THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTEKLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL XLVIII

JULY, 1934 to APRIL, 1935

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Depa traent of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pa.

THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COIl

LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Acrostylus Clench 126

Adamsiella Pfr 63

African Snails 142

Alhimanus Pils. & Olsson 118

Alcadia Gray 12

Allegany State Park Gastropods 55

Allen, Charles Curry 31

Allopeas H. B. Baker 84

American Malacological Union 72, 144

Amnicola hannai Pils 16

Amnicolidae, Western and Southwestern 91

Anguispira alternata Say 140

Alexia hypnorum pilshryi Brooks 100

Asheville, North Carolina, Land Mollusks of 77

Bellows, Dr. Howard P 103

Boston Malacological Club 29

Brachypodella costulata savlamari H. B. B 139

Brannerillus involutus Pils 16

Brannerillus i. praeposterus Pils 16

Burrowing of Snails 140

Calipyrgula Pils 15

Calipyrgula carinifera Pils 15

Calipyrgula ellipsostoma Pils 15

Calodisculus Rehder 129

Caribbean Marine Shells 127

Carychium jamaicense Pils 88

Cepolis conspersula negrilensis H. B. Bkr 139

Chiton With Nine Valves 89

Chlamydephorus W. G. Binney 142

Choanopoma negrilense H. B. Bkr 61, 65

Choanopoma redfieldianum magnitesta H. B. Bkr 60

Choanopoma triplopoma H. B. Bkr 60, 64

Chondropoma Pfr 65

iii

IV THE NAUTILUS

Chondropoma gnote Pils 144

Chondropoma sericinum retreatense H. B. Bkr 61

Chondropoma soror Pils 144

Cleaning Shells, a Biochemical Method 99

CocJiliopa texana Pils 91, 113

Crystalline Style in Pleurocera and Lithasia 101

Cuttle Bone for Helix nemoralis 142

Dates of Nautilus 69

Davis Mountains, Texas, Gastropods of 112

Diplopoma Pfr 63

Discosolis Dall 129

Discus anthonyi Pils 141

Discus shimeki Pils 71

Elliptio maywehhi Wright 27

Eutrochatella noMlis retreatensis H. B. Bkr 11

Eutrochatella pulchella cathartensis H. B. Bkr 63

Eutrochatella pulchella cavearum H. B. Bkr 10

Faydenia agassiziana Ch 14

Faydenia gouldiana C. B. Ad 14

First Pacific Conchologist 73

Fluminicola in Wyoming 107

Fluminicola avernalis Pils 92

Fluminicola a. carinifera Pils 93

Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pils 16

Fluminicola perditicollis Pils 16

Fluminicola percarinata Pils 16

Fluminicola pilula Pils 15

Fluminicola siegfusi Pils 16

Fluminicola spiralis Pils 16

Geomelania Pfr 87, 88

Geomelania minor densecostata H. B. Bkr 83

Geon^nelania striosa pumila H. B. Bkr 83

Goniobasis, West American Species 94

Goniohasis acutifilosa pittensis Hend 133

Goniobasis arnoldiana Pils 15

Goniohasis chacei Hend 132

Goniohasis coquillensis Hend 131

Goniohasis hemphilli Hend 96

THE NAUTILUS V

Goniohasis h. dallesensis Hend 97

Goniohasis h. maupinensis Hend 97

Goniohasis kettlemanensis woodringi Pils 15

Goniohasis orickensis Hend 130

Goniohasis yrekensis Hend 97

Goniohasis y. ohscura Hend 98

Hawaiian Helicinidae, Nomenclature of 53

Helicina neritella Lam 11

Helicostyla leopardus meladryas McGinty 68

Helisoma campanulatum in Australia 106

Helisoma kettlemanensis Pils 17

Humholdtiana cheatumi Pils 93, 115

Humphrey, Edward Goss 103

Hyalosagda (Strialuna) haplotrema H. B. Bkr 137

Hydrohia greggi Pils 93

Indiana, Mollusks of Turkey Run Park 105

Iowa, Effects of Pollution on Mollusks 109

Jamaican Land Snails 6, 60, 83, 135

Kettleman Hills, Pliocene Mollusks „ 15

Liguus hlainianus pilshryi Clench 123

Liguus fasciatus deckerti Clench 122

Liguus fasciatus mariae Clench 123

Liguus fasciatus pictus Rve 125

Liguus flamellus organensis Clench 125

Liguus flamellus russelli Clench 124

Lioplax siihcarinata occidentalis Pils 143

Littoridina woodringi Pils 16

Lucidella aureola Gray 12

Lucidella adamsiana suhlaevis H. B. Bkr 9

Lucidella depressa Gray 13

Lucidella lineata C. B. Ad 13

Lymnaea, Unusual Concentration of 106

Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada 17

Mactra alata Spengler 105

Mactra thracioides A. & R 119

Margaritifera in Wyoming 107

Marshall, William B 33

Meiophysema H. B. Bkr 136

VI THE NAUTILUS

Micrarionta rowelli hakerensis P. & L 68

Micrarionta r. mexicana Pils. & Lwe 67

Microsagda H. B. Baker 136

Milacinae Ckll 143

Mitra zaca, Longevity of 90

Modiolus (Amygdalum) sagittatus Rhdr 127

Monadenia hillebrandi Newc 70

Nederlandsehe Malacologische Vereeniging 104

Notes and News 33, 69, 104, 142

Nuculana (Adrana) arcuata Sowb 118

Nuculana {Adrana) suprema Pils. & Olss 117

Nuculana (Adrana) tonosiana Pils. & Olss 117

Nuttallina fluxa Cpr 89

Olivella biplieata Sowb 75

Olivella minuta Link 71

Olivella mutica Say 71

Omnogyma Martens 70

Oopelta Morch 143

Oxystyla capax Pils., Longevity 5

Panamic Province, New Mollusks of 116

Paurodiscus Rehder 129

Periploma pentadactylus Pils. & Olss 118

Petaloconchus innumerahilis Pils. & Olss 116

Physa acuta Drap. in Massachusetts 33

Placostylus acutus Clench 126

Planorbis operculatus planulatus 33

Pleurocera canaliculatum Say, Life History of 26

Polygyra fallax Say 50

Polygyra f. goniosoma Pils 51

Polygyra fraudulenta Pils 49

Polygyra hopetonensis Shutt 52

Polygyra h. charlestonensis Maz 53

Polygyra h. obsolete Pils 53

Polyg3nra tridentata Say 22

Polygyra t. edentilabris Pils 26

Polygyra t. juxtidens Pils 24

Polygyra t. tennesseensis Wkr. & Pils 25

Polygyra vannostrandi Bid 51

THE NAUTILUS Vll

Polygyra v. alabamensis Pils 52

Polymita picta, Restoration of Shell 37

Potamopyrgus cheatumi Pils 91, 114

Poteria Gray 66, 86

Proserpina Sowb 63

Pseudomalaxis lamellifera Rehder 138

Publications Received 34

Pyrgidopsis polynematicits Pils 15

Pyrgulopsis vinctus Pils 15

Sagda connectans catadupae H. B. Bkr 138

Sagda kingswoodi H. B. Bkr 137

Sagda maxima jacohensis H. B. Bkr 138

Sagda occidentalis H. B. Bkr 138

Sagda spei portlandensis H. B. Bkr 138

Sayella livida Rehder 129

Scharff, Dr. Robert F 104

Shell Money in Western Polynesia 76

Sigmataxis Pils 85

Sonoran Side of the Gulf 1, 43

Squids in Monterey Bay 107

Stagnicola hemphilli F. C. Bkr 19

Stagnicola impedita F. C. Baker 20

Stagnicola palustris huttoni F. C. Baker 18

Stagnicola palustris magister F. C. Baker 17

Stauroglypta H. B. Baker 136

Stoastoma C. B. Ad 14, 62

Stoastomops adamsi H. B. Bkr 10

Sturaniella Pils. & Cooke 54

Trifaux H. B. Baker 135

Tumheziconcha Pils. & Olss. 119

Valvata densestriata Pils 16

Volvidens (Trifaux) triodon H. B. Bkr 137

Varicella necrodes H. B. Bkr 85

Varicella paupercula tumens H. B. Bkr 85

Varicella (Sigmataxis) cylindrica H. B. Bkr 85

Varicella (Sigmataxis) suhaquila H. B. Bkr 85

Veronicella kraussii trichroma H. B. Bkr 84

Veronicella leptothali H. B. Bkr 83

Yakima, Washington, Land and Freshwater Shells 46

VIU THE NAUTILUS

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Andrews, E. A 37

Archer, A. F 20, 36, 49, 77

Bailey, Joshua L 73

Baker, Frank C 17

Baker, Fred 5

Baker, H. Burrington 6, 35, 60, 68, 71, 83, 104, 135

Bartsch, Paul 107

Berry, S. Stillman 89

Blake, J. Henry 103

Brooks, Stanley T 33, 100

Cheatum, Elmer P 112

Clench, William J 33, 35, 106, 121, 126

CoKER, R. E 55

Cooke, C. Montague „ 53

DeBoe, Mizpah Otto 69

Emery, D. L 33

Eyerdam, Walter J 46, 76

Fox, Denis L _ 99

Gregg, Wendell 0 33

Hanna, G. Dallas 90

Henderson, Junius 94, 107, 130

Hertlein, Leo George 90

Jones, David T 140

Lowe, H. N 1, 43, 67

Magruder, Samuel R 26, 101

McGiNTY, Thomas L 68

McLean, R. A 142

Olsson, Axel A 105, 116

PiLSBRY, H. A 15, 34, 53, 67, 91, 143, 116

PiNNEY, M. E 55

Rehder, Harald a 127

Robertson, Imogene C 72, 144

RoDECK, Hugo G 107

Shimek, B 109

Smith, Allyn G 70

Tomlin, J. R. LeBrocton 70, 71

WiLLARD, Theodora 29

Wright, Berlin Hart 28

The nautilus

Vol. XLVIII July, 1934 No. 1

ON THE SONORAN SIDE OF THE GULF

BY H. N. LOWE

Since my visit to San Felipe on the Gulf coast of Lower Cali-

fornia in May of last year, I have had a great desire to explore

the Sonora coast on the opposite side of the Gulf.

After some discussion with Mr. Clinton Abbott, Director of

the San Diego Museum of Natural History, we decided on an

expedition to Punta Peiiasco, a point between Adair Bay and

Bahia San Jorge. Mr. L. M. Huey (curator of birds and mam-

mals) was chosen to head the expedition, with two assistants,

Lorenzo Cook and Phil. Lichty.

On February 6 we left San Diego with provisions for three

weeks, forty-five gallons drinking water, extra gasoline, and com-

plete camp outfit, in the Museum's Ford truck. The main

paved highway we left at Gila Bend and started due south over

a well graded desert road for eighty miles to the international

boundary, passing midway the important copper mining town

of Ajo, where the mines have been shut down for several years.

The desert vegetation was mostly a well spaced, even growth

of creosote bush with an occasional mesquite, and comparatively

little cactus. About twenty miles from the border we passed

quite close to the Ajo Mountains which are composed mostly of

black lava. It is one of the most spectacular ranged I have ever

seen ; with its fantastic crags and spires reminding one of some

painted scene in a theater. Perhaps they seemed more fantastic

in this colorful hour before sunset, when all the wonderful shades

of blue, lavender and purple appear, as all desert travelers know.

Just below the border, the sleepy little town of Sonoyta lies in

a green oasis formed by the Sonoyta River. It is practically

2 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 48 (1)

self-supporting save for a few imported American clothes and

sundries. They live under their own vines and fig trees and

grind their corn for tortillas as in ages past. They use the

primitive ''arastras/' driven by a blindfolded donkey, to crush

a little gold ore brought from the neighboring mountains. About

twelve miles to the southeast is the San Francisco range of

granitic mountains, and as our trail ran quite close to the south-

ern end, we stopped for a short exploration. On one of the north

slope I uncovered a small colony of desert micrariontas as yet

unidentified.

Along this part of the road was quite a vigorous growth of

mesquite, iron wood, palo verde, and numerous "saguaros" or

giant cacti, rarely branched.

As the road ran southwestward toward the Gulf, the vegeta-

tion grew sparser until nothing but creosote bush remained.

The black lava Pinacate Range lay off to the right, where a few

mountain sheep still live.

It was long after dark when we reached the fifteen miles of

sand hills bordering the coast. We were overloaded by about a

thousand pounds with extra gas, water and provisions, besides

our camp and collecting equipment. The road had not been

** brushed" lately and the ruts were worn deep in the soft sand.

We were stalled several times, when we had to pull up all the

brush in the vicinity to put under the wheels and then all go

at it and push. After being stalled many times we at last

reached our destination about midnight, w^hen we slept fitfully

under the stars till morning, — dreaming we were still stalled in

the sand.

We found a level spot about a hundred yards from the beach

where we pitched our tents and made camp as shipshape as

possible.

The collection of habitations of the fisherfolk was wonderful

to behold, some made of heaped up lava blocks for sides with

canvas on tin can roofs, others entirely of tin cans and in one

hillside was a row of dugouts which we called the ''Troglodyte

village." One *'cave man" and his wife were running a

panderia (bakery) w^here good "pan bianco" and "pan dulce"

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 3

could be purchased at a peso per dozen. Another family from

Guaymas, here for the season, kept a small tienda (store) where

a few necessities could be purchased, such as panoche, red beans,

a few canned goods, gas, water and a little wood; all hauled

sixty-two miles over these terrible roads from Sonoyta.

During the fishing season for the black sea bass or ' ' tortuava, ' '

as they are called, there are a dozen or so small fishing boats at

anchor in the shelter of the tiny natural breakwater of lava

boulders which runs out some five hundred yards from shore.

As the tides in this part of the Gulf have a rise and fall of

eighteen feet and more, the boats were all lying on their sides

on the beach at low water.

On our arrival a series of heavy tides was just commencing.

As the tides are about two hours later than on the Pacific coast,

the best tides came after dark, but the secondary morning tides

proved very acceptable. From our camp at Punta Pefiasco a

beautiful sand beach curved for seven miles to ''Punta La

Cholla" on the north, which marked the beginning of Adair Bay.

On the other side stretched more miles of sand beach toward

Bahia San Jorge.

The upper parts of the sand beaches were composed of unnum-

bered tons of broken and finel}^ ground shells, which would not

pack and made walking difficult. At an extreme low tide the

transformation was almost unbelievable. After a fall of about

ten feet the sand beach gave place to a series of fossiliferous

sandstone ledges with small sand patches intervening, paralleling

the shore. When the tide runs far from shore there are three or

four of these ledges visible. On the shoreward side of these

ledges, the soft sandstone was being continually undercut, leav-

ing large strips a few inches thick with an overhang of two or

three feet. While the upper side had a good growth of algae,

the under surface was brightly decorated with bunches of

ascidians in blue, orange and yellow, w^here many echinoids and

crustaceans had their homes. Large slabs of this undercut sand-

stone were constantly breaking from the main ledges, giving

wonderful hiding places for rarer mollusks such as Cypraea,

Trivia^ Lima, Anachis, and Pleurotoma. In the edges of freshly

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

broken slabs could be seen holes bored into the fossils of thou-

sands of years ago by a recent burrowing mollusk called Litho-

phagus aristatus, a few L. attenuata and Petricola were with

them. In the sand between ledges, near town, were many

Olivella dama, which the native women w^ere gathering to make

necklaces. On the reefs many Murex nigritus were feeding on

an inexhaustible supply of Cerithium stercus-muscariim and

plowing through the sand searching for bivalves were the beau-

tiful pink mouthed Murex hicolor. Further along the sand

beach were found some fine live Agaronia testacea, which leave a

heavy dent in the sand at low tide. Near La Cholla I struck a

small bar of coarse shell sand not over an acre in extent, where

some fine large Conus interrupt us and the huge Oliva incrassata

were burrowing; also quite a colony of Glycimeris maculata, the

first I had ever taken in quantity. AA^e secured sufficient for a

very delicious soup, probably the first such soup on record. The

upper surface of some of the rocks was covered with a brownish

green algae which afforded feeding grounds for Trivia solandri

and a small black Crassispira pluto Pilsbry & Lowe.

The numerous large kitchen-middens both at Punta Penasco

and Punta La Cholla contained thousands of these Glycimeris

maculata with rarely a valve of the much larger G. gigantea.

With these were quantities of the huge Cardita affinis, Chione,

Ostrea, Paphia, Cardium and large Murex. No stone artifacts

or black earth were noted in any of these shell heaps. Perhaps

the early inhabitants preferred their shell-fish raw.

The sea gulls enjoyed gathering live Cardium procerum, flying

aloft, dropping them on the rocks, where one valve would be

broken, affording an easy morsel.

There were many old valves of Dosinia ponderosa lying inside

down, — thus furnished good hiding places for the small black

Seila attenuata.

For two weeks the days were clear and warm and the nights

not too cold ; no wind ruffled the dark blue mirror surface of the

Gulf. Every night a gorgeous sunset with varying cloud and

color effects over the San Pedro Martyr Mountains across the

Gulf in Lower California.

(To be continued)

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 5

A CONCHOLOGICAL RIP VAN WINKLE

BY FRED BAKER

During my six months in Brazil as surgeon and conchologist of

the Stanford Expedition in 1911 I paid a small sum to two

laborers for bringing in to me 2000 specimens of a tree snail

which I later reported (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1913, p. 639.)

as Oxystyla pulcJiella prototypus Pilsbry. The specimens were

in all stages of growth with about one in ten full grown. It was

curious that almost all the full grown specimens were aestivating

on the tree trunks and lower branches while the younger speci-

mens were nearly all crowded into crevices and knot holes in the

trees. This impressed me so strongly that I was almost sure that

the specimens represented two distinct species. Only a very

careful study of all stages represented by the catch showed their

continuity of growth. All were taken on the outskirts of Ceara-

Mirim, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, just a few degrees

south of the Equator. The State of Rio Grande do Norte on the

east coast of Brazil is an extremely drj^ country with an average

rainfall not far from that of Southern California, although much

warmer. So, when packing to return, I determined to try to

bring a few specimens home alive. I packed a five gallon oil

can full of them loosely in cotton. On arrival in California I

found the shells dead, due most largely, as it seemed, to the

cold of October in New York. Having a large supply, I have

distributed these shells very widely to exchangers from Australia

and New Zealand to Brazil, many parts of Europe, Mexico and

the United States.

On March 23 I discovered a half-grown specimen, alive and

apparently in fine health, calmly disporting himself on my back

porch. We transferred him to comfortable quarters with abun-

dance of food and water and he is active and seems inclined to

live on, though we are not sure that he has yet eaten the kinds

of food we have offered him. We have got a good photograph

of him.

It seems almost absolutely certain that this snail is one of the

original lot. The only other explanation would be that some of

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

these shells, surviving the trip to California in 1911, may have

gotten out of the oil can before and may have established a

colony. No such colony has been observed and I have been liv-

ing on this lot since 1898, gardening and maintaining a gardener

all the time. I am sure that such a colony would have been

observed before. Should one appear I will immediately notify

The Nautilus and recede from my position ; but I have no hesi-

tation in stating at this time that this particular snail (which the

children immediately christened Rip Van AVinkle), is one of the

original lot which has recently broken through his epiphragm

and started out to see the world. The shells were collected in

June or July, 1911, so it seems almost beyond question that

Rip, Jr., is now, March 27, 1934, over twenty-three years old.

Tryon (Struct, and Syst. Conchology, vol. 1, pp. 144-148),

discusses the ''Duration and Tenacity of Life" in mollusks. He

mentions a specimen of Helix veatchii which lived six years with-

out food and a ''Desert-snail from Egypt" which evidently had

closed itself in its shell with an epiphragm in the British

Museum, but had emerged at various times during a period of

four years. I think I can safely claim an all-time record for

my specimen.

Incidentally, Dr. Pilsbry, (loc. cii., 1930, pp. 359, 360), on

more careful examination of the set of Oxystyla which I left in

Philadelphia, decided that they represented a new species which

he has described as Oxystyla capax. Will any of my exchangers

who happen to see this note please rename their sets as above?

They will be safe to note that they are topotypes from the origi-

nal lot.

Point Loma, California, March 27, 1934.

JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS

BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER

Unfortunately, the earlier writers seldom gave accurate locali-

ties in their descriptions of Jamaican mollusks. For this reason,

locality records of the species, incidentally collected during the

summer of 1933 in a search for anatomical material, may be of

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 7

interest. Through the kindness of Dr. Pilsbry, I have been able

to compare many of the species with C. B. Adams' original mate-

rial, which now belongs to Amherst College.

Unless otherwise indicated, these records are based on animals

collected alive ; even fresh, dead shells of medium-sized and large

species are untrustworthy evidence, because they are often trans-

ported several miles by hermit-crabs, which spread inland from

the ocean and periodically return. My visit followed a severe

drouth of eight months' duration, which made the collection of

living, adult land-shells quite difficult, and included several tor-

rential rains, which almost prevented the securing of fresh-water

forms.

Because the names of present and former estates were often

duplicated, even in the same parish, coordinates of my stations

have been taken from the 1905 edition of the 1888 Public Works

Department Map of Jamaica on a scale of 2.698 miles to the inch.

These are given, in parentheses after each locality, as two sets of

three figures, of which the first digit stands for the degree of

longitude {e.g., 7 means 77°) and the two following for the min-

utes; those in the second set indicate the latitude by the same

method. These coordinates are followed by the estimated alti-

tudes in hundreds of feet and my field station number.

Eastern Area [E], collected from Port Antonio and Man-

chioneal, August 19 to 31; [EBL] eastern Blue Mts., heavy

rain-forest on older rocks (my only station off the limestone)

between Millbank and Cuna Cuna Pass, St. Thomas (623, 800-2;

20-27; 37) ; [EEC] extreme east coast, brush and wooded ledges

along left bank near mouth of Hector River, St. Thomas (615,

800; 0-1; 40); [EEJ] eastern end of John Crow Mts. near

Portland-St. Thomas boundary, including (a) north-facing

slopes and huge blocks on a summit near Greenfield (618, 800;

16-18; 39a) and (b) canyon-ravine to crest w^here big fan-palms

and tree-ferns prevail (619, 800; 16-21) ; [EJ] John Crow Mts.,

Portland; [EJl] canyon and falls of Jungle Creek, west of

Ecclestown (620, 803; 10-18; 38); [EJ2] woods halfway be-

tween Sherwood Forest and Egg Hill (622, 808; 15-18; 33);

[EJ3] near Nonesuch (625, 810; 13-18; 35); [EJF] coastal

foot-hills behind reservoir for Port Antonio (626, 811; 6-10;

34) ; [EJG] west-facing slops, partially cultivated, near Good

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

Hope (627, 809; 5-8; 32) ; [ENF] ravine in coconut plantation

and wooded coastal hills on Spring Garden, St. Margaret's Bay

(632, 812; 3-5; 36)

Kingston, St. Andrews [K], August 5 to 15 ; [KCl] Long Mt.

east of Mona and down Hope River gorge (643-46, 757-801;

0-5; 28) ; [KC2] from near springs to top of Long Mt., east of

Rockfort Gardens (645, 758; 0-8; 27) ; [KCC] coastal St. Cath-

erine, from north end of Port Henderson Hill, down west side to

near Campeachy Gully (654, 756-7; 0-6; 31) ; [KF] 1.5 miles

out of Constant Spring on east side of road to Stony Hill, along

gutter of waterworks (647, 804; 4-5; 30) ; [KHS] Stony Hill,

both west and east of P. 0. (648, 805; 12-16; 26) ; [KHW] Bog

"Walk, St. Catherine (701, 806; 3-17; 29), including (a) left

bank 1 mile below station, south-facing slopes to summit, and (b)

right bank, ravine just above entrance to first railroad tunnel

downstream from town.

Mandeville, Manchester [M], June 14 to July 5 and September

2 to 8; [MLl] precipitous, east-facing slopes above Peace River,

Clarendon (726, 806; 20-25; 41) ; [ML2] summits above Porus

and dry sink at Belretiro (728, 801; 17-18; 4) ; [MMl] around

Williamsfield railroad station, cursory collecting (729, 804; 13;

8) ; [MM2] i to li miles south of Wesleymount Church (729,

803 ; 16-20 ; 2) ; [MM3] near Newleigh Hotel, just east of Mande-

ville (732, 802; 21-23; 1), including (a) the gardens, (b) woods

south of Williamsfield-Mandeville road and (c) woods north of

hotel; [MM4] sink-holes and sharp hills, | mile from Spurtree

P. 0. on direct road to Mandeville (735, 800; 22-25; 3) ; [MN]

Somerset region ; [MNl] 2 and 3^ miles from Mandeville on

road to Mile Gully (732, 803-4; 17-20; 6) ; [MN2] dryish hills

and sink-hole, west of Marshall Pen and east of Mandeville-

Somerset road (734, 804; 22-26; 7); [MN3] Somerset (735,

805; 21-25; 5), including (a) hills and sink-hole northeast of

parochial road near south boundary, (b) higher hills and sink-

holes west of road and (c) cliff-bases east of road and i mile

north of house.

Balaclava, St. Elizabeth [NM], July 27 to August 2: [NMl] i

mile southeast of station on Chewmagna (740, 810; 8-10; 21) ;

,[NM2] hills north of Rotten Gut, Manchester, including (a)

Comfort Hill (737, 811 ; 5-15 ; 22a), (b) between Green Hill and

"Waterloo (737, 811-12; 7-20) and (c) cliffs along left bank of

One Eye River on Oxford (738, 812; 5) ; [NMM] second growth

on ridges south of Medina, Manchester (738, 807; 10-14; 24) ;

[NMT] disturbed hills and cockpits between Troy and Coco

River, TrelaAvney (738, 807 ; 20-25 ; 23) ; [NMV] Cockpit Coun-

try near Bullett Hall, St. Elizabeth (743, 814; 15-18; 25).

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 9

Montego Bay, St. James (V, including west edge of Cockpit

Country), July 6 to 18: [VCM] east of town in (a) logwood

plantations (757, 829; 4; 9a), (b) the gully, (c) hills near Rose-

mount (alt. 5-6) and (d) near Paradise (756, 830; 2^) ; [VCN]

north coast near Iron Shore (754, 832; 0-2; 14) ; [VF] ravine

about one mile southeast of sharp curve in railroad south of

Retirement River (756, 826 ; 2-4 ; 10) ; [VWl] east of Montpelier

station to head of Anchovy Gully (756, 823 ; 4-12 ; 12) ; [VW2]

hills 2 to 4 miles northeast of Catadupa station (753, 818 ; 16-21 ;

11) ; [VWS] dryish cockpit, i mile west of Ipswich station, St.

Elizabeth (751, 812; 7-8; 13).

Sav-la-Mar, AVestmoreland [W], July 19 to 25: [WV] from

lower source of Roaring River west to top of ridge and beyond

(805, 818; 1-18; 17) ; [WSF] from Waterwheel up coastal ridge

almost to summit (803, 812; 0-15; 18) ; [WCl] upper part of

creek and base of ridges on Sweet Water (806, 814; 0-1; 20) ;

[WC2] logwood plantations around Kingswood (809, 813; 0;

15) ; [WAVF] foothills north of Retreat and valley beyond for

about 2 miles west (817, 816; 1-6; 19) ; [WWC] dry woods in

Negril Hills, southwest of Retreat almost to Crosbie (818, 813;

2-5; 16).

The following habitat terms are employed: deep-in-rocks (1 to

4 feet below surface) ; rock-bases (seldom seen climbing) ; ground

(in and on dead leaves, etc.) ; weak climber (attaining about 3 ft.

above ground during rains) ; fair climber (up to 10 ft.), good

climber (higher yet) ; rock-faces (remaining there on clear

days) ; subarboreal (in trees most of the time) ; arboreal (almost

never seen on ground), including leaf -arboreal (minute species

aestivating on under-sides) and trunk-arboreal (ditto on bark).

The habitat notes are based on adults; juveniles usually show

one degree more climbing propensity.

Lucidella (Poenia) adamsiana siiblaevis, new subsp.

Similar to adamsiana but often slightly higher, without hairs

at any stage of growth (in adamsiana, these are only absent i

whorl beyond embryonic shell) ; typically greenish white (col-

ored animal) but also with orange brown form (like adamsiana) ;

spirals lower on all whorls and becoming obsolete or obsolescent

on last w^horl, where fine growth threads are much more regular

and more rounded. As in adamsiana, embryonic whorls IJ

(sutural = about | growth), relatively smooth, but Avith fine,

weakly beaded growth wrinkles and blurred major spirals, which

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

increase in strength ; horny plate of operculum radially striate.

Alt. (of type male) 4.9 mm., maj. diam. 143 (7.0 mm.), alt.

apert. 52 (2.5 mm.), diam. apert. 132 (3.3 mm.), with 4| post-

embryonic whorls.

No actual intergradation in pubescence has been found, but

the hairs of adamsiana are deciduous and even living specimens

may have lost the hair-scars over part of their surface ; also one

albino paratype of suhlaevis has its weak basal spirals irregu-

larly strengthened into brownish spots. Type locality (Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 162731) : MM3b.

Stoastomops adamsi, new sp. [Helicina tenuis C.B.A. (Sept.,

1849, Cont. Conch. 1: 14), Trochatella temiis {op. cit.: 16)

not H. tenuis Pfr. (April, 1849)].

Like >S^. walkeri H.B.B., from Bonaire, D. W. I., but imper-

forate, although often with deep groove behind columella, with

penultimate whorl obtusely angulate above distinct suture and

last whorl more convex although scarcely angulate ; spiral ridge-

lets more widely spaced above and becoming weaker on last

whorl (6-7 above, 28-29 below periphery) ; operculum almost

plane except for decided thickening of lower f of parietal edge ;

radula with cusps of A-lateral larger than those of B, with 21

marginals, of which 5 are unicuspid, 1 bicuspid and 4 tricuspid.

Alt. (of type female) 2.22 mm., maj. diam. 114 (2.52 mm.), alt.

apert. 44 (.97 mm.), diam. apert. 133 (1.29 mm.); opercular

width (from another female) .82 mm., length 139 (1.13 mm.).

Type locality (ANSP. 162861) : on outer surfaces of quite

exposed rocks, sometimes one per square cm., halfway up Long

Mountain (KC2). Because Adams preferred T. tenuis on a

later page of the same paper, I believe his name is valid but Dr.

Pilsbry disagrees.

Eutrochatella pulchella cavearum, new subspecies.

As small or smaller than scitula (Wood), with peripheral

carina quite sharp and continuous (instead of undulate or

broken), with 5 spirals above and 15 visible below, without red-

dish markings (or with light, orange-tinted band below periph-

eral carina). Alt. (of type male) 7.5 mm., maj. diam. 110 (8.2

mm.), min. diam. 90 (6.7 mm.), with 1^ (sutural) embryonic

and 5^ post-embryonic whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 162732) :

NM2c.

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 11

E. pidchella cathartensis, new subspecies.

Nearest miilticarinata (C.B.A.), but usually smaller with all

spirals (9 above, 16 below peripheral) accentuated and somewhat

serrate; peripheral carina much stronger, produced on ante-

penult whorl into 17 serrations which overlap suture, on penult

into 24 even larger ones but on last whorl becoming more nearly

uniform ; with three, wide, orange-red bands, of which lower two

are sometimes (in type) confluent; peristome thickened inter-

nally so that the face of its reflection is concave and almost in

plane of aperture, angulate at peripheral carina. Alt. (of type

male) 7.1 mm., maj. cliam. 120 (8.5 mm.), min. diam. 91 (6.5

mm.), with li (sutural) and 4^ post-embryonic whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 162733) : on drier, chalky underside of

rocks in canyon-like gully, Portland (EEJb). This subspecies

approaches E. josephinae (C.B.A.), but is a smaller, higher shell

with the carinal serrations much less prominent on its last whorl.

E. nohilis retreatensis, new subspecies.

Females averaging about as large as males of nohilis, sub-

angular (instead of evenly rounded), with spiral threads (10

above and probably 35 below although only first 10 are fairly

distinct) becoming stronger and more discrete towards periph-

ery, on which 3 spirals coalesce intermittently into about 16,

oblong, white calli; two orange-red bands (absent in nohilis)

represented by a series of 6 to 8 big, oblong blotches above and

another row of about 12 smaller ones between peripheral calli,

but not visible on lip, which is narrowly reflected (like in

nohilis). Alt. (of type male) 13.7 mm., maj. diam. 110 (15.1

mm.), min. diam. 95 (13.1 mm.), with IJ (sutural) embryonic

and 5f post-embryonic whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 162734) : WWF. This race slightly

approaches the carinate E. chittyana (Pfr.).

Helicina neritella Lam., subarboreal, young shells with short,

irregularly spaced, epidermal ridges in a spiral direction, includ-

ing typical race [EBL, EEC, EEJ, EJ, ENF, KH] and race

reducta A. J. Wagn. [KHW, ML2, MMl-3, NM2, NMV] ) ;

subsp. diplocheila A. J. Wagn. + angulata C.B.A., subarboreal

[VCM, VAYl, AVC2, WCC] ; H. (Ampliata) jamaicensis Swby. +

H. ampliata fuscocallosa A. J. Wagn., good climber [MLl, MM3,

MN, NM, V\Y2, WV, AYCl, WWF; with close spirals of ex-

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

tremely short hairs] . Females usually larger than males in both

species.

Alcadia major (Gray), rock-bases, including typical [MLl-

fresh, MN2, 3, NMM, NM2] and approaching gossei [NMV] ;

subsp. gossei (Pfr.) [VF-subfossil, VW2, WV-dead] ; A. alho-

lahris (C.B.A.), fair tree-climber [MLl, MM3]. Both species

develop very short, subequal, deciduous, epidermal hairs, which

form close rows (more distant in alholahris), both spirally and

along growth-lines. In all the Jamaican species of Alcadia, the

females are usually larger.

A. (Idesa-like) megastoma (C.B.A.), fair tree-climber [EJ2, 3,

ENF ; smooth and shining ; red tinting usually apical, very vari-

able in extent]; A. affinis (C.B.A.), big subsp. [EBL-fresh;

^gloynei (Bid.) ?] ; A. solitaria (C.B.A.) [KHWa-fresh] ; A.

duhiosa ( C.B.A. ), ground, incl. typical [WAVC (incl. albino

shell), WWF, WC2; epidermis with low, wavy, spiral ridges]

and appr. intermedia (C.B.A.) [VF-fresh].

A. (Palliata) hrownii (Gray) [VF-dead] ; subsp. palliata

(C.B.A.), fair climber [MM3, 4, MN, VWl, 2] ; subsp. lahiosa

(C.B.A.) [NM] ; A. microstoma (C.B.A.), fair climber [NMV;

with whitish band below suture and hairs longer than preced-

ing] ; A. Jiollandi (C.B.A.), weak climber, mainly ground [MLl,

MM4, MNl, 3, NMM, NM2a (some yellowish with pink apices),

NMV, VW2]. Epidermal hairs in this group similar to those

in typical but with two rows of long hairs above and below notch

and its groove.

A. {Palliata) piisilla (C.B.A.), mainly ground [MN3 ; very

long hairs absent ; middle-sized stout and widely spaced except in

row below notch] ; A. macilenta (C.B.A.), ground [EBL, EEJ;

major hairs conspicuous] ; A. consanguinea (C.B.A.), fair

climber [ WSF ; with much shorter hairs than next] ; A. hirsuta

(C.B.A.), fair climber [EEJ, EJl-3, E JF ; major hairs very

long and heavy] . Epidermal hairs in this group longer in each

2nd or 3rd spiral row and usually still longer in 7 rows ; a sub-

sutural row, 2 at periphery, 2 on umbilical side and 2 above and

below notch and its groove.

Lucidella aureola (Fer.), subarboreal, males usually smaller,

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 13

incl. typical race with more widely spaced spirals and commonly

of typical greenish-yellow color-form [EBL, EEC (often

dwarfed, mainly greenish, EEJ (mainly greenish), EJ, ENF,

KCl, KF, KH], Mandeville race with close spirals, rarely green-

ish [ML, MM3, 4, MN3 (yellow), NMM, WWF] and dwarf race

[VCN, WV (some greenish), WCl, WWF] ; subsp. montegoensis

Br. [VCM; red and reddish-green] ; L. granulosa C.B.A., sub-

arboreal, males smaller [MM2^, MN] ; subsp. imdulata Pfr.,

incl. typical carinate race [NM2, NMV] and approaching iiiter-

rupta Simps. [VWS, VAVl, 2; carinate but radial undulations

progressively weaker; also approaching uncomfortably close to

montegoensis] ; L. inaequalis Pfr. good climber, males smaller

[WWC ; yellowish and red color-forms] .

L. (Poenia) depressa (Gray), ground, males and females sub-

equal [KF, KHW; hairs of medium length, quite distant, ar-

ranged in rows parallel both to growth and spiral lines ; incl. one

albino]; subsp. valida (C.B.A.), ground [EEJ, EJl, 3; hairs

longer ; shell more globose, bright reddish ; scrobiculation promi-

nent] ; L. coromda (Pfr.), ground, males larger [MN3b, c; hairs

very long and most widely spaced] ; L. adamsiana (Pfr.),

ground, females larger, including typical [MM4, MN, NMM,

NM2a, b, OTIY, VF-fresh, VWl, 2, VWS; hairs shortest and

most closely spaced along spirals] and dwarf coastal form [KHS,

WCl, WWF] ; subsp. suhlaevis H.B.B., ground, males and

females subequal, incl. typical albino [MN3b, c] and colored

forms [MM2, 3b, c, NM2b, MIT].

L. {Perenna) lineata (C.B.A.), ground, males smaller, includ-

ing typical race w^itli more widely spaced, stronger spirals [EEJ,

EJ2, 3, EJF; what I take to be Adams' types come from St.

Davids] and Mandeville race with more closely spaced, finer

spirals [MM3c, ]\IN1, 3a] ; L. pers'culpta Pils. & Br., ground,

males smaller, incl. typical [VCMb-d; with epidermal ridges

surmounting major spirals] and probably distinct subsp. [WWF;

one small, more elevated shell, with many basal spirals] ; L. foxi

Pils. [EEC, EJF, ENF].

The genus Fadyenia {= Stoastoma minus Stoastoma s.s. ) has a

radula with comb-laterals and without unicuspid marginals; it

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

is, I suspect, more closely related to Lucidella and Ceratodiscus

than to Stoastoma and Stoastomops. The ''species" have been

grossly overdescribed ; identification of Chitty's names must

await comparison of his tj^oes (too often ''unique") with series

of fresh, unworn shells.

Fadyenia (Lewisia) agassiziana (?) adamsiana (Ch.), rock-

bases [VCMb, c, WCC-dead; compared with worn shells proba-

bly from Chitty; calcareous operculum with very large inner

tongue like in (subfossil) type of F. philippiana (C.B.A.) ;

largest shell with maj. diam. 2.8 mm. (type of agassiziana not

seen) ; tongue-shaped expansion of umbilical lamella, which is

very fragile and easily broken away, quite variable, sometimes

almost horizontal but usually curved upwards and rarely almost

touching penult whorl (broken away from types of philippiana

but certainly never soldered in paratype; third shell a Proser-

pinulal) ; fresh shells rather clean, 6 ribs with epidermal expan-

sions like in Lucidella persculpta] .

F. {Blandia) goiildiana ( C.B.A. ), rock-bases [MN3c, young;

9 ribs with epidermal expansions] ; F. hollandiana (C.B.A.),

paedogenetoid subspecies, rock-faces [VCMb, c, VF ; as small as

maj. diam. 1.3 mm. with | whorl less; may be B. hilliana Ch. and

W. hensoniana Ch.] ; F. Mandiana (C.B.A.), rock-faces, incL

fairly typical [KHS, KHW; Adams' types (2) seen] and one

larger shell [KHAV-dead; maj. diam. 2 mm., w^ith | more whorl,

5 + 32 spirals and last i whorl solute, which makes a very de-

pressed shell]. Typical Wilkinsonaea has an operculum ap-

proaching that of Lewisia, but Blandia, the 2nd group of Wil-

kinsonaea and Petitia (radula unknown) are often not even

specifically separable. The subdiscoid to globose-subdiscoid

shells keep relatively clean and develop 5 (typical) to 9, brown-

ish, epidermal expansions on major spirals, which in worn shells

{Blandia s.s.) may be scarcely stronger than the interstitials.

A second paper of this series will appear in the near future.

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 15

PLIOCENE FRESH-WATER FOSSILS OF THE

KETTLEMAN HILLS AND NEIGHBORING

CALIFORNIAN OIL FIELDS

BY H. A. PILSBRY

Some time ago a collection of these interesting fossils was re-

ceived from Mr. Stanley Siegfus, of the Shell Oil Company, with

a request that they be reported on. An illustrated account has

been prepared, but owing to causes beyond my control, publica-

tion has been delayed; it is expected to appear in the autumn.

Meanwhile the following brief notices are given for temporary

reference.

Goniohasis kettlenianensis woodringi, n. subsp. Similar to the

type except that the whorls are more convex, and the spire has

weak axial plication. It is from a higher zone, the basal Tulare

formation.

G. arnoldiana, n. sp. Smooth except for some growth wrinkles,

with rapidly tapering spire, attenuate above, and tapering faster

than in G. nigrina. 14 x 7.2 mm., apert. 7 mm., or larger.

Calipyrgula, n. gen. (Hydrobiidae.) Minute, very slender,

perforate, with slightly obtuse apex and strongly convex whorls,

spirally striate. Type C. carinifer.

C. carinifer, n. sp. Shell carinate from the third whorl.

3.9 X 1.5, apert. 1 mm. ; 7 whorls. 2.1 x 0.9, apert. 0.65 mm.,

5| whorls.

C ellipsostoma, n. sp. Similar, but with rounded whorls

which are less convex and a little longer, very weakly striate

spirally. 3.4 x 1.2, apert. 1 mm. ; 6^ whorls.

Pyrgulopsis vinctus, n. sp. Smaller than P. nevadensis, with

a wider umbilicus ; smooth. 3.7 x 2.2 mm., apert. 1.25 mm. ;

5^ w^horls.

P. polynemaiicus, n. sp. Shorter than P. vinctus, with a keel

at shoulder and finely striate spirally; umbilicus moderately

wide. 2.25 x 1.66 mm., apert. 1.1 mm. ; 4^ whorls. Button-

willow gas field, 2649 to 2660 ft.

Fluminicola kettlemanensis, n. sp. Imperforate or nearly so,

resembling F. virens (Lea), but with a shorter aperture. 7.7 x

5.4 mm., apert. 4.2 mm. San Joaquin formation outcrop.

F. pilula, n. sp. Subperforate, nearly sphaerical, with very

short, conic spire. Convexity of last whorl greatest near the

suture ; smoothish, with microscopic spiral striae. Columella

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

and parietal wall rather heavily calloused. 4.5 x 4.3 mm., apert.

3.25 mm. Lost Hills oil field, 435-^45 ft.

F. siegfusi, n. sp. Globose, imperforate, the early whorls

nearly in a plane, the apex slightly concave. Surface smooth.

Columella and parietal margin very heavily calloused. 3.25 x

3.2 mm., 4^ whorls. Same loc, 365-720 ft.

F. spiralis, n. sp. Globose-conic to ovate-conic, perforate,

rather thin, the apex only slightly obtuse; whorls convex, with

delicate growth lines and minute engraved spiral lines. Colu-

mella very lightly calloused. 4.25 x 3.4 mm., apert. 2.25 mm.

23 miles southeast of Hanford, 772-792 ft., and in the McKit-

trick Front oil field.

F. perditicollis, n. sp. Globose with very shortly conic spire,

smooth, the aperture rather strongly oblique, columella and

parietal margin rather heavily calloused. 6.2 x 5.2 mm., apert.

4.7 mm. ; 5 whorls. Lost Hills oil field, 455-650 ft.

F. percarinata, n. sp. Imperforate, trochiform, with a median

keel on the last whorl, which is flattened above and below it;

apex flattened. Columella rather heavily calloused. 4.8 x 4.3

mm., 4f whorls. Same loc, 445-520 ft.

Brannerilliis involutus, n. sp. Rather narrowly umbilicate,

globosely truncate-conic with rounded periphery and very obtuse

summit, the apex sunken; 3 whorls visible in a front view;

smooth. 2.8 x 2.25 mm., apert. 1.45 mm., 4 whorls. Kettleman

Hills, Sec. 30-21-17, outcrop of basal Tulare formation.

In the form B. i. praeposterus, n. subsp., the spire shows only

2 whorls in front view, and the summit is flat or convex, not

sunken. It is also smaller.

Littoridina woodringi, n. sp. Narrowly perforate, acutely ob-

long-conic, the spire straight sided or slightly attenuate above,

the whorls only moderately convex, smooth ; aperture oval. 3.4 x

2, apert. 1.35 mm. ; 5^ whorls. E. side Middle Dome, Kettleman

Hills, 350 ft. above the base of the Tulare formation.

Amnicola liannai, n. sp. Narrowly umbilicate, acutely ovate-

conic, the spire straight sided, of 5 strongly convex short whorls ;

smooth; aperture oval. 2.7 x 1.8, apert. 1.1 mm. Many speci-

mens (males?) are more slender, 2.5 x 1.5 mm. It is smaller

than A. longinqiia Gld., which is abundant in the Kettleman

Hills Pliocene, with more acute, straightly conic spire.

Valvata densestriata, n. sp. Similar to Y. h. calif ornica, but

the whorls increase more rapidly in caliber, and the surface is

very finelj^, closely and sharply striate. 4.2 x 4.5 mm., apert. 2.4

mm. ; 3^ whorls. Well about 23 miles southwest of Hanford,

772-792 ft.

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 17

Helisoma (?) kettlemanensis, n. sp. Minute, resembling H.

anceps (Mke.) in general form except that it is not carinate;

left side more deeply and narrowly umbilieate than the right,

periphery rounded; aperture large, oblique and triangular-

lunate. Diam. 2.8 mm., alt. 1.7 mm. ; nearly 3 whorls.

NEW LYMNAEIDAE FROM THE UNITED STATES

AND CANADA: I. CALIFORNIA, OREGON AND

OTHER WESTERN STATES

BY FEANK C. BAKER

When the writer's ''Lymnaeidae of North and Middle Amer-

ica" was published in 1911 it was thought that the limit had been

reached in the number of species of this family in North America.

The more conservative critics of this work believed that too many

species had been admitted as recognizable, and that in time some

of these would become synonyms. Such, however, has not been

the case, for during the twenty-two years which have passed since

its publication nearly a dozen new species and races have been

added. Studies on material recently received from Canada and

the western United States indicate quite clearly that a consider-

able number must still be added. It is proposed to diagnose

these new forms in a series of papers of which this is the first.

That indefatigable worker and keen observer Professor Junius

Henderson has been overhauling the Hemphill and Hannibal

collections of fresh-water mollusks in the museum of the Leland

Stanford University, and has unearthed a number of Lymnaeas

which do not fit into any of the species known at present, and

it becomes necessary to affix new names to them.

Stagnicola palustris magister nov. var. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 1.

Shell differing from S. p. nuttalliana in being larger, with a

longer spire, deeper sutures, the penultimate whorl large and

''puffy," the aperture rounder and more or less arched at the

posterior angle. There are fully seven whorls. Nuttalliana

usually has only six full whorls.

Type locality: East Shore Rhett (Tule) Lake, Modoc Co., Cali-

fornia, collected by Henry Hemphill. Types : Stanford Univer-

sity, Geological Department, No. 5773.

This is the largest form of the palustris group observed in

America. It is abundant in Tule Lake and apparently does not

occur elsewhere. Its size and general shape are uniform enough

to constitute a form or race of palustris, a variant evidently from

the nuttalliana form. Immature and young specimens, 10-13

mm. long and having 4—5 whorls, are in the Hannibal collection.

They are like the immature condition of the palustris varieties

found throughout America.

Stagnicola palustris buttoni nov. var. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 4.

Shell elongated, narrow; whorls 6-7, flat-sided, elongated;

suture impressed; spire somewhat scalariform, usually 1^ times

length of aperture; body whorl flattened; aperture elongated,

almost twice as high as wide ; outer lip thin, w^ith faint varix

within ; inner lip narrow^, reflected over columellar region leaving

distinct umbilical chink; parietal wall with white callus; color

light yellowish horn, surface dull to shining; sculpture coarse,

often raised into well marked costae; surface often malleated;

columellar plait not well developed.

Type locality: Near Salt Lake City, Utah, collected by Henry

Hemphill. Types: Stanford University, Geological Department,

No. 5774.

This form or race is related to S. p. wyomingensis F. C. Baker,

differing in its longer spire with higher whorls which are flat-

sided, not rounded. The body whorl is very flat-sided, the aper-

ture long and narrow, there is a distinct umbilical chink, and the

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 19

sculpture is coarser than in Wyoming ensis. This form was found

in the Hemphill collection labeled "Galha proxima huttoni

Baker" and it is evident that the writer gave specimens this

name when the Lymnaeidae monograph was in preparation. It

was evidently forgotten in the final draft of the work. It is a

characteristic and easily distinguished variety of the prolific

palustris group.

Stagnicola hemphilli sp. nov. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 7.

Shell ovate, light horn color, shining ; whorls 6, flatly rounded,

sutures well marked; spire short, acute, pyramidal; body whorl

wide, convex; aperture long ovate, narrowed above, rounded be-

low, about as long as the spire; outer lip well rounded, with a

red varix near the edge within the aperture ; inner lip rather

wide, erect, emargining the well marked umbilicus; columellar

plait not distinct, often absent ; a more or less distinct callus on

the parietal wall; the spiral sculpture of impressed lines is dis-

tinct and there may be raised vertical costae or the shell may be

malleated.

Type locality: Near Salt Lake City, Utah Co., Utah, Hemp-

hill collection. Types: Stanford University, Geological Depart-

ment, No. 5775.

This neat species somewhat resembles short forms of Stagnicola

traskii (Tryon). It differs markedly in its more spindle-shaped

form, the spire and aperture being equal in length, the aperture

not rounded but elongate-ovate, the body whorl is not obese, the

spire whorls are not elongated, and the inner lip is wider and in

most specimens emargines the umbilicus. The color is different,

a darker horn sometimes purplish. The species belongs in the

series of forms erroneously placed under traskii in the Lym-

naeidae Monograph, p. 368, and appears to be the same as the

specimens figured on pi. 39, figs. 7, 8, from Black Rock Butte,

Sweetwater Co., Wyo. (coll. Walker, 13506). The specimens

from Alberta represent another species which will be diagnosed

in another paper.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

Stagnicola impedita nov. sp. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 3.

Shell much elongated, narrow, of 6-6^ loosely coiled, flat-sided

whorls; spire very acute; sutures deeply indented; body whorl

flattened, elongated; aperture less than half the length of shell,

elongate-ovate; outer lip without marked varical thickening;

inner lip narrow, appressed at its junction with parietal wall

forming a slight plait; umbilical chink small; surface shining,

sculpture of fine growth lines crossed by fine spiral impressed

lines; there is a wash of callus on the parietal wall.

Type locality: Near Logan, Cache Co., Utah, Hemphill collec-

tion. Types: Stanford University, Geological Department, No.

5776.

This small lymnaeid bears the most striking resemblance to

Stagnicola kirtlandiana (Lea), and was so labelled in the Hemp-

hill collection. It differs from Lea's species in being smaller,

the whorls are not as long, not as rounded, sutures less deeply

impressed, body whorl wider, aperture more ovate, columellar

plait less marked, and sculpture much finer. The two species

appear to be almost parallel in development although inhabiting

widely separated areas.

THE POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA COMPLEX

BY A. F. ARCHER

Outside of the section Stenotrema few groups of Polygyra give

more trouble in identification than the Polygyra tridentata com-

plex. This complex belongs in the section Triodopsis. An ex-

amination of material that from time to time has come into the

collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, shows that there has been uncertainty and con-

fusion in the determination of the species contained in this

group. This is due both to the difficulty of naming, and to the

uncertain application of names that existed in the latter half

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 21

of the last century. Anyone who has such material straight

from the field should exercise the utmost care in sorting and

studying it before determination. A superficial glance is not

always sufficient in recognizing the true differences existing in

these forms.

Dr. Pilsbry has rendered great service to the study of these

forms by detecting important and consistent differences between

the various species and varieties of this group, which had

hitherto been overlooked. He classified and named many new

forms, and established the true status of several others. A large

collection of these forms shows that they are worthy of study

from the point of view of geographical distribution, and it is

there that the value of differentiating them is most evident.

Many of the species belonging to the complex have a wide

range of distribution. They are for the most part fairly small

snails, and their shells are usually characterized by tridentate

apertures. These armatured apertures serve as protective de-

vices against the attacks of carnivorous beetles, and even against

other molluscan enemies such as Haplotrema concaviim (Say).

The form and arrangement of these apertural teeth are some of

the most important characters for differentiating the species, and

seem to express very clearly their innate differences. These

snails are ground livers, and are found among the leaves and

humus in open woods and wooded hillsides. In favorable locali-

ties they may often be found in great abundance.

Their radulae, using P. tridentata as an example, bear rather

long central teeth, and the outer marginal teeth are bifid. In

the genitalia the penis is rather long with a terminal retractor

muscle, and the vas deferens enters near the summit. The sper-

matheca is small and globular, while its duct is long and rather

large at the base. The shell is umbilicate and either globose or

depressed. Very few malformed individuals are encountered.

The most common malformation is a misshapen peristome.

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the various species

in the group, and to attempt to show their geographical distribu-

tion. Many of the names of these forms have been scattered

through the literature. They will here be brought together, and

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

defined. The definitions will deal chiefly with their distinguish-

ing characteristics, so that the identification of them may be

rendered easier. The species included here are those inhabiting

the area extending from the Atlantic coast as far west as the

western border of the Mississippi Valley. No related forms

occurring outside of those limits are dealt with here. Dr. Pils-

bry has very kindly lent paratypes of several forms for examina-

tion and figuring.

Section Triodopsis Eafinesque

Group of Polygyra tridentata

1. Polygyra tridentata (Say)

2. Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils.

3. Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis W. & P.

4. Polygyra tridentata coniplanata Pils.

5. Polygyra tridentata edentilahris Pils.

6. Polygyra fraudiilenta Pils.

7. Polygyra fallax (Say)

8. Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pils.

9. Polygyra vannostrandi (Bland)

10. Polygyra vannostrandi alahamensis Pils.

11. Polygyra hopetonensis (Schutt)

12. Polygyra hopetonensis charlestonensis Maz.

13. Polygyra hopetonensis ohsoleta Pils.

The first reference under each species is the original citation.

Additional references are given for critical notes and figures.

Specific localities cited are for the specimens figured.

1. Polygyra tridentata (Say). PL 1. fig. 1, near Wissahickon

Creek, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia.

Helix tridentata Say, Nicholson's Encycl. 4, pi. 2. f. 1 (''in-

habits the middle states " ) .

Triodopsis tridentata Say, "W. G. Binney, 1885, Man. Amer.

Land Shells, p. 291, f. 312.

Polygyra tridentata Say, Pilsbry, 1894, Proc. A.N.S.P., p. 19,

pi. 1, f. 7.

The shell is depressed, umbilicated, chestnut to light horn

color, and covered with raised axial ribs. The number of whorls

varies from 4f-5|. Besides its flattish shape it may be distin-

guished by the following characteristics. The aperture hears

three teeth. The marginal tooth is situated on the upper half

I

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 23

of the peristome. The hasal tooth is situated more than halfway

toward the outer margin of the peristome. Both teeth are simple

and acute. The parietal tooth is ohlique and strong.

The figured specimen is chosen because it is tj^ical of Say's

species. There is a wide range of variation in the species

throughout its geographical range. Numbers of geographical

races exist. This species has the widest range of any species in

the group. It is found in Vermont, northern New York and

Ontario Province, Canada, and extends southward into northern

Georgia and Alabama. It is found in eastern Iowa and ranges

clear across the country to the Atlantic coast. It is virtually

absent in most of New England except the extreme west. In

the South it occurs throughout the mountains, but is absent in

the coastal region. Throughout the northeastern range of the

species the forms are of medium size (about 15 mm. in diameter).

They are inclined to be chestnut colored, and the peristome is

often pinkish. The distribution in Virginia is limited to the

western part of the state, where puzzling forms occur. In Rock-

bridge County rather large heavy specimens are found while

in Roanoke County small, flat, weak toothed forms occur. The

forms of North Carolina are also dark colored, but are larger

than those of the more northern regions. Slightly smaller but

otherwise similar forms occur on the Tennessee slope of the Ap-

palachian Mountains. The species is absent in the western half

of Tennessee. It ranges throughout Kentucky, and here we find

very depressed light colored shells, some of which measure 20

mm. in diameter, while in several localities heavy specimens exist.

The species occurs throughout the Middle West, east of the Mis-

sissippi, and is especially common in Indiana, though rare in

Michigan. The shells found in this region are medium sized

and usually rather dark. The localities in northern Georgia and

north Alabama yield specimens similar in appearance to those

of the Appalachian Region.

It must be concluded from this that P. tridentata is a success-

ful species, capable of existing in a wide area, and under varied

conditions. It is most common in open woods, among leaves or

rocks. It does not seem partial to any particular type of geo-

logical formation, for it is found equally among limestone rock

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

in some regions, and sandstone or granitic rock in other regions.

Few Polygyras, with the notable exception of P. thyroidus

(Say), are more adaptable to various climates and regions than

tridentata. It is, however, obvious that it has not survived this

great variety of conditions without variation taking place.

2. PoLYGYRA TRIDENTATA JUXTIDENS Pilsbry, 1894, Proc. A.N.S.P.,

p. 20, pi. 1, fig. 8. (Cave Town, Md.).

The shell is quite exactly like P. tridentata in external appear-

ance. It is readily distinguished in tooth structure. It diners

from tridentata in having the marginal tooth situated at least

halfway down the peristome towards the base, near the basal

tooth. The parietal tooth slants toward it or just ahove it, while

in tridentata it slants below it.

The geographical range of P. tridentata juxtidens is somewhat

more extensive than that of P. tridentata. It occurs in Northern

and Western New England and extends southwestward to East-

ern Iowa and Eastern Missouri. It is absent in Ontario Prov.,

Canada, Michigan and the northern half of the middle states.

It has not been reported from the western slope of the Appa-

lachian Mountains except in Nicholas County, Kentucky. It is

almost absent in the mountain region of North Carolina where

tridentata is common. However, the region lying east of this it

is present to the exclusion of tridentata. It likewise supersedes

the straight species in the New Jersey area, but is less common

in Maryland. Just south of the Potomac River it again outbal-

ances tridentata. The small or medium sized dark form is char-

acteristic of the northeastern area of Virginia. The typical

forms occur in northern Virginia and northern West Virginia,

one of which is figured. Large heavy specimens occur in Rock-

bridge County and Roanoke County, Virginia. Fairly tj^pical

forms are found in central North Carolina and South Carolina.

Unusually broad lipped specimens have been taken at Eutaw

Springs, Berkeley, Co., South Carolina. Examples from North-

ern Alabama are frequently large and flat. Fairly typical speci-

mens have been collected in eastern Iowa and eastern Missouri.

An interesting geographical race occurs in the southern half

of the middle western states especially Indiana and Ohio. This

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 25

race is characterized by being horn colored, broad, and more com-

pressed than the typical form. The shell is quite shiny, and the

striae are less pronounced than in the typical. Pilsbry named

this form Polygyra tridentata discoidea (Pilsbry 1904, Nautilus

17, p. 142). It seems inadvisable to consider this apart from

juxtidens, of which it seems to be a geographical race. It ex-

actly corresponds in tooth structure, general character of the

sculpture, etc. One set from Cincinnati, Ohio, has the tooth

structure of P. tridentata, but otherwise is like the race men-

tioned above. This must be considered as tridentata despite that

fact. The same form of tridentata also occurs independently in

Central Kentucky.

3. Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis Walk. & Pils. Plate 1,

fig. 3, Concord, Anderson Co., Tenn. Diam. 19.5 mm.

Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis Walker & Pilsbry, 1902,

Proc. A.N.S. Phila,, p. 422. (South side French Broad R., below

Paint Rock, Tenn.) Walker, Terrestrial Shell-bearing Moll, of

Ala., Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. No. 18, p. 22.

The shell is large (diameter 22-24 mm.) rather flat and is

similar to P. tridentata in coloring and sculpture. It is dijferent

in being consistently larger, while the marginal and hasal teeth

though typically situated are smaller. The parietal tooth is

sharper and more prominent.

This variety is peculiar to the Eastern Tennessee and the

Northern Alabama region where it replaces P. tridentata. It

is not very variable in size and color, but on the northern and

eastern periphery of its range forms have been found which are

intermediate between it and P. tridentata. In the center of its

range the forms are quite distinct from any other related forms.

4. Polygyra tridentata complanata Pils. PI. 1, fig. 4. Burn-

side, Pulaski Co., Ky. Diam. 21 mm.

Polygyra tridentata complanata Pilsbry, 1898, Nautilus, 12, p.

22. (Burnside, Ky.)

The shell in appearance quite suggests the forms of P. triden-

tata juxtidens from southern Ohio and southern Indiana. Like

them the shell is large (diam. 21-23 mm.) and shiny. It differs

in being flatter and more openly umbilicate. The marginal and

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

hasal teeth are almost absent, mere slight traces appearing in the

same positions as those of typical P. tridentata. The parietal

tooth is smaller and sharper.

This form has only been found in south-central Kentucky. Ex-

ceptionally small specimens (diam. 17 mm.) have been found in

Casey County, but aside from their size they are quite typical.

5. PoLYGYRA TRIDENTATA EDENTiLABRis Pils. PL 1, fig. 5. Cum-

berland Mts., Tenn. Paratype. Diam. 12 mm.

Polygyra tridentata edentilahris Pilbry 1894, Nautilus, 7, p.

140. (Cumberland Mts., Tennessee.)

The shell resembles that of P. tridentata. It is small (diam.

12 mm.) and is shaped exactly like small specimens of tridentata.

It differs in the entire absence of the marginal and basal teeth.

It is yellow horn colored, with a w^hitish peristome.

This apparently rare form comes from the Cumberland Moun-

tains, Cumberland plateau region, central Tennessee. It is a re-

markable form, contrasting with P. tridentata tennesseensis of

the surrounding country. This species contrasts also with P.

tridentata complanata in its small size and rugose appearance.

Both forms are virtually toothless, but this does not necessarily

indicate a close relationship. The figured specimen is a para-

type sent by Dr. Pilsbry for examination.

(To be continued)

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PLEUROCERA

CANALICULATUM UNDULATUM SAY

BY SAMUEL E. MAGEUDER

Department of Zoology, University of Cincinnati

For the past two years the writer has been making some

anatomical studies on the fresh-water gastropod, Pleurocera

canaliculatum tindulatum Say, during which time numerous col-

lections have been made from one vicinity. All the animals

studied have been taken from the Licking River at or near the

town of Butler, Kentucky. Although no regular population

samples have been taken for life history work certain facts have

THE NAUTILUS XLYIII

PLATE 1

o

// 12 J3

1. Polygyra tridentata Say. 2. P. t. juxtidens Pils. 3. P. t. tennesseensis

W. & Pf 4. P. t. complanata Pils. 5. P. t. edentilabris Pils. 6. P. frau-

dulenta Pils. 7. P. fallax Say. 8. P. f. goniosoma Pils. 9. P. vanno-

strandi Bland. 10. P. v. alabamensis Pils. 11. P. hopetonensis Shutt.

12. P. li. charlestonensis Maz. 13. P. h. obsoleta Pils.

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 27

been observed which seem to corroborate the work of Van Cleave

(Nautilus, Vol. XLVII, No. 2) on life history studies of Pleiiro-

cera acuta Rafinesque. As so little is known concerning the life

history and development of members of this family it seems

worth while to record any new observations.

During late winter and spring collecting, the absence of shells

of this species under 8 to 10 mm. in length was very noticeable.

Also during spring collecting, very large living individuals were

very rare although large dead shells were fairly common. The

average shell length for members of this colony is from 17 to 20

mm. During late September and October, collections were made.

At this time, the youngest individuals which have been seen were

collected. The eggs of this species have not been recorded. The

shell of the smallest individual was 4.0 mm. long by 2.6 mm. wide

and collected on October 21. Shell lengths of some other young

specimens collected at the same time were 4.4, 5.2, 5.6, 6.1, 7.0

and 8.7 mm. Animals with shell lengths greater than these were

common and animals with shell lengths 14 to 18 mm. were abun-

dant. It is believed that the apparent rareness of the very young

individuals is because they are so easily overlooked due to their

small size as suggested by Van Cleave. The presence of young

individuals varying greatly in size in the early fall would seem

to indicate an egg laying season extending over several months,

as pointed out by Van Cleave for Pleiirocera acuta Rafinesque.

However, the situation is complicated by the fact that occur-

ring with Pleurocera in the same location is another gastropod,

Lithasia ohovata (Say) in even greater numbers. Animals of

the latter with shell lengths less than 6.2 mm. have not been

found by the waiter. There is a possibility that the specimens

mentioned above may be Lithasia ohovata (Say) ; however, judg-

ing from their appearance, it is not at all probable. The young

shells described as Pleurocera have the typical rhomboidal aper-

ture of the genus and the color and shape, especially of the body

whorl are almost identical with that seen in the adult of the same

species, the eroded spire being excepted. On the body whorl the

shell is sculptured by very fine spiral lines crossed by somewhat

heavier growth lines. The color of the smallest specimen is a

uniform tan.

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

Collected at the same time as the above specimens were the

largest living adults yet seen and which were fairly abundant.

The largest specimen collected by the writer from this colony

had a shell length of 26.4 mm. and a width of 11.3 mm. When

these very large individuals are brought into the laboratory they

die very soon, usually surviving less than a week although receiv-

ing the same care as smaller (younger?) individuals which

usually lived for quite a while. There may or may not be a

factor of old age concerned. Nothing is known of the length

of the life span of this animal, but these facts together with the

scarcity of living individuals and comparative abundance of

large dead shells in the spring would suggest that, regardless of

the length of the life span, the natural termination of life due

to old age occurs in the late winter.

The writer is indebted to Mr. Calvin Goodrich for identifica-

tion of both gastropods mentioned.

A NEW FLORIDA PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSEL

BY BERLIN HART WRIGHT

Elliptic maywebbae, new species. Vol. 47, PI. 13, figs. 5-8.

Shell unusually inequilateral, epidermis reddish to horn-col-

ored, smoothish, with growth ridges scarcely distinguishable, um-

bonal ridge snout prominent but clearly biangulate and curved.

Rayless, sides well rounded, almost to the point of inflation.

Dorsal or hinge margin short and prominently arcuate, which

feature is accentuated by the inconspicuous umbos and the

abrupt depression of the posterior-dorsal margin. This gives a

decided falcate outline to the mature male shells, with excurvate

ventral margins. Abruptly rounded posteriorly and somewhat

more pointed behind. Beaks acute but not prominent, beauti-

fully sculptured with double looped sharp ridges which are

abruptly and prominently angled at the umbonal ridge, making

a row of knotty tubercles following down the ridge as far as

the loops extend. Nacre dark coppery (flesh-colored) in some

of the paratypes, and highly iridescent. Teeth double in the left

valve and single in the right one ; laterals arched, sharp and

thin, and cardinals very oblique. Pallial impression and scars

or cicatrices all slightly impressed. Abductor scars confluent,

generally. Shell and beak cavities shallow and beak cicatrices

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 29

deep and crowded up close under the collar of the lateral teeth.

Soft parts unknown.

Dimensions : Length 51 mm., altitude 28 mm., diameter 21 mm.

Hahitat: Near Seminole Springs, 15 miles southeast of Eustis,

Florida. Ex. Coll. Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y.

Observations: This unique Florida mussel must be placed in

the Elliptio division, probably best as a subgenus, as it is un-

usually arched dorsally and sculptured at beaks. One dozen

specimens have been carefully compared and it is not possible to

make any decision as to its relationship. Perhaps it belongs in

the dor sat us group.

AYe take peculiar pleasure in naming this shell in honor of

the gracious wife of AYalter F. AYebb, who for more than forty

years has been of inestimable help in his conchological work. It

was collected by T. H. Van H^Tiing.

Type in the U. S. National Museum, No. 425354; paratypes

with the following museums : The Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, No. 162516; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bos-

ton, Mass. ; Buffalo Museum of Natural History, and collection

of Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB

The Boston Malacological Club held its regular meetings dur-

ing the season of 1933- '34, on the first Tuesday evening of each

month, from October to May, inclusive, in the Library of the

Boston Society of Natural History.

The first meeting was given to experiences in collecting during

the past summer. Among these, Mr. AYilliam J. Clench de-

scribed covering some 5,000 miles in Georgia, Alabama and Mis-

sissippi ; and a 700-mile cruise along the Florida coast, the pre-

vious April. Mr. S. N. F. Sanford told of collecting on the

New England beaches, and emphasized the fact that after a heavy

storm more is to be found by waiting one or two days than by

collecting directly the storm is over. Prof. Balch reported find-

ing many nudibranchs, including one new species, at Cranberry

Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine.

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

In November the Club heard a talk on *'A Naturalist's Im-

pressions of Australia" by Dr. W. E. Schevill, who had lately

spent some months there, in a successful quest for fossils. While

he touched only indirectly on mollusks, he described vividly the

topography, flora and fauna of this largest of the world's islands.

Fine lantern slides added to the interest of his talk.

Dr. Charles H. Blake, of Massachusetts Institute of Technol-

ogy, spoke in December, his topic being ''The Eggs of Fresh-

water Snails," illustrated by slides from his drawings made in

the laboratory, where observation of the eggs and the hatching

of the young snails could be conducted to the best advantage.

In January Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, President of the club, told

of visits to malacological collections in England, France, Hol-

land, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Sweden. The February

meeting was announced as a symposium on the ''Care and Ar-

rangement of Conchological Collections." An interesting fact

called to the attention of the members was that oak, used for

cabinets, gives off an acid which in the course of time, coats the

shells with an unsightly film w^hich destroys their color and

polish.

At the March meeting Mr. Henry D. Russell spoke on "Collect-

ing in Bermuda," telling of both recent and fossil mollusks to be

found there, and describing the volcanic origin of the islands,

their soil, and their flora.

In April, Dr. Bequaert again addressed the club, this time on

"A New Manual of Conchology," the monumental work by Dr.

Johannes Thiele, now being published in Berlin. He also

touched upon other works on conchology, and gave it as his

opinion that in classifying and naming species, more attention

should be paid to the shell itself, and less to minute differences

in the internal structure of the animal, which he considered had

been carried to undue excess during recent years.

At the meeting in May, Mr. Edward M. Howland gave his

experiences in collecting in the West Indies, and at Sanibel

Island, Florida, and showed an interesting series of shells from

these places.

At nearly every meeting, other topics, in addition to those

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 31

announced, came up for informal discussion, space permitting

the mention of only a few, as the ship-worm and its destructive

activities, the disappearance of the eel-grass from New England

waters, and the increasing distribution on this side of the Atlan-

tic of Helix nemoralis.

At the May meeting the following officers were elected for the

coming year:

President Charles H. Blake

Vice-president Austin W. Cheever

Conchological Recorder S. N. F. Sanford

Secretary and Treasurer Theodora AVillard

Executive Committee Mildred Seymour

William J. Clench

On May 26, the club held its annual field meeting. This was

at Marion, Massachusetts, by invitation of Mr. Howland.

Twenty-three intrepid members were not deterred by unpromis-

ing weather, and in spite of grey skies and a temperature of

only 50°, motored to Marion, to be met there by our host. After

spending several hours on the beach, returning with many

treasures filling bags and pockets, the members drove to his

house, where they were welcomed by Mrs. Howland. Ample jus-

tice was done to a delicious luncheon, and then followed an

inspection of Mr. Howland 's collection of shells, and it was not

until mid-afternoon that they started on the homeward drive, all

expressing the conviction that it had been the most delightful field

meeting ever held by the club. — Theodora Willard, Secretary.

CHARLES CURRY ALLEN

Charles Curry Allen, one of the best known and ablest natural-

ists in the State of Florida, died at his home in St. Petersburg,

April 27.

Born in Morrison, 111., in 1862, where at the age of 10 years

he took an interest in fossil shells and the bones of prehistoric

animals he gathered together an interesting collection.

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

His parents did not believe in much schooling but a teacher at

Elk Falls, Kans., where he lived at the age of 15 and 16, took a

great interest in him and taught him to educate himself. As a

result he devoted all his spare time to reading the best books and

became a very well educated man. What he read he retained

and was ready at all times to get up before an audience and give

,a good talk on almost any subject.

Well do I remember on one occasion when he and I were down

the coast on a collecting trip we chugged over to Cortez for sup-

plies. The storekeeper asked us to attend a political meeting

that evening in the hall back of the store. AVhen the meeting

was opened and the candidate for Governor introduced, all he

said was that he saw in the audience a man much better able

than himself to address them and called on Mr. Allen. With

his blue shirt, overalls and slippers without socks (we had been

sifting sand and mud most of the afternoon) he took the plat-

form and the people listened spellbound at his delivery of facts

,and statistics given as easy as reading from a printed form. Mr.

Allen had previously run for Governor of Florida on the Social-

ist ticket.

Coming to Florida over 40 years ago he started his shell col-

lection and later opened up a curio shop, giving this up about

15 years ago.

With myself and with others he took many trips to the East

Coast, Everglades, Bahamas and Cuba. Several new species of

his finding are called Alleni and Curryi in his honor. His series

of Liguiis and the Cuban Cepolis and Polymita are among the

finest.

Collectors who came South were always hospitably received

by Mr. Allen, and none went away without benefitting from the

visit. He had a host of foreign collectors on his list with whom

he exchanged often.

As a man he was always upright, honest and generous almost

to a fault. His ideas on peace were so forceful that a plan of

which he was the author was read before the Peace Conference

at Copenhagen.

Mr. Allen was twice married and a son born from each mar-

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 33

riage. These, with the second wife and two sisters, survive him.

— D. L. Emery.

NOTES AND NEWS

William B. Marshall^ assistant curator of mollusks in the

United States National Museum, retired from government service

on April 30, at his own request, after serving for more than

thirty-two years. Mr. Marshall has been given an honorary

appointment, under the Smithsonian Institution, as associate in

zoology at the U. S. National Museum.

Physa acuta Draparnaud in Massachusetts. — A series of

this species was recently submitted for naming by Mr. C. P.

Winsor. These were collected in a tank used to cultivate algae

at Harvard University. Several aquarium supply stores in the

vicinity of Boston have been selling Australian species of

Bulinus. It is quite possible that these may become established

in our local ponds and streams, as happened in the case of

Viviparus malleaius Rve. — W. J. Clench.

Planorbis opercularis planulatus in Los Angeles, Cali-

fornia.— Some months ago I received from Mr. E. P. Chace a

small vial of tiny non-marine shells which he had collected in

1916 in a swamp along Balona Creek near West Adams St. Ex-

amination of them revealed the following: Lymnaea hulimoides

cassi Baker, Physa heterostropha osculans Haldman, PlanorMs

opercularis planulatus Cooper, Succinea oregonensis Lea, Siic-

cinea sillimani Bland, Paludestrina stearnsiana Pilsbry, Pisid-

ium, species undetermined. This is the first record I have known

of P. opercularis planulatus in southern California. The other

species with which it was associated are typical of swampy places

in this vicinity. — Wendell 0. Gregg.

Dr. Pilsbry and Dr. Francis Pennell are spending the sum-

mer in investigating the mollusks and plants of northern Mexico.

Dr. Stanley T. Brooks, Curator of Recent Invertebrates at

the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., will sail in June for sev-

eral months' collecting in Newfoundland. The trip is for the

purpose of studying the circumpolar and nearctic molluscan

fauna although collections of plants and insects will be made.

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

NoTAs Y Adiciones A LA Fauna Malacologica Habanera.

Por C. G-. Aguayo y M. L. Jaume (Mem. Soc. Poey, 8, No. 1.

March, 1934). The name Polygyra lingulata (Fer.) is adopted

to replace P. paludosa (Pfr.), preoccupied. Vertigo torrei is a

new species of the ovata group. Gyraulus santacruzensis Germ.,

G. filocinctus P. & F., and several marine species, all new to

Cuba, are reported from the environs of Havana. — H. A. P.

, West African Achatinae related to Achatana balteata

Rve. By J. Bequaert and W. J. Clench. American Mus. Novi-

tates. No. 705. This group of closely allied granulous achatinas

is critically reviewed and all of the known forms well figured.

A. rugosa chapini is a new subspecies from Lukolele, Belgian

Congo.

Two New Species of Fresh Water Pearly Mussels. By

Wm. B. Marshall. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29, 79-81. Castali-

oides laddi, n. gen. et sp., is a Venezuelan Quaternary form.

Anodontites schadei is from Paraguay.

Notes on the Fossil Land Shells from Bermuda in the col-

lection of the Carnegie Museum. By Gordon M. Kutchka.

Ann. Carnegie Mus. 22, No. 2-4, 1934. Eight species are de-

scribed and figured, all from the Walsingham formation. Judg-

ing by the figures and dimensions given, the specimens referred

to Poecilozonites dalli, P. nelsoni callosus and P. Mandi heilprini

do not appear to be correctly so named. From a careful exami-

nation, the type of P. dalli is a mature shell, in my opinion. The

Walsingham formation has been considered Pleistocene by those

who have studied it on the ground (see Sayles, *' Bermuda dur-

ing the Ice Age," Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 66, No. 11,

.1931). Until some marine fossils are found to prove Pliocene

age, the evidence that it is older than Pleistocene seems insuffi-

cient. Sayles has argued that it is synchronous with the Kansan

glacial stage. — H. A. P.

Variation in Goniobasis virginica and Anculosa carinata

UNDER Natural Conditions. By Joshua L. Baily, Kaymond

July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 35

Pearl and Charles P. Winsor (Biologia Generalis, vol. 8, pp.

607-630, vol. 9, pp. 301-336, vol. 9-2, pp. 48-69; 5 plates). A

statistical study of the shells from Gunpowder River, Maryland,

is accompanied by detailed ecological data and an attempt is

made towards their correlation. Erosion of the shell is accom-

plished by particles of silt carried in suspension in the water.

The size of the shell seems to be directly influenced by chlorine

and food supply, and inversely by silt. The earlier whorls are

more variable than the later ones (the opposite has often been

considered true). The presence of unaccountable differencs and

variabilities in several lots is noted, and the suggestion is made

that these may be due to congenital factors. An enormous

amount of painstaking labor is condensed into these three papers.

— H. B. B.

The Habitats of Land Molluscs in Britain, by A. E. Boycott

(The Jour, of Ecology 22, pp. 1-38, Feb., 1934). An excellent

paper dealing with associations of land mollusks in particular

types of environments. A large amount of scattered information

is brought together in this paper and carefully elucidated by the

author. A portion of the summary is quoted. ''Our land mol-

lusca do not form specific associations with one another or with

other animals or plants. Competition is therefore an unimpor-

tant factor. Their occurrence within their geographical ranges

are determined by the conditions of the environment, the most

important factors being moisture and lime. We may distinguish

groups which affect wet places, dry places and human settle-

ments. The rest, about half the species, [total of 102 species]

live in ill-defined 'woodland' habitats whose suitability varies

in proportion to the shelter and lime they provide." — AV. J.

Clench.

NON-MAKINE MOLLUSCA FROM DuTCH NORTH NeW GuINEA IN-

CLUDING AN Annotated List of the Species of Papuina. By

Tera Van Benthem Jutting (1933, Nova Guinea, 17, Zoology,

Livr. 1, pp. 71-150, 21 text figures). Notes and descriptions of

several mollusks (3 new species and 2 new varieties) from the

region of the Mamberamo River. A list of all the known species

36 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48(1)

of Papuina follows the main report. This last, in particular, is

a very valuable and useful list, as it brings together in one report

all of the Papuina known to occur in the Australasian region.

,A suggestion, however, would be to list all varieties and sub-

species alphabetically along with the species and not under their

particular species. In a long list, such names are hard to locate

when submerged in the main list. A full bibliography accom-

panies this paper. — W. J. Clench.

A List of the Mollusks of the District of Columbia and

Vicinity. By Horace G. Richards. (The American Midland

Naturalist, vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 85-88, 1934). This list, the first

since the one by C. Lehnert in 1885, enumerates about 140

species of land and freshwater mollusks from a region in Mary-

land and Virginia within a radius of 20 miles of the Capitol

Building at Washington, D. C. The material on which the list

is based is taken from Lehnert 's list together with corrections

and additions based on collections in the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia and in the National Museum in Wash-

ington. Such a list is sorely needed for the District of Columbia

as well as for other places. In a sense this list is a little un-

timely since in going over the material in the National Museum

a number of names were included from it that should not appear

at all. This is due to the fact that no critical revision of col-

lections from the District of Columbia now in the National Mu-

seum was made. For example, Polygyra fraudulenta, P. exoleta

(i.e., zaleta Binn.), P. stenotrema, P. monodon and subspecies

aliciae, Mesomphix cupretis, and Discus patula as well as some

others do not occur in this region at all. Several other species are

of doubtful occurrence here. The use of certain genera like

Ancidosa (wrongly applied to the species carinata) that have

revised by recent workers is unfortunate. These errors are due

to misidentifications or to unrevised names copied without veri-

fication from material in the National Museum. — A. F. Archer.

The Nautilus

Vol. XLVIII October, 1934 No. 2

RESTORATION OF SHELL PARTS BY THE PAINTED

SNAIL, POLYMITA PICTA BORN

BY E. A. ANDREWS

Observation of the shells of snails shows in some cases besides

the regular fine lines suggesting lack of uniform growth, occa-

sional grosser breaks in the uniformity of the surface suggesting

the healing of broken parts or the restoration of lost parts of the

shell.

That snails do actually restore broken parts and heal over

breaks in their shells was first demonstrated by the experiments

of Reamur in 1709 and later by those of many zoologists from

1870 to 1911. From these experiments it appears that snails may

restore the shell in two distinct ways ; restoring lost parts at the

rim of the shell by complete perfect shell joining on to the nor-

mal shell without serious differences in form, structure, or color ;

but making good insular loss of shell parts not at the rim of the

shell by a sort of cicatrix material, hard and serviceable for the

protection of the animal within, but very imperfect as compared

to the former normal shell.

These two grades of perfection in shell restoration correspond

to the tw^o diverse regions of the mantle concerned in shell mak-

ing; the young marginal part of the mantle being able to make

all the outer layers of the shell with its colors and architecture

while the older parts of the mantle far from the mantle margin

can only add innermost layer to the normal shell or function

after breaks to supply a sort of cement to mend the break but not

to actually restore new shell in its totality.

Both color and architecture of the shell are due to the activities

of the marginal part of the mantle which, as it were, is the die

from which the shell is stamped out little by little at the edge as

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

growth goes on with, a repetition of pattern comparable to that

made by a printing roll for wallpaper or printed goods ; repairs

near the edge are actual new printings, but repairs far from the

margin are but colorless patching.

The activities of the mantle near the margin are both secretory

and muscular, while far from the free edge the mantle only

secretes, apparently. The muscular actions of the mantle com-

bined with its powers to make hardening lime shell as well as

color in definite patterns is comparable to the like activities in

that portion of the oviduct of birds in which the eggshell is

formed, sculptured and painted, in the same characteristic way

in active periods of the species and even of the individual, as may

be seen in the domestic hen which may for some time lay eggs

individually distinguishable from those of other members of the

same flock.

In some gastropods the mantle is visibly colored somewhat in

the pattern of the shell that it makes, the future materials being

already assembled in the relative poitions they will occupy when

incorporated into the shell. There would thus seem to be a point

to point agreement between the mantle margin and its product,

the shell.

However, the mantle margin is movable, not only to advance

and recede, but apparently also to slip sidewise, since Techow^

found that in the land snail Helix pomatia removal of both a

piece of the shell and of the underlying mantle was followed by

restoration of the shell sooner than by regrowth of the cut

mantle, so that the mantle seemed to have glided to one side and

part of it vicariously made an area of the shell that it normally

would not have been concerned with.

Many of the experiments upon regeneration in gastropods have

been performed upon shells that were rather uniform in color so

that one part of the mantle margin had much the same function

as adjacent portions. However, in snails with lengthwise color

bands, the mantle margin makes sharply localized color effects

upon a common ground, so that one locality of the mantle is re-

sponsible for a colored band and the adjacent part on either side

makes only the common background. Such is notably the case

iTechow. Archiv Ent. Mech. 31: 278, 1910.

October, 1934]

THE NAUTILUS

39

in the painted snail, Polymita picta Born, of Cuba, with its con-

spicuous lengthwise bands.

Some fifty-four immature snails of the western variety of this

species, P. picta venusta, brought from Cuba by Mr. d'Alte

Welch, each from one to one and a half centimeters in diameter,

were used to test the ability of the mantle margin to restore shell

of the proper kind to continue the normal pattern after removal

of small pieces of the shell edge.

Of these shells 27 were dull white; 17 canary yellow, and 10

flushed with bright red. In general, there Avere three spiral

bands, an upper and a lower dark band and a median band,

rarely dark, but generally pale white. Thus the mantle edge was

making dark above and below, in narrow regions, and a thin

white region in the middle ; with wide areas of white, yellow, or

red between the three narrow reo^ions.

Polymita picta venusta (Gmel.)

A rough diagram of the shell pattern may be made by repre-

senting the shell as unrolled and then projected as a triangle (see

Fig. 1) in which the base represents the present mouth of the

shell and the apex the long antecedent young shell now located at

the apex of the shell. In youth the median band was dark, but

later this gave place to a median band that is usually white, while

the other two bands, both dark, arose subsequently, the latest and

broadest being the ventral band.

In life the mantle margin of these snails is a velvet black zone

at the border followed a little back from the edge by a golden

yellow zone of white or red so that these two contrasting color

zones on the mantle are very striking. In the black zone is the

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

mantle groove whose outer edge is somewhat lighter than the

rest of the black zone and it is in this groove that the new shell is

initiated.

The light colored sub-marginal zone may show some striking

interruptions; thus when the shell has an equatorial band of

light, or of dark, the light sub-marginal zone is marked by a

sharp interruption of the same width as the shell band. The

light zone is full of minute white reflecting particles and these

are absent from the part of the zone immediately under the equa-

torial shell band, be it white or dark. Also the lighter submar-

ginal zone may show dark patches above and below underlying

the dark bands of the shell and in a shell with two parallel equa-

torial bands, two corresponding brown patches were seen on the

mantle.

To see if the mantle would exactly restore the pattern when

the shell was locally impaired, triangular areas of the shell, some

4 mm. wide and 2 deep, were cut from the shell with scissors,

June 1st (the mantle being withdrawn by the snail so that it was

not injured), in the three ends of bands as in Fig. 1 as well as in

some of the background regions.

All the snails were kept in a glass jar of six liters capacity

with top ventilation and various rather unsuccessful attempts at

feeding, so that mortality was great, and in October only five

were left alive. Other snails of the same species died as rapidly,

though nothing was done to injure the shells.

However, many of the snails restored the regions of the shell

that were removed. Some new shell with a bit of color in the

right place was evident within a week in some snails, but others

delayed so that at any time many were in various stages of res-

toration of injuries to the shells. Thirty-eight snails were living

July 5 and eleven days later many had quite filled in the notches

cut in the shells and some had extended the shell out beyond the

old rim ; but many never restored the shell injury before dying.

Restoration took place in the following stages : first a soft pel-

licle stretched as by surface tension across the deepest part of

the triangular space, then extending gradually outward across

more and more of the triangle. This soft pellicle stiffened and

though at first at transparent as the evanescent pellicle that

October, 1934] the nautilus 41

anchors the shell to the substrate when the snail is long at rest,

it became more opaque till when one to two millimeters advanced

in width there was seen upon its under surface a little white,

yellow or red pigment. After a long period this deposit became

an opaque shell underlying the first formed periostracum.

As this colored opaque area increased, it was evident that it

became the right color to replace what was removed; yellow

joined onto yellow, white onto white, red onto red. But for a

long time the new shell was thinner than the normal, less opaque,

and lacking in perfection of finish, showing more evident lines of

growth. Where the new joins the old, there is generally a fault-

ing in the surface since the new is not built quite out to the level

of the old surface. The first half millimeter or so of background

shell sometimes remained lacking in opaqueness and in color,

leaving a permanent scar. These experiments indicate that the

mantle is able to reenact its old performances making for each

area the proper color to continue the pattern laid down on the

old shell.

Microscopic examination of the mantle margin after three days

of regenerative activity showed a yellowish film emerging from

the mantle groove full of shining dots; farther away from the

groove the pellicle held scattered spherules and overlay nascent

shell made up of compacted spherites aggregating into a layer.

This is in harmony with the accepted view that the periostra-

cum is secreted out of the mantle groove and then reinforced

from below by lime secretions that go to make up the deeper

layer of the shell to be eventually reinforced by coloring matter

and secretions from the parts of the mantle more remote from

the mantle groove.

"While in restoration of pieces of shell at the aperture the

mantle acts as it did before, this repetition is local for each in-

jured part and does not involve the mantle elsewhere; thus

while in normal growth all the mantle margin is simultaneously

active, in repair of local defects much of the mantle is inhibited

while certain regions only are active. Only when the defects are

built up to the former edge level does the entire front advance

in normal addition to the entire edge of the shell, step by step

with lines of growth showing rhythmic advance and stoppages.

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

The greatest advance of normal shell beyond the replaced tri-

angular defects was four to five millimeters in four months, see

Fig. 1, where the transverse lines indicate new shell out beyond

the replaced triangular areas. This is preceded by the above

change in coordination of adjacent parts of the mantle margin

so that, apparently, the normal growth is repeated only locally

just where needed to replace the lost shell ; there only the mantle

groove arouses to activity and there only the mantle secretes

lime and pigment which seems to be in a colloidal matrix in

which the pigment does not widely diffuse but remains properly

placed to continue the normal color pattern of the shell. Res-

toration of the equatorial band advanced more rapidly than that

of the upper and lower bands where dark coloring matter was

slow to appear.

While the white equatorial band is directly continued in the

new growths, there are cases in which it is faulted upward nearly

one-half millimeter as if the mantle had been held contracted

toward the apex of, the shell. Also in a red shell the first restored

part may be white, later on yellow and finally red ; thus leaving

a pale scar to show the imperfection of the first part restored.

"When, by accident, one snail had its shell so completely broken

that it was removed entirely, the snail lived on three days and

crawled about, though gradually dwindling in size though in

moist air. Here a new shell was started in form of wax-like secre-

tion film, covering most of the body except the lungs and the left

retractor muscle. This film started in the mantle groove, ran

back over the velvety and white zones and thence over the body.

Blister areas in this soft membrane gave effervescence with HCl.

In water this pellicle peeled off the animal readily.

Such abortive shell making was seen by Techow on removing

the shell from 51 Helix pomatia, all of which died, though one

lingered 27 days without attaining any real shell.

In addition to real regeneration of marginal injuries to the

shell, Polymita picta was found able to heal over insular areas

(2x3 mm.) where the shell was removed on the first quarter of

the last whorl by a delicate pellicle filled with minute granules

crowding together to form an icy sheet. But death prevented

October, 1934] the nautilus 43

the perfection of this cicatrix as a firm cement. Yet in one case

still living such a hole made at the end of the first whorl was in a

few days covered over by a thin hard sheet completely healing

the wound in the shell, though as yet too brittle to be of great

protection.

ON THE SONORAN SIDE OF THE GULF

BY H. N. LOWE

(Concluded from Page 4)

One afternoon without a breath of wind, a heavy ground swell

set in, and by night quite a blow from the southwest. By next day

the rocks were swept clean of the olive green algae and the

Trivia and Crassispira had to seek refuge under the rocks. The

sand beach for miles was covered with acres of algae at high tide

line.

The second afternoon after the storm, I was walking the beach

about two miles from camp. Just beyond the acres of algae

which contained only an occasional stranded Aplysia calif ornica,

oozing out its purple dye, there was a narrow strip of tide wash,

not over fift}^ yards in extent, of fragments of ascidians, sponges,

and corallines, in this I took about forty fine living specimens

of a Lamellaria unknown to me; different colored animal from

L. diegensis and higher spired shell than L. stearnsi. The mantle

entirely covered the thin translucent shell and could only be re-

moved by cutting across the back with a safety-razor blade.

As I expected, this was a chance of a lifetime, for next after-

noon tide all had been either taken back into the sea or ground

to fragments in the sand after the storm, for several miles this

beach was almost unrecognizable; the rock ledges which had

teemed with sea life were covered deep with sand and the inter-

vening places where the sand had been were left bare showing

the underlying fossiliferous rock.

One afternoon just as the tide was starting out, we heard a

great commotion near the shore. It was a huge school of several

thousand corhina (a game fish about three feet in length), pur-

suing a vast number of sardines, anchovies, &c. The pursuers

drove their prey into our little cove, where they simply went

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

wild feeding on the small fish as they jumped out of the water in

every direction. All the native population rushed down to the

beach, simply walked into the water and caught with their hands

in a few minutes all they could use for several days. Phil took

a dozen fine fish in a short time. One of the dogs decided he

wanted to be a fisherman too, so he swam out and brought in

unaided seven large fish which he dragged up to tide line, shook

and bit them until dead and then went back for more.

In half an hour the fun was all over, for the large fish headed

out into the gulf once more to continue the pursuit of their prey.

They kept within sight and sound of our camp for two days

thereafter. Thousands of the small fish were stranded among

the rocks by the rapidly falling tide. The corbina when freshly

caught are one of the finest and most delicately flavored game

fish in the world, but the fishermen claim do not ship well. The

fish trucks with a load of ice usually arrive about sundown so

the pescaderos could start out early next morning to locate a

school of tortuava. While we were there, the fish brought in

were all males or "macheros" as the native called them, and

are somewhat smaller than the females and have a narrow head.

The fishing fleet usually returned in the late afternoon with

their catch, which was quickly taken to the sand beach where

heads were severed with one blow from a heavy ax; they were

then drawn and washed clean ready to be weighed and packed in

ice for their five hundred mile run to San Pedro, California, for

general distribution.

An export duty is charged in kilograms by Mexico and an im-

port in pounds by the U. S. A. ; so they literally get them ''going

and coming" and with the high cost of transportation and the

low selling price of fish the poor pescaderos fared rather badly.

Some days the boats returned absolutely empty. However, one

day shortly before the full moon, we watched them clean, weigh

and pack in ice ten tons of fish on the beach by moonlight.

The sea birds at Punta Peiiaseo swarmed in unnumbered

thousands, pelicans, terns and sea gulls, the latter feeding all day

on the fish heads and offal, seemingly never satisfied. The

boobies and tropic birds were said to be nesting on Georges

Island, a bird rock about twenty-five miles south of us, so we saw

nothing of them at Punta Pefiasco.

October, 1934] the nautilus 45

Although we had few cloudy days when we could see it raining

on the Pinacates off to the north and on the San Pedro Martyrs

in Lower California, not a drop fell in our camp. On three

nights however there were heavy dews when everything would

be dripping in the morning. I suppose those are times when all

the little furry inhabitants of the desert have a real drink of

water.

When our daily catch of small birds, pack rats, pocket mice,

kangaroo rats, gophers, &c., was extra good, the natives came

over in the afternoon to admire the ''Pajaritos" and watch Mr.

Huey prepare the skins of the * ' ratoneitos. ' ' I think Mr. Huey

prepared about one hundred and eighty-six mammal skins, in-

cluding one very beautiful skunk, and some ninety interesting

and very beautiful land birds. No shore birds were taken. But

when they saw the snake charmer draw a harmless gopher snake

out of his bed one morning, that was the last straw. A snake

was a snake to them whether a rattler or some nonpoisonous

variety. At this time of the year the snakes and lizards were few

and far between, although in hot weather there are myriads of

them.

Besides fish and clams on our bill-of-fare we had one mess of

quail, also one each of rabbit and wild duck and on one occasion

we tried octopi (boiled and then fried), which proved a very

savory dish, much favored in most foreign countries.

I had three good mornings of dredging, about two miles off

shore in six to ten fathoms, mostly broken shell bottom. By some

chance each time came on a Sunday morning. Either the tide

was too low to be missed for shore work, the boats were all out

fishing or the weather unfavorable. The dredgings netted some

very excellent results in small material, several things I had be-

fore taken and may prove to be new species.

After three delightful and profitable weeks at Punto Peiiasco,

the last day proved to be the only really, disagreeable one. A

gusty northwest wind blew all day, and sand was in everything.

The wind gradually abated after sun down and by the aid of a

glorious full moon we packed our camp outfit and started on our

homeward trek at 7 :30 in the evening.

The worst spots through the sand hills had been newly brushed,

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

(owing to an assessment of five pesos per truck to which we

gladly contributed) ; two fish trucks which had been broken

down in the road had been repaired and taken away; our load

was over a thousand pounds lighter than when we came out. We

let out half the air pressure in our tires and we had learned con-

siderable about desert driving through soft sand. At any rate

we started out with an absolutely cool motor and went through

those sand hills aflying, mostly in second year, shifting only a

few times into low gear.

After we were safely out of the sand hills, we made a camp

in the open desert and slept till morning. The full moon made

all the fantastic desert vegetation visible as well as the distant

mountains. We drove all the following night and arrived in

San Diego at three a. m. after a most successful and enjoy-

able expedition.

LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM THE

VICINITY OF YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

BY WALTER J. EYEEDAM

I had intended to publish the following list several years ago

but did not take time to do so before. During the winters of the

years 1924, 1925 and 1927, in the months of February and March,

I often made short excursions in and around Yakima in search of

shells.

The best collecting was had below Yakima and nearly as far

as Union Gap, especially in debris left by freshets and in the

little ponds and swamps. Irrigation ditches and wet meadows

were also prolific with some of the freshwater shells and Succinea.

Several trips were made to the Rattlesnake Hills and other moun-

tains but not a single specimen of mollusk was found except at

the bases of some of the mountains. I believe that, after the

intensive searches made on numerous occasions in the vicinity of

Yakima, very few more species can be added to the list. The dry

hills, which are mostly of disintegrated lava seem to be very poor

in shells.

Practically all my collecting was done in the month of Febru-

October, 1934] the nautilus 47

ary during three years so other forms may possibly occur in other

seasons. Although several species of slugs were common and

several encountered were rare, none were collected.

All Pisidia were identified by Sterki. Ferrissia was identified

by Walker and all the others by Pilsbry and Vanatta. Several

corrections were afterwards made by Henderson and Vanatta

on doubtful species.

Polygyra cohimhiana pilosa Henderson, about a dozen imma-

ture specimens in leaf mould, (1924) ; P. devia (Gould), doubt-

ful, 8 immature specimens (1924) ; P- mullani olneyae Pilsbry,

about a dozen specimens under cottonwood logs (1924) ; P.

ptychophora (A. D. Brown), rare (1924).

Vertigo sp., 1 specimen in leaf mould (1924).

Haplotrema vancoicverense (Lea), a few (1924, 5) ; H. sport-

ella sport ella (Gould), several (1924).

Megoniphix hemphilli (W. G. Binney), in debris along Yakima

River (1924) ; Vitrina alaskana Dall, in leaf mould, about 20

specimens, (1924, 5, 7) ; Retinella hinneyana (Morse) ; R. ham-

monis (Strom) ; Euconuhis fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry), a few in

leaf mould (1924-7) ; Zonitoides arhoreus (Say), about 300 taken

from a cottonwood log (1924).

Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newcomb), not uncommon in

leaf mould (192^5) ; Punctum conspectum conspectiim Bland, a

few in leaf mould near Yakima River, 2 miles southeast of

Yakima (1924).

Succinea gabhi Tryon (+var. gahhi Pilsbry), same locality as

Punctum (1924) ; 8. nuttaliana Lea, 6 specimens in leaf mould

(1924) ; 8. oregoncnsis Lea, about 100 specimens in leaf mould

(1924-25) ; S. rusticana Gould, 4 specimens in a dry pond

(1924) ; S. haydeni Binney, doubtful, in a wet meadow near

Selah, 2 miles west of Yakima (1927).

Lymnaea ohrussa Say, not common, on sand bars in Yakima

River (1924-25) ; L. palustris nuttalliana Lea, not common, in a

pond below the county fair grounds (1927) ; L. ferruginea

Haldeman, in ponds along Yakima River (1927) ; L. proxima

proxima Lea, not common, in ditches in a meadow (1927).

Physa nuttallii Lea, common on water-plants in ponds and

ditches (1924^7) ; P. propinqua Tryon (?), a few preceding.

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

Planorhis (Menetus) opercularis planulatus Cooper (+P. cal-

lioglyptus Vanatta), common in ponds along Yakima River

(1924-7); P. (Gyraulus) similaris Baker (+P- parvus Say),

in ponds along Yakima River (1924-7) ; P. (Helisoma) trivolvis

trivolvis Say, a few in a ditch about 2 miles west of Yakima

(1927).

Ferrissia oregonensis (Clessin), quite similar to F. fragilis

(Tryon) and resembles F. cmirina Copper. About 500 specimens

taken from stones and sticks in running water near Union Gap

(1925). F. caurina Cooper is generally found on lily-pads and

other vegetation.

Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry, common on Myrio-

phyllum in ponds along Yakima River (1924-7) ; V. virens (Lea)

(?),afew (1924).

Anodonta kennerlyi Lea, living in the mill pond at the Yakima

sa^vmill (1924^7) ; Gonidea angulata angulata (Lea), a few

broken valves, in Yakima River (1924-7) ; Margaritifera mar-

garitifera falcata Gould, a few broken valves in Yakima River

(1924).

Musculium enghergi Sterki (Mss.), in ponds in Yakima River

near Union Gap (1925) ; M. ryckholti raymondi Cooper, a few

with preceding.

Pisidium compressum Prime, on dead leaves in a small pond

(1925) ; P. variahile Prime, mixed with preceding; P. concin-

nulum Stehki, same habitat; P. siihrotundatum Sterki, in mud

among weeds in a pond (1925) ; P. randolphi Roper, in sandy

mud on bars in Yakima River (1925) ; P. coliimhianum Sterki,

with preceding; P. amoenum Sterki (Mss.), on leaves in small

ponds (1924-5), P. politum Sterki, with preceding; P. puncta-

tum Sterki, 2 small specimens with two preceding.

Besides these collected personally, the following have been

reported from near Yakima by Junius Henderson (Non-marine

Mollusca of Oregon and Washington) : Sphaerium nohile

(Gould), Oreohelix parma (Hemphill), Planorhis (Gyraulus)

vermicularis vermicularis Gould and Physa sparsestriata Tryon.

October, 1934] the nautilus 49

THE POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA COMPLEX

BY A. F. AECHEE

(Concluded from Page 26)

6. PoLYGYRA FRAUDULENTA Pils. PI. 1, fig. 6, Lafayette, Roa-

noke Co., Va. Diam. 16 mm.

Folygyra tridentata fraudulenta Pilsbry 1894, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sc. Phila., p. 20, pi. 1, fig. 6. (Morgan Co., W. Va., oppo-

site Hancock, Maryland).

Triodopsis fallax (of authors), W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am.

Land Shells, p. 292, fig. 314.

Helix fallax, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p. 143, pi. 29,

figs. 82-84.

The shell is similar in size to P. tridentata, hut is less depressed.

The uniMlicus is wider and deeper. The aperture is dished or

hasin shaped, while that of tridentata is more level. The upper

edge of the peristome as it leaves the hody wall is hent downward

at a considerable angle. The marginal tooth is situated low down

on the peristome as in P. tridentata juxtidens, hut is more in-

flected, and is usually hroader than in tridentata. Quite narrow

marginal teeth occasionally appear. The hasal tooth is also more

prominent than in tridentata, and the parietal tooth is also more

prominent. Whorls 4f-5i. In size the species ranges from 12-

20 mm. in diameter.

Its geographical range extends from Ontario throughout Michi-

gan and most of the middle states east of the Mississippi river.

It occurs in northern Kentucky and throughout the Appalachian

Mountains, southward into Northern Georgia and Northern

Alabama. Beyond those limits it has not been reported. The

forms found in Ontario and Michigan are medium sized and

rather dark horn colored. Medium sized to large horn colored

forms occur throughout the southern half of Ohio, Illinois and

Indiana. Medium sized specimens are found in Kentucky.

Large and often dark specimens occur in West Virginia and the

mountains of the western part of Virginia. The species is rare in

North Carolina except in that area closest to the Tennessee line.

The forms from this area are often under middle size. In Mon-

roe County on the Tennessee side of the boundary line small and

often depressed forms occur. In this region many specimens

have the marginal tooth reduced in size. Large specimens are

found in Knox County, Tennessee.

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

7. PoLYGYRA FALLAX (Say). PL 1, fig. 7. Manassas, Prince

William Co., Va. Diam. 13 mm.

Helix fallax Say 1825, Journ. Pliila. Acad. 5, p. 119. (Phil-

adelphia, Pa.?)

Triodopsis introf evens Bland, W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am.

Land Shells, p. 292, fig. 315.

Helix introf evens, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p. 145,

pi. 30, figs. 96-98.

Polygyva fallax, Pilsbry 1894, Proc. A. N. S. P., p. 21.

The shell is depvessed-tuvhinate, and usually smallev than P.

fvaudulenta- It has a highev spive and usually move whovls (51-

5|), the eavliev ones being move closely cvowded. The pvofile of

the apevtuve is not Ijasiii shaped as in fvaudulenta, hiit quite

stvaight as in tvidentata. The mavginal tooth is much move

deeply inflected than in fvaudulenta, so that is hovdeved hy the

innev edge of the pevistome. It may he either hvoad ov navvow.

The basal tooth is navvow and huttvessed on the columellav side.

The parietal tooth is less pvominent, and vesemMes that of tvi-

dentata in appeavance. The apevtuve is smallev and move con-

stvicted. The body whovl is not rounded as in fvaudulenta but

is somewhat angulate, a slight keel being pvesent on the uppev

half. The diameter of the shell varies from 10.5-18 mm.

The range of this species is chiefly confined to the Appalachian

Mountains, and extends from the Schuylkill drainage southward

through the Susquehanna, Potomac, James River drainage and

into central North Carolina and coastal South Carolina. It is,

however, absent in the Smoky Mountain district of North Caro-

lina. Its Appalachian distribution is mostly on the western

slope, Holston River drainage, etc. It has been found in

Northern Georgia. The forms found in South-Eastern Pennsyl-

vania and Maryland are generally medium sized or small. In

Dorchester County, Maryland, unusually large forms have been

found by R. W. Jackson, although by contrast unusually small

specimens have also been collected in the same county. In the

Potomac region medium sized individuals are characteristic.

In the western half of Virginia a variety of forms occur. At

Natural Bridge, Rockbridge County, Virginia, some of the

largest sized specimens (20 mm. diam.) occur, while in Wythe

County, Virginia, extremely diminute forms have been collected.

Small or medium sized forms occur in central North Carolina,

October, 1934] the nautilus 51

as well as in the region between Spartanburg County and Wil-

liamsburg County, South Carolina. Medium sized specimens

have been collected in northern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and

eastern Tennessee. On the whole, the variation in form is not

great. This species occurs in great numbers only in very few

localities.

8. POLYGYRA FALLAX GONIOSOMA Pils. PL 1, fig. 8. BlountS-

town, Calhoun Co., Fla. Diam. 15 mm.

Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pilsbry 1912, Nautilus, 26, p. 80.

(Blountstown, Florida).

The shell has a higher and more angulated periphery than in

P. fallax. The axial ribs are more pronounced al)ove the

periphery than helow, while in fallax the ribs are finer and more

even in size throughout the body whorl. The umbilicus is more

constricted. The aperture is more constricted, while the mar-

ginal tooth is more deeply inflected. The whorls are also less

convex. Whorls 5^ as in fallax. Although it has been sug-

gested that this form may be related to P. vannostrandi, its dull

surface, its fewer and more rapidly increasing whorls are rather

more characteristic of P. fallax, and to that species it should be

referred.

P. /. goniosoma has been reported from Calhoun County in

northwestern Florida. It is remarkable that this form occurs

at some distance from the lower limits of the distribution of

P. fallax.

9. Polygyra vannostrandi (Bland). PL 1, fig. 9. Aiken,

Aiken Co., So. Car. Diam. 115 mm.

Helix Van Nostrandi Bland 1875, Ann. of Lye. of Nat. Hist,

of N. Y., 11, p. 200. (Aiken, South Carolina).

Triodopsis Van Nostrandi Bland 1878, Terrestrial Air-Breath-

ing Mollusks, 5, p. 312, fig. 206.

Helix Van Nostrandi, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p.

145, pi. 30, fig. 99.

This species has a small shell, the largest specimens (about

12 mm. in diameter) approaching smaller specimens of P. fallax

in size and appearance. It differs in being higher spired with

less rapidly increasing whorls. Whorls usually more numerous

(5J-6^). Axial sculpture the same in both species, but in the

case of vannostrandi the surface of the shell is shinier. The

umbilicus is smaller and shallower, and the periphery of the

body whorl is higher. The aperture is situated lower down and

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

forms a smaller proportion of the height of the shell. The edge

of the peristone is rounded off instead of being sharp. The

parietal tooth is often prominent and the marginal tooth is

nearer the base, hut it is otherwise quite similar. The hasal

tooth is higher, sharper and more strongly buttressed on the

columellar side.

This species ranges from coastal South Carolina through

central Georgia, and just over the border into Alabama. Its

range begins where that of P. fallax leaves off. There is com-

paratively little variation throughout its range.

10. POLYGYRA VANNOSTRANDI ALABAMENSIS Pils. PL 1, fig. 10.

Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala. Diam. 10.5 mm.

Polygyra alahamensis Pilsbry 1902, Nautilus, 16, p. 30. (Au-

burn, Alabama).

Polygyra vannostrandi alabamensis, Walker 1928, Terrestial

Shell-Bearing Moll., of Ala., Univ. Mich. Mus. ZooL, Misc. Publ.

no. 18, p. 24, fig. 28.

This variety is similar to P. vannostrandi in appearance. The

spire is lower while the whorls are more tightly coiled. The

umbilicus is wider. The basal tooth is blunter and the marginal

tooth is less inflected.

This variety practically replaces P. vannostrandi in Alabama.

It is widely distributed in the eastern half of the state.

11. Polygyra HOPETONENsis (Shutt.). PL 1, fig. 11. Hopeton

Landing, Appling Co., Ga. Diam. 12 mm.

Helix hopetonensis Shuttleworth 1852, Bern. Mittheil, p. 198.

(Hopeton, Georgia).

Helix Hopetonensis, Reeve 1852, Conch. Icon. 5 (Helix), fig.

709.

Triodopsis Hopetonensis, W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am. Land

Shells., p. 384, fig. 418.

Helix Hopetonensis, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch, (2), 3, p. 144,

pi. 30, figs. 94-95.

The shell varies in size (diameter 99-125 mm.). It is closest

to P. tridentata in external appearance, but is shinier. In

sculpture it is somewhat coarse, but in this respect tridentata

occasionally exceeds it. It contrasts with tridentata in having

a narrower umbilicus. The tooth structure is quite different.

The parietal lamella is long, curved and shallow. The marginal

tooth is broad, rounded, slightly inflected, and situated halfway

down the peristone. The basal tooth is sharp and buttressed on

the parietal side.

October, 1934] the nautilus 53

This species is coastal, and its range extends from Berkley,

Virginia, into northern Florida. It ranges throughout the

eastern coastal belt of North and South Carolina. It is remark-

ably uniform in color and size throughout its range, the largest

specimens examined coming from St. Augustine, Florida.

12. POLYGTRA HOPETONENSIS CHARLESTONENSIS Maz. PI. 1, fig.

12. St. Peter's Cemetery, Charleston, So. Car. Diam.

9.5 mm.

Polygyra hopetonensis charlestonensis, W. G. Mazyck 1913,

Cat. of Moll, of South Carolina, p. 7. (Charleston, South

Carolina).

This variety has several distinguishable peculiarities. It is

exactly like P. hopetonensis in external appearance. In size it

is often smaller. The parietal lamella is shorter and smaller.

The marginal tooth is smaller and uninfected. The 'basal tooth

is small, smoother, undifferentiated, and without a buttress.

This form so far has only been reported from Charleston,

South Carolina, and its environs.

13. Polygyra hopetonensis obsoleta Pils. PI. 1, fig. 13.

Newburn, Craven Co., No. Car. Diam. 12 mm.

Polygyra fallax obsoleta Pilsbry 1884, Nautilus, 7, p. 140.

Polygyra hopetonensis obsoleta, J. B. Henderson 1907, Nauti-

lus, 21, p. 7.

The shell of this species is externally exactly like P. hope-

tonensis. Its distinguishing characteristic is the lack of the

marginal and basal teeth, whose places are taken by slight

thickenings. It has been reported from Craven and New Han-

over Counties, North Carolina, and it may be limited to North

Carolina.

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF HAWAIIAN

HELICINIDAE

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY and C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Jr.

In Dr. A. J. Wagner's classification of Helicinidae^ the

Hawaiian species known to him were referred to the three

genera Sturanya, Aphanoconia and Orobophana. No genotypes

of these new genera were designated. H. B. Baker in 1922

1 Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Bd. 77, pp. 357-450. 1905.

54 THE NAUTILUS [VoL 48 (2)

(Proc. A.N.S.Phila., p. 43) named Helicina laciniosa Mighels

as type of Stiiryana, and Helicina uherta Gld. type of Oro-

hophana.

Helicina laciniosa Migh. was described from Oaliu and said

to be 3/20 inch (about 3.8 mm.) in diameter. Wagner's S.

laciniosa is a composite of two species: he includes references

to Mighels and Gould but adds description and figures of an

allied but larger species (diam. 6 mm.) from Kauai. Though

placing it in Sturanya, he remarks that ''Die Art zeigt wohl

etwas abweichende Gestaltung des Deckels." H. laciniosa in

several varieties is a widely spread shell in Oahu. It has an

operculum which is not distinguishable from that of Wagner's

genus Aphanoconia (of which Helicina verecunda Gld. was

designated type by G. K. Gude, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., vol.

3, p. 366). But Aphanoconia is not a valid name on account

of the earlier genus Pleuropoma Moellendorff (1893, Bericht.

Senckenb. Nat. Ges., p. 140, type Helicina dichroa Mlldff.),

which, as we have confirmed, has a similar operculum. More-

over, Wagner himself placed H. dichroa in his later genus

Aphanoconia, ignoring Pleuropoma. It appears therefore that

Sturanya and Aphanoconia fall as synonyms of Pleuropoma.

The Samoan and other Polynesian species which Wagner

placed in Sturanya require a new name. We will call them

Sturyanella, the type being Helicina plicatilis Mousson. This

does not occur in Hawaii.

The species Helicina uberta Gld., H. magdalinae Anc. and H.

juddii Pils. & Cooke are referable to the genus Orohophana

Wagn. All other described Hawaiian helicinids are, we believe,

to be referred to the genus Pleuropoma. Both of these Hawaiian

genera are widely spread in the Pacific.

The genera discussed will therefore stand as follows:

Pleuropoma Mlldff., 1893, type //. dichroa Mlldff. Includes

as synonyms : Sturyana Wagner, 1905, type H. laciniosa Migh.,

and Aphanoconia Wagner, 1905, type H. verecunda Gld.

Sturanyella Pils. & Cooke, n. n., type H. plicatilis Mouss.

Includes Sturanya AVagner exclusive of its type-species. Not

Hawaiian.

Orobophana Wagner, 1905, type H. uherta Gld.

October, 1934] the nautilus 55

TERRESTIAL AND FRESH WATER GASTROPODS

OF THE ALLEGANY STATE PARK IN

NEW YORK STATE^

BY M. E. PINNEY

Professor of Zoology, Milwaukee-Downer College

and E. E. COKER

Professor of Zoology, University of North Carolina

Since its gastropod fauna, particularly species of terrestrial

habit, forms a relatively prominent part of the invertebrate

fauna of the Allegany State Park in Cattaraugus County of

western New York, and since the studies of the fauna and flora

of the region of the Park made in connection with the Allegany

School of Natural History are making the Park one of the better

known natural history areas of the interior, it is desirable to

record the species of gastropods that have been collected during

a period of years. Our interest in the publication of the record

is based also upon the need for furnishing additional basis for

the studies of Natural History pursued in connection with the

Allegany School of Natural History in the Park. The present

list is not presumed to comprise the entire gastropod fauna of

the region — perhaps no local list could justify such a presump-

tion— but when our list is compared with those of other re-

stricted localities and is checked against the general record

of distribution, it may be supposed that the record is fairly

inclusive.

The Park is a region of low mountains with relatively gentle

wooded slopes to the beds of small brooks tributary to the loop

of the Allegheny River that lies in New York State. The low

mountains, up to 2300 feet, are of relatively uniform height,

being merely the remains of the maturely dissected plain of the

Allegheny Plateau. Glaciation extended almost to what are

now the borders of the Park, but the Park itself is believed to

be entirely without the glaciated territory. It may be remarked

that all the terrestrial gastropods recorded here were taken from

1 Contribution from the Zoological Laboratories of the Allegany School

of Natural History, the University of North Carolina and Milwaukee-

Downer College.

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

lands that never knew glaciation, although in some instances

the places of collection were hardly a couple of miles from areas

formerly occupied by glaciers.

The Park, about 100 square miles in extent, comprises com-

paratively little cultivated or open land. The forests are ad-

vanced second growth and are generally composed of maple,

birch and beech with hemlock following in. In a few places

there are well advanced hemlock forests or drier oak-hickory-

chestnut associations. It is a region of relatively high precipita-

tion for the state, with ground cover comparatively moist, sup-

porting in quantity such low growing plants as ferns, club-

mosses, Dalibarda, partridge berry and the like.

The waters of the Park are limited in variety, the gradients

of the valleys being such as to prevent the formation of ponds

or marshes. For unknown reasons the upland brooks are with-

out the typical brook fauna of gastropods ; Goniohasis, for ex-

ample, is noticeably absent. In the first year of the School

aquatic snails, other than ancylids, were found only in the lower

part of Quaker Run. Since plants from other waters were intro-

duced into the artificial lake constructed at the School on the

upper part of Quaker Run, several species of pulmonate snails

have appeared in great numbers in the lake, and a few in the run

below. Operculate snails are still restricted, as far as we know,

to the river and, perhaps, the lower reaches of its tributary

waters. The only snail, other than the cap shells (ancylids) that

we have reason to regard as native to the upper waters of Quaker

Run, is the always rare Menetus dilatus huchanensis (Lfca), of

which only a single example has been found.

The territory covered here lies directly north of McKean

County in Pennsylvania, for which, as well as for the other

counties of the state, Dr. Brooks has recently published a list of

terrestrial gastropods. Since it is to be expected that the two

lists would be closely similar it seems worth while to indicate

existing differences which might possibly be eliminated by

further collecting.

Twenty-four of the thirty-seven land snails listed by us occur

in McKean county; twenty-three of these are noted by Dr.

Brooks ; the twenty-fourth is represented by Retinella indentata,

October, 1934] the nautilus 57

taken just over the state line, in McKean County, in 1928 by

Mr. Aretas Saunders. As all remaining twelve of our list^

occur in more distant parts of Pennsylvania it is probable that

they are present in the intervening region. Three species and

one subspecies reported from McKean County, but wanting in

our records,^ may be expected to appear in the Park area,

although they have so far escaped observation.

As the size of snails varies considerably in different parts of

the country we have added data concerning size as far as they

have been observed for each species.

For aid in confirmation or correction of identifications we are

indebted to Dr. Frank C. Baker (Lymnaeidae), Dr. H. B. Baker,

Dr. E. G. Berry, Dr. Stanley Brooks, Dr. William J. Clench

(Physidae), Dr. W. B. Marshall of the United States National

Museum, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, and Dr. Bryant "Walker.

Helicidae. Polygyra tridentata (Say). Common under

leaves and near old logs; generally buried; avoids the light.

G.D. 13i mm., H. 7 mm. (Blacksnake Mountain). G.D. 15 mm.,

H. 8 mm. (Lookout Trail). P. inflecta (Say). Only one imma-

ture specimen recorded. Measurements of mature local forms

were not available. P. sayana Pilsbry. Rare. G.D. 19^ mm.,

H. 12 mm. P. alholahris (Say). Not common: range seems to

to be limited to the lower end of Quaker Run Valley. G.D.

28^ mm., H. 18 mm. P. zaleta (Binney). Common; on moun-

tain slopes along the entire course of Quaker Run. It occurs

in the same localities as alholahris but is more widely distributed.

G.D. 29 mm., H. 21 mm. P. dentifera (Binney). Common on

all mountain slopes bordering Quaker Run. G.D. 23^ mm.,

H. 14 mm. P. denotata (Ferussac). Mountain slopes border-

ing Quaker Run ; moisture loving ; not common. G.D. 19^ mm.,

H. 10 mm. P. thyroidus (Say). Not common; all specimens

so far have been collected on slopes or lowlands bordering the

lower end of Quaker Run ; none have been found above an alti-

tude of 1600 feet. G.D. 27 mm., H. 17 mm. P. fraterna (Say) .

Not common; on steep slopes above Coon Run and Holt's Run;

most abundant in the latter locality. G.D. 10 mm., H. 6 mm.

Haplotrematidae. Haplotrema concavum (Say). Common

2 Polygyra sayana, Polygyra inflecta, Zonitoides demissus, Paravitrea

multidentata, Fitrina limpida, Euconulus chersinus, Veroceras agreste,

Helicodiscus paralellus, Punctum minutissimum, Pallifera dorsalis, Gastro-

copta pentodon, Carychium exile.

3 Suceinea avara, Eetinella electrina, and Beroceras laeve, besides the

subspecies Suceinea avara Tuajor.

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

under leaves and logs; rarely comes into the open. G.D. 16J

mm., H. 7| mm.

ZoNiTiDAE. Zonitoides intertextus (Binney). Common in

fairly deep woods; frequentl}^ found in the open on old stumps

and logs. G.D. 15 mm., H. 10 mm. Z. ligerus (Say). Fairly

common; under leaves and rotting logs; never in the open.

Many young specimens were found associated with Z. arhoreus.

G.D. 15 mm., H. 10 mm. Z. nitidus (Miiller). In brush heaps

and on the ground along the muddy banks of the Allegheny

River near Quaker Bridge, New York, and Bradford Junction,

New York. G.D. 6 mm., H. 3 mm. Z. arhoreiis (Say). Gener-

ally distributed; among brush heaps and in rotting logs. G.D.

5 mm., H. 2^ mm. 8triatura exigua (Stimpson). One empty

shell taken from a mossy hummock on the outer margin of

Chamberlain's Bog, a glaciated region. G.D. 2^ mm., H. 1 mm.

;S^. milium (Morse). Not common. Under drifts of leaves on

the north side of large rocks, Allegany Rock City. G.D. 1-| mm.,

H. ^ mm. 8. ferrea (Morse). Rare; in decaying logs. G.D.

2i mm., H. IJ mm. Paravitrea multidentata (Binney). Under

old leaves around rotting logs; associated with Z. arhoreiis.

G.D. 3 mm., H. li mm. Mesomphix inornatus (Say). The

most common of the larger mollusks in the park ; usually hidden

under leaves and logs. G.D. 14 mm., H. 6 mm. Mesomphix

cupreiis (Rafinesque). In the same places as M. inornatus; not

so common. G.D. 25 mm., H. 12 mm. Betinella indentata

(Say). Rare; our specimens were not fully grown. Vitrina

limpida Gould. Taken but once; several individuals found

under a board on the wet bank of the Allegheny River at Quaker

Bridge, New York. G.D. 4 mm., H. 2f mm. Eucomiliis

clier sinus (Say.) In old logs and under leaves on hillsides; not

common. G.D. 2^ mm., H. 2\ mm.

LiMACiDAE. Deroceras agreste {luumdi^w.^). Under stones and

wood on river banks at Quaker Bridge and Bradford Junction.

L. li in.

Endodontidae. Anguispira alternata (Say). Abundant;

under leaves and old logs in woods. G.D. 19 mm., H. 10 mm.

Discus patulus (Deshayes). Very abundant in decaying logs;

associated with Z. arhoreiis. G.D. 9 mm., H. 3 mm. D. cronk-

hitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Common in drifts of leaves, Alle-

gany Rock City. G.D. 5^ mm., H. 2^ mm. Helicodisciis paral-

lelus (Say). Fairly common in old logs in woods. G.D. 3 mm.,

H. 1 mm. Punctum minutissimiom (Lea). Common; on dead

leaves in open spaces in woods. G.D. 1 mm., H. | mm.

Philomyctdae. Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Common

on damp wood. Frequently in the open. L. 3 in. Pallifera

October, 1934] the nautilus 59

dorsalis (Binney). On old logs and wet boards on the bank of

the Allegheny River at Bradford Junction. L. 1 in.

SucciNEiDAE. Succinea refusa (hea). Very abundant in low

wet places, especially on plants along the Allegheny River.

L. 15 mm., W. 8 mm. S. ovalis (Say). Fairly common in high,

wet woods. L. 12J mm., "W. 74 mm. (Blacksnake Mountain).

L. 11 mm., W. 6 mm. (Lookout Trail).

CocHLicopiDAE. Coclilicopa luhrica (Miiller). Rare; under

leaves in high woods; six individuals found under a wet board

on the river bank near Quaker Bridge. L. 7 mm., W. 2^ mm.

C. luhrica, var. morseana (Doherty). Blacksnake Mountain.

Not abundant. L. 7J mm., W. 2^ mm.

PupiLLiDAE. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Rare; so far only

empty shells have been found among drifts of dead leaves lying

in open spaces on the wooded slopes of Quaker Run Valley.

L. If mm., W. 1 mm. V. hollesiana Morse. One specimen.

Dead leaves near deep moss, Allegany Rock City. G.D. f mm.,

H. IJ mm. Columella edentula (Draparnaud). Common on

the backs of Christmas Fern and Twisted Stalk; generally dis-

tributed. L. If mm., W. 1 mm.

AuRicuLiDAE. Carycliium exile H. C. Lea. Rare; only one

record of a few^ specimens taken in one place near the upper

part of Quaker Run. None available for measurement.

Lymnaeidae. Pseudosicccinea columella (Say). Backwaters

of Quaker Run at Red Salamander Hill. L. 8 mm., W. 4 mm.

Quaker Lake (at School). Aug., 1930. L. 10 mm. Fossaria

modicella (Say). Stilson's pond near Randolph, New York.

L. 8 mm., "W. 4^ mm.

Planorbidae. Helisoma anceps (]\Ike). Records of young

specimens only. G.D. 7 mm., H. 4.3 mm. H. trivolvis (Say).

Abundant in lake at School. G.D. 19 mm., H. 9 mm. Menetus

exncuous (Say). Common; muddy pools at Red Salamander

Hill. G.D. 4 mm., H. 1 mm. M. dilatatus huchajiensis (Lea).

In the mud of a pool by Quaker Run opposite the mouth of Dry

Brook. G.D. 4 mm., L.D. 3.3 mm., H. 1.5 mm. Planorhula

armigera (Say). Sides' Pond, Randolph, New York. G.D. 6f

mm., L.D. 5| mm., H. 2^ mm.

Ancylidae. Ferrissia tarda (Say). Common; Quaker Run,

near the School. G.D. 4J mm., L.D. 3 mm., H. If mm.

Physidae. Physa sayii (Tappan). Bayou, just off the

Allegheny River, near Cold Spring. L. 24 mm., W. 13 mm.

P. sayii oneida Baker. Two specimens. L. 8 mm. W. 4 mm.

P. heterostropha (Say). Lake at School. Pools at the foot of

Red Salamander Hill. L. 15 mm., W. 9 mm. P. gyrina (Say).

Lake at School. L. 17 mm., W. 10 mm. P. Integra Hald.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

Allegheny River at Riverside Junction, New York. L. 9 mm.,

W. 6 mm. Aplexa hypnorum glabra DeKay. Pools near

Quaker Run at the base of Elko Mountain. L. 15^ mm., W.

8 mm.

ViviPAEiDAE. Yiviparus contectoides W. G. Binney. From

the Allegheny River, just over the state line in Pennsylvania.

L. 36 mm., W. 25 mm.

Amnicolidae. Somatogyrus integer (Say). Only immature

examples found but these were abundant. On stones in the

Allegheny River at Bradford Junction.

JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS, 2

BY H. BUEEINGTON BAKER

(Plate 2)

The first paper of this series appeared in the July number,

pages 6 to 14, in which the symbols used are explained.

Choanopoma triplopoma new species. Figures 6, 12, 13.

Shell (fig. 12) nearest that of C fimhrmtulum, but white,

usually more depressed and more scabrous; spiral ridgelets (13

visible on penult, 28 on last whorl) narrower and sharper as are

also corrugations of relatively broader reflection of peristome;

growth riblets fine, but expanded over spiral ridges into delicate,

deciduous projections. Alt. (of type male) 12.6 mm., maj. diam.

121 (15.3 mm.), min. diam. 86 (10.8 mm), with 3 whorls remain-

ing. Operculum (fig. 6) almost flat, with about 9 close narrow

whorls (like in fimhriatulum) ; calcareous plate consisting of a

basal lamella, a high, steeply inclined, inner marginal lamella

and a subequal, upper (''reflected") lamella, which is inclined

upwards to almost horizontal on penult whorls but is inclined

downwards and even fused with basal one near rim of last

whorl, and which is decorated on upper surface with very strong,

oblique, growth riblets that are higher where they join inner

lamella; greatest diam. 5.4 mm.

Type locality (ANSP. 139607) : NM2. The calcareous opercu-

lar plate in this species shows how that of C. anomalum may

have arisen by the junction of the rows of cells that secrete the

basal and upper lamellae.

C. (Tudorops) redfieldianum magnitesta new subspecies.

Figures 8, 9, 14, 15.

Males (fig. 14) about as large as females of redfieldianum;

shell with lower, more rounded, growth threads, which are less

October, 1934] the nautilus 61

undulated by vestigial spirals. Alt. (type female, fig. 15) 19.6

mm., maj. diam. 72 (14.2 mm.), min. diam. 57 (11.2 mm.), with

3i remaining whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 139608) : WV.

C. (Colobostylus) negrilense new species. Figures 7, 16, 17.

Nearest C. hronnii (C.B.A.), but last whorl with much finer

growth-threads (about 17 to a mm. and averaging 10 to each

intervarical space), forming prominent, but more evenly

rounded, intervarical crests, which are separat-ed by a wider

groove from suture ; with umbilical, spiral ridges extending on

to base and represented by very weak undulations of the growth-

threads (especially varical ones) even on sides of last whorl;

outer peristome usually more narrowly but more abruptly

reflected; ground color light brownish-yellow to dark brown,

with numerous, fine, broken, chestnut spirals (often limited to

pre-varical spots) and with one solid band in the umbilicus and

two others inside the aperture opposite its attachment. Alt.

(type male, fig. 16) 12.4 mm., maj. diam. 81 (10.1 mm.), min.

diam. 67 (8.3 mm.), with 3i remaining whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 139609) : WWC. C. negrilense has 2i

almost smooth embryonic whorls (sutural count) and the next

whorl develops high, widely spaced, growth riblets and obscure

spirals (as in all Jamaican species of Choanopoma) . The upper

calcareous lamella of its operculum (fig. 7) is only as broad as

the chondroid plate or the shell aperture (as usual in Colobo-

stylus + Tudorisca) .

Chondropoma (Parachondrella) sericinum retreatense new

subspecies. Figure 18.

Shell like sericinum, but with 2 to 3 growth-threads (5 to mm.

on last whorl) enlarged and sometimes fused to form irregularly

spaced crests at suture; outer peristome with basal half colu-

mellar as well as palatal w^alls expanded into plane of aperture ;

last whorl with 10 spiral rows of chestnut dashes, one solid band

in umbilicus and one inside parietal angle, all showing inside

aperture and on peristome; neanic whorls with broad, purplish

brown band beginning i whorl from apex and extending 2|

whorls. Alt. (type, probably male, fig. 18) 15.6 mm., maj. diam.

55 (8.6 mm.), min. diam. 44 (6.8 mm.), with 7i whorls (entire).

Operculum almost ' ' chondropomoid, ' ' with thin calcareous plate

almost covering chondroid; growth ribs absent except near be-

ginning of last whorl. Type locality (ANSP. 139610) : WWF.

Poteria varians campeachyi new species. Figures 5, 19 to 22.

Shell dwarfed, with epidermis strained rust-red like soil, with

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

olive tints; growth lines very fine, crossed on last whorl by

irregular, spirally impressed lines (type) or with traces of

varians wrinkles; very variable in shape; basal keel mediocre

to indistinct, only demarcated on umbilical side. Alt. (type

male, fig. 19) 12.1 mm., maj. diam. 121 (14.6 mm.), min. diam.

101 (12.2 mm.), with 5 whorls (sutural = about 4J). Operculum

(fig. 5) with 11 whorls, concave; upper calcareous lamella thin

and fragile, usually incomplete on earlier but complete on last

two whorls, almost met by turned-up chondroid plate around

rim.

Type locality (ANSP. 139611) : KCC, near Campeachy Gully,

under leaves in ganap zone at base of hills. This coastal race

is approached by specimens of varians from KHWb; it is also

similar to lacteofluviatilis (Pils. & Br.), but is usually higher,

smaller and with more vestigial varians wrinkles.

Fadyenia fadyeniana (C.B.A.), rock-faces [KHW; type seen

(broken)] ; F. haquieana (Ch.), mainly rock-faces [VCMb, c, d,

VF, VWl ; compared to worn shells probably from Chitty,

which have more than 10 major spirals; first lot intergrades with

larger shells which agree with description (2-3 interstitial

spirals near periphery) of f. mitchelliana (Ch.) and appr. (maj.

diam. 2.8 mm.) f. sutJierlandiana (Ch.)]; F. alderiana (Ch.),

rock-bases [E JF, shells probably Chitty seen ; ENF with speci-

mens approaching poeyana (Ch.) except in size] ; F. lindsleyana

(C.B.A.), rock-bases [ML2; type (unique) has 4 J post-embry-

onic whorls] ; paedogenetoid subspecies jayaniim (C.B.A.), rock-

bases, inch quite typical [MM2-fresh, 3c-young, KHW-slightly

appr. next; type has 3f post-embryonic whorls with nucleus as

in lindsleyana] and more Met calf eia-like race [KF ; looks like

description of newcomhiana (Ch.)]. Fadyenia, Metcalfeia and

Lindsleya are combined into a single subgenus, although the first

has a longer opercular process than the others (Lindsleya + Met-

calfeia). In this expanded group, the shells are depressed to

globose conoid, often with heavy spirals but without epidermal

expansions, and cover themselves with calcareous deposit that

tends to form two spiral cornices, which are most pronounced

in the type species and correspond to its two subangular regions.

Stoastoma pisiim C.B.A., under rocks, males smaller than

females, including quite typical greenish race [MM3c, 4; Adams'

October, 1934] the nautilus 63

material seen], one bright orange shell [NM2a] and race inter-

mediate between pisiim and livesayanum Ch. [NMV ; shells prob-

ably from Chitty seen] .

Stoastomops tenuis (C.B.A.), rock-faces, males usually smaller

[KC2].

Eutrochatella pidchella (Gray), rock-faces, males usually

larger, inch typical [KHS, KHW], form grayana (Pfr.) [KHW,

NM2] and appr. multicarinata [ENF] ; subsp. scitula (Wood),

rock-faces [M, NIOI, NIVIT, VCMd, VF, VW (but VWS more

carinate), WV] ; subsp. cavearum H.B.B., weak climber [NM2c,

NMV] ; subsp. multicarinata (C.B.A.), weak climber [EJl-3] ;

subsp. cathartensis H.B.B., under rocks [EEJ] ; E. nohilis

(C.B.A.), rock-faces, males larger, incl. typical [WWC] and

race retreatensis H.B.B. [WWF] ; E. tankervillii (Gray), rock-

faces, secretive, males usually larger, incl. typical [NMV] and

small race [NM2c-dead] ; E. (Excavata) costata (Swby.), low

rock-faces, males usually larger [VCN, near coast] .

Prosperina nitida,Swhy., incl. typical [MM2-4, MN, NM] and

mainly race planulata C.B.A. [VW2] ; P. linguifera Pfr., typical

[WCl, WWF] and var. pidchra C.B.A. [WSF, WCl, WCC] ;

P. hidentata C.B.A. [EEJ, EJl, 3] ; P. pisum C.B.A. [VW2] ;

all these species aestivate under rocks but rapidly climb rock-

faces during rains.

Diplopomaf (Parachondrops) camphelli (C.B.A.), weak rock-

climber [WWF ; lower parietal region of outer peristome usually

cut by deep notches into 3 to 5 spatulate projections] ; Df avemtm

(C.B.A.) + fraterminor (Pils. & Br.), mainly rock-bases [ML2,

MM3, MNl-fresh, ]\iN3a] ; Df shepardiannm (C.B.A.), weak to

fair rock-climber, mainly in open [ WV, VW2-fresh] . This puz-

zling little group has a calcareous plate like that in Rhytidopoma;

it almost completely covers the chondroid whorl and develops

high growth-ribs, united medially into a vertical lamella; its

radula is of the simpler type like in Adamsiella.

Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) ignilahre (C.B.A.), mainly rock-

bases []\iL2, MM4, MN3 ; opercular lamella inclined very steeply

upwards and then curving back to parallel convexly and cover

f to f of the chondroid whorl, otherwise unsupported and very

fragile] .

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

A. mirahilis (Wood) [VW2-fresh] ; A. irrorata Gloyne

[VCMb, VF; operculum with calcareous lamella almost as ex-

tensive as cliondroid whorl but very steeply inclined so as to

cover little of latter; shell peristome shortly duplex in fully

mature shells;] A. variabilis (C.B.A.) [MM4, NM2b-fresh;

opercular lamella consisting of a rather low vertical region and

an inclined upper one, which may cover about half of chondroid

whorl; subsp. granosa ( C.B.A. ), including intermediate race

[NMM] and typical with f. errans (C.B.A.) [MN2, 3] ; A.

grayana (Pfr.) [KC2, KF, KHS, KHW; opercular lamella fairly

heavy, steeply and extensively inclined, with narrow upper rim

which almost parallels chondroid whorl (like in Choanopoma

hillianum)]; A. monstrosa (C.B.A.), typical [MLl-fresh] and

intergrading with f. intermedia (C.B.A.) [ML2; opercular

lamella similar to that of variabilis but with vertical region

lower and upper rim steeper and less extensive] ; A. miranda

(C.B.A.) approaching pearmanaeana (Ch.) [NM2, 3 ; type lot of

miranda is not solute to shortly so; mine are shortly to very

solute, either descendingly or tangentially (like in jarvisi) ;

opercular lamella inclined very steeply and extensively, upper

end in penult whorls with narrow internal rim (like in Poteria

corrugata) which curves over into a slightly more extensive

outer one in last quarter of ultimate whorl]. All these species

are fair climbers on rock-faces ; the males average considerably

smaller than the females.

Choanopoma fimhriatulum (Swby.), weak climber on rocks

[MM2-4, MN] ; subsp. docens (C.B.A.) [NMV, VWS] ; subsp.

alhinonodatum (C.B.A.) [VF, VWl, 2, WSF] ; C. triplopoma

H.B.B., rock-bases [NM2] ; C. scahriculum (?) amahile (C.B.A.),

rock-bases [WSF] ; C. hilliamim aculeosum (C.B.A.) with f.

leporilahre (C.B.A.), rock-bases [MX/l] ; C. lincina (L.), fair

climber on rocks and tree-trunks [KHW] ; C. pisum (C.B.A),

rock-bases and under [EEJ, EJl, 3].

C. (Jamaicia) anomalum (C.B.A.), rock-bases [ML2; with

shell-sculpture, animal and habits of Choanopoma ; calcareous

plate of its convex operculum single, considerably thickened

(but not double) at its median but thinning down to chondroid

plate at its lateral edge, with heavy, oblique ribs on its upper

October, 1934] the nautilus 65

surface, which combine into a weak, vertical lamella at their

median ends; C. (J.) moussonianiim (C.B.A.) has a similarly

convex operculum but lateral edge of its calcareous plate is

double, although the upper ''reflected" and lower lamellae are

cemented together throughout most of their width (not sec-

tioned) ; C. retrorsum (C.B.A.) , on the other hand, is so close

to C. lima hlandianum (C.B.A.), which is also from Clarendon,

that I even doubt their specific separation.]

C. {Tudorops) interruptum (Lam.) [KCl-fresh and young,

KCW-subfossil, last whorl with obscure spirals] ; C. hanksianum

(Swby.), fair climber [MN4, MNl, 3] ; C. redfieldiamim

(C.B.A.), fair climber [VWl, WC, WSF] ; subsp. magnitesta

H.B.B. [WV]; C. yallahense (C.B.A.), weak climber [EJF].

In this section of subg. Coloho stylus, the operculum (figs. 8, 9) is

more nearly circular, has more gradually increasing w^horls and

its upper calcareous lamella overlaps the chondroid plate and

the inner peristome of the shell. The opercula of such species

as C. interruptum and C. lamellosum almost intergrade with

those of C. pisum and C retrorsum {Choanopoma s. s.).

C. {Coloho stylus) negrilense H.B.B., fair climber [WWC] ;

C. hronnii (C.B.A.), rock-faces and fair climber on trees, includ-

ing f. fiiscolineatum (C.B.A.) [VCM] and light form with typi-

cal color pattern [VF] ; C. album fiiscum (C.B.A.), but light

colored, with prominent spiral malleation [EEC] ; C. chevalieri

(C.B.A.), typical with f. album (preoc.) and virgatum (C.B.A.),

fair climber [VCN] ; C. solidum (C.B.A.) (+ jayanum) , sub-

arboreal [MM4, IMN] ; subsp. rufilahre (C.B.A.) [MLl, MM2, 3,

MNl] ; C. thysanoraphe (Swby.) [KHW-fresh] ; C. humphrey-

anum (Pfr.), subarboreal [NMV, NMT-dead]. Males smaller

than females in all species of Choanopoma.

Chondropoma {Parachondria) fascia (Wood), males and

females extensively intergrading in size; last calcareous oper-

cular whorl I to f width of chondroid; subsp. proximum

(C.B.A.) [KF, EVL-fresh; opercular growth-ribs strong];

subsp. augustae (C.B.A.), subarboreal, including testudineum

(C.B.A.), an intermediate race [ENF; peristome intergrading

with both fascia and augustae; calcareous opercular plate very

heavy, with high strong ribs] , typical race [EE J, E J ; calc. operc.

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

strong and fairly well ribbed in drier habitats, but weak and

ribless on last whorl in rich forest, rarely ribless on penult

whorl] and app. nitens (C.B.A.) [EEC; calc. operc. and ribs

strong] . This variation in the calcareous operculum of the type

species of Parachondria shows that, although a tendency towards

rib development may be of systematic (although scarcely sub-

family) value, the absence of the ribs and the reduction of the

plate itself is of little significance ; the usual retention of the ribs

on the penult whorl indicates that their absence on the last whorl

is not due to wear or erosion.

C. (ParacJiondrella) fecundum ( C.B.A. ), fair climber [KCl,

2 ; last calcareous whorl of operculum heavy, very coarsely ribbed,

about 4/5 width of chondroid] ; C. muticum (C.B.A.) [KCC-

fresh] ; C. armatum (C.B.A.), fair climber [KC2; last calc. whorl

heavy, coarsely ribbed, leaving narrow margin of chondroid ex-

posed] ; C. adamsi (Pfr.), fair climber [VCN, VCMd-subf ossil ;

last calc. operc. whorl heavy with high thin ribs, about f width

of chondroid] ; C. columna (Wood), rock-bases [KHW; last calc.

operc. whorl heavy with high thin distant ribs, about J width of

chondroid] ; C. aurora (C.B.A.), fair climber [ECC, only found

under short stretch of former sea-cliff near mouth of stream;

last calc. operc. whorl very thin, ^ to f width of chondroid, with

weak ribs, usually lacking on last i to ^ whorl; C. sericinum

retreatense H.B.B., weak rock-climber [WWF] ; C. crenulosum

(C.B.A.), subarboreal [MLl, NMM-fresh; last calc. operc. whorl

thin, only narrowly exposing chondroid, growth-wrinkled but not

ribbed (like in Chondropoma s. s.) ; certainly not related to

Choanopoma album (Swby.) !]. In all these species, the males

average smaller than the females.

All the Jamaican species of Poteria bury themselves in humus,

often near or under rocks, and seldom come to the surface, even

during wet weather; the males and females intergrade exten-

sively in size. Their opercula fall into three, none too distinct

groups: (1) typical (approached on earlier whorls of other two),

with more rapidly increasing whorls, and fairly simple, steeply

upcurved lamella, which is weakly (typical) or strongly {senii-

nuda) buttressed by distinct or confluent growth-ridges ; (2) that

of varians, with narrower whorls and incomplete to complete

THE NAUTILUS: 48 (2)

PLATE 2

M

m

m

4

10^

7

a

m

II

12

#

'•VIST •

9

4*

13

14

4

/6

/7

in

/<?

,4^

A ^

^/

^i»

1. Eutrocliatella pulchella cavearum. 2, 3, E. p. cathartensis. 4. Lucidella adam-

siana sublaevis. 5, 19-22. Poteria varians campeachyi. 6, 12, 13. Choanopoma tri-

plopoma. 7, 16, 17. C. negrilense. 8, 9, 14, 15. C. redfieldanum magnitesta. 10, 11.

Eutrocliatella nobilis retreatensis. 18. Choiidropoma serieinum retreatense.

October, 1934] the nautilus 67

upper lamella almost parallel to chondroid plate and (3) that of

corrugata, with narrow whorls, on which the upright lamella

tends to increase in height and is smooth on its lateral and striate

on its median surfaces.

Plate 2. Scales represent 1 cm.; longer one for first 9 figs.,

shorter for figs. 10-23. Photographed by Alfred Zimmerman.

SOME DESERT HELICES OF THE GENUS

MICRARIONTA

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND H. N. LOWE

MiCRARiONTA ROWELLi MEXicANA, new subspecics.

San Francisco Mountains, 12 miles south of Sonoyta, State of

Sonora, Mexico, collected by H. N. Lowe, Feb. 27, 1934.

The shell is light pinkish cinnamon on the spire and in an ill-

defined band below the suture of the last whorl, which is else-

where paler, nearly white. Shape nearly that of the type of M.

rowelli, but a trifle more depressed. Apical sculpture as in M.

rowelli and M. desertorum; subsequent whorls, up to a growth-

rest line near the end of the penult whorl, with regularly ar-

ranged papillae, decidedly more distinct than in M. hutsoni, the

last whorl smooth except for light growth ripples. Height 7.8

mm., diam. 14.8 mm.

In M. rowelli (type) the post-embryonic w^horls show only the

faintest traces of papillae on the antepenult whorl, none on later

whorls. In M. hutsoni papillae do not extend to the penult

whorl, and the umbilicus is a little wider.

All of these snails are very much alike, and in our opinion M-

hutsoni, desertorum and the present form are best regarded as

local races of one species, M. rowelli, which if this view is correct,

is rather widely spread, and with an astonishingly discontinuous

range.

These snails were taken about 12 miles south of Sonoyta in a

range of granite mountains which lies just south of the trail

to Punta Peiiasco. They were found under loose rocks on the

north slopes of the canyons nearest the road. A few were taken

alive, fastened to the under sides of the rocks. There was a little

protection by mesquite and other desert vegetation.

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

MiCRARIONTA ROWELLI BAKERENSIS, neW SUbspCcieS.

Limestone hill near Baker, San Bernardino Co., California,

collected by H. N. Lowe, April 16, 1934.

The shell is pale ochraceous buff, with light pinkish cinnamon

spire, a chestnut-brown band above the periphery, and a brown-

ish band below the suture of the last whorl ; often also some fine,

oblique, protractive dusky lines in the peripheral and basal

regions. In apical sculpture, deep suture and width of the

spire it is like M. rowelli. Delicate papillae are to be seen on the

penult whorl in fresh examples. Aperture about as in M. rowelli,

but the parietal callus is quite thin, not thickened in old speci-

mens as in that species. It is somewhat more solid than M.

rowelli, more elevated, and with a narrower umbilicus.

Height 10.1 mm., diam. 17 mm., aperture 8.4 x 9.7 mm., um-

bilicus 2 mm. wide ; 4^ whorls.

Height 9.5 mm., diam. 15.3 mm.

This shell is larger, more elevated and more narrowly umbili-

cate than M. hutsoni amhoiana Willett, which is its nearest neigh-

bor among the races of M. rowelli.

It was taken on the north slope of a small range of limestone

hills just west of the highway, and about a half mile south of

Baker. There was no protecting vegetation of any kind. The

snails were about half way up the hill, just under a high cliff,

and were mostly buried under a few inches of soil and small

bits of rock. Several were found still fastened to the stones, but

not a single live shell.

A NEW HELICOSTYLA FROM THE PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS

BY THOMAS L. McGINTY

Helicostyla leopardus meladryas, new subspecies. (The dark

wood nymph.)

Shape and surface as in Helicostyla leopardus codenensis;

a band around columellar axis and the apical 1^ whorls black,

the next whorl old rose; conspicuous on the penult, indistinct

on the last whorl, which has a narrowly oblique-streaked hydro-

phanous tapestry, with some irregular, zigzag dark stripes. The

October, 1934] the nautilus 69

body whorl is dark brown or partially so with black lip edge, the

aperture, and lip are blue (Dutch blue of Ridgway) ; columella

pink. Holotype : length 47 mm., diameter 39 mm.

Habitats: Calangasan and Paniquihan, Baras, Catanduanes;

both localities are in the southeastern end of the Island, The

holotype from Calangasan, A.N.S.P. No. 139528, presented to

The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. Paratypes

in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Boston, Mass. ; the pri-

vate collection of Maxwell Smith,* Lantana, Fla., and in the col-

lection of Paul P. McGinty, Boynton Beach, Fla.

There are a few nondescript shells from both localities re-

taining some of the characteristics of the subspecies meladryas

as: Lack of dark coloration, except around columellar axis but

with pink apex; dark coloring present only on a portion of the

body whorl, old rose being replaced with a white apical region.

In some specimens the hydrophanous tapestry is completely

lacking. The Paniquihan race is slightly smaller and shows more

variation in color.

This striking and colorful shell was found on the leaves of

abaca plants and on trees adjacent to streams where the tropical

vegetation is extremely heavy.

NOTES AND NEWS

Exact Dates of THE NAUTILUS.— Volume 46 (2) : pp. 37-

72, pi. 3, was mailed Oct. 22, 1932; (3) : 73-108, pis. 4-8 (+2),

Jan. 25, 1933 ; (4) : 109-144 (+8), pi. 9, Apr. 25, 1933. Volume

47 (1) : 1-44, pis. 1-5, was mailed June 16, 1933; (2) : 45-80,

pis. 6 & 7, Nov. 1, 1933; (3) : 81-116, pis. 8-11, Jan. 26, 1934;

(4) : 117-152 (+ 8), pis. 12-15, May 4, 1934.— H. B. B.

LiGUUS FROM A NeW LOCALITY IN CENTRAL FLORIDA EvER-

GLADES. — Of the Liguus in hammock no. CC-6, Collier County

(collected by Geo. K. Waldeck), L. crenatus lossmanicus forms

55 per cent and L. fasciatiis 45 per cent (var. solis-occasus 16 per

cent, also var. castaneozonatus and hybrids). Most of the darker

shells are L. fasciatus with pink tip and columella, which is

opposite to the usual ratio. Generally, in hammocks where L.

crenatus prevails, the dark shells belong to this species. — Mizpah

Otto deBoe.

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

MoNADENiA HiLLEBRANDi lias been One of the most difficult of

the California land shells to get, on account of the back-breaking

work required to find it. It can be easily taken however if the

proper method is used. Within its range, which is limited ap-

parently to Mariposa County at elevations above 3500 feet,

locate large masses of broken granite, with moss along the bases

of the piles or ledges. Go over the moss for mucus tracks, which,

if plentiful, indicate good hunting. Then, go out at night about

nine o'clock with a gasoline lantern and hillehrandi will be out

crawling; the snails come out plentifully at night from deep

among the granite blocks where they hide during the day. The

resting places must be dry, for the snails come out all covered

with dust. This method beats rolling rocks for them; in about

3 hours' hunting on two consecutive evenings recently, the haul

was 250 adults and 26 immature, the largest of which I have ever

heard. — Allyn G. Smith.

Note on Omogymna Martens. — In Woodring's (Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Publ. 385, pt. 2: 226, 1928) admirable account

of the Micocene Mollusca from Bowden, Jamaica, he employs

Omogymna as a subgenus of Oliva, citing it as only known from

the explanation of a plate in Dall's "Tertiary Fauna of

Florida. " As a matter of fact, however, the name was duly char-

acterized by von Martens in 1897 (Arch. f. Naturg. Band I, Heft

2: 157) as a subgenus of Oliva, with 0. paxillus Reeve as type;

and Woodring's designation of 0. martensii Dall is therefore

overruled. Tryon (Man. Conch, vol. 5: 85) points out that 0-

nitidula Duclos is the same as 0. paxillus Eeeve, but is preoc-

cupied by nitidula Dillwyn (not "Gmelin."). 0. ozodona

Duclos, which Tryon also includes in the synonymy, is certainly

not paxillus. On the other hand, 0. sandwicensis Pease (Pr.

Zool. Soc. London 1860, p. 145) and 0. thomasi Crosse (Jour, de

Conch. 9: 173, pi. 6, f. 3, 4: 1861) are both the same as paxillus

Rve. The types of all three are in the British Museum. 0.

paxillus seems to be a widely distributed but not very common

Indo-Pacific species. In addition to published localities, I have

recently seen it from Cocos and from Christmas Islands, both in

the Indian Ocean. — J. R. Le B. Tomlin.

October, 1934] the nautilus 71

Olivella mutica Say. — This name has stood for so long that

it seems almost iconoclastic to suggest that it must be super-

seded. Tryon's placing of nitidula Dillwyn as a variety of

mutica, however, if correct, involved this. The most satisfactory

reference given by Dillwyn is to Martini (vol. 2, pi. 50, f. 545-7)

and of these f. 545 is certainlj^ mutica while 546-7 are not so

convincing. But, another author has anticipated Dillwyn. Link,

in 1807 (Beschr. Nat. Sammlung Univ. Rostock, Abth. 2, p. 98)

bases his Porphyria minuta on the above fig. 545 only, which I

take to be certainly 0. mutica. The earliest name for this species

is therefore Olivella minuta (Link). — J. R. Le B. Tomlin.

Discus shimekii (Pils.) from the Black Hills, S. D. —

This species was originally described (1890) as a loess fossil from

near Iowa City, Iowa. Later, a living subspecies, D. s. cockerelli

(Pils., 1898) was recognized from high altitudes in the Rocky

Mountains, where it aestivates under superficial dead leaves and

sticks, like most members of the dew fauna. [Incidentally, Patula

ruderata cronkhitei viridula Ckll. (1890), although prior to

either name, may be ignored as a practically nude quadrinomial.]

September 15th, 1931, I found a living colony of specimens that

more closely resemble the typical than they do the Rocky Moun-

tain race, on the underside of moist boulders at the bottom of

a large pile along the edge of the flats of Spearfish Creek, just

above Savoy, Lawrence County, South Dakota, (altitude 4900

feet). Both the habitat and the elevation are very different

from the usual haunts of D. s. cockerelli. D. shimekii appears to

be the nearest United States relative of the European type of

the genus. D. cronkhitei anthonyi (Pils.) is the commoner

species in the Black Hills, where it was obtained from the slopes

along Spearfish Creek (alt. 3700-5300) and above Deadwood

(alt. 5000-5500). A characteristically eastern snail, Strohilops

lalyrinthica (Say), was found near the lower end of Spearfish

canyon (alt. 4000), where it rubbed shoulders with Oreohelix

strigosa cooperi (W. G. B.). — H. B. B.

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2)

THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

The Fourth Annual Meeting of The American Malacological

Union was held in Stanford University on Monday, Tuesday,

Wednesday and Thursday, June 25 to 28, and was a splendid

testimony to the stability of the young organization as well as to

the value of the movement. There were 32 registered. Al-

though most of these were from California there were members

in attendance from distant states, as Massachusetts, New York

and Michigan. 36 papers were on the program which was opened

by an address of welcome by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd. Her topic

was ''The History of the Stanford Collection." This was fol-

lowed by the presidential address by Prof. Junius Henderson.

The text of this was printed and distributed to members being

on the timely subject of "Our Unstable Biological Classification

and Literature." The annual dinner was attended by 36 and

was the usual enjoyable affair.

At the business meeting an invitation from the Buffalo Museum

of Science to hold the fifth annual meeting in Buffalo was ac-

cepted unanimously. An invitation from Captain Reed of St.

Petersburg, Florida, that the 1936 meeting be held in Florida

was read and favorably received.

A resolution recommending the publication of a revision of

Josiah Keep's ''West Coast Shells" by Joshua L. Baily, Jr., was

adopted. It was also resolved to recommend and urge that the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, if practicable,

provide Dr. Pilsbry with assistance and publish a continuation

of the "Manual of Conchology" to include the recent bivalve

mollusks of the world.

The members of the Council elected for the year are as fol-

lows: Honorary President, Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd; President,

William J. Clench; Vice-president, Calvin Goodrich; Corre-

sponding Secretary, Norman W. Lermond; Financial Secretary,

Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Henry A. Pilsbry, Junius Hender-

son, Herbert N. Lowe.

A full report with list of members is published separately and

may be had of the Financial Secretary, Mrs. Imogene C. Robert-

son, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y.

The Nautilus

V0I.XLVIII January, 1935 No. 3

THE FIRST PACIFIC CONCHOLOGIST

BY JOSHUA L. BAILY, Jr.

Who was the first man to gather shells from the Pacific coast

of North America ? This is not an easy question to answer. The

first person to do anything is generally quickly forgotten by a

populace willing to give credit to a later claimant. We do not

know who was the first man to black his shoes, or to wear spec-

tacles, or to build a steamboat.

Dr. Philip P. Carpenter states that the first conchologist to

visit the Pacific coast was Dr. Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, of

the University of Dorpat, Esthonia, a specialist in the limpets,

who visited San Francisco in 1822, and possibly also on another

occasion a few years earlier. He states further that the first west

coast shell to be named by the original collector was Solen patula

Dixon, which was described in ' ' A Narrative of a Voyage around

the World" published in 1789. The first published figures of

any west coast shells appeared in 1784, in ''The Universal Con-

chologist," by Thomas Martyn, and Carpenter tells us these

shells were collected by Captain James Cook, the famous navi-

gator whose peregrinations so completely covered the Pacific

ocean in the latter half of the eighteenth century.

Recently Mr. John Davidson, curator of the Junipero Serra

Museum in Presidio Park, San Diego, has called my attention to

a passage in the "History of California," by Zoeth Skinner

Eldredge, that recounts conchological activity on the coast that

antedates Cook and Martyn and Dixon and Eschscholtz by about

a century. It now appears that the first collection of west coast

shells was the work of Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, the

Jesuit pathfinder who made history in the seventeenth century.

In 1685 he was employed by the vice-regency of New Spain to

survey the Gulf of California, and while doing so he landed at

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

some point on the west shore now unknown, and made his way

overland to the ocean, where he picked up some shells that ap-

peared to him to be quite unlike anything he had seen in the gulf.

In 1701 Father Kino was engaged in establishing missions in

the Gila valley, at which time he noticed that the Cocomaricopa

Indians were using wampum made of shells whose specific iden-

tity with those which he had obtained on the seashore eighteen

years before he was quick to recognize. But how had they gotten

into Arizona ? The Cocomaricopa Indians were not boat builders,

nor did they know anything about navigation. In fact, the In-

dians themselves told him that the shells had been brought in by

land. This was the first intimation that Father Kino had that

Lower California might be connected to the mainland, for on all

contemporary maps it had been shown as an island, with what we

now call the Gulf of California designated as the Straits of Cali-

fornia. The early cartographers observed the Equatorial cur-

rent flowing into the gulf, and bringing it a tropical climate,

while the shore of the ocean in the same latitude was perceptibly

colder, and they concluded that the current must have a means of

egress at the upper end. It is said that in the mediaeval romance

in which the name was first used, that California was a mythical

island enjoying a tropical climate in a temperate ocean, and bear-

ing that in mind the appropriateness of the name at once becomes

obvious.

But to Father Kino the shells seemed more convincing than the

current, and after sending specimens from both localities to the

headquarters of his order in Mexico, where they created quite a

sensation, he began that epoch-making march on foot from Tuma-

cacori to the sea.

Travel in Lower California is difficult even today, but it is

simple in comparison to what it must have been when Father

Kino set out, and we cannot help admiring the audacious daring

of this intrepid pioneer who eventually reached his goal, be-

coming the first white man to enter Lower California by land,

establishing for all time its peninsular nature, and by means

of his knowledge of conchology making for his name a place in

history beside those of La Salle and Marquette.

It would be interesting if Father Kino 's shells were preserved

January, 1935] the nautilus 75

somewhere in the archives of the Jesuit order, but unfortu-

nately when the Jesuits were suppressed by Charles III their

property was scattered, and most of it destroyed. Even the

missions which Father Kino established, as well as those from

which he set out, are today represented mostly by ruined adobe

walls. We do not even know what the shells were, for his de-

scription— ''beautiful blue shells" — is too meager to be con-

sidered anything but a nomen nudum. Of course, they had no

scientific name, for the edition of Linnaeus 's ''Systema Na-

turae" from which all scientific nomenclature dates was still

three quarters of a century in the future.

But if we cannot tell what species of shell it was that Father

Kino collected we can at least make a pretty good guess. The

most popular shell for wampum purposes among the Indians of

Arizona today is Olivella hiplicata Sowerby. Archaeologists tell

us that this shell has been used in this way for centuries. And

certainly no one who has ever seen a fresh specimen would deny

its claim to be called beautiful. While its color ranges from

white through various shades of yellow, purple, brown, and

slate to almost black, the lower part of the columella is almost

universally azure tinted, so that among unscientific people the

shell is popularly known as the ''blue point." Finally, its geo-

graphic distribution fits Father Kino's observations exactly, for

it ranges southward to Magdalena Bay along the ocean shore of

Lower California, and does not occur in the Gulf. We may

therefore be justified in concluding that Olivella hiplicata was

probably the first west coast shell to draw the attention of the

white man.

So far as I know, no attempt has ever been made to honor

Father Kino's memory by naming a shell after him. In the

past few years many expeditions have brought back material

from the Gulf, and it is my hope that among the new species

that will inevitably be recorded from the region when it be-

comes better known, one of them may be given the name of this

explorer-geographer-missionary-naturalist of two and a half

centuries ago.

San Diego, California

July 19th, 1934

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

THE RED SHELL MONEY OF WESTERN

MELANESIA

BY WALTER J. EYEEDAM

I have an 18-inch necklace of red shell money of extra fine

quality. It was purchased at Rossell Island (St. Aignan's) at

the source of its manufacture for one pound, which is the stand-

ard price throughout most of the islands of Western Melanesia

for this particular kind and quality. The shell money is called

sappy-sappy and consists of discs i inch in diameter cut out of

a species of Spondylus. The interior is white while the lip is a

deep red. Only the upper valve is used, as the lower one is

cemented fast to the rock upon which it grows. This Spondylus

is found at a depth ranging from 5 to 10 fathoms.

This shell is very valuable to the natives of Papua and the

Solomon Islands as a source of red and white shell money so

highly esteemed as ornaments and heirlooms.

That this shell is quite rare I am certain, because in all of my

intensive collecting of shells on more than a hundred beaches in

the Solomons and New Guinea I found only four or five badly

worn upper valves. The only localities where I found these few

were near Kieta on Bougainville Island and on an islet near

Tulagi Island. It was evident at first sight that these worn

valves were cast up from deep water.

Sappy-sappy, or red and white shell money, is manufactured

in only two places, and naturally at the best beds. One is on

Rossell Island near Papua and the other in the Maravo lagoon

near Malaita Island. There being so little of the red part on

the shell, the rest being white, it is proportionately of higher

value. The occurrence of this shell is very limited and re-

stricted to only two or three good beds. The work of diving to

a depth of 40 to 60 feet and the great amount of work expended

in cutting out the tiny discs with primitive tools, and polishing

them, is very laborious.

Polished sappy-sappy is worth twice as much as unpolished.

Red money has four times the value of white money. The finest

quality of clear color is selected for the kind to be polished.

This native money has a standard price and seems to hold its

January, 1935] the nautilus 77

own with British money. It generally represents the larger

denominations of coin, and is chiefly used in purchasing wives,

pigs, and paying fines and debts amongst the natives. It gen-

erally forms the principal hoarded wealth of a family and con-

stitutes one of the chief values of heirlooms.

THE ECOLOGY OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF

ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA

BY A. F. ARCHER

Although Asheville, North Carolina, is very accessible, it has

not up to the present time been studied from the point of view

of its mollusk fauna. In June 1934 a collecting trip was under-

taken to Asheville for the purpose of studying the Folygyrae of

the Stenotrema group, and along with this much data were ob-

tained on the land mollusks in general. The places in which the

collections were made consisted of the eastern part of the city

of Asheville, Sunset Mountain and Rich Mountain (also known

locally as Rich Knob). Sunset Mountain flanks the whole east-

ern side of Asheville and rises to an elevation slightly exceed-

ing 3100 feet above sea-level. It is part of a horse-shoe shaped

mountain mass, and is itself the western arm of the shoe, Rich

Mountain forming the center of the loop, and rising to an alti-

tude of 3535 feet, and Piney Mountain forming the eastern arm

of the shoe. The shoe itself embraces a basin known as Chunn's

Cove.

To understand the present day ecological conditions it is neces-

sary to note the past history of the locality. Anthropoeic

(human) factors have been the most active in producing the pres-

ent conditions and in altering the ecology of the mollusks. Clear-

ing and fires have produced certain perceptible changes, as is

apparent if one studies for purposes of contrast the same faunal

assemblage in less disturbed localities. These changes have been

as great in the case of the mollusks as they have been in the case

of the plants. The Asheville area has been repeatedly fired and

lumbered. Fires here as elsewhere have been very detrimental to

some species, and beneficial to others. However, it is not intended

here to discuss the reasons for this, but simply to state as a fact

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

that which cannot be gainsaid by those who have had adequate

field experience.

There are at Asheville two main vegetation zones. The first

zone, zone A, extends from the settled portion of eastern Asheville

and extends a short distance above the city to about the 2500

feet contour line. The second zone extends from the 2500 feet

contour line to the top of Sunset and Rich mountains. There is

no sharp line of demarcation between the two zones. The mol-

lusk fauna will be described separately for each zone.

Zone A. The vegetation of this zone is of the Kulturhoden

type. It is here proposed to use an English equivalent for this

well known German term, and refer to it as the culture area.

The ground plants of the culture area of Asheville consist of a

hodgepodge of weeds, vines, and brambles, as well as grasses

on some of the level areas. As is so characteristic throughout the

Blue Ridge physiographic province, honeysuckle {Lonicera) is

the most conspicuous ground plant especially on sloping banks

and stone walls. It takes hold readily on the soft red clay soil

of this region. Brambles {Rtthus) occur only in small patches

where fires have created suitable conditions. Poison ivy (Rhus

toxicodendron) occasionally occurs mixed with honeysuckle on

sloping banks. Among the trees, the locust {Bohinia) and the

tree of heaven {Ailanthus glandulosa) are characteristic.

The outcropping rocks are azoic, and consist of gneisses. The

red clay which forms the soil of this region is very soft, and

gullies rapidly if there is no plant cover to hold it in check.

The mollusk fauna of this zone is poor in species, but rich in

individuals. The species are as follows :

Agriolimax agresiis (L). This slug is common throughout the

city and in the section at the foot of Sunset Mountain, but does

not appear higher up. It has the reticulata pattern figured in

J. W. Taylor, Monograph of the Mollusca of the British Isles,

1900-1907, p. 142, plate XV, fig. 3, but is distinctly yellower.

It inhabits the edges of cement sidewalks, and during wet weather

crawls on the lawns. It also lives in large numbers in honey-

suckles both in exposed and shaded areas.

Retinella praecox H. B. Baker. A single dead specimen was

found in honeysuckles.

I

January, 1935] the nautilus 79

Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney), This snail occurs rarely in

grass and under stones. It is also found in honeysuckles.

Polygyra altispira Pilsbry. The form occurring at Asheville

differs from that occuring at higher altitudes in neighboring

regions by being more depressed and having surface hairs that

are longer and softer to the touch. In color the shell is a deeper

brown, much like Polygyra stenotrema (Pfr.). This is the most

common snail in the zone. It was found in great numbers living

in honeysuckles along the edge of backyards and around out-

houses. It was likewise very common in honeysuckles on the

upper parts of sloping banks of a shaded ravine. Here the

ground under the honeysuckle mat is paved with pieces of broken

dishes, glass, fragments of flower pots and other kinds of less

perishable rubbish, as well as small stones. During active spells

it may be seen crawling on the stems of the honej^suckles. It is

somewhat less common in honeysuckles around and on stone

walls.

Polygyra rugeli (Shuttleworth). This species, somewhat less

common than the previous species, lives in precisely the same

habitats. However, it is more common than P. altispira on stone

walls and at the bases of rock ledges. During inactive spells it

secretes itself between or under stones, and in fact anywhere

that it can crawl completely out of sight.

Polygyra alholahris major (A. Binney). One dead specimen

of this species was found in some honeysuckles.

Zone B. The vegetation of this zone is mostly of the wood-

land type with the exception of a few cleared spots. The pre-

dominant plant association is the oak-hickory subclimax associa-

tion. Intermingled with it are patches of oak-pine associations.

The latter are especially favored on dry slopes bj^ the frequent

fires. The normal climax association of this area is the chestnut-

chestnut-oak-yellow poplar association. The oak-hickory associa-

tion has been favored by lumbering, but evidences of the climax

association can be seen in the presence of numerous buckeyes

(Aesculus) and yellow poplars {Liriodendron tulipifera), all

young trees. Shrubs such as rhododendron and blueberries ( Vac-

ciniuni) are present in patches. Ground plants consist of poison

ivy, poison oak, Virginia creeper (Psedera), and lily of the valley

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

{Convallaria majalis). Brambles are not common in this zone

except where there have been recent fires. Several cleared spots

occur on or near the top of Sunset Mountain. They contain a

growth of shrubs especially sumac, a fairly thick covering of

grasses, clover (Trifolium pratense) and occasional strawberry

patches. Some of the pastures have pines growing in them.

The soil on the higher levels is of a lighter color than that de-

scribed for zone A. The rock outcrops are gneisses. In the wood-

land the ground is covered with leaf mould which is thin in the

most recently fired spots. In the oak-pine patches the leaf mould

is frequently acid and permeated with a white mould. The land

snail fauna is as follows :

Haplotrema concavum (Saj) . Sunset Mountain. This species

is rare. It lives under leaf mould.

Euconulus chersinus (Say). Sunset Mountain. This uncom-

mon species lives under logs and in leaf mould in the oak-hickory

woods near the top of the mountain.

Retinella praecox H. B. Baker. Sunset Mountain. This

species is found occasionally in leaf mould and does not appear to

be confined to any one section of the mountain.

Mesomphix perlaevis Pilsbry. Sunset Mountain; Rich moun-

tain. A number of dead specimens were collected, but the living

ones were few. The species is most usually found living on the

high banks above the road. It lives in leaf mould and occasion-

ally under rotten logs.

Gastrodonta interna (Say). Sunset Mountain. This species is

apparently the most common and universally distributed zonitid

in the locality. It is of great importance as an indicator of

former fires, for it is favored by fires, and appears as one of the

species of the fire succession group, is common under charred

logs, and is as equally at home in oak-pine woods as it is in oak-

hickory woods. It also lives in leaf mould and under uncharred

logs. In pastures it may be found in considerable numbers under

logs or rotten planks in company with Zonitoides elliotti and

Polygyra rugeli.

Zonitoides suppressus (Say). Sunset Mountain. The local

form is somewhat larger (diameter 6.7 mm.) than the form of

the Piedmont of Pennsylvania (diameter 5.3 mm.), and its early

January, 1935] the nautilus » 81

whorls are a brighter horn color than in the case of the latter

form. It is almost entirely confined to the grassy areas around

the sumac. It lives deep down in the grass completely hidden

from view.

Zonitoides gularis (Say). Sunset Mountain; Rich mountain.

This is another species that is favored by fires. It is most com-

mon in leaf mould often in acid areas, but avoids the neighbor-

hood of pines. It is occasionally found under logs.

Zonitoides elliotti (Redfield). Sunset Mountain; Rich Moun-

tain. This species is partial to pines. It is common under logs

in pastures as well as under charred pine logs and rotten hard-

wood logs.

Zonitoides arl) or eus (Say). Sunset Mountain. This species is

widely distributed, but nowhere common. It lives in leaf mould

and under logs both in pine and hardwood areas.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Sunset Mountain. A single

specimen was found in some leaf mould in Chunn's Cove.

Gonyodiscus perspectivus (Say). Sunset Mountain. This

species is nearly confined to Chunn's Cove. It is almost abun-

dant under logs. It also lives in heavy leaf mould and around

the bases of rocks. It is a small form (diameter 7.0 mm.), and is

strongly angulated in the immature stages.

Philoniycus caroliniensis (Bosc). Sunset Mountain. One

adult was found crawling on a stump near the toll house.

Polygyra altispira Pilsbry. Sunset Mountain ; Rich Mountain.

This species is one of the more common species in zone B, but

does not occupy the dominant position that it occupies in zone A.

It is very unevenly distributed, being absent from the neighbor-

hood of pines. Although it so commonly associated with hem-

locks and balsams at higher altitudes, it seems to abhor pines. It

is most common in the hardwood areas. It inhabits the treeless

rocky banks above the road where it lives under leaf mould, but

is scarcer in the woods above the banks. It is quite as common

under charred hardwood logs as it is under any other kinds of

longs, even unburned ones. Some of the logs under which it lives

are partly overgrown with poison ivy. Occasionally, specimens

occur in the more shady parts of the woods under dead leaves

or logs.

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

Polygyra inflect a (Say). Sunset Mountain; Rich mountain.

Apparently absent from zone A, it is widely distributed over the

upper part of the mountain. It lives side by side with its close

relative P. rugeli under logs and in leaf mould, but is not nearly

as common as the latter. It is quite often present under charred

logs and in dead leaves among rocks.

Polygyra rugeli (Shuttleworth). Sunset Mountain; Rich

Mountain. This species is one of the most common and widely

spread species in the zone. It is the dominant fire succession

snail. It is common under charred logs in patches of pines. It is

also common in the hardwoods under logs and in patches of pines.

Its eggs are frequent in the leaf mould and under logs, and are

laid in clutches of five or six. It is also frequent around rocks

and on stone walls covered with honeysuckles bordering the

road. Occasionally it may be found in pastures under logs.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Sunset Mountain; Rich moun-

tain. This species is most common on the Rich Mountain slope of

Chunn's Cove where it lives under slabs of gneiss. It is a

moderate sized form (diameter 16.5 mm.).

Polygyra thy roidus (Seiy). Sunset Mountain. This was found

on the banks above the road where it is rare. It is a light colored

form with a nearly closed umbilicus.

Polygyra alholahris major (A. Binney). Sunset Mountain.

Due to fires this species is scarce. One fine living specimen was

found under some sumac leaves.

C ochlicopa luhrica (Miiller). Sunset Mountain. This species

is rather uncommon. It lives in leaf mould and under pieces

of bark and rotten logs. The local form does not seem to

share the tendency to live in cleared territory that is so usual

in members of the species in other parts of the world. This

local form is referable to subspecies appalachicola Pils. How-

ever, appalachicola does not seem to be a true geographical race,

for it crops up in Cheboygan County, Michigan, a long way out

of its supposed range. Then too there are colonies in parts of

Europe that are hard to distinguish from it.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Sunset Mountain. One speci-

ment was found in the grass in a clearing.

As a further word about fires and snail indicators of pyric

January, 1935] the nautilus 83

factors, taking Polygyra as the most dominant and characteristic

genus in eastern North America, it will be seen that in undis-

turbed localities the large Mesodon type is quite as abundant

and conspicuous as either the medium sized Triodopsis type (in

the old sense) or the relatively small Stenotrema. When the bal-

ance is upset by some factors such as fires the latter two types are

favored while the first is distinctly reduced in numbers. The

truth of that is readily seen at Asheville where the large

mesodons are reduced to a point where they barely maintain

themselves.

JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS, 3

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

(Plate 3)

The first paper of this series appeared in the July number;

the symbols used are explained on pages 7 to 9.

Geomelania minor densecostata new subspecies. Fig. 5.

With growth threads on later whorls finer and more closely

crowded (51 on last) ; peristome quite evenly rounded or with

marked baso-palatal point (type intermediate). Alt. (of type)

7.56 mm., diam. 3.17 mm., alt. last whorl 4.14 mm., alt. apert.

2.49 mm., diam. apert. 2.03 mm., with 5| whorls remaining

(+ about 6i). Type locality (ANSP. 163726) : MN2, in a sink-

hole.

G. (Scalatella) striosa pumila new subspecies. Fig. 6.

Smaller, with relatively more widely spaced growth threads

(14 on penult, 16 on last whorl) ; with about 30 wavy spiral

ridgelets becoming more obscure towards base on last whorl;

baso-palatal point weak and rounded. Alt. (of type) 6.04 mm.,

diam. 1.57 mm., alt. last whorl 2.23 mm., alt. apert. 1.22 mm.,

diam. apert. .88 mm., with almost 7 whorls remaining. Type

locality (ANSP. 163727) : EEJb.

Veronicella leptothali new species. Figs. 2 to 4.

Notum (in alcohol) ochre with indistinct gray dots except in

mid-dorsal light stripe, and with darker spots arranged to form

an irregular, wide-meshed network. Hyponotum lighter than

notum but darker than sole, with fine darker dots usually becom-

ing more evident towards posterior end. Anus evident. Notal

length (of type) 40.5 mm., width 44 (17.7 mm.), sole width 15

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

(6.1 mm.) ; female opening from anterior end 51 (20.6 mm.),

from sole 29, querindex 3.4 (2.4 mm.) ; dimensions of another

(WWC; fig. 4) 54.5, 37 (20.1), 9 (5.1) ; 53 (29.0), 27, 3.7 (2.3).

Spermatheca (fig. 2) with shorter stalk than in V. laevis, de-

veloping when fully mature, just below entrance of canalis

junctor into its walls, a subspherical, thick-walled diverticulum.

Verge (figs. 3, 4) small and slender (contracted in type) with

relatively large, chalky -white glans. Dart papilla acuminate with

slightly enlarged apex; glands consisting of 9 central, slender,

simple tubules and of two larger ones, each of which immediately

bifurcates and then rapidly and irregularly subdivides to form

9 and 11 (20 in all) stouter and longer tubules (3 times length

of others and longer than entire animal ; only bases shown in fig.)

Penial retractor bifurcate near base of verge, arising as three

strands at left of heart and over origin of right ocular muscle.

Pedal nerves divergent abruptly near level of anterior heart

margin.

Type locality: MN3. V. leptothali is smaller than V. laevis,

has a relatively much slenderer penis and, when fully mature,

develops a small sac near the base of the spermathecal stalk

(very different from the large, thin-walled, vaginal bursa of

Leidyula).

V. (Leidyula) kraussii trichroma new subspecies.

Dorsum with coarser papillae ; anterior fourth chestnut-brown

with white spots, especially towards mid-line, followed by broad,

transverse white band (flesh-colored in alcohol) and posterior

3/5 inky black with a few brownish spots; tentacles brownish;

hyponotum much as in kraussii. Immature, but with verge ap-

parently similar to kraussii. Dimensions of type : 35.7, 50 (17.8),

19 (6.7); 52 (18.4), 23, 4.3 (1.5).

Type locality: VW2. This may be only a color form of

kraussii, but is so very distinct that I suspect it to be a new

species.

Allopeas, new subgenus of Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer.

Type Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton), to include species of Lamel-

laxis with elongate radular marginals which retain tricuspid

fascies, with better developed accessory penial caecum than in

Leptopeas and Lamellaxis s.s., with relatively simple straight

columella, and without distinctly colored shell cuticle. Es-

sentially Opeas s.s. of the Man. Conch., vol. 18 ; possibly a section

of either Tomopeas or Comoropeas Pils. Anatomy of Lamellaxis

fundamentally similar to that of Pseudopeas, while Opeas (type

*'8tenogyra goodalli Miller"), Neositbulina and Ochrodermella

belong in the Ferussaciinae.

January, 1935] the nautilus 85

Varicella (Varicellaria) necrodes, new name for Achatina

procera C. B. A.

(1849. Cont. Conch. 2: 24); not Bulimus procerus C.B.A.

(1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2: 13) =y. (Sigmataxis)

procera (C.B.A.) . Whitish even when fresh.

V. (Sigmataxis) paupercula tumens new subspecies. Fig. 7.

Opulent race with more whorls (attains 8f with alt. 13.8 mm. ;

MN2) and much vaguer varices (little darker than amber colored

interstices) ; major growth lines usually weak and widely spaced

on last 3 or 4 whorls. Alt. (of type) 12.68 mm., diam. 26 (3.27

mm.), alt. last wh. 43 (5.51 mm.), alt. apert. 25 (3.18 mm.),

diam. apert. 52 (1.66 mm.) ; 8^ whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163822) : MN3c. This variety differs

from the paedogenetoid V. paupercula much like perplexa does

from V. laeviusculus.

V. (S.) cylindrica new species. Fig. 9.

Shell thin, translucent ; color amber, paler at apex, with light

chestnut varices. Embryonic whorls rapidly increasing. Later

whorls becoming flat-sided, with widely spaced, major growth-

lines (sometimes more closely spaced on antepenult or preceding

whorl), becoming very weak on last whorl, which usually shows

spiral corrosion lines; suture lightly impressed. Long axis of

aperture 30° to that of shell ; peristome almost vertical but arcu-

ate. Alt. (of type) 8.02 mm., diam. 26 (2.09 mm.), alt. last wh.

57 (4.60 mm.), alt. apert. 31 (2.47 mm.), diam. apert. 50 (1.24

mm.) ; 6| whorls, but attains 8 (EJl, broken).

Type locality (ANSP. 163823) : EJF. V. cylindrica is nearest

V. laeviusculus and its affluent form perplexa, but has a larger

apex.

V. (S.) subaquila new species. Fig. 8.

Shell small and slender with uniform, deeply impressed, well-

spaced growth-lines (25 on last wh.) ; color dark golden with

rather vague, broad, brownish varices. Whorls 7, fairly cur-

vilinear, lightly shouldered below suture, which is deeply im-

pressed. Long axis of aperture about 30° to that of shell; per-

istome 20°, weakly arcuate. Alt. (of type) 5.62 mm., diam. 24

(1.33 mm.), alt. last wh. 48 (2.72 mm.), alt. apert. 24 (1.37 mm.),

diam. apert. 55 (.76 mm.) ; 7 whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163824) : VWS. V. subaquila is nearest

V. parallela (Pils.) but is darker, potentially smaller, with apical

whorls relatively longer and with later ones more gradually

lengthened.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

Poteria jamaicensis (Wood, limited by Swby.) [KF, MM, MN,

NM2; diam. 20.9 to 28.7 mm., intergrading with f. novus-saltus

(Ch.) in MM4 and paedogenetoid, approaching crassa (C.B.A.)

in exposed places] ; P. cycloata (Ch.), which has weaker growth-

striae on its earlier whorls than in paedogenetoid jamaicensis,

including typical [WW], shells with umbilical carina and

coarser wrinkles obsolescent [WC] and one crassa-like shell

[VWl-fresh] ; P. densestigmata (Ch.), paedogenetoid race [EE ;

diam. 20.7 to 25.4 mm., umbilical carina, pits and coarser sculp-

ture often weaker ; opercular lamella with almost smooth buttress,

on last whorl widening at upper end and becoming rudely striate

so as to finally form an upper lamella almost as broad as

chondroid whorl] ; P. seminuda (C.B.A.) , quite typical [MN3b,

NMM] and an extremely variable series [NMl, 2 ; usually with

flatter operculum (one has failed to develop the heavy buttresses

which leaves lamella similar to that in my densestigmata) , shell

depressed to globose, often with strongly sinuate peristome] ;

approaching subsp. ruhra (Ch.) [NMV; usually depressed, en-

tire surface diamond-cut or zigzag-wrinkled] ; approaching subsp.

hairdiana (Ch.) [NMT ; globose-conic, diam. 24.5 mm. ; opercular

whorls rapidly increasing so that last is very broad ; nearer rudis-

planusque Ch., but that name violates the Code.]

P. notatior (Ch.), large race {-corrugatus Ch., not Swb.)

[MN3 ; one reddish shell, more heavily wrinkled that corrugatior

and with opercular lamella more ''reflected" and more closely

whorled than jamaicensis] ; P. varians (C.B.A.), which is well

named; subsp. portlandensis (Ch.), including typical race [EJ3;

upper opercular lamella often irregularly eroded (acid humus)

and incomplete], heavier and higher shells [EJ2, EJF] and

paedogenetoid race [ENF in hills; diam. 19.7 to 21.5 mm., with

varians operculum and intergrading shell-sculpture] ; subsp.

varians (C.B.A.), typical {i.e., no. 6 of Adams, now chosen as

type because his lot 5 contains no adult with an operculum),

often with whitish bands and intergrading with smoother, red-

dish shells [KF-fresh, KHS-fresh, KHW] ; subsp. (or race)

campeachyi H.B.B. [KCC] ; subsp. corrugatior (Ch.), including

smoother shells approaching typical varians [MM3, MN3] but

more with heavier and earlier wrinkles [ML, MNl, 3, MN3],

January, 1935] the nautilus 87

gemma (Ch.), a paedogenetoid race [ML2, on a dry hillside]

and approaching subsp. zigzag (Ch.) but usually smoother below

periphery [VCMb, d].

P. novae-spei (Ch.) [WC2, WWC; opercular lamella almost

vertical, slightly spreading and scarcely '* reflected," but bev-

eled internally near its upper end so as to present an inclined

to almost horizontal, coarsely striate surface, somewhat similar

to that of pallescens (C.B.A.)] ; P. rupis-fontis (Ch.), smallish

stock [WWF; max. diam. 23.5 mm.; opercular lamella with

striated internal bevel very steeply inclined] ; P. westmoreland-

ensis (Ch.) [WCl; one female, shell with close, wavy growth-

ridges and almost no trace of coarser sculpture, but with oper-

culum and umbilical carina like corrugata] ; P. corriigata

(Swby. ; not of Pfr. or Ch.), quite exactly matching type figure

[ WSF ; with opercular lamella more incurved than in jugosa and

completely hiding striated inner surface] ; subsp. striosa (Ch.),

a very marked paedogenetoid race [VWS ; with opercular

lamella even more incurved] ; subsp. jugosa (C.B.A.) , including

typical [VW2] and yslgb parva (Ch.) [VWl].

P. (Crocidopoma) suturalis (Swby.) [NMl, 2, NMM; males

and females not noticeably differing in size] ; P- duhiosa (C.B.A.)

[VCMb, d, VF, VWS ; all the 23 animals examined are females !] .

The epidermal fringes which characterize the operculum of

Crocidopoma are usually worn away from fully mature indi-

viduals.

Geomelania jamaicensis Pfr. (+affinis C.B.A.), intergrading

with f. expansa C.B.A. [WWF] ; G. gracilis C.B.A. (+peilei

Dean) [VWl, 2] ; subsp. media C.B.A. [WSF] ; subsp. parva

C.B.A. [VWS; much more distinct than media!]; G. hilliana

C.B.A. [VCMb; type not seen; mine look like minor but smaller

and more slender, with point on lower palatal lip often lacking] ;

G. minor C.B.A., incl. quite typical [ML2, MM3c, MN3ab, NM2c,

VW2; sometimes with lip like vicina] and smaller race [VWl] ;

subsp. densecostata H.B.B., incl. typical [MM4, MNl, 2, 3ac] and

one smaller shell [NMl] ; G. vicina C.B.A [MM2, 3bc, NM2a, also

KHW? (broken subfossil) ; sometimes with lip like minor but

with heavier ribs, as wide or wider than interspaces on last whorl

and even more noticeably heavier but more widely spaced on

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

earlier whorls] ; G. pyramidata C.B.A. [NMV? immature; type

not seen]. All my species of Geomelania occur in rather open

woods like on hill-tops, aestivate under quite clean rocks and are

weak although prompt climbers on rock-faces.

G. (Scalatella) heardsleana (C.B.A.) [KHWa; very variable

in size, with 22 to 32 ribs on last whorl] ; G. striosa C.B.A. [EJF ;

21 ribs on last whorl; type not seen); subsp. pumila H.B.B.

[EEJb] ; G. elegans C.B.A. [ENF] ; G. inornata Ch. [ ?EEJ,

1.5 X 5 mm., 5^ wh., 35 threads on last whorl, with numerous fine

spirals, lower palatal lip slightly produced; ?VWS, worn shell,

1.5 X 6 mm., 6 wh., with larger whorls and 40 low threads on last ;

type not seen, and Chitty's dimensions seem improbable] ; G.

pygmaea (C.B.A.), inch quite typical [KF, ML2] and appr.

microglypta Pils. & Br. [MN3ac] .

G. {Chittia) sinuosaCh. [VCMb].

Veronicella laevis Blainv. [=sloanii (Cuv.) ?], good nocturnal

climber, often found in axils of banana leaves during daytime;

the commonest species in culture [EEC (young, schivelyae

color), EJ2, EJF (young, schivelyae color), KHS, MMl, 3 (inch

schivelyae young), MM4, MN3; attaining length of 85 mm. con-

tracted, over 110 mm. when alive] ; V. leptothali H.B.B. , ground

and under rocks in woods [KHW, MM4, MN2, 3, WWC, WWF-

young] .

v. (Leidyula) floridana (Leidy), ground near cultivation

[MM4, MN3, VCM, VWl, WWC] ; F. kraussii (Fer.) {+ jamai-

censis Ckll.), ground and under rocks in woods, inch typical

[EEJ, EJ3, MM3, MN3, NMV, VCMb; usually without longi-

tudinal stripes] and color-form (?) trichroma H.B.B. [VW2].

Carychium jamaicense Pils. [=jardineanum (Ch.)?], ground

[EJF, KF, VCMb] .

Piipisoma dioscoricola (C.B.A.), leaf -arboreal [EEC, MM2-

fresh, 3, MN3-fresh, VCMb] ; Bothriopupa tenuidens (C.B.A.),

leaf -arboreal (EEC, EJ2, EJF].

Plate 3. Drawn with aid of camera lucida. Scales indicate 5

mm. and, from top to bottom, are for fig. 7, figs. 2-5, fig. 9, fig. 6,

fig. 8, and fig. 1, respectively.

THE NAUTILUS: 48 (3)

PLATE 3

1. Stoastomops adamsi. 2-4. Veronicella leptothali. 5. Geomelania minor densecos-

tata. 6. G. striosa pumila. 7. Varicella paupercuJa tnmens. 8. F. suhaquila 9 F

cylindrica.

January, 1935] the nautilus 89

A FURTHER RECORD OF A CHITON (NUTTALLINA)

WITH NINE VALVES

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY

Redlands, California

I have been greatly interested to read Mr. Iredale's note on

nine-valve d chitons in the April Nautilus. Only the accident of

my suddenly having to drop all scientific work for a time pre-

vented the odd coincidence of my having in the hands of the

editors another note on the same subject at the same time and

perchance for publication in the same issue. The coincidence is

past but the more enduring interest remains.

Miss Edna N. Wilson kindly submitted to me last year a beau-

tiful 9-valved shell of our common southern Californian Nuttal-

lina,^ collected by herself at the Devil's Slide, La Jolla, Cali-

fornia. It is a well-preserved dried shell in good condition, the

ridge being considerably less eroded than is usual in specimens of

this species. The interior is of the usual light slaty hue with the

anterior portions of the valves more blackish. Valves v and vi

are the largest, as indicated by the accompanying somewhat crude

camera sketches. The dimensions of the specimen are, maximum

longitude (very slightly curled) 33.4, maximum latitude 14.6,

longitude shell only 32.6, width of tegmentum of valve v 11.4,

altitude 5.7 mm.

The specimen seems not at all abnormal except for having

an extra valve, and just which valve, if in fact it is possible to

nominate any single one more than another for the distinction,

can be called the interpolated one, I should not care to have to

say. A photographic illustration would convey all this much

better than the outlines can do and this I hope to find myself in

a position to offer on a subsequent occasion.

liV. scdbra (Reeve 1847), non Chiton scaler Blainville 1825; latterly

referred by Pilsbry (1898) to N. fluxa (Carpenter 1864).

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

If Iredale's search of the literature is accepted as exhaustive,

this is the fifth recorded example of a chiton with a supernumer-

ary valve (hypermerism).

Literature

Hull, A. F. B. :25. (Exhibit of specimens). Proceedings Lin-

nean Society New South Wales, 1, 1925: xliii {teste Iredale

&Hull :26).

Iredale, T., & Hull, A. F. B. :26. A monograph of the Aus-

tralian loricates. (Phylum MoUusca — Order Loricata).

VII. Australian Zoologist, 4: 256-276, pi. 37-39, April

1926.

Iredale, T. :34. Abnormal loricates: the earliest American

record. Nautilus, 47 : 136, April 1934.

LONGEVITY OF MITRA IN CAPTIVITY

G. DALLAS HANNA AND LEO GEOEGE HEETLEIN

On August 11, 1932, Templeton H. Crocker and party dredged

five specimens of a large black Mitra in 6J-14 fathoms in Santa

Maria Bay, Lower California. The dredging station was number

D-24-R and the lot has since been given the number 27,594

(C.A.S.). Three of these specimens were kept alive in tanks on

board the ship and were brought to the Steinhart Aquarium in

San Francisco. Two of them died very soon thereafter but the

third lived until June 6, 1934. During this time it was kept in

a small salt water tank with other marine life and supplied with

circulating unfiltered sea water from a local source. No at-

tempt was made to control the temperature of the water and it

seems rather remarkable that a subtropical species should be

able to exist under these conditions for so long a period of time.

The animal was evidently fully adult when received and did

not increase in size.

The species was recently described as Mitra zaca by Messrs.

Strong, Hanna and Hertlein (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser 4, vol.

21, no. 10, p. 120, pi. 5, fig. 10), and the holotype is number 6061

(C.A.S.). One specimen has been deposited in the collection

of Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. The species is unquestionably closely

related to Mitra swainsonii Reeve, (Conch. Icon. Vol. 2, Mitra,

sp. 4, pi. 1, fig. 4, August, 1844), dredged in mud, seven fathoms.

January, 1935] the nautilus 91

by Cuming in ''Monte Christi, west Colombia/' That species,

however, is olive-brown in color instead of black and the colu-

mella is said to have four plaits. M. zaca has a trace of a fifth.

Reeve's figure shows fairly strong spiral lines on the shoulder

and on the base whereas in zaca they are uniformly fine all over

except near the columella where they are slightly stronger.

WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN AMNICOLIDAE

AND A NEW HUMBOLDTIANA

BY H. A. PILSBEY

Potamopyrgus cheatumi, new species. Fig. 4.

The shell is imperforate, long-conic, brownish olive to grayish

olive, the early whorls white by erosion of the surface. Surface

rather dull, where unworn showing very weak lines of growth,

usually scarcely visible. The whorls are strongly convex. The

aperture is ovate, contained about three times in the length in

large specimens, relatively larger in immature shells. The

columella is slightly thickened, spreading a little in the umbilical

region. Parietal callus thin, adnate. Length 3.75 mm., diam.

1.75 mm., aperture 1.3 mm. ; 5^ whorls.

Phantom Lake, near Toyahvale, Reeves Co., Texas. Type

163888 ANSP., collected by Prof. E. P. Cheatum.

This Hydrobia-like species is referred to Potamopyrgus for

the reason that it is viviparous, an example opened containing

several young with shells about 0.4 mm. in diameter, of If whorls.

It is a far larger shell than Paludestrina diaholi P. & F., which

moreover, is distinctly umbilicate. Hydrohia seemanni Ffld. is

more similar, but it is distinct by the more slender shape and

smaller mouth.

Cochliopa texana, new species. Figs. 5a, 5b.

The shell is minute, umbilicate, turbinate ; olive to olive-brown,

the first IJ whorls white or nearly so. Whorls 3^, convex, the

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

last evenly rounded peripherally. Suture rather deeply im-

pressed. Sculpture of very weak growth lines, not everywhere

visible. Umbilicus narrow within, somewhat funnel-shaped in

the last whorl, bounded by an angle which defines a lunate, ex-

cavated area behind the columellar lip. The aperture is oblique,

broadly ovate, subangular posteriorly. Columellar margin ad-

nate to the preceding whorl for only a short distance, thickened

within, far less arcuate than the outer margin. Length 1.45 mm.,

diam. 1.5 mm.

Phantom Lake near Toyahvale, Reeves Co., Texas. Type

163887 ANSP., collected by Prof. E. P. Cheatum.

This is a smaller species than C. riograndensis P. & F., is less

depressed, and has a far smaller umbilicus. It is nearly related

to C. rowelli (Tryon) of Panama, but that is a much larger shell,

similar in conformation of the umbilicus.

It is likely that my Fliiminicola chihuahua is really an aberrant

Cochliopa; the umbilicus is like that of C. texana.

Fluminicola avernalis, new species. Fig. 1.

The shell is imperforate, somewhat rhombic in frontal outline,

with short spire of about 4 whorls, the last rounded, the base

impressed in the umbilical region. Aperture large, subrhombic,

the parietal callus and the columella thick. Length 3.4 mm.,

diam. 3.1 mm., aperture 2.1 mm. long. A paratype is 4.25 mm.

long.

Colorado Desert, California, with Tryonia clathrata Stimps.,

40 specimens, most of them young or half grown. Type 27784

ANSP. These shells have been in the collection of the Academy

about sixty or seventy years. They were labelled ''Amnicola

(Fluminicola?) n. sp.," with no more definite locality than

' * Colorado Desert. ' ' Two broken specimens of Tryonia clathrata

were wedged in the apertures of the Fluminicolae. All of the

shells are polished by blowing sand. They are presumably of

Pleistocene age. I refrained from describing them before in the

expectation that exactly localized examples would turn up, but

it seems best to direct attention to them now, as some of the Cali-

fornia conchologists may thereby be induced to look for the

species.

Dr. R. E. C. Stearns (1901 : Proc. U. S. N. Mus. vol. 24, p. 285)

stated that he detected an example of Fluminicola columhiana

among P. protea from the Colorado Desert. Probably what he

January, 1935] the nautilus 93

found was the species here described, as F. columhiana lives

nearly 1000 miles further north.

Fluminicola avernalis carinifera, new subspecies. Fig. 3.

The imperforate, rhombic shell has about the shape of Nitocris

carinata (Brug.). Spire short, obtuse, of fully 4 whorls, which

are only very slightly convex; the last whorl nearly flat above,

weakly convex below a strong peripheral keel, which weakens

near the outer lip. The aperture is ovate, parietal callus thin,

columella thick. Length 4.9 mm., diam. 4 mm., aperture 2.5 mm.

long.

With the preceding. Type 164091 ANSP. Whether this is a

distinct species or a carinate variation of the preceding cannot

be decided until more material is turned up ; but as only one was

found among 40 avernalis, I am leaving it as a variety of that.

Hydrobia greggi, new species. Fig. 2.

The small, conic shell is umbilicate, with rather obtuse summit ;

dull green; composed of 4 whorls joined by a very deeply im-

pressed suture. The surface is nearly smooth. Aperture broadly

oval, narrower in the posterior part but not angular there.

Peristome continuous but adnate above for a short distance, the

outer margin thin; columella distinctly calloused; parietal mar-

gin thickened in old shells. Length 2.3 mm., diam. 1.8 mm.,

aperture 1.1 mm.

Cliff Creek canyon, a fork of Hoback canyon, about 29 miles

south of Jackson, Wyoming, in the Snake River drainage. Type

163812 ANSP., collected by Dr. W. O. Gregg.

With the very convex whorls and general appearance of a

Hydrobia, this snail has a distinctly thickened columella. The

spire is more developed and the sutures deeper than in any

Fluminicola. The small Fluminicolae, such as F. turhiniformis,

have the columellar and parietal callus thicker, the spire much

shorter. I do not know of any closely related species in the

region.

Humboldtiana cheatumi, new species.

The globose shell is light yellow with blackish carob-brown

bands, the upper and lower ones at least twice the width of the

middle band. Very weak traces of granulation are visible in

places on the spire, becoming obsolete or nearly so on the last

half whorl ; otherwise there are rather coarse wrinkles along lines

of growth only. The peristome is somewhat expanded in the

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

basal curve, becoming broadly, triangularly reflected above, more

than half concealing the umbilicus. Height 29 mm., diam. 33.5

mm. ; 4 whorls.

From a small canyon near Ft. Davis, Davis Mountains, Texas.

Type 164095 ANSP., collected by Prof. E. P. Cheatum. Para-

types in his collection.

Of the other species described from the Davis Mountains, H.

palmeri Clench & Rehder is distinctly granulose throughout the

last whorl except around the umbilicus. It is also much smaller,

and the bands are subequal. In H. ferrissiana Pils. the last

whorl is more depressed, the aperture more oblique, the middle

band as wide as its fellows, and there is no granulation.

WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS

JUNIUS HENDERSON

Mrs. Henderson and I have collected Goniohasis at many

localities in the Pacific States, and have spent a great deal of

time in critically studying the large collections of them in the

University of Colorado Museum and at Stanford University

(especially the Hemphill and Hannibal collections), representing

altogether about 200 localities. This study has led to the follow-

ing conclusions :

1. Typical Goniohasis silicula (Gould) seems to be confined

to western Washington, though material from Oregon and even

California has been reported under that name by myself and

others, through lumping with it several recognizable named

forms. G. s. hairdiana Lea appears to be the prevailing form of

this species in northwestern Oregon, usually easily distinguished.

G. s. rudens Reeve is a recognizable variety, apparently repre-

sented by some of Hemphill's material from Olympia, at Stan-

ford University.

2. G. silicula shastaensis Lea was originally described as hav-

ing come from the Shasta and Scott Rivers, California, and Fort

Umpqua, Oregon. I have seen no Goniohasis from the Scott

River, and none from the Shasta River or the Klamath drain-

age that fits the description and figure of shastaensis, but we have

January, 1935] the nautilus 95

obtained material from Roseburg and other localities in the

Umpqua drainage that conforms to both the description and the

figure. I sent to the United States National Museum specimens

from the Shasta, Klamath and Umpqua Rivers, for comparison

with the types. They were submitted to Dr. Harald Rehder, who

wrote, June 27, 1934: ''The type of Goniohasis shastaensis Lea,

together with twenty-two paratypes, bears the label: Scott and

Shasta River, California, the specimens have been received from

Dr. Trask. These specimens, as the photographs show, are dif-

ferent from the specimens that you sent us from the Shasta and

Klamath Rivers, and are more like those from the Umpqua River.

We had nothing in our collection like the specimens from the

Shasta and Klamath Rivers. Most of the specimens from the

type lot are indistinguishable from the Umpqua River material;

they are, however, generally somewhat larger in size. Lea's

specimens from Fort Umpqua are like your Umpqua River

specimens, except that they have for the most part a more

mahogany color. Whether Lea's type lot (from Scott and

Shasta Rivers) really came from either or both of those rivers,

or whether we are here dealing with a confusion of localities, I

cannot tell. ' '

Several years ago I had given to my Shasta River material the

name G. yrekaensis, and prepared a description, which I include

in this paper.

3. G. plicifera Lea occurs in northwestern Oregon and south-

western Washington. G. oregonensis Tryon and bulimoides

Tryon intergrade interminably with typical plicifera, and were

apparently abandoned by Tryon soon after he described them,

yet many specimens may be easily assigned to one or the other,

and the names may be worth retaining in a varietal sense.

4. G. draytonii Lea, described from Astoria, Oregon, and

Walla Walla, Washington, and reported by Tryon from Sacra-

mento Valley, California, we have tentatively identified from a

number of northern California localities, but we have seen only

two lots from the Columbia drainage that can possibly be

referred to this species.

5. We have not recognized G. hidhosa (Gould), newherryi Lea

nor ruhiginosa Lea in the collections, unless, as has been sug-

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

gested, circumlineata from Sacramento Valley, is a synonym of

one of them.

6. G. acutifilosa Stearns, G. a. siskiyoiiensis Pilsbry, and G.

occata (Hinds), have been found only in California. G. occata

from near Antioch, in the Hannibal and Hemphill collections at

Stanford University, furnishes the most southerly record for

the genus in the Pacific States, unless the uncertain type locality

of circumlineata is the Mission San Antonio in Monterey County.

Goniohasis has been reported from ''Vancouver Island

(Forbes) ? British Columbia in the streams west of the Cascades

(Lord)." I have seen none from north of the southern portion

of Puget Sound, in any of the collections examined, and have

not found anyone else who has seen any. Which proves what?

Goniobasis hemphilli, new species. Plate 4, fig.l.

Shell of medium size, somewhat resembling G. silicula (Gould),

but is decidedly flat-sided, evenly pyramidal, and divergence of

the spire is greater; surface dull or very slightly shiny; color

light to dark brown or horn; whorls 8 or 9, scarcely convex,

usually slightly, slopingly, but sometimes sharply shouldered;

suture well impressed, sometimes V-shaped ; 5 to 7 upper whorls

bear about 10 or 12 axial plicae, not so prominent as is usual in

G. silicula; spiral sculpture variable, not pronounced, but visible

on all whorls ; in some examples the spirals on the upper whorls

consist of a few impressed lines separating broader flat bands,

in others, faint thread-like ridges, sometimes as many as 12 or

13, often crossed by faint sculpture paralleling the growth lines,

giving the surface a slight beaded appearance; some specimens

have a faint peripheral darker band, and two color bands some-

times show in the aperture, the stronger one at the base.

Holotype, largest specimen examined, from near Portland,

Oregon, in the Hemphill collection in the University of Colorado

Museum, No. 21167-a: Alt. 24.5 mm.; diam. 9 mm. Figured

paratype, same collection. No. 21167-b: Alt. 22 mm.; diam. 8.5

mm. There are many topotypes in the same Museum, and in the

Hemphill collection at Stanford University, nearly all practically

perfect and quite uniform in size and color. This species is much

less rugose than silicula, with which it has been confused, apical

plications weaker, sides of whorls flatter and spiral sculpture

different. From G. hairdiana Lea, occupying northwestern Ore-

January, 1935] the nautilus 97

gon, it differs in its lighter color, sculpture and much greater

apical divergence. I have seen it only from the Portland locality.

Goniobasis hemphilli dallesensis, new subspecies. Plate 4, fig. 2.

Similar to G, hemphilli in form, size and sculpture, but green-

ish or brownish yellow, rather than brown, entirely without color

band, surface slightly shiny, and most of the large lot slightly

more slender. Holotype, from Mill creek, The Dalles, Oregon,

University of Colorado Museum, 16016-a: Alt. 19 mm., a little

broken from the tip; diam. 7 mm. Paratype, largest specimen

examined, same collection, No. 16016-b : Alt. 22 m., apex missing,

original altitude probably about 24 mm. ; diam. 9 mm. Figured

specimens, same collection. No. 16016-c. I have seen this only

from the type locality, where it was abundant.

Goniobasis hemphilli maupinensis new species.

Shell much like hemphilli in shape and sculpture, but some-

what larger, more solid, uniformly much darker in color (dark

olive brown, with a darker peripheral band), and the aperture is

purple within, including the columella. In hemphilli and dal-

lesensis the columella is white and the aperture white within.

The surface of hemphilli is dull or but very slightly shiny, that

of dallesensis more shiny and that of maupinensis still more so.

The spiral sculpture is more irregular than in the other two

forms, in many examples a few very sharp spiral striae standing

out more prominently than the others, with flattened bands be-

tween, as in some specimens of circumlineata. The apex is miss-

ing from all specimens, but the earliest whorls present show the

axial plicae as in hemphilli. Holotype, Univ. Colo. Museum. No.

17754-a: Alt. 23 mm. (original alt. probably about 28 mm.);

diam. 9,5 mm. Paratype, largest specimen seen. No. 17754-b:

Alt. 27 mm. (original alt. probably about 35 mm.) ; diam. 10 mm.

Type and only locality, Deschutes River, Maupin, Oregon.

Goniobasis yrekaensis new species. Plate 4, figs. 3, 4.

Shell rather large, robust, less slender than shastaensis Lea;

surface dull ; color very light yellowish brown to darker brown,

upper whorls usually brown, that color extending downward as a

broad, dark band on some of the lower whorls; whorls 9 or 10,

not very convex ; suture well impressed ; upper 4 or 5 whorls bear

about 12 to 15 weak but regular axial plicae; lower whorls on

most specimens covered with low, fine, rounded riblets, parallel

with growth lines, giving to the surface a roughened appearance ;

6 or 8 upper whorls spirally striate, the striae usually becoming

more or less obsolete on the lower three whorls, but sometimes the

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

whole shell beautifully and finely striate ; outer lip sinuous, bend-

ing a little forward toward the base, giving the shell a slightly

beaked appearance; aperture about one-third the total length,

white within, sometimes exhibiting the brown spiral band.

Holotype, Univ. Colo. Museum No. 17735-a: Alt. 39 mm.;

diam. 11.5 mm.; aperture 11 mm. long, 8 mm. wide. Figured

paratypes No. 17735-b. These are from a fine lot obtained by us

in Shasta River, Calif., about 4 miles above the mouth, below

Yreka. We found it also two miles east of Talent, at Grant's

Pass in Rogue River, and in Deer Creek, southwest of Grant's

Pass, all in Oregon, and received from Allyn G. Smith specimens

obtained in Rogue River at Prospect, Ore. We obtained very

fine specimens with greenish periostracum in Klamath River, 4

miles east of Klamath, and a slender form in Smith River, 9

miles northeast of Crescent City, both in California, and the

West Fork of Illinois River, southwest of Grant's Pass, Oregon.

Specimens from Klamath River, near Oak Flat Creek, Siskiyou

Co., Calif. (Allyn G. Smith), are not quite typical. Greenish

specimens, not quite mature, from Rogue River at Agnes, Ore.,

are in the Hannibal collection at Stanford University, Small

specimens from a rivulet on Jelly Ferry road, below the Junction

with Red Bluff -Manton road, California (Hannibal, Stanford

University), resemble this species in color and general appear-

ance, but the spiral sculpture and axial plicae are absent from

the upper whorls.

Goniobasis yrekaensis obscura, new subspecies.

Closely related to G. yrekaensis, but shell uniformly smaller,

more slender, and of very much darker color — dark brown or

reddish brown, sometimes nearly black ; sometimes with a broad,

very dark band on the periphery, somewhat lighter above and

below; usually two broad, dark red bands showing within the

aperture. This well marked form we found in abundance in a

creek two miles southwest of Wonder, Oregon, and have received

from E. P. Chace a lot labelled ''near Wonder, Ore.," perhaps

the same creek. I have seen it from no other locality.

Holotype, University of Colorado Museum, No. 17724-a, 2 miles

S.W. of Wonder: Alt. 20 mm. (apex missing, original alt. prob-

ably about 23 or 24 mm.) ; diam. 8 mm. Most specimens are

THE NAUTILUS: 48 (3) PLATE 4

7 ft

Junius Henderson: West American species of Goniohdsi.^

January, 1935] the nautilus 99

smaller, but appear to be mature. The peculiar axial striations

on the lower whorls are not quite so well-developed as in typical

yrekaensis.

(To be continued)

A BIOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR INTERNALLY

CLEANING SMALL MOLLUSCAN SHELLS

BY DENIS L. FOX

Physiological Laboratories of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of

the University of California, La Jolla, California.

This communication is offered for the use of any interested

persons who may be unfamiliar with the suggestion which fol-

lows. Conchologists and other shell fanciers are asked to bear

with the writer if he is presenting to them a method with which

they may have been long acquainted, for removing the natural

occupant of a shell by enlisting the aid of a marine carnivore.

The use of ants, fish, and other animals for cleaning skeletons

preparatory to mounting has long been known.

In the past, 1 have effected the thorough internal cleaning of

the shells of some of the smaller marine gastropods and lamelli-

branchs, for the aesthetic pleasure of others who wanted the fin-

ished shells, and in connection with my own studies of the diges-

tive enzymes of marine invertebrates, by merely dropping the

specimens upon the tentacles or oral disc of a sea anemone. Care

must be taken to select hungry anemones, and to avoid offering

them an excess, to ensure complete digestion of the meat. Crabs

and other carnivores which might crush or otherwise damage

the expelled shells or even wrest the food from the anemone be-

fore the latter can swallow it are excluded from the aquarium.

The anemone seizes the mollusk and swallows it, discharging the

cleaned, empty shell next day or perhaps earlier. Doubtless

most species of anemone would perform the task satisfactorily.

The species that I have in laboratory aquaria and have used is

the common, large Crihrina xanthogj^ammica, which is so numer-

ous and easily obtainable on the Pacific Coast.

Shells of rather delicate structure and color can evidently be

cleaned in the above fashion. I have prepared, for example, such

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

shells as those of Donax and Olivella species by the anemone

method; the discharged shells, after being rinsed off to remove

traces of slime and gastrovascular fluid from inner and outer

surfaces, still retained their natural beauty and lustrous glaze,

were entirely divested of meat and therefore devoid of the usual

residual and disagreeable odor. The valves of the lamellibranch

remained fastened together by the undamaged dorsal hinge.

A fact which is particular scientific interest is that the com-

plete digestion of the proteins of the mollusks' flesh took place

in the presence of such a great excess of calcium carbonate which

composes a large part of the shells, without visibly affecting the

surfaces.

Such observations would lead one to conclude that the power-

ful extracellular protease or proteases within the gastrovascular

cavity of this coelenterate are non-peptic in character, acting as

they must in a slightly alkaline or at best, only very faintly

acidic medium.

APLEXA HYPNORUM PILSBRYI N. SUBSP.

STANLEY T. BROOKS

Shell like A, hypnorum, but characterized by a long, strongly

attenuate spire; the spire nearly one-half as long as the body

whorl.

Length — Greatest diameter — Length of aperture —

10.8 mm. 4 mm. 5.7 mm. Type

10.3 mm. 3.8 mm. 5.5 mm. Paratype

9.7 mm. 3.8 mm. 5.8 mm. Paratype

10.8 mm. 4.2 mm. Paratype

Type locality: Pond near White Rocks River, at Paradise

Creek, White Rocks Canyon, Rocks, Uinta County, Utah, Twp.

2 south. Range 18 east. Salt Lake Meridan. Collector: Mr. E. R.

EUer, Carnegie Museum Utah Expedition, 1933. Type: Car-

negie Museum, Section of Recent Invertebrates, No. 62.26773.

Paratype: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No.

164005.

I designate this subspecies Aplexa hypnorum pilshryi in honor

of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, knowing, however, that this can in no man-

ner compensate him for the generous expenditure of his aid,

wisdom, and encouragement.

January, 1935] the nautilus 101

RECORD OF A CRYSTALLINE STYLE IN TWO

FRESH WATER GASTROPODS

BY SAMUEL R. MAGRUDER

Department of Zoology, University of Cincinnati

As far as I can gather from a survey of the available literature

a crystalline style does not seem to have been described as belong-

ing to any member of the gastropod family Pleuroceridae. Some

data concerning this interesting moUuscan structure have been

gathered during the course of a general anatomical study of some

species of this family, a detailed account of which will be pub-

lished later. However, it seems advisable to record these pre-

liminary findings at the present time.

I have found a well formed crystalline style in Pleurocera

canaliculatitm undulatum (Say) and Lithasia ohovata (Say) in

connection with the intestinal tract. Although the style and

associated structures have been observed in Lithasia and super-

ficially appear very similar to that in Pleurocera, a detailed study

has not been made in the case of the former. Therefore, the

following description applies to Pleurocera only.

The style is about 1.5 mm. long and approximately 0.7 mm.

thick in an animal of average size. Both ends are more or less

rounded, the end toward the stomach being in a semi-liquid con-

dition. The structure of the style agrees in general with that

described for other forms. In a fresh style there is a distinct

core, the "food core" of some writers, which is more opaque

than the remainder of the style. The core is thickest at the

posterior end and gradually narrows to a thin thread at the op-

posite end. The whole structure has a definite spiral arrange-

ment which is seen most clearly in the core, the spiral being from

left to right from the anterior to the posterior end. The con-

sistency and color of the style vary greatly. In a supposedly

healthy normal animal it is slightly flexible and varies from a

clear transparent to a smoky bluish red. There is some evidence

that temperature or food supply and possibly oxygen supply

may have some effect on the style. In animals kept for some time

at a temperature of 3° C. the style is from light to dark brown

in color and the periphery is in a semi-liquid condition. A style

has never been found in good condition in specimens which have

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

been preserved in alcohol or formalin or a mixture of the two.

However, if a fresh style is removed and placed in a higher

alcohol it coagulates almost immediately suggesting an albumi-

noid nature which has indeed been found to be the case by other

workers on other animals. If a style is removed and placed in

water, it completely dissolves in twenty minutes or less, the core

being the first part to disappear.

The style-sac is of the type which is in restricted communi-

cation with the intestine through most of its length. However,

it is really separated by the approximation of a major and minor

typhlosole from the rest of the alimentary canal except for the

large approximately round opening of the style-sac into the

stomach through which the posterior end of the style projects to

fit against the gastric shield. So in this important anatomical

characteristic it is in agreement with Crepidula, Paludestrina

and Hypsohia. In position, the style-sac is located directly

anterior to the stomach and is about three-fourths as long. The

lining epithelium is densely pigmented so that is appears irri-

descent when opened. The cilia characteristice of the remainder

of the alimentary canal are most strongly developed in the style-

sac.

The gastric shield which is usually associated with a crystalline

style is found in the anterior part of the stomach on the right

side opposite the style-sac opening. It is a thin, clear, very flexi-

ble sheet of material and fits firmly against the lining of the

stomach. Its general shape and comparative size do not vary.

The shape is roughly that of an oblong plate which has been

twisted in a spiral fashion to form an incomplete tube toward

the posterior end where the left side curves dorsally ending in a

sharp edge which bears from two to seven acutely pointed teeth,

their average number being six. The spines are continued on

the outer wall of the shield as prominent ridges which fade out

ventrally. The semi-liquid posterior end of the style fits against

the gastric shield.

A more complete description of the style with illustrations will

appear later in conjunction with an account of the complete

anatomy of Pleurocera canaliculatum undulatum (Say). The

writer wishes to thank Mr. Calvin Goodrich for identification of

the animals used.

January, 1935] the nautilus 103

EDWARD GOSS HUMPHREY

Mr. Humphrey died at his home, 166 Highland Av., Somer-

ville, Mass., on August 11, 1934, and was buried in Mt. Auburn.

He had been in failing health for a number of years. He was

born in St. Johnsbury, Vt., July 8, 1855. He attended the pub-

lic schools of that place, the St. Johnsbury Academy, and gradu-

ated from Dartmouth College in 1877. From college he became

associated with railroads in several capacities until he retired

from active business. Coming to Somerville in 1892 he invested

in real estate and made this city his home for the rest of his

life.

He began collecting shells in 1900, choosing this group because,

as he said, '*It was a hobby that was not indulged in by many."

He chanced to meet a person who had a box of shells which he

was eager to sell and Mr. Humphrey purchased the box and con-

tents without examination. This was the beginning of his study

of conchology. From this little beginning his collection grew to

contain thousands of beautiful and rare shells. In his work he

was assisted by his devoted wife who shared in the interest and

pleasure. His collection was purchased by an alumnus of Dart-

mouth College who presented it to his Alma Mater.

Mr. Humphrey did not possess many books on conchology ; he

depended largely on libraries and collections for identification of

his specimens. He spent much time at the Boston Society of

Natural History and the Museum of Comparative Zoology in

Cambridge in comparing his shells. His connection with the

Boston Malacological Club dates from the second meeting, March

14, 1910. From this meeting his deep interest in the Club con-

tinued until his death. He took part in the discussions, and was

constant and punctual at the meetings. He was elected Secre-

tary-Treasurer in 1916 and served for eight years. In 1926 the

Club honored him with a Life Membership. — J. Henry Blake.

DR. HOWARD P. BELLOWS

Dr. Howard P. Bellows died on October 17th last, at his home

in Cambridge, Mass. He had been for many years a practicing

physician in Boston, and holding the position of Professor of

Otology at the Medical School of Boston University.

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

He became a member of the Boston Malacological Club at its

second meeting, in April, 1910, and in addition to being a con-

stant attendant at its meetings, served on the executive committee

in 1913-1914, and was vice-president in 1916-1917.

His collection of shells, assembled over a period of several

years, contained upwards of one thousand named species. These

were tropical forms, both land and marine, carefully selected for

their beauty and perfection. Dr. Bellows disposed of the collec-

tion privately, a few months before his death.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dr. H. Burrington Baker will leave Philadelphia about Feb-

ruary first for Honolulu, where he expects to work on Pacific

Zonitidae and other mollusks at the B. P. Bishop Museum for

about six months. First class mail will be forwarded to him.

Articles for publication should be sent to Pilsbry.

We hear with deep regret of the death of Dr. Robert F.

ScHARFF, for many years Keeper of the Natural History division

of the Science and Art Museum, of Dublin. He was born at

Leeds in 1858, and died Sept. 11, 1934. He was author of many

papers on the fauna of Ireland, one of them dealing with the

slugs, but is best known in America by his interesting volume,

*' Distribution and Origin of Life in America."

Nederlandsche Malacologische Vereeniging. — The Editors

have received the following communication : "We have the hon-

or to inform you that a number of conchologists of Holland

have founded a Society of conchologists under the name ''Neder-

landsche Malacologische Vereeniging." The Society intends to

enlarge knowledge of the malacological fauna, especially of the

Netherlands, by study of the recent and extinct marine and non-

marine mollusks of Holland and its neighborhood. We shall be

very happy to work in cooperation with you in all points, which

shall occur in future. — Dr. J. Th. Henrard, President, and Dr.

F. P. KOUMA.NS, Secretary, Leiden, Holland.

January, 1935] the nautilus 105

Mactra alata Spengler var. subalata Morch, on the West

Coast. — Range : Costa Rica, the southern shores of the Los Santos

peninsula, Panama, to Santa Elena, Ecuador. Mactra alata is

the common West Indian Mactrella, recognized by the alation of

its posterior-dorsal ridge and rather thin, convex, elongate shell.

What appears to be a typical specimen of alata was figured by

Reeve from Santa Elena, western Ecuador. In 1861, Morch ob-

tained a single right valve from Realejo, Costa Rica, which he de-

scribed as M. suhalata. These records of the occurrence of a

species identical or related to the West Indian Mactra alata, along

the Pacific coast, has generally been overlooked or considered as

spurious records, based on ballast shells or in some other way

transported from the Atlantic to the Pacific side (Dall, Nautilus

8, p. 42). My own collections having verified the occurrence of

alata along the Pacific coast from several localities, the possibility

of accidental transportation is entirely precluded. It is always

a rare shell, and usually only a single specimen is found at a

time. Both at Santa Elena and along the Panama coast it occurs

with Mactra (Mactrella) clisia Dall, but it is always distinct,

recognized by its longer shell and absence of the small posterior

gap so characteristic of clisia.

The features used by Morch for the separation of suhalata

from alata do not appear to be constant. The Pacific shell seems

generally smaller, length up to about 70 mm., and thinner than

the West Indian, which is about 95 mm. long ; but they are other-

wise identical. Those who prefer to separate the East and West

coast shells may use Morch 's name suhalata in a varietal sense for

the Pacific form. Dr. Pilsbry, who has seen my material, agrees

in the above conclusions. — A. A. Olsson.

MOLLUSCA FROM TuRKEY RUN StATE PaRK, INDIANA. In the

Nautilus, Vol. XLIII, p. 66, 1929, Dr. A. R. Cahn lists the Mol-

lusca found in Turkey Run State Park, Indiana. Dr. Cahn has

presented this collection to the University Natural History

Museum and it has been very carefully checked with the paper

above referred to. Several additional species are represented and

a few corrections are necessary. These are noted below.

Polygyra profunda efasciata Walker. Two specimens among

the banded forms.

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

Polygyra palUata (Say). One specimen with a widely open

umbilicus.

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green). Three specimens half to two-

thirds the size of normal individuals. These small indivduals

are almost distinct enough for varietal recognition.

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pilsbry. One large specimen with

spiral sculpture was found with small typical specimens.

Paravitrea capsella (Gould). The specimen listed as P. multi-

dent at a (Binney) is an immature specimen of capsella.

Ventridens intertexta (Binney). The Gastrodonta ligera listed

is this species.

Helicodisciis singleyanus inermis H. B. Baker. Among the

Hawaiia minuscula a number of this recently described race

was found. It is common in Indiana and Illinois.

Strohilops aenea Pilsbry. The specimens listed as ^8^. lahyrinthica

are aenea.

Gastrocopta pentodon gracilis Sterki. The pentodon is of this

race.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. The Carychium listed as exiguum

is this species. Frank C. Baker.

Helisoma campanulatum (Say) in Australia. — The species

is well established at Blanchetown, South Australia, in the River

Murray, where it was taken by Mrs. L. A. Elliott in April, 1933.

It is said that American farm and other machinery was unloaded

at this place about 20 or 30 years ago, and possibly some mud

containing embryo shells was brought from America. — Bernard

C. Cotton, in The South Australian Naturalist, vol. 15, p. 8.

Johnson's ''List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic

Coast from Labrador to Texas. — I will be very grateful if my

attention is called to any errors in this list or to any additional

species that should be included. A supplement is to be published

correcting such errors and omissions. — W. J. Clench, Mus.

Comp. Zool, Cambridge, Mass.

Unusual Concentration of Lymnaea. — While collecting mol-

lusks in the Rocky Mountain National Park in July, 1933, the

writer happened upon an unusual massing of juvenile Lymnaea

palustris wyomingensis Baker. A small rivulet about half a mile

west of Beaver Point flows into a small slough formed by the

road. At a point just above the slough the stream spread out

January, 1935] the nautilus 107

over an area of approximately 36 by 8 inches, and not over i

inch deep. In this space were 3425 specimens, by actual count of

collected and cleaned shells. The snails apparently were being

washed down, a few at a time, from a trout pond about a quarter-

mile above. — Hugo G. Kodeck, Univ. of Colorado Museum.

Margaritifera and Fluminicola in Wyoming. — In the Stan-

ford University collection I found specimens of Margaritifera

margaritifera falcata (Gould) from Evanston, on Bear River,

Wyoming. Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg informed me, September, 1934,

that he found one specimen of Margaritifera (almost certainly

this form) in the Snake River at the mouth of Flat Creek, eight

miles south of Jackson, Wyoming. Apparently this genus has

not hitherto been reported from Wyoming. Dr. Gregg also sent

me specimens of Fluminicola fusca (Haldeman) taken by him at

the mouth of Flat Creek. This species had been reported from

Green River and *' Smith's Fork of Green River," Wyoming, by

Binney, 1865, and Pilsbry, 1899, but has not since been reported

from the state, so far as I know. At the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia there are specimens of this Fluminicola

labelled as from Black's Fork, Green River, Millersville, Wyom-

ing (No. 27769) ; Smith's Fork, Green River, Wj'-oming (Jos.

Leidy, No. 27773) ; Wyoming (E. E. Beecher, No. 88598) ; North

Fork of Snake River, Wyoming (H. Hemphill, No. 88948) ;

mouth of Yellowstone River (E. D. Cope, Hayden Survey, No.

84118) ; and Cheyenne Pass, Dakota (J. Van A. Carter, No.

27770). North Snake River is in Idaho, not Wyoming. The

Yellowstone mouth and Cheyenne Pass localities are exceedingly

doubtful, as no member of this genus has been reported from

within hundreds of miles thereof. The localities for many early

western reports of mollusks need confirmation. This is epecially

true of the reported occurrence of Goniohasis in Montana. —

Junius Henderson.

An Invasion of Monterey Bay by Squids. — The United

States National Museum has received a letter giving information

regarding an unusual occurrence of an enormous number of

squids in Monterey Bay, which I believe will prove of interest to

all students of Cephalopods. I am therefore sending a copy of

the letter for publication in The Nautilus.

108 . THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (3)

** While anchored in Monterey Bay the vessel was surrounded

by a very large school of squid. They were so thick they blocked

all of the intakes of the ship, necessitating using the atmospheric

exhaust. Orders were given to get under way at 4 :00 a. m. and

it was afternoon before the outlets could be cleared sufficiently

to get enough circulating water through the condenser. As the

weather was very thick that afternoon the ship anchored again

in Monterey Bay, moving the anchorage at a considerable dis-

tance from the previous anchorage and a repetition of the same

condition occurred on that night with the exception that at no

time was the main circulator used, so there was no difficulty in

getting under way. Finally, to avoid the trouble, a flexible

rubber pipe was put over the side with a strainer at the end and

connected with the large wrecking pump to run the circulating

water while the vessel was at anchor. When the strainer be-

came blocked with fish it was lifted out of the water and

cleared. ' '

(Sgd.) F. H. Hardy,

Commanding Officer, U. S. Coast &

Geodetic Survey Ship Guide.

*'In reply to the Director's letter 21-AHH, 1995-GU-4, rela-

tive to the above subject, it is respectfully advised that the heavy

schools of squid, which were sufficient to foul engine room in-

takes, were encountered between the approximate hours of 8 :00

p. m. to 4 :00 a. m. on the nights of June 4-5, 5-6, 6-7.

''The Ship Guide, at the time, was anchored off Monterey, in

Latitude 36° 36' 42" N., Longitude 121° 53' 10'' W., in ten

fathoms of water, sandy bottom, and about one-half mile eastward

of a rocky shoreline. The shoreline to the southward and east-

ward is sandy.

"The majority of the squid were between 8 and 15 inches long,

and the depth of the school appeared to be about four feet. The

squid surrounded the ship in all directions, but concentrated in

areas illuminated by lights on the ship."

(Sgd.) G. C. Jones,

H. &. G. Engr. C. & G. S., Com-

manding Ship Guide.

Paul Bartsch.

The nautilus

Vol.XLVIII April, 1935 No. 4

THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON MOLLUSKS

IN IOWA

BY B. SHIMEK

State University of Iowa

The lake and kettlehole region of Iowa, lymg within the Wis-

consin glacial lobe between Spirit and Clear lakes, and known

to the early visitors and settlers as *Hhe thousand lake region,"

was formerly a rich field for the study of mollusks. Fresh water

pulmonates, as well as prosobranchs and bivalves, were plentiful

in every swamp, pond and lake, and in all the sluggish streams

of that region.

Some of the species, such as Bulimnea megasoma and 8tag-

nicola emarginata, have become quite extinct; others, like

Lymncea stagnalis appressa, Helisoma campamdatum, H. trun-

catum, etc., have been greatly reduced in numbers; and even

the members of the Stagnicola palustris group, which once

crowded every kettlehole and lake border, and such operculates

of deeper waters as Valvata iricarinata and some of the Amni-

colas, if not exterminated have become much reduced in numbers

and distribution.

This result has been brought about in part by the drainage

mania which caused the destruction of practically all the smaller

bodies of water in the state; in part by the disappearance of

many of the kettleholes following the breaking of the prairie;

and in part, especially along the Mississippi River, by the vari-

ous so-called ''river-improvements" projects.

In recent years, however, another factor, namely lake and

stream pollution, has come in to complete the work of destruc-

tion, and our once rich field for the study of fresh water mol-

lusks is fast becoming barren.

This condition exists more or less throughout the state. Mol-

lusks once abounded in the Iowa, Cedar and Des Moines Rivers,

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

but since their pollution by municipal and industrial agencies,

most of the fine colonies have been destroyed and only a few

scavengers remain. The Iowa River at Eldora and Iowa City,

the Cedar at Cedar Rapids, and the Des Moines at various points

from Estherville to its mouth, contained great numbers of speci-

mens of species belonging to the genera Somatogyrus, Cincin-

natia, Amnicola, Campeloma, and others, besides numerous bi-

valves, but after these streams were polluted practically all of

this fauna disappeared. The Mississippi and some of its other

tributaries, as well as the streams tributary to the Missouri, have

suffered likewise.

In more recent years even our larger lakes have been similarly

afflicted. Thus, some twenty-five years ago the writer made a

creditable collection of fresh water mollusks from Storm Lake,

but since the pollution of that lake by municipal sewage, only

a few scavenger Physas seem to remain.

Many other similar cases might be cited, but perhaps the

most complete and most heart-breaking destruction of a mol-

luscan fauna has taken place in the formerly fine, and malaco-

logically rich Okoboji Lakes, and their extension, the Gar Lakes.

In the somewhat deeper parts of these lakes (at depths down

to about 30 feet) it was formerly possible to dredge large num-

bers of aquatic mollusks, a six-inch dipper-dredge usually bring-

ing up from 25 to more than 100 specimens at each haul. In

the deeper parts living specimens of Valvata tricarinata, Y.

hicarinata, Amnicola limosa and lustrica, Cincinnatia cincin-

natiensis, judayi and emarginata, several species of Musculium,

Sphaerium, and Pisidiiim, and numbers of Lampsilis luteolus

and Anodonta footiana could be secured; while in shallower

waters, or on beds of Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, Ceratophyl-

lum, Elodea, etc., the following occurred more or less frequently :

Eelisoma antrosum, campanulatum and truncatum, Gyraulus

hirsuttis and parvus, Menetus exacuous, Stagnicola emarginata

and other species of this genus, Physa halei, anatina and gyrina,

Ferrissia fusca and parallela, and Campeloma decisum.

In August, 1933, after a five-year neglect of this phase of the

work at the lakes, the writer again attempted to dredge at vari-

ous points in these lakes, particularly in East and West Okoboji

April, 1935] the nautilus 111

and the Gar Lakes, where mollusks were formerly abundant,

and not a single living specimen was secured, though great num-

bers of old bleached shells were brought up.

During the past summer, in July and August, 1934, the effort

was repeated several times with essentially the same result, ex-

cepting that at one point, where an unpolluted streamlet enters

the west lake, two or three living specimens of Physa halei were

observed. At the same time Mr. Earl T. Rose, who was em-

ployed in research work for the low^a State Fish and Game Com-

mission, similarly dredged in various parts of East Okoboji

Lake, with like results.

It is therefore evident that comparatively recently there has

been a practically complete destruction of the molluscan fauna

of these lakes, once so rich and abundant. Other damage, of

course, was done, but we are not concerned with that in this

connection.

The causes of this destruction are very clear. In the main

it is due to the fact that the towns of Orleans, Spirit Lake and

Arnolds Park have been discharging the effluent from their

sewage disposal plants, or the sewage itself, chiefly into East

Okoboji Lake, which connects with West Okoboji, the Gar Lakes

and the Little Sioux River. In addition to this there has been

much pollution from cottages and resorts, and from stock which

has been permitted to wade in the shallow places.

East Lake Okoboji and the Gar Lakes, being more closely

connected along the drainage outlet, have been more directly

affected, but east winds drive the befouled waters of East

Okoboji into those of the west lake, until finally the entire

system has been polluted.

A movement is on foot, through the efforts of the Iowa State

Board of Conservation, to stop the discharge of sewage into

the lakes. If this succeeds, and it must if the lakes are not to

be completely ruined, the study of the come-back of the mol-

luscan fauna, now so completely destroyed, will be of exceeding

interest. Fortunately very full records (with specimens) of

the original fauna are preserved, and the facilities of the Iowa

Lakeside Laboratory will be available for the study of the future

changes.

112 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

GASTROPODS OF THE DAVIS MOUNTAINS

VICINITY IN WEST TEXAS^

BY ELMER P. CHEATUM

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas

(Plate 5)

During the early part of September, 1934, tlie writer and

Professor Majme Longnecker, botanist of Southern Methodist

University, spent a week in the Davis Mountains studying the

vegetation and mollusks of that region.^ Faunistically the area

is little known, although its geology has been partially investi-

gated (Baker and Bowman, Univ. of Tex. Bull. No. 1735, 1917).

The Davis Mountains are a part of the front range of the

Cordillera and are entirely of igneous origin. As a whole, they

form an irregular plateau built up of alternating layers of lava

and volcanic tuff. The highest ridges reach, in Baldy or Liver-

more Peak, the second highest altitude in Texas (8,382 feet),

and consist of an intrusive porphyritic syenite. Deep narrow

canyons, the result of erosion, finger back into the main plateau.

The high range loomed up far above the surrounding ranges

as we approach the Davis Mountains from the north. Its rich

verdure contrasted sharply with the blue-gray colors of the sur-

rounding ranges; like an oasis in the desert. As we entered the

mountains on our road to Fort Davis, we drove into the narrow

neck of Limpia Canyon, one of the largest canyons in the range.

Its walls, composed of alternating layers of lava beds and vol-

canic tuff, consists of irregular-shaped blocks resembling rude

masonry. Pillars, formed of columnar jointing in the lava

beds, give rise to precipitous cliffs reaching at times an altitude

of several hundred feet. The canyon widens and becomes shal-

lower as it approaches Fort Davis, the county seat of Jeff

Davis County, forming a bench from eight to ten miles broad.

Just north of Ft. Davis, Limpia canyon continues westward as

a narrow canyon terminating in the main plateau. Our head-

quarters were at Fort Davis, which served admirably as a

nucleus for collecting trips because of its central location.

1 The writer is indebted to W. J. Clench for the identification of physids

and to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry for the identification of the remaining species

and descriptions of the three new ones.

April, 1935] the nautilus 113

The annual precipitation for these mountains is greater than

that for the lower surrounding ranges; and since our trip was

made after several rains, conditions for general collecting were

very good. Collecting trips were made to the larger canyons

such as Limpia, Musquiz, Madera, and in several of the smaller

ones. After heavy rains the stream bed of each canyon may

become a raging torrent; but ordinarily they are dry, with

perhaps a series of pot-holes (Figs. 2, 3) either dry or partlj^

filled with water. These pot-holes, cut in the lava bed b}^ the

erosive action of water and molar agents, vary considerably

in size. Ordinarily they are basin-like, some wide and shallow,

others narrow and deep. Many appear to be continuously fed

by seepage water. Such basins often provided rich collecting

for Physa and Helisoma. The relatively larger number of

springs in the Davis Mountains canyons has been accounted for

by Baker and Bowman (1917) as follows: ''The water absorbed

by the lavas in the Davis Mountains region seeps downward

through the rocks until its further progress downward is checked

by non-porous beds. At the junction of the impervious rocks

below and the porous tuff bed which generally underlies the

lowest lava flow, the w^ater accumulates and escapes as springs

at the edges of the lava escarpment and where the canyons

have cut as deep as the basal tuff bed." Although land snails

were unusually scarce even in well protected habitats, our best

collections were made at the heads of small canyons where

springs occurred and vegetation abundant. The more exposed

mountain sides and plateaus were searched diligently, but in

vain, for land snails. No living snails were discovered in the

open areas.

AMNICOLroAE

Cochliopa texana Pils. (A Hew species, see page 91).

Collected in Phantom Lake, about four and one-half miles south-

west of Toyahvale. The ''lake" is in reality a small circular

pond (about 75 yards in diameter), fed by a large spring. The

swift stream (Fig. 4) of clear alkaline water flowing from the

pond had a width of fifteen feet, and ranged in depth from

several inches to five or six feet. The bottom of the pond and

stream was covered with Chara, and a marl-forming alga pro-

114 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

ducing a thin greyish crust over the bottom and sides of the

stream bed. The aquatic vegetation in the stream was black,

in places, with living CocJiliopa and Potamopyrgus. One sweep

among this vegetation with a dip-net (12 inches in diameter)

yielded approximately 4080 snails, of which the majority were

CocJiliopa. Apparently these two species were sharply localized

in their distribution, since a close examination of this same

stream a mile down-stream failed to reveal any of these small

snails.

Potamopyrgus cheatumi Pils. (Page 91). Habitat same as

that for CocJiliopa texana.

Physidae

PJiysa anatina Lea. Collected from pot-holes in Limpia, Mus-

quiz and Fern canyons ; abundant in large reservoir along Scenic

Drive just northwest of Fort Davis. Small black tapering shells

were found in Kokernot Creek in Musquiz canyon. Although

they are of this species, Mr. W. J. Clench says they are not

typical. Very few physids were found in flowing water; prac-

tically all were collected from pot-holes.

Lymnaeidae

Lymnaea dalli Baker. Collected in drift along Kokernot

Creek, Musquiz Canyon, between Fort Davis and Alpine. No

living specimens were taken.

Lymnaea parva Lea. From the same locality as L. dalli.

Planorbidae

Helisoma trivolvis lentum (Say). This predominating species

occurred in pot-holes. Some of the pot-holes were so deeply

imbedded between rocky ledges that they were constantly

shaded, yet the walls of these holes were literally plastered with

Helisoma having dark colored shells, many of them black. Col-

lected along Scenic Drive about one mile northwest of Ft. Davis ;

Limpia and Musquiz Canyons ; and several small canyons within

the range.

Pupillidae

Gastrocopta pellucida Jiordeacella (Pils.). One specimen was

found in a bed of humus deposited by Texan oak trees {Quercus

April, 1935] the nautilus 115

texana) about eight miles north of Fort Davis in Limpia

Canyon.

Gastrocopta riograndensis Sterki ( ? ) . Collected in same

habitat as G. pellucida hordeacella. Dr. Pilsbry is not certain

of the identification since the shell is possibly that of a juvenile

specimen.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Collected in same habitat as

G. pellucida hordeacella.

ZONITIDAE

Betinella indentata paucilirata (Morel.). One young and one

adult were found at the head of Fern Canyon (Fig. 1) buried

beneath a bed of humus deposited by a group of Crataegus trees.

The soil was moist with seepage water from a nearby spring.

Several dead shells were collected in drift along Kokernot Creek,

Musquiz Canyon.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) (?). From the same habitat as

G. pellucida hordeacella. Since the animal was immature. Dr.

Pilsbry made no positive identification.

Hawaiia minuscula neomexicana (Ckll. & Pils.). Collected

from the same habitat as G. pellucida hordeacella.

Endodontidae

Helicodiscus singleyanus (Pils.). Collected in drift along

Kokernot Creek, Musquiz Canyon, between Ft. Davis and

Alpine.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). One specimen was collected

near a large reservoir one mile northwest of Ft. Davis. This

was found on a rocky ledge covered by a bed of cactus humus.

Helicidae

Humboldtiana cheatumi Pils. (A new species, see p. 93).

Found at the head of a small canyon tributary to Limpia Can-

yon, about five miles north of Ft. Davis. At the head of this

canyon was an abandoned water-wheel. Seepage water from

the spring above fed the small stream in the canyon bed. The

collecting area was well shaded by a group of Texan oaks

{Quercus texana). An intensive search of four or five hours,

conducted by four people, netted only seven living specimens

116 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

and six dead shells. The living snails were taken from the sides

of the large rocks beneath the rocky ledges, all apparently

restricted to the shaded area.

Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). One dead shell was found in

the same habitat as that described for B. indentata paucilirata.

SucciNEroAE

Succinea avara Say. Collected in Fern Canyon; attached to

a moist rocky ledge partially covered with maiden-hair ferns,

mosses and liverworts. Also taken in Musqniz and Limpia

Canyons. In Musquiz this species was found moving about over

the edges of pot-holes (Fig. 2) and over the rank grass

(Bouteloua) that covered marshy places in the canyon bed.

NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE PANAMIC PROVINCE

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND AXEL A. OLSSON

(Plate 6)

Vermetidae

Petaloconchus innumerabilis n. sp. Plate 6, figs. 8, 8a, 8&.

Punta Picos, near Boca Pan, Province of Tumbez, Peru.

(Olsson), type, 164626. ANSP.

A vermetid growing in compact, closely interlaced masses.

The initial stage is glossy, globose-conic, of about IJ whorls;

followed by a loosely coiled stage with tube at first with indis-

tinct, incremental sculpture only, about 0.7 mm. diameter. This

is followed by a closely coiled, strongly sculptured stage, the

8-12 whorls generally in close contact; then a loosely coiled,

corkscrew stage follows, gradually becoming more drawn out,

and about 1.5 to 2 mm. diameter. Sculpture of coarse, irregular

cords parallel to the whorls, or sometimes more strongly spiral

in places, and rather coarse but unevenly developed striae of

growth. In the closely coiled stage, there are two columellar

lamellae (figs. 8a, 8h, the posterior one double the size of the

anterior, usually thin and simple, but in some whorls it is bifid

or trifid; the smaller lamellae is also bifid in places. In the

later whorls of the tube, these lamellae disappear. Individual

shells appear to be 50 or 60 mm. long, and up to 2 or 2.3 mm.

in diameter at the anterior end.

The group of which part is figured, is about 23 cm. long. It

was found on the beach. It grows in large masses, like P. varians

THE NAUTILUS 48 (4)

PLATE 5

^•"•^ ..-*. % .^.^<^>

S:::^^-

1, View at head of Fern Canyon. 2, Pothole in Musquiz Canyon. 3,

Pothole deep in igneous rocks. 4, Stream flowing from Phantom Lake.

April, 1935] the nautilus 117

Orb. In this mass three generations appear to be superposed

one above another, parts of two shown in the figure.

NUCULANIDAE

Nuculana (Adrana) suprema n. sp. Plate 6, fig. 1.

Beach between Port Guanico and the mouth of the Guanico

river, Los Santos province, Panama (Olsson), type 164608

ANSP.

The shell is long, strongly compressed, subequilateral, with

dark olive-brown epidermis (largely or wholly lost in specimens

seen) ; glossy. The dorsal outline is nearly straight, the ventral

margin gently convex, straightened or slightly concave towards

the posterior end, the greatest height being about the anterior

third of the length. Anterior end more obtuse than the pos-

terior. Dorsal areas extremely narrow, bounded by inconspicu-

ous angles. Sculpture of weak growth lines and excessively fine

and clear-cut longitudinal striae, obliquely crossing the lines of

growth posteriorly, mainly curving with them in the anterior

half. They are wanting in a band along the dorsal side, but

extend nearly to the ends. Interior white, the pallial sinus oc-

cupying more than one-third of the total length, truncate at

the end. Tooth row long, occupying 60% of the whole length,

anterior and posterior series of about equal length, teeth very

small, V-shaped. Cartilage pit very shallow, about 10 mm., long

in the type. Length 107 mm., height 23.5 mm., semi-diameter

4.6 mm.

The largest Adrana, distinguished also by the central beaks,

those of N. elongata Sowerby being a little anterior.

Nuculana (Adrana) tonosiana n. sp. Plate 6, fig. 4.

Estero Bucaru, mouth of the Tonosi River, Los Santos,

Panama. Type 164025 ANSP., paratypes in Olsson collection.

The shell is small for this group, elongate, strongly com-

pressed, subequilateral, white to pale cream-color. The beaks

are small, a little anterior of the middle. The dorsal margin

is weakl}^ arched by the beaks to nearly straight. The anterior

end is bluntly angular at the termination of the dorsal margin,

rounded below. Posterior end lower than the anterior, slightly

pointed, elevated at its junction with the dorsal margin. Pos-

terior-dorsal area long and narrowly lanceolate, smooth, bounded

by a strongly crenulated ridge, the anterior-dorsal area similar

and smaller, with the bounding carina only weakly crenulated.

118 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

The sculpture consists of fine, regular, raised threads over the

middle of the surface, but which become stronger and a little

irregular in the vicinity of the dorsal margins. Near the

anterior-dorsal margin, these threads are wavy and irregular,

while some are seen to bifurcate. At the posterior end, there

is a bordering, narrow band across which the threads become

smoother but give rise to coarse crenulations on the posterior

carina. Tooth band narrow, the posterior set of teeth, about a

fourth longer than the anterior. Teeth very numerous in each

set, very small in the middle, becoming progressively larger

towards the ends. Pallial sinus ample, extending to the pos-

terior quarter. Interior white to glassy. Valves gaping slightly

at both ends. Length 25.5 mm., height 7 mm., diameter 3 mm.

This species resembles a young N. arcuata Sowerby but is

distinguished by details of its sculpture. In arcuata, the thread-

like ribs are regular over the whole surface and not noticeably

stronger or waved along the anterior-dorsal margins as in our

species. The present species is also constantly smaller, our col-

lection containing more than 24 shells none of which exceeds

26 mm. in length.

N. arcuata (Plate 6, figs. 2, 3) is abundant along the north

Peruvian and Ecuadorian coast, and measures from 31 to 42

mm. in length. The specimens figured are from Point Ancon,

Santa Elena, Ecuador. The identification was confirmed by Mr.

LeB. Tomlin, from the tyipe in B. M.

Periplomattoae

Albimanus new subgenus of Periploma Schumacher. Shell

strongly inequilateral and inequivalve, longer than high, with

5 strong, radiating ribs projecting at the margins; beaks not

slit. Type P. (A.) pentadactylus.

Periploma (Albimanus) pentadactylus n. sp. Plate 6, figs. 5,

6,7.

Beach between Port Guanico and the mouth of the Guanico

river, Los Santos province, Panama (Olsson), tj^pe 164610

ANSP. ; paratypes in Olsson collection.

The shell is white, oblong, much longer than high, plump,

conspicuously inequivalve, the right valve being strongly convex,

the left valve weakly convex. Eight valve (figs. 5, 6) with a

wide beak at the posterior fifth of the length, a deep, escutcheon-

April, 1935] the nautilus 119

like area defined by a rib; dorsal margin strongly arched, pos-

terior margin truncate, anterior end running out in a point,

basal margin trilobed. Sculpture of five, radiating ribs, the

second and the fourth bifid, the third less distinctly so, the first

rib simple, running to the anterior basal extremity, the small

fifth rib bounds the escutcheon. Delicate lines of growth are

festooned between the ribs. The external ribs project also in

the interior. Left valve (fig. 7) with very weak ribs correspond-

ing to those of the right. The left valve is smaller than the

right. The hinge line is thin, with a small, strongly oblique

chondrophore. The pallial sinus extends to between a third

and a half of the total length.

Length 21.3 mm., height 15.3 mm., diameter 7 mm. Type.

Length 21 mm., height 13 mm. Paratype.

The ribs begin when the shell is 3.5 to 4 mm. long. In the

type species of Periploma and P. angulifera Phil., of the Carib-

bean region, there is a rib bounding the short posterior end, but

we have found none with sculpture resembling this one.

Mactridae

TuMBEZicoNCHA, ucw subgcuus of Mactra. Shell thin, con-

centrically plicate, like Baeta, but the plicae oblique across the

posterior portion, and with irregular concentric wrinkles of

growth (not vermiculate, as in Baeta) ; posterior-dorsal areas

defined simply by the ending of the plicae, not marked off by

an angle or keel. Pallial sinus extending beyond the middle.

Hinge as in Mactrella. Genotype Mactra thracioides Adams &

Reeve, Plate 6, fig. 9.

In external form and sculpture, Tumheziconcha resembles

Baeta more closely than it does the plicate Mactras such as

Harvella and Mactrinula. It is in the hinge structure that the

shell shows its relationship with the true Mactras and particu-

larly to Mactrella. The hinge is fully developed and is quite

similar to that of Harvella elegans. The ligamental scar is dis-

tinct and separated from the chondrophore by a thickened

lamina. The posterior arm of the cardinal tooth lies along

the anterior side of the chondrophore, its upper end fused with

the anterior arm. Lateral teeth are strong, those of the left

valve fitting between two laminae in the right.

In outline the shell is shortly subelliptical but with the beaks

in front of the middle, so that the posterior end is somewhat

120 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

longer, lower and narrower than the anterior. The external

sculpture consists of deep waves or undulations which differ

from those of Harvella and Baeta in not being strictly concen-

tric; they become oblique across the middle and posterior por-

tions of the valves. The posterior-dorsal area is defined by the

sudden ending of the ribs and not marked off by a keel or

angled ridge as in Mactrella, Harvella and Mactrinula. The

surface is covered with fine, irregular, concentric incremental

wrinkles, as if it had been painted with a coarse brush. There

is sometimes a faint ridge extending across the anterior side of

the umbo to the ventral margin.

The peculiarly oblique or Cyathodonta-like sculpture imparts

to the valves an abnormal appearance as if they had been broken

across the anterior side. It is a small shell, usually about 30

millimeters long, but sometimes reaching 42 millimeters.

Length 42.5, height 31.7 mm., semi-diam. 10 mm. ; right valve.

42.2, '' 33.0 '' '' 11 *' left valve.

42.0, '' 31.5'^ " 10^' right valve.

34.0, " 26.2 '' '' S '' left valve.

This species is quite common on the tidal flats at the mouth

of the Tumbez river in northern Peru^ where it is associated

with Dosinia dunheri, Area lahiata, Modiolus tumbezensis and

Panamicorhula in flat a. These mudflats, forming a narrow fringe

in front of extensive mangrove swamps, are the home of swarms

of fiddler crabs, dominated by the ''maestro sastre" (Uca

princeps Smith), whose large, flat, left cheliped flashes like the

metallic blades of a pair of shears in the brilliant tropical sun-

light. To these mud flats come various shore birds, among them

many herons, spoonbills and ibises.

Mactra thracioides was described as from the ''Eastern Seas"

(A. Adams and Eeeve, 1848, Zool. Voy. H.M.S. "Samarang,"

Mollusca, p. 81). No more definite locality seems to have been

given until it was reported from Ecuador by Lamy, 1917, and

from La Union, Salvador, in the Gulf of Fonseca, by Pilsbry

1 A single valve was reported by E. Lamy from Machala, Ecuador, tinder

the name Standella thracioides Ads. & Eve. It was given to the Paris Mu-

seum by Jousseaume. This was in all probability collected by M. Auguste

Cousin, whose Ecuadorian collection was partly worked up by Dr. Jous-

seaume in 1887. See Eevision Mactridae Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, in Journ.

de Conch. 63 : 386. 1917.

THE NAUTILUS : 48 (4)

PLATE

'^'C %W\

1, Nuculana suprenia.

2, 3, Nuculana arcuata (vSowb.).

4, Xuculana tonosiana.

5-7, Periploma pentadactylus.

8-8b, Petaloeonchus innumerabilis.

9, Mactra thraeioidcs A. k E.

April, 1935] the nautilus 121

and Lowe, from specimens collected by the latter (Proc. A.N.S.

Phila. 1932, p. 131). It has been taken by one of us (A.A.O.)

at Port Pizarro and Tumbez River, in northern Peru. These

shells agree fully with the original account and figure of

thracioides, but to eliminate all doubt we sent a specimen to Mr.

J. R. Le B. Tomlin, who writes: **I compared it with the type of

M. thracioides Ads. & Rve., and it is absolutely identical. We

have the specimen figured in the 'Samarang,' pi. 23, fig. 8. It

was purchased from Mrs. Lombe Taylor after her husband's

death. It measures 36 mm. in length. It is just luck if we have

any of the types from the 'Samarang' or other early voyages,

such as the 'Sulphur.' At that time the collections seem to

have been the Captain's perquisite, and Belcher, who was a

collector, absorbed all the more showy material. Belcher's col-

lection was sold at auction. After Cuming's death, Lombe

Taylor, who was a well-to-do country squire, seems to have

mopped up whatever was on the market from time to time."

In the years 1836-42 H. M. S. ''Sulphur," Captain Sir

Edward Belcher, surveyed from northern Peru to Sitka. Col-

lections were made in many places, among them in the Gulf of

Fonseca (where Lowe picked it up many years later). It is

believed that Captain Belcher got M. thracioides during this

exploration, but did not turn it in for description until after

the voyage of the "Samarang," 1843-46, which he also com-

manded. By that time the origin of the clam was forgotten,

and the vague habitat "Eastern Seas" was assigned in the lack

of any definite locality.

(To he continued)

NEW RACES OF LIGUUS FROM FLORIDA

AND CUBA

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

(Plate 7)

Liguus fasciatus deckerti, herein described, was collected by

Mr. Schevill and the author in lower Florida during the winter

of 1930. No additional specimens of this form have come to

hand and it now seems best that it should be described.

During September of 1934 the author, with C. V. MacCoy and

122 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

H. D. Russell, spent several days at Vinales, for the purpose of

collecting and studying the distribution of Liguus in this

'mogote' region. A single new race was encountered that was

not obtained by Mr. Archer during his stay at this locality in

1930. Through the courtesy and kindness of Sr. L. Pequeno of

Pinar del Rio, two additional races were presented for study and

description. The figures are from holotypes.

Liguus fasciatus deckerti, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 4.

Description. — This form is a parallel of L. f. castaneozonatus

Pils. and differs only in possessing a white tip and columellar

region. It is exceedingly rare, a fact quite remarkable inasmuch

as castaneozonatus y from which this form is apparently derived,

is perhaps the most abundant Liguus in Florida. So far as

known it does not occur as a pure race.

Length 44.5, width 24.8, aperture 20.8 x 13.4 mm. Holotype

43.0, '' 23.5, '' 20.5x13.2 mm. Paratype

'' 40.5, '' 23.1, " 19.0x13.0 mm.

'' 38.5, '' 22.0, " 19.0x12.0 mm.

'' 28.0, '' 21.8, " 18.5x11.5 mm.

All measured shells of 6| to 7 whorls each.

Holotype. — M. C. Z. 81549, Hammock no. 55, eastern end of

Long Pine Key, south central everglades, Florida. W. J. Clench

and W. E. Schevill collectors, February, 1930. Paratypes from

the same locality. A series of three specimens were collected in

Brickell Hammock, Miami, by J. N. Farnum in 1926.

Named for Richard F. Deckert of Miami, Florida, who has

explored much of the Everglades collecting Liguus. This is

probably the rarest of all Florida Liguus. Racial elements from

many of the lower chain of keys, of course, have become extermi-

nated, but in the days of their discovery they were probably

fairly abundant. It is all the more remarkable that this deriva-

tive race should be from one that is perhaps the most abundant

and at the same time the most widely distributed in lower

Florida. "With but few exceptions, all other parallel elements of

the many color forms exist in about equal numbers if an average

is taken throughout the distributional area for each race. Where

such discrepancies exist, the numerical ratio is nowhere near

so marked.

April, 1935] the nautilus 123

Liguus fasciatus mariae, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 3.

Description. — Shell somewhat solid, elongate and shining.

Whorls 8, rather strongly convex. Color: ground color white,

banded above and below the peripherj^ with broad bands of

orange brown, pale or even absent on the early whorls, usually

deep in color just behind the palatal margin. A hair-like line

of the same color may split the narrow peripheral area of white.

Green periostracal lines few or absent. Columella noticeably

thickened on its inner margin, almost in the form of a vertical

tooth or fold. Parietal wall white and somewhat calloused.

Length 59.0, width 25.0, aperture 23.5 x 12.5 mm. Holotype

59.5, '' 24.5, *' 23.0x12.5 mm. Paratype

" 57.5, " 25.5, " 23.0x12.5 mm.

'' 56.5, '' 24.5, '' 22.0x13.0 mm.

'' 54.0, " 25.5, '' 23.5x12.5 mm.

All measured shells of 8 whorls each.

Holotype. — M. C. Z. no. 94224, Ojo de Agua, near Cayo

Magueyal, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Ex. Sr. L. Pequeno.

Remarks. — This race is quite sharply differentiated from all

other races of fasciatus in Pinar del Rio. It is not to be confused

with L. f. xantJms CI. which is similarly banded, though with

yellow rather than brownish yellow. It differs entirely from this

latter race as well by possessing more convex whorls, the presence

of the columellar tooth or fold and in being a much larger shell.

Cayo Magueyal, according to Sr. Pequeno, is not a true cay or

key in the island sense but an area of broad-leaf trees apparently

similar to the hammocks occurring in the Florida Everglades.

At the request of Senor Pequeno I take pleasure in naming

this species after Sra. Maria Pequeno.

Liguus blainianus pilsbryi, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 1.

Description. — Shell subsolid, produced and somewhat shining.

"Whorls 7, flat to slightly convex. Spire acute. Color: first

whorl blackish brown, shading abruptly into dull pink, the latter

color continuing for IJ whorls ; from 2 J whorl onwards the pink

color fades into a ground color of white which is overlaid with

wide supra- and infra-peripheral bands of strong axial flames.

These flames are dark, blackish brown, alternating with intense

yellowish orange interspaces, pale on the early whorls and much

deeper in coloration on the body whorl. Peripheral line (1^

mm. in width) dark blackish brown and margined with the white

124 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

ground color. In addition, there is a narrow infra-sutural line

of the same dark color. The peripheral line forms the supra-

sutural line of the early whorls. The infra-peripheral band is

margined below by a narrow line of the white ground color.

Inner face of columella white, margined behind by deep pink

and with the entire pink area encircled by a narrow line of

brown. Parietal wall glazed white, usually transparent enough

to see the coloration of the body whorl. Periostracal green

lines absent on the type series.

Length 45.4 width 20.0, aperture 20.5 x 11.5 mm. Holotype

'' 44.0, '' 20.2, '' 19.0x11.6 mm. Paratype

'' 42.0, '' 19.1, '' 17.5x11.5 mm.

'' 41.0, '' 18.0, " 16.5 X 9.5 mm.

'' 40.5, '' 19.0, '' 18.8x11.0 mm.

All measured specimens of 7 whorls each.

Holotype.— M.. C. Z. no. 94212, Campo de Tiro, 7 km. N. of

Fierro, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Ex. L. Pequeno. Paratypes from

the above locality and from higher altitudes in the Sierra de

Rangel, due north of Santa Cruz de los Pinos. This latter local-

ity is only a few kilometers east of Campo de Tiro.

Remarks. — Closely related to the typical form, differing from

it in the much greater width of the supra- and infra-peripheral

bands and in an increased number of the flames. These differ-

ences are probably far more apparent than real, though there is

no question about two different races being involved. Dr. Ber-

mudez reports that the typical form, L. hlainianus hlainianus, is

found most abundantly at the base of the mountains at Rangel,

whereas L. h. pilshry is a race of the higher altitudes. Sr. L.

Pequeno stated that Campo de Tiro is in the mountains, which

bears out the statement of Dr. Bermudez regarding their alti-

tudinal distribution.

Named for Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who was first to recognize the

complex color races of this genus existing in Florida.

Liguus flammellus russelli, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 2.

Description. — Structural characters similar in all respects to

Liguus flammellus flammellus CL, differing only in coloration.

The earlier three whorls are pure porcelain white, not pale ivory

or pale pinkish as in the typical form. The green superimposed

color is much lighter and shades more toward light grayish green.

April, 1935] the nautilus 125

Length 46.8, width 21.5, aperture 19.5 x 10.7 mm. Holotype

" 51.5, '' 22.0, '' 20.0x11.7 mm. Paratype

" 51.0, '' 23.7, " 22.6x12.5 mm.

" 48.5, '' 22.5, '' 21.6x12.0 mm.

'' 48.2, '' 21.0, '' 19.5x11.5 mm.

All measured shells of 7 whorls.

Holotype. — M. C. Z. no. 82980, Mogote Mina Constancia,

Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Collected by Julio Armenteros,

1934.

Paratypes. — All of the following in the vicinity of Vinales.

Mogotes: Mina Constancia; Jose Maria Garcia; Lorenzo Lopez;

de Roja; Abascal. Also at Ensenada Martin Maranda; Ancon.

and La Chorrera, Banos de San Vicente. Collected by J. Ar-

menteros, W. J. Clench, C. V. MacCoy and H. D. Russell.

A single lot, obtained from Sr. Armenteros, is from San

Andres, Canalete, Consolacion del Norte, which is located some

20 km. N. E. of Vinales. This last extends the range of the

species proper more than 10 km. beyond any previously pub-

lished locality.

Remarks. — This race appear to be a direct derivative of L.

flammellus flammelliis. It is very rare at all the localities as

only 48 specimens of this form occurred in over 3000 of this

species from this region. None of the remaining color forms

occurring at Vinales exhibit this whitish phase. It is perhaps

to be regarded as a partial albino in which a reduction has taken

place only with the ground color. It is not to be confused, how-

ever, with L. f. organensis CI. which is the true albinistic form

of the flammellus complex. This last is white with a very pale

yellowish cast with an occasional green spiral color line. Both

of these latter colors are, however, invested in the periostracum.

Named for Mr. H. D. Russell.

Corrections. — In my paper (Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

8, Feb. 1934) the original reference for Liguus fasciatus pictus

(Reeve), p. 103, should be: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 56,

1842 ; Conchologica Systematica 2, pi. 178, fig. 10, 1842.

To the type locality given for L. flammellus organensis (p.

124) Mogote el Queque should follow Ensenada del Valle. This

locality is in the immediate vicinity of Vinales and not in the

valley of San Vicente.

126 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

A NEW SUBGENUS AND A NEW SPECIES

OF PLACOSTYLUS FROM THE

SOLOMON ISLANDS

BY W. J. CLENCH

AcROSTYLUS, subgenus nov. Characterized by possessing a

single color (red, reddish brown or greenish), an acute spire

with flat to slightly convex whorls and the lip of the aperture

colored red or white. No secondary coloration exists, such as

blotches or stripes, which, in most other members of related

groups, is superimposed upon the ground coloration. Sculpture

is reduced to the fine growth lines or at most a very fine, micro-

scopic malleation on the later whorls. Nuclear whorls minutely

pitted. Subgenotype, Placostylus (Acrostylus) acutus.

Placostylus (Acrostylus) acutus, species nov. Plate 7, fig. 6.

Description. — Shell rather thick, rimately umbilicate, elongate

and compressed dorsoventrally. Color of shell pale reddish

brown, periostracum a deep reddish brown. Whorls 51, rather

convex. Spire produced and sharply tapering. Aperture ovate.

Peristome grayish in color and very sharply reflexed, with a

definite thickening within the aperture. Parietal wall calloused

and supporting a very strong tooth. Columella spirally de-

veloped, its basal portion thickened and forming a false lamella.

Sutures indented. Sculpture of fine irregular growth lines with

faint malleations on the body whorl. Spire forms an angle of

42°, aperture cast at an angle of 14° from the axis.

Length 67.5, width 31, aperture 30 x 13 mm. Holotype

Holotype : M. C. Z. 93953, Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar, Solo-

mon Islands. E. Paravicini collector.

Remarks. Related to Placostylus (Acrostylus) calus Smith

(Malaita Island) from which it differs by being smaller, having

more convex whorls and a more rounded aperture. P. calus and

P. acutus are the only known members of this subgenus.

April, 1935] the nautilus 127

NEW CARIBBEAN MARINE SHELLS

BY HARALD A. EEHDERi

(Plate 7)

In the preparation for publication of Charles W. Johnson's

^'List of Marine MoUusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador

to Texas'' William J. Clench came across several names given

by Dr. Dall of species which had never been described, but

which had appeared as nomina nuda in faunistic literature.

On communicating with me concerning these names, I looked

up the type lots, and wrote out descriptions of the three species

in question, which appear now, together with figures, in this

paper.

Modiolus (Amygdalum) sagittatus, new species. Plate 7, figs.

11, 12.

1889. Modiola picta sagittata Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 38.

[n.n.]

1934. Modiolus politus sagittatus, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

vol. 40, p. 28. [n.n.]

Shell rather small, thin, moderately inflated ; in outline ovate,

posteriorly broadly convex, anteriorly somewhat attenuated; in

general, similar in shape to Modiolus politus V. & S. Color

opaque ivory white, except for a triangular area running from

the beaks to the posterior margin, which is closely maculated

with longish, transparent spots. Umbos rather prominent,

situated one-eighth of the total length from the anterior end.

Surface smooth, glossy, without sculpture, except for micro-

scopic growth lines.

The holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 93999), from the Gulf of Mexico,

off Cape San Bias, Florida (U.S.B.F. sta. 2400) measures:

length 16.8 mm., height 9.0 mm., breadth 4.6 mm. A paratype,

from the same lot, has the following measurements: length 15.5

mm., height 7.9 mm., breadth 4.3 mm., while a specimen from

off Cape Florida (U.S.N.M. no. 93406) measures: length 17.9

mm., height 9.1 mm., breadth 4.6 mm.

This species has so far been found in only two areas, in 85

fathoms off Cape Florida, on the east coast of Florida, and in

111-196 fathoms off Cape San Bias, Florida, in the Gulf of

Mexico.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

128 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

Dall considered this a subspecies of Modiolus politus Verrill

and Smith. I believe it should be accorded specific rank, dif-

fering from that species in being less inflated, and in possessing

a different and unique pattern of color-markings. It is much

closer to M. pallidulus Dall from California, which has the same

general coloration, but it is not so prominent nor so contrasted.

Pseudomalaxis (Paurodiscus) lamellifera, new subgenus, new

species. Plate 7, figs. 8-10.

1889. Omalaxis lamellifera Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 148. [n.n.]

1892. Diseohelix (Discosolis) lamellifera, Dall, Trans. Wagner Free

Inst., vol. 3, p. 332. [n.n.]

1934. Omalaxis lamellifera, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.

40, p. 101. [n.n.]

Shell small, discoidal, flattened on the upper surface, broadly

umbilicate below, the early whorls slightly exserted above the

surface of the last whorl. Color greyish white, the periostracum

yellowish brown. Nuclear whorls smoothish, inverted (the

nucleus has been broken off since these characters were noted).

Postnuclear whorls, of which there are about three, have very

faint axial riblets, which gradually increase in strength, as does

the subsutural cord, which appears in the early whorls. The

last whorl is almost quadrangular, the right angles which bound

the peripherical surface marked by cordlike carinae; the upper

surface somewhat depressed at the suture, the lower surface

rounded at the edge of the umbilicus. The whole surface is

sculptured with prominent, rather closely set, retractively

curved ribs; they are more prominent, almost nodulose, where

they cross the carinae, and they are symmetrically arcuate on

the peripherical surface, between the carinae; near the mouth

the ribs are more closely and irregularly set, their prominence

being largely due to the folding of the periostracum. The mouth

has been broken away, but the broken aperture is rounded, while

the carinae give the outer edge an angular appearance.

The unique holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 426235) was dredged

in the Florida Straits in 205 fathoms, and measures 3 mm. in

width and 1 mm. in height.

This species was first placed by Dall under Omalaxis Deshayes.

This genus, however, whose type is 0. hifrons Desh., is quite a

different group, restricted to the Eocene, and having an orthos-

trophic nucleus. Three years later Dall transferred this species

to Diseohelix Dunker, a Mesozoic genus, also with an orthos-

April, 1935] the nautilus 129

trophic nucleus, according to Cossmann. Dall, however, made

a new subgenus, Discosolis, for the recent American forms,

Omalaxis nohilis Verrill and lamelUfera Dall.

Fischer, in erecting the subgenus Pseudomalaxis for Bifrontia

zanclaea Phil., confused under this species two forms, the

original B. zanclaea from the Tertiary of Sicily, and a living

form, with detached whorls, from the Mediterranean and

Madeira, which possesses a Torinioid operculum. Monterosato

(Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1913, p. 362) correctly

restricted Pseudomalaxis to the fossil form, raising it to generic

rank, and describing a recent species from the Mediterranean,

P. actoni, which closely resembles the fossil type species, and

is even more closely related to P. nobilis Verrill from our coast.

Discosolis, therefore, becomes a synonym of Pseudomalaxis.

Pseudomalaxis lamelUfera, although related to P. nobilis, dif-

fers in several important respects, and needs to be placed in

a new subgenus, which may be called Paurodiscus, differing

from Pseudomalaxis s. s. in the following respects: shell much

smaller; axial sculpture much stronger, and no spiral sculpture

(as in nobilis) ; umbilical carina absent.

Dall placed in Discosolis also a species from the Caloosahatchie

Pliocene, D. retifera (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. 3, 1892,

p. 332, pi. 19, figs. 1, lb, Ic), which differs in having strong spiral

striae nodulating the axial ribs, and in possessing a very strong

umbilical carina, which is heavily denticulated. This may form

the type of a genus which I shall call Calodisculus, and which I

place near Architectonica; in the general nature of the sculp-

ture, and in the form of the umbilical keel, it seems closer to

this genus than to Pseudomalaxis.

Sayella livida, new species. Plate 7, fig. 7.

1893. Sayella livida Dall, Singley, Fourth Ann. Eep. Geol. Survey Texas,

p. 343. [n.n.]

1934. Sayella livida, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 40, p.

159. [n.n.]

Shell small, elongate-ovate, straw-yellow, with a rather wide,

subsutural, white band. Nuclear whorls about IJ, inverted,

colorless, glassy, smooth. The remaining 6J whorls moderately

convex, smooth except for fine growth lines, and crowded micro-

scopic spiral sculpture; whorls closely appressed at the suture,

130 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

which is rather fine; last whorl half the length of the shell, its

suture considerably below the periphery of the preceding whorl,

giving the shell a constricted appearance in the middle. Aper-

ture rather small, obliquely ovate; lip thin, thickening ante-

riorly, and passing into the base of the columella which is twisted

into a strong fold ; this part of the peristome is of a red-brown

color, as is the area immediately surrounding the base of the

columella.

The holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 125556), which was collected at

Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, by J. A. Singlej^, measures 3.6 mm.

in height, and 1.6 in width. A paratype from the same lot

measures : height 4 mm., width 1.7 mm.

This is very close to Sayella hemphilli Dall, from Cedar Keys,

Florida, but is less inflated, and has a constricted appearance

in the penultimate whorl, mentioned in the description above.

The examination of more material, however, from the region

between the localities of the two species, may show that the

tAYO forms are actually one.

Dall placed Sayella in the Ellobiidae, but it seems that they

really belong in the Pyramidellidae, and near the group that

has been called Syrnola, containing S. fusca C. B. Adams,

'product a C. B. Adams, and related species. Bartsch referred

these species to Syrnola with some doubt, and it seems probable

that they should be removed from this genus, which has as a

tj^pe a Japanese species of quite different appearance. It is

possible that these species will find a place in the genus Sayella;

a problem, however, that for the present I will not attempt to

solve.

WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS, WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS

JUNIUS HENDERSON

Goniobasis orickensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 10.

Shell solid, much resembling an elongate, slender G. circum-

lineata Tryon; surface dull, growth lines coarse; young speci-

mens and upper whorls of adults dark reddish brown, due to

coalescence of two or more dark color bands, often with a lighter

band just below the suture; lower whorls horn colored, light

brown or with a slight greenish cast, bands obsolete except a dark

THE NAUTILUS 48 (4)

PLATE 7

1, Liguiis blaiuianus pilsbryi CI. 2, L. flamiiiellus russeli CI. 3, L. fascia-

tus mariae CI. 4, L. fasciatus deekevti CI. 5, Phvsa gouldi CI. 6, Plaeosty-

lus acutus CI. 7, Savella livida Rhdr. 8-10, Pseudonialaxis lamellifera Rhdr.

11, 12, Modiolus sagittatiis Rhdr.

April, 1935] the nautilus 131

red basal band persisting internally and showing as a large

terminal spot within the aperture at base of columella on nearly

all but the largest specimens; whorls probably 9 or 10 (no com-

plete adults available), somewhat convex; suture well impressed;

a very few young examples with apex nearly complete show

several rude, irregular axial plicae, lacking in most specimens;

many examples exhibit a few spiral striae, with flat bands be-

tween, much as in circiimlineata; aperture white within, or

marked with brownish-red bands, especially in the young ; colum-

ella usually purple.

Holotype, from Redwood Creek, Orick, California, University

of Colorado Museum, No. 17710-a, a slender example: Alt. 20

mm., with several whorls wanting, probably original length about

23 mm. or more ; diam. 11.5 mm. Many topotypes, same collec-

tion. Figured specimens, same collection, No. 17703-a, from a

creek 26 miles east of Areata, California, by winding mountain

road, almost certainly Redwood Creek: Alt. 24.5 mm., several

apical whorls missing; diam., 10 and 9 mm. respectively. It is

abundant at both localities. We found it also in Willow Creek,

Trinity River drainage, next valley east of Redwood Creek, and

m a small creek 7 miles north of Orick.

This species differs from G. yrekensis in the absence of regular

plicae, in surface texture, and in the presence of the conspicuous

red spot at the base of the columella. It differs from G. circum-

lineata in the red spot, color bands and its more slender form. It

differs from G. shastaensis Lea, from the Umpqua River in its

lack of more or less regular spiral threads and lack of numerous

regular axial plicae on the upper whorls. It is larger, more

robust than the form identified as G, draytonii Lea, from Cali-

fornia, and in the color bands, red spot and rougher surface.

It is confined to the drainage indicated herein, so far as I know.

Goniobasis coquillensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 6.

Shell small, slender, graceful ; color tan, with a broad, brown

peripheral band ; whorls 9 or 10, quite convex, suture deeply im-

pressed; some examples with a few obscure axial plicae on the

uppermost whorls, which are usually quite smooth ; last 3 whorls

closely wound with fine, rather regular, threadlike striae, some-

times a little stronger just below the suture, often somewhat

decussated by fine growth lines ; aperture roundly ovate, nearly

132 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

one-third the total length of shell, white within; outer lip

scarcely sinuous.

Holotype, University of Colorado Museum, No. 21167-a, creek

at Riverton, on Coquille River, Oregon : Alt. 16 mm. ; diam. 5.5

mm.; length of aperture 5 mm.; width 4 mm. Figured para-

types, same collection and locality. No. 21168-b. Topotypes ex-

amined by me, possibly from same creek, labelled ''creek W. of

Riverton Mine, Riverton, Ore.," in the Hannibal collection at

Stanford University. Other localities, Hannibal collection, Stan-

ford : a small creek at Coquille ; Five Mile Creek, Coos Bay ; creek

at Blacklock Point, Cape Blanco; Hubbard Creek, three-fourth

mile south of Port Orford ; head of west branch of South Slough,

Coos Bay ; and Five Mile Creek, south of Bandon ; all in Oregon.

Typically this form seems to be confined to the Coquille River

drainage, flowing into Coos Bay, and small streams flowing into

the ocean southward to Port Orford. It is readily distinguished

from G. shastaensis Lea from the Umpqua drainage and south-

ward, by its much smaller size, more slender form, more convex

whorls, deeper suture, and almost total absence of plicae and

striae from the upper whorls. At Riverton, I obtained in the

Coquille River a fine lot of about the same general appearance

and characters, except that all but the last two whorls are regu-

larly and rather strongly plicate, seeming possibly to connect

coquillensis with shastaensis as a subspecies. Two of them are

figured for comparison Plate 4, fig. 7. Many lots of shastaensis

have much weaker plicae than the typical form, but differ from

coquillensis in other respects, and are readily distinguished even

in colonies within the range of coquillensis south of Bandon.

Goniobasis chacei, new species. Plate 4, figs. 8, 9.

Shell quite small, slender, rather smooth ; surface dull or some-

what polished ; color medium to dark brown, often with a broad,

obscure, darker peripheral band, which shows more clearly within

the aperture ; whorls 7 or 8, less convex and much smoother than

in G. coquillensis (which it resembles in size and shape) and

suture less deeply impressed; apical whorls mostly with a few

rude, irregular axial plicae; last 2 or 3 whorls with 3 or 4 fine

striae just below the suture, and usually a few very much finer

striae below them; growth lines scarcely disceriiable on some

April, 1935] the nautilus 133

specimens ; aperture roundly or elongately ovate, about one- third

the total length of shell, more or less discolored within.

HolotjHpe, Univ. Colo. Museum, No. 18058-a, small tributary of

Smith River, Adams Station, Del Norte Co., Calif. : Alt. 12 mm.

(apex wanting, original alt. about 14 or 15 mm.) ; diam., 5.5 mm.

Figured paratype. No. 18058-b, and topotypes, No. 18058, from

same lot. There are specimens in the same collection, also from

Mr. and Mrs. Chace, from Smith River at Hiouchi Bridge and

from a small stream near the bridge ; a small creek near Patrick

Creek, Smith River Canyon; Craig's Creek, (a tributary of Smith

River), and a branch of Craig's Creek; Bear Creek; Mill Creek,

4 miles east of Crescent City (not quite typical) ; all in Del Norte

Co., Calif. In the Hannibal collection, Stanford University,

there are specimens from a creek flowing into Lake Earle 4J miles

north of Crescent City, another creek flowing past Wakefield

Corners 2J miles north of Crescent City, and a creek half a mile

north of Lake Earle School, Calif.

This local form is typically confined to Del Norte County, so

far as I know. It is smaller than the form identified as draytonii,

differs in the presence of axial plicae on the upper whorls and

spiral striae. Specimens from north of Wedderburn (Chace),

and from first large creek north of Pistol River, a spring a mile

south of Pistol River, a small creek between Chetco River and

Harbor, Belling Creek at Illahe on Rogue River, and a small

creek 10^ miles north of Weddenburn, (all in H. Hannibal collec-

tion, Stanford University), all in southwestern Oregon; seem

closely related, but differ slightly in sculpture and are olive or

greenish in color, a few showing two narrow bands on the last

whorl and within the aperture. The same is true of a few from

Roach Creek, northern Humboldt County, Calif., collected by

Dr. W. G. Cooper (Stanford University collection). A lot from

Patrick Creek, a mile and a half above Smith River, is typical in

color, but almost devoid of spiral triae. These are all very puz-

zling and their relationship to other forms not at all clear.

G. coquillensis, though similar to chacei in size and form, is

readily distinguished by its strong, rather regular, spiral striae.

I at first supposed chacei to be draytonii, but it is certainly not

the same as the material identified under that name from else-

134 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

where in northern California. Some lots strongly suggest af-

finity with the narrow forms of nigrina.

Goniobasis acutifilosa pittensis, new subspecies. Plate 4, fig. 11.

Shell rather small, solid; reddish brown, a little lighter just

below the suture ; surface dull and rough ; spire tapering rather

rapidly ; whorls probably about 8, somewhat convex ; growth lines

coarse and irregular; spiral raised lines variable, often wanting

or obscure. A few of the 21 specimens examined show one sharp,

slightly interrupted spiral rib, or two, on the whorls, much like

those of G. acutifilosa Stearns, with the same sort of flattened,

non-sculptured zone between the upper spiral of the last whorl

and the suture. It seems to be clearly related to acutifilosa, the

shell being the same shape, but the spirals are even less developed

than in G. a. siskiyouensis Pilsbry, from the headquarters of

Fall River. The apical whorls are missing from all specimens.

Type and only known locality. Fall Eiver Mills, at mouth of

Fall River, on Pitt River, California, collected by Ellsworth

Bethel. Associated with it were two nearly typical specimens of

acutifilosa. Holotype University of Colorado Museum, No.

12080-a: Alt. 17 mm., original altitude probably about 22 mm.;

diam. 9 mm. Figured paratypes, same collection. No. 12080-b.

Plate 4

Fig. 1. Goniobasis hemphilli, n. sp. Near Portland, Oregon.

Left, holotype. Right, paratype.

Fig. 2. Goniobasis hemphilli dallesensis, n. subsp. The

Dalles, Oregon. Paratypes.

Figs. 3, 4. Goniobasis yrekensis, n. sp. Shasta River, Cali-

fornia. 3, holotype. 4, paratypes.

Fig. 5. Goniobasis yrekensis. Klamath River, 4 miles east

of Klamath, California.

Fig. 6. Goniobasis coquillensis, n. sp. Near Riverton, Ore-

gon. Left, holotype. Right, paratype.

Fig. 7. Goniobasis shastaensis Lea, var. Riverton, Oregon.

(For comparison).

Fig. 8. Goniobasis chacei, n. sp. Smith River, Adams, Ore-

gon. Left, holotype. Right, paratype.

Fig. 9. Goniobasis chacei. Rogue River, Illahe Oregon.

Fig. 10. Goniobasis orickensis n. sp. Orick, California.

Middle, holotype. Right and left, paratypes.

Fig. 11. Goniobasis acutifilosa pittensis, n. subsp. Mouth of

Fall River, Fall River Mills, California. Left, holotype. Mid-

dle and right, paratypes.

April, 1935] the nautilus 135

JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS, 4

BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER

(Plates 8, 9)

The first paper of this series appeared in the first number

of vol. 48 ; the symbols used for localities are explained on pages

7 to 9. In the following key to the Jamaican groups of Sag-

dinae, defining new subgenera, the abbreviated labels of pi. 8,

fig. 1 are used.

A., appendix of penis (convoluted inside connective tissue

sheath so that tip is attached to side of PA) ; C, carrefour;

D, vas deferens; E, epiphallus (demarcated from PE by simple

constriction; develops capsules of spermatophore) ; F, flagellum

(structure as in Hojeda but more complex; develops fringed

tail of spermatophore); FA, accessory flagellum; G, albumen

gland; H, hermaphroditic duct; M, prostate; 0, ovotestis; P,

trunk of penis; PA, appendicular branch of penis (tip of

evaginated organ in most species; with thickened rim around

entrance of A.) ; PE, epiphallar branch of penis (usually not

evaginated; apparently develops apical spine of spermatophore) ;

PR, penial retractor (origin from diafram) ; S, spermathecal

sac; SD, spermathecal duct (slender part); SR, spermathecal

retractors (origins from ring around base of albumen gland) ;

SS, secondary spermatheca (enlarged stalk; contains spermato-

phore in one species) ; T, atrium ; U, oviduct (uterus + free

oviduct) ; V, vagina.

A(B) g. Yolvidens, type Y. tichostoma (Pfr.) ; anatomy un-

known ; shell with parietal lamella. Also with palatal and basal

teeth; type F. triodon n. sp. sg. Trifaux new.

B(A) g. Hyalosagda; anatomy fundamentally like that of

Proserpinula; shell without parietal lamella. (I) smaller species

(excl. s.s.) ; apparently oviparous; pr inserted on side of e; f

more flattened (with 1 or 2 series of caeca) ; jaw plaited. (H)

mantle collar not broadly expanded; shell perforate to umbili-

cate (excl. osculans and simplex). (F) sg. Lacteoluna; f shorter

than p+pe+e; most radular marginals with pointed entocones.

(E) pr inserted considerably below entrance of d. (D) later

shell whorls with irregular, coarse growth-wrinkles that collect

dirt. (C) protoconch with sharp spirals on last whorls; type

H. selenina (Gld.) st. Lacteoluna Fils.

C(B) protoconch with irregular pits and obsolescent spirals;

type H. subpyramidalis (C.B.A.), inch (animal unknown) R.

(Vilitas) omissa (Pils.) st. Aerotrochus Pils.

136 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

D(B) later shell whorls with clean rib-striae like Strialuna

but more arcuate; protoconch smoothish with growth-lines most

prominent sculpture; type H. epistyliulum (C.B.A.)

St. Microsagda new.

E(B) protoconch with forwardly and backwardly oblique

threads separated by similarly arranged pits; later whorls with

very fine, sharp, close rib-striae (type also with distant riblets) ;

pr near d; type H. diminuta (C.B.A.) st. Strialuna Pils.

F(B) f longer than p+pe+e. (G) mantle with some black

pigment; protoconch smoothish with traces of x-lines and

slightly stronger spirals; later whorls with sharp criss-cross

diagonal threads; outer radular marginals with pointed ento-

cones; jaw thin; type H. antJioniana (C.B.A.)

sg. Stauroglypta new.

G(F) mantle jet black, visible through almost smooth, trans-

parent shell ; maiginals rarely with entocones ; jaw with central

plaits thickened; type H. similis (C.B.A.)

sg. Hyalosagda Albers.

H(B) g. Proserpinula Albers, type P. discoidea (C.B.A.);

mantle collar broadly expanded, capable of covering part of

shell ; radular marginals with largest cone spatulate and apically

bifid (pi. 8 f. 2) ; shell imperforate, very smooth with thin

epidermis.

1(B) g. Sagda; larger species or without transparent shell;

ovoviviparous (all?) ; pr inserted at base of e; f long and more

rounded; jaw striate; radular marginals rarely with entocones;

shell imperforate. (K) secretive species with whitish to grayish,

thinner integument; sd attached to tip of ss and paralleled

by sr to base of g ; f a not much longer than width of e ; a. not

excessively long; t short; shell with narrow whorls and with

basal and columnar lamellae usually present. (J) pa longer

than pe ; shell with less swollen last whorl and less convex base ;

type S. jay ana (C.B.A.) st. Parahelix v. Iher.

J (I) pa shorter than pe; shell with swollen last whorl and

convex base; x-striae usually evident; type = ^. cookiana (Gm.)

st. Sagda Beck.

K(I) g. Zaphysema; usually active species with thick, colored

(olive to reddish) integument; sd attached below tip of ss which

extends to base of g; t about as long as pe; shell brownish,

hirsute at some stage. (L) fa as long as e; pa longer than

pe but a. not excessively long; shell quite closely coiled, often

with peripheral internal lamina; type Z. lamelliferum (C.B.A.)

sg. Meiophysema new.

L(K) fa often large; pa shorter than pe and a. several times

as long as animal; shell with rapid whorl increase and without

laminae; type Z. tenerrimum (C.B.A.) sg. Zaphysema Pils.

April, 1935] the nautilus 137

Volvidens (Trifaux) triodon new species. Plate 8, figs. 9 to 11.

Shell minute, umbilicate, with low domed spire and high

narrow whorls ; whitish corneous but collecting dirt. Embryonic

whorls 2J; apical | (li sutural count) very rapidly increasing

to form a small cap which is partly hidden by next whorl and

limited by a sulcus; remainder with spiral rows of extremely

fine points. Later whorls shouldered above and below with (at

least on last) a sulcus midway between; with irregularly spaced

major threads (32 on last) and extremely fine, very irregular,

very closely spaced, minor wrinkles which are often beaded

although continuous spirals are lacking; accumulating dirt so

as to give at least the appearance of deciduous growth riblets.

Umbilicus 3.9 times in maj. diam. Aperture trefoil; peristome

sharp and almost vertical, with just behind it a palatal nodule

opposite the sulcus and a basocolumellar one; parietal wall

(penult wh.) with a low rounded lamella which is present

as deep as visible and emerges y^ whorl. Alt. of type (figs.)

1.75 mm., maj. diam. 150 (2.63 mm.), min. diam. 141 (2.46 mm.),

alt. apert. 52 (.91 mm.), diam. apert. 110 (1.00 mm.), with 5i

whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163915) : WWF.

Hyalosagda (Strialuna) haplotrema new species. Plate 8, figs.

4 to 6.

Shell with IJ embryonic whorls about half again as large

as in H. sincera, and very sharply but similarly sculptured.

Later whorls more evenly rounded, with subequal, extremely

fine, sharp, close rib-striae and without tendency towards major

riblets that especially characterize var. diminuta. Umbilicus

relatively larger (3.2 times in maj. diam.). Peristome sharp

almost vertical, little arcuate. Alt. of type (figs.) 1.99 mm.,

diam. 191 (3.81 mm.), min. diam. 178 (3.55 mm.), alt. apert.

69 (1.38 mm.), diam. apert. 104 (1.44 mm.), with 4i whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163916) : MN3c. H. haplotrema

superficially resembles H. inconspicua (C.B.A.) but the latter

has whorls shouldered above and below, a relatively smaller

umbilicus and much more arcuate rib-striae and peristome.

Sagda kingswoodi new species. Plate 9, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell small and thin, straw-colored. Spire convex, noticeably

lower than height of last whorl; first li whorls almost smooth,

remainder with weak growth-wrinkles becoming almost obsolete

below periphery, crossed by microscopic, obliquely criss-cross

striae (as usual in Sagda s.s.). Last whorl high, weakly suban-

138 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

gulate ; base very convex, narrowly but deeply funicular. Basal

lamina (fig. 6) thin but continuous, stopping about X2 whorl

inside of peristome and extending almost f whorls; columellar

lamella steeply inclined and quite high, stopping about i whorl

inside and extending i whorl. Alt. of type (fig. 7) 11.5 mm.,

maj. diam. 118 (13.6) min. diam. 114 (13.1 mm.) ; almost 7

whorls. Dimensions of another: 11.2, 127 (14.5), 121 (13.8);

7i whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163918) : WC2, along buttresses of a

silk-cotton tree. S. kingswoodi has a much more impressed base

than any other species of Sagda s.s. except S. cookiana, which

is a much larger species with an interrupted basal lamina.

S. (Parahelix) connectans catadupae new subspecies. Plate 9,

figs. 10, 11.

Shell smaller and usually more elevated, with more convex

spire and with coarser growth-wrinkles. Lamellae (fig. 10)

much as in typical S. connectans. Alt. of type (fig. 11) 13.1

mm., maj. diam. 128 (16.7 mm.), min. diam. 123 (16.1 mm.);

8i whorls. Dimensions of another: 11.8, 143 (16.9), 138 (16.3) ;

almost 8 whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163919) : VW2. In sculpture and form,

this subspecies slightly approaches S. epistylioides (Fer.).

S. (P.) occidentalis new species. Plate 9, figs. 3 to 5.

Shell heavy, low (type) to medium (fig. 5) in height; base

moderately concave. Growth sculpture above periphery of post-

embryonic whorls about as coarse as in S. maxima, weaker on

last whorl and obsolete below periphery; microscopic criss-cross

striae obsolete. Internal lamellae (fig. 4) situated much as in

8. connectans and 8. epistylioides but shorter; basal lamina

stopping i whorl from peristome, high for i whorl but visible

for almost J whorl more; columellar lamella about f whorl in

length and reaching to wdthin J whorl of peristome, heavy,

low and with outer side almost vertical. Alt. of type (fig. 3)

18.8 mm., maj. diam. 139 (26.1 mm.), min. diam. 127 (23.9 mm.),

with 7| whorls; dimensions of fig. 5 : 19.7, 122 (24.1), 116 (22.8)

with 8i.

Type locality (ANSP. 163920) : WWF. Although super-

ficially similar to young shells of 8. maxima in appearance,

8. occidentalis is structurally almost intermediate between the

connect ans-epistylioides and the jayana-adamsiana-montegoensis

April, 1935] the nautilus 139

groups. It is nearest S. epistylioides but has considerably

weaker and more irregular growth wrinkles.

S. (P.) spei portlandensis new subspecies. Plate 9, figs. 8 and 9.

Shell with more conoid apex and less convex outlines.

Columellar lamella (fig. 8) low and rounded but more extensive,

forming a weak but distinct swelling on the peristome. Alt.

of type (fig. 9) 19.4 mm., maj. diam. 110 (21.3 mm.), min.

diam. 104 (20.2 mm.), with 9i whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163921) : EEJb. This subspecies ap-

proaches 8. torrefacta (C.B.A.) in both of its points of difference

from typical 8. spei.

S. (P.) maxima jacobensis new subspecies. Plate 9, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell with finer and weaker growth wrinkles and thus appear-

ing smoother than typical, coarsely sculptured 8. maxima. Alt.

of type (fig. 1) 28.4 mm., maj. diam. 110 (31.3 mm.) min. diam.

99 (28.1 mm.), with 8i whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163922). VF. This subspecies some-

what approaches ;S'. alligans (C.B.A.) in appearance but com-

pletely lacks lamellae (fig. 2).

Brachypodella (Geoscala) costulata savlamari new subspecies.

Plate 8, fig. 3.

Shell with less pronounced suture and with more closely

spaced ribs (18 on last adnate wh. ; 10 on *'neck"), which are

weak or obsolete near middle of last 2 or 3 whorls; last half

whorl deeply sulcate. Alt. of type (fig.) 6.61, diam. 2.52, diam.

spire 2.11, alt. last wh. 2.87, alt. apert. 1.41, diam. apert. 1.58

mm., with 7^ whorls remaining (+7^).

Type locality (ANSP. 163928) : WCl. Except in size, this

subspecies is intermediate between typical B. costulata and

B. rohertsi.

Cepolis (Dialeuca) conspersula negrilensis new subspecies.

Shell nearest C. c. platystyla (Pfr.) but smaller with more

convex outlines ; last whorl weakly subangulate. Color brownish

corneous with dark brown subsutural band; last whorl with

darker varices and irregular series of small chalky blotches.

Alt. of type 14.1 mm., maj. diam. 124 (17.5 mm.), min. diam.

Ill (15.7 mm.), alt. apert. 50 (7.1 mm.), diam. apert. 151 (10.7

140 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

mm.), 5^ whorls. Type lot varying from 16.4x103 (16.9 mm.)

with 6 wh. to 11.6x135 (15.5 mm.) with 5 whorls.

Type locality (ANSP. 163924) : WWC.

BURROWING OF SNAILS

BY DAVID T. JONES

Associate Professor of Zoology

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

While testing temperature reactions of the tiger snail,

Anguispira alternata (Say), in December of 1932, it was noted

that this snail followed a somewhat regular procedure in bur-

rowing which was correlated with certain temperatures. Con-

tinuing these observations in December, 1934, I found Utah

snails behaved somewhat similarly. The work on A. alternata

was done in the Zoology Department of Indiana University,

with snails secured the same day from the campus. At Utah,

the snails had to be collected several weeks prior to the experi-

ments, but they were kept in cool places under conditions as

nearly normal as possible. The specimens of Oreohelix depressa

(Cockerell) and Discus anthonyi (Pilsbry) came from City

Creek Canyon near Salt Lake City, those of Physa ampullacea

Gould and Stagnicola nuttalliana (Lea) came from the Weber

River at Gateway, and those of Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould)

from Oakley, Utah, farther up Weber Canyon.^

All tests were made out-of-doors using a liter Erlenmeyer

flask, fitted with a two-holed rubber stopper, one hole com-

municating with the exterior, the other containing a two-inch

immersion Centigrade thermometer. Loose soil was placed in

the bottom of the flask in all cases. In the case of aquatic

snails the sediment was allowed to settle before beginning the

experiment. In the case of land snails, the soil and the sides

of the flask were moistened to maintain 100% relative humidity.

The barometric pressure was not controlled but was allowed

to vary naturally with weather and altitude, as specimens of

i^'Mollusks from Weber Canyon" by David T. Jones, Proc. Utah Acad..

Sci., Arts, and Letters, forthcoming Vol. XII, 1935.

THE NAUTILUS: 48 (4)

PLATE 8

Plate 8. Lppermost scale is for figs. 7 and 8, second for fig-. 2, third for

fig. 2T, fourth for fig. 1, fifth for fig. 3, sixth for fig. 6 and lowest for fig.

11; second represents .05 mm., third .2 mm., and the others 5 mm

1, 2. Proserpinula discoidea. 3. Brachypodella costulata savlamari. 4-6

H.yalosagda haplotrema. 7. H. spreta, EJ2. 8. H. angustispira, EEJ.'

y-11. Volvidens triodon.

THE NAUTILUS: 48 (4)

PLATE 9

IP

10

II

Plate 9. Upper scale is for figs. 1-5, lower for figs. 6-11; each represents

2 cm. Photographed by Alfred Zimmerman.

1, 2. Sagda maxima jacobensis. 3-5. S. occidentalis. 6, 7. S. kingswoodi.

8, 9. S. spei x^ortlandensis. 10, 11. S. connectans catadupae.

April, 1935] the nautilus 141

depressa, shipped from Utah to Indiana in 1932, did not react

well under changed environmental conditions. The behavior of

the snails was checked while the temperature was dropping and

again while it was rising. Activity was found to be practically-

identical in the two cases at the same temperature. Cooling

extended usually over a period of about two hours in each test,

and was aided in the lower stages by placing the flask in a

salty ice mash when necessary. In the case of aquatic species,

snow and ice were slowly added to the water.

The number of each species varied with the specimens avail-

able, as * follows : alternata, five tests with 60 snails in all ;

depressa, five tests with 41 snails; anthonyi^ three tests with

six snails ; ampullacea, three tests with seven snails ; and vermi-

cularis, four tests with 20 snails. Not all snails reacted each

time. D. antlionyi, in particular, seemed very difficult to arouse

from hibernation, though it reacted well when aroused. In each

trial in the case of the land snails a few individuals would go

back in the shell, seal the aperture with an epiphragm, and make

no attempt to burrow.

The land snails examined showed two quite definite periods

of activity, the high period being somewhere near or just below

room temperature, the low period being close to or just above

the freezing point. As near as I could determine the high

period of activity was as follows : for alternata, 13 to 10 degrees

C; for depressa, 19 to 11; for anthonyi, 24 to 16. Just below

this temperature is a sluggish period, followed by the low period

of activity which is as follows : for alternata, 4 to 1 degree C. ;

for depressa, 8 to 3 ; for antlionyi 11 to 4. Below this lower limit

there is still sluggish activity. Probably burrowing continues

underground for some degrees below zero Centigrade.

Discus antlionyi has not been observed to burrow yet, though,

no doubt, it does. Probablj^ as often, however, it will seal itself

to a leaf or twig, and remain dormant, after having formed the

usual epiphragms. Oreohelix depressa starts burrowing by lift-

ing adhering particles of dirt with the sole of its foot. As these

are moved aside the shell is usually turned edgewise and wedged

in the excavation. The process is then repeated at the side

of the shell, until the shell is covered. A. alternata goes down

142 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4)

in much the same way, but has the peculiar habit of clustering

at about 4 degrees C. These snail clusters, composed of varying

numbers of individuals, then go downward as a ball of shells

and writhing snails. "While it is very difficult to observe what

is happening to individuals in such an aggregation, it seems

that the large snails do most of the excavating, and the small

ones follow afterward down the same hole. One should con-

sider though that relatively the larger ones would apparently

do the more work, and would appear to go down faster anyway.

In A. alternata all active snails are usually buried at zero C,

but in 0. depressa complete covering of active individuals is

usually at a lower temperature.

Of the aquatic snails examined the periods of activity are

not nearly so evident as in the land snails. In the case of

Stagnicola and Physa the problem is complicated by their com-

ing for air, even at temperatures near zero C. As the cold

increases they tend to stay near the bottom, but may be slug-

gishly active even with ice over the top of the vessel. The

silt on the bottom, loosened by the water, makes burrowing

relatively easy and mechanically simple, especially in a current

where it is washed over the snails. It is doubtful if aquatic

snails burrow deeply unless forced to do so by the water above

freezing solid.

NOTES AND NEWS

Cuttle Bone for Cultures of Helix nemoralis. — In cultures

of Helix nemoralis maintained at the Biological Institute of Har-

vard University, the snails frequently attacked one another for

the lime in the shells, the first two or three whorls of the shell

being removed. The losses due to such activity were greatly

reduced by the addition of a cuttle bone to each culture. The

snails had no difficulty with the soft material and it provided

a good source of lime. — ^R. A. McLean.

African Slugs. — Collinge in 1910 proposed a new family

Aperaidae for the genus Apera Heynemann, which is identical

with the earlier Chlamydephorus W. G. Binney. It was claimed

that the name proposed by Binney was preoccupied, having been

April, 1935] the nautilus 143

used for a genus of mammals. But the mammalian genus was

Chlamyphorus Harlan, 1825, and the name proposed by Binney

stands. The family appears to be well founded, and should be

called Chlamydephoridae. (Not Chlamydophoridae Gray, 1869,

which should have been written Chlamyphoridae).

Oopelta Morch appears to be correctly placed in a subfamily

Oopeltinae of Arionidae. The group must be considered

endemic in South Africa.

0. nigropunctata Morch was supposed to come from Guinea,

but Collinge received it from S. Africa and his identification

seems to be perfectly valid. Collinge also saw specimens of

0. aterrima (Gray), labelled 0. nigropunctata^ and said to be

from Guinea, but doubtless the locality was added to agree

with the species as identified.

Milax appears to be doubtfully native of South Africa though

it is apparently so in Morocco and Algeria. P. Hesse (1926)

divides the Parmacellinae into two groups, one containing

Parmacella and Boettgerilla, the other Milax and Aspidoporus.

It would seem better to treat the second division as a separate

subfamily, Milacinae. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

LioPLAx suBCARiNATA occmENTALis, ucw subspccics. — The

shell is larger, more acutely conic than L. suhcarinata, the

summit perfect or nearly so, and the spiral striation weaker;

the umbilicus is often larger. Length 20 mm., diam. 14 mm.;

5 whorls (+ one lost). Cincinnati, Ohio, type 123539 ANSP.

This form was figured by W. G. Binney, Land and Freshwater

Shells of N. A., part 3, figs. 119, 120, as L. suhcarinata, which

is a species of the Atlantic drainage, type locality Delaware

Eiver. Dr. James Lewis was the first to suggest the propriety

of separating the western race from the eastern. Paludina

sulculosa Menke, 1828, was said to be from Cincinnati collected

by Beschke, but the description agrees fully with the Philadel-

phian, and not with the western form, in exactly those characters

wherein the two chiefly differ, that is, the eroded apex and the

decussate sculpture. Since Beschke sent shells from both Phila-

delphia and Cincinnati to Menke, it seems likely that a mistake

was made in the locality. The dimensions given for sulculosa

144 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 48 (4)

agree with young males from the Delaware River. L. s. occiden-

talis is a common snail in Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. — Pilshry.

Chondropoma gnote, new name for C. soror Pils., 1933, Proc.

A.N.S. Phila. vol. 85, p. 124, not C. soror Pils., 1930, P.A.N.S.

Phila. vol. 82, p. 299. Dr. Bartsch has kindly called my atten-

tion to this duplication of names. — Pilsbry.

Mr. W. F. Webb is spending the winter at St. Petersburg,

Florida, where he will be glad to see shell collectors at 2210

12th St.

The Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Malacologi-

CAL Union. — The fifth annual meeting of the American Mala-

cological Union will be held in the Buffalo Museum of Science,

Humboldt Park, Buffalo, New York, Thursday to Saturday, June

27 to 29, 1935.

In addition to the usual business sessions and reading of pa-

pers, the tentative program provides for a lecture at the Museum

on Thursday evening, the annual dinner at Hotel Statler Friday

evening, and two field trips on Saturday. East Aurora, made

famous by Elbert Hubbard as the Home of the Koy crofters, fine

art craftsmen, w^ill be visited Saturday morning, with luncheon

at the Roycroft Inn. Here Cazenovia Creek will be explored

with its abundant molluscan fauna including Radix auricularia.

In the afternoon Niagara Falls will be the objective where mol-

lusks live on the spray-washed rocks as well as in the river itself.

The meeting will be officially disbanded here.

Hotels : — Statler, Delaware Avenue at Niagara Square ; single

room with shower, $3.00; double, $5.00, $5.50; single, with

shower and tub, $3.00 ; double, $5.00 ; twin beds, $6.00. Lenox,

140 North Street, single without bath, $1.50; double, $2.50;

single with bath, $2.00, $2.50 ; double, $3.50. Lafayette, Wash-

ington and Clinton Streets, (down town), single with bath, $2.50,

$3.00, $3.50; double, $4.00, $5.00, $6.00.

Annual dinner at Hotel Statler, $1.50. Please send titles of

papers and time required to Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Buffalo

Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, New York.

Vol. XLVIII JULY, 1934 No. 1

THF

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

On the Sonoran side of the Gulf. By H. N. Lowe 1

A conchological Rip Van Winkle. By Fred Baker 5

Jamaican land snails. By Burrington Baker 6

Pliocene fresh-water fossils of the Kettleman Hills and

neighboring Californian oil fields. By H. A. Filshry 15

New Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada: I.

California, Oregon and other western states.

By Frank C. Baker 17

The Folygyra tridentata complex. By A. F. Archer 20

Notes on the life history of Pleurocera canaliculatum undu-

latum Say. By Samuel B. Magruder 26

A new Florida pearly fresh-water mussel.

By Berlin Hart Wright 28

Boston Malacological Club 29

Charles Curry Allen. By D. L. Emery 31

Notes and news 33

Publications received 34

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

WANTED TO PURCHASE

Private Collections of Eecent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value

in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species,

land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.

Wanted: Planorhis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon, and

Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in material

from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural His-

tory Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NAUTmus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for

species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France.

For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others,

for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.

Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,

Glendale, California.

Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc.

Also Tertiary or Eecent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas.

H. B. Stenzel, p. 0. Box 151, College Station, Texas.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

THE NAUTILUS 111

Illustrated Catalogue of Sheils

In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page

illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few

left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of

charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.

Write now before it is too late.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

AN ANNOUNCEMENT!

The Index to The Nautilus— Part II

A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo-

graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers

the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to

issue this index every ten years.

The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper

and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with

paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H.

Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages

with nearly 15,000 entries.

Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will

be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number

printed vdll depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that

order their copies mthin the next month or two. Please send orders promptly

to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Recent Inverte-

brates of the Carnegie Museum,

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index

to The Nautilus please sign the followdng order: —

I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check

or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind-

ing not included.

I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by

the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index

will not 1)6 printed and no responsibility will remain between the contracting

parties.

Signed,

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Depaxtment of Mollusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

Business established by Sowerby in 1861

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Good Adult-Specimens Correctly L,abelled at Moderate Prices

Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for

Bef erence and as Check-Lists.

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

A General Index to THE NAUTILUS

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant

Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400

pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XLVIII OCTOBER, 1934 No. 2

T H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Restoration of shell parts by the painted snail, Polymita picta

Bom. By E. A. Andrews 37

On the Sonoran side of the Gulf (concluded).

By H. N. Lowe 43

Land and freshwater shells from the vicinity of Yakima,

Washington. By Walter J. Eyerdam 46

The Polygyra tridentata complex (concluded). By A. F.

Archer 49

Notes on the nomenclature of Hawaiian Helicinidae. By

Henry A. Pilshry and C. Montague Cooke, Jr 53

Terrestrial and freshwater gastropods of the Alleghany State

Park in New York State. By M. E. Pinney and R. E.

Coker 55

Jamaican land snails, 2. By H. Burrington Baker 60

Some desert helices of the genus Micrarionta. By H. A.

Pilshry and H. N. Lowe 67

A new Helicostyla from the Philippine Islands. By Thomas

L. McGinty 68

Notes and News 69

The fourth annual meeting of the American Malacological

Union 72

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

WANTED TO PURCHASE

Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value

in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species,

land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.

Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisovia group from California, Oregon, and

Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in material

from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural His-

tory Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NautHiUS. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for

species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others,

for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.

Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,

Glendale, California.

Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc.

Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas.

H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to

me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24%, Vedado-Habana, Cuba.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Illustrated Catalogue of Shells

In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page

illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few

left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of

charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.

Write now before it is too late.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

LIST OF MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE ATLANTIC

COAST FROM LABRADOR TO TEXAS

BY CHAELES W. JOHNSON

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History vol. 40, no. 1, p, 1-204.

Issued July 31, 1934. Price, $1.25.

For the first time a list of all the known forms of marine

mollusks found on the Atlantic coast has been compiled. The

major groups are listed; the genera and species are given, with

author and date of their description, and in the case of many

forms a brief statement of range, including depth, is made.

The paper contains an index and an excellent bibliography.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY

234 BERKELEY ST., BOSTON, MASS.

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Department of MoUusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

Business established by Sowerby in 1861

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Good Adult-Specimens Correctly L.abelled at Moderate Prices

Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for

Reference and as Check-Lists.

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWKRBY & FUIiTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

A General Index to The NAUTILUS

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Ball. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant

Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400

pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. L.ab., University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XLVIII JANUARY, 1935 No. 3

THF

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINGTON BAKER. Associate Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

The first Pacific Conchologist. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr 73

The Red Shell Money of western Melanesia. By Walter J.

Eyerdam 76

Ecology of the Land Mollusca of Asheville, North Carolina.

By A. F. Archer 77

Jamaican Land Snails, 3. By H. Burrington Baker 83

A further record of a chiton (Nuttallina) with nine valves.

By 8. Stillman Berry 89

Longevity of Mitra in captivity. By G. Dallas Hanna and

Leo George Hertlein 90

Western and Southwestern Amnicolidae and a new Hum-

boldtiana. By H. A. Pilshry 91

West American species of Goniobasis. By Junius Hender-

son 94

A Biochemical method of internally cleaning small mollus-

can shells. By Denis Tj. Fox 99

Aplexa hypnorum pilsbryi. By Stanley T. Brooks 100

Record of a Crystalline Style in two fresh-water Gastropods.

By Samuel B. Magruder 101

Edward Goss Humphrey. By J. Henry Blake 103

Dr. Howard P. Bellows 103

Notes and News 104

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

WANTED TO PURCHASE

Private Collections of Eecent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value

in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species,

land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter BPd, Detroit, Mich.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NAUTHiUS. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for

species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others,

for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.

Morris E, Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,

Glendale, California.

Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc.

Also Tertiary or Eecent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas.

H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to

me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24i^, Vedado-Habana, Cuba.

Wanted: Polygyrae of the Subgenus Stenotrema. Offered in exchange

American land snails chiefly from the Southern Appalachian Mts.

Allan F. Archer, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Wanted: Specimens with the animal of Menetus dilatatv^, M. sampsoni, or

varieties of these species. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona,

Mexico, and South America.

F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Illustrated Catalogue o£ Shells

In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page

illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few

left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of

charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.

Write now before it is too late.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

AN ANNOUNCEMENT!

The Index to The Nautilus— Part II

A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo-

graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers

the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to

issue this index every ten years.

The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper

and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with

paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H.

Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages

with nearly 15,000 entries.

Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will

be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number

printed will depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that

order their copies within the next month or two. Please send orders promptly

to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Eecent Inverte-

brates of the Carnegie Museum,

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index

to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —

I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check

or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind-

ing not included.

I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by

the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index

will not le printed and no responsibility wiU remain between the contracting

parties.

Signed,

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Department of Mollusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

Business established by Sowerby in 1861

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Good Adult- Specimens Correctly l.abelled at Moderate Prices

Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for

Befereuce and as Check-Lists.

HUGH C. FULTON

(I.ate SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

A General Index to The NAUTILUS

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant

Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400

pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

HORACE B. BAKER, ZooL I^ab., University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. XLVIII APRIL, 1935 No. 4

T H P

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : <^

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

The Effect of Pollution on Mollusks in Iowa. By B. Shimek 109

Gastropods of the Davis Mountains Vicinity in West Texas.

By Elmer P. Cheatum 112

New Mollusks from the Panamic Province. By Henry A.

Pilshry and Axel A. Olsson 116

New Races of Liguus from Florida and Cuba. By William

J. Clench 121

A New Subgenus and a New Species of Placostylus from the

Solomon Islands. By 17. J. Clench 126

New Caribbean Marine Shells. By Harald A. Behder 127

West American Species of Goniobasis, with Descriptions of

New Forms. By Junius Henderson 130

Jamaican Land Snails, 4. By H. Burrington Baker 135

Burrowing of Snails. By David T. Jones 140

Notes and News 142

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

WANTED TO PURCHASE

Private Collections of Eeeent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value

in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species,

land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter BPd, Detroit, Mich.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NautHjUS. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for

species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others,

for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS.

MoRHis E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street,

Glendale, California.

Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc.

Also Tertiary or Eeeent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas.

H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to

me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.

Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24^4, Vedado-Habana, Cuba.

Wanted: Specimens with the animal of Menetus dilatatus, M. sampsoni, or

varieties of these species. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona,

Mexico, and South America.

F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Illustrated Catalogue of Shells

In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page

illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few

left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of

charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.

Write now hefore it is too late.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

AN ANNOUNCEMENT!

The Index to The Nautilus— Part II

A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo-

graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers

the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to

issue this index every ten years.

The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper

and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with

paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H.

Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages

with nearly 15,000 entries.

Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will

be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number

printed will depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that

order their copies within the next month or two. Please send orders promptly

to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Recent Inverte-

brates of the Carnegie Museum,

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index

to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —

I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check

or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind-

ing not included.

I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by

the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index

will not he -printed and no responsibility will remain between the contracting

parties.

Signed,

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Department of Mollusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

Business established by Sowerby in 1861

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Reference and as Cheek-Lists.

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A General Index to THE NAUTILUS

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant

Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400

pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, Pa.

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