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THE '77^

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 62

JULY, 1948 to APRIL, 1949

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pa.

LANCASTEU PRF.SS, INC.. LANCASTER. PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Achatina fulica 29, 31

Acmaea langfordi Schweng-el 97

Argentina 114

Ariolimax eolumbianus, food 131

Arion circumscriptus 71

Arkansas 98

Atlantic 1, 73, 101

Bahamas, marine 1

California, inland 3, 17, 71, 105, 131

marines 105

California, Gulf of 37

Canada 128

Cepaea, color forms 116

Clapp, Dr. George H 143

Cuba 78

Cylindronenia Ehrmann, subg. of Nenia 104

Cypraeacea, Neogene, Japan 57

Dissentoma 142

Drillia roseobasis 103

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fairchildi Bequaert 114

Drymaeus multilineatus osmenti Clench 36

Edible mollusks 119

Elliptio complanatus 13, 36

Epitonium pilsbryi 142

Erosaria {Eavitrona) suhrostrata Hatai & Nisiyama 64

Florida, inland 36, 41

marine 73, 101

Fluck, William Henry 69

Fusinus spectrum 101

Guatemala 136

Gyr^aulus labiatus Leonard 45

Haliotidae 138

Hawaiian Islands (marines) 119

Helicina acohamhensis Pilsbry 100

Helicina chionea Pilsbry 101

Helicina huacapistana Pilsbry 101

Helicostyla florida mesai Jackson 40, 143

Helminthoglypta nickliniana 71

H. traskii phlyctaena 105

Hirase collection 34

Hyridella fannyae Johnson 47

iii

66052

IV THE NAUTILUS

Illinois 71

Introduced snails 20, 29, 31

Iowa 41

Isomeria ancstia Pilsbry 99

Isomeria anodonta Pilsbry 100

Jamaica 54

Japan 34, 57, 97

Kansas 41

Louisiana 20

Malacologic interest 25

Menetus pearlettei Leonard 46

Mexico 109

Michif^ran 13

Monilispira ochsneri Hertlein & Strong, for Pleurotoma bi-

color Swby 103

Nebraska 42

Nenia (Cylindronenia) 104

Nevada 72

New Guinea 47

New Mexico 5, 94

New York 86

New York Shell Club 143

North Carolina 121

Obovaria depygis 102

Ohio 91

Oklahoma 45

Olivella 51

Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) almoloya Drake 110

Oriental 34, 40, 48

Pacific 37, 51, 57, 102, 103, 105, 119

Palmadusta (Purpuradiistaf) fusana Hatai & Nisiyama ... 62

P. {Purpuradusta) oligodon Hatai & Nisiyama 63

Panama 115

Peru 99, 113

Philippine Islands 40

Philomycus carolinianus 86

Planorhula nebrascensis Leonard 42

P. vulcanata & subsp. occidentalis Leonard 43, 44

P. vulcanta, misspelling of preceding 43

Pleural) ranchns (Susania) ailanticus Abbott 73

Polygyra postelUana hausmani Jackson 41

Primovula (s.s.) atractina Hatai & Nisiyama 61

Prophysaon andersoni 17

Protcrato (Sidccrato) callosn yiomurai Hatai & Nisiyama . . 61

/*. (*S'.) callosa ucdai Hatai & Nisiyama 61

Pseudodon 48

Pseudotrivia plercs Hatai t^ Nisiyama 60

THE NAUTILUS V

Publications received 72, 106, 143

Puerto Rico 126, 143

South Carolina 121

Stenotrema fraternum, mating 8

Strombus samba 1

Strophocheilus (Megalohulimus) leucostoma weyrauchi Be-

quaert 113

Strophocheilus oblongus, growth 54

Subscribers, notice to 145

Tahoe, Lake 3

Texas 41

Thaumastus (Scholvienia) argentimis Bequaert 114

Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai & Nisiyama 59

Turhonilla {Bartschella) hartschiana Smith & Gordon, for

T. bartschi S. & G 105

Virginia 121

Yarmouthian 41

Zonitoides arboreus 72

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Abbott, R. Tucker 31, 73

Andrews, E. A 54

Baker, H. B 36, 145

Bartseh, Paul 66

Bell, Ross Taylor 71

Bequaert, Joseph C 113

Berry, Elmer G. (Schalie &) 3

Burch, John Q 104

Clench, William J 34, 86, 71, 102

Dexter, Ralph W 25

Drake, Robert J 5, 94, 109

Ehrmann, P 104

Gifford, D. S. & E. W 51

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr. (Smith &) 105

Gregg, W. 0 72

Haas, Fritz 136

Hand, Cadet (Ingram &) 131

Hanna, G. D 29

Harry, Harold W 20

Hatai, Kotora & Syozo Nisiyama 57

Hertlein, L. G. & A. M. Strong 102

Hubricht, Leslie 98

Ingram, William Marcus 17, 86, 105

Ingram & Cadet Hand 131

Jackson, Ralph W 40, 143

Jacobs, Walter H 143

Jacobson, Morris K 78

Johnson, Richard 1 36, 47, 48, 102

Kay, Alison 119

Leonard, A. Byron 41

Lindeborg, R. G 128

McGinty, Thomas L 142

Matteson, Max R 13

Mattox, N. T 126

Nisiyama, Syozo (Hatai &) 57

Pilsbry, H. A 99, 103, 142, 145

Rehder, Harald A 121

Schalie, Ilenrv van der, & Elmer G. Berry 3

Schilder, F. A 116

Schwen«jel, Jeanne S 97, 101

Smith, Allyii G. & Mackenzie Gordon, Jr 105

Sorenson, Andrew W 37, 138

vi

THE NAUTILUS Vll

Strong, A. M. (Hertlein &) 102

Talmadge, R. R H

Turner, Ruth D ^^

Verrill, A. Hyatt ^

Webb, Glenn R • • • . .^

Wurtz, Charles B ^1^ 1^^

The Nautilus

Vol. 62 July, 1948 No. 1

THE STATUS OF STROMBUS SAMBA CLENCH

By a. HYATT VEREILL

There appears to be a great deal of difference in opinion in

regard to the status of Stromhus samba Clench. Some concholo-

gists consider it as merely a diseased or aberrant form of 8.

gigas; others regard it as merely a variety of gigas; still others

think it possibly a hybrid of S. gigas and S. costatus (the native

Bahaman name "samba" meaning a mixed breed), while still

others feel that it is a valid species.

Although samba is an abundant shell in some areas, and

thousands might be obtained readily, yet it is comparatively rare

in most collections and, as far as I am aware, no one has ever

made a really exacting study of the shell and its habits nor

bothered with the characteristics of the animal.

During the past few months I have made a study of samba,

having examined over 100 specimens and especially the animals

in life. From these studies I am convinced that 8. samba is a

distinct and valid species. In the fully adult form the shell itself

differs markedly and consistently from either 8. gigas or 8.

gigas verrilli. Moreover, the animal is entirely unlike either of

these species, both in color and form. Instead of having a dull

olive or brownish body more or less mottled with lighter colors,

the animal of 8. samba is light buff with a pinkish tinge and is

unmarked.

The mantle is ochreous, deepening to rose or salmon near the

junction with the body, and, instead of having a blackish edge,

it is spotted with blackish near the outer border. The eye-stalks

are pale beige spotted with brown, and are much stouter than in

8. gigas or var. verrilli and are much enlarged or swollen at the

base so that there is no space between them, whereas the eye-

stalks of 8. gigas are separated by quite a wide space at their

bases. Finally, the upper or dorsal surface of the foot is rich

delft-blue — a most unusual and distinctive feature.

(1)

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

The operculum also differs from that of gigas or verrilli, being

relatively larger, more curved and proportionately broader,

with the posterior extremity more obtuse and angular.

Oddly enough, the natives of the Bahamas where samba is most

abundant all maintain that they have never seen a young or a

perfect shell of this species, all being massive and heavily en-

crusted with lime and marine growths, with the lips greatly

thickened and with the enamel-like coating worn away by con-

stant attrition, their w^hole appearance giving the effect of great

age. That this shell should live on indefinitely is not surprising,

for even the Fasciolaria Udipa (or "Cinch-killer") finds the thick

shell of 8. samha impenetrable, while the natives of the island

consider the meat inedible. Hence the shells are seldom taken

or disturbed.

However, I have discovered that the mystery of the absence

of less senile or perfect specimens of S. samha is really no mys-

tery at all, the explanation being that such shells are scarcely

distinguishable from the same size specimens of S. gigas by a

cursory examination.

But they are readily distinguished, both by the distinctive

blue foot which is present in all specimens, and by the far heavier,

thicker shell and the form of the aperture. In these j^ounger,

perfect specimens the lip usually is extended upward in a

trough-like form and has a handsomely fluted or ruffled edge.

The dorsal surface is much rougher than in S. gigas, with

numerous conspicuous tubercles and with a shoulder or ridge

near the lip. The transverse grooves, extending from the lip,

are much more pronounced and deeper than in gigas or vcrrilli.

Usually, too, one of the dorsal spines of the last whorl is much

longer and wider than the others and is proportionately more

massive than in gigas of the same size. All the spines are

flattened rather than rounded as in gigas. Once one is familiar

with the specific characteristics of these shells one may recognize

8. samha at a glance, and while some may resemble S. gigas more

than others the blue foot is always a distinguishing and un-

mistakable means of identification.

Up to the present time, I have been unable to obtain (or to

recognize) the immature and very young shells of S. samha.

All tlie perfect specimens T have collected are fully adult. Per-

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 3

haps the blue foot does not develop until the shell reaches the

adult stage and immature specimens may be indistinguishable

from those of S. gigas externally.

AQUATIC PULMONATES FROM LAKE TAHOE

By henry van DEE SCHALIE and ELMER G. BERRY

In 1937, G. D. Hanna and A. G. Smith (Calif. Fish and Game,

23: 244) published an interesting article, in which they called

attention to the absence of records of mollusks from Lake Tahoe,

California. They indicated that : ' ' This seems strange in view

of the size of the lake, the purity of its waters and the number

of conchologists who have visited it." Their article was later

reprinted in this journal (Nautilus, 52: 34-36, 1938). By deep

water dredging in October, 1933, and again in August, 1936, at

depths beyond 20 fathoms and as deep as 50 fathoms, they were

able to collect the following species: Pompholyx effusa (Lea),

Carinifex newherryi (Lea), Valvata humeralis calif ornica

Pilsbry, Lymnaea sp., and Pisidium sp.

Recently, while working with some unaccessed material, we

found a small collection of shells taken from the shore of Lake

Tahoe, on June 23, 1934. These specimens were collected along

the west side of the lake at the town of Tahoe, while we were

enroute to the American Malacological Union meetings at Stan-

ford University. This collection is of special interest because it

consists almost entirely of littoral pulmonates and in that way

supplements the profundal records reported earlier. We found

the following species living in abundance on a small rocky shoal :

Lymnaea stagnalis wasatchensis (Hemphill), Lymnaea hiili-

moides Lea, Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould), and Physa virgata

Gould. Only two dead and badly weathered specimens of

Carinifex newherryi (Lea) and a similar dead, immature speci-

men of Pompholyx effusa were found; an observation which

tends to support the habitat preference of these species as shown

by Hanna and Smith.

A peculiarity of a majority of the specimens from this locality

is the typical costate sculpture common to most specimens.

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

This peculiar appearance is indicated graphically by the ac-

companying figures (PI. 11, figs. 1^). The same phenomenon

is described in the literature as characteristic of several species.

For example, F. C. Baker (Lymnaeidae of North America, 1911 :

460) in discussing the peculiar sculpture of Galha utahensis

stated: ''This curious form, dwarfed and peculiarly sculptured

by its unfavorable environment, seems a representative of

Polyrhytis Meek. . . . The costae are not always developed, some

specimens (pi. XXIV, fig. 23) being almost smooth. The costae,

however, may be detected in all specimens, though the develop-

ment is but slight in some individuals." Junius Henderson

(Nautilus, 49: 86), in discussing Physa colunihiana, stated:

"Most of the latter are of a rich chestnut color, the surface very

finely rippled with minute, rather regular, somewhat rounded

striae, instead of fine, sharp growth lines." There are perhaps

many similar references to this unique sculpture. The Lake

Tahoe specimens are striking in that this condition is not limited

to a single group but is shown on both the species of Lymnaea

found there, as well as among the Physa and Gyraulus.

What causes the development of this striate or costate sculp-

ture? In the above quotation, F. C. Baker suggests it is brought

about by an ''unfavorable environment." Is it due to some

chemical factor in the water, or is it a physical characteristic

such as the sudden and extreme diurnal and nocturnal fluctua-

tions in temperature which are reflected on the shell during the

growing season? Seemingly, a locality like the one cited here

for Lake Tahoe would be an ideal place for an inquiry into the

factors causing this development in practically all the specimens

regardless of genus or species.

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (1)

PLATE 11

1, Lymnaea stagnaUs icasatchensis (35 mm. long), 2, L. hiiUtnoides

(8 mm. long). 3, Gi/rdidiis vermicularis (max. diam. 4 mm.). 4, Physa

virgata (13 mm. long).

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 5

MOLLUSCA OF THE EASTERN BASIN OF THE

CHACO RIVER, NEW MEXICO

By EGBERT J. DRAKE

Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico

An assemblage of land and freshwater shells has been obtained

from the drift of the eastern tongue of the Chaco River, at

Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan

County, New Mexico. Collections were made in October of

1946, and April, June, July, August and October of 1947, in

conjunction with, archeological survey and excavation programs

of the Department of Anthropology of the University of New

Mexico. Most of the collection was made during the University

Anthropology Field Sessions in the summer of 1947.

This collection of fifteen forms is significant in that the dead

shells had lived in the enclosed basin of the eastern tongue of

the river. Biotic provinces are represented in this area by the

Upper Sonoran life zone (ca. 4000 to ca. 8000 feet), and Dice's

Navahonian province, the latter a more geographic biome. The

Continental Divide is at the eastern edge of the basin from 7500

to 8000 feet elevation. The source of the eastern tongue of the

Chaco is (at ca. 7500 feet elevation) about 45 miles from Pueblo

Bonito, and this large ruin is at ca. 6000 feet.^

The climate of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is normally

cold desert, bordering on steppe (BWkfw, near BSkfw, follow-

ing the Koeppen System of climatic determination). Seven or

eight years out of ten are apparently desert years in precipita-

tion. The mean average per year for rain is 8.18 inches. Ad-

joining mesas bordering the canyon are probably steppe as the

canyon only lacks an average of one inch more rain a year to

be entirely steppe. -

The rainy season for the area is from July to September.

The Chaco is intermittent, flowing during the last of the rainy

seasons, and following springtimes, when the high mountain

snow deposits are melting. Some of the drift is at various levels,

probably representing deposition when the raging torrent was

higher or lower according to the amount of water concentrated

1 Fisher, 1934, p. 19.

2 Brand, Hawley, Hibben, et. al., 1937, pp. 44-45.

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

in the arroyo normally from rain or during flash floods. As

with drift I have collected from the Rio Grande and Rio Puerco

systems in New Mexico, the Uncompahgre, Slate, and Gunnison

systems in Colorado, and the Florido and Concho systems in

Chihuahua, shells in concentrated deposits of rejectamenta ap-

parently represent colonies of one form or fairly homogenous

groupings of several landshell forms. Pupillidae and Vallonidae

have been especially noticed in this respect.

Dead landshells of forms from the Chaco drift were observed

on surfaces of ruins and anthills in the canyon and in dry

clumps of vegetation at springs and seeps on the rimming

mesas.

The vegetation of the canyon floor is mostly piiion pine,

juniper, and shrubs (sagebrush, cacti, yucca, greasewood, rabbit-

brush, and shadscale). Alder, cottonwood, walnut, and box

elder grow in side canyons.

In the higher altitudes are found western yellow (or pon-

derosa) pine, spruce, oak, serviceberries, wild rose, occasional

sagebrush and rabbitbrush, and very abundant herbs and

grasses.^

Fifteen forms of gastropods discovered in the basin of the

eastern tongue of the Chaco River are :

Landshells

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry)

Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney)

Hawaiia minuscula alachuana Dall

Pupilla cf. hlancli Morse

Pupilla hehes (Ancey)

Pupoides Jwrdaceus (Gabb)

Pupoides alhilahris (C. B. Adams)

Succinea grosvenori Lea

Vallonia cyclophorella Sterki

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinhardt

Vertigo ovata Say

Freshwater snails

Fossaria parva (Lea)

Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon)

Helisoma tenue cf. sinuosum (Bonnet)

Stagnicola hulimoidcs cockerelli (Pilsbry and Ferrissj.

3 Elmore, 1943, pp. 10-11.

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 7

Pupilla ef . hlandi Morse is represented by only two specimens.

They were sent, in September of 1947, to Dr. S. S. Berry, Red-

lands, California, who examined them and commented ". . .

at present I can do no better than call [them] Pupilla cf. hlandi

Morse, although there are manifest differences, notably that it

is very small for hlandi, and the palatal tooth is too small and

does not penetrate. It is about the size of P. sonorana (Sterki),

but is too chunky, more truncate in front, and has too small

teeth for that."* It is hoped more collecting will provide

additional specimens of this aberrant form for study.

One specimen of Helisoma was found. It is certainly H.

ienue and probably variety sinuosum (Bonnet). I have done a

considerable amount of work recently with H. temie varieties,

from New Mexico and Chihuahua, and have found great tendency

for some specimens of a colony of sinuosum or pertenue F. C.

Baker ^ to go toward tenue (Philippi) s. s. Dr. J. P. E. Morrison

states that many lots of varieties of H. tenue from northern

Mexico in the U. S. National Museum likewise exhibit this char-

acteristic.^ The H. tenue sinuosum (Bonnet) found at Albu-

querque, New Mexico, however, is quite typical of the variety,

and is illustrated as such in F. C. Baker's monograph on the

Planorbidae."^ Again, further collecting in the Chaco should

make additional Helisoma available for study.

Unfortunately no representatives of the Physidae or Sphae-

riidae were found in Chaco Canyon, since the peculiarities of

members of those families are exceedingly little known in New

Mexico and the Southwest.

Sincere thanks go to the many archeologists and anthropology

students who helped w4th the Chaco collecting (and tedious

sorting) of drift. To one of the former, Mr. Lloyd M. Pierson,

Jr., goes special thanks. Being gifted with the collector's in-

stincts, Mr. Pierson became a convert to field snailing and gave

me much help during our University's archeological expedition

to southeastern Chihuahua in August and September of 1947.

4 Letter, dated 13 October 1947.

5 H. tenue pertenue F. C. Baker represents a change in name for the

preoccupied common northern Mexican H. tenue applanatuin (Martens).

See Baker, 1941, p. 97, and Baker, 1945, p. 149.

6 Letter, dated 26 November 1947.

7 Baker, 1945, pi. 98, fig. 15.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

In fact, he collected the only lot of Oreohelix found during our

trip.

Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan, Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg, and Dr.

S. S. Berry have been kind enough to examine the Chaco ma-

terial and make most of the determinations.

Chaco duplicates have been deposited in the collections of

W. 0. Gregg, S. S. Berry, W. J. Eyerdam, C. L. Blakeslee, M. K.

Jacobson, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

the U. S. National Museum, the California Academy of Sciences,

the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, the Chicago

Natural History Museum, the Carnegie Museum, the Museum of

Comparative Zoology, and the Allan Hancock Foundation of the

University of Southern California. Examples of all forms are

in my collection and are available for examination by concholo-

gists.

Literature Cited

Baker, Frank C. 1941. A new species of Brepa^iotrema and

some preoccupied planorbid names. Nautilus, Vol. 54, No. 3,

pp. 96-97.

, 1945. The molluscan family Planorbidae. Urbana.

Brand, Donald D., Florence M. Hawley, Frank C. Hibben, et al.

1937. Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco Canyon, New

Mexico. University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological

Series, Vol. 2, No. 2. Albuquerque.

Elmore, Francis H. 1943. Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Uni-

versity of New Mexico Monograph Series, Vol. 1, No. 7.

Albuquerque.

Fisher, Reginald G. 1934. Some geographic factors that in-

fluenced the ancient populations of the Chaco Canyon, New

Mexico. University of New Mexico Bulletin, Archaeological

Series, Vol. 3, No. 1. Albuquerque.

THE MATING OF STENOTREMA FRATERNUM

(SAY)

By GLENN R. WEBB, Ohio (P. O.), Illinois

The following notes on the copulation process of Stenotrema

fraternum (Say) are based on the behavior of captives. Both

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 9

the typical variety and S. f. cavum (Pilsbry and Vanatta) from

Indiana material were used in this study, but no differences in

either anatomy or habits were observed between them. The

source of cavum material supports a mixed and intergrading

fraternum-cavum population with cavum tending to be domi-

nant; this locality is a level woodland about 3 miles E.S.E. of

Cumberland (Hancock Co.), Indiana, on sec. 12 of the Harvey

Farm. The fraternum specimens were collected Dec. 30-31,

1940, about Bean Blossom Lake in Morgan-Monroe State Forest,

Indiana. Specimens from both localities are preserved in the

collections of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia.

The courtship commences with the slow head-on approach of

the amorous individuals. As soon as the animals meet, the

tentacles cease swaying from side to side and remain with the

tip almost stationary opposite the corresponding tentacle-tip of

the other animal. Meanwhile the inferior tentacles have become

*' focused" on the genital pore of the mate and the animals have

gradually moved so that their heads are parallel and their

bodies no longer head-on in a straight line. Simultaneously

with these maneuvers, the mouth and head adjacent to the in-

ferior tentacles become constricted and pouted-out in a peculiar

manner; but the rest of the head and body is unaffected. By

this time usually the sex organs have become partially protruded

— first appearing as a pimple-like swelling but later as a concave,

lobate disk. The climax of the courtship is reached when the

pouted-out mouth parts touch the protruding parts of the sex

organs of the mate. When this occurs, the animals commence

gnawing at the concave, central part of each other's sex organ.

Often pivoting acts (in which an animal turns away and rejoins

its mate after performing a complete rotation) follow these first

gnawing contacts. Such pivoting may be performed by one or

both animals simultaneously, and at these periods the protruding

portions of the genitalia are generally retracted until the ani-

mals are again in the appropriate stage of the head-on position.

Earely courting specimens bite each other about the head when

they first meet. Such incidents also induce pivoting acts.

Coitus occurs usually within a few minutes after the speci-

mens have commenced gnawing at each other's sex organ and

is discontinued when the rest of the sex organ is suddenly and

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

vigorously protruded.^ The suddenness of the act renders direct

observation of the coitus process impossible. However, from

the data presented by mating anatomies (secured by plunging

mating animals quickly into boiling water) the following con-

ditions seem to exist:

1. The fully protruded sex organ of each animal is composed

of both male and female parts borne on a common base — the

male organ (penis) appearing as a cup-like body with an ejacu-

latory pore (EP) opening onto the rim of the cup in a fissure,

and the female organ appearing as a tubular body with two

orifices, a lateral and a terminal.

2. In many undisturbed dissections, the female organ has been

found to occupy the cup of the penis so that the apical orifice

(AO) of the female organ is enveloped and its lateral orifice

(LO) opens on or near the rim of the penis-cup. A mass of

coagulated matter often clogs, or adheres to, the lateral orifice.

In one dissection, figure 4, the lateral orifice is borne at the tip

of a body everted secondarily from the female organ.

3. Dissections of the female organ reveal the apical orifice to

be the opening of the spermathecal duct (SD) and the lateral

orifice to be the opening of the free oviduct (FOO).

4. Dissections of the penis (P) reveal the vas deferens (VD)

to terminate at the site of the ejaculatory pore (EP), and the

penis retractor (PR) to attach in the same area. The ejacula-

tory pore is within the penis-cup, seemingly on the foremost

wall.

From these anatomical details, transfer probably results from

a modified form of copulation wherein seminal material is de-

posited on the female organ. Apparently the act is accomplished

by the engulfment of the female organ by the penis, or by the

actual insertion of the female organ into the penis-cup, or by

both insertion and engulfment. In any event, the female organ

would come to occupy the same position eventually and thus

would receive the discharge from the ejaculatory pore or fissure.

Whether semen transfer may ever be non-reciprocal is unknown

1 Ulrich Gerhardt (1933) has used the term "explosive" for the similar

suddenness of penis eversion of limacids ("Zur Kopulation Der Limaciden

I," Zeitschr. Morph. u. Okol. Tiere, 27 (3), pp. 401-450, 11 figs.).

July, 1948]

THE NAUTILUS

11

PCR

Figs. 1-3, Stenotrema fraternum: 1, Mating anatomy, showing everted

and non-everted parts of sex organs. 2, Details of everted penis. 3, De-

tails of female organs. Fig. 4, S. f. cavum: Everted parts of mating

anatomy. Note secondary eversion of free oviduct.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

as yet. In one mating anatomy of the race fraternum, the fe-

male organ is scarcely everted and the most of the spermathecal

duct (which is expanded below a duct-like portion connecting

with the spermatheca) and oviduct are not everted. Since the

female organ is turned outside-in during its retraction, the

formerly external parts become the lumen of the basal sperma-

thecal duct and oviduct. Seminal material adherent to the site

of the oviducal pore, or other parts of the female organ, must

then be transferred into the spermathecal duct and thence sub-

sequently into the spermatheca itself.

The entire sex act requires from less than one to more than three

hours. The courtship occupies the greater part of the proceed-

ings while coitus usually lasts less than five minutes. Often

after a prolonged courtship the two amorous specimens separate

and coitus does not occur at all.

The accompanying figures (inversion uncorrected) are trac-

ings from projector images of whole mounts in balsam of mating

anatomies. The parts exhibit the usual shrinkage of material

so preserved, and slight distortion has occurred. Figures 1, 2,

and 3 are of S. f. fj^atermim specimens from Bean Blossom Lake,

Indiana (slide No. 207 of the author's collection). Figure 4

shows the exserted organs of a S. f. cavum specimen from near

Indianapolis (slide No. 213 of the author's collection).

Explanation of abbreviations : AO, apical orifice of the female

organ; BW, body wall; BWA, body wall and atrium junction

line; EFRO, everted free oviduct body; EP, ejaculatory pore;

FO, female organ ; FOO, free oviduct orifice ; FRO, free oviduct ;

LO, lateral orifice; LSD, lower spermathecal duct; M, matter

(probably seminal) ; 0, oviduct; P, penis; PC, penis-cup ; PCC,

penis-cup cavity ; PCO, penis-cup orifice ; PCR, penis-cup rim ;

PF, penis fissure; PR, penis retractor; S, spermatheca; SD,

spermathecal duct; VD, vas deferens.

July, 1948]

THE NAUTILUS

13

THE TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL HISTORY

OF THE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL ELLIPTIO

COMPLANATUS (DILLWYN, 1817)

By max E. MATTESON

(Continued from page 132, vol, 61)

Distribution. The fresh-water mussel, Elliptio complanatuSy

after originating in Alabama, gradually extended its range

northward, east of the Appalachian Mountains. With the ad-

FiG. 1. Distribution of E. complanatus in Michigan.

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

vent of the glacial epoch, the northernmost boundaries of its

ran<re were pushed southward. As the ice sheet receded, it

returned as far north as Cape Breton Island. At the time when

Lake Erie, as it is known today, was non-existent, this mussel

was able to migrate up the Mohawk River valley to Lake Ontario.

From there it proceeded through the now extinct Trent River

to present-day Georgian Bay. It then proceeded westward into

Lake Superior (Walker, 1898). The Ocqueoc River drainage

system of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan possesses it (fig. 1).

Its distribution today, as plotted from records in the Division of

Mollusks, Museum of Zoology, of the L^niversity of Michigan, is

limited to the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay,

Ocqueoc River drainage system, the north shore of Lake Huron,

Lake Superior and the Atlantic seaboard from Cape Breton

Island to northern Florida (fig. 2). Generally speaking, the

range of Elliptio complanatus has increased little since its origi-

nal entrance into Lake Superior.

Specimens have been taken from several locations on the north

shore of Lake Michigan directly west of the Straits of Mackinac.

This fact is evidence that the mussel is extending its range from

the original boundaries at this point.

Several specimens have been collected far from the original

range of Elliptio complanatus. One specimen in the ^Michigan

collection was taken from the Clinton River at Mt. Clemens,

Michigan. Ortmann (1924) found this species at Eaglesville,

Ashtabula County, Ohio, in the Grand River. It has also been

collected by Sterki (1907) in the Tuscarawas River, near New

Philadelphia, Ohio. As to how these specimens reached the

mentioned points remains a mj^stery.

Summary. 1. The genus Elliptio Rafinesque, 1819, along with

other related American genera, has been separated from the

European genus Unio Retzius, 1788.

2. Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn, 1817) is one of the most

prominent members of the genus and possesses a large synonymy.

3. Because of its extensive range, there is considerable varia-

tion in this species. This fact has created confusion in dealing

with it taxonomically.

4. The mussel arose in an area where stream confluence was

occurring. This allowed Elliptio complanatus to occupy the

July, 1948]

THE NAUTILUS

15

Fig. 2. Distribution of Elliptio complanatus.

Atlantic seaboard by entering it through the Savannah River,

one of the streams involved. The northern limits of its range

were later altered by glacial action.

5. It was able to enter the Great Lakes region near the end

of the glacial epoch by way of the Mohawk River outlet, then

connecting the Great Lakes region with the Atlantic Ocean.

From Lake Ontario it entered Georgian Bay by the extinct Trent

River. Since that time its range has remained almost constant.

6. Its present distribution includes the Atlantic seaboard,

east of the Appalachian Mountaiiv from northern Florida to

Cape Breton Island ; Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay, and the north

shore of Lake Huron ; the Ocqueoc River drainage system of the

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

Lower Peninsula of Michigan, a small group of waters entering

Lake Michigan directly west of the Straits of Mackinac; the

St. Mary's River and Lake Superior.

7. The only positive evidence that this species is increasing

its range at present is found in the fact that specimens may be

found in a few lakes and streams connected with the north shore

of Lake Michigan.

Bibliography

Adams, C. C. 1901. Base-leveling and Its Faunal Significance,

with Illustrations from the Southeastern United States. Am.

Nat., 35 : 839-852.

Baker, Frank C. 1928. The Fresh-water Mollusca of Wiscon-

sin. Pt. II. Pelecypoda. Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur.,

No. 70 : 1^85.

DiLLWYN, Lewis Weston. 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of

Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnaean Method.

John and Arthur Arch, Pub., Cornhill, London, Vol. 1 : 1-580.

Haas, F. 1913, Bemerkungen iiber Spenglers Unionen. Saer-

tryk af Vidensk. Meddel. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. i Kbhvn.,

Bd. 65: 51-66.

Hays, C. W., and M. R. Campbell. 1894. The Geomorphology

of the Southern Appalachians. Nat. Geog. Mag., 6 : 63-126.

Johnson, D. W. 1905. The Distribution of Fresh-water

Faunas as Evidence of Drainage Modifications. Sci., N. S.,

21: 588-592.

. 1939. Biologic Evidence of Capture. Jour, of Geo-

morph., 2 : 88-91.

Ortmann, Arnold E. 1911. The Use of the Generic Names

Unio, Margaritana, Lymnium, and Elliptio, and of Anodonta

and Anodontites. Naut., 8, 15 : 88-91.

. 1924. Distributional Features of Naiades in Tributaries

of Lake Erie. Am. Mid. Nat., 3, 9 : 101-117.

Ortmann, Arnold E., and Bryant Walker. 1922. On the

Nomenclature of Certain North American Naiades. Occas.

Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 112: 1-75.

Simpson, Charles Torrey. 1900. The Evidence of the Unioni-

dae Regarding the Former Courses of the Tennessee and Other

Southern Rivers. Sci., N. S., 12 : 133-136.

. 1914. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades or Pearly

Fresh-water Mussels. Bryant Walker, Pub., Ann Arbor

Press: 1-1540.

Sterki, V. 1907. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and

Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio. Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci., 4 : 367-

402.

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 17

Van der Schalie, Henry. 1938. The Naiades (Fresh-water

Mussels) of the Cahaba River in Northern Alabama. Oceas.

Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 392 : 1-29.

. 1939. Distributional Studies of the Naiades as Related

to Geomorphology. Journ. Geomorph., 2 : 251-257.

Walker, Bryant. 1898. The Distribution of the Unionidae in

Michigan. Read before Mich. Acad. Sci., (printed by author) :

1-23.

. 1918. A Synopsis of the Classification of the Fresh-water

MoUusca of North America, North of Mexico, and a Catalogue

of the More Recently Described Species, with Notes. Misc.

Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 6 : 1-213.

White, Charles A. 1877. Comparison of the North American

Mesozoic and Cenozoic Unionidae and Associated Mollusks

with Living Species. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. of the Territories

(Hay den), Bull. 3: 615-625.

TERRARIA OBSERVATIONS ON PROPHYSAON

ANDERSONI (J. G. COOPER)

By WILLIAM MAECUS INGEAM

Mills College, California

The interesting western slug, Prophysaon andersoni (J. G.

Cooper), is a member of a genus which may practice self ampu-

tation of the posterior body region. Concerning the genus

Prophysaon, Pilsbry and Vanatta (1898) state, ''Tail usually

showing an oblique constriction of from the posterior third to

sixth of the animal's length, marking the place where self-

amputation takes place."

The writer collected seven specimens in Redwood Regional

Park, Oakland (January 18, 1946), which showed no tendency to

attempt self amputation of the posterior body area. These speci-

mens were taken from beneath the sprung bark of an Eucalyptus

tree which was in a state of wet rot at a height of 12 feet. On

being transferred to terraria at Mills College, they were sub-

jected to rather unnatural treatment in an effort to cause them

to amputate the posterior body area.

After being placed in terraria on January 16 the slugs were

immediately starved for 14 days. During this period, three

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

died without fragmentation of the posterior body region. The

four survivors were then fed on a moist paper towel diet from

the 15th day of captivity till the twenty-second day when they

were fed lettuce which they rapidly devoured. From the

twenty-third day of captivity until May 22, 1946 they were fed

only on moist paper towels when another slug died; two others

dying on July 16, 1946. The surviving slug was preserved on

July 22 in a three percent formaldehyde solution.

Beginning May 22 until July 1, the four surviving slugs were

pinched from time to time with forceps, shaken in a closed con-

tainer, dropped on a wooden floor from a height of five feet, and

pricked with a scalpel without throwing off the posterior body

region.

These observations add data to indicate definitely that, of the

members of the genus Prophysaon, Prophysaon andersoni does

not always amputate the posterior body area when subjected to

probably abnormal environmental factors or when preserved in

a three percent formaldehyde solution. Concerning amputa-

tion by P. andersoni, Raymond (1890) and Pilsbry and Vanatta

(1898) have implied that amputation of the posterior body area

is not necessarily the rule. Raymond (1890) states, "In August,

1888, I collected on one occasion about a dozen examples of

Prophysaon Andersoni J. G. Cp., near the San Jose reservior,

above Lexington, Santa Clara County. While taking measure-

ments of the living specimens, before putting them into alcohol,

I noticed in several a contraction about two-thirds of the length

from the head. This appeared as an indented line completely

encircling the body. Upon handling the slugs to examine this

phenomenon more closely, the line became deeper, and in the

case of two of the specimens the tail dropped off, almost as

readily as the ray of the so-called 'brittle' starfish." Pilsbry

and Vanatta (1889) write, ''Nearly all full grown alcoholic

specimens of P. andersoni, foliolatum and coeruleum show a

well defined impressed line around the tail, or occasionally the

rail has actually been amputated. . . . Dissection shows that the

body cavity does not extend beyond the point of excision, or but

very little beyond ; the remainder of the tail being occupied by

very spongy vesicular connective tissue."

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 19

Hemphill (1890) has written about amputation in the closely

related species Prophysaon foliolatum (Gould) : "I have to

record a peculiar habit that is quite remarkable for this class of

animal. When I found the specimen, I noticed a constriction

about one-third of the distance between the end of the tail and

the mantle. I placed the specimen in a box with wet moss and

leaves, where it remained for twenty-four hours. When I

opened the box to examine the specimen, I found that I had two

specimens instead of one. Upon examination of both, I found

that my large slug had cut off his own tail at the place where I

noticed the constriction, and I was further surprised to find the

severed tail piece possessed as much vitality as the other part of

the animal. The ends of both parts at the point of separation

were drawn in as if they were undergoing a healing process.

On account of the vitality of the tail piece, I felt greatly in-

terested to know if a head would be produced from it, and that

thus it would become a separate and distinct individual." Con-

cerning this collection, Binney (1892) to whom Hemphill had

sent the specimen wrote, "The animal on reaching me still

plainly showed the point of separation from its tail. . . . The

tail piece was in an advanced stage of decomposition. I have

noticed the constriction towards the tail in many individuals.

The edges of the cut were drawn in like the fingers of a glove,

after the excision."

Bibliography

Binney, W. G. 1892. A fourth supplement to the fifth volume

of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States

and adjacent territories. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Vol. 22 : 4,

pp. 81-82.

Hemphill, Henry. 1890. The Nautilus, vol. 3 : 12, p. 126.

Raymond, W. J. 1890. Why does Prophysaon shed its tail?

The Nautilus, vol. 4 : 1, p. 6.

PiLSBRY, H. A., AND E. G. Vanatta. 1898. Revision of the

North American slugs: Binneya, Hemphillia, Hesperarion,

Prophysaon, and Anadenulus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

p. 242.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

NOTES ON THE FOREIGN LAND SNAILS OF

LOUISIANA

By HAROLD W. HARRY

The several reports of foreign land snails in Louisiana extend

back over a period of three-quarters of a century. Because

these reports have been widel}^ scattered in the literature, be-

cause the present population status of several species seems to

have changed, and because the occurrence of foreign snails in

some sections of the country is viewed with alarm, a review of

the subject as it applies to Louisiana is here presented.

Otala vermiculata (Miiller) was first cited from Louisiana by

Viosca (1928), who reported it from Jackson Square, New

Orleans, and said that he had been aware of its presence there

over a period of ten years. He believed its introduction was

intentional, since it was sold alive by an Italian delicatessen in

the French Quarter. Pilsbry (1939) verified Viosca 's" citation

and figured a shell from New Orleans. He considers it unlikely

that this species has become established as a permanent resident

of the United States. My collecting in Jackson Square, done at

various times over the last nine years, has never revealed this

species, and it may safely be stated as extinct there at present,

Otala lactea (Miiller) and Helix aperta Born were both sold

alive by an Italian delicatessen in the 900 block of Decatur St.,

New Orleans, in 1939. The aestivating specimens, with a thick,

white epiphragm, were kept in uncovered bushel baskets in the

store. In looking over specimens which I bought from the

basket of Otala lactea, I find an occasional specimen of 0. vermi-

culata, which may be recognized by the marked distinctness of

the spiral bands of brown (in 0. lactea these color bands are

poorly defined, often diffuse, so that the banded appearance may

be completely obliterated). During the recent war the im-

portation of these snails ceased, but I was recently informed by

the proprietor of the store that they have been imported on

several occasions since, and that they are *'in season" during

April and May. There is no indication of their establishment

in the state, though such may have happened. Pilsbry (1939)

notes that 0. lactea has been established in Georgia and Florida,

in limited localities. Gammon (1943) reports the establishment

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 21

of both 0. lactea and Helix aperta in California, where they

cause considerable concern as pests of cultivated areas. Strecker

(1935) notes that 0. vermiciilata is well established over large

areas in Waco, Texas, and that 0. lactea is likewise to be found

in that city, though not as common as the former species. Jack-

son (1944) reports colonies of both 0. vermiculata and 0. lactea

from Bryan, Texas. The specific distinction of these two species

of shells, at present made entirely on coloration, seems doubtful.

Helix aspersa Miiller is known from both New Orleans and

Baton Rouge. Viosca (1928) found it in Jackson Square, but

I have never taken it there (nor elsewhere in that city) in the

last several years. The earliest record for New Orleans seems to

be that of Tryon (1866). Featherman reported it from Baton

Rouge in 1871, and Binney's Baton Rouge record of it in 1885

may be independent. It is still present in that city, though in

isolated localities. I have collected it in the 900 block of America

St., and several blocks close by, under rubbish in vacant lots.

Helix aspersa seems not to have spread in Louisiana, and was

known to Strecker from only two small localities at Waco, Texas.

However, this species has caused much concern as a pest of

cultivated areas in California, as reported by the special studies

of Ingram, Gammon and others.

Bradyhaena similaris (Ferussac) was first reported from

Orleans Parish by Goodrich (1940), under the name of B.

similaris hongkorigensis Deshayes. Haas (1945) records it a

second time, as occurring in gardens in New Orleans; he con-

siders it to be permanently established there now. I first col-

lected it in 1939, in Jackson Square, and have found it plentiful

there since, in the loose soil of the flower beds. In 1947 it was

found in the St. Louis Cemetery ; this was the only helicid found

in those two places, during my collecting. In January, 1948,

a large colony was discovered along a short portion of Dalrymple

Drive, at the University Lake in Baton Rouge. This colony is

established on a grassy road embankment of good though short

slope, and extends along the drive for several hundred feet.

Oddly enough, not a single specimen could be found on the op-

posite side of the road, where conditions appeared to be very

similar. I had collected over this same area in the years 1939-

1942, but had never before taken this snail in East Baton Rouge

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

Parish. It probably became established there after that time.

Viosca did not report this species from Jackson Square in 1928,

and Pilsbry (1939) seems to have been unaware of its presence

in the United States when he published the portion of his

monograph on the American land snails dealing with the He-

licidae. This species, originating in southeastern Asia, has been

w^idely distributed by commerce in the tropical and subtropical

portions of the world ; it is recorded from the Caribbean Islands,

and was probably introduced to Louisiana from that region. A

figure and brief description are given by Tryon (1887) under

the genus Helix; Pilsbry (1894) placed in the genus Eulota, but

later (1934) showed that this genus must be called Bradyhaena

by right of priority. An extended account of the synonymy of

this species is given by Dautzenberg and Fischer (1905). The

subspecies B. similaris hongkongensis Deshayes is distinguished

by the presence of a linear stripe of maroon red on the periphery

of the shell ; of 24 shells collected from the Baton Rouge colony

I found 18 banded and 6 non-banded specimens. The New

Orleans colonies also contain both forms.

Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton), I have found very common in

Jackson Square and the St. Louis Cemetery in New Orleans ; in

Baton Rouge it is plentiful in the vacant lots in several blocks

along the river front, south of the old Capitol Building, and at

isolated places in the city. At Donaldsonville a single live speci-

men was taken in November, 1947, on top of the levee at the

Ferry Landing. Pilsbry (1946) gives a discussion of the

synonymy and distribution; according to him it was known in

City Park, New Orleans, as early as 1905.

Rumina decollata (Linnaeus) has been plentiful in Jackson

Square, New Orleans, during the past nine years. I have also

taken it in the St. Louis Cemetery. Pilsbry (1946) gives a dis-

cussion of the synonymy and distribution, and cites it from

New Orleans as early as 1906. Viosca (1928) records it again

from Jackson Square, and other places in the city. He thinks

it is becoming rarer, perhaps due to the improving drainage of

the city. Goodrich (1940) cites it as occurring '4n rural parts

of the parish" (Orleans), though probably, even in this instance,

it was found by his correspondent in cultivated areas. In Baton

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 23

Rouge, I have taken it in the same areas where Lamellaxis gracilis

was found.

Limax flaviis Linnaeus is found in several places in Louisiana,

including Shreveport, Baton Rouge, St. Francesville, and at

Norwood (East Feliciana Parish). I have never collected it in

other than urban and suburban areas, and it seems not to have

invaded the regions covered with natural vegetation. W. G.

Binney (1885) has given a description, and a review of the

synonymy and distribution.

Of the eight species of foreign land snails reported above, only

five are known to be presently established in Louisiana (Helix

aspersa, Bradyhaena similaris, Lamellaxis gracilis, Rumina de-

collata and Limax flavus) ; Otala vermiculata was apparently es-

tablished in Jackson Square, New Orleans, for a time (1918-

1928, perhaps somewhat earlier and later) but has been unable

to survive there. Helix aperta is not known to have established

itself, though it and Otala are frequently brought into the state.

The species of Helix and Otala were purposefully introduced, as

articles of food, but the others probably have been introduced

accidentally, by commerce. When a study of the snails occur-

ring in greenhouses is made, doubtlessly several other species

will be added to the list of foreign snails of the state, judging by

the reports of exotic snails in other regions of the country.

In Louisiana, the species reported as now established seem

limited to small areas, in urban and suburban situations. I

have never taken them in natural areas, away from cities and

houses. With the exception of Limax flavus, all the species here

reported are found in cities and towns of the major trade routes.

Incidentally, Goodrich (1940) re^iorts Poly gyra texasiana (Mori-

cand) in Orleans Parish, and cites this as the easternmost range

of the species; but Pilsbry (1940) does not list it east of Texas.

In November of 1947, a thriving colony of this snail was found

in Baton Rouge, in the same area as the Ruminu and Lamellaxis.

As it has not been taken elsewhere in the Parish, seemingly this

too is a localized colony, probably accidentally imported from

the west.

None of the foreign snails known from this state seems to be

a pest of any great detriment to agriculture. This is in contrast

with the reports of the same species in other regions (see Gam-

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

mon, and his bibliography). However, the almost ubiquitous

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) has been reported as detrimental to

sugar cane in Louisiana (Bartsch and Quick, 1926).

Bibliography

Bartsch, P., and M. E. Quick. 1926. An anatomic study of

Zonitoides arhoreus Say. Journ. Agri. Research, U. S. Dept.

Agriculture, 32: 783-791.

Binnev, W. G. 1885. A manual of American land shells.

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28.

Dautzenberg, P., and H. Fischer. 1905. Liste des mollusques

recoltes par M. le capitaine de fregate Blaise au Tonkin, et

description d'especes nouvelles. Journ. de Conchyl., 53: 85-

234.

Featherman, A. 1871. Report of botanical survey of south-

ern and central Louisiana, made during the years 1869-1871.

Ann. Rep. Board of Supervisors, La. State Univ. (list of shells,

p. 131).

Gammon, E. T. 1943. Helicid snails in California. Bull.

Calif. State Dept. Agri., 31 : 173-187.

Goodrich, C. 1940. Another immigrant. Nautilus, 53 : 105-

106.

Haas, F. 1945. Malacological Notes — IV. Fieldiana. Zoology,

31 : 2, pp. 3-14.

Ingram, W. M. 1946. The European brown snail in Oakland,

California. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 45: 152-159.

Jackson, R. W. 1944. Otala vermiculata Muller and 0. lactea

Muller in Texas. Nautilus, 57 : 105.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1894. Manual of Conchology, Second Series:

Pulmonata, 9.

. 1934. The land snail names of Beck and Held, with

special reference to Bradyhaena and Fruticicola. Proc. Mala-

colog. Soc. London, 21 : 147-148.

. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America, 1 : 1.

. 1940. Ibid., 1 : 2.

1946. Ibid., 2:1.

Strecker, J. K. 1935. Land and fresh-water snails of Texas.

Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., 17 : 5-44.

Tryon, G. W., Jr. 1866. Monograph of the terrestrial Mollusca

of the United States. Amer. Journ. Conch., 2 : 218-277.

. 1887. Manual of Conchology, Second Series : Pulmonata

3.

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 25

CURRENT INTEREST IN MALACOLOGY

By EALPH W. DEXTEE, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

In recent years there has been a revival of interest in the old,

fascinating study of conchology and a greatly accelerated de-

velopment of the modern science of malacology. These develop-

ments have been stimulated in part by organized clubs with

capable leadership, new publications, new and active shell dealers,

extensive travel by men in military service, accumulation of

shells sent home by service men, use of shells in therapy, a fuller

realization of the importance of mollusks as items of food and as

hosts for parasites, researches on commercial mollusks as steps

in conservation of natural resources, and the expanding use of

mollusks for experimental purposes. Malacology today prob-

ably ranks second to entomology in the field of invertebrate

zoology in regard to the number of professional workers and

amateurs engaged in its study.

Directories and membership lists issued during the past few

years give some indication of the extent of interest in the study

of mollusks. "The International Directory of Malacologists"

(1) lists 580 names from the United States with notes on speciali-

zation and size of collection. Of special significance is the nota-

tion of the year when interest in shell life began for 199 of these

persons. Twenty-three began before 1901, fifteen started be-

tween 1901-1910, twenty-two between 1911-1920, forty-two be-

tween 1921-1930, while a total of ninety-five, nearly as many as

all the others put together, started between 1931-1940. The

ranks of the older students are naturally thinned out by death

and changing interest, but the students which remain active

have had time to become known and therefore have a more com-

plete representation in the directorj^ than the recent students.

While direct comparison cannot be made for these reasons, it

does seem apparent that considerable interest in malacology was

initiated in the 1930 's. Only two are listed after 1940, but

such recent additions to the field are not apt to come to the

attention of an editor bringing out a directory within two years

time. Probably a great many, amateurs especially, have taken

up shell collecting since 1940.

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

"The Directory of Conchologists " (2) lists more than 750

persons from the United States with the field of interest of many

indicated in a categorical manner. It also contains some 650

names of foreign conchologists. While these are not grouped

by countr}', it is the most complete recent list of foreign students,

as well as the most extensive one published for the United

States. The 1947 Annual Report of the American Malacological

Union (3) records but 347 members, but this is more of a pro-

fessional list than that of the directories, composed very largely

of those who are scholarly in their malacological interests. The

recent list shows an increase of 32 over that of the preceding

year, but it seems evident that many students and hobbyists have

not yet been encouraged to unite with the national organization.

The formation of the proposed Western Section of the Union

should greatly increase the total membership and stimulate

further interest in mollusks.

In "The Naturalists' Directory" (4) there are 3394 profes-

sional and amateur naturalists of all kinds listed from the United

States and Canada. Of these, 146, 4.3% of the total, mention

some phase of malacology as a special interest. Some of the

most frequent designations with the number of each are as fol-

lows : Mollusca, 45 ; shells, 33 ; conchology, 20 ; malacology, 9.

Others mentioned less often include the following: cephalopods,

ammonites. Tertiary Mollusca, marine Mollusca, land and fresh-

water shells, Pulmonata, Gastropoda, bivalves, Sphaeriidae, tree

snails, physiology of mollusks, and ecology of fresh-water snails.

A general review of this directory with an analysis of interest in

ecology has already been published (5).

The current directory of members of the Ecological Society of

America (6) gives but little information on specialties. The

majority of the members are simply listed as being workers in

the field of botany or zoolog}^ While the vertebrate sciences

are frequently named, entomology is the only invertebrate sci-

ence given specific mention. The membership list of the Limno-

logical Society of America (7), however, gives a more refined

classification. Out of a total of 497 members, 29 (5.8%) are

listed with some interest in malacology. Sixteen of these re-

corded Mollusca as a general field of investigation while the

others specified such items as follows: fresh-water mollusca,

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 27

shellfish, Gastropoda, Sphaeriidae, Marine Borers, Ostrea, and

Reproduction in Snails.

Correlated with the recent rise of interest in mollusks has been

the appearance of several new journals and serial publications

in the field. The most significant of these is Johnsonia (8),

which was first published in 1941, and is edited by William J.

Clench. This is monographic in nature, thoroughly scientific,

and superbly illustrated. Four years later the same editor be-

gan another series of shorter papers entitled Occasional papers

on Mollusks (9). Also in 1941, the Minutes of the Conchological

Club of Southern California (10) appeared under the editorship

of John Q. Burch. This paper also includes the Minutes of the

Long Beach Shell Club and contains scientific reports and prog-

ress reports as well as club and personal activities. In 1942 a

popular trade paper called Shell Notes (11) was first distributed

by its owner, Frank Lyman. The following year another sci-

entific journal bearing the title, Revista de la Sociedad Malaco-

logia ''Carlos de la Torre" (12), made its appearance under the

direction of Carlos G. Aguayo. Mollusea (13), a popular paper

issued by Paul H. Reed, appeared in 1944. A private publica-

tion of S. Stillman Berry known as Leaflets in Malacology^ (14)

was first issued in 1946.

Of recent books which have stimulated collecting, study, and

research, three might be mentioned as of special importance.

Volume I of the masterpiece of Henry A. Pilsbry, "Land Mol-

lusea of North America" (15), has already been published, with

volume II in preparation. This definitive tome will hold the

seat of authority for many years to come. Of interest to the

service men and their friends is the section of a book on ' ' Shells

of the Pacific World" (16) by Paul Bartsch. The latest hand-

book which will surely further an expanding interest in col-

lecting shells, if not of more serious study, is the recent ''Field

Guide to the Shells" (17) by Percy A. Morris.

It will be of great interest to learn whether the next decade

will see as much activity in the collection and study of mollusks,

the publication of results, and the appearance of new serial

publications and books as has taken place in the past decade or

two.

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

Literature Cited

1. International Directory of Malacologists (Including Shell

Collectors). Compiled by Maxwell Smith. Third edition.

Lantana, Florida. 1943. 50 pp.

2. Directory of Conchologists. Compiled by John Q. Burch.

Los Angeles, California. 1947. 30 pp.

3. News Bulletin and Annual Report. The American Malaco-

logical Union. 1947. Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Sec. 32

pp.

4. The Naturalists' Directory. 34th edition. The Cassino

Press. Salem, Mass. 1946. 204 pp.

5. Ecological Interests among American Naturalists. Ralph

W. Dexter, Ecology, 28 (2) :, 213-214. 1947.

6. Directory of Members, The Ecological Society of America.

Bull. Ecol. Soc. of America, 28 (4A) : 116 pp. 1947.

W. A. Dreyer, Sec.

7. Membership List. Limnological Society of America. G. L.

Clarke, Sec. 1947. 20 pp.

8. Johnsonia. Monographs of the Marine Mollusks of the

Western Atlantic. Dept. of Mollusks, Museum of Compara-

tive Zoology. William J. Clench, editor.

9. Occasional Papers on Mollusks. Dept. of Mollusks, Museum

of Comparative Zoology. William J. Clench, editor.

10. Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southeiti California.

John Q. Burch, editor and publisher. Los Angeles, Cali-

fornia.

11. Shell Notes. Frank Lyman, editor and publisher. Lantana,

Florida.

12. Revista de la Sociedad Malacologia "Carlos de la Torre."

Museo "Poey," Universidad de la Habana. C. G. Aguayo,

director. M. L. Jaume, editor.

13. Mollusca. Paul H. Reed, editor and publisher. Tavares,

Florida.

14. Leaflets in Malacology. S. Stillman Berry, editor and pub-

lisher. Redlands, California.

15. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Mono-

graph no. 3. Henry A. Pilsbry. The Acadenw of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia. Vol. I, Part I, 574 pp., 1939 ;

Part II, 420 pp., 1940. Volume II (in preparation).

16. Fishes and Shells of the Pacific World. John T. Nichols

and Paul Bartsch. Macmillan Co. 201 pp. 1945.

17. A Field Guide to the Shells of Our Atlantic Coast. Percy

A. Morris. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 190 pp. 1947.

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 29

INDISCRIMINATE SCATTERING OF EXOTIC

MOLLUSKS

By G. D. HANNA, California Academy of Sciences

The desire of human beings to maintain pets and to transplant

them and watch them thrive, is a trait which cannot be legislated

out of existence. Only by the slow process of mass education

concerning the dangers involved will the difficulty be eliminated.

There is a tendency in many states to pass laws of protection

and these, unquestionably, do just this to a certain extent. These

laws and regulations are merely expressions by the public in an

endeavor to protect themselves. There will be many more.

Some of the most dangerous of all pests are mollusks. Con-

chologists are thoroughly familiar with them yet the pages of

The Nautilus have had numerous articles during recent years

which contain statements of admission by the authors of having

actually planted exotic species or of having advocated the plant-

ing. A need for such action is not shown or is only hinted

upon, and I have no doubt that the time is not far distant when

paramount need will have to be proved and doubly checked

before an introduction will be permitted. Furthermore, it seems

safe to prophesy that at no very distant date it will be made

difficult to secure a permit to collect or maintain live mollusks

at all. Amateurs and professionals alike may well take warning.

In a late number of The Nautilus in an article on Achatina

achatina the author * admitted having allowed an egg laying

individual to escape. Fortunately it was captured and, let us

hope it was promptly executed. The author went on to state

that the introduction of the species into Florida might be suc-

cessful. Let us also hope that if this State does not already have

laws forbidding such action, they will be promptly enacted.

A closely related species, Achatina fulica, was transplanted to

some of the Pacific islands prior to or during the war by Japanese

and the damage it has done is incalculable. Many beautiful

islands have become barren wastes. Guam is infested and the

* Andrews, E. A. Achatina achatina lays its eggs. The Nautilus, Vol.

61, No. 3, Jan. 1948, pp. 95-96. This reference is not singled out for

special criticism; it is merely a citation which shows the feeling of many

conchologists.

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

species has even reached Hawaii where the greatest effort is

being expended in an attempt to exterminate it. F. X. Williams

is currently in Africa in an endeavor to find some natural

enemy which will aid in control.

These animals are extremely prolific. Two {A. achatina)

were once left at the Steinhart Aquarium on loan. They were

kept under most rigid control and observation because they were

thought to be safer there than in private hands. These two

laid 246 eggs at one period. Finally the California quarantine

officials killed the animals and it was found that one of them

contained about 100 additional eggs. None of these were allowed

to get into private hands; they were at once placed in strong

alcohol or broken.

California has adequate laws to prevent the entrance of such

animals but some misguided individuals fail to be impressed and

sometimes elude detection.

I do not know of any records to show that conchologists have

actually scattered any of the species which have become such

expensive pests in California but it is not likely that they are

much if any more careful than such collectors elsewhere. They

might well be, however, because the state has spent many mil-

lions of dollars in efforts to exterminate certain European species

of land snails. Some of these have gained such a foothold that

it is useless to even try and in spite of the utmost vigilance

others get through. In the only case where there is an actual

historical record {Helix aspersa), the ''food" excuse was cited,

yet I have not heard of one being eaten in 25 years. The same

excuse was used by the federal government years ago when it

planted German carp indiscriminately in western waters, the

result being that excellent native species were displaced by one

which is so undesirable that it rarely is eaten.

The well known role which freshwater moUusks play as in-

termediate hosts for parasites of many animals, man included,

scarcely calls for comment. Yet when the collector is tempted

to move a snail from one stream drainage over into another he

should hesitate a moment and try to give absolutely definite

answers to these questions.

1. What food does this mollusk eat?

2. Which animals eat it and in what proportion?

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 31

3. Is the mollusk a carrier of parasites potentially dangerous

to other animals?

4. In the new locality is there any species so desperately in

need of food that this move is necessary?

5. Is the transplanter financially able to back up his judgment

against losses?

Failure of individuals to answer these questions satisfactorily

in the past, accounts for many of the difficulties and expenses of

agriculture and aquatic biology today.

THE SPREAD AND DESTRUCTIVENESS OF THE

GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL, ACHATINA FULICA *

By R. tucker ABBOTT

Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

Few snails that have been introduced by man in various parts

of the world have attracted the attention of gardeners and

plantation owners as much as has the giant African snail,

Achatina fulica Ferussac. The sudden appearance of snails

half a foot in length, the rapidity with which the colonies in-

crease in size, and their destructiveness to succulent plants and

young sprouts have caused man to turn battle against the

molluscan invaders in a dozen places around the world. The

story of their arrival in various parts of the Far East and

Pacific Islands has been told from time to time as the march of

Achatina has proceeded from west Africa across half the face of

the world. Alarming destruction to truck crops in the Mariana

Islands and the recent accidental introduction of this snail to

southern California have added a new chapter to the story.

The suggestion of a recent writer, who aids and abets a flourish-

ing colony of Achatina achatina in the United States, that the

snails' introduction to Florida might serve some useful purpose

promises to add still another headline — "Giant Snails Raze

Florida Tomato Crops" or ''Cubans Battle Giant Snail Visitors

from the United States."

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-

tution.

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

The menace is so real that the National Research Council, at

the request of the United States Navy and Pacific Island gov-

ernments, has set out to find some solution to the problem.

Already, a scientist renowned for his successful fight against in-

sect invaders of the Hawaiian Islands has been sent to the home

of the achatinas in tropical Africa. His job is to learn as much

as possible about the snails' habits and natural enemies. What

he discovers will be used in our all-out attack on the snail in

the Pacific.

The early history of achatina's march is rather obscure, al-

though its introduction to the island of Mauritius was certainly

before the year 1818. Lamarck records it from that island in

1819, but how long his specimens were in the Paris Museum

collection even before this is not known. Ferussac and Rang

mention it several times in works appearing in the early quarter

of the nineteenth century. Ferussac in 1821 says that the

governor of Reunion Island imported it into his gardens for a

favorite young lady who had acquired a taste for snail soup

which in those days was considered to be of some medicinal

value. A special voyage was made to Madagascar for this snail,

according to Ferussac 's tale.

While the well-known malacologist, Benson, was visiting his

friend. Captain Barclay, in Mauritius in 1847, he became suffi-

ciently interested in the giant snails to bring back living speci-

mens to Bengal and release them in the back garden of the

Bengal Asiatic Society. The same year, Benson introduced

them to Calcutta where Captain Hutton in 1848 collected several

specimens which he later introduced to Mussoori in the western

Himalayas.

Since Benson's day the giant African snail has made a steady

march eastward with serious outbreaks occurring in the Seychelle

Islands prior to 1868 — Ceylon in 1900 where young tea plants

were attacked — Perak, Straits Settlements in 1927 — Malaya in

1928 when thousands of young rubber plants were destroyed —

Singapore gardens in 1930 — a year later Southern China — Rhio

Archipelago, Netherlands East Indies in 1933 — Java, 1935 —

Palembang, Sumatra, 1936 — and Siam prior to 1937. The

snail has appeared from time to time in the Hawaiian Islands,

but thanks to the viprilance of Dr. C. M. Cooke of the Bernice

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 33

p. Bishop Museum, introduced colonies have been stamped out

each time before the situation reached the epidemic stage.

The Japanese introduced achatinas to Saipan and Tinian Islands

in the Marianas for food purposes some time before 1940. Al-

though the Japanese were very fond of Achatina stew, the natives

did not acquire a liking for it. When American troops occupied

these islands in 1945, the snails were so abundant that driving

was made dangerous b}' slippery roads caused by hundreds of

crushed snails. The author has seen as many as fifty large

achatinas clinging to a small ten-foot tree on Saipan Island.

Green, in 1911, reported a similar condition in Ceylon where

''Two hundred and twenty-seven snails were counted ... on

the stem of a coconut-tree. The ground beneath . . . was cov-

ered an inch deep with their excreta."

In 1946, when Pandanus leaves were being shipped from Sai-

pan to Guam for native handicraft, the snails soon after ap-

peared on the outskirts of Santa Kita Village. No serious efforts

were made to control the invader, and by 1947 the colony had

enlarged and spread over most of the southern half of Guam.

At present, a similar epidemic is raging in the Palau Islands.

Okinawa was invaded some time before the last war.

United States is the most recent port of call for Achatina,

where living adults have been found in gardens in San Pedro,

California. The theory has been advanced that eggs or hibernat-

ing adults were brought in on army vehicles returned from

Tinian Island soon after the war. It would, indeed, be regret-

table if the snails established themselves in California's great

truck farming areas. In Malaya, agriculturalists were con-

cerned equally as much by the ability of the snail to mechanically

transport common plant diseases as they were with its destruc-

tiveness to sprouting rubber plants.

Adult achatinas seem to prefer rotting vegetation, human

excreta, and fallen fruit as the main part of their diet, but the

younger snails take an active part in attacking succulent vege-

tables and the sprouts of certain economically important plants.

According to Connolly (1931) there is no limestone in Ceylon,

which is of almost purely granitic formation, and due doubtless

to this cause the snails have developed a passion for whitewash

for which they crawl up buildings in order to lap it off the

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

whitewashed walls, and this is now turned to account in keeping

down the pest by hanging little bags of poisoned whitewash in

spots where they are likely to find and eat it.

In Malaya, agriculturalists have met with considerable success

in cutting down the number of snails by means of bait-balls of

rice-bran mixed with poison. ''Meta fuel," a patented com-

pound metaldehyde, was used as the poisoning agent, although

doubtlessly other common insecticides would serve equally well.

The use of D.D.T. may possibly meet with failure, since some

mollusks already tested have ingested the famous insecticide with

no harmful effects.

The bibliography concerning the spread and control of Acha-

tina fulica is too lengthy to include in this article, but the in-

formation is on file in the division of mollusks. United States

National Museum, Washington 25, D. C. The shell is illustrated

in Pilsbry's ''Manual of Conchology," vol. 17, 1904, plates 36

and 37, by Green in ''The Zoologist," London, 1911, pi. 2, and

in the "Pomona Progress Bulletin," a California newspaper,

in May, 1947. Cleaned shells may be purchased from some shell

dealers, including a well-known dealer in California. We are

indebted to Miss Ruth Turner who kindly sent us many locality

records from the collection at the Museum of Comparative

Zoolog}-.

THE HIRASE COLLECTIONS OF MOLLUSKS

By WILLIAM J. CLENCH

Through the kindness of Dr. A. R. Cahn, I have received

the following notes in regard to the tAvo Japanese collections,

made by Yoichiro Hirase and his son, Shintaro Ilirase.

By far the more important collection is that of Yoichiro

Ilirase. This collection of mollusks was built up through the

years by the elder Ilirase, based mainly upon the efforts of field

collectors that he had sent to many portions of the Japanese

Empire. Many of the species were new, and these were de-

scribed by Pilsbry and by Pilsbry and Hirase.

July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 35

I quote from Dr. Cahn's letter. '^The Y. Hirase collection

was in the Science Museum in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Early in the

war it was packed and shipped into the country somewhere. It

is now en route to Ueno Park. So far as I know, it is wholly

unharmed. ' '

This is exceedingly fortunate. It is by far the most important

collection of moUusks in Japan, since so much of it consists of

type material.

The fate of the collection of Shintaro Hirase is not so fortu-

nate. Again I quote from Dr. Cahn. ''Here is the story, and

it is a sad one. At the start of the war, Hirase [Shintaro] split

his collection for safety. He gave approximately 60% of it to

Research Institute for Natural Resources in Tokyo, keeping 40%

of it himself. His house was completely destroyed by incendiary

bombs, and his 40% was eliminated. The Institute promptly

^plit the 60% they had, shipping about half of it (30% of the

total collection) out into the country for safety. The remaining

half (30% of the total collection) was retained in Tokyo, and

was lost through bombing. Hence, all that is now left of the

original collection is about 30%, now in the Research Institute

here in Tokyo. This I have seen superficially. My guess is

that the collection contains very roughly some 5000 specimens,

but this is only a guess. Remember the shells are in boxes, all

jumbled up, and wholly inaccessible to either sight or study.

I wish I could give you a more optimistic story about it. Better

make a note of the above facts, if the fate of that collection is

of any historical importance, for only a few people in Tokyo

know the facts. I got them from Dr. Kuronuma, a close friend

of Hirase, and from Dr. Oshima, a closer friend. ' '

It was upon this latter collection that Shintaro Hirase based

his book, "A collection of Japanese Shells with Illustrations in

Natural Colors" (1934).

The loss of this collection is most unfortunate. Nevertheless,

its effect on Japanese malacology is not nearly so great as would

have been the loss of the collection of the senior Hirase with its

priceless type material.

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1)

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 61, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pi. 1,

was mailed July 14, 1947. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 2-4, December

18, 1947. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pis. 5 & 6, March 2, 1948. No. 4,

pp. 109-144 + i-vi, pis. 7-10, May 24, 1948.— H. B. B.

Drymaeus multilineatus osmenti, new form. — Shell similar

in structural characters and size to typical D. multilineatus,

differing by having the ground color a light orange-yellow and

being devoid of any brown spiral bands. The holotype (MCZ.

no. 160807) measures 21.5 X 10 mm. It was collected by William

Osment on Little Pine Key, Lower Florida Keys. — W. J.

Clench.

The Authorship of Elliptio complanatus. — Solander is the

author of Elliptio complanatus, but because Simpson (1914, Cat.

Naiades, p. 651) was unaware of the existence of the Portland

Catalogue, he considered E. complanatus to date from DillwjTi's

description of 1817 (Cat. of Recent Shells, p. 51), as have most

subsequent authors. However, as pointed out by Iredale (1916,

Proc. Mai. Soc. London 12, p. 90) and Dall (1921, Nautilus 34,

p. 99), the Portland Catalogue is a valid publication and So-

lander's citation (1786, Portland Catalogue, p. 100) of Lister

(1688, Historiae Conchyliorum, pi. 150, fig. 5) is an adequate

description under the rules of the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature. Therefore, Solander is the author of

Elliptio complanatus, and the name dates from 1786. This

makes the adoption of Spengler's name, Unio violaceus, (1793,

Skriv. Nat. Selsk. 3, p. 55) impossible. Spengler's name would

become relevant only if E. complanatus dated from Dillwyn's

description of 1817. Solander gives Maryland as the type lo-

cality of his species. Lister gives Virginia as the locality on

his plate. Therefore, I hereby restrict the type locality to the

Potomac River, Washington, D. C. — Richard I. Johnson.

The Nautilus

Vol. 62 October, 1948 No. 2

A COLLECTING TRIP IN MEXICO

By ANDREW W. SORENSON

On May seventh a party consisting of Dr. and Mrs. Earl H.

Myers, John Strohbeen and the writer started in two automobiles

from Pacific Grove, California for a ten day trip to Punta

Penasco, Mexico. Dr. Myers is an internationally known

authority on Foraminifera, who with Mrs. Myers has spent much

time in the Dutch East Indies and in southern Asia, and who has

travelled in most of the countries of Europe studying Forami-

nifera. But the Myers had not been in Mexico, and that is where

John Strohbeen and the writer spend much of each winter

beachcombing along the west coast from our border south to

Mazatlan.

So a short trip to the nearest available place for shore collect-

ing would serve as an introduction for them. Our good roads

and millions of automobiles have made nearly every part of the

United States easily accessible with the result that if one wants

to study nature in its original condition he must go far afield

and keep away from popular places and paved highways.

Even in Mexico they are "steadily" improving their road

system and the influx of American tourists is gaining rapidly.

Still both shores of the Gulf of California for its whole length

from the mouth of the Colorado River to Point San Lucas on

the tip of Baja California are yet the best collecting grounds for

marine mollusks and Crustacea to be found north of Central

America. How long this will last is problematic, so we decided

to visit Punta Penasco, for comparatively little work has been

done there in the study of marine fauna.

It was practically inaccessible to automobiles until three years

ago when the Mexican government completed a paved road to

the Arizona border at Sonoyta, and Sonoyta is connected by

paved road with U. S. Highway No. 80 at Gila Bend, Arizona.

(37)

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

From here one turns south for 44 miles to Ajo, where the large

Dodge Phelps open pit copper mine is located, said to be the

third largest in the United States. The mile wide pit is a

wonderful sight with sixteen railroad tracks circling the enor-

mous walls and many trains simultaneously loading or bringing

ore up to the smelter.

The road continues south and soon enters ''The Organ Pipe

Cactus National Monument" which extends to the Mexican

border where you pass through Custom. On the Mexican side

you secure your tourist permit for $2.20 American money. This

is good for six months, and renewable once, also for six months.

The total distance from Gila Bend to Punta Penasco is about

150 miles and is an easy half -day run. Our reason for selecting

Punta Penasco was due to its favorable position so near the

head of the Gulf. The variation in tides is extreme, running

up to nearly thirty feet in vertical distance.

In the little harbor, boats that have not anchored outside be-

fore low tide lean drunkenly against each other or lie on their

sides till the incoming water rights them again, and big trucks

actually drive around on the harbor bottom at low tide.

Sport fishermen from Arizona and southern California regu-

larly come here week-ends for dependable fishing and concholo-

gists do not have to be told that the etxreme low tides which

expose as much as two miles of smooth bottom give them an un-

usual chance to study the molluscan fauna much better here than

in places with little variation in tide levels.

A couple of previous visits had whetted our desire for making

a more thorough study of the many species of moUusks to be

found here. Two days run would have brought us there, but we

preferred to staj^ overnight at Gila Bend, so as to get in on

Sunday when most of the many week-end fisherman were going

home, and consequently accommodations easier to get.

I will not go into detail about how we worked the various

beaches of this still unspoiled place, but will confine my remarks

to naming some of the more common species we found. The

most interesting finds were made at La Cholla Bay some five or

six miles north of Punta Penasco. Mrs. Myers and the writer

followed the tide out for more than a mile and collected Turbo

jlvctuosun, Melouf/ryia patuJa, PoUnices reclvsiana, Murex hi-

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 39

color, Murex nigritus, and three different species of Cerithium.

On the way out we came to an enormous bed of Encope grandis

Agassiz. There were literally thousands of them living barely

covered by sand. They averaged 4 to 5 inches in size.

At this stage we were joined by the other two members of the

party who had been working the outer rocky point for acmaeas,

tegulas, cypraeas, acanthinas, etc., and the numerous small

octopi found under rocks. They were as excited at our find as

we were, and they soon wandered off determined to outdo us at

all costs. This they did, for soon John Strohbeen's lusty shout

brought us to where they had located another huge bed of the

still rarer Meoma grandis Gray. These two species are both

echinoderms, and of about the same size, both nearly flat and

covered with short black bristly spines, their chief difference

being that the Encope grandis is somewhat thicker, has a large

"keyhole" and five indentations in the margin while the Meoma

grandis has a small round hole instead of a keyhole and five

round holes near the margin. This is the first time in more

than a dozen trips to the east coast of the Gulf of California that

the writer has seen such beds, single live specimens only having

been found, so it is no wonder that we were all pleased with

our trip.

On other days the long beach connecting Punta Penasco with

the rocky point that causes the shallow La Cholla Bay, which is

really only a sub-bay of Bahia Adair, furnished us with three

species of Oliva, namely Oliva angulata, 0. venulaia and 0.

dama. Also the long-tailed spiny Murex elenensis, Conns regu-

laris, Stromhus gracilior, Stromhus galeatus, Cancellaria cassidi-

formis, Eupleura muriciformis, Neritina picta, turritellas and

triforas and many species of Pelecypoda.

Of course we could not go to this popular fishing place without

taking at least one fishing trip. Five of us went out with a

Mexican charter boat and had a wonderful trip getting cabrillos,

pintos, corbinos, sierras, sharks and even a five foot sting ray,

but that is all I dare tell for fear of having it called a ''fish

story. ' '

From a commercial standpoint, this little town deserves more

than a passing notice. The Mexican white sea bass, called by

them "Totoava," is a fish averaging some 50 pounds in weight

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

with individuals much heavier. It is caught here in large num-

bers, for the upper part of the Gulf seems to be its spawning

place. They are hauled by trucks to the United States and with

the large catch of shrimps furnish a good income for the rapidly

growing fishing population. The town has more than doubled

the last two years, and substantial buildings are going up.

Their water supply came exclusively by tank trucks from a well

twelve miles distant until recently when a distilling plant was

built.

Being so isolated and new the town cannot take advantage of

all its resources. A regular shark fishery is going on with only

the livers being utilized. While we were there a truck hauled

more than five tons of shark carcasses daily out on the desert for

the buzzards to feed upon. A reduction plant would do well.

Time passed all too fast in this, as yet, unspoiled and primitive

place, and the time for departure likewise came too fast, so home

we went making plans to return there early in the fall when the

summer heat is over.

NEW SUBSPECIES OF HELICOSTYLA FROM MIN-

DORO, AND OF POLYGYRA FROM FLORIDA

By EALPH W. JACKSON

Helicostyla FLORIDA MESAi, ncw subspccics

Shell imperforate, solid, rather broadly ovate. Nucleus and

early postnuclear whorls are white. Beginning with the third

whorl, a white thread-like band appears under the suture and

as it approaches the aperture it widens and takes on a creamy

tint. Directly under this band is a brown band which also

increases in width and darkness of color with each whorl.

After the postnuclear whorls the green color appears and this

becomes darker as the aperture is approached ; the base and

the area behind the peristome is a very dark olive green. There

is a wide dark columellar area, occupying one-half of the

parietal wall. The entire peristome for an area of 3 mm. is

brown. The aperture is oblique, broadly oval.

r

The type no. 184032 ANSP. has 5.5 whorls and is one of four

collected by Pedro de Mesa at Bulalacao, southern Mindoro.

Length 42 mm.; greater diameter 32 mm.; lesser diameter 28.5

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 41

mm. Three other specimens from Bulalacao (in coll. R. W.

Jackson) measure: length, 40.5, 36, 39; greater diameter, 34, 32,

32; lesser diameter, 30.5, 27, 27 mm.

Mr. de Mesa also found this subspecies at San Jose and three

specimens from there measure : length, 44.5, 39, 43 mm. ; greater

diameter, 36.5, 35, 35 mm. ; lesser diameter, 32, 30, 31 mm.

This striking race of H. florida comes from Southern Mindoro,

and differs from all other described forms by its large size, dark

green color and brown peristome. Figure will appear in the

January Nautilus.

POLYGYRA POSTELLIANA HAUSMANI, UCW SubspCcicS

Shell perforate, slightly convex ; after the initial smooth stage

of the embryonic shell, the surface is rib-striate above and below

with some short deciduous hairs. The oral obstructions are

strongly developed with the outer part of the lip sharply bent

back in the middle of the peripheral region; the parietal tooth

is channeled and enters rather deeply; the outer lip tooth is

prominently placed near edge, not deeply immersed.

Height 3.8 mm. ; diameter 6.8 mm. ; 5 whorls.

The type (184045 ANSP.) was collected along the highway

between Perry and Cross City, Florida by Mr. Frank Hausman,

for whom the subspecies is named.

This shell differs from yostelliana, as in the subspecies sub-

clausa and peninsulae, by the strong development of the oral

obstructions and narrow apertural orifice. From suhclausa it

differs by its smaller size and by having the outer lip tooth very

much less deeply placed; the parietal tooth enters less deeply.

From peninsulae it differs in having a rib-striate base and by

having the lip tooth not immersed as far. From both sub-

species it differs in having short deciduous hairs.

FIVE NEW YARMOUTHIAN PLANORBID SNAILS

By a. BYEON LEONARD

Department of Zoology, The University of Kansas

The summer field season of 1947 brought to an advanced stage

several years' study of the molluscan fauna associated with the

Pleistocene deposits which contain the Pearlette volcanic ash

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

lentils. It has been shown (Frye, Swineford, and Leonard,

1948), on evidence based in part on the distinctive qualities of

the molluscan fauna, that the deposits in question, which are

known from an area extending from northwestern Iowa and

southeastern South Dakota across Nebraska, Kansas, north-

western Oklahoma to northwestern Texas, are of Yarmouthian

age. As now known, this molluscan fauna contains approxi-

mately 65 species, of which several are undescribed. Descriptions

of five new planorbid snails are given here ; a complete descrip-

tion of the fauna will appear in a later publication.

Planorbula nebrascensis, new species, Plate 2, A, B.

Type: Catalogue number 5048, University of Kansas Museum

of Natural History.

Horizon and type locality: Yarmouthian; 6 mi. SE Santee,

Knox County, Nebraska.

Diagnosis: Shell small for the genus, whorls 4, tightly coiled,

roundly angulate above, acutely angulate below, plane on um-

bilical surface; umbilicus narrowly infundibuliform, exhibiting

all the whorls, but the inferior angle revealed only on last two

volutions; peristome semilunate, except angulate below; a con-

spicuous crest a short distance behind peristome.

Description of holotype: Shell small for the genus, whorls 4,

tightly coiled, obtusely angulate above, acutely angulate below,

plane on umbilical surface ; umbilicus narrowly infundibuliform,

exhibiting all volutions to nucleus, but exposing inferior angles

of last two volutions only; spire depressed to nucleus; body

whorl deflected downward near aperture, the latter wider than

high, semilunate, except angulate below; lip without varix,

continuous across parietal wall; a high, rounded crest a short

distance behind lip; lamellae 6, disposed as in Planorbula

wheatleyi, except sinuosity of principal parietal lamella less

pronounced; sculpture of fine, obliquely transverse striations,

beginning on nuclear whorls, becoming somewhat coarser on

succeeding volutions. Greater diameter, 5.6 mm.; lesser di-

ameter, 4.6 mm. ; height, 2.4 mm.

Remarks: P. nebrascensis is apparently related to wheatleyi,

which it resembles. The species is known from a few examples

at the type locality, and from a small series from deposits in

Lyon County, Iowa, which place is 2 mi. E of Canton, South

Dakota.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 43

Planorbula vulcanta, new species, Plate 2, C, D.

Type: Catalogue number 5049, University of Kansas Museum

of Natural History.

Horizon and type locality: Yarmouthian; 4 mi. W Navarre,

Dickinson County, Kansas.

Diagnosis: Shell small for the genus, whorls 41/^, tightly coiled,

rounded above and peripherally, angulate below, plane on um-

bilical surface; body whorl expanded near aperture, deflected

downward one-half width of preceding whorl; spire depressed

toward nucleus; peristome wider than high, semilunate, except

angulate below; lip flared, thickened, continuous across parietal

wall, and with low crest a short distance behind; lamellae 6,

disposed as in Planorlida armigera, except principal parietal

lamella truncate behind.

Description of holotype: Shell small for the genus, whorls

41/2, tightly coiled, rounded above and peripherally, angulate

below, plane on umbilical surface ; body whorl expanded near

aperture, and deflected downward one-half width of preceding

whorl; spire depressed toward nucleus; umbilicus narrowly in-

fundibuliform, one-half diameter of shell, exhibiting inferior

angle of all volutions to nucleus; peristome wider than high,

semilunate, except angulate below; lip flared, thickened, con-

tinuous across parietal wall, with low crest a short distance

behind ; lamellae 6, disposed as in P. armigera, except principal

parietal lamella truncate behind as well as in front; nucleus

of 11/2 whorls, minutely punctate, remaining whorls embellished

with fine, obliquely transverse striations, interspersed with ir-

regularly disposed, coarser growth lines. Greater diameter, 6.25

mm. ; lesser diameter, 5.2 mm. ; height, 2.5 mm.

Remarks: Planorhula vulcanata bears some resemblance to

wheatleyi, but lacks the conspicuous varix on the lip, and the

crest behind the lip is much less well-developed; the principal

parietal lamella is less sinuous, and is truncate at either end.

P. vulcanata is totally unlike P. armigera, except in the general

arrangement of the internal lamellae, but the roundness of the

whorls of armigera is one of the most striking differences. In

P. crassilahris, the umbilicus is wider, the umbilical surface of

the whorls more rounded, and the angulation on the inferior

surface of the whorls is less pronounced than in vulcanta.

P. vulcanata is known from the type locality, where it forms

a conspicuous element of the molluscan fauna, and from de-

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

posits situated 10 mi. W, 1 mi. N, Minneapolis, Ottawa County,

Kansas. At the type locality this species occurs both above and

below the volcanic ash lentil.

Planorbula vulcanata occidentalis, new subspecies, Plate 2,

E, F.

Type: Catalogue number 5050, University of Kansas Museum

of Natural History.

Horizon and type locality: Yarmouthian; 13 mi, E, I/2 ^i- S,

Minneola, Clark County, Kansas.

Diagnosis: Shell of moderate size for the genus, 4I/2 to 5

whorls, body whorl enlarging, and deflected downward near

aperture ; whorls obtusely angulate to rounded above, body whorl

angulate below; spire depressed toward nucleus, umbilicus

broadly infundibuliform, exhibiting all volutions to nucleus,

widening rapidly from penultimate whorl; lip simple, without

crest; lamellae disposed as in P. v. vulcanata, except principal

parietal lamella less abruptly truncate behind.

Description of holotype: Shell of moderate size for the genus,

whorls 4I/2, enlarging regularly, except body whorl expanded

and deflected downward toward aperture; whorls rounded to

subangulate above, body whorl angulate below; spire depressed

toward nucleus, umbilicus broadly infundibuliform, expanding

rapidly below penultimate whorl ; all volutions visible, above and

below ; lip simple, continuous ; aperture semilunate, except angu-

late below, about as wide as high; lamellae 6, disposed as in

vulcanata, principal parietal lamella sinuous, but less abruptly

truncate behind ; sculpture of fine, obliquely transverse striations,

beginning on nucleus, becoming slightly coarser on succeeding

volutions. Greater diameter, 6.75 mm. ; lesser diameter, 5.75

mm.; height, 2.1 mm.

Remarks: The generally greater diameter, greater width of

umbilicus, less acutely angled whorls, and less abrupt truncation

of the principal parietal lamella readily distinguish most ex-

amples of P. V. occidentalis from vulcanata. However, about 10

per cent of the shells from localities in southwestern Kansas

grade toward typical vulcanata, or cannot be distinguished from

it. P. V. occidentalis is known from four localities in south-

western Kansas.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 45

Gyraulus labiatus, new species, Plate 2, G, H.

Type: Catalogue number 5051, University of Kansas Museum

of Natural History.

Horizon and type locality: Yarmouthian ; i/4 ^' ^^ Gate,

Beaver County, Oklahoma.

Diagnosis: Shell large for the genus, whorls 4, not flattened

above nor below, except terminal half of body whorl above;

whorls increasing regularly in size ; first two whorls depressed

below level of later volutions; base widely concave, exhibiting

all volutions; sculpture of fine to coarse, obliquely transverse

growth lines, often crowded into irregularly spaced ridges;

aperture ovate, not deflected downward, superior margin pro-

duced beyond inferior margin; peristome continuous across

parietal wall with no thinning. The deeply incised suture, the

roundness and number of the whorls, the absence of downward

deflection of the body whorl, and the lip across the parietal wall

are the principal diagnostic features of this species.

Description of holotype: Shell large, robust, ultradextral, de-

pressed; suture deeply incised; periphery rounded; sculpture

of fine, obliquely transverse growth lines beginning above the

nucleus, increasing in coarseness toward the body whorl, often

coalesced into thickened ridges ; nucleus small, punctately sculp-

tured; whorls 4, enlarging regularly and rapidly, but without

conspicuous enlargement of the body whorl; peristome flared

near aperture, somewhat depressed above; spire depressed, base

broadly concave ; all volutions visible above and below ; aperture

ovate, wider than high, slightly flattened above, the superior

margin produced considerably beyond the inferior margin; lip

simple, thickened, and continuous across parietal wall. Greater

diameter, 6.4 mm. ; lesser diameter, 5.2 mm. ; height, 1.6 mm. ;

diameter of aperture, 1.6 mm.; height of aperture, 1.4 mm.

Remarks: G. lahiatus seems most closely related to G. circum-

striatus, from which it may be distinguished by its smaller num-

ber of whorls, the flared aperture, the lack of revolving lines, and

the continuous peristome; lahiatus may be distinguished from

G. arcticus by its larger size, absence of spiral lines, punctately

sculptured nucleus, lack of downward deflection of the body

whorl near the aperture, and the continuous peristome. The

species is known from fifteen localities, distributed from north-

western Texas to northwestern Iowa.

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

Menetus pearlettei, new species, Plate 2, I, J.

Type: Catalogue number 5052, University of Kansas Museum

of Natural History.

Horizon and type locality: Yarmouthian ; 4 mi. W. Navarre,

Dickinson County, Kansas.

Diagnosis: Shell of moderate size for the genus, ultradextral,

depressed, whorls 4, increasing regularly in size toward the

aperture ; spire not elevated ; umbilicus shallow, diameter slightly

less than half lesser diameter of shell; periphery carinate;

whorls slightly convex above, rounded below; sculpture of fine,

closely crowded, obliquely transverse growth lines, sometimes

coalesced into coarser ridges; aperture trianguloid, the superior

margin of the peristome produced beyond the inferior margin.

Description of holotype: Shell ultradextral, depressed, whorls

4, increasing regularly in size toward the aperture ; spire neither

elevated nor depressed; umbilicus shallow, diameter slightly

less than half the lesser diameter of shell, exhibiting all the

volutions ; whorls rounded below, especially near border of um-

bilicus, slightly convex above; periphery roundly carinate, not

"pinched" as in M. kansasensis; aperture trianguloid, peristome

slightly flared, continuous across parietal wall, the superior mar-

gin produced beyond the inferior margin ; nuclear whorls punc-

tate and sparsely striate, remaining whorls with sculpture of

fine, closely crowded, obliquely transverse, raised lines, giving

the surface of the shell a silky texture, rarely coalesced into

coarser ridges. Greater diameter, 5.75 mm. ; lesser diameter,

4.75 mm. ; height, 1.5 mm.

Remarks: M. pearlettei stands in an intermediate position,

both in time and in evolutionary development, between M.

kansasensis, common in Aftonian deposits in southwestern Kan-

sas, and M. coloradensis which is living in the front range of the

Rocky Mountains. M. pearlettei does not reach the maximum

size of M. kansasensis, the whorls are more rounded, and pearlettei

lacks the ''pinched'* peripher^^ the spiral ridges, and con-

spicuous transverse ridges of the Aftonian species; pearlettei

differs from coloradensis by its larger size, rounded whorls, and

by the lack of coarse transverse striations and ''pinched" periph-

ery. The species is known from ten localities, distributed from

northwestern Texas to northwestern Iowa.

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (2)

PLATE 2

Leonard: Yarmouthian Planorbid Snails

THE XArXILI^S: 62 (2)

PLATE 3

Fig. 1. IlyridcllM fannyar .lolmson

Fig. 2. rscudodon walpolci 11a nicy

Fig. :{. Psc'udodoii rcsupiiiatus Voii Mart(Mi>

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 47

Reference to Literature

1948. Frye, John C, Swineford, Ada and Leonard A. Byron.

Correlation of Pleistocene deposits of the central Great Plains

with the glacial section. Jour. GeoL, 56:6 (in press).

Explanation of Figures. Plate 2

All figures enlarged X 5.5 ; photographs by the author

A. Planorhiila nehrascensis, holotype; umbilical view; B, spiral

view. Six mi. SE Santee, Knox County, Nebraska.

C. Planorhula vulcanata, holotype; umbilical view; D, spiral

view. Four mi. W Navarre, Dickinson County, Kansas.

E. Planorhula vulcanata occidentalis, holotype; umbilical view;

F, spiral view. Thirteen mi. E, i/^ mi. S. Minneola, Clark

County, Kansas.

G. Gyraulus lahiatus, holotype; umbilical view; H, spiral view.

One-fourth mi. NW Gate, Beaver County, Oklahoma.

I. Menetus pearlettei, holotype; umbilical view; J, spiral view.

Four mi. W Navarre, Dickinson County, Kansas.

A NEW NAIAD FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA

By RICHAED I. JOHNSON

In 1936 Mr. P. T. L. Putnam of Boston presented two speci-

mens of Unionidae to the Museum of Comparative Zoology that

he had collected at a locality in Southern Dutch New Guinea

during the summer of 1926. One of these specimens proved

to be Hyridella anodontaeformis Tapp.-Can., but the other speci-

men seems to represent an undescribed species.

Hyridella fannyae, new species, Plate 3, fig. 1

Description. — Shell reaching at least 65 mm. (2% inches).

Outline subquadrate, valves much inflated. Anterior end regu-

larly rounded, a bit produced and subangulate above. Posterior

end truncated. Ventral margin incurved. Posterior slope very

slightly compressed; dorsal margin straight, forming an acute

angle with the posterior slope. Posterior ridge extremely full

and rounded causing a notable swelling in the post-basal region.

Above the posterior ridge is another very slight ridge. Hinge

ligament not prominent. Beaks slightly forward of the center

and moderately inflated, (their sculpture corroded away). Sur-

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

face of the shell marked with growth lines; periostracum dull

ashy over a dull greenish brown base. Left valve with one long,

straight, low pseudocardinal and two long straight laterals, all

of which are parallel to the hinge line. Right valve with two

pseudocardinals and one lateral tooth. Beak cavities shallow,

without muscle scars. Anterior adductor muscle scars Avell im-

pressed; posterior muscle scars not noticeable. Pallial line

visible anteriorly only. Nacre yellowish in the beak cavities, be-

coming bluish-white and iridescent toward the margins.

Length, 65 mm. ; height, 36 mm. ; width, 38 mm.

Types: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 160663,

Merauke, ]\Iarco River, Southern Dutch New Guinea. Collected

by P. T. L. Putnam during the summer of 1926.

Range: Known only from the type locality.

Remarks: Hyridella fannyae may be distinguished from the

other members of the genus by the remarkable development of

the posterior ridge and the consequent swelling of the post-

basal region. The hinge and the color of the periostracum and

nacre are similar to those of Hyridella andontaeformis Tapp.-

Can.

This species is appropriately named for Miss Fanny Day

Farwell of Lake Forest, Illinois.

LECTOTYPES FOR TWO SPECIES OF ASIATIC

UNIONIDAE IN THE GENUS PSEUDODON

By KICHARD I. JOHNSON

As neither Pseudodon walpolei Hanley nor P. resiipinatus von

Martens was figured when described, and as there are cotypes of

both species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, it has been

thouglit advisable to create lectotypes for them and thereby fix

their identity. These lectotypes substantiate the subsequent de-

scriptions and figures made by Haas in the Conchylien-Cabinet.

Pseudodon walpolei (Hanley) Plate 2, fig. 2

Monocondylaea walpolei Ilanley, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-

don, p. 587 (Sarawak, Borneo) ; Simpson, 1900, Proc. United

States Nat. Mus. 22, p. 840 [Merely listed as an unfigured

species].

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 49

Alasmidonta walpolei Hanley, Issel, 1874, Ann. Mus. Civico,

Genoa 6, p. 477.

Pseudodon walpolei Hanley, Haas, 1913, Conchylien-Cabinet

(2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2, pi. 41, figs. 5-7 [No description] ; Simpson,

1914, Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan

3, p. 1096 ; Haas, 1924, Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen Natur-

forschenden Gesell. 38, p. 139.

Description: Shell reaching at least 64 mm. (2i/2 inches) ; thin

though strong. Outline subrhomboidal, with the anterior end

quite narrow in front. Valves not much inflated. Anterior end

regularly rounded and subangulate above; posterior end sub-

truncated. Ventral margin almost imperceptibly incurved.

Posterior slope slightly compressed and a little alate at the

upper posterior angle. The lower and middle portions of the

posterior slope are irregularly and noticeable plicate ; the upper

portion is smooth to the ligament. Dorsal margin straight, form-

ing a more or less distinct angle with the somewhat irregular

posterior slope. Posterior ridge full and rounded, ending in a

blunt point at the base of the shell; above it is another some-

what fainter ridge. Hinge ligament prominent. Beaks well

forward of the center, moderately elevated but not inflated,

their sculpture consisting of a number of small heavy bars.

Surface of the shell smooth, rather dark brown and dull pos-

teriorly. Each valve has a single, small, rounded and slightly

elevated cardinal tooth. Lateral teeth absent. Beak cavities

shallow, containing several small muscle scars. Anterior ad-

ductor muscle scars distinct but not deep ; posterior adductor

muscle scars scarcely visible. Pallial line barely visible. Nacre

yellowish near the beaks, becoming bluish-white and iridescent

toward the margins.

Hanley, 1871, p. 587) : Length 64, Height 38 mm., Sarawak,

Borneo.

(Simpson, 1914, p. 1096) : Length 55, Height 32, Width 19 mm.,

Sarawak, Borneo.

Lectotype : Length 44, Height 26 mm.. Width 17 mm., Sarawak,

Borneo.

Types: Hanley mentions that the specimen on which he based

the description of P. walpolei was in his private collection.

After Hanley 's death the collection went "to Crewe Hanley,

who gave some types to the British Museum; [the] rest [were]

sold to Harvey of Houndsditch, who held them in 1906.'' ^

1 Sherborn, C. D., Where is the . . . Collection? Cambridge, England,

1940, p. 65.

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

Fortunately, Robert F. Geale, an English shell dealer, to whom

Ilanley was indebted for the species, sent one of the types to

John G. Anthony. This specimen is here selected as lectotype,

Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 175577. The type locality

is Sarawak, Borneo.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality.

Remarks: Although the lectotype is considerably smaller than

Hanley's specimen, it agrees with the original description, the

figures of Haas (1913, pi. 41, figs. 5-7), and the subsequent de-

scription made by Simpson (1914, p. 1096).

Frierson (1909, Nautilus 22, p. 106) mentions that he received

specimens from Sowerby and Fulton, a firm of English shell

dealers, under the name of P. walpolei. Their beak sculpture

was "much like that of the cristarias, being heavy bars, more

or less parallel with the growth lines. ' ' This observation is con-

firmed by the lectotype, even though its beaks are quite corroded.

PsEUDODON RESUPiNATUS vou Martcus, Plate 3, fig. 3

Pseuclodon resupinatus von Martens, 1902, Nach. Deutschen

Malak. Gesell. 34, p. 131 (Than-Moi, Tonkin) ; Simpson, 1914,

Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan 3, p.

1090; Haas, 1913, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2, pi. 39,

figs. 2-6 [No description] ; Haas, 1920, Ibid., p. 310.

Description: Shell reaching over 80 mm. (31/4 inches) ; moder-

ately thick and strong. Outline oblong. Valves not much in-

flated. Anterior end regularly rounded ; posterior end produced

and sub-biangulate. Ventral margin straight or slightly sinuate.

Posterior slope very slightly compressed, sculptured with more

or less subdivided, radiating folds which curve and ascend

toward the dorsal and ventral margins. Dorsal margin slightly

curved, meeting the slightly concave posterior slope in just a

trace of an angle. Posterior ridge full and rounded, ending

in a more or less distinct biangulation. Hinge ligament promi-

nent. Beaks located at the anterior %th of the shell, not elevated

or inflated, their sculpture consisting of about nine fine undula-

tions which are broken anteriorly or possessed of a sinus. Sur-

face of the shell smooth except for the posterior slope, rather

shiny brownish-black ; yellowish-green when young. Each valve

has a single thick, blunt, elevated pseudo-cardinal tooth. Later-

als absent. Beak cavities shallow, containing two small muscle

scars. Anterior adductor and accessory scars deep ; posterior ad-

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 51

ductor muscle scars scarcely visible. Pallial line barely visible.

Nacre bluish-white and somewhat iridescent.

(Haas, 1920, p. 311) : Length 80, height 40, width 26 mm., Than-

Hoi, Tonkin.

Lectotype : Length 73, height 38, width 22 mm., Than-Hoi, Ton-

kin.

Paratype : Length 41, height 22, width 10 mm., Than-Hoi, Ton-

kin.

Types: Von Martens did not select a holotype for this species,

nor did he say where his types were deposited, though they may

be in the British Museum or the Berlin Museum. There is a

type of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

the measurements of which are identical with those given by

Von Martens in the original description ; it may well be the speci-

men on which the description was based. This specimen is here

selected as lectotype. Museum of Comparative Zoology No.

167671. There is also a paratype MCZ No. 167672 which con-

sists of one valve of a young specimen. The type locality is

Than-Hoi, Tonkin, French Indo-China.

Distrihution : Known only from the type locality.

Remarks: Haas (1913, p. 39, figs. 2-6) figured P. resupinatus,

but as all of his specimens were topotypes, none of his illustra-

tions could be considered a type figure. Frierson (1911, Nauti-

lus 24, p. 97) notes the beak sculptures of this species.

Literature Cited

Haas, F., 1910-1920, Die Unioniden. Conchylien-Cabinet by

Martini and Chemnitz (2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2.

Hanley, S., 1871, Description of a New Species of Monocondy-

laea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 587.

Simpson, C. T., 1914, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades,

Detroit, Michigan.

OREGONIAN OLIVELLAS

By D. S. and E. W. GIFFORD

In July, 1948, a brief collecting trip on the Oregon and Wash-

ington coasts yielded series of OUvella hiplicata Sowerby from

three places in Oregon: Bandon, Coos County, above latitude

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

43° north; Newport, Lincoln County, above latitude 44°30'

north; and Seaside, Clatsop County, at latitude 46° north. A

search of the beach at Kalaloch, Jefferson County, Washington,

about latitude 47° 30' north, proved fruitless, although Keen

lists 49° as the northern limit for the species.^ Besides these

three series, we had collected at Port Orford, Curry County,

Oregon, above latitude 42°30' north, July, 1941, a series which

we described in our ''Color Variation in Olivella biplicata in

Various Localities. ' ' ^

In addition to our four series just enumerated, we have two

lots from Miss Miriam Shepard. One is a small series collected

in July, 1923, at Agate Beach, about three miles north of New-

port. The other is more extensive and comes from Netarts

Sandspit, Netarts Bay, Tillamook County, Oregon, above 45°

north latitude, collected July 20, 1947.

At Seaside, on July 9th, we found two adult Olivella pycna

Berry, apparently the northernmost record for this species ; the

previous northern record was a single adult from Port Orford,

which we took in July, 1941. All three of these Oregonian

examples lack the brown spot at the base of the columella, which

is so frequently seen in Californian specimens. We had hoped,

in vain, that we might find Olivella pedroana Conrad (or

haetica Carpenter) littorally, since it occurs in abundance far-

ther north, as for example at Sitka, Alaska.

The population of Olivella hiplicata comprised adults at Ban-

don and Newport, except for a few half-grown individuals. At

Seaside, however, 47 out of a total of 107 individuals were young,

ten millimeters or less in length. Why there were young at Sea-

side and none at Bandon and Newport is an unanswered question.

The series from Netarts, presented to us by Miss Shepard,

totals 132. (Some additional ones had been sent by us to the

California Academy of Sciences.) It comprises mostly large

adults, many of which have a ''sponge" growth bordered by a

rust-colored area on the underside. The growth suggests that

1 A. Myra Keen, An Abridged Check List and Bibliography of West

North American Marine Mollusca, p. 43, 1937.

2 The Nautilus, vol. 56, pp. 43-48, 1942.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 53

on many of our Bolinas, California, adults, which was identified

as a species of Cliona by Professor Bruce L. Clark.^

Whitish or albinistic specimens were rare. We obtained one

at Seaside, two at Bandon. None was pure white through-

out and none showed any trace of orange. Each had the upper

third of the main whorl pure white, the lower two-thirds veiled

with pale purplish gray.

From Newport came two pathological individuals. One has

a callus above the suture of the main whorl, extending from the

lip back along the suture, and suggesting on a small scale the

similar callus in many species of Oliva. The other has a low

raised band parallel to the main suture and extending around

on to the second whorl at the top of the lip. At the lip the band

is four millimeters wide and is situated three millimeters below

the suture. On the second whorl, above the lip, it diminishes to

three millimeters in width. Inside, a depression corresponds

with the raised band, just as though it had been pushed up as the

shell was formed. This peculiarity was not noted as the shells

were cleaned, so we missed the opportunity of examining the

soft parts. A few shells had traces of orange, usually on the

columellar sides of the aperture, sometimes on the callus, some-

times below it.

In the following table showing color variation, the term

''normal color" refers to the usual grays and browns prevalent

in the bulk of Olivella Mplicata wherever collected. This has

been described by us in earlier papers.

Color Variation in Olivella hiplicata in Oregon

3D. S. and E. W. Gifford, Color Variation in Olivella hiplicata, The

Nautilus, vol. 55, pp. 10-12, 1941.

Total 53 53 0 4

Range of variation in shape in Olivella hipUcata is shown by

the following millimeter measurements and indices of adults.

The indices are obtained by dividing the greatest diameter by

the length. Low indices indicate slenderness, high indices the

opposite.

Port Orford : 27 X 14, index 52 ; 27 X 12, index 44.

Bandon: 22.4 X 12.6, index 56 ; 25 X 11.3, index 45.

Newport: 25.3 X 14.5, index 57; 27 X 13.2, index 49.

Netarts: 24.9 X 13.9, index 56; 28.5 X 13.2, index 46.

Seaside : 22.5 X 11.8, index 52 ; 22.1 X 10.5, index 48.

GROWTH OF YOUNG STROPHOCHEILUS

OBLONGUS

By E. a. ANDREWS

Johns Hopkins University

The very large tropical American land snail, Strophocheilus

ohlongus, occurs in Jamaica, B. W. I., about Kingston and

westward, having been introduced probably in connection with

sugarcane. In 1932 some dozens were collected near ''Mary-

field" in a suburb of Kingston, formerly a sugar plantation.

Brought to Baltimore, Maryland, they were kept in large

packing boxes with earth and limestone kept moist enough to

germinate the large circular Jamaica bean, ''pony eye." They

were fed lettuce and cucumber, and kept outdoors in summer and

in a very hot room in winter. Coming out to feed at night, the

snails were found by day buried in the earth and retracted, but

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 55

when taken out they expanded and crawled in daylight and

were then so insensitive to handling that we inferred they had

been used to freedom from attacks. Some shells showed large

healed-over linear scars, as if the shell had been cut by some

gardening tool.

Eggs were laid both in 1933 and 1934. These eggs were

found two to four inches deep in the earth, often two near to-

gether.

Each egg was a very large white object with rough brittle

calcareous shell easily fractured. The shell was made up of

pyramids rounded externally but papillated internally so that

the inner face was rougher than the outer. Measurements of

23 eggs gave a range of 20-29, but most were 26-27 (all dimen-

sions are stated in millimeters). Thus the egg is from a quarter

to a third of the length of the adult since measurements of 12

large shells were lengths of 94, 93, 93, 92, 89, 87, 84, 82, for those

with thickened lip, and 77, 73, 72, 60, for those with thin lip.

The eggs were somewhat elongated, as 20 X 16 and 24 X 12.

Their weights ran from 2400 to 5450 milligrams. The egg shell

held from 3-4 cc. of albumen very similar to that of the hen

egg, and an embryo of a few millimeters that grew to fill the

entire space. This embryo had a temporary massive, flat, in-

curved, parenchymatous and vascular expansion of the foot,

the podocyst, which for a time exceeded all the rest of the

animal in length.

Most of the eggs failed to hatch, and many were overgrown

with mold. The embryos developed slowly so that after two

months one placed on the surface and accidentally cracked let

out a young snail that crawled a few inches and made a pit in

the earth into which it fitted itself. This young snail weighed

3490 and its exceedingly thin and fragile shell of 41/2 whorls

was 27 by 18 mm. in maximum dimensions. The operture of

its shell was 19 by 15 mm. It had the same habits as the adult

and showed the same lack of response to handling.

This was about Christmas time. In three months it added

only 1 mm. to length and 1 to width of its shell, but in II/2

months in spring the shell increased 2 mm. in length and 5 in

width and then within a month added 8I/2 i^iii. length and

4 width. In two and one-half summer months the shell lenofth

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

increased 24 mm. and width 11. Then growth slowed down so

that in one and one-half autumn months only 4i/^ mm. was

added to length and 3 in width. In 4 and one-half cold months

there was little or no increase in length and but 1 mm. in

diameter, as measured. However, in 4 and one-half months

with the second spring the shell increased by 18 mm. in length

and 4 in width and in three summer months 12 mm. were added

in length and 5 in width. In three months of its third winter

nothing was added, and the snail died, probably from neglect

and exposure to cold though the earth was not frozen. In less

than two years this snail had grown from dimensions of 27

by 18 mm. to 93.5 by 52 and from 4I/2 whorls to 6, being thus

large enough to be adult, yet while it had colored enamel over

the columella the thickened aperture edge had not been com-

pleted, though the mantle was seen as if forming it, before

death. Also the weight of the shell when empty was 23,800

milligrams which exceeds some adult shells. This snail at hatch-

ing weighed with its thin shell 3490 and in 8 months 40,000

milligrams, in 10 months 52,000 but in winter fell off to 43,000,

yet three months later 69,000 and with 3 more summer months

91,000, which is adult weight.

Two other young were found buried in the earth at the end

of May, 1933, each with thin shell of 3I/2 whorls. Crawling

on a table they readily fell off as if having no experience of

heights. The larger shell had a healed injury as if it had fallen

upon the edge of a glass plate. In crawling they showed the

peculiar sense organs of the upper lip as ver}' extensile and

retractile, hand- or foot-like protrusions, one right, one left, each

with about eleven ''toes" grading down from the biggest outer

to the little inner toe. The shells measured 24 by 19 and 231/4

by 20 mm. After 21/2 months they weighed 19,000 and 14,000

milligrams. The smaller doubled its weight in one and a half

months more, and the larger more than doubled its weight in

that time. The smaller died when less than half the dimensions

of an adult but the larger attained full length of some adults,

that is 92 by 52, before dying when less than two years old.

These three young were kept together and measured and

weighed on the same date; they all showed the same rapid

growth to adult dimensions within two years. When all the

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 57

measurements of lengths, widths and weights were charted as

curves with months as ordinates it was striking that all nine

curves agreed in that in winter months they rose slowly while in

summer months they rose very sharply, to flatten off or even

fall in each succeeding winter period.

We conclude that Strophocheilus ohlongus can readily be kept

alive in confinement and produce eggs at least for two years.

The embryo, with large podocyst, requires months to develop

while using up much albumen, and hatches with adult form and

three to four whorls of the thin shell. Within two years it in-

creases from three to four times in length and width, and more

than twenty-five times in weight with a shell lacking little of the

most perfected adult. Increase is very rapid in summer and

slow in winter when there may be even a loss in weight. This

marked slowing of growth in winter may have been due to

neglect to supply adequate food and to dryness of air rather

than to temperature alone, as that was at times up to 28° C.

In Jamaica one might expect the dry season would be less

favorable to growth than the wet season, and possibly these

snails have a tendency to become less active at seasons.

August 31, 1948.

NEOGENE CYPRAEACEA FROM CHIBA

PREFECTURE, JAPAN

By KOTOEA HATAI and SYOZO NISIYAMA

The Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Tonoku University,

Sendai, Japan.

Introduction

The senior writer, in the course of compiling a check list of

Japanese Tertiary marine molluscs, found it necessary to check

the stratigraphic position of the boundary between Pliocene and

Pleistocene. The area selected for this study is in the central

part of the Boso Peninsula where the most complete sequence,

least affected by unconformities, is believed to be. During the

course of geological investigation of this sequence by the writers

and student-assistant ]\Ir. Kohei Nomura, many new species of

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

molluscs were found which must be described before discussion

of the problem of the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is attempted.

This first report describes fossil Cypraeacea from the Neogene

formations of the Boso Peninsula. Former records of fossil

Cypraeacea from this area are limited to lists without figures;

species names used in such lists afford little indication of the

species to which they would now be assigned because of recent

revisions in the taxonomy of this group.

The geological age of the Kiwada, Otadai, Sakahata and

Hasumi formations, from which the species described below

were collected, is a matter of controversy. Some authors con-

sider the entire sequence to be Pliocene, while others consider

the first two to be Miocene and the last two to be Pliocene. The

present writers prefer tentatively at present to regard the

Kiwada, Otadai and possibly the lower half of the Sakahata as

Miocene.

This paper forms part of a project initiated by Natural Re-

sources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander

for the Allied Powers, for the purpose of assembling paleonto-

logic data applicable to solution of stratigraphic problems en-

countered in the search for oil in Japan.

Acknowledgments are due to the following: To Lt. Colonel

Hubert G. Schenck, Chief of Natural Resources Section, General

Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and

Professor of Stanford University, California, under whose super-

vision the problem of the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is being

studied, for his continued encouragement and supervision; to

Professor S. Hanzawa of the Institute of Geolog>^ and Paleontol-

og}^ Tohoku Universit}^ Sendai, where the work was done, for

reading the manuscript and offering advice concerning it; to

Messrs. K. Nomura and K. Kumagai, both of Tohoku University,

for their help in many ways; to Mr. L. W. Stach, Petroleum

Branch, Natural Resources Section, for editing the manuscript.

Description of Species

Primovula (Primovula) atractina Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp.,

Plate 4, figures 3, 4.

Shell fusiform, rather thick and glassy, length along axis

about twice the lateral diameter; posterior and anterior ends

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (2)

PLATE 4

12 _

Hatai and Xishiyama: Neogene Cypraeacea

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 59

pointed and about equally produced. Outer lip thickened out-

side and within, retracted at both ends, indistinctly an^lar near

the posterior end, and armed with about 21 unequal, not very

strong teeth; grooves between teeth extend to middle of face of

lip; columella with strong callus (funiculum) near posterior

end. Aperture narrow and wider anteriorly, curved more or

less more sharply behind than in front. Dimensions of the

holotype: length along axis 12 mm., lateral diameter 6 mm.,

dorso-ventral diameter 5 mm.

Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa,

east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki

sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS (= Institute

of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University, Sendai) Coll.

Cat. No. 72641 (holotype), 72634 (paratype). Top sand of the

Kiwada formation (F. Ueda, 1930, p. 251).

Remarks: This species is closely related to Primovula {Pri-

movula) rhodia (A. Adams) (Adams, 1854, pi. 28, fig. 8), a

Recent species of Central and Western Japan, but can be dis-

tinguished from that species by its thicker shell, more thickened

outer lip and especially by the wider aperture.

Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4,

figures 9, 10.

Shell small, ovate, moderately inflated, maximum inflation a

little behind the median line ; spire indicated merely by a slight

bulge near the posterior extremity of aperture. Dorsal groove

narrow and shallow, obsolete at extremity. Medial portion

sculptured with 10 to 11 narrow ridges, continuous across the

dorsal groove ; ridges on posterior and anterior slopes gradually

converging until they came almost parallel to axis; posteriorly

they extend directly over the spire bulge; number of ridges

increases towards margin by intercalation. Aperture narrow,

slightly expanded anteriorly, curved more sharply behind than

in front. Outer lip thickened, inner margin of labrum rounded

and serrated with about 28 ridges, ridges on inner lip about

22 in number. Fossula rather shallow. Posterior extremity

of aperture emarginate, posteriorly narrow and oblique. Di-

mensions of holotype: Length along axis 7.6 mm., lateral di-

ameter 5.4 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 4.8 mm.

Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east

of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet,

N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72642

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

(holotype), 72635 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada forma-

tion.

Other localities: Railroad cutting about 400 m. north of

Takamizu, Matsuoka-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki

sheet, N. lat. 35°14'26", E. long. 140°05'08" Base of the Hasumi

formation (K. Sakakura, 1935, p. 699).

Remarks: Trivirostra pyrinula is closely related to T. oryza

(Lamarck) (Lamarck, 1810, p. 104; Kiener, 1843, pi. 52, fig. 2),

a Southeastern Asiatic species, but is less globular and less

slender, only slightly spired, and has a greater number of spire

ridges; the dorsal groove is also narrower and shallower com-

pared to that species.

PsEUDOTRiviA PLERES Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, fig-

ures 5, 6.

Shell rather large, shortly spired, globosely ovate with rounded

base and rather finely ribbed. Dorsal groove indicated by a

narrow smooth area from which ribs diverge in every direction ;

medial portion sculptured with 10-12 narrow ridges normal to

the line, and gradually converging on posterior and anterior

slopes and becoming nearly parallel to line ; posteriorly they ex-

tend directly over the spire. Numbers of ridges somewhat in-

creased towards margin by intercalation. On ventral side, the

spire ridges are oblique and extend into the aperture, where

they decrease in number and become coarser. Aperture rather

narrow and slightly wider anteriorly, curved more sharply be-

hind than in front. Outer lip thickened outside, strongly ribbed

transversely with about 20 ridges, forming labial teeth on the

inner margin, retracted anteriorly. Inner lip with 16 ridges

and a very small callus projection above. Extremity of aper-

ture emarginate. Fossula rather shallow, dentition continued

across it. Dimensions of holotype : length along axis 20 mm.,

lateral diameter 14.5 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 12 mm.

Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east

of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet,

N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat. No.

72643 (holotype), 72639 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada

formation.

Remarks: This species closely resembles Psendotrivia cos

(Roberts) (Roberts, 1913, p. 99, pi. 7, figs. 10, 11), a Recent

species of Central Japan, but differs from that species by the

I

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 61

narrower smooth dorsal groove, fewer spiral ridges, less globular

shell and by the smaller size of the shell.

Proterato (Sulcerato) callosa nomurai Hatai and Nisiyama,

n. subsp., Plate 4, Figure 1.

Shell small, ovate-conic, rather ventricose, abruptly rounded to

the slightly elevated spire, tapering rapidly to a straight and

truncated anterior extremity. Sculpture none, the whole shell

being covered with enamel; spire short, obtusely tapering.

Protoconch small and rounded; spire-whorls small; body-whorl

large, rather ventricose, contracted anteriorly. Sculpture hid-

den by enamel. Aperture narrow, sublinear, slightly oblique.

Outer lip sharply angulated at shoulder, linear, thickened and

rounded, externally margined and serrated along the inner

margin by about 21 short ridges. Inner lip with about 9 short

and slender ridges wider apart anteriorly; three in front pro-

duced into oblique and somewhat irregular ridges that simulate

columellar folds. Fossula obsolete. Body constricted anteriorly

into an ill-defined canal, squarely truncated or obscurely emargi-

nate at its extremity. Dimensions of holotype : length along

axis 7.2 mm., lateral diameter 4 mm., dorso-ventral diameter

4.3 mm.

Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa,

east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki

sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat.

No. 72644 (holotype), 72636 (paratype). Top sand of the

Kiwada formation.

Other localities: Roadside cutting at the curve south of Tsutsu-

mori, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat.

35°1316", E. long. 140°09'32". Lower part of the Sakahata

formation (K. Sakakura, 1935, p. 694).

Remarks: This new subspecies is not so broad nor so globose

as the typical callosa (Adams and Reeve) (Adams and Reeve,

1850, pi. 10, fig. 32; Sowerby, 1859, figs. 35-37), and the aperture

is broader and the outer lip narrower compared with that

species. The subspecific name is given in honor of the late Dr.

Sitihei Nomura, an eminent paleontologist of Japan.

Proterato (Sulcerato) callosa uedai Hatai and Nisiyama,

n. subsp., Plate 4, figure 2.

This subspecies is distinguishable from typical P. callosa by

not being so broad nor so globose, and the aperture is broader

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

with a narrower outer lip. The outer lip is evenly and sharply

angulated at the shoulder, so that the posterior part of the

aperture sharply curves to the posterior outlet. Dimensions of

the holotype : length along axis 6.4 mm., lateral diameter 3.8

mm., dorsal-ventral diameter 3.3 mm.

Type locality and formation: Roadside cutting immediately

northeast of the Post-office at Kotadai, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun,

Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°14'16", E. long. 140°10'20".

IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72645 (holotype). Lower part of the

Otadai formation (F. Ueda, 1933, p. 799).

Remarks: The subspecific name is given in honor of Mr. Fusao

Ueda, who undertook extensive studies on the geology of the

Boso Peninsula.

Palmadusta (Purpuradusta?) fusana Hatai and Nisiyama,

n. sp., Plate 4, figure 7.

Shell pyriform, rather thick, w4th moderately inflated test,

maximum height a little behind the median line, making posterior

slope a little steeper than the anterior. Oral surface a little in-

flated, asymmetric, the curvature of left side being stronger than

that of the right, aperture a little nearer to the right than to

the left side. Spire concealed with very heavy enamel, which

extends to sides. External surface smooth, original coloration

indistinct. Callus on outside of outer lip forms an obtuse and

arcuate angle continuous anteriorly with prominent callus ridge

on right side of anterior extremity and accompanied by shallow,

transverse excavation. Aperture narrow, rather straight, almost

parallel-sided; teeth on outer lip about 18, moderately strong,

slightly extending to base ; those on inner lip numbering 17,

rather weak and obscure at middle. Anterior extremity pro-

duced, the margins nearly parallel, ending with a nodular callus ;

posterior extremity moderate, also with callus deposition. Fos-

sula rather moderate, bearing about 4 transversely elongate teeth

on its inner border. Terminal ridge long and oblique. Dimen-

sions of holotype: length along axis 16.6 mm., lateral diameter

9.8 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 8.7 mm.

Type locality and formation: Small cliff just below the road,

about 1.1 Km. northeast of the junction of the two roads at

Tsujimori, Mishima-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki

sheet, N. lat. 35°13'30", E. long. 140°01'59". IGPS Coll. Cat. No.

72646 (holotype). Upper part of the Sakahata formation.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 63

Remarks: In shape and size, this new species closely resembles

Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) japonica Schilder (Schilder, 1931,

p. 67, 68), a Recent species of Central and Western Japan, but

it is easily distinguished from that species by its slender shell,

more contracted anterior part, narrower aperture and larger

number of labial teeth. Palmadusta {Palmadusta) artuffeli

(Jousseaume) (Jousseaume, 1876, p. 81), a species from Central

and Western Japan, is also similar to the present one in shape,

but the more contracted anterior part of the shell, narrower

aperture and smaller number of labial teeth serve to distinguish

P. fusana from that species.

Fusa, from where the specific name is taken, is an ancient

name for Boso Peninsula.

Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) oligodon Hatai and Nisiyama,

n. sp., Plate 4, figures 11, 12.

Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate in outline, moder-

ately inflated, posterior extremity much produced, anteriorly

truncated. Oral surface asymmetric, base inflated, aperture

nearer to right side than to the left. Spire raised, concealed

with enamel which extends around sides. External surface

smooth. Outer lip produced posteriorly and somewhat con-

stricted anteriorly. Aperture rather broad, posteriorly broad-

ened and curved; teeth on the outer lip about 16 moderately

strong, hardly extending over the base; columellar teeth 17 in

number, weak, obscure at the middle and marked on the left

border of aperture. Fossula rather narrow and shallow, bear-

ing about 3 transversely elongate teeth on its inner border.

Terminal ridge remote from the anterior columellar teeth, rather

long and oblique. Dimensions of holotype : length along axis

11 mm., lateral diameter 5 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 4 mm.

Type locality and formation: Cliff of the Koito-Gawa, about

250 meters east of the Temple at Nishi-Higasa, Akimoto-Mura,

Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'29", E.

long. 140°00'16.4". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 25296 (holotype).

Middle part of the Sakahata formation.

Remarks: In shape and size, this new species is closely related

to Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) microdon (Gray) (Gray, 1828,

p. 71; Reeve, 1846, sp. 139), a Recent species of Southern Japan

and the India Ocean, but can easily be distinguished from that

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

species by the much broader aperture and smaller number of

labial teeth.

Erosaria (Ravitrona) subrostrata Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp.,

Plate 4, figure 8.

Shell ovate, rather thick, with moderately inflated whorls, the

maximum height a little behind the median line, both extremities

produced, somewhat rostrate. Oral surface inflated, asymmetric,

the curvature of the left side much stronger than that of the

right, aperture a little nearer to the right than to the left side.

Spire raised, but concealed with heavy enamel which extends

around the sides. Lateral pittings rather shallow and small,

developed along the margins from anterior extremity to posterior

extremity over the right side. Aperture narrow, a little curved

anteriorly and posteriorly, labial teeth somewhat constricted

anteriorly; teeth on the outer lip about 18, moderately strong

and extending about halfway over the base; columellar teeth

15 in number, slender but distinct throughout. Anterior ex-

tremity produced, ending with nodular callus; posterior ex-

tremity also produced, with heavy callus deposition. Fossula

broad, bearing about 5 transversely elongate teeth on its inner

border. Columellar sulcus smooth. Terminal ridge not so re-

mote from the anterior columellar teeth, but rather long and

oblique. Dimensions of the holotype : length along axis 29.5

mm., lateral diameter 18 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 14 mm.

Tyjye locality and formation: Cliff of the Koito-Gawa, about

250 meters east of the Temple at Nishi-IIigasa, Akimoto-Mura,

Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'29", E.

long. 140°00a6.4". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 25294 (holotype).

Middle part of the Sakahata formation.

Remarks: This species closely resembles Erosaria (Ravitrona)

lahrolineata (Gaskoin) (Gaskoin, 1849, p. 97; Sowerby, 1870,

pi. 25, fig. 231), a Recent species of the Japanese Seas and the

Indian Ocean, but is distinguishable from that species by its

larger and more produced extremities, and also by the narrower

aperture. In shape and size, this new species is also close to

Erosaria {Ravitrona) boivinii (Kiener) (Kiener, 1843, pi. 18,

fig. 2; Kiener, 1845, p. 66), a Recent species of Central and

Western Japan, but is distinguishable from that species by its

more produced extremities and narrower aperture.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 65

References

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Shells from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, Pt. 22, pp. 130-138, pi. 28.

Adams, A., and L. A. Reeve, 1850 : The Zoology of the Voyage

of H.M.8. Samarang, under the Command of Captain Sir Ed-

ward Belcher, during the Years 1843-46. No. 4, Mollusca,

Pt. 2, pp. 23-85, pis. 10-24.

Gaskoin, J. S., 1848 (1849) : Description of New Species of the

Genus Cypraea. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 16, pp. 90-98.

Gray, J. E., 1828 : Addition and Correction to a Monograph on

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JoussEAUME, F., 1876 : Notcs sur quelques Cypraea. Bull. Soc.

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KiENER, L. C, 1843 : Species generale et Iconographie des

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1-57 (pp. 1-166).

Lamarck, J. B. de, 1810: Description du genre Porcelaine

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genre Porcelaine.) Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, Vol. 16,

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Otuka, Y., 1932: Cycle of Sedimentation in the Japanese Neo-

gene. Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 905-932, 2 maps.

Reeve, L. A., 1846 : Conchologia Iconica, or Illustrations of the

Shells of Molluscous Animals. Vol. 3, the genus Cypraea,

species 1-154, pis. 1-27.

Roberts, S. R., 1913: New Cypraeidae. Nautilus, Vol. 26, No.

9, pp. 97-99, pi. 7.

Sakakura, K., 1935 : The Stratigraphy of the Obitsu-Gawa

Basin, Chiba Prefecture. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 42,

No. 506, pp. 685-712, 1 map.

ScHiLDER, F. A., 1931 : Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Cypraeacea

(Moll. Gast.). IV, Zool. Anz., Vol. 96, No. 3-4, pp. 65-72,

7 text-figs.

SowERBY, G. B., 1859 : Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monographs

of Genera of Shells. Vol. 3, Monograph of the Genus Erato,

Risso. Species, 1-16, pi. 219.

, 1870 : Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monograph of Genera

of Shells. Vol. 4, Monograph of the Genus Cypraea. Species

1-175, pis. 1-37.

Ueda, F., 1930 : The Geology of the Northern Part of the Boso

Peninsula. Jour. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. 37, No. 441, pp. 250-

253, 1 table.

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

, 1933 : The Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Group Developed

in the Boso Peninsula and Miura Peninsula. Jour. Geol. Soc.

Tokyo, Vol. 40, No. 483, pp. 799-801.

Explanation of Plate 4.

Fig. 1. Proterato callosa nomurai Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6.

Fig. 2. Proterato callosa uedai Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6.

Figs. 3, 4. Primovula atractina Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3.

Figs. 5, 6. Pseudotrivia pleres Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3, fig.

5, paratype; fig. 6, holotype.

Fig. 7. Palmadusta fusana Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3.

Fig. 8. Erosaria suhrostrata Hatai and Nisiyama, X 2.

Figs. 9, 10. Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6.

Figs. 11, 12. Palmadusta oligodon Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3.

BIOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND NOMENCLATURE

By PAUL BARTSCH

In devoting a lifetime of effort to our chosen field, I have met

with a number of problems not covered by the usual approach

of nomenclature and taxonomy.

When I began my study of the family Pyramidellidae a half

century ago and prepared the manuscript for the monograph

on the "West American Pyramidellid Mollusks" I was sorely

puzzled what valuation should be assigned to the various groups

— natural assemblages of species.

Discussing this problem with Dr. Dall, who had agreed to be-

come joint author of this effort and serve as a check to a possibly

over-enthusiastic novice, we decided to recognize four genera,

Pyramidella, Turhonilla, Odostomia and Murchisonella, and align

the various natural groups as subgenera under them. Doing

so, Dr. Dall believed we would avoid the criticism of having cre-

ated too many genera. (A fear to be criticized seems always to

be lurking in the minds of our molluscan students which now

appears to me the greatest deterrent to real clean progress.)

I yielded to the doctor chiefly because Odostomia (Chrysallida)

virginalis D.&B. was so enormously variable as far as sculptural

characters are concerned that one might consider some individu-

als as properly placed under the subgenera Evallna or Evalea,

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 67

Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula (Gould) was another puzzling

species.

Later I found Pyramidellids in the Lower San Pedro Series

which were equally variable in that horizon, and it appears that

out of that mutating complex several fixed forms have emerged

and established themselves in the Upper San Pedro Series. (I

have not yet published my MS. on these forms.)

When I monographed the New England Pyramidellids I

found another mutating form, Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) vinae B.

These mutating forms have characters which when once known

easily enable one to recognize the species. It is interesting to

note that such mutuating forms seem always more abundant

and more widely distributed than the stable, fixed species.

Mutating forms appear in many widely unrelated groups of

mollusks; for example, Helicostyla [Prochilus) virgata Jay from

the Island of Mindoro, Philippines, is very variable.

Goniohasis virginica (Gmelin) our common East American

species is very interesting. Above the Fall Line uniform sized

individuals are found which are smooth and usually have a

color band, while in the reaches of the lower freshwater tidal

area we have a uniform sized multilirate form Goniohasis vir-

ginica muUilineata (Say). At the meeting of these two areas

we have a most variable mutating complex, forms differing

enormously in size and varying in sculpture from smooth to

spirally lirate and even axially ribbed or marked by varying

combinations of these characters.

It was this enormous variability that caused Hannibal to

lump almost all the Goniohasis under Goniohasis virginica

(Gmel.). The seeking for an explanation and solution of the

problem connected with Goniohasis mutation eventually drove

the poor fellow to the mad house. Another man who went off at

a tangent was Dr. Sinitsin whose study of the intermediate host

of the liver fluke of our cattle uncovered in our southwestern

states a mutating mollusk Stagnicola hulimoides techella (Halde-

man). Using the usually accepted anatomic characters for

superspecific designation he created new subfamilies, new genera,

and species, basing them on his dissection of individuals of this

mutating complex. Refusal of the Department of Agriculture's

Zoological Division to accept his manuscript for publication

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

caused him to resign his position in that institution, which re-

sulted in a tragic aftermath.

My Cerion breeding on the Florida Keys (1911-1948) has

thrown some light upon the problem of molluscan mutation, and

I hope next year to revisit my families on the Florida Keys and

to prepare a summary report upon these experiments. So far

they point to two things :

1. Changed environment per se appears to produce no measure-

able changes in the species experimented with.

2. Hybridization (C incanum Binn. x C. viaregis B., also C.

incanum x C. casahlancae B.) has caused enormously variable

progeny (mutations) after the second generation.

This definitely points to an explanation for the probable

cause of the other mutations referred to above. Here too we

have a decided efflorescence in numbers which is in agreement

with the other cases alluded to. In Cerion hybrids, changes in

form, sculpture, and coloration are combined with equally

variable anatomic structures. In one extreme individual the

reproductive system was doubled.

We have in the wild state without human assistance similar

mutating hybrids; for example, Cerion tridentata Pilsbry and

Vanatta x Cerion peracuta Torre. Where these two species

meet on Playa de Muerto on the north coast of Havana Province,

Cuba, they mutate. On Little Cayman Island there are two

colonies of Cerion nana Maynard. Where these colonies each

meet an undescribed species of Cerion, similar mutating results

are present.

These and many additional observations lead me to conclude

that hybridization in mollusks produces mutations and that these

seem more prolific than stable species and become more widely

spread. Furthermore, that when these are isolated in small

colonies as are, for example, the Cerions along South Bight,

Andros Island, Bahamas, where every little ridge separated by

a swale extending away from this channel has a colony of

Cerions whose members have fixed characters that readily dis-

tinguish them from adjacent or other colonies. In other words.

Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 69

they have undergone fixation and become species, meeting my

five point formula : Hybridization — mutation — isolation — fixation

— speciation.

Now for an application of the above biologic features to

taxonomy. For many years I have been interested in the family

Urocoptidae. I published my first paper in 1906.^ To this I

have added from time to time as material became available. Dr.

De la Torre and I have about completed our monograph of the

Cuban members of the family.

Recently a suggestion has been made to lump a number of

mainland superspecific groups, since it has been found that in

Arizona certain species are very mutable as far as internal

lamination is concerned. These in their range of variation

combine lamellar characters that appear constant for groups of

Mexican species which also by other shell characters appear

supraspecifically related. I am wondering if here we are not

also dealing with a mutating complex which has not yet under-

gone fixation, and would it not serve a better purpose to place

an * against the name of these forms, placing them in the group

to which the rest of their characters ally them, calling attention

that the lamellar characters in them are unstable, rather than

lumping all the other supraspecific groups that have constant

fixed lamellar features that fall within the range of these mutat-

ing: forms under a common desiornation.

WILLIAM HENRY FLUCK, 1870-1948

By EUTH D. turner

Many missionaries have made important contributions to sci-

ence by collecting and observing the fauna and flora about their

mission stations. Among these was the Reverend William Henry

Fluck who was stationed for four years at Wounta Haulover,

Nicaragua, and who while there made an extensive collection of

the mollusks of the Mosquito Coast area.

William H. Fluck was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on

February 22, 1870. He was graduated from Moravian College,

Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1894, and the Moravian Theological

1 The Urocoptid Mollusks from the Mainland of America in the Collec-

tion of the United States National Museum.

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

Seminary in 1896. Later, in preparation for his life as a mission-

ary, he took up medicine at the Hahnemann Hospital in Phila-

delphia. During his boyhood and college days he collected shells

locally and frequently visited the dock area to obtain shells that

might be found on the hulls of the ships that had come in from the

tropics. He carried on correspondence and exchanges with col-

lectors throughout the country and often visited the Academy of

Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Consequently he was versed

in the ways of malacologists before he left for Nicaragua.

The Reverend Fluck was one of the early collectors to visit

Nicaragua and he sent back quantities of valuable material to

the Smithsonian Institution, the Academy of Natural Sciences at

Philadelphia, the Boston Society of Natural History and others

throughout the country. Several species have been named in

his honor and, though he wrote several articles, mostly on col-

lecting on the Mosquito Coast, he described only two forms, one

of which was from Nicaragua. These were Stromhus pugilis

nicaraguensis Fluck (Nautilus 19, p. 32) and Valvata tricarinata

hakeri Fluck (Nautilus 46, p. 20), a form which he had found

in quantity in Oneida Lake, New York.

Returning from Nicaragua Reverend Fluck took his M.A. de-

gree at Moravian College and later taught Natural History there

for about ten years while holding a pastorate in Bethlehem. He

was a charter member of the American Malacological Union.

After his retirement from the ministry in 1938 Reverend

Fluck made his home in Newfane, Vermont and later moved to

Brattleboro, Vermont where he died on April 17, 1948.

Following is a list of the papers written by William H. Fluck.

1900, December. Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nauti-

lus 14, no. 8, p. 94.

1901, August. Extract from a letter by W. H. Fluck on Shell

Collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nautilus 15, no. 4, p. 48.

1905-1906. Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicara-

gua, Parts I-VI. Nautilus 19, nos. 1, pp. 8-12; no. 2, pp. 16-

19; no. 3, pp. 32-34; no. 5, pp. 55-57; no. 7, pp. 78-80; Nauti-

lus 20, no. 1, pp. 1-4.

1932, July. Valvata simplex Gould. Nautilus 46, pp. 19-22.

1943, January, February. Abnormalities in Hclis {Alaha-

strina) tingitana Paladilhe, and Mesodon exoletus Binnev.

Nautilus 56, pp. 104-105.

Oct. 19481 THE NAUTILUS 71

NOTES AND NEWS

Helminthoglypta nickliniana extending northward. — Re-

cently the writer was collecting land moUuska amid the redwood

groves in the vicinity of Miranda, Humboldt County, California.

While taking a short cut across a portion of the bar of the Eel

River (South Fork), a small colony of Helminthoglypta was

noted amid the short grass and debris left by high water. Closer

search resulted in the collecting of a few adult and immature

specimens, from out of the mass of nettles, blackberries, willow,

and debris. The writer at once noted that the animal was distinct

from local examples of the Helminthoglypta arTosa complex,

and later examination with a hand lens brought out the differ-

ence more clearly. Specimens were immediately sent to Mr. and

Mrs. E. P. Chace who identified the snails. Later identification

by Dr. Gregg confirmed the variety. The result was an exten-

sion to the north of the range of the Helminthoglypta nickliniana

anachoreta (W. G. Binney).

Upper Clear Lake, Lake County, California is the closest pub-

lished locality of this snail. The Miranda locality is approxi-

mately ninety miles northward in an air line. In order to reach

the Miranda locality from Clear Lake, the snail would have to

cross several small ranges of mountains, follow devious winding

creeks and rivers, and finally locate a suitable habitat. There-

fore the ancestors of this colony must have traveled a good many

miles. — R. R. Talmadge, Eureka, California.

Me. J. R. LE B. ToMLiN of St. Leonards-on-Sea, England, has

recently resigned from the editorship of the Journal of Conchol-

ogy, a position he has held with distinction for over 40 years.

Besides editing this publication, Mr. Tomlin has contributed

many original papers on mollusks, not only to the Journal of

Conchology, but to many other publications as well. — W. J.

Clench.

The discovery of Arion circumscriptus Johnston at Ur-

BANA, Illinois. — A colony of the slug Arion circumscriptus

Johnston has been discovered at Urbana, Illinois. It is believed

to be the first record from the state. The first specimen which I

identified was captured on April 19, 1948. Residents of the

neighborhood remember seeing similar slugs at least five years

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2)

ago, and perhaps earlier. Thus far I have found Avion only in

the city block bounded by Orchard Street, Iowa Avenue, Doug-

las Street, and Indiana Avenue. It is seemingly absent from

all the adjacent blocks. In the yards where it is found, it

is quite numerous, especially during wet weather, when many

specimens may be found under stones, bricks, and boards. On

July 10, I discovered a specimen one inch deep in undisturbed

sod. My specimens have two well-defined lateral bands. The

identification was verified by examination of the genitalia. Sev-

eral examples have been given to the Illionis State Natural

History Survey. — Ross Taylor Bell.

ZoNiTOiDES ARBOREUS (Say) IN NEVADA. — In Dr. Pilsbry's re-

cent monograph of Land Mollusca of North America, vol. II, p.

481, under distribution of Z. arhoreus, I note, ''All states except

Nevada." I took Zonit aides arhoreus (Say) in southern Nevada

on April 21, 1935. It was found beneath moist dead leaves in

a small aspen grove on the southeastern slope opposite the head

of Cabin Canyon, which is near Bunkerville in Clark County.

Directly above the grove was Wiregrass Spring and a small dry

stream bed led from the spring to the aspen grove. This locality,

as I now remember it, was directly north of Virgin Peak. As-

sociated with Z. arhoreus were Euconulus fulvus alaskensis

(Pils.), Retinella indentata paucilirata (Morelet), Vallonia cyclo-

phorella Sterki, and Cionella luhrica (Miiller). — W. 0. Gregg.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A zoogeographical study of the land snails of Ontario.

By John Oughton. University of Toronto Studies, Biological Se-

ries, no. 57, pp. 126, 2 tables and 86 distributional maps, 1948.

This is not a handbook on the land snail fauna of Ontario, but

as the title indicates, a study of distribution only. The species

are not described or figured. Critical remarks are given and

a small text-figure map indicates the known as well as the prob-

able distribution for each species in Ontario. The total land

snail fauna is given as 88 species and subspecies and in addition

8 included that are questionable. — W. J. Clench.

The Nautilus

Vol. 62 JANUARY, 1949 No. 3

A NEW FLORIDA SPECIES OF THE TECTIBRANCH

GENUS PLEUROBRANCHUS

By R. tucker ABBOTT

Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

In the winter of 1947 a number of Opisthobranchs were col-

lected in Biscayne Bay, Florida, by Mr. F. M. Bayer of the

United States National Museum and Miss Harding Boehme, a

graduate student at the University of Miami. Among the living

and preserved specimens sent to the United States National Mu-

seum for identification was a species of Pleiiroh ranchus which

appears to be undescribed.

An unusual amount of confusion has existed in the definition

of the various genera of the subfamily Pleurobranchinae. The

genera Gymnotoplax Pilsbry, 1896, Berthella Blainville, 1825,

and Bouvieria Vayssiere, 1896, are sufficiently distinct to have

escaped much change, but other groups such as Oscaniella

Bergh, 1897, Oscanms Gray, 1847, Susania Gray, 1857, and

Pleurohranchopsis Verrill, 1900, have been variously used as

subgenera under the genus Pleur oh ranchus Cuvier, 1805, or

raised to generic standing by different authors. No two work-

ers seem to have treated these groups alike, and it is likely that

this is due to the rather nebulous generic characters. Until

living material of most of the species has been carefully exam-

ined by one person, the group will remain in a state of flux.

The new Florida species is closest in general characters to the

type species of Susania {testudinaria Philippi, 1844, = testudi-

narius Cantraine, 1835). At present, we are considering

Susania as a subgenus of Pleiir oh ranchus.

PLEUROBRANCHUS (Susania) atlanticus ucw spccics. (Plate 5,

figs. 1-10.)

Body. — The body of the animal when alive and crawling on

a flat surface is elliptical to elongate, slightly flattened, from

(73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

40 to 50 mm. in length and 20 to 22 mm. in width. Specimens

in alcohol contract to about two thirds their natural size.

Mantle slightly larger than the foot, with an undulated, thin

border and with a deep, rounded sinus in front. The size and

depth of the sinus can be changed at will by the animal. In

preserved material the sinus is moderately shallow. The dor-

sal surface of the mantle (dorsum) is covered with numerous

small, rounded tubercles which are largest on the central and

anterior region. Towards the margins, the tubercles are re-

duced to small round warts. Color of dorsum a yellowish or-

ange with irregular splotches of deep maroon-brown. The

largest tubercles are a translucent pale orange with a dark choc-

olate ring around the base. Some tubercles are capped with

chalk-white pigment. Other smaller tubercles are entirely

chalk-white. The foot is elliptical in shape, and moderate^

crenulated along its lateral edges. The anterior edge possesses

a deep mucus groove, bounded above by a small skin flap w^hich

is deepl}^ notched in the center. Color of foot a translucent,

pale yellowish orange. The dorsal surface of the edge of the

foot is uneven, but without warts, and is speckled w4th groups

of orange dustings and chalk-white dots. A well marked pedal

gland is visible at the posterior end of the foot in some preserved

specimens.

Head. — The frontal veil is relatively small, trapezoidal in

shape, with the anterior edge slightlj^ rounded and slightly ex-

tended laterally (fig. 3). The lateral edges of the veil are

deeply grooved as shown in the cross-sectional figure 5. Dorsal

surface orange-yellow with irregular blotches of maroon-brown.

Underside a pale yellowish orange. The mouth is located under

the veil at its juncture with the head. The two rhinophores

arise from the dorsal surface of the head a few millimeters in

front of the two small black eyes. In living animals the rhino-

phores project up through the sinus in the dorsum and are

about 4 mm. in length. Each rhinophore is actually a rolled up

plate, with one margin overlapping the other. The exhalent

opening is on the side of the head well below the eye. Color is a

translucent orange brown. In life, the rhinophores palpitate

and are contracted at will on stimulation.

Ctenidium. — The branchial plume lies on the right side of

the body in the space between the overhanging edge of the

mantle and the foot, usually completely concealed from top view,

but plainly visible from the side. When fulh^ expanded, it

measures slightly less than one half the length of the body, but

may be contracted to one third of its natural size. The pos-

terior or distal third of the plume is free from the body wall.

The rachis or primary lamella bears on its dorsal surface two

rows of 20-22 swollen nodules opposite which are located the

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 75

secondary lamellae or pinnules. Each of the 40 or so pinnules

is a miniature replica of the large plume itself, and is similarly

nodulose and bears on each side about 15 tertiary lamellae.

The tertiary lamellae bear, in turn, about 5-10 extremely small

and simple quatenar}^ lamellae. Between the secondary la-

mellae, and on the main rachis, there are occasionally 2 to 5

minor or dwarfed pinnules. The plume is of a pale yellowish

color, with a heavy dusting of orange on the upper surfaces.

Secondary lamellae often marked with a few chalk-white dots.

Shell. — Shell (see fig. 8) small, length 40 mm., width 2.4 mm. ;

only one tenth the total length of the animal. Auriculiform to

semi-quadrate in outline, calcareous, and quite flat with only a

slight convexity to the large last whorl. Spire very short with

only 1% whorls. The concentric lines of growth very coarse

and irregularly spaced. Color of shell in life a yellow^ish white

with a faint rosy tint. A light reddish brown band runs di-

agonally across the inside of the shell from the spire to the outer

and lower edge. A broad thin, transparent, hyaline sheath

borders tl;ie shell. The shell is embedded under the dorsum

about one third the distance from the anterior end of the animal.

Mandibles. — The labial armature consists of a pair of oblong,

flat mandibles of a rich golden brown color. Each mandible is

made up of closely set chitinous platelets arranged in approxi-

mately 80 transverse rows with each row containing about 35

platelets. Each platelet is somewhat trapezoidal in shape, with

the anterior end bearing a large pointed tooth, on either side of

which may be 2 to 6 denticles. Variations in the denticles are

figured in figure lOa-d.

Radula. — The radula consists of about 75 transverse rows of

simple, unciform, strongly hooked teeth. Each row contains

about 380 teeth, those nearest the center being shorter, stouter

and more strongly hooked (fig. 9a) than those towards the out-

side w^hich are longer, more slender and almost straight. The

formula is 190, 0, 190.

Genitalia. — The external genitalia are located on the right

side of the body a little anterior to the ctenidium. The penis

and female orifices are surrounded by a common, elaborately

folded flesh cup. The verge is anterior to the oviduct orifice

which in turn is anterior to the opening of the nidamental-

albumen gland. The fleshy arms of the genital cup are illus-

trated in figure 6. The excretory organ of Bojanus is large and

bean-shaped and opens to the outside by means of an oval slit

(the prebranchial opening) in the integument between the

ctenidium and the genital cup.

Type locality. — Soldier Key, Biscayne Bay, Florida. F. M.

Bayer, collector. February 22, 1948.

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

Types. — Holotype U.S.N.M. No. 574352; four paratypes:

U.S.N.M. No. 574342 (four other specimens were destroyed in

the course of examination). A paratype shell has been depos-

ited in the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, No.

184350, and the Museum of Comparative Zoolo^ at Harvard

College, No. 165951.

Ecology. — The following remarks have been kindly supplied

by the collector, Frederick M. Bayer:

''The first specimens of this species were collected in the

spring of 1946 at Soldier Key in Biscayne Bay. Yet it appears

to be not uncommon, and is probably abundant in similar sta-

tions throughout the Florida Keys. It is particularly common

in the shallow waters surrounding the small islands in the

Soldier Key area. At low tide, great stretches of the bay's

floor between the islands are exposed or covered only by a few

inches of water. These flats are thickly overgrown with the

low branching coral, Porites porites and its varieties. An inte-

gral part of the flats are massive clumps of the alga, Ealimeda,

and patches of the flowering plant, Thalassia, called Turtle-

grass. This species of Pleiirohranchus seems to prefer the lower

strata of the Porites colonies where the zooids are dead. There

the mollusks may be seen commonly in pairs during the spring

months engaged in depositing their large, translucent, gelatinous

egg masses. They may be seen less often among the large

clumps of Halimeda. On one occasion, at the Ragged Keys,

we found very few Pleiirohranchus despite the presence of a

luxuriant growth of Porites. Near here, in a small sandy patch,

we turned over a water-logged board to find nearly a dozen

specimens clinging to its under surface. Apparently, this spe-

cies is not entirely dependent upon the presence of Porites.

Although many dredge hauls were made in nearby waters of

one to two fathoms in depth, no specimens were taken although

some coral and Halimeda were present. It is apparent that the

ecological niche inhabited by this moUusk is rather restricted,

and it is not remarkable that it should have escaped notice

despite more or less intensive investigations in the Miami area."

Remarks: In the Western Atlantic, the closest ally to Pleuro-

hranchus (Susania) atlanticus is P. {S.) areolatus Morch 1863

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 77

from the Lesser Antilles. From Morch's original description,

it appears that the dorsum of areolatus is more coarsely pat-

terned with raised areas of oblong hexagons instead of the

pointed low tubercles found in atlanticns. The shell of areolatus

differs in having a relatively larger spire and a more flaring last

whorl. The color of the shell in areolatus is chestnut becoming

whitish towards the periphery, while in atlanticns it is yellowish

white with a rosy brown diagonal band. The cup-like fleshy folds

around the genitalia found in atlanticns are very much reduced

in areolatus. The shell of Pleurohranchus lacteus Dall and

Simpson 1901 is quite similar to that of atlanticus. However,

in the former it is a pure milky white as is the animal itself and

possesses a thick glazed layer on the inside of the shell. The

shell of atlanticus is not as elongate, is considerably more rugose,

and is opaque w^ith only a slight sheen on the inside.

Bibliography

Berg, R., 1897-1898: Malacologische Untersuchungen. Die

Pleurobranchiden. Semper 's Reisen Arch, der Philippinen,

vol. 7, pts. 1-3, pp. 1-158, pis. 1-11.

Dall, W. H., and Simpson, C. T., 1901 : The Mollusca of Porto

Rico. U. S. Fish Commission Bull, for 1900, vol. 1, pp. 351-

524 [p. 367], pis. 53-58.

Engel, H., 1927: Westindische Opisthobranchiate Mollusken.

Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, abl. 25, pp. 83-122.

, 1934 : The English species of the Family Pleurobranchidae.

xlnnals and Magaz. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 13, pp. 583-589.

MacFarland, F. M., 1909: The Opisthobranchiate Mollusca of

the Branner-Agassiz Expedition to Brazil. Leland Stanford

Junior Univ. Publ., Univ. series, no. 2, pp. 1-104 [pp. 58-

64], 19 pis.

PiLSBRY, H. A., 1896: Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. 16,

pp. 1-262, 74 pis.

Thiele, J., 1931: Handbueh der Systematischen Weichtier-

kunde, vol. 2, pp. 377-778 [pp. 418-420].

Vayssiere, a., 1898: Monographic de la Famille des Pleuro-

branchides. Annales Sci. Nat. Zool. et Paleo., vol. 8, pp.

209-402, pis. 13-28.

White, K. M., 1946 : On Three New Species of Pleurobranchidae

from Karachi [India]. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 27, pt.

1, pp. 52-56, pi. 5, figs. 1-9.

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE, PLEUROBRANCHUS (SUSANIA)

ATLANTICUS

Fig. 1. Dorsal and slightly lateral view of animal crawling on flat sur-

face. X 2. (Photo by F. M. Bayer.)

Fig. 2. Eight lateral view of living animal, an, anus; ge, genital cup;

pi, gill plume or ctenidium; rh, rhinophore; sh, position of shell under

dorsum, X 1%.

Fig. 3. Underside of animal, pe, posterior pedal gland; si, sinus or

sulcus at anterior end of mantle; ve, velum. X 1%.

Fig. 4. Lateral view of right rhinophore. po, posterior orifice; ey, eye.

X4.

Fig. 5. Cross-sectional view of velum to show lateral mucus grooves. X 5.

Fig. 6. Genitalia, fl, skin flaps of the genitalial cup ; hd, hermaphro-

ditic duct; nd, nidamental-albumen gland; or, female orifice; pr, prostate;

sp, spermotheca; vd, vas deferens; vg, vagina and oviduct. X 2.').

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of anterior end of ctenidium showing nodulated

rachis and secondary lamella or pinnule. X 20.

Fig. 8. Shell showing (hy) hyaline sheath. X 25.

Fig. 9. Radula. a, lateral tooth nearest center; b and c, intermediate

laterals; d, 190th or outermost lateral.

Fig. 10. Mandibles, a, well developed platelet; b, c and d, variations

in dentition in more posteriorly placed platelets. (Enlargements approxi-

mate. Drawings by the author.)

IN PINAR DEL RIO, A COLLECTING TRIP

By morris K. JACOBSON

Not far from the matchless valley of Viilales, a little to the

southeast, lies the village of Luis Lazo (or San Carlos) at the

foot of the Sierra de San Carlos, an area not quite so well

known to concholog-ists and hence somewhat less explored for

shells than Viiiales. Past this village and tapping the area runs

the road from Pinar del Rio City to Guane. This road, on the

way to Guane from Luis Lazo, runs past localities like the Es-

trechura, Ensenada de Las Angustias (or Siju), Sierra de Los

Acostas, Mai Paso, Punta de la Sierra, Teneria, La Muralla,

the Cueve Oscura of Portales, the Sierra de Guane and Paso

Real, several of them type localities for many of the species and

subspecies described by Torre and Bartsch. (Proceedings

United States National Museum, Volumes 85 and 89, and United

States National Museum Bulletin 181.) From the town of

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (3)

PLATE 5

Fh u ro h ra n cli //.s a i Ian t ic u.s.

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (3)

PLATE 6

FUi. 1-lc, Arimud huif/fordi Scliwi'ii^cl, tvjK' (li^. 1) ;iii<l i»;ir;ity|>(.'S X 2.

FUi. 2, Fiisi/i IIS siKctnnn (A<l. A: Rvr.) V\v,. ;'.. '.\;\, 1 sitnurla amxUtnta

JMls. I-'k;. 4, 4;i, l.sotiK rid am si in l*ils., typo; fig. 4lt, i>;ir;ityiH'.

Jan., 1049 j the nautilus 79

Guane there is a road, still in the process of bein^ paved, to

Mendoza (or Paso Real). From Luis Lazo to Pinar del Rio the

road passes the Sumidero, and a branch road to the Matahambre

mines takes one to Isabel Maria and Cabezas and the Sierra

del Quemado. Near Luis Lazo village lies the well known

Portrero de Luis Lazo, also known as the Valle de San Carlos,

a large flat area entirely enclosed by steep-sided mogotes and

sierras, watered by the Cuyaguateje River and its branches, the

Arroyo Mai Nombre and the Arroyo las Fuentes, and crow^ned

in its center by a vast and lonely mogote. In this Valle are the

localities Las Virgenes, Las Fuentes, el Resolladero and el Junco

(cf. maps Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 85, pp. 218, 224, 294, etc.).

The entire area described above was the site of a collecting trip

undertaken by Oscar Alcalde Ledon of Cienfuegos and myself

during the week December 26, 1947 to January 2, 1948.

This area is by no means virgin territorj^ conchologically

speaking. Among well known collectors in this area are to be

mentioned first and foremost, of course, the indefatigable Dr.

Carlos de la Torre and our own Dr. Paul Bartsch, whose three

volumes mentioned above were to be the bible of our little ex-

' cursion. In addition must be mentioned names like Wright,

Dominguez, Arango, Bermudez, Barrera, d'Alte Welch, Lowe

and Hand, Jaume and Aguayo and undoubtedly many others.

In all we visited 34 localities in seven general areas, namely:

at Isabel Maria 8 localities, at Luis Lazo 6, in the Valle de

San Carlos 6, region west of Luis Lazo 4, in the region of Sumi-

dero 2, the area between Luis Lazo and Guane 5, and around

Guane and Mendoza 3. Although in almost all cases we felt

ourselves under the pressure of time and hence forced to omit

many other desirable stations, our chief regret was our failure

to visit, because of erroneous local information, the well known

Sierra de Guane.

I met Alcalde at the airport Rancho Boj'cros on December

26. Since we knew each other only through a lengthy corre-

spondence, never having seen even a picture of each other, we

identified ourselves by — not big red roses worn in our lapels —

but large shells clutched manfully in upraised hands, I holding

a large naiad {Lampsilis ovata from the Illinois and Michigan

Canal at Chanahon, Illinois, for those who insist on exact data)

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

and Alcalde a fine large Liguus fasciatus. We thus made our-

selves known to each other with very little difficulty and, pick-

inf^ up the entomologist Senor Manuel Barro at the Hotel

Montserrat, took a bus (gua gua) immediately for Pinar del

Rio. The events of the rest of the day remain in my mind as

a brilliant, vastly colorful confusion. The overwhelming im-

pressions of Cuba — the country I had longed to visit since I can

first remember — the slurred, barely intelligible vernacular, the

hurried change from bus to bus, all serve to leave only a most

vivid impression of palm trees, heat in December, strangler

figs on the side of the Central Highway, roast whole pigs sold

at wayside stands (muy sabroso!), Havana gleaming whitely

in the distance and picturesque bohios, the palm thatched huts

of the peasantry. We raced through the rich countryside with

only short stops at bustling little towns, alike as beads on a

string, Guira, Alquizar, Artemisa, Las Manguas, Candeleria,

etc., good collecting localities many of them. I remember defi-

nitely however that that night we slept in the Hotel Comercio

in Pinar. For myself it was hardly sleep, rather a grand

sweep of rioting, undigested impressions. We were up at 4:30

for a trip to that mecca Viiiales, picture postcards come alive !

We picked up our guide Juan Gallardo and travelled, always

by open sided bus, to Isabel Maria, and here, at the foot of the

slope of Juan Alonso of the Sierra del Quemado, I collected my

first Cuban snails, a number of urocoptids clinging vigorously

to a dry limestone ledge. Here too I experienced my first diente

de perro, dog-tooth rock surface (gives a secure foothold for

rubber soled boots) and turned up my first live black A\idow

spider. Here too w^ere the echoing eaves, the saucy lizards, the

''date pits" of the hidden hutia. Barbour's incomparable

''Naturalist in Cuba" was coming alive before my very eyes!

By the time we descended from the steep slopes of Juan Alonso

T realized that our collecting of live material would not be good

during the dry season. I was to collect specimens bj- the hun-

dreds, by the thousands, but the thrill of seeing a rock covered

with ambulating beauties would be denied me. How thickly

rocks can be so covered was made abundantly clear by the

myriads of whorls of dried snail droppings (snail chips?).

However, as it turned out, T was not to be completely disap-

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 81

pointed. At Las Virgenes in the Valle de San Carlos we col-

lected live Eutrochatellas and Chondropometes by the score;

at the mogotes near Teneria we actually had to chase specimens

of Chondropometes (Chondrothyroma) sagehieni disjunctum

T. & B., a snail far livelier than anything I have ever seen in our

country; and on the very last day of our trip, at the town of

Mendoza, I filled little boxes with the beautiful urocoptid known

as Callonia ellioti Crosse. Of course, we collected many live

specimens in other places, but never in such large numbers as

at these three stations.

Land operculates have a habit that is disconcerting even

startling to one who has never collected them alive before. Up

to now, whenever I approached a snail clinging to a vertical

surface, I knew the prey was mine, because the animal would

obligingly withdraw its head and pull the shell all the tighter

to its holdfast. Not so the annularids. Let them but get an

inkling that you are near and they pop into their shells and

drop like plummets, leaving a small spot of moisture behind.

I wish I could show them that this is really not a very good habit

— their shells are fragile and fracture badly w^hen they hit, as

they mostly do, a hard limestone surface. Or else they fall

with considerable force into a crevice where, securely wedged,

they die a lingering death and make it practically impossible

for anyone to free them in one piece. A corollary of this habit

is the extreme timidity of such operculates. An inoperculate

like Zachrysia or Cepolis or even Liguiis will in a short time

after capture stick out its head to survey the situation. But

with annularids an unconscionabl}^ long time will pass before

they venture even to loosen the tight fit of the operculum, and

any sort of light shock to the container causes them to pull back

in again, tight as a stone.

How^ever, the experience gained as a collector in the temper-

ate zones is not without value in Cuba. Aside from the rock

faces and the foot of boulders, we collected shells on leaves and

branches of trees, including Cepolis and a few Liguus, under

most rocks and under sprung bark. Farcimens were usually

found buried in wet, rotted leaves on the ground, but they were

not infrequently taken clinging to sticks and fallen tree trunks,

especially in dark and humid situation. In little pockets in the

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

rough surfaced limestone, under accumulated decaying leaves,

we found Rhytidothyra and Annularops, and clinging to dry

rock faces Helicinas like Viana and Eutrochatella. The latter

were frequently covered with a fine layer of pulverized, hard-

ened limestone, and at the mogotes near Teneria this cover took

the shape of a many pointed star, the points extending be-

yond the outer edge of the true shell. How the animal man-

ages to attach this cover is a mystery.

To return to our journey. That night we ate with a Cuban

tobacco farmer, a guajiro as he is here termed, in his little

thatched bohio. The food, stewed chicken and white rice, was

tasty enough, but I found that sudden whiffs of live pig running

around in the kitchen did little to improve my appetite. Here

I ate my first malanga, the root of our familiar garden plant,

the elephant ear, and boniato, a white potato that has the flavor

of sweet potato. We slept in the tobacco curing house, now

unused. There was a sow and her litter not far from where I

had hung my hammock, and she continued instructing her chil-

dren all night long. Barro had a cold and kept telling Alcalde

all about it. We were in the midst of a Cuban cold spell and

the weather was uncomfortably chilly. When my blanket

covered my top side, my underneath froze through the thin

hammock, underneath and my top froze, wrapt up and I was

cold all over. However, this was the only really uncomfortable

night we spent.

The next day, December 28, Barro left us for Havana to

nurse a bad case of grippe. We had our breakfast, a demitasse

called here cafe solo, put some boniatos in our pockets and set

off to collect at several mogotes in the vicinity, namely that of

Juan Alonso, the large mogote near the cemetery of Cabezas

and a few more on the finca of Sefior Hernandez, who invited us

in, served us coffee, and told us of other collectors who had

visited his hatey. His son accompanied us on a small trip we

took and collected quite as enthusiastically as any of us, al-

though, he confessed, to him there were only two kinds of snails,

the big and the small. He was delighted when we showed him

a tiny Eutrochatella ; this was not grande, not even chico, it was

chirriquitico, or really wee bit tiny.

In the afternoon we took the bus to Luis Lazo where we spent

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 83

the next three days at the house of Seiior Carballo, a friend of

the renowned Don Carlos. He was a very old man, skin as

thin as paper, all the veins clearly showing-, and in build very

tall and thin. But his posture was upriglit and his deportment

that of a grandee of old Spain. He entertained Alcalde — his

Spanish was too fast for me — with tales of old Cuba and his

adventures as a soldier of the king in the far off Philippines.

He referred to this period of his life as the time when he was

defending the ''patria, " meaning Spain of course and not Re-

publican Cuba. When we left he referred to us in his visitors

book as ''intrepid naturalists, boldly surging thru the fields of

Cuba in search of her natural wonders" or something like that.

We were quite embarrassed, but signed nevertheless.

Here we slept in beds, hard but warm, and except for poor

food (after all, one can make only so many different dishes from

beans and rice even though the beans do vary in color from

day to day) we had a pleasant enough stay. On December 29

we made the long round of the Valle de San Carlos collecting

in all the areas mentioned by Torre and Bartsch. On rocks

in the Cuyaguateje River we found hosts of Hemisinus {Hemi-

sinus) cuhaniamis (d'Orbigny) and Hemisinus (Potamanax)

hrevis (d'Orbigny), both species freely mingling. The only

other fresh water shells we took, aside from a large Ancylus in

a little intermittent pond at Isabel Maria, were the small naiads

Nephronaias gundlachi (Dunker). Our best find at Luis Lazo

turned out to be a Rhytidothyra which we found in the Hoyo

de La Guataca on the southeast slope of the Sierra de San

Carlos, and which Alcalde subsequently described as new (Re-

vista Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de La Torre" 6:4). But

we did not find, not even in semifossil condition, the unique

Chondrothyra (Hendersonoma) percrassa ''Wright" Pfeiffer

(cf. Proc. U.S.N.M., vol. 85, pi. 15, fig. 6).

The region here is quite spectacular, the outstanding feature

being the characteristic limestone blocks, some being no bigger

than good sized barns, others vast mountains. Here, in these

steep, soaring mogotes and sierras of Pinar del Rio we find the

Cuban tropics. Endlessly twining vines, gray trunked palm

trees, curious lizards, insects and butterflies, the cries of color-

ful birds and hosts of magnificent snails — a region that differs

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

not very much today from the time of Columbus. The lowland

jungle has for the most part disappeared, the fauna and flora

on the inaccessible, sharply cut limestone cliffs remain largely

unchanged. When I think of Luis Lazo I see in my mind's

eye a grey, green clad soaring cliff, slowly w^ieeling buzzards

over its peaks, and hear the high sweet cry of the Cuban night-

ingale. At the foot of these cliffs there is a stretch of spiny,

vine-covered, almost impenetrable underbrush, the Cuban

manigua. Forcing our way through this thicket, we reach the

ringing, sharp toothed limestone and carefully mount to the

cave fretted upper portions. These mogotes are at times so

narrow that large holes have been torn right through them,

showing beyond other palm covered scenes that move majesti-

cally past like a magic peep show. This is especially true as

one passes the cliffs at the Cueva Oscura at Portales. These

mogotes so much resemble cliffs rising from the sea that a pro-

jection of flat land into their sides is known as an ensenada,

the word for bay.

Aside from falls there are no real dangers in these cliffs,

though there are many unpleasant features, chiefly vicious wasps

(active only in the summer), the acid spitting mancoperro (a

huge millipede) and great numbers of spiny, thorny bushes:

tocino, chichicate, ortiguilla, espuela de caballero and many

cactus-like plants. Finally one must not fail to mention the

ormiga hrava or wild ant, a little fellow that stings like a needle.

However he leaves no itch or burn; when he lets go the pain

vanishes.

In the entire area about Luis Lazo we collected Chondropo-

metes {Chondrothyroma) magjium magnum T. & B. but are

not satisfied that we were able to find the subspecies signae and

elisahethae; and Chondrothyretes harhouri 'barhouri T. & B.

whose subspecies itineraria we found at Cabezas. The typical

harhouri varies from light yellow and orange in the Ensenada

de Las Angustias to uniformly dark ones in the Estrechura,

although most localities show series from light to dark. In

several stations near the finca "Sabanas Lianas" there is a

large proportion of forms showing dark spots arranged in spiral

bands. The most interesting snail at all localities is Cepolis

(Jeanneretia) parraiana d'Orb. with its numerous unnamed

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 85

varieties. Of this Aguayo and Jaume say (Catologo Moluscos

de Cuba no. 98) : *'. . . a polymorphic species which includes

a g-ood number of varieties or forms and perhaps distinct sub-

species." This very interesting group is now in the process

of being monographed by Dr. Carlos de la Torre. Together

with this Cepolis we sometimes found C. suht us sulcata torrei

Clench & Aguayo, with the curious depression at its base. In

addition we found almost everywhere Proserpina depressa

d'Orb., Rhytidothyra hilahiata aurantiaca T. & B., Vianas

chiefly of the species regina suhunguiculata (Poey), Emoda of

the species percrassa and sagraiana, Urocoptes, Zachrysias Farci-

mens, dead Li guns and Oleacina. (A complete list of shells

and details about all stations will appear in a subsequent

paper.) Many of the Zachrysias were found with a neat hole

broken out of the second whorl, the handiwork of a preying bird.

At the Estrechura we found Chondropometes {Chondrothy-

roma) eximiummalleatum T. & B. and at the Ensenada de las

Angustias the subspecies angusticulum T. & B. And finally

almost everywhere we found the ubiquitous Suhulina octona

(Bruguiere) and occasionally in dead leaves small numbers of

Pichardiella.

On December 31 we visited two localities at the Sumidero,

and among other things took some more Farcimen superb um

superhum T. & B., but whether we collected the subspecies

itineraria T. & B. we are not at all sure. Here we also took

Chondrothyra (PUcathyra) crassa T. & B.

That afternoon we left for Guane, a typical Cuban country

town, rough streets, high narrow sidewalks, horses and mules

everywhere, a few rather dilapidated taxis, a once a week movie

house, and a neglected church. Before turning in that evening

we visited the Sierra Paso Real and collected large numbers of

the characteristic Chondrothyretes gundlachi gundlachi T. & B.

and Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni sagehieni T.

& B. The next day was the busiest day of all. Sending Juan

Gallardo to go collecting at the Mogote de Xila at km. 14 of the

Pinar to Guane Highway (where he found Turrithyra hamlini

xilaensis T. & B.), Alcalde and I visited in turn the Punta de la

Sierra — for Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni dis-

junctum T. & B. and Chondrothyretes gundlachi deviata T. &

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

B. ; the Cueva Oscura of Portales — for Chondropometes

(Chondrothyroma) sagehieni portalense T. & B. ; and the mo-

gotes between Teneria and La Muralla — for Chondropometes

(Chondrothyroma) sagehieni parvum T. & B., all of which

shells w^e found in satisfying- quantity. Both at Teneria and

Punta de la Sierra we collected large numbers of Ohelisciis

(Ldobasis) paradoxus Arango, which we first took for a uro-

coptid, and which made us quite excited.

January 2 was my last da3\ We took a morning trip by taxi

to Mendoza where we found those matchless Callonia mentioned

above as well as Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni

mendozense T. & B. In a little creek not far from the hill we

took what we think is Pomacea pahidosa form garciae Kichards.

That same day we returned by bus to Pinar del Rio and early

next morning were on our way to Havana. And that very

evening at 10 I landed at La Guardia Airport in a chilly New

York that w^as even then struggling to free itself from the effects

of the greatest snowfall in its history, in less than five hours

from heat of Havana to the ice of New York !

NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS ON PHILO-

MYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC)

By WILLIAM MAECUS INGRAM

Mills College, California

The included observations were made from June 12 to August

17, 1948, while the writer held an ecological fellowship on the

Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, Rensselaerville, Albany Count}^

New York.^ The preserve consists of between 500 and 600 acres

and has twent^^-six plant communities as aptly described by

Odum (194IJ). Evidence indicates that the climax forest of

1 Gratitude is expressed to the officers of the Edmund Niles Huyck Pre-

serve and to the following individuals who did everything possible to

further this work: Dr. Sherman C. Bishop of the University of Rochester

who was often the writer's field companion; Dr. William J. Hamilton, Jr.,

of Cornell University, and Mr. James Murphy of Albany and Rensselaerville,

New York.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 87

the preserve is beeeh-herQlock association or hemlock consocia-

tion or both intermixed, Odum (1943). Of the various plant

communities the beech-hemlock forest was by far the most fruit-

ful in collecting Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Slugs never

were found in abandoned fields or in association with human

habitation.

The general diurnal activity and arboreal tendencies of this

native slug have been reported by Ingram (1941) for the Ed-

mund Niles Huyck Preserve when he held an earlier fellowship

in 1940. The natural history data included here will supple-

ment that already published for this slug on the preserve and

will add to that which has been incidentally published in taxo-

nomic discussions of the species, i.e., Baker (1902) (1939), and

Pilsbry (1948). Special consideration is given to a listing of

the fungus food of this slug and to its general habitat.

General Habitat. — It is known that this slug has arboreal

tendencies, Baker (1902), Ingram (1941), Pilsbry (1948). It

is especially abundant in Beech-Hemlock stands, generally tend-

ing to avoid logs and trees of the hemlock and to especially favor

a beech tree or beech log association. Contrary to written re-

ports it is active throughout all hours of the day, whether the

sun is clouded over or is shining brightly, Clapp (1920), Pilsbry

(1948). Favored collecting times are those after a rain which

brings forth the slugs from their resting retreats. After wet

periods this slug is typicalty found crawling up beach trees to

heights estimated at 60 feet; those at a 12 to 20 foot level can

be collected easily by means of a pole, for as they are boosted

from their hold by the pole they can be caught as they fall

tow^ards the ground. Some fifteen have been gathered in five

minutes at a height of from 12 to 20 feet from a single beech

through the use of a pole. After rains, for every slug collected

on the ground five were taken from beech trees. During sum-

mer collecting it was not uncommon to find as many as from

2 to 6 individuals under the sprung bark of a beech log or under

the sprung bark of a yellow birch log.

In the area under consideration this slug is not solitary in

habit, evidence indicating that Baker's (1902) statement, ''Soli-

tary in habit," is not a representative remark, Baker (1939)

having very likely realized this when he later wrote concern-

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

ing P. carolinianus, ^'A single large prostrate tree trunk may

contain as man}' as 20 specimens of this species, often many

sizes and ages from young to mature." Clapp (1920) reports

nine specimens from a log crack that was 7 inches long by 2

inches wide. On the preserve 2 to 3 individuals on 11 different

occasions have been collected from under the caps of a single

mushroom feeding on the gills and stalk in bright daylight.

Often from 4 to 5 individuals have been gathered from branch

cavities that were formed when branches fell on beeches. In

one instance 7 individuals were collected from the top of a wet

rot beech stump exposed to the sun at 11 o'clock in the morn-

ing of a bright day feeding together on several clumps of the

coral mushroom group, Clavaria (stricta {?)). Clapp (1920)

states that the feeding of this slug is done at night and rarely

will one find them feeding on the under surface of a fungus in

daylight. Another collection to indicate that the species may

be gregarious was made from a dead beech stump on which a

Peleated Woodpecker had worked ; here 7 individuals were taken

from deep within the holes made by the bird, three individuals

being clustered in one hole and two holes providing shelter for

two slugs apiece.

Of the 19 species of land mollusks thus far reported from this

preserve by Ingram (1946), this one is perhaps most easily

found because of the tenacious slime tracks that it leaves wher-

ever it has been. One can easily observe slime tracks on beeches

up to heights of from 40 to 60 feet; too, tracks on logs and

around mushrooms if followed usually reveal this slug or less

commonly the large white-lipped wood snail, Triodopsis alho-

lahris (Say).

Feeding and FooD.^-General statements have appeared in the

literature from time to time indicating that land mollusks are

not in direct competition with each other for a food supply, Boy-

cott (1934), Williams (1936). In studying the fungus food of

P. carolinianus indication is that this slug is in direct compe-

tition with at least two other mollusks for a food supply and

with several species of beetles, and with rodents.

Three unidentified species of Staphylinidae, one Scarabidae,

and one Silphidae were observed commonly feeding on fungi,

the plants that form the bulk of the food supply of P. carolini-

Jan.. 1949] the nautilus 89

anus. The observed snail competitors for the slug's food supply

were Triodopsis alholahris (Say) and Zonitoides arhoreus

(Say). Another native slug, Pallifera dorsalis (Binney), was

observed only once feeding on a mushroom that P. carolinianus

feed upon, although it was commonly observed feeding on the

under surface of shelf fungi, Fonies sp., a fungus that P. caro-

linianus was not observed to feed on. Aside from these specifi-

cally listed animals tooth marks on mushrooms also indicated

that rodents likewise compete for a food supply with the slug.

Radular marks on beech bark indicate that P. carolinianus

feeds on alga, Proiococcus ( ?), that is very commonly associated

with the beech tree. To confirm such field observations beech

bark with a luxuriant growth of the alga was peeled from a

tree and brought into the laboratory and housed in terraria

with slugs. No other potential food was placed with the slugs ;

after three daj^s radular tracks were found on the bark where

the algae had been scraped off to be used as food. Green scats

that were abundantly dropped by the slugs likewise indicated

that the bark algae had been used as food, for only cream-white

and light brown scats had been deposited by the slugs from their

mushroom diet prior to their feeding on Proiococcus ( ?).

In feeding on mushrooms individuals varied in habit of at-

tack on their food supply. Stems of mushrooms were observed

with slugs cutting canoe-shapped troughs into them. Caps of

mushrooms were observed with slugs at rest on the upper sur-

face filing away at the outer surface of the cap, and often slugs

were collected under the caps feeding on the gills. In terraria

when mushrooms of the genus Boletus without gills were prof-

fered as food it was observed that holes were filed into the under

surface of the caps just large enough to accommodate the an-

terior end of the slug as it ate its way inward. In feeding on

Boletus the lower surface of the cap was fed upon most com-

monly, although radular work was observed on the dorsal sur-

face of the cap where the common procedure was to scrape off

the outer mycelial covering.

The fungus food of P. carolinianus seems to be quite varied

based on field observations; such observations indicate that no

single species of mushrooms seems to be preferred. It is real-

ized of course that different conclusions might be obtained with

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

selection tests in laboratory feedings. However, under nat-

ural conditions feeding on mushroom fungi in general seems to

be adapted to those commonly available in forest stands where

the slug abounds without any special species being sought out.

The list of fungi on which P. carolinianus feeds is based on

identifications made by the writer based on Krieger (1935),

and follows: Amanita muscaria (L.), Boletus (2 sps.), Armil-

laria mellea (Vahl) Quel., Collyhia sp., Pleiirotus sapidus

(Schulz) Quel., Hydnum caput-iirsi Fr., Clavaria stricta

(Pers.) Fr., Marasmius sp.. Poly poms stdphureics (Bull.) Fr.,

and Cantharellus sp. Only fungi on which slugs were observed

feeding in the field are included in this list. Radular marks

observed on other mushrooms indicate that many more species

are fed upon by this slug and might be added to this list ; how-

ever none are included in the list that slugs w^ere not seen to

feed on.

Bibliography

Baker, Frank Collins, 1902 : The mollusca of the Chicago area.

Bull. no. 3, Nat. Hist. Surv., Chi. Acad. Sci., pp. 137-390 (The

Gastropoda).

, 1939 : Fieldbook of Hlinois Land Snails. Manual 2, Nat.

Hist. Surv. Div. Dept. Regs, and Ed., Illinois, pp. 1-164.

Boycott, A. E., 1934: The habits of land mollusca in Britain.

Journ. Ecology, vol. 22, pp. 1-38.

Clapp, William F., 1920: The shell of Philomycus carolinianus

(Bosc). Nautilus, 33 : 3, pp. 83-89.

Ingram, William Marcus, 1941 : Habits of land mollusca at

Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York. Amer. Mid. Nat.,

25 : 3, pp. 644-651.

, 1946 : Land mollusca of the Edmund Niles Huyck Pre-

serve, Rensselaerville, New York. Nautilus, 59 : 3 pp. 87-93.

Krieger, Louis C, 1935 : A popular guide to the higher fungi

(mushrooms) of New York State. New York State Museum

Handbook no. 11, pp. 1-538.

Odum, Eugene P., 1943 : The vegetation of the Edmund Niles

Huyck Preserve, New York. Amer. Mid. Nat.. 29 : 1, pp.

72-88.

PiLSBRY, Henry A., 1948 : Land mollusca of North America, etc.,

vol. 2, pt. 2, Mono. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., pp. 521-1113.

Williams, Arthur B., 1936 : The composition and dynamics of

a beech-maple climax community. Ecol. Mono., 6 : 3, pp.

318-408.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 91

SOME SNAIL RECORDS FROM SOUTHEASTERN

OHIO

By CHARLES B. WURTZ

During- August and September of 1941 I took a one man ex-

pedition into domestic fields. Starting in Pittsburgh, Pa., the

route embraced northwestern West Virginia, southeastern Ohio

and northeastern Kentuck3^ Since then I have written con-

cerning both the Kentucky snails collected (Nautilus, 58:

125-128, 1945) and the West Virginia snails collected (Nautilus,

61: 80-89, 1948). This latter paper also included other West

Virginia material collected at various times.

Feeling that the best one can do is emulate the eminent, e.g.,

Pearl Buck of literary fame, I decided to complete the writing

and thus compose my trilogy. This, therefore, concludes the

work of this particular field trip.

This part of the trip was more abbreviated than that of the

other two states as I spent only two days (August 30 and 31)

collecting- from seven counties in Ohio. Naturally this is re-

flected in the amount of material collected. The memories of

the trip itself have become somewhat dulled, and I discover, as

does everyone, that field notes which appear comprehensive at

the moment are but tantalizing after a few years.

Transportation consisted of a one-half ton truck fitted with

a bed-roll, one-burner kerosene stove and other paraphernalia.

It was the type of truck that allowed me to lock the doors and

leave the keys inside. After this happens one must walk a mile

or so to the nearest farm to borrow a piece of balin' wire that

can be maneuvered through a small slit left open at the top of

the window. There is a verj^ scenic mile between Hocking and

Athens in Ohio !

I entered Washington County, Ohio, from Parkersburg, W.

Va., and was so impressed by my own mobility that I went right

on to Athens County. My first stop was at Athens. This lo-

cality is in the Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateaus.

Here I had an opportunity to meet Dr. Geir of Ohio University.

He went out of his way to come to the University buildings to

meet me, bringing with him some snails from his backyard.

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

After being shown around the Biology Department by Dr. Geir

I drove west and collected at the west end of the town along Rt.

50.

The snails from Athens County include Stenotrema hirsutum

(Say) Geir!, Triodopsis tridentata (Say), a single specimen of

Triodopsis alholahris (Say) which lacked the parietal tooth,

Haplotrema concavum (Say), Mesomphix inornatus (Say) and

Anguispira alternata (Say).

Forging westward I next collected in Vinton Count3\ This

locality was a roadside park, Hooper Park, about ten miles east

of McArthur along Rt. 50. Like Athens this locale is in the

Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. Five species

were taken here. These were: Stenotrema hirsutum (Say),

Triodopsis tridentata (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say),

Ventridens intertextus (Binney) and Zonitoides arhoreus

(Say). The H. concavum was taken while feeding on S. hir-

sutum. Reference is made to this in the above mentioned paper

on Kentucky where tw^o other such incidents are discussed.

This small collection represents the time it takes for an engine

ten years old to reduce itself from a temperature of 212° F. to

one more commensurate wdth efficient operation.

Continuing on mj^ way I reached Chillicothe in Ross County

just before the telegraph office closed. Here I learned that a

congratulatory message on the occasion of a father's birthday

should not include such Latin phrases as ''Pax vobiscum. " It

strains the relationship between the telegraph operator and the

sender. Such things breed dissension.

After an uneventful night beside a filling station the expedi-

tion bore southw^esterly. Two miles out of Chillicothe, at Slate

Mills along Rt. 50, I made another small collection. This lo-

cality is on the border between the Kanawha Section of the

Appalachian Plateaus and the Till Plains of the Central Low-

land Province. (I followed this border to Adams County.) At

this point my field notes read, * ' This seems to be the best time of

the year to get immature polygyrids, I see far more immature

forms than I do mature forms." Here I took Stenotrema

fraternum (Say), Mesodon injlectus (Say), Triodopsis triden-

tata (Say), T. denotata (Fer.), Haplotrema concavum (Say),

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) and Discus patulus (Desh.).

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 93

With persistence I coaxed my vehicle to Cynthiana in Pike

County where I collected Stenotrema fraternum (Say), Meso-

don infiectus (Say), Ventridens ligera (Say) and Anguispira

alternata (Say).

The next stop was at Butler Springs Park in Highland

County. This was another roadside park along Rt. 41. (The

roadside parks that are found in Ohio are a real boon to motor-

ing humanity.) Here I collected Triodopsis tridentata (Say),

T. alholahris (Say), which lacked the parietal tooth and Ven-

tridens intertextus (Binney).

Beyond this point I passed over the border into the Lexing-

ton Plain of the Interior Low Plateaus Province. The first stop

in this physiographic section was in Adams County at McClana-

han's farm two miles south of West Union. Here I collected

a nice series of Anguispira alternata (Say) in which the larger

specimens have a blunt peripheral carina and are higher than

is typical of the species. They resemble the form A. a. eriensis

(Clapp) in this respect. Other species collected were: Steno-

trema fraternum (Say), Mesodon thyroidus (Say), Triodopsis

tridentata (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say), Gastrocopta

armifera (Say) and Pupoides alhilahris (C. B. Ad.).

The last stop in the state was in Brown County at Ellsberry.

The snails that were collected here all came from grass which

had been piled beneath a honey locust. This was the largest

collection made in the state on this trip. Of particular interest

among the species collected was a series of Triodopsis tridentata

discoidea (Pils.). Like the other reported localities for the

occurrence of T. t. discoidea this locality is in the valley of the

Ohio River itself. This is an eastward extension of the known

range of the subspecies which has been found from Cincinnati

(type locality) westward along the Ohio River Valley to the

Mississippi River. (Cf. Pilsbr}^, Land Moll, of N. Amer., Vol.

1, Pt. 2: 799, 1940.) Other species collected were Stenotrema

fraternum (Say), Mesodon thyroidus (Say), M. mitchellianus

(Lea), M. pennsylv aniens (Green), M. appressus (Say), M. in-

fiectus (Say), Triodopsis alholahris (Say) which lacked the

parietal tooth, Haplotrema concavum (Say), Ventridens ligera

(Say), Anguispira alternata (Say) which were similar to those

from Adams County, Gastrocopta armifera (Say) and Pupoides

alhilahris (C. B. Ad.).

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

MOLLUSCA OF THE EASTERN BASIN OF THE

CHACO RIVER, NEW MEXICO

By ROBERT J. DRAKE

Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico

An assemblage of land and freshwater shells has been ob-

tained from the drift of the eastern tong^ue of the Chaco River,

at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan

County, New Mexico. Collections were made in October of

1946, and April, June, July, August and October of 1947, in

conjunction with archeological survey and excavation programs

of the Department of Anthropology of the University of New

Mexico. Most of the collection was made during the University

Anthropology Field Session in the summer of 1947.

This collection of fifteen forms is significant in that the dead

shells had lived in the enclosed basin of the eastern tongue of

the river. Biotic provinces are represented in this area by the

Upper Sonoran Life Zone (4000/5000 to 7000/8000 feet), and

Dice's Navahonian Province, the latter a more geographic biome.

The Continental Divide is at the eastern edge of the basin from

7500 to 8000 feet elevation. The source of the eastern tongue

of the Chaco is (at ca. 7500 feet elevation) about 45 miles from

Pueblo Bonito, and this large ruin is at ca. 6000 feet.^

The climate of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is normally

cold desert, bordering on steppe (BWkfw, near BSkfw, follow-

ing the Koeppen system of climatic determination). Seven or

eight years out of ten are apparently desert years in precipita-

tion. The mean average per year for rain is 8.18 inches. Ad-

joining mesas bordering the canyon are probably steppe as the

canyon only lacks an average of one inch more rain a year to

be entirely steppe. -^

The rainy season for the area is from July to September.

The Chaco is intermittent, flowing during the last of the rainy

• 1 Fisher, Reginald G., 1934, University of New Mexico Bulletin, Archaeo-

logical Series, Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 19. Some geographic factors that influenced

the ancient populations of the Chaco Canyon.

-' Brand, Donald D., Florence M. Ilawley, Frank C. Hibben, et aL, 1937,

University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological Series, Vol. 2, no. 2,

pp. 44, 45. Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico.

Jan., 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

95

seasons, and following springtimes, when the high mountain

snow deposits are melting. Some of the drift is at various

levels, probably representing deposition when the raging tor-

rent was higher or lower according to the amount of water con-

centrated in the arroyo normally from rain or during flash

floods. As with drift I have collected from the Rio Grande and

Rio Puerco systems in New Mexico, the Uncompahgre, Slate,

and Gunnison sj^stems in Colorado, and the Florido and Concho

systems in Chihuahua, shells in concentrated deposits of rejec-

tamenta apparently represent colonies of one form or fairly

homogenous groupings of several landshell forms. Pupillidae

and Vallonidae have been especially noticed in this respect.

Dead landshells of forms from the Chaco drift were observed

on surfaces of ruins and anthills in the canj^on and in dry clumps

of vegetation at springs and seeps on the rimming mesas.

The vegetation of the canyon floor is mostly piiion pine, juni-

per, and shrubs (sagebrush, cacti, yucca, greasewood, rabbit-

brush, and shadscale). Alder, cottonwood, walnut, and box

elder grow inside canj^ons.

In the higher altitudes are found western yellow (or ponder-

osa) pin, spruce, oak, serviceberries, wild rose, occasional sage-

brush and rabbitbrush, and very abundant herbs and grasses.^

Fifteen forms of gastropods discovered in the basin of the

eastern tongue of the Chaco River are :

Gastrocopta pellucida hordea-

cella (Pilsbry)

Hawaiia minuscula (A. Bin-

ney)

Hawaiia minuscula alachuana

Dall

Piipilla cf. hlandi Morse

Pupilla hehes (Ancey)

Pupoides Jiordeacus (Gabb)

Pupoides alhilahris (C.B.Ad.)

Succinea grosvenorii Lea

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey

Vallonia gracilicosta Rein-

hardt

Vertigo ovata (Say)

Fossaria parva (Lea)

Gyraulus circumstriatus

(Tryon)

Helisoma tenue cf. sinuosum

(Bonnet)

Stagnicola hulimoides cocke-

relli (Pilsbry and Ferriss).

3 Elmore, Francis H., 1943. University of New Mexico Monograph

Series, Vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 10, 11. Ethnobotany of the Navajo.

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

Pupilla cf. hlandi Morse is represented by only two specimens.

They were sent, in September of 1947, to Dr. S. S. Berry, Red-

lands, California, who examined them and commented : ' ' . . . at

present I can do no better than call [them] Pupilla cf. hlandi

Morse, although there are manifest differences, notably that it

is very small for hlandi, and the palatal tooth is too small and

does not penetrate. It is about the size of P. sonorana (Sterki),

but is too chunky, more truncate in front, and has too small

teeth for that." * It is hoped more collecting will provide addi-

tional specimens of this aberrant form for study.

One specimen of Helisoma was found. It is certainly tenue

and probably variety sinuosum (Bonnet). I have done a con-

siderable amount of work recently with H. tenue and varieties,

from New Mexico and Chihuahua, and have found great tend-

ency for some specimens of a colony of sinuosum or pertenue F.

C. Baker'"' to go toward tenue (Philippi) s. s. Dr. J. P. E.

Morrison states that many lots of varieties of H. tenue from

northern Mexico in the U. S. National Museum likewise exhibit

this characteristic.*^ The H. tenue sinuosum (Bonnet) found at

Albuquerque, New Mexico, however, is quite typical of the va-

riety, and is illustrated as such in F. C. Baker's monograph on

the Planorbidae.^ Again, further collecting in the Chaco should

make additional Helisoma available for study.

It is unfortunate that no representatives of the Physidae or

Sphaeriidae were found in Chaco Canyon, as the peculiarities of

members of those families are exceedingly little known in New

Mexico and the Southwest.

Sincere thanks go to the many archeologists and anthropology

students who helped with the Chaco collecting (and tedious sort-

ing) of drift. To one of the former, Mr. Lloyd M. Pierson, Jr.,

goes special thanks. Being gifted with the collector's instinct,

Mr. Pierson became a convert to field snailing and gave me much

help during our University's archeological expedition to south-

^ Letter, dated 13 October, 1947.

''• II. tenue pertenue F. C. Baker represents a change in name for the pre-

occupied common northern Mexican P. tenuis applanatus Martens, r.aker,

Frank, C, 1945, The MoUuscan Family Planorbidae, p. 149.

« Letter, dated 26 November, 1947.

7 Baker, 194ri, The Molluscan Family Planorbidae, pi. 98, fig. 15.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 97

eastern Chihuahua in August and September of 1947. In fact,

he collected the only lot of Oreohelix found during our trip.

Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan, Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg', and Dr. S.

S. Berry have been kind enough to examine the Chaco material

and make most of the determinations.

Chaco duplicates have been deposited in the collections of W.

O. Gregg:, S. S. Berry, W. J. Eyerdam, C. L. Blakeslee, M. K.

Jacobson, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the

U. S. National Museum, the California Academy of Sciences, the

University of Michig-an Museum of Zoology, the Chicago Natural

History Museum, the Carnegie Museum, the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, and the Allan Hancock Foundation of the

University of Southern California. Examples of all forms are

in my collection and are available for examination by conchol-

osrists.

A NEW JAPANESE LIMPET

By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL

AcMAEA LANGFORDi n. sp. Plate 6, figs. 1, la-lc.

Shell small, oblong-ovate, elevated, apex near the front third.

Surface dull, greyish white, having 14 to 18 slightly noduled,

heavy ribs which extend into points beyond the margin. There

are shorter ribs between these, beginning at the denticulated

margin and disappearing before they reach the apex. The more

adult shells are completely covered with calcareous growth,

which more or less obscures the sculpture between the ribs,

which consists of very strong, irregular growth lines, especially

evident in the younger specimens. The interior ranges from a

cream}' tint to a dark brown, with the central callus either well

defined with a line of brown, or entirely dark brown. The inner

margin is marked with brown spots between the ribs, which are

indented.

Length 14 mm., width 10.8 mm., altitude 5 mm. Paratype.

Length 12-1/2 mm., width 10-1/2 mm., altitude 4-1/2 mm.

Type.

Length 10 mm., width 8 mm., altitude 4 mm. Paratype.

The Type A.N.S.P. No. 185109, and Paratype No. 185110

98 THE NAUTILUS . [Vol. 62 (3)

were collected at Chikura, Japan, in 1935, by Daniel B. Lang-

ford, for whom the shell is named.

This shell somewhat resembles Acmaea heroldi Dunker. It is

somewhat narrower, the ribs are much heavier and it has no

bluish cast in the interior, but is consistently of the brown tones.

It resembles more Acmaea corticata Hutton, of New Zealand,

thouffh it is a heavier and darker shell.

NOTES ON THE POLYGYRIDAE OF NORTHERN

ARKANSAS

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

During 1942 the author made two trips to Calico Rock, Arkan-

sas and vicinity to collect Polygyra peregrina and Mesodon

clenchi which were then known only from that locality. This

paper is a report on the more interesting species found plus a

few^ records from earlier trips into northern Arkansas.

Polygyra peregrina Rehder

Izard Co. : bluffs, just south of Calico Rock; talus (recent), 4

miles south of Calico Rock. Stone Co.: talus (Pleistocene),

north of Sylamore. Marion Co. : Stair Bluff, opposite Buffalo ;

bluff' along Crooked Creek, 1.7 miles north of Rea Valley.

Found living in large numbers under rocks on talus slopes at

the bases of limestone or dolomitic bluffs.

Stenotrema blandianum (Pilsbry)

Izard Co. : talus (recent), 4 miles south of Calico Rock. Stone

Co.: talus (Pleistocene), north of Sylamore. Marion Co.: bluff

along Crooked Creek, 1.7 miles north of Rea Valley.

This species had not previously been reported from Arkansas.

Mesodon clenchi (Rehder)

I did not find this species at Calico Rock. In 1936, I saw

what at the time I thought were fragments of Allogona pro-

funda, in the talus north of Sylamore, Stone Co., but which

were undoubtedly this species. Later, near Greenville, Wayne

Co., Missouri, I found and later lost a single shell that was pos-

sibly this species.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 99

Mesodon edentatus (Sampson)

Izard Co.: talus (recent), 4 miles south of Calico Rock.

Marion Co. : Stair Bluff, opposite Buffalo. Newton Co. : ravine,

12 miles south of Jasper.

Dr. Pilsbry in his "Land Mollusca of North America" treats

this species as a variety of M. inflectus. However, at the first

two localities cited above the two species occur together and M.

edentatus can be readily separated not only by its smaller teeth

but by its much larger size.

Triodopsis obstricta occidentalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss)

Stone Co.: talus (Pleistocene), north of Sylamore.

NEW SPECIES OF ISOMERIA AND HELICINA

By H. a. PILSBEY

IsoMERiA ANESTiA, ucw spccics. Plate 6, figs. 4, 4a, 4b.

The shell is rather solid, imperforate, depressed, biconvex,

with bluntly subangular periphery. Color uniform brown (the

shade uncertain, as all seen are ''dead" shells). The whorls

are weakly convex, of slow increase, behind the aperture the last

is about equal in width to the penult whorl; it descends rather

steeply in front and is contracted a little behind the peristome.

The first 1% whorls are smooth; following whorls have rather

coarse and low retractively radial wrinkles, and a very minute

sculpture of close, wavy wrinkles (sometimes cut by a few ir-

regular, short impressed spiral lines). The oblique aperture is

somewhat trapezoidal, the peristome reflected and a little re-

curved at the edge, the upper and basal margins nearly straight

and parallel, the outer margin regularly curved, and on its

inner face bearing a long but rather low tooth, which is higher

at the lower end and slopes to the low upward end (or in some

specimens the middle part is concave, forming a double tooth,

fig. 4b). The parietal callus is thin and toothless.

Height 18 mm., diameters 35.5 and 29.3 mm., barely 5 whorls.

Type.

Height 17.3 mm., diameters 33 and 28 mm., 4.8 whorls.

Peru? Type and paratypes 184497 ANSP. ; others of the

same lot are No. 112 Museo Historia Natural, Lima, without

known locality or collector.

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

This species is quite different from all others known to me, b}^

the shape of the tooth within the outer margin of the peristome.

The micro-sculpture is also characteristic. It should be recog-

nized easily by these characters when found again; otherwise I

would not describe unlocalized specimens.

IsoMERiA ANODONTA, ucw spccics. Plate 6, fig. 3, 3a.

The shell is somewhat depressed with angular periphery,

rather solid, dark brown. The spire is rather strongly convex,

of very slowly increasing whorls, the last abruptly descending

in front and with angular periphery, the angle nearly disap-

pearing near the aperture. The base is convex, with deep, cylin-

dric umbilicus, which becomes wider in the last half turn ; meas-

ured behind the lip its width is contained about six times in

the diameter. The aperture is strongly oblique, somewhat tra-

pezoidal. Peristome rather narrow, light brown, reflected, its

face convex, toothless, the margins remote, connected by a

straight, thickened parietal callus.

Height 21 mm., diameters 39.5 and 33 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Chaupo, at 6000 ft. elevation, province of Jaen, Department

of Cajamarca. Type 165202 ANSP., collected by M. A. Car-

riker, 1933.

As the type is a ' ' dead ' ' shell, somewhat corroded by weather-

ing, the minute sculpture, if any, cannot be made out. It ap-

pears to be nearly smooth. It does not seem to be nearly related

to I. continua (Pfr.) or to any of the other toothless species of

Isomeria.

Helicina acobambensis, new species.

The shell is white with scattered streaks and dots of gray on

the last 2y2 whorls ; the height about 62 percent of the diameter,

the spire conic with slightly projecting apex, the rounded last

whorl weakly angular at periphery, base convex. Sculpture of

faint growth lines, and above the periphery there are fine spiral

striae. The oblique aperture is semicircular; the peristome

slightly expanding, thickened within, with a projecting angle

at the junction with the columellar margin. The axial callus

is rather large and quite thick.

Height 3.65 mm., diameter 5.9 mm. ; 4i/} whorls.

Acobamba, north of Tarma, Peru, 3900 meters elevation.

Type 180003 ANSP.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 101

This species has a more convex base than H. psorica Morelet,

and the aperture is of quite different shape.

Helicina chionea, new species.

The shell is white with a few inconspicuous streaks or small

spots of gray, solid and strong, the height about 70 percent of

the diameter, the spire conic, apex a trifle projecting, the pe-

riphery narrowly rounded or indistinctly subangular, base con-

vex. Sculpture of indistinct lines of growth and traces of im-

pressed spirals, chiefly on the upper surface of last whorl (or

in some specimens such spirals are not visible) ; there is also

some weak malleation. The oblique aperture is widely semi-

circular. Peristome expanded outwardly and at base, with the

face built forward, strongly thickened, rounded or quite bluntly

angular where it joins the columellar margin. Axial callus

roughened, small but thick.

Height 5.3 mm., diameter 7.5 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Mejorada, near Huancayo, Peru, 2600 meters elevation. Type

and paratype 180005 ANSP.

This species is somewhat larger than H. acohamhensis, with

far thicker lip and less spiral sculpture.

Helicina huacapistana, new species.

The shell is cartridge buff with nearly white apex, moder-

ately solid, the height nearly three-fourths of the diameter, the

spire conic, periphery bluntly angular, the base convex. Whorls

4^2» ver}^ weakly convex. Sculpture of fine, weak wrinkles of

growth, with well impressed spaced spiral grooves on the upper

surface, about six above the periphery on the last whorl, and

much finer numerous spirals over much of the base, but not ex-

tending to the center. The oblique aperture is rather wide, the

peristome reflected, thickened within and on the convex face,

which is slightl}^ lighter in tint than the outside of the shell.

The axial callus is white, rather small. Parietal callus thin and

transparent.

Height 6.7 mm., diameter 9.2 mm.

Huacapistana, Peru, at 1800 meters. Type 180004 ANSP.

NOTES AND NEWS

FusiNUS spectrum (Adams & Reeve), a new record for the

Gulf of JMexico. — This beautiful shell, illustrated on Plate 6,

fig. 2, was recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sci-

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (8)

ences by Pearl M. Lane, in memory of Sidney Hunter, of Pass-a-

Grille. It was collected by Dewey Pastrikos, a diver, about

twenty-five miles off Tarpon Springs, Florida. — Jeanne S.

SCHWENGEL.

The collection of the Marquis de Monterosato. — This fa-

mous collection was purchased about 1927 by V. Beltrani of

Palermo, Sicily, who had also a very fine world-wide collection.

After the death of Beltrani, the Monterosato-Beltrani collection

was purchased by the Municipality of Rome and is now de-

posited in the Zoological Museum of Rome. It was moved from

Palermo to Rome during the early years of the war, under the

supervision of Dr. Giovanni Giorgi who is now in charge of this

very important collection. The Marquis de Monterosato was

one of the foremost Italian paleontologists and had built up a

very large collection of mollusks, both recent and fossil. An

obituary of the Marquis de Monterosato and a list of his publi-

cations were published by H. Crosse in the Journal de Con-

chyliologie, 1928, 72, pp. 69-73.— W. J. Clench.

The lost type of Obovaria depygis (Conrad). — In the Amer-

ican Journal of Conchology (1866, 2, p. 107, pi. 10, fig. 1) Con-

rad described Ohovaria depygis from the Harpeth River, Ten-

nessee. This species was founded on a single specimen in the

collection of W. H. DeCamp of Grand Rapids, Michigan. De-

Camp's collection went to the Grand Rapids Public Museum,

which was in turn given to the University of Michigan and the

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology is in possession of De-

Camp's original label which says: "Type specimen and only

one found by me." Unfortunately, the specimen was not with

the label ; therefore an example from the type locality will have

to be selected as a neotype by a subsequent author. — Richard

I. Johnson.

Note on the nomenclature op two .aiarine gastropods

FROM the Galapagos Islands. — During the course of work deal-

ing with tropical West American mollusks we have -noticed that

the combination of names Pleurotoma hicolor Sowerby (Proc.

Zool. Soc. London for 1833, p. 135, issued April 16, 1834.

"Found under stones at Panama, and dredged from a sandy

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 103

floor at a depth of eight fathoms at the Gallapagos Islands." —

Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 1, Pleurotoma, 1843, species 40, pi. 6,

fig. 40) had already been used for a Mediterranean species by

Risso (Pleurotoma h (color Risso, Hist. Nat. I'Europ. Merid.,

Vol. 4, 1826, p. 214). The name Monilispira ochsneri is here

proposed for Pleurotoma hicolor Sowerby, 1834, and is based

upon a new type (Holotype, No. 9426, height, 16.5 mm., maxi-

mum diameter, 6.4 mm., and Paratypes Nos. 9427, 9427a,

Calif. Acad. Sci. Dept. Paleo. Type Coll.) from Chatham Island..

Galapagos Islands, collected by W. H. Ochsner, 1906.

It seems desirable to call attention to the fact that Drillia

roseohasis Pilsbry & Vanatta (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci.,

Vol. 4, September 30, 1902, p. 558, pi. 35, fig. 2. ''From Tagus

Cove, Albemarle") was later renamed Pleurotoma roseotincta

by Ball (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 54, No. 2238, April 5, 1918,

p. 333), due to an earlier Pleurotoma {Drillia) roseohasis B.

A. Smith (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. 2, No. 10, Oc-

tober, 1888, p. 301. ''Hab. — ?")• The name roseotincta being

preoccupied, the new name Pleurotoma testudinis was given by

Pilsbry & Vanatta (Nautilus, 36: 132. 1923). Pleurotoma

alhicostata Sowerby (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1833, p. 135,

issued April 16, 1834. "Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos." "A

very elegant small species, found in fine coral sand at a depth

of six fathoms." — Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 1, Pleurotoma,

1843, sp. 62, pi. 8, fig. 62), from the Galapagos Islands, was

described as possessing sculpture and coloration similar to that

of the species described by Pilsbry & Vanatta. — L. G. Hertlein

and A. M. Strong.

Drillia roseobasis {= Pleurotoma testudinis P. & V.) and

Pleurotoma albicostata (Sowerby). — The definitions of these

snails seem to differ so much that their specific identity is

doubtful. The former is strongly compressed around the upper

part of the last whorl while Reeve's figure of alhicostata shows

no trace of compression there. The shape of the aperture

differs, as it is much narrower anteriorly in roseohasis than in

alhicostata. The latter is a larger and narrower shell, measur-

ing, length 0.9, width 0.3 inch (about 22.5 X 7.5 mm.), of 9

whorls, while roseohasis (testudinis) with 10 whorls measures,

length 13.5 X 5.2 mm. These differences may be thought to be

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

individual variation of one species, but although their colora-

tion is similar, I think that further collections are needed to

demonstrate the identity suggested in the preceding note. —

H. A. PiLSBRY.

Directory of Conchologists : We wish to make our annual

list of persons and institutions interested in the collection or

study of mollusks as complete and with as few errors as pos-

sible. Former editions have listed many with the most casual

of interests. It has been our custom heretofore simply to mail

out the directory on approval to those whom we think it might

interest. Next year we propose to mail only to those who have

ordered it. There is no obligation to order a copy of the direc-

tory, but in any event we wish to put your correct name and

address with your special interests on our list. We will con-

tinue our plan of following each name with the numbers based

on the following table, but you are invited to give us your spe-

cial interests if not fully covered by this table.

1, Worldwide sea shells. 2, Pacific coast shells. 3, Atlantic

coast shells. 4, land shells. 5, fresh water shells. 6, buy

shells. 7, sell shells. 8, exchange shells. 9, buy books. 10,

field collecting. 11, marine life in general. 12, fossil shells.

The booklet is announced for delivery in January at $1.50.

Those wishing a copy are asked to register and order it now as

we plan to print only a fcAv more than the orders on file. — John

Q. BuRCH, 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif.

Cylindronenia, a new subgenus of Nenia. — Gehiiuse immer

dekolliert, mit mehr oder weniger niedrigen Umgangen, letzter

Umgang wenig verschmalert, nur schwach halsartig ausgezogen.

Basis mit 2 schwachen Kielen oder gerundet. Naht wenig

eingetieft, teilweise wellig oder krenuliert. Spirallamelle meist

von aussen seitlich in den hintern Teil der Oberlamelle ein-

laufend. • Unterlamelle bei vertikalem Einblick in die Miindung

grossenteils sichtbar, schrag bogig oder S-formig aufsteigend.

Clausilium am Ende mehr oder weniger scharf zugespitzt, mit

der Spitze in die Liicke zwischen den enden von Lunella und

Subcolumellaris eingreifend. Schalen oberfliiche glanzlos, wie

weissgrau bereift, mit dichtstehenden, sehr feinen flachen Kip-

penstreifchen besetzt. Genotypus: Clausilia maranhoncnsis

Albers. — P. Ehrmann, Ms.

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 105

Monterey Mollusca : Corrections. — Turhonilla {Bart-

schella) hartschi Smith & Gordon, Proc. California Academy of

Sciences, 4th ser., vol. 26, no. 8, Dec. 15, 1948, pp. 222-223, pi.

24, fig. 13, being preoccupied by T. (Careliopsis) hartschi

Aguayo & Rehder, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 9, 1936, p.

267, pi. 24, fig. 7, from La Chorrera, Habana, Cuba, the former

species may take the new name T. (Bartschella) hartschiana

Smith & Gordon. We are indebted to Dr. L. G. Hertlein for

calling our attention to the fact that our species name is a homo-

nym, as originally used.

Dr. A. Myra Keen has pointed out that Retusa (Sulciilaria)

montereyensis Smith & Gordon, described on pp. 217-218, pi. 3,

fig. 11 of the same paper, should be cited as Sulcoretusa mon-

tereyensis (Smith & Gordon). As Sidcularia Dall, 1921 (USNM

Bull. 112, pp. 61, 202) is a homonym of Sulcularia Rafinesque,

1831, Burch has proposed the genus name Sulcoretusa as a

replacement, which we accept as valid. For a discussion of the

applicable taxonymy, see Proc. Conch. Club of Southern Cali-

fornia (John Q. Burch, editor). Minutes, No. 47, p. 16, April,

1945. We appreciate the opportunity of making these correc-

tions.— Allyn G. Smith & Mackenzie Gordon, Jr.

Aestivation in Helminthoglypta traskii phlyctaena

(Bartsch). — One active Helminthoglypta traskii phlyctaena

(Bartsch) was collected in September of 1947 in Ventura, Ven-

tura County, California. The snail was placed in a penny

match box in Ventura and was carried in a watch pocket up

the coast to Oakland, California. During the trip the snail

formed two epiphragms and aestivated. The snail was placed

in a desk drawer and was observed from time to time to No-

vember, 1948. At no time did it come out of aestivation; on

November 20, 1948, the snail was placed in a terrarium with

lettuce. No apparent effort was made to break out of the

epiphragm for three days, and I thought that the snail had died.

However, on the fourth day, the snail broke the epiphragm

after a year of aestivation and fed weakly on the available let-

tuce. It made no effort to leave the food supply for four days

after emerging; it laid on the lettuce with the body limp and

extended. On the fifth day after breaking the epiphragm, the

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

feeding snail gained strength and crawled at random about the

terrarium. — William Marcus Ingram.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region, by Imogene

C. S. Robertson and Clifford L. Blakeslee. (Bull. Buffalo Soc.

Nat. Sci., vol. 19, no. 3, xi + 191 pp., 18 plates, text figures and

map.) The area covered by this handbook is the region within

about fifty miles of Buffalo, nearly all within the St. Lawrence

drainage, but comprising also the headwaters of some streams

of the Mississippi system. Two hundred and thirty-eight spe-

cies and subspecies are considered, but this includes a number

of doubtful records not verified by the authors, and others of

uncertain standing. Even with these eliminated, the number

is remarkable for that latitude, being far beyond any area of

similar size in New England or eastern Pennsylvania. The

species are all described and nearly all illustrated on 18 hand-

some plates. Chapters on where and how to collect and on col-

lecting sites in the region are given; that on collecting sites of

the present time will be of permanent value to all future col-

lectors in the region. The volume concludes w^th a history of

the Conchological Section of the Buffalo Society by Mrs. Robert-

son. It was organized by Elizabeth Letson (afterward Dr.

Elizabeth Letson Bryan) in 1897, and is still going strong. In

malacology, where the information on mollusks of any locality

is scattered through many volumes, such handbooks as this are

of great utility in introducing an absorbing subject for pastime

or study. — H. A. P.

The West Indian Marine Shells, by H. Krebs (1864).

Republication by W. J. Clench, C. G. Aguayo and R. D. Turner;

with remarks, a portrait, and a brief account of the life of H.

Krebs. (Extracted from Rovista de la Soc. Malac. "Carlos

de la Torre"). Krebs' work is a very rare publication. There

are copies in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Na-

tional Museum, which came from Thomas Bland, and Robert

Swift's copy in the Academy of Natural Sciences, which con-

tains an autograph letter of gift from Krebs. It would be

Jan., 1949] the nautilus 107

interesting to hear whether any others are in American libraries.

It is valuable for the many records, especially those from the

Virgin Islands and southward, which this reprint will make

generally available. — H. A. P.

Shells and Shell Collecting. By the Long Beach Shell

Club, Long Beach, California. This is a collection of about 25

papers by members and friends of the club, covering many

sides of their zoological and collecting activities. It includes a

history of the club by Julia Ellen Rogers, and an account of

the geology of Deadmans Island by Effie M. Clark, among other

interesting articles. Edited by Mrs. Mary Bormann. — H. A. P.

The Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of Monterey Bay,

California, and vicinity. By AUyn G. Smith and Mackenzie

Gordon, Jr. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 26, pp. 147-245, 2 plates,

1948). Mollusk collecting in Monterey Bay goes back to 1774,

and since 1835, when Thomas Nuttall collected there, a long list

of collecting expeditions and conchologists visited that famous

locality, down to the present day. An account of these is fol-

lowed by information on the physical features of the region,

and the species of commercial importance (that on the ab alone

fishery being especially interesting). The checklist of species

contains no less than 732 species and subspecies of known occur-

rence,— a remarkably large number for a temperate fauna, and

reasons are given for regarding 80 other recorded species (listed

in square brackets) as of doubtful occurrence. Eighteen spe-

cies are described as new and figured.

The nomenclature as a rule is brought well up to date, but

we object to the use of Purpura Martyn (p. 188), and Volvulella

Newton (p. 179), an unlawful change of Volvula.

This census of mollusks of a region classic in California

conchology gives evidence of a great deal of careful study. It

is an important addition to the molluscan literature of the

West Coast.— H. A. P.

Fossil and Living Pupillidae in Kansas, by Dorothea S.

Franzen and A. Byron Leonard. (University of Kansas Sci-

ence Bulletin, vol. 31, no. 15. 1947.) 100 pp., 6 plates, 15

figs, in text, mapping distribution. In this critical study the

five genera and 33 species and subspecies now known from the

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3)

state are described and figured, and their geographic and geo-

logic distribution and eeologic relations are discussed. Two

genera Pupilla and Coliirmella, and 18' species are known in

Kansas only as Pliocene to Pleistocene fossils. Gastrocopta

rexroadensis and G. paracristata from the Blancan formation

(uppermost Pliocene or later) of Meade Co. and G. anteridens

from the Laverne formation (Lower Pliocene) are described as

new. There is a pronounced faunal break between the Blancan

and the Lower Pleistocene Meade formations. Two forms of

Gastrocopta procera {G. p. mcclungi and G. p. sterkiana), which

have formerly been admitted as subspecies, were found to inter-

grade so fully in many places that they are relegated to synon-

ymy. Piipoides hordaceus (Gabb) is reported living in Reno

Co. and Upper Pleistocene in Meade Co., a very considerable ex-

tension of its range. — H. A. P.

Procedure in Taxonomy, including a reprint, in translation,

of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, with titles

of and notes on the Opinions rendered to the present date ( 1907

to 1947). By Edward J. Schenk and John H. McMasters,

1936, Revised edition enlarged and in part rewritten by A. Myra

Keen and Siemon William Muller, 1948. Stanford University

Press, Stanford, California. $2.50. Everyone whose work is

concerned with genera and species will have frequent use for

this handbook of taxonomic methods. Being fully indexed, it

simplifies the solution of many a perplexing problem in nomen-

clature. It is a most useful manual of the subject for the ex-

pert, and a well-nigh indispensible guide for the beginner in

systematic zoology. — H. A. P.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Malacological

Union will be held at the University of Miami, Miami, Florida,

June 16 to 19 inclusive. The University dormitories will be

available at moderate rates which will be announced later. There

will be collecting trips on shore and by boat from the Marine

Laboratory under the direction of Dr. P. G. Walton Smith, Di-

rector of the Laboratory.

Please send titles of papers and approximate time required

to the Secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, 136 Buffum Street,

Buffalo 10, N. Y.

The Nautilus

Vol. 62 APRIL, 1949 No. 4

A NEW SPECIES OF OREOHELIX, SUBGENUS

RADIOCENTRUM, FROM SOUTHEASTERN

CHIHUAHUA

By ROBERT J. DRAKE

Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico

During" August and September of 1947, it was my fortune

to be a member of the University of New Mexico Department of

Anthropology archeological expedition to the river valleys and

desert bolsons of southeastern Chihuahua. Although the pur-

pose of the expedition was primarily to discover artifacts and

to make a survey of sites of early man, I had much opportunity

to collect recent shells. Through the help of the director and

members of the expedition, over 100 lots of non-marine mollusks

were added to my collection.

Interesting variation and ecological data, and new distribu-

tion records for the area are in evidence. There is one new

species, the Oreohelix here described, and there are several

probably new Urocoptidae, all apparently Holospira. As time

permits, I am preparing this material for publication and dis-

tributing duplicates to those institutions and conchologists espe-

cially interested in the non-marine Mollusca of Mexico.

A short resume of the archeological results of the expedition

has been published elsewhere by the director.^ During April

of 1948, and during extreme drought conditions, I returned to

the region to attempt to find live specimens of the new Oreohe-

lix. In this I was unsuccessful, but was fortunate in obtaining

living Succinea and many pond forms not secured alive in

1947.2 During the last week in November of 1948, six of us

iReiter, 1948: 273.

2 A short epistle account of this trip appeared in Minutes of the Concho-

logical Club of Southern California, No. 80: 4-5, May-June, 1948.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

from the department of anthropology, and all members of the

1947 expedition, again returned to southeastern Chihuahua for

a quick archeological survey; mainly to rework early man sites

in the bolsons. No Oreohelix, alive or dead, were found, but

excellent dead series of what might be topotypes of the several

probably new urocoptids were obtained. The time of the last

1948 trip w^as also very dry.

The 1947 and 1948 University of New Mexico expeditions

were under the direction of Dr. Paul Keiter, professor in the

department of anthropology, to whom thanks are given for his

cooperation with my conchological interests. Thanks also go

to the student members of the 1947 and 1948 expeditions for

their help in collecting. The photographing of the holotype

and descriptional paratype of the new OreoheUx by Mr. Boyd

Wettlaufer, anthropology student of the University of New

Mexico, is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry

very kindly provided photographs of his recent two new species

of OreoheUx from Chihuahua as well as page proof of his 1948

paper describing them. Further work in the very near future

has been planned for investigating the archeology, biology,

conchology, and other geographical factors of Chihuahua and

other states of northern Mexico by faculty members and some

students of the universities of New Mexico and Texas.

Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) almoloya, new species. PI. 8.

Holotype : Relatively small for genus and a little under aver-

age size for subgenus. Lenticular, flattened above, moderately

convex below. Umbilicus wide, contained in the diameter of

the shell about five times. Whorls 5, pinched-out with pro-

nounced keel, flattened, and extremely carinate — carination en

chevron. Aperture sub -triangular and standing at an angle

of about forty-five degrees with the vertical axis of the shell.

Apical whorl having embryonic rib sculpture which abruptly

gives way to less oblique but still slanting striations. Size :

height, 5 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. The species is named after

the small mountain range including the type locality, the Sierra

de Almoloya. The holotype (A. N. S. P. No. 185106) was col-

lected on 19 August 1947 by Lloyd M. Pierson, Jr. Even

though the rainy season was on, no live snails were found at

the type locality. The type lot was accompanied by an un-

known Holospira and Bulimulus dealhaUis ragsdalei Pilsbry.

I

April, 1949] the nautilus 111

Type locality: Rocky cacti and bush covered hillside in the

steep foothills of the Sierra de Almoloya within a five-mile

radius northwest of Cueva Diablo. This ''Cave of the Devil"

is a limestone sink located two miles due northwest from the

small village of Salaices, Distrito Jimenez, Chihuahua. Salaices

lies southwest toward Parral approximately 19 miles from

Jimenez, at about Lat. 105°02'50", W., Long. 27° N. A newly

paved highway skirts the southern hills of the Sierra de Almo-

loya a few hundred feet south of Cueva Diablo. An unchecked

altimeter reading at the floor of Cueva Diablo, in November

of 1948, gave an elevation of 100 feet less than 1 mile above sea

level. The type locality is several hundred feet higher than the

general elevation of Cueva Diablo.

Paratypes: The descriptional paratype (pi. 8) is conieally

higher than the holotype and slightly more compactly coiled

and a bit smaller. Otherwise, it is very close to the holotype —

as are all the paratypes. Only nineteen bones of Oreohelix

almoloya were collected with the holotype. These paratypes

have been distributed as follows: Wendell 0. Gregg Collection,

4319 ; Ernest J. Roscoe Collection, 238 ; S. Stillman Berry Col-

lection, 14500; California Academy of Sciences Department of

Paleontology, 32590; U. S. National Museum Division of Mol-

lusks, 590513 ; Carnegie Museum Section of Recent Invertebrates,

62.39826; Drake Molluscan Collection, 629; and Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 185107.

Discussion: Oreohelix almoloya exhibits strong shell shape

and sculptural affinity to two other described Badiocentrum:

Oreohelix chiricahuana Pilsbry and especially 0. chiricahuana

percarinata Pilsbry and Ferriss, both southern Arizona forms.^

It is generally flatter than 0. chiricahuana percarinata but ex-

hibits the same degree of keeling on the periphery of the body

whorl. The keel is as fully pronounced as that of Oreohelix

handi Pilsbry and Ferriss,* from Nevada, which is of the 0.

yavapai group and therefore not a Radiocentriim. In the

specimens of almoloya available for study at this time, there is

no evidence that the species has any cuticular appendages, as

some other species of Badiocentrum have. Both previously

3 See Pilsbry, 1939 : 548, 551-552.

4 See Pilsbry, loc. cit.: 534r-535.

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

described species of Oreohelix from Chihuahua, 0. caenosa Pils-

bry and 0. labrenana Pilsbry, have cuticle.

Without any animal material available, the apical ribbing

and general shell shape and size, with the geographical locality,

is sufficient to locate Oreohelix almoloya in the subgenus Radio-

centrum. When live and preserved specimens are available,

the subgenus characteristics of club-shaped penis and equality

in length of penis and epiphallus will probably be present.^

All Oreohelix from Mexico described have proven to be of the

subgenus Radio cent rum. Recently H. A. Pilsbry described

Oreohelix caenosa and 0. labrenana from northwestern Chi-

huahua, from material he collected in 1935.® This brings the

total number of Radiocentrum, counting the present new spe-

cies, to eight. Five, with their varieties, are found in Cali-

fornia, Arizona and New Mexico. The other three are Chihua-

huan. As Pilsbry predicted in 1939, other radiocentrums \^dll

undoubtedly be found in northern Mexico, especially in Sonora

and Chihuahua; and, I think, perhaps even in the mountains of

northern Durango.

Literature Cited

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America

(north of Mexico). Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. 1-573. Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monographs, No. 3, Vol. 1,

Part 1.

. 1948. Inland mollusks of northern Mexico. — I. The

genera Humholdtiana, Sonorella, Oreohelix and Ashmimella.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Proceedings,

Vol. 100, pp. 185-203.

Reiter, Paul. 1948. The Southwest. American Antiquity,

Vol. 13, No. 3, Notes and News. Menasha.

5 See discussion of the subgenus Eadiocentum in Pilsbry, 1939 : 540.

« Pilsbry, 1948: 198-199.

April, 1949] the nautilus 113

THREE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN LAND SNAILS

(STROPHOCHEILUS, THAUMASTUS,

DRYMAEUS)

By JOSEPH C. BEQUAEET

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

STROPHOCHEILUS (MeGALOBULIMUS) LEUCOSTOMA WEYRAUCHI,

new subspecies. Plate 7, figs. 1-4.

Averaging smaller and in proportion wider at the body-whorl

and in the spire than typical >S^. leucostoma (Sowerby). Regu-

larly ovate in outline, widest slightly below mid-length. Spire

short, with rather wide and blunt summit; penultimate whorl

decidedly broader and shorter than in most leucostoma of the

nominate race. Body-whorl about six-sevenths of the total

length in front view (50 mm. long in the holotype), more obese

than usual. Sculpture as in the typical race, the nepionic rib-

lets of the same type. Vertical folds of body-whorl somewhat

coarser and less regular; in one of the paratypes (Fig. 2) these

folds are cut at the periphery by three widely spaced engraved

lines and the upper third of the body-whorl is irregularly mal-

leate, apparently abnormal features, as the holotype and the

other 7 paratypes show no trace of them. Fine granulation

present on the spire, very weak or almost lacking on the body-

whorl. Color of fresh specimens as in the nominate race, the

coarser folds of the body-whorl white.

Measurements (in mm.). Holotype, M. C. Z. No. 166295: 5

whorls ; length, 58.5 ; width in front view, 35.5 ; width in pro-

file, 29 ; length of aperture, 35 ; width of aperture, 19. Plate 7,

%. 1.

Corresponding measurements of 4 paratypes. (a) Ac. N. Sc.

Phila. No. 183974: 5 whorls; 65.5, 38, 30.5, 40.5, 21, Plate 7,

fig. 2. (b) 5 whorls; 59.5, 35, 30, 35.5, 19. (c) 5 whorls; 57,

35.5, 28, 35.5, 18. (d) 5 whorls; 56.5, 36.5, 29.5, 35, 18.5.

Peru : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 166295, 3 paratypes M. C. Z. No.

166296, and 4 paratypes Mus. Nat. Hist. Lima, without more

precise locality, received from Dr. W. Weyrauch. One para-

type, Ac. N. Sci. Phila. No. 183974, obtained by Dr. H. A. Pils-

bry in Cusco, but exact locality unknown.

This new race differs from typical *S^. leucostoma in the aver-

age small size, the very rounded summit, the short spire and the

relatively wider penultimate whorl. These differences appear

to be of no more than subspecific value, particularly as in a

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

large lot of typical leucostoma recently collected by Dr. W.

Weyrauch at Santa Ana, in the Urubamba Valley, between

3000 and 3500 ft., some specimens (Fig. 5) have a rather broad

penultimate whorl, although the spire is more raised and more

pointed than in weyrauchi.

Thaumastus (Scholvienia) argentinus, new species. Plate

7, fig. 6.

Closely related to T. weyrauchi Pilsbry (1944, The Nautilus,

vol. 57, p. 121, PI. 11, figs. 2-2a), from Peru, of which I have

compared several topotypes. Shell elongate turriculate, slender,

regularly tapering to the very obtuse apex, narrowly rimate,

fairly solid, but light and translucent. Dark mahogany-brown,

with a narrow white spiral band a very short distance below

the suture and on the bodj^-whorl a pair of broader white spiral

bands at the periphery, of which the upper one only is visible

on the earlier whorls above the suture. Umbilical area entirely

dark. Shape and sculpture of apical (nepionic) whorls as in

T. weyrauchi, but the vertical striae on the lower half of the

body- whorl finer and more wavy. Later whorls very slightly

convex, separated by narrow, shallow sutures. Spire about

three-eighths of total length in front view, more broadly conical

than in T. weyrauchi, the third and fourth whorls being wider

in proportion to the height. Aperture oval, shaped as in T.

weyrauchi, but the upper flattened portion of the columellar

margin shorter and narrower, reflexed over the narrow slit-like

umbilical rimation. Outer lip barely thickened, very narrowly

expanded. Columella, peristome and very thin parietal callus

white.

Measurements (in mm.) Holotype M. C. Z. No. 132313: 61/2

whorls; length, 40.2; width in front view, 15.5; length of aper-

ture, 16.5 ; width of aperture, 9.

Argentina : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 132313, Hacienda Ducous,

15 kilom. N. of Pique, Dept. Saavedra, Prov. Buenos Aires

(W. J. Eyerdam).

The relatively broader whorls of the spire, the different shape

of the upper columellar area and the narrow, slit-like umbilicus

seem to warrant giving this shell specific status, rather than

subordinating it as a subspecies to T. weyrauchi.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fairchildi, new species. Plate 7, fig. 7.

Shell lengthened ovate-conic, thin, rather fragile, translucent,

deeply rimate. Dirty white, also at apex and at base, with

THE NAUTILUS: 62 (4)

PLATE 7

Figs. 1-4. Strophocheilus leucostoma iceyrauchi J. Bequaert : 1, liolo-

type; 2, 3, and 4. ])aratYi)es. Fig. 5. Sfrophoclieiln.s hiicostomn (Sower-

^'y)> typical race. 8aiita Ana, Peru. Fk;. (i. TIkiiiiiki.^I n.s (iit/ni I in iis .7.

Bequaert, liolotvpe. Fig. 7. J)ri/iii(i(ii.s ftilrcliildi J. Bcijuacrt, liolutypt'.

All natural size.

THE XATTlLr.S: 62 (4)

PLATE 8

(

'2

l|

1 1 f

4

r r

lliiiji iinijl III l|!

'2 3

Oitohili.i ( li'ittliortiil III III t (il iiioloi/ii |)r;ikc. Sc.-ilcs sliow iiiclic

April, 1949] the nautilus 115

chalky-white streaks and on the penultimate whorl with faint

traces of darkened vertical areas. Inside of aperture, outer

lip, columella and parietal wall w^hite. Nepionic 1^ whorls

with the regular pitted or grated microsculpture typical of

Drymaeus; following whorls smooth and glossy to the naked

eye, under the lens with very fine growth-striae, cut by nu-

merous microscopic, slightly wavy, incised spiral lines, also be-

low the periphery where the growth-striae are somewhat

stronger; a few weak malleations on the body -whorl. Spire

about two-thirds of total height in front view, straightly conic,

with slightly convex whorls, and narrow, shallow, even, not

crenulate sutures. Body-whorl somewhat more convex, not

swollen nor flattened at the base, rounded over the terminal

half, weakly and bluntly angular at the periphery over the first

half. Aperture vertical, semi-circular, trumpet-like, nearly half

the total length of the shell; peristome broadly expanded,

flaring and slightly reflexed, the outer edge regularly curved,

thin, fragile. Columella strongly curved, almost twisted above,

with a broad flattened upper area set off by a deep curved de-

pression from the parietal wall ; outer columellar margin straight.

Umbilicus a narrow, flattened, deep and partly perforate rima-

tion behind the columellar flattened area.

Measurements (in mm). Holotype M. C. Z. No. 175763: 61/2

whorls; length, 35.4; width in front view, 20.4; length of aper-

ture, 18.3 ; width of aperture, 11.

Republic of Panama : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 175763, El Valle,

Code Prov., June 16, 1940 (Graham B. Fairchild).

D. fairchildi belongs in the typical section of the genus, where

it seems to be most closely related to D. lattrei, which is similar

in texture and sculpture, and sometimes also in color, but lacks

the broad flattened columella of fairchildi and has also a more

elongate aperture and a different umbilicus. D. expansus,

of which a race was described from Panama (D. e. halhoa Pils-

bry), has much the same shape, but has a different texture and

shape of columella and umbilical area, in addition to being more

strongly vertically striate. Among the Central American spe-

cies, D. fairchildi also resembles D. zhorquinensis, but this has

a different aperture, lacks the blunt peripheral angulation of

part of the body-whorl, and is moreover said to be without

spiral striae.

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

THE VARIATION OF BANDING IN CEPAEA

By PEOF. dr. F. A. SCHILDER

University of Halle, Germany i

The European Cepaea hortensis and C. nemoralis have spread

over the North Eastern part of the U. S. only; nevertheless,

even American conchologists may be interested in the variabil-

ity of these shells, concerning- the five dark spiral bands, which

will be designated, in the present paper, by the letters a, b, c,

d, e from the suture of the last whorl to the umbilicus. Con-

fluent bands will be connected by - , while absent bands will be

replaced by a point.

Theoretically, there are 89 combinations, if every dark band

can become absent, and every pair of adjacent bands can be-

come confluent. Following Taylor's Monograph on the Land

Mollusca of the British Islands (1910-1911), all these 89 vari-

eties have been observed in C. nemoralis, but 60 only in C. hor-

tensis. I doubt, however, whether several improbable combi-

nations really do exist: thus, for instance, in C. nemoralis the

varieties . b-c . . and . . c-d . may be the common . . c . .

with an extremely broad central band (see Archiv f. Mollusk.

67: 144, 1935).

The relative frequency of varieties is quite different, and each

species exhibits especially frequent varieties. This interesting

fact may be shown by the following table, which is the result

of studies on almost thirty thousand shells collected at about

two hundred localities of Europe from Scandinavia to the Alps,

and from France to Vienna. The left column indicates the

number of C. hortensis, the right of C. nemoralis, each expressed

in pro mille of examined shells ; the signs indicate : 0 = less

than 1/4 of a promille ; o = 1 or 2 specimens only among the sum

of all populations ; - = not represented among the writer 's shells ;

X = not yet observed at all, following Taylor's monograph.

When valuing every present band by 1, and every connection

of a pair of bands also by 1, these varieties will be classified

in 10 classes from 0 (no band) to 9 (5 confluent bands). The

diagram shows the varieties observed among the writer's shells,

1 Submitted by William Marcus Ingram.

arranged aeeording to these 10 classes: varieties which often

occur together on the same locality, and which differ by pres-

ence or absence of only one band or by only one confluence of

adjacent bands, have been connected by a line. The size of

the circles indicates the frequency.

One will observe that the most frequent varieties differ by

more than one degree of banding, as these centers are sepa-

rated by far less common intermediate varieties (in C. nemoralis

the bandless and the unizonate variety also must be regarded

as separate, as intermediate shells with a narrow and pale band

c are very rare). Some of these more frequent centers of

variation have been proved hereditary by Arnold Lang

(Ziirich) 45 years ago; therefore they may be called subspecies,

118

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 62 (4)

M'^.

Ce^oeoL hortensts

Ce/>cea ne mora/ is

viz.: in C hortensis (itnicolor Moq.), a . c . d . e

{moulinsia Moq.), a b c d e (hortensis Miill.) and a-b-c-d-e

{coalita Moq.), in C. nemoralis {concolor Pic), . .

e . . {cincta Shep.), . . e d e [trifasciata Pic), a b c d e (??e-

moralis Linn.) and a-b . d-e (poiretia Moq.). The other vari-

eties, however, even those as frequent as a-b c d e in hortensis

or . . c d-e in nemoralis, are individual modifications of these

subspecies, caused by chance or environment.

April, 1949] the nautilus 119

The various populations greatly differ in percentage of these

subspecies, according to the genes introduced by the few indi-

viduals which colonized the locality first ; there is, however, a

distinct prevalence of certain subspecies in some districts, e.g.,

C. hortensis imicolor predominates in Austria near Vienna,

whereas hortensis hortensis predominates in Southern Bohemia.

Besides, other regional pecularities may be observed, especially

concerning the colour of the body whorl and of the lip, as well

as the general size : thus, for instance, bandless C. nemoralis are

far more frequently reddish to brownish than zonate shells,

and among more than thousand C. hortensis from Doksy in

Czechoslovakia I observed 22 per cent bandless, red shells with

brown lips and 78 per cent five banded, yellow ones with white

lips, but there was no specimen exhibiting another combination

of these three characters !

Such statistical studies need further research; it could be

supported by American malacologists publishing similar exact

data on the Cepaea observed in restricted localities, which

should not extend more than hundred meters in each direction.

SOME EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF KAUAI, HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS

By ALISON KAY

For the past several years, the writer has been interested in

obtaining data on mollusks which are used for food by the

residents of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. The information has

been obtained by personal communication and observation with

residents and on personal experience of some twelve years.

Markets have not been checked to find what native mollusks are

brought in for sale, nor has the literature referring to use of

mollusks in the Hawaiian Islands been investigated.

Among the shells most commonly found on the reefs are the

cowries, the Cypraeidae. They are consumed by Hawaiians,

Japanese, and Filipinos. The Hawaiians refer to cowries in

general as ''leho," and the mollusks are always prepared by

boiling. This is the onlv method of cookino^ used bv the Ha-

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

waiians, who, however, occasionally will eat the mollusk raw.

The large tiger cowry (C tigris Linnaeus) is collected by the

Hawaiians who, after boiling the shell, remove the animal to

consume it. The humpback cowry (C mauritania Linnaeus)

is used more frequently than the tiger cowry by the Hawaiians.

Among the smaller varieties of cowries which are used is the

snakehead cowry (C. caput serpentis Linnaeus), which is re-

ferred to as ' ' alea-alea. "

The tiger cowry is also used by the Japanese, who throw the

live shell on hot coals to roast. Cooked in this manner, the

cowry tastes very much like an oyster. The humpback cowry

is also cooked in this way by the Japanese.

The tiger cowry is used principally by the Filipinos, how-

ever. The animal is hooked outside the shell and dried in place.

The dried animal is then fried for the meal.

Shells of the family Neritidae are used for food by the Ha-

waiians, the Portuguese, and the Japanese. The small Nerita

picea Recluz is called ''pipipi" by the Hawaiians, who boil it

and pick the animal out with a pin or sharp stick. The larger

Nerita polita Linnaeus is referred to as *'kupee." It is very

meaty, and only a few are needed to make a meal. It is col-

lected only at night. The Portuguese both boil and fry this

mollusk.

Of the limpets, Phenacolepididae, the shell which the Ha-

waiians call ''opihi" is the shell most commonly eaten in the

Islands today. It is used by all races, eaten either boiled or

raw. The opihi is almost a necessity at every luau or feast,

and the Japanese plantation laborers consume the mollusks

with their rice. The opihi is usually gathered by women who

roam the reefs at low tide, carrying old table knives or screw-

drivers to pry the shells from the rocks. Opihis form an im-

portant part of the diet of most of the Hawaiian families living

near the shore, and often those from the plantation camps

spend their Sundays collecting the mollusks. The Portuguese

are also fond of them.

Other univalves which are collected for consumption are the

trumpet shells (Cymatium tritonis Linnaeus), the partridge

tuns (Tonna perdix Linnaeus), and the large helmet shells

(Cassidae). The partridge tuns are used by the Hawaiians and

April, 1949] the nautilus 121

Filipinos; the trumpets by the Hawaiians and Japanese; and

the helmets by all three races.

The large helmet shells, some of Avhich weigh from five to ten

pounds, are used principally by the Filipinos, for whom they are

collected commercially. The shell is hung up, and when the

animal extends its body, a cord is tied close to the shell so that

the animal can't retreat into its shell. The animals are dried

before being cooked. The Filipinos season the moUusk with

tamarind, ginger, and tomatoes; and they use both the broth

and meat.

Generally cone shells (Conidae) are not used, because there

are several poisonous varieties. However, a few families of

Hawaiians on Kauai are known to occasionally collect the large

Conus millepunctatus Lamarck for food. It is not often used

because the large shell is prized as an ornament, and the only

way in which the animal can be reached is by breaking the shell.

Bivalves in the Hawaiian Islands are not too popular as food.

However, the Pearl Harbor oyster {Pinctada galtsoffi Bartsch),

and a white clam {Tellina rugosa) are occasionally collected.

The rock oyster {Spondylus hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch, Rehder),

referred to as ' ' pana-pana-puhi, " is dug out of its shell with a

chisel and then boiled.

The Haw^aiians on Kauai use practically all the varieties of

mollusks found on the reefs. Often the animals are mixed to-

gether in one pot and boiled. Because there are not many

specimens of any one species except for the Nerita and the lim-

pets, a meal of mixed mollusks is often consumed.

SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM

THE COASTAL REGION OF VIRGINIA AND

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA

By HAEALD a. REHDEE i

Our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of the coastal plain

area, from Virginia to northern Florida — and indeed all the

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

way to Louisiana — is still very fragmentary, as a glance at the

distribution records given in Pilsbry's recently published ''Land

Mollusca of North America" will show.

This present list is intended as a contribution to filling in

some of these gaps, and to spur other collectors to investigate

the land and freshw^ater shells of this area. This is a region

which, though not rich from a malacological viewpoint, offers

some fascinating problems in the zoogeography of the mollusks,

and will undoubtedly reward the collector with some interest-

ing discoveries. My colleague, Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, was kind

enough to check the identifications in certain critical groups.

The specimens were gathered by Mrs. Rehder and myself dur-

ing a trip in the fall of 1946.

Virginia Beach, Princess Anne County, Virginia : Under old

boards, bricks, and debris, not far from beach.

Ventridens ligera (Say). Common. This species is ap-

parently rare in the coastal region. The only previous pub-

lished records that we have noted for this faunal area are for

Wilmington and Lake Waccamaw in North Carolina. There

are several other lots in the U. S. National Museum collection

from Surrey County, Virginia.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hucciilenta (Gould). Com-

mon.

Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry). Fairly common.

Near North Landing River, Norfolk County, Virginia :

Among stones along the edge of a small stream at the junction

of State Routes 190 and 165.

Ventridens cerinoideiis (Anthony). Fairly common. This

substantiates the record for this species for Norfolk County

given by W. G. Binney (Pilsbry, Land Mollusca of North Amer-

cia, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1946, p. 452). We have also collected it along

the James River, in Isle of Wright County, Virginia, near

Rescue, 25 miles northwest of Norfolk.

Near Northwest, Norfolk County, Virginia : In Northwest

River, on stones and plants along edge near bridge on State

Route 170.

Amnicola limosa (Say). Fairly common.

April, 1949] the nautilus 123

Pseudosioccinea columella (Say). Rather common; small

form.

Physa heterostropha Say. Two young specimens.

Musculium truncatum Lindsley. Two specimens.

Ferrissia (Laevapex) fusca eugrapta Pilsbry. Two specimens.

Succinea avara Say. One specimen found on the muddy

bank.

South of Moyock, Currituck County, North Carolina : Along

edge of creek, on State Route 170.

Retinella (Glyphyalinia) indentata paucilirata (Morelet).

This is a new northern record for this species in the coastal plain

area. One specimen.

Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Fairly common.

Haplotrema concavum (Say). Two specimens.

Kill Devil Hill, Dare Countj^ North Carolina : In leaf mulch

around base of shrubbery at the foot of the Wright Memorial.

Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Fairly common.

51/2 miles south of Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, North

Carolina: Under bark of fallen logs in small clearing along

Route 17.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). One specimen.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Two specimens.

Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina : Among stones,

bricks, etc., along sea wall bordering Albemarle Sound.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Two specimens.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Rather common.

Triodopsis hopetonensis ohsoleta (Pilsbry). Two specimens.

A northward extension of the range of this form.

Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Common.

Haplotrema concavum (Say). Common.

Near Washington, Beaufort County, North Carolina : Under

logs and debris along edge of Tar River.

Quickella (Mediappendix) vagans (Pilsbry). One specimen

of this little-collected species, filling in part of the gap between

the New Jersey records and that for Lake Waccamaw, North

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

Carolina cited by Pilsbry (op. cit., vol. 2, pt. 2, 1948, p. 844).

Ventridens cerinoideiis (Anthony). Two specimens.

Retinella {Glyphyalinia) indentata paucilirata (Morelet).

Rather common.

Polygyra postelliana Carolina Pilsbry. Fairly common. This

is almost sixty miles further north than the previously northern-

most record for this subspecies.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hiicculenta (Gould). One

specimen.

Triodopsis hopetonensis ohsoleta (Pilsbry). Common.

Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina: Under

boards in back yard of residence of A. H. Harriss, Dock Street.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). Three specimens.

Anguispira alternata fergusoni (Bland). Fairly common.

Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Common.

Arion circumscriptus Johnston. Nine specimens. A new

southern record for this species.

Greenfield Pond, Wilmington, North Carolina: Along sandy

shore.

Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Common.

Wrightsville Beach, New Hanover County, North Carolina:

Under boards and in surrounding- grass.

Succinea campestris Say. Three specimens.

Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Fairly common.

Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Carolina: Under

logs and boards at settlement on north shore. The freshwater

specimens were found along the sandy shore of the lake.

Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Five specimens.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Three specimens.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hucculenta (Gould). Fairly

common.

Triodopsis soelneri (J. B. Henderson). Common.

Triodopsis (Neohelix) alholahris (Say). One specimen.

Lampsilis ochraceus (Say). Fairly common.

Elliptio complanatus quadrilaterus (Lea). Also fairly com-

mon.

April, 1949] the nautilus 125

Mjnrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina : Under boards

and around planks near boardwalk.

Succinea campestris Say. Common.

Euglandina rosea Fer. One young living specimen. This is

a new record for this species, about 130 miles farther north than

the previous record (Yemassee, Beaufort County, South Caro-

lina).

Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Very common.

Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Common.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Two specimens.

Pupoides albilabris (C. B. Adams). Fairly common.

Hawaiia minusciila (Binney). Common. These last three

species were all found together under only three pieces of board.

Myrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina: At outlet of

small pond, near Ocean Forest Hotel.

Pseudo succinea columella (Say). One specimen.

Helisoma anceps (Menke). Fairly common.

Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Two specimens.

Physa pomilia Conrad. Common. The identification is some-

what uncertain.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Not uncommon.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). One specimen.

Between Myrtle Beach and Little River, Horry County, South

Carolina : Under fallen leaves and near fallen logs.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Five specimens.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). One specimen.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). One specimen.

Anguispira alternata fergusoni (Bland). One specimen.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say). One specimen.

Triodopsis fallax (Say). One specimen.

Near Myrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina: In and

near creek flowing into Midway Swash, at Myrtle Beach State

Park, on Route 17. The land shells were found around fallen

logs.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Common.

Physa species. Common.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). One specimen.

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

Ventridens libera (Say). One small specimen that is rather

depressed and thin and may be referable to Pilsbry's form

stonei, known from New Castle County, Delaware, and from

near Wilmington, North Carolina. A new coastal region record

for this species.

Ventridens intertextus (Binne}-)- One specimen, also repre-

senting a new record for the coastal area.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Two specimens.

Triodopsis fallax (Say). One specimen. This and the speci-

men recorded from the preceding locality are referable to the

form that Pilsbry (1939-40, p. 811) describes from Brunswick,

New Hanover, and Bladen Counties, North Carolina. Further

collections in this region may show that this is a good geographic

race, worthy of a subspecific name.

Haplotrema concavum (Say). One young specimen.

Between Homewood and Bayboro, Horry County, South

Carolina : In small pool on State Route 701.

Physa pomilia Conrad. One specimen.

Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina :

Under fallen leaves, and on bank of small stream.

Oxyloma effiisa (Shuttle worth). One specimen.

Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Fairly common.

Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Two specimens.

Haplotrema concavum (Say). One specimen.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME TERRES-

TRIAL GASTROPODS IN WESTERN

PUERTO RICO

By N. T. MATTOX

Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

The most comprehensive survey of the land moUusks of

Puerto Rico is that made by van der Schalie.^ Many workers

have published various notes on the distribution of different

1 van der Schalie, Henry, 1948. The land and fresh-water mollusks of

Puerto Rico. Misc. Publ. Mus. of Zool., Univ. Mich. No. 70.

April, 1949] the nautilus 127

species in Puerto Rico, but none give the complete coverage

presented by van der Schalie. During the years 1946 to Au-

gust, 1948, the writer was privileged to work at the College of

Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.

From this point various collecting trips were taken into areas

not well covered by van der Schalie and others. The present

paper deals with a listing of localities not previously given for

a number of species ; primarily in the western end of the island.

The localities representing new distribution records for some

species are as follows: Mayaguez: on the coastal plain of mid-

western end of the island. Maricao: in the mountains about

15 miles east of Mayaguez. Lares: in mountains about 20

miles northeast of Mayaguez. Corsica: on coastal plain about

10 miles north of Maj^aguez. Guanica : on southwestern coastal

plain in a very arid area. Rio Abajo : north-central mountain

range about 10 miles northwest of Utuado. Cerro de Punta:

the highest point on the island, 4400 ft., in the Toro Negro

National Forest, about 5 miles south of Jayuya, in a rain forest.

El Yunque : in mountain rain forest, about 25 miles southeast

of San Juan.

A listing of the new distribution records, with localities, is

here given.

Helicina phasianella ''Sowerby" Pfeiffer, at El Yunque. Not

previously reported from central mountains.

Lueidella umhonata (Shuttleworth) at Mayaguez, Maricao,

Rio Abajo, Cerro de Punta, Lares and El Yunque. Previously

reported from northern and southern coastal plains.

Megalomastoma croceum, form maricao Clench, at Cerro de

Punta.

Succinea hyalina Shuttleworth, at Maricao.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) at Cerro de Punta.

Lamellaxis unilamellatus (D'Orbigny) at Mayaguez.

Varicella calderoni H. B. Baker, at Cerro de Punta.

Laevaricella play a H. B. Baker, at Rio Abajo.

Austroselenites concolor (Ferussac) at Cerro de Punta.

Austroselenites alticola H. B. Baker, at Cerro de Punta.

Mcleania darlingtoni Bequaert and Clench, at Cerro de Punta.

Platy succinea portoricensis (Shuttleworth) at Maricao, and

Cerro de Punta.

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

Pleurodonte carocolla (Linnaeus) at Maricao, Cerro de Punta

and Rio Abajo.

Polydontes acutangula (Burrow) at Cerro de Punta.

Cepolis hoiiquenae H. B. Baker, at Lares.

Gaeotis nigroUneata Shuttleworth, on leaves of the mountain

palm at Cerro de Punta.

Macroceramiis microdon (Pfeiffer) at Guanica.

The specimens represented here were kindly determined by

Dr. Henry van der Schalie, for which the writer is grateful.

The specimens are in the collection of the Biology Department

at the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Mayaguez,

Puerto Rico.

SOME SNAIL RECORDS FROM THE QUETICO

PROVINCIAL PARK OF ONTARIO

By R. G. LINDEBORG i

During the summer of 1935 the author and R. V. Drexler

traveled by canoe through the Quetico Provincial Park and ad-

joining regions of southwestern Ontario. Snails were collected

from a limited number of locations but it is felt important to

report them because the snail fauna of this interesting area is

not well known. I appreciate the help of the late F. C. Baker

for checking the identifications.

The region is located in the eastern portion of the Rainy

River district and the western part of the Thunder Bay region,

all within the Hudson Bay drainage system. The trip started

at Ely, Minnesota, and described a large figure eight with

the most northerly point at Savanne, Ontario. A short itiner-

ary of the trip may aid in locating the collecting stations. The

following lakes were visited in turn : from Basswood northeast

to Agnes and Kawnipi, northwest to Russell, and north to

Sturcreon and Dore; thence to Pickerel, east to French, north

1 Contribution No. 27 from the Department of Biological Science, Michi-

gan State College, East Lansing, Michigan.

April, 1949] the nautilus 129

to Eva, east to Nydia and Elbow, north to Crooked and Mer-

cutio, east to Bedivere and up the North Arm to Lac des Mille

Lacs, the most northerly lake visited. From the southeast end

of Mille Lac we traveled south through Kashabowie, south-

west through Upper Shebandowan, Burchell and Snodgrass;

then down the Wawiag River turning south just inside the park

boundary to Mack Lake. Prom Mack we returned to the Wa-

Aviag and continued southwest to Kawa Bay of KawTiipi and

retraced our course almost to Shelley, finally turning south to

Cairn, Sark, Keefer, Kahshahpiwi to end the journey in Ranger

Bay of Basswood Lake. All of the names used are taken from

the Quetico Sheet No. 52B, of the National Topographic Series,

of the Canadian Department of Interior dated August 1931.

List of Land Snails

Deroceras gracile. The southernmost island in Lake Louisa

on damp moss at the base of a cliff; on an island in the north

end of Agnes Lake found crawling on a dead mouse ; also near

Russell Lake under a half-decayed poplar log.

P alii f era dorsalis. A single specimen, near Mack Lake, from

the moss on a tree trunk after a rain.

Anguispira alternata. Between Lakes Agnes and Louisa

under a rotten log.

Cochlicopa lubrica. Two localities near the south end of

Mack Lake, under logs and on a moss bank.

Columella edentula. South end of Mack Lake, under a log.

Discus cronkhitei. West shore of Agnes; the south shore of

Kawnipi (Long Island) ; the north island in McKenzie Bay of

Kawnipi ; near Russell ; and in three locations near Mack Lake.

Specimens were collected on moss banks, under logs, and from

moss on a tree trunk after a rain.

Euconulus fulvus. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ;

the north island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi ; south and north

ends of Mack Lake. Collected mostly under logs but also from

moss on trees after a rain.

Retinella hinneyana. East shore of Agnes; south shore of

Kawnipi (Long Island) ; north island of McKenzie Bay of

Kawnipi; two locations near the south end and one near the

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

north end of Mack Lake. Found mainly under logs and stumps

and once from moss on a tree trunk and on ferns after a rain.

Striatura milium. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island)

under decaying logs.

Strohilops lahyrinthica. West shore of Agnes and Russell

Lakes; two localities near the south end and one near the north

end of Mack Lake. Found under logs and on tree moss after a

rain.

Succinea ovalis. West shore of Agnes under decomposing

logs.

Vertigo modesta. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ;

near Russell and Mack Lakes. All found under logs.

Vitrina Umpida'. A single specimen was taken near Russell

Lake on a moss bank.

Zonitoides arhoreus. Probably the most abundant snail in

this area. Collections were made on an island in Louisa; east

and west sides of Agnes; on an island in McKenzie Bay of

Kawnipi; near Russell Lake; and in three localities near Mack

Lake. Their habitats are mainly under decaying logs and

stumps, but were also found on damp moss including Sphagnum

in a bog at the south end of Mack Lake. Ants and these snails

were seldom found under the same logs.

Zoogenetes harpa. An island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi;

near Russell; and in three places near Mack Lake. All were

taken under logs except at Mack Lake where a few were collected

on tree moss after a rain.

List of Water Snails

Sphaerium fallax. Mack Lake on a muddy bottom.

Pisidium sp. Creek at the south end of Mack Lake; also in

a dry, temporary stream bottom apparently estivating.

Amnicola limosa porata. Northeast arm of Mercutio from

submerged vegetation.

Stagnicola caperata. A single specimen was found in a dry,

temporary stream bottom near Mack Lake.

Stagnicola lanceata. A small lake between the North Arm of

Bedivere and Mille Lac, on submerged rocks.

Helisoma anceps royalense. South shore of Kawnijii (Long

April, 1949] the nautilus 131

Island) ; a little unnamed lake north of the north end of Mc-

Kenzie Bay of Kawnipi, on rocks.

Helisoma campanulatum var. South shore of Kawnipi (Long

Island) on rocks; northeast arm of Mercutio from submerged

vegetation.

Gyrauliis deflectus. A single specimen, in a creek at the

south end of Mack Lake.

Ferrissia parallela. A small lake north of the north end of

McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi from submerged roots; and from the

underside of lily pads in the south end of Mack Lake.

Physa gyrina. North end of McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi from

submerged rocks; northeast arm of Mercutio from vegetation;

a small lake between the North Arm of Bedivere and Mille Lac

from rocks.

Aplexa hypnorum. A small creek at the south end, and in a

dry, temporary stream bottom at the north end of Mack Lake.

FEEDING OF ARIOLIMAX COLUMBIANUS (GOULD)

ON THE CALIFORNIA BAY FRUIT

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM and CADET HAND

Mills College, California

Little is known of the specific food of land mollusks, especially

those of Western North America. The writers present the fol-

lowing data on a food item that is apparently important to the

giant western slug, Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). Obser-

vations were first made in the field and later in the laboratory.

The California bay, Unibellularia calif ornica Nutt., in areas

where it is associated with the coastal redwood, Sequoia semper-

virens Endl., bears fruit from approximately October through

March. Locally this corresponds with a large part of the very

active period of A. columhianus which becomes relatively in-

active through most of dry season, seeking shelter in earth

crevices, beneath large stones in dry streambeds, under grass,

and under roots, Ingram and Adolph (1943). The fruit of the

California bay is a typical drupe (Fig. 1) of about an inch in

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

diameter. It consists of a thin, tough outer membranous coat,

the exocarp, under which occurs the fleshy mesocarp. The seed

of this drupe is single and about one half inch in diameter

and is covered by a hard coat, the endocarp. The drupe is

borne on a stalk, the peduncle. The writers will show that this

fruit, specifically the mesocarp, is an important food item of

this giant western slug, and that due to the action of birds and

small mammals the availability of this food is greatly increased.

Dall (1913) in a note on the feeding of Ariolimax columhianus

(Gould) stated that in Marin County, California, this slug was

known to feed on the bay fruit, attacking the fallen drupes by

the end which was attached to the stem. He further stated

that the slugs ate out the pulp between skin and kernel for about

half the surface of the fruit without breaking the rind. This

information was later quoted by Pilsbry (1948). Ingram

(1942) observed this slug under natural conditions feeding on

poison oak. Toxicodendron diversilo'bum Torr. and Gray. In-

gram and Peterson (1947) conducted controlled laboratory

feeding experiments w^ith this slug but did not provide bay fruit.

Two redwood-bay tree associations in Oakland, Alameda

County, California, were studied. One area was a highland

area in Redwood Park, the other being a lowland area in the

Montclair region. In the former area the bay fruit is initially

fed upon by the California jay, Aphelocoma calif ornica subsp.,

and to a lesser extent by one or more rodents. Collections of

the bay fruits may be found in the nests of a rodent, Neotoma

sp., a wood rat. The bird and the rodent feed only on the seed

and discard the fleshy part of the fruit after the seed has been

removed (see Fig. 2). In the second association studied the

jay and rodent are missing for the most part and the majority

of the fruits fall to the ground in the unopened condition.

In the field several interesting observations were made. Fruits

which had fallen to the ground in the unopened condition are

not attacked by slugs unless the peduncle falls off. This ob-

servation was verified many times in the laboratory by placing

whole drupes in aquaria with slugs. If, however, the peduncle

is removed the slug immediately attacks the fruit. The slug

enters the fruit from the peduncle end and files away the meso-

carp at this area. The exocarp apparently is too tough for the

April, 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

133

£'/sf2>oC^^P

Rs.!.

^xoc^/^/^

Fig. 1, Longitudinal section through fruit to show penetration area of

slugs (stippling), at peduncle with seed in place. Fig. 2, Fruit opened and

seed removed; white area indicates portion of fruit occupied by seed.

Broken area allows slug to enter to feed on mesocarp. Fig. 3, Position of

slug in feeding on mesocarp area of fruit. A young slug is diagrammed.

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

slug's radula, but the mesocarp when it is exposed is easily

removed. Progress by the slug into the drupe is blocked, how-

ever, as soon as it reaches the hard endocarp covering of the

seed. The slug is able, therefore, to remove only about 10 per-

cent of the mesocarp of fruits which have lost their peduncle

(see Fig. 1). A second observation concerns fruits which have

been opened by birds or rodents and have the seeds removed.

In the field slugs were found with the head thrust within an

opened fruit feeding on the fleshy mesocarp (see Fig. 3). In

the laboratory whole drupes were cut in half, the seed removed,

and placed in terraria with slugs. In an hour the slugs in each

case had completely removed all of the mesocarp leaving the

exocarp as a thin membranous sack. In opening a drupe a

bird destroys about 30 to 40 percent of the mesocarp but this

leaves at least 60 percent of the mesocarp which is all available

to the slug. The feeding action of the bird or rodent then, in

removing the seed for its own food, makes available at least 60

percent of each drupe for the slug.

It would appear then that in an area such as the bay-sequoia

association in Montclair that a large percent of the available

food supply of bay fruits is being denied the slugs due to the

absence of birds and rodents. In a small random sample in the

Montclair area 21 bay drupes were collected in 15 minutes. Of

the 21 fruits only one had been opened (by a rodent) and 20

were whole. Of the 20 whole fruits, 15 had been attacked by

slugs at the peduncle end and the usual small amount of meso-

carp had been removed. It would seem clear then that a large

potential food supply of bay drupes is not available in this

area due to the lack of birds and rodents.

In the Redwood Park area another random sample of bay

fruits was taken. In one half hour 73 fruits were collected.

Of the 73 fruits, 40 had had their seeds removed by birds, 12

by mammals, and 8 were intact. Thirteen fruits were in such

a state of advanced decay that no data could be gathered from

them. Of the 60 fruits from which data could be obtained 15

fruits showed signs of slug feeding, 8 had the mesocarp almost

completely devoured, and 7 had at least 50 percent of the meso-

April, 1949] the nautilus 135

carp devoured. Of the 8 intact fruits 2 had missing peduncles

and these had had the mesocarp cut away as far as the seed

would allow. It appears then that in this area where birds

and rodents are activelj^ feeding on the seeds of the bay drupe

there is potentially a much greater food supply available to

Ariolimax columhianus than in areas w^here the involved verte-

brates are missing.

If we assume a situation where birds or mammals never feed

on the bay fruit, and this situation appears to be nearly real-

ized in the Montclair area where the association studied is in

a ravine between two well settled areas, we see the slug only

utilizes 10 percent of the bay fruit (when the peduncle is re-

moved). On the other hand in an area such as Redwood Park,

a relatively undisturbed area, we see that a large proportion

of the bay fruits are used as food by jays and rodents. The

opening and subsequent destruction of up to 40 percent of the

fruit by the vertebrate leaves about 60 percent of each fruit

available to the slug, and this is actually a 5-fold increase in

available food. That the mesocarp of the bay fruit is an im-

portant part of the slugs diet can be seen from the large num-

bers of fruits actually found in the field which show signs of

slugs feeding on them.

Bibliography

Dall, W. H., 1913 : Feeding habits of Ariolimax. The Nautilus,

vol. 26 : 9, p. 188.

Ingram, W. M., 1942: Food habits of Haplotrema minimum

Ancey and habits of associated mollusks on the Mills College

Campus. The Nautilus, vol. 55 : 3, pp. 98-102.

Ingram, W. M., and H. M. Adolph, 1943 : Habitat observations

of Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). The Nautilus, vol. 56: 3,

pp. 96-97.

Ingram, W. M., and A. Peterson, 1947 : Food of the giant west-

ern slug, Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). The Nautilus,

vol. 61 : 2, pp. 49-51.

Pilsbry, H. a., 1948: Land mollusca of North America (North

of Mexico). Monograph 3, The Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 521-1113.

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM

GUATEMALA

By fritz HAAS

Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Chicago Natural History Museum

The Chicago Natural History Museum Guatemala Expedition

of 1948 had the collecting of mammals and insects as its princi-

pal aims, but the museum's entomologists. Assistant Curator

Rupert L. Wenzel and Mr. Rodger D. Mitchell, nevertheless

paid some attention to the collecting of land mollusks. The

entomological collecting technique used enabled them to obtain

many small and minute forms, which are still so little known

in tropical countries. Though no new species were discovered,

each new locality helps to clarify the range of the species. The

species obtained are listed below according to their localities.

Guatemala City.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). April 22, 1948;

elevation 4900 ft. In a barranca north of the Parque Minerva.

La JoUa Grande, Finca Montserrat, on the Northwest slope

of the Volcan de Fuego, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimal-

tenango.

Opeas (Opeas) gracile (Hutton). May 2, 1948; elevation

5600 ft. Under decaying banana stalk.

Finca Panajabal, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango.

Aperostoma (Neocyclotus) dysoni ambiguum, (Martens).

May 8, 1948 ; elevation 3500 ft. Under decaying banana stalk.

Finca Recreo, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango.

Subulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). May 11, 1948;

elevation 4400 ft. Under bark.

Yepocapa, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). May 12, 1948;

elevation 4800 ft. On bank of dry ravine.

Suhulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). May 15, 1948;

elevation 4800 ft. Under log.

Leptinaria (Leptinaria) sp. April 23, 1948; elevation 4800 ft.

Beating of cut branch trap.

April, 1949] the nautilus 137

Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). May 1, 1948;

elevation 4800 ft. Sweeping" bushes.

Helicina (Helicina) tenuis Pfeiffer. April 27, 1948; eleva-

tion 4800 ft. Beating trees in forest.

Radiodiscus hermanni (Pfeiffer). April 24, 1948; elevation

4800 ft. Beating of cut branch trap.

Aplexa {Stenopliysa) elata (Gould). April 28, 1948; eleva-

tion 4800 ft. On stems of plants at river edge near Finca Sants

Isabel.

Finca Montserrat, West slope of the volcano Acatenango,

Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango.

Streptostyla {Chersomitra) sololensis Crosse & Fischer. June

1, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft.

Zonitoides (Zonitellus) arhoreus (Say). May 17, 1948; ele-

vation 6700 ft. May 18, 1948 ; elevation 7500 ft.

Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). May 18, 1948;

elevation 7500 ft. May 2, 1948 ; elevation 5700 ft.

Averellia (Trichodiscina) pressula (Morelet). May 18, 1948;

elevation 7500 ft.

Lanquin, Dept. Alt a Vera Paz.

Opeas (Opeas) gracile (Hutton). June 7, 1948; elevation

1000 ft. Under palm log.

Carychium exiguum mexicanum Pilsbry. June 9, 1948 ; ele-

vation 1000 ft. From leaf mould.

Annularia (Annularis) rigidula (Morelet). June 3, 1948;

elevation 1000 ft. On edge of Cahabon River.

Finca San Rafael, Dept. Sacatepequez.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). July 1, 1948; ele-

vation 6900 ft.

Streptostyla (Chersomitra) sololensis Crosse & Fischer. July

1, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft.

Streptostyla (Chersomitra) hocourti Crosse & Fischer. July

1948 ; elevation 6900 ft.

Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). June 22, 1948;

elevation 6900 ft. June 28, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft. Sweeping

at edge of woods.

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

Zapote, Dept. Escuintla.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) liliacinus (Ferussac). July 10-20,

1948; elevation 2400 ft.

Suhulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). July 7, 1948;

elevation 4000 ft.

Averellia (Trichodisciyia) coactiliata (Deshayes). July 12,

1948 ; elevation 2400 ft. Under bark.

Hahroconus {Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). July 7, 1948;

elevation 4000 ft.

Santa Clara, vallej^ in the interior of the Sierra de las Minas,

North of Cabanas, Dept. Zacapa.

Drymaeus (Drymaeus) sulphureus (Pfeiffer). August 14,

1948 ; elevation 6500 ft. On leaf.

Zonitoides (Zonitellits) arhoreus (Say). August 5, 1948;

elevation 5500 ft. Under bark.

Helicina {Helicina) tenuis Pfeiffer. August 10, 1948; ele-

vation 5500 ft.

Finca San Victor, Dept. Escuintla.

Aperostoma (Neocyclotus) dysoni amhiguum (Martens).

September 9-11, 1948; elevation 600 ft.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON HALIOTIDAE (ABA-

LONES) AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION

By ANDREW SORENSEN

Of all the primitive mollusks, Haliotis ranks as one of the very

earliest. It has come down through the ages practically un-

changed and it is still going strong.

The evidence of its age is found in the fossil beds of the earth's

crust. In California alone the Cretaceous of San Diego County,

the Miocene of Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo

counties and the Pliocene of Los Angeles County have all fur-

nished many specimens resembling present day H. ntfescens,

fulfjens and corrugata.

Their age is evident and the huge deposits in the early day

kitchen-middens show their continued presence and availability

as food for prehistoric man.

April, 1949] the nautilus 139

They continued to prosper and spread, and they were found

in vast numbers along our West Coast until modern man came

along" and he is rapidly causing their depletion.

Our fossil beds are replete with many forms of mollusks that

no longer are found in the living state. Some of them are well

developed and apparently were perfectly fitted for their en-

vironments and still they perished. Some like the ammonites

developed a peculiar form and grew to enormous size. They

were of spiral shape and occasionally grew to the size of cart

wheels. They spread over nearly all North America and Europe

before becoming extinct.

Only a few illustrations need to be given, but so many fail-

ures make one wonder what natural advantages the Haliotidae

had that enabled them to escape their enemies and outlive their

contemporaries, for life in the wild is a series of struggles and

only the fittest survive.

Haliotis is a gastropod or univalve in that it has but one valve

or shell, but this shell is entirely unlike the ordinary gastropod

or snail-like moUusk. Instead of a more or less rounded shell

of many whorls in which the animal lives, Haliotis lives in a

shell with the general appearance of an inverted slightly oval

saucer. This heavy flattish shell gives room for a large body

with a huge muscular ''foot" firmly attached to the shell.

In case of danger, the foot immediately contracts and pulls

the shell down tight, thus completely covering the animal. Be-

sides that, the suction of the foot on the rock on which the ani-

mal sits is so great that a chisel is needed to remove it unless

the chisel is quickly slipped under the shell before the animal

has a chance to clamp down. There is a story of a Chinaman

being drowned by the incoming tide when his hand was held

fast b}^ an abalone he had tried to pull off with his bare hand.

Its shell is thick and hard and the ordinary predators such as

Polinices and Miirex, which raise such havoc among the bivalves,

have little effect on it.

However it is beset by a small bivalve, Pholadidea parva,

which burrows into the shell. But the pholad rarely penetrates

because the haliotis simply deposits more nacre inside the shell

at the threatened opening, thus forming the beautiful blister

pearls.

Its food supply is assured, since it is a vegetarian, for algae

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

grow on the rocks from the shoreline out to as deep as light will

penetrate effectively, around a hundred feet.

Having thus shown their ability to survive for ages, one would

naturally expect that they had spread over the whole world

where conditions were favorable, but such is not the case. While

there are long stretches of rocky beaches where the haliotises

are plentiful there are also similar places, apparently as favor-

able, where not an abalone can be found. For instance from

Alaska south to the tip of Baja, California, many species are

found in quantities while there is record of only one specimen,

a Haliotis fulgens, ever having been taken on the east coast of

Baja, California. Nor have any others been taken in the whole

Gulf of California, with its otherwise teeming molluskan life,

nor along the west Mexican and Central American coast all

the way down to Panama. Both the east and west coasts of

South America and the east coast of North America are also

without Haliotis.

They seem to thrive the best in temperate waters. The largest

live on the California coast, the next biggest on the Japanese

Islands, South Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The

South and Central Pacific and parts of the Indian Ocean show

the greatest number of small species, but no large ones such as

are found both north and south of them.

Having had plenty time to spread all over, there must be a

good reason for its not having done so and such reason is none

too obvious. But let us do some speculating. As is gener-

ally known, the larvae of mollusks are free swimming upon

being hatched from the q^^, but there may be some exceptions.

We are not at all sure that the Haliotis larvae are free swimming

and even if they are for a while the time must be very brief.

I have seen an old shell on which there were a number of young

abalones, some of them but slightly more than one milli-

meter in greatest length and yet they showed the beginning of

the shell. These shells were brought to the Monterey wharf

by Delbert Riviae, a commercial diver, and Paul Bonnot, with

the California Fish and Game Commission. In 1940 Mr. Bon-

not wrote about these small abalones and I quote : " At the apex

of the small shells taken at Carmel Bay, the larval shell is

plainly visible (see Fig. 79). It has the appearance of a U-

April, 1949 J the nautilus 141

shaped worm tube and may indicate that the larva as well as

the adult is a creeping bottom form." If Bonnot is right that

the larva, like the adult, is a bottom creeping form, and I be-

lieve he is right, then we have the solution to their limited dis-

tribution. Only free swimming forms can take advantage of

ocean currents or surface winds to transport them to distant

continents or isolated islands over the great ocean depths, and

therefore the young abalones must remain where they are

hatched or perish.

Species of Haliotis have a number of local names. On our

west coast, they are known as abalones. In the east they are

generally spoken of as sea-ears; in England as ormers and in

Australia as mutton fish.

They are much sought after as food on account of their de-

licious flavor and it is this quality which is mainly responsible

for their rapid depletion. California law gives some protec-

tion to four species in that the sports fishermen may in the open

season take only a limited number and of minimum size and

the commercial fishermen must keep outside of twenty feet

depth. He operates out to one hundred or a hundred and

twenty feet using the most eflScient deep sea diving gear and

suits. No wonder our coast is being rapidly depleted of this

valuable mollusk.

Beginning with Alaska, we have the Haliotis kamschatkana

Jonas and from there as we proceed south we have H. cracherodi

Leach; H. wallalensis Stearns; H. rufescens Swainson; H. as-

similis Dall ; H. aulaca Bartsch ; H. corrugata Gray ; H. sorenseni

Bartsch; H. fulgens Phillippi; H. rufescens hattorii Bartsch;

H. calif or niensis Swainson ; H. rosea Orcutt, H. holzneri Hemp-

hill; H. fulgens turverii Bartsch. Their territories are not ex-

clusive as they overlap considerably but mainly they are found

in the order given, south to the tip of Baja, California.

In Japan, Hirase gives as the chief one, Haliotis gigantea

Gmelin and two subspecies named by Reeve. Also H. japonica

Reeve; H. varia Linne; H. planata Sowerby; H. ovina Gmelin

and H. asinea Linne.

The latter, Haliotis asinea Linne, is also widely distributed

throughout the Central Pacific and it is well known in North

Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines. Its peculiar long

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

narrow shape similar to the ears of the well-known four-legged

animal probably is responsible for its name. In South Aus-

tralia, we again find Haliotis up to six inches or over in size.

Haliotis albicans Quoy and Gaimard, H. naevosa Martyn, fl".

roei Gray, and a number of others. In New Zealand is found

the most beautiful of any Haliotis, the H. iris Martyn.

On the Samoan, the Fiji and other Pacific Islands, there are

dozens of small peculiar marked Haliotis as there also are in the

Indian Ocean. Near the Cape of Good Hope is found the onH

large African one, Haliotis midae Gmelin, and two small species,

H. sanguinea Hanby and H. parva Linne.

In Europe, the Channel Islands and the Bay of Biscay support

H. tuherculata and the Mediterranean has Haliotis lamellosa

and a still smaller one.

In defiance of all that has been said about no Haliotis in the

West Atlantic, there is record of an extremely small one, only

eleven millimeters in length, being dredged near Key West,

Florida, in 1869 and another one in the same place in 1913.

They are named Haliotis pourtalesii Dall.

The more than fifty species of Haliotis in the writer's collec-

tion vary greatly in size, in shape, and in beauty. The smallest

is about half an inch while the largest is ten and five-eighths

inches long and weighs more than five pounds.

NOTES AND NEWS

Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pilsbryi. — The name of this species

was misspelled ^'pilshry" by typographical error. Nautilus,

volume 54, No. 2, page 62. It appears advisable to change it to

read pilsbryi, as originally written. — Thomas L. McGinty.

DiSSENTOMA, the EMBRYONIC STAGE OF CyMATIUM MARTINI-

ANUM (Orb.). — The examination of immature stages of this com-

mon Cymatium shows that Dissent oma prima (Nautilus, 59 :

59) is the stage immediately succeeding the smooth, brown em-

bryonic stage. This determination was suggested by Mr. T. L.

McGinty and confirmed by examination of his series of all ages.

H. A. PiLSBRY.

April, 1949] the nautilus 143

The New York Shell Club. — This new organization, devoted

to the study of conehology and malacologj^, was founded on

January 30th, 1949, in New York City. Membership is open to

all interested in the subjects. The club has held two meetings.

Several most interesting and instructive papers were read. Field

trips are contemplated in the spring and fall. The president is

Mr. Morris Jacobson. Those interested in the club can obtain

further information by writing the secretary-treasurer, Dr.

Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York, N. Y.

Helicostyla FLORIDA MESAi. — Dr. Harald A. Rehder has just

advised me that this subspecies that I described in the October

Nautilus, had been previously described by Dr. Bartsch in the

Proceedings of the Biological Societj^ of Washington, ^'A new

subspecies of Helicostyla florida from Mindoro, Philippine Is-

lands" (vol. 59, p. 179). I was unaware of this publication and

regret making a useless name in literature. According to Dr.

Rehder, Dr. Bartsch described the shell in December of 1946

from material that I sent to the National Museum. He was un-

grateful, to say the least, in not sending me a copy of the paper

or even mentioning my name in it. — Ralph W. Jackson.

Dr. Georoe H. Clapp. — Died March 29, 1949, in Sewickley,

Pa. Dr. Clapp, who was 90 at his death, was interested in shells

for a long time, and his collection of more than 15,000 was given

to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pa. Further notice will

follow. — C. B. WURTZ.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Land and Fresh- Water Mollusks of Puerto Rico. By

Henry van der Schalie. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no.

70; 134 pp., 14 pis.; 68 text figs, and maps. 1948.— This valu-

able study will be of great assistance to all students of Puerto

Rican inland mollusks. The clear artificial keys and Grace

Eager 's beautiful drawings should make identification easy,

even without detailed descriptions. However, the figures of

small species, such as Yunqioea denselirata, are not enlarged

enough to show the characteristic sculptures. An excellent fea-

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4)

ture is the presentation of many distribution maps, but these

would be more useful, though less personal, if all known rec-

ords had been included. Statistical studies of Megalomastoma^

croceuni, Oheliscus terehraster, Polydontes lima and others are

given. The work closes with a very interesting treatment of

physiographic features in relation to local distribution, and a

careful discussion of the broader zoogeographic relations.

Because of its importance as a handbook for future students,

attention is called to the following lapses. ^'Lamellaxis uni-

lamellata" (p. 55) should read Leptinaria unilamellata; ^ it is

the type species of a distinct (and prior) genus. The family

references of the related genera are confused: Cecilioides and

Opeas belong in the ^ ' Ferussaciidae " (p. 51), and LamellaxiSy

Leptinaria and Oheliscus go in the " Subulinidae " (p. 56), if

these ''families" are separated from the African ' ' Achatinidae "

(p. 57).- '^Varicella terehraeformis'' (p. 63) should be called

V. sulculosa (Sh.) ; since the two names appeared simultane-

ously, the relative ''priority" depends on the action of the first

reviser^ who made them synonymous. ^'Microconiis'' (p. 70,

last line of quotation: '^Mcleania . . . .") should read Miro-

conus;"^ Microconiis (cf. p. 71) is of course a very distinct

genus."^ Incidentally, the inclusion of these Thysanophorinae

in the " Polygyridae " is still dubious.-^ The discussion of Ma-

croceramiis microdon omits "two southern records given," and

the incomplete quotation (p. 96, 1st paragraph) about M. m.

shuttleworthi (Martens?) Pilsbry only applies to shells from

near the southern coast: "Penuelas" (Martens), west of Rio

Loco, Cerro Capron (near Guanica) and near Tallaboa (often

much larger and bluish in color). Those from the northern

side, as collected (map 62) and figured (pi. 7; contrast with

figs, quoted from Pilsbry), are very similar to typical M. mi-

crodon, as are also those from Los Pefiones (quoted in 2nd para-

graph). F. C. Baker ^ called the 3 species cited under

1 1945, Naut., vol. 58, p. 91.

2Cf. Thiele, 1931, Haiidb. System. Weichtierk. I, p. 558.

3 1941, Naut., vol. 55, p. 28.

4 1927, Proc. ANSP. 79, pp. 236, 238. My apologies for the too close

similarity.

5 1940, Naut., vol. 54, pp. 55, 56.

6 1945, The mollusean family Planorbidae, pp. 502, 118, 490, respectively.

April, 1949] the nautilus 145

Planorhis (p. 105) : Tropicorhis schrammi, Drepanotrema

lucidum and D. cimex (Moricand) ; he did not mention all

synonyms but probably identified Planorhis terverianus Orb.

(p. 103) with his T. havanensis (Pfr.). Instead of T. decipiens

(p. 104), P. circumlineatus may have been T. pallidus (C. B.

Adams)/ which has similar spirals when young-, and might

occur in P. R. Both forms attain far larger sizes (type diam-

eters over 9 mm.) than Schalie's dimensions (p. 100) or figure.

H. BURRINGTON BaKER.

TO SUBSCRIBERS

For 32 years, over half the life of The Nautilus, its subscrip-

tion rate has remained constant. During the first 23 of those

years, its printing costs changed but little. On the other hand,

since 1940 the charges for printing have doubled, while the in-

take from subscriptions has increased about one-third. At

present, the subscriptions only cover about three-quarters of

the mere cost of printing exclusive of expenses for mailing,

plates, etc. Although its treasury is by no means empty. The

Nautilus cannot continue to live on its own fat.

Beginning with the July, 1949, number (vol. 63), the sub-

scription rate will be advanced to $2.50 a year, or 65^ a copy

($2.65 a year for foreign countries). While we greatly regret

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We cheerfully will do the work, but expect you to pay the

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earnest cooperation as in the past, the editors will endeavor to

make the future numbers of The Nautilus indispensable to

students of mollusks.^ — H. A. P. and H. B. B.

7 1848, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 2, p. 102. Cf. 1930, Occ. Papers

Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 210, p. 47.

1 1917, vol. 30, p. 144.

IV THE NAUTILUS

For Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn K. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

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STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

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19 plates (Quarto)

1925

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Vol. 62 JULY, 1948 No. 1

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department ef Molluscaj

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphm 3 tuiu^fC2l LsbOiotOfy

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor qf Zoology, B PI yv R. "Y

University of Pennsylvania 9 0 1^/!^

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

The status of Stromhus samba Clench. By A. Hyatt Verrill 1

Aquatic pulmonates from Lake Tahoe. By Henry van der

Schalie and Elmer G. Berry 3

Mollusca of the eastern basin of the Chaco River, New Mexico.

By Robert J. Drake 5

The mating of Stenotrema fraternum (Say). By Glenn B.

Webb 8

The taxonomic and distributional history of the fresh-water

mussel Elliptio complanattis (Dillwyn, 1817). By Max

E. Matteson (Continued from 61 : 132) 13

Terraria observations on Prophysaon andersoni (J. G.

Cooper). By William Marcus Ingram 17

Notes on the foreign snails of Louisiana. By Harold W.

Harry 20

Current interest in malacology. By Ralph W. Dexter 25

Indiscriminate scattering of exotic mollusks. By G. D.

Hanna 29

The spread and destructiveness of the giant African snail,

Achatina fulica. By R. Tucker Abbott 31

The Hirase collections of mollusks. By William J. Clench . . 34

Notes and News 36

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

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Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

PWladelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Heney a. Pilsbry and H. Buerington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

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The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

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Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Ilalldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS Ul

Fob Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)

A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

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Address author:

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Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

iv THE NAUTILUS

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SEA SHELLS

Wholesale and Retail

Largest Assortment of Specimen Shells in United States

Send 6c stamp for 14 page price list

A Few Examples:

Strombus Gigas Verrilli, McGinty $1.00 to $3.00

Series of Five Showing All Stages $7.00

State if wanted with or without epidermis

Strombus Samba, Clench $3.00 to $5.00

Cymatium Cynocephalum $2.00

Poirieria Zelandica. Perfect, with operc $2.50

Alcithoe Jaculoides. Perfect, no growth scars $2.50

Voluta Imperialis. Superb, 6" to 10" $10.00 to $20.00

Charonia Nobilis. Perfect spires $2.50 to $12.00

Strombus Costatus. Rose, mauve, yellow forms $1.50 to $2.50

Xancus Angulata, with epidermis and operc $.75 to $2.50

RARE SHELLS A SPECIALTY

Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Any shells hroTcen in transit

replaced free of charge.

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with

clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved

from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

Vol. 62 OCTOBER, 1948 No. 2

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ^ . , •

H. Burrington Baker, Professor. of ZooIogT,'^^^'^'^' U^i^iOi^

University of Pennsylvadia -^ i S l^ .A. PI -^jT

' DEC??'

CONTENTS

WOODS HOLE. M.^:^S.

A Collecting Trip in Mexico. By Andrew W . t^orenson .... '6i "'

New Subspecies of Helicostyla from Mindoro, and of Poly-

gyra from Florida. By Ralph W. Jackson 40

Five New Yarmouthian Planorbid Snails. By A. Byron

Leonard 41

A New Naiad from Dutcli New Guinea. By RicJiard I.

Johnson 47

Lectotypes for Two Species of Asiatic Unionidae in the Genus

Pseudodon. By Richard I. Johnson 48

Oregonian Olivellas. By D. S. and E. W. Gifford 51

Growth of Young Strophocheilus Oblongus. By E. A. An-

drews 54

Neogene Cypraeacea from Chiba Prefecture, Japan. By

Kotora Hatai and Syozo Nisiyama 57

Biology, Taxonomy, and Nomenclature. By Paul Bartsch . . 66

William Henry Fluck, 1870-1948. By Ruth D. Turner .... 69

Notes and News 71

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post OfBce at

Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boyuton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS HI

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn K. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply -with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)

A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

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Address author:

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IT THE NAUTILUS

BARGAIN SALE

As I must reduce my stock to make room for new acquisitions, I

am offering many species of shells at less than one-half the regular

list prices.

HERE ARE A FEW SAMPLES

XANCUS angulata, 7-11" 50-.75

FASCIOLARIA tulipa, 4-9" 05-.10

FASCIOLARIA princeps, Mexico, 11" 75

FASCIOLARIA gigantea, 8-12" 75-1.00

STROMBUS samba. Adults, fine colors 1.00

STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Adults, thick lips 25

STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Immature, thin lips 15

STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thick lips 75

STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thin lips 50

STROMBUS costatus, white, selected 15

STROMBUS costatus, brown form 15

STROMBUS costatus, pale mauve form 25

STROMBUS costatus, yellow form 25

STROMBUS costatus, giants, 7-8" 25

CYPRACASSIS testiculus 15-.50

CYPRACASSIS coarctaca, Mexico 50

TELLINA interrupta, fine colors in

ASAPHIS deflorata, orange, yellow, purple forms 3 for .10

PEDALION listeri, IV^t-SVi" 35

LIVONA pica, with operc, ^-IM.-" 10-.50

CONUS mus 2 for .05

CONUS runuculus, VA^^Vi" 2.00-3.50

TEREBRA cineria, unusually fine 05

TEREBRA hastata 15

HYDATINA physis 30

PISANIA pusio 25-.50

CYPRAEA vitellus, Gt. Barrier Reef 20

CYPRAEA arabica 20

CYPRAEA Isabella 25

CYPRAEA decipiens 2.00

CONUS geographus, 2-4" 2o-.75

And many others. Complete list for 6 cent stamp

MUREX ARGO, Clench & Farfante. Perfect 3%". The only othrr

known specimen is the type in Liverpool Museum 1000.00

MUREX motacilla, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50

MUREX cailetti, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50

Over 50 species of West Indian limpets. Special list on request

BISECTED SHELLS a specialty

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

Bj

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with

clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved

from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

Vol. 62 JANUARY, 1949 No. 3

TT FT F

NAUTILUS

A QUAETEELY

DEVOTED TO THE INTEEESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Filsbry, Curator of the DepartpiaTit of Mo11iibo>)

Academy of Natural Sciences, FhU a^^pgi^jfg SgjoiogtCril l;.ii ' ••i^O'

H. BuERiNGTON Baker, Prof essor ( f Zooldgy^ B H .A. R "Y

University of Fennsylvani> ^AR 2 8 19^^

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

A New Florida Species of the Tectibranch Genus Pleuro-

branchus. By E. Tucker Ahhott 73

In Pinar Del Rio, A Collecting Trip. By Morris K. Jacoh-

son 78

Natural History Observations on Philomycus Carolinianus

(Bosc) . By William Marcus Ingram 86

Some Snail Records from Southeastern Ohio. By Charles

B. Wurtz 91

Mollusca of the Eastern Basin of the Chaco River, New

Mexico. By Robert J. Drake 94

A New Japanese Limpet. By Jeanne S. Schwengel 97

Notes on the Polygyridae of Northern Arkansas. By Leslie

Huhricht 98

New Species of Isomeria and Helicina. By H. A. Pilshry. 99

Notes and News 101

Publications Received 106

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HOE ACE B. BAKEE, Business Manager

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38tli and Woodland Avenue, Fhiladelphia 4, Fa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

U THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should Ite typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Keprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burgh, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Foe Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary MoUusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)

A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid in U. S. A.

Address aattior:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

BARGAIN SALE

As I must reduce my stock to make room for new acquisitions, I

am offering many species of shells at less than one-half the regular

list prices.

HERE ARE A FEW SAMPLES

XANCUS angulata, 7-11" 50-.75

FASCIOLARIA tulipa, 4-9" 05-.10

FASCIOLARIA princeps, Mexico, 11" 75

FASCIOLARIA gigantea, 8-12" 75-1.00

STROMBUS samba. Adults, fine colors 1.00

STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Adults, thick lips 25

STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Immature, thin lips 15

STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thick lips 75

STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thin lips 50

STROMBUS costatus, white, selected 15

STROMBUS costatus, brown form 15

STROMBUS costatus, pale mauve form .25

STROMBUS costatus, yellow form 25

STROMBUS costatus, giants, 7-8" 25

CYPRACASSIS testiculus 15-.50

CYPRACASSIS coarctaca, Mexico ' 50

TELLINA interrupta, fine colors 10

ASAPHIS deflorata, orange, yellow, purple forms 3 for .10

PEDALION listeri, IV-Syv' 35

LIVONA pica, with operc, 3/4-41/2" 10-.50

CONUS mus 2 for .05

CONUS runuculus, 11/2-31/2" 2.00-3.50

TEREBRA cineria, unusually fine 05

TEREBRA hastata 15

HYDATINA physis 30

PISANIA pusio 25-.50

CYPRAEA vitellus, Gt. Barrier Reef 20

CYPRAEA arabica 20

CYPRAEA Isabella 25

CYPRAEA decipiens 2.00

CONUS geographus, 2-4" 25-.75

And many others. Complete list for 6 cent stamp

MUREX ARGO, Clench & Farfante. Perfect 3%". The only other

known specimen is the tvpe in Liverpool Museum 1000.00

MUREX motacilla, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50

MUREX cailetti, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50

Over 50 species of West Indian limpets. Special list on request

BISECTED SHELLS a specialty

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with

clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved

from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

Vol. 62

APRIL, 1949

No. 4

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadi

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of !

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Iptia ^ I » R A R V-

oology,

JUN2 0m9

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

A new species of Oreohelix, subgenus Radiocentrum, from

southeastern Chihuahua. By Robert J. Drake 109

Three neAv South American land snails {Strophocheilus,

Thaiiniastus, Drymaeus) . By Joseph C. Bequaert . . . 113

The variation of banding in Cepaea. By F. A. Schilder . . . 116

Some edible mollusks of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. By Ali-

son Kay 119

Some land and freshwater mollusks from the coastal region

of Virginia and North and South Carolina. By Harald

A. Rehder 121

Notes on the distribution of some terrestrial gastropods in

western Puerto Rico. By N. T. Mattox 126

Some snail records from the Quetico Provincial Park of On-

tario. By R. G. Lindehorg 128

Feeding of Ariolimax colum'bianus (Gould) on the Cali-

fornian bav fruit. Bv William Marcus Ingram and

Cadet Hand \ 131

Some land and freshwater mollusks from Guatemala. By

Fritz Haas 136

Some observations on Haliotidae (abalones) and their world

distribution. By Andrew Sorensen 138

Notes and News 142

Publications Received 143

To subscribers 145

$2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

U THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. S pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

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