 4. A. RHODOCERAS.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
Habitat: Dredged off hard bottom in 5 to 10 fathoms depth
off Cabrillo Point (Point Alones) and off the entrance to Mon-
terey Harbor, and from various similar localities near by in
Monterey Bay, California. Dredged by O'Donoghue ('21) in
about 15 fathoms in Nanoose Bay, and also taken at False
Narrows and Mudge Island, Vancouver Island region, British
Columbia.
Acanthodoris RHODOUERAs Cockerell & Eliot. Plate II, Figures
3, 4; Plate III, Figure 4.
Acanthodoris rhodoceras Cockerell & Eliot, Notes on a Collec-
tion of Californian Nudibranchs. Journal of Malacology, XII,
1905, 3, p. 38-39, PI. VII, Figs. 3, 4.
This species was based upon a single specimen taken at San
Pedro. California, and no further study has been published
upon it. To the kindness of Dr. Myrtle E. Johnson, of
National City, California, I am indebted for two specimens of
this form, collected at San Diego, and I have also examined a
colored sketch of the living animal made by her.
The animals were soft, flattened oval in outline, and some-
what contracted by the preservative. The largest of the two
measured 10 mm. in length, 6.7 mm. in width, and 4.0 mm. in
height, being slightly smaller than the one studied by Cockerell
and Eliot (12 mm. by 10 mm. by 5 mm.). The pale, yellow
ish-grey dorsum is everywhere thickly set with conical papillae,
the majority of which are tipped with black. Larger and
smaller papillae are intermingled, though toward the margins
the smaller-sized ones predominate. Near the mantle margin
is a nearly continuous, narrow, black line, with scattered indi-
cations of a narrow, yellowish edging at intervals beyond it.
The rhinophores are almost completely retracted within dis-
tinct, low sheaths, which bear four or five short, conical pro-
cesses of different lengths, some of which are tipped with black.
The clavus is perfoliate with thirteen leaves. The branchial
plumes are five in number, bi- and tripinnate, flat and spread-
ing, the most anterior one situated in the median line, the
others forming with it a star-shaped group. Each of the pos-
terior plumes has a strong, hinder branch, nearly equaling the
56 THE NAUTILUS.
size of an independent plume. Several scattered, low papillae,
similar to those of the general dorsum, are included within the
branchial circlet. No trace of an encircling rim, formed by the
union of the surrounding papillae, such as is described by
Cockerell and Eliot can be recognized in either specimen.
As indicated by these writers the mantle contains but few
spicules, mainly arranged near the margin and the branchial
area. In consequence the mantle is decidedly softer to the
touch than that of the other Californian species.
The labial disc, oval in outline, bears two, strongly developed,
triangular, lateral areas, the labial armature. These are widest
below, and narrow somewhat upward, extending nearly to the
top of the tube, and are separated below by a narrow area,
occupied by the ventral, forked, blade-like process of the cuti-
cle. The labial elements are strongly developed, each consist-
ing of a thickened, squarish base prolonged obliquely upward
into a stout process, triangular in side view, and roughty quad-
rangular as seen from above. The free margin is cleft into a
variable number of unequal lobes, as many as ten such being
found in the widest elements. The smaller, less developed ele-
ments near the posterior border of the armature (PI. II,
Fig. 3, c) are reduced to little more than narrow strips, repre-
senting the upper, irregular margin of the larger ones (6). On
the upper, sloping surface of these latter are a variable number
of small prominences, not readily distinguishable from the
longitudinally striated texture of the element. The labial ele-
ments vary in width at the free margin from 0.008 mm., in the
anterior border of the armature, to 0.013 mm. in the middle
region, and to 0.011 mm. at the posterior border. Typical ele-
ments from these three regions are shown in figure 3, a, b and c
of Plate II. That the irregular cusp margin is not due to wear
is evident, since it appears in the youngest elements of the pos-
terior region as well as in the older ones in front. The vertical
height of a typical larger element is 0.137 mm. The ventral
space between the lateral armature areas is occupied by a
median plate of cuticle projecting freely in front of the arma-
ture into the oral opening with its blunt, bifid end. It is 0.336
mm. long and 0.108 mm. in maximum width. The anterior
THE NAUTILUS. 57
cleft extends back 0.084 mm. from the blunted tips, the re-
maining portion forming a single plate. The structure is faintly
striated longitudinally.
The narrow radula of the smaller specimen contained 36
transverse rows of teeth, that of the larger but 32; in each the
last four or five were incompletely formed, the first eight or ten
being free from the sheath and functional. The radula formula
is 32-36 (5-6. 1. 0. 1. 5-6). The rhachis is narrow and naked,
the first lateral is of the form characteristic of the genus (PI. II,
Fig. 4). It is much flattened laterally, and consists of a some-
what rectangular base, thickened in front, the posterior half
being thin and wing-like. The lower, anterior angle of the
base is thick and rounded, and tapers upward gradually into
the anterior margin of the short, curved, blunt hook. The
hook bears from three to six distinct denticles upon its inner
margin, about midway of its length, while below these a vari-
able number (two to four) of vestigial ones may occur. The
total height of the first lateral in the smaller specimen ranges
from 0.228 mm. to 0.249 mm., of which the hook alone makes
up 0.084 mm. to 0.093 mm. In the larger the first lateral
ranges from 0.278 mm. to 0.339 mm., in total height, the hook
alone varying from 0.104 mm. to 0.132 mm., the proportion of
height of the hook to total height of the tooth thus being close
to the ratio of 1 to 2.6 throughout. The remaining laterals are
five to six in number, project obliquely upward and backward,
and in general outline resemble the form of the first lateral.
They decrease in size outward in the row, and range in length
from 0.022 mm. to 0.055 mm. The dorso-anterior margin is
somewhat thickened, and tapers to a point above, which is sup-
ported ventrally throughout its whole length by a thin expan-
sion of the base. A slight, angular projection, about midway
of its length on the inner face, is the only interruption of the
smooth outline of this thickened, anterior ridge. The figure of
the radula given by Cockerell and Eliot ('05, PI. VII, fig. 4)
does not represent the whole of the base of the first lateral, nor
do the contours of the hook, the denticles, nor the remaining
laterals agree with my findings. Since the magnification of
their figure is not given, size comparisons cannot be drawn.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
To the brief notes on the internal anatomy given by Cockerell
and Eliot may be added the following observations, measure-
ments, where given, being taken from the 10 mm. specimen.
The pseudo-peritoneum is everywhere colorless, the blood gland
covers the central nervous system and the posterior curvature
of the ingluvies buccalis. The intestine, curving widely to the
right, presents the usual small, pear-shaped sack on its right
side, close to its origin from the stomach. The liver, ovotestis,
and the anterior genital complex are of a uniform greyish color.
The hermaphroditic duct passes directly to the right from the
anterior end of the hermaphroditic gland to its dilated ampulla,
lying in a nearly closed, C-shaped loop upon the inner surface
of the complex. Its distal end disappears at the upper, an-
terior margin beneath the loops of the glandular segment of the
vas deferens, which branches off from it just as it enters the
nidamental gland. This glandular, or prostatic portion of the
vas deferens is deep brown in color, is 6 mm. long and 0.21 mm.
in diameter, and rests in a deep groove in the anterior and
upper surface of the nidamental gland; its upper loop passing
below and in contact with the spermatotheca. It describes two
main loops nearly at right angles with each other, a proximal,
ventral one, directed downward and forward, and a distal one,
upward and backward. Beyond this glandular segment the
vas deferens contracts into a more slender, muscular portion,
which forms a free loop toward the median plane around the
projecting end of the radula sack, below the oesophagus, thence
returning outward and upward to dilate into the preputium.
The muscular segment is 4 mm. in length and 0.1 mm. in
diameter, is thick-walled, and free from pigment, and is marked
off from the glandular segment by a slight constriction, in addi-
tion to the change in total diameter. The preputium is 3.4 mm.
long, cylindrical, and tapers gradually into the vas deferens
proximally. Its lining is thrown into numerous longitudinal
folds. The inclosed glans penis, at the fundus of the prepu-
tium, is short and bluntty conical, 0. 12 mm. in length and in
basal diameter. No armature whatever can be made out,
either upon the glans itself, or lining the preputium, or extend-
ing into the vas deferens, nor do serial sections reveal the pres-
THE NAUTILUS. 59
ence of small, transparent, hooks as described by Cockerell and
Eliot, though the irregular elevations caused by folds in the
lining mucosa may simulate such appearances, when seen in a
transparent preparation. The epithelium lining the muscular
segment of the vas deferens is made up of low, ciliated cells,
resting upon a very distinct basement membrane, and sur-
rounded by muscle fibers in two longitudinal layers, with a
broader layer of circular muscle fibers between them. In the
proximal portion of the muscular segment, just before the
glandular division is reached, the epithelial cells are arranged
in groups of different heights, varying from 0.014 mm. to
0.035 mm. in height, the corresponding cilia measuring from
0.014 mm. to 0.016 mm. in length. The intervening lumen is
thus rendered irregular in outline, being bounded by these
varying elevations and depressions. As many as five such may
be found in a single cross section, the lumen between them
taking on a corresponding stellate outline. When seen through
the thick muscular walls these irregularities might be taken for
an armature, but none in fact is present.
The vagina and vaginal duct (PI. Ill, fig. 4, vag.), are excep-
tionally short, passing straight inward to the upper margin of
the anterior genital complex, and measuring but 2.2 mm. from
the external opening to the insertion of the retractor muscle.
Here the duct bends sharply downward, describes a small wide
loop backward, and dilates into a small, vesicle (y) in contact
with the inner, anterior face of the spermatotheca. This vesicle
is almost spherical in form, 0.6 mm. in diameter, and has
moderately thick, glandular walls. From its proximal end the
vaginal duct (vag. d.) continues in a loop upward and back-
ward for ca. 1.5 mm. and opens into the spherical spermato-
theca (spth.) 1.5 mm. in diameter, upon its upper surface.
Close to its entrance emerges the uterine duct {a. d. ), 1.4 mm.
in length, which passes diagonally downward and outward
across the anterior face of the spermatotheca, and enters the
nidamental gland close to the entrance of the oviduct. It re-
ceives the duct of the pyriform spermatocyst (spc. ) immediately
beyond its own emergence from the spermatotheca, and meas-
ures 0.7 mm. in length by 0.4 mm. in diameter, its slender
60 THE NAUTILUS.
duct being 0.7 mm. in length. The total length of the female
channel from the external opening to the spermatotheca is
5.1 mm., and, including the uterine duct from the latter organ
to its disappearance in the nidamental gland, is but 6. 1 mm. in
all. A comparison of figure 4 of Plate III with figures 1 and 6
of the same plate will show the great dissimilarity between the
vaginal ducts of Ac. rhodoceras and those of Ac. columbina and
Ac. lutea. In this species it is reduced to almost a minimum
in length, while in all other species of the genus so far described,
with the exception of Ac. brunnea and Ac. hudsoni, it is ex-
tremely long, its great length being hitherto considered as an
important generic character. The presence of a penis armature
is another generic character here lacking, though it is perfectly
obvious otherwise that this species is an Acanthodoris. In
those forms of Acanthodoris taken in the Southern Hemisphere
the penis armature seems to be also lacking (Ac. pilosa var.
Novae Zealandiae Bergh ('05), ?=Ac. mollicella Abraham, Eliot
('07); Ac. pitosa var. pallida Bergh ('05); and Ac. metulifera
Bergh ('05)?=^Lc. globosa Abraham). It is in accordance with
these facts that I have modified the genus diagnosis on p. 3 of
this paper to cover these exceptions.
Acanthodoeis lutea, sp. nov. Plate II, Figures 2, 6, 8; Plate
III, Figures 3, 6.
To Dr. Myrtle E. Johnson I am also indebted for a living
Acanthodorid, collected by her at Cayucos, San Luis Obispo
County, California, Feb. 9, 1921, and for a colored sketch of
the living animal. On July 26, 1922, a similar individual was
found by me in tide pools of Colorado Reef, off Moss Beach,
south of Montara Point, San Mateo County, California. A
detailed study of these two specimens has shown that they are
undoubtedly distinct from any hitherto described species.
The body is highly arched, nearly equally rounded in front
and behind, and of a bluntly oval outline, being slightly
broader in the region of the rhinophores than elsewhere. The
dorsum is thickly set everywhere with low, conical papillae, the
longest reaching 1.5 mm. in length and 0.7 mm. in diameter,
near the mid-dorsum, and becoming shorter and more slender
THE NAUTILUS.
61
toward the margins. Between the larger papillae numerous
smaller ones are scattered. The general ground color of the
mantle is orange red, and the papillae are of a deeper shade of
the same color. Between the papillae everywhere the surface
is sprinkled with minute dots of lemon yellow, the same sprink-
lings extending up the stalks of the rhinophores, the clavus of
which shades into a deep red tip, the leaves being edged with
the same color. The ventral surfaces of the foot and mantle
are orange yellow. The branchial plumes are greyish-white.
The color of the animal is strikingly conspicuous in the tide
pool, and at a distance quite resembles a bit of orange peel.
The rhinophores are erect, slightly divergent, the stalk inclin-
ing forward, the conical clavus and tip curving backward. The
clavus is perfoliate with 26 leaves, united in front by a longi-
tudinal ridge, the whole being retractile within low sheaths
bearing a small number of papillae of varying size, similar to
those of the dorsum. The branchial plumes are nine in num-
ber, low, spreading, non-retractile within sheaths, arranged in
a nearly complete circle around the prominent anal papilla, and
inclosing likewise some 10-12 papillae, similar to those of the
dorsum. The head is broad and veliform, with a broad, shal-
low, median notch in front, the outer angles being produced
into short triangular tentacles, and the whole head margin is
edged with the same deep red color as found on the dorsal
papillae. The moderately wide mantle margin extends beyond
the edge of the foot, except at the tip of the short, blunt tail.
The anterior margin of the foot is bilabiate, with a slight,
median notch.
The dimensions of the largest Cayucos specimen were: length
22.5 mm., maximum width 14.8 mm., length of foot 18.4 mm.,
width of foot 11.5 mm., the greatest height of body 6.6 mm.
The Moss Beach specimen was somewhat smaller, measuring
17.5 mm. in length, and 9 mm. in greatest width.
The mantle is thick and densely spiculate throughout its
whole extent. All the spicules are simple (PI. Ill, fig. 3), with
no indications of tubercles or branches of any kind such as
Meyer and Moebius ('65) figure for Ac. pilosa. All are slightly
curved, and some of the shorter ones may even assume a hook-
62 THE NAUTILUS.
like form. The largest spicule measured reached a length of
1.6 mm., with a maximum diameter of 0.15 mm., another, a
more unusual form, was 1.025 mm. in length and 0.025 mm. in
diameter.
The pseudo-peritoneum is relatively colorless, a few, minute,
pink granules alone being visible in the anterior region. The
single, thick, white blood gland overlies the central nervous
system and the greater portion of the pharyngeal bulb. The
latter organ has the characteristic sessile, muscular crop, or in-
gluvies upon its anterior portion, composed of two symmetrical
halves, separated by a longitudinal depression, the crop reach-
ing a height of 1.0 mm., a length of 2.0 mm. and a width of
1.3 mm. Just beyond the pharyngeal bulb the oesophagus is
dilated into a sack-like enlargement. The salivary glands are
strap-shaped, the duct being very short, the proximal portion
somewhat expanded and lobulate, the distal portion extending
through the nerve collar along the oesophagus, and terminat-
ing near the anterior end of the stomach.
The cuticle of the labial disk is thin and colorless, the labial
armature, occupying the lower sides of the mouth tube at its
opening, is colorless and very thin, being much less developed
than in other Acanthodorids. It is made up of minute ele-
ments (PI. II, fig. 2) arranged in longitudinal rows, each one
somewhat triangular in form when seen in side view, a squarish
hook-like process being directed upward and forward from an
irregular base. The free edge of the hook is but slightly irreg-
ular. The median, ventral, cuticular plate is represented by
two slender, diverging, almost thread-like structures (PI. II,
fig. 6), united posteriorly but widely separated at their free,
anterior ends. In the degree of development of the whole
labial armature this species shows a decidedly rudimentary
condition, so much so that the whole structure, and especially
the median plate, might be readily overlooked by one not
familiar with its presence and appearance in other species.
The radula is colorless or nearly so, the posterior part except
the last few rows, taking on a yellow color in the Moss Beach
specimen, the Cayucos one being nearly colorless throughout.
The smaller individual has 34, the larger 39 transverse rows of
THE NAUTILUS. 63
teeth, the dental formula being 34-39 (5-6. 1. 0. 1. 5-6). No
median tooth is present on the narrow rhachis. The first lat-
eral (PI. II, fig. 9) is erect and compressed, the approximately
quadrangular base is thickened below and in front, the strong,
slightly curved hook is strengthened on its inner border by a
strong, thin-edged ridge bearing two to four well developed
denticles midway of its length, below which an irregularly ser-
rate margin continues for a short distance, becoming smoother
and more thickened below. The total height of the first lateral
varies in the smaller specimen from 0.246 mm. in the fifth row,
to 0.255 mm. in the 15th, and to 0.264 mm. in the 26th row,
the corresponding height of the hook being 0.099 mm., 0.105
mm. and 0.120 mm. respectively, the proportion of hook height
to total height being as 1 : 2.48, 1 : 2.42, and 1 : 2.2. In the
larger specimen the total height of the first lateral in the corre-
sponding rows is 0.290 mm., 0.300 mm., and 0.277 mm., the
respective heights of the hook being 0.120 mm., 0.127 mm.
and 0.120 mm., and the relative proportions being as 1 : 2.4,
1 : 2.36, and 1 : 2.3. The average proportions of hook length
to total length of the first lateral in the two individuals is as
1 : 2.36 and 1 : 2.35, a rather striking agreement. The outer,
lateral teeth vary from five to six in number, and have in a
general way the shape of the first lateral. The second lateral
is reduced to a thin plate with a slight basal thickening which
extends along the dorsal, anterior margin, the ventral, thin
lamina extending out to its tip. The remaining laterals de-
crease in size outwards, and show a more pronounced basal and
dorso -anterior thickening, their general form being roughly tri-
angular. The heights of the six outer laterals in a typical row
are 0.027 mm., 0.030 mm., 0.024 mm., 0.019 mm., 0.013 mm.
and 0.012 mm. for the series from the second to the seventh
respectively.
The following description of the essential characters of the
reproductive system is based upon the dissection of the larger
specimen, the smaller one agreeing with it in all particulars.
Figure 6 of Plate III represents the anterior genital cumplex of
Ac. lutea at a magnification of fourteen times, as seen obliquely
from above and within. But slight shifting of the relative
64 THE NAUTILUS.
position of the parts has been made, and the nervous and vas-
cular supply and all connective tissue have been omitted. The
preputium (p) has been displaced forward slightly, the loop of
the vaginal duct (vag. ) at the lower right-hand side of the draw-
ing normally lies transversely above the preputium, being
directed forward. It has here been displaced backward and
hooked under the tip of the spermatocyst (sp. c. ), while its free
loop at the left has been swung around at right angles to its
normal position. The slender hermaphroditic duct curves
downward and backward from its origin in the anterior lobes
of the ovotestis, joins the anterior genital complex, and dilates
into the hermaphroditic ampulla, a whitish, curved tube 7 mm.
in length by 1 mm. in diameter. It forms a simple loop down-
ward (Plate III, fig. 6 h. a.), curves upward and narrowing
again, immediately divides into the oviduct (ov.) and the vas
deferens (v. d.). The former at once enters the fertilization
chamber in the nidamental gland, the latter makes a series of
loops upon the upper, anterior margin of the nidamental gland,
resting in a slight depression in its surface, and being closely
bound down to it by connective tissue. In this portion (pr. ),
10 mm. in length, the vas deferens is characterized by a thick
wall, largely made up of tall, glandular epithelium, and may
be termed the prostatic segment of the duct. At the point in-
dicated by the letter x in the figure the duct becomes free from
its attachments to the nidamental gland, narrows considerably,
the muscular layers of its wall increase in thickness, while the
prostatic, glandular epithelium becomes replaced by a layer of
low, ciliated cells. This muscular segment of the vas deferens,
15 mm. in length, forms several free loops in front of the nida-
mental gland, one of which passes beneath the oesophagus to
the left side of the body, where it curves upward and becomes
visible from above, immediately in front of the left border of
the liver. Returning to the right side the vas deferens dilates
into the preputium (p.), 4 mm. long with a diameter of ap-
proximately 1.0 mm., a hollow muscular sack, at the bottom
of which lies the conical glans (g. ), 0.55 mm. long, and entirely
destitute of an armature, nor is any to be found either on the
preputium lining, or in the vas deferens. The total length of
THE NAUTILUS. 65
the male channel is 29 mm., 10 mm. forming the prostatic
segment, 15 mm. the muscular segment and 4 mm. the pre-
putium.
Close to the entrance of the oviduct into the fertilization
chamber emerges the slender, uterine duct (u. d.), 2 mm. in
length. It passes upward over the anterior curvature of the
spermatotheca, receives the very short duct of the spermatocyst
(spc. ) and opens into the spermatotheca (spth.) at the entrance
of the vaginal duct into the latter. The large spermatocyst, in
the figure displaced to the right, is 2.1 mm. in length by 1.2
mm. in greatest diameter, and lies transversely upon the upper
face of the nidamental gland complex, its distal rounded end
being directed obliquely forward and to the left. Below and
behind it is the dark, spherical spermatotheca, 1.7 mm. in
diameter, overlapped in front by the thick, U-shaped, proximal
loop of the vaginal duct, which emerges from the spermatotheca
at the same point at which the vaginal duct enters it. This
glandular loop (g. I.) is represented in the figure as rotated so
that its ventral surface is uppermost, the loop at the right hand
being normally directed forward and overlying the spermato-
cyst. The proximal limb of the loop reaches a length of 1.0
mm., its distal one, 1.5 mm. in length, bends to the left, nar-
rows abruptly and is continued backward for a distance of 2.0
mm. as a slender tube, recurves sharply upon itself, passes for-
ward to above the anterior border of the spermatotheca, thence
running obliquely outward and forward above the preputium
for a distance of 7.0 mm., recurving backward and outward
and, dilating gradually to ca. 0.6 mm., it becomes the vagina
(vag. ) and opens externally immediately behind the preputium.
The retractor muscle is attached to the posterior loop of the
vaginal duct, 11 mm. from its external opening, and 2.0 mm.
from its dilatation into the glandular portion. The total
length of the female channel is ca. 17.5 mm., which may be
divided into vagina, 4.0 mm., thin segment of the vaginal duct
9.0 mm., glandular portion of the vaginal duct 2.5 mm., and
uterine duct 2.0 mm.
(To be concluded.)
66 THE NAUTILUS.
PR0T0C0NCHS OF CAECUM IN THE MIOCENE OF MARYLAND
BY E. WILLARD BERRY
In examining some material from the Miocene of Jones
Wharf, Maryland, for micro-fossils, several tiny specimens of
shells with an initial planospiral and a nearly straight annu-
lated cone were found which obviously represented the proto-
conch and nepionic stage of some species of Caecum. I identify
these as Caecum patuxentium, the mature shell of which was de-
scribed by Martin ' from this locality and horizon in 1904, be-
cause of the similarity of the annulations to those on the small
end of the mature shell, and because this is the only species of
this genus known from Jones Wharf, although a second and
somewhat similar species is recorded from the Choptank forma-
tion at Greensboro, Maryland. The latter is rare, whereas the
former is common at Jones Wharf and at numerous other out-
crops of the Choptank formation in Maryland.
Fig. 1. Early stages of Caecum patuxentium.
Caecum patuxentium is said by Martin to bear a strong super-
ficial resemblance to Caecum floridanum Stimpson,2 differing
from the latter in lacking longitudinal markings.
A systematic search would probably disclose protoconchs of
Caecum at many Tertiary horizons but so far as I know the only
one figured is a poor drawing of Caecum pulchellum Brown fig-
ured by George W. Try on, Jr.,3 in his Conchology, and referred
'Martin, G. C., Md. Geol. Survey Miocene, p. 231, pi. 55, figs. 11, 12, 1904'
8 Stimpson, W., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 112, 1851.
*Tryon, G. W. , Jr., Structural and Systematic Conchology, Vol. IV, p.
228, pi. 67, fig. 82, 1883.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
to the Eocene, the exact horizon and locality not being given.
For this reason the following comments seem to be worth plac-
ing on record.
The protoconch of Caecum -patuxentium is entirely smooth and
makes three planospiral turns expanding rapidly in diameter to
a maximum width of 0.17 and a height of 0.32 millimeters.
After the third whorl is completed the smooth protoconch con-
tinues for a short distance as a free cone which represents the
original apertural region of this stage. Beyond this smooth
portion the free and nearly straight cone continues as a strongly
annulated portion probably representing the nepionic stage. It
bears ten or more strong, regular, close-set annulations similar
to those of the mature shell.
The genus Caecum appears in the Tertiary and contains over
100 existing and about 25 extinct species, being widely distrib-
uted and most abundant in the later Tertiary and Recent.
YOICHIRO HIKASE
A short time ago we received word from Mr. Shintaro Hiras6,
son of Mr. Y. Hiras6, of his father's death, which occurred
May 25, 1925.
Few men, and certainly no one in Japan, have done more to
advance the study of Mollusca than Mr. Hirase. His enthusi-
asm, perseverance and sacrifice for the science of conchology is
best described in the following paragraph, taken from a leaflet
asking for aid and support for his Conchological Museum :
"At first I used to go myself collecting in different parts of
the empire, but finding it very difficult because of a weak con-
stitution, to adapt myself to circumstances, I decided to employ
and educate two or three assistants, in spite of limited means,
and send them not only to all parts of Japan, but also to many
far away groups of islands, such as the Bonins, Loochoos, the
Kuriles and Formosa; also to Korea and China, with the view
of collecting material for study. The expenses of these explor-
ations amounted to a considerable sum. As I pursued my
studies I needed books and magazines which cost a great deal.
On the other hand I tried to publish a conchological magazine
68 THE NAUTILUS.
and a few other books in order to announce to the public the
results of my investigations and to disseminate information of
newly discovered facts. In all of this work I spent one-half of
my property."
In the Nautilus, Vol. 27, June, 1913, was published an ac-
count of the opening of The Hirase" Conchological Museum,
with a picture of the building. It certainly required great en-
thusiasm and optimism to establish a purely conchological
museum, — the only one of the kind ever attempted.
From 1907 to 1909 Hirase published the "Conchological
Magazine," Vols. I and II and four numbers of Vol. Ill ap-
pearing. It contains many fine illustrations. In 1914 he
started a unique and interesting publication in Japanese
style, " Illustrations of a Thousand Shells." Three volumes
were published, containing 300 beautiful colored figures. The
"Album of the Hirase Conchological Museum" and the
" Terebridae of Japan " are some of his publications.
Through his publications, correspondence and the distribu-
tion of shells Hirase became known to conchologists all over
the world. His investigations resulted in a great increase in
the scientific knowledge of the Japanese fauna. Many species
of mollusks have been named in his honor, and a peculiar
genus of land snails, Hirasea, perpetuates his name.
W. H. HARGRAVES
This name was more familiar to the conchologists of the past
generation than to those of the present age, so the decease of
this past-time collector needs a little remark. Angas inaugurated
conchological study in the Australian colonies about seventy years
ago, first in South Australia and then in New South Wales.
His record of the fauna of the latter colony incited the closer
attention of a little band of workers of whom Cox, Hargraves
and Brazier were the most noted. These submitted their finds
to Angas, who recorded them, but later Cox and Brazier de-
scribed many novelties themselves. After getting together a
magnificent collection, Hargraves was stricken with illness, and
THE NAUTILUS. 69
to secure health sold his treasures on condition they were de-
posited in a colonial museum. The choice fell on the Austral-
ian Museum, Sydney, the name of the donor being Mr. Thomas
Walker, a generous benefactor of science in our early days.
This happened as long ago as 1877, but Hargraves in 1907 was
elected a trustee of the Museum, and always, when he attended
the trustees' meetings, used to look over the shells still on view
with the labeling "Hargraves Collection." Born as long ago
as 1839, Hargraves attended a trustees' meeting on Feb. 6 this
year, and was delightfully normal until he passed away on
April 9; the week before his death sending farewell messages to
the staff of the Museum.
Many novelties were described from his collecting; the genus
Hargravesia, Voluta hargravesi Angas and Placostylus hargravesi
Cox being named in his honor. — Tom Iredale.
R. MURDOCH
Some thirty years ago there arose in New Zealand a malacol-
ogist whose earliest papers stamped him as an accession whose
name would be enrolled among the few great workers in our
branch. Fine anatomical work was supplemented by excellent
descriptive ability, while clear judgment was associated with
splendid draughtsmanship. Obviously peerless in Neozelanic
conchological circles, business duties necessitated strict attention
to mundane affairs, and science perforce was sacrificed, while
loss of his collection by fire probably disheartened him. After
some years his interest was revived and attention to fossil forms
was given in conjunction with Dr. Marshall. Now just as we
were hoping to receive the best of news, his death was reported,
and through his previous silence has been overlooked as it took
place as long ago as November, 1923.
His communications were to the Proceedings of the Malaco-
logical Society of London and the Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute. He was one of the earliest members of the
former body, having joined in the first year of its existence.
The genus Murdochia was named by Ancey, and several
species were named in his honor by Hedley and Suter. Mur-
70 THE NAUTILUS.
doch demands attention from even the purely American con-
chologist, as he dissected and described the anatomy of the
American genus Ashmunella, in the Journ. Malacology, Vol.
VIII, pp. 73-85, 1901, accompanying a paper by Ancey in that
connection. — Tom Iredale.
NOTES AND NEWS
Zonitoides arboreus (Say) in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.
— During a recent collecting trip in Kentucky, the greater part
of one day was spent in Mammoth Cave collecting insects,
arachnids and other small cave animals. In one of the lower
levels of the cave, and fully a mile from the main entrance, a
few snails were found beneath pieces of rotting wood on the
floor of the cave. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has identified these snails
as Zonitoides arboreus (Say), a common species of the open.
The cave specimens appear to differ in no respect from those
found outside and it is probable that they have been recently
and accidently introduced. — Sherman C. Bishop, Albany, N. Y.
Zonitoides arboreus Deleterious to Cane. — Discovery that
a small snail causes the root-rot disease, which has almost
wrecked the sugar-growing industry of Louisiana, is announced
by Dr. E. W. Brandes, plant pathologist of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Hitherto the mollusks, to which order
the snails belong, have remained unconvicted as crop criminals.
Dr. R. D. Rands, of the Office of Sugar Plant Investigation,
however, found that Zonitoides arboreus, a snail so tiny that it
easily travels through the tunnels made by earthworms, attacks
the cane roots. As many as 150 of these little snails have been
counted about the roots of a single plant. In their attack they
leave minute cavities which are invaded by microorganisms
from the soil. These latter complete the injury and often kill
the plant. It is estimated that there is a reduction in crop ton-
nage of at least twenty per cent, directly traceable to the sub-
terranean attack made by these snails whose sweet tooth is
literally cutting off the Louisiana cane industry at the roots. —
Science Service, in Science, Sept. 25.
THE NAUTILUS. 71
Station of Ferrissia oregonensis (Clessin). — This ancylid
I found to be quite common in Yakima River, Yakima, Wash-
ington. It occurred on almost every large stone in running
water, whether deep or shallow, in swift current or slow. I
picked over a hundred from one stone. They were found also
on submerged wood, twigs and leaves, and on living water
plants.
I found Planorbis callioglyptus, Pisidium randolphi and a few
Physa nidtalli living in tiny pools, filled with leaves and with
only very little water, in the woods near the river. The Plan-
orbis was abundant. Specimens of the Ferrissia collected today
(March 15) are sent. — Walter J. Eyerdam.
Additional Records for Lymn^ea auricularia. Dr. Wen-
dell 0. Gregg, of Montrose, California, and Prof. Junius Hen-
derson, of Boulder, Colorado, have called our attention to three
additional records of this species in the United States, all of
which were omitted from our article in the April, 1925, number
of the Nautilus. They are as follows:
Long, Nautilus, Vol. 26, 1912, pp. 27-29; Pennsylvania.
Clapp, Nautilus, Vol. 26, 1913, pp. 116-117; Massachusetts.
Gregg, Nautilus, Vol. 37, 1923, p. 34; California.
— G. Dallas Hanna and H. Walton Clark.
Collecting in Kentucky. — We take the liberty of printing a
recent letter dated Munfordville, Ky., Sept. 20, 1925:
Dear Dr. Pilsbry : Yours of the 10th sent to me here. We
are spending a day or so at this place (Rio) to get a more com-
plete set of mollusks for a paper that I hope to get to The
Nautilus some time this winter. Yesterday I collected over
100 lbs. of Unionidee and had to carry them over a mile through
the woods, up hill, and across the Green River four times.
I have had wonderful collecting so far. All of the streams
are very low. Even the Cumberland was so low that I waded
across in two feet of water! It is lower than ever known before.
It is a crime to leave tons of Unionidee. I found a bed of live
shells yesterday over 300 feet long and 50 feet wide; they were
so thick that I could have filled a freight car. In the Cumber-
72 THE NAUTILUS.
land the pearl hunters had piled up the open shells four and
five feet high — all perfect shells. I thought last year that the
Clinch River was good collecting, but it was nothing to the
Cumberland, though of course the Clinch was richer in species.
I am getting enough Pleuroceridse, for all hands, and in due
season I will send on a set of each.
There is nothing in the line of land shells. There'has been
no rain in this section since June; every thing has burned up;
many of the trees have lost all of their leaves, especially on the
knobs where the soil is thin. But the Pleuroceridse and Unionidas
are here for the taking!
Please pardon this hasty letter. I will drop you a line later
letting you know how we came out. — William J. Clench.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Note on the Atlantic Coast species of Plicatula and Note
on the Species of Petricolaria of the Eastern Coast of the
United States. By W. H. Dall. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
Vol. 38, p. 90, 1925). For the Petricola dactylus of authors not
Sowerby the author proposes Petricolaria pholadiformis var. lata.
The true dactylus is native of the West Coast of South America.
Petricolaria is only a subgenus of Petricola. — C. W. J.
Notes on the Genus Physa wtith descriptions of three
new subspecies. By Wm. J. Clench. (Occas. Papers Mus.
Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 161, pp. 1-10, 1, pi. May, 1925).
A new species of mollusk (Dentalium hannai) from
Lower California, with notes on other forms. By Fred.
Baker. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser. Vol. 14, pp. 83-87, pi.
10, 1925).
The Pliocene mollusca of Great Britain. By F. W.
Harmer. (Palaeontographical Society, Vol. 2, pi. 4, pp. 857-
900, and pi. 65 with a systematic and general index to the en-
tire volume). This completes this valuable work, being sup-
plementary to S. V. Wood's Monograph of the Crag Mollusca.
THE NAUTILUS, XXXIX
PLATE IV
-3-
2 -
'A
FIG. 1. LEPTINARIA BEQUAERTI, Page 79.
"• 2. LEPTINARIA PARANA.
" 3. SUCCINEA MANAOSENS1S.
FIG. 4. BORUS LORENTZIANUS. Page 77.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXXIX JANUARY, 1926. No. 3
HELIX NEMORALIS L. IN LYNCHBURG, VA.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN
Collecting last summer on the Piedmont Plateau in Virginia,
I spent several days in Lynchburg, Campbell Co., and discov-
ered there, on Sept. 2, '25, a flourishing colony of the European
Helix nemoralis. One of the known localities for this species is
at Lexington, Rockbridge Co., Va., about 50 miles (by rail)
farther up the James and North River valley. I collected it
here myself on June 7, '12, in gardens and along the road that
leads down to North River.
I have not been able to find any report concerning this
Lynchburg colony, although Mr. S. C. Crawford, of the Zoology
department of the University of Pittsburgh, who has been teach-
ing at Lynchburg College, informed me that he collected this
snail there about 1922. I publish this note chiefly with the
view of possibly obtaining further information about this case:
it may be a separate introduction; it may be a transplantation
from Lexington (as it has been transplanted from Lexington to
Knoxville, Tenn.); or we may have here a natural dispersal
from Lexington down the river-valley. But probably this
latter case is out of the question.
Mr. Crawford found his specimens on the campus of the Col-
lege (valley of Blackwater Creek), northwest of the town. My
74 THE NAUTILUS.
locality is in the valley of Ivy Creek, falling into James River
in Lynchburg, and forming a deep ravine, which is spanned by
a bridge connecting Main St. and Rivermont Ave. In the
ravine are the tracks of the Norfolk and Western R. R. running
close to steep, in part vertical, bluffs of gneiss, facing the north.
The bluffs are largely covered with a vegetation of various trees,
and, at the base, with tall weeds. They are more or less damp
on account of a number of springs, the water trickling down at
many places.
Helix nemoralia lives here, right under the bridge, and some
distance up and down along the railroad, among the weeds, and
preferably in crevices and nooks of the damp rocks. Many
dead shells are found in the narrow ditch along the railroad
tracks. When on the rocks, the snails are rather conspicuous
on account of their bright colors. I have seen over a hundred
living specimens, but unfortunately comparatively few were
mature: I secured about half a dozen with the peristome fully
formed. The seven pecimens at hand have the following band-
ing formulas: 4 specimens: 12345; and one each with: 123(45),
(12)3(45), 10345. They all have pale yellow ground-color
and very dark-brown, almost black, bands. As a whole, they
are strongly contrasted with my specimens from Lexington,
which have lighter brown bands, and have more frequently one
or more bands suppressed. The Lynchburg specimens are all
of good size, but rather thin-shelled. On account of this, and
to my dismay, a number of those collected (about two dozen)
had been crushed when they arrived in Pittsburgh.
There was a number of native Gastropods associated with
these snails. I collected the following: Polygyra tridentata
juxtidens Pils. rare; P. albolabris (Say), scarce; P. appressa
(Say), abundant; P. thyroides (Say), rare; P. thyroides buc-
culenta (Gld. ), fairly abundant; Gastrodontn ligera (Say), very
abundant.
THE NAUTILUS. 75
ON AMICULA AND CRYPTOCHITON
BY WILLIAM H. DALL
In the Nautilus (No. 2, p. 47) Tom Iredale has a commun-
ication on the status of Amicula. His conclusions, on a careful
review of the literature, seem open to doubt, as will presently
appear. Gray's original remark in relation to this genus in the
Synopsis of the British Museum (Ed. 42 A, p. 127, 1840) is as
follows:
" Acanthochites is peculiar for having a bundle of bristles
placed on each side of the valves; and Chitonellus and Amicula
differ only in having the valves nearly hidden in the mantle of
the animals. ' '
I agree with Iredale in considering this remark as insufficient
to establish a genus, but it shows clearly that Gray's idea was
that of a chiton-like vesitus or amiculatus of Pallas, and not one
in which the valves are entirely covered by the mantle as in C.
stelleri.
Now in the second edition of Sowerby's Conchological Man-
ual, 1842, we find:
" Amicula. A genus formed for the reception of Chiton ami-
culatus Auct. the valves of which are covered by an integument,
so as to be completely hidden externally. Page 311, fig. 507.
Chiton amiculatus. Amicula Gray."
Then follows (p. 128):
" Cryptoconchus Blainville. A genus composed of species of
Chiton the valves of which are covered by the integument, as
Chiton porosus of Burrows. Ch. amiculatus of Pallas. Page 311,
fig. 507. Chiton amiculatus. Amicula Gray."
Now neither in C. amiculatus Pallas, nor in C. porosus Bur-
rows, are the valves completely hidden by the integument, in
spite of Sowerby's statement. Furthermore, figure 507, which
Iredale assumes to represent C. stelleri, is a crude drawing of a
dry shell which is represented with nine valves and, except for
the fact that the draughtsman has overlooked the minute, ex-
posed apices of the valves, at once recalls C. vestitus. In the
preface to the fourth edition of the work the auther states that
"many synonyms have been rectified, some dates have been
76 THE NAUTILUS.
given, a few doubtful or unnecessary definitions have been
altered or expunged," etc.
On page 62, we find:
" Amicula Gray, 1842. A genus formed for the reception of
Chiton vestitus, the valves of which are covered by an integu-
ment so as to be almost hidden externally. Plate XXIV, fig.
507."
On page 334, the reference to Plate XXIV, fig. 507 (which
has not been altered) reads " Chiton amiculatus. Amiculu Gray."
Gray, in his article on the Genera of the Family Chitonidae
(Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1846, p. 66), defines Amicula thus:
"Exposed part of valves small, subcordate, as broad as long;
mantle bristly." On page 69, to "Amicula Gray, Syn. 1840"
he adds " Amicula vestita. Chiton vestitus Sby. , Zool. Journ.
IV, p. 368, 1829."
In 1847 (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1847, p. 169), Gray again
links C. vestitus with Amicula as the sole cited example.
In H. & A. Adams' Genera of Recent Mollusca, 1854, C.
amiculatus Pallas, emersonii Conthony, pallasii Middendorflf, and
vestitus Sowerby are the species ranked under Amicula Gray.
In short, there is no question but that Gray's genus was in-
tended to cover species with apically exposed valves, and the
illustration of it by an inaccurate figure can hardly be taken as
sufficient to overthrow the obvious intention, however we may
be addicted to extreme technicalities.
In conclusion one may smile at the identification asa" strictly
binomial writer ' ' of one who names a new species Chiton Phae-
nochiton Dichachiton Symmetrogephyrus pallasii. The early con-
fusion between C. amiculatus and C. stelleri was not remarkable
when we consider that the former was known only by the woik
of Pallas, while the latter was not rare, and few authors con-
sulted Pallas' s work but were content to copy the figures and
blunders of earlier writers.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
BORUS LORENTZIANUS DOERING
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
In the Santa Barbara hills, in the Province of Jujuy, Argen-
tina, we found the tropical biota present in a dilute form, but
still with magnificent trees and quantities of green parrots, talk-
ing a language we did not understand. We were much dis-
appointed not to see any monkeys. In all the forested country
near our camp at Sunchal, Bonis shells were scattered about in
considerable abundance. Here and there we saw Epiphragmo-
phora tucumanensis Doring and two species of Bulimulus.
It was winter in that country, and much of the time we were
in a cold mist, condensing on the tree above our tent and pro-
ducing a monotonous drip, drip, drip, all night. Not a single
Borus was seen alive, but some of the shells were fresh enough
to show all the essential characters. At the museum in Buenos
Aires, I had ascertained that this Borus was B. lorentzianus
Doring, of which Pilsbry states in the Manual of Conchology,
Vol. 10, 1895, that he could obtain neither specimens nor de-
scription. Subsequently in Vol. 14, 1901, p. 125, he gave a
translation of Doring' s description from Periodico Zoologio, II,
1877, 255. No figure appeared until 1924, when illustrations
were published by Joaquin Frenguelli in an article on Borus
shells in kitchen-middens of the Rio San Roque indigenes.1
These illustrations of the weathered and corroded shells of the
mounds show the shape but not the characteristic sculpture,
and are thus inadequate for conchological requirements. I saw
specimens from as far south as Tucuman. In the Buenos Aires
Museum, the shells are labeled B. oblongus var. lorentzianus, but
on comparison with veritable B. oblongus (Muller) from Trini-
dad (F. W. Rohwer), they appear to represent a distinct species,
which may be diagnosed as follows:
1 Frenguelli' s article appeared in Boletin Acad. Nacional de Ciencias en
Cordoba (Rep. Argentina;, XXVI, pp. 404,418; Borus "oblongus var. lor-
entzianus" on pp. 409-416, figs. 3, 4, 8, 9. I owe the reference to this
article to Dr. Pilsbry.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Borus lorentzianus Doring. PI. IV, figs. 4, 4a.
Shell ovate, solid, the conical spire very obtuse at apex, after
the fashion of B. capillaceus (Pfr. ); upper whorls regularly and
closely ribbed, as in B. oblongus, with a delicately wavy surface,
and faint indications of spiral lines; whorls 5^-6, last whorl
without the wavy or granulated surface; peristome and parietal
callus bright rose-color; outer lip reflexed. Alt. 68-75 mm.,
diam. about 38 to 43 mm. ; length of aperture about 38 mm.
The general characters, especially the obtuse spire, are quite
uniform, and the closest alliance seems to be with B. capillaceus
from the Upper Amazon, which von Martens considered a vari-
ety of B. oblongus. There is no particular affinity with B.
intertextus (Pilsbry) from Corumba; the latter locality is much
nearer, about 500 miles northeast, though in quite a different
sort of country. Both capillaceus and intertextus have very much
finer riblets on the upper whorls than are seen in lorentzianus.
BRAZILIAN MOLLUSKS COLLECTED BY DR. JOS. BEQUAERT
BY H. A. PILSBRY
The records following are supplemental to the list given by
Dr. Bequaert in pp. 4 and 5 of this volume.
Gastrocopta senilis (Gld.) Carvoeiro. This is the minute
pupillid mentioned (in Nautilus for July, p. 4) as abundant
on decaying bones. In the Manual of Conchology two named
forms of G. servilis are described as G. servilis oblonga (Pfr.) and
G. s. riisei (Pfr.), both characterized by small or partly deficient
teeth. The Carvoeiro form varies from practically typical ser-
vilis to forms with smaller teeth, the basal and the upper-
palatal folds either present, minute or wanting. The same
forms occur in a set from Lake Jiloa, Nicaragua. It appears
that the two forms riisei and oblonga are so intimately connected
with servilis in some lots that their discrimination seems hardly
worth while.
Pupisoma dioscoricola insigne Pils. On leaves, Manaos.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Succinea manaosensis n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 3.
The shell is rather short, of 2^ very strongly convex whorls,
warm buff colored. The surface is dull, the penult and first
part of the last whorl weakly striate, but dorsally on the last
whorl it becomes coarsely, irregularly plicate. The aperture is
symmetrically ovate, acute above.
Length 8.75 mm. ; diam. 5.2 mm, ; length of aperture 6.3 mm.
Manaos. Type and four paratypes No. 135042 A. N. S. P.
Leptinaria bequaerti n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 1.
The shell is imperforate, oblong-turrited, pale, subtranspar-
ent gray, somewhat whitish towards the summit. Surface very
glossy, weakly marked with growth lines. The spire has nearly
straight outlines, the apex rather obtuse; whorls are strongly
convex. The columella is straight, with a low, subvertically
spiral lamella below. Outer and basal margins of the peri-
stome thin. Outer lip arching forward slightly.
Length 6 mm.; diam. 2.8 mm.; length of aperture 2.5 mm.;
5^ whorls.
Carvoeiro, Brazil, at the confluence of the Rio Negro and the
Rio Branco collected by Dr. Jos. Bequaert. Type 185055
A. N. S. P.
This species was found in some abundance. It is larger than
L. charlottei F. Baker, and decidedly broader in figure. It
differs from L. parana by having the columella straight above
the spiral lamella.
Leptinaria parana n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 2.
The shell is imperforate, shaped much like L. bequaerti but
differing by the following features: The peristome is bordered
within with a callous band. The outer lip arches strongly for-
ward. The columella is shorter, thicker, and in an oblique
view in the mouth it is much more strongly sigmoid.
Length 5. 1 mm. ; diam. 2.5 mm. ; length of aperture 2.2 mm. ;
5J whorls.
Wtinga, a suburb of Para, Brazil, coll. by Prof. William
Beebe. Type 112596 A. N. S. P.
80 THE NAUTILUS.
Leptinaria charlottei Fred Baker, from Camp 39 of the Madeira-
Mamore Railroad in Matto Grosso, is a more slender shell with
less arched outer lip and less strongly twisted columella.
LAND SNAILS OF BREATHITT COUNTY, KENTUCKY
BY E. G. VANATTA
Following is a list of mollusks collected by students in the
neighborhood of Quicksand, Breathitt Co., for Professor W. D.
Funkhouser, and sent to Dr. Pilsbry for study.
A single specimen taken by Professor C. R. Crosby of Cornell
University is similar to Polygyra hirsuta except that it shows a
distinct tooth at the junction of basal and outer margins of the
lip, unlike any other Stenotrema. The good series of P. hirsuta
sent by Prof. Funkhouser from the same place shows only the
normal form, so that in all probability the toothed shell is
merely a pathologic individual.
The specimens of Polygyra tridentata are about equally divided
between those with normal teeth and others with the teeth very
small. Probably two stations are represented.
Part of the Gastrodonta gularis are almost imperforate.
Polygyra andrewsx Binn. Mesomphix inornata Say
Polygyra sayana Pils. Polita indentata Say
Polygyra albolabris Say Vitrea capsella Gld.
Polygyra thyroidus Say Vitrea midtidentata Binn.
Polygyra appressa linguifera Lam. Euconulus cher sinus Say
Polygyra tridentata Say Zonitoides arborea Say
Polygyra inflecta Say Gastrodonta intertexta Binn.
Polygyra stenotrema Fer. Gastrodonta ligera Say
Polygyra hirsuta Say Gastrodonta gidaris Say
Polygyra fraterna Say Gastrodonta interna Say
Haplotrema concava Say Gonyodiscus patida Desh.
Omphalina cuprea Raf. Lymnsea humilis Say
Mesomphix laevigata Pfr.
THE NAUTILUS.
81
NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE YUCATAN PENINSULA,
MEXICO
BY NORMAN E. WEISBORD
The Yucatan peninsula, jutting out as it does, into the warm
waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea, affords an
admirable site for the accumulation of a profuse molluscan life,
and what with the stormy and heavy surf during the months of
October to February (caused by the prevailing north winds or
nortes as they are called) piling the shells on shore, the beaches
are literally and " littorally " covered with marine Mollusca;
the fauna, however, is more abundant than diverse. The sands
along the entire coast are composed of the fragments of broken
and disintregated shells and hence is nearly pure lime with but
little silica or other minerals present. The fauna is typical of
that found in the southern Gulf regions and appertains nearly
exclusively to the Caribbean province although a few forms are
known to be also Panamic in distribution. Nearly all of the
species occur in the West Indies, while many are common to
Florida and northern South America.
Opportunity for collection was afforded during the course of
geologic reconnaissance of the peninsula. Following are the
localities from which the specimens were obtained:
Progreso, Yucatan.
Campeche, Campeche.
San Lorenzo, Campeche.
Seibaplaya, Campeche.
Chenkan, Campeche.
Between Chenkan and Sabancuy, Campeche.
Very Cruz, Vera Cruz.
With the exception of that at Campeche, which is rather
rocky and covered with weeds, the beaches are all uniformly
sandy. Throughout, the character of the fauna is fairly con-
stant, though a number of species are more abundant in some
localities than in others. Thus at Progreso Chione cancellata
Linne is found by the thousands, but a short distance from it or
82 THE NAUTILUS.
more to the west and south, the form is superseded by other
more prominent ones. Strombus pugilis Linne is rare at Pro-
greso but very abundant at San Lorenzo and to the southwest
of Seibaplaya. The great majority of Cerithea were found at
Campeche where they abound amongst the rocks which are
shallowly covered with water. Labiosa (Raeta) eanaliculata Say
occurs south of Chenkan but I have seen it north of there but
rarely. This alternate sporadic and profuse occurrence of cer-
tain forms is due to local variations in habitat.
The ancient Mayas, whose remnants of a superior civilization
are still extant, used some of these shells as offerings to their
gods. In dredgings from the sacred well at Chichen-Itza I
found several fragments of Marginella together with the jade,
copper and golden trinkets which were thrown in with the sac-
rificed virgins. Legend tells us that before casting these vari-
ous tokens into the water they were slightly chipped or broken
so as not to rival the perfection of the virgins.
For determinations I have drawn freely on the works of Dall,
Try on, Baker and Maury, the latter having recently revised the
nomenclature of the Gulf species.
The following forms have been collected:
Area occidentalis Philippi. Progreso, San Lorenzo, Chenkan,
near Sabancuy.
Area unibonata Lamarck. Fairly common along the entire
coast but locally more abundant at Progreso, Chenkan
and Sabancuy.
Area (Barbatia) adamsi (Shuttle worth) Smith. Rare, Pro-
greso, San Lorenzo, Chenkan.
Area (Noetia) ponderosa Say. Not uncommon along the coast.
Area (Scapharca) secticostata Reeve. Rare, Progreso, Chen-
kan, Sabancuy.
Area (Scapharca) auriculata Lamarck. Progreso, Sabancuy.
Area (Scapharca) transversa Say. Abundant. The larger
forms are more quadrate than the smaller ones.
Area (Argina) campechensis Gmelin. One specimen from
Campeche.
Glycimeris pectinata Gmelin. Chenkan, Sabancuy.
THE NAUTILUS. 83
Ostrea cristata Bora. Campeche.
Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus Linne. Not a common shell as
in other localities, Chenkan.
Pecten (Chlamys) ornatus Lamarck. A single specimen from
near Sabancuy.
Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck. Common.
Anomia simplex D'Orbigny. Progreso, Chenkan.
Mytilus (Hormomya) exustus Linne. Several immature speci-
mens, Campeche, San Lorenzo.
Cardita (Carditamera) floridana Conrad. Very abundant and
vari-colored.
Chama macerophylla Gmelin. Progreso, Chenkan, near Saban-
cuy.
Echinochama arcinella Linne. Abundant at Chenkan.
Lucina chrysostoma (Meuschen) Philippi. Between Chenkan
and Sabancuy.
Codakia orbicularis Linne. Several very large specimens,
Progreso, Sabancuy.
Codakia (Jagonia) orbiculata Montagu. A single shell from
San Lorenzo.
Phacoides pectinatus Gmelin. Commonly known as Lucina
jamaicensis. Campeche, Sabancuy.
Phacoides (Lucinisca) nassula Conrad. Rare, Progreso.
Cardium (Tr achy cardium) isocardia Linne. Progreso, Cam-
peche, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Cardium (Cerastoderma) robustum Solander. Progreso.
Cardium (Fragum) medium Linne. One specimen from
Chenkan.
Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum Linne. Some of the forms
are very highly colored, Campeche, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Cardium (Laevicardium) serratum var. laevigatum Lamarck.
More quadrate than typical serratum. Campeche, Chen-
kan.
Dosinia (Dosinidia) elegans Conrad. Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Macrocallista maculata Linne. Very variable in size and color-
ation. Progreso, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Antigona listeri Gray. Rare, Chenkan.
84 THE NAUTILUS.
Chione cancellata Linne. Extremely abundant along the
coast.
Anomalocardia brasiliana Gmelin. Progreso, Campeche (com-
mon), Sabancuy. Usually labeled A. flexuosa Born.
Variable in the amount of posterior attenuation and char-
acter of ribbing.
Venus campechiensis Gmelin. Progreso, Chenkan, near
Sabancuy.
Petricola (Rupellaria) typica Jonas. A single imperfect
specimen from San Lorenzo.
Tellina lineata Turton. Campeche (rare), Chenkan, between
Chenkan and Sabancuy. Colored either white or dark
pink.
Macoma (Cydippina) brevifrons Say. Rare, Chenkan.
Semele proficua Pulteney. Scarce, near Sabancuy.
Semele purpurascens. Scarce, near Sabancuy. Character-
ized by its oblique incisions.
Donax variabilis Say. Uncommon, Chenkan.
Mulinia lateralis Say. Fairly abundant toward the south of
the peninsula, Chenkan to Sabancuy. Somewhat thinner
shelled and more elongated than the more northerly shells.
Labiosa (Baeta) canaliculata Say. Near Sabancuy.
Bullaria occidentalis Adams. Progreso, Campeche, Chenkan,
Sabancuy.
Bullaria- striata Bruguiere. Differs from B. occidentalis
Adams in having a more widely open umbilicus and with
both ends of the shell concentrically striated.
Mclampus coffeus Linne. Rare, Campeche, San Lorenzo.
Terebra (Hastula) cinerealiorn. Two worn specimens, Chen-
kan.
Conns floridanus Gabb. Progreso, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Conns proteus Hwass. Progreso, Chenkan, Sabancuy, south
of Seibaplaya.
Conns verrucosus? Hwass. Several immature and imperfect
specimens in the collection may be referrable to this
species.
Drillia {Crassispira) harfordiana Reeve. Chenkan. Also
more widely known from Panama. I cannot distinguish
THE NAUTILUS. 85
any differences between the Yucatan shell from that of
Panama with perhaps the exception of a slight variance
in coloration. Not unlike D. albinodata and others of the
D. zebra group but much larger.
Cancellaria reticulata Linne. Chenkan, near Sabancuy.
Cancellaria {T rig ono stoma) tenera Dall. Rare, Chenkan.
Oliva litterata Lamarck. Campeche, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Considered as synonymous with 0. circinata Lamarck by
Maury.
Olivella nivea Gmelin. Eare, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Marginella apicina Menke. Progreso, Campeche, Chenkan,
near Sabancuy.
Marginella guttata Dillwyn. Common, Progreso, Campeche,
Chenkan, between Chenkan and Sabancuy.
Marginella labiata Valenciennes. Abundant all along the
coast.
Marginella dblonga Swainson. Scarce, Progreso, Chenkan.
Marginella (Volvaria) avena Valenciennes. Rare, Chenkan.
Turbinella scolymus Gmelin. Young forms from Progreso,
Chenkan and Sabancuy.
Mitra (Pusia) gemmata Sowerby. Campeche. A rare and
prettily colored shell.
Fasciolaria tulipa Linne. Progreso, Chenkan, near Sabancuy.
Leucozonia cingulifera Lamarck. Chenkan, Sabancuy. Var-
iable in attenuation of spire and nodulation.
Busy con pyrum Dillwyn. Progreso, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Busycon perversus Linne. Progreso, Campeche, Chenkan, be-
tween Chenkan and Sabancuy.
Melongena corona Gmelin. Campeche.
Cantharus tinctus Conrad. Chenkan.
Alectrion vibex Say. Chenkan.
Alectrion ambigua? Montagu. One worn shell, Campeche.
Columbella avara Say. Rare, Progreso.
Columbella mercatoria Lamarck. Abundant along the coast.
Murex (Phyllonotus) pomum Gmelin. Progreso, Chenkan,
Sabancuy.
Murex (Chicoreus) salleanus Adams. A single shell from
Chenkan.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
Muricidea floridana Conrad. Campeche. Maury considers
this synonymous with M. ostrearum Conrad.
Trivia suffusa Gray. Progreso.
Pyrula papyratia Say. Rare, Chenkan.
Strombus pugilis Linne. Campeche, Chenkan, south of
Seiboplaya (abundant and very highly colored), San
Lorenzo, near Sabancuy. Not as prominently spinose as
the northern varieties.
Strombus gigas Linne. Progreso.
Cerithium algicola Adams. Campeche.
Cerithium atratum Born. Progreso, Chenkan, near Sabancuy.
Cerithium ferruginem Say. Campeche, Chenkan.
Cerithium minimum septemstriatum Say. Campeche.
Cerithium minimum nigrescens Menke. Campeche.
Cerithium minimum Gmelin. Campeche.
Cerithium variabile Adams. Campeche, Chenkan, between
Chenkan and Sabancuy.
Modulus modulus Linne. Campeche.
Vermicidaria- spirata Philippi. Chenkan, near Sabancuy.
Crepidida fornicata Linne. Progreso, Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Crepidula alculeata Gmelin. Progreso, Chenkan, San Lorenzo.
Crepidida plana Say. Rare, Progreso.
Crucibulum verrucosumf Reeve. This form is found abun-
dantly along the coast but am not assured of its identity
with the above.
Natica canrena (Linne) Morch. Chenkan, Sabancuy.
Polynices (Neverita) duplicata Say. Chenkan, between Chen-
kan and Sabancuy.
Sinum perspectivum Say. Scarce, Chenkan.
Turbo castaneus Gmelin. Rare, Progreso, Chenkan.
Astralium cubanum Philippi. Near Sabancuy. Closely allied
to A. olfersi and A. americanum.
Astralium longispinum Lamarck. Progreso, Chenkan.
Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Very abundant especially around
Lerma where it is collected by fishmongers and used as
food.
Chlorostoma (Omphalius) fasciatum Born. Campeche, Chen-
kan.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
Lucapinella limatula Reeve. Uncommon, Chenkan.
Fissuridea alternata Say. Progreso, Chenkan, near Sabancuy.
Fissuridea alternata Say var. dys&ni Reeve. Chenkan, Saban-
cuy.
Subemarginula octoradiata (Gmelin) Adams. Scarce, Cam-
peche, San Lorenzo.
UNIONIDAE FROM THE REELFOOT LAKE REGION IN WEST TENNESSEE
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN
The following report is founded primarily upon the collec-
tions made by the writer during the " Geo. H. Clapp Expedi-
tion to Reelfoot Lake" of the Carnegie Museum in August,
1924. It includes localities in Reelfoot Lake proper;1 further
'Blue Basin, Lake Co. (N. W. shore); Bluebank, Lake Co. (South end);
and Samburg, Cbion Co. (East shore).
in the Bayou de Chien, Walnut Log, Obion Co. (tributary en-
tering the lake near its northern end; and North Fork Obion
River, Union City, Obion Co. (a tributary of the Mississippi
receiving the waters of Reelfoot Lake).
This material was supplemented by specimens collected in
July, 1925, in the lake (near Samburg) by Mr. Steven B.
Crossley, who acted as guide during the expedition of 1924.
The latter specimens arrived in part alive.
From this region we possess only one previous list of mussels,
collected by S. N. Rhoads in 1895, and published by H. A.
Pilsbry and S. N. Rhoads (P. & R.) (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia
48, 1896, pp. 500-506). The Reelfoot Lake shells of this list
are from Samburg, Obion Co. ; but there are a few also from
Wolf River, Raleigh, Shelby Co. (near Memphis), a locality
probably with ecological conditions similar to those of Obion
River. Most of the species of this list have been found by my-
self, and several have been added. The following enumeration
includes all forms known from these western parts of Tennessee
(Mississippi Embayment and Mississippi Bottoms).
88 THE NAUTILUS.
1. Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque). — Union City, one gravid
female, with the diameter of 47% of the length. This is a typi-
cal representation of the species (See Ortmann, Proc. Americ.
Philos. Soc. 59, 1920, p. 282), and has also a reddish-brown
epidermis and reddish nacre.
A species belonging generally to small streams, found pre-
eminently in the Ohio drainage (and that of the Great Lakes).
Present in small streams tributary to the Cumberland; entirely
absent in the Tennessee drainage.
2. Fusconaia flava trigona (Lea). — Union City, one male and
one female, with the dia. of 58 and 57%. Thus these speci-
mens are distinctl}r more swollen than the specimen of flava,
and fall under the var. trigona, as denned by me. Since their
obesity is not very great, and since the beaks are not remark-
ably elevated, they could not be called var. undata (Barnes).
This form represents F. flava farther downstream in the Ohio
system. It is also represented west of the Mississippi, but these
forms require further study.
3. Megalonaias gigantea (Barnes). — Union City, abundant.
A species of the larger rivers of the Interior Basin.
4. Plectomerus trapezoides (Lea). — Union City, one female.
Reported by P. & R. from Samburg.
A southern species, which seems to have its metropolis in
the tributaries of the Mississippi in the Mississippi Embayment.
5. Amblema costata Rafinesque. — Union City, not rare. The
specimens at hand have the diam. of 44 and 45%, which thus
is below the maximum obesity (47%) given for this form by
Ball (Ecology 3, 1922, p. 134). As I have pointed out (Amer.
Midland Natural. 9, 1925, p. 333), this should better be
changed to a higher figure.
Widely distributed in the Interior Basin, preferring the
smaller streams.
6. Amblema peruviana (Lamarck). — Not found by myself,
but reported by P. & R. (as U. plicatus Lea.) from Samburg.
This is a form of very large rivers and quiet water, possibly
passing into the A. costata of the smaller rivers. Its presence
in Reelfoot Lake should be expected.
7. Quadrula pustulosa mortoni (Conrad). — Union City, abund-
THE NAUTILUS. 89
ant. Reported from Wolf River, Raleigh, Shelby Co., by P.
& R. (as U. turgidus Lea).
This form differs from typical pustulosa of the Ohio, Cumber-
land and Tennessee drainages in the subquadrate outline, the
well developed posterior ridge, and — in its typical phase, as
found, for instance, in Louisiana — in the color of the epidermis,
which is ashy-greenish-brown, without the broad green ray of
pustulosa (in which the epidermis is more or less tawny). Yet
no sharp line can be drawn between the two forms. From
northern Arkansas (White River and St. Francis River) I have
intergrades, chiefly in the color of the epidermis, which fre-
quently show the broad green ray of pustulosa, and also approach
it in shape (more rounded, with indistinct posterior ridge).
The specimens from Obion River are much like those from
northern Arkansas: their shape is that of mortoni, but the color
is more tawny and has, at least in younger specimens, the
broad ray.
This seems to be a southern representative of Qu. pustulosa in
the Mississippi Embayment. It is very variable, and not yet
fully understood. U. nodiferus Conr. (Jackson, La.) apparently
is an absolute synonym. Qu. sphczrica (Lea) and refulgent s
(Lea) seem to be local phases of this, belonging to the Amite,
Pearl and Chickasawhay (Pascagoula) drainages in Louisiana
and Mississippi.
Quadrula pustulosa (Lea) has been reported by P. & R. from
Samburg. I have not seen specimens from Reelfoot Lake, and
do not think that the true pustulosa is found in the lake; prob-
ably it is mortoni.
8. Quadrula quadrida (Rafinesque) var. — Bluebank, Lake
Co. I have seen dead shells at Samburg, and S. B. Crossley
has sent four splendid specimens (alive, males) from the lake.
P. & R. report this, as U. asperrimus Lea, from Samburg.
The dia. of the six specimens at hand is between 55 and
60%, and thus they are considerably more obese than normal
quadrida (Dia. under 52%, see: Ortmann, Amer. Midi. Natural.
9, 1925, p. 331). In height they agree fairly well with the
latter (77 to 86%), and also in the moderate development of
the tubercles, as well as in color (brownish, with greenish tints,
90 THE NAUTILUS.
when younger). They are by no means the southern Qu. aspera
(Lea), as might be suspected from the locality, for the latter
has smaller, more numerous and more crowded tubercles, and
is generally less swollen. Qu. quadrula fragosa, which is rather
swollen, has stronger tubercles, and is more elevated.
My specimens resemble the form cantraryensis Utterback
(Lake Contrary, St. Joseph, Mo., see: Amer. Midi. Natural. 4,
1916), but the latter has much weaker sculpture. I should
call attention to the fact that the figure of the smaller specimen
of U. nobilis Conrad (Journ. Acad. Philad. 2, 1854, pi. 27, f. 2)
closely resembles my two younger specimens. This figure has
been declared by Simpson (1914, p. 323) to represent U. apicu-
latus Say, but I believe that the two figures given by Conrad
(figs. 2 and 3) might very well belong to the same form, fig. 3
probably representing an old, somewhat deformed specimen
(possibly a female ?) . The forms grouping around Qu. quadrula
(quadrula, fragosa, aspera, nobilis, and also apiculata) and their
interrelations require revision.
Qu. quadrula is abundant in larger rivers of the Interior
Basin, passing southward into aspera. It seems to develop
several local or ecological modifications.
9. Quadrula verrucosa (Rafinesque). — Union City, abundant.
Reported by P. & R. from Wolf R., Raleigh, Shelby Co.
A species of immense distribution in nearly all of the Mis-
sissippi drainage, and also in streams running to the Gulf, from
Alabama to Texas. I found several specimens with purplish
nacre, a color seen chiefly in the southern part of the range.
10. Arcidens confragosus (Say). — Union City, two males.
Reported from the lake at Samburg by P. & R.
A species centering in its distribution in the Mississippi Em-
bayment, and thence advancing into the lower, sluggish parts
of the larger rivers, frequently found in ponds and lakes.
11. Lasmigona complanata (Barnes). — Union City, one male.
The center of the area occupied by this species lies in the
middle of the Interior Basin, in the quieter waters of the largest
rivers, and also in ponds, lakes and canals. Under favorable
conditions, the range extends well towards the headwaters,
chiefly in a northerly direction, where it has crossed over into
THE NAUTILUS. 91
the St. Lawrence drainage, and is said to extend even into the
Mackenzie Basin. It also goes down the Mississippi Embay-
ment to the Gulf Coastal Plain in the Alabama drainage.
12. Anodonta imbecillis Say. — Bayou de Chien, Walnut Log,
not rare. Two specimens from the lake have been sent by S. B.
Crossley. Reported from the lake at Samburg by P. & R.
Of tremendous distribution from Texas to the Great Lakes
region, and over the Gulf Coastal Plain to the southern parts of
the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Chiefly in quiet waters.
13. Anodonta grandis gigantea (Lea). — Lake at Bluebank and
Samburg; Bayou de Chien at Walnut Log. Reported from
Samburg by P. & R. (as grandis Say). S. B. Crossley has sent
about twenty immature specimens.
The specimens collected correspond most closely to the var.
gigantea, which is merely an ecological form, belonging to ponds
and lakes with muddy bottom. It is close to, possibly identi-
cal with, A. corpulenta Cooper, and A. stewartiana Lea (chiefly
the young ones to the latter).
The range of A. grandis is enormous, corresponding largely
to that of A. imbecillis, also preferring mostly quiet waters. It
is extremely variable, and has developed a great number of
local and ecological races, which are not yet fully understood.
14. Anodonta suborbicidata Say. — I found only one young
specimen in the Blue Basin of the lake, but S. B. Crossley has
sent several larger ones. Reported from Samburg (P. & R.).
Apparently a typical lake-form, centering in the middle of
the Interior Basin, where the three large rivers unite, and ex-
tending down the Mississippi Embayment to Louisiana.
15. Truncilla truncata (Rafinesque). — Not found by myself,
but reported by P. & R. from Samburg (as U. elegans Lea).
Widely distributed over the Gulf Plain, through the Missis-
sippi Embayment and the Interior and Great Lakes Basins,
found under very diverse conditions, in swiftly running water
as well as in ponds and lakes. It is to be expected in Reelfoot
Lake.
16. Leptodea fragilis (Rafinesque). — Union City, one female.
Also in Wolf R., Raleigh, Shelby Co. (P. & R., as U. gracilis
Barnes).
92 THE NAUTILUS.
On the Gulf 1 lain from Alabama to Texas, up the Mississippi
Embayment into the Interior Basin and that of the Great
Lakes. Also this species is found in both running water and
in lakes.
17. Proptera purpurata (Lamarck). — Not found by myself,
but reported from Wolf R., Raleigh, Shelby Co. (P. & R.).
Represents the P. alata (Say) of the Interior Basin in the
South, on the Coastal Plain from Alabama to eastern Texas.
In the northern parts of the Mississippi Embayment (in Mis-
souri), it seems to pass into P. alata. It is common in the
state of Mississippi, just south of the locality in western Ten-
nessee.
18. Carunculina parva (Barnes). — Lake at Bluebank, one
gravid female. Reported from Samburg (P. & R.).
My specimen is typical, and sharply distinct from those of
the next species.
Most abundant in the central parts of the Interior Basin,
crossing over to the Great Lakes. Known also from southern
localities as far as Texas. There are related forms in Alabama,
Georgia and northern Florida, which may be simply local races
of this. The species prefers quiet waters.
19. Carunculina texasensis (Lea). — Lake at Bluebank and
Samburg, not rare. Reported from Samburg by P. & R.
Generally supposed to represent C. parva in the South, from
Texas and Alabama up to the Mississippi Embayment to south-
ern Illinois and Indiana. It may intergrade with C. parva, but
in Reelfoot Lake the two are perfectly distinct. A species of
quiet waters.
20. Micromya lienosa (Conrad). — Union City, two males.
Distribution very similar to that of Car. texasensis, chiefly in
its northward extension. In Alabama, however, it goes con-
siderably more eastward (to Georgia and S. Carolina), although
in a somewhat different form (concestator Lea). Also in its
main range it varies a good deal; my specimens agree very well
with others from Mississippi and Arkansas; they are of good
size, have the epidermis blackish, and the nacre whitish or with
purplish tint.
21. Ligumia subroslrata (Say). — Lake at Bluebank and Sam-
THE NAUTILUS. 93
burg, not rare, a number sent by S. B. Crossley. Reported
from Sam burg by P. & R.
From the Coastal Plain (Texas to Alabama) up the Missis-
sippi Embayment into the central parts of the Interior Basin,
restricted to quiet water of large rivers, ponds and lakes.
22. Lampsilis anodontoides fallaciosa (Smith). — Union City,
very abundant. Probably the record for Wolf R., Raleigh,
Shelby Co., given by P. & R. (as U. anodontoides Lea) refers
also to this variety.
All my specimens represent the typical fallaciosa. At the
time, when Pilsbry and Rhoads published their list, this had
not been separated from the main species. The latter and the
variety are almost co-extensive in their range, which covers the
central parts of the Interior Basin, the Mississippi Embayment
and the Coastal Plain from Texas to Florida. However, in the
latter region, the form fallaciosa seems to be absent, while other
local forms turn up. Elsewhere, fallaciosa seems to be the form
of quiet water and sandy-muddy bottom, while anodontoides is
found in stronger current and gravel. Thus my specimens are
from the sandy-muddy bottom of Obion River, with slowly, but
steadily flowing water.
23. Lampsilis ovata satura (Lea). — Union City, one male.
This form, which is not a direct descendant of L. ovata, but
rather of L. ovata ventricosa of the Interior Basin, seems to be
characteristic of the Mississippi Embayment, south to Louisiana
and eastern Texas, and intergrades in northern Arkansas with
ventricosa. On the other hand, in the state of Mississippi, it
gradually changes into L. excavata (Lea), typical for the Ala-
bama River drainage. The present locality is the most northern
record for satura east of the Mississippi.
If we add to the above list the record of Strophitus rugosus
(Swainson) from "Horn Lake Creek, Shelby Co., Tenn.",
given by Lea1 (as Anodonta shxjferiana) , we have here a com-
plete list of all Naiades ever reported from the direct drainage
of the Mississippi River in western Tennessee. The contrast
1 There is a station "Horn Lake" on the 111. Centr. R. R. just across the
state line, south of Memphis, in De Soto Co., Miss.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
with the fauna of other parts of the state of Tennessee is re-
markable. The number of forms is surprisingly small, and yet
there is a high percentage of shells, which are peculiar to the
Mississippi Embayment. This fact should be kept in mind,
for it is important in the study of the development of the
Naiad faunas of North America.
THE ACANTHODORIDIDAE OF THE CALIFORNIA COAST
BY F. M. MAC FARLAND
(Concluded from page 65)
Acanthodoris columbina sp. nov. Plate II, Figures 5, 9, 10,
11; Plate III, Figures 1, 2, 5.
Six individuals of this form were collected at low tide in reef
pools at Moss Beach, near Montara Point, San Mateo County,
California, on July 26, 1922. A second collecting trip to the
same locality on May 3, 1923, failed in securing any more of
this interesting new species.
The animal has the plump, nearly oval outline characteristic
of the Acanthodorids. The foot is completely covered by the
wide, thick border of the mantle, save for the tip of the tail.
The dorsum is covered everywhere with closely-set, slender,
tapering papillae, reaching 1.5 to 2.0 mm. in length, and giv-
ing it a soft, velvety appearance. This is rather deceptive,
however, for the body is firm to the touch, the mantle being
everywhere filled with slightly curved calcareous spicules (PI.
Ill, fig. 2) interlacing in various directions. Each papilla is
reinforced by a group of spicules, mainly lengthwise in arrange-
ment, and nearly filling it. These extend well down into the
dorsum, and are strengthened by others added at lower levels,
so that each papilla contains a firm, skeletal framework, pre-
cluding anything more than slight movement of its apical half.
The margins of the rhinophore openings are similarly reinforced.
The ground color of the dorsum is a dusky, brownish mauve.
The papillae are tipped with lemon yellow, and each one is
more or less deeply shaded with brown, and none of them are
THE NAUTILUS. 95
white. The stalks of the rhinophores are brownish sprinkled
with small, lemon-yellow spots, similar ones being also found
between and on the plates of the clavus, which is otherwise of a
deep, vinous-red color, as are also the tips of the branchiae.
The upper margins of the main stalks of the plumes and the
beginnings of their main branches bear a row of small, dead
white, rounded nodules. A narrow, continuous band of lemon
yellow edges the ventral margin of the mantle in all six speci-
mens. The ventral surface is much paler, everywhere tending
toward a yellowish grey. In alcohol the yellowish marginal
line disappears, but the other colors, though lighter, are pre-
served for some time.
The largest specimen measured, while living and crawling
freely, 32 mm. in length, 15 mm. in width, and 9.0 mm. in
height, the others being but slightly smaller.
The head is of the usual shape, wide and expanded in a
veliform manner, and produced at the lateral angles into widely
triangular, or even squarish tentacles, directed backward. The
foot margin is single in front, and bluntly tapering behind, ex-
tending but slightly beyond the mantle when crawling.
The rhinophores are directed outward and forward, are per-
foliate with from 22 to 26 leaves, and are surrounded by low,
thin-edged sheaths into which they are incompletely retractile.
The sheath margins bear a small, variable number (six to ten)
of longer and shorter processes, resembling those of the general
dorsum.
The branchial plumes are nine in number, low, spreading,
and bipinnate, and are arranged in a circle surrounding the anal
papilla, the area bearing numerous low papillae, similar in
form and color to those of the general dorsal surface. The spic-
ules (PI. Ill, fig. 2) are slender structures, pointed at both
ends and slightly bent as a rule. The largest measured 0.9
mm. in length, though the average length is considerably less.
No traces of branching were found.
The pseudo- peritoneum is sparingly sprinkled with minute
black dots, mainly in the anterior region. The thick-walled
muscular ingluvies is borne upon the anterior, upper face of the
pharyngeal bulb as a low, hemispherical projection, 1.5 mm.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
in length. 1 mm. in height, and 1.75 mm. wide. Its median
line is sharply marked by a longitudinal band of muscle, form-
ing the bottom of a shallow groove between the two symmetrical
halves. Behind the radula sack projects freely for a distance
of 1.2 mm. Immediately behind the ingluvies the oesophagus
issues, surrounded by the nerve collar, bearing just in front of
the latter a well marked, dilated sack-like portion, ca. 2.0 mm.
in diameter. The salivary glands open into the bulb at either
side of the exit of the oesophagus. They are long, strap-like
organs (PI. Ill, fig. 5), the short, slender duct (d) being fol-
lowed by a thickened, somewhat lobulate portion, which is in
turn followed by a more slender division, terminating near the
entrance of the oesophagus into the stomach. Their total
length is ca. 5.8 mm., and the greatest diameter at the widest
portion is 0.4 mm.
The labial disk, surrounding the slit-like mouth opening,
bears an armature of minute, cuticular plates, interrupted be-
low, and extending laterally nearly to the upper side of the
opening, the area so covered being triangular in form, with the
base ventro-posterior and the apex dorso-anterior. The ele-
ments of the armature (PI. II, fig. 5) are blunt hooks, triangu-
lar in side view, ca. 0.009 mm. high, the length of the base
being 0.012 mm. From above each hook is broadly rectangu-
lar in outline, the squarish cusp directed forward, 0.068 mm.
in width, the margin being irregularly denticulate, or in some
cases with a single median notch. The elements of each lateral
area are arranged in from 30 to 35 rows, parallel to the long
axis of the mouth tube; the longest rows in the widest part of
the armature contain some 26 elements, the number decreasing
toward the top of the tube, the lowermost rows, next to the
median plate also having few and rudimentary hooks. The
labial armature is interrupted below by a median, ventral cuti-
cular plate, projecting freely beyond the opening of the oral
disk. This structure (PI. II, fig. 11) is 0.36 mm. long and
0.097 mm. wide at its broadest, posterior part. It is slightly
concave on its upper surface, and is finely striated longitudi-
nally, the striae gently diverging anteriorly. The anterior free
end is bifurcated by a narrow notch or cleft, extending back in
THE NAUTILUS. 97
the median line 0.09 mm., the two tips thus formed being
irregularly blunted and worn.
The radula is of the typical, narrow, deeply folded form
characteristic of the genus. The radula formula is 40-43 (5. 1.
0. 1. 5), the anterior teeth are colorless, the more posterior
ones toward the tip of the radula sack, but not the youngest
ones, take on a yellowish tint. The median tooth is absent,
the rhachis being very narrow and naked, but the first lateral
tooth (PI. II, fig. 10) is quite large and strong. The large, com-
pressed, basal portion is roughly quadrangular in lateral out-
line, its anterior and ventral margin being strongly thickened,
the posterior part is prolonged backward as a thin lamina,
which overlaps the anterior portion of the succeeding first
pleural tooth of the next row. The upper posterior border is
rounded. From the anterior, thickened portion of this base
arises a stout hook, slightly curved backward. Its tip is blunt,
the posterior margin is thin, while the anterior edge is thick-
ened and is strengthened by a strong ridge on its inner face
which dies away toward the tip, and bears a series of six to
eight small, but well marked denticles, merging below into
slight irregularities of the ridge margin. Figure 10 of Plate II
represents the first laterals of one-half of the seventh and eighth
rows as seen from the median side, and fig. 9 of the same plate
shows the first laterals of the 28th and 29th rows as seen in
front view. A comparison of these figures with similar ones on
the same plate of the other species discussed in this paper, all
drawn at the same magnification, will render evident many
differences of detail, proportion, and relative size, which are
here omitted for the sake of brevity. The total height of an
average first lateral is 0.324 mm., the height of its hook being
0.096 mm., the proportion of height of hook to total height
being nearly as 1 to 3.4, this proportion holding true within
small limits throughout the whole radula. The remaining
laterals, five in number (Plate II, fig. 10), are much compressed,
and lie at about the level of the base of the hook of the first
lateral in the functioning part of the radula. Each is a flattened
plate, somewhat approximating the outline of the first. The
second is especially thin, and is faintly seen behind the first
98 THE NAUTILUS.
lateral, the remaining four have their antero-dorsal margins
thickened, and prolonged upward and backward into a hook-
like process, which, however, does not project freely, as in the
first lateral, but is continuous ventrally and posteriorly with
the thin, upward expansion of its base, the whole tooth being
somewhat triangular in form.
The reproductive system is composed of the ovotestis, closely
covering the most of the surface of the liver, the anterior genital
complex, consisting of the large, white, nidamental gland,
nearly inclosing the much smaller, yellowish, albumen gland,
and of the various ducts of the system. Since the relations of
these parts are of decided significance from a systematic as well
as from a morphological standpoint, I give in Fig. 1 of Plate III
an accurate camera drawing of the anterior complex as seen
obliquely from above and within. No displacement of the
ducts has been made other than is necessary to bring out their
relationships, but connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels
have been dissected away for the sake of clearness. The short
and slender hermaphroditic duct (h. d.), coming from the
ovotestis, dilates into the hermaphroditic ampulla (h. a.), a
whitish tube, 0.8 mm. in diameter, forming a simple loop
nearly 7.7 mm. long, resting in a shallow groove upon the
inner anterior face of the albumen {alb. g.) and the nidamental
(n. g.) glands. At its anterior end it narrows again and divides
into the vas deferens (pr. ) and the oviduct (ov. ), the latter
opening at once into the fertilization chamber, concealed in the
gland complex at the border of the albumen gland.
The vas deferens is divisible into two distinct portions, a
proximal segment (pr.), with glandular walls, 12.5 mm. in
length, attached closely to the anterior and superior surfaces of
the nidamental gland, and a slightly more slender, distal, mus-
cular portion, 17.5 mm. in length, the loops of which are free
from the glandular mass, extending in front and to the left of it
beneath the oesophagus. In figure 1 of Plate III, the proximal,
glandular, or prostatic portion (pr.) extends to the point indi-
cated by x, and is here represented as partly straightened out,
after having been freed from its close attachments to the an-
terior and upper faces of the gland complex, the loops between
THE NAUTILUS. 99
pr. and x normally lying above the bifurcation of the hermaph-
roditic duct. The distal end of the vas deferens dilates into the
preputium (p.) some 4.5 mm. in length, by 1.0 mm. in diam-
eter, an eversible, muscular sack with longitudinally folded,
inner lining of ciliated epithelium. At the bottom of this sack
is found the very short and blunt glans penis, scarcely more
than a rounded eminence. It appears to be entirely destitute
of the armature of small hooks usually held to be characteristic
of Acanthodorids in general, nor are any such hooks to be
found lining the vas deferens. Throughout the muscular seg-
ment of the tube it is lined with ciliated epithelium, resting
upon a strong basement membrane, in certain regions folded
longitudinally. The total length of the male channel is 34.5
mm.
Close to the entrance of the short oviduct (ov. ) into the gland
complex the slender, uterine duct (u. d.) emerges. After a
short course of ca. two mm., it receives the slender duct of the
spermatocyst (sp. c. ), and almost immediately opens into the
spherical spermatotheca (spth.). The spermatocyst is of an
elongated, pyriform shape, 2.0 mm. in length by 1.0 mm. in
greatest diameter, and lies obliquely upon the dorsal surface of
the complex. The thin-walled spermatotheca, 2.0 mm. in
diameter, lies midway of the dorsal border of the anterior geni-
tal complex, partly concealed by the spermatocyst and the
loops of the overlying vaginal duct. The latter duct (vag. d.)
arises from the spermatotheca very close to the entrance of the
uterine duct, in fact appearing to be continuous with the latter.
It rapidly increases in diameter, its walls becoming very gland-
ular and longitudinally folded, and forms a complicated series
of loops upon the upper, inner and anterior faces of the sper-
matotheca, and then passes outward, dilating into the vagina
{vag.), which opens externally immediately behind the pre-
putium in the genital sinus. From the left turn of its most
distal loop a rather strong retractor muscle extends diagonally
inward and backward. The glandular and plicated walls of the
tube are limited to the more closely coiled, proximal loops, the
remainder and the vagina proper possessing muscular walls.
The total length of the vaginal duct averages nearly 16 mm.,
the vagina itself is 4 mm. long, with a diameter of 0.6 mm.
100
THE NAUTILUS.
In general ground color this species resembles Ac. nanaimo-
ensis O'Donoghue, of the Vancouver region. Through the
kindness of Professor O'Donoghue I have had the privilege of
studying a fine specimen of the Vancouver form, and find that
the two are clearly distinct species. While both agree in the
general mauve color of the mantle, and in the port-wine shade
of the branchial tips, the dorsal papillae are white or yellowish
in Ac. nanaimoensis, while in Ac. columbina they are brownish,
and tipped with lemon yellow. The Californian species also
has the lower mantle margin edged with a narrow line of lemon
yellow, and the rhinophores are sprinkled with small flecks of
the same color. The following tabulatiou summarizes a num-
ber of other distinctive characteristics:
The further dissection showed numerous specific differences,
especially in the details of the reproductive system, but the
above summary will suffice alone to confirm their non-identity.
My grateful acknowledgements are due to Dr. Myrtle E.
Johnson and Professor C. H. O'Donoghue for their kind co-
operation, and especially to my wife for her unfailing skill and
enthusiasm in the preparation of the figures, which illustrate
this paper.
the nautilus. 101
Explanation of Plates
Plate II
Fig. 1. Acanthodoris hudsoni MacF. Inner face first lateral
teeth of 7th and 8th half rows of radula. In the
8th row the five outer laterals are also shown, x 128
Fig. 2. Individual elements of labial armature of Ac. lutea sp.
nov., from side and behind, x 371
Fig. 3. Elements of labial armature of Ac. rhodoceras Cockerell
and Eliot; a, from anterior margin in side view; b,
from middle region from above; c, from posterior
margin from above, x 371
Fig. 4. Inner face of first lateral teeth of 7th and 8th half rows
of radula of Ac. rhodoceras Cockerell & Eliot. In
the 7th row the six outer laterals are also seen, x
128
Fig. 5. Labial armature of Ac. columbina sp. nov., the two
upper elements from above, the two lower ones from
behind and in side view respectively, x 371
Fig. 6. Ventral median plate of labial armature of Ac. lutea
sp. nov. x 83
Fig. 7. Inner face of first lateral teeth of 7th and 8th half rows
of radula of Ac. brunnea MacF. In the eighth row
the outer laterals are also seen, x 128
Fig. 8. Inner face of first lateral teeth of 7th and 8th half rows
of radula of Ac. lutea sp. nov. In the eighth row
the outer laterals are also seen, x 128
Fig. 9. Front view of first lateral teeth of 28th and 29th half
rows of radula of Ac. columbina sp. nov. x 128
Fig. 10. Inner face of first lateral teeth of 7th and 8th half rows
of radula of Ac. columbina sp. nov. In the eighth
row the five outer laterals are also seen, x 128
Fig. 11. Ventral median plate of labial armature of Ac. colum-
bina sp. nov. x 128
102 THE NAUTILUS.
Plate III
Fig. 1. Anterior genital complex of Acanthodoris columbina
sp. nov., as seen from above. The various parts
are displaced only enough to show their relations.
The glandular loops, pr. to x, of the vas deferens, v.
d., have been freed from their attachments to the
upper, anterior face of the complex, and are rotated
to the left and forward; the loops of the vaginal
duct have been similarly displaced to the right from
their normal position above the spermatotheca and
its ducts, x 10
h. d., hermaphroditic duct; h. a., hermaphroditic
ampulla; pr., prostatic portion of vas deferens, v. d.,
extending to the point x; p., the preputium; ov., the
short oviduct, entering the fertilization chamber in
the gland mass below; vag., the vagina, tapering
into the vaginal duct, the last, crescentic loop, vag.
d., of which is thickened and glandular; spth., the
spermatotheca; u. d., the uterine duct, connecting
the spermatotheca with the fertilization chamber;
spc, the spermatocyst; alb. g., the small albumen
gland, surrounded by the nidamental gland, n. g.,
the duct of which, leading to the exterior, is con-
cealed by the preputium and vagina.
Fig. 2. Typical spicules from mantle of Ac. columbina sp. nov.
x26
Fig. 3. Typical spicules from mantle of Ac. lutea sp. nov. x
45
Fig. 4. Female channel of Ac. rhodoceras Cockerell & Eliot.
vag., the vagina; v., the spherical, glandular vesicle;
vag. d., the vaginal duct; spc, the spermatocyst;
spth., the spermatotheca; u. d., the uterine duct,
leading to the fertilization chamber, x 12
Fig. 5. Salivary gland of Ac. columbina sp. nov., d., its duct,
x 10
Fig. 6. Anterior genital complex of Ac. lutea sp. nov., as seen
from above, the various parts being displaced as
THE NAUTILUS. 103
little as possible. The attached loops of the vas
deferens, v. d., have been freed from their close
union to the complex and spread apart toward the
left, the loop x normally lying against the anterior
face of the mass. The loop of the vaginal duct be-
]owvag., is reflected backward from its normal posi-
tion across the distal part of the preputium, p. , and
its proximal thin loop at the left is normally directed
straight backward, the thicker, glandular loop gl
overlying and concealing the ducts of the sperma-
totheca and spermatocyst. x 8
h. d., hermaphroditic duct; h. a., hermaphroditic
ampulla; pr., prostatic portion of vas deferens, ex-
tending to the point x, and closely bound down to
the antero-dorsal surface of the complex by con-
nective tissue; v. d., the free, muscular loops of the
vas deferens, extending below the oesophagus; p.,
the preputium, the glans penis, (/., being represented
as if seen through its muscular wall; vag.7 the
vagina, tapering insensibly into the vaginal duct,
which dilates into a short glandular segment, gl.,
before entering the spermatotheca, spth. ; spc. , the
spermatocyst; u. d., the uterine duct, entering the
fertilization chamber near the entrance of the ovi-
duct, ov. ; n. g., nidamental-albumen gland com-
plex, its broad duct leading to the exterior below
the preputium and vagina.
NOTES AND NEWS
Mollusca of the Arequipa Valley, Peru. — The Arequipa
Valley, outside of the irrigated areas, is excessively arid, and I
was not able to find any native mollusca. I could not even
find ants in the desert. In a damp place by the railway at
Tingo, where the common dandelion was growing, I found
Agriolimax agrestis and an immature brownish Milax gagates.
Dr. E. Escomel gave me specimens of Polita cellaria which he
104 THE NAUTILUS.
had found in Arequipa. They are unusually flat, approaching
the variety complanata Jeffreys. Taylor, in his detailed account
of the exotic distribution of these three species, fails to mention
Peru, so they are probably now first recorded from that country.
— T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Reversed Snails and Reversed Human Beings. — Pseudo-
science is not confined to the newspapers. Occasionally it
appears in reputable scientific journals. Science News Supple-
ment of Science for October 9, 1925, has the following amazing
statement concerning snails:
"A given species will twist to the right or to the left, never
both; for a 'left-shelled' snail to occur in a 'right-shelled'
species is as unheard of as a man with his head on backwards."
Who has seen a man with his head on backwards ? Prob-
ably every conchologist has seen and most of them have col-
lected reversed snails and a considerable literature of the subject
has grown up, including much on experimentation with re-
versed snails. — Junius Henderson, University of Colorado.
Ancilla musce, new name for Ancillaria elongata Gray, 1847
(Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. M. S. Fly, II, Ap-
pendix, p. 357); not Ancillaria elongata Deshayes, 1830 (Ency-
clopedie Methodique II, p. 45). My attention having been
called to the above duplication of names, a substitute is here
proposed. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Etymology of Tornatellides. — The name of this Hawaiian
genus of Tornatellinidse was formed of the generic name Torna-
tella and the Greek 1877s, a patronymic suffix, the same word
that is used in the plural to form family names in -idse. It is
not, as a friend has suggested, identical with the prior generic
term Tornatelloides, for the latter is from Tornatella and o-etSot,
meaning form or resemblance, likeness to. — Pilsbry.
Mr. R. B. Stewart, of the University of California, is study-
ing the W. M. Gabb types of California!! Eocene mollusks in
THE NAUTILUS. 105
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. An illus-
trated account of them is to be published.
Note on Ancylastrum. — I have not seen in the discussion of
this name any reference to Bourguignat's idea of distinguishing
the typical section of a genus subdivided into sections, by add-
ing the suffix astrum. Thus in calling typical Ancylus (accord-
ing to his view) Ancylastrum he did not intend to name a new
genus but only to specify the typical section of those into which
he divided the genus Ancylus. The suffix was applicable to the
typical section of any subdivided genus. — W. H. Dall.
A Note on the Name Lophochiton. — In the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 77, 1925,
p. 26, the writer proposed Lophochiton as a new subgenus of the
peculiar group Basiliochiton to contain the aberrant B. lobium
Berry, 1925.
Mr. Edwin Ashby has now very courteously called my atten-
tion to the fact that in the Transactions of the Royal Society of
South Australia, vol 47, 1923, p. 233, he had already used the
name Lophochiton for a quite unrelated Australian group. As
this necessitates the renaming of my subgenus, the new name
Ploiochiton derived from the boat-shaped outline of the shell, is
here proposed to that end. — S. S. Berry.
Mr. Walter F. Webb informs us that he is now building up
a private collection of shells that contains already some 15,000
species. Mr. Webb who has bought several large private col-
lections including that of the late Mrs. Williams has thus been
able to secure many rare species.
Professor Edward S. Morse. — As this issue goes to press
we learn with sorrow of the death of Professor Morse on De-
cember 20.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Land and Freshwater Molluscs of the Dutch Leeward
Islands (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. of Michigan). By
H. Burrington Baker. The collection discussed was made in
the summer of 1922 in Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire and Klein
Bonaire. After an interesting discussion of the geologic, mete-
orologic and other environmental features, the location and
special characteristics of each collecting station are described
and illustrated in seven plates. In the treatment of species
special attention is given to variation, local and in the individ-
ual colonies, the chief forms of each species being figured. The
discussion of Cerion uva is especially full. In this species as
well as many others there has been a remarkable amount of
local differentiation for areas so small.
The salient characteristics of the fauna are thus summarized:
" (1) There is a very high percentage of endemism [all but five
of the 26 terrestrial species, with many subspecies being special
to the islands]. (2) Sublittoral, limestone-loving species pre-
ponderate. (3) Typically South American groups are com-
pletely absent. (4) Several Antillean groups form conspicuous
components of the total population. (2) Nevertheless, the
closest affinities shown by any of the individual species are with
forms from northern South America." "Two genera, Stoasto-
mops and Cistulops, three subgenera, Bonairea, Neosubulina s. s.
and Cerion s. s. , and a section, Tudora s. s. , are, as far as
known, endemic to the Dutch Leeward Islands."
While the land operculates (Pornatiasidag) and the cerions
are the most conspicuous members of the land-snail fauna, the
accounts of some smaller forms, such as the little-known Neo-
subulina and Microceramus of these islands, and the new genus
Stoastomops are welcome, being accompanied by figures of both
shells and teeth. Numerous new species and subspecies are
described. — H. A. P.
The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America.
By Ida Shepard Oldroyd. (Stanford Univ. Publications, Geol.
Sciences, Vol. I, 248 pp., 57 pis.). This volume covers the
THE NAUTILUS. 107
Pelecypoda with a chapter on the Brachiopoda. The plan of
the work is to give the original description of each species, its
range and type locality, with the location of type specimens.
While thus mainly a compilation, the collections of the author
have been drawn on to extend some of the distributional data,
and have supplied specimens of many species for figuring.
Probably to save space, the bionomic relations of species are
not considered, though the wide field experience of the author
would no doubt supply abundant data. Nearly 500 species and
subspecies are described and about 275 of them illustrated.
The genus Marcia, page 232, is evidently out of place and
should be transferred back to page 155. The new species of
coral figured on plate 49 might possibly cause some trouble in
nomenclature, as the authority to be cited for the name is some-
what questionable.
West Coast conchologists will find this work indispensable.
Its great merit is in making the descriptions of all the species
accessible to the younger students, whilst heretofore a large
library was requisite. It should be a great stimulus to West
Coast conchology. — H. A. P. and C. W. J,
The Fresh-water Mussel Fauna of Eastern Oklohoma.
By F. B. Isely (Univ. of Oklohoma Bull., U. Ser., No. 322,
1925, pp. 43-118). An exhaustive study of the distribution
and ecology of the Unionidse of this region.
Shell-mounds and changes in the shells composing them.
By Edward S. Morse. The Scientific Monthly, October, 1925.
Important evidence for evolution is afforded by these compari-
sons of living shells with those found in the aboriginal refuse
heaps, both in New England and Japan. " The changes in the
shape of the shells are an important illustration of the fact that
when you have a unit of time sufficiently long, species.change."
Recent Mollusca, a Catalogue of the Land Shells. By
Hugh C. Fulton, Oct., 1925, 63'pp. An up-to-date catalogue,
according to the latest authorities and useful in arranging col-
lections.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
The arthropod parasites of mollusks, with description of
a new dipterous parasite from Brazil. By J. Bequaeart (Jour-
nal of Parasitology, June, 1925). The various forms which
have been found parasitic on mollusks are reviewed, and a new
fly which apparently in the larval stage feeds upon Bulimulas
tenuissimus and then pupates in the shell is described. Collec-
tors of land shells should be on the watch for their external
parasites, as very little seems to be known of the forms of this
country.
Growth and age and maturity of the Pacific Razor Clam,
Siliqua patula (Dixon). By F. W. Weymouth, H. C. Mc-
Millin and H. B. Holmes. (Bull. Bureau of Fish, Vol. 41, pp.
201-236, Doc. 984, 1925). An important biological paper on
this interesting bivalve. To most conchologists it is a surprise
to learn the economic importance of this mollusk. The can-
nery at Cordova, Alaska, was started in 1916. In 1917 and
1918 the output was approximately 50,000 cases; in 1924 it
was about 43,000 cases.
A New Species of Micromya. By Bryant Walker (Occas.
Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 163, pp. 1-6, pi. 1, 1925).
The type locality for the species (M. ortmanni) is Green River,
Mammoth Cave, Ky.
Description of a New Species of Physa from the Pleisto-
cene of Florida. By Wm. J. Clench (Occas. Papers Mus.
Zool., Univ. Mich., no. 164, pp. 1-4, pi. 1, 1925). The species
P. barberi is from the canal embankment, West Palm Beach,
Fla.
Illustrations of Unfigured Types of Shells in the Col-
lection of the United States National Museum. By Wm.
H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 66, art. 17, pp. 1-41, pis.
1-36, 1925). Some 200 species are beautifully illustrated and
seventeen new species described.
EDWARD S. MORSE
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXXIX APRIL, 1926. No. 4
PLIOCENE VIVIPARUS-LIKE OPERCULA FROM CALIFORNIA i
BY WENDELL P. WOODRING
In 1924 Hanna and Gaylord 2 described as Scalez petrolia gas-
tropod opercula that are confined to a thin layer in nonmarine
beds lying between marine beds in the Etchegoin formation, of
Pliocene age, penetrated by wells in the Elk Hills oil field and
the adjoining Sunset-Midway field, at the south end of the San
Joaquin Valley of California. These fossils, which are used to
great advantage as guide fossils by the oil operators, will be
described and figured in a report on the Elk Hills field now in
preparation by the United States Geological Survey, but it
seems desirable to put on record certain conclusions with regard
to their generic relations. At the time when they were de-
scribed no shells that were large enough for opercula of this size
had been found, and Hanna and Gaylord suggested that they
represent a chitinous-shelled or shell-less gastropod, probably of
the family Amnicolidae, subfamily Bithyninae.
These opercula have a " length," measured along the longest
diameter, of 6.2 to 8.7 millimeters and a "width" of 4.5 to 7
1 Published with the permission of the Director of the United States Geolog-
ical Survey.
2 Hanna, G. D., and Gaylord, E. G., Description of a new genus and species
of freshwater mollusks (Scalez petrolia) from the Etchegoin Pliocene of Cali-
fornia: California Acad. Sci. Proc. , ser. 4, vol. 13, pp. 147-149, 2 figs., 1924.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
millimeters. They are composed of very thin calcareous lam-
inae that are very fragile and peel off. The exterior surface is
concave and the interior surface is convex. The nucleus lies
close to the columellar side and concentric lines encircle it. On
the interior surface a narrow thickened ridge lies between the
columellar edge and the area where the foot was attached.
Fresh-water fossils, consisting principally of Amnicola and
fresh-water ostracods, are the only fossils in the beds carrying
the thin layer containing Scalez petrolia. Therefore it can be
assumed that these opercula represent gastropods that lived in
streams or lakes. It is apparent that the fossils are very sim-
ilar to Viviparus opercula, despite the fact that all living species
of Viviparus have horny opercula. The nucleus of the fossils
lies closer to the columellar edge and the fossils are a little less
than half as large as opercula of adult specimens of Viviparus
living in eastern United States. No native species of Viviparus
are now living west of the Rocky Mountains. An Eocene
species has been described from Washington and a Miocene
species from Nevada, but apparently the genus has not been
discovered in late Tertiary deposits on the Pacific coast. Sev-
eral species have been described from the late Cretaceous and
early Tertiary deposits of the Rocky Mountain region. The
opercula of these fossil species are not known. Scalez petrolia
also resembles opercula of the genus Ampullaria, especially of
the exotic species that have calcareous opercula, but the fossils
are much smaller, thinner, and less elongate and fail to show
the deep groove along the outer edge of the area where the foot
was attached. The geographic distribution of Ampullaria also
affords evidence that Scalez is not an Ampullaria-\ike mollusk,
as it is not probable that a characteristically tropical genus lived
in central California during Pliocene time.
After these fossils were described Doctor Hanna discovered a
few broken shells that seem to represent the shell of the animal,
and I am indebted to him for a core containing several broken,
crushed shells. They are very thin and imperforate, and are
marked by fine, but conspicuous, growth lines. At the aper-
ture the body whorl has a height of 8.5 to 11 millimeters, but
all the shells are flattened and the height is a little exaggerated.
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
So far as these crushed pieces go, they are very much like
shells of a relatively small Viviparus.
The opercula and the less satisfactory crushed shells indicate
that these fossils, to which the rather unfortunate generic name
Scalez was given, represent an extinct group of Viviparidae that
had calcareous opercula, although all living representatives of
the family have horny opercula, and no other fossil Viviparidae
having calcareous opercula have been found. Other families,
such as the Naticidae, Ampullariidae and Amnicolidae, em-
brace genera with horny opercula and also genera with calcar-
eous opercula.
So far these opercula have been found only in cores of cut-
tings, but it is safe to predict that they will eventually be found
at the outcrop of nonmarine beds of Etchegoin age. Their re-
markably limited stratigraphic range, on which their value to
the oil operator depends, is more probably due to the absence
of other nonmarine beds in the upper part of the Etchegoin for-
mation in the Sunset-Midway and Elk Hills fields than to their
actual sudden appearance and disappearance. It would not be
surprising to find them in other wedges of nonmarine Etchegoin
deposits.
NOTES ON THE NAIADES OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI DRAINAGE:
III. On the Relation of Temperature to the Rhythmical Contractions
of the "Mantle Flaps" in Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)
BY N. M. GRIER
Ortmann (Mem. Carnegie Museum 4: 319, 1911) first de-
scribed the rhythmical wave-like contractions of the lamellae
and flaps of the mantle in the gravid female of Lampsilis ventri-
cosa. His account includes a description of the position of the
shell during the process. The animal orientates itself so that
its anterior end is against the current, while the shell is so tilted
that the animal almost "stands upon its head ". The "mantle
flaps ", which are ribbon-like prolongations of the lamellar por-
tions of the mantle, are slowly protruded as the creature opens
112 THE NAUTILUS.
its shell, and floating freely, commence to contract as described.
Coker, Shira, Clark and Howard (Bull. Bur. Fisheries 37: 77-
181, 1921) point out the resemblance of these mantle flaps to
small fish, and their motion in the current further enhances this
resemblance. Since the enlarged marsupia are situated nearby,
they suggest that a fish darting at this tempting bait may cause
the extrusion of the glochidia and possibly the infection of a
host fish. Following the removal of an aquarium specimen
from the water, the mantle flaps were immediately drawn into
the shell, but when replaced on its side in an aquarium whose
bottom was soft mud, I have observed that the animal turned
over on its umbones and resumed the rhythmical contrac-
tions within half an hour. At first the rate is quite slow as if
the creature were "warming up" but rapid acceleration occurs
to a maximum rate which seems to be influenced by the tem-
perature. Apparently the animal may continue these contrac-
tions for hours at a time, if not disturbed in any way.
As noted by Ortmann (loc. cit. ), other members of this genus
possess these mantle flaps, but of these species, the contractions
of the mantle flaps seem to have been studied only in Lampsilis
siliquoidea (Barnes) by Howard and Anson (Journ. Parasitology
9: 70, 1922-23). These observers believe with Coker, Shira,
Clark and Howard that these undulations are an aid to respira-
tion as well as an attraction to predatory fish. They suggest
that this rhythmic action may be related to the fact that these
two species are inhabitants of lakes or lacustrine portions of
streams where dissemination of the glochidia by current action
would be slight. They also believe that the predaceous fish
which are the hosts of these mussels may be attracted by the
undulations of the mantle flaps.
In this case, the behavior of L. siliquoidea was observed in
running water at a temperature of 73° F. (22.8 C. ) in a cement
aquarium. They noted "regular undulations of two rapidly
succeeding waves lasting two seconds, each taking approxi-
mately a second to pass from the outer ventral lobes to the eye-
spots." This would indicate a contraction rate of from 16-20
waves per minute, since the intervals between the undulations
averaged 4-5 seconds. The marsupium withdrew following
THE NAUTILUS. 113
disturbance of the water and invariably before the mantle lobes
made any response. Ortmann merely states for L. ventricosa
that the contractions follow one another in quick succession —
perhaps 2-3 in a second, remarking that a lively current of
water must be produced over the protruded marsupia.
My own observations have principally to do with the effect of
temperature on the rate of these rhythmical contractions in L.
ventricosa as shown in the following table. The specimen ob-
served was kept in an cement aquarium and there was little if
any disturbance of the water.
Average Number of Contractions
Temperature per Minute
14.5° C. 63
19° C. 108
20.5° C. 112
21° C. 121
22.5° C. 128
In the first observation, a slight disturbance of the water re-
duced the number of contractions to 52 per minute. It was
noted also that the marsupia did not fully protrude until a con-
traction rate of 121 per minute was reached, an observation
which checks that of Ortmann. No resting interval was noted
between the contractions as was pointed out for L. siliquoidea.
If we accept as most probable the suggestion of the observers
cited that this device serves to attract the predatory fish which
distribute the glochidia, we may conclude that a temperature
which lowers or raises the rate of contractions also tends to in-
crease or diminish the reaction time of these fish which are also
of the same temperature as the environment. Thus the two
kinds of animals may be kept in the relationship indicated.
On the other hand the device, while easily conceivable as serv-
ing such a purpose, undoubtedly also contributes to the more
complete aeration of the crowded marsupia, the demands of the
glochidia for oxygen rising with the temperature, hence the
greater rate of contraction. At any rate the apparatus described
is worthy of a fuller study from the histological and physiolog-
114 THE NAUTILUS.
ical standpoint. I am indebted to Messrs. Joseph Berwick and
Irving Fountain for aid in making these observations.
Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.
THE LAST WORD ON ANCYLASTRUM
BY TOM IREDALE
*!
Burrington Baker's conclusion (Nautilus, Vol. XXXIX,
1925, 47) that " Ancylastrum does apply to the Tasmanian
group " may be refuted by extracts from the literature without
entry into disputatious matters as to whether the previous ex-
ponent erred or otherwise.
Bourguignat published in the Journ. de Conch., Vol. IV.,
1853, a paper entitled "Notice sur le genre Ancylus." This
paper appeared in the part dated Feb. 15, 1853, beginning on
p. 55. At p. 60 he gave a "Description du genre" in which
the diagnosis stated "presentant un sommet mousse, obtus, ou
aigu, plus ou moins incline a droite (ancylastrum) ou a gauche
(velletia)*"
Thus the two sections, Ancylastrum and Velletia comprise one
genus Ancylus.
Then followed a "Division du genre Ancyle" and first
Beck's division into Ancylus and Acroloxus is quoted. The
composition of the second part is demurred to and as there was
no definition the name was rejected.
Gray's division into two genera is then considered and " Vel-
letia, dont le type serait 1' Ancylus lacustris de Miiller," is re-
marked upon thus: " Cette division est bonne . . . mais nous
ne pensons pas que ce caractere isole soit suffisant pour auto riser
la creation d'un genre, et nous ne conserverons 1' appellation
Velletia qu' a titre de simple division du genre Ancylus."
The other division was Ancylus of Gray and Beck with A.
fluviatilis as type.
Then the whole matter is simply explained thus: " Quant &
nous, nous adoptons la division du genre en deux coupes.
JBy permission of the Trustees of the Australian Museum.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
lre section. S. G. Ancylastrum.
2e section. S. G. Velletia.
Nous employons le mot Ancylastrum, d' accord en cela avec
M. Moquin-Tandon, pour designer notre premier groupe, parce
qu'il ne nous a pas paru logique de conserver le nom meme du
genre pour en designer seulement une division: d'un autre cote,
la nature ty pique qu'il faut reconnaitre aux especes que nous
pretendons classer dans cette section, exigeait que le nom du
groupe rappelat en quelque sorte 1' appellation generique. Nous
avons done agi comme le font souvent les botanistes en pareil
cas, et nous avons use du secours de leur terminologie, en em-
ploy ant la desinence astrum, dont ils se servent lorsqu'ils etab-
lissent dans un genre une subdivision dont la denomination
doit indiquer l'origine.
Quant a notre seconde section, nous adopt ons pour elle le
nom propose en 1840 par M. Gray.
It may be as well to recapitulate the above in plain English
so that no further misunderstanding can arise. Bourguignat
never proposed a genus Ancylastrum : he introduced the name
for the typical section of Ancylus as understood by him, and
typified by Ancylus fluviatilis merely to avoid using the generic
name Ancylus for a subgenus.
It may be added that Fischer in the Manuel de Conch., p.
504, 1883, has displayed the facts as I have above written, thus:
Genus Ancylus Geoffroy, 1767. Example A. fluviatilis Miiller.
S. g. Ancylastrum Moquin-Tandon, 1853. Ex. A. fluviatilis
MiM.
S. g. Velletia Gray. Ex. A. lacustris Mull.
Consequently Ancylastrum can not be used for the Tasman-
ian A. cumingianus Bourguignat, and for this group I here pro-
vide the new generic name lasmancylus, naming that species as
type, and will more fully discuss the details in an account I am
now preparing.
116 THE NAUTILUS.
ON MYCETOPODA FALCATA HIGGINS
BY H. VON IHERING
Mr. William B. Marshall has been led by his study on the
microscopic sculpture of the pearly fresh-water shells (Proceed-
ings U. S. National Museum, vol. 67, art. 15, pi. 10, 1925) to
the conclusion that the Mycetopoda falcata which Simpson erron-
eously has considered a Solenaia, must belong to Mycetopoda, or
an allied genus. This has been my opinion also for some time,
for the reason given below.
Mendranath published a paper on the anatomy of certain In-
dian Unionidae (Rec. Indian Museum XIV, pp. 109-122, plate
16, 1918) in which according to the Archiv f. Molluskenkunde,
p. 48, 1922, he says that Solenaia soleniformis Benson, is allied
to Physunio, and belongs to the letragense. Solenaia therefore
has nothing to do with the family Mutelidx.
The first exact data on the habitat of Mycetopoda falcata we
owe to Dr. Fritz Haas of the Senckenburg Museum in his pub-
lication ' ' Trabajos del Mus. Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,
Madrid Zool. Series, No. 25, p. 57, f. 2, 1916. He there de-
scribes Mycetopoda bolivari, n. sp., which is evidently identical
with Mycetopoda falcata Higgins. The specimen of M. falcata
described by Haas as M. bolivari comes from the Rio Unuyacu,
an affluent of the Rio Napo, in Ecuador.
NEW FORMS OF PLANORBIS AND LYMNAEA WITH NOTES ON
OTHER FORMS
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER
Planorbis trivolvis winslowi n. var.
Shell ultra-sinistrial, discoidal, carinate above and below;
color brownish or greenish horn; surface dull, sculpture coarse,
the lines of growth forming distinct, wide-spaced riblets; no
Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,
No. 36.
THE NAUTILUS. 117
spiral sculpture; whorls about 4, high, closely wound, the body
whorl flatly rounded; spire with the first 2£ whorls flat, the
body whorl being concave and raised above these whorls; super-
ior angulation very distinct and often sharp; umbilicus round
and deep, very small, exhibiting 2J whorls, the base of the
body whorl sharply angulated and roundly sloping into the
umbilical region; the vertical striation cuts sharply across the
angulated base; aperture ovate, narrowed above where it forms
an acute angle raised above the body whorl; broadly rounded
below and extending below the body whorl; outer lip sharp,
with internal brown-edged callus, reflected and slightly flaring
in some fully adult specimens; inner lip forming a thin, spread-
ing, white callus over the parietal wall.
Length, 13.5; diameter, 22.5, aperture length, 12.2; diameter,
8.0 mm. Holotype.
Length, 12.1; diameter, 21.2; aperture length, 12.2; diameter,
7.6 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Little Arbor Vitae Lake, Vilas Co., Wisconsin.
Types in Mus. Univ. Mich.; paratypes Mus. Univ. 111.,
718637.
Remarks: Winslowi is apparently a very distinct variety of
trivolvis. It resembles pilsbryi in some respects, but is smaller,
only about half the size of adult individuals of that variety,
and the body whorl is sharply angulated and more flat-sided.
It was at first thought to represent a distinct species, but the
presence of individuals varying toward trivolvis in the type lot,
as well as in nearby waters, indicate a relationship to this large
planorbid. Specimens from Big Arbor Vitae Lake and from
the Manitowish River are of this intermediate character. It
was collected by the Michigan fish collectors Messrs. Metzelaar
and Langlois. It is named in honor of Miss Mina L. Winslow,
the able curator of Mollusca of the University of Michigan
Museum, who first brought the novelty to the attention of the
writer.
Planoebis tkivolis pilsbeyi n. var.
Planorbis binneyi Baker, Nautilus, XXIII, p. 41, 1909;
Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts., XVII, p. 237, 1911; Tech. Pub.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
N. Y. State Coll. For., 4, p. 277, fig. 46, nos. 17, 18, 1916;
Op. Cit., 9, p. 175, 1918.
Shell ultrasinistral, very high as compared with its diameter;
whorls 4|, rather tightly coiled, the body whorl with a rather
distinct carina above; spire flat and depressed below the level
of the body whorl; umbilical region deep, three full turns of
the shell visible, the umbilicus small and deep; sutures varying
from barely marked to deeply impressed, forming a v-shaped
trough; sculpture more regular than in typical trivolvis, the rib-
lets more widely spaced; aperture very high, forming a sharp
triangle above, widely expanded below, somewhat flaring, but
not turned over as in typical trivolvis.
Length, 15.0; diameter, 27.5; aperture length, 14.5; diameter,
9.0 mm. Holotype.
Length, 16.0; diameter, 26.0; aperture length, 15.5; diameter,
9.5 mm. Paratype.
Length, 14.0; diameter, 26.0; aperture length, 13.0; diameter,
8.0 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Tomahawk Lake, Oneida Co., Wisconsin.
Types in coll. Baker, 846; paratypes in A. N. S. Phila. 140269.
Remarks: Mature pilsbyri differs from trivolvis in having higher
whorls as compared with their diameter, a deeper and more
funnel-shaped umbilicus, a longer and narrower aperture which
is more angular above, the upper side of the body whorl (spire)
is more sharply carinated, the spire whorls flatter and more
regularly and deeply immersed in the coil of the body whorl,
and the lines of growth are evenly spaced and heavier, often
forming incipient costae. There is some variation in form, this
being toward the trivolvis form, a variation especially noted in
specimens from Moose Ear Creek, Barron Co., Wis. The types
from Tomahawk Lake are very distinct and without the inter-
mediate forms of other places would be considered a good
species.
The writer previously considered this large corpulent Plan-
orbis as referable to Tryon's binneyi. A critical comparison of
specimens of binneyi from Oregon, the t}'pe state, with the large
Wisconsin Planorbis shows that this approximation is not cor-
rect and that the true binneyi is a different species, having a
THE NAUTILUS. 119
heavier shell, more heavily carinated body whorl, and especi-
ally quite different sculpture, which is coarser than in pilsbryi.
Binneyi occupies a totally different drainage system and prob-
ably is related rather to Planorbis amnion than to ti'ivolvis. Pils-
bryi is distributed well over the northern part of the United
States (and probably southern Canada) from Wisconsin to New
York. It seems eminently fitting that this finest Planorbis in
the northern states should be dedicated to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry.
Stagnicola walkeriana n. sp.
Shell ovately globose, inflated, rather thin; periostracum pale
horn, darker in many specimens, sometimes tinged with purple;
surface dull to shining, lines of growth coarse and close-set,
spiral striation well marked: apex wine-colored; whorls 5,
rapidly increasing in diameter, inflated, tumid, body whorl
rather bulbous; spire short, broadly conic, rather wide; nuclear
whorls 1J in number, flattened, especially the first whorl which
is very flat, sunken in the volution of the second whorl in the
adult shell, and separated by a deep sutural channel; sutures
impressed; aperture ovate or elliptical, sometimes rounded,
occupying more than half the length of the shell, with brownish
interior; outer lip convex, thin or thickened by a slight brown-
edged varix; inner lip flattened, reflected over the parietal wall
to form a rather thin callus and raised above the umbilicus
forming a broad, flat projection partly hiding the otherwise dis-
tinct umbilical chink; axis not much twisted, but the columella
is slightly thickened and in many specimens the inner lip is
appressed so as to form a rather well-marked plait, the umbil-
ical chink varies greatly in size, the surface of the shell is often
malleated.
Length, 17.0; diameter, 11.0; aperture length, 10.5; diameter,
6.2 mm. Holotype.
Length, 16.5; diameter, 11.0; aperture length, 11.1; diameter,
6.0 mm. Paratype.
Length, 16.2; diameter, 10.0; aperture length, 10.0; diameter,
6.7 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Madeline Island, near Bayfield, Bayfield Co.,
Wisconsin. Types in Mus. Univ. Wis.. No. 4695; paratypes,
Mns. Univ. 111., No. 19437, Phil. Acad. Sci. No. 140268.
120 THE NAUTILUS.
Remarks: Walkeriana resembles both catascopium and ernar-
ginata angulata. It is comparatively wider than catascopium, is
(usually) umbilicated, has a shorter, broader spire and more
tumid whorls. The columella is quite different, being broader,
erect, and lacking the plait and twist of that species. It may
be known from angulata by its more regularly ovate shell, more
pointed spire, more ovate and less rounded aperture, and less
rotund body whorl. Angulata is also larger and heavier than
ivalkeriana. It more closely resembles emarginata ontariensis,
which, however, has a thicker shell of a different color and
texture, a longer, more pointed spire with flat-sided whorls, a
more compressed body whorl, and a differently shaped inner
lip.
A restudy of binneyi, apicina, and solida leads the writer to
change completely the opinion given in the Monograph of the
Lymnaeidse concerning these species. Binneyi is a river species,
its type locality being the Hell Gate River, Montana, which is
a tributary of the Columbia River, hence the Pacific drainage.
All authors have confused several species with the true binneyi,
which should be restricted to river forms conforming to the
diagnosis and figure of Tryon in the Journ. of Conch., p. 229,
pi. 23, fig. 3. This is different from the lake shells under con-
sideration, which all have a short spire and a differently shaped
aperture. The two type specimens of binneyi in the Philadel-
phia Academy (No. 58506) are like Tryon' s description and
are different from the shell of the Great Lakes.
The reference of certain Michigan lake shells to apicina by
the writer in the Lymnaea monograph is also erroneous. They
have only a superficial resemblance to the types of the western
form and it is now believed that solida and apicina as a synonym,
should be restricted to the region west of the Rocky Mountains,
the Pacific drainage. This is a river species and obviously
would be different from a typical Great Lake species.
The lake forms previously referred to binneyi and apicina, for
both forms referred to these species are variants of the same
thing, should apparently be separated from all other species of
the lake region and they are accordingly recognized under the
name of one of America's distinguished students of the Mol-
THE NAUTILUS. 121
lusca, Dr. Bryant Walker. The reference of these lake shells
to another species removes an apparent anomaly in the distri-
bution of the west coast forms to which they have been referred
and brings them more in accord with our present knowledge
concerning the ecological distribution of species in lakes and
rivers.
MOLLUSCS FROM THE MANITOBA -ONTARIO BOUNDARY
BY ALAN MOZLEY
University of Manitoba
The species noted below were collected during the years
1923-25 in the vicinity of the boundary between the southern
portions of the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, Canada.
This district is near the western border of the Canadian Zone in
southern Manitoba, and outcrops of Pre-Cambrian rocks form
the most striking geological feature. The area is treed prin-
cipally by conifers. Due to irregularities of relief thousands of
small lakes have formed. As has been pointed out by Bensley
(2) many of the lakes of this Archean area have a high content
of organic detritus, and often have their waters discolored by
vegetable extracts till they resemble weak tea. The area in
which the collecting was done lies wholly within the Hudson
Bay drainage system. The Winnipeg River with its connecting
waters, including the English River, the Lake of the Woods,
and Shoal Lake, forms, when its fauna is considered, a distinct
section of the Nelson River portion of this northern drainage.
Very few molluscs have been collected in this district, the only
previous records being those of Binney (3 & 4), Dall (5), Han-
ham (6) and Mozley (8). The records of Adamstone (1),
Robertson (10), and Whiteaves (12-15) while from closely sim-
ilar habitats do not relate to the same drainage system. This
list includes thirty-three species of which only four have been
previously recorded from this area. In addition there are three
species the precise identity of which has not been ascertained,
but which are distinct from the others mentioned. A collection
122 THE NAUTILUS.
was made in a backwater of the Winnipeg River a short distance
west of Minaki station, this is referred to simply as Minaki,
Winnipeg River. The list of references is believed to contain
all the papers pertaining to this district which have appeared
since Dall's volume was published. Drs. Victor Sterki, Bryant
Walker, and F. C. Baker very kindly identified many of the
species and confirmed certain others. I am also indebted to
Dr. C. H. O'Donoghue, and Messrs. L. B. Ciark and A. B.
Gresham for collecting certain shells.
Pelecypoda.
Family Unionidae.
Lasmigona complanata Barnes.
Ontario: Minaki, Winnipeg River. Rare. The shells col-
lected were small, dark-colored, and much eroded. Typical
measurements are: Length, 81 mm.; height, 60mm.; depth,
24.5 mm.; thickness, 1 mm. (maximum at periphery and
center). It is of interest to note the extreme thinness of the
shell in this Pre-Cambrian country where there is little avail-
able lime. Ortmann (9, p. 136) states that this species occurs
in the " Lake of the Woods, belonging to the upper lakes drain-
age." The Lake of the Woods is in the Hudson Bay drainage.
Anodonta grandis footiana Lea.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River; Otter Lake, near Cygnet
Rapids a few miles east of Malachi.
Strophitus edentulus Say.
Manitoba: Whitemouth River, near its junction with the
Winnipeg River.
Lampsilis superiorensis Marsh. *
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River; Pistol Lake, near Minaki;
Fox Lake, near Wade. This species is abundant at Minaki.
1 Dall (5, p. 125) records this species from "Hill River, Keewatin." I
have been unable to locate this river, although there is a Hill or Hilly Lake
with a river flowing from it, south-west of Jackpine, Ont. (C. P. E. main
line), which was in the old District of Keewatin.
THE NAUTILUS. 123
Typical measurements from this habitat are: Length, 68 mm.;
height, 42mm.; depth, 27 mm.; thickness (at center), 1.1 mm.
Length, 72 mm.; height, 41 mm.; depth, 29.5 mm.; thickness
(at center), 1.5 mm. Length, 68 mm. ; height, 41 mm. ; depth,
26.5 mm.; thickness (at center), 1 mm.
Family Sphaeriidae.
Sphaerium sulcatum Lam.
Man. : Indian Bay Station (Waugh), Falcon Bay (Shoal
Lake).
Ont. : Rainy Lake, one mile east of Wade. This lake should
not be confused with the Rainy Lake on the International
Boundary.
Sphaerium crassum Sterki.
Man. : Indian Bay Station, Falcon Bay.
Ont.: Minaki, Winnipeg River. Some of the specimens
from Falcon Bay had the hinges reversed. This species has
not been previously reported from Manitoba. Adamstone (1.)
found it in Lake Nipigon, Ont., in the Great Lakes drainage.
Sphaerium solidulum Prime.
Man. : Whitemouth River, near its junction with the Winni-
peg River.
Sphaerium striatinum Lam.
Man. : Whitemouth River, near its junction with the Winni-
peg River. Sterki (11, p. 435) apparently thinks the previous
Manitoba records for this species are not sufficiently authenti-
cated to consider.
Sphaerium occidentale Prime.
Man. : Mile 69, G. W. W. D. Ry. , near the settlement known
as Birch River. Shallow railway ditch.
Sphaerium truncatum Lindsay.
Ont. : Skunk Lake, one mile west of Minaki. This species
has not been previously reported from this part of the country.
124 THE NAUTILUS.
Musculium securis Prime.
Ont. : Alice Lake, between Minaki and Wade.
Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki.
Ont. : Skunk Lake, near Minaki. This species has not been
previously reported from the Hudson Bay drainage.
Gastropoda.
Family Pupillidae.
Acanthinula harpa Say.
Ont. Poplar- Birch- Jack Pine habitat, 1^ miles east of Mal-
achi; Otter Lake, near Cygnet Rapids, between Malachi and
Wade, pure stand of young birch.
Strobilops affinis Pils.
Ont. : 1J miles east of Malachi, as above; near Cygnet Rapids,
as above.
Family Zonitidae.
Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pils.
Ont. : 1^ miles east of Malachi, as above. This species has
not been previously recorded from Western Canada.
Zonitoides exigua Stimpson.
Ont. : 1\ miles east of Malachi, as above; near Cygnet Rapids,
as above. This species has not been previously reported from
Western Canada.
Zonitoides arborea Say.
Ont. : 1^ miles east of Malachi, as above.
Polita hammonis Strom.
Ont. : 1 J miles east of Malachi, as above; near Cygnet Rapids,
as above.
Family Endodontidae.
Pyramidula cronkkitei anthonyi Pils.
Ont. : 1^ miles east of Malachi, as above.
THE NAUTILUS. 125
Family Succineidae.
Succinea ovalis Say.
Man. : Mile 76|, G. W. W. D. Ry., near the settlement known
as East Braintree.
Ont. : Near Cygnet Rapids, as above.
Succinea sp.
Ont. : Near Cygnet Rapids, as above.
Family Lymnaeidae.
Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River.
Lymnaea stagnalis sanctsemarise Walker.
Man. : Lake Brereton. This variety has not been previously
reported from the Hudson Bay drainage.
Lymnaea emarginata canadensis Sow.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River,
Lymnaea emarginata angulata Sow.
Man. : Winnipeg River, near its junction with the White-
mouth River. This variety is new to Manitoba.
Lymnaea vahlii Moll.?
Man.: Mile 69, G. W. W. D. Ry., shallow railway ditch.
Lymnaea obrussa exigua Lea.
Man. : Mile 69, G. W. W. D. Ry., as above.
Lymnaea apicina Lea ?
Ont. : English River, not far from its junction with the Win-
nipeg River; Lost Lake, near Minaki.
Lymnaea megasoma Say.
Man. : Indian Bay Station, Falcon Bay.
126 THE NAUTILUS.
Family Planorbidae.
Planorbis corpulentus Say.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River; Sand Lake (Winnipeg River);
White Dog, Winnipeg River; Sword Lake, near Minaki; Fox
Lake, near Wade. Binney (4, p. 114) states that this species
is found in the " Winnipeck River," possibly meaning the
Winnipeg River.
Planorbis trivolvis Say.
Man. : Indian Bay Station, Falcon Bay.
Planorbis campanulatus var.
Man. : Indian Bay Station, Falcon Bay.
Ont. : Minaka, Winnipeg River; White Dog, Winnipeg
River; Star Lake, near Reddit; Alice and Onion Lakes, near
Minaki; English River, near its junction with the Winnipeg
River. These shells belong to a new variety, shortly to be de-
scribed by Miss M. L. Winslow of the Museum of Zoology Uni-
versity of Michigan.
Planorbis exacuous Say.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River. The single shell upon which
this record is based does not appear to belong to the variety
megas Dall.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Ont.: Minaki, Winnipeg River; Alice and Lost Lakes, near
Minaki; Malachi Lake, Malachi.
Family Physidae.
Physa integra Hald.
Man.: Mile 77, G. W. W. D. Ry., just below a small rapids
on the Birch River.
Ont. : Lost and Sword Lakes, near Minaki; Star Lake, near
Reddit.
Physa gyrina Say.
Ont. : Minaki, Winnipeg River; Sand and Onion Lakes, near
THE NAUTILUS. 127
Minaki; English River, forty miles north of Minaki; Fox Lake,
near Wade; Otter Lake, near Malachi.
List of References.
1. Adamstone, F. B.
The Distribution and Economic Importance of Molluscs
in Lake Nipigon.
University of Toronto Studies, No. 14, 1923.
2. Bensley, B. A.
The Fishes of Georgian Bay.
Contrib. Can. Biol., 1911-4. Supplement to 47th Rept.
Dept. Marine & Fisheries, Canada, 1915, pp. 1-51.
3. Binney, W. G.
Catalogue of the Land and Freshwater Univalve Mol-
lusca. Collected in British North America by Messrs.
Ross, Kennicott, and Drexler, and deposited in the
Smithsonian Institution.
Proc Acad. Sci., Phil., 1861, p. 330.
4. Binney, W. G.
Land and Fresh Water Shells of North America. Pt. II.
Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 143, 1865.
5. Dall, W. H.
Land and Fresh Water Molluscs.
Harriman Alaska Exped., Vol. XIII, 1905.
6. Hanham, A. W.
A List of the Land and Fresh Water Shells of Manitoba.
Nautilus, Vol. XIII, 1899, pp. 1-6.
7. Latchford, F. R.
Conchological Notes.
Ottawa Nat., XXIX, 1915, pp. 51-52.
8. Mozley, Alan.
Segmentina crassilabris Walker in Manitoba.
Can. Field Nat., Vol. XXXIX, 1925, p. 85.
9. Ortmann, A. E.
A Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsylvania.
Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919.
10. Robertson, A. D.
The Mollusca of Georgian Bay.
Contrib. Can. Biol., 1911-4. Supplement to 47th Rept.
Dept. Marine and Fisheries, Canada, 1915, pp. 95-111.
11. Sterki, Victor.
A Preliminary Catalogue of the North American Sphae-
riidae.
Annals Carnegie Mus., Vol. X, Nos. 3 & 4, 1916.
128 THE NAUTILUS.
12. Whiteaves, J. F.
Notes on some Fresh-water Shells from the Yukon Ter-
ritory.
Ottawa Nat., Vol. XIX, 1905, pp. 63-65.
Certain records from Keewatin are also given.
13. Whiteaves, J. F.
Some new localities for Canadian Land and Fresh Water
Shells.
Ottawa Nat., Vol. XIX, 1905, pp. 169-171.
14. Whiteaves, J. F.
List of Land and Fresh Water Shells from the District
of Keewatin.
Rept. Geol. Survey Canada, 1905, p. 6.
15. Whiteaves, J. F.
List of some Fresh Water Shells from Northwestern On-
tario and Keewatin.
Ottawa Nat., Vol. XX, 1906, pp. 31-32.
A LIST OF THE MOLLUSKS COLLECTED BY MR. OWEN BRYANT ALONG
THE COASTS OF LABRADOR, NEWFOUNDLAND AND NOVA SCOTIA
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
In the summer of 1908 the schooner Lorna Doone belonging
to Dr. Wilfred T. Grenfell was chartered by a party including
Mr. Owen Bryant and his brothers Dr. John Bryant and Mr.
Edward S. Bryant. The vessel went as far north as the south-
ern end of Cape Chidley Island. The most northern points at
which Mr. Bryant collected were Mettek Island near Eclipse
Harbor and Kowaktorvik Bay, north of Nachvak. In regard
to collecting Mr. Bryant says: "I started out with the idea of
collecting on land and had no intention of doing any dredging.
On the way to St. John's the vessel happened to be drifting
over part of the Grand Banks in about 50 fathoms of water, I
collected a number of pelagic animals by using a butterfly net
as a tow net. This gave me the idea of making use of any
future opportunities by dredging. At St. Johns I had a black-
smith make me a dredge frame, had some netting sewed together
to form a bag and bought 200 fathoms of rope, about one-half
inch in diameter. The dredge often came in very hard, but we
THE NAUTILUS. 129
had lots of man power on board; occasionally there were as
many as fourteen men pulling on the rope, and by swaying we
could get in only about four inches at a time, so you see we
had plenty of exercise. Sometimes the vessel was being carried
south by the Labrador current although we were sailing north
in a very light breeze, and we had to pull the vessel ahead in
order to get to the dredge. The dredge was practically always
filled, and all the sand was washed through a sieve and every
specimen I could see was saved from each haul."
I have added to this list the species collected by Mr. Bryant
in Newfoundland in 1905 and 1906, part of this time being
spent with Dr. Grenfell at St. Anthony. The following list of
localities and stations where collecting was done, was given in
full, as they are somewhat abbreviated in the list of species.
Mr. Bryant presented the collection to the Boston Society of
Natural History.
The bibliography bearing on the fauna of this region is quite
extensive and that pertaining to the Mollusca is given by J. F.
Whiteaves: Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Can-
ada, in Geol. Survey of Canada, 1901. Packard's The Labrador
Coast, 1891, also contains an extensive bibliography and a list
of the mollusks. Labrador, The Country and the People, by Wil-
fred T. Grenfell and others, contains a short article bearing on
the mollusks collected by Mr. Bryant, which are here treated
in detail.
List of localities: Labrador
Mettek Island, near Eclipse Harbor, Sept. 5.
Kowaktorvik Bay, north of Nachvak, 5 fathoms, rocky,
Aug. 28.
Outside of Hebron, 60 fathoms, gravel, Aug. 25.
Of! Hebron, 60 fathoms, mud and sand, Aug. 25.
Off Hebron, 100 fathoms, mud, Aug. 25.
Off Fish Island, Hebron, 75 fathoms, Aug. 25.
Outside of Fish Island, Hebron, 80 fathoms, gravel, Aug. 25.
Halfway between Cape Mugford and Hebron, 60 fathoms,
mud and sand, Aug. 23.
Port Manvers, 30 fathoms, sticky mud, Aug.
Twenty miles N. E. of Nain, Aug. 20.
Nain, 7 fathoms, mud, Aug. 18.
130
THE NAUTILUS.
Shoal Tickle, 20 miles S. E. of Nain, 25 fathoms, Aug. 15.
Off Beachy Island, 80 fathoms, soft mud, Aug. 22.
Egg Harbor, 7 fathoms, mud, Aug. 6.
Off Egg Harbor, 20 fathoms, mud, Aug. 10.
Indian Harbor, Aug. 12.
Gready Harbor, 12-15 fathoms, rocky, Aug. 8.
"Cock Capelin," Gready Harbor, Aug. 8.
Bateau, Aug. 1.
One mile N. of Battle Harbor, 50 fathoms, fine sand, Sept. 14.
Off Cape Harrison, tow net, Aug. 13.
Newfoundland
Cape Norman, May 1, 1906.
Brehat Bay.
St. Anthony, 2 fathoms, May 4, 14 and June 1, 1906.
Hare Bay, Jan. 20, 1906.
Conche, tide pools, Apr. 20 and May 17, 1906.
Pilley's Island, Dec. 11, 1905.
Port Saunders and Hawks Bay, July 12 and Aug. 1, 1906.
Seldom Come Bay, Fogo Island, July 28, and 29, 1908.
Funk Island, July 2, 1906.
Mouth of Serpentine River, July 1, 1905.
Off St. Lawrence Harbor, Placentia Bay, 59 and 53 fathoms,
rocky, Sept. 29.
S. by E. of Burin, Placentia Bay, 100 to 110 fathoms, rocky,
Sept. 28.
Off Cape Race, 30 fathoms, Sept, 26, 1908.
St. Pierre
St. Pierre Harbor, 5 fathoms, rocky, Oct. 1, 1908.
St. Pierre Bank, 30 fathoms, rocky, Oct. 2, 1908.
Off Crew Point, 17 fathoms, rocky, Sept. 29, 1908.
Nova Scotia
75 miles W. N. W. of Sable Island, 75 fathoms, fine sand,
Oct. 5, 1908.
Roseway Bank, E. of Cape Sable, 45 fathoms, gravel, Oct. 6.
75 miles E. of Cape Sable, 105 fathoms, mud, Oct. 6.
55 miles E. of Cape Sable, 85 fathoms, mud, Oct. 6.
14 miles S. of Cape Sable, 45 fathoms, rocky, Oct. 7.
20 miles E. S. E. of Cape Sable, 70 fathoms, fine sand, Oct. 7.
About 40 miles W. by S. of Cape Sable, 76 fathoms, black
gravel, Oct. 8.
About 49 miles W. by S. of Cape Sable, 110 fathoms, gravel,
Oct. 8.
Browns Bank off Cape Sable. 40 fathoms, rocky, Oct. 8.
THE NAUTILUS. 131
SCAPHOPODA
Dentalium entails stimpsoni Henderson. U. S. — S. of C. Sable,
76 f.; 43 miles W. by S. of C. Sable, 110 1; Browns Bk., 40 f.
D. agile M. Sars. U. S.— 55 miles E. of C. Sable, 85 f.; 75
miles E. of C. Sable, 105 f.
Gasteropoda
Acmasa testudinalis (Mull.). Lab. — Egg Hbr., 7 f . ; Gready
Hbr., 12 f. ; Buteau. N. F.— St. Anthony, 2 f. on Pecten
grandis ; Seldome Come Bay; Serpentine R.
A. rubella (Fab.). Lab. — Gready Hbr., 12 f.
Lepeta cseca (Mull). Lab. — Off Hebron, 60 1; off Fish I.,
801; between C. Mugford and Hebron, 60 f. ; off Egg Hbr.,
20 f. Large Hemithyris psittacea Gmel. were taken at the latter
Sta. N. F. — Off C. Race, 30 f. H. psittacea were also dredged
at this Sta.; S. by E. of Burin, 110 f. N. S.— Browns Bk.,
40 1
Pvncturella princeps (Migh. & Ads.). Lab. — Egg Hbr., 7 1;
Shoal Tickle. St. Pierre, 5 1 ; N. S.— S. W. of C. Sable, 40 1
Margarites helicina (Phipps). Lab. — Komaktorvik Bay, 5 f. ;
20 miles N. E. of Nain; Gready Hbr., 14 1 N. F.— Conche.
M. umbilicalis var. spiralis Baker. Lab. — Komaktorvik Bay,
5 1; off Fish I., 75 1
M. olivacea Brown. Lab. — Between C. Mugford and Hebron,
60 f. Specimens vary in size from 4 to 9 mm. approaching the
var. gigantea Leche; off Beachy I., 80 f . ; Egg Hbr., 7 f . ;
Gready Hbr., 12 1
M. groenlandica Gmel. Lab. — Nain, 7 1; Egg Hbr., 7 1;
Gready Hbr., 12 1 N. F. — St. Anthony, 2 1 on Pecten grandis
Sol.
M. groenlandica var. incarnata Couth. N. S. — Browns Bk.
40 1 S. W. of C. Sable, 40 1
M. cinerea Couth. Lab. — Off Hebron, 60 1; between C.
Mugford and Hebron, 60 1; Nain, 7 1; Shoal Tickle; Egg
Hbr., 7 to 20 1; Gready Hbr., 12 1 N. F.— St. Lawrence
Hbr., 50 1
M. cinerea var. maxima. Lab. — Off Fish I., 75 1
Solariella varicosa Migh. & Ads. Lab. — Between C. Mugford
and Hebron, 60 1; Shoal Tickle; off Egg Hbr., 7 to 20 1;
Gready Hbr., 15 1 N. of Battle Hbr. 50 1 N. F.— Off St.
Lawrence Hbr., 50 1 N. S.— 20 miles E. S. E. of C. Sable,
70 1
S. varicosa var. bella Verk. N. S. — 20 miles E. S. E. of C.
Sable, 70 1
Calliostoma occidentalis Beck. N. S. — 40 miles W. by S. of
C. Sable, 76 1
132 THE NAUTILUS.
Couthouyella striatula (Couth). N. S. — 43 miles W. by S. of
C. Sable, 110 f.
Odostomia (Amaura) Candida (Moll). Lab. — Between C.
Mugford and Hebron, 60 f . ; Egg Hbr., 7 f.
Epitonium greenlandicum (Perry), N. S. — 14 miles S. of C.
Sable, 45 f. ; S. W. of C. Sable, 40 f. ; 43 miles W. by S. of C.
Sable, 110 f.; Browns Bk., 40 f.
Natica clausa B. & S. Lab. — Port Manvers, 30 f. ; off Beachy
I., 80 f. N. F.— Off St. Lawrence Hbr., 50 f. N. S.— Browns
Bk., 40 1; 20 miles E. S. E. of C. Sable, 76 f . ; 14 miles S. of
C. Sable, 45 f. Terebratulina septentrionalis were abundant at
this station, many being of a bright pink color.
Polinices heros (Say). N. F.— S. by E. of Burin, 100 f.
P. groenlandica Moll. N. S.— 20 miles E. S. E. of C. Sable,
70 f. ; 55 miles E. of C. Sable, 85 f.
P. immaculata Totten. N. S. — 43 miles W. by S. of C. Sable,
110 f.
Amauropsis islandica Gmel. jur. Lab. — Off Beachy I., 80 f.
Vehitina laevigata (Linne). Lab. — Shoal Tickle. N. S. — 14
miles S. of C. Sable, 45 f. ; 40 miles W. by S. of C. Sable, 76 f. ;
Browns Bk., 40 f.
V. undata Brown. Lab. — Between C. Mugford and Hebron,
60 f.
Marsenina glabra (Couth). Lab. — Shoal Tickle. N. S. — 14
miles S. of C. Sable, 45 f. ; S. W. of C. Sable, 40 f. ; Browns
Bk., 40 f.
Qlngula areolata Stimp. N. S. — Browns Bk., 40 f.
C. carinata Migh. & Ads. N. S. — 75 miles E. of C. Sable,
105 f.
C. castanea Moll. Lab. — 20 miles N. E. of Nain; Shoal
Tickle, 25 f. N. S.— Browns Bk., 40 f.
0. jan-mayeni Friele. N. S. — 20 miles E. S. E. of C. Sable,
70 f.
Cingula bryanti, n. sp. nov. Shell dark reddish brown, nar-
rowly umbilicated, whorls about five, apical and following whorl
smooth, the others with two prominent spiral ridges, crossed by
less prominent longitudinal costae, that form slight nodes at
their junction with the revolving ridges, body whorl with three
smaller spiral ridges below the two prominent peripheral ridges.
The longitudinal costae conspicuous above the peripheral ridges,
between them obsolete, but both ridges slightly nodose. Height
2.5, width 1.5 mm.
Two specimens, 15 fms. off St. Lawrence Harbor, Newfound-
land, and one specimen 25 fms. Shoal Tickle, 20 miles S. E. of
Nain, Labrador.
THE NAUTILUS. 133
This species resembles in form the figure of Alvania zetlandica,
Sars "Moll. Regionis Arcticae Norvegiae," Tab. 10, fig. 7, but
with less prominent longitudinal costae. It also resembbs C.
jan-mayeni, but that is a larger and broader species, with only
two sculptered whorls.
Onoba aculeus Gould. St. Pierre, 5 f.
Litorina littorea (Linne). N. F. — C. Narman, very large,
some measuring 40 mm. ; Hawkes Bay; Serpentine R. ; Conche,
tide pools; Seldome Come Bay; Pilley's I.
L. pallatia Say. N. F. — C. Norman; Seldome Come Bay;
Pilley I.
L. rudis. Lab. — Nain, tide water; Indian Hbr. N. F. —
Port Saunders; Funk I.; Pilley's I.: Conche, tide pools.
Lacuna vincta (Montg. ). Lab. — Komatorvik Bay, 5 f. ; Egg
Hbr. 7 f. ; Bateau. N. F. — Conche; Seldome Come Bay. St.
Pierre. — 5 f. ; off Crew Point, 17 f.
Tachyrhynchus reticularis (Migh. & Ads.). Lab. — Off Fish
I., 80 1; Shoal Tickle, 25 f. ; Gready Hbr. 12 f . ; off Hebron
60 f. N. F.— Off C. Race, 30 1; S. by E. of Burin, 110 f.
St. Pierre.— 5 f. N. S.— Browna Bk. 40 f.; 14 miles S. of C.
Sable, 45 f.
T. erosa Couth. Lab. — Komaktorvik Bav, 5 f. ; off Hebron,
100 f.; off Fish I., 75 1; between C. Mugford and Hebron, 60
f.; Port Manvers, 30 f . ; Shoal Tickle, 25 f . ; Egg Hbr., 7 f.; off
Beachy I., 80 f . ; 1 mile N. of Battle Hbr., 50 f. N. S.— 20
miles E. S. E. of C. Sable, 70 f . ; 43 miles W. by S. of C. Sable,
110 f.; 40 miles W. by S. of C. Sable, 75 f . ; 55 miles E. of C.
Sable, 85 f. ; 75 miles E. of C. Sable, 105 f.
Turritellopsis acicula Stimp. Lab. — Egg Hbr., 7 f. N. S. —
S. W. of C. Sable, 40 f. ; 43 miles W. by S. of C. Sable, 110 f.;
Browns Bk., 40 f.
Trichotropis borealis B. & S. Lab. — Between C. Mugford and
Hebron, 60 f . ; Shoal Tickle, 25 f. ; off Egg Hbr., 7 and 20 f.
N. S.— S. W. of C. Sable, 40 f.
Aporrhais occidentals Beck. Lab. — Off Hebron, 60 f. ; Egg
Hbr., 7 and 20 f.; "Cock capelin," Gready Hbr. N. F.— Off
St. Lawrence Hbr., 50 and 53 f. ; S. by E. of Burin, 110 f.
Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis, n. var.
The specimens from the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy
differ from the typical form from the Gulf of St. Lawrence
northward, in having fewer and more elevated longitudinal
costae. The type calls for 25 costae, while those from the Gulf
of Maine have only 14 on the penultimate whorl, the number
being quite constant, while those from Labrador have from 22
to 25 costae. In the Gulf of Maine specimen the costae in the
young end abruptly at the periphery and the peripheral line is
134 THE NAUTILUS.
noticable on the entire body whorl to the tip of the wing-like
lip, there is also a slight sub-peripheral line; both of these are
obsolete or wanting in the more northern specimens. The
variety is based chiefly on a large series dredged by Dr. C. W.
Townsend in from 5 to 6 fms. near the Gillpatrick Ledge off
Northeast Harbor, Maine. The figure by Gould represents this
variety. It was found by Mr. Bryant 20 miles E. S. E. of Cape
Sable, N. S., in 70 fms.
Trophon clathratus (Linne). Lab. — Shoal Tickle, 25 f. ; off
Egg Hbr., 7 f. N. F.— S. by E. of Burin, 100 f. N. S.— 55
miles E. of C. Sable, 85 f.
T. clathratus var. gunneri Loven). N. S. — Browns Bk. , 40 f.
T. scalartformis Gould. Lab. — Shoal Tickle, 25 f . ; off
Beachy I., 80 f. Confused with T. clathratus but distinguished
by its sharp elevated ribs with fine spiral lines in the interstices.
T. truncatus (Strom). Lab. — Shoal Tickle. 25 f . ; Gready L,
12 f. N. S.— S. W. of C. Sable, 40 f.
Thais lapillus (Linne). N. F. — C. Norman, in earth above
high water; Seldome Come Bay; mouth of Serpentine R.
Astyris rosacea (Gould). N. S. — Browns Bk., 40 f. ; S. W. of
C. Sable, 40 f . ; 14 miles S. of C. Sable, 45 f.
A. holbollii (Moll.). Lab.— Shoal Tickle, 25 f. Distin-
guished from A. rosacea by its narrower form and prominent
transverse ribs.
Alectrion (Tritia) trivittata (Say). St. Pieere. — 5 f.
Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Lab. — Indian Hbr. N. F. — St.
Anthony; Conche, tide pools.
B. donovani Gray. Lab. — Off Hebron, 60 f . ; between C.
Mugford and Hebron, 60 1; Nain, 7 f . ; Shoal Tickle, 25 ft.;
Egg Hbr., 7 ft.; off Egg Hbr., 20ft.; Gready Hbr., 12 f. N.
F.— S. by E. of Burin, 110 f.
B. groenlandicum Morch. Lab. — Batween C. Mugford and
Hebron, 60 f.
B. humphreysianuvi Bennett. Lab. — Between C. Mugford
and Hebron, 60 f.
B. tenue Gray. N. S.— 20 miles E. S. E. of C. Sable, 70 f.
B. tottenis Stimp. Lab. — Between C. Mugford and Hebron,
60 f. N. F.— Off St. Lawrence, 50 f. ; S. by E. of Burin, 100 f.
B. undatum Linne. Lab. — Mettek I.; off Hebron, 60 f . ; be-
tween C. Mugford and Hebron, 60 f. ; Nain, 7 ft. ; Egg Harbor,
20 f. ; off Beach L, 80 f. ; Bateau, Gready Hbr., 12 f. N. F.—
C. Norman, St. Anthony. Conche. St. Pierre — 5 f. (scal-
ariform). N. S.— 14 miles S. of C. Sable, 45, and 45 W. by
S. of Cape Sable, 110 f.
B. undatum var. striatum Penn. Lab. — Off Hebron, 60 f . ; off
Fish I., 80 f.; Indian Hbr.
THE NAUTILUS. 135
Plicifusus kroyeri (Moll.) (Buccinum cretaceum Reeve). Lab.
—Off Egg Hbr., 20 f.
Beringius largillierti Petit. N. F.— Off St. Lawrence Hbr.,
50 f.
Chrysodomus despectus var. tornatus (Gld.). Lab. — Off Fish
I., 80 f.; between C. Mugford and Hebron, 60 f. N. F.— Off
St. Lawrence Hbr. , 50 f .
C. decemcostatus (Say). N. S. — Browns Bk., 40 f. ; 20 miles
E. S. E. of C. Sable, 70 f.
Colus islandicus (Linne). Lab.— Off Fish I., 75 1; off
Beachy L, 80 f.
C. stimpsonii (Morch). N. S.— Browns Bk., 40 f.
( To be continued. )
EDWARD SYLVESTER MORSE
In the death of Professor Edward S. Morse, which occurred
December 20, 1925, the world has lost a great naturalist. He
was born in Portland, Maine, June 18. 1838, and from child-
hood was a close observer of nature. At the age of 13 he had
made a noteworthy collection of shells, and in 1857, at the age
of 19, he published his first paper, "Description of a new
species of Helix" [asteriscus] , Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. 6, p. 138. In 1859, in the same publication, he described
H. milium. In 1859 he became one of Professor Louis Agas-
siz's special students at the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
where he continued his studies until 1862. In 1864 he pub-
lished his "Observations on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of
Maine" (Jour. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1). Professor
Morse made the remark one day that what induced him to
make a study of the small land shells was a frequent statement
of Prof. Agassiz: that you will not find a very small and a large
species in the same genus. In this memorable paper careful
anatomical studies of these minute mollusks proved this to be
true, and led him to propose seven new genera for species pre-
viously referred to the genus Helix. His remarkable ability as
an artist, which was early exhibited, enabled him to show the
radulse, jaws and other features illustrating these genera in a
clear and most instructive manner.
136 THE NAUTILUS.
In 1865 Professor Morse described several new species of
Pupidae (Ann. Lye. Nat. Nist., N. Y., vol. 3, pp. 1-6) and in
1868 he became interested in founding the "American Natural-
ist," in vol. 1 of which appeared an interesting illustrated paper
by him on the "Land Shells of New England." About this
time he made the beautiful drawings that illustrated the Binney
edition of Gould's " Invertebrata of Massachusetts."
Aside from Mollusca, Professor Morse was greatly interested
in the Brachiopoda and was one of the first to prove that they
were not Mollusca but belonged to the class Vermes. In his
papers, " Early stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis " (1871),
"Embryology of Terebratulina" (1873) and " Observations on
Living Brachiopoda" (1902), the plates show some of his
wonderful work as an artist. Ambidextrous, he could use
either hand with equal skill, and could also draw with both
hands simultaneously. In lecturing, his skill with a piece of
chalk was marvelous. From memory, in an instant, with a few
lines, he could draw the shell or object of which he was speak-
ing, frequently drawing both sides at the same time, and occa-
sionally, to the delight of his audience, he drew an animal by
starting at the head with one hand and at the tail with the
other.
In 1871 he became professor of comparative anatomy and
zoology at Bowdoin College, remaining until 1874; he also gave
a series of lectures at Harvard.
In 1875 appeared a most admirable text book for beginners,
"First Book of Zoology," which the present-day teachers in
"nature study" would do well to pattern after. In 1876 Pro-
fessor Morse was elected a member of the National Academy of
Sciences and the following year received the appointment of
professor of zoology at the University of Tokyo, which he filled
with great success, returning to America in 1880. While in
Japan Professor Morse became greatly interested in the people,
and in 1886 published "Japanese Homes and their Surround-
ings." His diary, kept at the time he was there, and published
under the title " Day by Day in Japan," is a most interesting
work and greatly appreciated by the Japanese themselves as
showing the changes that have taken place in the country since
THE NAUTILUS. 137
that time. Professor Morse also became intensely interested in
the pottery of Japan and made a remarkable collection which
he described and figured in a beautiful folio catalogue. The
collection is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In 1898
the Emperor of Japan conferred on him the Order of the Rising-
Sun, he being the first American to receive that honor.
After his return from Japan Professor Morse became director
of the Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass., building up a very in-
teresting and attractive museum, with a most artistic and in-
structive oriental exhibit. He was elected president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1886,
American Association of Museums in 1911 and Boston Society
of Natural History, 1915-1919.
In the later years of his life he wrote many papers bearing on
New England Mollusca which were mostly published in the
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History and The
Nautilus. His last paper — "Shell-mounds and changes in the
shells composing them," appeared in Scientific Monthly, vol.
31, p. 429-440, Oct., 1925. In all, Professor Morse published
about 40 papers pertaining to Mollusca and 10 on the Brach-
iopoda.
On March 14, 1910, the Boston Malacological Club was or-
ganized and Professor Morse was chosen its first president. He
always took a great interest and pride in the little club and for
years attended quite regularly, giving at least one paper a year,
his last paper in the fall of 1924.
Professor Morse leaves a son, Mr. John C. Morse, a daughter,
Mrs. Russel Robb and four grandchildren.
In closing I cannot do better than quote a paragraph taken
from an article by Dr. Wm. H. Dall in Science, Feb. 5, 1926,
which expresses so well Professor Morse's personality: "The
salient characteristic of Professor Morse, apart from his devo-
tion to science and love of the beautiful in art, was his boyish
enthusiasm which captivated all who knew him. The versatil-
ity of his interests was unbounded, his love of fun overflowed
at every opportunity; to meet him was to find a welcome. The
world was brighter for his presence." — C. W. Johnson.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
WILLIAM MARTIN BEAUCHAMP
1830-1925
William Martin Beauchamp was born at Coldenham, Orange
County, New York, on March 25, 1830, the son of William
Millett Beauchamp and Mary Jay Beauchamp. He died on
December 13, 1925. The Beauchamp' s came to this country
from Somerset, England, in 1829. Their name of French origin
had long been verbally anglicized — as its pronunciation " Bee-
cham " bears witness.
The family moved to Skaneateles, New York, in 1831, when
the younger William was slightly more than a year old. The
father founded a local paper, the " Democrat," and maintained
a circulating library as a private enterprise. It is not unlikely
that easy access to many books as well as early contact with the
printing business helped to shape the literary bent of the son.
On the other hand, a stimulating environment, dominated by
one of the most beautiful of the Finger Lakes, may well have
contributed in no small degree to his love of nature.
William Beauchamp, as he was known to his contemporaries,
received his early education at the Skaneateles Academy which
he attended up to 1847. One may suspect, however, that those
qualities which later bore fruit in scientific attainment were
nurtured by lake, field and wood rather than by the formal
secondary instruction of that period. For a number of years
the young man was associated with his father in the publication
of the "Democrat," but later he decided upon the ministry as
a career, studying in the Delancey Divinity School at Hobart
College. Made a deacon in 1862, he was ordained a priest of
the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1863. From the rectorship
of Calvary Church, Northville, New York, he went in 1865 to
Grace Church at Baldwins ville, New York, remaining there
until 1900. From 1900 he made his home in Syracuse. The
greater part of his long life was therefore spent in Onondaga
County of his native State.
Two institutions in central New York have signally recognized
Doctor Beauchamp' s activities. In 1886 Hobart conferred upon
him the degree of S. T. D., while Syracuse University made
THE NAUTILUS. 139
him an LL. D. in 1920. If one will consult the 1921 edition
of "American Men of Science," these activities will be found
to range from American history and local Colonial history
through Iroquois language and folk-lore to archeology and
the natural sciences!
Doctor Beauchamp has long been recognized, nationally and
internationally, as an authority on the language, history and
culture of the Iroquois. To readers of Nautilus he is perhaps
best known for his "Land and Fresh Water Shells of Onon-
daga County, with a Supplemental List of New York Species."
His interest in zoology, however, was not limited to work
which reached the publication stage. His daughter, Grace
Beauchamp Lodder (Mrs. J. S. Lodder), states that he has left
manuscript notes on mollusks and on fishes.
Doctor Beauchamp reached a wide circle by his writings and
his position as author and scientist is secure. To those who
knew him personally, it is probably safe to say that Beauchamp
the man made the strongest impress.
Short and wiry, with keen eyes and white beard, Beauchamp
in clerical dress was a familiar figure at many scientific gather-
ings and natural history field excursions. With a wealth of
anecdote, interesting or amusing, Beauchamp never lacked for
hearers on such occasions. He seldom talked for long without
a smile and a contagious geniality attracted men of the most
diverse temperaments.
But Beauchamp' s remarkable qualities were not confined to
those of the heart and mind. He retained astounding physical
activity in a ripe old age. The writer well remembers seeing
Doctor Beauchamp at 75 climb a mean talus slope with the
utmost agility. Behind him stumbled and puffed a group of
undergraduates from one of our famous New England universi-
ties.
Beauchamp made the most of his environment. While
others went far afield he stayed with his county's rocks, plants
and shells. The written record of its white men was of interest,
but probably the strongest incentive to research came from its
aborigines. His investigations covered a wide range in history
and in science and were largely carried on during a period when
140 THE NAUTILUS.
he filled a responsible position as minister of the gospel. In
old age a genial enthusiasm kept him young mentally and
physically well into his 96th year. — Burnett Smith.
w. LEWIS MAY
One by one the older wiseheads pass away and we of the
younger school, while we miss their valued advice, must realize
we are growing older, and must take their place without their
experience.
Tasmanian conchology without W. L. May appears incom-
prehensible, as for the last thirty years he has been sole arbiter.
Gifted with clear judgment, a great collector, well read and me-
thodical, his advice was ever sound ; in addition he was a clever
draughtsman and his "Illustrated Index" is a monument of
real value.
Twenty-five years ago a ' ' Revised Census of Tasmanian
Shells" was issued under the names of Tate and May. The
latter provided the majority of the material and the illustra-
tions, while the former prepared the more technical matter.
While this was passing through the press, Tate died, and since
then May has continued the work alone. He was fortunately
spared to complete his task, and in 1921 appeared the "Check
List of the Shells of Tasmania," and in 1923 followed the
"Illustrated Index," figuring every Tasmanian shell, the
whole of the figures, over 1000 in number, being drawn by
himself. This is the only complete illustrated account of the
Mollusca of any State of Australia, and is being utilized daily
in all the southern parts of Australia.
May was only sixty-four years of age and was taken seriously
ill in the beginning of 1925 but recovered sufficiently to take a
sea voyage through the islands. Passing through Sydney we
proposed to monograph the Australian Marginellids, a group
May was especially interested in. However the sea voyage
came too late, and May only arrived back in Sydney on his
death bed, passing away in this city on Aug. 30, 1925.
A member of the Society of Friends, May was very quiet,
but never allowed his judgment to be influenced by anything
THE NAUTILUS. 141
but facts, and consequently never made any enemies in any
sense, being literally esteemed by every one who met him. —
Tom Iredale, Australian Museum, Sydney.
SPIRULA SPIRULA (LINNE)
The following lines were suggested by a paper read by Mr. J.
Henry Blake at the meeting of the Boston Malacological Club,
October 6, 1925. They may possibly aid in calling the atten-
tion of many to the habits of this most interesting mollusk as
described by Dr. Jobs. Schmidt (Nature, vol. 110, p. 788,
Dec. 9, 1922). Offered with apologies to the Dana Expedition.
The chambered shells of the Spirilla,
As they float upon the sea,
Are cast on a thousand beaches
For any one to see;
But the animal that made this shell
Was long a mystery.
Linne" called it Nautili spirula
Which was not a very bad guess.
Lamarck called it Spirula peroni
(Though he'd first named it fragilis);
And thus quite early was started
A nomenclatorial mess.
Some said with that disk-like sucker
Attached it must surely grow,
While the rudimentary fins would prove
As a swimmer it must have been slow;
Then the chromatophores would indicate
That it lived in the mud, you know.
'T was the Dana Expedition
That discovered Spirula' s home
Far above the oozy bottom
And below the great waves' comb;
For bathypelagic is the Spirula
And there's where it loves to roam.
It only lives in the warmer seas,
At more than a thousand feet,
Suspended head down in the water
A position hard to beat —
Though doubtless it is its chambered shell
That aids it in this feat.
142 THE NAUTILUS.
And now they say that the " sucking disk"
Is really a lamp instead,
And perhaps its lighter color is due
To its standing on its head;
But, alas! poor little Spirula
Can't rest in the ocean's bed.
— C. W. Johnson.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Tertiary Fossils Dredged off the Northeastern Coast of
North America. By Win. H. Dall (Amer. Journ. Sci., vol.
10, pp. 213-218, Sept., 1925). The fossils referred to were
obtained from small masses of rock taken by trawls on the
fishing banks. These prove with little doubt that late Cretace-
ous and Tertiary deposits originally existed along the north-
eastern coast from Newfoundland southward. Gay Head,
Marthas Vineyard, Mass., is the most northeastern locality
where Tertiary fossils in undisturbed position are found. —
C. W. J.
Anatomy of Hendersonia: a Primitive Helicinid Mollusk.
By H. B. Baker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 77, pp.
273-353, 1925). Based on its paucispiral operculum and its
radula, Hendersonia occulta rubella is considered by the author
to be the most primitive living example of the family, except,
perhaps, the well-known genus Bourciera from Ecuador. The
anatomy is shown on four plates.
The Mollusca Collected by the University of Michigan — Wil-
liamson Expedition in Venezuela. By H. B. Baker (Occas.
papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 167, 49 pp. Feb., 1926).
This is the third paper on the Mollusks of this region. It treats
chiefly of the families Helicidae, Acavidae and Bulimulidae.
The anatomy and radula of the species are shown on four plates.
Materials for a revision of the Recent Indian Limn^id^;.
By the late N. Annandale and H. S. Rao (Rec. Indian Museum,
vol. 27, part 3, 1925). This paper is provided with a key for
THE NAUTILUS. 143
the determination of species, figures of the shells, teeth and
genitalia, and apparently will be very useful for all interested
in the group. The species are grouped under the four sub-
genera: Limnsea,1 Radix, Galba and Pseudosuccinea. The last is
used for the group of L. acuminata, we are inclined to think in-
correctly. The treatment of species seems to be commendably
conservative; the wide range of variation being provided for in
numerous named "forms" which are defined in comparative
terms and figured. The authors failed to find characters more
important than specific in the genitalia, teeth and jaws. —
H. A. P.
NOTES AND NEWS
Hemphillia malonei Van. In correspondence lately with
Mr. Walter J. Eyerdam, of Seattle, Wash., I mentioned a black
Hemphillia which I had taken and asked him if he had heard
of one. He states that it is evidently the above species, which
was described from specimens taken on Mt. Hood.
On July 2, 1916, I took a pair under a log on the border of
a good-sized lake, on Mt. Brenton, Vancouver Island, at an
elevation of between 3500 and 4000 ft. They were entirely
black in color, and much larger than any H. glandidosa I have
met with; the shelly plate is also twice the size.
At the elevation where found the ground was still covered
with snow and the lake still largely icebound, and the only
place where the snow had gone was a small area by the outlet.
But for these conditions more specimens might have been taken.
When I arrived home late on the following day, very little of
either slug remained except the shelly plate. The species would
appear to be an Alpine one.
It is a number of years since I took any H. glandulosa ; they
were found during the winter among dead leaves in small thick-
ets along the banks of the Cowichan River, long since washed
away during freshets. The late Rev. G. W. Taylor wrote me
in 1909 that he had found the species on fronds of Aspidium
1 The spelling Limncea is preferred as " the best known form."
144 THE NAUTILUS.
munitum in the autumn, near the Nanaimo River on the island.
As it was not on his first list, I do not think that he took it
elsewhere. — A. W. Hanham, Duncan, Vancouver Island.
Turbonilla hypocukta. In proposing a new name, Turbo-
nilla (Babella) caelatior (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 30, 1906,
p. 347) for Parthenia cselata A. Adams, 1863, not Turbonilla
cselata Gould, 1861, nor Chemnitzia cselata Carpenter, 1865; the
authors, Dall & Bartsch, add, referring to Carpenter's species,
" which may be called kypocurta."
In 1909 the same authors (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 68,
p. 78) again propose a new name, Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) favilla,
for Chemnitzia cselata Carpenter. Of course the latter name,
under the rules of nomenclature, will have to pass into syn-
onymy, and this shell must be known by the first name, Tur-
bonilla (Pyrgiscus) hypocurta Dall & Bartsch. — Fred Baker.
Leptinaria. — Dr. Pilsbry has just called my attention to the
fact that my name, Leptinaria perforata (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ,
Philadelphia, Dec, 1913, p. 645), is preoccupied by Pfeiffer,
as noted in the Manual of Conchology, Ser. 2, Vol. 18, p. 302,
with full references and synonymy. I therefore propose that
the species be known as Leptinaria mamoreensis, as the only
specimens of the species were taken by me on the Brazilian side
of the Mamore River in the State of Matto Grosso. — Fred.
Baker, Point Loma, Cal.
Subulina Parana Pils., described from Para, was taken by
Professor Cockerell at Rio de Janeiro during his stop there in
1925. It is easily distinguished from the common S. octona by
the fine striation. Leptinaria lamellala P. & M, also was taken
there. The variety concentrica Reeve was already known from
southern Brazil. — H. A. P.
Pupoidopsis hawaiensis on Christmas Island. — In the An-
nual Report of the Director of the B. P. B. Museum, Honolulu,
for 1924, p. 12, Dr. C. Montague Cooke records the finding of
this species in large numbers by Mr. Dranga. It has been
known only from Oahu, Molokai and Maui hitherto.
We are deeply grieved to record the death of James H. Fer-
riss on March 17, at his home in Joliet, Illinois.
MBL WHOI LIBRARY
WH 17Xb A