THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 70

JULY, 1956 to APRIL, 1957

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Carator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia. Pa.

LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Achatina control 65, 71

Alaska 4

American Malacological Union meeting' 70

Arctic 4

Associations and land snails 60, 102

Argentina 127

Atlantic, eastern 49

western 12, 37, 48, 73, 84, 88, 90, 96, 106, 113, 123

Austrodiscus, for Araucania (Endodontidae) 131

Baker, F. C, type shells of 21

Bolivia 127

Brazil 127

California, marines 10, 49, 53, 108

Canada 120

Cenozoic 89, 108

Chile 127

Cinctura Hollister, subgenus of Fasciolaria 76

Cistula vs. Parachondria 30

Color patterns in Tapes semidecussata 53

Crampton, Henry Edward 31

Crepidula fornicata, host of Odostomia 96

Cuba 1

Cuna dalli 123

Cuttlebones 106

Cypraea, subgenus Micracypraea 88

Dates of Nautilus 34

Demidoff, Museum 35

Discus brunsoni 16

Dranga, Theodore Thomas 138

Easter Island Ill

Endodontidae, Austrodiscus -. 131

Familial names of land operculates 28

Families of Pulmonata 34, 141

Fargo, William G 140

Fasciolaria distans, lilium and hunteri 73

Fasciolaria lilium tortugana Hollister 79

Fasciolaria, subgenus Cinctura 76

7245Si

iv THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Florida, inland 142

marines 73, 84, 88, 123

Gonaxis introduction 65, 72

Glycymeridae 48

Haasodonta McMichael, genus of Unionidae 47

Haliotis ruf escens 109

Haplotrema vancouverense 121

Hawaii 71

Helisoma anceps, mutation 125

Hydridellinae, subfamily of Mutelidae 42

Helix aspersa in Hawaii 71

Jamaica 3

Leiovirgus guppyi aipianus McMichael 44

Lunatia heros, natural control 37

McGinty, Paul P 105

Melampus bidentatus, life history 90

Melongena corona, predator 84

Mexico 97

Montana 16, 121

Muracypraea Woodring, subgenus of Cypraea 88

Mutelidae, subfamily Hydridellinae 42

Mya, predator of 37

Nassa delosi 108

Nassarius trivittatus eats snail eggs 37

New Guinea 38

New Jersey 135

New York 117

Notice to subscribers (3) iii

Odostomia seminuda 96

Operculates, familial names of land 28

Oysters, predation on 84

Pacific, eastern 10, 49, 53, 89, 108, 109, 111

western 12, 49, 53, 88

Parachondria vs. Cistula 30

Paraguay 127

Peru 107

Philomycus carolinianus togatus + collinus 16

Predators 2, 37, 65, 71, 84, 96

Publications received 36, (2) iii, 143

St. Petersburg shell club 107

South Carolina 108

Thaumastus conspicuus 107

Troschel's Gebiss der Schnecken 136

Tucetona siihtilis Nicol 51

Type shells of F. C. Baker 21

Unionidae, genus Haasodonta 47

April, 1957] the nautilus v

Uruguay , 127

Valvata tricarinata, variation 13

Variation in color patterns 53

Virginia 15, 60, 102

Virgin Islands 69, 113

Vitrina limpida, ecology 116

Wilkins, Guy L 141

Xylophaga washingtona 10

Zachrysia provisoria 142

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Baker, H. Burrington 28, 34, 141

Baker (Pilsbry &) 141

Brunson, Royal Bruce 16

Brunson & Unda Osher 121

Burch, John B 60, 102

Chaee, E. P 108

Clarke, Arthur Haddleton, Jr 37

Clarke, R 142

Clench, William J 70

Coleman, Nellie & Ernest Klein 108

Dineen, Clarence F. (Holle &) 90

Erdman, Donald S 107

Franzen, Dorothea S 21

Freed, Sam 135

Gunter, Gordon & R. Winston Menzel 84

Hanna, G. Dallas 4

Holle, Paul A. & Clarence F. Dineen 90

Hollister, S. C 73

Hubricht, Leslie 15

Jacobson, Morris K 1

Karlin, Edward J 116

Klein, Ernest (Coleman &) 108

Kondo, Yoshio 34, 72

LaRocque, Aurele 13

Lyons, Richard B 109

McMichael, Donald F 38

Mead, Albert R 65

Menzel, R. Winston (Gunter &) 84

Michelson, Edward H 125

Moore, Donald R 123

Newell-Usticke, G. W 113

Nicol, David 48

Osher, Unda (Brunson &) 121

Palmer, Katherine V. W 35

Parodiz, J. J 127

Pilsbry, H. A 107

Pilsbry & H. B. B 141

Robertson, Robert 96, 136

Shaw, R. F 53

vi

April, 1957] the nautilus vii

Schwengel, Jeanne 138

Steele, Paul H Ill

Teskey, Margaret C 71

Thompson, Fred G 97

Townes, George F 108

Turner, Ruth D 10

Woodrinor, W. P 88

The nautilus

Vol. 70 JULY, 1956 No. 1

MALACOLOGICAL NOTES FROM WESTERN CUBA

By MOREIS K. JACOBSON

In 1948 (Torreia, 13, May; not 12, March, as in Revista

Soc. Mai. 7 : 67) Aguayo and Jaume described two species of

Cupulella, a remarkable new genus of land snails from near La

Palma in Pinar del Rio Province. They provisionally placed the

genus in the family Sagdidae. Subsequently in 1950 {Bev. Soc.

Mai., 7: 67) on the basis of anatomical examination of living

specimens, they decided to put the genus into the Achatinidae

near Lyohasis.

On July 22, 1953, we paid a visit to the Mogote Talavera

at km. 5 to the north of the Viiiales-La Palma highway, the

type locality of Cupulella doming uezi. There had been heavy

rains the night before and we collected live snails in large num-

bers. In a hollow at the base of a tree, we found about twenty

live cupulellas and noted with some surprise that the animals

were moving about carrying or, rather, dragging the compara-

tively large shell behind them with the spire down and the

large, hollowed basal region facing up. This is probably why

the nuclear whorls in most specimens stand out whitish against

the predominantly brownish cast of the shell. At home some of

these snails revived and here I noted, that in the small jar where

I kept them, some also seemed to carry the shell spire up. The

animals did not long survive, but from what was seen, the animal

can apparently move with its shell either spire up or spire down,

with the latter position the one preferred.

The various genera and species of Oleacinidae are the out-

standing examples of predatory snails in the mogotes and sierras

of western Cuba. The feeding habits of their mainland relatives,

Euglandina, have frequently been observed and recorded, chiefly

by Pilsbry (1907, Man. Conch., Ser. II, 19: XII— reproduced

in Land Moll N. A., 2: 189, 1946) and Ingram & Henning (1942,

1

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Zoologica: 2: 81-88), who also give a short bibliography of the

subject. In these cases, the predator is described as attacking

the food snail via the aperture. As far as I could find, only

F. C. Baker (1903, Shells of Land and Water, p. 51) reported

that Euglandina ''sometimes . . . will make a hole for itself in

the shell of the victim and will eat the contents through this

aperture." (loc. cit.). This habit might be of little use to

EuglandinAi which, north of Mexico at least, has to contend with

only two or three small operculate genera. That it definitely

is the habit of the Cuban oleacinids, which probably meet with

more operculate than inoperculate snails in their daily hunt for

food, was demonstrated in San Vicente. There, in the well-

known Ensenada del Balneario on July 15, 1953, I collected a

specimen of Oleacina oleacea straminea (Deshayes) tightly fixed

to the base of a Rhytidothyra MMiata rosacea Torre and

Bartsch. Upon separating the snails, I found that the Oleacina

had apparently scraped an irregular hole about one millimeter

in diameter at the base of the body whorl near the aperture.

The operculum of the Rhytidothyra was fixed in place, but soon

dropped off, indicating that the predator had not only killed

but had also eaten the food snail through this hole. The hole

is very different from the countersunk hole that is left in its

victims by the marine snail Natica, but the irregular edge has

a border of a thinned area of shell matter where the outer layers

had been scraped away. This hole, which we later found in

many dead and bleached shells, may be taken for the result of

the natural weathering of dead shells, but the thinned margin

betrays its true origin. This Oleacina-produced hole is quite

unlike that reported in some land shells of Yucatan by Harry

(Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. U. Mich., 524, p. 27, 1950).

While collecting Viana regina (Morelet) in the areas of

Viiiales, San Vicente, Luis Lazo and La Palma — which here is

one of the commonest species although appearing in many dif-

ferent sizes, colorations and types of surface sculpture — we were

struck by a thin vermillion-reddish deposit on the posterior por-

tion of the aperture, just where the glazed columellar callus

borders on the rest of the body whorl. This deposit did not

appear on all specimens, but enough seem to have it to make it

quite noticeable. It is a surface deposit and can be removed by

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 3

a little rubbing. The deposit is irregular in outline and varied

in size, and sometimes appears in blotches even on the outer

surface of the operculum. Chemical investigation might help

give a clue to its origin and significance, if any.

The land shell genus Proserpina occurs in Jamaica and Cuba.

In Thiele {Handb. Weichtierk. p. 90) the genus is divided into

two sections, apparently on the presence or absence of apertural

lamellae. Proserpina s.s. is restricted to Jamaica.

When I collected Proserpina nitida Sowerby at Quickstep in

Trelawney Parish in July 1949, I noticed that when the snail

was active, its mantle completely covered its shell, much like the

marine Cypraeidae, so that the shell was quite invisible. As I

recall — my notes were mislaid — P. nitida has a yellow-greenish

mantle heavily speckled with dark spots.^ But when I collected

Proserpina (Despaenella) depressa d'Orbigny in the Ensenada

Miranda at the base of El Queque in Vinales, I found no spec-

imen using its mantle in that manner. Apparently this feature,

provided that my observations can be corroborated, is more

deserving of diagnostic status than the absence or presence of

lamellae.

In 1950 {Rev. Soc. Mai., 7 : 70) Aguayo described and named

a new subspecies, Cepolis (Eicrycampta) honplandi pinarensis,

and stated that its limits of distribution are comprised by

Vinales and Consolacion del Norte southwest to Luis Lazo.

However, we have it also from the following localities, all well

to the west of Luis Lazo and all representing an extension of

range: Mogote de Punta de la Sierra, the mogotes between

Teneria and La Muralla on the road to Guane, and finally at the

Cueva Oscura of Los Portales. The last named is about 14 miles

southwest of Luis Lazo. All told, the subspecies pinarensis,

as we now know, occupies an area about 35 miles in extent, so

that this extension of range is not inconsiderable. At the Paso

Real near Guane, we collected only typical honplandi.

1 See vol. 47 (4), p. 151, for animals of 4 Jamaican spp. H. B. B.

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS OF THE

ARCTIC SLOPE, ALASKA *

By G. DALLAS HANNA

California Academy of Sciences

The term '* Arctic Slope" is Alaska is usually interpreted to

mean the relatively low, flat plain extending northward from

the Brooks Range to the Arctic Ocean. This covers an area of

approximately 50,000 square miles. Most of it is so level that

drainage is poor; streams are sluggish; and meandering and

uncounted tundra lakes, large and small, occur by the thousand.

Very few are more than five or six feet deep, the usual thickness

of winter ice.

Vegetation is strictly Arctic with no trees and the only bushes

are willows which are confined to the upper portions of the

streams draining the north side of the Brooks Range. Mosses

and lichens are very abundant and many beautiful flowering

plants gladden the landscape. Rainfall is scant. Total precipita-

tion ranges between four and eleven inches per year. Fog and

overcast are prevalent in summer along the coast and ice fogs

are common in winter. Summer temperatures along the coast

are low and snow may fall in all months. In winter, the tem-

perature usually stays in the interval - 20° F to - 30° F and

in extreme cases goes as low as — 50° F at Point Barrow and

— 70° F inland, as at Umiat. The ground thaws out a foot to 18

inches in summer; below this there is permafrost to depths of

800 to 1300 feet.

The Arctic pack ice is never far off shore and sometimes does

not leave. Usually, however, a limited amount of boat travel

can be done close to shore during August and September.

Flowing streams usually break up in July, and lakes and ponds

become ice-free during August and September.

Since 1945 there has been much activit}^ in this region. First,

the Navy Department established camps in order to drill and

evaluate the potentialities of Petroleum R-eserve No. 4 which

covers much of the slope. In this connection, the Arctic Re-

search Laboratory was started at the Point Barrow Camp by

* Eeproduction in whole or part is permitted for any purpose by the

United States government. These studies were aided bv a contract between

the Office of Naval K^search, Department of the l^avj and the Arctic

Institute of North America.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 5

the Office of Naval Research, and it has been in operation con-

tinuously ever since. A great many investigators have made this

their headquarters for studying a multitude of Arctic problems.

Although many of these projects have pertained to studies of

the fauna and flora of the tundra and freshwater lakes, little or

no attempt has been made to find mollusks.

In 1881-1883, an International Polar Expedition (1) estab-

lished a station at Point Barrov^ under the command of Lieut.

P. H. Ray, Signal Officer, U. S. Army. The naturalist on the

expedition was John Murdoch, a very industrious collector. Dall

(2) gave a preliminary list of the mollusks obtained and among

these there were recorded three land shells: ^^Cochlicopa luhrica

Muller, Zonites (Conuhis) Stearnsii Bland and Zonites {Hya-

Una) radiatula Alder." The records were repeated in the com-

plete report of the expedition (1). These shells had previously

been considered by Lehnert (3) under the names '^Cionella suh-

cylindrica, Hyalina arctica and Hyalina pellucida," respectively.

Dall (4) later used the names ''Cochlicopa luhrica, Vitrea radia^

tula and Prist oloma (?) arctica" for the same records. The

species are currently called: '^Cionella luhrica (Muller) Pris-

t oloma arcticum (Lehnert), and Retinella electrina (Gould)"

by Pilsbry (5, pp. 1047, 401 & 256).

Dall stated (1, p. 178) that these three species were recovered

by Lehnert from mosses used by the Expedition personnel for

packing other articles. The latter included in his account of the

shells, a list of the plants. This list would be interesting to check

with modern collections, because during the summers of 1954

and 1955 I collected many batches of the local tundra moss and

screened it in an unsuccessful effort to find any of the species

listed. The area searched was not only in the vicinity of the

site of the 1881-1883 Polar station, but at places as far as 40

miles away.

Although this effort was disappointing, other investigators,

who had an opportunity to work over a much wider area, suc-

ceeded in finding several species. Their names appear below,

and to them I am very grateful.

Only two species of land shells were found.

SucciNEA STRiGATA Pfciffer. Plate 1, fig. 6.

This widely distributed northern species has often been called

S. chrysis Westerlund, but Pilsbry (5, pp. 810-814, figs. 438,

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

439) indicated that the American shells should be united with

the ones Pfeiffer described from Port Clarence, Siberia, in 1855.

It was collected on the Arctic slope of Alaska in 1955 at the

following localities : Half Moon Three Ranch between Admiralty

Bay and Techepuk Lake, August 20, 1955 (Fr. John Ostdiek!).

Ocean Point, on the Colville River, August 8, 1955 (Edward

Reed and Frederick Jackson!). Three miles up the Colville

River from the mouth of Kiligwa River, June 23, 1955 (Edward

Reed and Frederick Jackson ! ) . At the junction of the Itkillik

and Colville Rivers, August 9, 1955 (Edward Reed and Frederick

Jackson ! ) .

Deroceras laeve (Miiller).

This small, almost black slug is widely distributed in North

America. It lives from the extreme Arctic to Central America.

For many years, the Alaska records were under the name

^ ' Agriolimax hyperhoreus (Westerlund)," but Pilsbry (5, pp.

539-552), in an excellent analysis of available information, con-

sidered European and American material to be the same.

Fr. John Ostdiek collected a specimen at Half Moon Three

Ranch, between Admiralty Bay and Techepuk Lake, August

20, 1955, and Edward Reed and Frederick Jackson found four

specimens beside a pond at the west end of the air strip at Umiat,

July 17, 1955. Robert Usinger and Ray Smith found another

at the same place, July 23, 1955. Reed and Jackson collected

nine specimens, 15 miles north of the junction of Anaktuvik

and Colville Rivers, July 26, 1955.

Freshwater mollusks occur frequently in favorable lakes and

ponds. Undoubtedly, additional collecting will supply more

species than the various parties secured in 1955, which was

only seven. However, these were mostly alive when found in

shallow water. Dredging would probably yield more, especially

if done in the lakes which do not freeze to bottom. The lake

from which the Point Barrow camp gets its fresh water has a

soft mud bottom and seems to be without shells. The closest

place to it where any were found, is one of the pools of the

beaded stream which flows into the lagoon just south of camp.

Lymnaea emarginata Say. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.

This is the largest of land or freshwater shells thus far found

on the Arctic slope. It is very widely distributed in northern

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 7

North America and has received many specific names. I follow

the treatment here of Bengt Hubendick (6, pp. 132-135) who

combined the variants under the above name. Those shells with

a high spire, deep suture, and more or less angulated last whorl

were given the name randolphi by Baker. It has been well illus-

trated by Dall (4, 1910, p. 71, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4). Apparently this

form is found only in the northwest part of the range of the

species, but in a large series, there is variation into forms exactly

like those of other areas.

It was collected at the following localities on the Arctic Slope

in 1955: Lake near Meade River Village, July 10, (Fr. E. J.

Long). Half Moon Three Rranch, between Admiralty Bay and

Techepuk Lake, July 29 and August 16 (Fr. John Ostdiek!).

Pond at west end of air strip at Umiat, June 16 (Edward Reed

and Frederick Jackson!). Lake near junction of Kikiakrorak

and Colville Rivers, August 1 (Edward Reed and Frederick

Jackson!). In old oxbow of Colville River, 15 miles north of

junction of Anaktuvik River, July 28 (Edward Reed and

Frederick Jackson!). Tundra pond on Colville River delta,

August 21 (Edward Reed and Frederick Jackson!). Junction

of Itkillik and Colville Rivers, August 14 (Edward Reed and

Frederick Jackson!). Colville River drift 1% miles north of

Umiat, July 15 (Philip Seaber!). Kumpa River (Edward Reed

and Frederick Jackson ! ) .

Lymnaea arctica Lea. Plate 1, fig. 3.

Among the shells collected by Reed and Jackson on the Col-

ville River, there is one from eight miles below Umiat which

cannot be included with emarginata. It corresponds closely

with Hubendick 's figure (6, 1951, p. 139, fig. 320) of a specimen

from Newfoundland.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linnaeus). Plate 1, fig. 4.

This sinistral, glossy shell seems to be the most widely dis-

tributed of the fresh water snails on the Arctic slope. It replaces

Physa of more southern latitudes. In the lots collected during

1955, the size of adults ranges from 6 to 17 mm. in length. It

was found in the pools of beaded streams and along the grassy

margins of fresh water lakes in the near vicinity of Point

Barrow and east as far as the investigators went, which was the

Colville River.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

The localities represented are as follows : Lake near Meade

River Village, July 10 (Fr. E. J. Long!). Half Moon Three

Ranch between Admiralty Bay and Techepuk Lake, July 29

(Frs. E. J. Long and John Ostdiek!). Fond at foot of Red

Hill, Umiat, Alaska, July 16 (Edward Reed and Frederick

Jackson!). Ninaluk Creek, a branch of the Colville River.

Fifteen miles north of the junction of Anaktuvik and Colville

Rivers, July 26 (Edward Reed and Frederick Jackson!). Pools

of beaded stream which enters lagoon just south of Navy Camp,

Point Barrow, August 13 (John Koranda!). First large lake

south of Ikroavik Lake, about six miles south of Point Barrow

(Frs. E. J. Long and John Ostdiek!). Oliktok Point, Arctic

Ocean, near mouth of Colville River, Alaska, August 25 (Edward

Reed and Frederick Jackson!).

Physa sp.

Among the shells collected by Reed and Jackson, there are

several lots of young sinistral forms which seem to have a lower

spire and duller surface than Aj^lexa. They resemble Physa but

the state of the nomenclature of the genus is too confused to

venture giving a specific name at this time. The lots were

obtained as follows : Ocean Point near the mouth of the Colville

River. Itkillik, Ipnavik, Kumpa and Kiliarorak Rivers.

Gyraulus parvus (Say). Plate 1, figs. 5 and 7.

There is some doubt attached to the naming of smaller planorbs

because of lack of adequate keys. However, the Arctic slope

specimens do not seem to differ significantly from those found in

other parts of the north. Characters given for separation of

arcticus Moller from parvus are not adequate. If the Greenland

shells differ from parvus, it would be expected that ours might

be the same.

Reed and Jackson collected the species at the following places :

At the foot of Red Hill near Umiat on the Colville River.

Tundra pond 15 miles north of the junction of Anaktuvik River

and Colville River. Near mouth of Anaktuvik River. Ocean

Point near mouth of Colville River. Itkillik, Ipnavik and

Kumpa Rivers.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 9

Valvata helicoidea Dall. Plate 1, fig. 9.

This is a small, flattened species, well figured by Dall (4, p.

123, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2). It has been called a subspecies of lewisi.

It is about the same size and color as Gyrauhis parvus, but does

not have a depressed spire, and the umbilicus is narrower.

The species was collected by Reed and Jackson as follows:

Pond at end of air strip at Umiat on the Colville River. Ninaluk

Creek, a branch of the Colville River. Ocean Point near the

mouth of the Colville River. Ipnavik River.

PismiUM idahoensis Roper. Plate 1, fig. 8.

This name is assigned to the only freshwater bivalve thus far

found on the Arctic slope. It was described from Old Mission

Idaho in 1896 by Roper (Nautilus, vol. 4, p. 85) . Five specimens

of that lot in the California Academy of Sciences, collected by

Henry Hemphill, were labelled ''types" by him. The Arctic

slope specimens do not differ from these significantly in size or

other shell characters. It may be that there is an older name for

the species, such as P. steenhuchii Moller from Greenland, but

this is difficult to determine from published descriptions only.

Reed and Jackson obtained a series of these shells in a lake

near the junction of the Kikiakrorak and Colville Rivers, August

2. A small specimen, of what may be the same species, was

brought up by a boat anchor in No Luck Lake in the head-

waters of one of the tributaries of the Colville River during the

summer of 1954 by Dr. Donald E. Vohlschlag.

References

1. Ray, p. H. Rept. Internat. Polar Exp. to Point Barrow,

Alaska, 1885, pp. 1-695 ; Rept. on the Mollusks by W. H.

DaU, pp. 177-186, 1 pi.

2. Dall, W. H. New or specially interesting shells of the Point

Barrow Expedition. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 7, 1885,

pp. 523-526.

3. Lehnert, E. Alaska Plants and Shells. Science Record

[Boston, Mass.], Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 171-172, June 16, 1884.

4. Dall, W. H. Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. 13, 1910,

pp. 1-172, 3 pis., 118 figs. See pp. 33, 38, and 45 for records

referred to.

5. PiLSBRY, H. A. Monog. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 3,

pt. 2, 1946, 1948.

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

6. HuBENDiCK, Bengt. Recent Lymnaeidae. Kungl. Svenska

Vet. Akad. Hand. Ser. 4, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1951.

7. LiBAREV, E. M. «fe Rammelmeyer, E. C. Land MoUuscan

Fauna of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics. Publ.

Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. U, S. S. R., No. 43, pp. 1-511, figs.

1-420 in text, 1952. (In Russian.)

8. Jadin, V. E. Mollusks from non-marine and brackish

waters of the Union of Soivet Socialistic Republics. Publ.

Zool. Inst. U. S. S. R., No. 46, pp. 1-376, figs. 1-339 in text,

1952. (In Russian.)

Explanation of Plate 1

Fig. 1. Lymnaea emargmata Say. Height, 22.7 mm., diameter,

14.5 mm. Fifteen miles north of junction of Anaktuvik and

Colville Rivers, Alaska. 2. Lymnaea emargin<ita Say. Height,

22.5 mm., diameter, 19.1 mm. 1% miles north of Umiat, Alaska.

3. Lymnaea arctica Lea. Height, 15.8 mm., diameter 8.3 mm.

Colville River, Alaska, 8 miles below Umiat. 4. Aplexa hypnorum

(Linnaeus). Height, 15.5 mm., diameter, 7.2 mm. 15 miles

north of junction of Anaktuvik and Colville Rivers, Alaska. 5.

Gyraulus parvus (Say), upper surface. Diameter, 5.7 mm.

Pond at foot of Red Hill near Umiat on Colville River, Alaska.

6. Succinea strigata Pf eiffer. Height, 14.6 mm., diameter, 7.3 mm.

Junction of Itkillik and Colville Rivers, Alaska. 7. Gyraidus

parvus (Say), lower surface. Diameter, 6.0 mm. Pond at foot

of Red Hill near Umiat on Colville River, Alaska. 8. Pisidium

idahoense Roper. Length, 7.8 mm., thickness, 4.6 mm. Lake

near junction of Kikiakrorak and Colville Rivers, Alaska. 9.

Valvata helicoidea Dall. Diameter 4.6 mm., height, 2.1 mm.

Pond at end of air strip at Umiat, Alaska.

The shell shown at figure 2 was collected by Philip Saber.

All others illustrated were collected by Edward Reed and

Frederick Jackson. All photographs by Charles E. Crompton.

NOTES ON XYLOPHAGA WASHINGTONA BARTSCH

AND ON THE GENUS

By ruth D. TURNEE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Through the kindness of Robert H. Parker and Frank E.

Snodgrass of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla,

California, I have recently received samples of wood contain-

THE NAUTILUS 70 (1)

PLATE 1

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 11

ing a fine series of Xylophaga washmgtona Bartsch. These

specimens were from a sand-filled anchor box used in securing

a cable for underwater wave recorders. The box was set in

325 feet of water three miles off Oceanside, California. It was

put in place on September 12, 1955 and taken up on January 7,

1956. At this time the entire box, except the bottom, was com-

pletely riddled and the specimens were so closely packed that

the larger ends of many of the burrows were touching. The

specimens were all small, the largest reaching about 4 mm. in

length. On many of the specimens, the golden-brown prodis-

soeonch was still very prominent and on these young specimens

the denticulated ridges were w^idely spaced. All specimens, even

the very smallest, had the typical triangular dorsal plates and

the characteristic muscle scars of the species.

This material gives us some idea of the rate of growth of X.

washingtona and the knowledge that breeding takes place at

least during the fall. The record from off Oceanside, California,

extends the known range of the species about 350 miles farther

south. The previous southernmost record was off Point Pinos

Light, Monterey Bay, California.

Unfortunately the soft parts were rather brittle and almost

impossible to dissect. However, it was possible to determine

that the siphons are similar to those of X. atlantica Richards,

the species to which it is most closely related. The excurrent

siphon of X. washingtona however, is much shorter than that of

X. atlantica, being truncated just posterior to the shell. In

addition, no papillae were apparent around the openings of

either the excurrent or incurrent siphons. As in X. atlantica,

there are no lappets on the dorsal surface of the incurrent

siphon. The incurrent siphon of X. washingtona may be ex-

tended at least two and one-half times the length of the shell and

probably farther, as the burrow^s of some specimens were over

twice the length of the shell. The burrows were completely filled

with fecal pellets in a manner similar to that described by

Purchon (1941).

The knowledge of the kind of siphons of X. washingtona is

most interesting and important for it is now possible to state

with a reasonable degree of certainty that there are at least two

distinct subgenera in the genus Xylophaga. The subgenus

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Xylophaga s.s. contains those species having large ear-shaped

dorsal plates and a series of paired lappets which extend along

the dorsal surface of the incurrent siphon. This subgenus in-

cludes X. dorsalis Turton of the Eastern Atlantic, X. glohosa

Sowerby of the Eastern Pacific and X. japonica Taki and Habe

of the Indo-Pacific.

The subgenus Neoxylophaga Taki and Habe includes those

species which have small, triangular dorsal plates and which

lack the lappets on the dorsal surface of the incurrent siphon.

Taki and Habe introduced the name Neoxylophaga for Xylophaga

rikuzenica Taki and Habe, a species having small triangular

dorsal plates. Although they did not have the soft parts of this

species and could not report on the type of siphons, I can now

state with a reasonable degree of certainty that those species

having small triangular dorsal plates also lack the lappets on

the dorsal surface of the incurrent siphon. This subgenus in-

cludes X. atlantica Richards of the Western Atlantic, X. wash-

ingtona Bartsch of the Eastern Pacific and X. rikuzenica Taki

and Habe of the Indo-Pacific.

One other type of dorsal plate had been described in the genus

Xylophaga; this is a small, divided, triangular plate which is

attached nearly vertically rather than horizontally as in Neoxy-

lophaga. This may be just a variation within the subgenus

Neoxylophaga but until the structure of siphons is known the

name Metaxylophaga Taki and Habe may be used. At present

only one species is known in this subgenus, Xylophaga (Metaxy-

lophaga) supplicata Taki and Habe from Japan.

There are a number of other named forms in the genus

Xylophaga but for most of them only the valves are known;

consequently it is impossible to place them in any particular

subgenus.

References

Bartsch, P. 1921. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34, p. 32.

Habe, T. 1952. Genera of Japanese Shells, Pelecypoda no. 3,

pp. 245-247.

PuRCHON, R. D. 1941. Journal Marine Biological Association

United Kingdom 25, pp. 1-39.

Taki, I. & T. Habe. 1950. Illustrated Catalogue of Japanese

Shells no. 7, pp. 45-47.

Turner, R. D. 1955. Johnsonia 3, no. 34, pp. 145-157.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 13

VARIATION OF CARINAE IN VALVATA

TRICARINATA

By AUEELE la ROCQUE

The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

The common freshwater snail Valvata tricarinata (Say) typ-

ically has three well-developed carinae on each whorl after the

first two. In the majority of specimens, the carinae appear on

the third whorl or even on the last half of the second and persist

throughout the growth of the shell. Specimens in which one,

two, or even all three carinae are suppressed are not uncommon

in living specimens of the species. They are often found in

Pleistocene specimens and in these, the variation is nothing short

of bewildering. Colonies in which specimens exhibit all possible

variation, from the total lack of carinae to possession of all three,

have been seen from a number of Pleistocene freshwater as-

semblages in Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, and other areas. This

characteristic seems to have no stratigraphic significance since

the variation shows no particular trend from the lowest to the

highest Pleistocene deposits examined. On the other hand, the

variation is important in describing the composition of a given

fauna and some attempt should be made to record it. If the

number of carinae remained constant from their appearance to

the full development of the shell, the numerous varietal names

suggested might be used. Such is not the case ; carinae appear

or disappear throughout the growth of the shell and one spec-

imen may start out, according to the trinomial nomenclature

proposed for this species, as Valvata tricarinata tricarinata

(Say) and end up, by suppression of the middle carina, as V.

tricarinata perconfiisa Walker.

The late F. C. Baker (1928, p. 15) has rightly pointed out

that these variations are not distinct varieties, but ''are to be

regarded as mutations rather than as distinct varieties." He

has also stated that ''they are not strictly ecological, for many

of the variations may be found in any lot from one locality or

habitat." In spite of these statements. Baker recognized a

trinomial for each variation, although he was careful to refer to

them as mutations or forms.

The unwieldiness of varietal or form names for character-

14 THE hr'AUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

istics which seem to have such minor significance, if any, is one

that malacologists would have to accept if there were no better

way to solve the problem. The writer believes that a better way

exists, one that is not original with him but that has been

developed to describe the almost infinite variety of banding in

such snails as Cepaea nemoralis and C. hortensis. The same

descriptive method might be applied to Valvata tricarinata, as

shown in the following table.

Present method (varieties or mutations) Proposed method

Valvata tricarinata tricarinata (Say) Valvata tricarinata (Say) 111

V. tricarinata perconfusa Walker Valvata tricarinata (Say) 101

V. tricarinata mediocarinata F. C. Baker Valvata tricarinata (Say) 010

V. tricarinata hasalis Vanatta Valvata tricarinata (Say) 110

V. tricarinata infracarinata Vanatta Valvata tricarinata (Say) 001

V. tricarinata unicarinata De Kay Valvata tricarinata (Say) 100

V. tricarinata simplex Gould Valvata tricarinata (Say) 000

The proposed method has the advantage of conciseness, it

avoids the implications suggested by the use of trinomials, and

it is flexible enough to describe the specimens mentioned above

that start out as one 'Variety" and end up as another. Let us

suppose that we have before us a group of specimens of Valvata

tricarinata in which the first two whorls are ecarinate, the third

whorl has a superior and basal but no medial carina, the fourth

and fifth whorls have three well-developed carinae. These speci-

mens could be called Valvata tricarinata (Say) and their carinal

variation could be expressed as follows : 1, 2 : 000 ; 3 : 101 ; 4, 5 :

111.

The advantages of this method were brought home to the

writer during study of numerous Pleistocene faunules, mainly

from Ohio, and he proposes to use it in several papers describing

these faunules as well as a report on the Pleistocene Mollusca of

Ohio, now in preparation.

The use of this method could be extended to all snails with

spiral carinae or spiral color bands in which there is sufficient

variation to warrant record. Comments on this proposal will

be appreciated by the writer.

Reference Cited

Baker, Frank C. 1928. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin,

Part I. Gastropoda. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,

Bull. 70, 507 pp., 28 pis., 202 text figs.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 15

LAND SNAILS OF SHENANDOAH NATIONAL PARK

By LESLIE HUBEICHT

The Shenandoah National Park, located in the Blue Ridge

Mountains of northern Virginia, is a region from which land

snail records were almost non-existent, due largely to the former

inaccessibility of the mountains. The construction of the Sky-

line Drive along the crest of the mountains has made the region

accessible by automobile. During the summers of 1952 and

1953, the author made a number of weekend trips to the Park

to study the land snails found there. The results are reported

in this paper.

The land snail fauna of the Shenandoah National Park seems

of more interest for what is not found there, than for w^hat is

found. Most of the species are derived from the surrounding

lowlands. Such mountain species as occur apparently have

come up from the south. Such northern species as Mesodon

say anus (Pils.), Triodopsis trident ata (Say), T. denotata (Fer.),

T. dentifera (Binn.), and Philomyciis flexuolaris Raf. are absent

although they are found in the Blue Ridge farther south, and

Mesomphix inornatus (Say) is found only in the southern part

of the Park.

The Skyline Drive traverses the entire length of the Park

along the crest of the mountains for a distance of about 105

miles, from near Front Royal to near Waynesboro, Virginia.

The lowest elevation near the Drive, about 600 feet, is at the

north entrance. The highest point is at Hawksbill Mountain

with an elevation of 4049 feet. No attempt was made to study

the snails below 2000 feet. Along the Drive are numbered

mileposts, starting with post 0 at the north entrance. These

were found very convenient for locating collections. In the list

of species, the numbers following the names are of the nearest

milepost to where the species was found.

Stenotrema stenotrema (Pfr.), 6.

Stenotrema hirsiitum (Say), 25, 40, 46, 48.

Stenotrema fraternum (Say), 6, 17, 52, 61.

Triodopsis fraudulenta (Pils.), 16, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51, 59, 68, 97.

Triodopsis juxtidens (Pils.), 6, 16, 61.

Triodopsis alholahris (Say), 6, 16, 42, 43, 45, 61.

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Haplotrema concavum (Say), 6, 16, 17, 48, 61, 70, 97.

Euconulus fulvus (Say), 6, 17, 25, 97, 103.

Retinella virginica Morrison, 40, 46, 48, 59, 61.

Retinella rhoadsi (Pils.), 6, 17, 20, 25, 29, 48, 59, 68, 71, 97, 103.

Retinella indentata (Say), 6, 25, 48, 52, 103.

Mesomphix inornatus (Say), 61, 103.

Paravitrea mulUdentata (Binn.), 6, 17, 25, 40, 59, 71, 97, 103.

Ventridens suppressus (Say), 40, 46, 59, 97, 103.

Ventridens suppressus virginicus (Van.), 6, 25.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say), 6, 17, 20, 25, 40, 48, 68, 71, 97, 103.

Striatura exigua (Stimp.), 40, 46.

Striatura meridionalis (P. & F.), 6, 25, 40, 46, 59, 71, 97, 103.

Anguispira alternata angulata Pils., 6, 19, 40, 42.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say), 6, 20, 25, 40, 46, 48, 97.

Punctum minutissimum (Lea), 40.

Philomycus carolinianus togatus (Gould), 40.

A study of Gould 's original description of Limax togata shows

it to be identical with P. c. collinus Hubricht, and the lattei

must be placed in synonymy.

Philomycus virginicus Hubricht, 43, 47.

Pallif er a dorsalis {Binn.), 68.

Pallifera varia Hubricht, 40, 43, 48, 51.

Strohilops labyrinthica (Say), 97.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say), 25, 97, 103.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say), 97.

Vertigo parvula Sterki, 6, 17, 97.

Columella edentula (Drap.), 17.

Cionella lubrica morsean^ Doherty, 6, 17, 25, 29, 40, 59, 71, 103.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea, 29, 40, 48, 59, 71, 97, 103.

Hendersonia occulta (Say), 6, 16.

THE MYSTERY OF DISCUS BRUNSONI

By royal BRUCE BRUNSON

Montana State University, Missoula.

In a report to the Southern California Academy of Sciences

in 1955 (volume 54, part 1, pages 17 to 19) Dr. S. Stillman

Berry gave a description of Discus {Gonyodiscus?) hrunsoni, a

new species of Discus from McDonald Cirque in the Mission

Mountains of western Montana. With the naming of this snail,

the author now can set forth some of his observations and ex-

periences in collecting this interesting gastropod.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 17

One cannot fully appreciate the mystery of this little snail

without having an appreciation of the history of McDonald Cirque

and the amount of collecting that has been done in this restricted

area, and some information about the slide areas. All told, there

are several acres of talus slides in McDonald Cirque. They

occur as relatively small unit slides that range in size from 100

feet in diameter to 100 yards wide by 300 yards long. Indi-

vidual rocks of the slides range in size from five to six inches in

diameter to five or six feet in diameter with an average of about

one-half a cubic foot. The rocks are loosely piled with open

spaces between. No estimate can be made as to the depth of the

slides. Lichens and some mosses are the only types of vegeta-

tion found in the open slides. Oreohelix elrodi and Discus hrun-

soni are the only snails found in the open slides, but Zonitoides

arhoreus is found in the duff emarginating the slide and Oreo-

helix depressa is found in the timbered and brushy areas between

some of the slides.

The cirque is well known to conchologists and malacologists in

general because it is the type habitat of Oreohelix elrodi, which

was first discovered by Dr. Morton J. Elrod circa the year 1898

and described by Pilsbry in 1900 as Pyramidula elrodi (Nauti-

lus, 14:40). This cirque was a favorite spot of Dr. Elrod 's. In

the 35 or more years that Dr. Elrod was active at Montana State

University, he spent many weeks and days collecting in this area.

He was an extremely efficient collector and a capable observer in

the field. From his daughter, the author has learned that Dr.

Elrod also took many mollusk collectors into the cirque with him.

Yet in all the time that he collected in this particular cirque, he

did not turn up a specimen, either living or dead, of this particu-

lar Discus.

It would be impossible to estimate the number of conchologists

or malacologists who have camped and collected in McDonald

Cirque in the interval between 1925 and 1955. Certainly not a

small number nor a small number of trips have been taken to

collect the rock slide which is the type habitat of both Oreohelix

elrodi and Discus hrunsoni. The author does not know how

many trips Dr. Berry made into McDonald Cirque before he

finally found the single specimen on August 26, 1948. This

shell, incidentally, was not living at the time of collection.

The author moved to Montana in September of 1946. In that

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

month, he made his first collecting trip to McDonald Lake, pri-

marily for the purpose of looking for Oreohelix elrodi. In the

spring of 1947, he took a class of 17 students into the slide area

to collect. Again in the summer of 1947, he visited the cirque

with three students to collect on two different occasions. This

same process was repeated in 1948 and 1949, both in the springs

and in the summers, each time with members of his field zoology

class. In addition to these trips in 1948 and 1949, the author

also took several independent trips to the same area.

In the spring of 1950, nearly 60 students of his field zoology

class accompanied the author on another ''routine" collecting

trip into McDonald. On this trip, the author and a few of the

students found 14 specimens of what appeared to be a new spe-

cies of snail. These were subsequently turned over to Dr. Berry

to supplement the one specimen that he had found, and were

used by Dr. Berry as holotype and paratypes. All the speci-

mens were living and were found upon one talus slide which

measured approximately 100 yards in diameter.

Finding these 14 specimens moving around on the rocks gave

the author the impression that they were fairly common and

could be found easily if one collected in the right area. Later,

encouraged by Dr. Berry to collect more specimens, the author

again returned in the summer of 1950 to the exact slide to col-

lect more specimens. He had with him a class in natural his-

tory of invertebrates and although a great many tons of rock

were overturned, not a trace of this snail could be found. This

was indeed intriguing in view of the ease by which the first col-

lection was made.

In the springs and summers of 1951, 1952, and 1953, the area

was revisited to look for more specimens. Not less than four

trips were made to the cirque in each of these years. Oddly

enough, no other specimens were found, even though apain prob-

ably hundreds of tons of rock were turned over by members of

classes which numbered up to 40 students.

In the spring of 1954, another field zoology class was taken

into the cirque to look for this snail as well as to collect other

forms. No specimens were turned up after an all-day trip by

about 20 students. It so happened that two students, William

Harryman and Pete Tyler, could not make the regular class trip.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 19

However, these boys went up the next day, camped all night and

collected for both days. When the author looked over their col-

lections after they had returned to Missoula, he found one speci-

men of Discus hrimsoni. Following this discovery, the following

day the author took three car-loads of students with him, includ-

ing Harryman and Tyler, who, incidentally could not remember

the exact location in which they had found this one specimen.

Their entire route was repeated with the class searching dili-

gently. In the last rock slide visited, the author found a living

specimen of Discus. By the time it was dusk and the party was

ready to go home and get out of the hills while it was still light,

39 specimens had been found. All 39 specimens were alive and

had been found crawling on the surface of the rocks, but in a

different talus slide from that which yielded the specimens in

1950.

Two trips were made to McDonald Cirque in 1955, one of

which was an all-day trip with a field zoology class. On the

first trip, both rock slides were visited, but no specimens were

found. The first visit in the spring was probably unsuccessful

because western Montana experienced one of the coldest springs

it has had in recorded history. Consequently, the normal emer-

gence of organisms was greatly delayed. On July 2, a field

zoology class was taken to the cirque and the students collected

with the author during a snowstorm. After hunting diligently

for several hours, two specimens were eventually discovered by

one student, Unda Osher, and one specimen was found by the

author. These three specimens were the only ones found, then,

in 1955.

In September of 1955, Mr. W. L. Walton from Glendale, Cali-

fornia, made a trip to the rock slide with the author in the hopes

of finding some specimens. Although again many tons of rock

were overturned, no specimens were found, thus carrying out the

earlier predictions of the author. The fascinating intrigue of

the whole picture can be summed up by Mr. Walton's words

after the day at the rock slide : " If anyone before today had ever

told me that I could go to an area less than 200 yards in diameter

that contained a species of snail and not find that snail, I would

have said he was wrong. It seems impossible that snails occur

in this one small rock slide and we were not able to find them."

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

This then is the history of the intensive collecting that has

been done in this one small ecological area. A few factors are

noteworthy of recording. In the first place, it is not entirely

surprising to the author that a new species of snail would be

found in McDonald Cirque. According to geologists, the last

glacial advance apparently covered all of the peaks of the Mis-

sions except for those three which emarginate McDonald Cirque.

This action left remnants of preglacial flora and fauna in Mc-

Donald Cirque, many species of which are now examples of dis-

continuous distribution. Oreohelix elrodi is limited in its dis-

tribution to this one particular cirque. The range of Oreohelix

alpina theoretically is limited to McDonald Peak. (However,

the author has some unpublished data to show that its distribu-

tional pattern might be more extensive than was previously sup-

posed.) Therefore, it is not too surprising to find another new

species within this area.

With the exception of the one specimen collected by Dr. Berry,

all the other specimens were living at the time of collection.

The big question which naturally arises is, what happens to the

empty shells ? The amazing thing, then, to the author about Dr.

Berry 's discovery is not that he found a new species but that he

found an empty shell. Although the chemical formula of this

chitinous-like shell is not known, it seems to be of a material

that is easily broken down. Dr. Gladys Baker of the Depart-

ment of Botany at Vassar College is presently working on fungi

which apparently will grow upon the shell, in an attempt to de-

termine whether action by the fungus will completely destroy the

shell. This is one possibility at least.

One might venture to guess what the ecological factors are

that have kept this interesting snail hidden from collectors for

so many years. In retrospect, most of the specimens seemingly

were collected during the last few minutes of day in the rock

slide area. This suggests the possibilitity that the animals may

have a nocturnal habit coupled with a daily migration pattern.

At least if it is not nocturnal, apparently they come out only in

subdued light. If this is a vertical migration, the animals cer-

tainly must go down deep into the rock slides. Evidence to sup-

port this idea comes from the fact that at all times of collection,

0. elrodi could be found as empty sheUs and in estivation on the

various surfaces of rocks when one dug into the slide. Oreohelix

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 21

could be found at varying depths, but D. hrunsoni could not be

found, regardless of how deep one dug.

Relative humidity must play an important role in determining

the movements of this snail. There have been times during past

summers in v^estern Montana when the relative humidity would

reach a point as low as seven to ten percent. This low relative

humidity certainly wouldn 't be true deep down in the rock slide.

However, the snails estivate, as do many of the land gastropods,

because the three specimens found in 1955 were in estivation and

were found attached on the undersurface of rocks. Also living

snails brought into the laboratory estivated on the side of the

jar. It is hoped that future studies will shed more light on the

ecology of this interesting species. Because McDonald Cirque

is approximately 70 miles from Missoula, and because climatic

conditions vary so much from one year to another, from one

month to another, and even from one day to another, seemingly

one would have to spend many days in the cirque in order to get

much positive data.

The author is indebted to Dr. Berry for his encouragement,

to the research council of Montana State University for supply-

ing the funds to take many of the trips to the cirque, and to

those hundreds of students who aided in the collecting process.

TYPES OF MOLLUSKS DESCRIBED BY F. C. BAKER

PART I, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS^

By DOROTHEA S. FRANZEN

Illinois Wesleyan University

There are deposited in the Museum of Natural History of the

University of Illinois, Urbana, holotypes and paratypes of spe-

cies and subspecies of Gastropoda and Pelecypoda described by

the late Frank C. Baker. Because there has been no listing of

such types, I have sorted from the collection of this museum all

the holotypes and paratypes and have prepared the following

list.

1 Expenses incurred in travel to and from the University of Illinois, Ur-

bana, have been covered by Grant-in-Aid of the Illinois State Academy of

Science.

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

The names of the types are precisely as given in the type de-

scriptions and no synonomy is included. Some information per-

taining to locality data and names of collectors or donors, which

is not included in the type descriptions, is also given. This in-

formation has been obtained from either the museum cards of

the holotypes or from the museum catalogue in which the entry

was made by Mr. Baker.

Although this list includes also the paratypes which have been

deposited in other museums, only those of the University of Il-

linois collection have been checked. Those of other museums are

included in this listing as reported in the type descriptions.

Paratypes of the species of which the holotypes are not in the

University of Illinois museum are not included. Those will be

included in subsequent publications of listings of the holotypes

of Baker's species which are in other museums.

Gastropoda

Amnicola judayi Baker, 1922, Naut. 36 (1) : 19-20.

Type: Z-12651 (one male shell is designated as holotype).

Paratypes: Z-12651 (one female); also Univ. Wis. 4549. Cf.

1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : pi. 6, figs. 42

(holotype), 43.

Type locality : Wisconsin, off Doemal Point, Winnebago Lake,

on a sandy mud bottom in 9 ft. of water.

Amnicola lustrica decepta Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 108-109, text fig. 45.

Type: Z-22501 (one male shell is designated as holotype).

Paratypes: Z-22502 (3 shells).

Type locality: Silver Lake, Waukesha Co., Wis. (A. R. Cahn!).

Amnicola lustrica perlustrica Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 109-110, pi. 6, fig. 15; text fig. 45.

Type: Z-18365a (missing from the collection). Paratypes:

Z-18365a ; also Univ. Wis. 4535.

Type locality: Lake Michigan shore east of Sturgeon Bay,

Door Co., Wis. (F. C. Baker!).

Amnicola walkeri foxensis Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 116, text fig. 47, 1, 2.

Type: Z-18374a (one male shell is designated as holotype).

Paratypes: Z-18374 (3 shells).

Type locality: Fox River, 1 mi. N. of Portage, Columbia Co.,

Wis.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 23

Bulimus tentaculatus magnalacustris Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis.

Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 81-89, pi. 5, figs. 22, 23,

26-31.

Type: Z-29449. (Cat. no. Z-18637 as listed in the type de-

scription is an error.) Paratypes: Z-29450 (1 shell) ; also Univ.

Wis. 4523, 4524.

Type locality: Winnebago Lake, near Oshkosh, Wis. (C. W.

Johnson ! ) .

Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis chicagoensis Baker, 1930, Trans. 111.

State Acad., 1929, 22 : 189, text fig. 2, 12-15.

Type: Z-28329. Paratypes: Z-28329 (3 shells).

Type locality: Foot of Division St., Chicago, 111. Not desig-

nated in the type description: Information obtained from the

museum card of the holot3T)e.

Cincinnatia emarginata canadensis Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol.

Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 130-131, pi. 7, figs. 22, 23; text

figs. 54, 7, 8.

Type: Z-22510. Paratype : Z-22510 (one shell).

Type locality : Lake Kakiska near Beaver River west of Great

Slave Lake, about latitude 61° (E. J. Whittaker! Aug., 1921).

Fossaria ohrussa rodecki Baker, 1936, Naut. 49 (4) : 130, pi. 7,

figs. 7.

Type: Z-38975. Paratypes: Z-38975 (1 shell) ; also: ANSP ^

166255 ; Baker Coll. 3545.

Type locality: Swan Lake, Montana (Junius Henderson and

H. J. Rodeck!).

Gyraulus Jiornensis Baker, 1934, The Canadian Field-Naturalist

48 (8): 135, text fig. 135.

Type: Z-13072a. Paratypes: Z-13072a (2 shells).

Type locality: Birch Lake, Horn River, Mackensie District,

Canada. Gift of E. J. Whittaker.

Gyraulus latistomus Baker, 1932, Naut. 46 (1) : 9.

Type: Z-32340. Paratypes: Z-32341 (1 shell); also ANSP

158598.

Type locality: McAree Lake, Rainy River District, western

Ontario, Canada (A. R. Cahn! 1931).

Helisoma anceps rushi Baker, 1939, Canadian Jour. Research D,

17 :94, fig. 1.

Type: Z-25259a. Paratypes: Z-25259 (5 shells).

Type locality: Toad Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada

(R. C. Rush!).

2 Academy Natural Science of Philadelphia.

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Helisoma antrosa cahni Baker, 1927, Naut. 40 (3) : 85-86.

Type: Z-21124. Paratypes: Z-21124 (5 shells); also ANSP

141567. Cf. 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, 70 (1),

pi. 22, fig. 1, holotype ; 2-5, paratypes.

Type locality: Big Muskallonge Lake, Vilas Co., "Wis. (A. R.

Cahn! July, 1926).

Helisoma (Planorhella) campanulata canadensis Baker and

Cahn, 1931, Annual Report, 1929, Nat. Mus. Canada: 57-

58, pi. 2, top row.

Type: Z-30721a. Paratypes: Z-30721b (3 shells); also Nat.

Mus. Canada 4378.

Type locality: Bamaji Lake, Ontario, Canada.

Helisoma campanulatitm collinsi Baker, 1939, Canadian Jour.

Research D, 17: 97-98, fig. 1.

Type: Z-41451. Paratypes: Z-41452 (12 shells).

Type locality: Cameron Lake, N.E. of Kakagi Lake, Lake of

the Woods, Kenora District, Ontario, Canada (A. R. Cahn!).

Helisoma corpulentum multicostatum Baker, 1928, Naut. 46 (1) :

7.

Type: Z-32306. Paratypes: Z-32307 (5 shells); also ANSP

158592.

Type locality: Kahnipiminanikok Lake, Rainy River District,

Ontario, Canada (A. R. Cahn! 1928).

Helisoma infracarinatum Baker, 1932, Naut. 46 (1) : 8-9.

Type: Z-32361. Paratypes: Z-32362 (3 shells); also ANSP

158594.

Type locality: Basswood River rapids. Rainy River District,

western Ontario, Canada (A. R. Cahn! 1931).

Helisoma trivolvis chautauquensis Baker, 1928, Naut. 42 (2) :

57-58.

Type: Z-23780. Paratypes: Z-23780 (1 shell): also ANSP

144806.

Type locality: Chautauqua Assembly, Cheney's Point, Chau-

tauqua Lake, N. Y. (F. C. Baker, 1927).

Helisoma trivolvis holstonense Baker, 1945, Baker, F. C, The

Molluscan Family Planorbidae: pi. 7, fig. 17 (holotype),

18-20, paratypes.

Type: Z-41443. Paratypes: Z-41443 (3 shells).

Type locality : Middle Fork Holston River, Marion, Smith Co.,

Va. (Clench and Archer! June 27, 1932).

Remarks : The type description apparently consists of only the

illustration noted above.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 25

Helisoma whiteavesi Baker, 1932, Naut. 46 (1) : 7-8.

Type: Z-32311. Paratypes: Z-32312 (4 shells); also ANSP

158591.

Type locality: Lac des Mille Lac, Thunder Bay District,

western Ontario, Canada (A. R. Cahn! 1928).

Lymnaea caperata warthini Baker, 1923, Naut. 36 (4) : 125-126.

Type: Z-40396. Paratypes: Z-40397 (2 shells); also Coll. of

S. S. Berry 5547.

Type locality: Upper Falls, Canyon of Yellowstone, Yellow-

stone Park, Wyo. (Dr. A. S. Warthin! Sept. 1922).

Lymnaea (Galha) minnetonkensis Baker, 1922, Naut. 36 (1) :

23-25.

Type: Z-11827. Paratypes: Z-11827 (7 shells).

Type locality : Lake Minnetonka, Assembly Ground, Hennepin

Co., Minn.

Lymnaea (Galha) winnehagoensis Baker, 1922, Naut. 36 (1) :

22-23.

Type: Z-11826. Paratypes: Z-11826 (4 shells). Cf. 1928,

Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : pi. 14, fig. 16 (holo-

type), 17-19 (paratypes).

Type locality: Lake "Winnebago, Oshkosh, Wis.

Planorhis pseudotrivolvis Baker, 1920, Naut. 33 (4) : 123-125.

Type: Z-11292. Paratypes: Z-11292a (3 shells). Cf. 1928,

Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : pi. 20, fig. 27 (holo-

type), 28, 29 (paratypes).

Type locality: Salt Fork, Champaign Co., 111. Old stream

south of cemetery, north of Urbana (F. C. Baker and F. Smith!

May 23, 1918). Not designated in type description. Informa-

tion obtained from museum card. Locality of paratypes: Ver-

milion River, lU.

Planorhula armigera palustris Baker and Cahn, 1931, Annual

Report, 1929, Nat. Mus. Canada : 58.

Type: Z-27094a. Paratypes: Z-27094 (7 shells).

Type locality: Pond near Camp Colfax, LaPorte Co., Ind.

(L. E. Daniels! Oct. 16, 1906).

Polygyra appressa fosteri Baker, 1932, Naut. 46 (2) : 48-49.

Type: Z-32079 (missing from the collection). (Cat. no.

Z-23380 as published in type description is an error.) Para-

types : Z-32080 (missing from the collection) ; also ANSP 157437.

Type locality: 3 mi. N.W. of Elizabethtown in valley of Big

Creek, Hardin Co., 111. (Baker and Foster! Aug., 1931).

Polygyra trident at a frisoni Baker, 1933, Naut. 47 (2) : 58-59.

Type: Z-34984 (missing from the collection). Paratypes:

Z-34982 (missing from the collection) ; also ANSP 161146.

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Type locality: South end Fountain Bluff, Jackson Co., 111.

(F. C. Baker!).

Stagnicola catascopium kempi Baker, 1931, Annual Report, 1929,

Nat. Mus. Canada : 53-54, pi. 2.

Type: Z-30719. Paratypes: Z-30719 (6 shells); also Nat.

Mus. Canada 4377.

Type locality : Bamaji Lake outlet on rocks in rapids, Ontario,

Canada.

Stagnicola couleensis Baker, 1929, Naut. 42 (40) : 122-123.

Type: Z-28049. Paratypes: Z-28049 (2 shells); also Univ.

Colo. 17024.

Type locality: Bluffs, south side Park Lake, Grand Coulee,

Grant Co., Wash. (Henderson and Nelson!).

Stagnicola elrodi Baker and Henderson, 1933, Naut. 47 (1) :

30-32

Type: Z-33780. Paratypes: Z-33780 (2 shells); also Univ.

Colo. 19134.

Type locality: West shore of Flathead Lake, 131/2 mi. N. of

Poison, Montana (J. Henderson! 1932).

Stagnicola emarginata hryantwalkeri Baker, 1936, Naut. 49 (4) ;

127-128, pi. 7, figs. 9.

Type: Z-38973. Paratypes: Z-38973 (2 shells); also: Baker

Coll. 1766, ANSP 166257.

Type locality: Millecoquin Lake, Mackinac Co., Mich. (Dr.

Bryant Walker!).

Stagnicola emarginata magnifica Baker, 1936, Naut. 49 (4) :

128-129, pi. 7, fig. 8.

Type: Z-38974a. Paratypes: Z-38974b (1 shell). ANSP

166256, Coll. F. C. Baker 3544.

Type locality: Pelican Lake, Crow Wing Co., Minn. (W. A.

Nason ! ) .

Stagnicola emarginata vilasensis Baker, 1927, Naut. 40 (3) :

82-84.

Type: Z-21678. Paratypes: Z-21679 (5 shells): also ANSP

141864. Cf. 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1), pi.

16, fig. 23, holotype ; 21, 22, 24-27, paratypes.

Type locality: Big Muskallonge Lake, Vilas Co., Wis. (A. R.

Cahn! 1926).

Stagnicola palustris wyomingensis Baker, 1927, Naut. 40 (3) :

84-85.

Type: Z-21682. Paratypes: Z-21683 (3 shells); also ANSP

141866, Univ. Colo. (cat. no. unknown).

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 27

Type locality: Slough, 10 mi. S. of Lander, Wyo. (Junius

Henderson ! ) .

Valvata lewisi ontariensis Baker, 1931, Naut. 44 (4) : 119-121.

Type: Z-31241a. Paratypes: Z-31241b (1 shell) ; also ANSP

153471.

Type locality: Shakespeare Island Lake, Ontario, Canada.

Gift of Myra W. Cronk, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Valvata perdepressa walkeri Baker, 1930, Trans. 111. State Acad.

1929, 22 :188, text fig. 1, p. 190.

Type: Z-28327. Paratypes: Z-28327 (3 shells).

Type locality: Southern part of Lake Michigan, foot of Oak

St., Chicago. Gift of A. R. Cahn.

Viviparus intertextus illinoisensis Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol.

Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (1) : 38^2, pi. 2, figs. 18-21.

Type: Z-18025. Paratypes: Z-18245 (3 shells).

Type locality: Illinois River, Havana 111.

Pelecypoda

Alasmidonta calceolus danielsi Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Survey 70 (2) : 187-188, pi. 69, fig. 2, pi. 72, figs. 7-11.

Type: Z-14301a. Paratypes: Z-14301c (3 shells).

Type locality: Moots Creek, White Co., Ind.

Carunculina parva cahni Baker, 1927, Amer. Midi. Nat. 10:

222—223

Type: Z-17341. Paratypes: Z-17342 (4 shells).

Type locality: Neosha mill pond. Dodge Co., Wis. (A.R. Cahn!

1924).

Pleurohema coccineum mississippiensis Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis.

Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey 70 (2) : 121-123, pi. 53, figs. 1-5.

Type: Z-14019. Paratype: Z-14023 (1 shell).

Type locality: Lake Pepin, Mississippi River.

Ptychohranchus fasciolaris lacustris Baker, 1928, Naut. 42 (2) :

52.

Type: Z-23779. Paratypes: Z-23779 (2 shells); also ANSP

144807.

Type locality: Assembly grounds, Chautauqua Lake, N. Y.

Information obtained from museum card of holotype.

Strophitus rugosus lacustris Baker, 1928, Bull. Wis. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Survey 70 (2) : 207-208, pi. 75, figs. 6-8.

Type: Z-22073. Paratype: Z-22073 (1 shell).

Type locality: Oconomowoc Lake, Waukesha Co., Wis. (A. R.

Cahn! 1926).

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

FAMILIAL NAMES FOR LAND OPERCULATES

By H. BURRINGTON BAKER

This is an extension of * ' Family names in Pulmonata, ' ' Nauti-

lus 69: 128, to most of the operculate land snails. The refer-

ences to Pilsbry (LMNA2:1065-1090) and to Thiele, part 1

(HSW:79-152) are made in the same way. Names which are,

or would become, synonyms or tribes are in parentheses. The

footnotes ^"* have the same meaning.

Aciculidae 2 Gray, 1850 (Acm-idae & Acme-idae^ Thiele, 1925,

HSW:135). F. of Littorinoidea?

Cyclophoridae Gray, 1847, HSW:95 (-inae Adams, 1855; An-

nulariidae * & -inae Henderson & Bartsch, 1920. Tribes : Cy-

clotina Gray, 1852; -inae Adams, 1855; -eae Kobelt, 1902,

HSWilOO. Pterocyclinae Kobelt & Mlldff., 1897 ; -eae Kobelt,

1902, HSWrlOl. Spirostomatinae Tielecke, 1940). SubF.:

Reali-inae (-ana Gray, 1852; -ea Pfr., 1858; -idae K. & M.,

1898; -eae HSW:104. Tribes: Pupininae Adams, 1855,

HSW:104; -idae Gill, 1871. Pupinellae K., 1902, HSW:104;

-inae Tielecke, 1940. Pollicariae HSW:106). Diplommatin-

inae Stoliczka or Gill, 1871, HSW:108 (-acea Pfr., 1856; -idae

K. & M., 1897). Alycae-inae Godwin- Austen, 1886, HSW:107

(-idae K. & M., 1897). Neocyclotinae * (& -idae) K. & M.,

1897 (Poteri-inae Thiele, 1929, HSW:102; -idae Tielecke,

1940 ; Aperostominae ^ Torre, Bartsch & Morrison, 1942.

Tribes: Amphicyclot-inae * K. & M., 1897; -eae K., 1902,

HSW:102; -idae Morrison, 1955; Aperostomatinae & -idae

HBB., 1922. Megalomastomat-eae Kobelt, 1902, HSW:103;

-inae T., B. & M., 1942; Neopupinae ''K. & M." Morrison,

1955). Cochlostomatinae Kobelt, 1902, HSW:112 (-idae

Tielecke, 1940; Pomatiaina ^ Gray, 1852; see Pomatiidae).

Craspedopomat-inae K., 1902, HSW:112 (-idae K. & M.,

1898). Hainesiinae Thiele, 1929, HSW:103. Maizaniidae

Tielecke, 1940. F. of SuperF. AmpuUariidae.

Geomelani-idae Kobelt & Mlldff., 1897 ; -inae Thiele, 1925. F. of

SuperF. Bulimidae or Truncatellidae.

Helicin-ae Ferussac, 1822; -idae Latreille, 1825, Gray, 1840,

L]MNA2:1078, HSW:80 (-adae Guilding, 1828; Oligyradae *

Gray, 1847. Tribes: Proserpinellidae HBB., 1923; Cererinae

Thiele, 1925. Hendersoniinae HBB., 1926. Ceratodiscinae

Pilsbry, 1927, HSW:89). SubF.: Proserpininae Thiele, 1929,

HSW:90, type genus only (-idae Gray, 1847: Despoenidae ^

1 ' ' Type genus ' ' a homonyin,2 an objective synonym,3 a misusage, i.e.,

with wrong type species, and * a subjective synonym.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 29

Newton, 1891. Tribes: Stoastomatidae C. B. Adams, 1849;

-inae HBB., 1928. Vianinae HBB., 1922, HSW:81. Dimor-

phoptychiinae Wenz, 1938). F. of Neritoidea.

Hydrocenidae Westerlund, 1885, HSW:79 (Hydrocaen-acea

Troschel, 1856; -idae Gill, 1871. Georiss-inae Blanford, 1864;

-idae Iredale, 1944). F. of Neritoidea.

Pomati-idae Newton, 1891; Pomatias-idae Pilsbry, 1919,

LMNA2:1074, HSW:127 ( Cyclostom-iatae ^ Menke, 1828

-acea Menke, 1830 ; -idae Orbigny, 1837 ; Gray in Turton, 1840

Cyclostomat-idae ^ Fischer, 1885; Pomatiaina ^ Gray, 1852

Pomatias-inae 3 Adams, 1855; -idae Kobelt & Mlldff., 1898

Pomati-acea ^ Troschel, 1856 ; -idae Gill, 1871 ; Pomatiat-ea ^

Pfr., 1858 ; Ericiidae ^ Clapp, 1919. Cyclotopsinae K. & M.,

1898). SubF.: Licin-inae (-ea Pfr., 1858; -einae Gill, 1871

-idae K. & M., 1898 ; Annulariidae ^ Henderson & Bartsch

1920; Choanopomateae Thiele, 1929, HSW:133. Tribes

Cistul-ea ^ Pfr., 1858 ; -inae Gill, 1871 ; -idae K. & M., 1898

Chondropomatinae H. & B., 1920, LMNA2:1075, HSW:130

-eae HSW:130. Adamsiellinae H. & B., 1920; -eae HSW:133

Rhytidopomatinae H. & B., 1920; -eae HSW:131. Cistulops

inae HBB., 1924; -eae HSW:130). F. of Littorinoidea ?

Pomatiops-idae Gill, 1871 (-inae Stimpson, 1865). F. of

SuperF. : Bulimidae or Truncatellidae.

Truncatell-idae Gray, 1840, LMNA2:1065 (-inae HSW:149;

Acme-idae & -inae ^ Thiele, 1925). F. of SuperF.: Bulimidae

or Truncatellidae.

From the preceding synopses, Helicinidae apparently would

date from 1822 or 1825. Truncatellidae would go back to 1840,

Cyclophoridae to 1847, and Aciculidae ^ to 1850. The last would

return instead of Acmidae, which replaced it under the old

article 5.

The date of Pomatiidae (or Pomatiasidae?) would depend on

the confusing difference between misusages and homonyms. If

Cyclostoma Draparnaud, 1801, not Lamarck, 1799, be a homo-

nym, the family apparently would start in 1828. If the genus

name is a misusage, would the family date from Pomatiaina,^

1852, another misusage, as accepted here? Or would Pomati-

idae, 1891, itself be a homonjTn, to be replaced by Ericiidae?

Also, would Cyclostomatidae ^ apply to the marine family, usu-

ally known as Scalidae (HSW:220) or Epitoniidae? All these

questions would have been answered if the Commission had vali-

dated Cyclostoma Drap., when Dr. Pilsbry and I petitioned such

action 3 decades ago.

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Hydrocenidae would begin in 1856, Pomatiopsidae in 1865,

and Geomelaniidae in 1897.

The two major subfamilies in Helicinidae would become Heli-

cininae and Proserpininae. Due to a regretted attempt (1923)

to save a name like Proserpinidae, the next oldest tribe in Heli-

eininae apparently would be based on Proserpinella, although

the radula of only Ceres (Cererinae, 1925) and Lmidiella

(Cyane^ HSW:90) are known. Lucidella and Fadyenia (see

Naut. 48:13, 14 & 62) belong in the same tribe as Ceratodiscus.

The Proserpininae would include the typical genus and tribe,

Stoastoma (only 2 species) and Stoa^tomops, and Vianinae.

Within Cyclophoridae, the principal changes in Thiele's sub-

family names would be Realiinae, which apparently is prior to

Pupininae, and Neocyclotinae * instead of Poteriinae, which was

the legal name under the old article 5. The position of Apero-

stoma depends on the unknown soft parts of AmphicycloUis.

"Neopupinae" had no type ''genus" in 1898, and even Morri-

son, 1955, did not mention Neopupina * Kobelt, 1902.

In Pomatiidae, the prior name of the American subfamily

would be Licininae, 1858. Apparent s3Tionyms would be the

misusage Annulariidae,^ 1920, whch actually is a subjective

synonym of Cyclophoridae, and Choanopomateae. Vague quota-

tions in the synonymy of Cyclostoma by Herrmannsen, May,

1847, and by H. Beck, 1847, were not accepted by subsequent

authors, and Licina Browne, 1756, attained no nomenclatural

status until Licina Gray, November, 1847.

Seemingly, Cistulea,^ also 1858, would initiate another tribe,

with Chondropomatinae, 1920, as a synonjon. Swainson, 1840,

Treat Malac, p. 21, listed Cistula ''Humphreys" (outlawed by

opinion 51) but did not improve its status. Gray, 1847, Proc.

Zoo. Soc. London 15:182, added only a nude "Cist, fimbriata"

(cf. Mus. Cal., p. 62). Pfeiffer, 1858, quoted the first valid use:

Cistula Gray, 1850, Cat. Cyclophor. Brit. Mus., p. 57, first spe-

cies C. fascia (Wood). Turho fascia Wood, 1828, Cat., Suppl.,

pi. 6, fig. 8, is now selected as the type species. Because "Cis-

tula Say" Gray, Sept., 1825, was simply an erroneous subsequent

spelling (in synonymy, without later acceptance) of Cistudo Say,

Jan., 1825 (Cistuda Fleming, 1822), Parachondria Dall, 1905,

was a superfluous replacement and is an objective synonym of

Cistula, a subgenus of Chondropoma (cf. Naut. 48:6). Of

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 31

course, Cistulea ^ was based on a misusage, since Pf eiffer finally

removed all Gray's available species except C. rufilabris, which

Henderson & Bartsch, 1920, included in Chondropoma s.s.

If each superfamily correspond to a ''stirps" of Thiele, Neri-

toidea would date from Rafinesque, 1815. The oldest familial

(** family-group") name in Architaenioglossa (HSW:94) would

be AmpuUariadae Guilding, 1828, followed by Paludinoidea -

Fitzinger, 1833 (Viviparidae Adams, 1854, HSW:113). Poma-

tiidae, if dated from 1828, would be earlier than Littorinidae

Gray, 1840 (Littorinacea HSW:121).

Bulimidae Guilding, 1828, perhaps a misusage but with only

Succinea mentioned, apparently might determine the name of

Rissoacea, HSW:136 (Rissoidae Adams, 1854) and replace Bithi-

niadae ^ Gray, 1857 (Hydrobiidae, 1857, HSW:136) unless Ellis

(Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 11:275) is successful. Truncatellidae,

1840, is the next name. Amnicolidae Tryon, 1862, would be lost

in the shuffle.

HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON

1875-1956

Professor Henry E. Cramp ton died on February 27 th this

year at the age of 81. He was primarily an evolutionist and a

malacologist only secondarily. The land pulmonate Partulidae

was the subject of his researches for 50 years. From the year

1906, Crampton assiduously pursued those aspects of evolution

dealing with processes and results, utilizing as his instruments

the numerous forms of the genus Partula. A Neo-Darwinian,

Crampton took his thesis from chapter two of Darwin's Origm

of Species (1859) where it is stated that individual variations

are the first steps leading towards speciation. Individual dif-

ferences lead to slight varieties; these lead to distinct and per-

manent varieties which, in turn, lead to subspecies; from these

latter arise species. Distinct and permanent varieties could,

therefore, be considered incipient species. A systematic species

is one that exists only at a particular point of time. Since new

species are continuously in the process of formation, its process

ought to be traceable. Crampton also believed in the theory of

mutation in the sense of de Vries and in Mendelian heredity.

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

To him there was no conflict between Darwinism and the doc-

trine of mutation. Both could take place side by side.

The three volumes on the Partulidae of Tahiti, Marianas, and

Moorea (1916, 1925, 1932) are thus documentations of facts

which substantiate the thesis above mentioned as Crampton

found them in the field and analyzed by the statistical method

of Karl Pearson.

Three important results regarding mutation, contemporaneous

organic differentiation, and changes in territorial expansion, as

exemplified by certain partulids of Moorea, are now described.

Partula taeniata Morch is an entirely dextral species distributed

throughout Moorea. In 1923 Crampton found two sinistral non-

gravid individuals near Maraarii and one non-gravid sinistral in

Atimaha. He considered these as mutations of the greatest im-

portance. Reproduction in Partula is such that the embryos

within a single parent are either dextral or sinistral but never

mixed in an ambidextrous species, regardless of parental coiling.

In the ambidextrous Partula suturalis Pfeiffer, he found em-

bryos which were like the parents 1133, unlike the parents 184,

and mixed (i.e. one dextral and one sinistral) 5. Of these 5

parents, four were dextral, one sinistral. The mixed broods

Crampton considered mutations.

Contemporaneous differentiation is best exemplified by P.

suturalis, which simultaneously extended its range greatly over

a period of nearly 50 years. Utilizing Garrett's work on his

Partula collections, his maps, and his widely scattered specimens,

Crampton determined the forms then extant (1861-1888) and

their probable distribution. He then compared these with those

of his own (1906-1909, 1919, 1923, 1924) and their distribution.

His conclusion was that significant differentiation had taken

place in that the species had become predominantly sinistral in

its newly extended range. In his own experience (1907 vs.

1923) this species had invaded Maharepa Valley where it did not

exist previously.

Dr. Crampton was born in New York City January 15th, 1875.

He attended City College and Columbia University where he ob-

tained his A.B. in 1893 ; Ph.D. 1899, Sc.D. 1929. He taught in

various capacities at Columbia from 1893 to 1900, with one year

at M.I.T. From 1900 to 1943, he was at Barnard College, as

full professor since 1904. At the same time he served as curator

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 33

of invertebrates at the American Museum of Natural History,

1909-1921. He was honorary Associate for many years with

the A.M.N.H., Carnegie Institution at Washington, and the

Bishop Museum. The presidency of the N.Y. Academy of Sci-

ences was one of the offices he held (1926-28) at the termination

of which he presented a memorable address on speciation (Sci-

ence, June, 1928). In the pursuance of his researches he con-

ducted expeditions into South America, West Indies, Polynesia,

Micronesia, P.I., China, Siam, Java, Australia. His partulid

researches were underwritten by the Carnegie Institution

largely, with supplementary aid from the American and Bishop

Museums. His studies on Partula at the Bishop Museum were

carried on in 1929, 1935, 1947, 1949, and 1952 from which re-

sulted two papers in collaboration with Dr. C. Montague Cooke,

Jr. Since the Moorea volume, Crampton had been at work on

the Kaiatean species in the anticipation of the completion of

which he published a paper on 10 new species (Am. Mus. Nov.

1956). Raiatea is probably the most important island in the

Society group as regards Partula for there are at least 36 species

on this particular island in contrast to 10 in Moorea, 6 in Tahiti

and lesser numbers in Huahine, Tahaa, and Borabora.

Crampton 's earliest paper dealt with the reversal of cleavage

in a sinistral gastropod (1894). From then until 1900, he pub-

lished nine papers on the early development of gastropods and

ascidians, and on variation and grafting in certain saturnid

moths. He published a book entitled The Doctrine of Evolution

(1924) based on his Hewitt Lectures of 1906-07. In casting

about for a subject to correlate with his experiments on moths,

he read A. G. Mayer's paper (1902) on certain species of Ta-

hitian Partula but his decision to do similar studies on the Ha-

waiian Achatinellidae was transferred to the Partulidae after a

conference with Dr. Cooke.

Among other species, Mayer studied Partula otaheitana Bru-

guiere, the variegated forms of which were given no less than

19 specific names on color alone. His investigations of the em-

bryos showed that several color forms were borne within a single

brood pouch. Crampton reduced P. otaheitana to eight sub-

species. Recent anatomical work on this species (Kondo, 1955)

has shown that there are two forms of genitalia in this group,

indicating that further investigations are necessary.

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

Crampton's most important contribution to malacology is his

employment of the statistical method. The validity of the Gar-

rett-Crampton comparative data regarding morphological as well

as areal changes on the species of Moorea is open to debate.

These data can be accepted in the broad sense with certain reser-

vations. He has given stability to the taxonomy of most of the

species with which he worked and has thus saved many hours of

work for future researchers on the group. In certain instances

Crampton 's flexible concept of what constitutes a species has led

him to give a specific rank to a variety but this is consonant with

his views on evolution and in nowise detracts from his main ac-

complishment. During his years of collecting he faithfully pre-

served the soft parts and these have proved very valuable to

anatomists. The Crampton collection of some quarter million

specimens will be housed permanently and as an entirety at the

American Museum of Natural History. — Yoshio Kondo, Bishop

Museum, Honolulu.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates op the Nautilus.— Vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pis. 1 & 2,

was mailed Aug. 1, 1955. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 3 & 4, Nov. 5,

1955. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pi. 5, Feb. 11, 1956. No. 4, pp. 109-

144, i-vi, pis. 6, 7 & 8, May 10, 1956.— H. B. B.

Families of Pulmonata. — The following are addenda and er-

rata for Naut., vol. 69, pp. 128-139 :

Auriculidae : Change ' ' Risso, 1826, ' ' a vernacular, to Gray, 1840.

Buliminidae : Enidae Woodward, 1903.

Cionellidae: Azecidae Kuroda & Habe, 1949, is a synonym.

Eulotidae: Aegistinae K. & H., 1949.

Helicarionidae : Ereptinae Godwin-Austen, 1908.

Lucerna: Add Dipnelicidae I., 1937, to his synonyms.

Lymnaea: Change "Risso, 1826," to Gray, 1840.

Orthalicidae : Liguidae Pilsbry, 1891, is a synonym.

Paryphantidae vs. Rhytididae : Paryphantinae Godwin- Austen,

1893, seems to determine the prior name for the family and

the superfamily.

Streptaxidae, SubF.: 0-inae (Orthogibbidae* Germain, 1921;

Gibbinae & Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936).

— H. BURRINGTON BaKER.

July, 1956] THE NAUTILUS 35

Museum Demidoff. — Through the courtesy of P. L. Merklin,

Senior Scientific Worker of the Paleontological Institute of the

Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., information regarding the mol-

lusks of the collection of Pavel Grigor'evich Demidoff [Paul G.

Demidoff] (1738-1821) ^ has been obtained. A descriptive cata-

logue was published by Gotthelf Fischer [Fischer von Wald-

heim (sometimes de Waldheim)] (1771-1853), Professor and

Director of the museum of the University of Moscow, in 1806-

1807, under the title "Museum Demidoff, ou catalogue systema-

tique et Raissonne des curiosites de la Nature et de I'Art. Don-

nees a I'llniversite imperiale de Moscou par Son Excellence

Monsieur Paul de Demidoff," 3 tomes; 2d ed. 1817.

The collection of shells is stored in the zoological museum of

the University of Moscow. The University of Moscow was badly

damaged by the fire of 1812 and the shells and labels still show

the evidence of that fire. Mr. Merklin has kindl}^ furnished

photographs of some of the available shells.

Thanks are due to Mrs. Anastasia Romanoff of Ithaca, New

York, for translation of the correspondence concerning the

collection.

The only printed copy of the Museum-Demidoff, volume 3,

1807 [plants and animals], known in the libraries of North

America, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.

This statement has been verified by contact with the librarians of

Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Amherst,

Univ. California, Univ. Chicago, John Crerar Library, Columbia

Univ., Library of Congress, Cornell Univ., Johns Hopkins Univ.,

McGill, Univ. Michigan, Mus. Comp. Zool., Princeton, Smith

Coll., Stanford Univ., and U. S. Geol. Sur. The writer has a

photographed copy of volume 3 made from a bibliofilm furnished

by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The shells, including the

new species and genera, were discussed in volume 3.

The rarity of the book makes the information regarding the

collection of greatest importance. — Katherine V. W. Palmer,

Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, N. Y.

1 Noble, wealthy, and distinguished family of Russia; founded by a serf,

Nikita (c. 1665 [c. 1656]-c. 1725), fortune amassed through arms and mines.

Besides the gift of museum of natural history to the University of Moscow,

Paul G., traveller and scientist, also presented a Demidoff-Museum to

Yaroslavl.

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (1)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER GASTRO-

PODS OF Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. By Gordon K. MacMillan

(Proc. Nova Scotian Institute of Science 23: 389. 1955). In-

cluding four Sphaeriidae, some 64 species and subspecies are

enumerated, a considerable number being first records for Nova

Scotia.

The genus Biomphalaria and its relations to other Pla-

NORBiDAE. By Hugh Watson. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 49: 209-

220. 1954. — A subfamily Biomphalariinae, including Planor-

hina (Australorhis) , Tropicorhis and possibly Taphius, seems

intermediate between Bulininae and other Planorbidae. — H. B. B.

Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in

1926. XI. Drymaeus. By Alan Solem, Oc. P. Mus. Zoo. Univ.

Mich. 566: 1-20, pis. 1-5. 1955.— Anatomical notes, with D.

droueti deletus and D. nexacanus as new. — H. B. B.

A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MOLLUSKS OF LiNNAEUS. Part

3. The genera Bulla and Voluta of the class Gastropoda. By

Henry Dodge. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 107 (1) : 1-157.

1955. — Thorough discussions of the synonymy and present sys-

tematics of the species lumped in these two composite genera

are presented. Would not the discussions be more usable if the

accepted species names were also included in the titles, e.g.,

Bulla ovum = Ovula ovumf — H. B. B.

Marine mollusks collected during the "Askoy" expedi-

tion TO Panama, Columbia, and Ecuador in 1941. By Leo

George Hertlein and A. M. Strong. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

107 (2) : 165-317, 3 pis. 1955. — This report gives synonymies,

type localities, ranges, materials examined and often habitats of

the forms collected. New spp. and subsp. are: Tellina ehurnea

askoyana, Ensis tropicalis, Cymatosyrinx roseola, Lioglypho-

stoma armstrongi and Natica caneloensis. New genera are:

Hindsiclava and Notocytharella, both in Turridae. — H. B. B.

Comparative morphological investigations into the sper-

miogenesis among Mollusca. By Ake Franzen. Zoo. Bidrag

Uppsala 30 : 399-456, 2 pis. 1955.— The primitive kind of meta-

zoan sperm is found in chitons, solenogastres, pelecypods and

scaphopods. In gastropods, it occurs in Diotocardia, except

Neritidae. In most other prosobranchs, including " ScaW and

Janthina, the middle piece is more elongate. In the Pulmonata,

Opisthobranchia and the (related?) Pyramidellidae, it develops

a spiral structure. — H. B. B.

The Nautilus

Vol. 70 OCTOBER, 1956 No. 2

NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF A

MYA PREDATOR

By AETHUR HADDLETON CLARKE, JR.

Dead shells of Nassarms trivittatus (Say) '^^ are often abun-

dant in beach drift throughout New England, but because they

are inconspicuous burrowers, ordinary collecting methods usu-

ally yield only a few living specimens, and often none at all.

Dead shells of this species are commonly perforated with small

round holes, presumably drilled by Lunatia heros Say,^^ a snail

well known for its widespread predation of Mya arenaria Linne

and other mollusks.

On July 17, 1955 while wading on the sand flats of Dane

Street Beach in Beverly, Massachusetts, the writer and his family

observed Nassarms trivittatus swarming on the under sides of

"sand collars," e^^ masses of Lunatia heros. Many of the sand

collars were almost completely denuded of eggs, and all visible

sand collars were under mass attack. Forty-six Nassarius were

removed from a single sand collar, and approximately 2000 of

these snails were collected alive in less than 30 minutes.

Although not necessarily conclusive, these observations indi-

cate that predation of Lunatia heros eggs by Nassarius trivittatus

may be an important mechanism by which populations of this

Mya predator are kept within reasonable limits. Lunatia heros

occurs from the intertidal zone to over 200 fathoms, far beyond

the bathymetric range of Nassarius trivittattis, and if Lunatia

reproduction takes place at such depths the eggs are probably

subject to predation by other gastropods, possibly by various

species of Lora.

It should be mentioned here that although Mya arenaria is

rare at Dane Street Beach, Tellina agilis Stimpson ^^ is common,

and there is an exceedingly dense population of Gemma gemma

1 Formerly (a) Nassa trivittatus (Say), (b) Natica heros Say and

Polineces heros (Say), and (c) Tellina tenera Say, of authors.

37

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

(Totten). These species, together with Nassarius trivittatus,

probably constitute the main food supply of Lunatia heros -

at this locality.

Five hundred specimens of Nassarius trivittatus were ran-

domly selected from the above sample and the length of each

was measured to the nearest millimeter in an effort to determine

the age group structure of the population. No discrete age

groups were apparent. The number of individuals in each size

group is included below for the use of future investigators.

7 mm.: 1 11 mm.: 112 15 mm.: 19

8 mm. : 11 12 mm. : 99 16 mm. : 8

9 mm.: 39 13 mm.: 82 17 mm.: 7

10 mm. : 85 14 mm. : 35 18 mm. : 2

In addition to normal sculpture, most of the specimens ex-

hibited one or more, somewhat irregular, variously placed, longi-

tudinal grooves or ridges. Such irregularities were often seen

on the body whorl near the aperture, but occurred with similar

frequency on individuals from all size groups. These markings

are probably indicative of discontinuous growth, but are ap-

parently useless for age determination.

NOTES ON THE FRESHWATER MUSSELS OF

NEW GUINEA

By DONALD F. MoMICHAEL

The Australian Museum, Sydney i

The freshwater mussels of New Guinea have been studied in

connection with a forthcoming revision of the group in the

Australasian region. While our knowledge of the Australian and

New Zealand species is still not complete, the problems remain-

ing for solution are mainly those of distribution and the status

(species or subspecies) to be accorded the known forms. On

the other hand. New Guinea remains virtually an unexplored

territory as far as this group of moUusks is concerned. This

2 Young Polineces duplicatus (Say) can subsist on Gemma gemma.

See Turner, H. J. (1951), Fourth Eeport on Investigations of the Shell-

fisheries of Massachusetts. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department

of Conservation, Division of Marine Fisheries.

1 By permission of the Trustees.

October, 1956] the nautilus 39

island has an area of over 300,000 square miles, yet all the

material available to me and also that which has been recorded

in literature has been collected from no more than 17 localities

(see map).

The following notes represent a tabulation of our knowledge

to date of the New Guinea freshwater mussels, including all the

records in literature known to me, as well as those which have

been found in the several collections studied, but not yet re-

corded. Two or three lots have been found which gTeatly

extend the range of known species, and one of these is described

herein as a new subspecies. In addition, a new genus is neces-

sary for the reception of one bizarre species.

In the locality records which follow each species, the following

abbreviations for museum collections are used:

A.M. = Australian Museum, Sydney.

Q.M. = Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

S.A.M. = South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

M.C.Z. = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

M.Z.U.M. = Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan.

A.N.S.P. = Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn-

sylvania.

C.N.H.M. = Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illi-

nois.

B.M. = British Museum (Natural History), London.

Family MUTELIDAE— Subfamily Velesunioninae

Genus Velesunio Iredale, 1934

Velesunio sentaniensis (Haas), 1924, (New Combination).

Nova Guinea, 15: 72-74, pi. 2, fig. 6, text-figs. 4-12, (based

on paratvpes of Unio heauforti Bavay, 1908, Nova Guinea, 5:

291) ; Jutting, 1933, Nova Guinea, 17 : 73-74, text fig^s. 3-10.

Ty2:>e Locality: Lake Sentani, Dutch New Guinea. Records:

Lake Sentani (Bavay, 1908; Haas, 1924); Moaif, Dutch New

Guinea (Haas, 1924) ; HoUandia, Dutch New Guinea (Jutting,

1933; M.Z.U.M.; C.N.H.M.); Aitape, Australian Territory of

New Guinea, (M.C.Z.) ; Watut River at junction of Markham

River, Australian Territorv of New Guinea ( S.A.M. ), Buna Bay,

Papua (S.A.M.).

This relatively well known little species is very similar to

certain forms of Velesunio angasi (Sowerby) from northern

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

Australia, and I have no hesitation in assigning it to this genus.

Haas (1924) has given details of the anatomy v^'hich confirms

this opinion.

Velesunio ovatus (Haas), 1910, (New Combination).

Nadir. Bl. deutsch. Mai. Gesellsch., 42: 100; Haas, 1913,

Conch. Cal., 9, Abt. 2, Pt. 2: 161, pi. 16, fig. 5; Haas, 1924,

Nova Guinea, 15 : 71.

Type Locality: New Guinea (Fly River?) ( ? = Konstantin-

hafen, Australian Territory of New Guinea, fide Haas, 1924).

Knovim only from the types.

The doubtful locality of this species and the remarkable re-

semblance it bears to the Australian species Velesunio ambiguus

suggest that some error has occurred and that the shells were, in

fact, Australian. It has not been recorded again since its de-

scription, but considering the paucity of material from New

Guinea, this does not rule out the possibility of its being from

that island. Until we have further knowledge of this faunula, it

is left among the New Guinea species.

Velesunio wilsonii (Lea), 1859, (New Combination).

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia for 1859 (Vol. 11) : 153;

Haas, 1924, Nova Guinea, 15: 75, pi. 2, fig. 3; Johnson, 1948,

Nautilus, 62: 47.

Type Locality: Eastern Branch of Isaac's Plains, N.S.W.

(= Isaac's River, Queensland).

Haas, 1924, recorded a specimen from the Bailala River ( =

Vailala River), Papua, under the name Hyridella wilsonii (Lea)

but the figure does not look much like the typical Australian

form of this species. However Johnson, 1948, recorded a speci-

men under the name Hyridella anodontaeformis (Tapp. Canefri)

from the Marco River at Merauke, Dutch New Guinea, which

belongs here. I have examined Johnson's specimen (M.C.Z.

No. 158459) and although it differs in a number of ways from

the normal Australian form, it is not described as a new race

on the grounds of lack of adequate material and the fact that

the characters may be only ecophenotypical. The locality is

comparatively near the Australian mainland, and a population

of this species could have been established there by passive dis-

persal from Australia.

October, 1956] the nautilus 41

Genus Microdontia Tapparone Canefri, 1883

Microdontia anodontaeformis Tapparone Canefri, 1883.

Ann. Mils. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 19: 295-296, pi. 11, figs.

3-5; Haas, 1913, Conch. Cah., 9, Abt. 2, Pt. 2: 162, pi. 16, fig. 6;

Haas, 1924, Nova Guinea, 15: 69-71, pi. 2, figs. 1 & 2, text fig. 3.

Synonym: Unio heaiiforti Bavay, 1908, Nova Guinea, 5: 291, pi.

14, fig. 16, (According to Haas, 1924).

Type Locality: Fly River, Papiia {U. heauforti= Jamuv

Lake, Dutch New Guinea, not Lake Sentani, fide Haas, 1924).

Records: Fly River, Papua (Tapparone Canefri, 1883) ; Attack

Point, Fly River (A.M.) ; Bailala River, Papua (Haas, 1924) ;

Jamur Lake, Dutch New Guinea (Bavay, 1908) ; Sepik River,

Australian Territory of New Guinea (A.M.).

Haas (1924) placed the subgenus Microdontia Tapp. Canefri

in the synonymy of ^'Hyridella Swainson," but it is here con-

sidered to be worthy of generic rank. A large series in the

Australian Museum reveals that the rostration of the shell is

constant and that the characters of the hinge teeth and muscle

scars are sufficient for generic separation from Hyridella auct.

(not of Swainson, see McMichael, 1955). The form described

as Unio heauforti Bavay is considered by Haas (1924) to be a

synonym of the present species. The correct type locality of

U. heauforti is Jamur Lake (on the authority of the collector,

de Beaufort, fide Haas, 1924), not Lake Sentani as given by

Bavay. Specimens from the latter locality have been renamed

by Haas (see Velesunio sentaniensis above). Despite the fact

that Haas examined the type of U. heauforti and claimed

Bavay 's figure and description to be imperfect, I find it difficult

to believe that the two forms are synonymous, especially in view

of Haas' figure 3.

Genus Westralunio Iredale, 1934

Westralunio flyensis (Tapparone Canefri), 1883, (New Com-

bination).

Ann. 3Ius. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 19: 293-294, text fig. 1;

Simpson, 1914, Catalogue of the Naiades, 3 : 1295 ; Haas, 1924,

Nova Guinea, 15: 7, pi. 2, fig. 4 and ? fig. 5.

Type Locality: Fly River, Papua. Records: Fly River, Papua

(Tapp. Canefri, 1883; A.M.); Sabang Lager, Dutch New

Guinea (= Sabang Village, 4° 47' S. Lat., 138° 47' E. Long.)

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

(Haas, 1924, after Schepman, 1919) ; Strickland River, Papua

(A.M.); Aipiana, St. Joseph's River, Papua (Q.M.).

This distinctive species bears a close resemblance to the

Western Australian species W. carteri Iredale in several char-

acters, though it is separated by an immense geographical gap

from that species. Comparatively recent changes in the climate

of Australia may account for this, and the species are therefore

considered congeneric for the time being. Simpson (1914) in

assigning flyensis to the Australian group Diplodon (Hyridella)

was the first to suggest any close relationship between a New

Guinea species and the Australian mussel fauna. The shell

from Sabang considered by Haas to belong here appears, from

the figure, to be quite different and is only provisionally re-

ferred to this species.

Subfamily Hydridellinae

Genus Leiovirgus Haas, 1912

Leiovirgus misoolensis (Schepman), 1897. PI. 2, figs. 6 & 7.

Notes Leyden Museum, 18 : 259, text fig. ; Drouet, 1897, Journ.

de Conchyl., 45 : 125-126 ; Simpson, 1900, Proc. United States

National Mus., 22: 852; Haas, 1912, Conch. Cab., 9, Abt. 2, Pt.

2: 133, pi. 13, fig. 3; Haas, 1923, Ahh. Senckenherg. Nat.

Gesellsch, 58 : 193 ; Haas, 1924, Nova Guinea, 15 : 67 ; Riech, 1937,

Arch. Naturgesch. (Leipzig), 6: 86-87.

Type Locality: Island of Misool (Mysol), Dutch New Guinea.

Records: Misool (Schepman, 1897) ; Sorong, Dutch New Guinea

(C.N.H.M.); Fly River, Papua (A.M.).

The unfortunate association of the genus Leiovirgus with

Virgus Simpson has obscured the true relationship of the present

group. While Leiovirgus belongs with the Australian forms of

the genus Hyridella Swainson, Virgus is of quite different

affinity, belonging with the subfamily Cucumerunioninae (see

below). The present form was considered by Riech to belong

in a rassenkreis with L. lorentzi (Schepman) and L. guppyi

(Smith), on the grounds that there is a progressive increase

in relative height of the shell from misoolensis in the west to

guppyi in the east. However, the shells differ in other charac-

ters, especially guppyi, which is here ranked as an eastern rep-

resentative of Leiovirgus, the main distribution of the species

October, 1956]

THE NAUTILUS

43

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

being" the Solomon Islands, with a new race to be described

below from the New Guinea mainland. On the other hand,

lorentzi and misoolensis are rather similar, and I had intended

to list them as subspecies, but the discovery of the right valve of

a shell which agrees closely with the figured type of misoolensis,

on a native ornament from the Fly Kiver district, has led me to

believe that typical misoolensis occurs right along the south-

western coast of New Guinea from the Vogelkop to the Fly

River, and that lorentzi is probably a different species. It may

be, on the other hand, only an ecophenotypical variant of misool-

ensis, its appearance suggesting a shell which has grown under

optimal conditions (judging from Schepman's figure). The

Fly River shell, here figured, is more sinuate along the ventral

margin than the figured type of misoolensis, but it appears to

be somewhat distorted through injury. As should be mentioned

here, Leiovirgus Haas, 1912, Conch. Cab., 9, Abt. 2, Pt. 2 : 132,

type species Z7. misoolensis Schepman, 1897, has priority over

Nesonaia Haas, 1912, Conch Cab., 9, Abt. 2, Pt. 2: 137, type

species, Unio guppyi Smith, 1885, because the names were pub-

lished in separate livraisons, the former dated 15-2-12 and the

latter 25-2-12. The names are undoubtedly subjective syno-

nyms.

Leiovirgus lorentzi (Schepman), 1919.

Nova Guinea, 13: 186-187, pi. 7, fig. 2; Haas, 1923, Ahh.

Senckenherg. Nat. Gesellsch., 38: 194; Haas, 1924, Nova Guinea,

15: 67-68, pi. 2, fig. 9, text figs. 1 & 2; Riech, 1937, Arch.

Naturgesch. (Leipzig), 6: 86-87.

Type Locality: Alkmaar, Dutch New Guinea (Alkmaar village,

Lat. 4° 40' S., Long. 138° 43' E., on the Lorentz River. This

locality and Sabang (see above under W. flyensis) are shown

on the map in Van Nouhuys, 1913, Nova Guinea, 1, Livr. 1, Taf .

4). Known only from the types.

For discussion of the systematic position of this species see

above under L. misoolensis. Haas (1924) gives details of the

anatomy of this species.

Leiovirgus guppyi aipianus ssp. nov. PI. 2, figs. 1 & 2.

The species L. guppyi (Smith), 1885, has been known for

many years from the several islands of the Solomon Group.

October, 1956] the nautilus 45

The following locality records are available : Shortland Island:

(Types, B.M.; Haas, 1912; M.Z.U.M. ; Guadalcanal: Aola and

Marassa (Riech, 1937), Aola, Cavaga Creek, and Marovovo

(M.C.Z.); Malaita: Buma (Riech, 1937; Haas, 1930), Fui

( ? = Fiu) (A.N.S.P.) ; San distoval: Kira Kira (Riech, 1937) ;

Bougainville: Mamalomino (Reich, 1937) ; Santa Isabel: Fula-

kora (M.C.Z.); Ugi Island (A.M.).

Notably two large islands are not included in these records,

Choiseul and New Georgia.

In the Queensland Museum are two shells from Aipiana on

the St. Joseph's River (=Angabunga River), collected by

Charles Hedley in 1890. These shells differ from the two forms

described from the western part of New Guinea {misoolensis

and lorenizi) but are quite similar in form, sculpture and hinge

characters to guppyi. The shells are a little less winged than

typical g^ippyi, and the hinge teeth are not quite so strongly

developed, though they are juveniles. The beaks are more

medially situated, being about one-quarter of the length from

the anterior end, whereas in typical guppyi they are between

one-sixth and one-seventh. The Aipiana shells are relatively

higher at the position of the beaks than typical guppyi, this

being the cause of the absence of the winged appearance. Thus,

while the maximum height of the Aipiana shells relative to the

length is similar to guppyi (about 50%), the height at the

The Aipiana population is here named as a new subspecies,

Leiovirgus guppyi aipianns, the holotype being No. Mo.2798

in the collection of the Queensland Museum, while the paratype

has been lodged in the Australian Museum, No. 62203. The

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

dimensions in mm. of the types, and of comparable specimens

of L. guppyi guppyi are given below.

The discovery of a population of Leiovirgus guppyi in the

southern part of New Guinea suggests that the species may be

much more widely distributed than had been thought previously.

It maj^ occur over much of southern New Guinea and possibly

on the larger islands of the Bismarck Archipelago.

Subfamily Cucumerunioninae

Genus Virgus Simpson, 1900

ViRGUs BECCARiANus (Tapparouc Canefri), 1883.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 19 : 291-292, pi. 11, fig. 2.

Synonym: TJnio mattirolii Tapparone Canefri, 1883, Ann. Mus.

Civ. 8tor. Nat. Genova, 19 : 292-293, text fig. i. Simpson, 1900,

Proc. United States Nat. Mus., 22: 852; Haas, 1912, Conch.

Cab., 9, Abt. 2, Pt. 2: 129, pL 13, fig. 1, and p. 131, pi. 13, fig.

2 ; Haas, 1924, Nova Guinea, 15 : 66 & 67.

Type Locality: Fly River, Papua (both heccarianiis and

mattirolii). Records: Fly River (Tapparone Canefri, 1883;

A.M.) ; ''British New Guinea" (M.Z.U.M.).

As suggested above, the genus Virgus is considered to have

nothing to do with Leiovirgus, but to belong with the Australian

species Cucumerunio novaehollandiae (Gray) and certain New

Zealand forms in the subfamily Cucumerunioninae. The two

species TJ. heccariunus and U. mattirolii were described together

by Tapp. Canefri, from the same lot. Tapp. Canefri considered

that the species were separable in large series even though each

showed some variability. The two forms are, however, very

similar and a large series in the Australian Museum reveals that

the characters on which they were separated are so variable as to

be of little taxonomic value at this level. Possibly the two

forms represent different ecophenotypes, or variants of a poly-

morphic species. In either case, I have no hesitation in placing

mattirolii as a subjective synonym of heccarianus. Although

the two names were published simultaneously, 'beccarianus has

page priority, is the more common form, and was named as the

type of Virgus. I therefore select it as the name to be used for

this species.

October, 1956] the nautilus 47

Family UNIONIDAE — subfamily Rectidentinae

Haasodonta gen. nov.

Type Species: Hyridella fanny ae Johnson, 1948, Nautilus,

62 : 47-48.

Description: Freshwater mussels, of almost anodontine facies,

probably belonging to the subfamily Rectidentinae Modell.

Hinge line long and straight; hinge simple, with elongate,

lamellar, lateral and cardinal teeth ; shells compressed anteriorly,

swollen posteriorly, particularly along the posterior ridge which

is greatly expanded ; posterior-dorsal margin winged, so that the

greatest length posterior to the beaks is just below the dorsal

margin (hinge-line); periostracum brown; shell substance of

moderate thickness.

This genus is apparently allied to Physunio Simpson from

which it may have been derived. It may be distinguished from

that genus by the heavier shell and much more swollen posterior

ridge. The hinge line is straight, whereas in Physunio it is

gently curved. There is no evidence of the development of a

third lateral tooth in Haasodonta. Since this new genus is

based on the single known specimen of H. fannyae, its precise

limits cannot be defined. Anatomical investigation will prove

or disprove the suggested relationship with Physunio and the

subfamily Rectidentinae, as that group differs greatly in

anatomy from the other New Guinea and Australian groups.

Meanwhile, the peculiarity of form in the species, which bears

little resemblance to any of the species of Hyridella or Vele-

sunioy demands the erection of a new genus for its reception.

Haasodonta fannyae (Johnson), 1948, (New Combination).

PI. 2, figs. 3 to 5.

Nautilus, 62: 47-48, pi. 3, fig. 1.

Type Locality: Marco River at Merauke, Dutch New Guinea.

Records: Known onlv from the unique holotype (M.C.Z. No.

160663).

The affinity with Physunio suggested above, if proven, means

that the species is a member of the family Unionidae, as distinct

from the family Mutelidae which includes all the remainder

of the Australasian species. It seems probable that the Aus-

tralian-New-Zealand-New Guinea mutelids have been isolated in

this region along with the marsupials and other ancient groups

since the Cretaceous and that Haasodonta fannyae is a relatively

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

recent immigrant from Indo-Malaya. To date it is the only

non- Australasian element in this faunula. (The family Muteli-

dae occurs in Africa, southern South America and Australasia,

while the Unionidae is found in Europe, Asia, North America,

northern South America and Africa. The Indo-Malayan species

are all Unionidae, with the exception of a few aberrant forms

of the family Mycetopodinae.)

References

Haas, F. 1924, Unsere Bisherigen Kenntnisse der Najaden-

fauna Neu Guineas. Nova Guinea, 15 : 65-76, pi. 2.

McMiCHAEL, D. F. 1955, The Identity and Validity of Hyri-

delta australis (Lamarck) 1819. Nautilus, 69 : 6-13.

MoDELL, H. 1942, Das Naturliche System der Najaden. Arch,

fur Mollusk., 74: 161-191, Taf. 5-7; 1949, Ibid., 78: 29-46.

DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING GLYCYMERIDS WITH

A NEW SPECIES FROM BERMUDA

By DAVID NICOL

U. S. National Museum i

Living members of the pelecypod family Glycymeridae can

be divided into two large groups of species, and in a general

way these two groups can be distinguished on the basis of the

ornamentation on the exterior of the shell or, more specifically,

the kind of ribs each has. The more ancient, more widely

distributed geographically, and more numerous in species is the

group typified by Glycymeris, sensu stricto. This group has

shown relatively little change in ornamentation since the Gly-

cymeridae first appeared in the early Cretaceous. Basically, the

Glycymeris group has wide and relatively flat radial ribs

with superimposed radial striae. Furthermore, living specimens

usuall}^ have a luxuriant development of hair-like periostracum.

Other genera and subgenera that can be placed in the Glycymeris

group are Glycymerula Finlay and Marwick, 1937 ; Veletuceta

Iredale, 1931; Glycymerella Woodring, 1925; and Pseudaxinea

Monterosato, 1892. Pseudaxinea does not have radial striae

on the large ribs, but the remaining morphologic characters

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu-

tion.

THE NAUTILUS 70 (2)

PLATE 2

1, Leiovirgus guppyi aipianus ssp. nov., type, Q.M. Number Mo. 2798.

(X 1.2). 2, Leiovirgus guppyi aipianus ssp. nov., A.M. Number C. 62203.

(X 1.2). 3-5, Eaasodonta fanny ae (Johnson), type, M.C.Z. Number

160663. (X .8). 6-7, Leiovirgus misoolensis (Scliepman), Fly Eiver,

Papua; A.M. Number C.62204. (X 8).

THE NAUTILUS 70 (2)

PLATE 3

Both figures X 3; holotype of Tucetona suhfilis Nicol, n. sp. ; U. S. N. M.

610128. 1. Exterior view. 2. Interior view.

October, 1956]

THE NAUTILUS

49

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

are like Glycymeris, sensu stricto. This large group has species

in tropical and temperate waters and a few in cold waters, but

it is never found in true arctic conditions.

The second group is typified by the genus Tucetona. The

radial ribs are raised and are either simple or divided. Super-

imposed radial striae are never present, and there is little or no

periostracum on living specimens. Besides Tucetona Iredale,

1931, other genera and subgenera belonging to this group are

Axinactis Morch, 1861; Grandaxinaea Iredale, 1931; and very

likely Melaxinaea Iredale, 1930; and Tucetilla Iredale, 1939.

This group does not appear in the geologic record before the

Eocene, and it is not abundantly represented by species before

late Oligocene. Except around Australia and New Zealand, the

Tucetona group is confined to warm waters; and where this

group invades cooler waters, the prominent raised ribs tend to

become flatter, as exemplified by Grandaxinaea, New Zealand,

and Tucetona flabellata (Tennison-Woods), Victoria and Tas-

mania, the type species, by original designation, of Tucetona

Iredale, 1931.

The map included with this paper brings out further details

concerning the distribution of the Glycymeridae. The Tucetona

group is found in the Indo-Pacific area, including all of Aus-

tralia, New Zealand, and southern Japan ; it is also found in the

Panamic province, in the Caribbean province, and along the

Atlantic coast of North America as far north as Cape Hatteras

and as far east as Bermuda. I have recorded one occurrence off

the coast of Brazil but have not recorded a very questionable

report of the Tucetonu group from southwestern Africa. It is

interesting to note that the Tucetona group probably does not

occur in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

and is poorly represented, as to number of species, in the

Caribbean region. However, the Tucetona group may be the

only one represented in the islands of the central and eastern

Pacific Ocean ; for example, although several species of glyci-

merids have been reported from Hawaii, none belongs to the

Glycymeris group. In general, glycymerids of both groups are

poorly represented around coral atolls.

The Glycymeris group is more widely distributed, although

the exact limits of distribution in the northern Pacific Ocean and

along the coast of northern Europe could not be ascertained by

October, 1956] the nautilus 51

the published records, some of which are obsolete and inaccurate,

particularly those on the western European region. The exact

southern limits along* the coasts of South America may also be

somewhat inaccurate, but in all cases the general pattern of

distribution is clear. Included in the references are my main

sources of information on geographic distribution outside of the

collection at the U. S. National Museum.

At least two species belonging to the Tucetona group occur

in the western Atlantic region. One of them is the widely dis-

tributed and variable species Tucetona pectinata (Gmelin) ; the

other is a new species from Bermuda, described as follows.

Tucetona subtilis Nicol, n. sp. PL 3, figs. 1-2.

Type specimens — Holotype U. S. N. M. 610128. Paratypes

(18) U. S. N. M. 610129. Paratypes (8) U. S. N. M. 610130.

Description — Shell porcellaneous; largest specimen height

11.5 mm., length 12.0 mm. ; outline circular in small and medium-

sized specimens, posterior end somewhat produced in large

specimens ; length greater than height in large specimens, more

nearly equal in small and medium-sized specimens ; ratio of con-

vexity to height in 27 specimens ranges from 0.51 to 0.66, averag-

ing 0.60 ; number of ribs ranges from 44 to 58, averaging 50 ; ribs

raised, nearly equal in size, gently rounded on top, crossed by

fine concentric striae which tend to give an imbricated appear-

ance, ribs generally wider than interspaces at ventral border, no

radial striae on ribs; crenulations on interior ventral border

small, numerous, ranging from 24 to 39, averaging 32, rectangu-

lar, generally narrower than interspaces; umbones not promi-

nent, beaks directed slightly toward the posterior side ; ligament

amphidetic, ligamental chevrons ranging in number from 1 to 4,

ligamental area small ; hinge teeth symmetrically arranged, rang-

ing in number from 6 to 21, averaging 14, generally fewer teeth

in smaller specimens.

The most closely related species morphologically, geographi-

cally, and chronologically to Tucetona suhtiUs is Tucetona

pectinata (Gmelin). The most striking difference between the

two species on casual observation is the ribbing. Tucetona

subtilis has more numerous and finer ribs than Tucetona pecti-

nata. In number, the average for Tucetona stihtiUs is 50 and

for Tucetona pectinata 32. However, there are some specimens

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

of Tucetona pectinata (including variety carinata Dall) that

have tiny intercalated ribs, which are best seen with the aid

of a hand lens; five such specimens were included in the 27

specimens examined. When these intercalated ribs are added

to the number of primary ribs, the average number of radial

ribs in Tucetona pectinata is 41 ; one of the 27 specimens had

60; and one specimen had only 23. The number of ribs in

Tucetona, suhtilis is much less variable.

The most consistent difference between Tucetona suhtilis and

Tucetona pectinata is in the number of crenulations on the

interior ventral border. Crenulations are important in glycy-

merids because they commonly reflect the primary ribs. Speci-

mens of Tucetona pectinata examined ranged from 11 to 23

crenulations per shell, averaging 18. Examined specimens of

Tucetona suhtilis exhibited a range of 24 to 39 crenulations

per shell, averaging 32. Generally, the crenulations on shells of

Tucetona pectinata are larger and the interspaces proportion-

ately smaller than those of Tucetona suhtilis.

Tucetona arata (Conrad) has fewer ribs (about 28), which

are more widely spaced than in Tucetona suhtilis. Further-

more, Tucetona arata has only about 15 crenulations on the in-

terior ventral border. Tucetona chariest onensis (Holmes) and

Tucetona, arata floridana (Olsson and Harbison) have even fewer

ribs than Tucetona arata; thus they are quite unlike Tucetona

suhtilis.

The 27 specimens of Tucetona suhtilis came from tw^o dredging

stations located off the south shore of Bermuda : station S2

(Lowenstam) at about 100 fathoms (the holotype was selected

from this lot) ; and station S6 (Lowenstam) at about 50

fathoms. The specimens all are Recent in age.

I wish to thank Dr. Heinz A. Lowenstam of the California

Institute of Technology for the privilege of describing this new

species of glycymerid which he discovered in Bermuda waters.

The drafting on the distribution map was done by Mr. Lawrence

B. Isham, and the photographs of the new species were made by

Dr. G. Arthur Cooper, both of the U. S. National Museum.

References

Conrad, T. A. 1838-1861, Fossils of the [medial Tertiary

or] Miocene formation of the United States, 89 pp., 49 pis.,

Judah Dobson, Philadelphia.

October, 1956] the nautilus 53

Dall, W. H. 1898, Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of

Florida, etc.: Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. 3, pt. 4,

pp. 571-916, pis. 23-35.

Holmes, F. S. 1858-1860, Post-Pleiocene fossils of South-Caro-

lina, 122 pp., 28 pis., Russell & Jones, Charleston, S. C.

KuRODA, T., and T. Habe. 1952, Check list and biblography of

the Recent marine Mollusca of Japan, 210 pp., Leo W. Stach,

Tokyo.

Lamy, E. 1912, Revision des Pectunculus vivants du Museum

d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris: Jour, de Conch., vol. 59, no. 2,

pp. 81-156, pis. 2-3.

Olsson, a. a., and Harbison, Anne. 1953, Pliocene Mollusca

of southern Florida with special reference to those from North

Saint Petersburg: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monographs

— No. 8, 457 pp., 65 pis.

WiLLETT, G. 1944, Northwest American species of Glycimeris:

Southern California Acad. Sci., Bull., vol. 42, pt. 3, pp. 107-

114, pis. 11-12.

THE POLYMORPHISM OF THE JAPANESE

LITTLENECK CLAM

By R. F. SHAW

Department of Zoology, University of California at Berkeley i

In a polymorphic species, it is desirable to know whether

the polymorphism is environmentally or genetically controlled

and what adaptive value, if any, is associated with the differ-

ent forms.

These questions are taken up here for the Japanese littleneck

clam, Tapes semidecussaia. This species has been introduced on

the Pacific Coast in recent years from Japan where the vari-

ability of its shell patterns was described by Taki (1941). The

biology and synonymy are summarized by Fitch (1953) and

Cahn (1951).

Heredity and Environment. This clam shows a great variety

of different shell patterns, and in the young there are also a

number of different colors. The colors fade with time or on

drying of the shell, so very large clams show only a dull brown

1 Adapted from master 's thesis. Present address : Dept. Biostatistics,

Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh.

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

or tan color, but the pattern of pigment deposition is still dis-

tinguishable. Some patterns are found again and again. The

most prominent of these are named and shown in Plates 4 and 5.

It might be thought that different patterns of pigmentation

of the complexity shown here must be genetically determined.

But the environment is known to produce a great effect on the

appearance of some mollusks. Purchon (1939) showed a re-

lationship between the number of ribs in Cardium edule and

the nature of the substrate and degree of salinity of the water.

Miller (1922) showed a marked effect of salinity on shell form

in the ship worm, Teredo navalis; and Moore (1936) has shown

that both shell form and pigmentation in Purpura lapillus \Siry

with the nature of the diet. The demonstration of such effects

in other mollusks makes it necessary to determine whether or

not the pattern types of the Japanese littleneck vary with factors

of the environment. This was done in the following way.

In 1948 and 1949 a number of samples of this species were

collected at San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay where the

animal was most abundant. The environmental factors selected

for consideration were (1) intertidal height and (2) texture of

the substrate, since these factors are usually of great importance

in the biology of marine intertidal organisms.

Samples Avere taken on a falling tide and at the water's edge

so that by knowing the time, the intertidal height could be

computed. Information concerning the tidal curve for this

locality was supplied by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

In order to have the same area for each sample, a rectangular

sieve with an area of 2.2 square feet was used to mark off the

area to be sampled. All the mud and gravel together with the

clams buried in it were removed from each sample area down

to a depth of about three inches or at least far enough to in-

clude all the clams.

Samples so collected were removed in buckets and treated in

the following manner. The material from each sample was

measured out in quarts into a sieve with i/g inch mesh. All the

fine material was then sluiced out with a garden hose, the gravel

and all the clams being left. The clams were removed, and the

remaining gravel measured in quarts. The percentage of gravel

in the sample was computed and this value recorded as an index

October, 1956] the nautilus 55

of the nature of the substrate. The clams were measured and

classified according to pattern.

Altogether eighteen samples including 1713 clams were col-

lected in the manner described. These are summarized in

Table I. The samples come from diverse substrates and varying

intertidal heights. If, therefore, intertidal height and nature

of the substrate are factors in the determination of the patterns,

this situation should be apparent from the samples.

The whole series was analyzed by the chi-square test to see

if the frequencies of the different pattern categories vary sig-

nificantly from one sample to another. Table 2 gives the ob-

served frequencies of pattern groups and the results of the

test. The chi-square value obtained corresponds to a probability

of about 0.15 which does not indicate a significant deviation.

In other words, the different pattern groups are randomly

distributed through the sample series.

' No sample was designated by the letter "I".

The chi-square test considers only the magnitude of the

deviations from the expected values, and not the direction of the

deviations. It might therefore be that the pattern type fre-

quencies in the different samples really do not deviate randomly

from the mean frequencies, but show a consistent, though small,

change with some environmental factor. For this reason, graphs

were made showing the percentages of the different pattern

groups in relation to the two main environmental factors studied.

These graphs showed no trend for the pattern group fre-

quencies in relation to any of the environmental factors or

number in the sample. The conclusion drawn from the chi-

square test that the series of samples was drawn from a uniform

population with regard to the frequencies of the different pat-

tern groups was thus accepted as correct.

One would say from this that the environmental factors in-

3 Chi-square test on the null hypothesis: X^ = 85.37, n = 68, p = 0.15.

Conclusion : Differences from sample to sample not greater than expected by

chance.

THE NAUTILUS 70 (2)

PLATE 4

H^l I

Upper: "asymmetric" pattern; only one out of 128 had the stripe on

the riglit valve. Lower : ' ' spot ' ' pattern, characterized by spot near

umbo.

THE NAUTILUS 70 (2)

PLATE 5

'T^'^yrr?— — — *y~!^g,";?j'y^^

iff.

Upper : ' ' white cap ' ' pattern, characterized by unpigmented region at

umbo. Lower: "lined" pattern, characterized by irregular parallel lines.

October, 1956] the nautilus 57

vestig-ated, intertidal height and gravel content of the substrate,

as well as density of the population, do not influence the pattern

group frequencies. However, a broader conclusion may be sug-

gested. I believe that no environmental factor operating after

the time the larva settles on the beach determines the patterns.

The reason for this view is as follows: Intertidal height and

substrate are really complexes of environmental factors. Tem-

perature, for example, certainly varies with intertidal height.

Associated plants and animals are more common on certain

substrates and at certain intertidal heights. For the species

studied and the beach on which it was studied, I believe there

is no variable environmental factor not associated with either

intertidal height or substrate. It would follow from this that

if the pattern groups do not show correlation with intertidal

height and substrate that they are not determined by any factor

of the environment.

Differential Mortality. The fact ascertained in the preceding,

that the different pattern groups are randomly distributed with

regard to environmental factors, bears on another question be-

sides that just considered. This is the question of relative

mortality rates for the different patterns.

Clams differing in pattern might differ in more fundamental

ways. Clams of a particular pattern might for physiological

reasons be poorly suited to a given intertidal level or type of

substrate and have a higher mortality in these circumstances.

But this is not the situation reflected in the sample data, since

the different pattern groups do not vary significantly in fre-

quency with environmental factors.

Another possibility is that clams of different patterns have

different viabilities whatever the environment. Figure 1 shows

a frequency distribution for size for each pattern group. If

one takes into account the number of individuals, all the pattern

groups show essentially the same size distribution. At least

within the range of sizes represented, one pattern group does

not die off at a greater rate than another.

Further support for this conclusion is found in the following

observation. There occurred in the early months of 1949 a

period of heavy mortality of unknown cause. The beach at San

Mateo Point was covered with putrefying clams and empty

shells. In order to see if any selective mortality according to

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41

Lenqih ^ mm.

Fig. 1. Frequency distribution.

pattern could be demonstrated, dead clams were collected for

comparison with the sample series of Table 2. In two areas

every shell or dead clam at the surface was collected and these

collections pooled, making a total of 372 individuals. In Table

3 these are tabulated according to pattern group and compared

by the chi-square test to the 1713 taken alive. The probability

found indicates no significant difference ; that is, the dead clams

have the same frequencies of different pattern groups as those

collected alive.

Total 372 1713

* Chi-square test: X^ = 3.82, n = 4, P between 0.3 and 0.5. Conclusion:

Differences between the two collections not greater than expected by chance.

October, 1956] the nautilus 59

Thus the different patterns must be equally viable so far as

can be determined from the data.

Summary. The Japanese littleneck clam has complex patterns

of pigment deposition on the shell. A systematic collection of

1713 individuals of this species made at San Mateo Point on

San Francisco Bay was analyzed statistically for the effect of

intertidal height. The analysis of this data together with that

from a smaller sample taken at a time of heavy mortalit}^

shows no effect of environment in the production of the different

patterns, and no differences in viability of the different pattern

groups.

In conclusion, the pattern categories are apparently either

genetically determined or determined by some factor of the en-

vironment which operates prior to the settling of the larvae.

Also, the different pattern groups are, in post-larval life, equally

viable so far as can be determined by a samples series of the

size reported on here.

Literature Cited

Cahn, a. R. 1951. Clam Culture in Japan. Report no. 146,

Natural Resources Section, SCAP.

Fitch, J. E. 1953. Common Marine Bivalves of California.

Fish Bulletin no. 90, California, Dept. Fish and Game.

Miller, R. C. 1922. Variations in the shell of Teredo navalis

in San Francisco Bav. Univ. of Calif. Publ. Zool., 22 : 293-

328.

Moore, H. B. 1936. The biology of Purpura lapillus. I. Shell

variation in relation to environment. Jour, of the Marine

Biol. Assoc, of United Kingdom, 21: 61-89.

PuRCHON, R. D. 1939. The effect of environment upon the

shell of Cardium edule. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 23 : 256-

267.

Taki, Iwao. 1941. On the variation in the color pattern oi a

bivalve, Venerupis philippinarum, with special reference to its

bilateral asymmetry. Venus, 11 : 70-87.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND SNAILS IN PLANT

ASSOCIATIONS IN EASTERN VIRGINIA^

By JOHN B. BUECH

Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan

Most of our land snails feed upon vegetable matter, such as

foliage, the woody parts of seed plants in various stages of decay,

fungi, and probably to some extent on microorganisms living

in the soil and humus. The species composition and abundance

of fungi and soil microorganisms in turn are dependent, among

other things, on the type of vegetation. *'Most of the species

[of snails] found in soil consume organic debris. . . (Lutz

and Chandler, 1946). Strandine (1937, 1938, 1941) and Burch

(1955b) found a marked correlation between amount of organic

matter in the soil and humus and the distribution and abundance

of land snails. Since the bulk of organic residues in every

soil is furnished by plants, ''the general character of vegetation

will be a major factor in determining the quantity, distribution,

and general quality of soil organic matter, including humus"

(Nikiforoff, 1938). Organic matter in the soil is not only sig-

nificant in nutritional relationships but also in the physical and

mechanical properties of the soil such as structure, color, con-

sistency, and moisture-holding capacity. In forests, trees fur-

nish the principal source of organic matter in the soil and **the

contribution made by shrubby and herbaceous vegetation is

smaller. . ." (Lutz and Chandler, op. cit.). Thus, it is readily

apparent that the general ecology of forest snails is intimately

associated with the dominant plant cover. This study relates

the distribution and abundance of land snails in eastern Virginia

to major plant associations there.

Description of the Area.- Except for a few small tracts,

Virginia's forests are now second-growth timber (Craig, 1949).

1 From a M.S. thesis submitted to the Department of Biology, University

of Richmond, June, 1954. The cost of collecting this material was partly

defrayed by a grant from the Virginia Academy of Science. The author

•wishes to express thanks to the Biology staff of the University of Richmond

for criticism, encouragement and advice, and to Dr. Henry van der Schalie,

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for reading the manuscript.

2 A topographic and geologic description of the area investigated has

been published previously (Burch, 1955a,b) and will not be given here.

October, 1956]

THE NAUTILUS

61

SPECIES

PLffNT /JSSOCIffTION

^

/^ndu/spira aMernata. tw^ukta

/in^uispira fer^usoni

Car^ch/am ex/^uum

C/one/la. /otnca. morseana.

Co/umelU edeniala.

£uconu/as Cf>ersmos

O^stroeopta. armipera.

Gastrocoptd contra. eta.

&astroeopi(i penioJon

//ddJdffo- fn'maseala.

//elicoJiscc/S pardlelas

A/lesoJon appressus Sculpiior

AlesoJon ihi^roiJus

Puncium minatissimum

Pupoides albilahris

f?eiindla. barrin^ioni

Pe iinella- indent a to.

^Hindlo. rhoadsi

Siettoitema. hirsuium

^triQ-tara. mHiam

Strobilops denea.

St r obi lops kb<iHtiihic(L

Triodopsis a/bo/ahris

TrtodopSis pa //ax

Triodopsis hopetonensis

Triodopsis ^ridentataJuKtidii

Vdfloinia. exceninca,

Vefitndens sappressus mdjnidm

^enindsns h^ero.

Vertigo orata.

XonitofJes arloreas

^ _ 52 55 S!^ — yii

Tor fit NUN\B£R. oFSnr/m

JOTfiL NUMBER OF SPECIES

fiVEHflG-E NUMBER OF

<:pfr/FS PER sr/?r/ON

ftVERfl&E NUMBER OF

SPFCtmENS PER STATION

ijS

ttS 15

OoS<J§'SOOOOioi.

52

Key TO COLLECTINC STHrlON

SYMBOLS in riG-URE '

Table 1. Distribution of snails in major plant associations.

62

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 70 (2)

«^ ^""^9

Average Number of Snail Specimens Per Station

S ^ o ^

z p

3 3 3 O "^ ft

« O 01 3 O (B

^ ^ ^ °, -, »

c c c ^>"

O (6 (» Q. ,

V! O^ to —

■»J W NJ

c«) N) ro —

Average Number of Snail Species Per Station

en c^ Ni CD

— NJ 00

Oak

Beech

Birch

Elm

Maple

Pine

Poplar

Oak

Oak - Sycamore

k

Total Number of Snail Species

K

VI ©• to —

vj w to

CO to ro —

-•'•o't'.ui

Table 2.

Abundance of snails in plant associations witli 4

or more stations.

October, 1956] the nautilus 63

The forests contain a wide variety of species, each physiographic

province having- a definite pattern of forest cover. The most

prevalent species in the Coastal Plain is loblolly pine {Finus

taeda Linnaeus), growing both in mixture with other pines and

hardwoods and in pure stands. Sweetgum {Liquidamhar

styracifliia L.) is the second commonest species and it grows best

in river bottoms. The oaks, mainly red (Quercus marilandica

Muench., Q. nigra L., Q. phellos L., Q. rubra L., Q. velutina

Lamarck) and white {Q, alba L., Q. stellata Wang.), rank next

to sweetgum in prevalence, being widespread throughout the

Coastal Plain in mixed stands with pines or other hardwoods.

Additional common hardwoods are yellow-poplar {Liriodendron

tulipifera L.) and beach {Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.).

The natural forest stands of the Piedmont province are mixed

pine and hardwood. Old-field stands are either pine-hardwood

or pure pine. Oaks and hickories were originally the dominant

species in the Piedmont but, following rather intense cutting,

shortleaf pine {Finns echinata Mill.) and Virginia pine (P.

virginiana Mill.) reseeded more quickly and completely and

they eventually replaced the hardwoods. Recently there has

been a great demand for pine pulpwood and if present cutting

practices continue the Piedmont may again be predominantly

a hardwood area. The most prevalent hardwood species are the

red and white oaks. Yellow-poplar, gums (Nyssa sylvatica

Marsh, and Liquidamhar styraciflua L.), and hickory (Cari/a

cordiformis Koch.) are the other common hardwoods.

Methods. The dominant forest stands at eighty collecting

stations in Hanover, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties, Virginia,

were recorded. In order to obtain some quantitative measure

by which to compare the snails collected at these stations, a

nine-square-foot section of the habitat, which appeared to the

collector as most favorable for land snails were selected. All

the snails found in this area were recorded. No snails were

found in pure pine stands.

Besitlts. Thirty-one species of land snails from twenty-seven

major plant associations were recorded (Table I).^ Twelve

(almost one-half) of the associations were encountered only once

as favorable habitats for snails and only eight plant associations

^ Haplotrema concavum (Say), generally considered a carnivorous spe-

cies, is not included in this report.

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

were dominant at more than three stations. Associations repre-

sented only once or several times by collections were either very

scarce or certain other ecological conditions made them un-

favorable for snails {e.g., lack of moisture, poor drainage or too

rapid run-off, ground subject to clearing, etc.). Stations which

were most favorable for snails in regard to cover, moisture, etc.

usually had an abundance of oaks. Those plant associations

which were dominant at four or more stations were pure oak

stands and oak in combination with beech, birch {Betula nigra

L.), elm {TJlmus fulva Michx.), maple {Acer ruhrum L.), pine

and sycamore {Platanus occidentalis L.). Of these both the

greatest average number of species and specimens per station

was in oak-sycamore communities (Table 2). As is interesting

to note, although snails were absent from pure pine stands, the

greatest total number of species and the second largest average

number of species per station was from oak-pine associations.

The largest number of species from a single station was from

an oak and an oak-elm association with 13 apiece, followed closely

by an oak-pine community with 12 species. The greatest num-

ber of specimens found at any station was 133 from a pure

maple stand. At that station, however, Zonitoides arhoreus

(Say) was represented by 81 specimens. This record may not

be an accurate reflection of snails' preference for maple since

the data represents only one station. Elm-maple and oak-maple

communities do not show a similar abundance of snails.

The most common snails, viz., Zonitoides arhoreus (Say),

Helicodisciis parallelus (Say), and Betinella indentata (Say),

were found in almost every plant association although somewhat

more abundant in some plant associations than in others, e.g.,

H. parallelus in oak-pine. Distribution of some of the less

common snails, such as Gasirocopta contracta (Say), Mesodon

thyroidiis (Say), Betinella hurringtoni (Pilsbry), Striatura

tnilium (Morse), Strohilops aenea Pilsbry, Triodopsis albolahris

(Say), and T. tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry), appears to be

more or less restricted to communities with oak as a dominant

tree. This restriction may be somewhat superficial since most

of the collecting stations had an abundance of oak. In view of

the data on the commoner species, the data on rarer species,

e.g., Columella edentida (Draparnaud), Punctum minutissimum

(Lea), may be inconclusive as to what plant-association they

preferred. (To be concluded.)

October, 1956] the nautilus 65

PREDATORS NEED DEFENDING

By ALBEET E. MEAD

University of Arizona

My recent paper in the Nautilus, Vol. 69, No. 2, October,

1955, pages 37-40, has given rise to comments and reactions

which in some cases, regretfully, are still giving off more heat

than light. At the risk of dwelling on the obvious, I would like

to set straight some misconceptions which have clouded right

from the very outset the whole problem of molluscan biological

control. My comments are not directed to Dr. Pemberton and

his recent article entitled '^ Defense of a Predator," in the

Nautilus, Vol. 69, No. 4, April, 1956, so much as they are to

the school of thought for which he has acted as spokesman.

For the record, it should be pointed out that a number of

leading malacologists in this country and abroad have been

outspoken in their approval of the stand I have taken.

First of all, let me reiterate that I have no quarrel with

insect biological control. I have nothing but the utmost praise

for this field of investigation, as I clearly indicated in the No-

vember 1949 Atlantic. And this is said with understanding for

it, based on 73 unit hours of formal training in entomology.

The stepping off point in the problem seems to be the applica-

tion of the principles of insect biological control to the abso-

lutely new field of molluscan biological control as a sort of

common denominator. The citing of years of experience in the

field of insect biological control as ipso facto qualification for

taking irreversible steps in a wholly different and biologically

little known group of animals, is hardly convincing, to say the

least. I submit that no one can safely reason a priori from the

results of experiments in one phyletic group to comparatively

similar experiments in another, especially in an area of biology

that is as treacherous as it has proven itself to be so often in

the past.

Insect biological control is notoriously blessed with parasites

and even predators (e.g. the ladybird beetles) with a truly re-

markable, and even classical, high degree of specificity in the

animals they will attack. This "safety" element of specificity

has been the single greatest asset to the investigators in the

field of insect biological control ; without it, their progress would

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

have been only a fraction of what it is today. This same

"safety" element of specificity of appetite is conspicuously

absent or very greatly reduced in the predators in other animal

groups, including the carnivorous pulmonate gastropods. This

point has been emphasized by malacologists who have partici-

pated in the ''Gonaxis Problem."

The assumptions that the same principles would apply, and

that years of experience in another phyletic group were ample

qualifications, have been submerged in an atmosphere of urgency

to precipitate a series of relatively quick actions about which

some of us have grown increasingly more apprehensive. Gonaxis

snails were introduced into Agiguan before an ecological survey

could be made. The ecology of Agiguan went into a series of

significant but baffling changes. The rats virtually disappeared;

the monitor lizards and the hermit crabs went into a definite

decline; and the coconut crabs, the feral goats, and Gonaxis

increased markedly. But even before these changes on Agiguan

could be determined, Gonaxis was introduced into Oahu. Later,

in the face of conflicting evidence submitted by a malacologist

and several entomologists, Gonaxis was introduced ahead of

schedule in Guam and Maui. Concurrently other invertebrate

predators of the giant African snail (and incidentally, of

Gonaxis) were being released in the Hawaiian Islands. With

announced immediate plans to introduce Gonaxis into other

islands of the Trust Territory of the Pacific and even into

California, it is little wonder that there is a need to sound a

second note of caution, following the first one in the August,

1949, Atlantic. The question is : ''How far is this going to go?"

The obvious answer evidently is: ''As far as those in charge

feel it should go. ' ' Yet some have the impelling conviction that

those in charge are relying on inapplicable bases for evaluation

of the experimental results.

Compounding the disturbing elements of this picture appears

to be evidence of preconception in weighing the results of recent

experiments conducted in a new and unknown field. Actually,

only two major indisputable items have been added to the plus

side of the ledger, viz., 1) Gonaxis will eat Achatina, and 2)

Gonaxis will build up in great numbers within two years' time

under the conditions present on Agiguan. The first point was

already known in East Africa. The second point is distinctly

October, 1956] the nautilus 67

encouraging ; but it is traveling in the company of some findings

that pose serious questions. Why has Gonaxis virtually disap-

peared along with Achatina fiilica in the area where it was first

released six years ago on Agiguan? Why has A. fulica simi-

larly disappeared in areas on that island where Gonaxis has

not penetrated? Why have the populations of the other major

animal types on the island undergone marked fluctuations in

the past few years? An earlier announced disease of the giant

African snails is undoubtedly present. What effect is that

having upon these two snail species? As has been demonstrated,

Gonaxis has a preference for Omphalotropis erosa. What has

happened to that and other native species? Many other ques-

tions have taken prominent positions in this confused ecological

picture. Some of the questions have been answered provision-

ally in terms which pointedly favor the prevailing hypothesis.

The provisional answers, however, have taken on the form of

final answers and antithetic explanations somehow seem to have

become lost.

In other words, that which has been desired has been found ;

that which has not fit the picture has been set aside. Justifica-

tion for this setting aside has been explained by calling attention

to the urgency of the situation. With the knowledge of a defi-

nite '' decline" going on in the populations of the giant African

snail in many areas of the world, and with the knowledge of a

disease present in many and perhaps all of the populations of

the giant snails, the urgency is much less acute than one might

be led to believe. No one denies that it is acute in the newly

invaded areas, such as Hawaii. Understandably, something

must be done. The question, however, is not whether something

should be done, but whether the urgency is so pressing as to

warrant embarking on a program based on known conflicting

information and evaluated by those manifestly unacquainted

with malacology. As should not be forgotten, those who take

upon themselves the responsibility for introducing foreign spe-

cies, also, by their verj- acts, take upon themselves the full

responsibility for whatever consequences follow — good, bad, or

indifferent. In this entire problem, too little attention has been

paid to the malacologists who, by training and experience, are in

position to provide the required counsel. Under the eircum-

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

stances, I think that those interested in the problem should

re-evaluate the results in the light of true scientific investigation.

There is ample evidence of the results of past tragic mistakes

made by ill conceived attempts at biological control. New

Zealand, visited during the 7th Pacific Science Congress by

several who have taken exception to my views, is a symbolic

living example of presumably well thought out introductions of

animals which went through an ecological chain reaction to

produce time and time again completely inconceivable, un-

predictable, and unfortunately irreversible results. But we

need not rely on New Zealand for examples. There are many

cases of recent unexpected results right in the Pacific Islands.

As an example, the introduction of the giant toad Bufo marinus

in some islands has been indirectly responsible, in a totally un-

expected way, for a lowered production of coconuts!

The problem, then, is not so much what else Gonaxis might

feed upon (if we are willing to forget the ecological value of

the endemic snails), but what indirect effects it may ultimately

precipitate in bringing about imbalance, as both prey and

predator, in an existing series of interconnected ecological

equilibria. When we get out of the relatively unique field of

insect biological control, irrespective of the urgency, I insist

that we are playing with biological fire when we introduce

predators. The introduction of parasites with high host spe-

cificity is quite another matter. In the new field of molluscan

biological control, even the experienced investigator would do

well to move cautiously. The present apparent lack of caution

is obviously not negligence but unawareness of the fact that a

new field has been entered. Herein lies the very crux of the

present misunderstanding !

Now to get a bit of perspective. The ''Gonaxis Program,"

conceived in the fondest hopes and the greatest expectations,

has been implemented on essentially prima facie evidence and

estimates. Irrespective of the obviously confusing, intercurrent

element of a ''decline" taking place in the populations of the

giant snails, this biological control program may actually prove

successful. I sincerely and honestly hope that it will. But if it

does, I will fear the results of extending the same type of

rationale to other biological control programs in malacology.

The proposed introduction of Gonaxis into California is a specific

October, 1956] the nautilus 69

case in point. The real concern, then, centers not so much on

the present program of distributing Gonaxis far and wide, as

it does on the fact that an incautious program of this sort is a

disturbing example of a basically dangerous policy which, if

pursued, sooner or later is bound to run into inextricable

trouble. At such a time invoking the reasons of urgency and

necessity for action of some sort will be of little scientific help

indeed.

Finall}^, I should say something in response to the rejection

of the announcement that there might be enough genetic varia-

bility in Gonaxis kihweziensis, and enough in the way of vari-

able selecting forces in the different environments, to bring into

existence populations of individuals with appreciably different

appetites. To dwell upon the inference made is only to give

dignity to a suggestion which is completely incompatible with

our modern accepted concepts of speciation and population

genetics. In fact, through the recognition of such concepts, we

learn to respect and allow more fully for the inherent capacity

in populations, and especially expanding populations, to make

changes and to keep pace with the ever changing environment.

Such possible changes cannot be ignored scientifically. But they

appear to have been ignored in the present situation.

NOTES AND NEWS

Land Shells of Barbuda Island, Lesser Antilles. Through

the kindness of Dr. G. A. Seaman of the Pittman-Robertson

Wildlife Restoration, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, I have been

privileged to work up a collection of land shells which he had

collected in October 1955, on the island of Barbuda. So far as I

can trace, the only published record for this island is Bulimulus

guadeloitpensis (Brug.). I append certain of his field notes.

HeUcina fasciata Lam. Abundant after rain east of Cod-

rington. In addition to this record from Barbuda, we have this

species from the islands of Nevis, St. Eustatius, St. Kitts and

Saba.

Adamsiell^ antigiiensis (Shutt.). Not abundant.

Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfr.). Dry forest floor east of Cod-

rington on limestone bluff.

Subulima octona (Brug.). Not abundant.

Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton). With Gastrocopta.

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

Lacteoluna selenina (Gould). With Gastrocopta.

Bulimulus guadeloupensis (Brug.)- Fairly common.

Drymaeus elongatiis (Roding). Fairly common.

Pseudopineria viequensis (Pfr.). Rare.

Pleurodonte formosa (Fer.). In the moist center of the epi-

phyte Tillandsia in brush country south of Codrington.

— William J. Clench.

Twenty-second annual meeting, American Malacological

Union. — The Pacific Division of the American Malacological

Union played host to the parent organization when in July

(1956) the twenty-second annual meeting was held in the beauti-

ful city of San Diego, California. The registration was 115, the

greatest in A.M.U. history; twenty came from east of the

Mississippi, another record for western meetings of which this

was the third. If all pledges are kept, the 1957 meeting at

Yale University will see an even greater number of western

members in attendance.

The program occupied three full days and part of another;

from the time that President AUyn G. Smith rapped the gavel

(a loan from the Pacific Division) to call the meeting to order

on Wednesday morning until he tendered his oflfieial and per-

sonal farewells on Saturday the days were packed with interest.

Twenty-three scientific papers were interspersed with an early

morning field trip, a visit to the San Diego Museum, the annual

dinner and a half-day tour of the Seripps Institution of

Oceanography at La JoUa. The western members left nothing

undone which might in any way further the enjoyment of their

eastern guests. Every day was Christmas as shells of the west

coast of the United States, of Mexico and Hawaii were handed

out, first as welcoming gifts at the reception given by the

Conchological Club of Southern California, then at nearly every

intermission during the sessions when specimen shells were dis-

tributed by one or another generous collector. An even more

valued gift was the opportunity to become acquainted with

people who in the past had been a name signed to a letter or

heading a scientific article.

During the business meeting, three constitutional by-laws

drafted to provide a nominating committee, to define the duties

of said committee and to make necessary a quorum of five voting

members before business mav be transacted at an executive

October, 1956] the nautilus 71

session were announced as having been adopted by the Executive

Council. The following were elected to serve as officers during

1956-57: President, Ruth D. Turner; Vice-president, Aurele

LaRocque; 2nd Vice-president, Edward P. Baker; Secretary-

treasurer, Margaret C. Teskey; Publications Editor, George M.

Moore ; Councillors-at-Large, Charlotte Dawley, Leo G. Hertlein,

Eugene H. Schmeck, Germaine L. Warmke. At a second busi-

ness meeting, the members of the Pacific Division voted to retain

the present slate of officers for the following year (President,

Edward P. Baker; Vice-president, Albert R. Mead; Secretary-

treasurer, Ruth E. Coats).

In April of 1956 the American Malacological Union embarked

upon its second quarter-century. The fact that one-fifth of the

fast growing list of members attended the 1956 annual meeting

speaks of an active interest and a bright future for the A.M.U.,

its Pacific Division and its member clubs. — Maegaret C. Teskey,

Secretary.

Second Helix Aspersa in Hawaii and data on carnivorous

SNAILS. — On April 6 or 7, 1956, a second specimen of Helix

aspersa was discovered on the edge of Honolulu in a residential

area called Tantalus. This specimen was mature and when sub-

mitted to Dr. C. E. Pemberton of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters

experiment station he dissected it. The snail contained one

mature egg and a number of immature ones.

In the April 1956 issue of the Nautilus two possible reasons

were given for the accidental introduction of this agricultural

pest (page 142). Mr. "William Look, head of the division of

Plant Quarantine of the local Board of Agriculture, reports

that on September 2, 1954, four adult H. aspersa were inter-

cepted in the baggage of a San Francisco-Honolulu airplane

passenger. The snails were on some plants that the passenger

was bringing here apparently for propagation.

Achatina fulica Bowdich, commonly referred to as the Giant

African Snail, is considered an agricultural pest of some im-

portance. Through the efforts of the Pacific Science Board with

funds provided mainly by the Office of Naval Research and by

means of manpower supplied by numerous institutions, possible

predators and parasites were investigated. The predator se-

lected was an East African strep taxid known as Gonaxis

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (2)

kibweziensis (E. A. Smith), due primarily to its ability to sur-

vive conditions which all others were unable to, including

confinement in the laboratory. It is a small snail averaging

about 20 mm., with a low reproductive potential of 11 maximum

per year (in laboratory), and an apparently low index of preda-

tion. Simultaneous experimentation on the small uninhabitated

island of Agiguan, 83 miles north of Guam, from 1950 to 1952,

convinced the Invertebrate Consultants Committee of the Pacific

that 6^. kibweziensis was an effective control of A. fulica.

Between 1952 and 1955 four evaluations on the abundance

and effectivity of G. kibweziensis were made. In 1952 this snail

was estimated to exercise 20 percent control over Achatina fulica.

The 1954 figure for control was estimated at 60 percent. By

biological control standards 50 percent control is considered

good. Consequently on November 1955 a team of collectors

spent seven days on Agiguan and collected over 5000 specimens

for distribution to Achatina-mlected islands of the Trust Terri-

tory and Hawaii. A number were sent to Riverside, California,

for testing on Helix aspersa.

Distribution of Gonaxis kibweziensis was as follows:

California, 200 ; Hawaii, 2000 ; Guam, 1080 ; Trust Territory

of the U. S., 2160.

Trust Territory, 12 releases, two per island, of 180 specimens

on each island, viz., Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Palau, Ponape, and

Truk.

Hawaiian Islands (including 1952 and 1954 releases). Oahu:

Kaneohe 20 ('52), 498 ('54); Makiki 200, Waimanalo South

200, Pali golf course 400, Old Kaneohe Road 200, Haiku Road

200, Heeia Kea 200, Kahaluu 200, all November 1955. Maui:

Haiku 40 (March '55), Haiku School 200, Pawela Gulch 50,

Grove Ranch 50, all November 1955.

The Territory of Hawaii Board of Agriculture and Forestry

has experimented with and released two carnivorous snails from

Florida and Cuba, viz., Euglandina rosea (Ferussac) and

Oleacina oleacea var. straminea (Deshayes). In November and

December of 1955 the Board released 365 E. rosea at Hauula,

Oahu. In November 1955 and March 1956, 156 were released

at the Kailua- Waimanalo Junction of the highway. In March

this year 95 were released at Makiki.

In January 1956, at Kualoa, Oahu, 25 specimens of 0. oleacea

var. straminea were released by the Board. — ^Yoshio Kondo,

Bishop Museum.

The Nautilus

Vol. 70 JANUARY, 1957 No. 3

ON THE STATUS OF FASCIOLARIA

DISTANS LAMARCK

By S. C. HOLLISTER

The beginning of shrimping operations in the waters to the

north of the Dry Tortugas and on the Campeche Banks in 1950

brought to light what at first appeared to be a new form of

Fasciolaria, not quite like the F. distans of authors found from

Hatteras to Mobile Bay. The "new" shell was larger, with a

more extended spire, with more brown spiral lines on the whorls,

and with axial eostae on the early postnuclear whorls. It

looked, in fact, strikingly like F. apicina Dall, of the Pliocene

Caloosahatchee marl. What was this shell? In the course of

its determination the following facts were developed and con-

clusions reached.

When Lamarck described F. distans in 1822 he had before

him a shell from his own cabinet, collected from the Bay of

Campeche. He did not figure the specimen, but referred to a

shell in Martin Lister's Historia Conchyliorum of 1685-97, Fig.

910 (text-fig.). On Lister's plate the habitat of the shell is given

as Campeche. The shell from which the Lister figure was made

is in the British Museum; and through the kind permission of

Guy L. Wilkins, I publish a photograph of it (PI. 6, fig. 1). It

shows a shell similar to those brought in by the shrimpers.

One other writer had described a similar shell before Lamarck.

In 1807 Fischer von Waldheim prepared a catalog of the col-

lection of Count Demidoff in Moscow. By way of illustration

of a shell be found there, which he named F. lilmm, he referred

to the same figure in Lister to which Lamarck had referred.

The catalog written in French was carefully done, and is recog-

nized as a scientific contribution. It appears to be very rare.

The copy in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia

is the only one I know in this country.

73

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

So far I have not dealt with the better-known shell now com-

monly called F. distans, and found in the coastal range between

Mobile Bay and Cape Hatteras. In 1811 George Perry pub-

lished a book on Conchology, in which he figured and described

a shell purporting to come from New Holland (New South

Wales), and which he named Pyrula hunteria (PL 6, fig. 2).

The description helps little; but the figure presents, though

somewhat overdone in color, the shell of Florida and the Caro-

linas commonly known as F. distans. There is no similar shell

found in Australian waters.

In November 1951, Rehder and Abbott named a new form

from Campeche, Fasciolaria distans hranhamae, which is a

larger shell, having certain distinctive characters differentiating

it from both the Campeche and the Florida forms at present

going under the name F. distans. The writer was not aware

of this new form when he brought to the attention of Messrs.

Rehder and Abbott, in January 1952, his belief that the name

F. distans Lam. should belong to the original Campeche form

and that the Florida form should be called F. hunteria (Perry).

Dr. Rehder offered to obtain from Geneva, if possible, a photo-

graph of Lamarck's type; and it is through his courtesy and

that of M. G. Mermod, Curator of the Museum of Natural His-

tory in Geneva, that there are here included figures of Lamarck's

type of F. distans (PI. 6, figs. 3-4). At a later time, the writer

came upon the name F. lilium F. v. Wald. in a manuscript card

catalog of Deshayes in the U. S. National Museum.

Attempts to locate Perry's shell have not met with success.

The Demidoff collection, now in the Academy of Sciences in

Moscow, was badly damaged by fire in 1812. F. lilium is

missing.

Subsequent to the publication by Lamarck of the name F.

distans in 1822, the name next appeared in Kiener's Species

in 1840, with a handsome colored figure of Lamarck's holotype.

The portion on Mollusca of Lamarck's Animaux sans Vertebres

was re-edited by Deshayes in 1843 ; and here Deshayes placed

Perry's P. hunteria in synonymy with F. distans. There is no

mention there of F. lilium.

In 1847 Reeve published a figure of what he called F. distans,

showing a specimen of the Florida-Carolina shell called P.

hunteria by Perry. By this time shells were no longer coming

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 75

into Europe from Campeche, but were arriving in increasing-

numbers from the southeastern United States. I have not seen

an author since Reeve who figured a Campeche shell, either

under F. lilmm or F. distans, until 1951. In fact, not until

after the shrimpers began to bring shells from Campeche in

1950, representing the true F. distans, did there seem to be an

awareness of the error in calling the Florida-Carolina form by

this name.

Under the priority rule there appears no doubt that the name

F. lilmm F. v. Wald. takes precedence over F. distans Lam.

The long use of the name F. distans as applied to the Florida

form has been in error. Lamarck's type of F. distans is pre-

served, and clearly represents the Campeche form. Three

courses of action present themselves :

(1) Suppress the name F. lilium and hope that over the years

the wrong use of the name F. distans for the Florida form

would fade out and the name F. himteria replace it. F. distans

would continue as the name of the Campeche form.

(2) Invoke the law of priority, thus replacing F. distans with

F. lilium for the Campeche form, and use the name F. hunteria

for the Florida form. The name F. distans would thus be

dropped.

(3) Request the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature to transfer the name F. distans Lam. to the

Florida form and approve the name F. lilium F. v. Wald. for

the Campeche form. This would have the effect of continuing

the name F. distans for the Florida form, as has been errone-

ously done for a hundred years.

In the interest of achieving clarification as early as possible,

apparently the second course is best. While the third course

would, so far as names are concerned, accord most readily with

present usage concerning the Florida form, it would separate

Lamarck's name from his type, leaving such type wholly for-

saken. Such practice, if continued, would, in my opinion, bring

about in time a chaotic condition. A type should not be aban-

doned as basis for a final reference.

In the following systematic arrangement I have followed the

second course. It is taken in part from a larger monograph

on Fasciolaria, now in preparation.

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

Genus Fasciolaria Lamarck

Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799, Prod, noiiv. classif. coq., Mem. soc.

hist. nat. Paris, p. 73. Type species: by monotypy, Murex

tulipa Linne, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 754. Recent from

Cape Hatteras south to the Caribbean and Southwest Florida.

Shell fusiform, medium to very large. Spire elevated, proto-

conch of a little less than two whorls, the first globose, smooth,

caplike, the second smooth or with fine axial riblets. Aperture

oval, columella arcuate, glazed, with three oblique plications

near the canal. The canal open, usually twisted, no umbilicus.

Operculum corneous, unguiculate, nucleus at the pointed an-

terior end; unattached at the margin. Periostracum light or

dark brown, smooth.

The syntypes of Fasciolaria tulipa (Linne) are in the collec-

tion of the Linnean Society of London.

Subgenus Cinctura new subgenus

Type species : Pyrula hunteria G. Perry, 1811. Recent from

Cape Hatteras southward to Florida and westward to Mobile

Bay. (See description below.)

Shell of medium size, fusiform, the whorls convex, the spire

extended. Suture simple. A prominent spiral ridge emerges

from the aperture in front of the suture and extends across the

parietal wall to the margin of the callus.

This subgenus differs from Fasciolaria, s. s., in that the latter

has no pre-sutural rib on the parietal wall.

Fasciolaria (Cinctura) lilium Fischer von Waldheim. PI. 6,

figs. 1, 3-5.

F. lilium Fischer von Waldheim, 1807, Mus. Demidoff Cat., tom.

3, p. 205, no. 15.

F. distans Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., vol. 7,

p. 119, no. 2 ; Kiener, 1840, Spec. Gen. Icon. Coq. Viv., vol. 6,

Fasciolaria, p. 4, pi. 3 ; Wilkins, 1953, Cat. Sloane Coll., Brit.

Mus. (N.H.), Hist. Ser., vol. 1, no. 1, p. 19, no. 1481, figs.

36-38.

Original description: "Fasciolaire lys, ventrue, oblongue,

unie; les tours de spire arrondise; la suture simple, la queue

courte et lisse.

'^Fasciolaria lilium, mihi; elle est blanche, et couverte de

lignes transversales, rares, brunes. Buccinum rostratum pon-

Jan., 1957]

THE NAUTILUS

77

derosum laeve lineis raris rufis circumdatum. Lister t. 910." —

Fischer von Waldheim.

The last (Latin) sentence above is similar to one on Lister's

fig. 910, except that the latter reads in part "laeve, raris lineis

rufis" (see text-fig.). Lister took it verbatim from Sloane's

original catalog entry.

J"

^

Lccci.rus uiri/tq^ p^O d u-chortS U-s l^s:,u[\^^j:

CWCix^7dCi/i£^rz.

The description of a figured topotype, Paleontological Re-

search Institution, No. 20825 (PI. 6, fig. 5.), follows:

Shell with 814 whorls ; stout, fusiform, the spire forming more

than half the height of the shell. The first whorl is smooth,

globose, caplike. The second whorl begins smooth and rounded ;

then about seven axial riblets appear, being stronger at the for-

ward suture. At the half turn the nucleus ends; and the post-

nuclear remainder of the whorl has axial costae, about 13 to

the turn, with four or five spiral threads overriding them.

These costae continue for another half -whorl, during which they

evanesce ; but the spiral threads continue for about one more

turn before fading out. Thereafter the shell whorls are rounded

and smooth, except for the back of the beak which has spiral

threads growing more oblique anteriorly. The suture is simple.

There are nine (on some shells, ten) chocolate-brown to reddish-

brown spiral primary lines on the body whorl ; and three on each

of the three whorls preceding it. (On some shells secondary,

less prominent, lines are interposed between primaries.) These

spiral lines begin after the axial costae, and they end on the

lip, reflected over its edge for a few millimeters on the inner

surface. The background color of the shell is creamy white.

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

with narrow, pale mauve or yellowish flammules running axially.

These flammules are usually fainter between the second and

third spiral lines, thus forming a lighter spiral band between

these lines. The interior is w^hite, glazed, and finely lirate. A

thin white glaze extends over the parietal wall. A prominent

ridge in front on the suture emerges from the aperture and

extends to the edge of the glaze on the parietal wall. This

ridge forms one side of the groove wherein lies the anal canal.

The beak is short and the canal is open. There are three

oblique plications just above the entrance to the canal. The

groove between the two posterior plications is the more promi-

nent. The operculum is brown, unguiculate, pointed at the

anterior end; the margin is unattached and the pointed end

serves as a claw. The nucleus is at the anterior end. The

entire shell is covered with a thin periostracum when alive.

Length of shell, 85 mm., width, 38 mm., angle of spire, 50°.

Type: Lister's Fig. 910, referred to by von Waldheim, was

drawn by his daughter Anna from the specimen shown in PI. 6,

fig. 1, Sloane Cat. No. 1481 {ex Courten), in the British Museum

(Natural History). I designate this shell the lectotype, in

the absence of the shell in the Demidoff collection. The shell

was among those originally collected by William Courten, at

whose death in 1702 they were bequeathed to Sir Hans Sloane

and at the latter 's death in 1753 acquired by the Museum. It

was thus among those shells that formed the beginning of that

Museum's great conchological collection. Mr. Wilkins says it

''is a very ancient specimen and rather worn, but there is a

certain amount of apical sculpture still visible."

William Courten 's paternal grandfather, by the way, was

the discoverer and colonizer of the island Barbados. He himself

lived much abroad, and had substantial interests in Barbados.

He began collecting probably about 1660, and apparently was

very careful in cataloguing and storing the shells in his col-

lection.

It should be recalled that Campeche was a native port when

visited by Cordoba in 1517. In 1540 the Spanish town was es-

tablished; in 1659 it was sacked by the British, and by pirates

in 1678 and 1685. It was one of the three open ports on the

Gulf during the Spanish regime, the others being Vera Cruz and

Tampico. In those early days only St. Augustine was an es-

tablished colony on our coast south of Hatteras, Charleston not

having: been settled until 1680.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 79

Type locality: Fischer von Waldheim does not give a type

locality ; but his figure reference is to Lister, Fig. 910, on which

appears the word * ' Campeche " ; and Sloane's entry for the

shell No. 1481, as ''from the bay of Campeche," fixes the type

locality at that place. Its presence there has been confirmed by

recent dredgings.

This shell is particularly^ characterized by axial costae on the

first postnuclear whorl, vrith spiral striae overriding them and

continuing for a whorl or two beyond. Sculpture of this nature

was reported by Dall on F. apicina from the Caloosahatchee

Pliocene. Both possess a presutural ridge that emerges from the

aperture on the parietal wall, a feature possessed also by F.

hnnteria but not by F. tulipa.

There is a ' ' race ' ' that has been noted in the material gathered

b}^ the shrimpers. One shell from off the Dry Tortugas and

another from Yucatan waters are practically devoid of spiral

markings, and the flammules are very pale yellow-orange.

These shells are smaller and somewhat more slender than the

type. These differences seem not to be of subspecific rank.

Lamarck's holotype of F. distans (PL 6, figs. 3-4) was the

shell from which Kiener prepared his PL 3. The apex of the

shell is eroded to such an extent, according to M. Mermod, that

the presence of axial riblets or costae is difficult to verify.

There is a paratype in the collection, however, having a length

of 64 mm., on which the spiral and axial sculpture is discernable.

Range: From the Mississippi Delta west and southward to

Yucatan and the northern side of the Dry Tortugas, in 2 to 25

fathoms. I have seen specimens from off the Mississippi Delta

(25 fms.), but none found farther east.

Fasciolaria (Cinctura) lilium tortugana new subspecies.

PL 6, figs. 9-10.

This shell is one with the same general outline and with the

same apical sculpture as F. lilium. There are six primary

spiral lines on the body whorl and two each on the three preced-

ing whorls, these lines being heavier than on F. lilium and

nearly black. The flammules are a bright terra cotta red against

a creamy white background, and are wider, giving the shell a

blotched appearance. The flammules are sparse between the

first and second, and the fourth and fifth spiral lines, thus form-

ing two light spiral bands around the body. On the columella,

80

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 70 (3)

there are three oblique plications, the middle one and the groove

behind it strong, the posterior one nearly obsolete. In other

respects the shell resembles F. lilium. Length, 98 mm., width,

43 mm., angle of spire, 47°.

Holotype in the Paleontological Research Institute, No.

20824; paratypes in the United States National Museum, the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the Museum

of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Type locality:

Off the Dry Tortugas, to the northwest.

The following tables reveal the more slender form of this shell :

Length

93

94

84

96

98

90

Length

84

88

73

68

61

86

F. lilium tortugana Hollister

Width

39

41

38

43

40

Width

40

42

38

31

30

41

Length/

Width

2.30

2.29

2.21

2.23

2.28

2.25

Apical

Angle

44

46

50

46

47

Whorls

9±

8.4

8.3

9.0

9±

9d=

ANSP paratype

PRI paratype

USNM paratype

MCZ paratype

PRI holotype

PRI paratype

F. lilium F. v. Wald.

Length/ Apical

Width Angle Whorls

50 8.2

49 8.1

48 8.2

50 8±

50 8.4

Width

2.10

1.92

2.19

2.04

2.10

Yellow

av. 2.08

F. lilium F. v. Wald. (Pale form)

Range: Thus far I have not seen specimens found beyond the

type locality.

Fasciolaria (Cinctura) branhamae Rehder and Abbott. PI.

6, figs. 6-8.

F. distans branhamae Rehder and Abbott, 1951, Rev. Soc. Mal.,

Habana, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 59, pi. 8, figs. 4-5.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 81

Original description: "Resembling the typical distans (La-

marck), but differing in having its siphonal canal two to three

times as long and proportionately more slender. The first whorl

of the protoconch is smooth, and is followed by % of a whorl

with about 15 small but distinct axial riblets. This is followed

by % of the first portnuclear whorl wdth about 5 indistinct

spiral threads; the remainder of the postnuclear whorls are

smooth except for microscopic growth lines. In distans these

nuclear axial riblets are nearly obsolete or entirely absent.

Color of shell similar to that in distans but with an orange-

brown siphonal canal. There are 9 to 12 distinct solid, spiral

lines of dark purple-brown on the body whorl, with the lower

2 or 3 on the upper third of the siphonal canal. In distans there

are 5 to 7 major lines, occasionally with 1 or 2 additional

very w^ak lines, and they do not extend down on the siphonal

canal. The spiral threads on the siphonal canal in hranhamae

are quite weak or obsolete, while in distans hunteria they are

pronounced. An 8-whorled hranhainae reached a length of

125 mm., while distans hunteria, with the same number of

wiiorls, range from 70 to 90 mm."

[The measurements in the quoted tables are in mm,]

(av. 2.42)

F. distans hunteria

(av. 2.04)

''Type locality: Off Puerto Alvaro Obregon, Tabasco, Mexico.

Dredged by shrimp fishermen in 1951.

''Types: The holotype is U. S. N. M. No. 597513. A paratype

from off Port Isabel, Texas, is in Mrs. Hugh Branham's Museum,

Fort Myers Beach, Florida. Two paratypes were returned to

Mrs. H. Taylor Raines.

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

^^ Remarks: The specimens from off Alvaro Obregon, Yucatan,

Mexico, and Port Isabel, . . , Texas, are very distinctive, and

can readily be separated from the typical distans that occurs

along the shores of the eastern end of the Gulf of Mexico, and

north to North Carolina. However, we have specimens from

the northern section of the Gulf (Galveston, Texas; 28 miles

ENE of Freeport, Texas, in 9 fathoms, and from Chandeleur

Id., Louisiana) which show transitional stages. The siphonal

canal is midway in length between those of distans and hran-

hamae. The spiral color lines are 8 to 9 in number, and are

also intermediate in character. For this reason, we have con-

sidered hranhamae a geographical race or subspecies."

''It is interesting to note that this species more closely re-

sembles F. tidipa (Linne) in having distinct axial riblets in the

protoconch and in having a long siphonal canal. However, the

smooth area below the suture and the color pattern seem to ally

it to distans Lamarck." — Rehder and Abbott.

In the foregoing discussion, the '^distans'' of Beaufort, N. C,

and the eastern Gulf, is F. Jiunteria; and the ''intermediate"

form of the northern section of the Gulf is F. lilium F. v. Wald.

The table should be compared to one given below under F.

hunteria.

The differentiating characters of F. hranhamae that separate

it from F. lilium are the axial riblets on the second whorl of

the protoconch, and no axial costae on the postnuclear whorls;

it has a longer canal, is generally larger, and has more and

stronger spiral lines.

Thus far the known range is from Port Isabel, Texas, south-

ward to the Bay of Campeche.

Fasciolaria (Cinctura) hunteria (G. Perry). PI. 6, figs. 2,

11-13.

Pyrula hunteria G. Perry, 1811, Conch., p. 50, no. 4, fig. 4.

Fasciolaria distans Lamarck, Reeve, 1847, Conch. Icon., vol. 4,

Mon. Fasciolaria, p. 4, figs. 10a, 10b, not of Lamarck.

Original description : ' ' Shell of a blue and purple color, richly

marbled and striped with white and black, forming in the whole

a rich and lively appearance; the mouth, blue. This shell has

been lately imported from New Holland (New South Wales),

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 83

and being hitherto without a name, I have denominated it

Hunteria, in honor of the Governor of that colony, whose

exertions in the prosecution and encouragement of its natural

history have been so particularly eminent." — Perry.

In the absence of a holotype, I here designate two specimens

of this species, collected near Charleston, S. C, by Dr. E.

Eavenel, and deposited in the United States National Museum,

No. 615769, as neotypes. Their description follows :

The shell is fusiform, stout, wdth extended spire and smooth,

convex whorls. The nucleus is smooth, globose, caplike, of

about one and a half whorls. The suture is simple. There is

no spiral sculpture except for oblique threads on the back of

the canal, and no axial sculpture except very fine growth lines.

The color is ivory overlaid with longitudinal flammules of

mauve. There are distant spiral lines of maroon, six primary

ones on the body whorl and two on each of the earlier whorls.

The aperture is oblique, ovate, pale blue-white within, and finely

lirate. The columella in arcuate. There are three oblique

plications just above the entrance to the canal, the middle one

most prominent and the posterior one nearly obsolete. There

is a glaze over the parietal wall, and a strong ridge emerges

just in front of the suture and extends to the edge of the glaze.

The canal is short, oblique. The operculum, missing from

these specimens, is unguiculate.

The measurements of these shells follow:

Length/ Apical

Length Width Width Angle Whorls

86 40 2.15 56° 7f

66 32 2.06 58.5° 7|

This shell differs from F. lilium in that it has no axial or

spiral sculpture on the protoconch or postnuclear whorls. It

generally has two dark brown spiral lines on the penultimate

whorl, while F. lilium usually has three. The apex is also more

blunt (see also table under F. lilium hranhamae above).

Governor John Hunter was a captain (later, admiral) in the

British navy, and was stationed at Sydney near the end of the

eighteenth century.

Perry's mistake in habitat is understandable when one con-

templates the fact that on the voyage from Australia to England

made under sail in that day, whether around the Horn or the

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

Description of Plate 6

Fig. 1, F. lilium, Fischer v. Wald., lectotype, Brit. Mus.

Sloane Coll. No. 1481. Length 82 mm. Fig. 2, Type figure,

F. hunteria (G. Perry). Figs. 3-4, F. lilium F. v. Wald.,

Lamarck's holotype of F. distans. Length 103 mm. Fig. 5,

F. lilium F. v. Wald., Pal. Res. Inst. Cat. No. 20825, apical

detail of shell in fig. 3. Figs. 6-8, F. hranhamae R. and A.,

holotype. Length 126 mm. Figs. 9-10, F. lilium tortugana

Hollister, n. subsp., holotype. Length 98 mm. Figs. 11-12,

F. hunteria (G. Perry), larger of two neosyntypes, U. S. N. M.

No. 615769. Length 86 mm. Fig. 13, F. hunteria (G. Perry),

apical detail of smaller neosyntype, U. S. N. M. No. 615769.

Length 65 mm.

Cape of Good Hope, almost certainly the vessel put into the

Caribbean or American ports for water and supplies. Oppor-

tunity for mixing with shells from these places was amply

provided. Whether Captain Hunter himself brought the shell

home is not known.

F. hunteria is found living from Cape Hatteras south and

westward to Mobile Bay. I have not seen a record of it south

of the Florida Strait.

THE CROWN CONCH, MELONGENA CORORNA, AS A

PREDATOR UPON THE VIRGINIA OYSTER

By GORDON GUNTER

Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi

AND R. WINSTON MENZEL

Oceanograpliic Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida

The crown conch, Melongena corona Gmelin, extends from

Gulf Shores, Alabama, on the east side of Mobile Bay, to

Matanzas Inlet near St. Augustine, Florida on the East Coast.

Thus, except for a few miles in Alabama, this prosobranch is

confined to the mainland shores of Florida. It has been searched

for west of Alabama but so far it has not been found. This

somewhat restricted distribution may be due to the fact that

the animal leaves the egg case in the adult form and has no

free-swimming stage (Clench and Turner, 1956, p. 162). This

restricted distribution is in considerable contrast to that of

THE NAUTILUS 70 (3)

PLATE 6

THE NAUTILUS 70 (3)

PLATE 7

Upper fig. Snail shells (Melampus) and debris aceuniulated at the

X)eriphery of a salt marsh as the result of high tides.

Lower fig. Snails (Melampus) on blades of grass, 13 June 1953, in

Chesapeake Bay (Woolford Creek, branch of Little Choptank, Cambridge,

Maryland).

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 85

the widespread, notorious oyster predator, Thais haemastoma.

The lack of a free-swimming stage is also the most plausible ex-

planation for the existence of different rather local populations,

which Clench and Turner (op. cit.) believe are sub-species,

but which Smith (1945, p. 125) believes are only ecological

variants.

Moore (1897) thought that M. corona might be an important

oyster predator. Aldrich and Snyder (1936, p. 79) say that

*'The coon oysters that cling to mangrove roots are also a

favorite food." In another part of this work, the authors list

the coon oyster as Ostrea spreta, but the common coon oyster

of the Florida mangroves is now generally recognized to be

nothing more than the common oyster, Crassostrea virginica.

Morris (1947) repeats this statement, saying that perhaps coon

oysters are the favorite food. Clench and Turner (1956, p. 161)

say that crown conchs in certain areas ' ' may be sufficiently abun-

dant on oyster bars to be a rather serious menace. ' ' Whether or

not direct observations were made by these authors is not clear

from their accounts.

In 1935-36 the senior author was on the staff of the Indian

Pass Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries on Apalachi-

cola Bay. Certain observations were made on Melongena corona

and the following words are quoted from a corrected copy of an

unpublished report submitted to the Bureau officials in 1936.

''These animals were present in the fall only in Indian Pass

Lagoon on coon oyster reefs. In December they were not

present and few dead shells were seen. They had either died

or migrated. They were kept in the laboratory with oysters

from Sept. 27, 1935 to Oct. 19, 1935 but did not attack or eat

them at all."

On March 17 the writer collected over 200 animals from

coon reefs in Dickson's Bay, an arm of Apalachee Bay. They

were kept in the laboratory with oysters from then until April

8. They were observed to attack oysters in much the same

manner as Thais does. Some shells were gnawed and some

were not. Many animals would attack at the same time. They

did not always hide the proboscis with the foot as Thais did and

one was seen lying on its back at least five inches from an

oyster with its proboscis inserted into it, being joined in its

meal by three other animals, one of which had probably killed

the oj^ster in the first place.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

Why this species would not attack oysters in the first trial

is not known, unless it was due to the salinities being too low.

During the first experiment the salinities ranged from 19.42-

32.05 and averaged 24.40 pro mille. During the second experi-

ment they ranged from 20.26-34.37 and averaged 29.00 pro

mille. The temperatures during the second trial were lower

than they were during the first. The air temperatures ranged

from 49.5 to 74.0° F. then, while during the first they ranged

from 63.0 to 78.0° F. These were taken at 8:00 A.M.

When placed in water of salinity 9.99 pro mille Melongena

did not open the foot and attach to the substrate, but lived for

a period of 22 days without losing sensitivity and apparently

was little harmed by the experience.

These animals ranged in length from 3.6 cm. to 10.9 cm.

Length-frequency curves were not made, but there seemed to be

more than one year class present.

Oystermen in Dickson's Bay, who do most of their fishing on

dry bars at low tide, say that they kill all Melongena caught for

it does lots of damage, but this does not seem to lessen the

numbers. Men who could not read have described how Melon-

gena kills oysters and sucks them out through a long tube.

Evidently they have observed Melongena attacking oysters on

the bars just as the writer did in the laboratory.

Some of these observations are slightly at variance with the

junior author's. He has kept crown conchs caged with oysters

at Alligator Harbor, Florida. He found that they killed oysters

but that marks were not present on the shells, indicating that

they do not drill the shell as Thais often does. In any case the

feeding habits of these two prosobranchs are different and the

habits of Melongena deserve some comment.

Aldrich and Snyder (1936, p. 79) say that these snails feed

on dead crabs and are very aggressive in attacking live bivalves

and whelks and that the method of attack is unique. "When

the chosen victim opens its shell to breathe, the crown forces

in its long black snout and destroys the controlling muscle of

its prey." They add that the giant band shell, Fasciolaria

gigantea, is the only mollusk capable of overcoming Melongena.

Perry (1940) says this conch even attacks living horeshoe

crabs. She also records the observations of fishermen at Sanibel

Island who say that Melongena approaches scallops so as to

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 87

get close enough to "leap" upon them. They then hold the

bivalve by the foot and insert the proboscis near the hinge.

Morris (1947, p. 156) says they do not hesitate to attack and

devour Busy con and other large gastropods. Clench and

Turner (1956, p. 163) say that the radula of Melongena is

surprisingly small but that the individual teeth are strong.

They say a three-inch specimen can eject the proboscis to six

inches. They record (p. 179) Ensis minor Dall and Tagelus

divisiis Spengler as prey of this conch.

The crown conch evidently varies its tactics with the prey.

The second author and his students have observed attacks on

Anadara ovalis Brugiere in aquaria. At times the ark shell was

examined meticulously at the gape for one and a half hours.

The antennae were inserted within the shell so carefully that the

ark seemed to be unaware of the fact. At times, however, it

decidedly closed, apparently pinching the antennae but these

were retracted effortlessly by the Melongena. Finally the at-

tack was made suddenly. The head of the conch became turgid

and the proboscis shot out as rapidly as the flick of a finger,

between the open valves of the ark. Within fifteen minutes

after penetration, the ark gaped open as if paralyzed or dead

and it was soon consumed.

The crown conch is certainly one of the most active and ag-

gressive of the predaceous snails, and the smaller specimens of

its own species are not spared when no other food is available.

In aquaria the larger specimens devour the smaller ones quite

efficiently.

Literature cited

Aldrich, Bertha and Ethel Snyder. 1936. Florida Sea

Shells. Houghton Mifflin Co., N. Y. ix H- 126 pp., xi pi.

Clench, "Wm. J. and Ruth D. Turner. 1956. eJohnsonia, v.

3(35): 161-188.

Moore, H. F. 1897. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., v. 17 : 275-284.

Morris, Percy A. 1947. A Field Guide to the Shells of our

Atlantic Coast. Houghton Mifflin Co., N. Y. xvii + 190 pp.,

40 pi.

Perry, Louise M. 1940. Bull. Am. Paleont. 26, Paleont. Res.

Inst. Ithaca, N. Y. 260 pp., 45 pi.

Smith, Maxwell. 1945. East Coast Marine Shells. 3rd ed.

Edwards Bros., Inc., Ann Arbor, vii + 314 pp., 77 pi.

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

MURACYPRAEA, NEW SUBGENUS OF CYPRAEA ^

By W. p. WOODEING

IT. S. Geological Survey

In the widely used classification of living cowries by F. A.

Schilder and M. ScMlder (1938-39, p. 174, 1938) and in F. A.

Schilder's arrangement of fossil cowries (1932, p. 118), Cypraea

mus Linne and its fossil allies are assigned to Siphocypraea.

Indeed, in a recent handsomely illustrated book on the cowries

of the world, C. mus is cited as the type of Siphocypraea (Allan,

1956, p. 29).

Siphocypraea, as a subgenus of Cypraea, was proposed by

Heilprin (1887, p. 86) for Cypraea {Siphocypraea) proUe-

matica Heilprin (1887, pp. 87, 133, pi. 4, figs. 12, 12a, I, pi. lU,

fig. 73), a Pliocene species from Florida. Heilprin adequately

described and illustrated the type species, a remarkable cowry.

The aperture has an astonishing posterior outlet which forms a

deep coma-shaped channel partly encircling the concealed apex

of the shell. No other cowry has such a posterior outlet and

Siphocypraea is a monotypic genus. This exceptional feature

of S. proUematica was discussed by Dall (1890-1903, pt. 1, pp.

167-168, pi. 5, figs. 10, lOh, 1890) and by Olsson and Harbison

(1953, p. 262, pi. 27, figs. 2, 2a) in their recent monograph on

the Pliocene moUusks of southern Florida. S. prohlematica

is not a rare species ; there are 90 specimens in the collections of

the U. S. National Museum. It is one of the distinctive species

that make the rich fauna of the Caloosahatchee marl the most

distinctive Pliocene marine fauna in the Americas. These dis-

tinctive species are narrowly endemic and left no descendants.

Though some 70 generic and subgeneric names are available

for fossil and living cypraeids, none is suitable for Cypraea mus

and its fossil allies. Therefore the new subgeneric name

Muracypraea is proposed for this closely knit group of species.

Genus Cypraea Linne

Linne, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p. 718, 1758. Type (Mont-

fort, Conchyliologie Systematique, vol. 2, p. 631, 1810') :

1 Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 89

Cypraea tigris Liiine, Recent, tropical western Pacific Ocean.

(Montfort spelled the generic name Cyprea.)

Micracypraea Woodring, n. subgen.

Type : Cypraea mus Linne, Recent, south border of Caribbean

Sea.

Pyriform cowries of medium size to moderately large (45 to

75 mm.). Posterior part of dorsal surface smooth, roughened,

warty, or bituberculate. Outer lip wide, slightly constricted

near anterior end; teeth short, moderately strong. Terminal

ridge (bordering siphonal canal) narrow. Fossula indistinct,

wide, shallow, smooth. Teeth on inner lip weak to strong.

Posterior outlet long, wide, deep.

Mu7'acypraea first appeared in strata of early Miocene age in

Trinidad, Venezuela, and Peru. It reached its maximum dis-

tribution during the middle Miocene : Jamaica, Dominican Re-

public, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, and

Baja California. The known distribution in late Miocene time

included Trinidad, Venezuela, and Panama, dwindling to

Venezuela and Ecuador in early Pliocene time. The occurrences

so far mentioned represent the lineage of Cypraea henekeni -

Sowerby (1850, p. 45, pi. 9, fig. 3). None of the members of

that lineage is a likely immediate predecessor of C. mus, which

is unknown before the Pleistocene and now has a limited range

along the south border of the Caribbean Sea from Colombia to

Venezuela.

References Cited

Allan, Joyce. 1956. Cowry Shells of World Seas, 170 pp.,

15 pis., Melbourne.

Dall, W. H. 1890-1903. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 3, 6

pts., 1, 654 pp., 60 pis.

Heilprin, Axgelo. 1887. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. 1,

pp. 1-134, 19 pis.

Olsson, a. a. & Anne Harbison. 1953. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia, Mon. 8, 457 pp., 65 pis.

2 The original orthography of the trivial name is heniTceri. Mr. Arthur

Greig, Assistant Secretary of the Geological Society of London, informs

me that the name of the collector, who later became a Fellow of the

Society, was Col. T. S. Heneken. Therefore, heniTceri was an unintentional

error, presumably clue to misreading of the collector's handwriting, and

alteration to heneTceni is justified. Both spellings have been used.

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

ScHiLDER, F. A. 1932. Fossilium Catalogus, I, Animalia, pt.

55; Cypraeacea, 276 pp., Berlin.

ScHiLDER, F. A. & M. ScHiLDER. 1938-39. Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 23, pp. 119-180, 1 fig., 1938; pp. 181-231, 9 maps,

1939.

SowERBY, G. B. 1850. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London 6, pp.

44^53, pis. 9, 10.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE SALT-MARSH SNAIL,

MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS SAY.*

By PAUL A. HOLLE

Asst. Prof., U. of New Hampshire

AND CLAEENCE F. DINEEN

Asst. Prof., U. of Notre Dame

Studies concerning the snails of the genus Melampus have

been limited primarily to shell characteristics. So little has

been written, other than shell characteristics, that Morrison

(1950) stated regarding the entire family Ellohiidae, ''the life

history of members of this family is still almost completely

unknown. Even the simplest observations on populations, rate

of growth, or discovery of the eggs of any species will be im-

portant in filling this blank." The only major publications

on M. hidentatus are those of Hausman (1932, 1936). This

paucity of information stimulated the work here reported,

which is based on experiments w^ith living snails under both

laboratory and field conditions.

3Iaterials. Laboratory studies Avere restricted to snails col-

lected from southern Maine, New Hampshire, and northern

Massachusetts. The most successful laboratory substitute for

salt-marsh conditions was a shallow glass dish with the bottom

covered with an inch of Cellu-cotton (absorbent wadding), over-

laid with an ink blotter. This substratum was saturated with

salt water.

Field conditions were studied extensively in the same areas,

and briefly in Canada along the south shore of the St. Lawrence

* This work is a portion of a dissertation by the senior author in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy from

the University of Notre Dame.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 91

River south of Quebec City, the shores of Prince Edward

Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and along the coast-

line of the United States as far south as Cape Hatteras, North

Carolina.

Habitat. Melampus was found only in salt marshes flooded

by normal tides. Empty shells, often bleached, among the

debris deposited along the periphery of a salt marsh by high

tides indicate a population in the vicinity (PI. 7). Living

snails were found underneath matted grass during the bright

hours of the day or in relatively exposed areas at times of

reduced light. The snails favor a grass cover of Spartina, al-

though any vegetation and/or debris which provides shade

suffices. The salt-marsh substratum is always peat. Usually

the surface is covered w^ith silt and algae. The pH and salinity

vary with the tides.

Northern range. Although the most northern locality from

which M. Mdentatus has been obtained is Buctouche, New Bruns-

wick, probably snails might be found as far north as Ricibucto,

New Brunswick. Salt marshes are present and conditions ap-

peared satisfactory. Snails were collected from Prince Edward

Island and Nova Scotia.

In a survey of the south shore of the St. Lawrence River in

August, 1953, several salt marshes were found between Ste.

Anne de la Pocatiere and Rimouski, Quebec. Each superficially

appeared suitable for populations of salt-marsh snails, yet no

snails were found.

Abundance. Quantitative measurements of the abundance of

living snails in three localities were made periodically through-

out the years 1953-1955. The maximum number per square

foot and the range in size for each of the three localities are

summarized in Table 1.

Max. No. Length of

of Snails Shells

per Sq. Ft. (mm.)

Portsmouth, N. H. 27 9.1-n.3

Rowley, Mass. 764 4.6- 8.5

Salisbury, Mass. 614 3.5- 7.9

Table 1. Population density and size range.

Activity. Salt-marsh snails frequently avoid submersion by

tidal waters by ascending blades of grass and piles of debris.

92 TPIE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

This vertical migration (PL 7) was observed on the 13th of

June 1953, in Chesapeake Bay (Woolford Creek, branch of

Little Choptank, Cambridge, Maryland). Heavy rains several

hours prior to high tide provided dilution of the incoming salt

water and a higher level. Other snails, Littorina irrorata, Suc-

cinea aurea, and Paludestrina salsa, were submerged. Accord-

ing to Marshall (1937), the early settlers of the eastern seaboard

were more than casually familiar with this activity, finding them

a problem while harvesting ' ' salt-marsh hay ' ' :

*' Occasionally work was held up by countless millions of

snails which had climbed the blades of grass to drink the drops

of dew that had collected there and afforded their only taste of

freshwater. No scythe could compete wath the multitude of

hard little shells, but after a half hour they would be gone,

having climbed back down to their usual saline existence. ' '

This migration occurred also in areas that did not become sub-

merged. On several occasions, small numbers of snails w^ere

seen climbing tall sticks and blades of grass, although the tide

brought no water near them. However, this behavior was

noted only in areas where unusually high tides submerged all

vegetation.

Other movements also coordinated with the tides were ob-

served on twelve occasions from June through October 1955 in

the salt marshes of Salisbury and Rowley, Massachusetts. As

the tide began to rise in the drainage ditches, many snails

migrated into crevices and small spaces adjacent to the roots

of the salt-marsh grass. The former remained in hiding while

the area was submerged in salt water but began to reappear

a few minutes after the area became exposed again. Hourly

(and some quarter-hourly) records w^ere taken of the tempera-

ture, salinity, and pH of the substratum and water in the

drainage ditches. Although these varied with the tide, no

direct correlation with movements could be determined.

The horizontal migration of M. hidentatus seems limited.

Twenty-four hours after the release of marked snails, the maxi-

mum distance traveled was 3 feet. After 6 months, marked

snails were recovered, one of which had migrated more than 25

feet from the point of release.

Growth. Since the growth rate of the salt-marsh snail had

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 93

never been recorded, the following experiment was tried in

1953. In the spring, several salt-marsh areas were selected as

experimental sites: Portsmouth, New Hampshire (ea. 43°03'N,

70°46.3'W) ; Kowley, Massachusetts (ca. 42°42.2'N, 70°52'W) ;

and Salisbury, Massachusetts (ca. 40°51.5'N, 70°49.3'W). The

snails from each collecting site were divided into 3 groups and

released into these same 3 areas. A total of 1,633 were released

in May. Marked snails were collected in October (6 months

growth period). Only 50 marked snails were recovered. Thirty-

five of these were from two areas. Consequently, the numbers

in these two areas were significant to indicate growth rate. The

data are as follows: 20 of the 190 snails taken from Salisbury

and returned to the same area were recovered. The mean length

when released was 6.3 mm; 6.4 mm when recovered. Thus, a

growth of 0.1 mm in 6 months. Fifteen out of 425 taken from

Rowley and released in the same area showed a similar growth

of 0.1 mm (9.2 mm to 9.3 mm mean lengths).

For comparison, growth under laboratory conditions was

observed, beginning in the spring of 1955. A total of 280 snails

with shell lengths ranging from 6.4 mm to 12.0 mm were di-

vided among 27 containers. Although the average mortality

rate was 40%, several lots survived with no loss at all. Three

of these lots had been collected on the same day from the three

different sites. The growth rate of these lots is shown in Table

2.

Date Measured

22 May 2 August 11 October , , ^ ^

- - Mean Great-

Shell Mean Mean In- est In-

Length Length Range Length Range crease crease

I 7.5 7.7 0.3 8.6 0.2 1.1 1.2

II 6.4 6.7 0.3 7.0 0.5 0.6 1.0

III 6.4 6.9 0.4 7.0 1.0 0.6 LI

Table 2. Growth rate of snails under laboratory conditions. Each lot

consisted of 10 snails collected 22 May from each of the following sites:

(I) Portsmouth, N. H. ; (II) Rowley, Mass.; and (III) Salisbury, Mass.

Measurements in mm.

Hausman (1932) described the eggs of M. hidentatus. He did

not mention the time of oviposition, nor whether or not he had

seen any eggs hatch.

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

In this research, observations of oviposition were made in both

field and laboratory. Ninety or more snails from each of three

localities were brought to the laboratory, as noted in Table 3.

These collections began 8 April, and were continued at biweekly

intervals. The first oviposition was noted on the nights of 20

and 22 May, but none of these eggs hatched. A few were taken

for experimental study.

A second oviposition period was noted in mid-June. This in-

cluded masses deposited by some of the same populations of

snails that had produced eggs in May. It is noteworthy that

all these snail populations producing a second batch were speci-

mens collected on 28 April. Most of the mid-June egg masses,

however, were from snails collected after 22 May.

A third oviposition period occurred early in July, but only

among snails collected later than the mid-June period.

In all instances, the snails spent at least a week in the labora-

tory prior to oviposition. Ten snails collected on 2 June from

Rowley, Massachusetts were the most productive: 189 egg

masses altogether.

Egg masses were observed in all salt marshes 20 June.

Eggs reached the 16-cell stage within 24 hours, became an

active trochophore within 48 hours, and formed a distinctly

shelled veliger within 72 hours. At the 4-cell stage, the embryo

measures about 85ja in width.

The eggs developed well in air and water. The salinity ap-

peared unimportant, since development continued to the shelled

veliger stage in clutches which were submerged in fresh water,

salt water, and a 1 : 1 mixture. In only one lot (in salt water),

however, did the veligers free themselves from the albuminous

mass.

In another instance, evaporation of water from a salt-water

medium resulted in deposition of salt crystals on the egg mass.

The shelled veligers were observed to be inactive. When an

equal amount of fresh water was added to the remaining solu-

tion, the veligers were active again after a period of 24 hours.

Snails in the laboratory were provided with lettuce and

carrots. Both were eaten with no noticeable preference. The

paper blotters were often consumed.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 95

Date

Number of Clutches Present on

May June July

Collected No. 20 22 11 12 14 16 17 1

I 8 April 10

17 April 11 57

28 April 12 73 11

11 May 11 7

22 May 11 17 84

22 May 10 17

2 June 10 34 86 157

17 June 10 32

24 July 10

II 8 April 8

17 April 10

28 April 12 52

11 May 10

22 May 11 ^

22 May 10

2 June 10 40

17 June 11 17

24 July 11

III 8 April 7 5

17 April 10

28 April 12 68 131

11 May 10 1 63

22 May 11 38 112

22 May 10 25

17 June 11 13

24 July 10

Table 3. Oviposition of snails collected from the following sites :

(I) Portsmouth, N. H. ; (II) Rowley, Mass. ; and

(III) Salisbury, jNIass.

References

Hausman, S. a. 1932. Amer. Nat. Vol. 66 : 541-545.

, 1936. Anat. Rec. (Phila.) Vol. 67, Supplement 1 (Ab-

stract 223) : 127.

Marshall, B. S. 1937. Colonial Hempstead. Review Starr

Press, New York, p. 147.

Morrison, J. P. E. 1950. Amer. Malacol. Union Ann. Rpt.

(1950) : 8-10.

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

GASTROPOD HOST OF AN ODOSTOMIA

By EGBERT EOBERTSON

Species in the opisthobranch family Pyramidellidae have

been recorded as ectoparasites on a variety of organisms, chiefly

polychaetes and pelecypods (Ankel, 1936, 1938, 1948, 1949;

Fretter & Graham, 1949). They often, but not invariably, show

marked specificity to their hosts.

In the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Odostomia

(Chrysallida) seniinuda (C. B. Adams) was found to be an

abundant parasite on Crepidiila fornicata (Linne). This Odo-

stomia was described from four specimens collected on single

valYes oi Aequipect 671 (Plagioctenium) irradians (Lamarck) (C.

B. Adams, 1839). Subsequently, it has been recorded from the

upper valves of the same pecten, presumably as a parasite

(Hackney, 1944). As this species shows a marked divergence

in choice of host, and because Crepidula appears to be the first

gastropod host of pyramidellids to be reported, the present

paper was prepared.

Many specimens of Aequipecten irradians were examined near

Woods Hole for pyramidellid parasites, but none were found.

On the other hand, nearly every Crepidula fornicata observed

had Odostomia seminuda either on or near the shell. Typically,

they collect at the edge of the shell, where they can extend the

long proboscis underneath to attach it for periods of several

seconds to the mantle (text-fig.) The proboscis is quickly with-

drawn when the Crepidula clamps down. These animals are

active, and when not feeding may move around, sometimes away

from the host for a short distance.

These observations were made during the first half of August,

1956. Adult Odostomia seminuda are up to 4 mm. in length.

At this time juveniles, some less than 1 mm. in length, were

abundant, so spawning had recently taken place.

References

Adams, C. B. 1839. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 2 : 262-288.

Ankel, W. E. 1936. Prosobranchia. In Die Tierwelt der

Nord- und Ostsee. (G. Grimpe & E. Wagler.) Lief. XXIX,

Teil IX. bi, pp. 1-240 ; figs. 1-222.

. 1938. Arkiv for Zoologi, 30 A (9): 1-27; figs. 1-20;

plates 1-2.

Jan., 1957]

THE NAUTILUS

97

1948. Archiv f . Mollusk., 77 : 79-82.

. 1949. Verb. Deutsch. Zool. Kiel. (Zool. Aiizeig. Suppl.

Bd. 13), pp. 478-484; figs. 1-3.

Fretter, V. AND A. Graham. 1949. Journ Mar. Biol. Assoc,

(n.s.), 28: 493-532; figs. 1-12.

Hackney, A. G. 1944. Nautilus, 58 (2) : 60.

A COLLECTION OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER

MOLLUSKS FROM TABASCO, MEXICO

By feed G. THOMPSON

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan

The moUuscan fauna of the various states of Mexico is so

poorly known that even small and incidental collections from

almost any area are apt to add several species to the faunal

list of the state in which the collection was made. During

December, 1955, I had an opportunity to gather a small col-

lection of land and freshwater gastropods from the immediate

vicinity of Teapa, Tabasco. Although this collection is not

extensive, and H. H. Smith had previously collected at the same

locality, several of the species in my collection are new additions

to the faunal list of that state.

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

The town of Teapa lies on the foothills of the mountains of

northern Chiapas. The geological composition of the hills is

of limestone and calcareous shales, and over much of the area

rapid weathering of the rock has resulted in the formation of

mogotes which rise to elevation of 500-1,000 feet above the

surrounding land surface. Many of these mogotes are honey-

combed with solution caverns, and they drain into the Eio

Grijalva by way of numerous small streams in the area. The

land to the north of Teapa is a low level plain with many

meandering rivers; the area is also supplied with many small

lakes and swamps.

During the few days that I was at Teapa, there was an abun-

dance of rain. Showers occurred twice a day ; usually at about

10 A.M. and again at 3 P.M. The rainfall was heavy and it

lasted approximately an hour. Soon after these showers, the

sky would clear and the ground water drained off rapidly.

The vegetation of the area has been drastically altered by

man. No forests wdth any large trees were seen, and most of

the hills and valleys were used for banana and cacao groves.

Where the land was not being cultivated, the surface was fre-

quently burned over to consume the tall grass and shrubs and

prepare it for pasturage. This has been done every year

during the dry season.

Collections were made at the following six stations :

1. along the Rio Grijalva, 4 miles south of Villahermosa ;

Dec. 28, 1955. The land here was low and level and covered

with many ponds and small lakes. There was very little surface

vegetation, except for grasslands which were over grazed.

2. about 19 miles north of Teapa; Dec. 30, 1955. The col-

lection at this locality was made in a small stream by the road-

side. The land and vegetation were very similar to that at

locality 1.

3. about 14 miles north of Teapa; Dec. 30, 1955. Here sev-

eral square miles of land had recently been cleared of its forests,

and many logs and stumps remained in the area which was being

used for grazing. The ground was level and extensively cov-

ered with marsh.

4. between I/2 and 1 mile east of Teapa; Dec. 28 and 30,

1955. These collections were made along the bases of the

mogotes on talus slopes which were fairly well shaded by a thick

growth of vines and trees growing on the sides and at the bases

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 99

of the mogotes. However, very little undergrowtli grew on the

thick layer of mulch and debris that covered the ground.

5. Teapa, in cacao groves; Dec. 31, 1955. The cacao trees

were planted on the hillsides, and they were shaded by larger

trees. The sandy soil contained chunks of sandstone and lime-

stone, and it was exposed to much sunlight. The ground cover

consisted only of a thin layer of cacao leaves.

6. about 1 mile south of Teapa; Dec. 29, 1955. A collection

was made here in a small stream that flowed between two

mogotes. The stream bed was rocky, and flowed over lime-

stone for most of its distance. Although there was much dead

vegetation on the ground and in the water, the stream was clear,

and silt deposits were lacking even in the eddies.

Among the six stations at which collections were made, the

mogotes at locality 4 had by far the richest fauna. Shell ma-

terial was abundant along the bases of the limestone ledges, and

live specimens were easily encountered in crevices and in the

mulch. Besides the mogotes, the fruit groves and streams im-

mediately around Teapa also had a large fauna, but mollusks

were not concentrated in any place as they were along the bases

of the mogotes. The biota to the north of Teapa apparently has

been so drastically affected by human economy that only a few

widespread species of mollusks remain.

All the material upon which this report is based has been

deposited in the collection of the Museum of Zoology, University

of Michigan, except for a few specimens of Pomacea flagellata

gliieshrechti, which were sent to Dr. Joseph Bequaert at the

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.

I am indebted to Mr. Malcolm Gordon of Yale University for

making the trip to Tabasco possible for me; he also proved to

be an excellent and co-operative field companion. I also wish

to thank Drs. H. Burrington Baker, Joseph Bequaert, Henry van

der Schalie and Alan Solem, who assisted me in identifying the

material upon which this report is based.

Pomacea flagellata gliieshrechti (Reeve). Specimens were

found at locality 1 and 3, and dead shells were seen at several

other places. Live animals were observed only at night, when

they were common on the bottom of small ponds and in the

shallow waters of the Rio Grijalva. Probably this large snail

is used extensively as food by Staurotypus salvini Gray. This

turtle was found to occupy the same habitat as the snail. Five

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

turtles were kept in captivitj^, and they were observed to pass

large numbers of opercula and sizeable shell fragments (up to

1% inches in diameter) in their feces.

Clwndropoma martensianum Pils. This species was quite

abundant at locality 4, Dead shells were very common at the

bases of the mogotes and in crevices in the limestone ledges.

Live specimens were found under flakes of limestone that were

still in place on the cliffs and ledges.

NeocycloUis dysoni anibiguum (Martens). This species was

found to be common at localities 4 and 5. This snail did not

appear to be concentrated in large numbers in any one area as

was Chondropoma martensianum, nor was it as closely associ-

ated w^th the limestone. Specimens were encountered by raking

through leaf mold and debris at the bases of the mogotes, and

in drift piles along the streams.

Helicina ghieshrechti Pfr. Only shells of this species were

collected at locality 4. Although specimens were found at the

bases of the mogotes, they did not seem to be concentrated in

any one niche.

Helicina oweniana Pfr. The most common snail collected was

H. oweniana, which was found in large numbers at locality 4.

This snail was found along the bases of limestone ledges and in

debris on the slopes of the mogotes.

Helicina tenuis Pfr. Only seven specimens were collected at

localities 4 and 5. Its lack of concentration in any one area may

be due to its apparent arboreal tendencies. Live specimens

were found in rotted holes and crevices of trees.

Lucidella lirata (Pfr.). Only a single shell of this wide rang-

ing species was found at locality 4.

Pachychilus sp. In a small stream flowing between two

mogotes, a large species of Pachychilus was very common. An

examination of comparative material suggests that it is an un-

described species. However, because of my lack of knowledge

about the variation that exists among species in this genus, I

hesitate to introduce another name into this confusing group

until the validity of various shell characters can be proven.

Polygyra yucatanea (Morelet). This snail was common at

localities 3 and 5. At both localities, they were found in rather

open situations, and were most frequently encountered by dig-

ging through the pulp in dry rotted logs.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 101

Leptarionta trigonostorna salleana (Pfr.). Dead shells of

this large snail were found at locality 4, where they were oc-

casionally found on the ground at the bases of large trees.

Euglandina ciimingi (Beck). This species was common at

localities 4 and 5. The few live specimens that were collected

were found under logs and scraps of lumber.

Eiiglandina sp. A badly worn shell of a snail of this genus

was found at locality 4. Specific allocation Avas not possible.

Streptostyla meridana cohanensis (Tristram). Dead shells

of this species were found at locality 4. All the specimens were

collected in a small cavern in a limestone cliff at the base of a

mogote.

Streptostyla nigricans (Pfr.). Specimens of this species were

recovered by raking through the dead vegetation on slopes at

the bases of the mogotes at station 4.

Salasiella suhcylindrica Pils. Three shells were found at

locality 4.

Siibulina octona (Brug.). This species was found at locality

5 in drift piles along the Rio Grijalva.

Lamellaxis micra (Orb.). Two shells of this species were

found at locality 4.

Synopeas heckianum (Pfr.). Two shells were found along

with Streptostyla meridana cohanensis in a limestone cavern at

locality 4.

Spiraxis scalariopsis (Mo.). One shell of this Spiraxis was

found at locality 4. It was examined and identified tentatively

by Dr. H. Burrington Baker.

Averellia suturaUs (Pfr.). This snail was common in the

mulch at the bases of the mogotes at locality 4.

Coelocentrum clava (Pfr.). This large urocoptid was found

to be quite common around the bases of the mogotes at locality

4. Although extensive effort was made to find live specimens,

none were found. All the shells eollected were encountered in

rain gullies along the bottom of limestone ledges.

Aplexa aurantia Carp. This species was found to be very

common in ditches and pools along the road at locality 2. At

the time they were collected many were seen crawling on sticks

and logs, others were along the shore in shallow water, and a

couple of masses of live specimens, nearly a foot in diameter,

were seen floating freely on the surface of the water. Two days

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

later when I returned to this locality not a single specimen

could be found.

Of the above list of species the following six are additions

to the f aunal list of Tabasco : Leptarionta t rig ono stoma sal-

leana, Streptostyla meridana cohanensis, Salasiella sudcylin-

drica, Synopeas heckianum, Spiraxis scalariopsis, and Coelocen-

truni clava. In general, the fauna appears to be similar to that

reported in other areas of south-eastern Mexico and northern

Guatemala.

References

Baker, H. Burrington. 1928. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Mich., no. 193, pp. 1-65, pis. 1-6.

Bequaert, Joseph Cl, and William J. Clench. 1933. Car-

negie Instit. Wash. PubL, no. 431, pp. 525-545, pi. 68, fig. 26,

2 maps.

. 1936. Ibid., no. 456, pp. 61-75, pis. 1-2.

. 1938. Ibid., no. 491, pp. 257-260.

Goldman, Edward A. 1951. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol.

115, pp. i-xii, 1-476, pis. 1-71.

Goodrich, Calvin, and Henry van der Schalie. 1937. Misc.

Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 34, pp. 1-50, pi. 1, map. 1.

Harry, Harold W. 1950. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,

no. 524, pp. 1-34.

PiLSBRY, Henry A. 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp.

338-341.

. 1899. Nautilus, Vol. 13, pp. 139-141.

Solem, Alan. 1956. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 108,

pp. 41-59.

Von Martens, Edward. 1890-1. Land and Freshwater Mol-

luscs. Biologia Centrali-America, London, pp. 1-xxviii, 1-

706 ; 44 pis.

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND SNAILS IN PLANT

ASSOCIATIONS IN EASTERN VIRGINIA

By JOHN B. BUECH

(Concluded from October number)

Discussion. An analysis of the data is difficult owing to the

large number of plant associations encountered and because

many of the associations were found only once. The habitats

most generally favorable for land snails in this area are those

which receive a substantial part of their organic matter from

Jan., 1957] THE NAUTILUS 103.

oaks. However, snails were found in abundance at stations

haA'ing- a variety of other trees in which oak was absent, when

conditions such as moisture, substratum, etc. were favorable for

their existence. Should there exist any differences in snail

distribution and abundance directly correlated with plant cover,

the most obvious factors would be nutrition and/or physical

properties of the soil and humus. There are some data available

concerning the inorganic composition of the leaves of various

species of trees, leaves being by far the largest single source

forest soil organic matter. These data (summarized by Lutz

and Chandler, 1946: 145-150) furnish: no correlation with the

distribution and abundance of land snails in the present in-

vestigation, except possibly some slight correlation between

average number of specimens per station and calcium content

of the leaves (Table 2). However, there is a marked correla-

tion between the amount of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and

organic matter in this area and the abundance of land snails

(Burch, 1955b). Although species differences are recognized

in the composition of plant material, the availability of the

resultant nutrients is affected by such factors as amount of

moisture, aeration, rate of decomposition, forest stand quality,

size of soil particles, temperature {e.g., as influenced by rocks),

and soil organisms. These factors may cause wide variations in

both nutrients and physical properties of the humus among the

same associations at different sites and may account for the

difficulty in correlating snail distribution.

The abundance of snails in oak-pine communities may be the

result of an improved humus layer by the mixture of these two

trees. Natural mixtures between trees producing poor and

good humus laj^ers tend to improve the structure and consistency

of the humus (Diebold, 1935). Lang (1926) has suggested that

a mixture of hardwood leaves and coniferous needles may favor

better aeration and thereby influence decomposition.

Summary and Conclusions. 1. The distribution and abun-

dance of thirty-one species of land snails from twenty-seven

major plant associations in Hanover, Henrico, and Chesterfield

counties, Virginia, have been recorded.

2. The habitats most generally favorable for land snails in this

area have an abundance of oaks.

3. In plant associations represented by at least four stations

104

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 70 (3)

X^ f/ieff//V/4 PINE - HARDWOODS

'^^A ^HORTLE/iF PINE - HARDWOODS

:• * . 'xLOBLOLLV PINE - N/)KDWOOl>S

WM$^'^'':M^£^ J

^Ml^BOTTOM'/.AND HARDWOODS

COLLECTtNa STATION - NUMBtlU

KEfrcK To PCflNT AStOCmTlONS

^-r rsiy> ' -•-TO . •IV7/ ' • . V

• • COUNTy'""'''%

4il

•Z''

y . V . • • . • A*

^. -CHESTERFIELD-^

^<A* . • ■ . COUNTY- ■ • . ■ ■ s/^ ■■ .

Fig. 1. Vegetation map of area investigated.

the greatest number of snails were found in oak-sycamore com-

munities.

4. The largest total number of species were recorded from

oak-pine communities.

5. Dominant plant cover is intimately associated with the

ecology of forest snails by influencing physical properties of

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 105

their habitats; it also has a bearing, both directly and indirectly,

on their nutrition.

6. Snails in this area may be found in a wide variety of plant

associations, but correlation of their distribution Avith definite

plants is difficult because of the variations in other factors.

Literature Cited

BuRCH, J. B. 1955a. The land snails of Hanover, Henrico, and

Chesterfield counties, Virginia. Va. Jour. Sci. 6(3) : 154-162.

. 1955b. Some ecological factors of the soil affecting the

distribution and abundance of land snails in eastern Virginia.

Naut. 69(2) : 62-69.

Craig, R. B. 1949. Virginia forest resources and industries.

Forest Ser. Misc. Pub. 681, U. S. Dept. Agr. 13-15.

DiEBOLD, C. H. 1935. Some relations between soil type and

forest site quality. Ecol. 16(4) : 640-647.

Lang, R. 1926. Forstliche Standortslehre. In Handbucli der

ForstwissenscJiaft, by T. Lorey and H. Weber. Fourth ed.

1: 213-475. H. Laupp'schen Buchhandlung, Tubingen.

Lutz, H. J. AND R. F. Chandler, Jr. 1946. Forest soils. John

Wiley and Sons, N. Y., 99, 140, 145-150.

NiKiFOROFF, C. C. 1938. Soil organic matter and soil humus.

U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 929-939.

Strandine, E. J. 1937. Forest snail distribution in the Chicago

area with especial reference to soil. Ecol. Soc. Amer. Bull.

18: 52.

. 1938. Quantitative and experimental observations upon

the distribution of forest snails in the Chicago area. Ibid.

19: 39.

. 1941. Quantitative study of a snail population. Ecol.

22(1): 86-91.

PAUL P. McGINTY

The many friends of Mr. McGinty will be grieved to hear of

his death on July 1, at the age of 78, at his home in Ocean Ridge,

Florida.

Mr. McGinty was born in Athens, Georgia, on October 26,

1877, and had the distinction of having been brought into the

world by Dr. Crawford W. Long, famous pioneer in anesthesia.

While still a youth he succeeded in building an exceptional col-

lection of bird eggs from the Georgia region. In later years he

delighted in recalling the pleasant memories of those collecting

days and his correspondence and exchanges. He studied archi-

tecture at the Georgia School of Technology, and for some years

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

was associated with his father in building numerous courthouses

and large buildings in Georgia. Later he became U. S. Super-

vising Architect on government buildings and travelled exten-

sively. After his marriage to Miss Ella Marshall Ladue, of

Detroit, Michigan, he resigned from the government post and

engaged in private business for a number of years in that city.

Being partially disabled by an accidental spinal injury he

set up a winter residence in Florida in 1923, later making it

his permanent home. Wliile combing the beach adjacent to his

Florida home he early became interested in conchology. A

meeting with Dr. Maxwell Smith, who lived nearby, ripened

into a warm friendship and further stimulated his interest in

shells. He built up a very good general collection, largely by

exchanges abroad for the handsome Florida shells. In time the

McGinty residence became a stop-over for many collectors who

were always welcome. Dr. Carlos de la Torre, Dr. and Mrs.

B. R. Bales, Dr. Joshua Baily, Dr. Jeanne Schwengel, Dr. Wil-

liam J. Clench, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Paul Bartsch, and many

prominent collectors paid him the honor of numerous visits.

Mr. McGinty is survived by his two sons, Paul L. and Thomas

L. McGinty, with whom he lived at Ocean Ridge, near Palm

Beach. On account of his disability he was able to do little

collecting himself and the gathering of material as well as the

technical investigations of the shells was largely the w^ork of his

son, Thomas, assisted by Paul. The McGinty collection of

Florida shells is now without doubt the most complete and

valuable in existence.

Mr. McGinty 's cordial and kindly nature endeared him to

Florida malacologists and shell collectors, nearly all of whom he

knew personally. Burial was at Athens, Georgia, in beautiful

old Oconee Hill Cemetery, not far from his boyhood home.

NOTES AND NEWS

Vagabond cuttlebones. — On January 2, 1956, Dr. Howard

J. Teas and I were beachcombing along the north coast of

Anegada, the northeasternmost island of the British Virgin

Islands. The wind was strong from the northeast as w^e walked

eastward from Loblolly to Cooper Rock.

Jan., 1957] the nautilus 107

In one section of sand beach where large breakers reached the

shore from an opening in the reef, we found several cuttle-

bones high up the beach. They were all imperfect and seemed

worn by the sea. One or two of the white bones had a greenish

tinge in cross section, indicating perhaps some algal growth.

Wallace Van der Pool, old timer on Anegada, called these bones

"whale spew."

A specimen was sent to Dr. Gilbert L. Voss at the Marine

Laboratory of the University of Miami. In a letter to me

dated April 6, Dr. Voss says that he is "quite sure that it is the

bone of Sepia officionalis Linnaeus. I do not believe, however,

that it came from a living animal in the Western Atlantic, but

rather that it has drifted across from the Azores or the African

coast. I have several of these bones from the Florida coast,

but all have evidence of being at sea for long periods of time."

I have not yet found cuttlebones on the north or east coast of

Puerto Rico, where I have done considerable collecting from

time to time. The cuttlebones check well with Text fig. 22,

Sepia officionalis L., ventral view of gladius, p. 344 of Bull.

Vanderbilt Marine Museum, Vol. Ill, by Lee Boone, Huntington,

N. Y., 1938. — Donald S. Erdman, Fisheries Biologist, Depart,

de Agric. y Com., Box 412, Lajas, P. R.

Thaumastus conspicuus (Pils.), originally from near Huasi-

mal in the region of Tumbez, Peru, at about 4,000 ft., has been

found by Mr. A. A. Olsson in the Pleistocene Mancora tablazo

at the Seminario road out of the Quebrada Parinas (near

Negritos, Peru). This species was originally described as a

Plekocheilus, but it apparently is a Thaumastus of the subgenus

Zara Strebel. The Pleistocene specimens are about 40 to 50

mm. long, being smaller than the type lot. — H. A. P.

St. Petersburg Shell Club. — Meetings will be held in the

Assembly Room, City Hall, at 7 :30 P.M., on the following dates :

Jan. 11, Jan. 25, Feb. 1, Feb. 15, Mar. 8, Mar. 22. There will

be entertaining and instructive programs at each meeting.

Shell Club field trips will be under the leadership of Mr. Alger

Blaine. This year he will have several assistants and frequent

trips will be made. Membership in the Club is one dollar

per year. The only necessary qualification for membership is

that you are interested in shells. The annual Shell Show will be

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (3)

held Feb. 27 to Mar. 4 at Treasure Island Auditorium, Treasure

Island. — Nellie Coleman, President, 5308 Third Avenue South.

Ernest Klein, Treasurer, 201 Fifth Street South, St. Peters-

burg, Florida.

Nassa delosi Woodring. — Dr. W. P. Woodring, in his paper

on the Geology and Paleontology of the Palos Verdes Hills,

U. S. G. S. Professional Paper No. 207, proposed the name Nassa

delosi for the Pleistocene shell which Ralph Arnold illustrated

under the name Nassa calif orniana Conrad in Paleontology and

Stratigraphy of San Pedro, 1903.

This name has been quite generally accepted. The shell is

quite common in the Del Ray exposure at the west end of the

Baldwin Hills and is found in several of the Pleistocene ex-

posures in the San Pedro and Long Beach areas.

So far as I know Nassa delosi Woodring has never been re-

ported from the Recent fauna except for one specimen that was

reported as N. calif orniana Conr. in the Minutes of the Concho-

logical Club of Southern California No. 51, August 1945. That

specimen was given to me by a neighbor who found it in a tide

pool at Balboa, California. The specimen was alive and I

personally removed the animal. It is very close to Arnold's

figure 3, plate IV, in Paleontology & Stratigraphy of San Pedro,

1903, and to the figure given by Dall in Bulletin 112, plate 11,

fig. 4. It is now No. 11458 in the conchological collection of the

San Diego Society of Natural History, Natural History Museum,

Balboa Park, San Diego. Dall's record of N. calif orniana Conr.

is probably based in part on the shells that we now know as

Nassarius rhinetes Berry, 1953.

Dr. William Emerson tells me that there is a Pleistocene ex-

posure at or near the high tide line at San Quintin Bay, Lower

California, and that specimens of N. delosi Woodring from it,

which have worked out onto the beach, could easily be mis-

taken for recent shells. — E. P. Chace.

Introduced species in South Carolina. — Bumina decollata

(L.) has been reported from a few inland localities (e.g. Dallas,

Texas), but most records are from coastal cities. I collected two

specimens of this species in an urban yard at Columbia, South

Carolina (approximately 100 miles inland) in 1951. I was

unable to determine its abundance in this and adjoining yards,

The nautilus

Vol. 70 APRIL, 1957 No. 4

HALIOTIS RUFESCENS AT SUNSET BAY, OREGON

By EICHAED B. LYONS

Oregon Institute of Marine Biology

Hitherto, the occurrence of live specimens of Haliotis rufescens

Swainson (the red abalone) in Oregon has not been recorded in

the literature. Since H. rufescens often resembles H. wallalensis

in the color of the shell, care must be taken not to confuse the two

species and accounts of divers having seen ''red abalones" should

be considered with caution unless actual specimens are available.

The recent article by McCauley and Marriage (1955) has re-

ported a range extension based on shells of this species. While

worthwhile to report the location of a species of shell, this must

be done with great care and descriptions of such shells must also

be cautious unless the shells are in excellent condition. The

mere presence of a shell washed up on the beach, particularly if

it is a solitary specimen, is certainly not an accurate range ex-

tension in view of the fact that such a shell could have been

placed there (and this often happens) by some traveler or even

a resident who has obtained the shell at some distant point and

just discarded it on the beach.

McCauley and Marriage (1955) must surely be credited with

first reporting H. rufescens shells from Oregon and, in all proba-

bility, their data can be accepted as extending the northern

range of this species to ''. . . Chetco Cove on the south side of

Cape Ferrelo ..." which is near Brookings, Oregon. How-

ever, the first live specimen of H. rufescens to be reported in the

literature from Oregon (thus positively establishing a new

northern range limit) is now to be described from a specimen

collected by the author at Squaw Island on the northern side of

Sunset Bay (near Cape Arago, Oregon).

In early July of 1956, while assisting at the Oregon Institute

109

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

of Marine Biology, the author discovered the specimen on a

morning collecting trip. The animal was located on the wall of

a tall dark tunnel on the northern tip of Squaw Island. Though

the abalone was just below the water line, the tunnel was quite

high and far removed (about ten yards) from active surf at the

time. Diadora aspera (the rough keyhole limpet) and several

species of sponges were quite numerous along the wall of the

tunnel. The abalone was removed from shallow water at a point

approximately six feet below the lower limit of the barnacle

{Balanus glandula) zone.

After being collected, the animal was returned to the marine

station and placed in a pan of sea water where it was kept alive

for about one and a half days and observed by students and

faculty members. While alive, the abalone was photographed

with color film and after dying it was placed in formaldehyde

solution. Several days later, the shell was removed from pre-

servative and only the animal remained in formaldehyde.

Descriptions of H. rufescens have been provided by numerous

authors (see Bonnot, 1948; Oldroyd, 1927; Try on and Pilsbry,

1890; and for excellent descriptions of the internal anatomy of

the animal, see Palmer, 1907, dealing mainly with this species

and H. cracherodii, and Crofts, 1929). Here follows, for com-

parison, a short description of the specimen found at Squaw

Island in July, 1956.

Shell. The brick-red shell is 23.2 cm long and 18.1 cm wide

with a circumference of 65 cm, and depth of about 5 cm. Four

large tubular holes are open (largest is 1.1 cm by 0.6 cm). A

thin red line encircles ventral edge of shell and a large muscle

scar is present (11.5 cm long and 9.1 cm wide). Dorsal surface

of shell is rough due to upraised portions of shell forming "tu-

bercules" and to presence of marked concentric lines (especially

in younger part of shell). Many small barnacles and holes of

burrowing organisms are present on dorsal surface.

Body. Ventral surface of foot is 24.2 cm long and 15.2 cm

wide. In life, ventral surface of foot is dark yellow and dorsal

surface is black. Mantle edge is striped with alternating light

olive-green and blackish dorso-ventral lines.

As pointed out by Carlisle (1945), H. rufescens has such a

rapid development that in a matter of about a week after fer-

tilization, small adults are formed. Because of this speedy de-

April, 1957] the nautilus 111

velopment, the parents of this animal probably must have lived

near Sunset Bay. The large size of this specimen is indication

of its adaptability to the environment of Squaw Island and,

quite assuredly, H. riifescens Swainson must be established as far

north as Squaw Island, Oregon (43° 20' North).

The author is indebted to Keith W. Cox at Stanford for his

very kind help and suggestions and also to Dr. Kobert L. Bacon

at the University of Oregon Medical School, Mrs. Dorothy

McKey-Fender at Linfield College, and Mrs. Dody Orendurff.

Eeferences

BoNNOT, Paul. 1948. Calif. Fish & Game, 34 : 141-169.

Carlisle, John G., Jr. 1945. Sci. (N.S.), 102: 511-567.

Crofts, Doris R. 1929. Liverpool Mar. Biol. Comm. Mem.,

29 : 1-174.

McCauley, James E. and Lowell D. Marriage. 1955. Re-

search Briefs (Fish Comm. Ore.), 6: 4-13.

Oldroyd, Ida S. 1927. The marine shells of the west coast of

North America. Stanford Univ. Publ., Univ. Ser., Geol. Sci.,

II : pt. III.

Palmer, Clayton F. 1907. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 59:

396-407.

PiLSBRY, Henry A. 1890. Manual of Conchology, Philadel-

phia, XI : 82-83.

EASTER ISLAND SHELLS

By PAUL H. STEELE

The letters following the specific names indicate the sources of

the records: D, Dall; 0, Odhner; L, Lamy; and E, Padre

Englert.

Acanthopleura hrevispinosa Rve., L.

Smaragdinella viridis Rang., D. 0. L. E.

Terebra inconstans Hinds, L. E.

Terehra venosa Hinds, L. E.

Conns miliaris Hwass, D. 0. L. E.

Mitra (Strigatella) amphorella Lam., L.

Mitra, cf. M. michelinii Guerin, E.

Mitra (Cylindrica) nucea, D.

Columbella lutea Quoy, D.

Colum'bella margarita Rve., L. E.

Columhella (Seminella) striatula Dkr., L.

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

CoJumhcUa [MitreUa) impoJita Sb}'., L. E.

CohimhcUa cf. C. diminuta C. B. Adams, E.

MitreUa sp., E.

Trophon (Pascula) citricus DalL D. L.

Si^trutn moj'us Lam., E.

SUfnini ricinus L., E.

Sistrum, cf. /S. concatenafa Lam.. E.

Purpura {PoJijfropa) scohina Q. & G., L.

Thais nesiotes Dall. D. E.

Coluhraria decoUata Sby., D.

Ca^ssis vihex I., D.

Triton (Epidromus) cylindricus Pse., L.

MargincUa sandwichensi^ Pse., 0. E.

Pisania ignca L.. 0.

Trivia orijza Lam., var. scahriuscula Gray., E.

Cypraea capufdraconis Melv.. D. 0. L. E.

Stromhus macuJafus Xiit,, D. L. E.

Cerithium atromarginaium (Desh.) Yigual., L.

Ti'iforis levukensis Watson, 0. L. E.

Tr if oris, sp., D.

Cerithiopsis sp.. E.

Vermetus sp., D. E.

Plunaxis moUis Sby., D. 0. L. E.

Tecfarius noduJosus GmeL, D. 0. L. E.

Torinia dorsuosa Hinds., L.

Rissoina furricuJa Pse., L. E.

Rissoa pJicatula Gould., 0.

Eissoa tridcntata Miehaud., 0. E.

Hipponix anfiquatus L., D. L. E.

Hipponix harhafus Sby., D. 0. L. E.

Hipponix grayanus Menke, D. 0. E.

Cheilea equcsfris Menke. D. E.

Polinices sehae Sonl.. D.

Natica, cf. A\ sag if t if era Recliiz, E.

Ja7ithi7i<i- communis {fragilis) Lam., D. L. E.

Scala per pie xa Pse., L. E.

Eulimu cumingi A. Ad., D. L. E.

Nerita pJicafa L., L. E.

Nerifa afrafa Rve., L.

Nerita morio Sby.. 0. L. E.

Nassa, cf. N. compta A. Ad., E.

Euchelus foveoJatus A. Ad., 0.

EucheJus gemmatus Gould., L. E.

Ge7i<i varia A. Ad.. 0. E.

Glypliis exquisita Rve.. L.

Glyphis foveolata Garrett, 0. E.

FissureUa sp., D.

Siphonaria pica Sby., 0. L. E.

April, 1957 J the nautilus 113

Puncturella sp., E.

Emarginula sp., E.

Melampus philippii Kiister, D. 0. L. E.

Melampus pascus Odhner., 0.

Septifer sp., E.

Pecten (Hinnites) pascus DalL, D. E.

Pecten patagonicus King., E.

Lucina divergens Phil., D. 0. L. E.

Lima lima L., D.

Lima (Matellium) fragilis Chem., L.

Chama hroderipi Rve., D. E.

Saxicava australis Lam., L.

Semele australis Sby., D.

Limax arhorum B. Ch., 0.

Milax g agates Drap., 0.

Pacificella varidblis Odhner, 0.

Bertella hrocki Vayssiere, 0.

Bibliography

Dall, William H. 1908. Bui. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Col-

lege 43 : p. 437.

Odhner, Nils Hj. 1922. The Natural History of Juan Fer-

nandez and Easter Island, Vol. 3, part 4, Zoology. Page 248.

Uppsala.

Lamy, Edouard. 1939. Journal de Conchyliologie, vol. 82,

p. 131.

Steele, Paul H. 1956. The Collector (5349 Robertson Ave.,

Carmichael, Calif.) vol. 2, number 3, October 1956.

MARINE SHELLS FROM ALTONA LAGOON,

ST. CROIX, VIRGIN ISLANDS

By G. W. NOWELL-USTICKE

Very little serious shell collecting Avould seem to have been

done in the island of St. Croix, the largest of the Virgin Island

group, situated at the hinge between the Greater and the Lesser

Antilles. This island is somewhat off the more or less regular

string of West Indian islands, and seems to have a great variety

of shells, many of which have never been recorded from that

vicinity.

Henry Krebs of Kopenhagen, Denmark did publish in 1864

The West Indian Marine Shells, listing shells mainly from St.

Thomas, but included some from St. Croix. Also a very com-

plete list of bivalve mollusks was published by the N. Y. Acad-

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

emy of Sciences (Vol. 17, part 1, 1951) in one of their books on

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, but St. Croix was not well

covered.

What follows is a short story of one small lagoon on the north

shore of St. Croix, about one-half mile east of the town of

Christiansted. Altona Lagoon is about a mile long, narrow,

from one quarter to one half mile wide, and is lined with a

species of mangrove tree. For the most part it is quite shallow,

with sand bars inside the very narrow entrance, through which

the tides usually flow. Storms in late 1955 completely blocked

the only entrance, so that the lagoon is now landlocked ; and due

possibly to retaining ponds built above the far end, little water,

and that fresh, is now entering ; also due to evaporation, the level

is slowly sinking, and exposing more and more of the bottom of

the lagoon.

Aided by these helpful conditions, I spent several days col-

lecting shells under very favorable circumstances, helped by my

wife, whose nostrils were far from happy due to the vast quan-

tity of dead and dying marine life of all forms lying on the ex-

posed sand bars. Huge barracudas are reputed to lurk under

the mangrove roots in deeper water, and large bone fish abound.

Many egrets and other birds fish in the lagoon.

As I write this in September 1956, the situation has changed.

Digging reopened and filled the lagoon, only to have it closed

once more, but now there seems to be almost no shell life, only

dead bones.

Such an opportunity is not likely to occur often, and I am glad

I was able to get a practically complete listing of the shells that

were either taken alive, or that I feel positive actually lived in

the lagoon. A great many shells other than those listed were

found, but I believe that in most cases their presence was

adventitious.

I hope the folloAving list will prove of interest and value. An

asterisk (*) indicates the shell was not taken alive, but I have

every reason to believe they inhabited the lagoon.

Turho castaneus Gmelin — includes the form crcnulatus Gme-

lin, without tubercles.

* Tegula hotessierana Orbigny.

Astrea longispina Lamarck.

A. hrevispina Lamarck.

April, 1957] the nautilus 115

Neritina meleagris Lamarck. The most plentiful shell in the

lagoon, very similar to virginea, mostly small with tremen-

dous color variation.

Littorina angulifera Lamarck.

Modulus modulus Linne. Mostly rather small, with no axial

nodules, may be M. carchedonius Lamarck, with which it

agrees rather closely; it is very different to the Modulus

modidus found elsewhere on the island.

Batillaria minima Gmelin. Common.

Cerithium literatum Born.

C. ehurneum Bruguiere. Common.

Crepidida convexa Say, not plentiful.

C. acideata Gmelin. Scarce.

Stromhus gigas Linne. Usually immature shells.

Polinices lacteiis Guilding. With wine red operculum.

Natica livida Pfeiffer. Very scarce, white operculum.

Eugoniphos uncinatiisf Rather like Nassarius vihex.

Nassarius vihex Say. Large shells, strongly marked,

Fasciolaria Udipa Linne. Up to about 8 inches ; mottled with

black, brown and white. There is a very distinct variety

in dark orange-brown with black bands.

Conus stearnsi Conrad. Some with rich red coloration.

C. verrucosus Hwass. Scarce, rarely with red markings.

Bulla Occident alls A. Adams. Common, large shells (solidaf)

* Hydatina versicaria Sowerby. Rare.

Haminoea elegans Gray( ?). Large, 23 mm. purplish shells.

H. antillarum Orbigny. Pale amber color.

Melampus flavus Gmelin, plentiful.

* Murex pomum Gmelin, quite scarce.

* Cymatium femorale Linne. Scarce.

* C. cynoceplialum Lamarck. Scarce.

* C. chlorostomum Lamarck. Scarce.

C. muricinum Roeding. Scarce, in oozy mud.

Anadara notahilis Roeding. Not common.

Pteria colymhus Roeding. Rare.

Pinctada radiata Leach. Rare.

Isognoynon alata Gmelin. Quite large shells, both plain and

with purplish markings.

Codakia orhicidaris Linne. Large.

* 0. costata Orbigny.

Phacoides pectinatus Gmelin. In mud, both orange and white.

T r achy car diiim muricatum Linne. Color variations, and a

small colony of pure white shells.

Diplodonta punctata Say. Scarce.

Laevicardium laevigatum Linne. Not common.

* Papyridea semisulcata Sowerby. Scarce.

Pitar alhida Gmelin. Very plentiful, three color forms, yel-

lowish, pure white, and rayed.

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

P. fulminuta Menke. Rare.

Chione cancellata Linne. Extremely plentiful, with a great

variety of markings.

Anonmlocardia hrasiliana Gmelin. In mud.

Tellina radiata Linne. With pink rays.

T. radiata unimaculata Lamarck.

T. interrupta Wood. Common.

T. laevigata Linne. Scarce, three color forms, white, yellow-

ish and rayed.

T. angulosa Gmelin. Usually pink, sometimes almost white.

T. martinicensis Orbigny. Not common in mud, usually

white, sometimes pinkish.

T. carihaea Orbigny. A pretty yellow shell, with very un-

usual markings for a Tellina.

T. syharitica Dall. Usually prettily marked with pink rays.

T. promera Dall. Not very common.

Arcopagia fausta Pultney.

Tageliis divisus Spengler. Common.

Mactra fragilis Gmelin.

Ervilia nitens Montagu scarce.

* Basterotia quadrata granatina Dall. Scarce, a very oddly

shaped shell.

The commonest shells among the bivalves are the chiones, then

the pitars, mactras and cardiums. Neritina meleagris is by far

the commonest gasteropod, immense quantities mostly small are

present; after this species comes the battilarias, cerithiums Nas-

sarius and Bulla.

1 have noticed that most of the scarcer shells seem to live in

small colonies close together, and the presence of one usually

leads to the discovery of others nearby. Conns stearnsi likes to

lie on top of small sand hills, just under the surface, one to a

mound. Many of the shells seem to prefer living along the banks

of underwater streams, and cannot be found elsewhere.

ECOLOGY OF VITRINA LIMPIDA GOULD

By EDWAED J. KARLIN

Cornell University

The nearctic gastropod, Yitrina limpida Gould, is only in-

frequently mentioned in the literature. Its failure to appear

regularly in local faunal lists or collections results in part from

April, 1957] the nautilus 117

its northern range but chiefly from local and seasonal limitations

on its distribution. Discussed herein are some of the factors

affecting the distribution of V. limpida and some observations of

its feeding habits. The collections of the Philadelphia Academy

of Natural Sciences, the Museum of Zoology of the University of

Michigan, the United States National Museum and the Museum

of Comparative Zoology at Harvard were all examined in com-

piling data for this paper and sincere thanks are offered to the

curators of those institutions for making the material available.

Although many suppositions and speculations are set forth

herein, additional research will be necessary to eliminate some

unclear aspects. However, since the collections of four of the

major museums have already been examined, probably no large

amounts of additional data will become available in the near fu-

ture. Therefore, the information which is available at this time

is presented.

Seasonal distribution: Pilsbry (1946) and others have indi-

cated that V. limpida probably has a one-year life cycle. Adult

snails are found in the fall and winter and egg-laying has been

observed at such times (Clapp, 1903). Clapp suggested that the

eggs hatch in the spring and that the snails mature before au-

tumn since he never saw a living immature individual in the

fall. This author found a similar situation in the vicinity of

Ithaca, N. Y., where in three years of observations no living

specimen of V. limpida was found earlier than mid-September

nor later than mid-December. Laboratory colonies composed of

adult snails collected early in December survived only until early

January under a variety of temperature and food conditions al-

though snails of several other species including members of the

same family as Vitrina remained alive far longer under the same

environmental conditions. It appears that irreversible physio-

logical factors produce death of V. limpida in the fall and winter.

Many lots of snails from the author 's collection and from those

of the aforementioned museums were examined. Only shells ac-

companied by the date and locality of collection were selected for

measurement. In addition, in order for a lot to be used in com-

piling data, the snails must have been alive when collected. This

was assumed to have been the case if the majority of shells in a

lot contained the dried remains of the soft parts of the snails.

Field observations indicate that the bodies of dead Vitrina usu-

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

ally dry rather than decompose. This is particularly true of fall

and winter collections when the cold weather conditions help to

preserve the bodies of the snails and also help to reduce the

number of scavengers in the locality. It was believed that meas-

urements of snails which were alive when captured could be used

to verify or disprove, indirectly, the proposed one-year life cycle

of this species. Only 20 lots of snails which were accompanied

by adequate data could be found although several hundred shells

were included in the lots. The lots did not include any snails

which had been collected in March, April and May. One lot had

been collected in June, one in July and six, each, in August,

September and October. No records occurred for December or

January and only two lots had been collected in February.

The size of each shell in a lot was recorded by measuring across

its major diameter and an average size was computed from all

the shells collected in any one month. In addition, the monthly

medians and modes, in millimeters, were calculated. The yearly

curves drawn from all three measurements of size, i.e., monthly

averages, medians and modes, were so similar that the average

figures have arbitrarily been chosen for discussion here. The

average size of V. limpida for July was 1.7 mm. From this there

was an increase to an average size of 3.6 mm. for August follow-

ing which the curve, drawn from the averages, levelled off and

even dropped somewhat although it remained relatively constant

until February. The monthly average-size measurements follow.

There are no records for those months followed by dashes.

3.7 mm.

6.3 mm.

The single lot of shells collected in June has been ignored in

interpreting the data since the shells averaged 6.3 mm. in diam-

eter. If a one-year life cycle for V. limpida actually occurs as

suggested by the fact that living adult-sized snails have been

found mainly in the fall, one must consider the size of the shells

in the June collection to be exceptionally large for that time of

year. Since the shells are from an extremely northern locality,

possibly they represent snails which died in the fall and were

April, 1957] the nautilus 119

preserved by snow cover and low temperatures until spring.

While the same might be said for any of the museum lots ex-

amined, it is highly unlikely that the monthly data would have

been as uniform and consistent as it was unless the presence of

dried snail bodies in the shells actually indicated, in most in-

stances, the collection of living specimens.

In order to ascertain whether the snails grew at a uniform rate

throughout their lives, the monthly average sizes were examined.

Evidently such was not the case. Realizing that air tempera-

tures probably influence the dates of hatching of Yitrina eggs

and the rates of growth of the snails, the author attempted to

compensate for the varying latitudes and temperatures at which

the snails had been collected. Northern North America was di-

vided into three zones on the basis of the 60- and 70-degree July

isotherms. Snails from the northernmost zone Avere arbitrarily

considered to be approximately four weeks behind those from

the southernmost zone in their development ; those from the

middle zone were considered to be two weeks behind. New

monthly averages were computed on this basis and a new curve

drawn. This new curve closely resembled the one drawn from

the figures previously presented although the corrected curve

was somewhat smoother. If a more accurate correction figure

than the arbitrarily chosen two weeks per zone could be com-

puted, a still smoother curve might be expected.

Apparently two facts may be concluded from the foregoing

data:

1) Yitrina limpida does have a one-year life cycle. This is

confirmed by the fact that living adult Yitrina were only found

in the fall and winter months (with one possible exception).

2) Growth of the snails does not occur at a uniform rate. In-

stead, the amount of growth increases sharply in July and Au-

gust and practically ceases thereafter. The minute size of the

snails prior to the growth increase probably accounts, in part,

for the infrequency with which the snails are collected in early

summer.

While both of these facts have been suggested by previous

authors, this apparently is the first attempt to use museum col-

lections of Yitrina to corroborate field observations.

Local distribution: It appears that Y. limpida may have an ex-

tremely discontinuous distribution approaching that of Hender-

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

sonia occulta (Say) (van der Schalie, 1939). The author has

six separate localities represented by lots of V. limpida in his

personal collection. Four of the six lots were found within six

feet of permanent streams while the other two were taken on a

floodplain within sight of running water. Three of the lots were

collected on the concrete walls of culverts over small streams.

Vitrina have been observed in these same culverts for three suc-

cessive years but have not been found in several other similar

culverts in the same area. At least five lots from the various

museum collections were accompanied by data complete enough

to indicate their collection along stream or river banks. Only

one record is known where the snails were not collected in the

vicinity of water. Thus, the distribution of Vitrina limpida ap-

pears to be ecologically limited by the nearness of a permanent

body of water. Since Clapp (1903) observed egg-laying in the

same type of habitat, each snail perhaps spends its life cycle in

one locality and does not move to and from drier areas.

Food: Little is known of the food habits of Vitrina limpida.

Pilsbry's (1946) figure of the radula of this species suggests

neither a highly specialized carnivore nor a highly specialized

herbivore. Vitrina is usually classified as a genus of the family

Zonitidae, which includes both plant- and meat-eating forms.

Fromming (1954) discussed the closely related European form,

Vitrina pellucid a (Miiller), and quoted observations of many

authors. A compiled list of foods, reported to have been ac-

cepted by V. pellucida includes living snails, insects and worms,

dead animal and vegetable matter, and mosses. If V. limpida is

of similar habits, one would expect it to be a predator or scaven-

ger, selectively rejecting living or fresh plant matter.

The author has two lots of V. limpida in his collection which

were found on freshly-killed mice in the Gaspe peninsula. The

mice had been trapped during the night and had been dead for

less than 12 hours.

Several V. limpida were also collected on bloody pieces of liver

placed as baits on the soil near known colonies of the snails.

Others apparently fed on pieces of liver when an attempt was

made to maintain colonies of V. limpida in the laboratory. Let-

tuce, rotting oak leaves, living sowbugs and living and dead

earthworms were all rejected as food by the laboratory-reared

snails.

April, 1957] the nautilus 121

All these limited observations tend to indicate that V. limpida

actually is a scavenger as suggested.

Summary: Measurements were made of Vitrina limpida shells

which, on the basis of various specifications, were assumed to

have been collected as living snails. These measurements indi-

cated that a one-year life cycle of V. limpida, as proposed by

several authors, most likely occurs.

Most of the growth of the snails is accomplished in a relatively

short period of time in the late summer. Prior to that time,

presumably the snails are so small that they are overlooked by

collectors, thus accounting, in part, for the rarity of spring and

early summer records.

It is proposed that Y. limpida has a discontinuous distribution

within its range associated with nearness to a permanent body

of running water.

Limited observations indicate that Y. limpida is a scavenger.

Literature Cited

Clapp, G. H. 1903. Nautilus, 17 : 91.

Fromming, E. 1954. Biologic der mitteleuropaischen Land-

gastropoden. Duncker and Humblot, Berlin. 404 p.

PiLSBRY, H. A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America. Vol.

II. Pt. 1. Acad, of Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia. 520 p.

ScHALiE, H. van der. 1939. Univ. of Mich. Mus. Zool. Occa-

sional paper 399 : 9 p.

HAPLOTREMA FROM WESTERN MONTANA

By royal BRUCE BRUNSON and UNDA OSHEB

Montana State University

With the aid of a grant from the Washington Water Power

Company, the senior author has undertaken a program of sur-

veying the fauna now occuring in that area along the Clark Fork

River which is to be inundated by the Noxon Dam. This area

is between Noxon and Thompson Falls, Montana.

On a routine collecting trip to the site on May 12, 1956, the

senior author found a complete shell of Haplotrema vancouver-

efise (Lea). (The authors are indebted to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry

for the identification.) The shell was found across the river

122 THE NAUTILUS [ V'oL 70 (4)

from Xoxon (Sec. 19— T26N-R32W, Sanders County). Appar-

ently the snail had been turned out by the action of a bull-dozer

and had died in the early spring weather.

On June 26, 1956, the junior author found a living, mature

specimen of Haplotrema vancouverense on moss growing on the

banks of Government Creek, a typical, small, rushing, mountain

stream. Government Creek (Sec. 20 T26N-R32W, Sanders

County) is near the area in which the other specimen was found.

Both areas are at an elevation of 2175 feet.

Pilsbry (Land Mollusca of North America, Vol. 2, page 223)

gives no record of this snail from Montana, although he cites

collections by H. B. Baker from Kootenai, Benewah, Shoshone,

Bonner, Umatilla, and Clearwater counties of Idaho. To find

this ''coastal" snail in Montana is not surprising because Noxon

is only twenty-five miles from the Idaho border. The Clark

Fork River valley, as well as the valley of the Kootenai to the

north, forms a natural access between Montana and Idaho and

thence Avest to the coast. Remnants of the coastal forests are

found in the Clark Fork valley and even as far east as the Con-

tinental Divide. In the Noxon-Thompson Falls area, there is an

interdigitation of the ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, and arborvi-

tae-hemlock zones. (See R. F. Daubenmire's account on pages

7, 8 and 9 of R. J. Davis' Flora of Idaho, William C. Brown

Company, Publishers.) Both specimens of Haplotrema were

found in the undergroAvth of the mixed woods of arborvitae

{Thuja plicata), hemlock (Tsiiga heterophylla) , and Douglas fir

(Pseudotsuga taxifolia).

Although this snail has been reported from six counties of

Idaho, it is interesting to note that it has not yet been reported

from Boundary, the northern-most county of that state and only

from the southern part of Bonner county, which is adjacent to

Boundary. These tw^o counties lie just to the north of the spot

where the Clark Fork River crosses the Idaho-Montana border.

A review of the geology of the region (see W. C. Alden, Physi-

ography and Glacial Geology of Western Montana and Adjacent

Areas, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 231, 1953)

would indicate a possible correlation between the distribution of

Haplotrema to the geological history of the area. Boundary and

Bonner counties of Idaho as well as the area of Northwestern

Montana north of Noxon, were covered by the Cordilleran ice

April, 1957] the nautilus 123

sheet of the Wisconsin stage of the Pleistocene. In other words,

Haplotrema has not yet been found in any area of Montana or

Idaho that was covered by the Cordilleran ice sheet except for

the southern part of Bonner county which was covered with the

southern edge of the ice sheet. Furthermore, in the valley areas

of Northern Idaho the soil is largely silt of Glacial Lake Koo-

tenai, whereas silt of Glacial Lake Missoula is found in the area

of Noxon as well as in the areas of Idaho in the southern part

of Bonner county and south of Pend Oreille Lake.

Other land moUusks collected in the same area by the junior

author are: Allogona ptycJiophora (A. D. Brown), Anguispira

kochi (Pfeiffer), Oxyloma nuttalliana (Lea), Zonitoides arl)or-

eus (Say), and Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb). All specimens

are in the collection of the senior author.

A NOTE ON CUNA DALLI

By DONALD E. MOOEE

Gulf Coast Eesearch Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi

Charles Hedley established the genus Cuna in 1902 for four

species of minute bivalves. All four species were Australian

shells that had been collected off the coast of New South Wales

by the H.M.C.S. '' Thetis." He placed the genus in the family

Crassatellidae although there seems to be some doubt as to its

true affinities.

E. G. Vanatta described Cuna clalli from the northwest Flo-

rida coast in 1904. In 1915 Bartsch described Cuna concentrica

from South Africa. Oddly enough, this was the same name used

by Hedley thirteen years before for the type species of Cuna.

The African species, if it has not been renamed, is then nameless

although described. Several additional species have been de-

scribed from Australia and New Zealaind waters in recent years,

but the genus appears to be rare in other seas.

In March, 1956, I visited Dauphin Island, Alabama, where I

collected samples of the beach sand. Later, a close examination

of the sand revealed hundreds of tiny purple bivalves. Identi-

fication was difficult since I could not find a description of the

species in any of the major taxonomic works on this region, and

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

it was not listed in Johnson's checklist of marine MoUusca. In

spite of its abundance in shallow water, it is a virtually un-

known species. The only reference that I could find was the

original description where it was described as Cuna dalli.

Vanatta gave the localities of his specimens as Indian Pass,

Apalachicola Bay; St. Joseph Bay; and Crooked Island, off St.

Andrews Bay, Florida. This takes in approximately fifty miles

of the northwest Florida coast.

In addition to Dauphin Island, I found a few worn shells of

C. dalli in beach sand at Horn Island, Mississippi, and a speci-

men was found in Ship Island Pass, Mississippi. This extends

the westward range about 200 miles. Whether or not it exists in

the Chandeleur Islands or west of the Mississippi is unknown.

The list of marine invertebrates found at Grand Isle, Louisiana,

published by Louisiana State University Marine Laboratory,

does not mention this species. However, this list is by no means

complete.

Live specimens were not found, but paired valves with some

meat remaining inside were taken. Presumably the specimens

lived not far offshore from where they were collected. This

little mollusk has not been found inside Mississippi Sound and

the present known distribution indicates that it is not an es-

tuarine species, but inhabits high salinity waters just off the

outer beaches of the northeastern Gulf.

Since C. dalli is extremely small, 2 to 2.5 mm., it is perhaps

significant that Vanatta 's specimens were collected in February

and March, the same time of year that I noticed the species. At

any rate in June, 1956, I found no specimens at Dauphin Island.

This suggests that the species is an annual and reaches maturity

sometime during the winter.

Since a description is not readily available, I include Vanatta 's

original description as well as a photograph of a specimen from

Dauphin Island. A shell is figured, plate 8, figures 3 and 4.

''Shell subtriangular, inequilateral, purple in the center be-

coming lighter near the edge, surface sculptured w^ith concentric

costae, ventral margin smooth, adductor muscle scars rather

large, hinge strong and broad. The right valve has three car-

dinals, the anterior is long and low, the central large and tri-

angular, the posterior short and narrow, situated at the edge of

the large ligament pit. In the left valve the anterior cardinal is

louii' and low, the curved central is smaller than the central of

THE NAUTILUS 70 (4)

PLATE 8

1 and 2, Helisoma anceps, apertural and apical views of normal shell, X 2,

3 and 4, Cnna dalJi, alt. 1.6 mm., interior (3) and exterior (4). 5, Helisoma

anceps, mutant, X 2.

April, 1957] the nautilus 125

the opposite valve, the posterior cardinal is a small ridge at the

edge of the ligament. Pallial line entire.

Alt. 2.5, length 2.4, thickness of one valve, 8 mm."

References

Bartsch, Paul. 1915. Bull. 91, U.S.N.M., pp. 1-267.

Behre, Ellinor. 1950. Occ. Papers of Marine Lab., La. State

Univ., no. 6, pp. 1-66.

Hedley, Charles. 1902. Mem. 4, Aust. Museum, pp. 287-324.

Vanatta, E. G. 1904. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Nov., 1903, pp.

756-59.

A BULINUS-LIKE SHELL ANOMALY IN

HELISOMA ANCEPS

By EDWAED H. MICHELSON

Department of Tropical Public Health, School of Public Health,

Harvard University

Although malformations of the gastropod shell are not un-

usual, reports of anomalies in the Planorbidae are rare. It was

of interest, therefore, to observe an individual in our laboratory

colony of Helisoma anceps (Menke) which developed a shell

similar in shape (PL 8, fig. 5) to members of the genus Bulinus.

The nature of this anomaly resembled the mutant condition de-

scribed by Boettger (1949) for specimens of Anisus leucostoma

(Millet).

Malformations frequently occur as a result of trauma, para-

sitism, or changes in the environment (Bayer, 1950; Boettger,

1952). There are but few observations which attribute shell

malformities to genetic mutation and, so far as we are aware,

only Boettger (1949) has indisputably demonstrated this condi-

tion in the Planorbidae.

The specimen to be described was isolated from a tropical fish

aquarium which contained a large colony (100-150 snails) of H.

anceps. This aquarium was originally maintained in the office

of Professor James S. Simmons, late Dean of the Harvard School

of Public Health; however, the origin of the stock colony of

snails is unknown. We maintained and observed the colony for

three years prior to the occurrence of the anomaly. The

aquarium in which the mutation occurred is of rectangular con-

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

struction with glass walls and contains approximately ten gal-

lons of water. The bottom of the aquarium has a substrate of

marble chips and sand in which a large Sagittaria plant was

rooted. Water temperature varied with the room temperature

between 72-80° F. Thirty-five common guppies {Lehistes sp.)

constituted the fish population.

With the exception of one abnormal snail, the individuals of

the colony appeared normal (pi. 8, figs. 1, 2), although some

specimens were slightly scalariform. This condition is not un-

usual in laboratory-reared planorbids and has been previously

observed by Baker (1945). Precht (1939) bred scalariform

specimens of Planorhis planorhis and P. leucostoma that had

been obtained from field collections, but observed only normal

individuals in the F^ and Fg generations. Certain Helisoma

species of the subgenus Seminolina are physoid in their natural

habitats; however, the degree of scalarformity in some of the

species appears to be influenced by the local environment.

Our specimen differs in shape from the scalariform condition

of the Seminolina species in having the whorls more loosely

coiled so that a rather high spire is produced. The edges of the

whorls are well rounded and differ in this respect from the sharp,

flattened edges found in the whorls of the Seminolina species.

Four whorls can be counted in our specimen which has an alti-

tude of 11.4 mm. and a diameter of 8.1 mm. The aperture is

irregularly crescentric in shape and has a strongly reflected

peristome which forms a pronounced columella. An open but

deep umbilical area is formed by the reflection of the peristome.

Gross examination of the internal structures revealed that all

the organs appeared normal with the exception of the preputium

and the ovotestis. These showed a marked degree of atrophy.

During the isolation period, the snail laid seven egg masses

consisting of the following numbers of eggs : 8, 10, 17, 8, 5, 3, 12.

Five of the masses failed to develop past the fourth cleavage

stage. The remaining masses developed nearly to the point of

hatching and then died. In every egg of the developing masses,

the shells were grossly malformed.

Boettger (1949) attributed the mutation in Anisus leucostoma

to thermal shock encountered by transferring field snails to lab-

oratory conditions. Excessive thermal change cannot be corre-

lated with the anomaly observed in this instance.

April, 1957] the nautilus 127

Literature Cited

Baker, F. C. 1945. The MoUuscan Family Planorbidae.

Univ. of 111. Press, 530 pp.

Bayer, Ch. 1950. Jour, de Conchyl., 90 : 245-253.

Boettger, C. R. 1949. Abhandl. Braunschweigischen Wiss.

Ges., 1(1): 1-7.

Boettger, C. R. 1952. Verhandl. Deutschen Zool. Ges. Frei-

burg, pp. 468-487.

Precht, H. 1939. Zool. Anzeiger, 128 (5/6) : 124-135.

CATALOGUE OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA

OF ARGENTINA

By J. J. PAEODIZ

Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh

In this catalogue are listed for the first time all the known

species and subspecies of terrestrial moUusks of Argentina and

the bordering areas of Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern

Brazil, and some of Chile. It covers almost all the fauna east

of the Andes and south of the 22° parallel, from subtropical re-

gions to the subantarctic tip of the continent.

The first known list about these mollusks was published by A.

Doering in 1875, and contained only 30 terrestrial species. The

present work includes 45 genera, 19 subgenera, with 222 species

and subspecies. Synonyms are omitted by limitation of space,

but for each species and subspecies the original reference and

nomenclature is given, followed by that in which the new com-

bination was made, according to its present status, or the last

occasion, (if any), where the species was fully revised. Also

the type locality, the names of the Argentine provinces where

the species occur, and names of the countries when the distribu-

tion is wider, are indicated.

The systematic arrangement of families is according to Pils-

bry 1948 (Land Mollusca of North America). Most of the

species have been identified and verified in their distribution by

the writer, including many types in South and North America

museums. In few cases, as in the Veronicellidae and Suecinei-

dae, a further and more intensive revision is necessary, there-

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

fore the status of the species of these families are given here as

provisory.

Cyclophoridae

Adelopoma tucma Doering, 1885, p. 458. Type loc. : San Javier,

Tucuman. Distr. : Salta, Jujuy, Tncuman, Catamarca.

A. paraguayana Parodiz, 1944, p. 1, fig. 1. Type loc. : Villarrica,

Paraguay.

Helicinidae

Helicina carinata Orbigny, 1835, p. 28 ; 1837, p. 360, pi, 360, pi.

46, figs. 6-9. Type loc. : Yungas, Bolivia. Distr. : Bolivia ;

Paraguay ; Misiones.

Veronicellidae

Veronicella soleiformis (Orbigny). VagimiUis s. Orb., 1835, p.

2 ; 1837, V. solea Orb., p. 220, pi. 21, figs. 1-4. Type loc. : S.

of Buenos Aires. Distr. : Buenos Aires to Corrientes, Tucu-

man; Bolivia; Uruguay.

V. s. honariensis (Strobel). Vaginulus h. Str., 1868, p. 4, figs.

1-2; Vaginula s. h. Cockerell, 1893, p. 194. Type loc: near

Buenos Aires.

V. paranensis (Burmeister). Vaginulus p. Bur., 1861, p. 494.

Type loc. : Parana, Entre Rios. Distr. : Entre Rios, Santa Fe,

Tucuman.

y. salamandra (Holmberg). Vaginula s. Hoi., 1913, p. 171, fig.

2. Type loc. : Delta of Parana River, N.E. Buenos Aires.

V. deltae (Holmberg). Vaginula d. Hoi., 1913, p. 173. Type

loc. : Jorge Island, Arroyo Barca Grande, Delta of Parana,

N.E. Buenos Aires.

V. Uicumana (Holmberg). Vaginula t. Hoi., 1913, p. 177.

Type loc. : Tucuman.

V. missionium (Holmberg). Vaginula m. Hoi., 1913, p. 178.

Type loc. : Posades, S.W. Misiones.

V. horelliana (Colosi). Vaginula I). Col., 1922, p. 487, figs. 1-8.

Type loc. : San Pablo, Tucuman.

V. difficilis (Colosi). Vaginula d. Col., 1922, p. 504, figs. 33-36.

Type loc. : Tucuman.

V. erinacea (Colosi). Vaginula e. Col., 1922, p. 504, figs. 37-40.

Type loc. : Tucuman.

V. laurentiana (Colosi). Vagimda I. Col., 1922, p. 513, figs. 51-

53. Type loc. : San Lorenzo, Salta.

Pupillidae

Pupoides (Ichnopupoides) paredesii (Orbigny). Helix p. Orb.,

1835, p. 21; 1837, p. 322, pi. 44, figs. 3-6. Type loc: Los

Obrajes, near La Paz, Bolivia. Distr.: Peru; Bolivia; Jujuy.

April, 1957] the nautilus 129

P. (7.) chordaUis (Pfeiffer). Bulimus c. Pfr., 1856, p. 46; P. c.

Martens, 1901, p. 330. Type loc. : Mazatlan, Mexico. Distr. :

La Rioja, probably introduced.

Gastrocopta nodosaria (Orbigny). Helix n. Orb., 1835, p. 22;

G. n. Pilsbry, 1916, p. 94, pi. 17, fig. 10. Type loc. : Pampa

Ruiz, Laguna, Bolivia. Distr. : Jujuy, Catamarca, La Rioja,

■ •nPTio^ AiT'P^

G. servUis ohlonga (Pfeiffer). Pujm o. Pfr., 1853, p. 536; G. o.

Pilsbry, 1916, p. 90. Type loc: unknown. Distr.: Brazil;

Uruguay ; Santa Fe, Cordoba, San Luis.

G. microdonta (Doering). Pupa m. Doer., 1879, p. 82; G. m.

Pilsbry, 1916, p. 92. Type loc. : La Paz, N.W. Entre Rios.

Distr. : Corrientes, E. Rios.

G, clessini (Doering). Pupa c. Doer., 1879, p. 83; G. c. Pilsbry,

1916, p. 93. Type loc. : Rio Primero Valley, Cordoba. Distr. :

Cordoba, S. Luis.

G. crucifera Hylton Scott, 1948, p. 245, fig. 1. Type loc. : Sierra

de Velazco, central N. La Rioja.

G. pulvinata Hylton Scott, 1948, p. 246. fig. 2. Type loc:

Urundel, N.E. Salta. Distr. : Salta, Jujuy, Tucuman.

G. {Immersidens) dicrodonta (Doering). Pujja d. Doer., 1879,

p. 83; G. d. Pilsbry, 1916, p. 100. Type loc: Villavicencio,

Mendoza. Distr. : Catamarca, Cordoba, San Luis, Mendoza.

Ulpia venusta Hylton Scott, 1955, p. 67, figs. 1-4. Type loc:

Lumbrera, Salta.

Vertigo frenguellii Hylton Scott, 1946, p. 360, fig. text. Type

loc: Cerro Colorado, Sierra Norte, Cordoba (subfossil).

Valloniidae

Yallonia pidcliella (Mtiller). Helix p. MiilL, 1874, p. 30; V. p.

Binney, 1878, p. 344. Type loc : Denmark. Distr. : cosmo-

politan ; in Argentina : Jujuy, La Rioja, Buenos Aires.

Clausiliidae

Nenia argentina Hylton Scott, 1954, p. 2, figs. 1-7. Type loc. :

Las Capillas, Jujuy.

Succineidae

Succi7iea meridionalis Orbigny, 1837, p. 711 (additions et cor-

rect.; in text, p. 235, under S. ohlonga Draparnaud). Type

loc. : (here selected) Rio de la Plata. Distr. : from Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil to N. Patagonia. Distr. : Corrientes, Entre

Rios, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Rio Negro ; Uruguay ; also Chile

and Peru after Orbigny.

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

S. m. cornea Doering, 1881, p. 62. Type loc. : Sierra de la Ven-

tana, S.W. Buenos Aires. Distr. : Buenos Aires, Eio Negro.

8. hurmeisteri ^ Doering, 1873, p. 59. Type loc. : Springs on Rio

Chico, above Rio Chalia, Santa Cruz (selected by Pilsbry,

1911).

S. labiosa Philippi, 1860, p. 164, pi. 7, fig. 7. Type loc. : Ata-

cama, Chile. Distr. : San Luis, after Doering 1875.

S. porrecta Doering, 1875, p. 76. Type loc. : Valley Juntas,

Tucuman.

S. magellanica Gould, 1852, p. 24, fig. 22. Type loc. : Orange

Bay, Magellan Strait.

S. ordinaria E. A. Smith, 1905, p. 338, fig. 4. Type loc. : T. del

Fuego.

S. aurita Hylton Scott, 1952, p. 29 (n.n. pro ^S'. aurea Scott, 1945 ;

not S. aurea Lea 1841). Type loc. : Los Manantiales, Tilcara,

Jujuy.

Omalonyx unguis Orbigny. Helix (Cochlohydra) u. "Ferus-

sac" Orb., 1835, p. 2; S. (0.) u. Orb., 1837, p. 229. Type loc:

flooded margins of Parana Riv. near Corrientes. Distr. : Cor-

rientes, Entre Rios, Santa Fe; Bolivia; Uruguay, Brazil;

(Paraguay?). The species 0. patera Doering, 1873, p. 67

from Corrientes, and Succinea convexa Martens, 1868, p. 183

from Porto Alegre, Brazil, are forms of 0. unguis.

Zonitidae

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Helix a. Say, 1816, p. 4, fig. 4;

Z. a. Henderson 1924, p. 13, Type loc. : not indicated. Distr. :

All Americas; introduced in Europe, S. Africa, Australia,

Japan and Hawaii; in Argentina: Buenos Aires, Misiones,

Cordoba, Jujuy ; Uruguay.

Hahroconus (Pseudoguppya) semenlini (Moricand). Helix s.

Moric, 1845, p. 55, fig. 17. Type loc: Brazil. Distr.: N.E.

Entre Rios.

H. (P.) lilloana (Hylton Scott). Guppya I. H. Scott, 1948, p.

267, fig. 12. Type loc : Palmar San Pedro, Jujuy. Distr. :

Jujuy, Tucuman.

H. (P.) aenea (Hylton Scott). Guppya a. H. Scott, 1948, p.

270, fig. 13. Type loc. : Urundel, N.E. Salta. Distr. : Salta,

Jujuy. The inclusion of the last two species in H. {Pseudo-

guppya) is based on the resemblance in shell, jaw and radula

to the type of Pseudoguppya), H. (P.) cassiquensis Pfeiffer

(see H. B. Baker, 1925, p. 10).

1 Systematies and distribution of these Succinea are poorly known ; ac-

cording to Doering, 1875, S. burmeisteri could be synonym of meridionalis.

Also S. rosarinensis Doering 1873, p. 75, from Eosario, Santa Fe, may be

meridionalis. S. felipponei Marshall, 1926, is very doubtful.

April, 1957] the nautilus 131

Limacidae

Deroceras reticulatiun (Miiller). Limax r. MiilL, 1774, p. 10.

Type loc. : Germany. Distr. : palearctic ; introduced in tem-

perate countries ; Buenos Aires.

D. laeve (Miiller). Limax I. MiilL, 1774, p. 2; P. I. H. B.

Baker, 1930, p. 41, pL 11, figs. 1-7. Type loc: Denmark.

Distr. : All Americas. In Argentina : Buenos Aires, Mendoza,

Cordoba, Jujuy. Limax argentinus Strobel and L. andecolus

Orbigny, belong to this species.

Endodontidae

Ainphidoxa (Stephanoda) ^ patagonica (Suter). Pyramidula p.

Sut., 1900, p. 329 ; S. p. Pilsbry, 1900, p. 387, pi. 12, figs. 9-11.

Type loc. : Santa Cruz. Distr. : S. Patagonia, Tierra del

Fuego.

A. (S.) jujuyensis (Hylton Scott). Stephanoda j. H. Scott,

1948, p. 251, fig. 4. Type loc. : Ravines of Rio Chico, Jujuy.

Discus costellata (Orbigny). Helix c. Orb., 1837, p. 252, pi. 26,

figs. 6-9. Type loc. : Montevideo. Distr. : Uruguay ; Buenos

Aires. Unidentified specimens, different from costellata were

found at Totoral and Chumbicha, Catamarca.

Austrodiscus ^ twomeyi (Parodiz). Araucania t. Par., 1954,

p. 17, fig. 1. Type loc. : Rio la Pascua, S. Chile. Distr. : prob-

ably Santa Cruz.

Badiodiscus magellanicus (E. A. Smith). Helix m. Smith, 1881,

p. 36 ; R. m. Pilsbry, 1905, p. 517, pi. 42, fig. 1. Type loc. :

Tom Bay, near Madre de Dios Island, S. Chile. Distr. : very

probably in Lake Argentino region and Tierra del Fuego.

R. riochiquensis Crawford, 1939, p. 115. Type loc. : Rio Chico

region, S. Santa Cruz.

R. katiae Hylton Scott, 1948, p. 253, fig. 5. Type loc. : Ravines

of Rio Chico, city of Jujuy.

Achatinidae

Cecilioides consohrina (Orbigny). Achatina c. Orb., 1837, p. 89,

pi. 11 (bis), figs. 10-12; C. (Caecilianopsis) c. Pilsbry, 1908,

p. 38, pi. 5, figs. 81-82. Type loc. : near Matanzas, Cuba.

Distr. : Entre Rios, Salta, Jujuy, Tucuman, Cordoba, San Luis.

Lamellaxis (Allopeas) gracilis (Hutton). Bulimics g. Hutton,

1834, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 3, p. 93; L. (A.) g. H. B. Baker,

1935, p. 84. Type loc. : Mirzapur, India. Distr.: ''tropics of

both hemispheres" (Pilsbry 1948); in Argentina: Buenos

2 This status of Stephanoda is according to Thiele. Other authors main-

tain it as a separate genus.

3 Austrodiscus, new name pro Araucania Parodiz, 1954, not Araucania

Pate 1946, Hymenoptera, Sapygidae.

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Aires, Martin Garcia Island in Rio de la Plata ; the loc. for the

syn. 0. martensi Doering is Buenos Aires.

Leptinaria hacterinoides (Orbigny). Helix h. Orb., 1835, p. 9,

L. p. H. Scott, 1948, p. 255, fig. 7. Type loc. : Pampa Ruiz,

Bolivia. Distr. : Salta, Jujuy; Bolivia; Paraguay.

Stenogyra goodalli Miller (= Opeas pumilum Pfr.) referred by

Doering, 1875, from Uruguay, was probably accidental, since

this widely introduced species has not been found again in the

region.

Oheliscus (Rectohelus) hiraheni Hylton Scott, 1946, p. 363, figs.

1-3, pi. fig. 1-4. Type loc. : Vicinities of Jujuy city.

Strophocheilidae

Strophocheilus (Megalohulimus) ohlongus haemastomus (Sco-

poli) Bulimus h. Scop., 1786, Delic. Faun. Fl. Insubricae, 1,

p. 67, pi. 25, figs. P-2; S. {M.)o. h. Bequaert, 1948, p. 74, pi.

6, fig. 2, pi. 21, fig. 4, pi. 24, fig. 5. Type loc. : ? Distr. : Cor-

rientes, Entre Rios ; Uruguay ; Paraguay ; S. Brazil.

S. (M.) 0. elongatus Bequaert, 1948, p. 78, pi. 1, fig. 4, pi. 2, fig.

4. Type loc. : Nueva Palmira, Uruguay. Distr. : Uruguay ;

Paraguay; E. Rios ?

8. {M.) 0. lorentzianiis {Doering). Bulimus {Bonis) I. Doer.,

1875, p. 336; ASf. {M.) o. I. Bequaert, 1948, p. 80, pi. 27, fig. 5.

Type loc. : Sierras de Tucuman. Distr. : N.W. Argentina from

Salta to Cordoba.

S. {M.) 0. muscidus Bequaert, 1948, p. 82, pi. 12, fig. 6, pi. 20,

fig. 1, pi. 31, fig. 4. Type loc. : Villarrica, Paraguay ; Distr. :

Salta, Jujuy, Corrientes, E. Rios; S.E. Brazil; Paraguay;

probably Uruguay.

S. {M.) intertextus Pilsbry, 1895, p. 32, pi. 17, figs. 30-31, as ;S^.

{Borus) capillaceus i.; S. {M.) i. Bequaert, 1948, p. 84, pi.

18, fig. 3. Type loc. : Corumba, Brazil ; Distr. : Brazil ; Uru-

guay; Santa Fe ?

S. {M.) sanctipaidi Pilsbry & Ihering, 1900, p. 390, as >S^. oh-

longus s.; 8. {M.) s. Bequaert, 1948, p. 137. Type loc:

Botucata, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Distr.: S. Brazil; Paraguay;

Misiones, Corrientes.

8. {M.) s. eyerdami Bequaert, 1948, p. 139, pi. 24, fig. 2. Type

loc. : Tartagal, Salta.

8. {M.) glohosus (Martens). Buliyniis g. Mart, in Pfeiffer,

1876, p. 17; ;Sf. {M.) g. Bequaert, 1948, p. 142, pi. 4, fig. 7,

pi. 15, fig. 2, pi. 20, fig. 2. Type loc: near Montevideo ?

Distr.: Uruguay (living); subfossil in pleistocene of Entre

Rios and Buenos Aires.

8. {Austrohorus) lutescens (King & Broderip). Bidimus I.

King & Brod., 1832, p. 340; ;S^. {A.) I. Parodiz, 1949, p. 189.

Type loc. : Maldonado, Uruguay. Distr. : S. Uruguay.

April, 1957] the nautilus 133

S. (A.) I. d'orUgnyi Doer., 1876, p. 366; ^S'. {A.) I. d. Parodiz,

1949, p. 190. Type loc. : Sauce Chico Valley, S.W. Buenos

Aires. Distr. : Sierra de la Ventana and around Bahia

Blanea.

S. (A.) cordillerae (Doering). Bulimus {Bonis) lutescens c.

Doer., 1876, p. 385; S. (A.) c. Parodiz, 1949, p. 190 and 219.

Type loc. : Sierra Achala, Cordoba. Distr. : W. Cordoba, in

alluvional beds; subfossil in pleistocene of Uruguay. Living

specimens are rare.

Gonyostomus (Anthinus) turnix alholahiatus Jaeckel, 1927, p.

136. Type loc. : Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do Sul. Distr. : S.

Brazil ; Misiones, N. Corrientes.

Macrocyclidae

Macrocyclis laxata (Ferussac). Helicella I. Fer., 1820, p. 39;

M. I. Pilsbry, 1894, p. 165. Type loc: ''Chile." Distr.: in

Argentina : Nabuel Huapi National Park, Neuquen-Rio Negro.

Bulimulidae

Bulimulus rushii Pilsbry, 1896, p. 78. Type loc. : Maldonado,

Uruguay. Distr. : Entre Rios, Corrientes ; subfossil at La

Plata.

Biilimidus honariensis (Rafinesque). Siphaloniphis h. Raf.,

1833, no. 5, p. 165. Type loc. : Buenos Aires. This is the

species known as B. spor adieus Orb., which typical form is the

named B. s. honariensis Str.

B. h. sporadicus (Orbigny). Helix s. Orb., 1835, p. 12; B. spo-

radicus of authors. Type loc. : not indicated ; Orbigny men-

tioned several loc. now belonging to other species or subspecies,

but those figured in 1837, pi. 32, figs. 12-14 are the typical

from Chiquitos, Bolivia. Distr. : Bolivia ; Paraguay ; Salta,

Tucuman, Chaco, Formosa, Stgo. del Estero, Santa Fe, Cor-

rientes, Entre Rios.

B. h. montevidensis (Pfeiffer). Bulimus m. Pfr., 1846, p. 33;

B. s. m. Pilsbry, 1897, p. 68, pi. 11, fig. 19. Type loc. : Monte-

video, Uruguay.

B. h. morenoi Preston. B. (Drymaeiis) m. Pr., 1907, p. 494.

Type loc: ''Argentina" (probably Buenos Aires).

B. h. schadei Schlesch, 1935, p. 86, as sporadicus s. Type loc:

Villarrica, Paraguay.

B. h. gracilis Hylton Scott, 1948, p. 238, pi. 2, fig. 3, as sporadicus

g. Type loc : Cerro Colorado, S.E. Salta.

B. vesicalis Uruguay anus Pilsbry, 1897, p. 69, pi. 12, figs. 38-39.

Type loc. : Montevideo, Uruguay ; pleistocene of Buenos Aires.

B. apodemetes (Orbigny). Helix a. Orb., 1835, p. 10; B. (Bos-

try x-Lissoacme) a. Pilsbry, 1897, p. 187, pi. 51, figs. 1-4.

Type loc: Santa Fe. Distr.: Bolivia, Paraguay; Uruguay;

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Salta, Formosa, Chaco, Tucuman, Stgo. del Estero, Santa Fe,

Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Rios.

B. a. dispar Hylton Scott, 1952, p. 23. Type loc. : Pocitos, Salta.

B. gorritiensis Pilsbry, 1897, p. 18. Type loc. : Gorriti Id., coast

of Uruguay. Distr. : Gorriti and Lobos islands.

B. jujuyensis Holmberg. B. {Thaiimastus) jujuyensis Hoi.,

1909, p. 11; B. (B.) j. H. Scott, 1945, p. 207, pi. 1, figs. 8-9.

Type loc. : Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy. Distr. : Jujuy,

(Salta ? ), Formosa.

B. flossdorfi Holmberg, 1909, p. 11. Type loc. : Nueva Pompeya,

Formosa.

B. prosopidis Holmberg, 1912, p. 148, as B. (Mesemhrinus) p.

Type loc. : Margins of Pilcomayo Riv. Distr. : Argentina-

Paraguay border.

B. eliator Hylton Scott, 1952, p. 21, pi. 2, fig. 4. Type loc:

Laguna Yema, Formosa.

B. (Scansicochlea) pastorei Holmberg, 1912, p. 22, as B. (Me-

semhrinus) p. Type loc: Cerro Varela, San Luis.

B. (S.) jorgenseni Holmberg, 1912, p. 150, as B. (Leptomerus)

j. Type loc. : Bompland, Misiones. Distr. : common in to-

bacco plantations.

B. (S.) montagnei (Orbigny). Biilimus m. Orb., 1837, p. 286,

pi. 32, figs. 5-7. Type loc : Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Distr. : Ar-

gentina-Bolivia.

B. (8.) hyltonscottae Parodiz, 1956, p. 59, figs. 1-4. Type loc:

El Zapallar, Quines, San Luis.

B. (S.) stroheli Parodiz, 1956, p. 62, fig. 5. Type loc. : Cerro del

Morro, San Luis.

Thaiimastus (ScJiolvienia) argeniinus Bequaert, 1949, p. 114, pi.

7, fig. 6. Type loc: N. of "Pique" (for Pigiie), S.W. Buenos

Aires; this southernmost loc. for a living Thaumastus needs

confirmation. Very close to T. (S.) weyrauchi Pilsbry, 1944,

p. 121, pi. 11, fig. 2 from Peru.

Scutalus tupacii (Orbigny). Helix t. Orb., 1835, p. 16; Buli-

mulus (8.) t. Pilsbry, 1897, p. 19, pi. 3, figs. 27-31. Type loc. :

Yunacacha, Yungas, Bolivia. Distr. : Salta, Jujuy, Tucuman,

Stago. del Estero.

Neopetraeus stelzneri (Dorhn). Bulhnulus {8cutalus) s. Dorhn,

1875, p. 202 ; N. s. Parodiz, 1946, p. 349. Type loc. : Yoco-

tula, Catamarca. Distr.: Catamarca, La Rioja, Salta. The

typical subspecies includes the forms described by Parodiz,

1948 : hyhrida, p. 12, Sierra Velazco, La Rioja ; nonogastaniis,

p. 13, Nonogasta, La Rioja; tinogastanus, Tinogasta, Cata-

marca; scaber, p. 14, Cachi, Salta.

N. s. conispirus (Doehring). Bidimulus {8cutalus) c. Doer.,

1879, p. 67. Type loc. : Sierra de Tucaman. Distr. : Cata-

marca, Tucuman, La Rioja (San Luis?). Form minuta Paro-

diz, 1948, p. 18, Fiambala, Cat.

April, 1957] the nautilus 135

N. s. peristomatus (Doering). Scutalus p. Doer., 1879, p. 4;

N. s. p. Parodiz, 1948, p. 14. Type loc. : Sierra Pocho, Cor-

doba. Form paraconispirus Parodiz, 1948, p. 16, from Sierra

Gigante, San Luis.

N. s. hector (Holmberg). Bulinmlus h. Holm., 1909, p. 11.

Type loc. : Tilcara, Jujuy. Distr. : Jujuy, Salta. B. h. rmUti-

cincta Holm., 1909, p. 12, from same loc, is banded form of

tbis subsDecies.

N. s. apertus Hylton Scott, 1948, p. 238, pi. 2, figs. 4-5. Type

loc: Cerro Colorado, N.E. Salta.

(To 1)6 continued)

LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF UNION

COUNTY, NEW JERSEY

By SAM FREED

Union County, located in the north-eastern part of the State

has an area of 102.1 square miles. It is bounded on the north

by Essex County, east by Middlesex County and west by Somer-

set and Morris Counties. The ground is generally level with

marsh land toward the coast while the western section is broken

by a range of hills known locally as the Watchung Mountains.

The highest point is located at the Second Mountain north of

Feltville and has an elevation of 553 feet above sea level. The

principal rivers draining the county are the Rahway and Eliza-

beth, both flowing into the Arthur Kill.

The Watchung Mountains are abrupt ridges which rise above

the general level of the Piedmont Belt. The crests and upper

slopes of the Watchungs are composed of diabase and basalt.

In the northwestern part of the county the Terminal Moraine

is characterized by especially uneven topography. The western-

most part of the county is located in the Passaic River Basin.

This is the bed of old glacial Lake Passaic, distinguished particu-

larly by extensive silt and clay sediments.

Total annual precipitation is 56.08 inches. May is the wettest

month with an average of 6.52 inches. Temperature ranges

from an average of 79.2 degrees in the summer to 36.0 degrees in

the winter.

Most of the county is highly industrialized and the building of

factories and homes is at a peak. Well-developed farm patterns

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

however still persist. The collecting of shells was carried out

over a period of several years mostly in the county park system.

The largest park is Watchung Reservation with 1946 acres.

Major collecting sites : Bryant Park Pond, Warinanco Park

Lake, Lake Surprise, Watchung Reservation, Black Brook, Rah-

way River, Nomahegan Park, Galloping Hill Park and Tuscan

Dairy Farm.

Specimens have been deposited with The Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia and Smithsonian Institution, U. S. Na-

tional Museum.

I wish to thank Dr. Charles B. Wurtz and Dr. J. P. E. Morri-

son, Associate Curator of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum, for

assistance in identifying the material.

Terrestrial Mollusks : Succinea ovalis Say. Vallonia pulchella

(Miiller). Cionella lubrica (Mliller). Zonitoides nitidus

(Miiller). Zonitoides arhoreiis (Say). Oxychilus cellarius

(Miiller). Helicodiscus paralleliis (Say.) Mesodon thyroidus

(Say). Triodopsis tridentata (Say). Triodopsis alholahris

(Say). Anguispira alter7iata i^SLy). Mesomphix cupreus (Usl-

finesque). Oxyloma effusa suleffusa Pilsbry.

Aquatic Mollusks: Helisoma anceps (Menke). Helisoma tri-

volvis (Say). Viviparus malleatiis (Reeve). Campeloma de-

cisum (Say). Physa heterostropha (Say). Lymnaea paliistris

(Miiller). Lymnaea parva l^ea,. Lymnaea hicmilis Ssiy. Pseu-

dosuccinea columella (Say). Planorhula armigera (Say).

Menetus dilatatus (Gould). Sphaerium transversitm (Say).

Anodo7ita cataracta Say.

References

Alexander, Robert C. 1952. Nautilus, 66 (2) : 54-59.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939-48. Land Mollusca of North Amer-

ica, etc. Vols. 1 and 2, Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 2006 pp.

QuAKENBUSH, Granville A. 1955. Bulletin 775, N. J. Agri-

cultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University.

PUBLICATION DATES OF TROSCHEL'S

"DAS GEBISS DER SCHNECKEN"

By ROBERT ROBERTSON

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Das / Gehiss der Schnecken / zur / Begrilndnng einer Natilr-

lichen Classification / iintersucht von / Dr. F. H. Troschel, which

April, 1957]

THE NAUTILUS

137

appeared in Berlin from 1856 to 1893, is the largest comparative

study of molluscan radulae ever published. The basis of our

modern classification of gastropods rests in part on this monu-

mental work. Troschel introduced a few new generic and sub-

generic names in the book, and in a very few cases may have

made valid subsequent selections of generic types. The main

criticism that should be made is that conchologists have to rely

entirely on Troschel's identifications, for no shells were figured.

Troschel died in 1882, and the last two parts of vol. 2 were writ-

ten and illustrated by J. Thiele. For an obituary of Troschel,

see H. Von Dechen. 1883. Correspondenzblatt no. 1, naturhist.

Vereines d. preussischen Rheinlande u. Westfalens. Bonn. [In]

Verhandlungen, 40, pp. 35-54.

Since the dates of publication of the various parts of Bas

Gehiss der SchnecJcen cannot be determined from the book itself,

and are not readily available elsewhere, the following collation

has been prepared.

Title and i-ix. 1893

Wrappers to parts 1 and 2 are dated 1866 and 1868.

Pages 247-248 and 335-336 omitted.

Sources of Information

Copy in MCZ library with original wrappers to vol. 2 and MS

bibliographic notes.

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Eeviews in Malak. Blatt. (1). 3, pp. 251-255, 1857; 4, pp. 223-

225, 1857; 5, pp. 232-234, 1858; 8, pp. 113-117, 1861; 10, pp.

240-244, 1863.

Zoological Record (Mollusca) for 1865, 1867.

THEODORE THOMAS DRANGA

1901-1956

On October 29, 1956, Theodore T. Dranga died suddenly at

Mahe, Seychelles, Indian Ocean. He was nearing the finish of a

trip of several months, covering the Canary Islands, Coast of

Spain, Mediterranean, the western part of the Indian Ocean and

South Africa, the last fields in the world where he had not pre-

viously collected mollusks.

He was born August 19, 1901, in Hilo, Hawaii, the son of

Helen Thomas Dranga, born in England; and Thomas A.

Dranga, born in California. He and his parents lived near the

ocean, and naturally he learned to swim and dive when very

young, and became almost semi-amphibious ; often spending the

major portion of the day in the water, collecting shells and

corals. Ted, as he is known by collectors all over the world,

was first known as *'The Coral Man" of Honolulu, having col-

lected a number of rare species among the caves around the

Hawaiian Islands, and later, in other spots of the world. He

also collected sea shells, and one day, when about twelve, his

Mother took him to call upon Mr. Ditlev D. Thaanum to see his

shells, and after that, whenever he found a new shell, he went

to Mr. Thaanum for identification. He had a brilliant scientific

mind, and learned rapidly the Latin names of the corals and

mollusks. He also developed an excellent knowledge of botany

and ornithology. In fact, he was called a Nature Boy, in fact

and in practice.

In 1924, after the tutelage of Mr. Thaanum, he went to work

as collector and cataloguer for the Bishop Museum and went on

an Expedition to the line islands, Howland and Baker, etc., and

made several trips with the Tanager Expedition to the outlying

Hawaiian Islands, to Laysan, Gardner and other good collecting

areas. In 1925 he accompanied Dr. Cooke on a long trip to

Samoa, collecting land shells, and afterwards did considerable

April, 1957] the nautilus 139

land shell collecting on Kauai. In 1925 and 1926 he was in-

vited by Mr. L. A. Thurston and Mr. D. D. Thaanum to accom-

pany them on a collecting trip to Palmyra Island, preparing

himself for the trip with only fifteen minutes notice. After-

wards, he stayed on with Mr. Thurston as an assistant collector,

making many trips; one very important expedition in 1927 in-

cluded the Pearl and Hermes Reef and many of the South Pacific

Islands.

After these many collecting trips, it was only natural that he

should begin to sell corals and mollusks to collectors in Hawaii,

and eventually to dealers all over the world. The number of

correspondents grew, until finally he decided to visit the main-

land, and deal with these contacts personally. In 1935 he came

to California, visiting up and down the Coasts, collecting as far

south as Bahia California, and selling. Late in 1936 he went

to Florida where he visited extensively among the dealers he had

known. Early in 1937 we went to Sanibel, calling upon Dr.

Louise M. Perry, who was doing extensive dredging and collect-

ing in the Gulf. For several winters he came to Sanibel, helping

with the dredging and collecting, and, at Dr. Perry's suggestion,

taught Jeanne Schwengel the business of collecting, cleaning and

naming the shells found on and around the Islands.

Early in 1938 Ted went back to Hawaii, and in 1940 he and

Mr. Thaanum visited many of the little known islands of the

South Pacific ; and when Mr. Thaanum returned to Hawaii, Ted

continued on to Bali, Fiji and Australia. While walking on the

shore collecting on the unpopulated northwest coast of Australia

near Broome ; after camping out for three nights and travelling

on the shore farther away from civilization every day, he was

rudely jabbed in the ribs by a uniformed Australian soldier and

taken in for questioning. He was informed that a war was on,

and after assuring the authorities that his was a peaceful mis-

sion, he was released, and forthwith hurried back to Hawaii, and

from there on back to Florida where. he settled in Coral Gables,

and later in Miami. After his marriage, he opened a beautiful

shop in Miami, *' Treasures of the Sea," where he sold shells and

South Seas novelties.

During this time he made numerous trips to the West Indies,

Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama and Honduras with his wife, Anna ;

and alone, to practically all parts of South America and the

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Galapagos Islands ; always coming back with the best shells avail-

able. Many of these trips were very rugged, with food and

water almost unobtainable. But collecting was of first impor-

tance to him, and food could always be had from the sea, if no

other source was near. In 1955, he and Anna joined Dr. Axel

A. Olsson on an expedition for the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia. This expedition covered the Ecuadorian coast

from the southern-most tip to the northern boundary ; transpor-

tation being by native canoe, busses, on foot and on banana boats.

Many new records were established on this trip.

Later, Ted decided that he should collect in the Mediter-

ranean, South Africa and the Indian Ocean, so, planning a fast,

grueling trip, he did not take his wife along, and left last June

for the Canary Islands, Spain, the Mediterranean, Seychelles

and South Africa. The latter part of October he wrote that he

would be home for Christmas, but gave no details of his imme-

diate plans.

Due to the troubled conditions in that part of the world, in-

formation about the cause of his death has been difficult to ob-

tain, but we have assumed that his strenuous collecting and div-

ing had affected his heart, and, probably having overdone in his

anxiety to cover as much of the field as possible before his de-

parture for home, had collapsed.

He was a member of The American Malacological Union ; The

Philadelphia Shell Club ; The Hawaiian Shell Club and The St.

Petersburg Shell Club. He is survived by his widow, Anna H.

Dranga, 1260 S. W. First Street, Miami 35, Florida.

All collectors, the world over, will miss him, for he loved mol-

lusks, and always had the best to offer ; beautifully cleaned, with

all collecting data. If Ted had had his choice, he would have

chosen to go doing the thing he enjoyed most; collecting sea

shells, and the completion of his world-wide travels. (Informa-

tion from Anna Dranga, Detlev D. Thaanum and correspondence

over the last twenty years.) J. S. Schwengel.

WILLIAM G. FARGO

On Feb. 9, 1957, science lost a kind friend and colleague with

the passing of William G. Fargo in Pass-a-Grille, Florida, at the

April, 1957] the nautilus 141

age of 90. Mr. Fargo, a civil engineer and a former resident of

Jackson, Michigan, was particularly interested in the fossil and

recent mollusks of Florida. He led the geological investigation

of the Pliocene outcropping at St. Petersburg, Florida, which

resulted in the large monograph on the "Pliocene MoUusca of

Southern Florida" published in 1953 by the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia. He contributed the chapter on the

Turridae. Mr. Fargo was exceedingly generous in his support

of publications and collections in a number of our leading in-

stitutions.

GUY L. WILKINS

We have received a brief notice of the premature passing of

Mr. Guy L. Wilkins of the British Museum of Natural History

during the first week of March, 1957.

NOTES AND NEWS

Wrong address. — Recently The Nautilus received a properly

addressed envelope, which forwarded two letters: one from

Canada and the other from a Swedish bookstore. Although

both enclosures contained our yelloAV invoices with complete

directions, each was addressed simply to : The Nautilus, Phila-

delphia 4, Pa. This forwarding was accompanied by a nice

note from the Commanding Officer, U.8.S. Nautilus, whom we

wish to thank for his trouble. — H. A. P. and H. B. B.

Families of Pulmonata, no. 3. — The following addenda and

errata for Naut. 69, pp. 128-139, and vol. 70, p. 34, have been

noted :

Acavidae (1895) MUdff., 1898. SubF. Caryodinae (Anoglyp-

tidae Allan, 1950).

Achatinidae: (Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945). SubF. Steno-

gyrinae (Obeliscinae, 1931, not A. Adams, 1863, based on a

homonym). SubF. Coeliaxinae (-idae Germain, 1917).

Acroreidae (Acroriidae Cossm., 1893, on a homonymous emenda-

tion).

Ancylidae (1815) Brown, 1845.

Auriculidae : SubF. Cassidulinae, 1925, based on a synonym but

not a homonym ; not Troschel, 1867, on a homonym.

''Cerionidae": Ceriidae (1818?) Winckworth, 1945 (Pupacea

Fleming, 1818, on a homonym of ''Pupa Roeding") would be

the correct spelling. F. of Cerioidea.

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

Clausiliidae : SubF. Alopiinae ( Garnieriinae Ehrmann, 1927).

SubF. Phaedusinae (Megalophaeduseae, Serrulinae & Xapty-

cheae Zilch, 1954).

Cochlostylidae Mlldff., 1890, on a subjective synonym (Heli-

costylinae Ihering, 1909). SubF. Eulotidae Mlldff., 1898, on

a synonym.

Dorcasi-idae : -inae Connolly, 1915. F. of Cerioidea.

Euconulinae: (Durgellinidae, 1941, on a subj. syn. ; Coneuplecti-

nae Habe, 1948).

Eulotidae : see Cochlostylidae.

Gadiniidae (1840) Martens, 1866, on a synonym.

Helicidae: (Murellinae Hesse, 1918. Tacheocampylaeinae Ger-

main, 1929). SubF. Ariantidae, 1864 ( Helicigoninae Ger-

main, 1929), both on synonyms. SubF. Helicodontinae Hesse,

1907.

Helixarionidae Bourguignat, 1883 ( Helicarioninae, 1888, on an

emendation).

Hygromiidae: SubF. Leucochroidae (Helicellinae Ihering, 1909,

not Adams, 1855. Albeidae Llabador, 1950, on a subj. syn.).

Lati-idae Hutton, 1881.

Limacidae: -ideae Gray, 1821 (Agriolimacinae; Deroceratinae

Magne, 1952).

Lucerna: (Lampadiidae Winckworth, 1945, on a misusage).

Orthalicidae : SubF. Bulimulinae (Bothiembry-ontidae Allan,

1950).

Planorbidae (1815) Bgt., 1883. SubF. Bulinulinae, 1847

(Bullin-ea ^'Oken, 1815" Herrm., 1847, -idae Germain, 1919,

not Bullin-itia Eaf ., 1815, both on emendations, of Bulinus and

Bttllaea, respectively. Miratestidae Sarasin, 1897).

Plectopyl(id)-idae Mlldff., 1898. F. of Cerioidea.

Punctidae: SubF. Phenacohelicidae, 1892 (Flammulinidae

Crosse, 1894).

Kathouisi-idae Heude, 1885.

Rhytididae Pilsbry, Feb. 25, 1893, would be prior to Paryphan-

tinae Godwin- Austen, ''Oct., 1893." F. of SuperF. Rhyti-

didae.

Streptaxidae : (Artemonidae Bgt., 1889, on a subj. syn.). SubF.

Enneidae Bgt., 1883 (Streptostelidae Bgt., 1889).

Thyrophorellidae Girard, 1895.

Xanthonych-idae : SubF. Cepoliinae Pilsbry, 1939? (Cepolinae,

1928, not Raf., 1815, or Bon., 1831).

Xestidae: SubF. Girasiidae Collinge, 1902. — H. Burrington

Baker.

Zachrysia provisoria (P/r.),^a species common around Nas-

sau, Bahamas, has been found living in Miami, Florida (in the

1 1 wish to thank Mr. Ealph Jackson for the identification.

April, 1957] the nautilus 143

N. W. section) for the past two years. It was found in a coral-

rock mound (area approximately thirty-six sq. feet) where for-

merely grew a large oleander bush, but now replaced by a thick

moist growth of rain violets and coral vines. ( I understand that

these violets were purchased from a nurseryman some years ago

who made trips to Nassau at that time.) However, the snails

did not appear until two years ago. These snails have also been

found in a mouldy wet area around a rock fountain in a nearby

yard. They have not been reported from other localities in that

area but they are definitely established in this one place as I've

had over forty shells and snails from juveniles to full-grown

adults. At present I 'm attempting to raise these in bowls in the

house and they have ravenous appetites for anything that is

offered.

If any shell collector desires some of the shells, write Dr. R.

Clarke, P.O. Box 221, Deland, Florida.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Indo-Pacipic Sea Shells by Sally D. Kaicher. Privately

published (4642 Livingston Rd., Wash. 20, D. C). 1956.—

Each part $1.00. A series of pamphlets is now being published

which contains excellent illustrations of the commoner marine

shells of the Indo-Pacific region. Five of the intended eight

booklets have been issued. The author has presented a series

of beautiful pencil sketches with a correct scientific name, size

of shell, and geographic range. The completed eight parts will

be of immense help in identifying about 600 of the commoner

Pacific species. — E. T. Abbott.

Cowry Shells of World Seas by Joyce Allan. X H- 170 pp.,

15 pis. Georgian House, Melbourne. 1956 (63 shillings). —

Specialists in cowrie shells will welcome this book for several

reasons. All of the known species and varieties of Cypraeacea

are listed, together with the author's name, date, geographical

range, brief description, and an illustration. Approximately

350 forms are illustrated by colored or black-and-white paint-

ings, and, although some of them are grossly distorted, there

should be little difficulty in identifying most species. There

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 70 (4)

is a wealth of interesting historical data scattered throughout

the text, as well as an interesting and informative introduction.

The nomenclature follows the extremes of Iredale and the

Schilders, and although the author frequently presents legiti-

mate arguments against certain ''splittings," she obviously did

not wish to offend her scientific acquaintances by synonymizing

or ''lumping." However, the gem-collecting type of amateur

will enjoy pigeon-holing the numerous forms and so-called

genera. Contrary to most authorities, the author accepts

Gronovius' name of Amphiperas, although I believe that Ovula

is the earliest valid name. It may interest cowrie specialists to

know that a second specimen of Cypraea leucodon Broderip

is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. —

R. T. Abbott.

Seasonal vertical movements of oyster drills {Urosalpinx

cinerea). Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Asso. 1954, pp. 190-198. By

Melbourne R. Carriker. — At least 75 per cent of the drills bury

partly or completely in the bottom during the colder months of

the year in the New York-New Jersey area. Only the tip of the

siphon remains at the surface. Complete inactivity probably

does not occur except at water temperatures below 35° F.

Sea Treasure. By Kathleen Y. Johnstone. 242 pp., 8 pis.,

text figs. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. $4.00. This is an ex-

cellent book for those being introduced to moUusks for the first

time. It is well organized, accurate, and entertainingly written,

and not only covers the rudiments of conchology, but also pre-

sents a great deal of new information on mollusks in art, litera-

ture, history and Indian lore. The eight colored plates depict

63 species in excellent paintings by Rudolf Freund. The term

"genotype" is incorrectly defined on p. 56, but other than this

the book is very free of errors. — R. T. A.

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

liJH 17XL P

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