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”

NAUTILUS.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOL. XIII.

MAY, 1899, to APRIL, 1900.

PHILADELPHIA :

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL, XIEI,

INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Abalone fishery in California : : : ‘ F re 3!

Agassiz Association Department : d , . 23, 34,59

Amnicola Johnsoni Pilsbry, n. sp. f : : F re |

Amnicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry, n. sp. : F : 1 2p)

Amnicolide from Florida . : . : : i ra!)

Amnicoloid, a new N.-E. Australian. : : } . 144

Arion fasciatus Nils. in America. : ; ; ‘ : 9

Arizona and New Mexico, Collecting in. 13

Ashmunella thomsoniana porter Pilsbry nail Gasket

n. Vv. : P ; : : , : Peet

Bie ac ports, Dr. Babor’s rediscovery of . ; : ae

Bifidaria armifera var. ruidosensis Cockerell, n. v. : + 486

California, collecting in Southern i 28

California, mollusks collected by R. C. pic Ongar: in mou ieae 64

Calliostoma Veliei Pilsbry, n. sp. , . 128

Canandaigua Lake Region of New York, Maliuews aie. 87

Capulus Californicus Dall., n. sp. : . 100

Chitons from the BiGoene of the ae etane ina

Florida . : A ; ; ; . 130

Chlorostoma Bidaleot Bisbee Spy , ; : al

Chlorostoma Orbignyanum Pilsbry, n. sp. . : : + Huet

Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb. . ‘ i . 110

Chlorostoma of Southern and Eastern Reeser : _ kO

Chondropoma Martensianum Pilsbry, n. sp. y : . 140

Clausiliz of Celebes, note on the : , : : » 6

Cochlicopa lubrica in Alaska ; . 19

; (iii )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Conulus coroicanus Ancey, n. sp. ; : : ; ce Loi

Correspondence . 4 : : : Dh ee . 83

Corrosion of shells in cons : ; . 122

Donax stultorum Mawe vs. Cytherea AResumigiles Conr: . “@

Dredging in San Diego Bay : ‘ : ; : - LOE

Dredging off San Pedro. : : : : ; “eel

Epiphragmophora andivaga Ancey,n. sp. . ; pret en SS

Epiphragmophora Bowersi Bryant, n. sp. . : 5 ele

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray. : : : ; . 20

Epipbragmophora Harperi Bryant, n.sp. . ; : . 143

Epiphragmophora mormonum buttoni Pilsbry, n. v.. .. 128

Epiphragmophora mormonum cala ae ha jy ae 2 : a8

Jpiphragmophora Turtoni Ancey,n. sp. . : : =e

Field notes and reminiscences —. ; : : os 5)

Florida, Collecting on the Gulf Coast of : : ; Same

Florida, Notes on some land shells of Western. 3 . 141

Gastrodonta demissa var, lamellata Pilsbry, n. v. : Ov

General notes . ; . 12, 24.7365 48, a 10, S48) lie 129

Glandina truncata var, minor Pilsbry, n.v.. : : 2A

Gonibasis acutifilosa siskiyouensis Pilsbry, n. v.. , 11965

Hartman, William D. (with portrait, pl. I) . ‘ : Peon

Helix hortensis at Rockport. Mass., variations of , i032

Land shells of Berks Co., Pennsylvania —. : 4 ~

Limax coccineus Gistel : : : : : mae

Lithasia obovata, changes with sree Ol. : : Sere

Lucidella Foxi Pilsbry, n. sp. . : i : é » 36

Lucidella trochiformis Pilsbry,n.sp. . : ; : . sas

Maine, List of Shells from Northeastern. : , OLO2 aS

Manitoba, List of Land and Freshwater Shells of : Rahs |

Margaritana margaritifera var. falcata from a tunnel . . 1380

Mexican shells, notes on some southern ; 20R9

Miami, Florida, Annotated List of land and fecinater shells 43

Modiola plicatale in San Francisco Bay . : 86

Mollusca associated with the Mastodon ; : 34, 55, 100

Mollusks of Lily Cash Creek, Illinois. : ‘ ‘ Re)

Myoforceps aristatus Dillwyn, from California. : : beset

New Mexican Shells, Notes on some . ; : ets

Ostrzea, Origin of the mutations of —. : : 5 Heme

Owasco Lake, N. Y., notes on the mollusea Ole . Be) (|

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Pachychilus vulneratus . ? A : F : _ 139

Paludestrina monas Pilsbry,n. sp. . : : ; ona

Petricola denticulata, note on . ‘ ; : ; Lot

Philomycus lactiformis (Blainville) — . : : ; ., 24

Physa cubensis in Florida . : : : : : . 70

Pisidia new to our country and new species ‘ : eng

Pisidium amnicum Mull... : j : Hu , OEY

Pisidium boreale Sterki n. n. (for septentrionale Prime pre-

occupied ) : : ‘ : : : : tg

Pisidium contortum Prime. : : ‘ : : 10, 59

Pisidium handwerki Sterki, n. sp. : : } reo0

Pisidium henslowianum Shep. . ‘ : : * A29

Pisidium medianum Sterki, n. sp. F , , hp

Pisidium medianum var. minutum Sterki n. var. . : 4) well

Pisidium milium Held : : : : ; , 10, 59

Planorbis corpulentus Say ; : , : ets

Planorbis crista var. cristata sity eae in Marie F ie SSO MTOS

Planorbis opercularis var. multilineatus Vanatta , . 48

Planorbis rubellus Sterki and P. Harni Pilsbry . A eo

Polygyra, new southwestern form of . , : Miao

Polygyra appressa, notes on : d ; ~ as

Polygyra auriculata in Western F rida ; k , USPS

Polygyra binneyana Pilsbry,n. sp... , , 60

Polygyra caloosaensis Johnson, n. sp. ee te 67

Polygyra divesta indianorum Pulsbry,.0. var. ; ‘abe

Polygyra dorfeuilliana var. percostata Pilsbry, n. var. es

Polygyra monodon var. friersoni Pilsbry, n. var. 36

Polygyra neglecta Pilsbry, n. sp. , é . 40

Polygyra tridontoides [= terasiana— Ep. |. in New Macies eee!

Polygyra uvulifera var. bicornuta, n. var. . : é “ALON

Pomatia aspersa in California. y, , : ; . 160

Pyramidula alternata, notes on two varieties of . ; wld

Pyramidula alternata var. costata Lewis. : ef 3!

Pyramidula alternata var. rarinotata Pils., n. var. ; SAS

Publications received . ; : (1,84; 119,131

Purpura coronata Lam. in America. : . 1380

Rhode Island, Collection of Fresh-water eile front : ge ©

Rumina decollata, some notes on : : : : RE

Shells collected at Oakdale, Morgan Co., Tenn. . ; Py

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Shells and Mastodon . ; : 4 5 34, 55, 100

Sigaretus oldroydii, notes on. E A : ». 85

Stephanoda Iheringi Ancey,n. sp. . : : ‘ ey,

Stephanoda latastei Ancey, n. sp. ; : A . ~ real

Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry, n. var. . ; 1 46

Strombus, attempt to define the natural groups of — 76, 93

Thomson, John H. (Biographical note) : : 5 . BES

Thy ae hornii Gabb. : ; é aes

Tres Marias Islands, Mexico, Natural Ptedane of ‘ =e Mel:9

Turritellidz, Viviparous nNOecHE ; t : : ») 268

Unios of the Sabine River . A : SPs, chs ; ae

Unionide in a tunnel . : : ‘ ; ¢ : . 130

Unio conjugans Wright, n. sp... ‘ ‘ ‘ : . 89

Unio Danielsii Wright, n. sp... ; ; : ; got

Unio dispalans Wright, n. sp. . 3 ; A : s 400

Unio Hagleri Frierson, n. sp. (Plate II.) . : ' ee Rey!)

Unio Harperi Wright, n. sp. ‘ , ; ; ; tte

Unio Kingii Wright, n. sp.. ; ; 5 é : . 138

Unio polymorphus Wright, n. sp. E ; 5 ‘ . 42

Unio rotulatus Wright, n. sp. . , ; ; : cit sees

Unio (Lampsilis) Rovirosai Pilsbry, n. sp. ‘ : . 140

Unio singularis Wright, n. sp... ‘ 5 ; ‘ ke

Unio Tinkeri Wright, n. sp. : : : é : = eet

Unio unicostatus Wright, n. sp. . , : : ‘ Bem)

Veronicella, notes on Jamaican . ; : ° ‘ . 1st

Viviparous miocene Turritellidze : ; 68

Zonitide collected by J. H. Ferriss in Reapers ae the

Choctaw Nation . : : OT

Zonitoides neomexicanus Geeleerell & SPs, NeSpa+: pe:

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS,

Ancey, C. F. :

Ashmun, Rev. E. H.

Baker, Frank C..

Burns, Frank

Button, Fred. L.

Bryant, F. W.

Chadwick, G. H..

Clapp, Geo. H.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Collinge, Walter E.

Dall, Wm. H.

Frierson, Lorraine 8.

Hanham, A. W. .

Johnson, C. W.

Kendig, Rev. A. B.

Keep, Josiah

Kelsey, F. W. .

King, Mrs. E. H.

Lowe, H. N.

Mitchell, C. F.

Nylander, Olof O.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 20, 32,

Post, E. J. . ;

Randolph, P. B..

Rhoads, Samuel N

Smith, W. Hilles .

Stearns, R. E.C..

Sterki, V.

Sykes, E. R.

Vanatta, E.G. .

Walker, Bryant .

Wright, Berlin H.

: fonds

30, 57, 112

Be Fite

130, 131

122, 143

. 04, 76, 93

41, 70

32, 36, 49, 84, 117

2 : 4 ecg

2 on, Go, IL, LOO, TIT

iO, 109

: : 2 1

67, 117, 130, 141

. 1S

«60

5 EOL

eon

; 59, 102, 118

Silig 49, ol; 56, 64, 10, TO 88, ADT ULO:

114, 128, 131, 139, 144

: : : : . of

oy Log loneks 8O, LOO LS

9,90

: 48

: 55, 9T, 153

6, 29, 31, 42, 50, 69, 5, 89, 138

( vii )

eee NU TILUS.

MAY, 1899.

WADI 10 Be

A LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MANITOBA.

BY A. W. HANHAM, WINNIPEG, MAN.

When I commenced collecting here in 1894, my enthusiasm was

soon checked by the dearth of land shells, in which, since I first col-

lected, I have been particularly interested. In fresh-water species

things were different, as this list shows, but I have never felt the

same interest in them, and my work here, as far as they are con-

cerned, has been half-hearted, and I have done nothing at all during

the past two seasons. Under these circumstances, I have thought it

advisable to publish this list before my records get lost or destroyed.

The most striking feature here (even after Quebec) was the utter

absence of all the larger species of land shells (with the exception of

the Succineas), and the scarcity of even the small kinds which have

been taken. However, I am still impressed with the idea that some

few of the larger species may occur, rarely perhaps, in the well-

wooded districts lying in the extreme east, southeast and northeast

of the Province. The country I have worked here has been mostly

prairie, even though swampy or wooded in places, and really almost

the only localities worth exploring are the river ‘‘ bottoms.”” Water

shells, especially by contrast, are quite conspicuous; the sand dredged

from the Red river for building purposes contains a mass of Sphieria,

and along the river banks the large valves of Uniones are very notice-

able. The railway ditches and sluices, which are generally dry early

in the summer, have in their bottoms a mass of Limnza, Aplexa and

2 THE NAUTILUS.

small Planorbis. Often large areas of prairie, inundated during the

spring, are covered with these dead shells, which are the *‘ land”

shells of the novice.

Soon after my arrival in Manitoba, I received a good deal of assist-

ance from the Rev. George W. Taylor, of Gabriola Island, B. C.,

who kindly furnished me with lists of the species he had taken here

in 1893, during a flying visit; also any other records or lists of

Manitoba species that he knew of.

The lists furnished were as follows:

His own from Winnipeg in 1893.

Condray’s, also from Winnipeg.

Hollands’, from Norquay, Man.

Bells’,

Christy’s, » all from Winnipeg eastward,

Dawson's,

(The species taken by Condray and Holland being in his own <ol-

lection. )

All these records are included in the subjoined list. Dr. V. Sterki,

Mr. Ed. W. Roper, Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and others, have kindly

helped in the identification of the more troublesome things of my own

taking. The numbers before the land shells (following Mr. H. A.

Pilsbry’s valuable catalogue), show that our local or provincial spe-

cies are few and far between.

(47. Acanthinula harpa Say.) This species has been taken along

the north of Lake Superior, both West as well as East, and I feel

sure is to be found in the northern unexplored parts of the province.

48. Vallonia pulchella Mull. (Condray, Holland, Taylor, ete.)

50. Vallonia costata Mill. ‘Taken here under stones, etc., along

railway banks.

(Dr. Sterki remarks of these cosfata, ‘a beautiful and interesting

form with rather crowded ribs.”’)

53. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Winnipeg in 18938, by Taylor.

180. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. (Christy and Holland.)

186. Bifidaria armifera Say. Very rare here, also taken by Tay-

lor. A rather small form occurs at Brandon; very few were taken.

187. Bifidaria contracta Say. From Carberry, by Christy.

188. Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Rather plentiful here in the

Spring of 1894 in Red River drift. Also taken by Condray and

Taylor.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

199. Bifidaria pentodon Say. A few taken here, also recorded

by Condray and Taylor. (Dr. Sterki writes ‘somewhat different

from the typical figure, the last whorl comparatively small.”’)

219. Vertigo binneyana Sterki. Rare here, also taken by Condray.

222. Vertigo ovata Say. Not uncommon here.

Vertigo sp. (2 examples) Winnipeg. (Dr. Sterki writes, ‘ in size,

shape and striation much resembles V, gouldii Binn., but there is a

peculiar, very strong callus in the palate.’’)

235. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.(F. subcylindrica, Linn.) Well dis-

tributed and not uncommon.

254. Vitrina limpida Gld. A few on ‘toad-stools’”’ late in the

fall. Several other records.

260. Vitrea hammonis Strém. (H. radiatula Ald.) From all

points recorded.

264. Vitrea binneyana Morse? <A few shells taken at Brandon,

were recorded as this species. They have been mislaid, or would

have been referred to Dr. Sterki.

270. Vitrea indentata Say. From Pine Creek, by Christy.

278. Conulus fulvus Mull. Plentiful locally. (Dr. Sterki says,

‘different to the usual form.’’)

282. Zonitoides nitidus Mull.? Some dead shells from river drift

may be this species.

283. Zonitoides arboreus Say. From all points recorded.

290. Zonitoides minusculus Binn. A few dead shells from Red

River drift. (Also Red River, Binney’s Manual.)

294, Zonitoides milium Morse. Very rare here.

316. Agriolimax campestris Binn. Seen occasionally in this dis-

trict, not included in the other lists.

344, Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful, in all lists.

346. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Recorded by Condray. I have

taken one or two shells here.

348. Punctum pygm@um Drap. Taken here, not included in other

lists.

358. Succinea retusa Lea. (S. ovalis Gld.) My Winnipeg spe-

cimens are ail small. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)

360. Suecinea haydeni W. G. Binn. ( Dawson.)

361. Succinea hawkinsi Baird. Carberry. (Christy.)

362. Succinea obliqua Say. From all points recorded.

366. Succinea grosvenorti Lea. (S. lineata Binn.) Wood Moun-

tain (Dawson).

4 THE NAUTILUS.

367. Succinea avara Say. Rather common here. (Christy,

Dawson and Taylor.) Var. vermeta Say? (Referred to this by Dr.

Sterki.) A small colony taken under logs on railway bank near the

city. (If only S. avara, then an unusually large coarse form.)

370. Succinea oregonensis Lea. (A few examples referred to this

species by Dr. Sterki). From Winnipeg.

Carychium exiguum Say.) By no means abundant here. (Named

ss exile Lea. ) by Dr. Sterki.)

Spherium sulcatum Lam. (Christy, Dawson and Holland.)

ce solidulum Prime. Common here in Red River. (Also

recorded by Christy & Dawson.)

Spherium striatinum Lam. (Christy & Dawson.)

a stramineum Conrad. (Dawson).

es rhomboideum Say. (Christy & Dawson.)

oe jayanum Prime. (Christy.)

tenue Prime. Souris River (Dawson).

ef transversum Say. Playgreen Lake (Bell).

es simile Say. A single valve was in a lot of S. solidulum

referred to Mr. Ed. W. Roper for naming.

Spherium partumeium Say. (Dawson.) One specimen taken

here, kindly named by Mr. Roper.

Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).

ne variabile Prime. Pine Creek (Christy).

ee abditum Hald. (Holland),

us ferrissti Sterki. These are the only Pisidia I have found

here, and I took a small colony of them in moss in a dried-up swamp

late in the year. Only a few appeared to be full grown (named by

Dr. Sterki).

Unio alatus Say. Have taken some fine shells along the banks of

the Red River here. (Christy & Dawson).

Unio asperrimus Lea. A few from Red River here. (Christy).

‘© borealis A. F. Gray. Lake of the Woods (Christy).

‘© canadensis Lea. (‘Taylor.)

‘¢ boydianius Marsh. Red River here. Kindly named by Mr.

Ferriss.

Unio gracilis Barnes. Not uncommon in Red River.

“© lachrymosus Lea. (Bell, Dawson & Taylor.)

‘© ligamentinus Lam. Roseau River (Dawson).

‘« hippopeus, I understand from Mr. Ferriss that this species

has been taken in Lake Winnipeg.

| ee rn eae

Wdepertimisl . Q.quadmute Rey

ae ts Lames A corte | Rae)

-Ginke restate Rat .

Ong eam :

eon

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Unio luteolus Lam. Red River. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.)

‘ multiplicatus Lea. (Christy.)

‘© occidens Lea.? Red River.

«« plicatus Lesueur. (Bell & Christy.)

“ radiatus Lam. ( Bell.)

rectus Lam. Some large specimens, with beautiful nacre,

have been taken from the Red River here. (Christy, Dawson &

Taylor.)

Unio rubiginosus Lea. Common in Red River. (Christy, Daw-

son & Taylor.)

Unio spatulatus Lea. (Red River, by Dawson.)

** subovatus Lea.? ( Dawson.)

** undulatus Barnes. (Christy, Dawson & Taylor.) Appears

to be common in Red River.

Margaritana complanata Barnes. (Bell & Dawson.)

“ rugosa Barnes. (Dawson.)

Anodonta ferussaciana Lea. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson.)

i footiana Lea. Souris River. ( Dawson.)

us plana Lea.? I sent a shell to Mr. Ferriss, which he

considered this species.

Anodonta subcylindracea Vea. (Holland.)

- undulata Say. (Bell & Dawson.)

Valvata tricarinata Say. Rare here. (Christy & Dawson.)

‘© sincera Say. (Christy & Dawson.)

Campeloma decisum Say. Rare here. (Lake of Woods, Dawson.)

Bythinella obtusa Lea. Winnipeg (also by Condray here).

Amnicola porata Say. Lake of the Woods. (Dawson).

66 pallida Wald. (Christy & Dawson.)

“c granum Say. Pine Creek. (Christy.)

Limnea stagnalis L. I lave taken a few dead shells along the

Assiniboine River here. Also included in the other lists.

Limnea decolluta Mighels. Lake of the Woods ( Dawson.)

‘© megasoma Say. Echimamish River (Bell).

“© palustris Mill. On all the lists. Some shells which I

think belong to this species are very prettily lined. This form is

rather abundant in some of the marshes.

Limnea catascopium Sey. Lake Manitoba, etc. Also on Daw-

son’s list.

Limnea caperata Say. On all the lists.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

“ — desidiosa Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy.

‘humilis Say. Winnipeg. Also by Christy and Dawson.

Physa heterostropha Say. On all the lists. Quite uncommon here.

* ampullacea Gould.? ( Dawson.)

*“ ancillaria Say. Wake of the Woods (Dawson). Also rarely

at Winnipeg.

Aplexa hypnorum L. On all lists. Usually a fine shell here.

Planorbis corpulentus Say. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).

as trivolvis Say. On all tlie lists.

Li macrostomus Whiteaves. Lake of the Woods (Dawson).

% bicarinatus Say. (Bell and Dawson.)

gs campanulatus Say. Winnipeg, also by Bell and Dawson.

_- exacutus Say. Winnipeg, also by Christy, Dawson and

Holland.

Planorbis albus Miill. (Holland and Taylor.)

“ parevus Say. On all the lists.

. umbilicatellus Ckll. (umbilicatus J. W. Taylor.) Bran-

don (Christy, ete.).

Planorbis eristatus L. <A pair from this place, identified by Dr.

Sterki.

Planorbula armigera Say. On all the lists.

Ancylus parallelus Wald. (Cliristy & Dawson.)

‘¢ rtvularis Say. (Dawson.)

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

N. Harperi, sp. nov.

Shell smooth, with slightly elevated growth lines, black towards

the umbos and tinged with red towards the base. Shining above,

rayless, oblique or very inequilateral. Umbos elevated and nicely

rounded; substance of the shell moderately thick, thinner posteriorly ;

bluntly pointed behind with an inclination to biangulation. _Dorsum

slightly arched, ligament red, basal margin slightly curved; umbonal

ridge rounded above and decidedly flattened out at the posterior ex-

tremity ; teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, cardi-

nals pointed, compressed and oblique, with a supplemental tooth or

pointed callosity in the right valve midway between the cardinal and

THE NAUTILUS.

lateral teeth and an accompanying depression in the opposing valve;

laterals straight with an elevated collar or ridge as an extension of

the lower lateral tooth and extending up to the cardinal; cicatrices

confluent, cavity of the beaks very slight, nacre pale white in old and

flesh-colored in young.

Diameter .75, length 1.25, width 2 inches.

Habitats— Altamaha, Suwannee and Flint Rivers.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: Two adults were first received from the Altamaha

River, Liberty County, Ga. Later three others came from the

Suwannee River, Madison County, Fla., and still later twenty others

from Spring Creek, a branch of the Flint River, in Decatur County,

Ga.—showing quite a range, and yet in all of these places it seems

to be a rare shell, as so few were received in large lots of several

hundred. The teeth are quite large and solid for the size of the shell.

It is difficult to place it with any group, for which reason comparisons

would seem out of place. The younger specimens bear some resem-

blance to simulans or nux, but it is less inflated in the umbonal re-

gion, and more compressed or flattened and pointed behind than

either of them, and is also more oblique or inequilateral. It has

heavier and blunter umbos and beaks than . perovatus Con., and

also a straighter base and less pointed behind.

We dedicate this species to Prof. George W. Harper, Principal of

the Woodward High School, of Cincinnati, O.

U. Tinkeri, sp. nov.

Shell black above, shading off to a lighter color posteriorly and

around the base, covered with close elevated growth lines; nearly

circular, somewhat inflated ; ravless, except in the very young, which

are covered with fine green rays; bluntly pointed behind, gracefully

and continuously curved in front up to the dorsal margin; dorsum

arched; base abruptly extended near its center by reason of the

broad, rounded ridge which extends from umbo to base; cardinal

teeth solid, direct and double in both valves; lateral teeth double in

the left and single in the right valve, heavy, somewhat curved, very

deeply indented and coarsely serrated ; beak cavity considerable and

very angular, anterior cicatrices separated by a mere thread, posterior

cicatrices confluent ; nacre white or slightly flesh-colored.

Diam. 1, length 1.50, width 1.75 inches.

Habitat : Tombigbee River, Alabama.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: This is another of those shells that is not strongly dis-

tinct from other known forms and yet sufficiently removed from any

to make a name necessary. It seems to lie between U. castaneus

Lea and U. unicolor Lea—from the former it differs in being more

circular, thinner, not tumid, not so oblique, darker colored, shorter lat-

erals, less capacious, beaks blunter and undulations fewer and coarser.

From unicolor it differs in being thicker, rougher, more inflated,

narrower, pallial margin and white nacre. Some forms of it approach

U. leibi Lea, but are less inclined to a quadrate outline and blacker,

and the young are beautifully rayed.

We name this species for Prof, B. W. Tinker, Superintendent of

Schools of Waterbury, Conn., who has a fine collection and takes

special interest in this branch of natural science.

(To be continued.)

CREPIDULA CONVEXA SAY, VAR. GLAUCA SAY, SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

As will be seen by the following from a recent letter received from

Mr. Hemphill, he has made another interesting discovery :

‘¢] had a couple of hours a few days ago on the old oyster-beds at

Alameda again, and have added Crepidula glauca Say to the intro-

duced shells from the east. I send you samples of the dark and light

varieties. The largest ones I send are as large as any among the 30

or 40 specimens I found.”

The largest measured 12} mm. by not quite 9 mm. and are quite

characteristic. It remains to be seen whether this species will attain

as large size in this new environment as in its native haunts. The

last (February) Nacritus, it will be remembered, contained a brief

note, announcing the detection of Fusus (Urosalpinx) cinereus, in

this same locality, on the eastern shore of the bay, a dozen miles or

so distant from where U. cinereus was first discovered. This is Mr.

Hemphill’s third find of eastern forms in San Francisco Bay.

The specimens above noted are in the U. 8. National Museum

No. 158001.

Rosert E. C. STearns.

Los Angeles, Cal., March 10, 1899.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ARION FASCIATUS, NILS. IN AMERICA.

BY WALTER E. COLLINGE, F. Z. S.,

Mason University College, Birmingham, England.

Whilst in Washington, D. C., a friend of mine collected for me a

few slugs from a garden, amongst which I was surprised to find a

single specimen of Arion fasciatus Nils. The specimen measured (in

alcohol) 26 mill., and is of a brown color with darker lateral bands

which are continued to the anterior border of the mantle; the foot-

sole is almost white and there is a faint keel; it approaches very

closely the var. neustriacus Mabille. Adult keeled forms of this

variety are very uncommon in the British Isles, and from this fact I

assumed that this individual had probably been introduced from

Europe. My friend has since ascertained that such is very likely the

ease, as he has learned that a previous owner of the garden was in

the habit of importing plants which were usually packed in moss.

A. fasciatus is easily distinguished from A. hortensis Fér., by its

white foot-sole, and from the majority of the species of this genus by

the peculiar form of the receptaculum seminis, which instead of being

pyriform or oval in shape, is elongated, terminating in a long pointed

apex.

PISIDIA NEW TO OUR COUNTRY, AND NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

It has been considered almost an axiom that the American Pisidia

lie eo ipso distinct from those of the eastern continent. But last year,

the efforts of several conchologists have brought to light a number of

species which are identical with European forms.

1. In Lake Ontario, on the New York shore, by Mr. Frank C.

Baker; in the Hamilton Bay, Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston, a

Pisidium has been collected which is absolutely identical with a form

from England received as amnicum Miull., and, as it seems, not dis-

tinct from one of France, under the same name. Mr. Clessin, to

whom a few specimens were submitted, thinks it not exactly amni-

cum. Considering the great variability of most Pisidia, these forms

must be studied further.

2. Pis. henslowianum Shep. has also been collected in Hamilton

Bay, Lake Ontario, by Mr. James Johnston; a number of good

specimens.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

. Pis. milium Held, conforming with European specimens, have

ne collected in Straits Lake, Michigan, by Mr. Bryant Walker,

and in Dallas Lake, Stearns County, Minn., by Mr. H. E. Sargent.

Among a number of fossils from a marl bed in Tuscala County,

Mich., also collected by Mr. Walker, there was one valve of the

same: spe cies.

-4.'In Aroostook County, Maine, Olof O. ee found ™ a

few specithens of a Pisidium idengeal withtondffom England mamed

milium Weld, which, however, Mr. Clessin says, is not that spe@ies.

Itis of somewhat the same shape and color, but larger and the beaks

are more prominent. -

The question whether these Pisidia be native or introduced is an-

swered, at least for mzlium, by the fossil found. As to No. 4, an im-

portation is rather improbable, from its habitat. For Nos. 1 and 2

the possibility of a colonization cannot be denied, just as Bithynia

tentaculata has immigrated from Europe, and, on the other ad,

Calyculina transversa Say seems to have been transported info P&yg-

land. Further researches are very desirable, and also fossils should

be secured wherever such may be obtainable.

Pis. contortum Pr. This Pisidium has been described, in 1852,

as a fossil sp. from Massachusetts, and has lately been collected

from marl beds in Maine by Mr. Nylander, and in Michigan, by Mr.

Walker. Last vear Mr. Nylander succeeded in finding a few recent,

living specimens, in Aroostook Co., Me. The shell is transparent,

of a deep wine or amber color, the surface highly polished.

6. Pis. medianum, n. sp. Mussel of rather small size, elliptical in

outline, much inflated, often of somewhat irregular growth; superior

and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior well rounded, or

with a slight angle above, anterior rounded or slightly truncated ob-

liquely; beaks rather in the middle, slightly directed toward the

posterior, rather high, prominent over the hinge margin; seutum

and scutellum very slightly marked; surface with very fine, crowded

strie, somewhat shining, light horn to yellowish or straw colored;

shell thin, nacre colorless, muscle insertions barely perceptible;

hinge fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth lamellar, slightly curved, the

right one in its posterior part somewhat thicker, simple or with a

fine, longitudinal groove; lateral teeth pointed, the outer ones of the

right valve comparatively large ; ligament fine, long. 2.5 to 3.5, alt.

2.0 to 2.8, diam. 1.7 to 2.3 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 1]

Habitat: Michigan, all over the state; lakes in Wisconsin.

Var. minutum,n. Smaller, less elongated, of more regular shape,

almost globular when fully grown, usually of deeper color, surface

with very fine striation, polished, but almost always covered with a

greenish or blackish coating. Aroostook County, Me., very com-

mon in some waters, collected by Mr. Olof O. Nylander; Mohawk,

N. Y., in the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis ; also some forms

from Michigan rather range with the variety, e. g., from Hess lake,

collected by Mr. L. H. Streng. This Pistdiwm has been known for

years. But owing to the fact that Ps. rotundatum Pr., of almost the

same size, was not exactly known, it was thought better to defer

publication. It is one of the best characterized of our species, not

nearly related to or resembling any other Pisidium, except P. ferru-

"which is at once distinguished by the strong ridges on

the beaks. Ps. medianum is maiyly characterized by its beaks being

almost exactly in the middle of the mussel, its anterior part being

sometimes even smaller than tlie posterior. Hence its name.

Specimens have been collected in deeper-water, 24 meters, of Lake

Michigan, off New York point, and also from the stomachs of white-

fish, sent by Mr. Bryant Walker. Among a lot from Blue Lake,

Michigan, collected by Dr. R.'J. Kirkland, there were many speci-

mens with that peculiar, perpendicular scar so often seen in Pisidia

and Sphaeria, but unusually deep.

7. Pis. kirklandi, n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique,

well inflated when mature, very little so in the young, high, rather

gineum Pr.,

oval in outline; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved,

posterior slightly truncated, passing into the superior by an obtuse,

rounded angle, antero-superior slightly curved or almost straight,

sloping toward the rounded anterior end; scutum well, scutellum

slightly marked; beaks somewhat posterior, high and prominent in

the mature, low in the young mussel, with stout ridges, highest at the

posterior and slanting towards the anterior ends, slightly sinuous on

the outer sides; surface with very coarse, rather regular striation,

dull, rugulose, straw colored in the young, light grayish in the adult

with a light zone along the margin; shell rather thick, nacre almost

glossy, appearing bluish in old specimens, muscle insertions distinct;

hinge stout, hinge plate broad ; cardinal teeth of moderate size, rather

high up on the plate, the right one angular, its posterior part thick-

'That species has, so fur, been seen only from New England and New York.

WY THE NAUTILUS.

ened, with or without a groove; below it is a deep excavation ; left

‘ardinal teeth: the anterior rather stout but its edge acute, the pos-

terior oblique, slightly curved; lateral teeth stout, the outer ones of

the right valve quite small; ligament strong.

Long. 4, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.7 mill.

Habitat: Michigan, Ilinois, Ohio.

In a lot from the Grand River, at Grand Rapids, Mich., collected

by Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland, in whose honor the species is named,

there were over two hundred specimens, most of them young and

half grown, in company with Pis. compressum Pr. (thousands of dif-

ferent forms), fallax, eruciatum, punctatum, and a number of other

species. A few from Berry Lake, Chicago, were sent by the Chicago

Academy of Science (Mr. F. C. Baker), and one single valve was

found in the Anglaize River, tributary to the Maumee River, Lake

Erie drainage, by the writer, in 1893, in company with Pts. compres-

sum Pr.

Pis. kirklandi is related to P. compressum Pr., and more so to

fallax St. From the former, it is at once distinguished by the more

rounded outlines of the adult specimens; the young are higher in the

anterior part, and the mussel is nearly square, while the young of

compressum are more triangular; and in the latter, the beaks are

higher, the (young) mussel is of comparatively larger diameter.

From P. fallax it differs by its larger size, the coarse striation, the

shape of the ridges and the grayish color.

Pis. septentrionale Prime.| The name being pre-occupied for a

Lapland species, P. fallax var. septentrionale St. must be changed,

and 2. boreale is herewith proposed.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, March, 1899.

GENERAL NOTES.

Cocuricopa Luprica in Alaska. In the article describing

Hyalina pellucida and H. arctica, Science Record, II, p. 172, 1884,

Mr. Lehnert records tinding a specimen of the above species in the

same dried-plant packing material the Hyaline were found in, from

Point Barrow, Alaska.

West Coast Oyster Hermapuropitic.—F. L. Washburn, of

the University of Oregon, has lately confirmed Prof. Schiedt’s dis-

covery that male and female elements co-exist in the West American

oyster. There seems to be no evidence of protandry, mature eggs

and spermatozoa existing at the same time. The full account is in

Science for March 31.

1 Cat. Corbiculade, 1895, p. 61, “ Undescribed.”

eee N AST LUs:

VoL. XIII. JUNE, 1899. No. 2.

COLLECTING IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO.

BY REV. E. H. ASHMUN.

When I began searching this region for land shells, about four

years ago, I had done no land collecting, and for that matter but

very little in any line, and there have been many surprises. It isa

very dry region and I did not expect to find much, and, indeed,

mollusean life is scarce, but it has proven of sufficient interest to make

up in quality what it lacks in quantity. This is due to the fact that

these territories were little known to the conchologist, and to the

existence of many mountain ranges, separated by vast stretches of

semi-arid plains, isolating them, as far as their molluscan life is con-

cerned, and thereby increasing the probability of the presence of new

forms in the different mountain areas.

My collecting has had to be done “on the side,’’ in connection

with a regular vocation, as time could be snatched for it. But the

regular work has taken me over a considerable part of both territories,

and so afforded an opportunity of collecting in a number of different

localities, though seldom giving time for a sufficiently thorough search

of any of them.

With but few exceptions, no land shells are found except in the

high altitudes of the mountains, these localities only supplying suffic-

ient moisture and vegetation, and the collector must be prepared for

long tramps and much climbing and hard lifting as well, in overturn-

ing rocks and logs to reveal the hiding place of these tiny creatures.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

I have found shells at 10,000 feet alt., and other collectors still

higher. I once walked fifteen miles in one day, and upset rocks and

logs enough, I should think, to materially change the appearance of

the entire locality, and had to take a train at 10 p. m. and ride till 3

o’clock. After a day of this tramping, climbing and lifting, without

finding much, I have asked myself, Does this pay? but have been

just as eager to improve the next opportunity, no matter how much

hard work it involved.

Sometimes the most promising locality has yielded nothing of spec-

jal interest, while a less likely field has produced new species. Espec-

ially has this been the case in places that at first seemed too dry to

be worth investigating, but which have later been found to contain

minute forms, especially Pupidew. This fact, taken in connection with

their minuteness, accounts mainly for the new Bifidariz being mostly

recent finds.

A horseback ride of twenty miles from Crittenden, Arizona, with

a companion, brought us into the Santa Rita Mountains, where we

camped one night with no roof but the blue canopy. <A half day’s

collecting in what seemed a very promising canon resulted in only

about forty specimens all told; but when I found the lot to contain

bifidaria pilsbryana, further west than before known, and the first

examples of bifid. ashmuni Sterki, my disappointment was percep-

tibly mollified.

One Monday morning I walked four miles up the very dry Eph-

raim canon, having to be back in just four hours from the time of

starting. I covered the eight miles, had two hours for collecting, and

was back on schedule time with but few shells, but they included

bifidaria perversa Sterki, and Bifid dalliana Sterki, both n. sp., and

Bifid. ashmuni form minor. The representatives of this genus are so

minute that they easily elude one’s search, especially in dark canons.

and beneath thick undergrowth; and 1 have found it of advantage,

particularly when my time was limited, to gather the dirt and leaves

found to contain them and carry it away. I usually have a flour sack

in my pocket for the purpose. About a peck of such dirt taken home

from Jerome, Arizona, nearly 500 miles, ‘‘ panned out” 93 Bofid.

hordeacella var. parvidens Sterki, n. var., and about 40 Thysanophora

horni Gabb, but it took many hours to look it over. At the present

writing, I have dirt from five different localities, ranging from 100

to 850 miles from home, perhaps two bushels in all, waiting to be

THE NAUTILUS. Ls

examined. The greater part of it is river drift. I have just now

shipped it 500 miles to my new home.

My experience has given emphasis to the importance, readily ap-

preciated in marine collecting, of securing many examples of what

one finds, though time has not always permitted it. The Hoosier

woman who advised her husband to *‘ git a plenty while yer gittin,”’

was wise in her day and generation.

In 1895, I found a quantity of Physa virgata traski Lea, in Salt

River, at Tempe, Arizona, large and fine, and a goodly number were

taken. The same locality has been revisited a half dozen times since,

but not until April, 1899, have I again seen as large ones. Cirnega

is the Spanish word applied to a marshy place from which water

flows—at once a marsh and a spring. In one of these, near Critten-

den, Arizona, in the summer of 1897, I found Physa mexicana con-

oidea, and under logs, Bifidaria pentodon; but it was late in the

afternoon when I reached the place, and I could secure but few of

either. I had supposed it a perpetual spring, but returning last fall,

I found it as dry as a floor.

Nota little of my collecting has been done in snatches of time when

it seemed almost an accident that anything was discovered. As the

train on the Santa Fé Pacific R. R. stopped one morning at Navajo

Springs, Ariz., I rushed down to the bed of the (then dry) Rio Puerco

of the West (Arizona rivers sometimes run bottom-side up), to see

if I could pick up something from the drift, not expecting the train

to stop more than five minutes at the most. But fortunately a freight

accident ahead delayed our train two hours, and I gathered twenty-

one species. The other passengers were grumbling over a late break-

fast, but a trifle like a belated meal does not disturb a ‘shell crank”

when there is any collecting on hand.

On the 13th of last January I was taking the 90-mile stage drive

to White Oaks, N. M.; as the stage stopped to change teams at 9

a. m., I walked on ahead with no thought of any collecting at that

time of the year, but passing an artificial pond I concluded to take a

look at it. By breaking the ice I secured five examples of Physa

mexicana, Phil. My hands were cut on the ice and chilled by the

wind. I had nothing to put my shells in, and carried them in my

hand for an hour till I found an empty cartridge and could deposit

my shells within a shell. At 3 p.m., when the next change was

made, I again walked on; and under some rocks, where the snow had

16 THE NAUTILUS.

melted, I found three Bifid. hordeacella, which I deposited in my

spectacle case for want of a better receptacle. I expected the stage

every minute, but the Mexican driver was accommodatingly slow,

(his poco tiempo is usually mucho tiempo), and I had time to gather

up a little dirt into my silk muffler, which contained 13 more speci-

mens,

This isa mild climate, but not so much as to make an all night

stage ride in the mountains in mid-winter, in an open rig, an un-

mixed luxury. We have the same brand of snow and ice that they

manufacture up in Minnesota. If the reader will take down his

picture of a six-horse Concord stage with a Jehu driver and replace

it with one containing a buckboard and a pair of half-starved bronchos

or lazy mules and a Mexican driver, who sabes little English and less

horsemanship, he will see the real and raw article as it is served up

to us on this 22-hour ride. But a plentiful supply of wraps, includ-

ing several thicknesses of paper under my vest and a heavy blanket

enveloping my head and shoulders, a burning lantern between my

feet and an occasional walk or run of a mile or so, served to keep me

above freezing point.

Returning by a different route I halted the stage in a canon of the

Ascuras Mountains long enough to gather up into a gunny sack nearly

a bushel of drift lodged by the road side, in which over 1,200 shells

were found.

The localities visited have not been thoroughly examined, and

many mountain ranges await the first visit of the collector. There

is no reason to doubt that further search will yield excellent returns.

The following new species and varieties have rewarded my efforts:

Bifidaria perversa Sterki.

Bifidaria quadridentata Sterki.

Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki.

Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki form minor.

Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. var. parvidens Sterki.

Bifidaria dalliana Sterki.

Pupilla sonorana Sterki.

Pupilla sonorana var. tenella Sterki.

Ashmiunella rhyssa Dall.

Ashmunella miorhyssa Dali.

Ashmunella ashmuni Dall.

Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall.

THE NAUTILUS. re

Ashmunella pseudondonta subsp. capitanensis Ashmun & Cockerell,

Agriolimax ashmuni Pils. & Van.

Pyramidula Cockerelli Pilsbry.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW LAND SHELLS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY, DRA-EL-MIZAN, ALGERIA.

Conulus Coroicanus, Anc.

Testa turbinata, globosa, tenuis, pellucida, nitidissima, virenti-

cornea, obtecte et minute perforata. Spira abrupte coniva, elata,

apice parvo, vix obtusiusculo. Anfractus 64-65 convexi, lente cres-

centes, sutura lineari subappressa discreti, linenhie sre eneriti leevibus,

ultimus altus, tumidus, initio obtuse angulatus, angulo prope aper-

turam evanido, basi convexus. Apertura subobliqua, rotundato-

lunata, ampla. Peristoma simplex, rectum, ad columellam minute

supra perforationem in trianguli forma dilatatum, marginibus remo-

tis. Diam. 6—65, alt. 541-53 mill.

Andes of Bolivia, east of Lake Titicaca, province of La Paz.

A very fine translucent species, remarkable on account of its large

sizé, conic spire and tumid last whorl. It is provisionally referred

to Conulus, until the soft parts are examined.

Stephanoda Iheringi, Anc.

Testa orbicularis, depressa, aperte lateque umbilicata, umbilicus

circularis, tertio diametri vix minor, anfractus omnes preebens, albes-

cens (subfossilis), tenuissime confertimque striata, striis parum obli-

quis, in ultimo subflexuosis. Spira convexa, obtusissima, parum

elevata. Anfractus 44, lente accrescentes, convexi, sutura impressa 5

ultimus rotundatus, cylindricus, baud deflexus, proecedente vix am-

plior. Apertura lunata, coetertim regulariter extus basique rotundata.

Peristoma simplex, haud expansum. Diam. 15, alt. 3, alt. apert. vix

3 mill.

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

An insignificant minute shell, but not referable to any other of the

group.

Stephanoda Latastei, Anc.

Testa orbiculata, depressa, haud nitens, late umbilicata, umbilicus

magnus, tertio diametri paulo latior, angulo obtuso cinctus, sordide

fulvida, castaneo flammulata, epidermide “Fusco. Spira anfractu pen-

ultimo vix prominente, medio distincte concava. Anfractus 54 lente

crescentes, sutura profunda, embryonales oculo nudo loves, sequentes

lamelloso-costulati et lineis tenuissimis spiralibus sub valida lente

impressi, intervallis microscopice striatulis; sculptura in anfractu

18 THE NAUTILUS.

ultimo validiore, costulis flexuosis; ultimus Jonge et paulatim deflexus,

altus, subeylindricus, pone suturam tumidulus. Apertura subobliqua,

extus sinuosa, oblongo-lunata, basi obscure subangulata. Peristoma

simplex, marginibus remotis. Diam. maj. 7; min. 63; alt. fere 4

mill.

‘“‘ Cordillere de Chillan,”’ Chili (F. Lataste). Belongs to the typi-

cal group, which includes S. dissimilis d’Orb., S. Binneyana Pfr.,

Gratioleti Hupé, and probably allied to the latter, but surely quite

distinct.

Epiphragmophora andivaga, Auc. : :

Testa depressa, attamen convexa, obtecte umbilicata, subsolida,

nitidiuscula, corneola, fascia mediana in ultimo anfractu, utrinque

late pallido-marginata, duabusque pallide fuscis in parte supera ejus-

dem anfractus in penultimo continuis, in ultimo versus aperturam plus

minusve coalescentibus decorata, basi fuscula, centro pallidior, epi-

dermide tenui pallide luteo-virescente induta, lineis obliquis incre-

menti striatula, superne striis spiralibus tenuiter incisa. Spira con-

vexa, late subconoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 445 regulariter sed satis

rapide crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura impressa ; ultimus supra con-

vexodeclivis, initio obscure subangulatus, antice leviter deflexus, basi

post aperturam constrictus. Apertura elliptica, sublunata, valde ob-

liqua, fasciis transmeantibus. Peristoma album, crassiusculum, re-

flexum, supra umbilicum mediocrem fere penitus evolutum, margini-

bus remotis, callo tenui junctis. Diam. 193, min. 155, alt. 10 mill.

Andes of Peru, along with 2. elaromphalos Deville et Hupé, Buli-

mulus revinctus Hupé, B. stenacme Pfr., B. Moniezt Dautz. and others.

This is a small species, not referable to E. alsophila Phil., Tschu-

diana Phil., clausomphalos Dev. & Hupé, to which it seems to be

allied. It is shaped like #. rufocineta Newcomb, from Catalina

Island, California.

Epiphragmophora Turtoni, Anc.

Teste globoso-subdepressa, imperforata vel umbilico prorsus clauso

munita, solidula, sub epidermide tenui ac pallido stramineo-lutescente

albida, striatula et (primis anfractibus exceptis) undique confertim

et minute malleata, suboleoso-micans, fascia mediana castanea su-

turam anfractuum 2 inferiorum sequente cingulata. Spira elevato-

subglobosa. Anfractus 5 convexi, primi leevigati, sequentes oblique

striatuli; ultimus amplus, rotundatus, antice longe valdeque deflexus,

subtus breviter depressus, radiatim striatulus, basi pone aperturam

constrictus. Apertura obliqua, transverse oblonga, ferri equini fere

exacte formam simulans, vix lunata. Peristoma album, labiatum,

undique crasse valdeque rotundato-revolutum, intus prope columellam

tuberculo indistincto proeditum, marginibus callose appressis, valde

convergentibus, callo tenui junctis, basali in umbilici loco albo-

dilatato. Diam. maj. 29, min. 244, alt. 18 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

Habitat: unknown, but most probably Bolivian.

This fine species is quite distinct from others. The nearest ally is

E. estella a’ Orb., from which it differs in being more globose, im-

perforate, in having the peristome more developed with the margins

approximate, and many other particulars. It cannot be confounded

with #. Tucumanensis Doering, and #. Saltana Anc., from northern

Argentina, in which the sculpture is not the same at all and from

which the above characters may separate it at a glance.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE TRES MARIAS ISLANDS, MEXICO.

The above is the title of “ North American Fauna, No. 14,’’ re-

cently published by the U. S. Dept. Agriculture (Division of Bio-

logical Survey). The title should be modified by placing the words

“Contributions to the,” before the word ‘* Natural,” as no mention

is made of the Jnsecta, and only six species of mollusks are given.

These are all land shells, and determined by Dr. Dall as follows:

Polygyra ventrosula Pfr., Orthalicus undatus Brug., Orthalicus un-

? Opeas subula Pfr., and

Glandina turr’s Pfr. The two forms of Orthalicus were heretofore

datus melanocheilus Val.,\ Lamellaris

known to occur in the islands; the others are additions to the list

published by the National Museum in 1894. The author of this

number of the N. A. Fauna, Mr. E. W. Nelson, in mentioning the

names of Col. A. J. Grayson and Alphonse Forrer, says, ‘‘no other

naturalist is known to have visited the islands until the spring of

1897,” when in April of that year Mr. Goldman and himself crossed

over by sail-boat from San Blas, remaining on the islands from the

2d to 31st of May. The summary of animal species collected includ-

ing the six mollusks above named sums up 121. The author should

have known that the islands were visited in the spring of 1876 by

Mr. W. J. Fisher, who made a large collection of molluscan forms

as published in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, pp. 139-204, of

Vol. XVII, 1894, where 89 species were listed. Four of the land-

'The Orthalicus of northwestern Mexico is not undatus, which is an exclusively

Antillean and Floridian form. It is 0. princeps Brod,, a more boldly marked

form than wndatus, with distinct and coarser spiral striation, and various differ-

ences in the soft anatomy, which has been worked up by Strebel, and confirmed

by my own preparations. Probabiy melanocheilus holds the same relation to prin-

ceps that floridensis does to undatus; but this has not been proven as yet.—Ep.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

shells collected by Mr. Nelson, not previously detected, added to

those before credited to the islands, makes a total of 93, or three-

sevenths of the animal forms constituting the Hauna of the group, thus

far reported.

It is not unlikely that insect species were collected by Grayson

and Forrer and have been described and perhaps published some-

where. Only the mollusks collected by Mr. Fisher came under my

notice. Rost. E, C. Stearns.

Los Angeles, Cal., May 11, 1899.

NEW AMNICOLIDAE FROM FLORIDA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During the past decade a number of undescribed species of this

family have accumulated in our collections, chiefly gathered by Mr.

C. W. Johnson, Prof. C. E. Beecher and the author.

Amnicola sanctijohannis h. sp.

Shell slightly rimate, ovate-turbinate, corneous, somewhat trans-

lucent, rather thin. Surface glossy, the growth-lines hardly visible.

Spire rather high, conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 43, rather

conyex, separated by a moderately impressed suture which is mar-

gined below by a conspicuous transparent border (not visible, of

course, in opaque dead or incrusted shells.) Aperture ovate, angu-

lar above, a little flattened on the parietal side; peristome a trifle ex-

panded and blackish in fully adult shells, acute, continuous, the parietal

wall adnate but with distinct edge, often somewhat calloused within.

Alt. 3.4, diam. 2.4 mm.; greatest axis of aperture 1.7 mm.; another

specimen measures 3.2, 2.5,1.7 mm. St. John’s river, Florida, at

Astor, Lake Co., (type locality), and Silver Spring Run, Marion Co.,

(Pilsbry & Johnson); Wekiva river (C. E. Beecher.)

This isa larger species than A. floridana Ffid., and differs in being

imperforate, translucent waxen-whitish when taken alive, and in

showing a distinct sub-sutural margin like ‘‘ Hydrobia”’ monroensis.

The aperture is distinctly angular above, not rounded as in adult A.

Jloridana.

The type series was collected by C. W. Johnson and H. A. Pilsbry,

in 1894. Mr. Beecher’s specimens from Wekiva river are thinner

and bear a delicate ferrous incrustation.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

Amunicola Johnsoni, n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, globose, rather thin, pale brown, somewhat trans-

parent. Surface nearly smooth, showing faint growth-stria. Spire

short, obtuse. Whorls 34, the first convex, planorboid above, the

rest very convex, somewhat flattened and strongly ‘‘ shouldered”

below the sutures. Convex at periphery and around the circular

umbilicus. Aperture large, oblique, oval, somewhat angular above ;

peristome thin, the outer and basal margins unexpanded, columellar

margin expanded above, not continuous across the parietal wall, which

is merely varnished by a light deposit, and is about half the length

of the free columellar lip. Alt. 2.7, diam. 2.56, longest axis of aper-

ture 1.7 mm. Operculum Amnicoloid.

St. Augustine, Florida (C. W. Johnson).

The conspicuously obtuse apex and globose contour are unlike any

other Floridian species, and somewhat similar to the much larger,

more solid and opaque northern porata form of Ammnicola limosa

(Say). It is named after Mr. Charles W. Johnson, who collected

the series of some forty specimens in the collection of the Academy.

Lyogyrus Dalli Pils. & Beech. is similar to the present species in

contour, but is smaller, paler, and differs generically in the closely

coiled operculum. ZL. granum (Say) has a decidedly more conical

and produced spire, rounder whorls, and, of course, differs in the

operculum.

Paludestrina monas, 0. sp.

Shell turbinate-conic, rimate-perforate, thin, pale brownish horn-

colored; smooth. Whorls 4, very convex, especially below the

deeply impressed suture, the apex obtuse. Aperture vertical, oval,

slightly narrowed at the upper extremity, the inner margin slightly

less orcuate than the outer; peristome thin, the outer margin gently

expanded, a little sinuous, being produced forward below. Alt. 1.8,

diam. 1.5 mm.

Wekiva river, Florida, with Lyogyrus Dalli and Amnicola sancti-

johannis (C. E. Beecher, February, 1886).

In contour this species resembles Bythinella Aldrichi on a small

scale. The sinuation of the outer lip is somewhat like that of Plewr-

ocera, though much less pronounced. Something similar is found in

B. Hemphilli.

The following species of this family are now known to us from

Florida:

Ze THE NAUTILUS.

Paludestrina (formerly Bythinella) aequicostata (Pilsbry).

nS = “© Niekliniana var. attenuata (Hald.).-

w cs “* brevisstma (Pilsbry).

ee monas Pils.

Littoridina (?) monroensis (Ffld.). Described as Hydrobia.

Amanicola sanctijohannis Pils.

ee floridana F fld.

as jJohnsoni Pils.

Lyogyrus Dali P. & B.

Gillia (?) wetherbyi (Dall). Described as Hydrobia.

We will be glad to hear of any other species from the State. The

above-named forms are all from the St. Johns and Wekiva rivers and

St. Augustine, and their occurrence elsewhere will be of interest to

learn. Probably additional species will reward search in other

streams.

They may be collected with a fine-meshed wire scoop, or by gath-

ering a mass of aquatic vegetation, drying it in the air, and then

shaking over a paper. This method has been very successfully prac-

ticed by Mr. C. E. Beecher in the Wekiva river.

In some places Amnicolide are incredibly numerous in lake beds_

The floor of Lake George, on the St. Johns, is covered in some parts

with mud charged with Paludestrina equicostata, and the same spe-

cies has been found on the bottom of Lake Okeechobee.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

U. rotulatus, sp. nov.

Shell black, smooth anteriorly and over the umbos and with ele-

vated growtlh-lines over the remainder of the surface, circular, in-

flated, rayless; umbonal ridge wanting, but replaced by two slightly

raised, diverging curved folds; beaks retuse, blunt and broad ; sub-

stance of the shell rather thick and uniform; beak cavity very deep,

wide, sharply angular and with no visible cicatrices ; anterior cica-

trices distinct, remarkably deep and rough; posterior cicatrices con-

fluent, smooth and slightly impressed ; cardinal teeth low, very much

notched, inclined to be double in the left and single in the right

valve; lateral teeth long, slightly curved, not prominent, and gradu-

THE NAUTILUS. 23

ally disappearing in the dorsal region, where a broad smooth plate

separates them from the cardinal teeth; nacre dead white, except for

a small area in the posterior part which is silvery, iridescent.

Diameter 1.25, length 2, width 1.8 inches.

Habitat—Escambia River, Escambia County, Florida.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: This species is clearly a member of the ecrewlus group,

and its southernmost member. Compared with J. ezreulus Lea, it is

more uniformly inflated, black, longer laterals, teeth all less promi-

nent, deeper beak cavity and the superior forward cicatrices are

deeper and shorter. It is to be regretted that thus far the type

specimen is the only one in hand, and that does not show the beaks,

which are much eroded. It is, however, so radically distinct that

we do not feel any hesitancy in according it specific rank.

Correction: In description of U. Harperi Wr., in Nautiius

for May, p. 6, “‘N,”’ first line, should be “ U.”’

(To be continued.)

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the

Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W.S. Strode.]

COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

[Extract from the report of Mrs. E. H. King. From the Transactions of the

Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter for 189s. ]

I spent the winter and spring of 1898 in Southern California, and

visited the seaside a number of times, Redardo, Santa Monico, San

Pedro, Terminal Island and Dead Man’s Island. I collected a great

quantity of fossils (about 20 species) on Dead Man’s Island, among

them a beautiful Fusus which I prize very highly. At the base of

the Island in shallow pools I found a number of living NVassa mendica.

‘The tide came in while we were on the Island and we were com-

pelled to return on the sea wall, which is built of huge blocks of

granite piled promiscuously. We scrambled over these and often

had to jump from one to another, the burning hot sun blistering our

faces, but we held on to our shells and finally reached the shore.

We were told the sea-wall was a mile and a quarter long.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

At Redondo I secured the largest shell of Pachydesma crassatel-

loides that I have ever seen. Terminal Island afforded more shells

than any other place I visited. On muddy banks of little pools near

the lagoon I found a quantity of Oerithidea sacrata and Melampus

olivaceus. 1 had read that these were found on “mud flats of

brackish pools,” and a short search revealed abundance of them, also

a few specimens of Bulla nebulosa. On the ocean side of the Island

I found a good Ocinebra Poulsonii, a Trophon Belchert and the rare

Waldheimia. A few good shells of the following: Psammobia rubriata,

Lutricola alba, Neverita reclusianus, Lunatia Lewisti, Drillia penicil-

lata, Monoceros engonatum, Amiantus callosa, Macoma secta, Chione

succinta, Tapes staminea, Mytilus, Crucibulum spinosum, and three

varieties of Acmaea, a quantity of Chlorostoma gallina and Peeten

equisulcatus, upon which were numerous Crepidula. The beach is

strewn with dead shells, among them large specimens of Glycimeris

and Macoma.

GENERAL NOTES.

Philomycus lactiformis (Blainville). This slug, described by Blain-

ville in 1817 (Journ. de Phys., p. 443) as Limacella lactiformis, has

been only known since that time by the original specimen, which is

in the British Museum. Specimens from York Co., Pa., collected by

Mr. Witmer Stone in 1889, prove to agree excellently with the Blain-

villean animal, having just the same white color and semi-pellucid

appearance. It is not likely that the species is separable from the

ordinary forms attributed to P. carolinensis, except as a color varia-

Ons se eA ma eeucot ie D»eAt aC).

J. F. Babor, of Prague, has added to our slight knowledge of the

Arionine group Artunculus, in describing the anatomy of A. austria-

cus n, sp.» from Schneeberg, near Vienna, in the Austrian Alps.

(Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., III.)

M. Ph. Dautzenberg has recently described a collection made by

M. J. L. Weyers, of Sumatran mollusks. New forms of Cerithidea

and Stenothyra are described, and valuable notes and figures of Me-

lanians and Navacelle are given. M. Weyers found the Antillean

Subulina octona abundant in many localities (Ann. Soc. Roy. Mal.

Belg. 1899).

ee NAOTILUS.

Vou. XIII. JULY, 1899. No. 3.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS GRAY.

BY P. B. RANDOLPH.

This species is found in great abundance in and around Seattle.

On the bicycle path that runs around the north end of town they can

be seen by the score on warm spring days, and I thought a few notes

on size, coloration and banding would be of interest to the readers

of the NauTiLus.

The first thing that attracts the attention of the collector is the

variety of the coloration of the shells, ranging from dusky brown to

nearly white.

In the dark forms the bands are nearly obscured; in the albino

form (2. fidelis flava Hemp.), ours differ from the description (4th.

Sup. 5th. Vol. Terrestial Air-Breathing Mollusks, Binney. p. 185)

in that the bands are very faint on the upper half of the body whorl

and from the periphery gradually growing darker to the umbilicus.

In twelve examples before me there are no signs of bands on the

other whorls. From the body whorl the color grows lighter and the

embryonic whorl shows a decidedly pinkish tinge. The entire shell

is covered with a thin yellow epidermis which in adult specimens is

generally destroyed, leaving the upper surface a dead white.

Albinos are not uncommon, averaging about one in one hundred

of the common form. This form and var. minor, have been found,

to my knowledge, only in or near clearings, never in the deep woods

or swamps.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

A favorite spot for depositing their eggs is in the heavy bark of

some old fir stump, a foot or more from the ground. Two years ago

I collected over fifty specimens on and near the base of a big stump

in a clearing.

A few pass the winter in trees twenty feet or more from the

ground. Our broad-leafed maple (Acer macrophyllum) which grows

a very rugged and massive trunk, is one of their favorite retreats,

esnecially for the young of the late summer brood.

A theory current in this section is that the reason H. fidelis has

departed from #. infumata in height of spire and coloration, is that

the latter pass so much of their lives under burnt logs that the spire

has become depressed and they have assumed the protective colora-

tion so characteristic of that species.

Never having visited the haunts of 4. ¢nfumata, I do not know

how thick the timber may be or how large the burnt districts are, but

I venture to say that nowhere on the Pacific Coast is the timber

larger, or are there more down and burnt tracts than on Puget

Sound, And still I have never seen a fidelis that I could not tell at

a glance from EZ. infumata, and in life the animals differ so much

from each other in coloration that I do not understand why the latter

is not a good species instead of a mere variety.

The number of bands on the body whorl is six, though in some

the bands are but faintly seen as mere lines of different shade from

the adjoining bands. ‘The width and brightness of the bands are

most striking, and for convenience I have called the typical form

figured in Binney’s Land Shells No. 1, and the extreme form of

banding No. 2.

Measuring them on the body whorl # of an inch back from the ex-

treme edge of lip, I find that No. 1 has bands of the following width

and color:

Band i, 3°; in. wide, Chestnut with dark blotches.

Band ii, 3's in. wide, Light yellowish, merging into band above.

Band iii, $ in. wide, Black band.

Band iv, ’; in. wide, Light yellow, merging into No. v.

Band v, Narrow chestnut.

Band vi, Entire base of shell black, darker near the umbilicus.

Greatest diameter of shell measured 14 inches.

No.2:

The greatest variation is seen in the following:

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Band i, 75 in. wide, Light chestnut with dark blotches.

Band ii, Light edge to No. i.

Band iii, 3, Black.

Band iv, Light edge to band iii.

Band vy, 7°; in. wide, Yellow, gradually merging to black of base.

Band vi, No. 6, Black to umbilicus.

Greatest diameter of shell measured 14 in.

In size they vary greatly. ‘The following are the extremes.

Largest. Smallest.

Greatest Diam. 14 in. Greatest Diam. 1,75 in.

Smallest -«“ - 1d in. Smallest ‘“ Zin.

Altitude, ¢ in. Altitude, ;; in.

DREDGING OFF SAN PEDRO.

BY H. N. LOWE.

Last summer, while the late Mr. Edward W. Roper was living in

Long Beach, we (that is, Mr. Roper and myself) decided to do a little

dredging off San Pedro. As there had been no extensive work done

in that line at San Pedro in late years, we were in hopes of being

rewarded with some rare shells and possibly some new species.

Mr. Roper sent for his dredging outfit which he had previously

used at Eastport, Maine. We chartered the little sloop ‘‘ North

Star” and made three dredging trips with moderate success. We

dredged in water from 5 to 20 fathoms depth, on muddy, sandy,

gravelly, once on a bottom composed of dead bivalves for the most

part, and two or three times among the rocks at 10 fathoms.

I made one subsequent trip with Mrs. M. Burton Williamson with

the same boat and dredging outfit. We were greatly troubled in

dredging by a species of red algw, which covered the bottom so

thickly in places as to choke the mouth of the dredge, thus prevent-

ing the shells from entering. For the past two years, the ocean has

been full of this moss, and at times the beach has been covered with

it. From this alg in the dredge we obtained a few live specimens

of Calliostoma splendens Cpr. and ©. gloriosum Dall.

Besides the shells, we dredged a number of curious crustaceans

and echinoderms not found on shore.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

The following list includes all the species taken in the four dredg-

ing trips: all are live specimens unless marked dead :

List of Shells Dredged.

Bittium asperum Cpr., plentiful at 10 fathoms.

Cadulus fusiformis Pils. & Sharp, a few alive in sandy mud.

Calliostoma gloriosum Dall.

Calliostoma splendens (Mke.) Cpr.

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. alive in sandy mud.

Callista subdiaphana Cpr. several young shells alive, one large dead

one, one inch in diameter.

Chrysallida communis C. B. Ads.

Corbula chittyana C. B. Ads, two specimens alive at 20 fathoms

soft mud. ‘ This is exactly like West Indian specimens, and I should

question its Pacific coast habitat if it were not that we have one worn

valve apparently the same from Lower Cal.’’ Dall.

Corbula luteola Cpr.

Crepidula adunca Sby., dead.

Crepidula navecelloides Nutt. var., two live ones of a very thin cup-

shaped form with brown epidermis. |

Cylichna attonsa Cpr.

Dentalium neoheragonum Pils., sandy mud at 10 fathoms.

Dentalium semipolitum Cpr. alive with D. neoheragonum Pils.

Drillia cancellata Cpr., 10 to 20 fathoms, fine gray sand.

Drillia empyrosia Dall., dead.

Drillia Hemphill’ Stearns, 5 to 15 fathoms.

Drillia inermis Cpr.

Drillia pedroana Dall., dead.

Drillia pudica Has.

Drillia quisqualis Hds., with D. pudiea at 10 fathoms in sandy

mud.

Eucosmia substriata Cpr.

Eulima micans Cpr.

Eulima rutila Cpr.

Eulima thersites Cpr., one live one at 15 fathoms.

Galerus mamillaris, on dead bivalves.

Halistylus pupoideus Cpr.

Labiosa undulata Gld., dead.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

Leda acuta Conr., with L. taphria, rare.

Leda taphria Dall., plentiful at 5 fathoms.

Leptothyra sanguinea Cpr., one dead, * unusually elevated variety

or malformation.” Dall.

Lyonsia californica Cour.

Macoma yoldiformis Cpr.

Mangilia anguilata Cpr., rare at 20 fathoms.

Mangilia sculpturata Dall., a few at 20 fathoms.

Mangilia variegata Cpr.

Modiola fornicata Cpr.

Myurella simplex Cpr.

Murex trialatus Sby., one fine specimen dredged from rocks at,10

fathoms, had beautiful recurved frills.

Muricidea barbarensis Gabb., one live one.

Muricidea incessa Brod.

Muricidea santa-rose Dall, rare at 10 fathoms.

Nucula exigua Ads., dead.

Nucula tenuis Ads., one live one at 20 fathoms.

Ocinebra foveolata Hds., dead.

Odostomia inflecta Cpr., one ‘* live”? example at 20 faths. soft mud.

Odostomia subplanata Cpr.

Olivella boetica Cpr., plentiful at 5 faths.

Pecten latiauritus Cpr.

Placunanomia macroschisma Desh var., two specimens found inside

of an old barnacle were of a dark chocolate color on the inside, diam-

eter 24 inches.

Psamobia edentula Gabb., one young shell showing color pattern.

Scala bellastriata Cpr., one live specimen.

Semele pulchra Sby.

Semele rubropicta Dall.

Cadulus ( Polyschides) quadrifissatus Cpr., with Cadulus.

Solen ensis L. var. minor Conr.

Solen sicarius Gld.

Tellina Id@ Dall, one dead shell.

Tellina modestus Cpr., 5 to 10 fathoms sandy mud.

Terebratella transversa Sby.

Tornatina culcitella Gld.

Tornatina ineulta Glad.

Turbonilla chocolata Cpr.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gid.

Turbonilla torquata Gld.

Turbonilla tridentata Cpr.

Turbonilla sp? a few specimens dredged at 15 fathoms were of a

light brown color and extremely slender. Held at Washington for

further study.

Turritella Cooperi Cpr.

Venus toreuma Gld., one dead shell.

Volvula cylindrica Cpr.

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSKS OF LILYCASH CREEK.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Some time ago Mr. J. H. Handwerk and Mr. W. Chadwick began

a systematic survey of the little stream known as Lilycash creek,

near Joliet, Ill., dividing it into sections. Section I extended from

the mouth of the creek, where it emptied into the Desplaines River,

to the Plainfield road, a distance of about two and one-half miles.

Later, they propose to take up section II, which will include the bal-

ance of the creek. A list of the species found within that area,

which Mr. Handwerk was kind enough to submit to me for identi-

fication, may be of interest, since the region has afforded several

peculiar new species, and is very prolific in Spheriida.

The writer is indebted to Dr. V. Sterki and Prof. H. A. Pilsbry

for the identification of several of the species enumerated.

The following species were collected :

Spherium stamineum Conrad. Pisidium sp. Now in the hands

Spherium lilycashense Baker. of Dr. V. Sterki, who believes it

Spherium striatinum Lamarck. to be a new species.

Spherium simile Say. Pisidium ropert Sterki.

Spherium occidentale Prime. Limnea humilis Say.

Calyculina transversa Say. Limnea desidiosa Say.

Calyculina truncata Linsley. Planorbis parvus Say.

Pisidium virginicum Gmelin. Physa heterostropha Say.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Pleurocera elevatum Say.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Amnicola limosa Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Amnicola limosa var. parva Lea.

Pisidium cruciatum Sterki. Cincinnalia cincinnatiensis Lea.

Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Pomatiopsis cineinnatiensis An-

Pisidium fallax Sterki. thony.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki, Campeloma rufum Haldeman. Re-

Pisidium variabile Prime. versed,

Total 28 species.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

Unio Danielsii, sp. nov.

Shell uniformly solid, very inequilateral, subquadrate, rayless ;

posterior area closely, irregularly and sharply wrinkled; umbonal

region traversed by several parallel, well-separated, flattened ridges

or growth lines, which merge together towards the base; umbos ex-

ceedingly inflated and umbonal ridge very sharp above, gradually

flattening out into biangulation towards the base; umbos broad and

gracefully rounded; beaks erect but evidently not prominent; lig-

ament dark red, not heavy; dorsal margin somewhat arched, abruptly

rounded before, nearly straight on base and bluntly pointed behind ;

teeth heavy, well separated, the laterals long and curved, the single

one having a central deep notch; cicatrices deep, smooth, the pos-

terior ones confluent and the anterior ones distinct ; beak cavity very

slight; nacre creamy white with lavender border and very iridescent.

Diameter 1.25, leneth 1.5, width 2.25 inches.

Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: Several quite distinct forms of this general type have

recently come to hand, some of which have been distributed under

the name of “ U. incrassatus Lea. var.?’”? This form, however, de-

parts so far from that of the type of the group as to fully warrant

erection into specific rank. Its distinguishing feature is the remark-

able degree of inflation in the posterior umbonal region, prolonged

posterior and notched single lateral tooth, It is also rayless.

It gives pleasure to name this for Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte,

Ind., who, with others, bas rendered financial aid to make these dis-

coveries possible.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

VARIATIONS OF HELIX HORTENSIS AT ROCKPORT, MASS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

I have just received from Mr. G. H. Clapp a little series of HZ.

hortensis collected at Rockport, Mass. The specimens (40) include

all the variations Mr. Clapp could find in a series of about 500 shells

collected. Mr. Clapp says: ‘* The bandless or very faintly banded

forms were by far the most common. ‘Typical shells were scarce,

even less plenty than the transparent banded variety. On rainy

days the shells were out by the hundreds.”

The variations in the series are as follows:

(1.) v. subglobesa, Binney ; shell greenish. . 00000 and 00,,0.

(2.) v. arenicola, MacGillivray; bands colorless, translucent.

12345,

3.) v. subalbida, Locard ; yellowish-white or very pale yellowish.

QOO000 and 008,,.

(4.) v. dutea, Mogq.; yellow. 90000, 03,5, 1234,,, 0034,, 12345,

123(45), (123)(45), 1,845, 10345, 00334, (two), 00,00, 003,0, 12045.

Some are unusually thin; most of the bandless yellow specimens are

very brilliantly colored ; one 12345 specimen is very small, only 16

millim. diam.

The really interesting thing about the series is that no less than

three specimens show split bands, indicating apparently that this col-

ony of H/. hortens’s is varying in the same direction as the Lexington,

Va., H. nemoralis. The two split-band formule are new, to the best

of my knowledge.

DR. BABOR’S REDISCOVERY OF ASPIDOPORUS.'

In 1858, Fitzinger described as Aspidoporus limax a slug trom the

mountains of Austria, which had the character, anomalous for a

European form, of an opening in the mantle, as in the tropical Afri-

ean Urocyclus. 1t remained for a good many years unnoticed ;

but in 1884, Heynemann saw the original example, and declared it

Ueber Aspidoporus limax Fitz., in Annalen des K. K. Naturhisterischen

Hofmuseums, xiii, Heft I.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

to be a deformed or abnormal Amalia. This view was adopted by

Tryon and others; Morch, Binney and Fischer having doubted the

very existence of such a slug.

In examining the siugs of the Vienna Museum lately, Dr. Babor

found Fitzinger’s specimens, and he also obtained fresh individuals

collected by Dr. Sturany in northern Steiermark, and by Dr. Wer-

ner in Montenegro. ‘These specimens prove that Aspidoporus limax

is not only a valid species, correctly observed by Fitzinger, but it

belongs to a special group of at least subgeneric value.

The mantle is formed as in Amalia, having the impressed ‘ horse-

shoe,” but there is a small orifice which in some specimens penetrates

to the shell-sack, while in others it is merely a short, sharp impres-

sion, not penetrating through the mantle. The shell-plate is small

and moderately thick, Pallial organs and nervous system as in

Amalia, and the jaw and teeth are also not peculiar, except that the

former is a little notched in the middle, below. The intestine is

somewhat peculiar. There are six longitudinal folds, G,; and the

lower part of G, (forming the last posterior loop), being independent

of the spiral torsion of the normal Amalia folds, lying to one side.

There is no ccecum.

In the genital system the accessory gland (characteristic of

Amalia), is completely wanting.

Dr. Babor, in discussing the systematie position of Aspidoporus

and Amalia, gives evidence for regarding them as independent of the

Limacide, and as a branch from the family Helicid@ (in the narrow

sense). The main argument for this view is that the embryologic

origin of the spermatheca is diverse in the two groups, Amalia being

of the Helicid triaule type, while Zimazx is of the diaule type. An

adequate discussion of this question would require more space than is

available in this place; but it should be said that the w ell-developed

pedal grooves show Amalia to be a typical Aulacopodous snail, and,

therefore, far removed from the Helicid@; while the particular modi-

fication of the retractor muscle system distinctly points to the Lima-

cidz. This is not likely to be a wholly independent parallel evolu-

tion. Moreover, I fail to see any such resemblance between the

intestinal arrangements of Asp?doporus and the Helices as Dr. Babor

alludes to, though the gut is wholly unlike that of Limax.

It is very gratifying to have the real existence of Aspidoporus

proven, especially as the genus is undoubtedly more primitive than

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Amalia, and a valuable link in the phylogenetic history of that group ;

and it is fortunate that the material fell into the hands of so compe-

tent a naturalist as Dr. Babor. 1s Bare) es

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.

{Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the

Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W. 3S. Strode.]

SHELLS AND MASTODON.

[Extract from the report of Mr. W. Hilles Smith, Niles, Mich. From the Trans-

actions of the lsauc Lea Concholozical Chapter for 1899. ]

Since my last report I have had the pleasure of gathering shells

that were cohabitant with the Mastodon. About two miles west and

a little north of the village of Buchanan, Berrien Co., Mich., is what

is known as the Bakertown Marsh. In company with Prof. E. H.

Frane, of Colon, Mich., who was hunting for remains of the Mas-

todon, I was hunting for remains of the mollusks, each in pursuit

of his own hobby. The marsh had in former years been a lake about

three miles long and one mile wide, and is now grown up to marsh

grass without a sign of a tree in it anywhere, but in our excavations

and along the large ditch was a layer or stratum of timber or drift

wood, if such it might be called. The main part of our search was

along the large ditch which is fully a mile long and runs through the

middle of the marsh, made for the purpose of draining it, and all

along on both sides of this ditch this layer of drift wood could be

plainly seen. At one place was to be seen a large stone which would

measure fully a cubic yard, lying right on top of this drift, and its

weight had depressed the wood fully eight inches, showing unmistak-

able evidence of glacial drift. Some of the timber was as large as

six inches in diameter, but the most of it was small and closely re-

sembled our black oak of to-day. Commencing at the top and read-

ing down, the strata appear as follows: Marsh bog, 16 inches.

Recent peat, 20 inches. Peat and drift wood, 10 inches. Lake silt

with no whole shells, 8 inches. Semi-ligneous peat, 12 inches. Shells

and lake drift, 8 inches. Blue clay, 7 inches. Quick sand, 7 to 10

feet.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

The skulls of the mastodon were found partly in and partly under

the semi-ligneous peat, showing the shells to be as old or older than

the mastodon. You may think, What bas all this to do with shells?

It is to give you, dear reader, some small idea of Low long these shells

have been lying there in what was once thought to be their last

resting place, and how little the species differ from the same kind of

the present day. The shells, so far as found, are as follows :

Limnea stagnalis L., L. desidiosa Say, L. humilis Say ; Planorbis

deflectus Say, P. parvus Say, P. bicarinatus Say, P. trivolvis Say,

P. campanulatus Say; Ancylus rivularis Say ; Amnicola limosa Say,

A. lustrica Pils.; Campeloma integer Say, C. obesum Lewis, C. sub-

solidum Anth.; Physa ancillaria Say, P. heterostropha Say, P. in-

tegra Hald.; Strobilops labyrinthica Say ; Succinea ovalis Gld.; Cary-

chium extguum Say ; Valvata tricarinata Say ; Zonites radiatulus Ald.;

Pleurocera elevatum Say, Gontobasis livescens Mke., Margaritana

rugosa Bar.,,M. deltoidea Lea, Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, A.

footiana Lea, Spherium simile Say, S. striatinum Lam., Pistdium

compressum Prime, Unio pressus Lea, U. novi-eboraci Lea, U. ven-

tricosus Bar., U. spatulatus Lea.

All the shells are white and very frail except the Pleurocera ele-

vatum, which is strong and still retains its coloring. The Limnea

stagnalis is larger than any that has come to my notice of the present

day shells, some of them measuring over two inches long, and the

Planorbis campanulatus and bicarinatus are also very large, larger

than the present day shells of the same species. The Valvata tri-

earinata was also larger than any that I have seen and was quite

plentiful.

One thing struck me as rather singular, that the shells seemed to

be in colonies. For instance, take the whole line of that diteh, and

there was only one place about a rod long where the Pleurocera ele-

vatum was found, and the other shells had their localities where they

were plentiful and almost none at all elsewhere. The Valvata tri-

carinata seemed to be as evenly distributed as any, and it was more

plentiful in some places than it was in others.

There are many things to be found by a careful observer in over-

hauling a mass of such stuff as that lake drift. For instance, Prof.

Cram in searching a lump of the dirt found a perfect skeleton head

of a fly of the general appearance of our house fly, only larger, and

we found unmistakable evidence of man by the presence of flint im-

plements and horn tools.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

Bifidaria armifera var. nov. ruidosensis.—Shell only 4 mm. long,

with the two outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture.

Three specimens collected by Mr. C. M. Barber in the nest of an ant

(Pogonomyrmex) at Blackwell’s Ranch, Ruidoso, New Mexico, Oct.

10, 1898, together with Swecinea avara, Cochlicopa lubrica, Helico-

discus lineatus, Vitrea indentata, Zonitoides arboreus, Leucocheila fal-

lax and Vallonia gracilicosta. ‘Yhe shells have quite a distinct ap-

pearance, and the locality is a long way from. the ordinary range of

B. armifera. Dr, Sterki, to whom I sent a specimen, says he has

known the form for many years, and has seen it from Kansas, Mis-

souri and Minnesota; he also states that he has seen true armifera

from Mexico.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

The collection of the late H. D. Van Nostrand has been acquired

by Columbia University, New York, where it will be suitably dis-

played._S. R. R.

Among other interesting forms described by Professor Ralph Tate

in the last volume of the Trans. Royal Society of South Australia,

are five species of the curious genus Philobrya, from the tertiary and

recent faunz of Australia and New Zealand. The genus is referred

to the family Mytéide by Tate, who gives a list of all the species

now known. Though the shells are so small, the genus should be

easily recognized by the peculiar spreading embryonic shells perched

at the apices of the valves.

A New Species or Pristitoma.—Mr. E. G. Vanatta has re-

cently described, with a figure, a new Pristiloma (P. pilsbry) from

Portland, Oregon. The summits of the whorls are nodulous “ very

much like MWaecrochlamys diadema Dall.”’ (Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Pinla:,.1899.)

Another new form has recently been described by Mr. Pilsbry as

Pristiloma Taylori, types having been collected by the Rev. Geo.

W. Taylor at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. The Pristidoma arctica

of Lehnert, from Point Barrow, Alaska, is also figured in the same

paper (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1899), and a key to the known

species of the genus is given.

A New Variety or PoLtyGyra MoNoDON.—P. monodon frier-

soni: Shell large, alt. 7, greatest diam. 105 mm., differing from the

typical form in having 63 whorls or over, which are more closely

coiled and narrower in consequence of their greater number; base

very convex, strongly swollen around the deep axial excavation ;

perforation very narrow and oblique. From Frierson, La., collected

by Mr. L. S. Frierson. H. A. PILssry.

eae NASTELUS.

Vou. XITI. AUGUST, 1899. No. 4..

NEW SOUTHWESTERN FORMS OF POLYGYRA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Mr. James H, Ferriss made a journey through Arkansas and the

Choctaw Nation of Indian Territory, during February of this year.

It was too early in the season for the best results with snails; they

were partially torpid, and not readily flushed from cover ; and while

some log-rolling had to be done, Mr. Ferriss missed the excitement of

moving half a ton of rock for each one, as he was accustomed to do

in the Smokies. Nevertheless, some interesting things were collected.

Near Texarkana, Ark., on the Red River, numerous specimens were

taken of a variety of Polygyra Dorfeuilliana, agreeing with var.

Sampsoni Wetherby, in the ample umbilical region, but differing in

the heavy rib-striation of the whole base (Sampsoni being nearly

smooth beneath), and in the almost marginal position of the upper

lip-tooth, which is less immersed than in any of the other forms of

the species. This form may be known as var. percostata. But Fer-

riss’ greatest success was in stalking big game. It isn’t everybody

who can find unknown Polygyras nearly an inch in diameter; and

Mr. Ferriss is prouder of it than a boy with a new knife.

The new form was at first thought to be P. kiowaénsis var. arkan-

saénsis, but a comparison with the types of that shell shows the new

one to be quite different. As not many more large and distinct new

Polygyras can reasonably be expected in these United States, and

38 THE NAUTILUS.

the name of Mr. W. G. Binney has not yet been given to one of the

genus, Mr. Ferriss unites with me in calling this one Polygyra Bin-

neyana n. sp. (Binney’s Mesodon).

It may best be described by a comparison with the most nearly

allied species, P. divesta (Gld.). Shell of about the same depressed

form as the large variety of P. divesta, narrow, its width contained

15-18 times in that of the shell, and half covered by the reflexed but

not appressed lip. Color, brownish-yellow. Sculpture similar to that

of the large variety of divesta, the surface being glossy and finely

striated, showing under a lens very fine, close spiral striz. Whorls

54, rather slowly increasing, the last becoming much wider, rounded

at the periphery, a little deflexed in front, constricted behind the

peristome. Aperture oblique, elliptical-lunate; peristome rather

narrowly reflexed, with its face rounded and the edge a little re-

curved ; baso-columellar margin arcuate, sometimes showing a very

slight median callus.

Alt. 124, diam. 22 mm. (Hardy).

Alt. 11, diam. 195 mm. (Tushkahoma).

Typical P. divesta is very much more coarsely striated, with the

umbilicus wholly covered by a well-developed, appressed callus, as in

P. albolabris.

P. Binneyana occurred at Hardy, Sharp Co., in northern central

Arkansas, and at Tushkahoma, Choctaw Nation.

Polygqyra divesta was originally described from Arkansas, no special

locality being given. ‘The original specimens, of which two from

Gould are before me, are very coarsely striated, with the lip flattened

and not recurved at the edge, and measure 164 and 18 mm. in

diameter. This rather coarse form is before me from the following

localities :

Louisiana: Grand Cane, De Soto Parish, in N.-W. La. (Wil-

liamson).

Arkansas: Mabelvale, Pulaski Co. (C. W. Johnson) and Hot

Springs, Garland Co., in the central, and Eureka Springs, Carroll

Co. (Sampson) in the northwestern part of the State. Binney gives

the locality Washita Springs.

Missouri: Chadwick, Christian Co., and Springfield, Greene Co.

(Ferriss) both in the southwestern part of the State.

Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (Sampson), on the southeastern

edge of the State.

THE’ NAUTILUS. og

Indian Territory: Port Gibson (C. T. Simpson), in the Cherokee

County, northeastern part of the Territory.

Binney reports divesta from Vernon Co., Mississippi; but as there

is no county of that name in that State, a reliable locality for the

species east of the Mississippi river is still wanting. Probably the

reference is an error for the parish in Louisiana of the same name,

In some of the lots the lip is quite narrow and recurved a little at

the edge; and there is great variation in size, the smallest specimens

being from Eureka Springs, Ark., and Springfield, Mo., with a

diameter of 15 mm,; the largest are from Eureka Springs, Ark.,

and Grand Cane, La., and measure 19 mm. in greatest diameter.

Binney gives measurements of a specimen 20 mm. diameter.

In the Indian Territory, at Limestone Gap, Choctaw Nation.

(C. T. Simpson), and Tushkahoma, about 40 miles farther eastward

in the Choctaw Nation (J. H. Ferriss, 1899), a large form occurs,

diameter 21 to 27 mm., with glossy, shining surface and very fine

striation, the Jast whorl proportionately wider than in the typical

form, lip narrow and recurved. This is apparently a well-marked

sub-species, and may be called P. divesta indianorum. It adds another

to the small group of forms such as P. gacksoni deltoidea Simp., P.

eragint Call, P. kiawaensis Simp., and Vitrea Simpsoni Pils., which

give a certain individuality to the fauna of a small territory in this

region. When the areas of the southwestern snails come to be

mapped, as Mr. Bryant Walker has mapped the Michigan species,

we will find that this tract has quite a number of special species and

sub-species.

Polygyra vultuosa and allied species.

In the recently published catalogue, P. vultuosa, Henriette, Copei

and Cragini were united as sub-species of the first. A careful review

of the forms of this group, in the light of material and hints furnished

by A. G. Wetherby, has caused some modifications of that arrange-

ment, which was originally proposed by Mr. Binney. I would now

define the southwestern species and sub-species of 7rzodops?s thus :

I. Basal lip with a keel on its face.

a. Keel slight, umbilicus narrow. P. vultuosa.

a'. Keel very strong; aperture lunate ; umbilicus wider.

P. vultuosa Cope.

a’. Keel strong; aperture triangular; spire higher.

P. vultuosa Henriette.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

II. No trace of a keel on the convex face of the basal lip.

a. Umbilicus small, showing the penultimate whorl only ;

striation fine. P. Cragint.

a’. Umbilicus wide, showing all the whorls within, cylindri-

cal and wide at the bottom where the first whorl is

prominently seen; striation coarser than in Cragini,

base more convex, spire flatter; basal lip somewhat

sinuous; teeth stronger, the upper one square, the basal

tubercular; diam. 11-12 mm. P. neglecta n. sp.

The type locality of P. vultwosa is **‘ Arkansas and Texas.”” This

is rather vague; but I have collected the typical form in Caleasieu

Parish in southwestern Louisiana and at Houston, Texas. Mr.

Singley has sent it from Lee Co., Texas.

P. vultuosa Henriette (Mazyck, January, 1878) was described

from ‘Eastern Texas.’’ Forms probably referable to it, though

certainly not typical, have been sent by Mr. Singley from Robertson

Co., and Wheelock, Texas.

P. vultuosa Copei (Wetherby, March, 1878) was from Hardin

Co., 20 miles N. of Beaumont, eastern Texas. I have it from

Angelina Co., also (McDaniel).

P. Cragini (Call, Dee. 1886) originally came from the banks of

Chetopa Creek, Neosho Co., southeastern Kansas. Mr. Jas. H.

Ferriss collected it at Thayer, also in Neosho Co. Mr. Simpson

got specimens at McAllister, in the eastern part of Indian Territory,

and it extends south to Wood Co., in northeastern Texas. The sole

locality in Arkansas is near Texarkana on the Red River (Ferriss).

P. Cragini is easily distinguished from all forms of vultuosa by the

total absence of a keel on the face of the basal lip. It is brown and

glossy, usually between 74 and 94 mm. diameter, and the,umbilicus

is quite small.

P. neglecta (n. sp.) has been in our collection from several locali-

ties and collectors for some years, under the names ‘‘ vultwosa,”

“ Oragini,” and * fallax var.’’ It is much depressed, light yellow-

ish-corneous, glossy and finely rib-striate, with five closely coiled

whorls, the last much constricted and opaque behind the peristome

and a little deflexed in front. Aperture small, ‘‘ dished” as in P.

fraudulenta, with a square tooth on the outer lip, bent inward, a

smaller tubercular marginal tooth on the basal lip, and an abruptly

bent parietal tooth, connected or almost connected with the colu-

THE NAUTILUS. 4]

mellar end of the peristome. The umbilicus is ample and deep, and

shows the base of the first whorl prominently at the bottom: enlarged a

little at the mouth by the deviation of the last whorl.

Alt. 54, diam. 123 mm. (Eureka Springs).

Alt. 44, diam. 104 mm. (Springfield).

This is a very constant and easily recognized form, without the

keel on the face of the basal lip of vultwosa, the dark color, fine

striation and raised spire of Oragini, and differing from both and

from the large P. fraudulenta in the peculiar umbilicus. The

localities are :

Southwestern Missouri: Springfield, Greene Co., and Pearson’s

Creek (A. G. Wetherby).

Eastern Kansas: Fort Scott, Bourbon Co. (F. A. Sampson).

Northwestern Arkansas: Eureka Springs (Sampson).

It will be seen that although the range of P. neglecta comprises

localities in three States, they are not far removed from one another,

and so far, the total area indicated for the species is remarkably

small.

The only reference to this form in previous conchological litera-

ture is under the name

Triodopsis fallax, small variety, F. A. Sampson. Ann. Rep.

Geol. Survey of Arkansas for 1891, ii, p. 189 (1893).

NOTES ON TWO VARIETIES OF PYRAMIDULA (PATULA)

ALTERNATA (SAY).

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

In the American Journal of Conchology, Vol. 6, page 188, the

late Dr. Jas. Lewis published a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Land

Shells of East Tennessee,’ in which he gave a very brief descrip-

tion of Helix alternata Say var. costata.

As this variety is found in various collections under the names of

Var. mordax and Var. costifera, it is thought that a description of

it will prove of interest.

Pyramidula (Patula) alternata var. costata (Lewis). Shell flat-

tened on upper surface, more convex below, carinated, heavily

ribbed above, ribs ending on the carina, almost smooth below but

ribs faintly continued into the umbilicus with light intermediate ribs

42 THE NAUTILUS.

radiating from the umbilicus and ending at the carina. Color like

the type, generally yellow or yellowish-white with very: faint or no

brown patches on under surface. Whorls about 54.

Greater diam. a lesser 17, alt. 9 mm.

Greater diam. 19, lesser 164, alt. 9 mm.

The very ee es ending on the carina will serve at once to

distinguish this from any of the other numerous varieties of a/ternata.

There is a wide variation in the number of ribs on the body. whorl

as the following figures will show :

Diam. 19 mm., 24 ribs.

Diam. 19 mm., 38 ribs.

Diam. 175 mm., 82 ribs.

So far reported from ‘‘ East Tennessee ”’ (Lewis) and Cades Cove,

Blount Co., Tenn. (Ferriss & Clapp).

Another variety of alternata is found near Knoxville, Tenn. It

is a large, coarse shell with rounded body-whorl and scarcely a trace

of carination. Color dull brown with very faint darker markings,

ribs low but fairly strong, epidermis very heavy and wrinkled, the

wrinkles under a glass having a netted appearance like the venation

in the wings of insects. Whorls 54.

Greater diam. 234, lesser 20, alt. 124 mm.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

U. polymorphus, sp. noy.

Shell smooth, uniformly but moderately solid, red or dark red, very

inequilateral, oval, oblong or subquadrate, rayless or with rays; pos-

terior area smooth, wrinkled or subplicate; umbos flattened or in-

flated, umbonal ridge sharp and area abrupt, or ridge depressed and

area flattened; base nearly straight or emarginate, dorsum arched,

abruptly rounded in front and bluntly pointed behind; beaks not

prominent; teeth solid in proportion to shell, laterals nearly straight

or remarkably curved, prominent and well separated, double in the

left and single in the right valve, cardinals quite oblique, usually

disposed to be double in both valves and covered with shallow serra-

tions ; dorsal cicatrices in a row immediately under the posterior car-

dinal or under the dorsal plate, anterior cicatrices quite remote, very

THE NAUTILUS. 43

deeply impressed and smooth, posterior cicatrices confluent; shell

cavity moderate and uniform, beak cavity slight ; nacre dead white,

purple or pink, or a combination of these shades.

Diameter 1.25, length 2.00, width 3.75 inches.

Habitat: Spanish Creek, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., Ga.

Type lot in National Museum.

Remarks: This is one of the: most variable forms we have ever

handled. It belongs to the forbes‘anus, vestitus, Moussonianus group,

with which we have tried hard to place it specifically. Out of several

hundred specimens, none could be found that were typical of any of

the above-named species. It is the connecting link between the

beautiful hartwrightit of South Florida, and the group above named,

of Georgia. It is usually rayless, though some of the younger forms

are densely covered with broad green rays, and it becomes very

rough and ponderous in old age: In view of the many phases it

_ assumes, it has been thought best to select no one individual as a

type, but to make the description broad enough to embrace all of its

variations, and to deposit examples of all with the National Museum.

AppENDUM: July NaurTiLus, p. 31, first line of description of

Unio danielsit insert the words ‘ yet black” after “solid.”

(To be continued.)

ANNOTATED LIST OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS RECENTLY

COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA.

BY SAMUEL N. RHOADS.

The collection forming the subject of the following paper, was

secured during a visit to Miami, covering a period of about four

weeks, from January 12, 1899. The size and completeness of the

collection is largely due to the field assistance of my kind friends,

Messrs. Stevenson and Dickinson, of Miami, the former of whom has

searched out the shells of South Florida for the past two years with

commendable perseverance.

The classification of land species follows that of Pilsbry and John-

son’s catalogue. The identifications were all made by Prof. H. A.

Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where

the collection is now located.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Family CycLOSTOMATIDS.

Chondropoma dentatum (Say). Miami; pine woods under flat

rocks ; very abundant.

Family TRUNCATELLID&.

Truncatella carib@ensis ‘‘ Sowb.,” Rve. Miami. Found sparingly

and only beneath the wet drift. Far above high-water mark on the

bay side. Not found in similar positions in the tide-water limits of

the Miami River, brackish water not seeming to agree with it.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Miami. Abundant. The above notes

on caribgensis are equally applicable to this associated species, which

is easily distinguishable by its smaller size and dark coloration. It

is ten times as numerous as the preceding.

Family HELICINID#.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Miami and Lemon City. Abounding ;

especially in dense hammock at the bases of trees well under the

vegetable mold in the winter season.

Family HEeLicip®.

Cepolis varians (Mke.). Virginia Key. The remarks given

under Cerion incanum equally apply to this shell. They are only

found alive on ‘‘ Hammock Keys.” Virginia Key is too low for

hammock growths.

Polygyra cereolus (Muhlf.). Virginia Key. A single bleached

specimen taken on the beach.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bld.). Miami and Virginia

Key. Abundant and of universal distribution in all kinds of situa-

tions except muckland. The most abundant land snail of South

Florida.

Polygyra septemvolva Say. Miami and Lemon City. The open

muckland and wet prairie species, distinguished by large size, flat-

ness and angularity. It is rare in the districts named.

Polygyra uvulifera (Shuttl.). Miami and Lemon City. Asso-

ciated with Chondropoma under flat stones in pine woods in the pro-

portion of one to ten of the latter. Rare in the wet lands.

Polygyra avara Say. Miami. Rare; only two specimens taken.

Polygyra pustula (Fér.). Miami. Another rare and strangely

local species: found under decaying vegetation on the ground beneath

oak hammock. Not taken in the pine woods.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Polygyra jejuna (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Local and

generally rare, but abundant in colonies at certain seasons. On the

underside of young cabbage palms in the early morning I found this

neat species almost abundant in a small area near the standpipe in

Miami. Elsewhere it was very scarce. It hibernates under stones

in rock piles.

Thysanophora vortex (Pfr.). Miami. Abundant in most situa-

tions except the pine barrens.

Thysanophora dioscoricola ceca (Gpy.). Numerous in certain

localities on the under surface of the leaves of magnolia and of pal-

metto. On the latter sometimes a score can be taken from a single

leaf.

Thysanophora plagioptycha granum (Streb.). Miami. Only one

specimen secured.

Family BuLimuLip&.

Drymeus dominicus Rve. Miami and Lemon City. Rare. The

very young of this fragile snail are often found associated with P.

dioscoricola caeca, but the adults are seldom seen.

Liguus fasciatus (Mill.). Miami. Abundant; distribution lim-

ited to a narrow strip of hammock lands bordering the bay not more

than one-fourth of a mile wide. Not found in mangroves. Dark

colored varieties rare and apparently confined to the most densely

forested hammock. This snail is largely eaten by tree crabs, which

bite the shells in half during their winter hibernation on the tree

trunks. The numerous basal portions of the shells firmly cemented

to the trees is evidence of the frequency of this destruction.

Family Urocoprip2.

Urocoptis poeyana (Orb.). Miami. Abundant under stones in

pine barrens. Perfect adult specimens with uninjured spires are

very rare and when found exceedingly difficult to preserve.

Macroceramus pontificus (Gld.). Miami; rather rare; under

edges of flat rocks.

Cerion incanum (Binn.). Virginia Key. Only dead shells of

this species were found on this Key, whither they had probably been

carried by the tide from some larger Key. All those secured were

inhabited by crabs.

Family Puripa&.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say (Pfr.). Miami and Lemon City ;

not rare, preferring moist hammock.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Strobilops hubbardi stevensoni Pilsbry. n. var. Miami. Rare:

found only under bark of dead limbs in mangrove swamp. This sub-

species was discovered by the writer in mangroves skirting the Bay

close to the State Agricultural Experimental Station in the suburbs

of Miami, and was found nowhere else. I requested Prof. Pilsbry

to name it after my friend Mr. Stevenson, to whose conchological

researches and friendly services the success of my work at Miami

was largely due.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Miamiand Lemon City. Rather rare ;

in hammock mold. |

Bifidaria servilis (Gld.).. Miami. Very rare, only two specimens

being secured,

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Lemon City. Rare, one specimen only,

from hammock.

Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Miami. Rare, in moist hammock under

bark and leaves.

Bifidaria rhoadsi Pils., n. sp. Miami, very rare.

Family ACHATINID#.

Opeas octonoides (C. B. Ad.). Miami. Only found in damp

mold under hammock trees along the high tide borders of the

Miami River. Rare.

Opeas gracillima (Pfr.). Miami. Associated with the preceding,

but less‘numerous. Sometimes found alive under rocks in same

situations.

Family GLANDINID®.

Glandina truncata minor Pilsbry. n. var. Miami, Lemon City

and New Smyrna. Abundant. This depauperate form rarely grows

to more than half the size of largest truncata.

Family Zonrrip®.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Rarely asso-

ciated with Zonitoides arboreus, which it so closely resembles.

Conulus chersinus (Say). Miami. Rare; associated with its more

numerous and darker counterpart, Strobilops labyrinthicus, under

moist rotten bark of open hammock.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.) Miamiand Lemon City. Not common.

Associated with Zonitoides and Vitrea under bark of logs.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Miami and Lemon City. Abundant.

Zonitoides dallianus (Simp.) Miami. Only eleven specimens

found among two hundred arboreus collected,

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus (Dall.) Miami, Lemon City and

New Smyrna. This small white Zonitoides is found everywhere

under decaying bark in damp hammock lands.

Family VaGINULID&.

Vaginulus floridanus Binn. Miami. Not common. This seems

to be the first record for Vaginulus from the east coast of the main

land. Previous Florida records are from Charlotte Harbor and

Punta Rossa.

Family AMPULLARID&.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Miami River and Everglades. Abun-

dant. ;

Family AMNICOLID®.

Amanicola sanctijohannis Pilsbry. Miami River. Rare.

Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.). Miami River. Rare; inhabiting

small streams and ditches upon the aquatic vegetation in company

with Amnicola sanctijohannis.

Family AURICULID&.

Auricula pellucens Mke. Miami. This rare snail was found only

in and under soft, rotten mangrove branches which lay on the mud

in the mangrove swamps along the bay side. They have the power

to deeply imbed themselves into the soft rotten wood.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Lemon City ; locally plentiful in dark

hammock under leaves and logs.

Melampus floridanus Shuttl Miami. This rarer small species

seems confined to the brackish water areas of the Miami River.

Melampus coffeus (Linn.). Miami, Abundant in salt water and

more brackish areas, seeming to prefer mangrove swamps, but also in

more open marshy places, where it ascends the higher sedges at cer-

tain seasons, apparently to deposit its eggs; as it does not seem to eat

the grasses on which it is found.

Family Limnx1p2&.

Limnea cubensis Pfr. Miami River. A rare species.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Miami and Lemon City. In the edge of

the Everglades at the head of the Miami River and in the ditches of

the muck gardens in that neighborhood this animal abounded, asso-

ciated with :ntercalaris in about equal numbers. It was rare in the

Everglades proper.

Planorbis intercalaris Pilsbry. Miami and Lemon City, Abund-

48 THE NAUTILUS.

ant. This is found sparingly associated with the following in the

true Everglade territory.

Planorbis scalaris (Jay). Head of Miami River and Everglades

adjacent. Rather rare. This peculiar form is most typical of the

glades as contrasted with the Planorbes of the streams.

Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Lemon City. Rare; three specimens

taken in a small stream.

Planorbis parvus Say. Lemon City. Only one specimen taken.

Planorbis cultratus Orb. Very rare. One specimen secured from

a drainage ditch flowing into the Miami River two miles above its

mouth. The type locality for cultratus is Cuba. It was subse-

quently found in Texas. - This is the first record of it from Florida.

Ancylus peninsule Pils. & Johns. Miami and Lemon City.

Rather rare. Taken on rotten leaves in still water.

Family Puysip&.

Physa heterostropha peninsule Pilsbry. Miami, Lemon City,

Everglades, head of Miami River. Locally abundant, preferring

small streams in swift water, where they are generally attached to

weeds far below the surface.

Family CYRENID&.

Pisidium abditum Wald. Miami and Lemon City. This minute

species is rare and difficult to secure alive.

Family Cyrenoipip&.

Cyrenoidea floridana Dall. Miami. Abundant locally in the

outer edges of the Mangrove swamps skirting the bay.

Family Unronip&.

Unio paludicolus Gld. Upper Miami River and Everglades.

Rare, or at least difficult to secure, owing to its hiding among the

roots of thick algw in swift water. One was dredged in a small

stream near the town.

Unio papyraceus Gld. Head of Miami River above the rapids.

Only three specimens of this fragile Unio were dredged while forty

of paludicolus were being secured. It is more than possible that

Gould’s types of these two species came from the Miami region and

perhaps from the Miami River.

GENERAL NOTES.

PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Var. OREGONENSIS Van., Nautilus IX.

p- 04, September, 1895, is preoccupied by P. oregonensis Tryon.

Mon. Fresh-water Univalve Moll. of the U. S. 1870, p. 200. I would

here propose the name mu/tilineatus for my variety.—E. G. VANATTA.

eee. NAMETILUS:

SEPTEMBER, 1899. No. 5.

Vou. XIII.

ANOTHER NEW ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Ashmunella thomsoniana portere2, n. var.

Shell corneous, shining, with distinct lines of growth and minute

spiral incised lines; umbilicus broadly exposing the penultimate

whorl; whorls 5} to nearly 6; lip ochreous-tinged above and at the

edge, the teeth white; parietal tooth well-developed, outer tooth

long, basal tooth always bifid. Max. diam. 14-164 mm.

Tentacles and dorsal surface of animal dark plumbeous; foot a

lighter brownish-grey ; exposed part of mantle grey. Genitalia as

in typical Ashmunella: penis with the thick basal part 4 mm. long,

the narrow terminal part (scarcely broader than the epiphallus)

3 mm.; epiphallus 28 mm. with the retractor muscle 3 mm, from its

beginning (thas higher up than in A. miorhyssa) ; flagellum 1 mm.;

spermatheca filiform, 21 mm. long including duct, Eggs pellucid

white, 3 x 2} mm.

Beulah (Upper Sapello Canon), New Mexico, 1899: numerous

specimens collected by Miss Wilmatte Porter, after whom the variety

isnamed. Other specimens later collected by Miss Helen Blake at

the same place.

This form will fall into the first division of the two keys to the

species ‘of Ashminella given by the writers in Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., 1899, p. 193.'

1 Ashmunella, a new genus of Helices,” by H. A. Pilsbry and T. D. A.

Cockerell.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

The following modification of the key may be made:

a. Aperture strongly 3-dentate or 4-dentate.

b. Basal tooth simple, tubercular or somewhat elongate;

diam. 12-13 mm. A. thomsoniana.

b'. Basal tooth distinctly bifid; diam. 14-164 mm.; umbilicus

wider. A. thomsoniana portere.

a’. Aperture toothless or without teeth on the outer lip, ete., ete.

To those who do not have access to Ancey’s original description,

it may be useful to have his note on the supposed variety orobana,

He says: “ Very closely allied to the preceding [thomsoniana],

being similar in the number of whorls and size, but differing in hay-

ing the Jast whorl scarcely descending at its termination, higher, the

aperture larger and less oblique.”

These characters seem to be merely individual rather than racial,

It is from the same locality as A. thomsoniana. Besides the speci-

mens of thomsoniana in the Academy received from the late Mr. J,

H. Thomson, of New Bedford, Mass., part of the original lot, we

have received A, thomsoniana from Mr. Ashmun, who has lately col-

lected a few specimens in Santa Fé Canon, the original locality.

The species differs widely from Polygyra levettec, which is not an

Ashmunella but apparently a true Polygyra.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

U. dispalans, sp. nov.

Shell uniformly thin, oblong-elliptical, flattened, inequilateral,

smooth, with close slightly elevated growth ridges; anterior margin

abruptly and uniformly rounded, base very slightly rounded, anterior

abruptly pointed, dorsal margin straight; epidermis yellowish and

nearly occulted by the light green fasciculated rays; beaks small

and surrounded by four or five irregular undulating ridges ; umbonal

slope uniformly rounded or subangular; beak cavities slight; cica-

trices smooth, slightly impressed and showing the successive nacreous

layers, anterior ones distinct, posterior ones indistinguishable ;* dorsal

notch very long and shallow, ligament long, depressed, thin; cardinal

teeth low, very oblique, thin and obliquely striated, lateral teeth

slender, long, nearly straight, double in the left and single in right

THE NAUTILUS. 51

valve, and extending quite up to the cardinals by a fine thread-like

elevation; dorsal plate entirely wanting ; nacre silvery white, tinged

with pink towards the beaks and more or less spotted with thin layers

of vitreous-like matter; pallial line hardly discernible. Width 23,

length 1,3,, diameter g inches.

Habitat: Suwannee River, Florida.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: Affinity, U. lamellatus Lea. A large series of this

shell has been in hand for two years and for a time it was doubtfully

referred to U. subinflatus Con. Mr. Simpson compared them with

authentic specimens of that species in the National Museum without

being impressed with their likeness, but said they seemed nearer to

that species than to anyother. A comparison of the teeth with that

of the Indian species, given as its affinity, leads to the conclusion

that they should group together. The cardinals are shorter and

more robust, but have the same direction and sculpture, At first

glance the shell reminds one of U. camptodon, Say, but the radical

differences in the beak sculpture and teeth clearly distinguish it from

members of that group.

To be Continued.

PLANORBIS RUBELLUS STERKI, AND P. HARNI PILSBRY.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In this Journal for April, 1891, Mr. E. H. Harn gave a list of the

shells found in western Pennsylvania, chiefly around his home in

Blairsville. A few of the species had been submitted to me for de-

termination, among them a Planorbis of the exacutus group, which I

consider a new species, or possibly a new variety of eracutus. ‘This

was entered in the list as ‘* Planorbis (? var.) Harni Pilsbry.”

(Nautilus IV, p. 137.) I intended at the time to describe the

species; but other matters crowded it out of mind, and the name

remains a nude one to this day.

Mr. E. G. Vanatta has recently called my attention to the specific

identity of my types of P. Harn with a form received from Dr.

V. Sterki as “ P. exacutus var. rubellus.”’ This variety was described

by Dr. Sterki on page 7 of a privately printed brochure entitled ‘* The

Land and Fresh Water Mollusks in the vicinity of New Philadel-

phia,” (Beobachter Press, New Philadelphia, Ohio, 1894).

52 THE NAUTILUS.

As Dr. Sterki stated the differential characters of his variety while

my own was without a description, his name for it will stand, my P.

Harni becoming a synonym, though several years earlier in date.

The species is smaller than P. exacutus, the last whorl seen from

above less wide, the suture deeper and the apex a little more sunken.

Below, the umbilicus of P. rwbellus is very much wider and less deep,

and the last whorl is consequently far narrower than in exacutus,

and the aperture is smaller. As in exacutlus, the form is biconvex

and the periphery acutely keeled, color reddish corneous. Alt. 1,

diam. 44 mm., or somewhat smaller.

The localities now known are as follows: Pennsylvania: Blairs-

ville, Indiana Co., in a small stagnant pond, adhering to the under

sides of dead leaves (E. H. Harn, March, 1889). Ohio: ‘Tuscaroras

Co., near New Philadelphia.

There is also a tray of 8 specimens in our collection without

locality record.

The shells seem always to be covered with a ferruginous crust. I

regaid P. rubellus as specifically distinct from P. ewacutus, the char-

acters being quite constant in the series of some twenty-four speci-

mens examined. P. exacutus is a wide-ranging species, extending

from New England to New Mexico.

COLLECTING ON THE GULF COAST OF FLORIDA.

BY E. J. POST.

The keys at the entrance to Tampa Bay, are perhaps one of the

most favorable collecting grounds on the gulf coast. The result of

a twelve days’ trip in March is shown by the accompanying list, with

the number of specimens collected ; most of the collecting was done,

at Pass-a-Grille, Long Key, and the north end of Mullet Key. All

dredging was done with a small hand sieve at low tide. /aminea

succinea were very abundant in the drifts between Point Pinellas

and St. Petersburg. Jelampus coffeus and M. coffeus var. gundlachi,

were collected on the south end of Long Key; they were unusually

large and fine. There was an immense wash of Aittium variwn

ashore, the second that has come under my observation in eight years

collecting. Helices were very abundant on Long Key. I collected

175 specimens under one thistle, 85 of which were Polygyra uvulifera,

THE NAUTILUS.

the other being P. cereolus and the var. carpenteriana.

Very large

specimens of P. cereolus were also collected on Mullet Key.

List of Species Collected.

Anomia simplex Orb. . . 80

Pecten dislocatus Say... . 1

Pecten nucleus Born . 205

Avicula atlantica Lam.. . ]

Modiola tulipa L. . . . - 25

Modiola plicatula Lam. . a0

Modiolaria lateralis Say . . — Lo

Nucula proxima Say. . . 1

Cardita floridana Conr. . 370

Parastarte triquetra Conr.. 12

Lucina floridana Conr. . . 12

Lucina costata T & H.. . 4

Lucina crenulata Conr.. . 1

Lucina lintea Conr... . - 12

Cardium magnum Born. . 6

Cardium isocardia L.. . . 1

Cardium mortoni Conr. . 30

Venus cancellata L. . . 20

Venus rostrata Sowb. . 295

Cytherea hebraea Liam. .. 4

Cytherea conradina Dall . 12

Cyrena floridana Conr... 75

Donax variabilis Say . 3

Tellina alternata Say . 2

Macoma tampaénsis Conr. . 4

Solen americana Gould 70

Dentalium disparile Orb. 6

Dentalium eboreum Conr. . 4

Actwon punctostriatus C. B.

nr Goce at ys ests 1

Tornatina canaliculata Say. 17

Bulla occidentalis A. Ads . 6

Haminea suecinea Conr. . 17

Melampus coffeus L. 320

Melampus coffeus var. gund-

Pea eiEe So. ss LM

Marginella minuta Pfeiffer. 900

Marginella succinea Conr. . 4

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. 2

Fasciolaria tulipa L... . 2 27

Fasciolaria distans Lam.. .

Fulgur pyrum Dill. . . . 6

Fulgur perversum L.. . . 45

Melongena corona Gruel . 40

. 1144

ColumbellarusticoidesHeilp. 99

Nassa vibex Say. .. .

Columbella avara Say. . . 22

Columbella similis Ravenel. 10

Columbella lunata Say . 54

Murex rufus Lam.... . 2

Eupleura caudata Say. . . 2

Urosalpinx perrugatus Conr. 100

Eulima gracilis CEs Ads ai

Pyramidella eandida Moérch. 298

Turbonilla conradi Bush. 460

Turbonilla hemphilli Bush } 235

Turbonilla dalli Bush. .

Caecum floridanum Stimp . ]

Meioceras nitidum Stimp. .

numerous

Syrnola caloosaensis Dall. . 5)

Pyrula papyratia Say... 3°

Erato maugerie Gray... . 1

Cerithiopsis emersoni C. B.

Le re 1

Bittium Pfeiffer

numerous

140

210

Cerithium minimum Gruel. 6

varium

Cerithium floridanum Morch.

Cerithium muscarum Say .

Cerithidea scalariformis Say 210

Modulus floridanus Conr.. 498

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Terebra dislocata Say. . . 1 Vermicularia spirata Phil. 110

Terebra protexta Conr.. . 20 Litorina angulifera Lam. 296

Conus pealii Green... . . 95 Rissoina chesnelii Michaud. 338

Drillia leucocyma Dall... 10

Drillia: thea, Dallac..03.. 20

Mangilia biconica C. B. Ads. 85

Crepidula fornicata L. . . 4

Crepidula plana Say . . . Hy)

Crepidula aculeata Gruel . ff

Mangilia stellata Stearns . 65 Natica pusilla Say . oa GE2D

Mangilia cerinella Dall. . 25 Neverita duplicata Say. . 2

Olivaviterata-tams 8) 3. 6

Olivella mutica Say . 1450

Olivella floralia Ducl. . . 12

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. 23

Ischnochiton papillosus C.

Be Ads. pis RAL ot. ae

Olivella bullula Reeve Acanthochites spiculosus

Gyoune)) Seether e 60 Reewe 3.05) 92h eee

Marginella aureocincta Polygyra cereolus Muhlf.. 440

Stearns: S o\'fe Wes 150 Polygyra cereolus Carpen-

Marginella apicina Menke . 630 teriana ‘Bland. --.+ do

Marginella denticulata var.

opalina Stearns... .. 934

Polygyra uvulifera Shutt. . 2070

Succinea campestris Say. . 34

NOTES ON POLYGYRA APPRESSA.

BY G. H. CHADWICK.

In Messrs. Pilsbry and Johnson’s recent catalogue of North Amer-

ican Land Shells, Polygyra ( Triodopsis) appressa (Say), is accredited

to Scott Co., Va., among other localities. A fine series from that

locality having come under my notice, I perceived a considerable

difference between them and northern specimens, and a careful ex-

amination and comparison with examples of the typical form from

Bernadotte, Ill., and var. perigrapta Pilsbry, from Tennessee, seem

to fully confirm the distinction.

The Virginian variety, for which I propose the name sewlptior,

may be known by the following characters :

Surface costulate above, horn-colored inclining to reddish chestnut,

becoming smoother and greenish beneath, entirely covered with a

fine spiral granulation ; upper lip-tooth obsolete; parietal tooth as in

typical appressa. Diam. 14 to 18 mm.; alt. 7 to 9 mm.

While the warm color and coarse ribs are noticeable and constant

features, the microscope discloses the most important diagnostic char-

THE NAUTILUS. 55

acter, namely the beautiful fine granulation which covers even the

ribs and shows a markedly spiral arrangement. This is quite differ-

ent from the spaced spiral incised lines of perigrapta, which while

slightly waved, cut the growth striz so regularly as to produce a can-

cellated effect, the intervening surface being moreover always marked

with excessively fine vertical scratches. A compound lens reveals

incised spirals in typical appressa also, but exceedingly minute and

rather irregular or punctate. Finally, in sewlptior the whorls are

generally narrower and more convex than in either of the other

forms. In the tray-full examined there was but a single departure

from the normal, and that was a ¢rvdentata !

The types are deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON THE MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH THE

MASTODON IN BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The material which formed the basis of Mr. W. Hilles Smith’s in-

teresting paper in the July Nautilus, is the same covered by my ar-

ticle in the Nautilus for March, 1898 (Vol. XI., p. 121). The

undetermined Pisidia there mentioned have been submitted to Dr.

Sterki, who, with his usual good nature, has determined them as

follows :

1. Pisidium pauperculum St.

2. Pisidium sp. near ‘*‘ abditum,” Distinct.

3. Pisidium sp. ‘near abditum.”

4, Pistdium ropert St.

5. Pisidium medianum St.

6. Pisidium sp. ‘* Resembles most vesiculare.”’

7. Pisidium ventricosum Prime.

8. Pisidium milium Held.

In this connection it is interesting to note that these forms are

identical with those from the marl deposits in Tuscola County, which

were examined by Dr. Sterki at the same time. This not only goes

to prove that these shells were contemporaneous with the mastodon,

but also that the post-pleistocene fauna was substantially the same

throughout the lower peninsula of Michigan.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW JAMAICAN FORMS OF LUCIDELLA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

There are in Jamaica three strongly marked specific stocks of

Lucidella: L. aureola Fér., with the variety undulata; L. depressa

Gray (placed by Pfeiffer in Helicina), with the aperture like awreola,

but the shell smaller, more depressed, and weakly sculptured ; and L.

lineata C. B. Ad., of which Z. nana Pfr., is doubtless a variety or

synonym. These are quite small, with a strong, squarish tooth on

the basal lip, and strong, sharp spiral lire.

Another well marked species of the “neata type was collected by

Messrs. Wm. J. Fox and C. W. Johnson in a cave at Port Antonio,

on the northeastern coast of Jamaica.

L. Foxi, n. sp.

Shell with the depressed general form, size and color, and the acute

lire, of LZ. lineata Ad.; the lire bearing sparse, rather long and equi-

distant prostrate hairs, easily rubbed off. Whorls 45, the last com-

pressed but not keeled at the periphery, descending in front, exca-

vated at the umbilical region, which is covered by a thin callus which

is sparsely and very minutely asperulate or roughened by minute

pointed granules. Aperture very oblique, subtriangular, the outer

and upper margins expanded, scalloped, with four to six projecting

points ; the basal margin narrowly reflexed ; basal lip bearing a large,

squarish, projecting tooth, as in L. lineata; upper margin with a

tubercular tooth well removed inward from the lip-edge ; outer ip

with a small tubercular tooth, distinctly developed only in fully mature

specimens.

Alt. 2, diam. 3.8 mm., or smaller, diam. 3.5 mm.

Cave at Port Antonio.

L, trochiformis n. sp.

Small and distinctly trochoidal, the base flattened, smooth except

for some radial wrinkles, and one or two spiral threads close to the

periphery ; upper surface conyexly conoidal, radially undulated and

spirally lirate; periphery acutely carinated and irregular or serrate;

whorls 44, but slightly convex, the last a little deflexed, somewhat

impressed in the axial region below. Aperture oblique, triangular,

the lip narrowly reflexed ; basal lip being a prominently projecting,

squarish tubercle, upper margin with a small submarginal tubercle,

THE NAUTILUS. 57

and there is another smaller one on the outer lip below the external

angle. —

Alt. 2, diam. 2.7 mm.

Differs from lineata and Foxit in the trochiform shape, almost

complete freedom from spiral threads on the base, and in the acute

periphery. It has a small tubercle on the outer lip, as in Z. Foxit, a

larger species with sculptured base, rounded periphery, scalloped

upper lip and different contour.

The specimens were found associated with Z. iaaie

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF OWASCO LAKE, N. Y.

BY FRANK C. BAKER,

Recently the Chicago Academy of Sciences has received from Dr.

Howard N. Lyon, of Chicago, a fine lot of the shells of Cayuga Co.,

N. Y., collected for the most part by himself about Owasco Lake and

River. Dr. Lyon was very precise concerning his data, and for this

reason a list of the species in the collection may be of value.

For brevity I have used the following symbols for localities :

* Near Auburn, in Owasco River.

** Hayden’s Mills, six miles below Auburn.

ft Foot of Owasco Lake.

{ Cascade.

tt Marsh at foot of Owasco Lake.

tt North end of Owasco Lake.

1. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes,** July, 1893.

2. Alasmodonta pressa Lea,*f} in brook four miles north of Auburn,

July 1893 and 1882.

3. Strophitus edentulus Say.t

4. Unio complanatus Solander,* in South Street Brook, July, 1879.

5. Anodontopsis subcylindraceus Lea,* in South Street Brook, var-

ious collections from 1880 to 1885.

6. Lampsilis luteolus Lam,* July, 1883.

Spherium simile Say,* in South Street Brook, 1882.

Vallonia pulchella Muller, April, 1882.

. Polygyra albolabris Say.{

10. Polygyra thyroides Say, var. bucculenta Gould.{

58 THE NAUTILUS.

11. Polygyra palliata Say.}

12. Polygyra tridentata Say.}

l2a. Polygyra tridentata var. juxtidens Pilsbry.{

126. Polygyra tridentata var. bidentata Baker.{

13, Polygyra monodon Rackett.}

Nos. 9 to 13 were collected on a well wooded limestone hill, well

watered.

14. Bifidaria armifera Say.*

15, Pupa muscorum Linné, Auburn. Common in damp grass

throughout the city, often found in private grounds.

16. Vertigo milium Gould,** 1880.

17. Cochlicopa lubrica Miller,** 1880 and 1876, on driftwood in

Owasco River at Auburn.

18. Omphalina fuliginosa Griff.{~ 1883.

18. Vitrea hammonis Strém,** April, 1882.

20. Conulus fulvus Miill.,** on roots of grass near edge of river,

April, 1882.

21. Zonitoides arboreus Say.{

22. Zonitoides nitidus Muller,** April, 1882.

23. Gastrodonta ligera Say,** April, 1882.

24. Agriolimax campestris Binney.

25. Pyramidula alternata Say,* very abundant in low meadows,

under bark of trees and the under side of logs where the ground is

partially shaded.

26. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.t

27. Suecinea retusa Lea, tf on logs and trunks of trees near high

water mark, July, 1880.

28. Succinea avara Say, tt July, 1880, in company with the above.

29. Limnea palustris Muller, tf 1884.

30. Limnea emarginata Say, tf ** also in Owasco River, at foot

of lake, 1880, and April, 1882.

31. Limnea desidiosa Say,{{ on weeds, 1880.

33. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, f, 1881, Port Byron, 1883.

34. Planorbis trivolvis Say, t old and new outlets, 1880, Port

Byron.

35. Planorbis campanulatus Say, * 1882, also in brook emptying

into lake at Cascade.

36. Planorbis parvus Say,* on big dam.

37. Physa heterostropha Say,* Port Byron, 1879 to 1882.

to)

THE NAUTILUS.

38. Physa ancillaria Say, t}-1879 to 1885.

39. Apleca hypnorum Linue, tf 1883.

40 Valvata tricarinata Say, * found in driftwood at the tail race

of the ** Big Run,” spring of 1881.

41. Campeloma decisum Say, t+ Owasco River near Owasco Lake,

August, 1882, also in Owasco River three miles below lake.

AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION DEPARTMENT.

(Conducted in the interest of the Lsaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the

Agassiz Association, by its General Secretary, Dr. W. 5, Strodce.]

During the last year I have done all the work possible towards

collecting the Pisidia of the northeast of Maine. About. 50,000

specimens have been obtained and worked over by Dr. V..Sterki of

New Philadelphia, Ohio. The material has been finely preserved in

nearly every locality. The cold water of our streams is favorable

for the development of this minute clam. In all about twenty

species and some varieties have been obtained. Many of these

species have proved new to the State, and a few have been published

by Dr. Sterki as new species. A part are very difficult to identify

until a larger amount of material is obtained. It sometimes results

that among thousands of specimens there will be only one individual

representing a certain species. Pisidium contortum Prime, has

been fouad living in a small lake in the northeast of Perham. It

had heretofore only been found fossil, in Maine and Massachusetts.

The little Pisidium milium Held, so common in the north of

Europe (a straggler like myself), has been found living in the south

branch of Caribou stream in Woodland. It is curious how this little

creature came across the ocean.

Two years ago I found Planorbis erista Lin., var. ertstatu Drap., a

species of Northern Europe, in Barren Brook, Caribou. This sum-

mer [ have found it fossil in the marl deposit of Lovely Brook in the

town of Fort Fairfield. I think this is proof that it was not imported

by any accident or in the outfit of any emigrant coming to this con-

tinent. In my last report I had about 81 species collected in this

region. This year I have of land shells 33 species, fresh water gas-

tropoda 23 species, and of Unio 1, Margaritana 2, and Anodonta 1

species; Sphezrium 45, and Pisidium 20 species and several varieties.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Total 85 species. The Prsidia will be published by Dr. Sterki, and

the results will thus be made known to those interested in these little

animals. O.or O, NYLANDER.

GENERAL NOTES.

We regret to record the death on August 16th of Dr. W. D. Hart-

man, of West Chester, Pa. Further notice will appear next month.

PoMATIA ASPERSA IN CALIFoRNIA.—I found a fine living speci-

men of Pomatia aspersa, Miill., this summer at Pacific Grove, Cali-

fornia. A small colony of this European snail was established many

years ago at San José, more than fifty miles from the spot where this

specimen was found. The species is apparently becoming naturalized.

—dJosiah Keep.

Poryeyra BinNEYANA.—Owing to hasty proof reading, several

errors appear in the article on ** New Southwestern Forms of Poly-

gyra’’? in the July issue. On page 38, sixth line from top, the word

umbilicus should be inserted between divesta and narrow. On p. 39,

second line, for * county ” read * country. ———. AP

Tue British PLiocene Non-Marine MOoLuusca are revised

by Messrs. A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, in Proce. Malae.

Soc., Lond. III., pt. 4, March, 1899. ‘It isin the Red and Nor-

wich Crags that the genesis of our present molluscan fauna is to be

sought. It isa noteworthy fact that many of our existing species |

are met with for the first time in these beds, and are not known to

have existed on the continent until a much Jater date. This may

result from the imperfection of the geological record, or it may indi-

sate that these forms have been derived from a region to the north-

ward.”? Of 88 species discussed, 6 are extinct. 6 species, Corbicula

fluminalis, Helix lactea, Hygromia rubiginosa, H. incariata, Hel-

codonta lens, and Eulota fruticum are now extinct in England, though

living on the continent; C. fluminalis and Lulota fruticum having

existed to the Post-Pliocenc. It is interesting to find that u/ota

extended in the Pliocene so far to the westward. Helix luctea and

Helicodonta lens, each represented by very scanty but apparently

authentic material, are now restricted to the circum-Mediterranean

fauna. One new species, Puludestrina Reever, is described from the

Norwich Crag. It is allied to the Upper Oligocene and Lower Mio-

cene P. obtusa (Sandb.) of Germany.

Wor SOOUE PLaTe I.

DR. WILLIAM D. HARTMAN.

oes. Nee US:

Vou. XT. _ OCTOBER, 1899. — None:

WM. D. HARTMAN, M. D.

Dr. William Dell Hartman, whose dealh occurred on August 16th,

at West Chester, Pennsylvania, was born in East Pikeland township,

Chester county, Pa., December 24, 1817. He was the eldest son of

General George Hartman. ‘The founder of the Hartman family in

Chester county was his great-great-grandfather, John Hartman, a

native of Schwerin, Hesse Cassel, Germany, who came to Philadel-

phia in 1753. .

After receiving an education in the schools of the neighborhood,

William Hartman attended the famous school of Jonathan Gause and

the academy of Jonathan Strode. He studied medicine with Dr.

Wilmer Worthington and about that time became profoundly inter-

ested in the study of botany. Dr. William Darlington, in his ‘‘ Flora

Cestrica,’’ mentioned him as ‘‘a zealous and promising young botan-

ist.” He attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated

from the Medical Department in 1839, at the age of twenty-one years.

After graduation he returned to West Chester and engaged in the

practice of his profession. His practice soon became very extensive

and was maintained until the infirmities of advanced years compelled

him to relinquish it. Even then many patients visited him at his

office.

Dr. Hartman devoted all the time that could be spared from his

medical practice to the study of natural science. Besides botany, he

studied entomology, mineralogy and conchology, and became an

62 THE NAUTILUS.

authority in each of these branches, especially as they related to

Chester county. The latter science, however, finally engrossed Hart-

man’s attention; and it is by his work on mollusca that he became

most widely known. For over forty years he corresponded upon

conchological topics with the leading authorities in the science in this

country and abroad. Among his correspondents and co-laborers were

Isaac Lea, LL. D., of Philadelphia ; Charles Wheatley, of Phoenix-

ville; George W. Tryon, Jr., J.G. Anthony, Dr. J. C. Cox, Andrew

Garrett, W. H. Pease, E. L. Layard and many others.

Through Mr. Garrett he obtained what is perhaps one of the finest

collections of Polynesian land shells in the world, especially of the

genus Partula, of which he described 25 species. The critical study

of the genus Partula particularly engaged his attention during several

years; and his careful work and extensive writings on the group,

have given him high rank asan authority thereon. His beautiful col-

lection of Achatinellid@ was purchased by the Bremen Museum some

time before his death. The last conchological work that Dr. Hart-

man undertook was a revision of the Helicinide. He gathered much

interesting material, but failing health prevented the carrying out of

his intentions. His collection of marine shells is rich in Polynesian

species and contains many varieties.

One of the best known publications from the pen of Dr. Hartman

was ‘* Conchologia Cestrica,” treating of the mollusca of Chester

county, Pa. In its preparation he was associated with the late Dr.

Ezra Michener, of New Garden township, but Dr. Hartman did the

larger part of the work. It is illustrated with 207 wood-cut figures

of shells described in the work. This book, published in 1874, was

formerly used as a text-book in many schools in Chester and Dela-

ware counties.

He was also the author of the following papers :

Opercula of the family Strepomatide. Amer. Jour. Conch. vi,

516, 1871.

Description of a Partula supposed to be New, from the Island of

Moorea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 229, 1880.

A catalogue of the genus Partula Fer. (privately printed in West

Chester), 1881.

Observations on the species of the genus Partula Fer., with a

Bibliographical Catalogue of all the species. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.

x, No, ppol71=L90 51882.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Observations on the duplicates of the Genus Partula Fer. contained

in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass., formerly

belonging to the collection of the late Wm. H. Pease, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zodl. ix, pp. 91-96, 1882.

Descriptions of new species of Partula and a synonymic catalogue

of the genus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 203-2238, 1885.

New species of Partula from the New Hebrides and Solomon Is-

lands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 30-35, pl. ii, 1886.

A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Auriculella,

Pfeiffer. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 14, 1888.

A bibliographic and synonymic catalogue of the genus Achatinella.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 16-56, 1888.

New species of shells from the New Hebrides and Sandwich Isl-

ands. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 250, pl. xiii, 1888.

New species of shells from New Hebrides. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

91-94, pl. v, 1888.

Descriptions of new species of shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 284—

288, pl. iii, 1890.

Catalogue of the genus Partula. Ture Naurituvs, vi, 73 and 97,

1892.

Melania yokobamensis, new species. THr Nauti tus, xi, 41, 1897.

Dr. Hartman was elected a corresponding member of the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1853, and the same year he

was elected a corresponding member of the Lyceum of Natural His-

tory of New York city. He was a member of the West Chester His-

torical Society and one of its organizers; also a member of the West

Chester Philosophical Society, the Geological Club of Chester County,

and an honorary member of the Chester County Medical Society.

He was a member of the Episcopal Church.

In 1883 Dr. Hartman went abroad, visiting the British Museum,

Jardin des Plantes and other museums.

Personally Dr. Hartman was of a most kindly disposition and social

so far as his busy life would allow, His kindness professionally and to

his scientific friends and co-workers was unlimited. He was ever

ready to assist young men in their studies in the various branches of

science, and many owe their first impulse to his encouragement and

kindly assistance.

Dr. Hartman married Mary Jane Kabel, a daughter of John Kabel,

of Jefferson county, West Virginia, on December 3, 1841. Mrs.

Hartman survives her husband, as do also five children.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED BY R. C. MCGREGOR IN NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. R. C. MeGregor being engaged during the summer of 1898

in Fish Commission work which took him over a considerable area

in northern California, interested himself in the collection of mol-

lusks, which he sent me for study.

The region is one which has been very superficially examined

hitherto, and it is not surprising that a number of very interesting

species were found. But few land shell’ were taken, among them

the extremely rare Polygyra ropert, and a peculiar Cvreinaria.

Pyramidula striatella occurred in many localities, the specimens be-

ing referable, probably, to the ill-defined variety cronkhiter.

Among the fresh-water pulmonates, the re-discovery of Aneylus

patelloides Lea, a species falling into Clessin’s genus Lanz, and A.

altus Tryon, also a Lanx, are the most important finds. These

species will be fully treated elsewhere, with illustrations of the

anatomy.

The series of Gondobases collected induced me to attempt a revision

of the West American species, the results of which are included below.

Tie list of species is as follows:

Epiphragmophora mormonum (Pfr.), Redding, Shasta Co.

Polygyra loricata (Gld.). Battle Creek, s. boundary Shasta Co.

Polygyra ropert (Pils.). Redding, Shasta Co, One adult specimen.

Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Redding, Shasta Co.

Circinaria sp. undet. Redding. I cannot refer the single fresh

adult shell collected to any of the described forms.

Pyramidula striatella (Anth.). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.; Duck

Lake, 20 miles west of Susanville, and Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.;

Bartle’s, Siskiyou Co., on McCloud River.

Vitrea hammonis (Strém). Bartle’s and Duck Lake.

Vitrina pfeifferi Newe. Bartle’s and Duck Lake.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.

Succinea nuttaliiana (Lea). Goose Lake, Modoc Co.

Succinea stretchiana (Bld.). Duck Lake and Bartle’s.

Limnea stagnalis (L.). Upper waters of Willow Creek, trib, to

Susan R., Lassen Co.

Limnea proxima (Lea). South Fork Pitt R., Modoe Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Limnea desidiosa (Say). Redding (reported as L. adeling on p.

60 of vol. xii.).

Limnea humilis (Say). Duck Lake, Lassen Co.

Pompholyx effusa (Lea). Shasta Co. in the Sacramento R. at Red-

ding, in Battle Creek, and Pitt R. below the falls; Grasshopper

Lake, Lassen Co.; also Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou Co.

Carinifex newberryt (Lea). Eagle Lake; Head of Fall River,

southeastern Siskiyou Co.

Planorbis trivolvis hornii Tryon. Upper waters of Willow Creek,

Lassen Co.

Planorbis parvus Say. Duck Lake, Lasson Co., and a small sink-

ing creek on Van Loan’s ranch, 20 miles S. of Alturas; also Red-

ding, Shasta Co.

Ancylus oregonensis Clessin. Redding.

Lanz, patelloides (ea). Shasta Co., at Redding, Battle Creek,

and Pitt R. below falls. At the latter two localities a spotless form

or variety occurs, associated with spotted specimens.

Lanx altus (Tryon). Klamath River at Klamathton, Siskiyou

Co. This is probably only a variety of Lea’s Ancylus newberryi, but

it is rounder and higher, and the young are more conic and not ele-

vated at the ends as in L. newberryi.

Physa triticea Lea. Battle Creek, 8. border of Shasta Co.; S. Fork

Pitt R. at South Fork P. O., Modoc Co.; West Fork Feather R.,

Morgan Spr., Plumas Co.; Duck Lake and Willow Creek, Lassen

Co.; Dunsmuir, Siskiyou Co. A common species in northern Cali-

fornia, originally described from young specimens. )

Goniobasis plicifera (Lea).. Klamath River at Klamathton, Sis-

kiyou Co. A form heavily striate throughout, but folded on the

earlier whorls only.

Goniobasis nigrina (Lea). Battle Creek, southern boundary of

Shasta Co., 10 miles above its mouth; West Fork Feather River,

Plumas Co.; small spring at Eagle Lake, Lassen Co.; headwaters of

Fall R., southeastern Siskiyou Co.

Goniobasis occata (Hinds.). Battle Creek, southern boundary of

Shasta Co. The upper keels are generally nodose, as in G. acutifilosa,

which is evidently a form derived from occata.

Goniobasis acutifilosa (Stearns). Small creek at Eagle Lake.

Sculpture less strong than in the typical form.

Goniobasis acutifilosa siskiyouensis n. v. Excessively variable in

66 THE NAUTILUS.

sculpture, spiral carine wholly absent on the last whorl or two, or

reduced to two or three low angles ; or when developed, more numer-

ous and less prominent than in the type form. Contour about as in

acutifilosa. Based upon a series of 94 shells from the headwaters of

Fall River, S.-E. Siskiyou Co. There is also a series of the same

form in the collection labelled ‘G. eireumlineata Tryon, California.”

The Goniobases of the West Coast are fully as variable as those of

the East ; and far too many species have been made. The following

synopsis is believed to be in accordance with the facts.

a. Earlier (or all) whorls longitudinally costate. plicifera.

a’. Earlier (or all) whorls spirally keeled.

6. Last whorl with many spiral keels. occata.

b'. Last whorl with few spiral keels. acutifilosa.

b’?. Last whorl rounded, not sculptured. rubiginosa.

a’. Earlier whorls convex, without spiral or longitudinal sculpture.

bulbosa, nigrina, circumlineata.

G. plicifera Lea includes the following synonyms or slight local

races: stlicula Gld., 1847, shastaensis Lea, 1856, rudens Reeve,

1860, bairdiana Lea 1862. Its range extends from the southern end

of Puget Sound, Washington, to Pitt and Feather Rivers, California.

G. bulbosa Gld., 1847, described from the Columbia River, and

before me from the Owyhee River, includes newberryi Lea, 1860,

from the upper Des Chutes River, both streams being tributary to

the Columbia.

It is doubtful whether G. nigrina Lea, 1856, should be included

in bulbosa, but it seems to me very likely. G. ndgrina includes

draytonii Lea, 1862, and Melania californica Clessin, Malak. Blatter

(n. F.) v, p. 189, pl. 4, f. 9, 9 (1882), as synonyms, and G. eireum-

lineata Tryon is probably aly a variety, distinguished by larger size

and more or less malleated whorls, which show spiral flat faces like

some forms of Limnea palustris, or sparse low spiral carine. G,

nigrina, in its several forms, is distributed over northern California

from Sonoma and Napa counties north to Humboldt, and east to

Lassen and Plumas counties. It is characteristic of the Sacramento,

as bulbosa is of the Columbia, drainage.

The fossil G. tayloriana Gabb has the sculpture of occata and

acutifilosa, and is probably an ancestral form of these species.

Fluminicola seminalis (Hinds). Small creek at Eagle Lake 5

head of Fall River, Southeastern Siskiyou Co.; S. Fork Pitt R,

Modoe Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Valvata virens Tryon. Willow Creek, tributary to Susan River,

Lassen Co.

Anodonta californiensis Lea. Upper waters of Willow Creek.

Margaritana margaritifera (.). Sacramento R. at Redding.

Pisidium ultramontanum Prime. Duck Lake, Lassen Co.; W.

Fork Feather R. at Morgan Spr., Plumas Co. Another species of

Pisidium oceurred in Modoe and Siskiyou counties.

A NEW PLIOCENE POLYGYRA FROM FLORIDA.

BY CHAS. W. JOHNSON.

Polygyra caloosaensis, 0. Sp.

Whorls six, slightly depressed, crossed on the body whorl above

by about 65 coarse, oblique, subarcuate cost, that end rather ab-

ruptly at the periphery; toward

ATA the apex they become gradually

MOT RSQ smaller or obsolete, apical whorl

, (hAGE ‘ WR §AQ

smooth; below the periphery

the coste become obsolete and

the surface has an indented or

malleated appearance. Umbili-

cus wide, one entire whorl (be-

side the body whorl) being visible

below. Aperture sublunate, nar-

rowed above, lip broad, unevenly

reflected, slightly thickened on

the base, giving the appearance

of an obsolete tooth, callus con-

tinuous over the parietal wall

and bearing a prominent oblique

process, that is subtruncate

above, but extends narrowly

toward the base. Alt. 6 mm.,

greatest diam. 11 mm.

Two specimens, (one immature) from the material collected by the

late Dr. H. G. Griffith from the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie

‘River, Florida.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Type No. 9316 Collection of the Wagner Free Institute of Science.

This species belongs to the typical cereolus section, but has the size

and form of P. uvulifera. Dr. Dall records P. cereolus microdonta

from the Caloosahatchie beds (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. iii, pt. 1,

p. 19), but this species cannot be confounded with that.

VIVIPAROUS MIOCENE TURRITELLIDE.

BY FRANK BURNS.

I have lately made one of the most interesting discoveries that I

have met with in all my work in the Southern Tertiary, and send

you below the facts for publication.

I lately went to Plum Point, a classical spot in Maryland, to try

to get a fair representation of the fauna there, as the beds and shells

are so friable that it has been heretofore almost impossible to do so.

I have a large amount of marl and many hundreds of the larger bi-

valves, collected to get the small things enclosed in the matrix be-

tween the valves, also in such gastropods as I could get out without

breaking. In looking over some sand I came across a small frag-

ment of Zurritella cumberlandia Con., 21 mm. long and 11 mm.

wide, and out of this I obtained over two hundred embryonic shells

that were enclosed in the mother shell. Of all the great number of

thousands of such shells that I have heretofore collected, I never saw

anything like this, nor have I read of it,

These embryonic shells were never born, so to speak. Their

mother died with them enclosed, and, as the animal decayed, the

front of the aperture was closed with fine silt, leaving the embryonic

shells intact, where they have remained for an immense period of

time, as this is the lowest fossiliferous bed in the Miocene. These

embryonic shells are about one millimetre in length and about as

wide. I have heretofore collected very young Turritellide from fine

sand where they had died, but never before saw one in the parent

fossil. A fine point for investigation is whether the recent Turri-

tellide are oviparous or viviparous. The literature that I have

access to is a little hazy on the subject.

Since writing the above I have found another specimen in the

same condition, but of a different species, Zurritella indenta Con.;

both from the same bed at Plum Point.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

The last specimen was bored by a mollusk and, of course, died

before spawning. As saon as I removed a small portion of sand the

little fellows came pouring out by the hundred, so that I have du-

plicated the most interesting find of my life.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

Unio unicostatus, sp. nov.

Shell thin, obovate, somewhat inflated, inequilateral. Smooth,

with distant and inconspicuous growth lines; epidermis olivaceous

with numerous, well separated, indistinct, broad green rays through-

out the entire disk, but which are usually most distinct on the pos-

terior half: dorsal margin short and straight, anterior margin very

short and abruptly rounded, base sub-emarginate, posterior margin

rounded and usually (in the male) biangulated; umbos prominent,

beaks eroded, umbonal angle obsolete; posterior area with a single

little rib extending from beak to the superior posterior margin; beak

cavities well defined; dorsal cicatrices deep and close up under the

beaks, anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior ones confluent and all

smooth; lateral teeth slender, straight and prominent; cardinals

lamellate, oblique and prominent; nacre pale flesh color, pink or

red. Width 14, length 1, diameter 2 inches.

Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: Affinity, U. lenosus. A large lot of these shetls has

been in hand for two years—and some have been distributed to con-

tributors to the collecting fund under the name of U. nigrinus Lea,

and U. lienosus Con. var. Its outline is much more obovate than

either species and it is smaller and thinner than the latter. The

female shells of wnicostatus show a still further departure from both

of the above-named species in developing a far greater degree of ex-

pansion on the base. The little rib on the posterior area is also a

distinguishing feature, though it is sometimes nearly obsolete. Its

epidermis is never black like that of U. négrinus.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

LAND SHELLS OF Berks Co., PENNSYLVANIA.—During August

of the present year [T spent some days in Amity township, Berks

Co., Pa. Only a few hours were given to collecting, the following

species being obtained:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), P. tridentata (Say), P. hirsuta (Say).

Vallonia pulchella (Mill).

bifidaria armifera (Say).

Pyramidula striatella catskillensis (Pils.).

Hlelicodiscus lineatus (Say).

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).

Vitrea rhoadsi Pils., V. indentata (Say).

A griolimax campestris (Binn.).

This extends the range of Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, not

hitherto found in Pennsylvania, and adds another locality for Vitrea

rhoadsi. The other species are of course common and widely dis-

tributed.—H. A. Pilsbry.

PuHysA CUBENSIS IN FrLoR1IpA.—The small, slender, glossy

Physa of peninsular Florida often goes under the name P. pomilia

Conr., in collections. Recognizing that this was incorrect, I gave

the MS. name “P. heterostropha peninsule”’ to the specimens col-

lected at Miami by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (this journal, p. 48). On

comparing with Antillean forms I find that the species is Physa

cubensis Pfr., described from western Cuba.—H. A. Pilsbry.

SHELLS COLLECTED AT OAKDALE, MorGan Co., TEnN.—Dur-

ing a few hours stay, the following species were collected on the

bluffs along the Emory River.

Polygyra stenotrema Fér.

Polygyra exoleta Binn. 2 dead and poor.

Polygyra wetherbyi Bld. 4 alive and poor.

Polygyra tridentata Say Var. 4 alive, one dead.

Polygyra appressa sculptior Chad. Saw many dead ones.

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. 1 alive—saw a few dead.

Omphalina laevigata Pfr. 1 young alive—several dead.

Gastrodonta interna Say.

Am sending you one of the tridentata. You will note the teeth are

THE NAUTILUS. 71

like var. complanata but the sculpture is like tridentata. My largest

shell, the dead one, is 205 mm. diam. I thought at first they were

complanata but on comparing with typical shells from Burnside, Ky.,

collected by Sargent, I saw the difference.—Geo. H. Clapp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE ARABIAN SEA, PERSIAN

GuLF, AND GULF OF Oman, mostly dredged by Mr. B, W. Townsend,

with descriptions of twenty-seven species by Jas. Cosmo Melvill.

Ann. aud Mag. of Nat. Hist. ser 7, Vol. iv. pp. 81-01 pls. i, ii,

Aug. 1899.

REPORT ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OBTAINED DURING THE

First ExprepiTion oF Pror. A. C. Happon To THE TorRES

STRAITS in 1888-89. By Jas. Cosmo Melvill, and Robt. Standen.

Linn. Soc. Journ. Zobl, Vol. xxvii, pp. 150-206, pls. 10, 11, 1899.

Review of the work done in that region with a list of the collect-

ing stations of Prof. Haddon is followed by a catalogue of the species.

449 species are recorded, including 24 that are new. One new genus

of Neritide, Magadis, and a new subgenus of Pholadomya Sowb.,

Parilimya, are described. The paper closes with some very interest-

ing remarks on the few recent species of Pholadomya.—C. W. J.

West AMERICAN EvLimip&, By Edw. G. Vanatta. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. 1899, pp. 254-257, pl. xi. Three new species are described

and Hulima compacta Cpr., E. micans “ Cpr.’’ Reeve, and £. rutilis

Cpr. are redescribed and figured.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Soctety or Lonpon.

Vol. III, no. 5, July, 1899. Lieut-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen deliv-

livered the Presidential Address on February 10 on the subject of

Indian malacology, a field which he has made peculiarly his own.

The address begins with an interesting sketch of the workers on In-

dian mollusks, and continues with a review of the progress and_pre-

sent state of our knowledge of the most prominent and characteristic

forms of the mollusk life of India. Particularly interesting are the

paragraphs upon Camptoceras and the Zonitide. The development

of the latter group in India is enormous in number of genera and

species, and remarkable in the series of forms leading to slug-like

genera such as Girasia. And as it is to Godwin- Austen himself that

me THE NAUTILUS.

we owe a knowledge of the anatomy of these forms, his ideas of the

succession and relationships of the genera will naturally carry great

weight. Godwin-Austen is emphatic in opinion that the slug-lke

genera trace their ancestry to forms with well-developed shells,

Macrochlamys standing in an ancestral relation to Austenta and

Girasia. This goes to confirm the doctrine that naked forms are

never primitive pulmonates. The address will well repay careful

reading by those interested in land snails.

Messrs Wm. Moss and W. M. Webb give .the results of the dis-

section of Trachycystis, Doreasia and Jsomeria. In Dorcasia globulus

the genital system was found to be simple, as in Polygyra, but the vas

deferens is bound to the penis distally. Jsomeria subeastanea is the

first species of its subgenus to be dissected, and the anatomy proves it

to have been rightly located in the genus Plurodonte. It has a special

feature in having the penis retractor muscle inserted on the epiphallus,

as in the allied Oriental forms. ‘The male organs in particular ré-

semble those of Chlorites portert more nearly than they do Pleuro-

donte.””

In his notes on the non-marine molluscan fauna of the Hawaiian

Is., Mr. Ancey gives descriptions, notes and figures of numerous

fon]

little-known and new forms; a new genus, 7haanwmia,is proposed.

In a succeeding paper, Mr. Sykes figures numerous hitherto unfigured

Hawaiian land shells described by Ancey and Gulick. This is a

most valuable and welcome contribution.

A new Dinoplax, D. fossus, is described by Mr. E. R. Sykes.

Like the type of the genus, it is from South Africa.

Mr. Smith describes a large snail from Perak as Hemiplecta

flowert.

Mrs. Agnes Kenyon gives the history of the seven specimens of

Voluta Roadnighte at present known, all being from various localities

on the coast of Victoria. The largest measures 8 inches in length.

The number closes with an article by Mr. H. Suter, describing six

new forms of New Zealand land shells. The soft anatomy of several

is figured, andin /lammulina (Pyrrha) virescens a peculiar flat ap-

pendiculum, inserted opposite the entrance of the spermatheca, was

found. This is a new structure for the Hndodontide, and the ex-

amination of allied species will be looked for with interest.

ae N SUTILUS.

VoL. XIII. NOVEMBER, 1899. No.

“I

DONAX STULTORUM, MAWE—CONRAD’S SPECIES, CYTHEREA

CRASSATELLOIDES.

BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

On delving into the literature and resurrecting the little known

work of some good old forgotten author, in pursuance of the law of

priority, we have to rehabilitate an overlooked name at the expense

of a better and more appropriate one, that has been in use for nearly

two-thirds of a century. Of course this results in some confusion,

and the revision of labels, catalogues, etc., which is no trifling affair.

An instance of this kind is seen in the case of the well-known

Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides of Conrad (1837), of Californian

waters, which now, though the specific name is highly appropriate, is

found to conflict with that of st/torum of Mawe, who figured it in

1823, from a young example, assigning it to the genus Donax. The

late Dr. Philip Carpenter, who was inclined to be conservative in

cases of this kind, while mentioning Mawe’s species in the British

Association Report, 1863, p. 524, and in the tabulated list of the

shells of the Vanvouver and Californian province, same volume (p.

640), adheres to Conrad’s name and says, ‘‘ jun. = stu/torum Gray.”

With over a hundred juniors before me, measuring from three-

fourths to an inch and a half (19 to 37 mm.) in length, it seems

strange that this form, even in its adolescent stages, should have

been regarded as a Donax. On page 526, of his report as above,

Carpenter says ‘‘[the young of this Pachydesma is ‘ Trigona stult-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

orum Gray,’ Desh., MS., in British Museum.]’’ The earlier syn-

onymy may be arranged thus:?

1823. Donax stultorwum Mawe. The Linn. Syst. Conch., pp. 37,

40, pl. 9, f. 7 (no description; locality ‘* Indian Seas’’).

1828. Donax stultorum Mawe, Gray. Index Testaceologicus,

Suppl., pl. 2, Donax, f. 2. Also Hanley’s edit., 1856 (no deserip-

tion).

1837. Cytherea ( Trigonella) crassatelloides Conrad. Journ. Acad.

Wat/ Sei.; Phila. vii: pt. 2, p..253 plexi ee.

1838. Trigona stultorum Gray. The Analyst, viii, p. 804 (no de-

scription; refers to ‘“ Venus stultorum Gray, Wood, Suppl. t. 2, f.

2.” This is a false reference for Donax stultorum, loc. cit.).

1843. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Hanley. Descript. Catal.

Ree. Biv. Shells, p. 106.

1843. Cytherea stultorum Gray, Hanley. Descript. Catal. Ree.

Biv. Shells, p. 106. (First deseription of stultorwm.)

1844. Cytherea (Trigonella) crassatelloides Con., Hinds. Zool.

Voy. Hove S..<° Sulphur,” Moll., Go pls alenicek

1849. Trigonella crassatelloides Conrad, Journ. A. N. S., Phila.,

i, pt. 3, p. 213.

18— (?). Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Sowerby. Thes. Conch.,

ii, p. 612, pl. 127, f. 1-8. (C. stultorum placed in synonymy as the

young.)

1853. Trigona crassatelloides Con., Desh., Catal. Conchif. Coll.

Bea MM. pte kp. 46.

1853. Trigona stultorum Gray, Deshayes. Catal. Conchif. Coll.

Bo Mipt. lop: 46:

1864. Cytherea crassatelloides Con., Reeve, Conch. Icon. Vol.

XV), plod. te 3.

1898. Cytherea (Tivela) crassatelloides Conrad. Stearns in Proc.

U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. xxi, pp. 371-878, plates xxiii-xxv.

Conrad never actually used the combination ‘“ Pachydesma cras-

satelloides,”’ though it is implied in his brief note of 1854.

This species exhibits many varietal aspects, as is shown in the

paper last referred to.

The generic synonymy is as follows :

Trigonella Conrad, 1837. Journ. A. N. S., Phila., vii, pt. 2, p.

1 Dr. Pilsbry has kindly assisted me in compiling the literary history of this

species.

THE NAUTILUS. 4o

253 (proposed as a subgenus of Cytherea; type and sole species

Cytherea crassatelloides Conr.).

Trigonella Conrad, 1849. Journ. A. N.S., Phila., I, 213 (diag-

nosis of genus).

Pachydesma Conrad, 1854. Proc. Acad. N. %., Phila., vii, p. 31

(‘note on the genus 7rigonella Con. This name being superseded,

I propose to substitute that of Pachydesma”’).

Prior to 1843 no description of Donax stultorum was published—

not a line except the name and the locality, “ Indian Seas.” The

specimen figured by Mawe is young, and apparently the color-var.

triserialis.

The first description was by Hanley in 1843. Gray merely refers

‘to the plate in Index Testac. Suppl., not even to Mawe’s earlier

publication.

Query: Should Mawe’s figure, which is quite recognizable, but

without description and with a false locality and erroneous generic

reference, displace Conrad’s name, which was from a known locality,

was well defined, and was accompanied by a good figure of the typi-

cal many-rayed shell ?

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

Unio singularis, sp. nov.

Shell uniformly and moderately solid, wide, rather inflated and

very inequilateral. Surface sulcate, with distant growth lines;

epidermis dark olive, rayless, finely wrinkled, and towards the base

becoming fuscous; dorsal margin slightly arched, anterior margin

abruptly rounded, base straight or subemarginate, posterior margin

bluntly rounded or biangulated; beaks not prominent, and sur-

rounded by five or six sharp concentric ridges which gradually

merge into the sulcations on the umbos; umbonal ridge bluntly

rounded ; lateral teeth erect, solid, straight, widely separated from

the cardinals and, in the left valve, from each other, single in the

right and double (?) in the left valve, the superior division possessing

scarcely prominence enough to warrant calling it a tooth; cardinal

teeth solid, double in the left and single in the right valves ; the single

one being deeply serrated on its summit; beak cavities very slight ;

76 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior cicatrices smooth, well-impressed and distant; posterior

cicatrices slightly impressed, smooth and confluent ; nacre pale blue,

white or coppery. Width, 22; length, 12; diameter, 3 inches.

Habitat: Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Ga. |

Type lot in National Museum.

Remarks: Affinity, Unto scamnatus Morel. The roughness of the

surface of this singular shell is the one feature that at once arrests

attention. We know of no other U.S. species of this class (as to

outline) that possesses such a surface. It is not, however, so con-

spicuously furrowed as its affinity.

AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GROUPS OF STROMBS.

BY GEO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.

Having recently had the privilege of studying a fine series of the

living species of Strombus, Pterocera and Terebellum, the opportunity

seemed favorable for a critical examination of the entire group. As

T am not aware that any similar attempt has been made to revise the

Strombi, the results obtained are respectfully submitted to the scien-

tific world. Lacking anatomical data, I have freely used neglected

and sometimes indefinable features of the shells as guides to their

inter-relationships. Forced to recognize some new groups, I have

left the secondary matter of names to those more skilled in nomen-

clature, but have indicated the probable application of the titles

already in use, as to the types of which scarcely any two authors, save

Tryon and Fischer, agree.

Of the species and varieties of Strombus recognized in Tryon’s

monograph, I have seen all but S. cnteger, taurus, listert, dilatatus,

labiosus, deformis, septimus, minimus, sibbaldi, erythrinus (true), pul-

chellus, hellii, sealariformis and bulbulus, although S. goliath, fusifor-

mis and terebellatus were not now before me. All ten of the Ptero-

cere were at hand.

The grouping of the species which seems to me most in accordance

with their natural relations, as indicated by shell features and geo-

graphical distribution, is as follows:

Group A (Monodactylus).

Canal lengthened, bent abruptly dorsally; lip with margin straight-

ened, incurled, truneated at both ends, bearing a posterior digitation

THE NAUTILUS. (fei

originating above the shoulder angle ; body regularly sculptured with

spiral striz and rows of nodules ; spire elegant, high, without varices;

suture suddenly, vertically ascending at aperture ; columellar callus

thinning rapidly, or with an impressed area, posteriorly; no conspic-

uous periostracum.

S. auris-diane, melanostomus, aratrum, australis.

Distribution: Mauritius to Japan and Polynesia.

The American forms and tricornis, included by Tryon, differ con-

siderably (note the italicized passages above) from this very natural

little Indo-Pacific group, and are grouped elsewhere.

Group B (nov.).

Canal bent back, the columellar callus terminating below in a prom-

ment knob, giving a bilobed appearance ; lip with the antesinual lobe

directed forward, the outer margin inrolled and thickened, descending

from the suture and lobed in the posterior sinus; body with spzral

rows of squarish nodules ; spire moderate.

S. papilio, lentiginosus.

Distr.: Zanzibar to Polynesia.

The wide difference between these two species and the smooth ones

allied to daciniatus is readily seen from the above definition, while

many points of resemblance with Group A will be detected, suggest-

ing community of origin.

Sub-group B 2.

Callus prominent below, hardly knobbed ; lip edge sharp, ‘‘hooded”’

posteriorly, but not lobed; spire A¢gh, nodular.

S. granulatus.

Panama and Galapagos.

This species, which differs utterly from all other American forms,

agrees too closely in many respects with the lentiginosus group, and

seems to form a geographically isolated section.

Group C (Strombus).

Shell large and strong; canal not much lengthened, somewhat

curved or stniwous; lip widely expanded, especially above, where it is

sometimes lobed; suture ascending at aperture; body spirally corded ;

periostracum thick and coarse, spirally wave-striolate.

S. gallus, gigas, goliath, costatus, integer, bituberculatus, bubonius,

galeatus, peruvianus.

Distr.; American, South Carolina to Brazil, Mazatlan to Peru;

West African.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

I can find no reliable feature by which to separate the American

‘‘monodactyl”’? species (the posterior lobe, which is derived from the

shoulder-angle and is not homologous with the digitation of the

Oriental forms, being incipient in gigas itself), and I have detected

the peculiar periostracum in all but gallus. Moreover in the char-

acters of spire and body gallus agrees with gigas, bituberculatus with

costatus (and has a variety corresponding with ¢nerm/s), and peruvi-

anus with galeatus, and this accords with their geographical range.

Sub-group C 2.

Canai short, straight; lip scarcely expanded, with margin faintly

incurled, deeply receding at the suture, and not surmounting the

shoulder of the penultimate whorl ; body nearly smooth; periostracum

finely, densely, vertically lamellose; inner lip spreading.

S. pugilis, gracilior.

Antillean and West Mexican.

The last clause of the definition is needed to distinguish this small

American group from Conomurex luhuanus, which it strangely par-

allels. Only a conservative spirit and the occasional presence of

wave-striolations on the periostracum induce me to give this group

secondary rank under group C.

Group D (Euprotomus).

Canal very short, with the dorsal margin produced beyond the short

tip of the straightened columella ; lip with the antesinual lobe broad,

rolled upward and inward, the outer margin broadly and abruptly

inflected ; body with a large node; spire high, whorts nodulous.

S. laciniatus, latissimus, ponderosus, taurus.

Distr.; Japan to Fiji Is.

S. tricornis. Red Sea.

The last species is aberrant in its single posterior lobe and obso-

lescent inflection of the lip margin, but the resemblance to peruevanus

is evidently deceptive. S. tawrus strikingly emphasizes the close al-

liance of this group to

Group E (Pterocera).

This group need not be redefined. It has the peculiar form of

antesinual lobe of the preceding group, and differs mainly in the

elongated canals and numerous lip-claws.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. ; de

NOTE ON SOME NEW MEXICAN SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell recently sent a small box of fluvia-

tile debris containing shells, obtained during the past summer by

Professor J. D. Tinsley at South Spring Creek, near Roswell, N. M.

The list of species follows:

Polygyra texasiana (Moric.) Planorbis exacutus Say.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Ancylus rivularis Say.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.). Physa virgata Gld.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Paludestrina seemanni (¥fid.).

Limnea humilis Say. Amnicola sp.

Planorbis biearinatus Say. Pisidium compressum Prime.

There was a single dead specimen of the Ammn7cola, which is prob-

ably a new species somewhat like A. mécrococcus, but more conic.

With the shells were numerous minute bivalve crustaceans of the

Cypris type, and some of the Valvata-like larva-cases of Helicopsyche,

composed of much coarser materials than are chosen by our eastern

H. arenifera.

AMONG THE UNIOS OF THE SABINE RIVER.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

The Sabine River forms part of the boundary between Texas and

Louisiana. The Houston, East & West Texas Railroad crosses the

river at Logansport, a thriving village of about one-half mile in diam-

eter. This town derives its support from an immense saw-mill,

one of the Jargest in the world. It is worthy of a trip to see the

huge logs pulled about, and in a few minutes turned into finished

lumber, loaded into cars and ready to go unto the uttermost parts of

the world.

But it was not lumber for which I took my trip to the Sabine, but

to describe the river and its inhabitants. This river flows through

and over immense sand banks. Its walls are fifty feet high, and

mainly of pure sand from top to bottom.

At the time of my visit it was so low that even a flat-bottomed

skiff could not be paddled up it, except here and there in pools. As

80 THE NAUTILUS.

soon as we were out of sight of the town we waded into the river.

In the clear water the Unios could be seen and picked up, and in a

couple of hours we had collected about 1,000 and returned to the

town, and shipped our catch home. By this time the August sun was

at a heat of about 92°, and we spent the rest of the day trying to

keep cool. By the next train we came home, and cleaned up and

assorted our booty. ‘They were a rich lot. You lovers of Unio, read

the list:

Unio multiplicatus Lea.

Unio trapezoides Lea.

Unio perplicatus Con. with several ‘‘aliases.”’

Unio purpuratus Lam., very numerous and large.

Unio anodontoides Lea., rather scarce, and very poor.

Unio cornutus Barnes. Fine.

Unio sphaericus Lea.

Unio refulgens Lea.

Unio hydianus Lea. '

Unio castaneus Lea.

Unio gracilis Bar., very abundant.

Unio nigerrimus Lea. <A very distinct species, and most certainly

not subrostratus Say, as has been claimed.

Unio cerinus Conrad, scarce.

Unio askewii Marsh, abundant.

Unio cbunii Lea, scarce.

Unio riddellii Lea. This shell is so rare that Mr. Chas. T. Simp-

son writes me that these from the Sabine river are the only undoubted

specimens he has ever seen (excepting the type).

Unio asper Lea.

Unio elegans Lea.

Unio satur Lea. Another “rara avis.” (Some uniologists think

this shell to be a variant of U. occidens, but, from the study of 10d

specimens, I believe it a ‘‘ good”’ species. )

Unio amphichenus Frierson. This is a remarkable shell, and its

novelty has now ‘stood fire’ without loss.

Anodonta imbecillis Say.

Anodonta edentula Say. (From a tributary of the Sabine river,

and by odds the largest specimen [ have ever seen.)

Anodonta virens-stewartiana, etc., ete.

Margaritana confragosa Barnes.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Besides these, there are a lot of ‘suspects’ also, which may yield

the following species :

Unio cuneus Con.

Unio hebetatus Con.

Jnio . New species; has pink nacre.

Finally, our box yielded two large univalves, which Mr. Marsh

pronounces to be Campeloma geniculum Conrad.

ABALONE FISHERY IN CALIFORNIA—PROTECTIVE REGULATION.

BY R. E. C. STEARNS.

The continued gathering or * fishing” of Abalones (Haliotis, Ear-

thells or Ormers, as they are variously called), along the coast of

California, has recently led to restrictive action by some of the county

authorities. The supervisors of Monterey, and of other of the sea-

board counties, have taken the necessary legal steps to regulate the

fishing, which has been carried on continuously from about 1864 to

the present time by the Chinese, and of late by the Japanese. The

well-known species, Hal/ot’s rufescens and H. eracherodii, so abund-

ant between tidemarks a few years ago, have, owing to the uninter-

mittent collecting by the Asiatic fishermen, become comparatively

scarce.

An ordinance recently passed by the authorities of Monterey

County, makes it unlawful to ‘fish’? for Abalones except in deep

water, and by means of diving apparatus or other deep-sea devices.

A license of $60 is also to be charged in the future for “ fishing ”’ for

abalones. (This license fee is presumably for the term of a year.)

The ordinance is said to be ‘the result of a fight’? between the city

of Monterey, seeking to stop the gathering and shipping out of the

county (or country ?) of Abalone meats and shells, and the Japanese

cannery, that has carried on an extensive business at a plant on Car-

mel Bay, about six miles south of Monterey. Practically, the ordi-

nance is a compromise between local parties; the fishermen being

restricted to “ deep water,” excepting a limited portion of the littoral

82 THE NAUTILUS.

zone, between a line drawn due west from Carmel river and the

southern boundary of the county.

Monterey City, with its Del Monte hotel and fine surroundings,

Pacific Grove with its many attractive features, the beautiful Car-

mel Valley and the old Mission church, make the region hereabout

the most popular seaside resort in Central Calitornia, and draw

great numbers of people from all parts of the state. The rambles

along the shore, collecting the beautiful Abalones and other shells,

by visitors, who carry them away as souvenirs, has been one of the

many attractions, and has had no doubt something to do with the

above action on the part of the authorities, to prevent the extermin-

ation of one of Nature’s most beautiful forms. Whatever may have

been the motive that has led to this restrictive regulation, it is amply

justified on the broad ground of public interest, and the example of

the Monterey supervisors should be followed by the officials in all of

the coast counties. R: ECs:

CORRESPONDENCE.

Hono.utct, Hawatian Ips., Serr. 16, 1899.

* * * My trip to Alaska was most interesting and successful.

My attention was chiefly given to geology and paleontology, so I had

little time for collecting shells, still I did something and added a few

points to our knowledge of geographical distribution. The most in-

teresting was the discovery at Biorka Island, at the entrance of

Sitka sound, that a number of the southern species creep up along

the seaward margin of the archipelago much further north than they

do among the islands. Thus I found Leptothyra carpentert, Psam-

mobia californica, Calliostoma filosum, etc., at Biorka, though they

do not occur in Sitka Sound nor, as far as I know, much north of

Vancouver Island, in the inner channels. Prof. Ritter, of Cala.

State University, did the dredging that was done, but the results in

mollusks were less novel than in other directions.

After our return to Portland I came down here Aug. 9th per

steamer, making the passage in six days very comfortably. The sea

en route was much less supplied than I had expected with pteropods

THE NAUTILUS. 83

and other pelagic life, and there was hardly a trace of phosphores-

cence, a great contrast to the northern seas, which fairly reek with

life in a myriad forms. We saw Velella and flying fish (once) and

a few porpoises, one petrel, and away from land were attended as

usual by the black-footed albatross.

Here I have been revising the catalogue of the shell collection of

the Bishop Memorial Museum, a surprisingly well developed and

outfitted museum of Polynesian ethnology and natural history. After

Mr. Bishop, formerly of Honolulu, a wealthy banker who founded

the museum in memory of his wife (who belonged to the royal fam-

ily of Hawaii), the existence and flourishing condition of the museum

is largely due to Dr. W. T. Brigham, the director, who has been a

resident here for many years.

The shell collection is that made by Andrew Garrett, and (apart

from the great collections like those of the Nat. Museum at Wash-

ington, the Academy at Philadelphia, the British Museum, ete.) is

one of the best in Pacific Ocean species that exist. There are 8,000

or 9,000 species and about 22,000 specimens, mostly in excellent

condition, neatly mounted on tablets with printed labels. Local col-

lecting is poor. The land shells are found in the wet region high up

on the mountains and not near the town, where irrigation alone en-

ables anything to grow. ‘There is little on the reefs near the town ;

I noticed a Zectarius and a Melaraphe. Plecotrema striata Phil. was

the only thing at all common. The animal is much like that of

Alexia; there is no transverse sulcus to the sole of the foot and the

eyes are directly over the middle line of the tentacles at their bases.

There are one or two species of Jelania here, very similar to the

Oregonian species as regards the shells, but these are true Melanians

with a fringe on the mantle edge. The muzzle is rather long, flat

and tapering, the mouth is a vertical slit; the colors gray, dotted

with opaque yellow and white. <A singular fact appeared on trying

to drown some for dissection ; although there were no eggs on the

shells, there appeared a lot of young Melanians with about six

smooth, glassy nepionic, and one subsequent sculptured, whorls.

There seems to be no escape from the deduction that these species

are viviparous. The grown shells are always decollate. I shall try

and bring some home. ‘The live Achatinellas and Auriculellas look

like other pulmonates (Helicida). * * *

Wm. H. Dat.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

POLYGYRA TRIODONTOIDES IN NEw Mexico.—Prof. J. D. Tins

ley has just brought me several specimens of P. tridontotdes Bland,

which he collected this year on South Spring Creek, near Roswell,

in the Peeos Valley. This adds a species to the fauna of New Mex-

ica, and extends its range considerably to the west.—T. D. A.

CocKERELL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tue Motuiusca or Funaruti. By Chas. Hedley. (Memoirs

of Australian Museum, IIT., 1899.)

Several expeditions have recently been made to the Ellice Islands,

in which is situated the Funafuti Atoll. In his introductory remarks

Mr. Hedley says: ‘* The poverty of the fauna of the atoll, compared

with that of any continental area lying under corresponding latitudes;

such as Queensland, New Guinea, or the Melanesian Plateau, again

asserts itself. Whole groups, the Brachiopoda and the Poly placophora,

are missing, giving to the fauna an unsymmetrical aspect. Especi-

ally significant is the absence of mollusca with large eggs, such as

Nautilus, Melo or Voluta, from this drifted fauna. In many cases the

Funafuti shells are smaller than the usual stature of their respective

species.”

‘Tt comes as a surprise to a naturalist to find the pelagic fauna

searce in this latitude. One Pteropod, one Heteropod, and a frag-

ment of /anthina were all of this class that came under my notice.

The quiet waters of the lagoon prove a richer field for a collector than

the storm-swept ledges of the ocean beach. ‘The sole representative

of a fluviatile fauna was a species of Melania, which occurred in some

abundance in the native wells.”

Part J. contains the Gasteropoda, Part I1., the Pelecypoda and

Brachiopoda, followed by a summary of the entire fauna, and later

by a supplement.

Four new genera, Obtortio, Contumax, Thetidos and Mecoliotia, 53

new species and four new varieties of Gasteropoda ; 6 new Pelecy-

poda, one new Scaphopoda, and one new Brachiopoda are described.

Upwards of 650 species are recorded from the atoll.

Sere Ne Tus.

Vor. cui. DECEMBER, 1899. No. 8.

NOTE ON SIGARETUS OLDROYDII.

BY W. H. DALL.

Nearly two years ago (NauTiLus, December, 1897, p. 86), I de-

scribed, from a single specimen obtained in deep water at San Pedro

by Mrs. Oldroyd, an interesting shell belonging to the Naticide.

Although of rather naticoid shape, it showed a well-marked fine

spiral striation and a flaring umbilicus, recalling S. concavus La-

marck, but with a much thinner and more delicate shell and larger

umbilicus. Recently Mr. J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, dredged

in Drake’s Bay, Cal., a larger shell which proves to be the adult

form of S. oldroydii. In this the Naticoid form has become more

pronounced, the umbilicus smaller and narrower, and a basal zone of

paler color than the rest is well marked. The shell continues to be

very thin, the soft parts in life cover it almost entirely, though the

thin extension of the mantle over the shell contracts greatly when

the creature is placed in alcohol. The soft parts and operculum are

typically Sigaretoid, but the shell when adult might almost be taken

for a Lunatia. The dimensions of the adult are alt. 50, max. diam.

55mm. It is almost exactly intermediate, as far as the shell goes,

between Sigaretus, Hunaticina and Lunatia.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

MODIOLA PLICATULA LAMARCK IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

The cry is, “ Still they come.”’ In my short note in the February

number of Tur Nautitus, I suggested the probability that JZytilus

hamatus Say, would sooner or later be detected in the San Francisco

Bay region. Though not as yet reported, its near relative, Modiola

plicatula, is there sure enough, and has been for several years.

Through the kindness of Dr. J. P. Smith, of the Leland Stanford,

Jr., University, I have received an example nearly two inches long,

collected on the eastern shore of the bay by Mr. N. F. Drake, in

1894, at a point ‘3 miles north of Stanford University.” 1 am fur-

ther indebted to Dr. Smith for specimens of Urosalpinx cinereus,

from the oyster beds near Redwood city; these were eollected by Mr.

E. E. Smith in 1898.

Some time ago, Mr. Hemphill sent me several examples of Gemma

purpurea Lea.; these were compared by Mr. Dall with specimens in

the National Museum; he wrote to me, saying, they ‘‘ were about

midway between the typical southern form and the large flat north-

ern var. Zotteni Stm.’’ The shells were all dead, and might have

been brought in mud with the seed oysters, at the time the latter

were planted on the Alameda flats.

Los Angeles, Cal., October, 1899.

NOTE ON THE CLAUSILIZ OF CELEBES.

BY E. R. SYKES.

In their very valuable work’ on the land-shells of this island,

Herr P. & F. Sarasin describe (p. 218) two new species of this genus

—C. bouthainensis and OC. menahasse—and list the forms known hith-

erto. Unfortunately, a little note by the present writer,’ in which

the species were listed, two new forms described, and the name of

C. balantensis proposed for C. celebensis, Bttg. non Smith, appears

I Wiesbaden, Oct., 1899, 4to.

2J. Malac. vi, pp. 23-4, pl. iv, pars (Aug. 1897).

THE NAUTILUS. 87

to have escaped their notice. Judging from their descriptions and

figures, C. bowthainensis appears to be a synonym of C. pyrrha Sykes,

and (C. minahasseé is very close to ©. makassarensis; indeed these

last two may be identical, but their figures indicate a sbell in which

the whorls increase at a more even rate. In both cases the plice

palatales seem to be similar in number, size and position.

Further, they place C. celebensis Bttg. (non Smith) as a variety of

C. moluccensis, following Dr. Beettger,’ who has also proposed Para-

phedusa as a new section for OC. subpolita Smith.

If these conclusions be correct, then the Celebes list will stand as

below:

C. alternata Moellendorff.

C. celebensis Smith.

C. cumingiana Pfr.

Var. moluccensis Mts.

celebensis Bttg. non Smith.

balantensis Sykes.

Var. simillima Smith.

C. makassarensis Sykes.

C. minahasseé Sarasin.

C. pyrrha Sykes.

bouthainensis Sarasin.

C. subpolita Smith.

C. usitata Smith.

I feel some doubt as to whether C. s¢millima be not a good species,

distinct from C. eumingiana.

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF CANANDAIGUA LAKE REGION, N. Y.

BY DR. CHAS. T. MITCHELL.

During the past summer I have collected, mounted and placed in

my collection in the Union Free School Building in this village the

shells of the following species of mollusca found in the above men-

tioned region, which consists of the Lake, its inlet and outlet, and its

shores, and glens opening toward the lake; most of the species are

plentiful, while a few are rare:

1 Nachrbl. deutsch. malak. Ges. 1899 (April), pp. 56-9.

THE NAUTILUS.

2. Lampsilis luteolus Lam.

Unio complanatus Sol. Outlet.

Lake.

Lampsilis tris Lea. Outlet.

4. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Outlet and Lake.

. Alasmodonta pressa Lea.

6. Alasmodonta marginata.

18.

20a. Polygyra albolabris var. dentata Walk.

30.

. Anodonta grandis Say.

Outlet, rare.

Say. Outlet.

Outlet.

. Anodonta excurvata De Kay. Inlet.

9. Anodonta fragilis Lam.

. Anodonta implicata Say.

. Anodonta footiana Lea.

. Anodonta salmonia Lea.

Inlet.

Lake.

Outlet, rare.

Outlet.

. Anodonta simpsoniana Lea. Lake, rare.

. Anodonta lewisit Lea.

Lake.

. Anodontoides siibcylindraceus Lea. Outlet, rare.

. Anodontoides ferrussacianus Lea. Outlet, rare.

. Spherium striatinum Lam. Lake.

Spherium rhomboideum Say. Lake.

. Spherium simile Say. Lake.

. Polygyra albolabris Say.

. Polygyra thyroides Say.

Glens.

. Polygyra sayit Binn. Glens.

. Polygyra palliata Say. Glens.

. Polygyra appressa Say.

Glens, rare.

. Polygyra fallax Say. Glens, rare.

. Polygyra tridentata Say.

. Polygyra monodon Rack.

Glens.

Glens, rare.

. Polygyra hirsuta Say. Glens, rare.

. Pyramidula aliernata Say. Glens.

Omphalina inornata Say.

. Circinaria concava Say.

Omphalina fuliginosa Gr

iff. Glens.

Glens.

. Suecinea obliqua Say. Glens.

. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.

Vallonia pulchella Miill.

. Limnea stagnalis Linn.

. Limnea emarginata Say.

. Limnea palustris Mill.

Shores.

Lake.

Lake, rare.

Glens, rare.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

39. Limnea ampla Migh. Lake.

40. Limnea catascopium Say. Lake.

41. Physa ancillaria Say. Lake.

42. Physa sayti Tapp. Lake.

43. Physa heterostropha Say. Lake.

44, Planorbis campanulatus Say. Lake.

45. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Lake.

46. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lake.

47. Campeloma integer Say. Lake.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

Unio conjugans, sp. nov.

Shell thick, solid, inflated, inequilateral, quadrate ; dorsal margin

arched, posterior margin truncate and subemarginate, basal margin

emarginate, anterior margin uniformly rounded; umbos rounded,

umbonal ridge prominent, with a marked depression in front; epi-

dermis dark chestnut; tuberculate throughout, the tuberculations

being without apparent order of arrangement or uniformity of shape,

except that they expand downward and each base terminates at a

growth-line, and near the base of the shell they become joined into

two broken ridges on the anterior half of the shell; cardinal teeth

very heavy and deeply serrated, those in the left valve being tripar-

tite and those in the right valve double; lateral teeth, which extend

to the abrupt posterior dorsal angle, are solid, depressed, curved and

comparatively smooth; anterior cicatrices deep, contracted and

barely distinct ; posterior cicatrices well impressed and widely sepa-

rated; pallial line deeply impressed and the pallial margin much

thickened in the anterior portion ; dorsal cicatrices many, small, and

arranged in a long oblique row under the cardinal teeth ; beak cavity

deep, wide and bluntly terminated; nacre dead white with large

umbraceous spots. Width 33, length 24, diam. 2 inches.

Habitat : Hiawassa river, Polk Co., Tenn.

Type in National Museum.

Remarks: Affinity, U. blandianus Lea and U. tuberculatus Barnes.

This species fills the gap between these species, and removes the

latter from the isolated position it has heretofore held, uniting the

90 THE NAUTILUS.

members of the group into a continuous chain, one end of which is

U. cylindricus Say, U. cylindricus Say var. strigillatus Nobis, U.

tuberculatus Barnes, U. conjugans Nobis, U. blandianus Lea, U.

asperrimus Lea, etc., and at the other extreme U. nodiferus Con.

Anteriorily the shell reminds one of tuberculatus, except that it is

much more inflated in that region. Posteriorly it resembles blandi-

anus Lea = rumphianus Lea. It is wider and more inequilateral,

however, than that species.

(To be Continued.)

PISIDIUM HANDWERKI, N. SP.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Among a lot of Pisidia from the Lilycash Creek, Joliet, Ill., col-

lected and sent for examination by Mr. J. H. Handwerk, in 1898,

there were a few specimens of evidently a new species. Yet it

needed confirmation by more materials. But all efforts of Mr.

Handwerk to secure more examples were in vain until a few weeks

ago, when he sent a lot of several thousand specimens from the same

creek, containing P. compressum, fallax, cruciatum, punctatum, one

of the abditum group, and a few dozen of the Pisidium under consid-

eration, which is now confirmed as a n. sp. and named in houor of its

discoverer.

Mussel small, rather rounded in outline, rather high, moderately

inflated ; beaks moderately large, somewhat papilliform; superior

margin strongly, inferior moderately curved ; posterior rounded or

slightly truncated, anterior end rounded or with a slight indication

of an angle; surface with dense, almost regular and sharp striae,

and with a silky gloss, tops of beaks smooth and shining, slightly

flattened; color of epiconch pale to yellowish horn ; shell rather

strong, nacre colorless or whitish, hinge stout, strongly curved, plate

moderately broad, lateral teeth stout, rather high, short ; cardinal

teeth small, fine; the right one angular, with the posterior part

somewhat thicker, inserted in a longitudinal groove on the hinge

plate, formed by a sharp, tooth-like prominence along the lower edge

of the plate; posterior cardinal tooth of the left valve rather long,

longitudinal, nearly straight, its ends sloping ; anterior oblique, quite

small, or almost obsolete ; ligament rather small.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Long. 2.4, alt. 2.2, diam. 1.7 mill.

Hab.: Lilyeash creek, Joliet, Il]. Probably it has been over-

looked in materials from other places, owing to its resemblance to

immature specimens of some forms of P. compressum Pr. When

once known it will always be recognized. It also resembles some

forms of P. pauperculum Sterki in size and shape, but its compara-

tively coarse striation will distinguish it at once. Pis. handwerki is

not a showy Pisidium, with striking features, but nevertheless a

good species.

New Philadelphia, O., Nov., 1899.

ORIGIN OF THE MUTATIONS OF OSTREA.'

The oysters are a proverbially difficult group, owing partly to their

adherent situs and partly to the fact that they have not hitherto been

studied with regard to the direct influence of the environment on

individual specimens. ‘That this is very great I have convinced

myself from a prolonged study of a multitude of specimens of O.

virginica of which the provenance was known, and of many hundred

specimens of our tertiary species, which usually show from the

character of the scar of attachment something of the circumstances

in which they grew. The conclusions to which I have been led by

this study may be regarded as in part provisional, but in the main

highly probable, and as furnishing a first contribution to the sort of

study which is essential if we would understand the processes of nature

through which these animals acquire their most conspicuous external

characters. ‘They may be regarded as especially applicable to the

Crassostrea group.

Leaving out of account the nepionic characters, the characteristics

of the adult shell may be summarized and derived as follows: The

most permanent characters of the shell, and the best, if not infallible

guide to specific recognition among the puzzling mutations a large

series presents, are the form of the hinge-margin, the minute sculp-

1 This interesting extract by Dr. Wm. H. Dall is taken from his review of the

Tertiary Ostreidz in the Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science,

Vol. III, Part 1V, p. 675, 1898. As the original paper deals chiefly with ter-

tiary forms, and is probably not accessible to many interested in recent oysters,

we reprint it here.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

ture of the superficial layer of the shell (often denuded in otherwise

perfect fossils), and the sculpture of the valve-margins near the hinge

and on each side of it. While not invariable in all specimens, these

characters, taken together, will usually enable one to refer the indi-

vidual to its proper place.

The characteristics due to situs may be partially summarized as

follows: When a specimen grows in still water, it tends to assume a

more rounded or broader form, like a solitary tree compared with its

relatives in a crowded grove. When it grows ina tideway or strong

current, the valves become narrow and elongated, usually also quite

straight. Specimens which have been removed from one situs to the

other will immediately alter their mode of growth, so that these facts

may be taken as established. When specimens are crowded together

on a reef, the elongated form is necessitated by the struggle for ex-

istence, but, instead of the shells being straight, they will be irreg-

ular, and more or less compressed laterally. When the reef is dry

at low stages of the tide, the lower shell tends to become deeper,

probably from the need of retaining more water during the dry

period. Such oysters are the so-called ‘‘raccoon oysters,” a name

which they get from the visits of that animal at low water to feed

upon them. The so-called “raccoon oysters”’ figured in Dr. C. A.

White’s Review of the Ostreide (Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey,

1883, pl. 81-2) are not the reef oysters which first acquired this

name, but deep-water specimens which had grown in a place where

they were subjected to current action. When an oyster grows in

clean water on a pebble or shell, which raises it slightly above the

bottom level, the lower valve is usually deep and more or less sharply

radially ribbed, acquiring thus a strength which is not needed when

the attachment is to a perfectly flat surface which acts as a shield on

that side of the shell. Perhaps for the same reason oysters which lie

on a muddy bottom with only part of the valves above the surface of

the ooze are less commonly ribbed. When the oyster grows to a

twig, vertical mangrove root or stem of a gorgonian, it manifests a

tendency to spread laterally near the hinge, to turn in such a way as

to bring the distal margins of the valves uppermost, and the attached

valve is usually rather deep, the cavity often extending under and

beyond the hinge margin; while the same species on a flattish sur-

face will spread out in oval form with little depth and no cavity un-

der the hinge.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

The average life of the ordinary O. virginica when “ planted ”’ for

sale is about four or five years. In prehistoric times, when the reefs

were undisturbed, the favored individual might attain a much greater

age; in which case the lower valve especially took on excessive

thickness, and the cavity of the shell often became considerably

elongated and somewhat hour-glass-shaped, as in O. contracta Conr.,

whose characters in typical specimens are distinctly senile, while

younger specimens of the same species have the normal form.

In the hinge of the oyster the resilium occupies the central ridge,

while the ligament covers the edge of the depressions on each side

of that ridge. The form and relative position of the muscular scar

of the adductor is, within certain limits, a useful character, but its

depression below the general interior surface of the valve or its occa-

sional elevation above it, as in Plicatula, is of no systematic value,

being merely a corollary of the rate of growth from the various

secreting surfaces. The habit of rapid growth, causing a vesicular

character of the shell substance, is more pronounced in some species

than in others, and in some specimens of a species than in others ; it

is rarely the case that this habit (as in O. percrassa Conr.) has

attained a constancy entitling it to systematic significance.

AN ATTEMPT TO DEFINE THE NATURAL GROUPS OF STROMBUS.

BY GEO. HALCOTT CHADWICK.

(Pterocera continued.)

1. Lip armed with closed spines,

a. Within smooth, orange,

(Hepiadactylus.)

Pt. aurantia, lambis, bryonia.

Distr.: Red Sea and Mauritius to Japan, Australia and Polynesia.

b. Within wrinkled, violet,

(Millipes. )

Pt. scorpio, pseudoscorpio, millipeda, elongata.

Distr.: Zanzibar and Mauritius to Japan and New Guinea.

2. Lip deeply cut into numerous open lobes, within finely, deeply,

regularly grooved.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Pt. violacea. Indian O., Zanzibar.

The last species is certainly quite distinct, but the other two minor

groups are of slight value, the apertural wrinkles being a dynamical

feature incipient in /ambis itself.

Group F (Harpago.)

Here the antesinual lobe gives rise to one of the great claws, a fea-

ture unique among living Strombs, and sundering it widely from the

previous group, from which Dr. Gill long ago divorced it.

H, chiragra, rugosa.

Distr.: Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.

The six groups previously considered agree in the strong and heavy

shells, usually of large size, with spreading callus. Those which fol-

low are usually rather small and of lighter structure, and have the

inner lip restricted or defined.

Group G (Gallinula).

Shell usually light, elegant ; antesinual lobe diminished, lip ex-

panded medially, descending rapidly from the suture with a broad

sinuation ; posterior canal narrow, hugging the spire; body somewhat

flattened in front of the aperture, usually with four or five sagittate

color bands; the early whorls with small varicose ribs at intervals.

Contents as given by Tryon, with the probable addition of S. pul-

chellus, which is unknown to me autoptically.

Distribution: Red Sea and Zanzibar to Japan and Polynesia.

S. canarium, isabella.

Red Sea to Japan and Australia.

The iast two species, erroneously grouped with the American forms

by Tryon, but correctly placed by Chenu and others, are aberrant in

their heavier growth, obscure posterior canal and undefined inner lip.

These differences, however, hardly seem to warrant the institution

of a sub-group.

Group H ( Conomurex).

Shell conotd, often distorted ; lip with margin rather straight and

incurled, posterior sinus deep, anterior sinus distinct, oblique, remote

from the canal; inner lip narrow, scarcely defined; color bands

sagittate.

S. luhuanus, mauritianus, fasciatus, gibberulus.

Distribution: Red Sea and Natal to Japan and Polynesia.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Forms of fasciatus approach closely to the variety coniformis of

-mauritianus, and the aperture of the former species is indifferently

smooth or finely ridged. It, therefore, becomes necessary to enlarge

the group. S. duhwanus has the epidermis thickly lamellose, almost

velvety. The sagittate bands are more numerous than in the pre-

ceding group.

Group J (Canarium).

Shell small, but solid; posterior sinus absent, posterior canal a

slight groove in the calloused angle at the suture ; anterior sinus very

near the canal; aperture finely ridged; lip margin with an external

rvb, but not expanded.

S. ustulatus, dentatus, corrugatus and var. elegans, urceus (= flort-

dus), hemastoma, hellii, scalariformis, maculatus.

Distribution : Red Sea to Hawaii and Australia.

In form and sculpture, S. elegans is very suggestive of 2¢mella, but

the exaggerated canals of the latter genus sufficiently distinguish it.

Sub-group J 2.

Surface smooth or with low vertical folds, polished; lip sinus

almost merged into the canal; body drawn out, narrowed. SS. samar

(bulbulus, terebellatus). Distr.: Japan to Australia and Polynesia.

The last two species are not before me, but apparently they are

allied to samar and indicate close affinity of this group with the fol-

lowing. The accessory sinuses developed in samar must not be con-

fused with the true lip-sinus.

Group K (Seraphs).

In this group, which need not be redefined, we find the culmina-

tion of the features incipient in samar. The lip-sinus is broad, basal

and merged in the canal. The beautiful color-forms of the single

protean living species of “ Terebellum” inhabit the Indo-Pacific re-

gion from Mauritius to Japan and the Fijis.

Grove L (Rimella).

Not studied. The living forms inhabit Chinese and Philippine

waters.

Group M ( Rostellaria).

Not studied. Red Sea to China and Moluccas.

The groups above recognized are probably by no means all of equal

96 THE NAUTILUS.

rank. Nevertheless, each appears to be clearly distinct from all the

others, and no species occur which cannot be at once referred to one

or another of them. Whether they may be recognized as genera is

mainly a question of personal opinion, but it seems evident to me, as

I have intimated in several places, that the extreme forms, such as

Pterocera and Terebellum, to which the older authors have unan-

imously given generic rank, are in nature more closely allied to the

various types gathered into the old genus Strombus than the latter

are to each other. One more relationship should be pointed out,

namely, that apparently existing between groups G, H and J. It

remains for the paleontologist and anatomist to verify or correct de-

ductions based on the recent shells alone, and I await their final

judgment.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.

Strombus goliath.—Ponderous and distorted specimens of gigas are

sometimes mistaken for this species, probably because Tryon remarks:

‘perhaps a variety of S. gigas.” Not long since, I had the good

fortune to find a very fine example of the true goliath lying unknown

and unhonored in a collection once famous but forgotten. So com-

pletely does it differ from all its cousins that none need ever mistake

it. Through the munificence of Pres. Jesup, this king of Strombs is

now enthroned at last in the American Museum, New York City.

Strombus costatus inermis.—Mr. Frederick Stearns reports ‘‘ 1 live

mature shell”’ of this species from the Loo Choo Islands. Can a form

so commonly reported from the West Indies be also living in Orien-

tal waters? Or has an error crept in ?

Strombus corrugatus.—I have been led to separate this (above)

from dentatus, and to consider elegans a variety of it, judging by the

material at hand. <A few other forms, usually considered varieties,

are restored to specific rank, merely as an expression of personal

opinion.

Distribution: The Strombing oceupy two great areas: An Ameri-

can, centering in the West Indies and spreading to Senegal, Brazil,

and West America; and an Oriental, apparently centering in the

Philippines, reaching to Natal, the Red Sea, Japan, Hawaii and the

South Seas, and sending a single species (granulatus) into American

waters. Europe has no living forms, although rich in fossil ones.

Sine NAUTILUS,

Vor: XITTT. JANUARY, 1900. INOeY:

CHANGES WITH GROWTH OF LITHASIA OBOVATA (SAY).

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Having lately received from Mr. A. C. Billups, of Lawrenceburg,

Ind., a package of unsorted material from the Falls of the Ohio, I

have been able to trace out the various stages in the growth of this

species, which are quite peculiar, and, I believe, have not been de-

scribed.

The difference in shape between the mature shell and the young is

very striking. In the adult, the very large, almost shouldered body,

and long, narrow aperture, nearly twice as long as the short, rapidly

acuminating and generally eroded spire, is characteristic of the

species, and was well described by Say in his original description

published in 1829; while the young shell, until it attains the sixth

whorl, is almost spindle-shaped, and would be taken at first glance

for a young Goniobasis; the spire is sharply conical, and longer

than the aperture, which is broadly triangular, the long (columellar)

side of the triangle being slightly concave.

The manner in which this remarkable change in shape is brought

about is as follows :

The first two whorls are smooth and well rounded, and the apex

rather obtuse. At about the beginning of the third whorl, a sharp

earina is developed on the periphery of the body whorl, which rapidly

increases in strength for the next four whorls. During this stage the

98 THE NAUTILUS.

junction of the lip with the body whorl is beneath the carina, in some

cases a short distance below, so that the carina is well marked on the

upper whorls, but usually the lip starts from just under the edge

of the carina, so that the side of the spire is almost straight, the edge

of the carina projecting but very slightly, if at all, bevond the surface

of the adjoining whorls; the aperture is decidedly triangular, both

extremities being acutely angled, and the lip itself is sharply bent in

the centre where the carina appears.

At about the beginning of the fifth whorl, the lip ascends and

crosses the carina, and from thence, until it finally disappears alto-

gether, the carina emerges from the upper part of the aperture. This

change in the relative position of the lip and carina induces a radical

change, not only in the shape of the lip, but of the whole shell. The

lip, in order to clear the carina, becomes broadly rounded above and

curves in rapidly to\meet the body whorl at almost a right angle,

forming a deep channelled suture, while the body whorl becomes

more ventricose, more dy less shouldered, and rapidly increases in

size. \

For about a whorl after the change takes place, the carina retains

its size and position, but after the sixth whorl is reached it gradually

diminishes and finally disappears entirely, although the body whorl

at all subsequent stages of growth is more or less flattened in its upper

part.

With the disappearance of the carina, the shell rapidly assumes its

mature form and, with the usual erosion of the apical whorls, becomes

the short, stout, heavy specimen customarily seen in collections.

NOTE ON THYSANOPHORA HORNII GABB.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

My attention has been called by Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg,

to the fact that some specimens of Vhys. hornit show very fine deli-

cate cuticular riblets, more or less uneven at their free edges, and

running much more obliquely than the growth-lines, on the surface

of the last whorl.' | This is usually obscured by the thin coat of earth

which encrusts the shell, and which it is evidently the function of

1This structure has been lucidly described by Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

xix, 1896, p. 336.

E THE NAUTILUS. 99

these riblets to colle¢t. Only a good lens reveals this sculpture, and

in specimens which have been collected dead, or cleaned by ordinary

methods, it is usually Jost. Still, a sufficiently patient examination

will generally show some trace of it somewhere on most specimens.

Thys. conspurcatella, of eastern Mexico, the type of the genus, has

similar cuticular riblets, but they are more widely spaced and rather

more persistent.

In young and half-grown shells, if perfectly preserved, the riblets

bear rather sparsely scattered and long hairs, very delicate and easily

rubbed off. I do not know that adults ever retain them ; though in

several Mexican species such hairs occur on the full-grown shell, and

many West Indian species bear close bristles.

The foregoing observations are based upon the entire series of

specimens in the collection of Mr. E. H. Ashmun, which he most

liberally sent me for examination, and those in the collection of the

Academy, including Gabb’s types.

The pubiished figures and descriptions of this species leave much

to be desired. Gabb gives quite a good description, though none of

his specimens show 44 whorls, as he states. The dimensions,

“height .09, greatest diam. .16, smallest diam. .13 inch” = 24, 4,

3} mm., are in a rough way accurate. The figures are bad.

Binney’s figures (Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 169, fig. 159) are too

narrowly umbilicated, the spire is too conic, and the terminations of

the lip do not approach enough. Moreover, they do not indicate the

surface-sculpture. The whorls are described as ‘“ scarcely convex ”’

whereas they are unusually so; the ends of the peristome are said to

bed

be “hardly approaching” while they actually converge so as to

nearly meet in adult shells. The dimensions, ‘‘ greater diam. 4, les-

ser 34, height 1 mm.” are erroneous, the largest in Gabb’s type lot

measuring 4 mm. in greatest, 5.5 in least diameter, with a height of

2.6 mm. An adult specimen from Jerome, Arizona, collected by

Mr. Ashmun, measures: diam. 3.5, alt. 2.38 mm.

Gabb’s types were from ‘“ Fort Grant, at the junction of the Ari-

vapa and San Pedro rivers,” in Graham Co., southeastern Arizona.

Mr. Ashman has collected specimens in the following localities:

Jerome, Patagonia Mts., Crittenden, Prescott and Nogales, Arizona,

and Cook’s, New Mexico. The International Boundary Commis-

sion collected hornii at the summit of Hachita Grande Mt., Grant Co.,

N. M., and Dall mentions seeing the species from the drift of the

Yaqui River, Mexico. No other localities are known for the species.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF CAPULUS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, of Los Angeles, Cal., recently sent me a

species of Capulus which appears to be new, and which adds to the

fauna of California a genus not hitherto known to belong to it.

Capulus californicus 1). sp.

Shell only moderately elevated, oval or more or less conformable

with the object upon which it roosts, the apex small, somewhat later-

ally compressed, incurved almost symmetrically, nearly concealing

the smooth, one-whorled nucleus, situated near the posterior margin ;

surface nearly smooth, somewhat irregular, mesially with small faint

radial not very close-set ridges, covered with an imbricated dense

soft glistening periostracum which projects beyond the margins ; in-

terior polished, white, with faint rosy rays extending from the apex

to the anterior margin; Alt. 10, lon. before the apex 80, behind it

0.0, total basal length 56.5, average width 29 mm.

This fine shell was found on the flat valve of Pecten diegensis

Dall (floridus Hinds non Gmelin), in 20 to 25 fathoms off San

Pedro, California.

Carpenter reported some fragments of Capulus from Mazatlan, but

these were not really sufficient to establish the presence of the genus.

The present species is related to C. ealyptra Martyn, of Japan, and

C. hungaricus of the northeast Atlantic. It is less elevated than

either, the sculpture is much fainter than in C, hungaricus and the

apex is less Conspicuous, more posterior and less coiled.

I have several times received a small shell collected among kelp

roots and variously mottled or tinted with purple or reddish-brown

and yellow. A very young specimen of this kind was described by

Carpenter under the name of Pseplis tellimyalis. It is nota Psephis

but has the characters of Petricola. J have suspected for a lone time

it was the young of P. carditocdes, but have not yet seen enough

material to make this certain, and therefore suggest that Pacific

coast students should endeavor to solve the problem.

MOLLUSCA ASSOCIATED WITH MASTODON REMAINS.

I have received from Dr. Arthur Mead Edwards, the well-known

microscopist of Newark, N. J., certain Molluscan forms for deter-

THE NAUTILUS. 101

mination. It will be noticed, they are all common fresh-water

species. The first lot includes Planorbis parvus, P. campanulatus,

Limnea humilis, Physa heterostropha, Valvata carinata and V. sin-

cera; all of the above Say’s species. The foregoing are from the

‘‘fossiliferous sands overlying the clays of Essex county,’ Ontario,

Canada (‘“Ple/stocene’’), and are associated with Mastodon remains.

They were collected in 1897 by Dr. Henry M. Ami, of the Can-

adian Geological Survey, and sent to Dr. Edwards by the collector,

presumably with microscopic material.

In the second lot, there is only the single species Planorbis parcus

Say; this was found associated with Mastodon remains at Newburgh,

N. Y., by F. W. Schaffer (in 1899), who sent the examples to Dr.

Edwards. Of the species named herein, P. parvus and L. humilis

exhibit a wide distribution in the past as well as in the present times.

Both of these are reported as occurring living, and fossil, in the

Lahontan and Bonneville areas of the Great Basin; P. heterostropha,

living in both, but semi-fossil only in Bonneville. V. s‘ncera credited

to Salt Lake, living, by its collector Henry Hemphill, is represented

as a semi-fossil in the Bonneville area by Call’s var. Utahensis. The

oceurrence of living examples in either of the areas mentioned,

is not noted in Call’s list of Great Basin mollusca.'| While Z. /wm-

ilis is everywhere, east and west, north, and pretty widely dispersed

towards the south, P. campanulatus as a much more restricted

range and has yet to be reported west of the Rocky Mountains.

I have to thank Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Wagner Free Institute

for kind attention connected with the above.

Rost. E. C. STEARNS.

Los Angeles, Cal., October, 1899.

DREDGING IN SAN DIEGO BAY.

BY F. W. KELSEY.

The use of the dredge has afforded me a great deal of pleasure,

while furnishing me with a goodly amount of wholesome physical

exercise so much needed by those following sedertary occupations,

and the specimens thus obtained add largely to my local collection.

While working in the bay I use a dredge cutting but 14 inches,

1 Bulletin No. ii.,.0. 8 Geographical Survey.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

operated from a roomy, flat-bottomed skiff propelled by oars, and I

do most of my work alone, during the early morning hours while the

water is quiet. The dredgings are carefully worked over while rest-

ing between * pulls,” and when I am ready to return home the re-

sults of my day’s work are, so to speak, “all in a nutshell.’

In from 2 to 5 fathoms on mud bottom I find Marginella pyrifor-

mis, Marginella regularis, Myurella simplex, Drillia hemphilli, Eulima

micans, Eulima rutila, Thracia curta, Mactra californica (young),

Ollivella boetica, Angulus modestus, Angulus variegatus, Angulus ob-

tusus, Dentalium nevheragonum, Lyonsia californica, Mangelia angu-

lata and Cadulus nitentior.

As we go toward the channel the depth increases and the bottom

is a mixture of sand and mud. Here in from 5 to 8 fathoms we find

Yoldia coopert (young) and Leda taphira.

The channel proper ranges from 8 to 14 fathoms and the bottom

generally consists of coarse, yellow sand and decomposed and broken

shells, among which we find both live and dead specimens of Semele

pulchra, Corbula luteola, Isapis fenestrata, Isapis obtusa, Caecum cali-

Sornicum, Caecum crebricostatum, Scala hindsii and Aesopus chrys-

alloideus.

Scattered among the above species, we find many stray specimens

of such shells as Nassa perpinguis, Nassa coopert, Nassa mendica,

Nassa tegula, Calliostoma tricolor, Calliostoma gemmulatum, Callios-

toma canaliculatum, and many other species which are generally found

upon the low flats at low tides and which are scarcely worth mention-

ing as dredge species. I find that for dredging in shallow waters a

dredge made of galvanized iron without any net but having a screen

bottom produces as good results as any, and is much more easily

manipulated.

A LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER, CARIBOU, MAINE.

The following is a list of land and fresh water shells collected in

the northeastern part of Maine, principally along the Aroostook and

Fish Rivers.

Valuable assistance has been received from Prof. H. A. Pilsbry

and Mr. Bryant Walker.

All the Pisidia, and nearly all the minute land shells have been

THE NAUTILUS. 103

critically examined by Dr. V. Sterki, without whose generous assist-

ance it would have been impossible to determine the many small

species.

There is some additional material in the hands of Dr. Sterki,

which when straightened out will probably add a number to the list.

Most of the species are distributed over the whole area, and the

names of localities are only cited in referring to species that are

very local in their distribution.

In this list are included a number of species that have been cited

as doubtful in Maine, and the new species recently collected by me.

List oF SPECIES.

Acanthinula hurpa Say. One specimen at Fort Kent.

Vallonia pulchella Mill. Gardens in Caribou and Presque Isle.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki. Rare, Caribou.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Not common,

Polygyra Sagii Binn. Well distributed.

Polygyra dentifera Binn. Rather common.

Polygyra monodon Rackett. Common in some localities.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Plentiful in this region.

Strobilops virgo Pils. Rare (identified by Dr. V. Sterki).

Bifidaria pentodon Say. ‘ Resemble eurvidens more than any

others I have seen ’’ (Sterki). Near Caribou stream, Woodland.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Plentiful in some localities.

Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. Common along streams, in

Woodland, Caribou and New Sweden.

Vertigo bollesiana Morse. Rare; collected in woodland,

Vertigo Gouldii Binn. Not very abundant.

Vertigo Gouldii paradora Sterki. “Fine examples with the two

palatal folds continuous and one angular” (Sterk7). Woodland, rare.

Cochicopa lubrica Miill. Houlton, Presque Isle, Caribou, Fort

Kent and Portage Lake, abundant in these localities.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Caribou and Presque Isle, found in large

numbers this summer at Fort Kent.

Vitrea hammouts Strom. Fairly distributed.

Vitrea Binneyana Morse. Little Madawaska Lake and along

Caribou stream in Woodland and Caribou.

Vitrea ferrea Morse. In company with V. Binneyana. These

species are rarely found.

Conulus fulvus Mull. Everywhere.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Common everywhere.

Zonitoides exiquus Stimp. Fairly common.

Zonittoides milium Morse. Quite rare. Woodland.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Common.

Pyramidula alternata alba. One living specimen obtained in the

north of Woodland.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Plentiful.

Pyramidula striatella? var. Shell greenish-white, animal nearly

white. Can this be Patula cronkhited Newe.? lt is about the same

size as P. striatella.

Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. Caribou, Woodland and Madawaska

Lake. Rare.

FHlelicodiscus lineatus Say. Widely distributed, nowhere abundant.

Punctum pygmeum Drap. Rare.

Sphyradium edentulum Dray. Well-distributed.

Sucetnea obliqua Say. Common everywhere.

Succinea ovals Gld.

Succinea avara Say. Common in wet places on Jake shores and

river fiats, together with S. ovalrs.

Carychium exiguum Say. Very abundant in wet places every-

where.

Carychium exile Lea. Not common; found with C. extguum.

Aplexa hypnorum Linne. In ditches along the roads in three dif-

ferent places in Woodland; specimens abundant.

Physa heterostropha Say. Common in all streams.

Physa ancillaria Say. Only seen at Square Lake Inlet.

Lenmea emarginata Say = ampla Mighels and Limnea emarginata

Mighels, Binn. From Cross Lake, Square Lake, Portage Lake, Fish

River, Saint John River, at Fort Kent and Aroostook River.

This is an extremely variable species, Caribou individuals differ

greatly in every locality.

Limnea desidiosa Say. Aroostook River, Caribou stream, Salmon

Brook.

Limnea humilis Say. Common in damp places and ditches along

the roads.

Planorbis trivolv’s Say. Common in Barren Brook, Caribou. In

Caribou Lake, Washburn, and in nearly every small lake I have

seen in Aroostook county, fine specimens can be obtained.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Cross Lake, Square Lake, Eagle

Lake and Portage Lake.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Aroostook River, Fish River and

Saint Jolin River.

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pils. East branch of Salmon

Brook, Woodland, and Caribou stream, in Caribou.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Common and widely distributed.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Salmon Brook Woodland, rare; Portage

Lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. Common in brooks and lakes.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Portage and Square Lakes ; rare.

Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. Barren Brook, Cari-

bou. This species. was recorded in Tue Naurtitus, Vol. X, page

117, by Mr. Bryant Walker as P. nautileus Linne. Mr. A. W.

Hanham, on page 130, and Geo. W. Taylor, on page 159 of the same

volume use the name of P. nautileus. Dr. v. Sterki and Prof. H.

A. Pilsbry say “it is Planorbis ecrista Linné, var. eristafus Drap.

It occurs in northern Europe.”

Ancylus rivularis Say. Caribou stream, Collin’s Millpond, very

large specimens.

Ancylus parallelus Wald. Cross Lake and many smaller lakes

and streams.

Ancylus ? Madawaska River, New Sweden.

Ancylus tardus Say. Aroostook River, Caribou.

Ancylus borealis ? Morse. Saint John River, Fort Kent. Mr.

Bryant Walker says it is identical with this rare form.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Little Madawaska River, New Sweden

and the Fish River Lakes.

Valvata sincera Say. Dredged in the Fish River Lakes.

Campeloma decisum Say. Widely distributed throughout Aroostook

and Fish Rivers. Four young s/n/stral shells were taken from a nor-

mal dextral female from Portage Lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Common everywhere, and very variable in

form. In my former article in THe Naurtitus, Vol. xi., p. 10, it is

called Pomatiopsis.

A. Cinetnnatiens’s Lea.

Unio complanatus Sol. Lakes and streams ; common.

Margaritana margaritifera Linné. Aroostook River.

Margaritana undulata Say. Lakes and rivers.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Generally distributed, some very large

specimens in the muddy bottom of Salmon Brook Lake. Perham.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Spherium simile Say. Generally distributed.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Fish River and Saint John River at

Fort Kent.

Spherium rhomboideum Say, Fine specimen in Gelot Lake, New

Sweden, and all the smaller Jakes of the Little Madawoska river

system.

Calyculina securis Prime. Aroostook River.

Calyculina securis cardissa Prime. Square Lake and other localities.

Pisidium abditium Hald. Common.

Pisidium adamsi Prime. Cross Lake Inlet. '

Pisidium equilaterale Prime. Portage Lake. Little Madawaska

River.

Pisidium contortum Prime. Rear Mud Lake, Perham and West-

moreland.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Generally abundant.

Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Fogelin Lake, New Sweden and

many other localities.

Pisidium fallax Sterki. Aroostook River.

Pisidium fallax boreale Sterki. Aroostook River at Caribou and

Little Madawaska River, New Sweden.

Pisidium milium Held. South branch Caribou Stream, Woodland

and Sawyer’s Brook, Castle Hill.

Pisidium medianum minutum Sterki. Hacket’s Mill Brook, a

tributary of Caribou Stream in the northern part of Woodland.

Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Little Madawaska River.

Pisidium pauperculum nylandert Sterki. Dredged in Portage Lake.

Pisidium politum Sterki. Portage Lake and Cross Lake.

Pisidium punetatum Sterki. Portage Lake, Little Madawaska

River.

Pisidium roperi Sterki. Johnson Brook on the Fort Kent road

and north of Perbam.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou and many

other localities.

Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Barren Brook, Caribou.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Common everywhere.

Pisidium walkert Sterki. Barren Brook, Caribou.

Pisidium walkeri mainense Sterki. Hacket’s Mill Brook, Wood-

land and many other localities.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

SOME ZONITIDZ COLLECTED BY J. H. FERRISS IN ARKANSAS AND

THE CHOCTAW NATION.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Some account of shells collected by Mr. J. H. Ferriss in Arkansas

and Choctaw Nation was published in THe Nauritus for August

of this year. A series of Zonitide collected at the same time affords

some interesting data. Vatrea simpsoni ( Pils.) was taken at Poteau,

in the eastern part of the Choctaw nation on Poteau river, near the

State of Arkansas. It resembles V. capsella, but differs in the tri-

angular forfi of the aperture.

Gastrodonta demissa, typical, was taken in Arkansas near Texar-

kana, and at Tushkahomma and Poteau in the Choctaw Nation.

At both Tushkahomma and Poteau adorm having the characteris-

tic lens-shaped contour, brilliant gloss and basal striation of dem/ssa

occurred, differing from demissa in having a long and strong lamella

within, like the outer lamella of G. gularis. There is no trace of an

inner or columellar lamella, such as gu/aris and suppressa generally

show, and the general form of the shell is entirely that of demissa,

quite unlike swppressa. The umbilicus is a small round puncture, as

of a pin stuck through a sheet of paper, quite as in typical demssa ;

and the periphery is subangular. In G. suppressa the periphery is

well rounded and the umbilicus larger. This variety may be called

var. /amellata, It is most interesting as connecting the gularis group

with the gera group of Gastrodonts.

The form I described some years ago as Zonites brittsti, from Hot

Springs, Ark., belongs also to demissa, from which it differs in the

imperforate axis, and very slight excavation of the base in the center.

A NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELL.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Polygyra uvulifera bicornuta n. v.

Shell differing from the typical P. uevulifera (the type locality of

which is Long Key, above mouth of Sarasota Bay), in being less de-

pressed, the last whorl strongly grooved within the umbilicus, the

aperture everywhere more contracted; parietal margin of the peri-

stome strongly elevated, produced in two erect processes or ‘ liorns,”

one at the junction of outer lip and parietal lip, another upon the part-

etal lip near its inner termination, situated like the corresponding lobe

1038 THE NAUTILUS.

of P. auriculata; a conspicuous pit penetrates under the parietal

fold. Striation fine but regular and equally developed above and

below. “as > about that of typical weuléfera. .

Alt. 63, greatest diameter 145 mm.

Alt. 6, greatest diameter 14 mm.

Alt. 63, greatest diameter 13 mm.

Aripeka, Hernando Co., Fla. (Mr. Geo. rae Hernando Co. and

Longwood, Fla. (Mr. Van Hyning’s coll.).

This form resembles P. auricu/ata at first sight, but the deep notch

in the basal lip near its inner end, and the peculiar, flat, forward-

running inner end of that lip, as well as the strong semicircular ridge

on the parietal margin, one end of which enters: the de ‘ep notch men-

tioned, the other forming the lower border of the main parietal fold

—all ally it rather to P. weulifera. In P. auriculata there is no such

notch in the basal lip, and the inner end of the latter is attenuated,

not flattened and bent forward, It is an interesting intermediate

form. .

P. uvulifera varies a good deal in texture, color, size and striation,

the largest and most solid shells before me nei sing from Long Key, the

type loc: ality, where they are nearly smooth, the striation ubsolete ; ;

diam. 15-14 mm. I have seen a great many specimens from both

sides of the peninsula and the keys, but saw no variation toward the

variety described above.

In most localities P. w2ulifera diverges from the ‘ historic type,’

as found on Long Key, in being less chalky, and decidedly more

strongly striate, the striaz thread- like. The size varies with locality.

Thus at Miami, where it is numerous about a mile up the river on

the south side, they measure 9 to 105 mm, diameter. They occur

here under stones (limestone) i ina hot, sparsely -wooded plain exposed

to the sun, in company with P. cereolus carpenteriana, Urocoptis,

Macroceramus and andreas with an occasional Vaginulus, and

moderate numbers of large black scorpions and tarantulas. At Palm

Beach they are much larger, diam. 124-13 mm., and here the soil is

sandy, and the forest luxuriant.

Mr. Pine sent numerous specimens of uvulifera from Hernando

Co. which differ from the Long Key types in being strongly striate

and smaller. They are more narrowly umbilicated than P. weulifera

bicornuta, with the opening rather less contracted, the umbilical

groove on the last whorl generally less strong, and they want the

accessony “horn’’ of the parietal margin. They are also more

coarsely striate, and may be separated from young or immature bicor-

nuta by the narrower umbilicus. I do not know whether these occur

with the variety or at separate stations. The largest sent measures

12 mm. diameter.

P. auriculata extends some distance down the east coast, and over

to the middle of the State in the lake region. I have never seen it

from the west coast counties, and would be glad to have data on its

occurrence there if it has been found.

ye ee

Nautinus Von. XIIT. PLATE II.

Unto HAGLERI FRIERSON.

Cae NA TLLOS.

Von. XITI. FEBRUARY, 1900. No. 10.

A NEW ALABAMA UNIO.

BY LORRAINE 8S. FRIERSON.

Plate I.

Unio (=leurobema) Hagleri.

Shell smooth, elliptical, unequilateral. Length, 2.1. Height, 1.6.

Diameter, 1 (inches). (Dimensions are of a medium-sized shell;

they are sometimes larger.)

Beaks low; umbos somewhat inflated; umbonal slope rounded.

Epidermis dark reddish brown, striate, rayless. Lines of growth

numerous and well impressed. Nacre white, rarely rose, frequently

spotted with green, iridescent in posterior. ‘Teeth double in left

valve, single in the right. The anterior sinistral cardinal tooth is

wedge-shaped, and nearly squarely cut off on top. Its axis is inclined

at an angle of about 75° with that of its fellow, which is low, thick

and triangular. The laterals are stout and slightly curved. Dorsal

plate rather large. Muscle scars frequently confluent in front.

Distinct behind and well impressed. Pallial scar well impressed in

front, fainter behind.

Cavity of the beaks shallow. Cavity of the shell excavated from

the region of the beaks toward the posterior margin. The shell var-

ies in form from an almost perfect ellipse (lower figure) to a form

swollen in the post-basal region (upper figs.) similar to the females of

Lampsilis. But there is no good reason to suppose this a sexual

character.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Habitat, North River, Alabama, near Tynes. Examples may be

seen in the National Museum and in the cabinet of Mr. W. A,

Marsh, of Aledo, Illinois, and in my own. Thirty specimens re-

ceived. The sbell is allied distinctly to ¢estructus Lea, and also to

rubellus Conrad, and to troschelianus Lea. Some of them remind

one of fasstnans Lea.

From rubellus Conrad it may be distinguished by being longer, not

so stout or inflated, It need not be confounded with the other shells

named, as it differs from them entirely, although allied. It is named

for the collector. Figured specimens are deposited in coll. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Phila.

SPECIES OF CHLOROSTOMA OF SOUTHERN AND EASTERN PATAGONIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The genus Chlorostoma is essentially Pacific, being chiefly devel-

oped upon the Pacific shores of Asia and North and South America.

The former open strait between the Americas allowed it to spread to

the Antillean region and eastern shores of the United States, where

a number of species have existed from the tertiaries to the present

time. A few forms also found their way around Cape Horn. The

species have been generally divided between two genera, Ompha-

fius, including the umbilicate forms; but this division is purely arti-

ficial and unnatural, very closely allied species being separated by it,

It would be better to drop Omphalius into the rubbish-heap of syn-

onymy. The etymology of Chlorostoma, ‘‘ green mouth,” is not very

appropriate to most of the species.

There are no species of the genus known from European or Afri-

can seas. On the eastern coast of South America, south of Brazil,

the following occur:

Chlorostoma patagonicum (Orbigny),

Trochus patagonicus Orb., Voy. dans l’Amér. Mérid., Mollusques,

p. 408, pl. 55, f. 1-4 (1835-1846).

Trochus corrugatus Koch in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib, ete.,

I, Trochus, pl. 2, f. 7 (Nov., 1843).

This species was found by d’ Orbigny in the Bay of San Bilas,

Patagonia; Philippi gives the locality Brazil. Dr. Wm. H. Rush

collected a few specimens in Maldonado Bay, Uruguay. The sculp-

THE NAUTILUS. 111

ture is very fine grained, the suture narrow but deeply plowed, and

the columella armed with two or three small denticles at the base, as

in the genus generally, The outer lip is weakly grooved within on

the thick part near the margin. The deep umbilicus readily sepa-

rates this species from the following form,

The exact date of d’Orbigny’s publication of this species is not

known to me.

Chlorostoma Hidalgoi n. sp.

Shell very similar to Chlorostoma patagonicum Orb., ( Trochus cor-

rugatus Koch), but wholly imperforate, the umbilical region covered

with a white callus. Fleshy-cinereus, with the apex eroded, white.

Sculpture of crowded spiral series of small, irregular granules, simi-

lar to those of OC. patagonicum. Spire conic, periphery rounded, the

base flattened. Aperture very oblique, somewhat triangular; colu-

-mella armed with two small teeth at its junction with the basal lip.

Alt. 15, diam. 17 mm.

‘Rio Negro, Patagonia,” coll. A. N.S. P.

This form differs conspicuously from OC. patagonicum Orb. (corru-

gatus Koch) in the completely imperforate axis, the other species

being conspicuously umbilicated at all stages of growth. (C. Hidalgo

is also more conical. In color, sculpture, and the deeply scored

suture, the two species are extremely similar.

It is named in honor of the author of the Moluscos del Viaje al

Pacifico, a meritorious work on the South American fauna.

Chlorostoma Orbignyanum, WU. sp.

Shell imperforate, conic, with flattened base; purplish-gray, with

blackish spirals above, black below. Surface dull, sculptured with

numerous low spiral lire, several below the suture obscurely beaded,

the others nearly smooth; the lire near the suture separated by

narrow intervals, those toward the periphery more widely spaced,

with one or several interstitial threads in each interval. ‘There are

about 10 lira on the penultimate whorl, and 10 below the periphery

on the base. Whiorls 5, very convex, separated by deep sutures, the

last whorl flattened below the suture, obtusely angular at the peri-

phery ; the base free from spiral sculpture in the center, eroded and

brilliantly pearly in front of the aperture. Aperture very oblique,

pearly within, with a rather wide dull border within the thin outer

lip, acute; columella short, concave, porcellanous, terminating in a

small tubercle below, adjacent to which there is a minute denticle ;

112 THE NAUTILUS.

umbilical region somewhat cailoused, the place of the umbilicus

marked by a moderately sunken pit, surrounded by a weak spiral

rib which terminates in a faint denticle at the junction of the colu-

mellar and basal margins of the peristome. Alt. 14, diam. 165 mm.

Beagle Channel, Patagonia (Dr. H. von Ihering).

This species (No. 1020 of von Ihering’s register) is obviously

unlike the forms of eastern Patagonia, and there is nothing like it in

Mabille and Rochebrune’s work on Cape Horn mollusks. Of the

Chilian species, it is allied only to C. fuseescens Phil.,* but in C.

Orbignyanum the whorls are more convex, the prevailing color black,

and it is imperforate.

ON A COLLECTION OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM RHODE ISLAND.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

During the month of July, 1899, the writer made a collection of

marine and fresh-water shells in the state of Rhode Island, and a list

of the fresh-water species may be of interest. Collections were made

at the following places :

1. Nayatt, R. I. A small pond between the railroad depot and

the bay. The bottom is made up of soft, black, carbonaceous mud,

and the shores are lined with dead leaves and twigs.

2. Newport, R. I. Bailey’s Pond, near Bailey’s Beach. A pond

of good size and considerable depth, bordered by cat-tails.

8. Providence, R. I. Cat Swamp. A small clear stream, flowing

through a flag-swamp. The numbers after the species indicate the

above localities.

Calyculina partumeia Say. 1, 2. Common.

Calyculina truncata Linsley. 1. Common.

Calyculina securis Prime. 2. Not common.

Pisidium, near abditum, but possibly P. lens Sterki. 1. Common.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. 1, 2. Not common.

Limnea palustris Miller. 3. Common.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. 2, 38. Common.

Planorbis deflectus Say. 1. Common.

Planorbis parvus Say. 1, 2, 3. Common.

* Conchylien Cabinet, 7rochus, p.182; Man. of Conch., XI., Trochidz, p. 181.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Segmentina armigera Say. 1,2. Common.

Physa heterostropha Say. 1, 2,3. Common.

Aplexa hypnorum Linné. 2. Common.

Campeloma decisum Say. 1. Apparently not common.

My thanks are due to Dr. V. Sterki for determining the Pisidia.

JOHN H. THOMSON, PH. D.

The subject of this memoir was born in Westport in 1824, and died

in the city of New Bedford, Mass. (but a few miles from his birth-

place), July, 1896, aged 71. He had the usual public school and

academic education of the time. In early life, like so many New

England coast town boys, he took to the sea, and soon reached the

post of master. He spent some years in California and South Amer-

ica, and returning to New Bedford, he settled there for life. He

developed an early fondness for natural history, and in this, finally

narrowed down to the science of conchology. He at once became

fascinated with the subject, and spared no time, pains, or money in

his enthusiastic determination to master his subject. He was fortu-

nate at this juncture to fall into the hands of so capable and sympa-

thetic an instructor as Dr. Augustus A. Gould, to whom he ever felt

grateful for giving him a fuller and clearer insight into the delicate

minutiz, so essential in describing many species and varieties of

shells. By this association he was greatly aided and stimulated in

his subsequent pursuit and study. He soon became known as a most

conscientious and reliable student of conchology, and soon made many

friends ; his correspondents were among the most noted of his time,

in both hemispheres. He obtained and carefully studied the works

of the leading conchological authorities, without regard to price, al-

though he was never a rich man.

As a collector, his success in securing species from remote parts

was really phenomenal. He sold his earliest and largest collection,

during the Franco-Prussian war, to an institution, I think, in Bel-

gium, but through the misfortunes of war it was in some manner con-

fiscated, and so the purchaser lost his prize. His later and last col-

lection is owned by the writer of this article. Among the many

societies of which Dr. Thomson was a member, two stand pre-

eminently conspicuous, The Zodlogical Society of London and the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I am credibly in-

114 THE NAUTILUS.

formed the degree of Ph. D. was bestowed upon him by Columbia

College of New York City.

Among his published articles is a monograph on the Terrestrial

Mollusca of his native county. He was a most careful and pains-

taking worker in his chosen field, and was an acknowledged authority

among his peers. The doctor was a most delightful companion, and

the many hours he spent in my family are remembered and cherished

with keenest pleasure. To that noble band of pioneers in conchol-

ogical study and labors in the United States (of whom, alas, so few

survive) we offer our most grateful thanks, and to the departed

write, Requiescat in pace. A. B. KEenpie.

Brookline, Mass., Dec. 19, 1899.

NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN LAND SNAILS. |

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Pyramidula alternata rarinotata n. v.

Similar to the typical form in size, form and sculpture, but very

sparsely marked with comparatively small chestnut spots on a pale

brownish-corneous or dirty buff ground; streaks on the base nearly

obsolete.

Caldwell, Fayette and Jackson counties, Texas.

Mr. Bryant Walker called my attention to this form, sending spe-

cimens from Caldwell and Fayette counties, collected by Mr. J. A.

Singley ; and I find in the collection of the Academy some speci-

mens sent me by Hon. J. D. Mitchell, from the Navidad River bot-

tom, Jackson co.

Zonitoides neomexicanus Cockerell & Pilsbry, n. sp.

Shell minute, depressed, in form similar to Zonitoides minusculus ;

whitish corneous, somewhat translucent, fragile, the umbilicus wide,

its width contained 24 times in the greatest diameter of the shell.

Surface marked with very fine but rather sharp growth striew, and

crowded, microscopic spirals throughout, the. spirals conspicuous to

the apex. Whorls 34, quite convex, the last everywhere well

rounded. Aperture round-lunate, the penultimate whorl excising

about one fourth the circumference of the peristome; lip thin and

acute, a little dilated at the columellar margin.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Alt. nearly 0.8, greatest diameter 1.7 mm. Another specimen is

slightly larger, diam. about 2 mm.

Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., New Mexico, about 5,700 feet alt.,

Sept., 1899, coll. by T. D. A. Cockerell.

This species differs from all the minuseulus group in being con-

spicuously though very minutely striate spirally, the striz extending:

to the very apex, as in the southern race of Zonitoides milium. It

differs from mzlium in wanting the peculiar wrinkle-sculpture so

characteristic of that form. 72. extguus is evidently a nearer cousin

of the new form, having a similar system of spirals, likewise extend-

ing upon the nepionic whorl, but it is larger, with less broad umbil-

icus, and a conspicuously different coarser sculpture of oblique lam-

ine. Zonitoides neomericanus may well go between exiguus and

milium in the list of species.

FIELD NOTES AND REMINISCENCES.

Mr. Simpson’s entertaining account of Helicina Dysoni under

difficulties, in the June, 1897, NauTILus, is exceedingly entertain-

ing ; the shower of Helicinas that followed the stirring up with a

pole was decidedly unique, the first of the kind on record, for though

“raining cats and dogs” is an old story, a shower of snails, like.

snailing with a pole, isa new departure. As an humble disciple of

Izaak Walton, I have in years gone by done considerable in the way

of fishing with a pole; the man that goes snailing with a pole will.

bear watching—by the snails. The special habitat or station of H.

Dysoni, roosting in the palms, brought to mind what my friend, the

late Henry Edwards, well known as a good entomologist, good actor

and a good fellow, told me about the habits and habitat of the cur-

ious Helix (Paryphanta) Busbyi collected by him in New Zealand.

(The specimens he gave to me are now in the U. S. National

Museum.) Helix Bushy? lives in the tops of the tall Kauri pines,

hiding in the axils where the birds ‘ go for him.” In order to sepa-

rate the soft parts, which they want, from the shell, which they do

not want, they seize the animal when protruded from the shell and

whack away to the right and left against the twig or branch they are

perching on until their purpose is accomplished, when the shell

drops to the ground, and is found generally in a battered condition.

The Maoris have a name for these shells which signifies that they

come from heaven, which is probably a mistake.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

When in Florida, in 1869, on Long Key, one pleasant morning I

noticed several specimens of Polygyra septemvolva here and there on

the sand. ‘ All dead,” I said to myself, lest the snails might hear

me, ‘‘ there must be fire where there is so much smoke, there must be

live snails where there are so many dead ones,” so I started in to hunt

close. After a while I detected them snugly lurking in the axils of

some very large thistles. I did not gather them in, as Simpson did,

when on the war path for his Helicinas, by charging on ’em with a

pole. My legs being well protected by high-cut hunting boots, I

kicked out vigorously a la mustang in an underthrust way against the

butt of the thistle plants, and the result was a jerking of numerous

snails hither and yon in a somewhat promiscuous way ; the success

of the performance, judged by the result, caused me to second the

motion, and I gathered in a goodly number, enough for my own col-

lection and for distribution among my friends. What the snails

thought of the performance I have never learned, and Simpson, it

will be noticed, is reticent on this point touching his Helicinas.

As to my prowessas a collector, it would be unwise to say anything

as long as my friend Henry Hemphill is on the face of the earth, but

I dare to say that dear old Doctor Newcomb, of blessed memory,

was so generally successful in that line as to justify my placing him

near the head of the class. Well, the good Doctor and myself once

on a time, away back in June, 1867, went conchologizing up the

coast of California to Bodega Bay. We found the collecting ground

very limited in extent, though we got about 90 ‘species; we also

gathered in nearly 500 dead shells of Helix MNickliniana, grouped

formerly with Arionta, but now Doctor Pilsbry, expert, editor, ete.,

comes to the front and unblushingly says these west coasters must

tumble to the name of Hpiphragmophora, which is hard on the poor

snails, and a rather long word to write. Well, there were hundreds

of ’em on the surface of the sand, but not one living one could we find.

That is what we didn’t get, one live Nickliniana. Where they kept

themselves we couldn’t discover. We hunted high, we hunted low,

dug into the sand around the roots of the stunted shrubs that manage

to livé in this cold, windy, exposed locality, and rummaged about

generally, without success, and when the sun went down we retired

ot]

from the field in good order with our flags at half mast, somewhat

the worse for the rough day and bad luck in the snail business,

though we had the pleasure of each other's company, and that counts

THE NAUTILUS. 117

for a good deal as the world goes. Probably the snails had stepped

out through fear of being called Hpiphragmophora; who knows? per-

haps, Dr. Pilsbry can tell, he ought to know, Roki C.S.

[ But I don’t.—H. P.]

SOME NOTES ON RUMINA DECOLLATA LINN.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

In March, 1897, Mr. T. L. Montgomery, Librarian of the Wagner

Free Institute of Science, brought from Bermuda some live specimens

of Rumina deculluta. Some of these were given to my young friend,

Mr. H. S. Viereck, while the others were placed among some plants

kept in the museum’of the Institute. Mr. Viereck placed them in

his yard in Philadelphia. They flourished and increased greatly in

numbers during the summer and survived the winter of 1897-98.

During the summer of 1898 they again thrived, but in the following

spring only dead shells could be found ; the blizzard of February, 1899,

was probably too severe for them.

The specimens kept at the Institute are still vigorous, but produced

only one brood. Through the kindness of Mr. Viereck, I obtained,

in September, some live European Helices, including Helicella erice-

torum, collected by his sister in Germany. An old aquarium was

quickly turned into a snailery ; thinking that the Rwmzna would en-

joy new quarters, a few were also placed in the snailery. A day or

so afterwards, when giving the Helices some cabbage leaves, I noticed

that the Rumina seemed very close to the Helicella. On picking up

a specimen, I was greatly surprised to find the former greedily de-

vouring the poor ericetorum. I could not blame the carnivorous fel-

low, for it was probably the first ‘‘square meal” it had had since it

was taken from its island home. The lesson to be learned is, do not

put your carnivorous and herbivorous shells in the same quarters, if

you want to keep both alive.

GENERAL NOTES.

Limax cocciNneEws, Gistel.—Through the kindness of Dr. T. S.

Palmer, I have been able to see the hitherto overlooked description

of Limax coccineus, Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, 1848,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

p- 168. This slug is said to be 9/’ long, bright red (hochroth) in

front, with blackish stripes behind the head, tentacles red-granular,

mouth, white. Is it not surely the common red Arton of Central

Europe, now known as A. rufus (or empiricorum), var. lamarckit,

Kal., 1851? If so, Gistel’s name coceineus has priority for the

variety, and must be adopted.

This work of Gistel’s has in it several other new names for

mollusca. On p. 173, Hugira is proposed for Jridina, Lam. This

appears to be needless, but some may hold that it interferes with the

later Eugyra, Ald., 1870. The following are supposed new species :

Helix platychela from Sicily, p. 167; H. erycina from Sicily, p. 167 ;

H. jenisoniana from Montenegro, p. 167; Clausilia grossa from

Croatia, p. 167; Bulimus meridionalis, p. 167; B. pellucidus from

S. Russia, p. 167 ; Linneus flavescens from Spain, p. 168. The #.

platychela and erycina are probably the Sicilian forms already in the

literature, otherwise credited. Clausilia grossa may be the species

of Ziegler. The other names seemed to have been overlooked.—T.

D. A. CocKERELL.

POLYGYRA AURICULATA IN WESTERN .FLortpa.—Mr. L. E.

Daniels, of La Porte, Indiana, has recently sent me typical speci-

mens of P. auriculata collected by him in a hammock one mile south

of Tampa, Florida, thus supplying an authentic gulf coast locality for

the species. Since they were received, I thought to look in Mr. C.

T. Simpson’s ‘‘ Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida,’’ Proce.

Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V., 1889, p. 65, where he reports P.

auriculata as common in Manatee county. There is a possibility

that some locality records for aurteuluta may have been based on

specimens of P. uvulifera bicornuta.—H. A. P.

Correction TO List OF SHELLS FROM NORTHEASTERN MAINE

IN JANUARY NumBER.— Page 103, line 12, for hurpa read harpa.

Page 103, line 16, for Sagii read Saytt.

Page 103, line 28, for fine read five.

Page 104, lines 27, 28, read Limnea emarginata mighelsi Binn.

Page 104, line 30, omit Caribou.

Page 105, line 33, read Pomatiopsts eineinnatiensis Lea, and line

34 omit A. cincinnatiensis.

Page 106, line 13, for rear read rare, and for Westmoreland read

Westmanland.—OLor O. NyLanpeEr.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SOLENIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA AND THE

ANTILLES. By Wm. H. Dall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol.

“XXII, pp. 107-112, 1899.)—In monographing the fossil species, Dr.

Dall has found it necessary to make many changes in nomenclature

involving many of the recent species. The following is a list of the

recent species as revised by Dr. Dall :

East American Species.

Solen viridis Say. Rhode Island to Georgia.

Solen (Solena) obliqua Spengler. Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Thomas.

(S. rudis Sowb. not C. B. Ads. + philippinarum Sowb. not Hanley

are synonyms. )

Ensis directus Conrad. Labrador to Indian Key, Florida, Pliocene

to recent.

(““#. americana Beck,” of H. & A. Ads., is probably a manuscript

name, Solen siliqua Chickering, not Linn, is a synonym. This

species was generally confounded with Solen magnus Schumacker,

under the name of Solen ensis Linn., by the earlier American authors.

In this connection Dr. Dall seems to have overlooked as a synonym

S. americana Gould. (Invertebrates of Mass., Binney ed., p. 42, 1870),

a name used by most American conchologists. Solen directus was

described by Conrad (Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci., p. 825, 1843) as a fossil,

from what he considered a miocene deposit fifteen miles below New

Berne, N. C. This formation is now known as the Croatan beds of

the Pliocene.

Ensis minor Dall. Cape May to Florida and Texas. ‘This is

Solen ensis var, minor of some of the earlier writers, and bears to Z.

directus the same relation the Hnsis ensis Linn., of Europe, does to

the North European #. magnus Schum. It differs from the young

of #. directus in having the valves wider behind than in front and

relatively narrower as a whole.

Siliqua squama Bainville, Grand Banks of Newfoundland and

Gulf of St. Lawrence.

“This is Machera nitida Gould, and Cultellus medius Sowb. (not

Gray).”

Siliqua costata Say. Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Cape Hatteras,

ys.

_ The following are synonymous names: Solecurtoides nahantensis

Desmoulins; S. sayi Gray; S. radiatus Ravenel (not Linneus) ;

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Cultellus grayanus Sowb. (not Dunker?); Oultellus subsuleatus Sowb.;

Cultellus belcheri (as of Gray manuscript) Sowb.; not C. costatus

Middendorf nor Sowerby.

Psammosolen sancte-marthe (Chemn.) Orbigny. N. Carolina,

Bermuda, the Antilles and south to Rio Janeiro.

Psammosolen cumingianus Dunker. N. Carolina to Texas and

Sao Paulo, Brazil.

West American Species.

Solen sicarius Gould. Vancouver Island to San Pedro, California.

Solen rosaceus Carpenter. Santa Barbara, Cal., south to the Gulf

of California.

Solen mexicanus Dall. West coast of Tehuantepec, Mexico.

Solen (Solena) rudis C. B. Adams. Panama,

** Confounded with S. obliquus Spengl. of the Antilles, by Carpenter

and Sowerby.”

Ensis ealifornicus Dall. Monterey, Cal., south to the Gulf of

California.

Siliqua lucida Conrad. Monterey to San Diego, Cal.

Confounded with the young of S. nuttallii by Carpenter and Gabb.

Siliqua media Gray. Okhotsk and Bering Seas northward to the

Arctic Ocean at Cape Lisburne.

Syn. Machera costata Midd. (not Say); S. borealis Conrad.

Siliqua patula Dixon. Okhotsk Sea, the southern border of Ber-

ing Sea and the Gulf of Alaska to Sitka.

Syn. Solen maximus Wood (not Gmel.); S. gigas Dillw.; S. gran-

dis (Hinds’ manuscript, as of Gmelin) Dunker ; Carpenter; S. sp/en-

dens Chenu.

Stiliqua (patula var.) alta Brod. and Sowb. Bering Sea and Strait.

Syn. Cultellus costatus Sowb. (not Say).

Siliqua (patula var.) nuttallii Conrad. Lituya Bay, Alaska, south

to Oregon and Monterey, California.

Syn. S. californica Conrad, and S. nuttali Sowb.

The following new species are described :

Solen mexicanus. Gulf of Tehuantepec.

Ensis californicus. From 14 fathoms sand, off the Island of San

Pedro Martir, Gulf of California.

Tagelus poeyi. Cuba; mouth of Old River, Belize; Greytown,

Nicaragua, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Some scattered notes on

Tagelus gibbus Spengler, are also given.

Vee N Ber ts:

Von. XIII. MARCH, 1900. No. 11.

NOTE ON PETRICOLA DENTICULATA Sby.

BY W. H. DALL.

The enquiry suggested by me in the Naurvitus for January (p.

100) has been quickly answered. Mrs. Oldroyd has kindly forwarded

to me three specimens of Petricola from Long Beach, Cal., collected

by Mrs. Blood, which solve the problem as to the adult form of Car-

penter’s Psephis tellimyalis beyond all shadow of a doubt. The little

brown radiated nepionic shells appear with astonishing distinctness

against the white shell of the adult Petricola. What is still more

curious is that these dark-colored tips must fade, as in all the museum

series extending from San Pedro to Peru not a single one retains the

color, and one of Mrs. Blood’s specimens has very little. There are

two species of Petricola, belonging to the section Petricolaria Stol-

iczka, on the coast of California, neither of which goes much north

of San Pedro. One is the elongate P. cognata C. B. Adams (the

analogue of the east coast P. pholadiformis), also named gracilis by

Deshayes. The other has the following synonymy, and very likely

more.

PETRICOLA DENTICULATA Sowerby.

P. denticulata Sby. P. Z. S., 1834, p. 47.

P. ventricosa (Deshayes Ms.) Sowerby, Thes. Concb., p. 773, pl.

166, figs. 6, 7, 1854 (in synonymy).

P. nivea Sowerby op. cit., p. 773, pro parte, not of Gmelin, 1792.

P. tenuis Sowerby 1834, C. B. Adams and others, pro parte.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Psephis tellimyalis Cpr. B. A. Rep. Moll. Western N. Am., p.

641, 1864; Journ, de Conchyl. xii, p. 135, 1865 (larval shell).

This species belongs to the middle American or Panamic fauna

and i8 known to extend as far north as San Pedro and south to the

Peruvian coast. The P. cognata is somewhat more restricted and

seems most abundant in the Gulf of California. It has been found

as far north as San Diego. The P. nivea (Mytilus niveus Chemn.)

Gmelin, is an Indo-Pacific species, very similar to P. denticulata and

confounded with it by most of the early writers.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CALIFORNIAN LAND SHELL.

BY F. W. BRYANT.

Epiphragmophora Bowersi, n. sp.

Shell umbilicated, convex ; epidermis olivaceous ; spire slightly

elevated ; whorls between 4 and 5, convex, gradually increasing ;

suture well defined ; aperture transverse, nearly circular; peristome

whitish, thin, very slightly expanded at the basal portion, at the

columella broadly reflected, yet leaving the umbilicus entirely open,

showing within the whorls to the apex ; base convex,

A well-defined, moderately broad, light-chestnut band revolves

above the centre of the body whorl, and is visible above the suture

on the whorl preceding the last ; lines of growth close and distinctly

marked.

Greater diameter 13, lesser 10, height 6 mm.

Location, San Jacinto Mts., Riverside County, California.

THE CORROSION OF SHELLS IN CABINETS.!

The above is the title of a paper of the greatest importance to all

collectors of shells, and especially to those having charge of museums

where the shells are usually glued to cards or tablets. Although no

corrosion of shells has been noticed in the coilections of this country,

it is well to be on the lookout, and to guard against all apparent

causes.

y L. St. G. Byne, M.Sc. With a

prefatory note by T. Cosmo Melvill, M. A., F. L.S. The Journal of Conchol-

ogy, Vol. ix., pp. 172-178, and pp. 253-254, 1899.

1The Corrosion of Shells in Cabinets. By

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Mr. Melvill says: I first noticed the deterioration of a Mitra

(Zierliana) ziervogeliana in our National Collection, now many years

ago, and a year or two afterwards the disease had spread to another

example on the same tablet. I have never had any specimens in

my own collection thus attacked, excepting one, and that I fancy

must have come into my possession diseased, and it was forthwith

destroyed. But none of these are glued or affixed in any way to

tablets, as is the case in most museums, but are either placed loose

on cotton wool, or in glass-topped boxes. I may add that I have

seen too frequently in the almost hermetically-sealed drawers under

the cases in the British Museum a dulness first pervading the exter-

ior of certain smooth species more markedly e. g., Conus, Cypraa, and

especially Naticide, Then grey acid efflorescence, both tasting and

smelling strongly of vinegar, covers the whole surface like a powder,

rising doubtless from the interior, and the specimens are soon almost

irretrievably ruined. This evil being, therefore, of most serious sig-

nificance, the sooner one is able to cope with it satisfactorily the

better, and I am sure our best thanks are due to Mr. Byne for hav-

ing been the first to take the matter in hand.

From Mr. Byne’s exhaustive paper we extract the following :

* The shells which formed the subject of my experiments were

from the National Collection at South Kensington, furnished me

through the courtesy and kindness of Mr. E. A. Smith, ‘These alone

are referred to unless where otherwise distinctly stated. The shells

in the cabinet drawers are in many instances either partially or en-

tirely destroyed, the surface being corroded and covered with a fine

white powder substance, which can be easily scraped off with a knife.

This caused them to resemble Eocene mollusca.

Many species are quite unrecognizable on account of the surface

being eaten away so deeply. The destruction has traveled from

shell to shell and drawer to drawer, like a disease, several valuable

specimens being spoilt.

The mischief has assumed large proportions, and being still on the

increase causes the greatest anxicty.

The most remarkable facts are—

1. Only marine species are attacked.

2. Highly polished shells, such as those of Cypria, are the most

liable to be affected.

3. It does not extend to every specimen in a drawer, and of sev-

eral mounted on the same tablet, perhaps one only is attacked,

124 THE NAUTILUS.

4. Loose shells are also destroyed, but there are comparatively few

of these compared with the number of those mounted on cards.

5. The shells affected are from twenty to fifty years old, but the

corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of about ten years.

The process is thus an extremely slow one.

6. It oceurs principally amongst the shells kept in drawers in the

dark, where the air is confined and seldom changed.

7. If the tongue be placed against one of the shells, an astringent

alum-like taste will be observed.

We now come to the consideration of possible causes of corrosion.

They appear to me to be four in number.

I. Damp.—If the shells were placed in a room or gallery that was

not properly warmed, a very probable reason would be that a fungus

had been formed, eating away the surface of the shell. The shell

gallery of the Natural History Museum is, I am assured, excessively

dry. This cause is, therefore, excluded.

Il. The action of sulphuric acid.—It is well known that the atmos-

phere of cities contains free sulphuric acid (in addition to other

sulphur compounds) derived from household fires and the burning of

coal-gas. This acting over a period of years would slowly eat away

the calcium carbonate of the shell, forming calcium sulphate. If this

were the explanation, then the whole of the white powdery substance

on the surface of the shell would consist of calcium sulphate. Analy-

sis, however, showed that none was present.

III. Presence of salt.—Shells that had not been soaked in fresh

water before being placed in the cabinets would contain salt, not

only in the epidermis, but also held mechanically amongst the parti-

cles of calcium carbonate. It is highly probable that its presence

would exert a deleterious influence.

Chemical tests showed that it was practically absent in the shells

examined, a fact that occasioned some surprise.

IV. Action of an acid substance.—After carefully considering all

the facts in my possession, I have come to the conclusion that the

corrosion is due to the action of butyric acid,

Upon opening the box of shells sent me by Mr. E. A. Smith, I at

once noticed a pungent vinegar-like odor, which pervaded the fin-

gers and everything that came in contact with them. This pointed to

the presence of acids of the acetic series. Analysis showed that every

shell contained butyric acid, as calcium butyrate. A few contained

THE NAUTILUS. 125

calcium acetate. Butyric acid is a product of the fermentation of

animal matter, and its original source was found in the following

‘manner; A specimen of Strombus tricornis was soaked in distilled

water for a week. A piece about the size of a pea, of a grayish gela-

tinous substance was found at the bottom of the glass vessel. This

had come from the interior of the shell, and chemical tests showed it

to beorganic matter. The shell had probably been more than twenty

years inthe Museum.

This at once furnished the explanation which I now bring forward,

namely: That the pieces of the animal left in the shell, through in-

sufficient cleaning or otherwise, ferment, setting free butyric acid.

This substance is extremely volatile, and pervades the whole of the

drawers and cabinets. ‘The amount present can only be extremely

small, but acting as it does for so many years, it slowly eats away

the surface to a considerable extent, converting the calcium carbon-

ate into calcium butyrate.

The reason that land and fresh-water species are not attacked is

that their epidermis acts, so to speak, as a coat of mail. Hence,

highly-polished species of Cyprwa, etc., are the most liable to corro-

sion through lack of such protection.

The fact that the shells exposed to daily public inspection in the

top cases are less attacked is explained on the hypothesis that the ~

light acts as a deterrent. I have also come to the conclusion that the

gum used in attaching the shells to the tablets has something to do

with the corrosion. The majority of the shells affected in the Na-

tional Collection are gummed to tablets. As far as can be ascer-

tained, the corrosion has never occurred in private collections where

the shells are and always have been loose. The gum ferments,

acetic acid being formed. This eats away the calcium carbonate,

forming calcium acetate; this latter substance was found in several

of the shells examined, in addition to the calcium butyrate.

V. Prevention.—In the case of those shells which are badly

affected, nothing can be done, and their instant removal is absolutely

essential, for if left, they only increase the mischief with those just

beginning to show signs of corrosion. I recommend that they be

soaked for twenty-four hours in a solution of corrosive sublimate (1

part in 1,000 water) and then thoroughly dried.

As an experiment, all shells should be subjected to such treatment,

in the hope that it may prove effectual. It is quite impossible to say

126 THE NAUTILUS.

beforehand whether this will be an infallible remedy. Time only

can prove its efficacy.

On page 235 of the same volume Mr, Byne gives the following

supplementary notes to his former observations :

“At the time of writing my former paper I did not possess any

knowledge of bacteriology, but I had come to the conclusion some

months before that the corrosion was due originally to the action of

bacteria. I am now enabled, through the kindness of Dr. Ewart, to

adduce a considerable amount of evidence in support of this. I still

adhere to the five items of my previous summary.

The white powdery substance upon the surface of the shells was

found to consist of calcium butyrate, in some instances mixed with

calcium acetate. It was formed by the action of butyric and acetic

acids upon the calcium carbonate of the shell structure.

Since butyric acid does not. occur in the atmosphere, it can hardly

have had an external origin. It must, therefore, have been derived

from fermentative processes occurring in the organic material of the

shell, or of adhering portions of the molluscan inhabitant. Both

aérobic and anaérobic bacteria are known which can cause various

carbohydrates to ferment, producing butyric and acetic acids. It is

very often the case that a portion of the liver is left attached to the

shell, especially to the apex. This might easily undergo butyric

fermentation, and, moreover, the same might occur with the adhesive

substance used to fix the specimen to its card. Both aérobic and

anaérobic butyric bacteria exist, but the common forms are anaéro-

bic. Hence we should expect to find the danger of spoiling in-

creased with imperfect aération in closed or hermetically sealed

cases, in which at the same time there would be no possibility of the

acid products escaping. A little moisture is required to start the

fermentation ; hence, dry cases should escape, and even in damp air

the process can only take place with great slowness, for so soon as

the products accumulate to a certain extent, fermentation ceases

until they have been removed.

That the mischief is of bacterial origin is supported by the follow-

ing facts :

1. Butyric acid has been found.

This could only be produced by the butyric fermentation of carbo-

hydrates, or even proteid substances. Acetic acid is amongst the

fermentative products of butyric bacteria, and calcium acetate has

been found in some of the shells.

THE NAUTILUS. LF

2. The shells in the top cases that are exposed to light are practically

unaffected.

This points strongly to bacteria. The deadly action of direct

sunlight on bacteria is well known, and may produce death in from

five minutes to am hour when they are in the vegetative condition.

Even strong diffuse daylight suffices to retard or even inhibit the de-

velopment of many bacteria.

3. The shells in the drawers kept in the dark are the worst at-

tacked.

This necessarily follows from the above statement. Darkness is

favorable to the development of these fermentative organisms.

Within the shell the bacteria would even in the top cases be pro-

tected from the inimical effect of light.

I stated in my former paper that the corrosion had not occurred in

private collections. Since its publication I have been informed that

some shells in a large private collection at Birmingham have been

badly corroded, and have caused anxiety for some time past.

PREVENTION.

It must surely be conceded that an infallible remedy cannot be

given. _ My critics have either overlooked or paid no attention to

the fact that the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of

about ten years.

The suggestions received are:

1. Boiling in oil.

2. Rubbing over the surface with such substances as oil of tur-

pentine oil of cloves, and formalin.

I am of the opinion that these may be dismissed as ineffectual.

Now that we know that the corrosion is caused by bacteria, I am more

than ever convinced that soaking in corrosive sublimate solution,

combined with previous thorough cleaning, will prove effectual. It

must be remembered that corrosive sublimate is an extremely poison-

onous substance. The drawers should be thoroughly aérated at in-

tervals, to remove accumulated acid vapors, which will never be

present in more than minute traces.

The drawers should also be kept well dried.

12s THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON THE VARIETIES OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA MORMONUM.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In treating of this species both Binney and Stearns have com-

mented on its variability. In examining the series in our collection

it appears to me that three well-marked races or subspecies exist,

which may be readily distinguished.

Typical mormonum is large and depressed, pale reddish corneous,

often fading to a paler tint on the base ; the brown girdle is conspic-

vously darker, and broadly bordered with white above and below.

Surface glossy, sculptured with growth-wrinkles only, or if spiral

siriz are present they are very faint; apex minutely granulose.

Diam. 29-3], alt. 14-15 mm., sometimes smaller. Whorls 6.

Mormon Island, in the American River, Sacramento Co., Cal.

(type locality); Tuolumne Co. (Hemphill).

Binney’s figures represent Pfeiffer’s type.

Var. cala, nev. Smaller and less depressed ; dark reddish brown,

the peripheral girdle not conspicuously darker, yellow-bordered ; sur-

face sculptured with dense minute spiral strie ; whorls 55; diam. 22,

alt. 14 mm., or diam. 26,alt.15 mm. Types from Big Trees, Cala-

veras co., Cal.; Fred. L. Button, H. Hemphill.

Much commoner in collections than the pale, glossy typical form.

Var. buttoni, n. vy. Color as in var. eala, but shell more depressed,

periphery more or less carinated in front, the surface studded with

minute prominences which bear rather long golden-brown hairs when

unrubbed ; granulation of the apex more strongly developed. Whorls

d3. Diam. 22-24, alt. 114-12 mm.

Nassau Valley, Calaveras Co., Button. Redding, Shasta Co.;

McGregor. Probably some larger shells collected by Hemphill at

Cave City, Tuolumne Co., belong to this variety, but the specimens

before me are in poor condition. The largest measures 29 mm. diam.

This variety forms a transition to &. hillebrandi, which is only an-

other term in the variation series, as Stearns has already remarked.

A NEW CALLIOSTOMA FROM FLORIDA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Calliostoma Veliei ». sp.

Shell imperforate, high-conic, moderately solid, white, with a series

of small, reddish maculew at the periphery of each whorl. Whorls

THE NAUTILUS. 129

nearly 7, the first one smooth and rounded, the rest lightly concave

above and sculptured with four equal beaded spirals (and some inter-

stitial threads on the last whorl or two), with a much broader, more

prominent spiral rib at the periphery and projecting above each su-

ture, where a narrower spiral shows below it; the last whorl quite

convex just below the prominent rib, the base moderately convex,

and sculptured with 14 beaded spirals, contiguous toward the periph-

ery, but more separated and with interstitial threads in the intervals

on the rest of the base, which is further sculptured by fine, curved,

radial grooves. Three or four of the spirals are rather sparsely

dotted with red. Aperture trapezoidal, white and pearly within ;

columella pearly, white and concave above, ending below in a slight

tooth. Alt. 104, diam. 93 mm.

Caxambas Pass, S.-W. Florida, collected in 1898 by Dr. J. W.

Velie, in whose honor it is named.

GENERAL NOTES.

Onty A One-tTeNTH OysteR Crop.—This has been the poorest

year in ten in the oyster industry of Maryland. In years past from

5,000,000 to 10,000,000 bushels of oysters have been taken from the

bay. This year the yield will be about 1,000,000 bushels.

The question of legislation for the protection of the oysters has

agitated the state for years, but in the meantime the bivalve is dis-

appearing. Notwithstanding the diminishing supply, however, there

have been sufficient oysters to keep going all the packing houses in

Baltimore, which employ about 5000 people. Nearly 500 dredging

boats are sailing out of Baltimore.— Phila. Record, Dec. 30.

SIVALVE SHELLS: Usep 1N MANILA ror Winpow Panrs.—

In Manila, where there is an interesting field open to the naturalist,

the natives have an odd substitute for glass. It is a bivalve shell of

about nine inches of surface, so transparent that print can be readily

seen through it, and admitting a mellow light in a room where it

is used as window glass. The shell is an attractive object, flat,

and in appearance resembles isinglass. One could almost imagine

that it was some skillful invention of the natives, could not the growth

rings be readily observed. The outer side of the shell is perceptibly

rough, while the interior is perfectly glazed over and in the light has

the pearly lustre found in many of the thin-shelled, oyster-like mollusks

130 THE NAUTILUS.

of the tropics. The shell is the Placuna placenta of science, and is

well known in China, the common name being the Chinese window

oyster. It is employed there also for windows and used in lanterns.

The Chinese grind up the shell and make from it the silver paint so

common in their water colors. The bivalve is very common in

the Philippines, and forms a very good and cheap substitute for

glass.— The Phila. Record.

Unionip& in A TuNNEL.—I am interested in two examples of

Margaritana margaritifera var. faleata, taken in a water tunnel near

Santa Cruz, in this state (California), 700 feet from the mouth of the

tunnel, and 3800 feet underground. They differ from the normal

specimens in being both unusually large and thin, the nacre being

very richly colored.—Frep L. Burton.

PurRpPURA CORONATA Lam. IN AMERICA.—This well-known West

African species has been reported from Demerara and Trinidad by

the Rev. A. H. Cooke. Living specimens were collected at Liv-

ingston, Guatemala, in the spring of 1899, by Mr. Silas L. Schumo,

and are now in the collection of the Academy.—H. A. Pivspry.

ADDITIONAL CHITONS FROM THE PLIOCENE OF THE CALOOSA-

HATCHIE River, FLorrpa.—In recently working over (with the

assistance of Mr. E. G. Vanatta) a lot of fine material, mostly ob-

tained in cleaning the larger mollusca, collected by the late Dr. H. E.

Griffith, ten valves of Chitons were found. These were kindly stud-

ied by Dr. Pilsbry, with the following results :

Ohetopleura apiculata Say. One head and two central valves.

Ischnochiton papillosus C. B. Ads. Two central valves.

Ischnochiton striolatus Gray. One head and one central valve.

Acanthochites pygmaeus Pilsbry. One central valve.

The two other central valves were too imperfect for determination.

Isch. striolatus has only been recorded recent from St. Thomas and

Barbados.

Dr. Dall, in his work on the “ Tertiary Fauna of Florida” (Trans.

Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Vol. III, pt. 2, p. 489), records but one

species, Acanthochites spiculosus Reeve; ‘‘A fragment of a central

valve,” ‘too imperfect to make the identification certain.””—C. W.

JOHNSON.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Nores on VERONICELLA.—In Journ. Institute of Jamaica, Vol.

2, p. 601 (1899), Mr. H. Vendryes publishes without descriptions the

names of two varieties of V. s/oanii credited to me. I had not in-

tended to publish these names, as they seem to represent mutations

only, but since they are published, it may be well to explain that vy.

maculata is F, No. 24, and v. subpallida is G, No. 20, of CkIl. &

Larkin’s paper on the Jamaican species of Veronicella in Journ. of

Malacology, Vol. 3, pt. 2, 1894. Mr. Vendryes lists Limacellus

lactescens from Jamaica, but it belongs to North America, and has

not been found in the West Indies. When the locality of it was

unknown, I guessed that it might possibly have come from Jamaica,

along with the Veronicella described at the same time by Blainville.

Dr. Simroth has lately (cf. Zool. Record for 1898, Mollusca, p. 62)

applied the name decipiens to an African Veronicella. This must be

changed, as Semper has used the same name for a South American

species.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

My friend, F. W. Kelsey, of San Diego, Cal., recently sent me a

peculiar Lithophagus, taken near that city, which I at once recog-

nized as a Myoforceps, and Dr. Dall afterwards kindly determined

the species as MW. aristatus Dillwyn. The finding of this interesting

species, with its elongate, crossed ends, in shell ground which has

been well worked for so many years, is worthy of note and to the

credit of the enthusiastic collector named. The fact that mature

specimens are found imbedded in hard rock is proof that it is not of

very recent introduction.—F rep. L. Burton.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SYNOPSIS OF THE RECENT AND TertTIARY LEPTONACEA OF

North AMERICA AND THE WeEsT INpiEs. By Wm. H. Dat.

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxi., pp. 873-897, plates 87 and 88,

1899.)

“The Leptonacea form a very interesting and puzzling group.

Their characters combine features characteristic in other Teleo-

donts of immaturity, with such as are more probably due to environ-

mental modifications. Without being in themselves prototypes, they

exhibit features which we may readily suppose might have been

characteristic of prototypic Teleodonts. Groups which are really

132 THE NAUTILUS.

starting points for numerous subsequently developed genera, are

usually notable for their tendency to vary and interchange charac-

ters. In the present case, perhaps, the very general habit of com-

mensalism or parasitism, has produced degeneration, accompanied by

a revival of atavistic primary characters.”

Other introductory remarks are followed by a list of species from

the east and west coasts of North America, with synonymy and dis-

tribution. From the east coast there are recorded 13 genera, 34

species and one variety ; from the west coast 12 genera, 33 species

are listed.

A list of the tertiary species of the United States is also given,

containing 73 species, divided among 13 genera, followed by ‘ de-

scriptions of new species and remarks on others imperfectly known.”

18 new recent species are described, all of the new species are in-

cluded in preceding lists. On plate 87 is shown a crab (Gebia pu-

getensis, Dana), with Erycina rugifera, Carp., attached by its bys-

sus to the underside of the abdomen of the crab. Cs Wu.

THe Mouiusk Fauna or THE PriBiLor IsLtanps.—By Wm.

H. Dall. (Extracted from The Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the

North Pacific Ocean, Pt. III, pp. 539-646, 1899.)

A very interesting paper on the geographical distribution of species

and the physical characteristics of the region. The faunal summary

gives a total of 86 forms. Only three land shells are known from the

group: Suecinea chrysis, Vitrina exilis and Pupa decora var.. A

fauual summary of the Commander Islands given for comparison,

shows a total of 74 species from those islands, including six land and

three fresh-water forms: Limax hyperboreus, V. exilis, H. radiatula,

Conulus fulvus, Patula ruderata var. pauper, P. decora, Limnea ovata,

L. humilis and Pistdium equilaterale. Fossil mollusks were found

only on St. Paul Tsland.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEw Genus, AUSTROSAREPTA, AND NOTES

ON OTHER Moriusca rrom New Soutu WaALgEs. By Charles

Hedley. (Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., pt. 8, pp. 429-484, Dec. 1899.)

Following Dr. Dall’s classification, Mr. Hedley places this interesting

genus in the subfamily Sarepting; the type is a new species A. pieta.

A new species, Zeinostoma starkey@, is described and figured. Solen

sloanii Gray, Neritula lucida, Cassis nana T. Woods, Cantharus

waterhousie Braz., are also figured.—C. W. J.

Ra a (xs ay 7 a

ire

7 ane

NaurTiuus, VoL. XIII. PLATE ITI.

PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS SAY.

ae IN ee Us:

Von. XIII. APRIL, 1900. No. 12.

THE GENUINE PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS, SAY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The sound judgment and critical acumen of that great naturalist,

-Thomas Say, has been exemplified not only in the large proportion

of his species which have withstood the scrutiny of the ‘“ higher criti-

cism ”’ of the modern school of conchologists, but also by the number

which in recent years have been rescued from the synonymical bone-

yard, to which they had been relegated by his immediate successors,

and restored to their original integrity.

The fine species which he described in 1824 as Planorbis corpulen-

tus has been one of the most unfortunate of these forgotten species in

its scientific history. Owing, no doubt, in a large measure to its

extreme rarity, it has been constantly misapprelended, not only by

all the descriptive writers, but by nearly every one who has had oc-

casion to refer to it.

The earlier American conchologists were unanimous in referring

to it unusually large specimens of P. trivolvis, and generally consid-

ered it a form of that species and doubtful, even, of varietal rank.

In 1841, Haldeman referred to it a large Planorbis collected by

Nuttall, in the Lewis river, Oregon, and his example was followed by

Gould, Chenu, Clessin, Tristram and Sowerby. W. G. Binney

(1865) was “inclined to believe that Say had before him a form of

P. trivolvis when he drew his description of P. corpulentus,’’ and con-

sidered the west coast species referred to that form by Haldeman,

134 THE NAUTILUS.

Gould and others, to be a distinct species. It is evident from the

museum register given by Binney, that he had no Canadian exam-

ples of the species before him, although he remarks that he ‘had

seen no specimens from the localities visited by Mr. Say while on

Long’s expedition that were not forms of P. trivolvis.”

Tryon, in his supplement to Haldeman, affirmed Binney’s opinion,

referred corpulentus to trivolvis, and described the western form as

P. binneyt.

This decision, so far as it differentiates the west coast form from

Say’s corpulentus, is undoubtedly correct, and all the west coast cita-

tions of that species must be eliminated.

Following the lead of eastern naturalists, the species has been

cited either specifically, or as a variety of trivolvis in many of the

eastern local lists, but without description or remarks. Such are

Anthony, ‘* Cincinnati ;’’ Wheatley, ‘‘ New York to Ohio;”? Hub-

bard, ‘ Ohio,” and Lewis, ‘“ Little Lakes, N. Y.” I

Jay is the only one of the eastern cataloguers who appears to have

had a specimen from near the original locality, and which possibly

may have been true. He gives the locality of his example as ‘* Win-

nepeck river.’’?

{t follows therefore that all the citations of this species from the

eastern and central states must also be rejected.

There thus remain for consideration only the few citations from

the Manitoba region of Canada and the northern central part of the

United States. Say’s original description cites the Winnepeck river,

Winnepeck Lake, Lake of the Woods aud Rainy Lake. Dawson in

the ‘* Report of the British North American Boundary Commission,”

quotes it from Flag Island, Lake of the Woods, and remarks that

‘the specimens are from Say’s typical locality and agree perfectly

with his description. If P. corpulentus is a variety of trivolvis, as

has been suggested, it is a very well marked one, and is character-

istic of the open reaches of the lake.”

1 Part of Say’s collection is now in the American Museum of Natural History

of New York. Mr. R. P. Whitfield, the Curator, writes: ‘‘ We have in the Say

collection one shell from the Winnepeck river, but it is not the one figured by

Say in Long’s Expedition, but is smaller, lacking the outer volution as com-

pared with that figure. We have one quite large specimen from the J. J. Cooke

collection from Lake Superior, and four specimens from the W. A. Haines’ col-

lection, which are labelled Winnepeck river. But I can find no evidence as to

who collected them or where.”

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Grant in the “ Sixteenth (1887) Annual Report of the Geological

and Natural History Survey of Minnesota,” cites it from ‘* Vermilion

Lake and all over St. Louis and Lake Counties,” and says: “it is

found clinging to rocky shores and reefs, and seems to seek places

where the water is quite rough.”’

Hanham in his recent ‘“ List of the Land and Fresh-water Shells

of Manitoba,” published in THE NavuTILus, quotes simply Dawson’s

original citation of the Lake of the Woods.

These references, with Jay’s citation in his Catalogue, which pos-

sibly may be one of the original lot collected by Long’s expedition,

are the only ones, which I have been able to find, that can with any

probability be referred to Say’s species.

Having before me four different lots, aggregating sixteen speci-

mens, of what is undoubtedly the genuine corpulentus of Say, I can

confidently affirm that the species is entirely distinct from P. trivol-

vis, and must be accorded specific rank.

Say’s description is very exact, and when read so as to apply to a

a sinistral species, as this undoubtedly is, as shown by the young

shell (fig. 7), leaves but little to be added.

The characteristic features of the species are the high, narrow, bi-

carinate, rugosely striate whorls, with widely separated raised growth

lines and large expanded aperture, which is higher than wide. The

superior surface is either almost perfectly flat, or more or less con-

cave, sometimes deeply so, varying as the shell is coiled horizontally

or somewhat obliquely to the axis; the superior carina, until the last

half of the last whorl is reached, is almost a right angle, the sides of

the whorl being but little convex, with the greater convexity below

the middle; the body-whorl enlarges very rapidly during the last

half of its growth, and become more ventricose, and both carinz be-

come less prominent; the superior, however, retains its position and

sensibly modifies the shape of the aperture, while the lower one

from the rounding out of the base of the shell, becomes subobsolete

and does not affect the convexity of the lower part of the lip; the

umbilicus is large and crateriform, the base of the shell until the

body-whorl begins to enlarge towards the mouth being flat, and slopes

sharply from the carina into the umbilicus, so that the lower carina,

during that period of growth, is much more acute than the superior

one; the whorls of the young shell are very narrow and high, and

owing to the rapid increase in height in proportion to width, the col-

136 THE NAUTILUS.

umellar insertion of the lip is on the base of the preceeding whorl

between the umbilicus and the lower carina (fig. 7), which thus

forms a strong spirally entering fold slightly below the centre of the

inner margin. Compared. with this species, P. trivolvis is distin-

guished by its greater width in proportion to its height, wider and

more convex whorls, finer and closer striz, wider and more oblique

aperture, less prominent superior carina, which is nearly central on

the penultimate whorl, the constantly rounded base of the whorls in

all stages of growth, never sharply and acutely carinate as in corpu-

lentus ; and smaller umbilicus, not exhibiting the apical whorls.

The specimens before me are from the following localities :

1. Michigan. Coll. University of Michigan (figs. 1, 2 and 3).

Exact locality and collector unknown. . These specimens have

been in the University museum for many years, and no further infor-

mation in regard to them is attainable. They are much heavier and

thicker than those from the other localities represented, but are other-

wise very similar. In all probability they were part of the material

turned into the museum from one of the early geological surveys, and

quite likely are from the western part of the Upper Peninsula, as noth-

ing like them has been found in the upper part of the Lower Penin-

sula, or in the eastern portion of the upper. They were originally

catalogued as P. trivolvis Say.

2. Rat Portage, Keewatin, Manitoba.

Coll. Fred’k Stearns. Collected by A. C. Lawson in 1884.

3. Vermillion Lake, Minn., (fig. 4, 5 and 6).

Received from H. F. Nachtrieb of the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur-

vey of Minn.

4, Vermillion Lake, Hudson Bay Territory (fig. 7.)

From the collection of the late Dr. James Lewis. Collector un-

known.

Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has

kindly furnished the following data in regard to the material belong-

ing to the Survey :

‘‘In the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada, there are

five typical examples of Planorbis corpulentus collected by Dr. James

Fletcher, in 1882, at the Lake of the Woods; by A. C. Lawson in

1884, at Rat Portage, above the Falls, and by W. McInnes in 1890,

at Greenwater Lake, Thunder Bay District. There are also speci-

mens which are at least very similar to P. corpulentus in the same

; THE NAUTILUS. isyé

museum, collected by J. B. Tyrrell, in 1879, at McLeod Lake and

by Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1889, at Nicola Lake, both in British

Columbia.

‘«¢ T have never seen any of the land or fresh water shells referred to

by Dr. Dawson in his Brit. N. Am. Bound. Report, and believe that

they went to the British Museum.”

Rev. George W. Taylor of Nanaimo, B. C., writes that a pair of

the shells collected by Lawson are the only ones in his collection and

that “the large Planorbis occurring on this (western) side of the

Rockies is P. ammon.”’

In conclusion, therefore, it may be said that P. corpulentus Say, is

a valid species and entirely distinct from either the eastern P. trivol-

vis on the one hand, or the western P. ammon or binney? or: the other;

that it is a characteristic form of the Manitoba lake region, and ex-

tends from there into northern Minnesota and Michigan. Nothing

is known in regard to the animal.

Bibliography.

1824 Say—Lone’s Expedition II. 262, pl. XV, f. 9.

1837 Beck—Index Molluscorum p. 118.

1840 Whittemore—Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts O. S. XX XVIII, 193.

1848 Anthony—List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati.

1844 Haldeman—Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. 19, pl. III. fig. 7-9.

1842 Adams—Thompson’s Hist. of Vt. 155, Reprint 5.

1843 DeKay—Zoology of N. Y.—Mollusca—64, pl. VIII, 185* a. b.

1845 Wheatley—Cat. Shells of U.S. 21.

1852 Jay—Cat. of Shells 267.

2 Gould—uU.S. Ex. Ex. Moll. 114, f. 130, 130 a, 130 b.

1856 Lewis—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 260.

1856 Carpenter—Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. A. pp. 210 and 316.

1858 Say—Binney’s Ed. 128, pl. LXXIV, f. 9.

1859 Cooper—Rep. Moll. P. R. R. Survey 378.

1861 Tristram---Cat. Coll. T. and F. Moll. in Guatemala, P. Z. 8S, 231.

1864 Carpenter—Sup. Rep. Moll. W. Coast of N. A. pp. 532, 558, 599, 607

675.

1865 Binney—L. and F. W. Shells II, 114, f. 190.

1870 _Tryon—Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll. pp. 199 and 202.

1872 Carpenter—Moll. West N. A. pp. 18, 44, 85, 93, 161.

1876 (?) Sowerby—Conch. Icon. XX. f. 4.

1886 Clessin—Conch. Cab. Planorbis, 144. pl. 17, f. 4; pl. 22, f. 1.

1887 Grant—16th An. Rep. Geo, & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. 484.

1893 Walker—Nautilus VI. 136.

1894 Walker—Rey. Moll. Fauna of Mich. 18.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

1899 Hanham—Nautilus XIII, 1.

— Anthony—List of L. and F. W. Shells found in vicinity of Cincinnati.

Hubbard—Cat. Terr. and Fluv. Shells of Ohio.

1859 Chenu—Man. de Conch. I, 482, f. 3560.

NEW SOUTHERN UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT.

Unio Kingii, sp. nov.

Shell small, moderately thin, plicate behind, inflated, elliptical

and very inequilateral. Epidermis dark yellow and covered through-

out with fasciculated rays, which are more or less interrupted, form-

ing arrow-shaped markings. Sides rounded, and with a slight

enlargement from umbo to base, causing a slight emargination be-

hind it. Beaks quite prominent and surrounded by ten or twelve

fine, irregular, broken concentric folds. Umbonal ridge well defined

and the terminus of all the knotty plications that thickly cover the

posterior area. Lateral teeth slender, straight and quite smooth ;

cardinals erect and well roughened. Anterior cicatrices scarcely

distinct and often confluent ; a deep extension running well under

the cardinals. Beak cavity slight; cavity of shell profound and

uniform, Nacre variable, from greenish gray to rose. Width, 13

in.; length, 3 in.; diam, @ in.

Habitat. A branch of the Flint R. in Baker Co., Ga.

Type lot in National Museum.

Remarks: Affinity, Unio Walkeri, Wrt. and U. penicillatus Lea.

From the former they are easily distinguished by their greater infla-

tion and rounded sides, and more rounded umbonal angle, the finer

and rougher plications and diminished length; from the latter it

is also more inflated, darker and coarser, and has a sharper um-

bonal angle. In some specimens the rays almost disappear, and

again are so dense as to give a green appearance to the shell.

Mr. Charles T. Simpson has compared the type lot with the Lea

types and considers it nearer to U. penicillatus Lea than to Walk-

eri, but sufficiently distinct from both to warrant the standing we

here give it. Mr. Simpson also suggests a generic name, by which

this group will be distinguished in his forthcoming Synopsis of the

family.

It affords me pleasure to name this species for the discoverers,

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Messrs. G. F. and B. H. King, who take great interest in natural

history, and who are about to engage upon a thorough exploration of

S. W. Ga. and W. Fla. in the interest of science. Their address is

Mimsville, Ga.

NOTES ON SOME SOUTHERN MEXICAN SHELLS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

A small collection of shells from the state of Tabasco, Mexico, re-

ceived from Prof. José N. Rovirosa, is interesting as supplying a

new species of the genus Chondropoma, a genus common to southern

Mexico and the West Indies, but far more fully developed in the

latter region.

A new Unio of the Lampsilis group also occurred. The following

is a list of the species ;

Polygyra Yucatanea Mor. var. helictomphala Pfr. San Juan Bau-

tista.

Thysanophora conspurcatella Morel. San Juan Bautista.

Oxystyla princeps Brod.

Subulina trochlea (Pfr.). San Juan Bautista.

Opeas micra (Orb.). San Juan Bautista.

Glandina Ghiesbrechti Pfr.

Succinea Guatemalensis Morel.

Planorbis tenuis Phil.? (Young.)

Planorbula obstructa Morel. Margin of the Grijaloa R.

Aplexa aurantia Cpr. Macajucea.

Aplexa Tapanensis Cr. & Fisch. San Juan Bautista.

Chondropoma Martensianum Pilsbry. Montafias de Poana. See

below.

Felicina lirata Pfr. Garden of the Juarez Institute, San Juan

Bautista.

Neritina virginea L. Pueblo “ La Ceiba.”

Pachychilus vulneratus Crosse & Fischer. Upper Puyacatengo R.

near Teapa. This is the form referred by Morelet (in coll.) to P.

Helleri, and made by Crosse & Fischer a variety of P. chrysalis

Brot., under the above name. The form seems to offer considerable

differences from P. chrysalis, typical specimens of which were col-

lected by Sr. Rovirosa at Ixtacomitan, Chiapas, and it may prove

specifically independent. The specimens are old, more truncated

140 THE NAUTILUS.

than any other Pachychilus I have seen, one with a greatest diam-

éter of 24 mm., measuring 39 mm, in height, and having less than

two whorls remaining, the suture describing only one spiral turn.

The shells from Morelet’s collection before me are much smaller,

though doubtless this exact form.

Unio Rovirosai Pilsbry. Laguna de Atasta, near San Juan Bau-

tista. See’ below. .

Descriptions of New Species.

_ Chondropoma Martensianum n. sp.

Shell perforate, turreted, truncate, thin, corneous, with many faint

reddish-brown narrow spiral bands interrupted into dots. 43 to 54

whorls remaining in adults, very convex, separated by very deeply

impressed sutures, the last whorl well rounded below. Sculpture of

numerous very low spiral cords, a median one often larger, giving

the upper whorls a subangular appearance, crossed by very numer-

ous vertical lamella with scalloped edges, about 4 or 5 lamelle in

the space of a millimeter, on the latter half of the last whorl. Aper-

ture circular ; peristome broadly and equally reflexed on the outer,

basal and columellar margins, its face somewhat lamellose, nearly 1

mm. wide.

Alt. 18, diam. 6.6, internal diam. of aperture 3.2 mm. (d$

whorls. )

Alt. 11.8, diam. 6.5, internal diam. of aperture, 3.3 mm. (4%

whorls.)

Montanas de Poand, Tabasco, Mexico (José N. Rovirosa).

This species is most nearly allied to ©. radioswm Morelet, but

differs as follows: It is smaller and more slender; the lamella are

not produced into short spines where they cross the spiral cords ; the

peristome is decidedly narrower, recurved instead of flat or flaring for-

ward ; finally, the aperture itself is as large as in C. radiosum, though

the shell is smaller. ;

It is named in honor of Dr. E. von Martens, who is now publish-

ing an extensive work on the non-marine mollusks of Mexico.

Unio (Lampsilis) Rovirosai n. sp.

Shell large, ovate, rather thin (about as in U. /uteolus), inflated,

nowhere gaping, covered with a rather thin black cuticle, sculptured

with coarse and irregular growth-wrinkles, lamellose toward the basal

margin; beaks rather small, situated a little behind the anterior

THE NAUTILUS. 141

fourth of the length ; hinge margin slightly curved, anterior end

narrowly rounded, posterior end much wider. Interior white, faintly

pink tinted in the cavity, hardly iridescent. Right valve with one

strong wedge-shaped cardinal tooth standing nearly at a right angle

to the larger axis of shell, slight rudiments of accessory teeth in front

of and behind it on the hinge-line; the lateral single, stout and high,

separated by nearly its own length from the cardinal. Left valve

with two stout, subequal, oblique, crenulated cardinal teeth and two

strong laterals. Anterior adductor and pedal scars deep, posterior

scars very shallow, the adductor and foot retractor completely united.

Dorsal scars well within the cavity of the beaks, the major row (of

about 6—8 small deep scars) extending obliquely across the cavity

from below the cardinal to the lower side of the hinge-plate ; some

smaller, shallower scars below the main series. Pallial line deep an-

tericrly and below, shallow posteriorly. Length 111, height 71,

diam. 43 mm.

Laguna de Atasta, near San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico.

Type isa 2 specimen. It is allied to U. umbrosus Lea, differing

in the narrower anterior end and consequently triangularly oblong

form, the hinge-line and basal margin converging strongly forward ;

the lateral teeth are also shorter. The female is much more swollen

posteriorly than in U. umbrosus.

It is named in honor of Prof. José N. Rovirosa, known for his

botanical explorations in southern Mexico.

This species falls into the genus Lampsilis as understood by Simp-

son. Pending the publication of his classification of the group, it is

here placed under Unio.

SOME NOTES ON THE LAND SHELLS OF WESTERN FLORIDA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

The following notes on the land mollusca are based on a few ob-

tained incidentally while collecting fossils in Western Florida during

the latter half of February and the first week in March.

These notes give a more southern and western distribution for a

number of species than has heretofore been recorded.

The more southern distribution is undoubtedly due to the direct

southerly course of all the rivers, which during freshets carry down

great quantities of drift-wood to which a number of the land shells

142 THE NAUTILUS.

usually cling for preservation. A more western range for a number

of the eastern species would be expected, and more thorough and ex-

tended researches would probably show a much greater distribution

‘westward.

In the woods just east of Tallahassee, among the leaves around the

foot of some large magnolias and oaks, a number of Polygyra pus-

tula and P. hopetonensis and a few Omphalina levigata and Strobilops

labyrinthica were found. Near by in an old decayed log were found

Glandina truncata (young), Vitrea indentata, Zonitoides arboreus,

Z. milium and Philomycus carolinensis.

At Jackson’s Bluff on the Ocklocknee river, 24 miles west of Tal-

lahassee, is a fine exposure of the Chesapeake miocene. Here a few

favorable logs and stones were hastily turned over; under the lime-

stone was found Helicina orbiculata and Glandina truncata, while

from the logs were taken Omphalina levigata, Gastrodonta sup-

pressa, a form in which the umbilicus is but slightly perforate,

G. demissa, Vitrea indentata, Helicodiscus lineatus and Polygyra

inflecta ; for the latter species this is a more southern locality than

has previously been given.

Two miles below Jackson’s Bluff is Larkin’s Bluff; under some

boards and wood near the Bluff only Polygyra hopetonensis was found ;

this is the most western locality from which I obtained this species.

About half a mile below Bailey’s Ferry, on the west side of the

Chipola river, 11 miles west of Blountstown, is the farm of Mr. J. P.

McClellan; here the Chipola bed comes to the surface and the shells

are ploughed out inthe field. After obtaining a fine lot of the Chipola

fossils and several boxes of the marl from which the clay and sand

had been washed through a seive, I turned over an old log, just as

I was leaving, and found Gastrodonta intertexta, the strongly carin-

ated form, but with the usual internal callus. G. demissa, the most

southern locality from which this species has been recorded. Poly-

gyr’4 appressa var. perigrapta, formerly recorded only from the

mountainous portions of Tennessee and adjacent States, P. iflecta,

and P. pustula, which has not before been reported west of Cedar

Keys. In crossing the field near by I found an immature specimen

of P. albolabris.

While waiting for the steamboat at Blountstown a short. stroll

was taken through the woods; a search beneath the oak logs dis-

closed a number of Polygyra fallax. It seemed strange how these

were confined exclusively to the oak; numerous pine logs were turned

over, close by the oak, and all conditions seemed equally favorable,

but not a single shell was obtained. P. fallax has not to my knowl-

edge been recorded south of northern Georgia. Under the bark of

logs, in the drift along the Apalachicola river, was the ever present

Zonitoides arboreus.

As the steamboat did not connect with the east-bound train, I was

obliged to go to Marianna for the night. I had noticed from the car

THE NAUTILUS. 143

window the week before an outcrop of limestone at the railroad

bridge across the Chipola river, one mile east of town, that I wanted

very much to examine, so before train time, the next morning, I

made a grand rush for the river. ‘The nummulitic limestone con-*

tained but one mollusk, Pecten perplanus, but what it lacked paleon-

tologically, it made up malacologically in furnishing a suitable en-

vironment for numerous species of snails. A glance showed it to be

an ideal collecting ground ; limestone, moisture, a varied vegetation,

a cave and an old quarry with moss-covered rocks in all directions,

is just what the snails want, and visions of a new species or variety

formed an active stimulant; for I felt sure that Hemphill, Ferriss or

Sargent had not been there. But alas, while the snails were thick,

a nov. sp. was not to be found by ‘dis chile.” Ferriss would no

doubt have found one, for I stil! believe it’s there. Pyramidula

alternata was very abundant, a coarsely sculptured and beautifully

marked form, among which I found a sinistral specimen. P. per-

spectiva was also plentiful; neither of these have previously been re-

corded from Florida. Among the leaves in front of the cave were

numerous fine specimens of Gastrodonta demissa, the majority of

which are slightly more depressed than the typical form. Ompha-

lina laevigata chiefly frequented an old log, while Helicina orbiculata

were found among the rocks in the drier portions of the quarry. A

few specimens of the following species were also obtained : Glandina

truncata, Zonitoides arboreus, Vitreaindentata, Strobilops labyrinthica,

Bifidaria armifera, Polygyra inflecta, P. appressa var. perigrapta,

and P. stenotrema. The latter species have not before been recorded

from Florida. In the river drift near the bridge were numerous

specimens of Polygyra auriformis and afew Succinea luteola. As this

drift was not the direct wash of the river, but was formed by the

water backing up over the low ground along the railroad, I am in-

clined to think that the two species could be found living among the

grass and sedge along the high-water mark.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA HARPERI, N. SP.

BY F. W: BRYANT.

Shell unbilicate, translucent, white; suture well defined; spire a

depressed cone composed of five regularly increasing convex whorls,

the first three smooth, the remainder marked by obscure, closely-

crowded, oblique lines of growth; base convex; aperture nearly

circular, oblique; peristome thin, broadly expanded, and reflexed at

lower third of baso-columellar portion, its extremities joined by an

elevated ridge, bordering which is a somewhat triangular callus

bounded on the inner side by a ridge extending from the middle of

the base of the reflected portion of the peristome obliquely to the

144 THE NAUTILUS.

upper part of the basal whorl; width of umbilicus about one-fifth —

greater diameter of shell. |

Numerous dark microscopical lines extend from the peristome over

‘the body whorl nearly perpendicular to the lines of growth.

Greatest diam. 17, least diam. 14, alt. 9 mm.

Locality, San Jacinto Mts., California.

A NEW N.-E. AUSTRALIAN AMNICOLOID.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The species described below was received from Mr. D. Thaanum.

It is evidently referable to the genus Petterdiella, the synonymy of

which is as follows:

Ampullaria sp., Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1876,

velar

; Amnicola sp. of various authors.

Brazieria Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1888, p. 76. Not

Brazieria Ancey, 1887 (see Man. Conch. IX, p. 29).

Petterdiana Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1896, p. 105.

Pseudampullaria Ancey, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Marseille I, 1898,

. 148.

Z Allof the above names are based upon Ampullaria tasmanica Ten.-

Woods.

Petterdiana Thaanumi n. sp.

Shell small, globose, Ampullaria-shaped, narrowly perforate ; light

brown ; smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire short. Whorls

4, quite convex, the last perceptibly flattened below the suture,

globose, not angular at the periphery; narrowly excavated around

the perforation. Aperture oblique, roundly ovate, narrowly rounded

above; outer lip simple; columella concave, wide and flattened ;

parietal callus short and rather heavy, though very much less thick

than in P. tasmanica. Alt. 3.3, diam. 2.8 mm.

Near Cairns, Queensland, Australia,

This species differs from P. tasmanica in having the last whorl

much less dilated towards the aperture, this difference being particu-

larly noticeable when the shell is viewed in the line of the axis from

above ; the aperture is consequently less ample, and the outline of

the shell in a front view is more regular. There is also a fraction of

a whorl more than in P. tasmanieca, the columella is not so wide, and

the callus across the parietal margin is comparatively thinner, while

in P. tasmanica the heavy columellar callus continues across the

parietal wall,

This is the second species of the genus, and so far as I know the

first to be recorded from Australia,

NAUTILUS.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOL, XIV.

MAY, 1900, to APRIL, 1901.

PHILADELPHIA :

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

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INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XIV.

INDEX TO ARTICLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Alasmodonta marginata Say and A. truncata Wright . . 143

Alexia myosotis marylandica Pils.,n. var. . : ‘ . 40

Amnicola letsoni Walker, n. sp. 113

Argyrotheca Dall. new name for Gictella tose 1853, not of

Gistel 1848 ; oe re

Ariolimax steindachneri aban. a new ine slug . = hyed

Ashmunella ea riotes on (rufescens and alba,

Deevar.)i. : ‘ : ; : Pai |

Asiatic shells, new ppeeiee of . ; : : ; 42, 83

Atrina oldroydii Dall., n. sp. : : : : . 143

Bathysciadium conicum Dautz . : : i ‘ 48, 60

Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki in New Mexico . L . 83

Bifidaria hordeacella from Cape May, N. J. d , ca:

Bonnanius Jouss. : ; : : : ULE

Browne, Francis C._ . ' E 3 ‘ . 132

Buliminus callistoderma Pils.,n. sp. . ; bigs

Buliminus callistoderma var. quasi Pils. n. var. . . 128

Buliminus eucharistus Pils., n. sp. , : : . 128

Buliminus extorris var. omiensis Pils.,n. var. . : . 382

Buliminus hirasei Pils.,n. sp. . : ; . 32

Buliminus luchuanus Pils., n. sp. : ; . 129

Buliminus (Petroeus) piisbey anus Ancey, a new Aetna

species. : : 4S

Bulimulus (Drymezeus) sageetas Walton, n. sp. (Costa Rica) 87

California, exotic mollusks in. ; ‘ ; ae

Cape May, N. J., land shells of . ; : ; eae

(iii )

1V THE NAUTILUS.

Cerion stevensoni Dall.,n. sp. (Bahamas) . , ; 65

Cheilea Modeer 1793 in place of Mitrularia Schum, 1817 » mb

Circinaria hemphilli in California 3 oe

Cistella Gray 1853 not Gistel 1848.—Argy nothees Dall. . 44

Clausilia euholostoma Pils., n. sp. : : ; . 108

Clausilia hiraseana Pils.,n. sp. . : : : ; . 108

Clausilia harimensis Pils.. SP-eee fe ks : ; : , 108

Clausilia hokkaidoensis Pils., n. Bp. . 108

Clausilia iotaptyx var. clava Pils.,n. var. . : ; Les

Clausilia japonica var. interplicata Pils., n. var. . HOS

Clausilia perpallida Pils.,n. sp. . . rs

Conus consors Sowb. . ; : j : : . 86

Cyclotus (?) micron Pils.,n. sp. . : ; ; i 15

Diplommatina uzenensis Pils.,n. sp. . ‘ ‘ 338

Epiphragmophora fidelis in central California. . 144

Epiphragmophora traski, aestivation of, . 13

EKuconulus Reinhardt fon Conulus Fitz, 18338 na of Raf.

1814 : : ; : : ; : sn8l

Kuconulus reinhardti Pils. , 0.Sp. : : : , nek

EKuhadra (7) pseudocampy es Ancey, n. sp- : ; Pecks:

Kulota (Eubadra) caliginosa (Ad. and Rve.) gars

Eulota callizona dixoni Pils., n. var. -. t i e160

Eulota callizona maritima Gulick and Bilsney n. var. 1 88

EKulota (Plectotropis) elegantissima var. cara Pils.,n. var. . 107

Kulota gainesi Pils., n. sp. . : : 5 ‘ 3 . 60

EKulota gu@eana Pils., n. sp. . : : : Papa ih)

Kulota gudeana hakodatensis Pils., n. n, for Helix laeta

Gould, pre-occupied : : ; } } Ge

Eulota horrida Pils., n. sp. . , i ‘ ‘ i +1 EE

Kulota (Biectouropis) inornata Pils., n. sp. . : . 129

Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis Pils., Spe) Can a F PB st)

Kulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. see

Julota luhuana aomoriensis Gulick and Pilsbry,n. var. . 89

Eulota (Aegista) martensiana Pils., n. sp. . ‘ ; . 129

Eulota mesogonia Pils..n. sp. . : i f steed

Eulota (Eubadra) mercatoria (Gray, Pfr. ye : ; . 90

Eulota mercatoria atrata Pilsbry and Gulick, n. var. . mel

Euryta A. Adams 1858 not of Gistel 1848.—Mazatlania

Dall. 5 : : : , : : : rae

THE NAUTILUS. v

Eurytus conturesi Ancey. A new land shell from South

America . : ‘ : : : : . 42

Ganesella jacobii Pils., n. Bp : , pars by

Ganesella myomphala var. empialoded Pils. ae var * PEG

Ganesella wiegmanniana Pils.,n. sp. . i EG

Gastranella tumida Verr. at Ww oods Holl, eee _ Se

Gastranella tumida Verr., the young of Petricola dactylus . 106

Gastrodonta intertexta volusize Pils., n. var. (Florida) ge

Gastrodonta walkeri Pils. . ; ; : : nee

General Notes. eis) st . "8536, 4%, 60; TI, 93, 118, 130

Glandina (Varicella) deflorescens Mics hai a) | Saale . 184

Glandina iberingi Pils.,n.sp.. : , See

Glandina (Varicella) taylori Vendryes,n. sp. . : . 138

Glomus Jefireys 1876 not of Gistel 1848. -Pristigloma Dall. 44

Glyptostoma newberryanum W. G. B. (Aestivation) . > et

Great raft, an hour on the . : : 67

Great Smoky Mountains, Collecting in ae! : . 49

Helicina hakodadiensis Hartman ‘ : ‘ . 128

Helicina reinii var. uzenensis Pils., n. var. . . 128

Helicina osumiensis Pils., n. sp. ; = Lal

Helicina sundana Ancey, n. n. fae H. exserta Murtens not

of Gundlach ‘ . 4

Helicina verecunda Gould . ' . 128

Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils., n. sp. (Texas) 41

Helix albolabris, Growth of hale

Helix feralis Hemphill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) ea . Lat

Helix kelletti Fbs. . 136

Helix hortensis in Newfoundiants . AZ

Helix sodalis Hempbill, n. sp. (sub-fossil) His: 5 122

Helix tryoni major Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. 123

Helix tryoni maculata Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossil) figs. . 123

Helix tryoni minor Hemphill, n. var. (sub-fossii) figs. . 123

Holospira minima Martens, for H. pfeiffer var. minor Mart.,

preoccupied J : . 118

Japanese Mollusks, Marios of some new 11, 32, 59, 79, 88, 107,

115, 127

Kaliella fraterna Pils., n. sp. ' : . ot

Kaliella symmetrica Pils., n. sp. . 4 ; ee

Kennebunkport, Maine, land Mollusca of . oe

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Kentucky, Mollusea of southern, ; : : oi ee

Lampsilis simpsoni Ferris, n. sp. (Atlensees) ; « 38

Land shells from rejactamenta of the Rio Grande at Mesilla,

N. Mex. and of Gallinas R. at Las Vegas, N. Mex. . Peet)

Laseea rubra Montg. and L. bermudensis Bush, the same

Species. : ; : : : . 106

Las Vegas, N. Nie. Shells ‘of : : : ag

Lima haimlini Dall, n. sp. (cretaceous, see page 36) : “, Ml

Limicolaria oviformis Ancey, A new Asiatic species . . 42

Limnea mighelsi W. G. Binn. Note on the habits of ens

Limpet, Note on a new abyssal . , ; : i = 60

Los Angeles, Cal., Age of deposit underlying. 36

Mazatlania Dall, Pracsca for Euryta A. Adams 1858 ee

of Gistel 1848 : : : ape 3

Mitrularia Schum, 1817 = Chelle Meieed 1793. : - 49

Mollasks in grass : : ; : : ; : Sas

Murex petra Dall. A new Murex from California . Ry 1

Naiades, « review of Simpson’s Synopsis. ; i -1S0

Names which must be discarded (Dall.) : : . 44

New Mexican snails, new records of . : 4 F 82,85

Odostomia, variation in : ; . 126

Omphalina levigata latior Pils., n. var. ; : .. 06

Omphalina levigata perlaevis Pils., N. var: : : . 06

Pecten (Lyropecten) dilleri Dall, n. sp. (fossil) . : Pie) ia Lt

Phenacolepas, catalogue of species of the genus . rn sy |

Philomycus secretus Cockerell, n. sp. . : : Ba)

Phyllaphysia, a genus new to ae Pacific Genre : ‘ ope

Phyllaphysia taylori Dall., n. sp. i 3 . 292

Physe of Northeastern Titers. a revision of ie : 5G

Physa ancillaria var. magnate Walker, n. var. . NOT

Physa ancillaria var. crassa Walker, n. var. : . 98

Physa gyrina Say : : ‘ : : : Mea ket

Physa gyrina elliptica Lea . : A . 28

Physa heterostropha Say. : ; : : : i) 1

Physa integra Hald. . : é ‘ : 828

Physa moussoni Ancey,n. sp. . ; ; : . 84

Physa sayii Tappan . : , ; i yes

Pinna from California, a new : : . 143

Pisidia, some general notes on. : 5 { ; Jog

THE NAUTILUS, Vii

Pisidium imbecille Sterki, n.sp. . , Sabet:

Pisidium monas Sterki,n. sp. . { : ‘ : . 100

Pisidium peraltum Sterki, n. sp. . : ‘ , ; SUS

Pisidium streatori Sterki, n. sp. P : : . 100

Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki,n.sp. . ; P ee

Planorbis corpulentus Say, A olonieneaey note My iy Jaioo

Planorbis persicus Ancey, n. sp.. ‘ : =. 68

Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell, in New ence ; ae

Pleurobranchus californicus Dall.,n. sp. . ; : ae

Polygyra albolabris alleni . : : : : é 27, 28

Polygyra andrewse altivaga Pils. : : ; : . d4

Polygyra andrewse normalis Pils. : 3 . of

Polygyra binneyana ., A : . 26, 27, 28

Polygyra edwardsi wep casas Pils, : : . oD

Polygyra ferrissi : ; , ; . 50, 51, 53

Polygyra hirsuta pilula Pils. : ; : . 5d

Polygyra pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp., in poarch of j : . 25

Polygyra stenotrema without a lip-notch . : : . 185

Pomatiopsis hirasei Pils., n. sp. . 12

Pristogloma Dall. proposed for Glomus eaeeye 1876, mo

of Gistel 1848 . ‘ ‘ : : ‘ 2 : a ae

Publications received . ; : . 384, 45,94, 104, 119, 130

Punctum blandianum Pils. . : , : 58

Punctum japonicum Pils., n. sp. : reat oes

Pyramidula elrodi Pils., n. sp. .. ; ; ~ 40

Quintard, J.B. , ‘ : See He

Rochester, N. Y., shell pollens near : 69

Saxidomus of fe West Coast, notes on the didteibution of

the , ; : $ : |

Shell Gallantintoag on ‘he Masiuits: Gnas : a cht

Shells of the marl-deposits of Aroostook county, Meine, »», £01

Sistrum nicocheanum Pils., n. sp. : : | ee

Spherium crassum Sterki, n. sp. ' : ' : » 140

Spherium walkeri Sterki, n. sp. ; 141

Spiraculum assamense Halen n. on een) : : eg

Subemarginula yatesi Dall, a new species from California . 125

Succinea campestris vagans Pils.,n. var. . 5 Aes

To a slug (in alcohol). : , . 36

Trishoplita cretacea var. biparnts Bile: n, var. . {OF

Vill THE NAUTILUS. -

Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pils., n, yar. 3 BeSaC

Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata Pils.,n. var. . : 80

Trishoplita smithiana Pils.,n. sp. >. : : ; a LLG

Trivia paucilirata Sowb. — . : : . 144

Truneatella clathrus Lowe at Key West, Fla. : : . 130

Unionide of Indiana (Review of Dr. Call’s s work) ; agS

Vallonia puichella ; ; . 130

Vallonia pulchella, in Los. Angeles and elsewhere in Cali-

fornia, ete. ; : : : : . 69

Vertigo bir asei Pils., n. sp. : : : . 128

Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia Pils. : 4 : Aon

Vitrea rhoadsi Pils., Note on ‘ ‘ od ES

Vitrinizonites latissimus uvidermis Pils. : : 3 5 ie

West Coast conchologists, to. ; : : 10

West Coast conchology, SContabaion EOL : f 109, 121

INDEX TO. AUTHORS.

Ancey, C. F. Ry oa : ; : ; : : 42, 83

Baker, Frank C. . : : : 16, 99, 93

Bruenn, Bs He:.. é : : : : . 186

Button, Fred L. . , F : , basen a. ; the

Glapp.(GeoawHe i. o.. : : ; 63, 72, 130

Cockerell, T. D A... nea De 59, 72, 85

Dall, Wm. H. ; : 15, 3T, Hae 48, 65, 91, 92, 117, 125, 143

Merriss, Jha Gr 3 : : : 25, 38, 49

Biack, Wim. HH. : : : ; : P ‘ ; io [94

Frierson, Lorrain S. . , (ae et E los

Fulton, Hugh : : : : ee =|

Gifford, Edw. W. : : : , : . 144

Hemphill, Henry : : : ; pe iD a |

Keep, Josiah 3 Ss i : : LOS:

Morrell, Jennie M. iEE, , j : : : 4 en 3)

Nylander, Olof O. : 101

Pilsbry, Henry Ac3. 4, wl 32, 40, 59, “Gi, 13, 19, 82 85, 88, 107,

115, 197, 135

Price, Sadie F. . ; : : adi Sp

Stearns, R. E. C. B i ; 1, 65

Sterki, Vio : : ‘ i ' 5, 99, 138

Vendryes. Henry : : : : » 135

Walker, Bryant : ; : Rigo 33, i eG

Wheeler, Chas. Le Roy ‘ 3 : ; : . 86, 1438

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton : ° : : abs

Winkley, Henry W. | ; . 98, 126

Spee NA Ui iL S.

Vou. XIV. MAY, 1900. No. 1.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF AND CERTAIN CHARACTERS IN THE

SAXIDOMI OF THE WEST COAST.

BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

Four species of Sax/domus have been described from the West

coast of North America and one from Japan. On the American

shores its distribution extends from the Gulf of Alaska to San Diego,

a range of about 2500 miles. It is remarkably prolific, being found

in great abundance in the waters of Puget Sound and in many places

between the points above named.

The foregoing applies particularly to the two species S. aratus

Gould (= 8S. gracilis Gld.), and S. Nuttallii Conrad. The other

forms, S. squalidus Desh., and S. brevisiphonatus Cpr., may prove to

be only varietal. With our present knowledge, the latter appear to

be quite local, or of infrequent occurrence, apparently restricted to

Vancouver Island and the-shores around the Strait of Juan de Fuca,

though Carpenter credits sgualidus to Oregon and the neighborhood

of San Francisco bay, S. Nuttallii appears to be more generally

distributed and more abundant throughout the region named than

S. aratus, though in one instance as many as a hundred bushels of

the latter were included in a single consignment in 1867 to a San

Francisco commission merchant. Notwithstanding its superior qual-

ity from an edible point of view, there was no sale for them ; it was

not a familiar form and the greater part was dumped into the bay,

2 THE NAUTILUS.

These were obtained from some point on the shore of Sot.oma county

in the neighborhood of Bodega, the exact locality unknown.

The Indians, Wintuns and Pomos, who formerly inhabited the

general region bordering this part of the coast, collected and dried

great quantities of the meats of this species, which formed an im-

portant part of their food supply, and they also made their disk-

shaped beads and money, hawock, out of the shells.

Harford’s! Alaska collection contained examples of S. Nuttallit,

from Kodiak Island, Sitka, Carter’s Bay, and Port Simpson. Dall’s

voluminous Alaskan notes when published will, probably, show that

it is generally distributed throughout the Alaskan region, At San

Pedro in the south, it occurs in gravelly mud and sand, associated

with Tapes laciniata, a sharply sculptured species belonging to a

genus that like Saatdomus is without a representative on the At-

lantic coast. S. Nuttall’ is ordinarily a much coarser sculptured

shell than JS. aratus, and as would be inferred when its wide distri-

bution and great abundance are considered, varies greatly in propor-

tion of length to breadth and both of these to thickness. The sculp-

ture varies according to the local character of the ground it inhabits.

There are other features worthy of notice ; among these the hinge

cartilage, ete., and the adductors, the mechanism by which the valves

are opened and closed, which is exceedingly conspicuous in Soa/do-

mus as compared with Zivela crassatelloides, as will be s en at a glance

when individuals of the two forms, of the same size, are placed side

by side.

Following Dall’s analysis of the so-called cartilage,’ which he says

“is not a cartilage, and which is frequently spoken of as ‘ligament,’

or ‘internal ligament,’ [there is] a great need of a distinctive

name, and I propose that of ‘ resilium,’ which clearly indicates its

function ;”’ the term ligament being used for the upper or external

portion or member, which operates by pudling, while the resilium or

inner portion may be said to operate by causing a rebound when

pressed, so resisting the closing of the valves when they are open;

thus these two parts or members act reciprocally, each assisting in

its special way in opening the valves. The function of the adductor

1 Shells collected by the U.S. Coast Survey Expedition to Alaska in the year

1867; Proc. Cal. Acad., Dec. 2, 1867.

2Trans. Wagner Free Instltute of Science, Vol. 3, Part III, March, 1895.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

muscles is, on the contrary, that of closing the valves, and the position

of these as related to the position of the compound ligament facilitates

exactness in the inter-locking of the hinge teeth. Now these organs

or devices for opening and closing the shells are of exceeding promi-

nence in S. Nuttallii, and the opportunity for examining a fine series

has recently been afforded me, by the gift of a large number for culi-

nary purposes,’ by Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd.

The adductors are exceedingly large for shells of the size and

weight, and the ligament being in proportionate size to these muscles,

makes this form particularly desirable for the study of these charac-

ters. When alive and gaping, the least disturbance will be followed

by an energetic closing of the shell, with a snap so vigorous as to

cause a chipping or fracture of the vertical edges of the valves. The

strength and tenacity of the grip, when the powerful adductors are

brought into action, may be easily proven by the insertion of the

finger-tips into a partially open shell.

The texture or substance of the shells in the Sax/domi is less com-

pact or solid than in Tivela crassatellotdes, and the comparative

weight of examples of the same dimensions is as 10 to 13; while the

mass of the adductors and ligaments are fully twice as large in Saa/-

domus as in Tivela, examples of the same size being compared.

The differences exhibited by these forms, both belonging to the

Venerida, indicate differences in habits and environmental conditions,

and no doubt others not readily perceived,

A NEW SPECIES OF SISTRUM.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Sistrum nicocheanum, 0. sp.

Shell imperforate or rimate, fusiform, thick and strong, brownish

flesh-colored, the spiral lire brown. Sculpture of strong, rounded,

longitudinal waves equal to their intervals, 8 or 7 in number on the

last whorl; these waves crossed by rather strong spiral cords, which

widen into transversely oblong low tubercles upon the summits of

the waves. Between these cords there are several spiral threads in

most or all of the intervals. Whorls about 54, convex, the last one

with concave outlines below, prodnced in a rather long anterior

'This “clam” makes an exceedingly delicious soup or broth.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

canal. Aperture oval, flesh-colored within; peristome thick or

beveled, armed with six subequal teeth within; columellar margin

angular at the origin of the anterior canal, bearing a single small

transverse fold above the angle; canal rather straight and long for

this genus.

Length 214, diam. 11, length of aperture and canal 12 mm.

Nicochea, Argentina, Dr. H. von Ihering. Types no. 72640 coll.

Aza Nig.

This species is no. 877 of Dr. von Ihering’s register. It has

much the general appearance of Urosalpinz cinereus (Say), which

has about the same contour. The common Antillean Sistrum nodu-

losum is more abbreviated, with far stronger tuberculation and a_

short anterior canal. It extends southward to Rio Janeiro and Cabo

Frio, Brazil (Cf. Hidalgo, Mol. Viaje al Pacifico, p. 67, as A. tuber-

culata Blv. var.?).

A NEW GUATEMALAN GLANDINA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Glandina Iheringi n. sp.

Shell obesely fusiform or biconic, the diameter half the altitude ;

pale brown, with occasional dark chestnut or purplish-brown variceal

stripes, inconspicuously bordered on the left side with whitish.

Surface shining, finely and evenly striated throughout, excepting the

smooth apical whorls ; spire conic, with nearly straight lateral out-

lines, the apex rather acute. Whorls 73, a little convex, the earlier

24 smooth, separated by a simple suture, the rest very distinctly mar-

gined below the suture by an impressed line which defines a narrow

band of bead-lke tubercles, Last whorl obese, its latter half not

rapidly descending, the last suture being consequently nearly parallel

with the others, in a dorsal view. Aperture somewhat over half the

shell’s length, narrow ; owter lip regularly arcuate; columella subver-

tical, concave above, then sinuous and abruptly truncated and ex-

cised. Alt. 25, diam. 125; longest axis of aperture 144, greatest

width 52 mm.

Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Type no. 78036 Mus. Acad. Nat.

Sci. (no. 413 of Dr. H. von Thering’s register).

This elegantly marked species is somewhat allied to G. cordovana

HE NAUTILUS. 5

and G'. speciosa, both of which, on comparison of specimens, are seen

to be much more cylindrical. The latter differs in being decidedly

smoother below, even glabrous, while G. /heringi is striated to the

base. The body-whorl is strongly swollen and convex, and the nar-

row moniliferous subsutural border is particularly distinct and ele-

gant.

NEW PISIDIA, AND SOME GENERAL NOTES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pis. IMBECILLE n. sp. Mussel minute, ovoid-oblong in outline,

rather inflated; superior and inferior margins moderately curved,

posterior slightly truncated obliquely outward, rounded below, antero-

superior slightly curved or almost straight (oblique), anterior end

rounded ; beaks somewhat posterior, broad and low, slightly raised

above the hinge margin in the adult; color pale yellowish horn to

whitish ; surface with very fine striation and a few slightly marked

lines of growth, and with a slight waxy gloss; shell thin, hinge very

fine and plate quite narrow; cardinal teeth very small, thin, or al-

most obsolete, lateral teeth small, the outer ones of the right valve

scarcely visible ; ligament fine.

Size: long. 2.3, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.3 mill.

Habitat: Byer’s Trout Pond, and Button Lake, Kent Co., Mich.,

collected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland.

This is a well characterized species, not nearly related with any

other, and can not be mistaken for mature specimens of any one.

But it has much resemblance with very young examples of Ps.

variabile Pr., of the same size, and it takes good care to discern

them.—Our species will doubtless be found in other places ; in Byer’s

Pond Dr. K. collected over four hundred specimens, and twenty-

five in Button Lake. The name has been derived from its small

size, thin shell, low, broad beaks, and some similarity in shape with

Anodonta imbecillis Say.

Pis. peraltum, n. sp. Mussel of moderate size, somewhat oblique,

very high, much inflated, beaks large, full and prominent; hinge

margin strongly curved ; posterior part, behind the beaks, very short,

the margin high, slightly to distinctly truncated, passing into the

well rounded inferior, with a wide, regular curve; antero-superior

6 THE NAUTILUS.

margin slightly curved in a steep slope to the slightly angular,

rounded anterior end; color light yellowish hern in the young and a

zone along the margins in older species, in which the upper parts

usually are grayish; surface slightly shining, finely and irregularly

striated, with some deeper lines of growth usually of darker color ;

shell rather strong, nacre whitish to grayish, muscle insertions

distinct; hinge stout, strongly curved, plate moderately broad;

cardinal teeth short, the one in the right valve curved, its posterior

part thick, and usually grooved; the anterior of the left valve short,

stout, triangular, abrupt, with a deep groove, posterior short,

oblique, curved ; lateral teeth short, stout, high, pointed, the outer

ones in the right valve quite small; ligament short, moderately

strong.

Size: long. 3.8 alt. 5.8 diam. 2.8 mill.

Habitat: Crystal Lake, Benzie Co., Mich., collected (over 600

specimens) by Dr. R. J. Kirkland; also in Illinois, Iowa and

Kentucky.

Typical specimens are easily distinguished from all other species

—except an extreme form of P. compressum Pr., from the same

place, having rounded beaks without ridges. Yet they are quite

distinct. P. peraltum is somewhat variable: in some specimens,

there are small but distinct projecting angles at the scutum, or scu-

tellum, or both. Others are less high, and the beaks are not so full

and prominent.

A few specimens (dead valves) from Havana, Ill., had been re-

ceived from the Illinois State Laboratory of Nat. Hist. (Mr. Kofoid),

in 1895; a few valves from Iowa City, Ia., were sent, in 1896, by

Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, and a few good specimens from Bowling Green,

Ky., by Miss 8. F. Price in 1899. While all these evidently were

of the same Pisidium, they seemed not sufficient for establishing a

new species upon them, but now proved identical with the Michigan

form, and are valuable in showing a wide geographical distribution

of our species.

Pisidia are becoming an important factor of our molluscan fauna.

Owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists in the

United States and Canada, the writer had chances to examine a

large number of specimens—over two hundred thousand, during the

last five or six years, besides ten thousands of Sphaeria and Calycu-

THE NAUTILUS. 7

line. Yet they still represent only a small part of the country, and

diligent, careful collecting in many more places and sections is badly

needed.

That among such materials there should be many new forms was

to be anticipated, but the results were beyond all expectations. This

is partly proved by the many species already published. It seems

to be necessary to add that the greatest care has been taken in estab-

lishing new species. All of them have been seen in every stage of

growth ; most are represented by hundreds and thousands of speci-

mens, and, in fact, the geographical range of almost all is a wide

one. And numerous new forms are in hand, partly have been

for years, awaiting new materials for their confirmation. Not only

the species in themselves are of interest and value, but also the study

of their geographical distribution and their variations. Some of the

Pisidia are extremely variable, and the same can be said of some of.

our Sphaeria and Calyculine, and their study is very difficult.

This is not the place for an account of the work done by all con-

tributors, a summary of which will be given in a revision to be pub-

lished. Yet two conchologists have done such work and their suc-

cess is so unparalleled, the example given by them so suggestive and

encouraging, that we can not pass them over in silence.

Mr. Olaf O. Nylander has, since ’95, worked up Aroostook Co.,

Me., and, beside other mollusca, collected and sent for examination

about 32,000 recent specimens and large numbers of fossil Pisidia.

His careful collecting, under great difficulties, in many places over

an extensive area of that northeastern part of our country, has added

very materially to our knowledge of the molluscan fauna.?

During the last four years also, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand

Rapids, Mich., has collected and sent for examination about 123,000

Pisidia (over 70,000 in °99), and many thousand Spheria and

Pisidia, most from Kent and some other counties of Michigan. And

it is of importance that both these enthusiastic collectors, like some

others also, have paid special attention to even the smallest speci-

mens. Thus we became acquainted with some minute species, while

the study of the young of all was greatly facilitated. On the other

hand, it is very desirable, or rather indispensable, to have as jarge

numbers of specimens as possible at disposition, from every locality.

1See Mr. Nylander’s list in Toe Nautitus XIU, p. 102. (Jan., 1900.)

8 THE NAUTILUS.

considering the enormous variability of some species, in order to as-

certain whether certain forms are really species, or varieties, or

local variations.

J.B. QUINTARD.

{t is with great regret that we learn of the death of our old cor-

respondent, Mr. J. B. Quintard, which occurred at his home near

Silver Lake, Shawnee county, Kansas, on December 17, 1899.

Born at Norwalk, Connecticut, October 21, 1839, he moved with

his parents to Knox county, Ohio, in 1847. In December, 1859, he

married Miss Madeline I. Watkins, and in May, 1860, they moved

to Kansas, where he selected a site on the open prairie and made a

home, which he occupied until his death.

He was a great lover and careful observer of nature, and early

took up the study of Conchology. By his own labor in collecting

and exchanging, he got together a large collection of shells, and

especially of the land and fresh-water species. Mr. Quintard was

known by correspondence to most western collectors of fresh-water

shells, especially the Unionide.

GENERAL NOTES.

Nore on Virrea RHOADS! Pils.—The distribution of this species

would seem to be much more extended than was indicated when first

described (Naur. XII,101). I have specimens from Traverse City

and Charlevoix in this State, and Dr. R. J. Kirkland has recently

discovered it in Ottawa county, which would indicate a general dis-

tribution through the western part of Michigan. It has not as yet

been noticed in any of the eastern counties, I have also specimens

from County Carlton, Ontario; Amherst, Mass., and Orange county,

Va., which extend the range much further to the north and east than

indicated by Mr. Pilsbry.—Bryant WALKER.

Nore on THe Hapits or Limnawa miGuersit W. G. Binn.—

Extract from a letter of Dr, R. J. Kirkland: ‘I made a visit to

Crystal Lake, Benzie county, Mich., in July and again in October.

Along the shores are thousands of dead Limnea mighelsi W.G. Binn.,

THE NAUTILUS. 9

and though many hours were spent in July in searching for living

ones, not one was found, until an improvised dredge brought them to

view from a depth of about twelve feet. Hiring a couple of men to

row, about two hundred were taken in half a day’s work. This fall,

however, I was surprised to see them in shallow water (one to three

feet), and I collected over a thousand by wading and picking them

up one by one. They were not in groups at all, but scattered irreg-

ularly in patches over the bottom. Some of them were half buried

in the sand and the greater part resting with the head toward the

shore, and where a track was visible, it was a line from deeper to

shallower water. During the few days under observation, not a sin-

gle individual was seen floating on the surface.”—Bryant WALKER.

THe Growru or Lanp Snaits.—Two years ago, nearly, I had

sent me two Helix albolabris which I put in my wardian case, and

have had some thirty or more young from them in two annual crops;

the first are about 21 mouths old. One of these perfected the white

lip last vear. Whether from being so often handled and being in

the room where people are moving has made a difference in their

habits I cannot say, but this year a portion of their ‘“* growing’ has

been done in full view, and they often do not go into their shells

when I take them up.

One snail put an addition to his house of a full half inch at once.

I happened to see him as he was finishing; he had built from the

umbilicus on one side, then from the farther side which we eall the

top, and was connecting the two sides when I found him. The con-

nections seemed like tiny crystals thrown from each side, as ice

forms in a pail of water, then it was covered with a jelly-like sub-

stance, and in a few days after he had added the first thin gelatine-

like wall of lip, and now he has the finished hard white lip.

I have often seen one which has the new addition as much like

gelatine as possible, then so brittle that the merest touch will break,

then like the old shell.—Jennige M. H. Morre yr, Gardener, Maine.

LAND SHELLS FROM REJECTAMENTA OF THE R10 GRANDE AT

Mesitta, New Mexico, AnD oF THE GaLLInas R, at Las

Veeas, N. M.—Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent the following species

from the localities named. A previous Mesilla list has been given in

Navritus X, p. 42.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells from flood-debris of the Rio Grande, Mesilla.

Vallonia eyclophorella Anc. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

uy)

Pupoides marginatus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

& i: variety. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Bifidaria procera Gld. “ singleyanus Pils.

a hordeacella Pils. Limnea humilis Say,

“ hebes mexicanorum Ckll.Planorbis parvus Say.

Pupa blandi Morse. ss umbilicatellus Ckll.

Vertigo ovata Say. Physa, undet. Young shell.

oD ~ fo)

Gallinas River at Las Vegas.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ane. Vertigo ovata Say.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

- procera Gld. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

oe hordeacella Pils.

The species of principal interest is Planorbis wmbilicatellus, not

hitherto known from the Rocky Mountain region south of Montana

to my knowledge. H. A. Pivssry.

TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGISTS.

Kind Friends: Nearly thirteen years have passed since I published

my little book entitled “ West Coast Shells.” It was issued with a

double purpose; first, to increase the interest of young people in the

study of conchology; and secondly, to assist collectors in the work of

identifying their specimens. It is believed that both objects have to

some extent been realized.

During these years students of conchology have not been idle.

Numerous new species have been brought to light, especially on the

southern coast, while the scores of intelligent collectors all over the

Pacific Slope have learned much concerning the haunts and habits of

well-known species. Eastern and foreign investigators and pub-

lishers have been busy also, and there has been more or less change

of names and classification.

Repeated requests have been coming to me for a revised edition

of “ West Coast Shells.”” I have delayed undertaking the work of

revision, partly from the pressure of other duties, and partly from a

desire to secure the latest and most complete information concerning

the shells themselves, and the most approved names by which they

TIE NAUTILUS. 11

should be known. While I am strongly opposed to changing o!d

names except for the best of reasons, it is necessary to know what

the authorities are doing in these particulars.

My object in sending out this circular is to invite all who are in-

terested in this matter to assist in the work of revision. I shall be

grateful to all who have found difficulties in using ‘ West Coast

Shells” if they will write to me concerning their difficulties and

make suggestions as to improvements.

I wish also to be informed of any errors, either in names or de-

scriptions, that have been discovered, and shall be thankful to receive

suggestions that would be helpful in writing new descriptions. —In-

formation concerning new species is especially desired; also any

recently discovered facts concerning well-known species.

I would be especially grateful to those who have specimens of new

species if they would loan me such as I do not already possess, and

give me information as to the names, localities, etc., of any species

which are not already mentioned in ** West Coast Shells,” or of any

unusual varieties that should be noticed.

JOSIAH Keep.

Mills College P. O., Alameda Co., Calif., March 21, 1900.

NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The following species were mostly sent by Mr. Y. Hirase. They

will be illustrated in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

Science.

Eulota horridan. sp. Shell broadly and perspectively umbilicated,

depressed, tle spire very low conoid, nearly flat, periphery angulated,

the angle situated high, base convex, inflated. Surface dull, yellow-

ish-brown, shaggy with epidermal flattened processes and filaments,

which are arrayed in six or eight concentric series, on the base, and

at the periphery; the upper surface smoother. Whorls 54. Aper-

ture oblique, subcircular, a little excised by the preceding whorl ;

peristome thin, slightly expanded on the outer and basal margins,

Alt. 6, diam. 14, umbilicus 4 mm. Allied to H. ciliosa Pfr. and

probably to H. setocincta A, Ad., but the spire is l wer.

Eulota (Trishoplita?) mesogonia n, sp. Shell umbilicate, with

12 THE NAUTILUS.

moderately raised, conoidal spire, distinctly angular periphery and

convex base. Uniform chestnut colored. Striatulate and densely

though indistinctly granulate, the granules elongated in the direction

ta)

of growth-lines. Whorls 54, slowly increasing, the last angular at

the periphery, slightly descending in front. Aperture oblique,

74, diam.

rounded-lunate, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt.

104mm. Prov. Tonga (Gaines).

Ganesella Jacobti n. sp. Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, semi-

elobose, thin, pale yellowish corneous ; surface striatulate, decussated

with incised spiral lines; spire convexly conoidal ; whorls 54, slowly

increasing, the last one very indistinctly angular at the periphery in

front, becoming rounded on the latter half, convex beneath, exca-

vated around the narrow umbilicus. Aperture oblique, lunate, the

peristome narrowly expanded, white, base-columellar margin reflexed.

Alt. 134, diam. 183 mm.; umbilicus slightly over 1 mm. wide.

Cyclotus (2) micron, n.sp. Shell very minute, somewhat discoidal,

with low conoid spire and widely open umbilicus; composed of 34

tubular whorls, separated by deep sutures, the last one barely in con-

tact with the preceding at the aperture ; pale corneous, subtranslu-

cent, with delicate growth-striea. Aperture circular, vertical, the

peristome simple and thin, continuous. Operculum lodged at the

edge, presenting a densely concentrically lamellose external face, the

center deeply sunken. Alt, 3) diam. 1.6 mm.

Pomatiops’s Hiraset, n. sp. Shell perforate, turreted, in shape re-

sembling Pomatiopsis californiens Pils.; general color pale yellowish

green, produced by buff streaks and lines on a light green ground ;

surface nearly smooth. Whoris remaining 5 (the earlier being

eroded or decollate), quite convex, separated by deep sutures. The

last third of the last gyration of the suture does not descend as much

as the preceding turns, giving the effect of a slightly ascending whorl

toward the mouth. Aperture ovate, subangular above, the outline a

little flattened on the parietal margin ; peristome simple, continuous,

black-edged ; the columelJar margin arcuate, a little thickened and

perceptibly dilated. Alt. 9, diam. 4.8, longest axis of “aperture 3.6

mm. QOpereulum ovate, brown, the cicatrix oblong, large, occupy-

ing the inner half of the inside face, its edge raised.

I at first thought to place this species in the Realiide; but on ex-

amining the radula, I found it could belong neither to that family

nor to the Assiminiide, the dentition being far nearer that of Poma-

tiopsis. The formula of denticles is sy 5, 6, 6. The median den-

ticle in the central and admedian teeth is larger than its fellows.

This radula differs from that of the American Pomatiopses in having

two, instead of one, basal denticles on each side of the central tooth.

See Nautitus XII, 127; X, 37, for information on the American

species,

Tae IN AMT ILUS.

Von. XIV. JUNE, 1900. No.

ZSTIVATION OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII IN SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

When the frost is on the ground and autumn leaves lie scattered

over orchards and forests, it is no surprise to find that land snails

(Helices) have begun their period of hibernation, and lie sheltered

under the layers of dead leaves or hidden in decaying trunks of trees.

The annual sleep of the snail in winter corresponds well with the

enforced rest of the vegetable world; but in a tropical or semi-

tropical climate the atmospheric conditions are different, and in place

of a winter rest, snails take their annual sleep in summer. The

hibernation of snails in colder countries is reversed, and in its stead

zstivation of snails is the result. In the eastern states helices take

their annual siesta in winter, but in southern California snails differ

from their congeners, presenting an illustration of the power of en-

vironment in modifying instincts. Instead of going into winter

quarters in October and remaining from four to six months without

food and motionless, the greatest activity of the southern California

Helix is during the winter months. The reason for this is that the

food supply is plentiful in the winter when the warm rains prevail ;

and during the summer months the arid condition of the foot-hills,

the habitat of these quiet creatures, made the estivation of snails a

necessity, a question of economy, an adjustment of demand and

supply. In process of time the necessity for estivation rather than

hibernation became a habit.

When snails require rest in southern California they attach them-

selves to the under surface of dead cacti, pieces of wood, stones, or

14 THE NAUTILUS.

burrow in the soil; in every case the aperture of the shell is upward,

with the apex below. With its mucus the Helix securely glues this

aperture to the under surface of any substance to which it attaches

itself. These land snails, being non-operculated pulmonates, their

apertures are covered by an epiphragm. (In experimenting on a

number of Helix tudiculata and Helix traski, my experience has been

that if the epiphragm has been badly punctured, or broken, the snail

will die unless circulation is started by applying moisture.) This

covering is composed of several layers of hardened mucus which

resembles the tough white skin that lines a hen’s egg.

In experimenting with helices in a snailery, a wooden box covered

with a wire screen and partly filled with soil, I have found that

while one species of snail (Hpiphragmophora traskii Newe.) would

fasten themselves to the strip of wood that braced the lid of the

snailery, the other species (Glyptostoma newberryanum W. G. B.)

would burrow in the soil, their black shells almost hidden from sight.

In order to test them I have repeatedly interrupted their estivation

by placing their shells in luke-warm water until the helices could

crawl about, but they would eventually be found in separate places,

EE. traski suspended above and G. newberryanum below in the soil.

During estivation the snail’s functions are in a state of coma,

respiration is nearly suspended, and having retired as far as possible

within the shell the mollusk is the embodiment of rest. Its waking

is not a voluntary action. Without humidity the snail will zstivate

for months and continue in a state of torpor for years if the at-

mosphere is dry around it. Conchologists frequently quote the

example given by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, of the U. S. National

Museum, of a Lower Californian Helix that rested, or rather re-

mained in a state of torpor for six years! Other cases of prolonged

relaxation of the vital functions of snails are recorded.

Some years ago, in March, 1890, I collected a few land snails

(E. traski Newc.) from some of the low foot-hills in Los Angeles,

and on reaching home, finding them glued to the glass jar, they were

left on a stand. In the morning two snails had crawled out of the

jar and up the wall and were snugly ensconced in one corner of the

ceiling, another one had traveled far in the night and had _pre-

empted his claim in one corner of the hall ceiling. In order to

study developments they were allowed to remain ¢n s/tu. One soon

fell down upon the carpet but the other two remained intact. The

THE NAUTILUS. 15

household orders were that the helices were to be left undisturbed

by brush or broom. The summer came and went, autumn followed,

winter came on and still our hermaphrodites ‘held the fort.” No

sound of mirth nor music aroused them.

But the rains came on, heavy drenching showers that rushed down

the mountains, washed the fvot-hills, overflowed the ozanjas, and all

nature was in a dripping condition. During one of these storms in

January, 1891, the rain came down with such force that it made in-

vidious incursions into the hall during the night, and the snail was

found on the floor. In an hour it was as willing as ever to struggle

for existence. It ate heartily of ceiery with its little rasping tongue

(radula) beset with multitudes of tiny siliceous teeth.

It was not until February 25 that the other Helix had been

sufficiently overcome by the forces of nature to loosen its epiphragm

enough to descend to the floor. It was placed in a shallow saucer of

wager, and it assumed its functions as though they had not been

arrested.

While these house snails were glued to the ceilings, their relatives

in the snailery in the garden had been aroused to activity by the first

rain as it pattered through the screen cover; and on January 2,

1891, I found a number of tiny pellucid-looking balls carefully

hidden in the moist earth in the snailery. These were the eggs of

the snails. In less than three weeks there were young snails. Time

had been lost by the house snails, their estivation extending beyond

the requirements of nature had gained them nothing.

It was my intention to study all these forms, and while giving a

rest to the ‘‘ house snails,’ compare their longevity with the garden

helices. But, alas, for the rapacity of the animal kingdom, sowbugs,

ants and insects from the rose bushes made war upon the whole snail

colony, adults, babies and eggs, and by summer time the houses

were empty, the tenants were gone !

A NEW SPECIES OF LIMA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Recent excavations involved in the construction of a tunnel

through a hill at Los Angeles, California, on the line of Third street,

have developed the presence of fossils, probably Pliocene, in the blue

clay through which the tunnel is being cut.

16 THE: NAUTILUS.

Several specimens, more or less crushed, of a iarge Lima are

among the forms collected. This species belongs to the general type

of Lima excavata Fabr., ZL. goliath Sby, etc., and reaches to a

length of four and a half inches. The valves are brilliantly polished,

and in the middle part unsculptured, the anterior and_ posterior

thirds are finely radially grooved with shallow grooves of which the

outer slopes are less steep than the inner; the incremental lines,

obsolete elsewhere, appear in the channel of the grooves and cross

striate it here and there, giving the effect of obsolete punctation. I

may add that close to the impressed area of the shell there are two

or three coarser, deeper radial grooves. The species differs from

the South Pacific and all other forms of its group known to me in its

much finer and more delicate sculpture and brilliant polish. I await

more perfect specimens before trying to figure it, but would propose

the name of Lima Hamlini for the species in honor of Mr. Homer

Hamlin C. E., Asst. City Engineer of Los Angeles, who is mug¢h

interested in the geology and paleontology of the region, and has

made valuable studies of the southern California Tertiary. The

specimen in hand was kindly forwarded for examination by Dr. R.

K. C. Stearns.

A REVISION OF THE PHYSEZ OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER,

While working up the fresh-water mollusks of the Chicago area

for a report on the Mollusca, the genus Physa came up for considera-

tion, and the chaotic condition of the group, judging by the conflict-

ing opinions of conchologists, seemed to warrant a somewhat critical

revision of the species found in northeastern Illinois, and incidentally

of northern Illinois. The best-known species, heterostropha, is little

understood, and seems to be more frequently confounded with gyrina

than with any other form, excepting, perhaps, ¢ntegra.

A large collection of Physide, from different parts of the United

States as well as from northern Illinois, has been examined, and the

writer believes that all of the species found within the area have been

elucidated. It is very probable that there are but ten or fifteen valid

species of Physa in the United States, six or seven of which are to

be found in the northern part of this region east of the Rocky

Mountains.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

During a visit to the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences some

time ago, Mr. Pilsbry called the writer’s attention to the fact that

heterostropha had a smooth shell, while gyrina and some others had a

shell with impressed spiral lines. Following up this suggestion a

large number of Physe have been examined, with the result that in-

stead of there being two species in northern Illinois, there are at

least four species and one variety.

The following notes have been made from fully adult specimens,

and the figures are outline drawings of photographs, and are there-

fore accurate.

Key to Northern Illinois Physe.

A. Shell smooth, broad, spire short. heterostropha.

B. Shell with impressed spiral lines.

a. Shell rather broad, ovate, spire short, acute ; aperture wide

and spreading ; whorl 44—5 ; shell thinner than b and c;

peristome callus bordered by red. saytt.

b. Shell elongated or cylindrical, narrow, spire generally long ;

apertur every narrow; whorl 5-6; peristome callus

bordered by red. gyrina.

ec. Shell broad, inclining to be shouldered ; spire sharply conic ;

aperture roundly oval; whorls 415; peristome callus

white without red border. integra.

Physa heterostropha Say. Fig. 1.

Limne heterostropha Say, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pl. 1, fig.

6, 1817. Physa fontana HaLtpemMan, Mon. pt. 2, p. 3 of cover;

Physa, p. 26, 1841.

Shell polished, subovate ; whorls 4—44; spire

moderately elevated, acute, the whorls slightly

convex; color varying from light horn to ~~)

greenish ; sculpture consisting only of fine

growth lines; sutures impressed, margined by

a white line which is frequently bordered by Ten

a dark chestnut line; protoconch consisting of

one whorl, which is smooth, and varies from porcelain-white to rather

dark horn color ; aperture rather large, oval, occupying from two-thirds

to three-quarters of the length of the entire shell; peristome thin,

acute, thickened on the inside by a whitish or bluish callus, which is

bordered on the inside with red; columella almost straight, with a

whitish callus which is sometimes lined with red.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 14.00; width 8.50; aperture length 10.00; width 4.00

mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)

Length 13.00; width 8.50; aperture length 10.00; width 4.50

mill. (Rochester, N. Y.)

Length 13.50; width 9.00; aperture length 10.50; width 4.50

mill. (La Porte, Ind.)

Leneth 9.00; width 6.00; aperture length 6.50; width 3.00

mill. (Chicago.)

Animal simiiar to that of gyriva. Jaw and radula in all respects

like those of gyrina. Distribution: eastern and southern states

from Maine to Georgia and west to Michigan and Illinois; Southern

Canada. Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat :

in ponds and streams, adhering to sticks and stones, and crawling

over the muddy bottom.

Only a single lot of shells has been found which could be referred

to this species and that was collected in the drift along the shore of

Lake Michigan at Miller’s, Indiana. The nearest typical /eteros-

tropha have been found living in Pine Lake, La Porte Co., {ndiana.

It is very probable that this species is not found in any abundance

west of Indiana, its place being taken by gyrina, sayit and integra.

Under distribution above, only those states are given from which

the writer has seen authentic specimens,

Physa Sayit Tappan. Fig. 2.

Physa sayvi Tarean, Amer. Journ. Sci. (1), vol. xxxv, p. 369,

pl. iii, fig. 3, 1839. Physa warreniana Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad.

Sci., p. 115, 1864.

Shell polished, ovate, whorl 5-54; spire elevated, very acute,

the whorls moderately convex ; color light

horn to light chestnut; sculpture consisting

of rather coarse growth lines, crossed by

numerous fine, impressed spiral lines, giving

the surface of the shell rather a wavy appear-

ance, as figured for gyrina; sutures slightly

fia”, impressed, bordered as in heterostropha ;

protoconch consisting of one and a_ half

smooth, glossy whorls of a dark chestnut color; aperture very large,

long oval, three-fourths to four-fifths the length of the whole shell ;

peristome thir, generally not much thickened within, whitish some-

times bordered with reddish ; columella slightly twisted and cov-

THE NAUTILUS. 19

ered with a spreading callus; the lower part of the aperture is

somewhat produced.

Length 22.00; width 13.50; aperture length 16.00; width 7.50

mill. (Chicago. )

Length 19.00; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; width 6.00

mill. (Chicago. )

Length 16.00; width 11.00; aperture length 12.00; width 6.00

mill. (Chicago.)

Animal similar in external appearance to all Physide. Jaw and

radula as in gyrina. Distribution: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illi-

nois, Missouri. Geological distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess. Habi-

tat: In stations similar to heterostropha and gyrina.

Remarks: This species was at first identical as anczllaria Say,

but that species, while having the same surface sculpture as sayiz, is

more inflated, the outer lip more spreading and the body whorl more

gibbous, the spire being always much shorter and the whorls more

convex. The surface sculpture is very beautiful and precisely as de-

scribed for gyrina. This species is not common, and has been found

at Joliet, Maywood, Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan near the foot

of Oak Street. Sayiz is apparently closely related to ampullacea

Gould, a Pacific coast species.

Physa gyrina Say. Fig. 3.

Physa gyrina Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 2, p. 171,

1821. Physa striate Menke, Syn. Math., ed. 2, p. 32, 1830.

Physa hildrethiana Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 2, p. 32, 1841.

Physa cylindrica Newcoms, in DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 77, pl. V,

fig. 82, 1843. Physa plicata DeKay, |. ¢., p. 78, pl. V, fig. 85,

1843. Physa saffordii Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 1864.

Physa hawnii Lea, |. ¢., p. 115, 1864. Physa parva Lea, |. ¢.,

p- 115, 1864.

Shell elongated, generally polished, whorls 5—6; spire always very

long (as compared with the last two species), acute, the whorls in

some cases almost flat, and at best but slightly convex, color varying

between light-greenish horn and brick-red ; sculpture consisting of

well-marked growth lines, crossed by numerous fine impressed spiral

lines, giving the shell a wrinkled appearance (see figure of sculp-

ture); these lines appear at first to be raised, but when viewed

through the microscope are seen to be impressed between two wrin-

kled ridges, as seen in the cut; sutures scarcely impressed, but

20 THE NAUTILUS:

bordered by a porcelain-white line which is rarely edged with chest-

nut; aperture rather long, long-oval in form, much narrowed at the

upper part, more than a half and less than two-thirds the length of

WYN

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SSSOCS vip 71)) 2) TD

WH) DDD

the entire shell; peristome thin, thickened within by a callus which

is either bordered by a dark chestnut band or else is itself of that

HIG. 3s

color ; columella thickened with a decided white callus or plait; the

lower part of the aperture is produced ; the periods of winter hiber-

nation are frequently marked by a whitish band in the body of the

shell; protoconch consisting of a trifle more than one smooth,

rounded, dark chestnut-colored whorl.

Length 17.00; width 9.00; aperture length 11.00; width 4.50

mill. (Chicago.)

Length 26.00; width 12.00; aperture length 14.00; width 5.50

mill. (Chicago. )

Length 24.00; width 11.50; aperture length 13.00; width 5.50

mill. (Chicago.)

Length 19.00; width 10.00; aperture length 12.00; width 5.00

mill. (Chicago.)

Length 22.00 ; width 10.00; aperture length 12.50; width 5.00

mill. (Chicago.)

Animal with a long and rather narrow foot, acutely pointed be-

hind and rounded before, where it is produced into lateral lobes ;

the foot does not extend much beyond the edge of the shell; color

blackish or yellowish gray, dotted or flecked with whitish or yellow-

ish, the dots being distinctly seen through the transparent shell; the

front of the head is ornamented by two yellowish spots of good

size, composed of numerous minute dots; the mantle is brown,

spotted with yellowish, is reflected over a portion of the shell on the

right side, and produced into four filiform digitations ; tentacles very

long and slender, tapering to a point; head distinct, separated from

THE NAUTILUS. Pai (

the foot by a short neck; mouth large, in the lower plane of the

head, showing plainly the jaw and

radula while the animal is grazing

alongthe side of an aquarium; eyes

placed on swellings at the inner

base of the tentacles; respiratory

cavity on left side of the shell at

the lower point where the peristome

meets the body whorl. Length of

foot 15.00; width 4 mill. extended (Fig. 4).

Jaw in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous

projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (Fig. 5, J).

Fie. 4.

Radula: Formula = Se 30 oe = (1901-190) ; central

| 2-te2 1

tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much

attenuated ; cusp 9—-dentate, 5 denticles being long and narrow, and

two on each side smaller and more blunt ; laterals in two alternate ser-

ies, the primary teeth large, obliquely inclined, comb-like ; the cusps are

very peculiar, and vary to a large degree ; some teeth have five long,

pointed cusps with six small ones, one between each large one and

one at each end (Fig. 5); others have but two small denticles, while

still others have one or more between (Figs. 5, 2, 3, 4). The

secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a wide, blunt cusp.

These latter, as also the central tooth and small teeth between the

cusps of the primary teeth, are very difficult to observe (Fig. 5).

Distribution : Probably inhabits the whole of the northern and

central parts of the United States and Southern Canada. Geologi-

cal distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Habitat: Found very abund-

22 Prue NAUSILUS.

antly in ponds and streams of greater or lesser size, adhering to sticks

or stones, and crawling over the muddy bottom. Inhabits either

running water or stagnant pools.

Remarks: This is a very common and handsome species. Its

habits are active, moving with a rapid, steady, gliding motion. It is

very interesting to watch a number of Physe in an aquarium; as

they are crawling along the hottom, one will be seen to rise suddenly

to the top of the water and move along with the foot applied to the

surface, the sbeil hanging down. Again, they may be seen descend-

ing, suspended by a thin thread of mucus. When the animal rises

suddenly, the branchial cavity opens with a faint clicking sound,

probably due to the pressure of air in the lung. This species fre-

quently inhabits water as cold as the freezing point, and may be ob-

served in winter gliding along the bottom of a pond when the surface

is frozen. The eggs are deposited on stones, the under side of sticks,

etc., and are composed of large, glairy, transparent masses.

Several Phys kept in captivity laid four egg masses on April 23,

1897. The egg masses measured 20 by 4 mill., and contained from

120 to 200 eggs. On April 24, ten additional egg masses were laid.

The jar contained 15 individuals. On June 3, in the afternoon, the

writer noticed a number of young in a jar containing egg masses.

deposited probably in the latter part of April. The young were half

a mill. in length, vitreous in appearance and perfectly transparent.

They were very lively, crawling about the jar and feeding voraciously

olass

upon the scum found on the sides of the glass.

The heart pulsated

120 times per minute. On June 15th the young had increased to

one mill. in length. About a week later, unfortunately, the whole lot

died, so that no further notes could be taken.

Physa gyrina is by far the most common species of the genus (I

might say of any genus) found in the area, and has been found in all

parts of northern Illinois. It was at first confused with heterostropha,

but that species has a smooth shell (see above) and is not found in any

numbers in the area; it is very probable that heterostropha is not

found west of the Mississippi River, and the quotations of this

species from western localities were probably founded on gyrina,.

sayti, gabbi, integra, ete. This species is very variable in this

region, some forms approaching ampullacea Gould, while others

might be taken for gabbi Tryon, or virginea Gould, so far as form

goes. It is probable that some west coast names will be added to-

the above synonymy, when more study is given to this genus.

fHE NAUTILUS. 23

Physa gyrina elliptica Lea. Fig. 6.

Physa elliptica Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. V, p. 114, pl.

xix, fig. 83, 1837. Physa aurea LEA, 1.c., vol. VI, p. 18, pl.

xxiii, fig. 106, 1839. Physa troostiana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.,

vol. II, p. 32, 1841. Physa nicklinti Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci.,

p- 114, 1864. Physa altonensis Lea, l.c., p. 114. 1864. Physa

febigertt Lea, l.c., p. 114, 1864. Physa oleacea Tryon, Amer.

Journ. Coneh., vol. II, p. 6, pl. ii, fig. 6, 1866.

Shell differing from typical gyrina in being

more elliptical, having a shorter, more rounded

spire, and hence more convex whorls, the

spire, as described by Tryon, ** with the outline

not elevated above a continuation of the general

curve of the body.’ The shell is also more ae

solid and the outer lip thicker with a very heavy, oie

bluish-white cailus. The surface sculpture is the same as in gyrina.

Leneth 15.00; width 7.50; aperture length 9.50; width 3.50 mill.

Length 11.00; width 6.00; aperture length 7.00 ; width 2.50 mill.

Length 12.00; width 7.50; aperture length 9.00 ; width 3.75 mill.

Animal, jaw, and radula, as in gyrina. Distribution: evidently

the same as gyrina. Geological distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess.

Habitat : Almost always associated with gyrina.

Remarks: The typical form of this variety seems at first quite

distinct from gyrina, but in a multitude of forms (the writer has ex-

amined several thousand specimens) is seen to fade imperceptibly

into the typical form. From observations in the present area, gyrina

would seem to be dimorphic, consisting of the typical gyrina with

long spire, and the variety e//iptica with short, dome-shaped spire.

This belief is strengthened by the fact that the two forms are always

associated together. It is not quite as common as the typical form.

Physa integra Haldeman. Fig. 7.

Physa integra. HALDEMAN, Mon. p. 33, pl. 1V, fig. 7, 8, 1841.

Physa niagarensis LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 1864,

Shell oval, whorls 43-5; spire short, pointed, the whole convex ;

sutures well marked, sometimes banded by a faint white line; color

varying from light yellowish horn to pale brown ; sculpture as in

gyrina, the lines being very deep and the wrinkled edges very

convex ; protoconch consisting of one and a half smooth, rounded,

wine-colored whorls ; aperture oval, rather wide, produced at the

24 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior end, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; peris-

tome thin, thickened within the aperture by

a heavy white or yellowish callus, which

shows through the shell very plainly; it iS

never bordered by any color stripe; the

callus of two or three former peristomes may

always be seen on the body whorl and some-

times one or two on the spire; columella

broad, flat, white, a callus spreading over the parietal wall.

Length 12.00 ; width 8.00; aperture length 7.50 ; width 3.00 mill.

Length 10.50; width 7.50 ; aperture length 7.50; width 3.50 mill.

Length 10.00; width 6.00; aperture length 5.50; width 3.00 mill.

Animal not differing essentially from gyrina. Jaw similar to that

of gyrina. Radula similar in form to that of gyrina, but differing in

having six large, nearly equal cusps, instead of five, in the absence,

generally, of small cusps between the larger ones, and in the reflec-

tion being wider than in gyrina or heterostropha. The radula of this

species is remarkably uniform in the form of the teeth and in the

number of the cusps. The central tooth and secondary teeth

Fig. 7;

appeared to be the same as in the species previously described.

Distribution: Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, New York,

Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, Michigan, Wisconsin. Found in great

abundance in Allen’s Creek, near Rochester, New York. Geologi-

cal distribution: Pleistocene ; Loess. Habitat: At stations similar

to gyrind.

Remarks: This species has been generally confounded with heter-

ostropha, but will at once be separated from that species by the spiral

lines ; the general form also is different from any other shell found

in this area, and the white callus on the lip is peculiar. It is a com-

mon shell at Hickory Creek, Lockport and Joliet, and has been

found, though more sparingly, at Calumet Grove, Maywood and at

Edgewater. It is more common than say77, but less so than gyrina.

The specimens from Hickory Creek are quite typical, resembling

closely Haldeman’s figures (pl. 4, figs. 7,8) in his monograph of

fresh water mollusca.

hee IN ATI LUS.

Von. XIV. JULY, 1900. No. 3.

IN SEARCH OF POLYGYRA PILSBRYiI.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

In the month of February, both in 1899 and 1900, I made trips to

Arkansas for health and shells, and on both occasions stopped at

Hardy, Sharp county, Ark., on Spring River, which heads at the

famous Mammoth Springs, in Missouri. This part of America at

some time was plainly lifted by an enormous upheaval, and the lime-

stone came down without regard to good order. The highest points

are probably 1000 feet above the sea.

Spring river is a beautiful stream. The water so pure and deep is

of a Nile green in color, but in every half mile or so at this point

there is a natural dam, covered with fine unios and ‘ periwinkles.”

When Messrs. Sterki and Simpson have helped me over the hard

places, a list of these will be given, I found this year one new Unio

anyhow.

Half of one day this year was given to Little Rock, where good

collecting is to be found in a rocky bluff near the Iron Mountain

bridge.

Upon both trips I jumped to DeKalb, Bowie county, Texas. Last

year I went with a party of turkey hunters as far as Little River, in

the Choctaw Nation, all in the low lands, then by rail to Tuliskahoma

and Poteau, on the Frisco road—another blown-up limestone coun-

try. In this part of the Indian nation the road passes between two

mountain ranges. It is the prettiest of landscapes, and I am sure in

the month of May the snails swarm out of the damp corners and fern-

clothed rocks in great numbers to view the scenery. Judging by the

government maps of near-by territory, these mountains are about

26 THE NAUTILUS.

1,000 or 1,500 feet above the sea. From Poteau, Sugarloaf, a dozen

miles away, could be seen, and this knob runs up to 2,000 feet; but

a cold wave drove me home before I could make this mountain a

Visit.

In three days, at Poteau and Tushkahoma I found Polygyra Bin-

neyana Pils,, Poly. divesta indianorum Pils., Poly. dorfeuilliana per-

costata Pils. and Gastrodonta demissa lamellata Pils. These places

are about 80 and 40 miles east of Limestone Gap, where Simpson

found Poly. kiowaensis ; 50 miles west of Mena, and Mena is 70

west of Hot Springs, where Poly. kiowaensis arkansaensis Pils. was

found. I never saw either, and I hunted hard.

But in the winter many shells surely could not be found. It was

next to impossible to find a mature Omphalina friabilis or a Pyramt-

dula solitaria alive, but their dead shells were common. Perhaps

many of these species, as in the Tennessee mountains, are clannish

sticklers for locality.

The P. dorfeuilliana, monodon and G'. demissa colonize under logs,

a pine log sometimes if charred, but the oaks with a rough bark suit

them better. The Mesodons were found by digging. In fact nearly

all of my new shells were found by quarrying. ‘The first was Poly.

eragini, described by Call. This I found on my old farm at Thayer,

Kansas, while quarrying sandstone in search of fossil plants. Since

then I have been a great digger, looking on the well-drained and

ventilated rock, dampened only by the soil, as the best locality to find

a new species. High up on the mountains is good ground, I have

always supposed because it is a poor place for lazy collectors.

This year a Texas friend, who had a team, wagon and canvas

cover, went with me from DeKalb, Texas, to Naples, Texas, on one

trip, and then to Mena, Arkansas. I walked, and rolled over the

rocks and logs, and he good-naturedly drove the team, and at good

places stopped the procession and helped gather the shells. In this

journey of over 200 miles I do not think I rode over 15, and I do

not think he walked that far, except in our side journeys on foot. At

night we made a shed of our wagon sheet, and with a roaring pitch-

pine fire in front and plenty of blankets, got along nicely through

snow and rain, or when the thermometer dropped to zero a few times.

The rivers were high after having been very low, but we could

tell by the remains that it was a very rich region in Unionide for

the seasonable comer. From Naples to the mountains, P. dorfewilli-

THE NAUTILUS. 27

ana, monodon alicia, cragint and thyrotdes were the rule, except on

a chalky uplift called Rocky Comfort in Arkansas. Here we found

Flelicina orbiculata tropica, Bulimulus dealbatus and Omphalina

friabilis in the uplands, and Poly. terasiana (banded) and Poly.

monodon friersonit in low land.

Striking the hill country near Horatio, under the first stone out-

crop we found P. albolabris Alleni and the first Poly, Binneyana I

had seen alive. Wherever we found a shaded hill-top after that,

with an outcrop of rock, we found these shells; and from the number

of ** bones ”’

scattered about, they must be plentiful on warm spring

days. Sometime I hope to get enough for all of my friends. We

occasionally found P. Binneyana traveling, for there were times a

week together when we walked in our shirt sleeves and the frogs and

birds were singing.

P. albolabris was found more frequently under logs, but I found

only one dbinneyana- in that situation. Two P. albolabris alleni here

usually hibernate together, just under the soil, face upwards. At

Hardy I found as many as eight under one log, but the Hardy shell

seems to me another variety, or a subdivision of a variety. It is the

same as I have found in Kansas, smaller than the Mena alleni, more

solid and compact, and more perfectly opaque.

From Horatio to Mena it is a clay hill country, and the shells were

much the same. At Mena we seemed to strike a truly snail territory.

Here the Rich Mountain range is 2,750 feet above sea level, the

Fourche and Black Fork ranges were about as high, the Chastats

about 2,000 feet, and it was but a little distance to the Magazine

Mountain and the Petit Jean range, as high as the Rich Mountains.

I found deep, mossy, ferny coves that in the Tennessee mountains

would be jeweled with snails. Gastrodonta demissa brittsi here was

large as acerra, and the species were more numerous. It looked

altogether more promising. Some day, with an industrious collector,

I should like to start from Hardy and never stop until we had gone

into the panhandle of Texas. Limestone bluffs and coves are on

every hand. There could be new shells every day. With the ex-

ception of Simpson’s visit to Kiowa, in the Indian nation, and my

own trips, the rocks were probably never scratched.

The following is my catch, named with much assistance from Mr.

Pilsbry, numbered after the Pilsbry check list :

9a. Helicina orbiculata tropica Say. DeéKalb, Lanesport, Rocky

Comfort, Gilham, Mena.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

48. Vallonia pulchella (Miill.). Lanesport, one specimen in 1899.

68. Polygyra leporina (Gld.). From Mt. Pleasant to Horatio, the

animal black as Z. nitidus (Miill.), in damp situations, under logs and

stones, or feeding about near by; active in winter.

70. Poly. Dorfeuilliana Lea. Naples to Mena, sometimes over one

hundred in little pockets under logs and stones in well-drained soil.

Every lot seemed a little different in color or size, and upon this last

trip I collected 1,281, It is abundant in my travels from Arkansas

City, Kansas, to Hardy, North Arkansas, to Waco, Texas, and all

in between.

70a. Poly. Dorf. Sampsoni Weth. Tushkahoma, Ind. Ter., 1899.

Fairly plentiful in the rocks.

70b. Poly. Dorf. percostata Pils. Poteau, Ind. Ter., 1899. Fairly

plentiful on dry mountain side under slabs of sandstone and small

logs.

72. Poly. Jacksoni Bld. At Poteau in ’99. One large specimen

found at Mena this year “of the variety with wholly closed axial

perforation not uncommon at Fort Gibson.”

79. Poly. Texasiana (Moric.) Opposite Lanesport in Texas, at

Rocky Comfort and Chapel Hill, Ark., next to the water under

drift. At Rocky Comfort, banded.

95c. Poly. Cragini (Call). Naples, to Mena, under logs in low

land, usually. ‘The animal is black and the shell more robust and

about one mm. larger than the Kansas type, which is 84 and 9.

The types are a bright, cherry red, these of Ark. nearer the flat

corneous brown color of the usual P. thyroides.

97. Poly. inflecta (Say). Rocky Comfort to Mena.

109a. Poly. albolabris Alleni (Wetherby). Horatio to Rich

Mountain Station, and at Tushkahoma, I. T. This variety has a

thin shell and the color same as divesta, glossy. Measures from 28

mm. to 32, and in some cases the umbilicus is partly open.

110. Poly. exoleta (Binn.) Mena.

112. Poly. divesta (Gld.) A few dead specimens in ’99 at

Tushkahoma.

112a. Poly. divesta indianorum ( Pils.) a few dead specimens and

young (now alive in my snailery), at Tushkahoma and Poteau in

1899.

112-1. Poly. Binneyana (Pils.) a few dead shells and young at

Tushkahoma and Poteau in 1899, and one dead at Hardy in drift.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

I found it this year from Horatio to Rich Mountain most plentiful in

the rocks scattered over the creek bottoms near the city of Mena, in

company with Gastro. demissa Brittsii and Poly. hirsuta uncifera.

The measurements were from 23 diam. 11 alt., to 28 mm. diam., 13

alt.; all 54 whorls. In the Chastat Mountains four miles south I

found a smaller variety and got a few alive by digging down a couple

of feet. These ran from 16 diam., 8 alt., to 20 diam., 9 alt., with

not quite 5 whorls.

124. Poly. thyroides (Say). DeKalb to Mena, occasionally, under

logs in damp situations. Pilsbry will have much to say on this

species, I-think, as they run from the clausa size to the largest thy-

roides, and were so without regard to locality. The large size were

usually found in situations suitable for multtlineata, while the smaller

were about the rocks and under logs upon higher ground.

134-1. Polygyra Pilsbryi, n. sp. Shell imperforate, lens shaped,

about equally convex above and below, corneous-brown, the surface

rather glossy, sculptured above with strong, slightly curved, uneven

riblets, running with the growth lines; the riblets on the base very

uneven or interrupted as though composed of compressed radial lam-

ine, arranged in several! concentric circles. Whorls fully 5, slowly

increasing, the last carinated at the periphery, abruptly and shortly

deflexed in front. Aperture basal, hook-shaped or like the letter

“J”? reversed; contracted by a long, arcuate parietal lamella, which

extends to the axis and is decidedly curved in, or entering, at its

outer end, and is connected with the end of the outer lip by a slight

callous ridge. Basal lip reflexed and prostrate, with a rather shal-

low median notch, much more conspicuous in a front than in a basal

view. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm. Rich Mountain Station (Mt. Mena),

Polk Co., Arkansas, on mountain, by roadside leading from R, R.

station to the hotel, two specimens (one dead).

Allied to P. labrosa, from which it differs in the remarkable scup-

ture and the form of the basal lip and notch. This shell was picked

up by my partner, Mr. Jolly.

At the suggestion of Bryant Walker it is named in honor of Dr.

Henry A. Pilsbry, the very one who of late years has given con-

chologists the most delight, by his enormous zeal and industry, and

his untiring exactness. I was instructed by Mr. Walker to find

something for the occasion as large as indianorum or Ferrissi, but

this shell has unusual features to make up for the disappointment in

30 THE NAUTILUS.

size. It is the best novelty in American shells found, I believe, for

some time.

138. Poly, stenotrema (Fer.). Found a few on the slope of the

Chastat Mountains south of Mena.

139c. Poly. hirsuta uneifera (Pils.) n. var. In both the Chastat and

Rich Mts. at Mena. From its silvery, clean appearance and un-

usually prominent basal lip, I believed this to be a new variety, and

gathered all I could find. When one is out in the woods, by the

way, be cannot always tell what is what.

14a. Poly. monodon fraterna (Say). Rocky Comfort on the

bank of a creek in company with friersoni and aliciae.

141b. Poly. monodon aliciae (Pils.). Mt. Pleasant and Naples,

Texas, to Horatio and Ultima Thule, Ark.

141d. Poly. monodon friersoni (Pils.). DeKalb, Texas; Rocky

Comfort and Cove, Ark.

141le. Poly. monodon imperforata (Pils.),n. var. Rocky Comfort,

Mena and Cove. Mr. Pilsbry has thrown a bomb into the monodon-

Leai camp, and I merely list these, leaving the description for the

article he promises the readers of the Nauriuus.

153. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). DeKalb, Rocky Comfort, Gil-

ham, Mena.

180. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Cove, one specimen.

184. Pupoides marginatus (Say) [Leucocheila fallax of authors}.

At Cove under rails in an abandoned field, and at Cerro Gordo un-

der logs; plentiful in company with small red Poly. thyroides and

Bifidaria contracta.

186. Lifidaria armifera (Say). DeKalb, Lanesport and Mena.

187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cove.

247. Omphalina friabilis (W. G. B.). DeKalb to Mena, most

plentiful at Rocky Comfort.

263. Vitrea petrophila (Bld.). Mena. This is the first time this

species has been found west of the Mississippi. Three others were

also found in this catch that may turn out to be a variety of JV.

wheatleyi (Bld.).

270. Vitrea indentata (Say). From Morris’ Ferry to Mena.

285. Vitrea Simpsoni (Pils.). Morris’ Ferry to Mena, both under

logs and in the rocks, active.

278-1b. Conulus chersinus trochulus Reinh. Cerro Gordo, Hat-

ton’s Gap and Chastat Mts., rocks and under logs, rare.

TitE NAUTILUS. 31

283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Mt. Pleasant, Texas, to Mena,

Ark.

291. Zon. laeviusculus (Sterki). One in the Red River bottoms in

1899. ;

297. Gastrodonta demissa (Binn.). Morris Ferry to Mena.

297a. G. demissa Brittsi (Pils.). Ultima Thule and Mena. At

the latter place in stone piles in the creek bottoms I found a large

form. The largest measured 10 mm., and I supposed at the time I

had run upon acerra.

297b. G. dem. lamellata (Pils). From Morris Ferry to Mena.

This was generally found under the logs and very often in company

with demissa. The largest of both measured about the same, 8 and

9 mm. diameter.

338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). From Rocky Comfort to Mena.

All rather strongly ribbed and dark in color.

367. Succineaavara Say. At Mt. Pleasant, Texas,and Cove, Ark.

As space is valuable in this journal, and my search at these points

was far from thorough, I will merely give a list of species found at

Hardy and Little Rock, Ark., and Dennison, Texas, not included in

the above. Hardy is a particularly good locality, as there is a wide

range of species. I found Vitrea simpson here on my last trip, the

most northern and eastern limit so far recorded. ’

119¢. Polygyra appressa (Say). At Hardy a highly sculptured

variety with small denticle upon the upper lip. This variety is known

as Say’s ‘variety A.” It measures from 18 to 20 mm. diameter.

119d. Poly. appressa perigrapta (Pils.), typical. Little Rock. I

also have this from extreme northwestern Arkansas.

120. Poly. elevata (Say). Hardy.

125. Poly. clausa (Say). Hardy.

134. Poly. labrosa (Bld.). Little Rock.

190. Bifidaria procera (Gld.), At Hardy in ’99.

198. Br. curvidens (Gld.). At Hardy in ’99.

199. Bi. pentodon (Say). At Hardy in 799.

278-la. Conulus fulvus dentatus (Sterki). At Hardy in ’99.

338¢. Pyramidula alternata rarinotata (Pils.). At Dennison, Texas.

239. Circinaria concava (Say). WHardy and Little Rock.

340. Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Hardy.

342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Hardy.

346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Hardy.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

[ Continued from May No., p. 12.]

Buliminus Hirasei n. sp.

Shell rimate, cylindric-conic, rather solid, whitish-corneous or pale

reddish corneous, with opaque white streaks and lines. Surface ir-

regularly striatulate and very finely though rather irregularly spirally

striate. Spire with quite convex outlines, a trifle attenuated near

the obtuse apex. Whorls 8, the first slightly convex, following

whorls almost flat, the last one more convex. Aperture but slightly

oblique, pale reddish-brown within, ovate; peristome white, ex-

panded, thickened within; columella simply concave, without a foid;

parietal callus very thin in the middle, thickened toward the ends,

having a low tubercle near the posterior angle.

Length 19, diam. 9, of last whorl above aperture 8; length of

aperture 83 mm.

Length 19, diam. 8, of last whorl above aperture 7.5; length of

aperture 7.6 mm.

Kikai, Prov. Osumi, Japan (Y. Hirase).

This species differs from B. reinianus Kob. and andersonianus

Mlldff., in the obese form and especially the light coloration. It is

much smaller and especially shorter than B. japonicus Mildff., which

was described from a single beached specimen. B. japonicus while

decidedly larger, alt. 28, diam. 11 mm., the aperture 11 mm. long,

has a half whorl less (74), and no mention is made by Dr. v. Mdl-

lendorff of a tubercle near the posterior angle of the peristome, such

as occurs in B, Hiraser.

It is named in honor of Mr, Y. Hirase, of Kyoto.

Buliminus extorris var. omiensis n.

Shell rimate, resembling B. cantori in general form, large, solid

and dark chestnut brown; irregularly striate, the striae more or less

cut into granules by very irregular spirals. Spire with convex out-

lines below, straight above, the last two whorls of about equal diam

eter; apex obtuse. Whorls 84, convex, the last rather compressed.

White, somewhat thickened within, the ends connected by a white

cord across the parietal wall, thickened into a slight tubercle near

the posterior angle. Columella concave below, having a short strong

fold above.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

Length 29, diam, 10, length of aperture 10.3, width 8.3 mm.

Length 29.5, diam. 10, length of aperture 11, width 7.8 mm.

Ibuki, prov. Omi, Japan (Y. Hirase).

I refer this form with some doubt to B. extorris Brancsik (Jahr-

esheft Nat. Ver. Trencsiner Comitates, 1891, p. 81, pl. 7, f. 3), de-

scribed as probably from Japan; but that species has a narrower

aperture very like that of . cantori, and is a more slender shell

than this one, with the aperture and diameter less than one-third the

length of the shell, while in var. omzensis these measurements ex-

ceed one-third. . e. omiensis is a narrower shell than 2B. japonicus,

with an additional whorl and folded columella. The peristome and

parietal callus are more developed than in LB. reinianus.

Buliminus callistoderma, n. sp.

Shell rimate, thin, conic, somewhat translucent, of a brownish

olive color; somewhat glossy, densely granulose in spiral series.

Spire rather straightly conic; apex obtuse, Whorls 5}, convex, the

last a little ascending in front, swollen, convex beneath. Aperture

irregularly ovate ; peristome thin, expanded; columellar margin di-

lated, reflexed above; parietal callus a mere translucent film, not

tuberculate or thickened near the posterior angle.

Length 10, diam. 5.5, length of aperture 4.9 mm.

Ogasawara Shima (Bonin I.), Japan (Y. Hirase).

Quite unlike other Japanese or Loo Choo species in its short, conic

form, the small number of whorls, thin shell, and densely granulose

surface.

(To be continued.)

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON PLANORBIS CORPULENTUS SAY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Dr. E. W. Hubbard, of Elyria, Ohio, whose catalogue of shells of

that State was published at an early date, and who there cites P. cor-

pulentus as one of the species represented in his collection, was a

grandfather of Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa. Mr. Clapp

has kindly sent to me for examination two sets of Planorbis from Dr.

Hubbard’s collection, labeled P. corpulentus, one from Elyria, the

other without locality. Both are P. trivolvis and do not differ from

that species as usually found. This unexpected verification of the

34 THE NAUTILUS.

misconception of Say’s species, entertained by the early collectors, is

both interesting and valuable.

My attention has been also recently cailed to the fact that Tryon

first formally differentiated the west coast form from P. corpulentus

as P. binneyi, in his review of Binney’s ‘* Land and Fresh-Water

Shells,” Part IJ, in the Am. Jour. of Conch., III, p. 197 (1867).

This citation should, therefore, be added to the bibliography appended

to my article in the April NavTILus.

The following typographical errors in that article should also be

corrected :

In foot-note on page 134 delete the words “ part of.’”? Also for

“¢ Say,” in lines one and three, read ‘‘ Jay.”

On page 136, in the quotation from Mr. Whiteaves’ letter, for

SChWe - sead. \cminee

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SYNOPSIS OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE FAmity Drp1o-

DONTIDAZ. By W.H. Dall (Extracted from the Jour. of Conch.

Vol. IX. pp. 244-246, Oct. 1899). Dr. Dall says: ‘* The family

Diplodontide comprises the genera Felania, Diplodonta, Ungulina

and Joannisiella. The Cryptodontide which have been by some au-

thors united with this group, possess very remarkable anatomical

characters, and should be kept separate. Joannisiella has long been

confounded with Cyrenotdes, from which much misconception has

arisen. ‘The former is a brackish water Diplodonta with a flattened

foot, the latter belongs to a distinct group. The typical Lelania is

close to Diplodonta, but many Lucinoid shells have been mistakenly

referred to Felania.

East American Species,

Diplodonta punctata Say (Amphidesma). Syn. D. venezuelensis

Dkr. D. janeirensis Rve., D. subglobosa C. B. Ads. D. braziliensis

Mittre, D. orbella Gabb, Mysia pellucida Heilp. Cape Hatteras to

South Brazil.

Diplodonta nucleiformis Wagner. Syn. D. elevata Conr., D. car-

olinense Conr. Coast of the Carolinas, 15-52 fathoms ; fossil in

the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina.

Section Felaniella Dall, 1899.

Diplodonta candeana Orb. Marco, Florida, to Brazil.

Diplodonta vilardiboana Orb. Brazil and Argentine coasts.

Section Phyctiderma Dall, 1899.

Diplodonta soror C. B. Ads. Jamaica, north to the Florida Keys

and Texas ; fossil in the Miocene of Virginia and N. Carolina,

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Diplodonta semiaspera Phil. Syn. D. granulosa C. B. Ads., L.

semireticulata Orb. Cape Hatteras to Rio Janeiro, Brazil; fossil in

the Pliocene of Florida.

Diplodonta puncturella Dall, n. sp. Jamaica ; fossil in the Oli-

gocene, Bowden, Jamaica.

Diplodonta platensis Dall n. sp. In. 11 fathoms off Rio de la

Plata.

Section Spherella Conrad.

Diplodonta verrilli Dall, = D. turgida V. & §., 1881, not Conr.

1848. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., to N. Carolina, in 15-69 fathoms.

West American Species.

Diplodonta orbellu Gould. (Sphaerella tumida Conr. Ms.) Brit-

ish Columbia to Lower California.

Diplodonta tellinoides Reeve. Panama to Guayaquil.

Diplodonta diserepans Cpr. Mazatlan.

Diplodonta subquadrata Cpr. Not D. subquadrata Gabb, but

perhaps D. undata Cpr. Cape St. Lucas to Acapulco and Maz-

atlan.

Section Felaniella Dall,

Diplodonta obliqua Phil. (Lucina calculus Reeve). Cape St.

Lucas, Mazatlan.

Diplodonta cornea Reeve. Gulf of Nicoya.

Diplodonta sericata Reeve, Felania sericata Cpr. Gulf of Cal-

ifornia.

Diplodonta nitens Reeve. Gulf of Guayaquil.

Section Phlyctiderma Dall.

Diplodonta celata Reeve. Bay of Guayaquil.

Diplodonuta semirugosa Dall, n,n. = D. semiaspera Cpr. not

Philippi. Gulf of California.

Die CONCHYLIEN DER PATAGONISCHEN Formation. By H.

von Ihering. (Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geol. und Paleon.

Bd. I1, pp. 1—46, taf. 1, 11, 1899.) There are recorded from this for-

mation 69 species. 9 new species are described, followed by general

observations on the formation and fauna.

LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLtLusca oF INp1A, Vol. II., pt. 9.

By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen. The part now before us

continues the account of the Zonitida, a large part of both text and

plates relating to the soft anatomy of the various forms. The groups

Macrochlamys, Eurychlamys (n. s.-g.), Ratnadvipia (n. s.-g), Eu-

plecta, Girasia, Austenia, Microcystina, Microcystis, Mariella, Ben-

sonia, Haughtonia (n. s.-g.), Nilgira, Ariophanta, Khasiella (n. s.-g)

are treated 1n more or less detail.

In so large an amount of new and interesting information, only a

few points can be specially mentioned.

In Macrochlamys pedina the spermatheca was found to contain

not less than seven spermatophores ; and the morphology of the

36 THE NAUTILUS.

spermatophore in various Indian genera is discussed at some length.

The value of this organ in clas sification is stated to be not inconsid-

erable, as it is subject to modification probably generic in constancy.

In Euplecta semidecussata the vagina (or free oviduct) is swollen

above its cae with the spermatheca duct, the author interpreting

this structure as a provision for retaining the ova, and terming it the

‘¢ ovitheca.’’! a treating of Mariella, Godwin- Austen “adopts

Cockerell’s suggestion that the J/. dussumiert was from Mahé on the

southwest coast of Peninsular India, not Mahé, one of the Seychelles.

The genus is shown to be closely allied to Girasra.

By restricting several parts of his work to Zonitid anatomy, a

quantity of data invaluable to other workers in this difficult group

has been amassed, although, as Godwin-Austen modestly points out,

the time for definite classification of the whole group has not yet

arrived.— H.-A. RP:

GENERAL NOTES.

Aagr or Deposit UNDERLYING Los ANGELES, CAL.—The dis-

covery of the remains of a species of Radiolites, R. ’ Hamlini Stearns,

in the Third Street Tunnel clays in the city of Los Angeles, of which

we have been informed, is of exceeding interest through its bearing

on the question of the geologic age of the region, which has been

in doubt (Cf. NauTILus, June, 1900, p. 15). The Radiolites is a

Cretaceous form and not Herciotone reported from the west coast.

Errata.—For “vertical”? in the sixth line of the second para-

graph, page 3 of the May number, read “ ventral.” In the next

pare agraph, fourth line, after the word ligaments, read “is” instead

of “are.”

Lists or Recent Mottusca.—Messrs Sowerby & Fulton have

issned a series of lists of recent mollusks, enumerating a large num-

ber (11,300) of the known species of most of the genera, classified

according to late authorities. They are well and accurately printed,

and collectors will find them useful and interesting.

To a SLuG. (IN ALCOHOL.

Hail, Limax !—clammy, slimy thing,

Poor houseless wretch, of thee I sing!

Though ended is thy earthly run,

Thy glory is but yet begun.

For Science, with obtrusive pride,

Will keep intact thy mortal hide

And suffer thee, for future gain,

In best of spirits to remain.

Oakland, Cal., Apr. 15, 1900. H. H. BruEnn.

1 Perhaps “ odtheca” would be better, ovitheca being a hybrid word.

ae N MTILUS.

Von. XIV. AUGUST, 1900. No. 4.

A NEW MUREX FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Murex petri Dall, n. sp.

Shell solid, when perfect with an acute produced apex of four or

five whorls, followed by four ordinary whorls; nepionic shell. with

convex shouldered whorls with up to six rounded varices, spirally

sculptured with rather prominent threads ; color of the shell purplish-

brown more or less minutely mottled or articulated with paler spots;

surface with obsolete flattish spiral threads stronger on the backs of

the varices, and, when perfect, also showing very minute spiral stria-

tion; whorls between the varices with a single not very prominent

knob; varices flattish, with five or six projecting points or digita-

tions separated by shallow emarginations and slightly excavated on

the forward face ; these projections are not recurved ; anterior face of

the varices covered with profuse crinkled imbricating lamellae; a

marked sulcus between the anterior digitation and the canal; aper-

rure ovate, thickened with a projecting yellowish margin without

any dentiform process ; the interior shows about six nodular denticles

on the anterior two-thirds of the outer lip; canal closed, rather long,

sharply curved to the right ; lon. of shell 65, lat. 82; of aperture lon.

Poros late 1155 mm.

Habitat, San Pedro, in rather deep water. Mr. and Mrs. Old-

royd.

This shell belongs to a group of Murices which is exceptionally

developed on the Pacific coast; having three varices and sometimes

a basal tooth projecting from the margin of the aperture. Those:

38 THE NAUTILUS.

with the tooth belong to the genus Pterorhytis Conrad (long called

Cerostoma) and those without a tooth have had various names applied

to them from Ocinebra to Pteropurpura. Of the allied species J.

californicus has scaly spirals of three sizes, ending in sharply pointed

channelled recurved varical digitations ; J/. trialatus Sowerby has

dark brown and white color bands, the shoulder of the whorls ex-

rvavated, the large posterior digitation of the varices curved toward

the apex of the shell, and the varix has no anterior sulcus next the

canal. MW. carpenter? Dall, is nearly smooth, thinner than the others,

and with no knobs between the varices on the whorls. All have

similar opercula of muricoid type.

A NEW LAMPSILIS FROM ARKANSAS.

BY JAMES H. FERRISS.

Lampsilis Simpsoni.

Shell sub-solid, elongated, slightly obovate, narrowed in front, and

rather evenly rounded at both ends, somewhat inflated, having the

greatest diameter at the middle and gradually tapering each way to

the ends, feebly gaping at the anterior base and behind, beaks rather

low but distinct, their sculpture consisting of ill defined, irregular

subnodulous corrugations; epidermis well developed, in the young

specimens projecting beyond the shell all around, slightly concentri-

sally wrinkled, and showing the rough irregular growth lines; tawny

with green rays and coppery beaks in the young, brownish or black-

ish in the old state; posterior ridge well marked in the earlier stages

of growth. Hinge line evenly curved; pseudo cardinals reduced to

mere stumpy vestiges; there are two feeble, remote laterals in the

left valve and one in the right ; epidermal matter folded in along the

hinge line; anterior cicatrices rather deep, irregular; posterior cica-

trices shallow; nacre shaded violet, bluish and coppery, iridescent

behind. Length 95, height 50, diameter 32 millimeters. Spring

River, Hardy, Arkansas.

This specimen seems to stand between Lampsilis tenuissimus and

L. gracilis. The former is more compressed, has a stronger posterior

ridge, is, pointed behind, and is inflated at or just behind the center

of the base, and gaps more decidedly behind. It has something the

form of certain specimens of Z. gracilis, but is more elongated and

THE NAUTILUS. 39

straighter on the basal line. Three specimens were obtained, one

adult, which is probably a male, and two young shells. The latter

are very different from young gracilis, having the epidermis well

projected around the border of the shell, and the outlines of the

adult state.

To help commemorate the memory of one who has given nearly

a life work towards perfecting the history of the humble clam, I

name this in honor of Chas. 'T. Simpson of the National Museum.

Types in my own collection.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTICES OF NEW AMERICAN SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Gastrodonta intertexta volus!2, n. var.

Shell small, thin and fragile, subtranslucent, pale brown, somewhat

lossy, the surface decussated by impressed spirals cutting fine but

sharp striz above, smoother but still decussate below ; rather widely

perforate. Whorls 53, the earlier 14 smooth, last whorl slightly

angular at the periphery, quite convex beneath. Aperture without

the slightest trace of callus within. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mm.

Near ** Mount Taylor,” an aboriginal mound on the St, John’s

River, south of Volusia, Volusia Co., Florida; coll. by Pilsbry &

Johnson. Types no 75,769 coll. A. N.S. P.

This sheli differs from ¢ntertexta in the very small size, fragile

texture, and total lack of an internal callus within the last whorl

near the aperture. Some 56 specimens collected agree in these

characters; and as I have seen no intermediate specimens, the form

may prove be specific. However, the St. John’s valley is

deficient in lime; the land shells are in some other cases quite thin

for their species, a fact which has its weight. But in the Tanners-

ville valley of the Catskills, a sandstone region where snails are rare

and actually eat each other’s shells for lime, the zntertexta I found

still had the characteristic callus within the mouth.

Alexia myosotis marylandica, n. var.

Inner lip triplicate; outer lip with a conical tooth at its upper

third, below which it is thickened by a callous rib.

Mouth of St. Leonard’s Creek, Patuxent River, Maryland, col-

lected by Charles W. Johnson.

Pyramidula Elrodi, 0. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, much depressed and acutely keeled,

moderately solid. Spire but slightly convex; whorls 5, the first

smooth, the next 1} rather convex, finely and regularly ribbed, the

following whorls flattened, impressed above an acute keel which fills

the suture, the last two whorle very strongly, irregularly ribbed, the

ribs running with growth-lines, wrinkle-like; last whorl with an

acute peripheral keel, pinched and concave above aud below it, the

keel of the preceding whorl projecting more or less above the

suture ; base convex, heavily ribbed, the umbilicus large and funnel-

shaped. Aperture oblique, irregularly oval, angular at position of

THE NAUTILUS. 41

the keel; peristome simple, the margins converging; parietal callus

short and rather thin.

Alt. 9, diam. 21-22 mm,

Mission Mountains, Montana (Prof. M. J. Elrod).

This species holds toward P. strigosa a relationship like that of

P. cumberlandiana toward P. alternata. Except in being more

widely umbilicated and with a wider last whorl, it would be well

resresented by the published figures of Epiphragmophora ecircum-

carinata (Stearns). The ribs are less regular than in the typical

form of P. ¢dahoensis, but are equally strong. None of the wonder-

ful series of strigosa varieties discovered by Hemphill approach this

form; which could not, with present information, be considered a

sub-species of strigosa. It is, like tdahoensis and haydeni, doubtless

the terminal member in a differentiation-series from the strigosa

stock, but the connecting links are wanting tn the recent fauna, so

far as present collections show.

It is named in honor of Prof. M. J. Elrod, of the University of

Montana.

Helicodiscus Eigenmanni n. sp.

Shell similar to 1. dineatus, but attaining a much greater size, the

umbilicus much smaller in comparison with the diameter of the

shell. Whorls 4? to 5, strongly lirate spirally, Aperture more

lunate, embracing more of the preceding whorl, usually armed with a

pair of small teeth within, as in A. Lineatus. Umbilicus rather deep

and cup-shaped. Alt. 1.9, diam. 4.8 mm., umbilicus 2 mm. wide.

Beaver Cave, near San Marcos, Hays Co., Texas.

This species was collected by Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, the well-

known writer on fish morphology.

The specimens are very uniform in character, differing markedly

from the common and wide-spread H. lineatus. The latter shows

but little variation throughout its enormous range, and so far as I

can see from a very large series, there is nowhere a tendency to be-

come more narrowly umbiiicated. The present form has been found

only in the cave mentioned above, and may possibly be a modifica-

tion induced by underground life, although until the immediate sur-

roundings of the cave are searclied, it would be unsafe to more than

suggest this. I find only the ordinary H. lineatus from other Texan

localities. Nothing like H. “Li genmanni occurred to me at San

Antonio, New Braunfels, or Austin,

42 THE NAUTILUS.

DESCRIPTION OF A LAND SHELL FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Eurytus Couturesi. Anc.

Testa ovata, tenuiuscula, subimperforata, nitidula, sub epidermide

tenui virenti vel luteo-fusca, plus minusve decidua, sordide purpurea.

Spira brevis, obtusa, apice fusco-purpurea, ad summum rotundate sub-

conoidea. Anfractus 4, celeriter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura

impressa, striis incrementi notati et minute granulati; penultimus

ad dextram tumidulus ; ultimus post mediam partem longe deflexus,

malleatus et minutissime granulosus, striis ad suturam pliculosis.

Apertura fere verticalis, irregulariter ovalis, superne angulosa, plica

columellari callosa preedita, intus livide purpurea. Peristoma

undique revolutum et incrassatum, roseo-purpureum, marginibus

eallo nitido junctis, columellari ad insertionem paululum dilatato.

Long. 38, diam. 22, alt. apert. cum peristomate 22 mill.

Hab. Bolivia (teste G. Coutures).

This is more egg-shaped than either #. pulicarius or E. catheartia,

Reeve, which seem to be its immediate allies. In form it resembles

E. cardinalis Pfr., from Quito, but is a smaller and much thinner

shell. I have seen two specimens precisely alike, differing only in

size ; the larger one, the type, is in my collection.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ASIATIC SPECIES.

BY C, F. ANCEY.

1, Limicolaria oviformis, Anc.

Testa obtecte minuteque rimata, obtuso-oblonga, solida, opacula,

nitida, sub epidermide decidua pallide stramineo-lutescente, griseo-

lactea strigisque pallide fuscis exilibusque in medianis aufractibus

variegata vel flammulata, Spira oblonga, relative parum attenuata,

apice valde obtusa. Anfractus 7 convexi, regulariter et lente cres-

centes, sutura satis impressa, subirregulari ; striis incrementi aliisque

spiralibus paulo inter se distantioribus regulariter decussata; ultimus

L£HE NAUTILUS. 43

oblongus, rotundatus, post medium leevigatus (striis spiralibus

evanidis). Apertura subobliqua, oblongo-angustata, albida. Col-

umella reflexa, incrassata, fere recta. Peristoma rectum, acutum,

margine extero antrorsum haud arcuato,

Long. 44, lat. 21, alt. apert. 183 mill.

Hab. Mountains above Aden, Arabia (Jousseaume).

This is a Limicolaria of the typical African group and bears no

relation to the species hitherto known from the opposite coast of the

Somalis, like Z. Revoili, Bourg., Armandi, Bourg., etc. It is re-

markable in being very obtuse and of an oblong shape. The mark-

ings are but faint, at least as far as the original specimen is con-

cerned.

2. Buliminus (Petrceus) Pilsbryanus Anc.

Bulimus Jousseaumei, Bourg., in coll.; of Buliminus Jouss-

eaumei, E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc., Vol. I., part 4, p. 142

(1894).

Testa oblonga, clause rimata (rima obliqua, basi arcuata), candida,

statu omnino recenti verisimiliter pallide iuteotincta, solidiuscula,

nitida. Spira conideo-oblonga, apice minuto, obtusiusculo, laevigato.

Anfractus 74 convexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura parum

profunda discreti, superiores confertim oblique costulati, sculptura in

sequentibus debiliore, in inferioribus obsolescenti et preeterea lineis

spiralibus numerosis indistinctis sub valida lenti passim impressa ;

ultimus postice convexus, ad dextram excentricus, versus aperturam

breviter ascendens, circa rimam impressus et obtuse subangulatus.

Apertura fere recta, superne oblique lunata, irregulariter subovata,

ad dextram excentrica, ad marginem columellarum leviter oblique

rectiuscula, extus valde convexa. Peristoma crassum, callosum,

continuum, valide labiatum, planiusculum, latum, undique reflexum.

Columella oblique recta, subsinuosa, intus plica valida in dentum

acutum desinenti munita. Margines approximati, callo crasso

juncti.

Long. 21, lat 103, long. apert. (perist. incluso) 10; long. ejusd.

(peristom. excluso 64); diam. ejusd. (peristom. incluso) 8; diam.

ejusd. (sine peristomate) 43 mill.

Mountains of Yemen, above Aden, Southern Arabia (Dr. Jous-

seaume ).

44 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NAMES WHICH MUST BE DISCARDED.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In January, 1853, Gray (Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach., p. 114) insti-

tuted the genus Cvstella for Terebratula cuneata of Risso and allied

forms. This name has been generally adopted and, in the last re-

vision of the Brachiopods by Schuchert, is not credited with any

synonyms. But in 1848, Gistel, in his Naturgeschichte des Thier-

reichs, p. xi, proposed the name Cistedla for a group of Insects. For

the Brachiopod, therefore, I propose the name Argyrotheca, with the

same type.

~The name ELuryta was proposed for a subgenus of Terebra, by H.

and A, Adams in 1858, and is in general use, but Huryta had already

been used for an acaleph by Gistel, in 1848, and must therefore be

rejected. In its place I would propose Mazatlania. In 1876 Jef-

freys proposed Glomus for a remarkable bivalve allied to Leda, but

he had also been preceded by Gistel, who had proposed the name

Glomus for a beetle (Naturg. p. xi, 1848). The genus may take

the name of Pristigloma.

The dismemberment of the heterogeneous Linnean genus Patella

was one of the first tasks of naturalists after the publication of the

Systema Natura. The first author to undertake this necessary work

has been generally overlooked. This was Modeer, who in 1793

(K. vetensk. Akad. nya Handl. xiv, pp. 110-111) divided the true

limpets from those with internal septa or processes and gave to the

latter group, with a proper diagnosis, the name of Chetlea. ‘This

group was subsequently divided by authors who, however, omitted

to reserve any portion of the original genus Chezlea to preserve the

name, as required by the rules of nomenclature. On the five species

cited as examples by Modeer, four genera were instituted by Hum-

phrey (after Hwass) in 1797, two belonging to his genus Orypta,

more generally known as Crepidula. In 1799 Lamarck made two

subdivisions with new names for three of the species, and added a

third in 1809. Ferussac added a synonym to one of Humphrey’s

names in 1807, and Schumacher did the same in 1817, while a

subgeneric name was proposed by Morch, for one of the two

Crepidulas, in 1852. What name must we now reject, to reinstate

THK NAUTILUS. 45

Cheilea in its rights? There was no diagnosis given with Hum-

phrey’s names, only lists of species. Passing them over, we find

Lamarck eliminated Crepidula and Calyptrea with proper diag-

noses, though his Calyptrea comprised species of two genera. He

left behind a single species, which, if Lamarck had been the first

to divide the genus, would have kept the name Cheilea. On the

other hand, he included in his genus Calyptrea, a species he should

have omitted. The first was named Septaria by Ferussac in 1807,

and this left only one genus included in the original Cheilea un-

named. This was called Mitrularta by Schumacher in 1817, but

in our opinion this name must be rejected for that of Modeer,

which should be adopted for the group represented by the Patella

equestris of Linnaeus.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Mo.Liusca OF THE GREAT SMOKY Mountains. By Henry A.

Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, pp. 110-150. This

is the most interesting faunal list the writer has seen in a long while.

It results from the explorations of Messrs. Pilsbry, Ferriss, Bryant

Walker, Clapp and Sargent in July and August, 1899, along the

Tennessee-North Carolina boundary, among the valleys and on the

peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains. In all, fifty-six species of

terrestrial mollusca were obtained, among which Gastrodonta walker?,

Punctum blandianum, and several varieties of different species are

described as new. ‘Two things are especially noticeable, one the

abundance of endemic species and varieties, the other the absence of

many species which one is accustomed to regard as universally dis-

tributed in the mountains of this continent. Of course more of the

latter may yet be found, but it cannot be purely accidental that the

party came upon no Vitrina, no Pupa, only one Vertigo, and that

very rare, only one Bifidaria, also rare, and no Vallonia! In some

cases widely-distributed species are represented by segregates which

have attained specific rank; thus in place of Vitrea indentata there

is an abundance of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherbyi,

Ckll. ined.) intermediate between ctndentata and carolinensis proper,

the exact locality of which is unfortunately unknown. In the case

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of Polygyra tridentata the differentiation has not gone so far, so that

while Dr. Pilsbry describes a mountain race with a more or less

double basal tooth, he hesitates to give ita name. Throughout the

paper the author, while naming a number of local races, shows a

natural reluctance to recognize in the nomenclature all the incipient

species which his studies have brought to light. As with the mam-

mals in the hands of Merriam, Allen, Rhoads and others, abundant

specimens with exact data have proved what the older authors did

not expect ; that everywhere segregation is going on, and that the

recognizable species and subspecies are far more numerous than we

had been led to suppose. Lord Salisbury’s statement of a few years

ago, that nobody had seen evolution actually going on in nature, ap-

pears absurd to the modern zobloglst or botanist. Even the attitude

of those who do not believe in varietal nomenclature or the recogni-

tion of subspecies has changed. Thus Dr. Skinner, who from

sundry published opinions might be regarded as a ‘‘lumper,” is

familiar with and has represented in his splendid collection of butter-

flies more geographical races than entomologists dream of; and I

believe he will admit that if be were converted to the policy of

splitting, he might produce a work which would astonish us all.

The writer of this notice believes that detailed studies like those

of Dr. Pilsbry are of the highest importance from a philosophical

point of view, and that until zodlogists are prepared to recognize the

wonderful complexity and variety of living forms, they cannot hope

to understand the larger problems of biology. And it seems to him,

furthermore, that we should be rational enough to weigh and con-

sider all characters, not merely those which strike the eye. We

think of the Sandwich Island Achatinellide as being wonderfully

diverse, because their diversity is largely that of bright colors and

pretty patterns. Why may not the less conspicuous diversity of our

simply-colored snails be just as real, and just as worthy of recog-

nition by students of molluscan life ?

TT) D; Av CocKERERYE

Tue Armature or Hericoip Lanp Suetzs, by G. K. Gude

(Science Gossip). Mr. Gude has now brought to completion his

long series of articles on the genera Plectopylis and Corilla, giving a

synopsis and key to the former group, a discussion of its geographic

THE NAUTILUS. 47

range, and a much-needed index, as the papers extend over a period

of several years. A classification into seven sections is offered.

These seem in all cases to be excellently founded groups, and de-

eidedly useful in classifying some 75 species which now compose

the genus. Few if any groups of Helices of similar extent have

been so well monographed. The workman-like manner of the per-

formance shows Mr. Gude to be an acute observer and clear expositor.

He is a welcome recruit to the first rank of Helicologists.

List OF SHELLS collected by Vernon Bailey in Heron and Eagle

Lakes, Minnesota, with notes. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXII, p. 135-

138. DescrRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF HALIOTIS FROM CALI-

FORNIA, with faunal and geographical notes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

XXII, pp. 139-142. By R. E. C. Stearns, Ph. D. | The first list

enumerates some 18 species, all aquatic except Suwecinea ovalis Gld.,

reported from the shore of Heron Lake. A number of noteworthy

variations of Limm@ea emarginata from Eagle Lake are discussed,

shouldered, lirate, patulous and variously distorted forms occurring.

The second paper describes Haliotis fulgens walallensis (Nautilus,

Ser ne. 9’).

GENERAL NOTES.

SHELLS oF Las VeaGas, N. M.—We have received from Prof.

T. D. A. Cockerell another small lot from this locality, collected by

Miss Mary Cooper, and including the following species: Vitrina

pfeiffert Newe. Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Bifidaria armifera

(Say). Bifidaria procera (Gld.). Pupa blandi (Morse). Planor-

bis deflectus Say. Pisidium compressum Pme,

Dr. Rudolph Bergh discusses the anatomy of various Tecti-

branches in the part of the Malacologische Untersuchungen, Vol.

VII., just issued. He adopts the erroneous spelling Haminea for

Haminea, and retains it in the Sullid@, where it does not belong.

An excellent account of the anatomy of H. cornea Lam. follows.

Cryptophthalmus follows, also referred to the Bullide@, and the

anatomy is now first described. The genus Chelidonura is described

anatomically, and referred for the first time to the family Doridiida,

doubtless correctly. This is a most interesting discovery. The

48 THE NAUTILUS.

genera Lobiger and Lophocercus are then discussed. The anatomy

of Akera bullata and of a new Pacific species of Phyllaplysia is also

described.

Note on a New Absyssat Limpet. Under the name of

Bathysciadium conicum Dautzenberg and H. Fischer have described*

a new deep-water limpet which combines some curious characters.

The specimens are simply conical with radiating riblets and an al-

most membraneous shell, and have a diameter of 1.5 mm. and a

height of 0.9 mm. Some anatomical details are given by Dr.

Pelseneer in a note appended to the description. The animal was

obtained from the beak of a cuttlefish dredged by the Prince of

Monaco off the Azores in 845 fathoms.

Like ZLepeta it is without eyes or ctenidia, the respiration being

carried on by the surface of the mantle. The muzzle appears to be

without lappets, the right tentacle has an appendix like that of

Cocculina (supposed to be a degenerate verge), there are no posterior

filaments; an unpaired mandible and long radula are present, the

nervous system is that of the Docoglossa, and the otoliths are

single.

Dr. Pelseneer regards the genital gland (otherwise strictly deco-

glossate) as hermaphrodite, a condition so exceptional, and, consider-

ing the minute size of the animal, so difficult to determine, that

judgment may fairly be suspended pending further confirmation of

it. The radula as figured leads to the belief that except in the

absence of the rhachidian tooth (often degenerate in abyssal lim-

pets) the teeth are like those of Lepetella; the major lateral being

broken into three pieces which have been taken for three separate

teeth by the author cited. If this suspicion be correct, the formula

is 1-+ 2.0.2 + 1, for a transverse series of the radula. The creature

will be the first true limpet (Docoglossa) to show any trace of a

verge, and if really hermaphrodite, the first to exhibit this charac-

ter. The single otolith is very likely correlated with the small size

of the animal. The genus will stand next to Lepetella among the

Wm. H. Dat, (Sezence, June 8).

Abranchiate Docoglossa.

* Bull. Soc. Zodi. de France, xxiv., p. 207.

ee N AMTILUS.

Hee = = —

Vom. XIV. SEPTEMBER, 1900. No. 5.

THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS.

BY JAMES H. FERRISS.

There was a general round-up of the snails in the Smokies last

summer. When the roll of diggers was called at Cades Cove, Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry answered to his name, and so did Geo. H. Clapp, of

Pittsburg, Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Prof. H. A. Sargent, of Ann

Arbor, and I did too. Prof. A. G. Wetherby and Mrs. M. L. An-

drews intended to be with our party until the very last moment.

The year before, I made the trip as far as Mirey Ridge with Mr.

Clapp. With this exception it was my first excursion in company

with up-to-date scientists. I have made four trips to the Smoky

Mountains and expect to go again this year. On two occasions short

stops were made at Burnside, Kentucky, on the Cumberland; at

Oakdale, Tennessee, on the Emery; Lookout Mountain, at Chatta-

nooga, and a side trip to the Little Tennessee, at Caringer post-office,

or Talassee Ford, and one trip was made into the Unaka range.

The Smoky Mountains on the north of the Little Tennessee and the

Unaka range on the south (not the Unakas near Roan Mountain),

form the boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina.

The readers of the Nautitus, I am sure, will be pleased to know

something of this party. Briefly in ages, its members ran from 35

to 50; at least Iam that high, but they are boys still, and can climb

more trees and wade streams worse than ever. Mr. Walker, an at-

torney, and Mr. Clapp, a business man, I think the handsomest

members of the party; and their dispositions, their patience, their

interest in the comfort of others really approach the domain of the

50 THE NAUTILUS.

angels, and when Mr. Blair, our mountain host, was with the party

it made three of them. Mr. Clapp can suffer more and complain

less than any entirely earthly being. When lame enough to put an

ordinary man in a hospital he will sprinkle on a little talcum pow-

der, keep up with the procession and never say a word. Mr. Walker

did not sleep the night after our party separated because Sargent and

I were out on the mountains without blankets, and the heathen, the

two of us, at that very time were as near the happy hunting grounds,

both in altitude and spirit, as we may ever be; with a bed of dry

moss and a roaring fire at our feet, we slept sweetly as doves, under

a massive balsam in the prettiest park I ever saw in the mountains.

The next morning we got over 80 Polygyra Ferrissi each, and three

were albinos.

For industry, zeal and business (shell business), Sargent and

Pilsbry are not to be excelled. Sargent always hunts longer and

gets more than any other, and Pilsbry, after a hard day’s digging,

was ready to clean up my catch any time I would bake biscuit. Not

one was a believer in ghosts. It was the most sensible, kindly,

lovable collection possible. A sad day came when the company sep-

parated. Dr. Pilsbry then borrowed soda of a herder and attempted

to bake his own biscuit. He did not have any sour milk, and I think

that yellow spot remains in the camp site to-day, a wonder to pass-

ing herders and a puzzle to those practical mountain scientists who

condense their bulky corn crop into convenient form for transporta-

tion in jugs.

Cade’s Cove, in Blount county, Tennessee, lying at the base of the

Smokies, is 1,700 feet above the sea. It is six miles long, in some

places two in width, and out of this valley are many other deep

coves running up to the top of Boat and Rich mountains, 3,500 feet

above the sea. This valley has been searched more than any we

have visited. But last year we found four more kinds, and one of

those a new variety. The soil is so fertile in shells, like the sea

coast of Florida it will be good ground for many years.

With mountain friends, camp dunnage and mules, we left the set-

tlement soon as possible. There was much rain, and the puncheons

in the herder’s cabin where we slept the first two nights were very

hard, but it was a light-hearted company. There were plenty of

snails, and school children were never more delighted or delightful.

The pleasant days we climbed the mountain sides, when Mr. Pilsbry

THE NAUTILUS. D1

and company talked snails, geology, botany and fungi, is a memory

will long live pleasantly with your humble author.

Thunderhead is 5,500 feet according to the government maps, and

it rains there every week in my experience and it is more storm-

swept than many of the higher peaks. The beech trees and buck-

eyes are mere scrubs. Blockhouse mountain, of the same height,

Coontown, Russell’s field and other good coves were hunted over

from the first camp. Then we moved along the backbone of the

range to Clingman’s Dome, some 15 miles farther, passing Briar

Knob, the Derricks, Mirey Ridge, Siler’s Bald and the Balsam, all

over a mile high, and good collecting ground.

Clingman’s Dome is 6,600 feet high, covered with balsam fir, and

the sphagnum is so deep walking is like tramping on a spring mat-

tress, and very tiresome. When away from a well-beaten trail it is

difficult to walk a mile in less than an hour or an hour and a half.

Many of the rocks were large as houses, and when we went under

for rare shells we carried candles. ‘These feed on the microscopic

fungi, I suspect, growing upon the roof, and they seemed to select a

roof nearly level. One of the P. ferrissi at a time is the rule, but on

Andrews Bald, afterwards, we sometimes found as many as eight on

one roof. Occasionally P. clarkit, andrewse@ altivaga, depilata, or a

Gastrodonta lamillidens or clappii, would be found on the same roof,

but not often.

Bidding the remainder of our party and the mules farewell, as our

vacation was longer, Prof. Sargent and I, with a couple of mountain

friends, carrying our camp outfit upon our backs, parted company

from Pilsbry, Walker and Clapp, and made a trip to Andrews Bald

(5,900 feet) from Clingman, though we really started out for Mt.

Collins, some 600 feet higher. On Andrews, besides fer7/ss?, we

found our finest red andrewse altivaga, banded with a still darker

band. °

The next day we retraced our steps over Clingman and the Bal-

sam to Siler’s Bald, where we took the Welsh Bald trail and con-

tinued in a southwesterly direction in North Carolina for the next

three weeks, with the exception of the two last days. Sometimes we

were on the trail all day, while on other days we went only a mile

or two. Sometimes we stayed several days in one place. The weather

man furnished his best, and only twice were we compeiled to build

bark shelters to keep us dry.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

On Welsh Bald, at an altitude of 5,000 feet, we first found the new

variety of Polygyra edwardsii, and from a little spring that oozed out

from near the top, we found Pis¢dium roper? Sterki. Sargent found

this in Minnesota and I had found it in a small pool near Joliet, but

the shell is still rare.

We descended to Chambers’ Creek one hot afternoon, where it was

only 1,500 above the sea. It was a tough slide and both of our

mountain friends were sick before starting. From there Sargent

made a side trip by rail to Hayesville, N. C., and I first found Poly.

monodon cincta. And then and afterwards they were mostly dead

and found around the basswood and buckeye trees. After a few

days’ rest, we crossed over to Tuskegee Creek, and in Ramp Cove,

on the Tuskeegee side of the Yellow Creek Mountains, we first found

Gastrodonta Walkeri Pilsbry, a new species. It was in company with

significans. ‘These mountains run up about 4,000 feet, with soil on

the slopes rich as a garden.

Passing down Yellow Creek, between the Cheowah and Yellow

Creek Mountains, we loaded up with green corn, sweet potatoes and

other good things, as the valley is settled. Here we discovered that

Poly. christyi as a great fondness for the shrub called poison hem-

lock. The streams were swift and rocky. We found no clams and

very few univalves.

At Cheowah river we were down to 1,500 feet again. Hangover

and Mount Hayo, in the Unaka range, 5,200 feet, overlook the ford,

and the trail we took to these peaks was up a dry pine ridge, steep

as the roof of a house, and for the first time in our trip, good drinking

water was a little scarce. It took us until 3 o’clock in the afternoon

to get up, and all were sore and some were cross.

Every day brought new delights, One afternoon, on Bob Strat-

ton’s Bald, 5,400 feet (there is another peak a few miles away called

John Stratton’s Bald), near Hayo, we found over 200 G. lamellidens.

We found these in company with Helicodiscus lineatus, and Vitrea

carolinensis, by turning over slabs of stone that lay on top of the

ground, and there were sometimes a half a dozen under one stone.

The general rule is one /amellidens to a dozen or two rocks. The next

day, at Glen Cove, a couple of miles lower down the range, we found

130 Poly. chilhoweensis. Back on the Little Tennessee river again

at Talassee ford, we again found Gastro. walkeri at a point less than

1,000 feet above the sea—the lowest point in our trip. One of the

THE NAUTILUS. a3

mules and a good walker came to our rescue at Talassee ford and

we returned to Cade’s Cove, 25 miles ina day. In all we traveled

about 150 miles, as measured in a straight line, besides our side trips.

There is much land for the snail hunter here. From the highest

peaks we could see mountains 125 miles distant, and it was all moun-

tains as far as we could see in three directions, and over much of

this roughness no specimen hunter has traveled.

In the proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia,

Dr. Pilsbry has given one of his best reports on the shells of this

region. I will, therefore, give merely the list with little more than

locality. A number of varieties have been added by Mr. Pilsbry, but

not enough,

10. Helicina occulta (Say). Rowan Creek in Cade’s Cove, 54

mm., farthest record south.

67. Poly. pustuloides (Bld.). Talassee Ford, 2 first trip.

90. Poly. tridentata (Say). A double-toothed variety. Rose flats

in Cade’s Cove, Welsh Bald, Talassee Ford.

91. Poly. fraudulenta (Pils.). One only, 13 mm. Welsh Bald,

Swain Co., N. C.

96. Poly. rugeli (Shuttl.). Everywhere 9 to 15 mm. (Two kinds

here sure, the big one is a dirty fellow.)

97. Poly. inflecta (Say). Tuckaleeche Cove.

105. Poly. profunda (Say). One on Slick Rock Creek in the

Unakas in 1898.

106a. Poly. chilhoweensis (Lewis). Cade’s Cove, Block House,

Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome, Yellow Creek Mountains, Unakas,

“Talassee Ford, 274 to 40 mm.

109. Poly. albolabris Say). Rose Flats in Cade’s Cove, Yellow

Creek, Cheowah Mountain, 3,400 ft., Cheowah River, Slick Rock

Creek (Monroe County, Tenn.). Found in dry situations, dry

mountain tops, 32 to 35 mm.

110. Poly. exoleta (Binn.). Cade’s Cove, Thunderhead, Glen Cove,

Talassee Ford.

116. Poly. ferrissi (Pils.). Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Andrew’s

Bald, Welsh Bald. We found only three in two days on Welsh Bald,

but got 160 in half a day on Andrew’s. I offered to exchange a

dozen of these shells with a dealer at the rate of $6 per dozen. After

we had been in Ferrissi territory a couple of days my expert brethren

held a council of war and called me down. They said the price

4 THE NAUTILUS.

should certainly be high as a dollar each. The next day they raised

it to $3 and before we parted they said, taking the rarity and beauty

of the shell and the difficulties of finding it all into consideration, the

price should be $5 and railroad fare paid to the spot. Our experi-

ence at Andrews would tend to lower this price, but Andrews is 23

miles from civilization, the miles are wild ones, and whoever starts

out to hunt ferriss’ on speculation, I still believe will earn his

money.

118. Poly. palliata (Say). Cade’s Cove, Russell Field, Chamber’s

Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Slick Rock Creek, Talassee Ford.

119d. Poly. appressa perigrapia (Pils.) all along the route.

121. Poly. clarki (Lea). General in deep coves but sparingly,

18mm.

123a. Poly. andrewse normalis n. var. (Pils.). Mr. Pilsbry has

added two varieties to andrewse and some day there may be others.

Those on Thunderhead (altivaga) approached the small, thin, green-

ish, smoky type, but many are banded. They measure 22 to 24

diameter. The types I have from Roan Mountain are 20 to 23.

Normalis finds its way to the lower altitudes, 1,000 ft., and appar-

ently thrives as well as upon Mirey Ridge or Bobs Bald, and it is

quite generally distributed—Cade’s, Welsh Bald, Chamber’s Creek,

Tuskeegee, Yellow Creek, Slick Rock, Citico Creek and Talassee

Ford. It has been white or russet colored so far, and the largest

with the highest spires were found on Mirey Ridge at an elevation .

of 4,500 and on Citico Creek at 3,000. The largest measures 40

mm. diameter, 25 altitude (Citico), 384 diameter, 24 altitude

(Mirey). Usually 31 to 35 diameter, occasionally with a small tooth

on parietal wall. Sociable and active. The best traveler in the

range.

123b. Poly. andrewse altivaga (Pils.). n. var. Thunderhead,

Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome, Andrew’s Bald. We did not find

this after leaving this range, and it was always at the mountain top

or the nearest basswood and buckeye belt, under stones or moss. On

Mirey Ridge only, it occupies the same territory with normalis, but

not often found in the grass or in the open. Unless further divided

its colors are white, greenish or smoky white, cherry red, and both

colors sometimes banded with a darker red band as in profunda.

Sometimes there is an additional line at the suture and some are half

and half, dark above and light below. (Mirey, N. C. side.) 22 to

THE NAUTILUS. 55

25 diam. Largest red colored forms were found on Andrews but our

stay was short and we found but few. This variety is more often

toothed than normalis. In some localities 43 per cent. had teeth on

the parietal wall. About 5 are banded. On one slope of Mirey

Ridge all were white, upon another all half and half, and upon

another a fourth were red, the others white and banded. Upon

Clingman and Andrews the choice ‘“rediis”’ were the most common.

This variety furnishes the most entertainment and has caused more

shouting and singing and expressions of joy and perplexity of any in

the Smokies.

124. Poly. thyroides (Say). Welsh Bald, Chamber’s Creek, Tal-

assee Ford.

125. Poly. clausa (Say). ‘Talassee Ford.

126. Poly. wheatleyi (Bld). All along the route in very damp

situations.

This is the most variable shell of this region. At Cade’s the meas-

urements were 16to18 mm.diam. All dentate, all hirsute, large flar-

ing lip and a few were albinos. The same measurements prevailed

at Block House. On Clingman they dropped back to 13 and 14

diam. and some were not toothed or hirsute and quite globose, with

narrow lip. At Welsh Bald we found part of both. At Tuskeegee

and Cheowal all were small and only partially dentate or hirsute.

Ascending Mt. Hayo, we again found the 13 mm. variety up the

sides and at the top. Two miles further we found on Bobs Bald a

large variety I first supposed to be ferrissi7. It was not hirsute but

deeply sculptured and 2 or 3 were dentate. 23 mm, On our return

to Cade’s in Brannon’s Cove, we again found the small globose form,

the smallest being only 12 mm.

127. Poly. christyi (Bld.). Cade’s Cove, Tuskeegee Creek, Cheo-

wah river, in flat ground near streams.

136a. Poly. edvardsi magnifumosa (Pils.). n. var. Welsh Bald,

Chambers’ Creek, Tuskeegee Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove. Mr.

Sargent also found this at Hayesville, N. C.

138. Poly. stenotrema (Fer.). Cade’s, Welsh Creek and south of

Little Tennessee. At Chambers’ Creek south side of Little Tennes-

see and at Talassee Ford we found it measuring 13 mm.

138b. Poly. depilata (Pils.). Cade’s, Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge,

Clingman, Andrew’s Bald aud Bobs Bald. Under moss and stones.

139a. Poly. hirsuta pilula (Pils.). mn. var. Cade’s Cove and

56 THE NAUTII.US.

Thunderhead only. Do not remember of ever finding the typical

hirsuta in these mountains.

141c. Poly. monodon cincta (Lewis). Tuskeegee Creek, Yellow

Creek, Mt. Hayo, Glen Cove, Talassee Ford.

180a. Strobilops labyrinthica strebeli (Ptr.). Cade’s Cove, Yel-

low Creek Mountains.

187. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Cade’s Cove.

194. Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Cade’s Cove.

225. Vertigo gouldii (Bid.). Cade’s Cove.

226. Vertigo bollesiana(Morse). Cade’s Cove, These four species

very rare.

235. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull). Sugar Cove in Cade’s. One

specimen by Sargent.

239. Circinaria coneava (Say). General. Largest 234 diam.

246a. Omphalina fuliginosa polita (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, Coon-

town, Chambers’ Creek, Talassee Ford, At the two last named

places on the Little Tennessee the shells were as light colored as the

typical fuligimosa, but polished. There were no black forms at these

points.

248. Omphalina levigata (Pfr.). Cade’s Cove, Cheowah river.

Only a few found at the latter place and these were dark colored

and as well polished nearly as Omp. Andrewse. Largest 20 mm.

diam., 12 altitude.

248a. Omp. levigata perlevis (Pils.). n. var. Talassee Ford.

248b. Omphalina levigata latior (Pils.). n. var. This variety

has given me trouble since I saw it on my first trip to Tennessee.

It is much larger than type, much depressed and a light ‘* Melantho”

blue in color. As I read shell music by ear, it has very little re-

semblance to the typical form. The largest from Talassee Ford

measured 28 diam., 10 altitude. Also found at Chambers’ Creek.

250, Omphalina subplana (Binn). All along the route in damp

moss. On the Unakes the shells were very fragile, sometimes the

shell was a mere membrane but large and healthy otherwise. It is

as much of a cannibal as concava. Largest (Mt. Hayo) 24 diam.,

10 altitude.

252. Omphalina andrewse (Vils.). All along the route. In

Cade’s Cove there is a light colored form, faintly banded with darker

color. Largest 18 mm. in diam. 16 is large.

252a. Omp. Andrewse montivaga (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, Mirey

THE NAUTILUS. OD

Ridge, Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo. Largest 2(

smallest diam.

253. Vitrinizonites latissimus (Lewis), Cade’s Cove, Block House,

Thunderhead, Mirey Ridge, Siler’s Bald, Balsam, Clingman, An-

drew’s Bald, Welsh Bald, Mt. Hayo, moss and stones.

2538a. Vitrinizonites latissimus uetdermts (Pils.). mn. var. Thun-

derhead, Mirey Ridge, Clingman’s Dome. These two often asso-

ciate with the above, but not always. It is more active in its habits.

+ greatest diam., 16

The elastic shell is so thin our specimens collapsed, and in fact the

shell is worn indented and crushed in by its rightful owner. It is

darker and larger than the type. The largest are 19 greatest diam.

263a. Vitrea petrophila pentadelphia (Pils.). n. var. Named

after the five of us. At Cade’s Cove, Cheowah River and Bob’s

Bald; found by mining.

270. Vitrea indentata (Say). Cade’s Cove. Greatest diam. 5 mm.

271. Vit. sculptilis (Bld.). At nearly all points high or low, but

never abundant. It is one of the most beautiful of mountain shells,

being a warm pink in color, but from improper handling, perhaps,

this beautiful tint fades away. Largest 10 diam. Binney reports

121.

272. Vit. carolinensis (Ckll.). Generally distributed along the

route, under rocks; a brigadier indentatus. Largest 84, found by

Mr. Clapp on Mirey Ridge.

274. Vit. capsella (Gld). Cade’s Cove, Chambers’ Creek.

276. Vit. eapsella placentula (Shuttl.). Cade’s Cove.

278. Conulus chersinus (Say). Cade’s Cove, 3 in 1898.

283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say). As far as Tuskeegee river and

again at Talassee Ford.

287. Z. patuloides (Pils.). Cade’s Cove, very sparingly.

295. Gastrodenta intertexta (Binn,). Cade’s Cove, Mirey Ridge,

Welsh Bald, Chambers’ Creek, Yellow Creek Mts., Tallassee Ford.

Largest 17 diam. Never plentiful, fond of poison hemlock ; some-

times albino as all these mountain shells seem to be.

296. Gastro. acerra (Lewis). One of the common kind all along

the road. It shows much variation without change of locality. My

largest is 18 diam., 105 alt. Another of only 17 diam. is 134 in

alt.

297. Gastro. demissa (Binn.). Cade’s Cove.

301. Gastro. gularis (Say). Common on the route.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

302. Gastro. suppressa (Say). Brannan’s Cove and Chestnut

Flats in Cade’s Cove, Chambers’ Creek.

305. Gastro. elliott’ (Redf.). General but not plentiful.

306. Gastro. interna (Say). Welsh Bald and south of Little

Tennessee, plentiful.

807. Gastro. significans (Bld). Cade’s Cove, Yellow Creek Mts.

309. Gastro. multidentata (Binn.). Talassee Ford, found one first

trip.

310. Gastro, lamellidens (Pils.). Thunderhead Block House,

Coontown, Mirey Ridge, Clingman, Cheowah River, Bobs Bald.

4mm.

310-1. Gastro. Clappi (Pils.) Thunderhead, Block House, Mirey

Ridge, Clingman.

310-2. Gastro. Walkeri (Pils.). mn. sp. Cheowah river, Yellow

Creek Mts., Talassee Ford. Diam. 29, altitude 1.45.

The last five belong to the Taxeodonta group; the other member,

andrewse, is found at Roan Mt., about 75 miles east of Clingman.

338. Pyramidula alternata (Say). Andrew’s Bald, Chambers’

Creek, Yellow Cr. Mts., Yellow Creek and Unaka range ; depressed

and small, 18 mm. At Cade’s two were found of the Knoxville

type, large, whorls round and epidermis crinkled. 25 mm.

3388b. Pyr. alternata costata (Lewis). Cade’s Cove and Thunder-

head only. 20 mm.

342. Pyr. perspectiva (Say). Common, large and toothed. 10 mm.

346. Helicodiscus lineotus, Cade’s Cove, Mirey Ridge, Tuskeegee

Mts., Bob’s Bald.

347. Helicodiscus jfimbriatus (Weth.). Talassee ford, two first

trip.

348. Punetum Llandianum (Pils.). nn. sp. Found by Mr.

Clapp, in 1898, on a tulip tree stump at Brannon’s in Cade’s Cove.

These stumps beginning to decay, make fine feeding ground for little

fellows.

362. Suecinea obliqua (Say). On the very top of Thunderhead,

Mirey Ridge and Clingman.

Gontobasis saffordi (Lea). Chambers’ Creek.

Goniobasis proxima (Say). Welsh Bald branch. Tuskeegee

Creek.

Pleurocera trivittatum (Lea). Talassee Ford.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Pisidium roperi (Sterki). Welsh Bald.

Between Knoxville and Cade’s Cove, 35 miles, the following are

found, Poly, elevata, form cincta, Taylor; Poly. spinosa (Lea) ;

Omphalina kopnodes (W. G. Bin.); Gastrodonta macilenta (Shuttl.)

and Pyr, Bryant (Harper).

A NEW PHILOMYCUS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Philomycus secretus n. sp.

Length (in aleohol) 12 mm Mantle very dark grey, with numer-

ous small black spots, best seen at the sides. Body pallid, sole whit-

ish with an ochreous tint: ;

Jaw light yellow, arched, with five strong ribs in the middle,

nearly the outer thirds being ribless. ‘Teeth 9-11—13-1-13-11_9.

The side cusps on both centrals and laterals are very small. Penis-

sac as Binney describes for P. hemphilli.

Hab.—Roan Mtn., Mitchell Co., North Carolina. (A. G. Weth-

erby.)

Mr. Wetherby sent me two specimens with these remarks: ‘A

small slug found here which I am quite sure has never been de-

scribed. It is never larger than these specimens; lives deep down

in drifts of damp leaves, and never comes to the surface so far as my

careful observation of it for the last ten years goes to show. It is

‘sluggish’ in its habits; about all it will do when brought to the

light is to cautiously protrude its very short tentacles.” (Litt., March

22, 1899.)

By its jaw characters, this resembles only P. hemphilli. From

that, as described by Binney, it differs mainly in being only half the

size. Mr. Wetherby knows both species, and states that the present

animal is uniformly small ; further, although I was not able to make

a satisfactory examination of the anatomy, the genital organs appear

to be fully developed.

ON SOME JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In a former paper on Japanese snails, I identified a species of

Hulota from Ushika, proy. ‘Veshio, with the Helix leta of Gouid, but

60 THE NAUTILUS.

that name being pre-occupied, I gave the new name Hulota gainesi

to my specimens. Further study of the group with more material,

and notes on the type specimen of deta, kindly supplied by Prof,

Dall, shows that #. gainesi is perfectly distinct from /eta.

I propose now to designate as #4. gudeana n. sp., a large greenish

species, also from Ushika, Teshio prov., Hokkaido, which has some-

what the aspect of Natalina caffra, and which differs trom E. ¢ gainest

in the broader form, less plicate surface, and the peristome, which

is barely everted outwardly, becoming expanded below and reflexed

at the columella, whorls 6.

Alt. 274, diam. 837 mm. .

I regard Helix leta Gld. (not Pfr.) as a less-developed race of this

species; and the name being pre-vccupied, I propose to call this

Hakodate form Hulota qudeana hakodatensis. It is more fragile than

gudeana, smaller, diam. about 26 mm., and yellowish- brown, with

two brown bands above. Types of #. gainesi, H. gudeana and #. gq.

hakodatensis are in the collection of the Academy.

Figures of these several species and races will appear in the Pro-

ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Eulota callizona dixoni n. var.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, globose-pyramidal with high-

conic spire, rather thin and smooth ; greenish-corneous, usually with

a black brown peripheral band, a narrower subsutural band, and a

large basal patch formed of the united basal band and umbilical

patch. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the lip broadly expanded,

thickened within, reflexed below, purplish flesh colored, and at the

terminations of the bands purple-black. Alt. 824, diam. 33 mm.

Inga, prov. Hoki, in southwestern Hondo. Type no. 76268 coll.

A. N.S. Phila.

This form has hitherto been erroneously united to 4. callizona

Crosse, or #. amalige Kobelt. The latter is probably nearest, its area

of distribution lying chiefly northeast of that of déxont, while H. cal-

lizona is undoubtedly the northern fringe, so to speak, of the amal@e

stock, and came in all probability from the Hakone region.

A small form before me from Hagi, Nagato Province, is clearly

related genetically to a/xon?, and not referable to eallizona.

GENERAL NOTES,

Apropos of the note on Bathysciadium in the last number (p. 48),

it might be well to state that Prof. Wilcox found Aem@a fragilis of

New Zealand to be hermaphrodite, and exceptional specimens of

another species haye also been stated to have both male and female

reproductive organs. These facts render the case of Bathysciadium

Jess exceptional. It is noteworthy that the deep-water limpets, like

the Chitons, belong to the lowest groups in their respective orders.

tHe WN ATILUS.

VoL. XIV. OCTOBER, 1900. No. 6.

CATALOGUE OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS PHENACOLEPAS, PILSBRY.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Some years ago I compiled a list of the species of this genus with

a view to writing a more complete monograph than that in the Man-

ual of Conchology. Other work preventing this undertaking, I think

it may prove useful to publish the mere list of species described up

to 1900, with appropriate references, and the original localities.

Most of the species were originally described as Seutellina, a pre-

occupied name which I changed as above (NauTiuus V, p. 88, Dec.,

1891). The arrangement of species in this list is chronological, and

each is given under its original generic name.

1819. Patella galathea Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vi, pt. 1, p. 534;

Delessert, Rec. de Coq., pl. 23, f. 10.

1834. Scutella crenulata Broderip, P. Z. S., 1834, p. 48. Chain

Island, S. Pacific. See also P. Z. S., 1865, p. 197 (Formosa).

1846. Patella cinnamomea Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 151;

U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll, p. 345. f. 449. New South Wales.

1852. Crepidula osculans C. B. Adams, Catal. Shells Panama, p.

234, Panama.

1854. Seutellina arabica Riippell, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree.

Moll., i, p. 461 (nude name), iii, pl. 52, f. 6d.

1854, Scutellina ferruginea A. Adams, Genera i, 461 ; iii, pl. 52,

f. 6, 6a = P. cinnamomea Gld., teste Angas, Smith and Brazier.

1854. Seutellina asperulata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).

= P. galathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

1854. Seutellina costata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name) = P.

galathea (Lam.), teste E. A. Smith.

1854. Scutellina elongata A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).

1854. Seutellina granulosa A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).

1854. Seutellina levicostalis A. Ad., Genera i, 461 (nude name).

1855. Seutellina navicelloides Carpenter, Mazat. Catal., p. 211:

Mazatlan. = P. oseulans (C. B. Ad.), teste Carpenter, P. Z. S.,

1863, p. 361.

1857. Aem@ea hamillei Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., v, 1857, p.

277; 1872, p. 145, pl. 5, f. 6. Guadelupe, French West Indies.

1859. Seutellina unguiformis Gould, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., vii,

162. Kagosima, Japan.

1859. Scutellina scobinata Gould, t.¢., p. 162. Oosima, Japan.

1860. Seutellina cancellata Pease, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 487. Sand-

wich Is. Mr. D. Thaanum has found this species at Hilo, Hawaii.

1868. Seutellina compressa Pease, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, 99.

Tahiti.

1868. Scutellina granocostata Pease, t. ¢., p. 100. Hawaii.

1868. Seutellina aculeata Pease, t. ¢., p. 100. Hawaii.

1871. Seutellina pulchella Lischke, Mal. Blatter xviii, p. 41; Jap.

Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 100, pl. 6, f. 20-23. Nagasaki, Japan.

1877. Sceutellina squamosa Garrett in Catal. Mus. Godeftroy, vi,

p- 91, no. 11030, Viti Is., no description, probably = P. galathea

Lam.

1882. Scutellina fischeri Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philomathique,

1881, p. 29; Nouv. Arch. du Mus. IV, 1881, p. 269, pl. 18, f. 9.

Santiago, Cape Verde Is.

1890. Seutellina antillarum Shuttlw. in Dall, Blake Gastrop., p.

342, pl. 31, f. 10, 11. Key West, Fla. = Phenacolepas hamillei

(Fischer), see Man. Conch. xiii, p. 36.

1899. Phenacolepas senta Hedley, Mem. Australian Museum, iii,

pl. 7, p. 403, fig. 1 (March 9, 1899). Funafuti.

1899. Phenacolepas linguaviverre Melvill & Standen, Linn. Soe,

Journ. Zool., xxvii, 179, pl. 10, f. 11. Torres Straits.

Mr. E. A, Smith kindly examined the specimens in the British

Museum, where the types of Adams’ undescribed species are pre-

served, and writes that he regards S. elongata, granulosa and levi-

costalis as well as arabica Rupp., as distinct species, but asperulata

and costata are identical with galathea.

CHE NAUTILUS. 63

There seem to be about 15 valid species, not counting Adams’

undescribed forms. The largest is Phenacolepas galathea Lam., of

the South Pacific.

LAND MOLLUSCA OF KENNEBUNKPORT, ME.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

The collection was made during the months of July and August of

this year. Most of the shells were found in the woods back of the

“Casino”? and extending from there to the ocean. The timber is

principally pine and spruce, with a few deciduous trees around the

edge of the woods and in swampy places. The best collecting

ground was in a small group of oaks and beeches at one corner of

the woods, and it was here that Polygyra sayii and most of the

Pupide were found. The only species found everywhere through the

woods were Zonitoides arboreus and Pyramidula striatella. In no

place were shells plentiful; it was a case of collecting one at a time,

rarely two or three under the same stick or piece of bark.

As the country rock is granite the molluscs probably get their

lime from the marine shells and “ carapaces”’ of crabs (the common

shore-crab, Cancer trroratus (?)) which are scattered all through the

woods. I noted the following species: Mytilus edulis L., Modiola

modiolus L., Mya arenaria L., Lunatia heros Say, Buccinum un-

datum L.

On wet days one or more mollusks would be found “ feeding” on

nearly every dead shell. Polygyra albolabris appears to be particu-

larly fond of the crab shells. The scarcity of some of the Pupide

and other moisture-loving species may be accounted for by the fact

that the season was very dry. The shells of P. albolabris were some-

what darker than those found inland and are rather fragile, they

range from 24 to 28 mm. greater diameter, altitude 14} to 19 mm.

Polygyra sayii is also dark-colored and very thin; they range from

194 to 22 mm., greater diameter, altitude 11 to 14 mm.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for identification of some of the

minute species.

106. Polygyra sayit (Binn.), 7.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

109. Polygyra albolabris (Say), 17.

141. Polygyra monodon (Rack.), 10.

181. Strobilops virgo (Pils.), 124 (17 albino, the others reddish).

199. Bifidaria pentodon (Say), 9.

225. Vertigo gouldu (Binn.), 16.

260. Vitrea hammonis (Strom), 9.

264. Vitrea binneyana (Mse.), 13.

268. Vutrea ferrea (Mse.), 20.

278. Conulus fulvus (Mull.), 10.

2780. Conulus chersinus polygyratus (Pils.), 38.

283. Zonitoides orboreus (Say), 64.

293. Zonitoides exiguus (Stimp.), 30.

294. Zonitoides milium (Mse.), 6.

315. Agriolimax agrestis (L.), 2.

333. Philomycus carolinensis (Bose.), 2.

334. Philomycus dorsalis (Binn.), 7.

344, Pyramidula striatella (Anth.), 40.

346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), 37.

348. Punctum pygmeum (Drap.), 4.

362. Suecinea obliqua (Say), 7.

367. Succinea avara (Say), 1.

Carychium exiguum (Say), 17.

The following species occurred in the mud in places that would be

swamps under favorable conditions.

Pisidvum abditum Hald., 30.

Limnea caperata Say, 11.

While out driving one day, I stopped on Mt. Agamenticus, Me.,

for about twenty minutes, and got the following on the eastern side

near the base:

Strobilops virgo Pils., 4.

Pupa pentodon Say, 1.

Vertigo bollesiana Mse., 1.

Conulus fulvus Mull., 2.

Zonitoides arboreus Say, 1.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bose.), 1.

Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 9, 1900.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

A NEW SPECIES OF CERION.

BY W. H. DALL.

Mr. J. A. Stevenson, of Palm Beach, Florida, recently collected

a number of land shells in the Bahamas, adding several species

already known from other localities but not from Nassau, to the

Bahaman fauna. Among those obtained from Long or Berry Island,

was a form of Cerion which appears to be undescribed and is related

to the group of C. scalarinum Pfr., called Umbonis by Maynard.

Cerion Stevensoni n. sp.

Shell very variable in general form, but in general roughly cylin-

drical, with the nuclear whorls as it were jammed down into the

blunt summit of the cylinder, with the base carinate at the periphery,

where the ribs cease, and below that constricted; whorls 8-10,

nuclear ones nearly smooth, gradually developing fine transverse

ribbing with subequal interspaces; these become stronger, with a

strong revolving thread behind the suture; at the third whorl then

the diameter of the shell suddenly increases the sides develop strong

transverse rather irregular ribbing with wider interspaces, the ribs

extending from the suture to the basal keel, beyond which they

rarely extend; the base beyond the keel is constricted, rudely trans-

versely wrinkled, inside the verge of the umbilicus centrifugally im-

pressed and axially deeply perforate; aperture very variable in shape,

with a broad, flattish, rather thin reflected margin ; there is a parietal

short lamina centrally situated and strong, but no trace of an axial

fold; color light brownish or ashy to white, the whole surface sharply

spirally striated, the striae sometimes crowded, sometimes distant.

Alt. of two specimens, A, 27; B, 21; diam. A, 12; B, 14.5 mm.

Types, U. S. Nat. Museum; specimens in Stearns’ collection, De-

troit, Mich,, and Mr. Stevenson’s collection.

The entire absence of the axial fold is notable.

VALLONIA PULCHELLA MULL., IN LOS ANGELES AND ELSEWHERE IN

CALIFORNIA, ETC.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

For several months past, I have been making a careful search for

slugs, in the interest of Dr. Pilsbry, with poor results, as these ani-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

mals, for some reason, are of rare ocgurrence on my grounds; neither

my own nor those of my immediate neighbors containing any. About

the middle of last August, I made my regular examination of certain

bricks, bats and pieces of wood, that have been turned over for the

hundredth time, with the usual experience in the way of slugs, but

had my reward by finding, to my great surprise, a large number,

over a hundred, of Vallonia pulchella. This species has not before

been reported as occurring in Los Angeles or elsewhere in this re-

gion. Many species and some varieties of the general Vallonia form

have been made by Dr. Sterki and others, based on the American

aspects of this genus. Dr. Pilsbry, referring to the examples sent to

him from my premises, says it is our “old friend pure and simple,”

and further remarks that ‘‘ Curiously we did not find it in the Great

Smokies, but Ashmun gets some costate forms (not pulchella) in

Arizona and New Mexico.”’ Raymond obtained one specimen of the

var. costata in Bloody Canyon, east side of Mono Pass, at an altitude

of about 8000 feet, in 1889. Mr. R. C. McGregor,’ collected V.

pulchella “in a yard at base of rose bushes,”’ at Redding, in Shasta

county.

In Dr. Cooper’s catalogue of West North American shells, he

gives the distribution as ‘* circumboreal,”’ south to Mono county, Cal.,

and subsequently, ‘* Donner Lake, and near Truckee,” in the Cali-

fornia Sierras. Mr. Button informs me that he found it plentiful

some years ago in Mountain View Cemetery, near Oakland ; that

specimens from that locality “are light-colored, living on white mar-

Mr. Hemphill states that he has ‘‘ found V. pulchella

at Julian City, San Diego Co., and at several other places in Cali-

fornia, Oregon and Washington.” The late A. W. Crawford, ac-

ble copings.”

cording to Mr. Raymond, collected it at “San Jose,” in Santa Clara

county.

It will be seen by the above that this pretty little snail is quite

widely dispersed in California, as well as elsewhere in the Pacific

States. In Pilsbry and Johnson’s list? of American Land Shells,

etc., it is credited to “* Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly

to, the Gulf of Mexico. Europe.”

1See Navuritus, XII, Sept., 1898, p. 60, and Mrs. Williamson in same for

Oct., 1898, pp. 71-2.

2 Philadelphia, April, 1889, p. 7.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

_ The esthetic taste exhibited by Vallonia pulchella is noteworthy ;

from under the Roses of Shasta county in the north, to the Verbena

beds of Los Angeles in the south, and among the marbles of Moun-

tain View, in Alameda county, suggests a refinement of discrimina-

tion in this ‘ mere atom of humble life,” that would furnish a good

text for a sermon.

Mr. Button, in his note to me referring to the cemetery habitat,

writes, ‘‘ Query—Brought from the East in plants?*’ As to the

occurrence of V. pulchella in my grounds, I am wholly at sea, for no

plant forms, from the neighborhood or elsewhere, have been intro-

duced by me for a long time, and these little snails have appeared in

numbers, within six weeks.

In considering the hypsometric distribution, the altitude of Donner

Lake is, according to Gannett,’ from whom these various elevations

are quoted, 6095 feet; Truckee 5820 and Redding 555 feet; Julian

4500 and Los Angeles about 500 feet, while the Mountain View

Cemetery grounds are probably slightly less than the Los Angeles

figure.

fos Angeles, California, Sept. 12, 1900.

AN HOUR ON THE GREAT RAFT.

BY LORRAINE S. FRIERSON.

While the readers of NauTiLus are waiting to hear of the results

of the exploration of the Great Smokies by Ferriss, Walker & Co.,

perhaps they would like to hear about a trip to the Great Raft of the

Red River.

This raft of logs was at one time 150 miles long, but it has long

since been removed from the main river. There still remains in an

arm of the river about five miles of the oid raft. This raft is not

continuous, but consists of separate pieces from a mile long down to

fifty yards. These logs are in some places only one log deep, 7. e.,

the surface of the water is covered by a single layer of logs.

In other places, however, the river is completely filled with a solid

mass of logs from ten to fifteen feet deep. These logs are covered

1 Dict. of Altitudes in the U. S., 3d Ed., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899.

68 — THE NAUTILUS.

with a mass of vegetation consisting of smart-weed, various species

of sedges, grasses and bushes. Near the water, on a zone of about

two inches wide, which is permanently wet, may be found two minute

snails: Vertigo rugosula Sterki and V. ovata Say. On the tops of

old and large logs there is frequently a deposit of earth, which sup-

ports a colony of land shells. Among these may be found Polygyra

thyroides and its variety bueculenta, Polygyra monodon var. friersont

Pilsbry. Rarely may be obtained Polygyra carolinensis Lea.

Roaming about on the legs may be found colonies of Succinea of

a black color. That is to say, the animal itself is black, covered

with small golden-colored spots, making a handsome animal. These

Suezineas would be found here in untold numbers, probably, were it

not for two enemies who derive a considerable part of their living

from them. One of these enemies is the whole Heron family, and

the other is the frog family. Between the heron and frogs the Sue-

cineas have a poor chance.

As before remarked, bunches of various sedges grow on these logs.

These sedges grow in bunches about two feet high and about one

foot in diameter. Hidden in these bunches, down near the roots,

may be found another species of Suecinea. These are of a straw-

yellow color. Between these and the blacks are several points of

difference. The blacks live on the logs, the yellow ones live on the

tussocks of sedges. Here is a nut for the evolutionist. Is the straw-

colored snail colored like straw because it lives on straw ? or does it

live on straw because it is straw-colored? Another point is that the

straw-colored snail (who is nearly always hidden in the bunches of

grass) is sweet tasted, or at any rate 1s not nauseous; while the

blacks who roam about considerably have quite a pronounced bitter

taste. Both of these snails have been called S. salleana, but being

sure that there were two species, they were submitted to Dr, H. A.

Pilsbry, with the result that the blacks are Succinea luteola Gid.,

while the yellow fellows are Succinea salleana Pfr.

Out in the water, among the floating roots of the duck weeds, ete.,

may be found Planorbis trivolvis Say, and a minute Limnea. This

Limnea is the only representative of its tribe thus farseen in North-

ern La. No specimen over one fourth of an inch long has ever been

secured. It is labelled LZ. caperata Say, but with a good deal of

doubt.

More about this raft and its inhabitants could be written, but hot /

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Gracious, how the perspiration rolls off a fellow! Down between the

banks, with an August sun overhead, and the steam arising from the

rank vegetation, and the sun’s rays reflected from the water, we

thought of Ferriss digging snails on the mountain tops, and we quit,

but we had at least 100 Suceineas.

SHELL COLLECTING NEAR ROCHESTER, N. Y.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

For the past five years the writer has made annual pilgrimages to

Rochester, New York, partly to spend his summer vacation, and partly

to get better acquainted with tne mollusks which flourish about the

“ Flower City.” The vicinity of Rochester is peculiarly adapted for

molluscan life, owing to the fact that the Niagara limestone out-crops

in various places, affording an abundance of lime for the secretion

of their shells, which are, therefore, large and fine.

The Eskers known as the Pinnacle and Cobb’s Hill, are my

favorite localities, and many fine species have been collected. The

former locality is a rounded, dome-shaped hill some 200 feet in

height, the slope being from 10 to 80 degrees, well wooded on its

summit, with a little ravine between the main hill and a small knoll,

and littered by fallen, rotting logs and dead leaves. Helices are here

very abundant, such forms as Vitrea arborea, V. indentata, Omphalina

Suliginosa, Gastrodonta intertexta, Pyramidula alternata, P. striatella,

Polygyra albolabris, P. sayvi (rare), P. monodon, P. tridentata (many

varieties), and Cochlicopa lubrica being readily collected. Cobb’s

Hill, just across Monroe avenue, yields about the same fauna.

Ata point in the Erie Canal where the waters widen to form a

> the fresh water mollusks are

pond, hence called ‘ wide-waters,’

numerous, and such species as Limnea stagnalis (large and fine), L.

palustris, L. catascopium, L. desidiosa, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa

heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis livescens, Bythinia

'P ey

tentaculata, Valvata sincera, and V. tricarinata are common. Between

Rochester and Pittsford, in the canal, a colony of Vivipara contec-

totdes has established itself, and a large number of fine specimens

) a I

may be gathered at any time. When the water is drained from the

70 THE NAUTILUS.

canal in the spring, it is a fine place for unios, such species as

Anodonta salmonia, A. benedictii, Alasmodonta marginata, A. del-

toidea, Unio gibbosus, Anodontopsis ferussacianus, Quadrula plicata,

Q. undulata, Lampsilis gracilis, iris, nasutus, luteolus, ventricosus,

rectus, alatus, and cartosus being found in great abundance and

beauty ; the bottom is covered knee-deep with black mud, affording

a fine retreat for the mussels.

The Genessee River, both above and below the falls, affords good

collecting, the unios being abundant above and the gastropods below

the falls. The characteristic species above the falls are Alasmodonta

marginata, A. rugosa, A. pressa, Quadrula rubiginosa, Lampsilis

tris, L. luteolus, L. alatus, Spherium simile, S. stamineum, S. trans-

versum, Limnea palustris, Planorbis trivolvis, Physa heterostropha,

Goniobasis livescens and OCampeloma decisum, while those below are

Spherium transversum, Limnea catascopium, Planorbis trivolvis,

Physa heterostropha, and Bythinia tentaculata.

Both the east and west banks of the Genessee River below the falls

are good localities for mollusks, about the same species being found

as on the Pinnacle, with the addition of Pupa muscorum, Circinaria

concava, Vallonia pulchella, V. costata, Polygyra thyrotdes, P. hirsuta

and P. palliata. The wooded banks of Seneca Park afford good

retreats for mollusks, and they may be found here in great abundance.

One of the pleasantest trips near Rochester is to Irondequoit Bay,

an inlet from Lake Ontario, five miles long and about one in breadth.

The hills about are from 100 to 200 feet high, and the water has a

maximum depth of 80 feet.. Mollusks are correspondingly numerous :

Spharium simile, S. transversum, Succinea ovalis, Limnea palustris,

L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P. trirolvis, P. bicarinatus, P.

deflectus, P. parvus, Segmentina armigera, Ancylus tardus, Physa

heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Goniobasis semicarinata, Bythinia

tentaculata, Amnicola lustrica, Valvata sincera and V. tricarinata

are found in great abundance along the shore or living on the lily

pads. The wooded banks yield the common helices in great

abundance.

The best fresh-water beach collecting which the writer has ever

experienced is to be found at Charlotte and Summerville, on Lake

Ontario, the former on the west and the latter on the east side of the

mouth of the Genessee River. There is always a line of ‘ sea-

wrack ” which is alive with fresh-water mollusks. Here we have

THE NAUTILUS. 71

always collected Lampsilis luteolus, Spherium simile, S. stamineum,

S. fabale, Pisidium abditium, P. bakeri (= P. amnicum Miill., teste

Sterki), Limnea palustris, L. desidiosa, Planorbis campanulatus, P.

trivolvis, P. bicarinatus, P. deflectus, P. parvus, Ancylus parallelus,

Physa heterostropha, Pleurocera subulare, Bythinia tentaculata, Amnt_

cola limosa, A. lustrica, A. obtusa, A. cincinnatiensis, Gillia altilis,

Somatogyrus subglobosus, Valvata sincera, V. tricar‘nata and V.

obtusa. Pisidium bakeri Pilsbry has been found in great abundance

at Summerville, where specimens nearly a quarter of an inch in

length have been collected. Valvata obtusa Dray. was found at both

Charlotte and Summerville in 1899 fully as abundant as V. sincera!

This species was reported from this country for the first time in 1897,

when but a few specimens were obtained. In the interval between

that time and August, 1899, it had increased a hundred fold. It is

probable that many introduced species will be found in our Great

Lakes if the shore debris be carefully searched.

The localities mentioned above have yielded altogether 150 species,

many of which may be found here in as great abundance and perfec-

tion as at any locality in the northern part of the United States.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A New AMERICAN StuG.—Dr. J. F. Babor has described an in-

teresting new form, Ariolimax steindachnert, from a specimen col-

lected by F. Steindachner on Puget Sound, in 1874.’ It is large,

length 80 mm., breadth 19, height 21 mm., about the size of Arvo-

limax columbianus, and differs externally from that species in having

the well developed tail pore an open slit, as in Hesperar/on, not

plugged as in the other Ariolimaces. The teeth are as in A. califor

nicus. The genitalia lie free, the ovotestis anterior, at the stomach.

The penis contains a large papilla but is otherwise hollow, much as

in Hesperarion. ‘There is no appendiculum, and no‘ retensor ”

muscle, but a vaginal retractor is developed.

The species is clearly intermediate to some extent between Hes-

perarion and Ariolimax, and may indicate that the former group

1 Annaien des K. K. Naturhist. Hofmuseums, xv, 1900, p. 95.

ie THE NAUTILUS.

should be reduced to the rank of a subgenus. Zodlogists who have

opportunity to collect in the Puget Sound region should be on the

lookout for this slug, for it is important that its anatomical characters

be confirmed by additional specimens, as only one was examined

by Dr. Babor. It can probably be recognized externally by the dif-

ferent tail pore. It has not been figured.

Norr on ASHMUNELLA HYPORHYSSA (Ckll.).—I have recently

visited Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento Mts., N. M., and found hypo-

rhyssa excessively abundant, under pine logs and pieces of pine bark

upon the ground. The Cloudcroft form differs from the type of

hyporhyssa (rhyssa var.) in uniformly lacking the parietal tooth, but

otherwise the shell seems quite the same. It may be called var.

edentata. There are three color-mutations, as follows:

(1) Edentata proper; shell horn-color or pale greyish-brown. The

commonest form.

(2) Rufescens, n. mut.; shell deep ferruginous or chestnut color, lip

tinged with pink. Quite common. Analogous to the mut. rubens of

Hygromia rufescens.

(3) Alba, n. mut.; shell creamy white. Rare, only three or four

found. The first albino reported in Ashmunella—T. D. A. Cock-

ERELL,

CrrcinartA HempHILLi IN CAaLirornta.—I have specimens of

Cireinaria hemphilli from Central California, as follows :

1. Mission Peak, near eastern shore of San Francisco Bay.

2. Forest Hill, Placer Co., in Sierra Nevada Mts., west slope,

3,700 ft, alt. I think this species has not heretofore been reported

from further south than Oregon.—FreEp L. Burron.

HeLix HORTENSIS IN NewrouNDLAND.—A friend has just

brought me a living example of H. hortensis (12345) from the

‘* headwaters of Robinson’s River,”’ west coast of Newfoundland, and

promises a lot of them next year. Isn’t this a new locality ?—G. H.«

CLAPP.

(Tae NBUTILUS.

Von. XIV.

NOVEMBER, 1900. INiOn iz

LAND SNAILS OF CAPE MAY, NEW JERSEY.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The littoral of Southern New Jersey is perhaps as unpromising

collecting ground for the land shell hunter as can be found in the

Eastern States. The general physical features of the region are well

known, now that the whole coast has become a great summer play-

ground; but it may be said that the land snails are nearly or entirely

confined to the occasional patches and strips of cedar scrub on the

islands and along the shore, usually within a couple of hundred yards

of the beach, and often separated from it by a narrow strip of shifting

sand dunes. Between these littoral cedar groves and the mainland

proper, wide stretches of salt marsh intervene, intersected by inlets,

and inhabited by myriads of Melampus lineatus, Litorina trrorata and

Modiola plicatula.

Such situations occur at frequent intervals from Atlantic City to

Cape May. At the latter place the salt marshes are reduced to a

minimum; but in common with the more northern localities, the

shore strip is insulated, so far as the land snail fauna is concerned,

by the pine belt of the interior. There are, however, many deciduous

trees and a rich soil at Cape May, while at the more northern locali-

ties the deciduous trees are wanting, except where imported, and the

dark soil is a mere film over nearly pure sand.

The snails are everywhere, so far as my own experience goes, con-

fined to the cedar groves. At Cape May Point there is a dense

growth of cedar, oak, dwarf plum, bay, with more or less holly and

prickly pears. It need not be mentioned to a New Jersey naturalist

74 THE NAUTILUS.

that in these choice retreats mosquitoes are abundant. The New

Jersey mosquito, like Napoleon’s famous Old Guard, dies, but never

surrenders. You wipe him off, and the gore flows freely. Here were

found Polygyra albolabris maritima, Bifidaria hordeacella, B. pento-

don, Vertigo milium, Zonitoides arboreus, Agriolimax campestris and

Suecinea campestris vagans. Only one specimen each of the Zoni-

toides and Agriolimax were found. An additional species, Zonztotdes

minusculus, occurred a few miles further northwest.

In Cape May city, on mounds around the tanks at the gas works

at 703 Lafayette street, I found Vallonia pulchella and Pupoides mar-

ginatus quite abundant. These may possibly be imported species, as

nothing of them was seen except in the old and long settled part of

town.

The most remarkable records are Bifidaria hordeacella, a species

of the Gulf States, hitherto not known north of the Georgia Sea

Islands, and the very distinct variety of Sweeinea, which may be de-

fined thus:

Succinea campestris vagans, n. v.

Shell similar to S. campestris in the wrinkled surface and very

convex last whorl, but smaller, with only 23 whorls in fully mature

specimens, the aperture shorter and less ovate, and the color a rather

pale olive-green, translucent, with scarcely any whitish layer within ;

surface rather dull.

Length 9, diam. 6.5, longest axis of aperture 6.2 mm.

Length 7.6, diam. 5.6, longest axis of aperture 5.4 mm.

Cape May Point, N. J. (H. A. P., August, 1898.) Types No.

78,882, coll. A. N.S.

I cannot refer the specimens to any Northern species. They are

nearer S. campestris, which extends from the Georgia coast, through-

out Florida, and west to the mouth of the Mississippi, the western

specimens being the thin, smooth and glossy variety wxicolor of Tryon,

Some years ago, Mr. W. B. Marshall reported Suceinea avara

from Cape May. ‘* The exact locality was on the ocean front at 8th

avenue, Mt. Vernon, between Cape May City and Cape May Point,

991

and was not more than 200 fet from the line of high tide. Some

of these specimens are now before me, and seem referable to S. aurea

Lea rather than to avara; though it must be acknowledged that the

1Nauritus, VI, p. 19, June, 1892.

THE NAUTILUS. io

determination of Succineas is often far from certain. Similar shells

were sent by Mr. C. Le Roy Wheeler, also from Cape May, exact

locality not given.

My collection was made in August, 1898.

MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHERN KENTUCKY.’

BY SADIE F. PRICE.

While engaged in botanical work, I have collected the following

land and fresh-water shells, most of them in Warren county :

Polygyra plicata Say.

Polygyra divesta Gld. Scarce. Probably the first time this spe-

cies has been listed so far east or north. Bowling Green.

Polygyra troostiana Lea.

Polygyra monodon Rack.

Polygyra palliata Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties,

and East Kentucky at Burnside.

Polygyra appressa Say. Common, Warren and Edmonson coun-

ties.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Common, Warren, Barren and Edmonson

counties.

Polygyra rugeli Shuttl. Bowling Green,

Polygyra tridentata Say. Common, Warren, Edmonson and Bar-

ren counties.

Polygyra obstricta Say. Not common. Under rotten logs. War-

ren and Barren counties.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Warren, Barren and Edmonson counties.

Polygyra elevata Say. Common throughout South Kentucky.

Polygyra exoleta Binn. Very common.

Polygyra clausa Say.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Very abundant.

Polygyra thyroides bucculentus Gld. Bowling Green,

Polygyra downieana Bld. Rare. Warren and Edmonsen counties.

Polygyra profunda Say. Scarce. Edmonson county.

Polygyra stenotrema Fér.

1T am indebted to Mr. C. T. Simpson, National Museum, for naming doubtful

Unios.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Rather common. Bowling Green.

Pyramidula perepectiva Say. Rather common throughout South-

ern Kentucky. Also found at Torrent, East Kentucky Mountain.

Pyramidula bryanti Harper. Only one specimen found. This

Mr. Simpson says is considerably out of its usual range.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Barren, Edmonson and Warren coun-

ties, East Kentucky in the mountains.

Pyramidula alternata carinata Pils. Rather common.

Green.

Pyramidula alternata mordax Binney. Not common.

Green.

Strobila labyrinthica Say. Bowling Green.

Pupoides marginatus Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria armifera Say.

Bifidaria procera Gould.

Circinaria concava Say. Bowling Green, Brownsville.

Vitrea indentata Say. Warren county.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Warren county.

Vitrea sculptilis Bld.

. :

Bowling

Omphalina levigata Pfr. Warren and Edmonson counties.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Throughout southern Kentucky.

Gastrodonta acerra Lewis. Barren county.

Gastrodonta demissa Binn. Common.

Gastrodonta interna Say. Southern Kentucky and in

tains of East Kentucky.

Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Common on rocky hillsides.

Green.

Succinea avara Say.

Suecinea ovalis Gld.

Succinea tottentana Lea (?). On ferns in sink-hole.

Green.

FHeliodiscus lineatus Say. Bowling Green.

FHelicina orbiculata Say.

the moun-

Bowling

Limnea humilis Say. Near Green and Barren rivers, under damp

moss.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Rather common.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. In ponds. Common.

Planorbis parvus Say. On rocks in pounds.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

Ancylus rivularis Say. In ponds and rivers.

Physa gyrina Say. In springs and creeks throughout southern

Kentucky and at Lexington.

Physa pomilia Con. In ponds. Not uncommon.

Physa heterostropha Say. Barren River.

Physa heterostropha, var. Creeks.

Campeloma obesum Lewis (?). Barren River.

Campeloma integrum Say. Barren River.

Campeloma ponderosum Say. Common.

Lioplax subcarinata Say.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Bank of Barren River.

Pleurocera filum Lea. Very common.

Pleurocera sycamorense Lea.

Pleurocera undulatum Say.

Lithasia planispira Anthony.

Lithasia nuclea Lea.

Lithasia undosa Auth.

Lithasia obovata Say.

Goniobasis curvilabris Auth.

Goniobasis curvilabris, var. Rather common.

Gonitobasis abreviata Lea.

Goniobasis curreyana Lea. Common.

Goniobasis costifera Hald. Green and Barren Rivers.

Goniobasis costifera, var.

Goniobasis vicina Anth. Warren county.

Goniobasis athleta Anth. Barren county.

Goniobasis depygis Say.

Goniobasis nassula Con. var. Indian Creek.

Goniobasis intantulum Lea.

Goniobasis saffordii Lea. Indian Creek.

Goniobasis edgariana Lea. Creeks.

Goniobasis elegantula Anth. Barren River.

Goniobasis paupercula Lea.

UNIONID#.

Quadrula undulata Barnes. Common in all streams.

Quadrula trigona Lea. Common.

Quadrula rubiginosa Lea.

Quadrula pyramidata Lea.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Quadrula coccinea Con.

Quadrula pustulosa Lea. Very common.

Quadrula obliqua Lam.

Quadrula verrucosa Barnes.

Quadrula globata Lea.

Quadrula lachrymosa Lea.

Quadrula plicuta Say.

Quadrula cooperiana Lea.

Quadrula heros Say. Barren county.

Quadrula metanerva Rat.

Quadrula cylindrica Say,

Quadrula solida Lea. ;

Plagiola elegans Lea.

Plagiola securis Lea.

Plagiola donaciformis Lea.

Lampsilis ventricosus Bar. Barren River.

Lampsilis multiradiatus Lea.

Lampsilis igamentinus Lam. Very common.

Lampsilis ligamentinus Lam. var.

Lampsilis gracilis Barnes.

Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Ohio, Green and Barren Rivers.

Lampsilis rectus Lam.

Lampsilis cumberlandicus Lea.

Lampsilis luteolus Lam. L. lienosus Con.

Lampsilis texasensis Lea.

Lampsilis ovatus Say. L. obseurus Lea.

Lampsilis regularis Lea.

Lampsilis alatus Lea. Common.

Lampsilis iris Lea. Lampsilis perdix Lea.

Lampsilis subrostratus Say.

Lampsilis planicostatus Lea.

Lampsilis parvus Barnes. ©

Lampsilis caliginosus Con.

Lampsilis vanuxumensis Lea.

Lampsilis nigerrimus Lea.

Lampsilis fatuus Lea.

Unio grandiferus Lea. Rather common.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Both the purple and salmon-colored forms

are found in all streams.

CHE NAUTILUS. 79

Obliquaria reflera Raf. Common.

Obliquaria lens Lea.

Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild.

Strophitus edentulus Say.

Truncilla perplexa Lea.

Truncilla perplexa rangiana Lea.

Truncilla triquetra Raf.

Pleurobema clara Lam.

Pleurobema esopus Green.

Pleurchema edgariana Lea.

Obovaria circulus Lea.

Tritigonia verrucosa Raf. U. tuherculatus Barnes.

Cyprogenia trrorata Lea. Common.

Micromya lapillus Lea.

Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Common.

Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea.

Alasmodonta minor Lea. Gasper River.

Alasmodonta truncata (Say) Wright.

Anadontoides ferussacianus Lea.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Rivers and ponds near rivers.

Anodonta grandis Lea.

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea.

Spherium sulcatum Lam.

Spherium fabale Prime. River and creeks.

Calyculina partumeia Say.

Calyculina transversa Say.

Pisidium virginicum Gm. Rivers and ponds.

Pisidium peraltum Sterki. Ponds.

NEW SPECIES OF JAPANESE LAND MOLLUSCA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinate, light yellow-

ish brown, slightly shining. Surface densely but lightly striate

spirally, under a thin cuticle which bears rather wide-spaced, irregu-

larly developed lamellz ending in short shreds at the periphery, the

80 THE NAUTILUS.

lamelle frequently interrupted on the base. Spire very low-conic ;

whorls barely 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the Jast a little

pinched above and below the peripheral keel. Base much more

convex than the spire, flattened and sloping below the keel, swollen

towards the middle, obtusely angular around the conic umbilicus.

Aperture oblique, irregularly squarish, the peristome white, some-

what thickened within, angular at the terminations of the peripheral

and umbilical carine, the upper margin hardly expanded, basal

margin expanded, somewhat reflxed, columellar margin a little

dilated.

Alt. 8.5, diam. 17.5 mm.

Alt. 8.5, diam. 17 mm.

Kikai, Osumi, in southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species is closely related to E. trochula (A. Ad.), known

only from Tsusima, differing from that species in the much more

angular aperture, far flatter spire and more convex base.

Trishoplita goodwini var. suprazonata n. var.

Shell similar in form to 7. goodwini, but with apex obtuse ; thin,

somewhat translucent, corneous-brown, paler around the umbilicus,

and with a wide white zone bordering the suture, ascending the

spire. Whorls 53. Alt. 9.5, diam. 13.5 mm.

Ushirokawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A smaller form, alt. 8.5, diam. 11.5 mm., occurs at Kagoshima,

Satsuma, in southern Kiusiu. This variety is more conic than the

variety fusca of Gude, which is moreover smaller and without the

whitish band above.

Kaliella symmetrica n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, turreted-pyramidal, the spire with convex

lateral outlines and blunt, rounded apex; yellowish-corneous ;

sharply striated above with excessively fine, densely crowded longi-

tudinal striw, which give it the luster of silk, the base glossy, show-

ing faint, spaced spiral lines under a high magnification. Whorls

55, very convex, the last obsoletely subangular at the periphery,

moderately convex beneath, impressed around the perforation. Aper-

ture basal, rather narrow, curved, shaped like the middle third of a

crescent with the ends cut off; outer and basal margins of the peri-

stome acute and simple, the columella vertical, its edge triangularly

reflexed, Alt. 2.1, diam. 2 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

This species somewhat resembles Hyalina pustulina Reinhardt, but

it is proportionately higher, smaller, the last whorl less enlarged, the

spire being more prominent ; consequently the aperture issmaller. I

would consider this shell an Huconulus were it not so closely allied

to the following species, which I do not doubt is a Kaliella. Half-

grown specimens are still only obtusely angular at the periphery.

Kaliella fraterna n. sp.

Shell similar to K. symmetrica, except that it has an acute, pro-

jecting, thread-like peripheral keel, like that of KK. labilis (Gld.), ex-

tending undiminished to the aperture.

Kashima, Harima, with K. symmetrica (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Euconulus Reinhardti n. sp.

Shell globose-conic, perforate, fragile, pale corneous yellow;

glossy, with sparse rather conspicuous oblique growth-wrinkles and

extremely fine subobsolete, crowded spiral striz. Spire elevated,

the apex rather acute. Whorls 53, quite convex, separated by

deeply impressed sutures, the last whorl large, subglobose, rounded

at the periphery, but showing the almost obsolete trace of a peri-

pheral angle; base strongly convex, slightly impressed around the

narrowly perforate axis. Aperture somewhat oblique, roundly

lunate, the peristome thin, very fragile, simple, the columellar margin

rather broadly dilated above. Alt. 3.9, diam. 3.7 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A globose-conic species which I first thought to identify with H.

pupula Gould ; but it differs from that insufficiently defined species

in the rounded last whorl and various other characters.

It has been shown that the name Conulus is preoccupied in Mol-

lusca by Rafinesque, who proposed that name for the genus Conus.

This will prevent its use for the common Helix fulva of Miller, and

various European authors have now abandoned Conulus in favor of

Arnouldia of Bourguignat. It has apparently escaped the notice of

these gentlemen that Euconulus of Reinhardt was proposed for the

fulvus group some seven years before Bourguignat’s publication.

The genus will therefore stand thus:

Evconu tus Reinh.

Conulus Fitz., 1833, not of Rafinesque, 1814.

Euconulus Reinhardt, Sitzungs-berichte Ges. naturforsch. Freunde

zu Berlin, 1888, p. 86 CE. fulvus and praticola).

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Arnouldia Bet., Bull. Soc. Mal. France, VII, 1890, p. 828.

It is doubtful whether any Japanese species really belong to

Euconulus. Most of them have all the shell characters of Kadliella,

a genus abundantly developed in India, China and indeed the whole

Orient. Reinhardt’s Japanese ‘* Trochoconulus”’ I refer to Kaliella.

His ** Diseoconulus,” judging from sinapidium, the only species I

have seen, might belong to Vitrea. Arnouldia nahaénsis of Gude is

a Kaliella.

Punctum japonicum n. sp.

Shell minute, openly and rather widely umbilicate, depressed, thin.

light brown. Spire convex, low ; whorls 34, quite convex, separated

by deeply impressed sutures, regularly and rather slowly increasing ;

last whorl tubular, rounded at the periphery. Sculpture of delicate

spaced, irregular lamellar riblets, the intervals sharply finely striated,

and with close spiral strie. Width of the umbilicus is contained

about 33 times in the diameter of the shell, all the whorls readily

visible within it. Aperture rounded-lunate, oblique, the peristome

simple and acute.

Alt. 0.7, diam. 1.25, width of umbilicus 0.87 mm.

Kashima, Harima (Mr. Y. Hirase).

The only other known Japanese species of Punctwm is ‘* Helix

(Patula) lepta”’ of Westerlund, described from Nagasaki. It has a

much narrower umbilicus than P. japonicum, the last whorl is sub-

angular above, and it is described as with dense riblets.

NEW RECORDS OF NEW MEXICAN SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

August 25th last, Professor T. D. A. Cockerell collected a few

snails *¢in Chicorico Canon, near Raton, New Mexico, This is in

the region of Quercus gambeli and Robinia neomexicana, at an eleva-

tion of about 7000 ft. There are no previous records of mollusea

from this region. It is quite in the northern part of the State, only

a few miles from the Colorado boundary.” ‘The species are :

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina pfeifferi Newe.

Huconulus fulvus (Mull.).

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. A form with the crest more devel-

oped than in the type, and the palatal folds standing upon a callous

ridge.

In this connection I may mention that a specimen of Bifidaria

holaingeri (Sterki) has been found among minutiz collected by Prof.

Cockerell at Mesilla, N. M., in drift of the Rio Grande. So far as

I know, this species has not been reported before from west or south-

west of Wichita, Kansas.

Ashmunella chiricahwana (Dall) has been collected by Prof. E. O.

Wooton in a pine region on the west fork of Gila River, near

Mogollon Peak, N. M.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ASIATIC SHELLS.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Euhadra (?) pseudocampylza Ane.

Testa convexo-depressiuscula, omnino tecte perforata, nitidiuscula,

parim solidula, sub epidermide tenui fusco lutea sordide albescens

vel pallide brunnea, lineolis incrementi subtus magis conspicuis obso-

lete notata. Spira convexa, parum elevata, obtusissima. Anfractus

45} convexi, sutura impressa separati, sat lente et regulariter cres-

centes, ultimus supra prope aperturam leviter malleatus, antice leniter

descendens, dein ad peristoma paululum ascendens, supra convexus,

ad peripheriam rotundatus, basi convexo-depressus, in umbilici loco

profunde impressus pone aperturam breviter constrictus. Apertura

transverse suboblonga, lunata, obliqua, marginibus distantibus, callo

tenui junctis, extero regulariter arcuato, basali subdeclivi. Peristoma

album, incrassatum, breviter expansum, ad basin et columellam

precipue reflexum, angustum, supra perforationem prorsus clausam

dilatatum.

Diam. max. 30, min. 254, alt. 17 mill.

Hab.: Tatsién-lof, ad limites Thibeti et provincie sinensis Sse-

tchuen (Comm. Cl. Abbé Méze).

This is a very distinct species, and at once recalls to mind a large

and more globose Helicigona pyrenaica with a closed umbilicus. It

is provisionally referred to Huhadra, but the generic position is diffi-

cult to ascertain. A single dead example was obtained, and is in

my collection. With this I received a fine example of the very rare

Helicarion Béttgeri, Hilber, of which the Austrian expedition of

$4 THE NAUTILUS.

Szechenyi obtained a single specimen. These shells were detected

by French missionaries, and the locality, although furnishing several!

species of mollusca, is not a rich one as far as shells are concerned.

Planorbis persicus Anc.

Testa compressa, non carinata, olivaceo vel subgriseo-cornea, oblique

confertim striata, nitidula, pro genere relative solidiuscula, utrinque

lateumbilicata et concava, discoidea. Spira apice minute immerso.

Anfractus 5, convexi, sutura impressa, sat lente crescentes ; ultimus

supra convexo-declivis, post medium rotundato-subangulatus, infra

depressus. Aperture obliqua, transverse oblonga, sublunata, intus

obscure albo-labiata (in peradultis), marginibus callo appresso junctis.

Diam. mag. 9. min. 74, alt. 22 mill.

Hab.—Teéhéran, prov. Trak-ajemi, Persia; Salmas, north of Lake

Urmiah, Persia (Comm. G. Negele).

This is allied to, but different from, Pl. subangulatus Phil., from

which it is easily distinguished in being much less distinctly angled

below the periphery. The above description is drawn from the largest

specimen sent me by Herr G. Newgele; some also probably mature

are much smaller and more rounded.

Physa Moussoni Ancey.

Physa lirata, Mousson in Journ Conch., 1874, p. 43, non Tristram

(1863), nec Craven (1880).

The name Physa lirata having been used several times, I should

call attention to the fact that Dr. Rudolf Sturany (Catalog der Suda-

frik. Land- und Stsswasser-Moll., 1898, p. 76), not being aware that

several years ago I proposed to substitute Physa Craveni for lirata

Craven (not of Tristram), calls the latter Craveni Sturany, while I

should claim for the priority of Craveni, Ancey ; but this induces me

also to change dirata Mousson to Moussont Ancey, as the specific

name /irata must be retained for the species originally described from

Madagascar.

Ph. Moussoni Ancey was discovered in Mesopotamia by Dr.

Schaefli.

Helicina Sundana Ancey, nom. noy.

The above name I suggest for Helicina exserta Martens, a species

ovcurring in the islands of Saleyer, Kalao and Jampea, between Cel-

ebes and Flores, as another Helicina from Cuba has long ago been

described under the same name of exerta, ‘‘ Gundlach, MSS.,” by

L. Pfeiffer (see Malak Blatter, v, 1858, p. 194).

ae N ATILUS.

Von. XIV. DECEMBER, 1900. No. 8.

RECORDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM NEW MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The Mollusca of the Sandia Mts., New Mexico.

Nothing has hitherto been reported concerning the mollusca of the

Sandia Mountains, near Albuquerque, so it may be well to enum-

erate a small collection made there by Miss Maud Ellis, and submit-

ted to us for determination. The precise locality is Las Huartus

Canon, alt. 8-9000 ft. The species are similar to those of the Colo-

rado mountains, and the Sandias, so far as our present knowledge

goes, marks the southern limit of this fauna as a whole, though

certain of its members extend much further south.

Vitrina pteifferi Newe. Pyramidula cockerelli Pils,

Euconulus fulvas (Drap.). P. cockerelli mut. viridula (Ckl!.).!

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.

Z. minusculus ( Binney). Pupa blandi Morse.

Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland). Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki.

Pyramidula strigosa (?) Young.

Miss Ellis also collected Helicodiseus lineatus (Say) in the Sandia

Mts., but the exact locality is forgotten. The young Pyramidula

doubtfully listed as strigosa may be a form of P. hemphilli.. No

Ashmunella was found.

It is somewhat surprising that the Hwconulus of New Mexico is not

the Texan race, but the Northern fulvus.

1 Nautilus, 1890, p. 102, the pale greenish form. T.D. A. C.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells from recent flood debris of Arroya Pecos, Las Vegas, N. M.

A series of shells lately collected by one of us gives the following

species. The source of the shells is unknown, until the Arroya is

followed up and their station found. In wanting Ashmanella, and in

the abundance of Bifidaria, the assemblage is unlike that of the ad-

jacent mountains.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ane. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miuill.). Vertigo ovata Say.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb). Euconulus tulvus (Drap.).

Pupa blandi (Morse). Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).

Bifidaria armifera (Say). Limnea humilis Say.

difidaria holzingeri (Sterki). Planorbis parvus Say.

Bifidaria hordeacella (Pils.). Physa sp., broken.

Bifidaria procera (Gld.).

The specimens of Aifidarta armifera vary in length from a trifle

over 3 mm. with 55 whorls, to fully 4 mm. with 64 whorls.

CONUS CONSORS SOWB.

BY CHARLES LE ROY WHEELER.

My attention has been attracted to the above species while identi-

fying a mixed lot of cones from Zanzibar, embracing about four thou-

sand specimens, from the fact that many collectors, and some mus-

eums, have in their collections specimens labeled ‘ Conus consors

Sowb.” that are far from what Sowerby evidently figured under that

name. But Tryon’s description appears to authorize the errors in

identification. I, therefore, offer the following description :

Conus consors Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 492.

Spire concavely elevated, with shallow channel and _ revolving

stria, delicately tessellated with orange, apex acute and of pinkish

tint; body-whorl slightly depressed in centre and inflated above,

grooved toward the base; ivory white, with an orange band below

the center, and one above sometimes reaching to the shoulder, the

upper part of this band more or less broken ; aperture white ; epider-

mis velvety, light brown, tough and very adherent.

THE NAUTILUS. Soi)

The entire absence of dotted revolving lines and the constant

orange color are characteristic features.

Dimensions: height 60, diameter 62 mm.; of others 59x32, 58x31,

56x31, 50x32, and 50x27.

The illustration in Tryon’s Manual, Vol. VI, plate 15, fig. 96, is

a good representation ; but the list of synonyms should probably be

either placed under ©. magus Linn. or recognized as veritable species.

A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMULUS FROM COSTA RICA AND A NEW

SPIRACULUM FROM ASSAM.

BY HUGH FULTON.

Bulimulus (Drymzus) inusitatus, n. sp.

Shell sinistral, elongate, narrowly perforate, thin, translucent, am-

ber yellow throughout ; whorls 74, engraved with faint spiral lines ;

nucleus with minute close-set crossed striz; aperture ovate ; peri-

stome thin, lower portion slightly expanded; columella reflexed at

point of insertion nearly covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 294, diam. maj. 13, length of aperture 125 mill. Hab.: Costa

Rica (Underwood).

Compared with tropicalis Morelet, the only other known reversed

Drymeus. The present species is thinner, has half a whorl more and

is easily separated by its different ground color and the absence of

bands.

Spiraculum assamense N. sp.

Shell discoidal, flat above, very broadly umbilicated, dark brown

with a few obliqne stripes of a lighter color, encircled by four rows

of hairs arranged in tufts, one being at the periphery, one above, and

two below, the latter two are often worn off in older specimens ;

whorls 44, slightly convex above, last rounded ; tube erect, short, in-

clined towards the apex, situated 2 mm. from the margin of the aper-

ture; peristome white, somewhat thickened, bordered by a narrow

flange ; aperture oblique, circular; operculum shelly, whorls 5.

Diam. maj. 14 mm., min. 12 mm., alt. 5 mm.

Hab.: Khasi Hills, Assam.

In most respects this species is very like nagaensis Aust. & Bedd.,

but can be easily separated by the position of the breathing tube,

88 THE NAUTILUS.

which in assamense is much nearer the aperture. The operculum of

nagaense does not appear to have so many whorls as our species, a

large part of the central portion being quite flat and smooth. These

characters appear to be constant in the numerous specimens I have

examined of both forms.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND ADDISON GULICK.

Diplommatina uzenensis Pilsbry, n. sp.

Shell dextral, cylindric-oblong, pale brown or nearly white, finely,

delicately and evenly costulate. Whorls 6, very convex, the upper

3 forming a short cone, the last whorl contracted, a little distorted,

ascending in front. Aperture subcircular, nearly vertical, the peri-

stome continuous, flatly reflexed, duplicate, having a thin lamina or

second peristome close behind the lip in quite mature specimens.

Columella concave, ending in a tooth, as usual. Palatal fold less

deeply immersed than usual, lying to the left of rather than above

the aperture.

Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.4, alt. and diam. of aperture 1 mm.

Nishigo, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase). Types no. coll. A. N.S.,

from no. 510 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is the most northern yet known, I believe. It is de-

cidedly larger than D. pusilla Martens, somewhat smaller than D.

nipponensis MOlldff., which is its nearest ally. The sculpture is about

the same as in nzpponensis, but the cone of the spire is not nearly so

long, the later three whorls being large, while in nzpponensis the last

two are wide, the four or five earlier strongly tapering. The palatal

fold is further to the left in D. wzenensis than in D. nipponensis, and

the aperture is comparatively larger.

Eulota callizona var. maritima Gulick and Pilsbry, n. var.

This name is proposed for the race inhabiting Awaji Island and

other districts mentioned below, specimens from Fukura, Awaji, being

the types. These differ from 2. peliomphala and its varieties brandtii,

herklotsi and nimbosa in the more conoidal form of the spire; from Z.

callizona and its varieties chiefly in pattern of coloration. These are

as follows :

(a) Purple-brown, with light buff streaks.

fHE NAUTILUS. 89

(6) Corneous and buff with red-brown streaks, a narrow band

above the periphery or none, often a dark umbilical patch.

pale ground, and generally streaked with opaque buff, or without

such streaks.

(d) Corneous, with some opaque, buff streaks above, no bands.

Pattern (a) resembles that of HL. peliomphala nimbosa; (6) that of

E. callizona congenita; (e) that of EL. peliomphala or peliomphala

brandtii ; and pattern (d) that of 2. callizona hickonis.

Alt. 20-22, diam. 30 mm.

Alt. 19, diam. 25,

We regard the var. maritima as very near the original stock which

gave rise to H#. callizona and its varieties, and as a connecting link

between these and E. peliomphala.

It inhabits Awaji Island, the adjacent shores of the Kii channel

on the east, all of Shikoku Island, some parts of the east coast of

Kiusiu, and the west end of Hondo, and intergrades on the shore of

the Inland Sea with congenita, hickonis and amalia.

Eulota luhuana idzumonis Pilsbry and Gulick.

Shell large and solid, with the color-patterns of H. quesita or

perry, dull, roughly sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles, and

differing from Jwhwana in the more capacious, less depressed form,

and the umbilicus, which is decidedly wider and much more open

inside than in duhuwana. Alt. 30, diam. 43 mm.

Types from Takeya, Idzumo. It has affinities with senckenbergiana

and the following variety.

Eulota luhuana var. aomoriensis Gulick & Pilsbry, n. var.

Shell smooth and glossy, pale buff with deep chestnut bands 00305

(or sometimes 00000, or with wide pale, diffuse bands in place of 2

and 4, as in E. peliomphala herklotsi or E. quesita perry?), the spire

moderately conoidal, whorls 5, the last capacious; umbilicus deep

and more open within than in /whwana or senckenbergiana. Aperture

oblique, the peristome white or reddish, nearly in a plane, but a little

advanced sometimes at the termination of band 3.

Alt. 25, diam. 40 mm. (Chojamura.)

Alt. 20, diam. 32 mm. (Asanai.)

Chojamura and Gonohe, Mutsu; Asanai, Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A more globose and smoother form than £. luhwana, and more

northern in distribution, inhabiting the northern extremity of Hondo,

in Aomori Ken or prefecture.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

It may be noticed in this connection that towards the north, /.

quesita becomes smoother and more glossy than toward the southern

limit of its range in middle Hondo.

Trishoplita goodwini var. kyotoensis Pilsbry, n. v.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat translucent, pale

brown throughout, glossy, striatulate, but without spiral lines. Spire

low-conic ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded at the periphery,

hardly descending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded, about one-

fourth of its circumference excised at the parietal margin; peristome

narrowly but distinctly expanded, thin, pale. Alt. 54, diam. 84 mm.

Kyoto (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This form resembles 7. goodwint var. fusca, but the umbilicus is

smaller, there is a half whorl less, and no spiral strie, which in fusea

are visible on the base. It is decidedly less conical than Trishoplita

conospira Pfr. as defined by von Martens, and has a whorl less.

EULOTA MERCATORIA AND E. CALIGINOSA.

These species were treated as distinct in the Manual of Conchology,

Vol. VI, but in dealing with them in the Catalogue of Marine Mol-

lusks of Japan issued by Mr. F. Stearns and myself, I seem to have

lost sight of the real differences between them, the intergradation I

saw being a matter of color and size rather than of the details of form.

The receipt of a large series of specimens gives opportunity to cor-

rect the error I committed of lumping these really distinct species.

Eulota (Euhadra) mercatoria (‘ Gray’ Pfr.).

This species varies in size from 26 to 88 mm, diam., and in color

from a pale yellowish-brown to red-chestnut and blackish-chestnut,

always with a narrow dark peripheral band bordered with yellowish

on each side. In some light forms there is a dark umbilical patch.

The pattern therefore varies from that of the 2. swecincta group to

the perryi or herklotsi pattern. The periphery is more or less

angular ; the base is evenly rounded, and the lower lip in conse-

quence is regularly curved.

Pfeitfer’s figure of his type is excellent (Conchyl. Cab. Helix, pl.

132, figs. 1, 2, copied in Man. Conch. VI, pl. 31, f. 26, 27). I have

figured a smaller specimen in Catal. Mar. Moll. Japan, pl. 10, fig. 5

(by error said to be 175 mm. diam. in the text, p. 162). #. merca-

toria occurs on Okinawa.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

E. mercatcria atrata n. var.

Much larger than mercatoria, very dark colored, and strongly

ribbed or costulate; periphery subangular in front. Whorls 65 to

63, the last shortly deflexed in front; lip purple-brown, evenly

arcuate, not sinuous. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mm.; alt. 52, diam. 46 mm.

Received from Mr. Hirase as from the Loo Choo Is.; from Mr.

Stearns as from Okinawa. It is represented in the Cat. Mar. Moll.

Jap., pl. 10, f. 4.

Eulota (Euhadra) caliginosa (Ad. & Rve.).

This species differs from . mercatorta in the narrower, more

slowly increasing whorls, the last one more swollen below the suture ;

the flattened base, producing a straighter basal lip; in the different

shape of the aperture, and especially in the narrower lip, which 7s

sinuous below, being curved forward at the middle of the basal

margin. It is not so solid a shell as #. mercatoria, is rounded at the

periphery, and has much the coloring of the lighter specimens of

mercatoria, though the ground is generally yellower. The pale

border above the peripheral band is often not well developed, and

sometimes it is yellow throughout except the peripheral band.

In the Catal. Mar. Moll. Jap., this species is excellently repre-

sented in figures 1, 2, 3 and 6 of plate 10.

It was supposed by Adams and Reeve to be from Mindanao, but

there can be no doubt that it is a species of the Loo Choo (Okinawa)

fauna.

ON A GENUS (PHYLLAPLYSIA) NEW TO THE PACIFIC COAST.

BY WM. H. DALL.

The Rev. Dr. Geo. W. Taylor, of Wellington, British Columbia,

has recently forwarded to me some marine slugs which were. found

on floating sea-grass near Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. An exam-

ination shows that these animals represent a genus, Phyllaplysia,

not hitherto known except in Southwestern Europe, and an unde-

scribed species.

The animal in most respects differs very little from P. lafonti

Fischer, the type of the genus. It is subtranslucent, smooth, of a

uniform pale lemon-yellow color, very much flattened, resembling

some of the Planarian worms. The specimens sent by Dr. Taylor

are presumably somewhat contracted by alcohol, which may account

92 THE NAUTILUS.

for the form of the rhinophores and tentacles, which are short, con-

ical, and strongly transversely wrinkled, but without tuberculation

or color pattern, being of the same pale yellow as the rest of the body.

The “‘rainure’” extending from the right tentacle to the branchial

opening is a plain line barely perceptible; the branchial pit with two

minute lobes is short and in about the same relative position as in

P. lafonti. The body is much depressed and the margins thin, sharp

and even. ‘The eyes appear as conspicuous small black spots in front

of the bases of the posterior tentacles. The general form is elongate

oval, the ends of the rhinophores, unlike the tentacles, are blunt, and

these organs are sulcate inferiorly as usual. The length of the larg-

est specimen, as contracted in alcohol, is about 20 mm., and the

breadth about 9 mm. I propose for it the name of Phyllaplysia

taylort in honor of its discoverer.

Of the three other species known, P. lafonti is pale green, with

darker bands and numerous violet spots; P. depressa is green-buff,

variegated with black; and P. limacina is of a dusky green. All

of these are from western and southern Europe.

A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROBRANCHUS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Some time since Mrs. Oldroyd sent me two specimens of Pleuro-

branchus, from San Pedro, which I could not spare time to examine

microscopically at the moment. I can now specify their chief

diagnostic characters as follows :

Pleurobranchus californicus, n. sp.

Animal when fresh of a waxen white, with a surface apparently

smooth, or rather like the skin of an orange, not tuberculate, but,

under a glass, showing obsolete distant pustules hardly raised above

the general surface; body elongate-oval, the foot longer than the

mantle behind. The gill short, its stem finely granular, not tuber-

culate, with ten or eleven alternate short vanes, the whole adnate

nearly to the tip, medially situated, with the contiguous genital

orifices just in front of its anterior insertion and the anus just over

the posterior insertion between the gill and the mantle. Eyes,

rhinophores, muzzle, jaws and teeth, as described by Pilsbry, for the

Gulf of California species collected by Fischer (Man. Conch., xvi,

pp. 201-2). Shell rather long and narrow, subrectangular, longi-

THE NAUTILUS. 93

tudinally obsoletely striate on the left side, obscurely obsoletely

punctate near the anterior edge, and covered with a very thin peri-

ostracum which reflects nacreous tinges of color. The shell itself is

white and thin, with a small spiral nucleus; the left margin some-

what recurved, the central part moderately convex ; the whole ex-

tends more than half the length of the body and measures 12 by

6.5 mm.

This species differs from P. digueti Rochebrune in color, in the

proportional size and number of pinnules of the gill, in having a

larger and differently shaped shell, and in the position of the anal

orifice. These remarks apply to the form described by Pilsbry

anatomically; Rochebrune states that his species was scarlet above

and whitish below, but gives no anatomical data.

GENERAL NOTES.

Dr. Jousseaume publishes a monograph of the Clausilioid group

Nenia in the current number of the Bull. Soc. Philomathique de

Paris (1900), Among other novelties introduced in the same paper

is a supposed new genus Bonnanius, which seems to be the same as

Passamaella, a curious Buliminoid group of Socotra.

Mo.tuusks 1N Grass.—Mr. Virginius H. Chase recently sent me

from Valley township, Stark Co., Illinois, a piece of sod thickly cov-

ered with growing grass, and which was fairly alive with living pul-

monates. The piece of sod was eight by four inches in size, and

from it I picked the following specimens and species :

1. Polygyra monodon Rackett.

2. Pyramidula striatella Anthony.

136. Bifidaria armifera Say.

5. Bifidaria contracta Say.

1. Bifidaria pentodon Say.

The locality from which the sample came was a moist prairie.

If this number was collected in a piece of ground less than a foot

square, what must the whole prairie have contained !—FRAnNkK C.

BAKER.

In the early seventies Prof. Verrill dredged a minute bivalve off

New Haven and gave the name Gastranella tumida Verrill to it.

Since then it has been unknown until some of my minute materials

94 ' THE NAUTILUS.

revealed one specimen from Summerside, P. E. I., and two speci-

meus from Woods Holl, Mass, This indicates a wide distribution.

—Henry W. WINKLEY.

SHELL CoLLectinG on tur Mosquito Coasr.—The following

extract is from a letter to Mr. S. Raymond Roberts, from a former

Ohio collector. Wounta Haulover, Nicaragua, Sept. 27, 1900. This

coast, for twenty miles back from the sea, is a net-work of lagoons,

rivers, creeks, channels. The ‘“‘dry” land is mostly swampy, inun-

dated, or partly so, during the wet season. In fact, this Mosquito

Coast, which upon the map is so firm and solid-looking, is in reality

a Dismal Swamp, multiplied by about five. Hence, so far as I am

able to judge, it is not a good locality for Bulimulide and other land

shells. Back from the sea, say twenty miles, and also south and

west of Bluefields, where the land is more elevated, I believe there is

better collecting. Right down here on the very coast I have found

but four species, one of which I afterwards lost. Budimulus corneus

Sowb. I found plentiful at Bluefields. Also another lot, which I

take for Stenogyra octona Linne, I found in abundance. Another

shell, presumably a Pupa, was collected sparingly. These last two

also in Bluefields. Here, Wounto Haulover, is a good locality for

Littorina columellaris D’Orb., and Principulka, just twenty miles

south of here, is an ideal place for superfine Donax cayennensis Lam.

—Wiiiam H. Friuck.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A Descriptive ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA

or Inprana, by R. E. Call, Ph. D. (24th Annual Rep. of the State

Geologist for 1899, Indianapolis, 1900). ‘* This catalogue is intended

to be complete and to fully exhibit the present state of knowledge

concerning the group of which it treats, as presented in the fauna of

Indiana.’’ It is accompanied by a bibliography, and illustrations of

the species. The latter are reproduced from the Smithsonian series

‘“* Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. A.,’’ except the Unionide, most

of which were drawn by the author. The figures only rarely repre-

sent Indiana specimens, and are rather rough.

Fifty species of land shells are enumerated, 55 aquatic gastropods,

and 110 bivalves. The table of distribution shows the Ohio and

TATE NAUTILUS. 95

Wabash basins to be by far the richest in species, the Lake Michigan

basin poorest, though with a good representation of Limneide.

The catalogue is interesting and useful, though it would be better,

we think, if Dr. Call had followed modern classification, and had

adopted the rectifications regarding many species which have been

made in the last decade. He apparently thinks that progress in the

anatomical and systematic study of Mollusks abruptly stopped fifteen

or twenty years ago, as no innovations of later date are adopted, ex-

cept a few, mostly wrong, made by himself. Aside from these matters,

there are but few errors, and these not of grave consequence; a fig-

ure of Strobilops is given for Zonites fulvus (p. 876); Tebennophorus

dorsalis is said to be “the most common slug in Indiana,” though we

think what he had was dark Agriolimax campestris. We note also

that the descriptions of J.amarck’s Unios are quoted not from the

original but from the Deshayes edition, and the accents of the French

remarks are badly ‘+ balled up.” —H. A. P.

Unionip# or Inp1ana.—In Mr. Call’s Descriptive Catalogue of

the Mollusca of Indiana, the author repudiates the attempt at a

natural classification of the Unionidae made in Mr. Baker’s Mollusca

of the Chicago Area, and cannot realize that such a system is pro-

posed seriously. He cannot understand why, for instance, such a

form as Unio trigonus is placed in the same subgenus as Unio plicatus.

Now it is a fact that has been repeatedly demonstrated by Dr.

Lea’s, Dr. Sterki’s and my own observations of the anatomy of these

mollusks that Unio trigonus and the allied forms, the different species

of the Plicatus group, Unio pustulosus and its allies, Unio coccineus,

U. subrotundus, U. kleinianus, and the forms belonging to the Chicka-

sawhensis group which have been placed in the genus Quadrula, all

have the embryos contained in all four of the gills, and when they

are thus filled they form thick, smooth pods. And there are certain

conchological characters which hold good in all these species. Their

shells are all solid, short, more or less inflated; they generally have

a wide, flat hinge plate and almost invariably deep beak cavities.

Many specimens occur among species belonging to the Plreatus group

in which the plications are nearly or even wholly wanting, and the

epidermis varies from greenish to brown and black. Such specimens

are not far removed conchologically from the smoother forms of the

Pustulosus group or from U. subrotundus and U. kirtlandianus.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

The true Umos, which in the United States are well represented

by such forms as U. complanatus, U. buckleyi, U. crassidens and U.

gibbosus, have longer shells than the Quadrules, they are generally

less solid, and as far as I have seen, the beak cavities are compara-

tively shallow, while the hinge plate is never wide and flat as in

Unio pustulosus. In these the embryos are found in the outer gills

only.

Mr. Call uses the time honored names Unio, Margaritana and

Anodonta for the Indiana Unionidw. These names are applied in a

subgeneric sense, but he neglects to tell us what genus he places them

under, whether it is Unto of Retzius or the Margaron of Lea. In

his artificial key to the groups of Unio, excluding Anodonta and

Margaritana, he places the species in groups, typified by U. luteolus,

U. ligamentinus, U. crassidens, U. tuberculatus, U. personatus, ete.

These groups have been recognized as natural assemblages by Lea,

Lewis, Marsh, Wetherby, and most of the other American students

of the Unionidz. J consider them as natural and reasonable as any

that can be made among large assemblages of nearly related species,

and every amateur who gets together a collection of naiades begins

to perceive them after a little study. Yet Mr. Call seems to con-

sider them as mere artificial or laboratory devices of little value.

The Anodonta edentula of Say is placed by Mr. Call in the genus

Anodonta. In this remarkable species there are more fully devel-

oped vestigeal hinge teeth than in any of the true anodontas, and the

hinge plate is incurved in front of the beaks, while in Anodonta

proper it is evenly curved throughout. This species carries the

young in the outer gills in short, distinct ovisacs running directly

across the gill, instead of in long ovisacs running vertically, as in the

true anodontas. ‘These contain from 8 or 10 to 20 or more embryos

and finally break out through the outer walls of the outer gills and

are discharged entire, with their contents, into the water. After this

the gills assume the ordinary unionoid form. It is probable that a

few other species from the southern states which have been placed in

Margaritana have similar marsupia, I have examined gravid speci-

mens of most of our American anodontas and of the A. woodiana

Lea of China, and in all of them the marsupia are radically different

from that of A. edentula.

Mr. Call’s synonymy of Unio clavus Lamarck is certainly aston-

ishing, and includes species as different in shell characters as can be

found among the North American unios.—C. T. 8.

eee N MOTILUS.

Von. XIV. JANUARY, 1901. No: 9:

NEW VARIETIES OF PHYSA ANCILLARIA SAY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Physa ancillaria var. magnalacustris.

Shell subglobose, thick, solid, semi-opaque ; incremental striz fine,

stronger toward the suture and somewhat irregular; transverse striz

very minute or subobsolete ; purplish-horn color, darker toward the

apex, which is dark brown or black ; body whorl with one or more

broad white varicose bands, more or less suffused with white toward

the lip and at the base; whorls 5, regularly and rapidly increas-

ing, the first minute, the last very large, regularly rounded, not

shouldered, the greatest width being in the centre; spire slightly

elevated, acute ; suture but slightly impressed, margined below with

white; aperture large, expanded below so that the greatest width is

below the centre; outer lip thin, sharp, more or less expanded and

broadly rounded below; thickened within by deep yellowish-brown

or liver-colored callus, which appears externally as a broad white

band, extremities connected by a thin callus, which is broadly re-

flected over the body whorl: columella white, straight, scarcely

twisted.

Alt. 122, diam. 11, length of aperture 115 mm.

Alt. 174, diam. 124, length of aperture, 145 mm.

Alt. 184, diam. 104, length of aperture 105 mm.

Types from Frankfort, Benzie County, Michigan. It has also been

found at Charlevoix, Beaver Islands, Mackinac Island, Mackinaw

City and Port Austin, Huron County, Michigan. These localities

indicate distribution along the coast-line of the upper part of the lower

98 THE NAUTILUS.

peninsula from Saginaw Bay on the Lake Huron shore to nearly as

far south on the Lake Michigan coast. This form is the character-

istic Physa of the lake shore, and is commonly found clinging to the

large stones along the rocky or stony beaches. its thick wine-col-

ored or purplish shell with prominent white varicose bands, basally

expanded aperture, and the regularly curved outline from the apex

to the columella, give it an aspect peculiarly its own, and render it

easily distinguishable from the typical form or any of the allied

species. Specimens from the Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan and

Mackinaw City on the mainland, while retaining the peculiar form,

are thinner, more inclined to be horn-colored and have a narrower

marginal band, which internally is red rather than brown, and in

these respects seem to connect the variety with the typical form.

Were it not for these intermediate examples, there would be good

ground for considering the form worthy of specific rank,

Physa ancillaria var. crassa.

Shell oval or obovate, thick, solid, opaque, smooth, shining, longi-

tudinal striz very fine, transverse striz minute or subobsolete ; white,

more or less tinged with vinous or pale purple; darker toward the

apex, which is dark brown; whorls 4-5; regularly and rapidly in-

creasing, the first minute, the last very large, roundly shouldered and

frequently flattened laterally ; spire short, scarcely elevated above

the general contour of the shell; suture but slightly impressed, bor-

dered below with white; aperture large, but slightly shorter than

the shell; widest in the centre, somewhat narrowed below and

slightly effuse at the junction of the basal lip with the columella ;

outer lip broadly rounded, thin, acute, thickened within by a strong

callus which is yellowish-brown within and white externally ; inter-

ior of body whorl light yellowish-brown or liver color; extremities

of lip connected by a thin callus which is broadly reflected over the

body whorl; columella strong, white, nearly straight, but slightly

twisted.

Alt. 174, diam. 124, length of aperture 14 mm.

Alt. 16, diam. 124, length of aperture 134 mm.

Alt. 15, diam. 11, length of aperture 155 mm.

Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan.

This form, while related to the variety magnalacustris in its tex-

ture, differs entirely in its shape, which is quite similar to the typical

form in the roundly-shouldered body whorl, and more elongated and

THE NAUTILUS. 99

less expanded aperture. The lip joins the body-whorl at a more

obtuse angle and lacks the basal expansion characteristic of the lake

form. The spire is also less produced. Compared with the typical

form, this variety is easily distinguished by its heavy, solid, opaque

shell.

NEW PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pisidium tenuissimum, n.

Rather small, little to strongly oblique, moderately to rather well

inflated, with the edges usually acutish, elongated or rather short,

rhomboid to oblong-ovoid in outline, hinge margin little, inferior mod-

erately curved, posterior end rounded or subtruncate obliquely in a

postero-anterior direction with a rounded angle above ; anterior more

or less curved, truncate obliquely with the rounded-angular end

inferiorly, or the whole anterior part rather regularly parabolic, with

the end in the longitudinal median line; beaks slightly posterior,

somewhat broad, moderately elevated over the hinge line, somewhat

mammillar ; surface very finely, almost regularly striated, highly

polished ; color horn to smoky, or to greenish, or to light grayish ;

shell very thin, translucent; hinge very fine, plate very narrow,

cardinal teeth very small, short, thin, scarcely or slightly curved ;

those of the left valve very close together, longitudinal-parallel, the

upper little posterior; lateral teeth rather long, markedly straight,

slender, thin, with short cusps; also the outer ones in the right vatve

quite distinct ; ligament fine.

Long. 3.4, alt. 2,8, diam. 2.1 mill.

Habitat : Straits and Orchard lakes, in Oakland Co., Michigan,’

collected by Messrs. Walker and Sargent; Pine Lake, Marquette

Co., Mich. (Upper Peninsula), and other waters in the same state ;

also seen fossil.

As pointed out in the description, the species is very variable in

shape, and extreme forms, if found separate, might well be taken for

different species. The one from Pine Lake (collected by Mr.

Walker) is especially notable: the beaks are narrower and more

1Close together, but at the heads of different river systems.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

elevated ; the anterior part of the mussel is more rapidly and directly

tapering to a rounded point, the color is light grayish with concen-

tric, irregular, narrow zones of a darker shade. Some forms have

resemblance with P. splendidulum, the more rhombic ones, with a

corresponding form of P. pawperculum, but in case of doubt, the thin

shell and very fine hinge with the markedly straight, slender lateral

teeth will distinguish our species.

Specimens have occasionally been seen for several years, from

different places, both recent and fossil, yet it seemed not safe to

establish a n. sp. upon them. The recent finds of Messrs. Walker

and Sargent bave put an end to all doubts.

Pisidium monas, n.

Minute, rather well inflated, oval in outline, without any project-

ing angles, except a very slight one at the scutum, and the slightly

pointed, rather inferior, anterior end; beaks little posterior, broad,

rounded, little elevated; surface with comparatively coarse, micro-

scopic, rather regular striz, tops of beaks smooth and shining; shell

thin, hinge fine, cardinal teeth very small, almost straight, longi-

tudinal, the posterior (upper) of the left valve sometimes almost

obsolete ; ligament small.

Long. 1.7, alt. 1.4, diam. 0.9 mill.

Habitat: Mountain Lake, Marquette county, Michigan, collected

by Mr. Bryant Walker.

Among the specimens seen (some twenty), little variation was

noticed; the species may be recognized by its minute size and its

shape, the low, comparatively broad beaks, and the somewhat coarse

striation. The latter is about as in Prs. punctatum, small forms of

which are also of about the same size; but the latter Pisidium is

more inflated, more angular in outline, its beaks are narrower and

more elevated. P. monas is also smaller than zmbecille, and less

elongated, its striation is coarser.

Being known from but one locality, the species has been estab-

lished only after a most careful examination and comparison with

P. punctatum, imbecille, harfordianum, handwerkii, as well as with

the young of the other species occurring in the same lot.

Pisidium streatori, n.

Of medium size, almost equipartite, short oval-rounded to almost

circular, without any projecting angles, or with a slight, rounded one

at the scutum, moderately inflated, lentiform; beaks slightly pos-

THE NAUTILUS. 101

terior, low, rounded, scarcely or little elevated over the hinge margin,

approximate; surface with moderate to rather coarse, irregular

striae, and usually a few coarser lines of growth, shining ; color light

yellowish horn, to straw or slightly reddish ; shell rather thin, some-

what translucent; hinge rather fine, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth

well formed, the right one strongly curved, or angular, its posterior

part thickened, simple, or grooved, or split in two diverging parts ;

the left anterior is angular, the posterior is oblique, slightly curved,

short to rather long; lateral teeth rather small, little projecting into

the cavity of the mussel, but well formed, the cusps short, pointed ;

ligament moderate.

Long. 5, alt, 4.4, diam. 2.5 (New York and some Onio exs.).

Long. 5.5, alt. 4.8, diam. 3.4 (large Ohio ex.).

Habitat : Canaseraga river, N. Y.; Garrettsville, Ohio, in a swamp.

A lot of good specimens, from the former place, were kindly sent

by Mr. Hy. Prime, in 1894, and then regarded as new, yet retained,

as it might have proved to be a local form of some other species.

Last fall Mr. Streator and the writer collected some specimens of

exactly the same Pisidium, in a dried up swamp near Garrettsville,

Ohio, the mussels living and propagating in the damp muck, under

dead leaves, etc. Later on we found that Mr. Streator had collected

quite a number during several years previous.

Our species is well characterized, and can not be mistaken for any

other Pisidium. P. roper’, with nearly the same color and surface

appearance, is larger, more elongate, much more inflated, its beaks

are higher and more voluminous in the adult. I take pleasure in

naming the present species after Mr. Geo. J. Streator, an enthusi-

astic conchologist, who has, for many years, collected and studied the

mollusca of northeastern Ohio.

SHELLS OF THE MARL-DEPOSITS OF AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE, AS

COMPARED WITH THE LIVING FORMS IN THE SAME LOCALITY.

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.

In the part of Aroostook county underlaid by the Aroostook lime-

stone of Niagara age, there are many deposits of shell marl. I have

only examined two localities: Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, and

Lovely Brook Bog, in Fort Fairfield.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Barren Brook Bog, in Caribou, is covered by vegetation; but the

Lovely Brook Bog is wet, dangerous and difficult to approach, ex-

cepting in one place.

I have just received from Mr. Bryant Walker a paper upon the

‘Shells of the Marls of Huron County,” reprinted from the Geo-

logical Survey of Michigan, Vol. VII, part II, pp. 247-252, in

which comparisons are made with specimens from Aroostook county,

Maine. To my knowledge there has been no extensive list pub-

lished of the shells found in the marl deposits of Maine, and no

comparison made with the living species in the same localities.

Samples of marls have been sent to me from Presque Isle, Lime-

stone, California Town, in New Brunswick, Canada, and other

places. The most abundant species are Limnea desidiosa, Planorbis

pareus and Pisidium contortum,' in all the localities.

Fossils in the Marl of Barren Brook Bog.

Vertigo sp. Fragments only.

Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.

Succinea ovalis Gld. Rare.

Physa heterostropha Say. Rare.

Limnza desidiosa Say. Abundant.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Common.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Rare.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Rare.

Planorbis parvus Say. Abundant.

Planorbis (?). One specimen related to P. crista Lin., probably

a new species.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Two specimens only.

Valvata sincera Say (?), Not common.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.

Sphzrium simile Say. Rare.

Spherium rhomboidium Say. Rare.

Calyculina securis Prime (?). Rare.

Pisidium adamsi Prime. Few.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Few.

1Dr. V. Sterki has kindly examined all the Pisidia in my collection. Some

of the specimens are still held by him, pending the receipt of more material

for comparison with specimens from other parts of America and Europe. I

am under the greatest obligations to bim, and also to Mr. Bryant Walker, for

valuable information,

THE NAUTILUS. 1038

Pisidium contortum Prime. Abundant.

Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Rare.

Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Not common.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki(?). Rare.

Pisidium variabile Pme. Rare.

Pisidium ventricosum Pme. Common.

Pisidium walkeri var. mainense Sterki, Rare.

Living shells in Barren Brook, one quarter of a mile below the

marl deposit, in a small pond on the brook, the land shells obtained

at the water’s edge.

Succinea obliqua Say. Rare.

Succinea ovalis Gld. Common.

Succinea avara Say. Rare.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say.

Bifidaria pentodon Say.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse.

Conulus fulvus Mull.

Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Common.

Carychium exile Lea. Common.

Physa heterostropha Say. Rare and small.

Limnza desidiosa Say. Small compared with the fossils.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant.

Planorbis parvus Say. Common.

Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. Common.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Rare.

Sphezrium simile Say. Common in the brook below the pond.

Sphezrium rhomboideum Say. One small living specimen.

Pisidium abditium Hald. Rare.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Few where the road crosses the

brook.

Pisidium rotundatum Prime. Rare.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki: Abundant; type locality.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Abundant.

Pisidium seminulum Sterki?. Few specimens referred to this

Species.

Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Common.

Pisidium walkeri var. mainense. Common.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Fossils in the Marl Deposit in Lovely Brook Bog,

Fort Fairfield, Aroostook County, Maine.

Physa heterostropha Say. Large, specimens rare.

Limnza desidiosa Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Rare.

Planorbis crista Linné, var. cristata Drap. One good specimen.

Pisidium variabile Prime.

Pisidium abditum Hald.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki.

Pisdium ventricosum Prime.

Pisidium contortum Prime.

Living Shells in the Lovely Brook Bog.

Physa heterostropha Say. Rare.

Limnza desidiosa Say. Rare.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Common.

Pisidium ventricosum Prime. Small but abundant, especially on

the marl deposit.

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Common and very variable.

Pisidium medianum var. minutum Sterki. The type locality ;

small but very fine specimens.

Pisidium contortum Prime, so abundant among the fossils, is one

of the rarest living Pisidia. Only a few specimens have been col-

lected in Mud Lake, in the northeast corner of Perham, Aroostook

County, Maine. It is dangerous to go near the water’s edge, as the

bogey shores break through and one sinks in the mud.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY Fauna oF FLORIDA, with

especial reference to the Silex beds of Tampa and the Pliocene bed

of the Caloosahatchie River; including in many cases a complete

revision of the generic groups treated of and their American tertiary

species. By Witi1am Heatry Dati, A. M. Transactions of the

Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Vol. III, Part V, Dec.,

1900.

This part contains about 270 pages, and 12 plates, treating of the

families Solenide, Donacide, Psammobiide, Semelide, Tellinida,

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Petricolide, Cooperellide, Isocardiide, Cardiide, Diplodontide and

the Leptonacea; in all 145 new tertiary species are described.

This interesting work on the tertiary fauna contains so many

changes in nomenclature that also affect the recent fauna, that it is

looked forward to with as much, if not more, interest by the Con-

chologist than by the Paleontologist — the numerous generic and

specific references, distribution of species, and synopses of genera,

forming a very valuable feature to the student.

The first family discussed is the Solenidaw, which follows closely

the synopsis of the recent species, published by Dr. Dall, in the

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXII, 107, which was reviewed in the

Navtitvs for Feb., 1900. In the Donacidx the synonomy of the

two common Californian species is given as follows

1. Donax Californica Conrad, not of Carpenter and the majority

of Californian authors, nor Deshayes. Donax navicula Hanley.

2. Donax levigata Deshayes. Donax Californica Carpenter and

several Californian authors, not of Conrad or Deshayes. Donax

obesa Gould, not Orbigny.

The generic standing of the various genera constituting the family

Psammobiide are fully discussed ; the following genera being repre-

sented: Psammobia, Lam. (Gari of some authors), Sanguinolaria,

Amphichena, Heterodonax, Asaphis, and Tagelus; regarding the

latter Dr. Dall says: ‘* The genus Yagelus is distinguished from any

of the Solenide by its long and distinct siphons.

A number of changes of familiar specific names have been made

in the Semelide. For the Semele reticulata L. of authors (S. orbicu-

lata Say) the name of S. proficua Pulteney, 1799, is adopted, the

reticulata of Linné being based on an oriental species. S. purpur-

ascens Gmel. has priority over both obliqua Wood and variegata

Lam. S. bellastriata Conrad, 1837, is substituted for cancellata

Orb., 1853. Cumingia coarctata Sowb. is recorded from Florida,

the synonomy being given as follows: ZLavignon antillarum and

petitiana Orb.; C. fragilis and sinuous A. Ads., and C. tenuis H. and

A. Ads.

An extensive discussion of the Tellinide is followed by descrip-

tions of 51 new species.’

Of the family Petricolide, four species are recorded from the

1This family will be more fully discussed in a review of Dr. Dall’s synopsis

of the recent North American species,

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Atlantic coast : Petricola lapicida Gml., P. typica Jonas, P. pholadi-

formis Say, and P. dactylus, Sowb. In referring to the latter Dr.

Dall gives the following interesting note: ‘The curious little shell

named in 1872 by Verrill Gastranella tumida, is certainly a Petri-

cola, and I suspect it to be the young of P. dactylus, which has

when very young and fresh a purplish tinge on the umbones in some

individuals. The tinge is precisely the same in both. Carpenter

similarly took the nepionic young of P. denticulata Sowerby for a

Psephis and described it under the specific name of te/limyalis. This

was the more excusable, since the fry are brightly colored with

orange and purple, while the adult and adolescent stages of the

Petricolaria are pure white. I have a series showing the latter with

its purple umbones strongly contrasting with the white valves, but

this condition lasts only a short time, the color fading entirely out in

most specimens before they attain full growth.”

A most excellent synopsis of the Cardiidz is followed by a review

of the species, of which 28 are new. Cardium floridanum Heilp, is

a syn. of ©. emmonsi Conr.; for C. magnum Born (not Linné), OC.

robustum Solander is adopted. Cardium bullatum of authors as of

Linné not of Moérch, becomes C. spinosum Meuschen; C. semi-

suleatum Gray, has priority over ©. ringiculum Sowb., and C. Petiti-

anum Orb., OC. (Levicardium) serratum L., and C. levigatum Lam.,

are considered synonymous.

A provisional table of the families and genera constituting the

Leptonacea’ is adopted. Montacuta bidentata Montg., and Kellia

planulata Stimp., are both placed in the genus Rochefortia Vélain.

Lascea rubra (Montg.) is thoroughly discussed. Dr. Dall finds no

permanent specific character to separate L. bermudensis Bush.

“Small shells like Lasea which attach themselves by a byssus to

alg, may be widely distributed by ocean currents. Differences of

temperature and food cannot fail to make their mark upon the differ-

ent colonies. When, in addition, we have a normal crudity and

want of definition in the hinge characters throughout the genus, it

would seem inadvisable to subdivide the type too minutely.”

Montacuta elevata Stimp, is placed in the genus Aligena H. C. Lea.

The work closes with the Diplodontide ; a synopsis of the recent

1 A synopsis of the Recent and Tertiary Leptonaccea of North America and

the West Indies, was published by Dr. Dall in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi,

pp. 873-897, 1899.

CHE NAUTILUS. 107

species in the Jour. of Conch., ix, pp. 244-246, Oct., 1899, was re-

viewed in the NAuTILUs, xiv, p. 34. Dr. Dall states that this part

carries the text so far that it seems certain that another part will

conclude the work. ,

NOTICES OF SOME NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

A recent sending from Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan, contained

a number of novelties, some of which are briefly diagnosed below,

Illustrations will follow later.

Eulota (Aegista) mimula n. sp. Shell thin, openly umbilicate, de-

pressed, with low-conic spire; brown, lustreless, rather weakly

striate, and bearing sparse cuticular processes, like short, prostrate

and adnate hairs. Whorls 54, convex, the last a trifle angulated in

front, slightly descending to the aperture, rounded beneath. Aper-

ture oblique, subcircular, the peristome whitish, narrowly expanded.

subreflexed below, scarcely thickened, the margins approaching.

Alt. 5.5, diam. 9mm. Kyoto.

Much like a miniature 2. aperta, but the spire is somewhat

higher, the umbilicus rather less open, the striation less strong, and

the peristome not thickened within.

Trishoplita cretacea var. bipartitan. vy. Somewhat smaller than

T. eretacea, with conic spire, whitish above, brown or copiously

streaked with brown below, a brown line ascending the spire border-

ing the suture above ; surface striate and rather indistinetly granu-

late by the decussation of fine spirals. Aperture very oblique,

rounded oval. Alt. 9, diam. 14.5 mm.; alt. 9.5 diam. 12.5 mm.

Toyonishikami, Nagato.

In 7. cretacea the minute granules are irregularly scattered, not

produced by decussation as in this variety. In specimens from

Ushirogawa, Tosa, Shikoku Island, which I refer to 7. eretacea as a

variety, the sculpture is also decussate, though very indistinctly so.

T. cretaceav. bipartita reminds one somewhat of Helicella pyramidata,

from the form of the spire.

Eulota (Pl ctotropis) elegantissima var. cara n. vy. Larger than

E. elegantissima, more depressed, with wider umbilicus and more

rapidly widening last whorl. Alt. 10, diam. 29; alt. 7, diam.

204 mm. Loochoo Is.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Clausilia euholostoma n. sp. An exceedingly peculiar Exphedusa.

The shell is very small, alt. 7.6, diam, 2.4 mm., with broadly oval

(not in the least pyriform) aperture, continuous white peristome, and

only a single lamella, the inferior, developed. This lamella is shaped

as in Ol. monelasmus Pils. The principal plica and the lamella

spiralis are extremely short and lateral in position; short upper and

lower palatal plice are developed. There are about 74 whorls, the

surface densely striated. The clausilium is Euphedusoid. Hab.,

Mikuriya, prov. Suruga (No. 563 of Mr, Hirase’s register).

Clausilia japonica var. interplicata n. v. A dark colored, glossy

variety, with several palatal plice developed between the usual

upper and lower palatals of typical C. japonica. Nishigo. Uzen

(No. 403 of Mr. Hirase’s register), Other specimens from ‘Takeya,

Izumo, are less glossy, and irregular in the development of the

‘‘interpalatal ”’ folds.

The following species belong to the section Hemiphedusa :

Clausilia perpallida n. sp. General form of C. aurantiaca var.

erbert; pale corneous, finely striate. Superior lamella moderate, in-

ferior receding, subcolumellar deeply immersed; closing apparatus

lateral, the principal plica long, upper palatal well developed, a low,

broad, nodule-like lunella below but not joining it; no lower palatal

fold. Length 11.5, diam. 2.6 mm. Nishigo, Uzen (460 b of Mr.

Hirase’s register).

Clausilia harimensis n. sp. Similar to C. aurantiaca or a little

more slender, but with the weakly developed peristome of C. awajt-

ensis, the lunella and closing apparatus generally being similar to

that species, and lateral, not ventral as in ©. aurantiaca. Whorls

about 10; color greenish-brown, when unworn. Length 11.5, diam.

2.7 mm. Kashima, Harima. Types no. 79133 coll. A. N. S.

(306 a of Mr. Hirase’s register).

Clausilia hokkaidoensis n. sp. About the size and general form of

C. monelasmus, with which it occurred. Whorls about 10, the last

two striate. General characters of the aperture as in C. subaurantiaca,

the subcolumellar lamella deeply immersed, closing apparatus lateral,

the upper palatal fold well developed, not connected with the straight

low lunella; no lower palatal fold. Much smaller than the allied

O. subaurantiaca. Length 11, diam. 2.5 mm. Kayabe, Ojima,

Hokkaido I. Types no. 79321 coll. A. N. S. (546b of Hirase’s

Olausilia totaptyx var. clava n. v. General form of Ol. cotaptyx,

the spire being abnormally thick above, though attenuated for half

the length of the shell, Whorls 12, the Jast with a crest or ridge be-

hind the peristome. Superior laimella moderate, inferior receding,

not visible in a front view, subcolumellar emerging. Principal plica

long, upper and lower palatal plice developed, a rudimentary lunella

between them, not connected with the upper plica. Length 12.5,

diam. 2.8mm. Senzan, Awaji Island.

THE NAUTILUS.

FEBRUARY, 1901. No. 10.

Von. XIV.

A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

Between San Diego and Point Conception, a distance of about two

hundred miles, there lies off the coast of Southern California (not

Lower California) a number of islands generally called the Santa

Barbara group. In all, there are eight of these islands, varying in

length from one to thirty miles and from one to six or eight miles in

width, the nearest being about twenty-five, and the most distant

about seventy-five miles from the mainland.

All of them bear the name of some saint whom tradition, supersti-

tion and religion have invested with supernatural power for good or

evil toward men. Beginning with the most northerly island of the

group and ending with the most southerly one, their names run as

follows: San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, San

Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente.

Here is an array of saintly names that should satisfy the most de-

vout, and, if there is any virtue in a name, it should bring peac:-

hope and quiet rest to those whose lot might be cast upon these rock-

ribbed and storm-beaten islands. But this does not seem to have

been the case, for when they were first discovered by tlie old Spanish

or Portuguese navigators, colonies of peaceful and, perhaps, happy

Indians inhabited them, whose time and occupation in life was prin-

cipally devoted to securing something to eat and very little to wear.

Soon after the advent of the white man these poor creatures began to

disappear, decreased in numbers, and finally became extinct. There

still remain evidences of their home life, the shell heaps on their old

110 TILE NAUTILUS.

camping-grounds, an occasional broken stone-implement, and a few

shell ornaments that have been over-looked by the white man in his

search for curios or prehistoric relics.

Several theories have been advanced by scientists and others in

regard to the origin and age of these islands, but I can add very little

to these flights of the imagination. How often, if more than once,

all or some of them have been submerged and raised above the sea

level, or whether those of the group which are composed principally

of metamorphic rocks are the remains of the highest peaks of a range

of mouutains that once formed or ribbed the most western part of the

continent, it is quite impossible to say.

San Nicolas Island, however, is of sand-stone formation, and con-

tains beds of marine fossils, the forms being similar to those now

living all along the coast of the mainland, and I think we are safe in

suggesting that this island was thrown up at or about the time the

general elevation of the coast line and adjacent mesa-lands took place.

There are always some curious expectations associated in the

human mind with thoughts of the islands of the sea. To the con-

chologist these expectations are often greatly multiplied, and these

little isolated patches of land become intensely interesting, and espec-

ially so to the student of terrestrial mollusks, for the islands of the

‘sea the world over are noted for their richness in land shells.

In this respect, our Californian islands are no exception to the gen-

eral rule, While the number of so-called species fouid upon them,

so far as we know them at present, is not very numerous, several

are peculiar to these islands and not found elsewhere, while their

coloring, varied through closely related forms, adds unusual interest

and makes them very desirable for study, especially by those who are

interested in problems of evolution.

The origin of the land shells of these islands and of the west coast

generally has been the subject of speculation by various writers on

the distribution of animal life for some years. In their attempts to

account for the affinities and resemblances, in a few instances, between

our land shells and some forms found in Asia, they have bridged over

Bering Strait, or “ Behring Straits,’ several times had bands of

snails, or perhaps single ones ‘in pairs,’? as Pat would express it,

cross this bridge into America, travel southward to Cape Horn,

establish colonies all along this long line of travel, and subsequently

spread eastward over the continent, and finally cross another imagin-

fHE NAUTILUS. a

ary bridge into the West Indies; and the present shell fauna of this

whole region is supposed to be the descendants of those Asiatic emi-

grants.

We are also to infer from these theorists and their writings, I sup-

pose, that during the time this “dispersion” of Asiatic snails took

place there was not a native terrestrial mollusk in all this land, no

matter what other kind of organisms may have originated and

existed here at that time.

In order to have a clear and comprehensive conception of life, the

origin and development of the material forms of organisms, and their

distribution over our planet, we must study them all from a funda-

mental standpoint, and I will here briefly allude to the fundamental

as I understand it.

Time and space are infinite. Existing within the infinite there

are elements that possess the properties of attraction and repulsion

(energy—life), which, by their combinations, form two great factors

that enter into and produce all the phenomena we see around us.

These we know as energy and matter. Their relations to each other

may be more clearly understood by stating that without energy

matter could not be formed, and without matter energy could not

demonstrate its presence, as it would have nothing to act upon,

hence both are necessary to a demonstration of any kind, and must

be regarded as equals in every respect. Development is a principle

inherent in the elements—the hand-maid of life itself. Evolution,

diversity and variation are natural processes belonging to develop-

ment. These constitute the fundamental; they are coexistent and

immortal, eternal, without beginning and without end. The funda-

mental alone is immortal; all the phenomena arising from the

fundamental, the superficial and complex, are evanescent, fleeting and

constantly passing away, even as the grass of the meadows and the

forests of the plains, and are replaced by other similar phenomena,

though varied in form. Development is the regular order of nature,

and the regular order of development is from the simple to the

complex and vice versa (disintegration). Wherever matter, heat,

moisture and air exist together, there life (omnipresent energy,

Howison), with her hand-maid development, will be found industri-

ously refining and preparing inorganic matter, from which they will

evolve organic forms in due course of time.

As the form and structure of terrestrial mollusks are not of a very

1 THE NAUTILUS.

high or complicated nature, we may suppose that not many centuries

would pass, after the Rocky, Sierra Nevada Mts. and the adjacent

territory rose above the ‘* Mesozoic Sea,’’ before these creatures

would originate, perhaps in many places at or about the same time;

and as they multiply in numbers quite rapidly, under favorable con-

ditions, there would have been a large native population of terrestrial

mollusks existing here long before those Asiatic stragglers could have

reached Cape Horn and the West Indies via Bering Straits bridge.

If the present land shells of America are the descendants of Asiatic

emigrants, what has become of the land shells that have originated

here ?

“ Westward the course of empire takes its way” is as true as it is

poetical, and if animals obey the same general laws that human be-

ings do in this respect, then the snail emigration must have been the

other way. We can as readily imagine bands of snails from America

crossing this bridge at Bering Strait and establishing colonies on

the other side as wice versa, and thus we could account for these re-

semblances and affinities by a westward movement as well as by an

eastward emigration of these slow-moving creatures, if there were no

causes or conditions in the environment in both countries to produce

similar results in the organic structure of the same class of animals,

which I believe is the case.

Without having investigated the matter very closely, I am under

the impression that the resemblances and affinities of the West Coast

shells, as well as those of America generally, are as close to those

of Europe as they are to the shells of Asia. Compare the following

American and European shells :

American. Huropean.

Helix nickliniana Lea. Helix arbustorum Linn.

Helix kelletti Fbs. Helix aspersa Mull.

Helix levis Pfr. Helix pisana Mall.

Helix inflecta Say. Helix personata Drap.

Patula striatella Anth. Patula ruderata Stud.

Compare the entire Zonitidz of both continents. Many of Limne-

idx, Physide and Planorbide on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean

are identical, or so near alike that they could hardly be separated if

mixed together.

I think, then, we may reasonably conclude that if the emigration

TILK NAUTILUS. LAS

of animals is generally toward the setting sun, it would be more

reasonable and more in harmony with this general law to base the

distribution of animal life on a westward movement across each con-

tinent, spreading north and south as food and climatic conditions

were found to be favorable to the existence of each class of creatures,

rather than upon a haphazard exodus of animals from Asia via

Bering Strait bridge.

Undoubtedly a few shells have been introduced into America from

other continents, but, after two centuries of close commercial inter-

course between America and Europe, we can count all the known

introduced land shells on the fingers. I venture to suggest that the

distribution of animal life is determined by the laws of attraction and

repulsion as much as the revolutions of the earth in its orbit around

the sun. There are life centres on each continent around which

animals revolve, and from which they radiate and to which they re-

turn, with possibly a westward tendency of these life centres. In

obedience to this law of attraction birds return each spring to their

old nesting places; some fish, like the salmon, return each season to

the rivers and creeks in which they were hatched to deposit their

spawn, and many other circumstances of a similar kind might be

cited in support of such a theory.

I have visited all of the islands off the coast of Southern Cali-

fornia, except San Miguel and Anacapa, for the purpose of collecting

shells, but before presenting a complete list of the land shells, I will

offer descriptions of some forms that seem to be undescribed.

In referring to the Helices I use the general term “ Helix,” under

which genus they have been described, and which, it seems to me, is

quite as suggestive, and certainly as useful, as the long cumbersome

names that have been recently adopted; leaving to others the choice

of half a dozen or more genera and subgenera to which they have

been referred from time to time by several distinguished eastern and

foreign conchologists.

[ To be concluded. |

A NEW AMNICOLA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Amnicola letsoni.

Shell small, elevated, solid, thick, white ; subimperforate, whorls

114 THE NAUTILUS.

44, more or less flattened laterally and inclined to be shouldered ;

smooth ; suture deep; spire short, less than one-third of the entire

length, apex obtuse; aperture small, ovate, angled above, rounded

below, flattened on the parietal margin, which is quite oblique to the

axis. Peristome thick, continuous, entirely free from contact with

the body-whorl in fully mature specimens.

Alt. 34, diam. 24, length of aperture 1} mill.

Alt. 3, diam. 2, length of aperture 14 mill.

Habitat: Goat Island, Niagara River, N. Y.

Amnicola sheldoni Pils. is the only species with which this can be

compared. The present species, however, is to be distinguished by

its flattened, shouldered whorls, deeper suture and more acuminate

spire. Six mature examples were found which, though differing

somewhat in the relative proportions of length and width, are, as a

whole, quite uniform. In four of them, the peristome is distinctly

separated from the body-whorl; in one, while continuous, it is so

close as to be almost adnate, while in the remaining specimen, the

parietal margin, although somewhat broken, seems to have been

appressed to the body-whorl for a short distance. Associated with

these specimens were two other examples quite similar, but much

more cylindrical in outline, less solid, and with the aperture less

angled posteriorly. Neither is quite mature, judging from the thin-

ness of the lip. In view of the considerable variation in these par-

ticulars in other well-known species of the genus, such as Amnicola

lustrica Pils. and of the few specimens now at hand, it is not deemed

advisable at the present time to do more than call attention to the

fact. Dr. Pilsbry, to whom some of the specimens were submitted,

suggests that, like Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pils., it is probably

an extinct species, and will be found in some quarternary bed along

the Niagara or some tributary creek.

The type specimens were collected by Miss E. Jennie Letson,

of Buffalo, N. Y., and the species is named in her honor.

EXOTIC MOLLUSKS IN CALIFORNIA.

BY JOSIAH KEEP.

In a recent pamphlet, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns speaks of twelve

exotic species of mollusks that have been found in California. Sev-

THE NAUTILUS. 115

eral of these are increasing rapidly. Recently two bright lads of our

‘Isaac Lea Chapter,’’ Masters Doe and Gifford, brought me fine

specimens of Modiola plicatula Lam. which they had found on the

southwestern shore of San Francisco Bay. They also guided me to

numerous colonies of Urosalpinx cinerens Say. on the Alameda

shore, which they had naturally mistaken for the native Ocinebra

circumtexta Stearns. They showed me several dead valves of Venus

mercenaria Linn. which they had picked up on the same shore, but

of which they had not been able to find living specimens. We can-

not, therefore, certainly add this species to Mr. Stearns’ list, but it

is quite probable that living forms of the same will soon be found in

deeper water.

Of the land species included with the twelve, two at least are be-

coming quite common. Zonites cellarius Mill. appeared abundantly

the past season in the college garden, and Helix aspersa Mull. I have

artificially propagated with much success, using a frame like a board-

covered hot-bed, and feeding with cabbage leaves and similar vege-

tables. I have now introduced several native species into the frame

and am awaiting the spring-time with much interest. Helix califor-

niensis Lea does not thrive, as it evidently sighs for the sands of

Monterey and the toothsome rattle-weed; but its near neighbor,

Helix dupetithouarsiti Desh., from Cypress Point, seems quite at

home, and is as happy as if it were shaded by the venerable trees on

that rocky promontory. Possibly it is because the frame is sheltered

by a hedge of tall cypresses, lineal descendants from the trees on

Cypress Point. I have often wished that the long and cumbrous

name of this species could be changed to the short and highly-

suggestive one, Helix cupressa, the cypress snail. But I suppose

that the law of priority is like the law of the Medes and Persians,

‘¢which altereth not.”

Mills College, Cal.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Clausilia Hiraseana n. sp. A Megalophedusa with the size and

general form of Cl. japonica, but strongly sculptured with rib-strie,

far coarser than in any other known Japanese species. The sub-

116 THE NAUTILUS.

columellar lamella is immersed and there are four strong palatal

plice. Length 29, diam. 6 mm. Okinoshima, prov. Tosa (Y.

Hirase).

Trishoplita Smithiana n. sp. Shell about the size and color of 7.

goodwint (Smith), but much more depressed, the spire low, convexly

conic, whorls 53, the last angular at the periphery, descending in

front; sculpture of slight growth-wrinkles and extremely fine,

crowded spiral striz. Aperture transversely oval, oblique; peris-

tome thin, expanded, reflexed below, the margins approaching,

parted by a parietal wall in length about one-fifth the circumference

of the peristome. Umbilicus open. Alt. 8, diam. 18, width of um-

bilicus 2 mm. Arakura, prov. Tosa (Mr. Hirase). Much more

depressed than 7, goodwint, with lower spire and wider umbilicus.

named for Mr. E. A. Smiru, who has given us several valuable

papers upon Japanese mollusks.

Ganesella myomphala var. omphalodes n. v. Similar to G. myom-

phala in color and texture, but much depressed and openly umbili-

cate, the columellar lip but slightly overhanging the umbilicus.

Alt. 19, diam. 32, width of umbilicus 8 mm. Omikado, prov. Inaba

(Mr. Y. Hirase). Specimens in the collection of Mr. Addison

Gulick show that in true myomphala the umbilicus is not always

wholly closed, but, unlike this variety, the columellar lip is flattened

and spreading.

Ganesella Wiegmanniana n. sp. Shell deeply and (for the genus)

openly umbilicate, much depressed, thick lens-shaped, angular at the

periphery, encircled by a faint reddish-brown band above the

periphery, surface somewhat glossy, sculptured with oblique growth-

wrinkles, but without spiral striae other than a few rather coarse,

irregularly-developed spirals sometimes visible on the base. Spire

low, convexly conoid; whorls 54, moderately convex, the last angular

at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath, but slightly descending

in front, more or less constricted behind the tip. Aperture oblique,

irregularly Junate-oval, the peristome white, narrowly expanded,

thickened within, the basal margin straightened, thickened or obso-

letely toothed in the middle; columellar end dilated, slightly over-

hanging the umbilicus.

Alt. 11, diam. 184 to 205 mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm.

Kochi, prov. Tosa (Y. Hirase).

This species is clearly distinct from the strongly carinated form of

THE NAUTILUS. a

G. japonica called patruelis or tabuensis by some authors, but which

is probably not really that species. The much depressed form like

a thick lens, the open umbilicus and want of spiral striz are its more

prominent features. It is named in honor of FriepRicH WI1E£¢-

MANN, of Jena, author of numerous and valuable works on the

anatomy of land snails.

A NEW LYROPECTEN.

BY W. H. DALL.!

The group of Pectinide named by Conrad Lyropecten, of which

P. Heermanni Conrad is the type, is known to have its precursors in

the Oligocene, to be in its developed form characteristic of the

Miocene of the Northern Hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic,

and to be represented in succeeding horizons only by degenerate

types which can hardly be referred to the same section of the genus,

though apparently descended from it.

The Pacific coast species hitherto known are P. Heermanni Con-

rad, 1855 (+ P. estrellanum Conrad, 1856, not 1857); P. magnolia

Conrad, 1857 (+ P. ecrassicardo Conrad, 1862). The first men-

tioned is a species of moderate size with no analogue in the Atlantic

Miocene; its exact horizon is still doubtful. The second, which cor-

responds in the West American fanna to P. Jeffersonius Say is

found in the upper or San Pablo horizon of California. From the

still newer (?) horizon of Rio Dell on the Eel River, California, Mr.

J. S. Diller of the U. S. Geological Survey has obtained a new form

of which this preliminary notice is given, not only as a new species

of interest but as one of the largest species of Pecten yet known, It

will be illustrated later in the Survey publications. It is the ana-

logue of P. Madisonius Say.

Pecten (Lyropecten) Dilleri n. sp.

Shell large, rather compressed, nearly orbicular with a relatively

short, straight hinge-line, dorsally rectangular, nearly smooth, sub-

equal ears, the posterior with three small riblets; a well marked

though shallow byssal fold; and moderately thick valves. The

right valve is somewhat more convex and strongly sculptured, bear-

1 By permission of the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

ing 29-30 high, narrow, T-rail-shaped ribs, flattened above, over-

hanging narrower, deep, nearly smooth channels; and with marked

concentric imbrication, fecble on top of the ribs but articularly scaly

at their sides. The sculpture of the left valve is less pronounced,

hidden in the matrix, but apparently similar. Alt. 192, lat. 175,

diam. about 35 mm. The lateral edges are slightly defective, the

submargins very narrow.

GENERAL NOTES.

HoLosrira MINIMA v. Martens.—In my opinion the northwest

Mexican forms referred to Holospira pfeifferi by Crosse and Fischer

and von Martens, are distinct from that central Mexican species ;

and as the varietal name mnor is preoccupied (7. teres v. minor),

the name minima of von Martens may be used.

Dr. von Martens describes var. minima as ‘dense tenuiter

lamelloso-costata, length 115 mm. only, 4 in the largest diameter ;

aperture 24 mm.; whorls 11, distinctly convex; color reddish-

yellow, the costae white.” The locality was not known, but the

figure shows the angular early whorls of the N. W. Mexican form

described as a variety of pfecffert by Fischer and Crosse, and I do

not doubt that the type came from that region.

The shells collected at Hermosillo, Sonora, by Reéemond, are

larger, alt. 125 to 155, diam. of penult. whorl 4 mm. The riblets

are rather stout and crowded, though not quite as wide as their

intervals, and number 82 to 34 on the penultimate whorl. These

ribs, or many of them, have the peculiarity so strongly developed in

Urocoptis elliotti and some other species, of being hollow, and there-

fore easily broken down, showing only the edges of the two lateral

lamine. There are 124 whorls, and the color is nearly uniform.

The internal column is perfectly simple and the lumen of the whorls

is free from folds or lamella of any sort.

Specimens sent by Mr. Fred L. Button, exact locality not given,

are a little smaller, alt, 114 diam. above aperture 4 mm., have 11 to

114 whorls, and decidedly coarser ribs, 25 to 26 on the penultimate

whorl.

Evidently the species is a variable one, and the varieties are

probably local.

Tryon’s figure of H. pfeiffer’ (Amer. Journ. of Conch. iii, pl. 15,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

fic. 34) is a bad copy of Pfeiffer’s figure of typical /. pfecfferi in

the Conchylien Cabinet, pl. 6, f. 31; but the specimens before him

were the N. W. Mexican form from near Hermosillo, collected by

Rémond.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Synopsis oF THE Famity TELLINIDA AND oF THE NORTH

AMERICAN Species. By Wittiam Heatey Datu. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii, pp. 285-326, 1900,

Some interesting notes on distribution and a list of the works re-

ferred to by dates in the text, is followed by a synopsis of the genera,

subgenera and sections, an annotated list of the species, and descrip-

tion of new species, illustrated by three plates.

From the eastern coast are recorded: Tellina interrupta Wood, 7.

laevigata LL. T. lineata Turt. (7. brasiliana Lam.), 7. radiata L.,

T. erystallina Wood, also on the Pacific coast. 7. kintea Con., T.

aquistriata Say, T. americana Dall (n. sp.), 7. fausta Donov., 7.

alternata Say, T. angulosa Gmel. (7. punicea Orb.), separated from

pink var. of alternata by the pallial sinus reaching the anterior

adductor scar. 7. georgiana Dall (n. sp.). 7. squamifera Desh.,

T. Gouldit Hanley, erroneously referred to the Pacific coast by author.

T. martinicensis Orb., T. magna Spengl., 7. tenera Say, T. tenella

Verr., 7. texvana Dall (n. sp.), 7. versicolor Cozzens, 7. sybaritica

Dall, 7. polita Say,' T. pauperata Orb., 7. tampaensis Conr., 7’,

mera Say, T. promera Dall (n. sp.), T. simplex Orb., 7. flagellum

Dall (n. sp.), Z. similis Sowb, (7. decora Say), 7. iris Say, T.

extlis Lam., T. candeana Orb.; Strigilla carnaria L., S. rombergii

Morch, almost identical externally with the preceding, but the

pallial sinus does not reach the anterior adductor scar. It seems to

be more plentiful than carnaria on the Florida coast. iS. flexuosa

Say, and pisiformis L.; Tellidora cristata Recl. The left valve is

the flatter; in 7. burnett?,Sowb. from the Pacific coast the reverse is

the case. Metis intastriata Say; Macoma constricta Brug., M.

krauset Dall. (n. sp.) MM. balthica Linn., circumboreal, JZ. calearea

Gmel., also on the Pacific coast, M. inflata Stimp., MM. cerina

C. B. Ad. MM. leptonoidea Dall, also on the Pacific. MM. mitchell/

1This name being preoccupied, Dr. Dall has adopted the MSS. name of Sayzi,

proposed by Deshayes, see Trans. Wagner Inst., Vol. iii, pt. 5, p. 1034.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Dall, W. phenax Dall (n. sp.), MM. tenta Say, MW. orientalis Dall, J.

Tugeliformis Dall (n. sp.), I. brevifrons Say, M. limulu Dall, M.

extenuata Dall (n. sp.).

The species of the western coast are: Tellina cumingii Hanley,

T. ide Dall, 7. lyra Hanl., 7. lamellata Cpr., T. reelusa, Dall.

(n. sp.), 7. declivis Sowhb., 7. pacifica Dall (n. sp.), 7. pristiphora

Dall (n. sp.), 7. rwbeseens Hanl., 7. viridotinecta Cpr., T. ochracea

Cpr., 7. brodentpii Desh... T. cognata C. B. Ads., 7. salmonea Cpr.,

T. merophis. ‘This is the T. gouldti Cpr. 1865, not of Hanley

1846.” TL. pazina Dall (m. sp.), T. amianta Dall (m. sp.), T.

maecnetlit Dall (n. sp.), TL. suffusus Dall (n. sp.), LT. carpentert Dall,

This is the vartegatus Cpr. 1864, not variegata Gmel. 1792,” T.

cerrostana Dall. (n. sp.), T. reeurvu Dall (n. sp.), T. modesta Cpr.,

T. virgo Hanley, T. buttont Dall, “ This is the var. obtusus Cpr.

1864, not T. obtusa Sowb. 1818.” T. lutea Gray, T. bodegensis

Hinds, 7. santarose Dall (n. sp.), Strégilla fucata Gld., S. sineera

Hanl., S. eieereula Phil., S. lentfeula Phil., Metis alta Conr. ‘+ This

is the Serobteularia biangulata: Cpr., and is also the Lutricola alta

of the same author.” MJacoma middendorffii Dall, this is M.

edentula Midd. 1851, not of Brod. & Sowb. 1859. MM. tncongrua v.

Mart., WV. Krauset Dall. This is Tellina lutea Krause, 1885, not of

Gray, 1828. JZ. edentula B. & S., M. sitkana Dall (n. sp.), ML tn-

flatula Dall, M. nasuta Con., M. carlottensis Whiteaves, J. Lotricha

Dall, W/. expansa Cpr., M. yoldiformis Cpr., M. alaskana Dall

(n. sp.), WZ. undulata Hanl., M. secta Conr., A. indentata Cpr., and

var. tenntrostris Dall (n. v.), A. elongata Hanl., I. panamensis Dall

(n. sp.), JZ. aurora Hanl.

Two NEw Cyrprezipa&. By Mrs. Acnes F. Kenyron.—Proe.

Mal. Soe. of London, vi, 68, Aug., 1900. Cyprea kanilawi is a new

species from the Hawaiian Islands. The description and figure

seem very close to a large sized (28 mill.) C. helvola L.; specimens

of this species from Hawaii differ considerably from those of the

Indo-Pacifie region. — Trtvia acutisuleata is described without habitat,

DESCRIPTION OF Two SPECIES OF CYPR&A, BOTH OF THE SUB-

Genus Trivia. By James Cosmo MELviL_.—Annals and Maga-

zine of Nat. Hist., Aug., 1900, p. 207. Both species were received

from Mr. Fred L. Button. C. (Trivia) galapagensis from Albe-

marle Isl., Galapagos, is a new peculiar form having a “shining

«nameled ecallosity over the whole centre of the dorsal region, com-

pletely obliterating the sulcus if any exists.” C. (Trivia) Buttoni is

a small globular straw-colored species with few, continuous ribs. Its

habitat is unknown.

THE NavuTILUS, XIV. PLATE I.

Kar Soma Sub-fossil

ye. ond Shells.

Fossin LAND SHELLS OF SAN NIcoLAS ISLAND, CAL.

Figs. 1, Hel tryonii, vars. major and minor Hemph. Fi ( is Hemph. Figs. 3, Heli

ndalis Hemph. Figs. 4 a, Succinea avara Say.; b, S. a. vermeta Say.; ¢, S. a. guadalupensis Dall.

THE NauTILus.

Von. XIV. MARCH, 1901.

= =: =

A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

Helix var. feralis Hemphill.

Shell imperforate, smooth, compact, globose, white (faded), con-

sisting of five convex whorls, the last with an obscure band at the

periphery, and slightly descending at the aperture ; spire elevated,

somewhat pointed; sutures well impressed; aperture oblique,

cramped, not effuse, about as wide as high; peristome reflected,

thickened, its face rounded, the basal portion in some of the speci-

mens slightly appressed to the body, its terminations very little

approached. Subfossil.

Diam. 18, <alt: 138 mm.; diam. 16, alt. 11 mm.; diam. 15, alt.

11 mm.; diam. 10, alt. 8 mm.

Habitat: San Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands.

The Santa Barbara Island specimens measure as follows: Diam.

15, alt. 10 mm.; diam. 14, alt. 9: mm.; diam. 124, alt. 74 mm.

This shell appears ‘to be somewhat rare. Thirty-five specimens

all told—good, bad and indifferent—were all I found in the week I

had on San Nicolas Island, and about ten occurred on Santa Bar-

bara Island.

The lot shows considerable variation in the elevation or depres-

sion of the spire, as well as in size, as will be seen by the measure-

ments.

I regard it as a variety of the very variable H. ruficincta Newe.,

but perhaps the species-makers would be better pleased to call it

distinct.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Helix var. sodalis Hemphill.

Shell umbilicated, very variable in size, white (faded), globosely

depressed ; whorls 5, the last flatly convex above and_ beneath,

smooth, under a good pocket lens appearing very minutely granu-

lated, falling slightly at the aperture ; spire a little elevated, obtusely

pointed; sutures distinct and moderately impressed; peristome

roundly thickened and reflected, its terminations approached and

joined by a thin callus, the basal one crowding the umbilicus ; aper-

ture subcircular, about as broad as high; umbilicus quite variable in

width, showing a portion of the penultimate whorl in some of the

specimens. Subfossil.

Diam. 14, alt. 8 mm.; diam. 12, alt. 6 mm.; diam. 10, alt. 5 mm.;

diam. 84, alt. 4 mm.; diam. 7, alt. 4 mm.

Habitat: San Nicolas Island, California.

If this interesting little shell was found in Colorado, New Mexico,

or along the eastern line of Arizona, it would very probably be called

an Ashmunella; if it had been collected in the Ohio Valley it cer-

tainly would be called a Polygyra; but as it is found away out here

on the western limits of the continent, conchologists will be highly

delighted to call it Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) ruficincta sodalis

Hemph. Sometimes there is certainly a great deal (of length) ina

name.

Besides the extreme variations in size, as shown by the measure-

ments, the larger forms show about the same extremes in the width

of the umbilicus. In the living state it must have been of about the

same color as #7. ruficincta Newc., as a few specimens retain the

rufus-colored lip and a very faint trace of a peripheral revolving band.

At my request, Dr. Dall compared a series of this shell with his

types of H. guadalupiana, and has kindly sent me the following

notes on the differences of the two forms:

‘‘The fossil helices are interesting. They are nearly related to

the recent cataling, and yet not quite the same. The large speci-

mens of No. 3 from San Nicolas are nearest, but have a different

shaped mouth, are more rounded at the periphery and rather more

elevated. The small form of No. 3 seems to be the same as your

No. 2, which are labeled guadalupiana var. sodalis. No. 1 is very

near guadalupiuna Dall, but more solid, more rounded and with the

upper and lower lips on the body further apart than in the guada-

lupiana proper.” “IT regard Gabbi as distinct, as the umbilicus is

THE NAUTILUOS. 123

closed and the shell more compact;-it is very close to facta.”

‘* Doubtless all are branches of one stem.”

It will be seen by Dr. Dall’s remarks that our shell stands closely

related to his cataline and guadalupiana, with very great differences

in size, besides those he has pointed out, which entitle our shell to a

name as a variety. As they are ‘‘ doubtless all branches of one

stem,” and as we have the stem in Helix ruficincta Newc., let us be

consistent, follow nature, and call all of them branches (varieties)

and not distinct stems.

Felix Tryonii major Hempb.

This variety is very much larger than any of the very many

specimens that I have collected. One of the specimens is globosely

depressed, with an effuse subcircular aperture and a prominent

tubercle on the basal portion of the peristome near the termination

of the columella. The peristome is thickened, not reflected, the

ends not approaching, but they are joined by a heavy callus. The

other specimen is narrower, with a conical elevated spire ; the aper-

ture is very oblique, laterally expanded, and wider than it is high;

the peristome is greatly thickened near the columella, but without a

tubercle, not reflected ; the ends are very much approached, no per-

ceptible callus joining them.

Diam. 30, alt..23 mm.; diam. 27, alt. 26 mm.

Habitat : San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.

Helix Tryonii minor Hemph.

The shell is very much smaller than the types, and shows about

the same differences in the elevation and depression of the spire and

in the form of the aperture as var. major. There is no tubercle on

the basal lip, which is very little thickened.

Diam. 17, alt. 13 mm.; diam. 164, alt. 135 mm.

Habitat: San Nicolas Island, Cal.; subfossil.

This small form is very close to Helix var. feralis.

Felix Tryonti maculata n. color-var.

Ground color ashy white, lighter beneath than above; the body

whorl and spire speckled with darker spots, banded or bandless at

the periphery, form variable in size; spire elevated or depressed.

Diam. 25, alt. 19 mm.; diam. 20, alt. 164 mm.; diam. 22, alt.

15 mm.

Habitat: Santa Barbara Island, Cal.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

I now offer a complete list of the land shells, their varieties, and

their range over these islands, as far as I know or have collected

them myself, with the single exception of Helix ayresiana, from San

Miguel Island:

Selenites Duranti Newe. Santa Barbara, San Clemente Islands.

Selenites Duranti catalinensis Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.

Zonites Shepardi Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.

Ariolimax columbianus stramineus Hemph. Santa Cruz Island.

Binneya notabilis J. G. Cooper, Santa Barbara Island, recent and

sub-fossil.

Helix ayresiana Newe. San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz

Islands.

Felix intercisa W. G. Binn., with varieties minor Hemph., elegans

Hemph., xepos Hemph., albida Hemph. San Clemente Island.

Helix Tryonti Newc. Varieties varius Hemph., nebulosa Hemph.,

fasciata Hemph., californica Hemph., albtda Hemph., maculata

Hemph. Santa Barbara Island.

Felix Tryontt var. major Hemph., minor Hemph. San Nicolas

Island.

Felix. Tryonti var. subcarinata Hemph. Santa Barbara Island.

Helix ruficincta Newe. Santa Catalina Island.

Helix ruficincta feralis Hemph. San Nicolas, Santa Barbara:

Islands.

Felix ruficincta Gabbi Newe. Santa Catalina, San Clemente

Islands.

Helix ruficineta facta Newc. Santa Barbara Island.

Helix ruficineta cataline Dall. Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara

Tsland.

Felix ruficineta sodalis Hemph.

* * x * * * *

Flelix kelletti Fbs. . Varieties (a) castaneus Hemph., nitidus

Hemph., multtlineata Hemph., frater Hemph., californica Hemph.,

Forbesii Hemph., bicolor Hemph. Santa Catalina Island.

Felix kelletti var. redimita W. G. Binn., hybrida Hemph., (6)

castaneus Hemph., clementin@ Dall, San Clemente Island.

Pupa clementina Sterki. San Clemente Island.

Pupa californica catalindria Sterki. Santa Catalina Island.

Pupa californica elongata Sterki. San Clemente Isiand.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

* * * * * * *

Sueccinea avara Say.

Succinea avara vermeta Say.

Suceinea avara guadalupensis Dall.

Succinea avara oregonensis Lea.

Suecinea avara rusticana Gld.

This completes the list of the land shells of these islands so far as

I know them.

The above arrangement of the Succineas may not meet the

approval of some conchologists, but these subfossils, as well as the

recent forms, go through those successive changes in the develop-

ment of the shell.

[ To be concluded. |

A NEW SPECIES OF SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Subemarginula Yatesii n. sp.

Shell large, coarse, strong, whitish gray, or pale olive green on

the fresher portions, especially a very narrow margin about the base;

sculptured with strong, not dichotomous, radial ribs, of which about

20 are primary, between each two of which lie from one to four

secondary riblets, most numerous at the sides of the shell; besides

these there is a very strong anal fasciole, higher and stronger ex-

ternally than any of the ribs, extending from the apex, and ending in

front at a notch about 3.5 mm. deep and rounded above and behind ;

the radiating sculpture is sharply and irregularly imbricated by the

rude and profuse incremental sculpture, which is too close and irre-

gular to form reticulation; apex small, pointed, not much elevated,

situated three-fifths of the way from the front to the posterior margin;

the fasciole descending from it swerves a little to the right of the

median line of the shell; interior white, the extreme margin pale

olive green but almost linear; anal furrow deep, extending nearly to

the apex, where it is lost in a very pale olive deposit of shelly

matter; margins crenulated by the sculpture ; muscular impressions

strong, the two recurved scars unequal, the right one larger. Lon.

of shell 51, lat. 36, alt. 18 mm.

This shell was received from Dr. L. G. Yates, of Santa Barbara,

126 THE NAUTILUS.

who obtained it from a dealer at Monterey, Cala., who asserted it to

have been obtained alive from the bay of Monterey. Two specimens

were obtained, which the possessor would neither lend nor sell; but

finally Dr. Yates succeeded in obtaining one of them, which he

courteously forwarded to the National Museum for examination.

It can only be compared with S. gigas von Martens, of Japan, in

which the furrow is obsolete, and there are no secondary ribs, and

the primary ribs are feeble, low, wide, and obsolete on the anterior

part of the shell. If the locality is confirmed, the species is a notable

addition to the Californian fauna.

VARIATIONS IN ODOSTOMIA.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

The question is frequently asked, why do we not have an up to

date work on New England shells? The answer can be made, but

only by one who is in the work. New England shells are fascinating

to study, very difficult to obtain and presenting curious resemblances.

Much work has been done, but there remains considerable more

before the small forms can be determined in such a way as to give a

true list of species. Such genera as Bela, Turbonilla and Odostomia

represent some of the problems of the New England fauna. During

the past two years the writer has been located at Branford, Conn.,

and opportunity is thus afforded for consultation with Prof. Verrill

and his assistant Miss Bush. These two have handled the great

mass of materials dredged by the Fish Commission, and one would

suppose all the fauna of New England would be exhausted. On

careful examination of the writer’s cabinet some half dozen new

species have been detected—several of these are Odostomias. One

is from Woods Holl, another from an isolated colony in Maine, one

from Prince Edward’s Island, ete. As these species will be described

in due time by Prof. Verrill we will not anticipate his work. Other

changes in the genus Odostomia will be noted by him, among them

some based on the following facts which the writer has been led to

observe. “ Binney’s Gould” gives the species O. ¢mpressa, bisuturalis

and ¢trifida as distinct species. Let us study the three. O. ¢mpressa

from Florida is a thick, deeply grooved shell, and at first sight

THE NAUTILUS. 127

appears as a very good species. Side by side with New England

specimens there is practically no difference except in the thickness of

the shell. That counts for nothing in determining a species. For

example take New England Purpura lapillus and see the thin paper

shell from one region and the heavy robust one from another locality.

Add now O, bisuturalis and trifida. What determines the species?

Revolving lines are interesting marks, but we have no standard,

variety iseverywhere. I take afew examples from my own cabinet ;

for convenience I will number the grooves from suture to the

shoulder on the last whorl 1, 2, 3, 4. Here are some results:

Branford specimens vary thus: 1000—1004—1200-1204-1234.

Woods Holl: 1000-1004—1200-1204.

Sheepscote River, Maine : 0000—1000-1200-1234--.

Prince Edwards Island: 1000-1234+.

The plus sign means that additional lines appear, usually less con-

spicuous, between the more usual grooves. Perhaps this list may be

altered, but I let it stand. There is so much difference, some

deeply grooved while others are faintly marked. The above is the

result of using a good lens and strong light across the lines. It looks

as if these three species would have to shake hands and be one. I

may add that the specimens from Maine and Prince Edward’s Island

are more deeply marked than the shells from southern New England.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Helicina osumiensis n. sp.

Shell depressed, convex above and below, bluntly angular at the

periphery, rather thin, red; striatulate, and under a strong lens

showing fine spiral strie. Spire low-conic, the apex obtuse.; whorls

4, scarcely convex, the last somewhat flattened above the peripheral

angle. Aperture oblique, irregularly semicircular, the peristome

very slightly expanded, upper margin nearly straight ; a moderately

thick, smooth callus on the base. Alt. 24, diam. 4 mm.

Kikai, province Osumi, southern Kiusiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Closely related to H. verecunda Gould (Otia Conchologia, p. 105)

from the Loo Choo Islands, but much smaller, with the basal callus

smooth, not roughened or pitted as in that species.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

HZ. verecunda is cream-white with. reddish streaks, or red with or

without whitish streaks ; the color ‘‘luteo-virens’”’ described by Gould

being due to the dried animal which shows through in places with a

dark green tint. The half dozen specimens of /. osumiensis before

me are uniform red.

Mr. Y. Hirase has distributed H, verecunda as No. 470, from Loo

Choo (Riu Kiu, or Ryu Kyu). The specimens agree with one of

Gould’s original lot, in the collection of the Academy. I suppose

they are from Okinawa Island. So far, we know scarcely anything

of the snail fauna of the other islands of the group. Recent sub-

sidence and breaking up into islands, of a ridge running from

Okinawa to Kiusiu is suggested by the close alliance of the southern

Kiusiu and Loo Choo faunas,

The Helicina hakodadiensis of Hartman (1890) has been rediscov-

ered by Mr. Hirase at Kayabe, Ojima, Hokkaido Id. (No. 595). It

is quite a distinct species, more angular at the periphery than other

Japanese forms, and with the ruddy color of H. oswmiensis and the

American H. occulta. H. hakodadiensis is, next to the last-named

species, the northernmost of its genus, its locality lying in about 42°

N. Lat., while occulta extends to about 44° N.

Felicina Reinti var. uzenensis n. var. Shell differing from HZ. reinit

Kobelt in being larger, pink or whitish-pink under a yellowish

chestnut-colored cuticle, which remains in shreds and streaks only,

and in the closely and deeply striated surface. Alt. 12, diam. 15 to

16mm. Nishigo, Uzen.

Vertigo Hirasei n. sp. A minute, ovate, glossy-brown species

with 445 whorls, the aperture having a parietal and a columellar

lamella, and two palatal folds, the lower larger, elongate, the upper

tuberculiform, sometimes obsolete. Alt. 1.5, diam. 1 mm. Yana-

gawa, prov. Chikugo, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Hirase, No. 570).

Buliminus callistoderma var. ogasaware n. vy. Similar to callisto-

derma in texture, sculpture and color, but distinctly longer, with 7

whorls, the spire perceptibly attenuated below the thick, obtuse

apex. Length 13, diam. 54, length of aperture 5 mm.; length 125,

diam. 52, aperture 53 mill. Ogasawara or Bonin Is. (Mr. Y.

Hirase, No. 602).

Buliminus eucharistus n: sp. Shell rimate, high-conic, solid,

purplish-brown, closely streaked. with whitish or yellow. Spire

straightly conic, the apex obtuse ; whorls 84—9, moderately convex,

ThE NAUTILUS. 129

sculptured with growth-wrinkles and in places faint spiral striae.

Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, purplish-black within, the peristome

white or flesh-colored, reflexed; parietal callus transparent; colu-

mella not perceptibly folded, oblique above, brown within. , Length

26.5, diam. 11, length of aperture 10.3 mm.; 25.5, 11, 11. mm.

Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 597). This is by all odds the

handsomest Japanese Buliminus, being remarkably rich in color for

the genus.

Buliminus luchuanus n. sp. Shell dextral, rimate, oblong-fusiform,

rather thin, dark brown, copiously streaked with ragged cream-

white stripes; obliquely wrinkle-striate and very minutely striated

spirally. Outlines of the spire a little convex, apex obtuse, whorls

84, moderately convex. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, orange-

brown within, the peristome white, reflexed ; columella oblique, the

margin dilated; parietal callus transparent and thin. Length 21,

diam. 7.5, length of aperture 8 mm. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase,

No. 598). Streaked like the sinistral Chinese B. Fulton 8. & B., or

like B. fasciolatus Oliv., of Rhodes.

Eulota (Aigista) Martensiana n. sp. Somewhat similar to £&.

Friedeliana, but more elevated, the whorls larger in calibre, more

slowly increasing, color darker, and sculpture stronger and more

dense. Spire low-conic, whorls almost 7, convex, the last slightly

earinate, shortly descending in front; sculpture rasp-like, consisting

of densely crowded, short, erect scales, which are not shaggy.

Umbilicus open, its width contained 34 times in that of the shell.

Aperture oblique, subcircular, one-fourth excised by the parietal

margin, lip narrowly reflexed, white. Alt. 104, diam. 174 mm.

Sedake, Osumi, Kiusiu Id. (Mr. Y. Hirase).. Named in honor

of Prof. E. von MArrens, of Berlin, whose wide-spread labors in-

clude several valuable papers upon the mollusks of Japan.

Eulota (Plectotropis) inornata n. sp. Shell umbilicate, the diam.

of umbilicus contained about 6 times in that of the shell, low conoid

with convex base, thin, somewhat translucent, pale corneous, sculp-

tured with slight growth-wrinkles and fine, close spiral’ striae.

Whorls 52, somewhat convex, the last with an acute, submarginate,

smooth, peripheral carina; hardly descending in front. Aperture

oblique, angular, the peristome thin, very narrowly expanded and

subreflexed below, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 6.3,

diam. 12.5 mnf. Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase).

130 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

VALLONIA PULCHELLA.—You may remember that in ’97 ] sent

you a note concerning the sudden appearance of Vallonia pulchella

in immense numbers in Pittsburg, Pa. A similar case has just been’

brought to my attention by a friend who lives about 6 miles out of

town. Sometime in September he found his front walk (stone) cov-

ered with “thousands of small shells,’? and about two weeks later

they appeared again. He saved a few for me and they prove to be

Vallonia pulchella. Are such occurrences common?—G. H. Crapp.

An ADDITION TO THE U.S. Lanp Snair Fauna.—For the past

three years I have had three adult and three young examples of a

Truncatella from Key West, Fla., collected by Hemphill, which I

had labeled, provisionally, 7. bi/abiata (they were sent as “ 7. pul-

chella var.’’), but which I was satisfied, from the very coarse and

widely-spaced ribs, were something else. Your Bermuda paper has

put me on the right track, as they agree perfectly with the “ key”

to and figure of Zruncatella clathrus Lowe, so we must add this

species to the U. S. fauna.—G. H. Crarp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Synopsis oF THE NA1ADES, OR PEARLY FRESH-WaArER Mus-

seLs. By Charles Torrey Simpson. viii + 544 pp. (Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xxii, 1900.) This work presents an epitome of the

author’s studies during many years upon the classification of the

fresh-water mussels, the synonymy of the species, and their geographic

distribution. It is, in fact, a continuation of the famous series of

synopses issued by Isaac Lea; an arrangement of the mussels, not

a work for the determination of species.

The classification of the family Unionidz is almost completely

original with Mr. Simpson, and it need not be said, must appear

strange to those acquainted with the old arrangement of the group.

The treatment of Mutelidg is less revolutionary. The fundamental

division of the Undonide rests upon the nodifications of the ovisacs,

or modified gill pouches of the female carrying the embryos; the

sculpture of the beaks of the shell also affording characters of great

value, being shown to be correlated with features of the soft anatomy.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Some 63 genera are recognized in the Unionidae, over two-thirds of

them being formed from the old genus Unio of authors, while

Margaritana has also been dismenbered. Anodonta is retained in

nearly its old limits, except that the South American forms have

been transferred to the genus Glabaris of the Mutelide, a change

made by Dr. von Ihering some years ago. While a large portion of

the genera are based upon the peculiarities of the ovisacs or other

internal organs, Mr. Simpson finds that ** when these are once dis-

covered and understood, it will be found on careful examination that

there are minor shell characters that correspond with those of the

marsupia”’ so that a vast number of species unknown anatomically

can be correctly grouped generically by the shells alone, although in

some cases the record is not thus easily to be read. This is about

the way the case stands in the Helictd@; and in fact tallies with con-

clusions reached by workers on widely diverse groups of mollusks.

The people who decry “mere shell characters”? as valueless, are

those who know little about them; but the fact remains that without

knowledge of the internal anatomy, the real significance and compara-

tive value of the shell characters could never have been discovered.

Practical conchologists should give Mr. Simpson’s system the test of

rearranging their species by it. We hazard little in saying that

once this is done, the naturalness of his generic groups will win gen-

eral acceptance for the new classification. In many cases one cannot

but be struck by the happy grouping of species which wever before

seemed to fit in anywhere.

Regarding the synonymy, Mr. Simpson seems to have exercised

fair and temperate judgment. He is no species-splitter, but on the

other hand, he has steered clear of an equally dangerous reef, which

has wrecked several promising investigators. In other words, he has

never allowed the reaction toward extreme “ lumping ”’ of species,

which followed the era of Lea, to warp his judgment. As it is, the

list of synonyms under some species, such as Unio complanatus,

tuomeyr, obesus, etc., is appalling. The treatment of the Lampsilis

parcus group is particularly commendable.

In the geographic relationships of the genera, a close affinity

between the groups of southeastern Asia and tropical Africa is stated

to obtain. This accords with the distribution of Ampullariide,

Viviparide, and many land shells such as Zonitide and Streptaxida.

The faunal relation between the mollusks of eastern Asia and

Sy THE NAUTILUS.

America, so conspicuous in land snails, also seems to hold in

Unionide. The discussion of the dispersal and migration of the

Unionide is one of the most interesting chapters, Mr. Simpson be-

lieves that the earliest Uniones had radial beak sculpture and carried

the embryos inthe inner gills; but these characters now persist

chiefly in austral species, such as the South American genera

(Hyriane) which have been replaced in the-north by forms with ex-

ternal, ovisacs and concentric beak sculpture (Untonine). The

genus Truncilla (‘Unio triangularis,” etc.) marks the highest differ-

entiation of Naiad life. Space denies further discussion of this topic,

which, though highly theoretical, is handled with firm grasp of the

facts and probabilities in the case.

Mr. Simpson’s synopsis is destined to work a revolution in the

study of fresh-water mussels, though there will naturally be opposi-

tion to the new ideas and methods among some reactionists. It is to

be hoped that a sufficient edition has been prepared to enable all in-

terested in the subject to obtain copies, and that a way will be

opened for Mr. Simpson to continue his work to its logical end in a

fully illustrated monograph of the ‘* naiades.”’

FRANCIS C. BROWNE.

It was only recently that the editors of THE Naurizus learned

with regret of the death of one of their old correspondents, Francis

C. Browne, which occurred at his home in Framingham, Mass.,

Jan. 9,.1900, in the 70th year of his age.

He graduated from Harvard College in 1851, and the same year

went to Florida, where he joined Prof. Agassiz’s party at Key West.

He camped in the Everglades and upon the Miami River, and

secured many rare and.valuable specimens. | Later he visited Labra-

dor and obtained many rare specimens ef birds. For several years

Mr. Browne would frequently send us boxes of shells for verification

or determination, and his enthusiasm and appreciation made the

work always a pleasure. He was also a devoted lover of birds,

being an associate member of the American Ornithologists’ Union

and an occasional contributor to “The Auk” and “ Nuttall Bul-*

letin.”’

He leaves a daughter, to whom we are indebted for the facts

of this brief sketch.

fae NAUTELUS.

Vor. XIV. APRIL, 1901.

No. 12.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF GLANDINA FROM JAMAICA.

BY HENRY VENDRYES.

Glandina (Varicella) Taylori, n. sp. Fig. 1.

Shell much elongated, oblong-fusiform. Not very shining, often

semi-pellucid, of a brown color, deeply-tinted with rose orange ; with

narrow dark, reddish-hued or chestnut transverse streaks, crossing

completely over all the whorls but not always extending

to the base of the last whorl, but always coincident with

and bordering the varices, of which there are four to five

upon each whorl. Shell sculptured with fine transverse

strie, which become more apparent on the upper shoulder

of the body whorl, next to the suture. Whorls 7, slightly

convex, but in most cases perceptibly flattened or con-

stricted at the periphery; the last whorl more than one-

half the entire length of the shell. Suture impressed

the edge somewhat crenulated at one margin by the in-

trusion of the transverse striz. Spire with the outlines

somewhat curvilinear, rather pointed at the summit,

Aperture not large, semi-ovate; labrum sharp, slightly

produced towards the middle and below that point, grad-

ually retreating, expanding and rounding off to meet the twisted,

arcuated and obliquely truncate columella. Length 23 to 25, greatest

diam. 7, or slightly less. Length of aperture 9, largest diam. 4 mill,

‘Habitat: Half Way Tree Pen, Parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica,

This shell resembles G. nemorensis in form but is considerably

larger. In the outline of the spire it comes between G. nemorensis

and G. similis, but it is larger than either of these species, The

134 THE NAUTILUS.

strige are slightly broader than in nemorensis and not nearly so broad

as in similis. In color it difters from both.

The shell is named in honor of Mr. C. B. Taylor, well known for

his work on the birds and for his attainments in the general natural

history of Jamaica, and by whom the species was first collected.

Glandina ( Varicella) deflorescens, n. sp. Fig. 2.

Shell elongated, sub-fusiform, turreted, shining; color rather pale

brown, generally with dark chestnut-brown, somewhat arcuated

streaks, a set of which run coincidently with the varices completely

across each whorl. The painting of the shell is singularly varied ;

each successive whorl presents at the start a semi-trans-

Fie. 2.

lucent, sharply-defined and pure white stripe, which grad-

ually passes into pale brown, then slowly deepens in color

as the whorl progresses, into a warmer tint and finally

merges into an intensely dark-brown stripe, covering the

varix forward, which varix marks the termination of a

stage of growth, This gradually changing color scheme

is always repeated between the several varices, but it is

less noticeable upon the upper part of the spire, although

actually traceable almost to the apex. Shell regularly

sculptured with not very crowded rib-like striz. Whorls

8, very slightly convex and obsoletely angular just below

the upper margin, which is crenulated by the passing

over of the stria. Suture moderately impressed. Last whorl a little

more than one-third the entire length. Outline of spire slightly

curvilinear; apex pointed. Aperture ovate, oblong, considerably

dilated at right side of base; labrum not sharp. Columella white,

straight, well truncated with a strong callosity deeply impressed and

folded by the entering striz and varices which pass to and over it

from the shell.

Total length, 17 to 184 mill., diam. 5. Length of aperture 6, diam.

2 mill.

This remarkable species is named in allusion to the singular char-

acter of its painting. I am indebted for examples to Mr. P. W.

Jarvis, who received them from Mr. Geo. Nutt, by whom they were

for the first time collected at Moore-Town in the Parish of Portland,

Jamaica. ,

The peculiarities of the columellar callus, impressed with the

THE NAUTILUS. 135

marks of the sculpture of the shell, and of the dilation of part of the

labrum on the right side of the base of the aperture, allies this species

with Glandina leucozonias and dominicensis, both of which occur in

the Parish of Portland in the extreme eastern part of the island.

POLYGYRA STENOTREMA WITHOUT A LIP-NOTCH.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. Bryant Walker has sent me for examination a specimen agree-

ing with Polygyra stenotrema in the main, except that the basal lip

is without the usual median nick or notch. The parietal lamella is

strong and high, as usual in the species. Form rather elevated.

Alt. slightly over 6, diam. 8.7 mm. It was taken by Mr. Walker at

Dalton, Georgia ; being the only stenotrema collected at that place.

In the collection of Mr. Geo. H. Clapp are two specimens, formerly

> which

in the James Lewis collection, labeled ‘*‘ East Tennessee,’

agree with Mr. Walker’s Georgia shell in lacking the lip-notch,

although in one a slight wide sinuation of the lip in place of it, is

perceptible. They measure 8 and 8.5 mm. diam., one with high, the

other moderately low spire. All of the specimens show hairs or their

traces, as in P. stenotrema, though not very conspicuously.

The lip-notch in the stenotrema species corresponds of course to

the space between the lip-teeth in 7rzodopsis, the thickened ledges on

each side of the notch being homologous with the basal and outer

teeth in such species as P. tridentata. These notchless shells there-

fore represent cases of confluence or concrescence of teeth, a some-

what rare occurrence in Helices.

The question arises, are these she!ls merely abnormal forms pro-

duced by some mantle injury or other abnormal condition, or do they

represent a rare race of which the notchless lip is characteristic?

The former alternative seems most probable, except that the shell

and lip seem quite without trace of any evidence of a diseased con-

dition of the mantle, which is usually manifested by some roughness

in the deposition of lime at the lip, or irregularity in the cuticle be-

hind it.

However, the question is not one to be decided off-hand, but by

the examination of more material; and I would ask collectors to go

over their specimens of P. stenotrema and allied species, and report

136 THE NAUTILUS.

full results to Tue Nautizus. Locality of specimens and number

examined from each locality should be given, as well as the occur-

rence of specimens without the notch. Any other notable variation

might also be noticed; and negative results, so far as regards the

matter of the notch, will be useful. The entire results can then be

collated and published in THe Navrtitus.

A CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY —Consinued.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

As the original locality, ‘‘ Santa Barbara,” given for Helix kelletti,

Fbs., is undoubtedly a mistake, some writers on our land shells have

referred that shell to Santa Barbara island, which is equally as erro-

neous. Santa Barbara island is about one or one and one-half miles

long and perhaps one mile wide, and quite easy of exploration. On

my first visit to it, 25 years ago, I was left there alone for seven

days, while the vessel went to San Pedro to be cleaned and repaired.

During that time I explored every part of the island, collecting the

land shells, which was the especial object of my visit. Last August

I made another visit to that island for the same purpose, and gave

four days more to collecting the land shells, and during these eleven

days not a single specimen of Helix kelletti was found, and as dead

Felix tryonii may be picked up by the thousands, and as no shell of

that description was mentioned in Forbes’ report of the ‘* Herald and

Pandora” surveying expedition or voyage, during which time the

original kellett? was collected, we may reasonably suppose that the

vessels of that expedition did not even visit Santa Barbara island.

It is quite interesting and instructive to note the various opinions

that have been expressed from time to time by distinguished con-

chologists on this matter. In the Am. Jour. of Conch., vol. 4, pl. 4,

p. 214, 1868, Dr. J. G. Cooper writes: ‘ Kellett’s specimens were

probably from one of the small islands off the coast of the peninsula

(Lower Cal., H. H.), though credited to ‘Central America,” and

were a dwarfed form, the species attaining its highest development

on Catalina island, within this state (Cal., H. H.), not Santa Bar-

bara island, as stated by Newcomb, where tryonz replaces it.””

‘Prof. A. Wood found specimens on the summit of a mountain

twelve miles east of San Diego, and at one or two thousand feet ele-

THE NAUTILUS. LST

vation, which although much smaller were finely colored, more like

the original type, or like Mr. Gabb’s stearnstana.”

In his Manual of American Land Shells, p. 150, Mr. W. G. Bin-

ney credits H. kelletti Fbs. to San Diego, Santa Catalina Island,

San Nicolas Island in the California region ; ‘also 12 miles east of

San Diego at 2000 feet elevation,” and remarks, ‘ The specimen

figured is from Catalina Island. Iam positive it is correctly referred

to kellett’.””, “ Forbes’ original figure is copied in Terr. Moll., V.”

On turning to Terr. Moll. v., I find the figure identical with the one

in his Manual, on page 149, which is undoubtedly the Catalina

Island form. I may add here that I found no specimens of H. kel-

lett? on San Nicolas Island, but my time and operations were lim-

ited while there to the south end of that island.

Ina paper published in the Proceedings of the Academy Nat. Sci-

ences of Philadelphia, 1900, entitled, “‘ Additions to the Insular

Land-Shell Faunas of the Pacific Coast,’ ete. Dr. Dall writes of

H. kellett’, “ the typical #. kelletti is that found in the vicinity of San

Diego. It has six whorls and they are well rounded. It differs

from the Catalina Island form, in its less flattened and more inflated

whorls, more dome-like spire, smaller size and browner aspect, the

contrast between the upper and lower sides of the last whorl being

less marked. Specimens from Coronado Islands are like those from

San Diego. The National Museum has this species only from the

above-mentioned three localities authentically. “Santa Barbara,’

frequently mentioned as a locality, should read ‘‘ Santa Barbara

Islands,” as it is improbable that the shell occurs at the town of

Santa Barbara on the mainland. A lot in the National Museum are

labelled, ‘* Oregon City,’ Shumard, which is, of course, an error,

If the San Diego and Coronada Islands forms are accepted as the

typical HZ. kelletti Fbs., as suggested by Dr. Dall, then A. stearnsiana

Gabb. must fall into the synonymy of that species, notwithstanding

the former is said to have six, and the latter five whorls ; and then

the Catalina Island form would be undescribed or rather unnamed.

Some of the Catalina specimens are an exact imitation of San Diego

and Coronado Island examples in coloring, as well as in size.

stearnsiana, at Santo Tomas, and on Todas Santos Islands, lower

California, attains a greater size than any specimens of H. kelletti

that I have ever seen, and associated with them individuals occur as

small as the San Diego or Coronado Island forms.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his usual thorough manner, ventilates

this matter of the locality of HZ. kelletti in a paper published in the

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, May, 1881, entitled,

‘* Helix aspersa in California.’ He quotes the following from Dr. Car-

penter’s Report on the Mollusks of the West Coast of North Amer-

ica. ‘* Among the wasted opportunities of obtaining very valuable

information on geographical distribution must unfortunately be re-

corded the surveying voyage of the Herald and Pandora, Capt.

Kellett, R.2N:-C. B., and. Lieut.: Wood, RB. Nv?

‘“* Here was an exploration in competent hands on the very incog-

nita itself; and yet, alas! Prof. E. Forbes further states that unfor-

tunately the precise locality of many of the individual specimens had

not been noticed at the time, and a quantity of Polynesian shells

mingled with them have tended to render the value of the collection,

as illustrative of distribution, less exact than it might have been.”

The following also from Dr. Carpenter’s report refers to the local-

ity of some of the land shells:

‘Helix pandorz Forbes. Santa Barbara, as per box-label. San

Juan del Fuaco, teste Forbes.

«_______ kelletti’ Fbs. Allied to H. californiensis Lea, same

locality.

‘e aspersa. Marked Santa Barbara, probably imported.”

To the above Dr. Stearns pertinantly remarks: ‘‘ The closing line

of Dr. Carpenter hardly justifies the previous remark, ‘an explora-

tion in competent hands.’ ”’

Dr. Stearns further remarks: ‘+ Binney, in the volume quoted,

properly credits H. pandore to ‘ Margarita Bay, Lower California.’

Forbes’ habitat of this species is only seventeen hundred miles too

far north, and of kedlett’, eleven hundred.’’

‘Another distinguished author has placed the Lower Californian

Helix levis on the Columbia River

near the north pole.”

As Helix stearnsiana Gabb is so closely related to H. kelletti Fbs.,

I will add the following :

Mr. Binney, in the Manual Am. Land Shells, says of H. stearnst-

ana: It has 5 whorls, the measurements are given as, greater diam.

about fifteen hundred miles too

22, lesser 17 mm., height 12 mm. Tryon, in his Manual Conchology,

writes, whorls 5, diam. 22 mm.

Mr. Gabb describes the shell in the Am. Jour. Conch. as having

THE NAUTILUS. 139

54 whorls, gives no measurements, and remarks: ‘ As compared

with H. kelletti Fbs., this shell has not the peculiar flat sloping top to

the whorls so characteristic of Forbes’ species, the mouth is much

less oblique, the umbilicus is not covered, nor are the ends of the lip

connected by either callus or plate over the body whorl. I have

made minute comparisons of a large series of the present species, with

specimens in the collection of Dr. Newcomb labeled Kelletti Fbs., and

sent to him by Hugh Cuming.”

‘Another point of difference is the locality. Forbes’ species has

never been found farther south than San Diego, and its true habitat

is probably on one of the islands of the coast, while our, species is

essentially a Lower Californian, being found under stumps of Maguey

from St. Tomas to a little beyond Rosario.”

I may add here that the form we call stearnsiana is very variable

in size, though quite constant in general coloring. ‘To show these

variations in size I add the measurements of two specimens I col-

locted myself at Santo Tomas, in Lower California, Gabb’s original

locality. The largest measures, great diam. 31, alt. 23 mm.; small-

est specimen, great diam. 22, alt. 16 mm.

I have quoted from these eminent conchologists not only to show

how much they differ in their opinions about the locality and form

of H. kellett’, Fbs., and Helix stearnsiana, Gabb, but because their

’ writings have become a part of the history of this shell (//. kedlett?)

‘¢ without a country.”

One fact is sure, the exact locality of H. kellett’, Fbs., is lost, and

suppositions, probabilities and surmises count for nothing in this case.

As Catalina Island is the nearest point to Santa Barbara, one of

Forbes’ localities for kellett’?, where that shell is known to exist, and

as it has been largely distributed as the typical form, I think it will

be wise to let it remain so, and not attempt any change. If we make

the San Diego shell the typical kell/etti, then stearnsiana must fall

into the synonymy of that species, for no one with a good series of

these shells to study from can by any character whatever separate

them. Even some of the Catalina Island shells are an exact imita-

tion in general coloring of the San Diego and Coronada Island

stearnsiana, and with the same number of whorls.

While upon this chapter of errors, blunders and mistakes, I will

call attention to such expressions as the following that occasionally

appear in print: “ Californian conchologists call such a shell ‘so and

140 THE NAUTILUS.

999

so. ‘« West Coast conchologists are in error,” ete., etc. One

esteemed correspondent quite recently wrote me, “ Some West Coast

’

conchologists are a little mixed.’”’ When we understand that most

all West Coast conchologists have depended on the ‘‘ Wise men of

the East ” for the names and all that pertains to the study of con-

chology, and that many of their mistakes are simply a reflection back

to the East of the blunders that bave been sent out to the West by

Easterners, we can see just where the smile comes in. My own

experience of thirty-five years “on these lines” has two sides to it,

one very pleasant and the other very exasperating. I fear there

have gone out of my shell den some expressions for which I cannot

be held responsible, for in my way of thinking the provocation has

been very great.

The fact is we all make blunders and mistakes, and West Coast

conchologists do their share; but when we follow monographs pub-

lished by Eastern conchologists that contain mistakes, and when we

depend on Eastern conchologists for the names, and many of these

names prove to be erroneous, it seems hardly fair to refer to West

Coasters in such a way that those who do not know all the facts

would think that West Coast conchologists were nothing but a lot of

blunderers. ‘ Wise men of the East,” please take a rest, and pick

the beam out of your own eye!

NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPHERIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

During the last seven years I had chances to examine tens of

thousands of Spheria and Calyculine, alongside with the Pisidia,

owing to the efforts and the kindness of many conchologists and

partly to my own collecting. Yet I refrained from publishing any-

thing on the subject before I should have acquired some knowledge

about the range of variation of the several species, almost endless in

some instances. There are some new forms, however, so very differ-

ent from those published that they must be named and described.

Spheerium crassum, n. sp. Mussel large, strongly inflated, almost

equipartite, somewhat rhomboidal in perpendicular outline; beaks a

little anterior, large and full, slightly flattened on top, prominent

over the hinge line; superior margin rather strongly, inferior mod-

THE NAUTILUS. 141

rately curved; scutum and scutellum distinct with slight projecting,

rounded angles at their terminations, the one at the scutum being

less marked in full-grown specimens; anterior and posterior ends

almost equally, obliquely truncated, especially in specimens not quite

mature, while in the adult the posterior end forms more a regular

curve from the beaks down to the rather low-situated rounded end;

surface with rather sharp, fine and crowded sulcations, usually some-

what coarser on the beaks, dull or with a slight gloss; a few strongly

marked lines of growth; color grayish or whitish-brown in the young,

and the same in slightly marked marginal zones of older specimens

plumbeous in half grown, and reddish or brownish, or smoky-brown,

in the adult, with narrow, darker zones on the lines of growth; shell

thick, muscle insertions distinct, nacre white, almost porcellaneous,

with bluish zones corresponding with the lines of growth; hinge

strong, plate rather broad, cardinal teeth comparatively large, the

right strongly curved, emarginate at the free edge, its posterior part

thick, slightly to deeply grooved; the inferior in the left valve short,

curved, the superior shorter to longer than the inferior, moderately

posterior, oblique, little curved; lateral teeth strong, those of the left

valve with very high pointed cusps, ligament rather large, covered.

Size: long. 15, alt. 11.5, diam. 9.5 mill.

Long. 14, alt. 11.5, diam. 9 mill.

Habitat: Carp Lake, near Mackinaw City, Michigan, collected

by Mr. Bryant Walker.

This is aremarkable Sphaerium. It stands near some large forms

of stamineum, yet by its shape, large diameter and very large beaks,

is different ; S. solidulum is more rounded in its outlines, less inflated,

its beaks are smaller, and the suleation is coarser. In its surface

appearance, sulcation and color, our species resembles S. simile, but

is much shorter, comparatively, its beaks are higher, the hinge mar-

gin is more curved and the hinge very much stronger.

Spherium walkeri n. sp. Mussel small, well inflated, almost equi-

partite; beaks little anterior, rather broad, rounded, not high, some-

what projecting over the hinge margin; the latter rather short, little

curved ; scutum and scutellum scarcely marked, with slight, project-

ing rounded angles; inferior margin slightly curved; anterior end

well rounded, passing into the inferior without any indication of an

angle; posterior slightly truncated obliquely, passing into the inferior

with a low situated, rounded angle; surface with very fine, some-

142 THE NAUTILUS.

what irregular striation, also on top of the beaks, shining ; color yel-

lowish to brownish horn; shell thin; translucent; muscle insertions

slightly marked ; hinge rather short, slightly curved, fine, plate nar-

row; the right cardinal tooth little curved or almost straight, thin ;

the left inferior, short, slightly curved, the superior longer, rather

posterior and curved down at the posterior end; lateral teeth fine,

the outer ones in the right valve quite small, those in the left valve

with short sharp cusps; hgament small.

Size: long. 5.5, alt. 4.5, diam. 3.4 mill. (largest specimen, long.

4.6, alt. 4, diam. 3.2 mill. and probably full grown.)

Habitat: Lake Michigan, off New York Point, in deep water,

dredged by Mr. Bryant Walker, at 24 meters.

The present Spherium ranges under the group Corneola, with

Sph. rhomboideum Say and occidentale Pr., but is quite distinct from

both, not only by its small size; from the former it is distinguished

by its well-rounded anterior part, from the latter, by its broader, less

prominent beaks and the oblique posterior end. It has some resem-

blance, in shape, with some forms of Sph. corneum Lin. of Europe,

but is very much smaller, its beaks are somewhat different and so is

the surface appearance.

The specimens were first seen in November, 1894, and then re-

garded as representing a new species, and named in honor of Mr.

Bryant Walker, the indefatigable scientist and collector to whom we

owe so much conchological knowledge.

A NEW PINNA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

No species of the Pinn/de has hitherto neen known from Cali-

fornia, or reported from any point more northerly than the Gulf of

California on the Pacific coast. It was therefore a surprise when I

received from Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd a specimen taken alive by fish-

ermen in 25 fathoms, San Pedro Bay. This is rather an excep-

tional depth for a species of its solid and heavy character, the deep

water Pinnidg usually belonging to the small, delicate and spinose

forms, and the coarse imbricate species being more commonly found

gregariously, at no great distance below low water mark, where their

sharp edges have often been referred to as injurious to small boats

landing in the shallow water. The present form belongs to the genus

THE NAUTILUS. 143

Atrina, characterized by the absence of any slit in the umbonal part

of the shell, such as is found in all the typical Pinnas.

Atrina oldroydii n. sp.

Shell solid, heavy, blackish-gray, subtriangular, rather inflated ;

umbonal end slender (somewhat defective in the specimen); hinge

margin straight ; ventral margin contracted in front, convexly arcuate

behind; posterior margin arched; exterior smooth, except for more

or less concentric wrinkling on the ventral side and numerous rather

fine imbricate elevated ridges (about 38) radiating from near the

umbo on the dorsal and middle portions of the valve, not extending

to the ventral surface and obsolete over the distal fourth of the valve ;

the scales or spines are worn off, but appear to have been numerous

and small; interior of a livid dark olive gray, with a lurid iridescence

over the visceral area, the ventral edge of which extends in a zigzag

line almost directly anterior from the ventral edge of the rather

small adductor scar, leaving more than a third of the ventral surface

of the inside of the valve exterior to the visceral area. Length of

ventral margin 238 ; of dorsal margin 175; of the distal margin 156;

maximum diameter of the valves 63 mm. J.ength of the visceral

area from the umbo 172 mm. The byssus is quite small and of a

dark blackish-brown color.

The form of the visceral area, which in these shells is generally

regarded as a pretty constant character, is entirely different from that

of any of the other described Pacific coast species. In the form

which, as described, comes nearest to A. oldroydii (A. tuberculosa),

has the posterior margin of the visceral area forming a straight line

from the dorsal nearly to the ventral margin of the valves.

The present species appears to be an analogue of our Atlantic

coast A. serrata Sowerby, but as regards the exterior characters prob-

ably submits to a variation which only the study of a larger number

of specimens wil! enable us to determine.

Though not a particularly handsome shell, this is one of the most

notable among the many additions made to the mollusk fauna of Cal-

ifornia in recent years.

ALASMODONTA MARGINATA, SAY, AND A. TRUNCATA, WRIGHT.

—In his “ Synopsis of the Naiades,”” Mr. Simpson says the former is

from ‘* Lower St. Lawrence, southward in streams draining into the

144 THE NAUTILUS.

Atlantic to South Carolina; the latter, ‘* Upper Mississippi drain-

age, Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee systems; Michigan, Upper

St. Lawrence drainage.”’

In his description (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., I., p. 459) Mr. Say

gives the Scioto river as the locality of the types of ‘‘Alasmodonta

Ls)

marginata,” and states that the types are in the Academy collection.

There is one good specimen in the collection of the Academy, of the

truncata species, labeled A. marginata, Say, from the Scioto river.

Mr. Say must have been familiar with the eastern form. Did he

decide to change the name of the western truncate form to ‘ trun-

cata’? and let **marginata” cover the eastern form? Probably no

one living can answer this question, but we can imagine it answered

in the affirmative, and label the Atlantic slope shell ‘ marginata,

Say,’

Simpson’s magnificent synopsis—CuarLes LeRoy WHEELER.

>and the Ohio shell ‘truncata, Wright,” in accord with Mr.

GENERAL NOTES.

TRIVIA PAUCILIRATA Sowb.—Some months ago, upon looking

over some small shells labeled ‘* Sarasota Bay,’ which have been

for many years in my collection, unidentified and collector unknown,

I noticed a very small 7rivia which seemed to correspond to Sower-

by’s description of 7. paucilirata, a well-marked species. Upon

sending it to Mr. Melvill, he has confirmed my opinion and _ pro-

nounces it an undoubted representative of that species, the habitat

of which seems to have been hitherto unknown, at least so far as the

Frep L. Butron.

monographs would indicate.

EpriPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA.

—During a short yachting cruise south, on San Francisco Bay, we

anchored during the night of Feb. 16, 1901, at Point San Mateo,

San Mateo Co. As it rained quite heavily during the night I an-

ticipated that snails would be out in force on the heavily wooded

slope of the point, so landed for a hunt inthe morning. I saw under

the eucalyptus and pine trees hundreds of specimens of Hpiphrag-

mophora arrosa Gld., Epiphragmophora californiensis nickliniana

Lea, and Circinaria vancouverensis Lea, of which I secured numerous

fine specimens. I also found, to my great surprise, two fine speci-

mens of Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray, hitherto recorded as being

found from Humboldt and Shasta Cos., Cal. to Vancouver Island.—

Epwarp W. GIFFORD.

TERE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XV

MAY, 1901,to APRIL, 1902

ee Ee

a 57, ((4

PHILADELPHIA

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON

INDEX

fae NAUTILUS VOL. XY.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES.

Adamsiella jarvisi Henderson, n. sp. . ‘ : ae

Aglaja purpurea (Bergh), at Sah Pedro, Cal. : 3 sa be

Alabina Dall, a new name for Blackhat Dall & Simpson . 127

Alasmidonta marginata Say : : , : ; 16, 47

Amphidromus levus Mill. . ; ; ‘ : : aa)

Anomia aculeata Gmel. : : : - : : . 130

Anomia glabra Verr. . : ‘ ; ; . 130

Aperostoma sanctemarthe P. & C. ese) Uae : : . 134

Aperostoma smithi P. & C.,n. sp. : : : 2 SS

Aplexa hypnorum var. tryoni Currier ; q : 2 EZ

Aquillus Montf. = Lampusia Schum. , ; ; : . 108

Arca pexata Say ; : , : ‘ ; : ade

Arca transversa Say . : : 2 ; ? f = -93

Ashmunella, an evolving. : ; : ‘ : 7°30

Ashmunella antiqua Cockerell . : ; ; : 110

Ashmunella, notes on : : ; ; : : 109

Ashmunella porter, Cockerell . : ; 3 : 109, 110

Ashmunella thomsoniana Cockerell . . : SUS rLO

Bittium (Elachista) californicum Dall, n. sp. . : praise

Bythinella obtusa Lea, the synonymy of . 4 : SoU

Cantharidus, notes on two species of . : ; : ae

Carychium cymatoplax Pils., n. sp. . . ; . 23

Cepolis milleri Pfr. . ; as SG

Ceratodiscus solutus Simp. & Hendareont n. Paes a | ata oi (2

( iii )

lV THE NAUTITUS.

Cerion marmoratum Pfr.

Chiton, an abnormal

Chiton, a new Triassic :

Chloritis perpunctatus Pils., n. sp.

Chondropoma hjalmarsoni Pir

Cincinnatia emarginata (Kust.) .

Circinaria ponsonbyi P. & C.,n. sp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi clara P. & C., n. var.

Colombian Clausilia, a new

Colombian Pleurodonte, a new

Correspondence .

Crandall, Orestes A.

Crenella glandula

Ctenopoma hydii Weinl.

Cyclotus hirasei Pils., n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) EbaOEone Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) cognata Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Anoma) inusitata Vendryes, n. sp. .

Cylindrella (Anoma) propinqua Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) instabilis Vendryes, n. sp.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea var. perplexa, Vendryes,

n. var.

Cypreea citrina Gray

Dean, George W.

Diplommatina cassa Pils., n. sp.

Diplommatina dormitor Pils., n. sp.

Diplommatina insularum Pils., n. sp. .

Diplommatina kobelti Ehrm :

Diplommatina yakushime Pils., n. sp.

Elachista, note on the name

Ennea iwakawa var. yakushime Pils., n. var.

Epiphragmophora kellettii, on Santa Catalina Is.

Euconulus fulvus Drap. : f

Eulota (Coelorus) caviconus Pils., n. sp.

Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina Pils.

Fortune Island, Bahamas, land shells of

Ganesella adelinz Pils., n. sp.

Ganesella optima Pils., n. sp.

Ganesella sororcula Pils., n. sp. .

THE NAUTILUS. vi

Ganesella tanegashime Pils.,n. sp. . : : : GS

Gastrodonta clappi Pils. . : d . : 5 aie

Georissa luchuana Pils.,n. sp. . : : ‘sabe 3b

General notes. : : 8, 35, 46, 11, 83, 119, 144

Glandina callista P. & ©. insspe ; ; , : . 133

Goniobasis virginica in Maskndhubente : ; : 8s

Great Barrier Reef, a day on the : : : ; PST

Haiti, a new land operculate from P ; ‘ : ea i

Haiti, collecting in. : : ‘ : : SERLS

Helicina cacaguelita P. & C., n. sp. . J ‘ : JMLRE

Helicina santaemarthe P. & C.,n.s. . L * 136

Helicostyla carinata Lea, and H. dactylus Bvadi : URES

Helix aspersa increasing in California ; : : og

Hirasea Pils., n. gen. . : ; s : ; ; » TLS

Hirasea chichijimana Pils., n. sp. : é é : ELD

Hirasea diplomphalus Pils., n. sp. ; : : . . 142

Hirasea goniobasis Pils.,n. sp. . : ‘ . : . 142

Hirasea nesiotica Pils.,n. sp. . ; F ; , ALG

Hirasea sinuosa Pils.,n. sp. : : ‘ ‘ : us

Hirasiella Pils., n. gen. ; : : ‘ ‘ : . 142

Hirasiella clara Pils., n. sp. : é : : : . 143

Hyatt, Alpheus . : : . 148

Ischnochiton conspicuus Ope (with six paleoaye , 3, 144

Jamaican Adamsiella, a new : ; ; : ; Ww G49

Jamaican land shell, a new . 2 : ee 2,

Jamaican Bleirodonts! a new species and ao Species of ON

Jamaican Urocoptide : : : ‘ 5 ‘ al |

Japan, new land shells from : ‘ : , J - V8 e016

Japanese Vivipara in California , : : : ; e951

Kaliella austeniana Pils., n. sp. . ; , : ; eT 20

Kaliella ruida Pils.,n. sp. . ; ‘ : : ; Lar

Kaliella yaeyamensis Pils., n. sp. p : : : ge A

Lampsilis sapperi v. Ihering n. sp... 4 ’ ; BS 50

Latrunculus Gray = Eburna Lam. ‘ : : . 108

Limax montanus Ingersoll. : : : 29

Limnaea ampla Mighels, the original igealny a ; , LaF

Limnaea auricularia in America , ; : . 59

Limnaea emarginata Say var. montana Elrod, n. var. Bae (a)

Limnaea nuttalliana Lea + . 4 : be 589

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Limnea palustris Mill.

Limnea reflexa jolietensis Baker, n. var.

Limnea stagnalis L. var. appressa Say

Liomesus nassula Dall, n. sp. :

Loo Choo Islands, new land shells from the

Lucapina ercndlnts Sowb., animal of .

Lucina, a gigantic fossil

Lucina megameris Dall, n. sp.

Macrochlamys cerasina Pils., n. sp.

Mandarina exoptata Pils., n. sp.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

Meseschiza grosvenorii Lea, Notes on

Microcystina hahajimana Pils., n. sp.

Modiolaria discors L.

Modiolus hamatus Say

Modiolus modiolus L.

Modiolus plicatulus Lam. :

Mollusks, the approximate number of

Monoplex Perry = Ranularia Schum

Montana, collecting shells in

Mytilus edulis L.

Mytilus pellucidus Penn.

Navanax inermis Cooper,

Nenia smithiz Pils., n. sp.

Ostrea borealis Lam. .

Ostrea virginica Lam.

Pecten irradians Lam.

Pecten tenuicostatus Migh. and Ae

Physa anatina Lea

Physa ancillaria Say

Physa ampullacea Gould

Physa billingsi Heron

Physa brevispira Lea

Physa crassa Walker .

Physa crocata Lea

Physa cubensis Pfr.

Physa deformis Currier

Physa distorta Hald.

Physa elliptica Lea

. 110

885

18, 61

Spey,

Pass

. 106

104

. 105

. 46

. 108

86, 103, 110, 129

ihe

87, 39

eel

. 131

alg

. 118

42, 128

THE NAUTILUS.

Physa elliptica minor Crandall, n. var.

Physa forsheyii Lea

Physa globosa Hald.

Physa grosvenorii Lea

Physa gyrina var. albofilata Ancey

Physa gyrina Say

Physa heterostropha Say

Physa heterostropha alba Crandall, n. var.

Physa hildrethiana Lea

Physa integer Hald.

Physa lordi Baird

Physa magnilacustris Walker

Physa microstoma Hald.

Physa niagarensis Lea

Physa oleacea Tryon .

Physa parkeri Currier

Physa philippi Kuster

Physa plicata DeKay

Physa pompilia Conrad

Physa rhomboidea Crandall, n. a

Physa sayi Tappan

Physa solida Phil.

Physa tenuissima Lea

Physa troostiana Lea

Physa vinosa Gould

Physa walkeri Crandall, n. sp.

Physa warreniana Lea

Physe, the American

Pisidium affine Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium strengii Sterki, n. sp.

Pisidium variabile Prime

Pisidium virginicum Gmel.

Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, n. var.

Planorbis parvus Say

Planorbis trivolvis Say

Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh, n. -

Pleurodonte acuta Lain.

Pleurodonte acuta var, acutissima

Vii

45, 112

28, 119

31, 44

| aS

31, 51

25, 42,54, 69

aiid

138, 140

. 140

viii THE NAUTILUS.

Pleurodonte acuta var. julia

Pleurodonte acuta var. lucerna Mull. .

Pleurodonte acuta var. sublucerna Pils.

Pleurodonte adamsiana Clapp, n. sp. .

Pleurodonte bainbridgei Pfr.

Pleurodonte carmelita Fer.

Pleurodonte chemnitziana Pfr.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) Clappi Pils., n. sp.

Pleurodonte gigantea

Pleurodonte ingens var. epentaried aaa

Pleurodonte ingens var. indigna Adams

Pleurodonte ingens Adams

Pleurodonte oxytenes Adams

Pleurodonte patina Adams

Pleurodonte patina var. nobilis anne

Pleurodonte pretiosa Adams

Pleurodonte soror Fer. var. peracuta Vv aps, n. var.

Pleurodonte spengleriana Pfr,

Pleurodonte subacuta Pfr. :

Pleurodonte vacillans Vendryes, n. sp.

Pleurotomaria, note on the name

Pleurotomarius = Pleurotoma

Polygyra devia var. hemphilli W. G. B.

Polygyra thyroides sanctisimonis Pils., n. var.

Polygyra townsendiana var. ptychophora A. D. Brown

Polymesoda, the generic name for the American Cyrenas .

Potamides (Ceréthidea) californica, how it travels

Pristophora = Serridens :

Pyramidula alternata, the sub-species of

Pyramidula alternata var. knoxensis Pils., n. var.

Pyramidula elrodi Pils.

Publications received

Quadrula andrewsii Marsh, n. sp.

Quadrula lananensis meron n. sp.

Rhode Island, the shell- bentine moles of

Septide, a new term for Tritonide

Serridens oblongus Cpr.

Simpson, George B.

Sphaerium partumeium Say.

. 140

33, 37

138,

141

137, 138

137,

138

34, 37

14, 36

3, dks’

5 Iske:

137,

138

140

138

. 138

138,

141

. 102

138,

137,

141

138

slOt

e127

or LEH

. 129

129

. 130

9, 24, 36, 84, 107

92, 104, 113, 130

. 108

. 144

2 LOT

. 103

THE NAUTILUS.

Strophitus wrightianus Walker, n. sp.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea

Tamiosoma Conrad, a sessile Gimede

Tethys (Neaplysia) ritteri Cockerell, n. sp.

Texas oil-well fossil : :

Tornatellina inexpectata Pils., mn. sp. .

Trachypleura triadomarchica :

Trishoplita collinsoni var. casta Pils., n. var.

Trishoplita hiugensis Pils., n. sp. :

Truncatella stimpsoni panalupeeee Pils,, n-.var:

Truncatella subeylindrica Linn. :

Truncatella truncatula (Drap.) in the United Biates

Unio, a new species of :

Unio from Missouri, description of a new

Unio from Tennessee, description of a new

Unio from Texas, a new

Unionidae of North America

Unionidae, on the classification of Te

Urocoptid, new Jamaican.

Valvata bicarinata Lea. : :

Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker, n. var.

Valvata tricarinata Say. : :

Valvata tricarinata confusa Walker, n. var. @.

Valvata tricarinata simplex Gould

Valvata tricarinata unicarinata eee

Valvata utahensis Call.

ears

Peultn

37, 50

. 123

. 124

123, 127

. 123

. 124

Valvatas of the United States, a revision of the Menate Pal

Vivipara stelmaphora Bat. of ipa in California

Volutimitra, a new species of

Volutimitra alaskana Dall., n. sp.

Wagner Free Institute of Scienge: ieetaeee ious of

Wetherby, Prof. A. G.

Yoldia sapotilla Gould

<2 91

. 102

. 108

ma tilal

ees!

92°

"ile “EFS serene cial Big

AG tere os ad See vie a al

» et =" ary,

4 e Te

is os Oa i eas

pata. cana See wae er he te as al gts bes ‘a

. Sing - : ¥ oe pews

WE Wg ea , baad

we a F ae

a fis nia

eB oh SE ee are cote amet OF

eo ae ey Rages Raat yaa i ut ois =

vee

eee SAIC a6 eae eat ep ig

ise ances a pa oy. A a eee ee

i Bi ts ax oa ea nit. Sm nies Ey ie

a ee i af - 5 ee a Ln, Per io not oe ad)

Re ta. ay: tg, Fy he: Pa erriesetaaeet it ca ;

143 —e: Oa ba Fat a! we “aT has Taree

. tye ake. ss 7 ae * “On? Ayame eae Ua tt ia

' v EGS, , Bey ND. i ae hae tee es ce eee

GUS ie) aie. SA a ap nee ah

odo. Seek. | Ue eee ot xe

PrP. me Ns Bes cea es 514) pe iwi eoetke

Hi ; 2

4 B41 aimee, / eae yee ia

0S ln ea hy a

oe gael ee r

af = < = “i i

es ang eZ

x —_

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich, T. H.

Ancey, C. F.

Baker, Frank C.

Bartsch, Paul

Carpenter, Horace F. .

Clapp, Geo. H.

Clarke, J. M. .

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Cooper, Mary

Crandall, O. A.

Dall, Wm. H.

Elrod, Morton J.

Fox, Wm. J.

Fluck, Wm. H. .

Frierson, Lorraine S. .

Gaylord, Mrs. BE. M.

Hedley, Charles .

Henderson, J. B., Jr. .

Hinkley, A. A.

Ihering, H. von .

Jarvis, P. W.

Johnson, C. W. .

Keep, Josiah

Kelsey, F. W.

Kendig, A. B.

Marsh, Wm. A. .

Nylander, Olof O.

Pilsbry, Henry A.

Simpson, C.T. .

Stearns, R. E. C.

: : ; 4 a 74

ae:

17, 59, 120

e258

92, 104, 113, 130

33, 133

= 107

72, 90, 109

. 109

25, 42, 54, 69

12, 40, 58, 89, 102, 127

86, 103, 110, 129

eee

13, 49, 73, 85

Hen

37, 50

. 85, 36, 46, 143

. 119

. 144

. 36

74, 115

+ 197

. 6, 8, 18, 34, 39, 61, 83, 116, 119, 138, 141

16, 73, 79

ys 53, 91

(xi)

xil THE NAUTILUS.

Sterki, Vs; : ‘ : : : . ; . 66, 126

Vendryes, Henry 3 : ; : ‘ : te LO

Walker, Bryant . 30, 63, 121

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton ; : : : 5 9, 82

Winkley, Henry W. . ; s : : : . 83

EShe Bene

+ Set wAL Lay oon

u 2 = + AO

‘ “ee et Pascgtrge wae tae ee 5

flo eeeeeh aeethel etki htt ceast wok

Se Peat gh Lah heck gory s 4

~ | Soe eoeptlticalie tT: 35 hie ae

‘ or mete) iy ahods: Thad Se any nae ; 4

a aS ‘al a a : 7

; 7 ~ oC els PP wren aes a Aik : S

BP - = Me Plas See |

es ee eee

_— i i " ‘ > i}

if Bear fas? weil ay 7

: aaa . Leauge Angee ad Mwy need cs er

Hs, CSAS AE IN

ede ligt Poa s ide suk tHE. we

— Eley ta Bite sistiny | & We ritas ee — Oe, on

yo f ure PETIT Lc GES Mii alt

cs td kHonanond Rates c

= a en ae 1 in rs ae 8 : oe

nek ; A o be - a 7 Fis

+e a sh es i. ia

Py earns tete) ieee Daas ook etd

Se AMASAT ERT «= .

ate .f axiaeeie FE

tl vey Aine Mt Di aT =

Cede

Sppeet eae

3 =

THE Na LOM NICIENORSE SAY

PLATE If

VE DRYES: New JAMAICAN URocoPTriIp 2

(oe NAQTILUS.

MAY, 1901. No. 1.

Von. XV.

NEW JAMAICAN UROCOPTIDE.

BY HENRY VENDRYES.

Cylindrella (Anoma) inusitata, Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell much elongated, cylindrical, rimate, somewhat shining and

transparent, color light brown; spire slightly tapering both above

and below its greatest diameter, which is about the middle;

truncate with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12,

planulate, shouldered by an early obsolete angle, the last detached

and descending, strongly carinated at the base, the carina extending

to the back of the aperture; stria waved, strong and compact, cross-

ing the whorls obliquely and continued up to and many crossing over

the edge of the suture, which appears fringed here and there by their

intrusion ; aperture like that of Dunkeriana, but rather larger in

proportion to the shell, and less oblique than in that species, well

produced over the penult. whorl. Height 18 mm., greatest breadth

above the middle of the spire, 34 mm.; aperture, 3 mm. high, 24

mm. wide.

This species is remarkable for its produced and detached aper-

ture, placing it in the same group to which princeps belongs.

Specimens were received from Mr. Bancroft, who collected them on

the mountains at Upper Leighton, near Spring Garden estate in the

parish of Saint George.

Cylindrella (Anoma) cognata, Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 3, 4.

Shell rimate, cylindrical, elongated, color very light pale brown ;

spire tapering from the last whorl to the summit; apex truncate,

with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12, subplan-

9 THE NAUTILUS.

ulate, slightly shouldered, the last detached and descending, strongly

carinated at the base, carina continued to the back of the aperture ;

strie very strong and compact, irregularly spaced and waved here

and there, some crossing over the sutures from one whorl to the

other ; aperture as in ¢nusitata, but less elliptical, well produced be-

yond the penult whorl. Height, 15 mm.; greatest breadth, 3 mm.;

aperture, 25 mm. high, 2} mm. wide.

I am indebted for specimens of this shell to Mr. Hart, at one time

Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations in Jamaica, and

now occupying a similar position in Trinidad, by whom they were

collected at the government cinchona plantations in the mountains

of Saint Andrew, about 5,500 feet above sea level.

One of the specimens being alive, I obtained the radula, but failed

in securing the beccal plate. The teeth are of the type common to

MM. Crosse & Fischer’s first group A. of Cylindrelle. The animal

is very small in proportion to the shell. It is spiral behind the man-

tle, short, of a pearly-white color, slightly mixed with green, and

marked with close-waved, narrow, longitudinal brown lines, not ex-

tending to the lapping of the foot; head short, with a simple labial

appendage, apparently incapable of much projection; eye peduncles

short, slender, of a deep bistre color, except on the lips, where the

color is like that of the body; eyes very black, placed on the bulb-

shaped tips of the peduncles; tentacles short and very slender; foot

broad and lance-shaped behind. The animal is very active for a

Cylindrella. I* progresses by extending forward the forepart of the

foot and drawing the afterpart up to it in a sort of wave. Part of

the shell drags lightly on the ground and is carried forward with

each fresh advance of the foot.

Cylindrella (Anoma) propingua Vendryes. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Shell rimate, cylindrical, nearly white, under a light brown epi-

dermis, which becomes paler towards the apex; the spire widens very

gently from the base of the penult whorl to about one-third above it,

where the greatest diameter is reached, and thence it tapers to the

truncate apex; apex truncate with the loss of 8 to 9 whorls, whorls

remaining 10, less deep and less flattened than on Dunkeriana, the

first two above the base subangular about the periphery, the last more

strongly carinated than in Dunkeriana, with the carina continued

down to the base of the aperture; striaz very strong, compact and

THE NAUTILUS. 3

wavy, extending across the whorls to the very edge of the well-

impressed suture; aperture oblique like that of Dunkertana, but the

peristome is thinner and is appressed above to the penult whorl.

Height 13 mill., greatest breadth at the slender part of the spire 3

mill.

The shell comes near to Dunkertana, but it has 10 whorls which

are less planulate than on that species, and the striation is rather

coarser and less regular; the color of Dunkertana is also different.

Gloyne, in Journ. de Conch., vol. —, reports it as sdmidis from Belle-

vue. Bland had identified them with great dount as s¢milis. On

closer examination they turned out to be unlike s¢mz/is or any other

Jamaican species of Anoma.

Hab.: Bellevue, near Stony Hill, in the parish of Saint Andrews,

(!) Vendryes. (!) Gloyne.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea Pfeifter, var. perplexa Vendryes.

Rie tes. 11, 12.

This variety was collected at (!) Water House, an abandoned sugar

estate, now turned into a grazing pen and negro provision grounds,

in the upper northern portion of the Liguinea plain, where the lime-

stone hills of the Red Hills range begin to rise. The aperture is

produced and the peristome is detached all round; whilst in the

typical sanguinea the peristome above is closely soldered to the

body-whorl, and often so much attenuated at the point of attachment

as to form a thin film. The shell is of medium size and dark

colored ; there is a narrow line of a deeper tint than the ground color,

but rather dingy, running next to the suture along the lower part of

it and extending to within it. This form is very persistent in the

locality mentioned.

Cylindrella (Anoma) abnormis Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 5, 6.

Shell deeply rimate, cylindrically elongated, color brown with a

very slight tint of yellowish-red, shining ; spire broadly truncate with

the loss of — whorls, whorls remaining 9, the last and the three fol-

lowing it are more drawn out and consequently deeper than the

remaining ones, the last is slightly narrower in diameter than the

second, the second than the third, and the third than the fourth,

thence the remaining whorls become less deep and gradually diminish

in diameter to the truncated apex, so that the outline of the shell

presents the form of a long, narrow, drawn-out purse, somewhat

4 THE NAUTILUS.

bulging about the middle, and thence tapering towards the bottom ;

whorls slightly convex, obtusely angulated at the periphery, sculp-

tured with strong, thick lamella-like costule crossing the whorls

obliquely, generally curvilinear, irregular in some places and wavy

here and there, extending to the very shoulder of the whorls, the last

whorl with a prominent carina which extends to the back of the base

of the aperture close to the peristome ; suture well incised ; aperture

inclining to the right, the plane very oblique, peristome thick, nearly

white, smooth and shining, reflected all around, with a very large,

strong, elevated knob close over the spot where the columellar lip

should merge into the columella, and apparently arched over the

space of the entering rima beneath. ‘Total length, 11 mm.; greatest

breadth at middle of spire, 3 mm.; next above the aperture, 2 mm.;

at the truncation, 2 mm.

Vhis shell was collected by me among fine earth and vegetable

debris taken from the roadsides near to Brown’s Towu, in the parish

of Saint Ann. Unfortunately, as its presence was only revealed to

me when searching this debris some time afterwards at home, no

note was kept of the exact habitat and station. It is as yet unique

in my collection. It is unlike any species of Anoma with which I

am acquainted, and its peculiarities would seem to warrant the

creation of a new subgenus, or at least of a special section to receive

it. The reasons for this appear to me to be as cogent as were those

which led to the creation of the subgenus Chittya for Geomelania

sinuosa.

Cylindrella (Thaumasia) instabilis Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, solid, rimate; color dark-sanguineous,

not unlike that of some specimens of Cyl. sanguinea, but the sur-

face of znstabih’s exhibits in most specimens semi-hydrophanous, more

or less wide, transverse patches sparsely and irregularly occurring,

and apparently produced by some indistinct lesions of the very thin

epidermis; spire describing a well-drawn-out ovate outline ; apex

broadly truncate with the loss of 6 to 7 of the earlier volutions,

whorls remaining 7 to 8, almost entirely plane in some examples, or

moderately convex in others, subarcuately, obliquely and _ closely

costulate striz ; the last whorl not detached in some examples, and

detached and produced in others, and generally more strongly

sculptured than the penult and other whorls, with a well-pro-

THE NAUTILUS. 5

nounced carina at the base; suture lightly impressed and submar-

gined ; aperture slightly oblique, circular in some examples or trans-

versely narrowed in others; peristome slightly tinged with the

prevailing ground color of the shell, well expanded all around and

reflected, not continuous above, but attenuated or reduced to a mere

film and appressed to the body whorl in some examples, or in others

detached and continuous, and produced outward near the upper part

of the right side of the aperture and with a sinus or notch on the

produced part. Long., 24 to 25 mm.; diam. at middle of spire, 9

to 10 mm.; aperture with peristome appressed, 8 mm. high and

wide; when produced and with peristome detached, 6 mm. high,

and 6 to 7 mm. wide.

In several of its characters this species is rather inconsistent. In

specimens found side by side and manifestly of the same brood, some

examples show strong affinities with Thauwmasia sanguinea, others

with Thaumasia cylindrus, others again with Gongylostoma lata

(? Thaumasia lata), in so far that it becomes often very difficult to

locate them decisively.

In the two specimens figured, one has the lip appressed, as in

sanguinea; in the other it is detached and expanded towards the

right side of the aperture and bears a notch or sinus. In one the

sculpture is decidedly like that of sanguinea, on the other it is like

that of eylindrus, but stronger. In specimens with the aperture but

slightly produced and the peristome uninterrupted by attenuation and

adhesion to the body whorl, or produced and not bearing a sinus, the

resemblance to /ata is very great.

Habitat: (!) Phoenix Park, near the Monarque in the parish of.

Saint Ann; (!) environs of Brown’s Town in the same parish.

NOTES ON MESESCHIZA GROSVENORII LEA.

It is now over thirty-seven years since Mr. Lea described this spe-

cies, and additional specimens have not been reported. In his Mono-

graph of the family Strepomatide, Mr. Tryon says, in a foot-note page

350, “ every specimen examined shows evidence of diseased growth.”

In the description, the location of notch is stated to be inconstant

or wanting. Admitting then that the notch of this species is a de-

formity, where should the specimens described by Mr. Lea be placed ?

The notch being a deformity, the genus would not stand, because that

6 THE NAUTILUS.

is the distinguishing point of the genera, like the fissure of Schizos-

toma. I am of the opinion that Mr. Lea’s specimens are young

Angitrema armigera Say, for the following reasons: The young of

armigera is generally smooth, is fusiform, thin, obtusely conical and

of various shades and markings, from a light straw-color to purple,

occasionally seven banded while six is common; the aperture is

large and rhomboidal, obtuse longitudinal thickenings are common

on body whorl, a light line under the suture is also common in banded

and purple specimens, base channel well defined. Polar point of the

operculum well removed from the margin. There is no other species

found in the Wabash that has so many points of resemblance ; about

the only point of difference is the number of whorls, five to six in the

young armigera I have, while Mr. Lea’s description says seven.

There are some other species I think must be referred to Angitrema

armigera, but additional specimens from other localities are needed

A. A. HINKLEY.

to fully determine the identity.

THE SUBSPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Pyramidula alternata knoxensis, n. v.

A more robust, larger shell than typical P. ulternata, with more

widely open umbilicus ; dull rusty brown, with comparatively incon-

spicuous or much-reduced flame-markings. Whorls 54, not carinated.

Sculpture of fine and even rib-strix, but little weaker on the base, the

whole covered with a secondary sculpture of fine wrinkles, partially

cuticular, and running a little more obliquely than the rib-strie.

This minute wrinkling is barely visible to the naked eye, but is much

stronger than in other forms of P. alternata, and gives the surface a

peculiarly dull appearance.

Alt. 11, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 6£ mm. (Knox Co., Tenn.).

Alt. 11, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 7 mm. (Laurel Creek Gap).

Alt. 15, diam. 25, width of umbilicus 7} mm. (Hazel Creek).

This remarkable race of P. alternata belongs, so far as we know,

to the valleys of the western slope of the Great Smoky mountains,

extending into the valley of East Tennessee. It was first found by

Mrs. George Andrews, in Knox county, Tenn. During the past

summer Mr, Jas. H, Ferriss found it in Cade’s Cove, at Laurel Creek |

THE NAUTILUS. i

Gap and Hazel Creek. We saw nothing of it on higher elevations

in the Great Smokies, the localities mentioned lying below 2000 ft.

elevation. In the collection of Geo. H. Clapp there is a single shell

from the Jas. Lewis coll. Jabeled “ Philadelphia, Monroe Co., Tenn.,”’

probably collected by Miss Law, and measuring: Alt. 18, diam. 24,

umbilicus 7} mm.

No intergrades with typical P. alternata, P. a. carinata or P. a.

costata lave been observed: It is remarkable for the strong devel-

opment of the secondary sculpture, with fine primary sculpture of rib-

striz, the unkeeled, capacious whorls, wide umbilicus, and dead, rusty

surface. Messrs. Clapp and Ferriss agree with me in considering

this a strongly differentiated subspecies.

The following subspecies of P. alternata are now recognized :

P. alternata (Say).

P. alternata fergusoni (Bld.). N.Y. to Md.

P. alternata rarinotata Pils. Texas.

P. alternata carinata Pils. Pa. to Tenn., in western division ot

the Appalachian Mt. system.

P. alternata knoxensis Pils. Knox, Blount and Monroe Cos., Tenn.

P. alternata costata ‘ Lewis’ Clapp. Greaty Smoky Mts.

P. alternata mordax (Shuttl.). Great Smoky Mts. (?)

The last variety has not yet been rediscovered ; the ‘*mordax”’ in

collections being referable, so far as I have seen, to a strongly-ribbed

form of P. alternata, which has not been named; and not fulfilling

the requirements of Shuttleworth’s diagnosis. P. alternata carinata

includes strongly angular or keeled, but finely striate shells of the

mountainous region from western Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It was

defined in my paper on Rhoads’ Tennessee shells ; and is not known

to occur in the Tenn.-N. C. boundary ranges. I have never seen

any true intergrades between P. alternata and P. cumberlandiana,

and consider the latter a well-defined species.

There is also a color var. a/ba Tryon, of P. alternata (Amer. Journ.

of Conch. ii, p. 261, and Monog. Terr. Moll. U.S., p. 49). This

occurs abundantly in certain localities within the area of typical

alternata. ‘Thus in Philadelphia, a/ba is found along the Wissahickon

Creek, while in other localities in this vicinity the ordinary a/ternata

is found. This color-var. is not really white, but merely albinistic ;

it lacks the spots and flames of the typical form. It is also found in

Michigan, ete.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NEWS.

POLYGYRA THYROIDES SANCTISIMONIS n. var.—Spire more conic

than in thyroides, composed of 53 whorls which are more closely

coiled; body-whorl decidedly more depressed; umbilicus open.

Aperture smaller than in thyroides, transversely elliptical, being

much less rounded than in thyrotdes, Shell rather solid, with opaque

cuticle, often more yellow than in thyroides. Alt. 15, diam. 23 mm.

St. Simon’s Island, Georgia.—H. A. PiLspry.

HEeELIcOSTYLA CARINATA Lea, and H. pacrytus Brod.—In the

Manual of Conchology, vili, p. 22, I showed that Lea’s Bulimus cari-

natus is identical with and was published prior to Bulinus dactylus

Brod., and consequently should be accepted in place of the latter.

This decision must now be reversed, on account of the earlier Ba/i-

mus carinatus Perry, 1811, which preoccupies Lea’s name, and which

I was not aware of when the ruling was made.—H. A. Pitssry.

Nore ON two species OF CANTHARIDUS.—It has not been

noticed, I believe, that Bulimus eximus Perry, Conchology, pl. 30,

f. 2 (1811), is identical with Cantharidus badius Wood (18—), and

is C. peronit Phil. (1850). Perry’s

figures are very good, for him, and quite recognizable. He gives

Bulimus carinatus Perry, f. 1,

Van Diemen’s Land as locality for the former, New Holland for the

latter species. So far as I can see, his names will stand for these

species.—H. A. PILsBry.

AmpHIpRoMUs L&vus (Miull.).—In my account of this species in

the Manual of Conchology (1900) the ‘Helix leva” of Miller was

called Amphidromus levis. Mr. G. H. Chadwick has called my

attention to the mistake, Miiller’s word being the adjective /erus,

left, referring to the sinistral or “left-handed ”’ coil of the shell.

—H. A. P.

A new Triassic Cuiron,—Mr. Otto Jaekel describes (Zeitschr.

der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 52, 1900, p. 9) a new

form from Riidersdorf as Trachypleura triadomarchica. All of the

THE NAUTILUS. 9

valves are preserved in place, with fragments of the girdle. The

valves lack insertion-plates, and also otherwise have the general

characters of the modern Lepidopleurus, while the girdle is armed

with spines which are believed by Jaekel to have been calcareous.

The length, without girdle, is about 16, breadth 9 mm. The genus

is evidently extremely like Lepidopleurus in hard parts, and so far as

the figures and description show, indistinguishable from the recent

genus except in the character of the girdle armature. It is quite

unlike any of the known Paleozoic genera.—H. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SyNopsis OF THE FamiLy CARDIIDH AND OF THE NorTH

AMERICAN SPECIES. By Witittam Hearey Dati. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. VoL. xxii, pp. 381-392, 1900.—As Tryon and Pils-

bry’s ** Manual of Conchology ” does not yet include Pelecypoda, the

necessity for monographs giving the latest investigations in system-

atic changes is apparent. Students are deeply indebted to Dr. Wm.

H. Dall for his recent monographs on several families of bivalve

mollusks, including the Mactracea, Diplodontide, Leptonacea, Psam-

mobiidz, Solenidz, Tellinidee and Cardiidx.

In the bulletin on Cardiidz there are no plates, but there is a bibli-

ography followed by a synopsis of the family which includes a ‘ sub-

division of the family included as a whole.” The ‘“ brackish water

forms associated with Adacna” are no longer included in this family.

The principal changes in nomenclature of the East American

species since Dr. Dall’s ‘‘ Marine Mollusks of the South Eastern

Coast,’’ are as follows:

eardium) robustum Solander, which is the older name ; this does not

include C. magnum Linneus, which Dr. Dall thinks is probably C.

(Trachycardium) leucostoma Born. In subgenus Papyridea, spino-

sum takes the place of bud/utum, or bullata, of * many authors but not

of Linneus,” and P. petitianum Orbigny is a synonym of P. semisul-

catum Gray. Liocardium levigatum is a synonym of Cardium

(Levicardium) serratum Linneus.

The West American species include Cardiums found in the Gulf

of California and ranging further south. This adds to the number

of West Coast species.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Collectors who have readily detected a varietal difference in the

lighter weight of shells sent out as Cardium nuttallii Conrad, may

regret that these shells are not recognized even as a variety, but are

included in the synonym of Cardium (Cerastoderma) corbis Martyn.

Cardium blandum Gould is a synonym of C. (Cerastoderma) califor-

niensis Deshayes. Cardium (Cerastoderma) ciliatum O. Fabricius (C.

islandicum Chemnitz (a synonym) and Serripes grénlandicus Gmelin

are Arctic sea species that are found on the Atlantic and Pacific

shores. Cardium aspersum Sowerby is listed as a variety of the

eastern coast Cardium ( Papyridea) spinosum.

Dr. Dall says Cardium (Levicardium) elatum Sowerby ‘is the

largest species of the genus.’”” We have often noted the variation in

shape of some of the large cardiums of the West Coast; he says of

these oval and rotund forms that they may possibly be correlated

MB: W..

with sex.

Description OF A NEw SpEcIES OF UNIO FROM THE CRETA-

ceous Rocks or THE Nanaimo Coat Fietp. By J. F. Whiteaves

(Ottawa Naturalist, XIV., Jan., 1901). Unio nanaimoensis n, sp.

Unio hubbardi Gabb is stated to be from the Cowgitz coal mine, on

Graham Island, one of the Queen Charlotte Is., and probably did

not come from Vancouver Island, as originally reported.

NoTrres ON soME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA FROM

Fort Cuimo, Uncava Bay. By J. F. Whiteaves (Ottawa Nat.,

XIV., March, 1901). The specimens were collected by Mr. W.

Spreadborough in 1896, and comprise Limna@a palustrus var. vahliit

Planorbis arcticus (which may be only a synonym of P. parvus,”’)

Valwata sincera and Pisidium steenbuckit. Notices of previous rec-

ords of non-marine mollusks of Labrador are given.

AppITions TO THE MARINE MOoOLLuscA OF THE BERMUDAS.

By A. E. Verrill and Katherine J. Bush. Tue NUDIBRANCHS

AnD NAKED TECTIBRANCHS OF THE Bermupas. By A. E.

Verrill. (Trans, Conn. Acad. of Sci., X., 1900). The additions to

the fauna recorded in these articles are mostly from the collection

made at the Bermudas in April and May, 1898, by the Yale scien-

tifie party under Professor Verrill. In the first paper about 80

species are recorded for the first time from the Bermudas, 25 of

THE NAUTILUS. 11

them being described as new, among them a new Siphonaria, 6

Eulima, several Odostomia and Cecum. In dealing with the 7er-

bonillide, the groups Mumiola and Mormula (Adams, 1864) are sub-

ordinated to Pyrgostelis (Monterosato, 1884), though Adams’ names

have priority. The dentition of Synaptocochlea picta is figured, and

its operculum said to have few whorls.

In the second ;aper, Prof. Verrill records Aplysia dactylomela,

A. Willcox (?) and A. megaptera n. sp. The latter is a fine species

a foot long. Pleurobranchopsis is a new genus for P. aurantiaca n.

sp., a form with no shell, mantle-edge free throughout, gill sessile ;

the radula and jaws are not described. 6 species of Doridide are

described.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE,

III, Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida.—We have more

than once in these pages alluded to the importance of this publication

to the general student of recent mollusks, no less than to the paleon-

tologist. The production of such a work is evidence of an enlight-

ened appreciation of the value of these investigations, on the part of

the Trustees of the Wagner Institute, no less than a high ideal of

scientific work on the part of the author, Professor Wm. H. Dall.

The esteem in which the 7ransactions are held by foreign students

is shown by a recent letter from the Australian conchologist, Charles

Hedley, an extract from which we venture to print:

‘‘] am most gratified at receiving the volume on the Tertiary Mol-

lusca of Florida, but in thanking you for the copy I must also thank

you for the labor you have placed at the disposal of every student.

I cannot sufficiently express what a boon to me is the generic revision

of the various groups. After struggling with the scanty and perplex-

ing literature of bivalve hinge structure, I can greet your work as a

ship-wrecked mariner might greet the shore. For instance, I have

had a quiet little fight with Mysel/a and have drawn the hinges ready

for publication. But I had laid aside the notes and sketches till I

could better comprehend the matter. My unsuccessful struggles at

least enabled me to appreciate the cost of labor and talent in produc-

ing the synonymy of Rochefortia. Those who have daily intercourse

with fellow workers, who can consult great museums and splendid

libraries, will thank you in their turn. But as a scientific exile,

without these advantages, allow me to tell you how your Mollusca

12 THE NAUTILUS.

of Florida smooths my path, so that I may do with accuracy and

speed what I formerly did slowly and painfully.”

Apology is due to Mr. Hedley for this unauthorized use of a pri-

vate letter, and also to Professor Dall.—Ebps.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Epitors Nauritus: In the remarks of our friend Hemphill, on

pp. 139-140 of the April number, some of us are called to order for

a phraseology which is not altogether agreeable to him and other

workers on the Pacific coast, and may properly be modified in the

interest of their feelings. I refer to expressions which refer to the

habitual nomenclature of some shell under discussion, in the cabinets

of collectors on the Pacific shores, as in error. I suppose I have

been one of those whom he criticises; for being familiar with most

of the West coast collections, lists and nomenclature, it has often

seemed useful to refer to the name in common use on the other side

of the continent, when in the course of monographic revision it has

been found to be untenable.

But I should like to assure Mr. Hemphill and all others who have

been displeased by such expressions that nothing was farther from my

mind than to reflect on the care or desire for accuracy of West Coast

workers. I have been of and among them so many years that I feel

entitled to claim a place in their ranks, and a large part of the work

I have done has been intended to assist them to the extent of my

ability. No one is infallible, at least outside of the Vatican. No

one can correct the errors of a nomenclature at one fell swoop, so to

speak. I have named many thousands of shells for West Coast cor-

respondents, and I have named many of them wrong. That is, I have

given names which were at the time in current use, but which subse-

quent researches have shown to be untenable. If Methuselah was a

conchologist, he probably did better toward the end of his career,

and the heirs of his original correspondents profited thereby. But

alas! these are degenerate days, and in forty years or so one does not

ferret out all anterior mistakes. ‘Therefore if one’s gratuitous service

does not prove infallible, and one’s expressions not invariably happy,

let our West coast friends hold fast to the theory of friendly intent,

and believe we at the East mean to do our best by them every time.

—Wwm. H. Datu.

see NA ai Lae:s,

Von Vv. JUNE, 1901. No. 2.

COLLECTING IN HAITI.

J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

On the 30th of November last, Mr. C. T. Simpson, of the Smith-

sonian Institution, Mr. Robert T. Hill, of the Geological Survey and

myself, sailed from New York for Haiti with the intention of mak-

ing as thorough conchological exploration of that island as a time

limit of two months would permit. Although Haiti bas been visited

by Bland, Sallé, Rolle, Weinland and others, it may yet be con-

sidered almost a terra incognita to the collector of land shells. Many

of its great mountain ranges and deep valleys have never been

reached by naturalists; even its more aecessible regions have been

but superficially examined. Imagination gilds the unknown, and we

debarked at Cap Hatien eager to get into the field without a

moment’s delay.

Cap Hatien is situated -upon the coastal margin of an extensive

plain ; but just back of the town rises an isolated group of high hills

which appear to have no connection with the northern main range

of mountains. These hills are composed of hard, flinty rock, re-

sembling the formation of the Blue Mountains of Eastern Jamaica.

In the absence of limestone they support a scant molluscan fauna,

and our first day’s collecting proved a bitter disappointment. Not

more than fifteen species rewarded our most diligent labors, but

among these were some interesting finds—notably a Lucidella of de-

cided Jamaican affinities.

Leaving Cap Haitien we made our first interior journey horse-

back to Milot, at the foot of the main range, where amid the ruins

of the famons palace of Sans Souci and in the dungeons of the old

14 THE NAUTILUS.

fortress of La Ferriére we hoped to discover the habitat of that prince

of American Helices—Pleurodonte gigantea. At an elevation of

about 3000 feet, we came upon the first evidences of our game in the

numerous dead shells of that superb species. Scattered about the

bases of huge limestone fragments which were heavily draped and

festooned in richest tropic verdure were thousands of dead P.

gigantea, but not a trace of a living animal. We remained several

days at Milot, but captured only three living examples of gigantea

and took not more than a dozen fairly good cabinet specimens.

Although disappointed in this respect we were cheered by a splendid

bag of Cylindrellas, Helicinas, smaller Helices, Stenogyra (s. s.)

Opeas, Subulina and several Tudora and Ohondropoma.

One of the finest Helices of the West Indies is the large and ex-

ceedingly handsome P. undulata. This species is abundant about

the foot of the mountains near Milot. Swarms of half naked chil-

dren followed us about, often annoying us to the point of despera-

tion, but these bright little urchins proved to be clever collectors.

Finding that we rejected all dead shells of P. undulata, they brought

us worn and useless specimens into the apertures of which they had

carefully inserted large slugs. As this method failed them they re-

covered some living but immature specimens which we had thrown

away, and extracting the animals, they reset them in dead shells

and solemnly offered them to us again. The most notable catch on

the mountain of La Ferriére is a small operculate with free whorls

all in the same plane, probably a new genus.

Returning to Cape Haitien we took a steamer for Port au Prince,

where we remained a full week, collecting most industriously in the

neighborhood. The excessive dryness of the season caused living

land shells to be scarce, but we succeeded in making a remarkably

good catch, notwithstanding adverse conditions. In this part of the

island the larger Helices disappear; P. wndulata is replaced by the

smaller P. erispata and a larger proportion of operculates is apparent.

Macroceramus is encountered and Oylindrella is more abundant.

The prevailing type of operculate in this part of the island is

represented by the well-known Chondropoma semilabre, barrel-

shaped, whitish in color and with a descending and slightly free last

whorl. This last characteristic runs through nearly all the Cyclo-

stomacea of the island. As a persistent feature it finds no counter-

part elsewhere in the West Indies.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Perhaps the particular feature of our Haitian journeys was our

trip to Lake Assuei, one of the two great interior lakes of Haiti and

Santo Domingo. The fauna of this large body of water is wholly

unknown and there can be no doubt that its clear depths would

furnish many treasures to the zodlogist provided with a good dredge.

But we had neither dredge nor boat. An examination of one-half

mile of shore line revealed a Hydrobia and a Physa, but no trace of

Naiades or Spheria. Amid the grandest scenery, we collected over

the mountains north of the lake with fairly good success. One

Chondropoma (evidently new) should receive some name signifying

** splendid.”’

In a grove of very large trees near the lake we experienced sev-

eral hours of the keenest delight in gathering Liguus virginea and

Pleurodonte bizonalis. The former is no doubt the most beautiful

of all land shells; the latter is considered a rarity. I know of no

more thrilling experience than our sudden discovery of a hundred of

these exquisite Liguus.

At St. Mark, Jeremie and Jacmel we toiled like madmen to ex-

haust those regions of their special faunz,; our catch from the last

two stations being principally in Oylindrella, Helicina, Glandina,

Eutrochatella and the smaller helices of the Cepolis group. The

collection about Jeremie is exceedingly rich, but the unfriendliness

of the natives is more pronounced at that city than elsewhere in the

island.

One can scarcely picture a more promising-looking region for snail

life than the environs of Jacmel. There are mountains and deep

valleys, shaded and cool, sparkling streams, moisture and limestone,

everywhere. We were amazed, however, to find the region almost

barren of mollusks, a fact that seems wholly unaccountable.

Fortunately time seems to magnify in the mind the pleasant

features of rough travel, while disagreeable episodes gradually fade

from the memory. ‘The oppressive climate, the wretched food and

accommodations, the unsanitary condition of the cities, the vermin

and larger insect pests, the stupid ignorance and arrogance of the

official classes, the difficulties of interior travel, render Haiti all but

impossible. We left Jacmel for Kingston, Jamaica, rejoicing in our

flight from that land of dark superstition and filth.

Our material has not yet been overhauled, but I may, with due

caution, state that Haiti is not so rich conchologically as Jamaica or

16 THE NAUTILUS.

parts of Cuba, though richer probably than is Porto Rico. The

distribution of its shel!s is far more general than as recorded in

Crosse’s list, and the affinities between the faunas of North Haiti

and Cuba and South Haiti and Jamaica are not so decidedly marked

as heretofore supposed.

The presence of a large number of the Thaumasia group of Uro-

coptide in the Southern peninsula is significant, yet we encountered

Lucidella, Stoastoma and a probable Sagda in the north.

ALASMIDONTA MARGINATA SAY.

In the April number of the Nautilus Professor Charles Le Roy

Wheeler calls attention to the above species and is in doubt whether

this name should be applied to the somewhat solid, inflated, rhom-

boid western shell, or the less inflated, thinner, triangular form

from the Atlantic drainage. I am glad Professor Wheeler has

called attention to this, because at the time I made up the account

of Say’s species for the Synopsis I overlooked the fact that it had

just been published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural

Sciences, In Dr. Dall’s copy of the paper on Conchology by Say

in the third edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, Say says: ‘* Found

in the river—”’ leaving it to be understood that he was not certain

where it was found. Immediately after the dash there is written in

ink ‘* Delaware.”

The description is not very clear, but I was inclined to believe

that it applied better to the eastern than the western form. Say

says that his shell is transversely oblong-suboval, and this outline

applies best to the eastern shell, which is often irregularly obovate,

while the western form is almost invariably rhomboid. He states

that it is bluish-white within, with a white margin. The eastern

form is sometimes colored within in this way; in the western speci-

mens the border is generally darker than the rest of the interior.

The length given, 24 inches, agrees better, I think, with the eastern

shell than with the western one, which runs from 3 to 44 inches,

though of course Say might have had a young specimen of the heavy

rhomboid form before him.

He says that it was communicated to him by Mr. Lea, who found

it in the Scioto River. I am doubtful whether Dr. Lea ever col-

THE NAUTILUS. 17

lected in that river. Most of his shells from Ohio were collected by

Mr. T. G. Lea or other resident collectors in the State.

It is probable that Say’s type is lost. I could not find it when I

went over the Academy’s collection and made notes on his species,

and since the publication of Professor Wheeler’s note Mr. Vanatta

has kindly made a search for it, and fails to find it.

I confess that I am in doubt as to what Mr. Say had before him

when he described his Alasmidonta marginata, though I am imclined

to think it was the eastern form. In case it should be shown that

Say’s name applies to the western shell, the name Alasmidonta

varicosa Lamarck, could probably be used for the Atlantic drainage

species.

NEW VARIETIES OF FRESH WATER SHELLS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Limnza reflexa jolietensis, 1). var.

Limnea reflera attenuata, Baker (non Say), Trans. St. Louis

ead. Sci., Vol. IX, p. 20, pl. 1, fig..4,.190h

Shell with an attenuated spire, the whorls, seven in number, being

very convex and the sutures very deeply impressed ; aperture about

a third the length of the entire shell, ovate, thickened on the inside

by a heavy callus; peristome thin; columella covered by a heavy

callus and with a prominent plait; color light horn, frequently

blackened by the carbon dioxide in the water, aperture of same color,

the internal callus edged with dark brown or red.

Length 24.00; width 8.00; aperture length 9.50; width 5.25 mill.

Length 25.00; width 7.75; aperture length 9.00; width 5.00 mill.

Length 22.00; width 7.00; aperture length 8.75; width 4.75 mill.

Length 29.00 mill. (Bryant Walker collection).

Distribution: Joliet, Illinois (J. H. Ferriss); Saginaw River,

Michigan (Bryant Walker).

Remarks: In the publication mentioned above the writer was led

into the error of identifying the Joliet specimens as attenuata Say.

Mr. Bryant Walker, to whom specimens were sent, has called the

writer’s attention to the true characters of attenuata and to the fact

that the Joliet specimens are a distinct and undescribed variety of

refleca. The peculiar loosely coiled whorls, attenuated spire and

labiate lip will easily distinguish this variety.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

In Bull. No. 3, Vol. II, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the

writer published an account of the anatomy of Limnea emarginata

var. Mighelsi in which several errors appeared. ‘The first was the

position of the kidney and ureter as figured on plate VI. K. U. An

examination of a larger and more perfect specimen shows the shape

and position to be different, the ureter really proceeding from the

anterior end and extending in a straight line to the edge of the

mantle. It is needless to add that the renal organs, as figured on

this plate, do not exist in the fresh water pulmonates.

On plate III of the same paper is given a figure of the genitalia

in which a flagellum is described (E. F.). This is the vas deferens

and the duct thought to be the vas deferens is the penis retractor

muscle.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS AND JAPAN.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. Hirase, continuing his researches, has recently taken steps to

procure shells of the Loo Choo Islands; some of the first-fruits being

noticed below. He writes: ‘‘ I have sent two able collectors, in the

hope that I may procure for study the land shells of Kiushiu and

Loo Choo. They were sent at first, on February 28d last, to

Yaeyama, in the Loo Choos, for a stay of two months ; but because of

malaria they were obliged to leave, and thus spent only twenty days

there. They are now working in the neighboring island of Nawa,

in the Loo Choo group.”

Among the species sent from Yaeyama are Olausilia hyperoptyx

Pils., C. Stearnsii Pils., Bifidaria armigerella Reinh., and Georissa

japonica Pils. The last two species were originally described from

the maiu island of Japan, Hondo; and their occurrence in the

middle Loo Choo group extends their distribution notably. The

specimens are, however, quite typical. The finding of a typical

species of the Chinese group Buliminopsis, B. metacoshimensis A. &

R., which Mr. Hirase sends from Yaeyama Island, and a species of

Tornatellina, is extremely interesting. The latter genus has not

been reported nearer than Luzon, so far as I know. Of Buliminop-

sis two species have been described from the Loo. Choo. Isiaes:

meiacoshimensis Adams and Reeve, described as a Bulimus, and

TAK NAUTILUS. 19

hitherto referred to Stenogyra, and B. turritus Gude, described as

Ganesella, though Mr. Gude suggests that it may be a Buliminopsis.

Although I formerly thought twrrita a Ganesella, the sculpture of

fresh specimens is so similar to Buliminopsis that I have now little

doubt that Gude’s surmise was correct. It resembles the Chinese

B. buliminoides Hde. in shape, but the latter, from a specimen re-

ceived from Pere Heude, is narrower and less acutely keeled. Dr.

Fritz Wiegmann has recently shown that uliminopsis has essen-

tially the organization of the genus Hulota, and therein is perhaps

nearest to Cathaica. His investigations show that there are no im-

portant anatomical differences between the numerous subgenera

which I have subordinated to Hulota. The characters intergrade by

easy stages. Even Buliminopsis is anatomically an Lulota.

At Shunashiri, Loo Choo groxp, a form of Hulota ( Plectotropis)

scepasma Pfr. occurred, having 64 whorls and a more depressed con-

tour, being thus more acutely carinate. It measures, alt. 105, diam.

21 mm., and is densely covered, like the typical form, with short,

triangular, cuticular scales. Plectotropis pachysoma Ehrmann, is

evidently a synonym of typical #. seepasma.

Trishoplita collinsoni var. casta nov. Shell rather openly umbili-

cate, depressed, with conic spire; white with a brown line at the

periphery, showing above the suture on the spire. Surface shining,

minutely striate, rather faintly decussate beneath, microscopically

papillose. Whorls 6, slowly widening, the last very obsoletely an-

gular at the periphery, becoming rounded towards the aperture, con-

vex beneath. Aperture oblique, shortly oval, slightly lunate, the

penultimate whorl excising a segment of about one-fourth the cir-

cumference of the peristome; lip white, narrowly expanded above,

the outer and basal margins reflexed.

Alt. 8.6, diam. 12.5; length of aperture 5.5, width 6.3 mm.

Alt. 10, diam. 12; length of aperture 6, width 7 mm.

Obi, Prov. Hyuga, in eastern Kiushiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

This species is somewhat more conical than 7. tosana Gude,’ with

an umbilicus of about the same width or a little smaller. It has

about the form but not the coloration of 7. eretacea var. bipartita,

and is apparently allied to 7. collinsoni (A. Ad.) and T. lischkeana

(Kob.), both of which have similar coloration. 7, collinsoni was de-

scribed from ‘‘ Tago,”’ which I take to be Tako, a place at the west-

1 The name tosana Gude has three days priority over suprazonata Pilsbry.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

ern end of Shikoku Island. It has not been figured, but is said to

be * globoso-conica,” “late perforata,’ with a wide peripheral band

and lunate aperture. None of these terms would I apply to the

shells before me, though it is by no means impossible that my species

is a variety of that of Adams. 7. Mischkeana is from Hagi, on the

north coast of western Hondo. It is a smaller shell than 7. casta,

with narrower umbilicus. When these forms of 7rishoplita are bet-

ter known, I believe they will be seen to fall under a few specific

heads, like the peliomphala group of Euhadra. It is likely that col-

linsoni, casta, lischkeana, bipartita and cretacea are varying races of

one species, and will be found to intergrade on the confines of their

several areas. 7’ collinson? is the senior name for the group, which

has about the distribution of Haudota eallizona var. maritima G. & P.

—Shikoku, eastern Kiushiu and western Hondo.

Trishoplita hingensis n. sp. Shell depressed, rather narrowly

umbilicate, brownish yellow, the suture bordered below with a nar-

row white band; very glossy, finely striatulate. Spire low-conie,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, convex, the last slightly deflexed in

front, indistinctly angular at the periphery in front, becoming

rounded on the latter portion. Convex beneath. Aperture shaped

like that of 7. tosana, the lip expanded, reflexed below. Alt. 6.4,

diam. 9.4—9.8 mm.

Obi, Prov. Hyuga, Kiushiu (Mr. Y. Hirase).

A smaller, less conoidal form than 7. tosana or T. dacoste, with

fewer whorls. It is No. 601 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Kaliella Austeniana n. sp.

Shell distinctly perforate, turbinate-conic, thin, light reddish

brown. Surface very minutely sculptured with densely crowded

rib-stri#, which give it a silken luster, and give place on the more

glossy base to slight growth-wrinkles and fine spiral striz. Whorls

nearly 6, very convex, the first one sculptured with much more

spaced rib-striw ; last whorl obtusely subangular at the periphery,

quite convex beneath. Aperture oblique, rather broadly crescent

shaped; peristome simple and thin, the columellar margin dilated

above. Alt. 2.7, diam. 6.2 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 627).

In this species the minute striz continue below the periphery, and

form a silken band around the base, the central two-thirds of which

is more glabrous. This has been noticed in /uconulus, Guppya,

CHE NAUTILUS. 21

etc., also. The spaced costulation of the initial whorl is a character-

istic though not invariable feature of Kadliella.

Tt is named in honor of Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, whose

work on the Indian Zonitide is destined to become a malacological

classic.

Kaliella yaeyamensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly perforate, rather low conic, thin, reddish brown.

Surface slightly shining above, glossy beneath, sculptured with rib-

striz comparatively coarse for a Kaliella (but still very fine), contin-

uing on the first whorl, obsolete on the base, and excessively minute

spiral stria. Whorls 43, moderately convex, the last angular (but

not acutely so) at the periphery, not very convex peneath. Aper-

ture oblique, broadly crescentic, the lip thin and simple, dilated at

the columellar insertion. Alt. 2, diam. 3 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 625).

With K. nahaensis Gude, this makes three species of Kaliella now

known from the Loo Choo Islands. A. nahaensis has fine, almost

subobsolete strie, and a peripheral keel, thus differing decidedly from

the two species described above.

Kaliella ruida n. sp.

Shell perforate, in shape resembling M/ferocystina ceratodes (Gude).

Acutely keeled, thin, brown, somewhat translucent, sculptured above

and in a band around the base, below the periphery, with sharp,

close and regular rib-striw ; the rest of the base glossy, with very

minute spirals only. Whorls 84, moderately convex above, the last

quite convex beneath. Aperture wide-crescentic, peristome thin,

fragile. Alt. 2, diam. 3.5 mm.

Gojo, Prov. Yamato, Japan (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 607).

I am disposed to believe this shell, of which but two specimens

were sent, is not full grown, and will be found to attain a larger size;

but the sculpture is so conspicuous and so unlike any known species

of similar shape, that its recognition will be easy.

Georissa luchuana n. sp.

Shell small, globose-turbinate, dull red, composed of nearly 34

very convex whorls, the first glossy and smooth, with rather large

apex, the rest rapidly increasing, closely and regularly striated or

lirulate spirally. Last whorl large and obese. Aperture oblique,

22 THE NAUTILUS.

half-circular ; outer lip simple; columella heavily calloused, wide

and somewhat flattened. Length 2.1, diam. 1.85 m.

Yaeyama Island, Loo Choo group (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 623).

A species relatively much shorter and wider than the related

G. japonica Pils., which occurs also on Yaeyama.

Dr. v. M6llendorff has recently redescribed G. japonica as a new

species, not knowing of my earlier description. He used the same

specific name (Nachrbl. 1901, p. 45).

Diplommatina insularum n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, amber-colored or corneous, cylindric-

oblong, the penult whorl widest, those above forming a gradually

tapering spire, sculptured with delicate, rather close rib-strie.

Whorls 67, convex, the last narrower than the preceding, ascending

to the aperture, somewhat constricted in front. Aperture circular,

the peristome continuous, outer lip doubled; columella acutely

toothed; palatal fold short. Length 2.8, diam. 1.4, alt. of aperture

with peristome 1 mm,

Yaeyama, Loo Choo Islands (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 620).

This is a decidedly more tapering species than D. cassa. JD.

nipponensis is less slender and smoother, and D. kobelt? is larger and

more pyramidal. All of these are dextral forms. Paxillus lyratus

Gld. may be closely allied, possibly identical; but the description is

not sufficient for critical comparison.

Cyclotus Hirasei n. sp.

Shell broadly and openly umbilicate, subdiscoidal, yellowish-green

in color, the first two whorls subtranslucent and deep amber colored;

rather glossy, very irregularly and roughly wrinkled or even subpli-

cate, in the direction of growth-lines. Whorls 33, the first 14

strongly projecting, teat-like, following whorls tubular, the last

whorl slowly descending, barely in contact with, or slightly free

from the preceding whorl, at the aperture. Aperture circular,

slightly oblique. Peristome circular, unexpanded and acute, con-

tinuous. Operculum multispiral, with sunken central nucleus, the

edges of the whorls projecting a little. Alt. 4.5, diam. 8.5, diam. of

aperture 3.3 mm.

Loo Choo Is. (Mr. Y. Hirase, no 612).

differing in sculpture, the present species being wrinkled but without

spiral striation.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Diplommatina cassa n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, oblong, rather thin, reddish amber

colored or whitish-corneous, composed of 63 very convex whorls,

the last one narrower, strongly ascending. Surface densely and

regularly costulate-striate. Aperture subcircular, the peristome

continuous, thin, rather broadly and flatly reflexed, its face concave;

there is a sharp, high and narrow crest close behind the outer and

basal margins. Subcolumellar tooth strong; palatal fold short, situ-

ated to the left of the adjacent margin of the peristome. Length

3.1, diam. of penult. whorl 1.7, length of aperture 1.2 mm,

Kodakari, prov. Hida (no. 604), and Kyoto (no. 452), Y. Hirase.

This species is related to D. nipponensis Mildff., D. insularum

Pils., and D. Kobelti Ehrm. The conical part of the spire is much

shorter than in the former of these, judging from specimens from the

Hakone Mts., collected by Mr. B. Schmacker.

D. Kobelti is a species slightly longer than D. eassa, finely

costulate-striate, composed of 74 whorls, of which only the last two

are of equal diameter, those above tapering regularly, forming a very

long conic spire. The aperture is about as described for D. cassa.

Length 3.4, diam. 1.6, aperture 1.16 mm. It is thus slightly longer

than either nipponensis or cassa, with one whorl more, and a longer

more pyramidal spire. It is from Kashima, prov. Harima, where it

occurs with D. cassa (no. 305 b of Mr. Hirase’s collection).

These species are all distinctly smaller than D. collarifera 8. & B.

and D. tenuiplica Pils., and larger than D. uzenensis Pils.

D. minutissima Mlldff. 1901, is a synomym of D. pusilla var.

omiensis Pils., published eight or nine months previously. Both

were based on Mr. Hirase’s no. 487.

Tornatellina inexpectata n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, pyramidal, thin, brown, glossy, smooth except

for slight growth-lines. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse.

Whorls 53, slightly convex, the last rounded at the periphery, con-

vex below. Aperture subovate, armed within with a low entering

lamella on the middle of the parietal wall. Peristome thin, the

margins remote, columellar margin broadly dilated and reflexed.

Length 3, diam. 1.7 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 626).

Carychium cymatoplax n. sp.

Shell minute, corneous-whitish, slender, cylindric-fusiform, almost

24 THE NAUTILUS.

smooth. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the penult. and last of about

equal diameter. Aperture small, somewhat oblique ; peristome well

expanded, much thickened within, the outer lip broad, with a blunt

tooth*above the middle, columella truncate at base ; parietal lamella

strong. Axial lamella becoming a very wide spiral plate within,

bent into strong waves. Length 1.84, diam. .64 mm.

Yaeyama Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no, 618).

This species is smaller and more cylindric than C. noduliferum, is

smooth, and the internal axial Jamella is more strongly waved. C.

noduliferum was described from Misaki, and has been sent by Mr.

Hirase from Nishigo, Prov. Uzen. It isa strongly tapering shell,

finely but sharply and regularly striate, and in most adults has a

palatal nodule within the outer lip, though this is variable in devel-

opment. It is larger than C. eymatoplaa, length 2.2 mm.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Digresta Maracoroeica, No. 1. A Summary of the American

Journal of Conchology. By E. R. Sykes.’ Under the above caption

Mr. Sykes proposes to issue a series of digests, prepared after the

mod | of those in the Zodlogical Record. ‘ It has been a constant

source of difficulty for many years past to ascertain what work has

been done by our predecessors, relating either to a special genus or

to some faunal district. With the idea of rendering some assistance

to students, the present work has been undertaken.” The number

before us deals with the American Journal of Conchology, and com-

mences with a table of dates of publication, followed by a list of titles

arranged by authors. The contents of the articles are then referred

to under the heads of Anatomy, Distribution, both geographical and

geological, ete. The systematic portion is arranged by families, every

species described being referred to by volume and page. It is, there-

fore, easy to ascertain what the series contains relating to the mol-

lusks of any given region, or of any special family or genus, whereas

otherwise this information could be obtained only at the expense of

much time and labor, or found only by accident. All who have occa-

sion to use the Jownal should possess themselves of this aid to its

use, The Digest is well gotten up, and seems to contain but few

mistakes or misprints.

1 London, William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex St., Strand, 1901. (Price, $1.50;

to subscribers to the series, $1.25.)

ere NAUTILUS.

Von. XV. JULY, 1901. No. 3.

THE AMERICA PHYSE.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

The members of this genus are the most beautiful shells of

all of our fresh-water snails, and, were they properly understood,

would be the most sought for by collectors. It has been the custom

of authors to attempt to establish species upon slight variations in

form until the multiplicity of varieties and synonyms has caused

such confusion that even our most experienced conchologists hesitate

to venture an opinion as to many of the described species, while

amateurs, being unable to obtain satisfactory information upon which

to correctly label their ‘finds,’ have become so careless about col-

lecting them that they are rarely offered for exchange.

To remedy this evil, and as far as possible to simplify the deter-

mination of species, I have given my spare time for several years

past to the study of this genus, and now give to the public the result

of my observations.

In determining the species of this genus it is not only necessary to

observe the characteristic form of the shell, but something of its

life-history must also be known. Some species grow to maturity in

one season, while others require two or more seasons of growth to

mature.

In central Missouri, P. gyrina Say is the first to appear in the

spring and the last to disappear in the fall. I have seen them

crawling on the ice in March and depositing the ova as late as the

first of October. They begin depositing eggs early in May and con-

tinue throughout the season; and as the young are continually

26 THE NAUTILUS.

hatching, all sizes may be found in the fall, none of which will be

full grown. The members of this species require more than one

year in which to mature, while other species deposit the ova early in

May and the young attain full size the same season. Having a

knowledge of which species mature—respectively in one, two and

three seasons of growth—greatly simplifies the determination of

species.

It is unnecessary to watch the growing snail, as I have done, to

learn this fact, for every shell carries unmistakable evidence of the

number of periods of growth it has required to attain its present size.

This evidence is the white and brown lines upon the last, and next

to the last whorl, called variceal lines, or bands. At the end of the.

season, or when the pond dries up, or when from any other cause the

shell ceases to grow, the snail strengthens the shell by constructing

a triangular-shaped rib within the sub-margin of the lip. In forming

this rib the coloring matter which exudes from the mantle of the

animal is withheld until the structure is complete, thus leaving a

white or light-colored line on the outside of the shell immediately

over the rib. Sometimes the line will be shaded with brown or

some dark color on one side, rarely on both sides. As the ribs are

never removed, the lines always remain visible on the outside of the

shell, and mark the periods of growth.

For brevity in describing this feature I may be permitted to coin

the word annuan. It is derived from the Latin word annus, year, and

the suffix an, pertaining to, and signifies pertaining to one year, or

period of growth.

In examinining shells, first determine whether the example is an

annuan, bi-annuan or tri-annuan; then examine the general form

and appearance of the shell, the texture, sculpture, the form of the

sutures, showing how the whorls are joined together, and the aper-

ture. Color, height of spire, proportionate length of aperture and

size of the shell are so variable that they have but little weight in

determining species, except in a few cases.

The most reliable characteristics are, in the order here given,

texture, structure and sculpture; in fact they are the only ones not

changed by environment.

Texture relates to the weight and to the fineness and coarseness of

the layers of which the shell is made. The viscid matter secreted by

the mantle is deposited on the edge of the shell as the snail grows,

THE NAUTILUS. 27

and hardens. In some species the exudation is continuous, or nearly

so, while in others it seems to be deposited at intervals, When the

deposit is frequent and small, or continuous, the lines of growth will

be fine and the surface smooth and shining, as in P. heterostropha

Say. When made at longer intervals, and large, the lines will be

coarse, as in P. gyrina Say.

Structure refers to the general plan of the shell, but more particu-

larly to the manner in which the whorls are joined together. In

some forms, like P. ancillaria Say, the whorls lap over each other

like shingles on a roof; in others, like P. forsheyit Lea, they rest

against each other. This distinction is constant in all species, and

to a great extent is carried through the varieties.

Sculpture is the markings on the surface of the shell, and consists

of the lines of growth, strie crossing the lines of growth, as in P.

oleacea Tryon, ribs, as in P. costata Newcomb, and such other mark-

ings as may be found constant in a species.

It must be remembered that while these characters are always

found in typical members of species having one or more of them,

they become modified in the varieties and forms, and the greater the

departure from the type the greater will be the modification.

Species are supposed to be founded upon permanent characteristics

which are not influenced by change of location or environment.

Varietal changes are many and frequent, and it is doubtful if a single

variety described forty years ago can now be found living and identi-

fied, while species should be found in the habitat of the type with

but slight variations in its characterization,

No member of the animal kingdom is so susceptible to local influ-

ences as fresh water snails. Every change of environment changes

the Physa, and so long as environments continue to change new forms

will continue to occur; but they will not necessarily be new species

nor varieties, but new forms of the same species, having the same

characteristics upon which it was founded, with some of them more

or less modified.

Another cause for variations is the probably frequent occurrence

of cross breeding, producing hybrids. It is often that forms are pre-

sented to conchologists for identification having some of the charac-

teristics of two different species, neither of which is sufficiently strong

to control, and the life history not being known, they are described

as new species. The forms being hybzids, when the crop disappears

28 THE NAUTILUS.

the species disappears with it, and so we have a large list of descril ed

species in our literature with but few living forms to represent them.

To simplify the study of the genus I discard all sub-genera and

divide the genus into species, varieties and forms.

Species are forms having some characteristics which remain con-

stant for ages.

Varieties are forms having the ruling characteristics of the species

to which they belong, with modifications that remain constant for

years.

Forms show temporary variations caused by environment or

hybridization, and are transient. New forms are appearing every

year. I would not attempt to refer all the living forms to their

respective progenitors, but leave the collector to attach the label to

suit his own taste.

Where a form can now be found that substantially bears the

description given forty or fifty years ago, it should be considered a

species, if originally founded on sufficient differences from other

described species to entitle it to rank as such; but where no specimens

of a species has been found since it was described many years ago, it

is likely to have been only a local form, and to have become extinct.

Many of the early described species are found now bearing the

same distinctive characters as when first described. It is these typ-

ical forms that must be our guide, and not the varieties.

The result of my examination of all the described species occurring

east of the Rocky Mountains will be found in the following paper.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Synonyms: P. Philippi Kiister, P. plicata, De Kay.

This species was described by Thomas Say in 1817 from forms

taken in the Delaware River, and the same forms are found there

yet. The water having become polluted, they are covered with a

dark coating and many of them distorted. The type is not inflated

nor elongated, yet the larger part of the specimens of the species now

accepted by conchologists are more or less inflated. Some even go

so far as to include under this head all the varieties of P. ancillaria,

Say, P. lordi Baird, and P. sayii Tappan. While there are some

good reasons for bunching all the American Phys into one species

with a vast number of varieties, I do not believe such a course would

be conducive to the best interests of science. Species should be

THE NAUTILUS. 29

founded on some distinct and constant characters, and reduced to

the minimum.

The shell described by Say is symmetrleal, of fine texture, smooth

and shining surface, lines of growth scarcely visible even with a

lens, whorls four, convex, sutures impressed, spire elevated and

acute, and the inner wall of the aperture straight. It is an annuan,

rarely taking a second growth, and when it does the growth appears

to be an addition to a mature shell.

Distinguished by its symmetrical form, smooth and shining sur-

face, convex whorls, impressed sutures, elevated and acute spire

and straight or perpendicular axis, thus forming a straight inner

wall to the aperture.

Physa philippi Wiister, is an inflated variety bearing all the char-

acteristics of the type, except that it is inflated and the columella is

slightly curved. This is the first inflated variety described, and

should cover all inflated forms.

Physa plicata DeKay. This form is admitted a species by

Tryon, but Binney, Pilsbry, and others, place it amongst the

synonyms of this species, where it evidently belongs, unless it is

raised to a variety, It being the only elongated form of this species

ever described, it may well be considered a variety to which all

elongated forms should be referred.

Physa heterostropha alba, n. vy. Shell ovate, symmetrical, not

inflated, porcelain white, whorls four, convex, sutures impressed,

spire elevated and acute, surface smooth and shining, columella

slightly curved. Diameter 2 the length. This beautiful little shell

was sent to me by Mr. Albert Baily, of Capachet, N. Y., he having

taken it from Cedar Lake near that place. It is distinguished by

its color.

I have recently seen in Mr. Bryant Walker’s collection some

very fine forms of this species that seem to be of frequent occurrence

in Northern Michigan. They are slightly more elongated than the

type, and are marked with a dark-brown apex. This marking does

not appear in any of the eastern forms, so far as I know, but it is

not sufficient variation to found a variety upon.

Further forms are: Physa striata Menke, P. charpentieri Kiister,

P. fragilis Mighels, P, lata Tryon, P. primeana Tryon, and many

other slight variations which have not been named.

This species extends from the Potomac and Ohio rivers north and

30 THE NAUTILUS.

east over New England and Canada, and as far west as Indiana and

Michigan. West of the Alleghanies it gradually gives way to P.

sayii Tappan. I have never seen a well authenticated example

west of the Mississippi or south of the Ohio.

(To be continued.)

THE SYNONYMY OF BYTHINELLA OBTUSA LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This well-known and characteristic little species, which has an

extended range through the Northern States from New York to

Towa, if not further west, was first described by Lea, in 1841, as

Paludina obtusa. Haldeman, in his ‘ Monograph of the Fresh-water

Univalve Mollusca” (18447), although apparently unacquainted

with the species, referred it to the genus Amnicola. Binney (1862),

in his preliminary study of the fresh-water operculates, also placed it

among the Amnicole. Stimpson (1865), in his “ Researches upon

the Hydrobiine,”’ considered it “ probably referable” to Bythinella.

In this he was followed by Binney (1865) and Tryon (1870), and

from that time the species has been uniformly known and cited as

Bythinella obtusa.

Unfortunately, however, Lea had been anticipated in the use

of the name, Paludina obtusa, by Troschel, who, in 1837, had de-

scribed a species of Vir/para from Bengal under that name. It

follows necessarily, therefore, that Lea’s name will have to give way;

and had not the species already been described by another author

under a different name, a new one would have to be provided for it.

Were it not for the express statement that his species was imper-

forate, I should be inclined to refer this species to Green’s Paludina

alleghaniensis (see Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, III, p. 60), which

has several years’ priority. The differences relied upon by Lea in

differentiating his ‘* obtwsa’’ would scarcely be sufficient in the ab-

sence of the other peculiarity. I know of no other species from

Pennsylvania that would fill the description except Ammnicola decisa

Hald., which might well be called imperforate. On the other hand,

THE NAUTILUS. 31

the “elevated and rather obtuse” spire would apply better to

‘‘obtusa.”’ In view of this uncertainty, it would seem better to

accept a later description, in regard to which there can be no ques-

tion, rather than to attempt to rehabilitate a name which must

always be the object of suspicion. There should be a statute

of limitations in science as there is in law; and the use of a name>

which has become established by tradition and long usage, should

not be overturned, in the absence of the type specimens, excepting

upon the most convincing proof.

In 1852 Kiister, in his ‘ Monograph of Paludina,” in the Con-

chylien Cabinet, describes a small species from North America as

Paludina emarginata, which he attributed to Say, on the authority

of Brown. As Say never used the name ‘“ emarginata”’ in connec-

tion with any fresh-water operculate form, this species will have to

stand as Paludina emarginata Kiister.

Binney, in his ‘* Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America”

(1865), refers Kuster’s species to Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. as

asynonym. ‘This was clearly erroneous, as a most casual inspection

of Kiister’s description and figure quoted by Binney will show.

Tryon makes no mention whatever of Kuster’s ‘ emarginata’

in his continuation of Haldeman.

What Kiister’s species really was has been a matter of speculation

with me for many years. Recently, however, in reading Frauen-

feld’s paper (1863) on the Amnicole, in the Imperial [ Vienna] and

Cuming Collections, I found a statement that specimens clearly

agreeing with Kuster’s figure were in the Cuming collection labeled

“obtusa Whit.” Now there was a well-known collector named

Whittemore, who lived in Massachusetts in 1840-1860, and it

seemed quite probable that he had supplied the Cumingian specimens

under Lea’s name, but without quoting his authority. Then, too,

there was a very evident accord between Kiister’s figure and his de-

scription and those of Lea’s species.

On applying to Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, for in-

formation in regard to the Cumingian specimens, I was favored with

the following statement :

‘*'The shells marked Amnicola ‘ obtusa Whit’ in the Cuming col-

lection certainly are not c/ncinnatiensis Anth., and I believe that

you are right in considering them the same as obtusa Lea. ‘They

agree exactly with Binney’s figure, Part III., p. 70, but are corneous

32 THE NAUTILUS.

and not “‘ dark green ”’ as Lea describes it. May not the green tint

have been due to conferve ? Accompanying the specimens of ‘ obtusa

Whit.,’ is a ticket ‘emarginata Say,’ in Frauenfeld’s own hand-

writing. I do not see how they can be separated from the form de-

scribed and figured by Kiister as ‘ emarginata’ of Say, or in otber

words, I consider them the same species.”

This would certainly seem to be conclusive as to the identity of

Kiister’s ‘“‘emarginata’’ with Lea’s ‘obtusa.”’ And, as for the

reason above given, Lea’s name cannot be used, it follows that the

species must hereafter be known as ‘ emarginata Kiister.”’ As to

the proper generic designation, the investigation of the radula by

Messrs. Pilsbry and Beecher shows the species to belong to the

genus Cincinnatia, the dentition being like that of “ Amnicola”

cincinnatiensis Anth., and unlike all other known species of “ Bythi-

nella”’ or Amnicola.

The complete synonymy of our species will then stand as fol-

lows:

CINCINNATIA EMARGINATA (KUsT.).

1841. Paludina obtusa Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. I1., p. 34, non

Troschel (1837), Wiegm., Archiv, I., p. 173.

1844. Paludina obtusa Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IX., p. 138.

1848. Paludina obtusa Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, IV., p. 13.

1844. Amnicola obtusa Lea, Hald. Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 24.

1862. Amnicola obtusa Binney Desc. Cat. Amnicola, &e., p. 10.

1865. Bythinella obtusa Stimp., Hydrobiine, p. 20.

1865. Bythinella obtusa Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, N. A. III,

p- 69, fig. 138.

1870. Bythinella obtusa Tryon, Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 48, pl.

16, fig.G:

1852. Paludina emarginata Kiist., Paludina, Conch. Cab., p. 50,

pl. 10, figs. 3 & 4.

1863. Amnicola emarginata, Frfld., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.

XIITI., p. 1030.

1865. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Binney L. & F. W. Shells, N. A.,

p. 85, fig. 169.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

A NEW JAMAICAN LAND SHELL.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

Pleurodonte Adamsiana, n.sp. Plate II, Figs.1, 2.*

Shell imperforate, carinated, depressed, convex above, regularly

and very convex below, solid, dark purplish-brown with a white up-

turned carina; the whole surface, with the exception of the apex,

densely, finely granulate ; apex subplanulate, almost smooth, shining,

yellowish-white; sutures impressed ; whorls 5, convex, slowly widen-

ing and wavy; body-whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, con-

cave above, convex below the carina, impressed in the umbilical

region, very slightly descending anteriorly, with a slight furrow or

groove, about 4 mm. long, just back of the aperture above the

carina; carina white, translucent. Aperture oblique, subtriangular,

shining brown, inside showing the light peripheral band ; peristome

white shaded with brown, bearing inside the lower margin four

teeth ; a very small one near the insertion, then a larger on the basal

margin, then two near together on a common eminence toward the

outer angle of the aperture; the last two teeth are united for over

half their height, the outer one turning sharply toward the peristome.

The base is deeply tri-scrobiculate behind the peristome, the outer

two grooves being inacommon pit. Margins of peristome joined by

a thin transparent callus which sweeps around the umbilical region.

Greater diameter 32, lesser 28, altitude 14 mm.

‘‘Whitney Estate,’ Upper Clarendon, Jamaica. <A single dead

but perfectly fresh and unweathered specimen.

This species seems to unite two widely different groups, as it has

the aperture and teeth of P. peracutissima and the granulated surface

and supraperipheral furrow of P. sinuata, In general appearance it

is, however, unlike either.

I take pleasure in naming this shell, one of the most beautiful of

the Jamaican Pleuwrodontes, after the late Prof. C. B. Adams who

did so much in working out the wonderfully complex molluscan

fauna of Jamaica.

* Plate II will accompany the next issue.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW COLOMBIAN PLEURODONTE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) Clappi,n.sp. PI. II, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperforate, thick lens-shaped, carinated at the periphery,

strong and solid, chocolate-brown, with a purplish cast; surface

slightly striated obliquely, and showing a minute and dense but super-

ficial spiral wrinkling or malleation over part of the base. Spire

dome-shaped rather than conic; whorls 43 to 5, but slightly convex,

slowly widening, the first 2 whorls punctate, the last angular at the

periphery, the angle almost obsolete on the more swollen latter part

of the whorl, which is very deeply deflexed in front, and strongly

constricted behind the lip, the constriction showing two pits behind

the basal lip and a linear scar at the periphery. Aperture extremely

oblique, ear shaped, the peristome continuous, the lip broadly re-

flexed; parietal wall bearing a strong and long oblique lamina;

outer lip with a compressed, fold-like tooth rising from a swollen

base ; basal lip three-toothed, the outer tooth high. oblique and com-

pressed, the median stout and squarish, the inner smaller and bilobed ;

a small compressed fold stands on the axial reflection, exactly over

the umbilicus.

Alt. 21, greater diam. 35, lesser 30 mm.

Alt. 19, greater diam. 323, lesser 28 mm.

Sierra de Santa Marta, Colombia, at ‘‘Alto de Cielo,” at about

5,000 feet elevation, in forest among rotting leaves on the ground.

The first specimen taken was a dead shell, eroded and showing a

dull red inner layer on the spire, eaten into many small pits on the

body-whorl. A second perfect specimen, slightly larger, has been

found this year. It is most nearly allied to Helix steversi v. Martens

(Conch. Mittheil. iii, p. 7, 1889; Man. Conch. vili, p. 263, ix, pl.

22, f. 7, 8), also from the Santa Marta mountains, resembling it in

the arrangement of the teeth, but P. Clappi differs from that species

in being much larger, with the periphery keeled, the spire lower and

dome-shaped, the teeth more strongly developed, and the umbilicus

wholly closed. Plewrodonte steversi measures 124 by 195 mm., has 5

whorls, a wide-conoidal spire, rounded periphery and minute umbil-

ical chink, and there are some differences in the teeth, the inner

THE NAUTILUS. 35

basal one not being described as bifid, and being about equal to the

next tooth in size, and no axial tooth is developed.

P. Clappi is a very interesting addition to the sub-genus Labyrin-

thus. It will be interesting to know what snail-eating mollusk or

arthropod inhabits the northern part of South America, where this

type of shell is developed, that is absent in southern Colombia and

Ecuador, where the almost toothless group /someria occurs.

This species is one of the most interesting of Mr. Herbert H.

Smith’s finds in the Sierra de Santa Marta. It is named in honor

of my friend Geo. H. Clapp.

GENERAL NOTES.

TRUNCATELLA TRUNCATULA (Drap.) IN THE UNITED STATES.—

In preparing the Catalogue of North American Land Shells, this

species was inadvertently overlooked. It has been recorded by

Prof. Verrill, in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., III, 376, and Trans.

Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci., V, 525, fig. 8, as follows: ‘‘ Living in

considerable numbers, and of all ages, among the docks at Newport,

R. I., July, 1880. It occurred among decaying sea-weed thrown up

at high-water mark, both among the vegetable matter and on the

under side of stones.” ‘* Common cn the coast of Europe, and in

similar localities. Perhaps introduced on this coast by shipping,

but it may have been hitherto overlooked. It was associated with

Assiminea grayana and Alexia myosotis.”-—C. W. J.

Aw EvorvinG ASHMUNELLA.—Ashmunella thomsoniana coopera,

n. var.—Shell with max. diam. from 13 to 15 millim., but usually

of the smaller size; basal tooth single, occasionally slightly double ;

umbilicus narrower than in type or var. porter@, exposing less of the

penultimate whorl; genitalia as in portere, with the same long (22

mm.) spermatheca, and double insertion of the penis retractor.

Hab.—Las Vegas Hot Springs, 1900, 1901. Discovered by Miss

Mary Cooper; later taken in quantity by Miss Cooper and Miss

Maud Ellis. The locality is in the Transition Zone, at about 7,000

ft. altitude ; portere belongs to the Canadian Zone, about 1,000 ft.

higher. This is not a very distinct form, conchologically ; but is

worth calling attention to as a species of Ashmunella in the making,

probably derived from the portere form rather than from the true

thomsoniana.—T. D, A. COCKERELL.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SuRvVEY: Eocenr. By Wm. B.

Clark and Geo. C. Martin. It has afforded us a great deal of pleas-

ure and instruction to peruse the carefully prepared and beauti-

fully printed volumes of the Maryland Geological Survey. The

State may justly feel proud that it is able to present to the world

such admirable reports on its physical and geological features. The

present volume on the Eocene fauna is especially interesting to con-

chologists, as by far the largest number of forms described are

molluscan. The volume contains 531 pages and 64 plates, and

includes a map and sections. Two formations are recognized, the

Nanjemoy and Aquia, the former corresponding in many respects to

the Lower Claibornian, and the latter to the Chickasawan of the

Gulf States. There are described and well figured 135 species of

mollusca; among which is a large new Nautiloid (Hercoglossa

tuomeyz), while 19 Gastropoda, and 10 Pelecypoda are also described

as new. Among the 135 species are 15 of which the genus only is

given, the specimens being too imperfect for specific “descriptions.

We highly commend this step, for the description of indeterminable

species is only a hindrance to the progress of paleontology. C. W.J.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Epirors Nautiztus: I have read with deep interest Mr. J. B.

Henderson’s article in the June NAUTILUS on the trip made by him-

self and companions, Messrs. C. T. Simpson and Robert 'T. Hill, to

Haiti on a hunt for land shells, and was sorry to learn of their com-

parative failure to secure a greater number of specimens of that

splendid species, Plewrodonte gigantea. I then recalled that when

my friend, Mr. H. Rolle, of Berlin, returned from his Haitian trip,

where he had spent three months or more collecting specimens, he

called on me at my home (then) at Brooklyn, N. Y., and told me of

his efforts to find this snail, and how very difficult it was to secure

them, because it was a night shell, rarely ever being seen in day-

light. He succeeded by doing his searching at night, with the aid

of a lantern. He referred to the same spot—palace and fortress—

mentioned by Mr. H., where they found the dead shells so numerous.

If they had worked the grounds by lamp-light I fancy they would

have been rewarded with a larger catch. My collection contains but

one of this species ; it is a very large and excellent specimen, except

for asomewhat marred epidermis. Mr. H. makes no mention of find-

ing any Cerions. Did they not look or care for them? I think

Cerion'a very interesting and beautiful snail. They must be quite

abundant, for the Rev. Mr. Smith, resident missionary at Cape Haitian,

sent me a very large number of most perfect and beautiful specimens.

I compliment the gentlemen on the final success of their efforts.

June 6th, 1901. A. B. Kenpic, Brookline, Mass.

Tue Navtixvs, XV.

PrArE UI:

re IN AUTILES.

Von. XV. AUGUST, 1901. No. 4.

PLATE II,

Figs. 1, 2. Pleurodonte Adamsiana Clapp. This Journal for July,

p. 33.

Figs. 3, 4. Pleurodonte Clappi Pilsbry. This Journal for July,

p. 34.

Fig. 5. Physa Walkeri Crandall. Petosky, Mich.

Figs. 6,7. Physa rhomboidea Crandall. Muddy Creek, Sedalia, Mo.

Figs. 8, 9. Gastrodonta Clappi Pils. This Journal XII, p. 86;

XIV, p. 58. Large depressed specimen from Clingman Dome, no.

2490, coll G. H. Clapp. Alt. 3, diam. 6.2 mm.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. Menta Smithiz Pilsbry. Page 39.

THE UNIONIDE OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY H. VON IHERING,

By the publication of his “ Synopsis of the Naiades’’ Mr. Simp-

son has rendered an excellent service to students of Malacology and

of the Unionide especially. It is for me the greatest satisfaction to

felicitate Mr. Simpson upon having produced a work which will

mark a new period in the study of fresh-water mussels.

It will be understood from this that the work of Mr. Simpson does

not represent the conclusion of a series of successful studies, but a

basis for the beginning of a new period of investigation. Doubtless

this work will give an impulse to the study of the Unionide, and

it is the purpose of these lines to point out what we may expect

concerning the American Unionide.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

The criticisms we have to make upon the Synopsis of Mr. Simp-

son refer principally to two points: The validity of the genera

adopted by him, and the systematic arrangement of these groups to

form greater sections. Concerning the specific limits and their

sometimes enormous synonymy I am nearly always of the same

opinion with him. Some observations about species concerning

which I hold divezgent views, will follow at more length below.

I cannot say the same concerning the genera, as may easily be

understood. Many of the distinctive characters are derived from

anatomic structures, and therefore are unknown where the animal

has not yet been observed. The association of a number of species

in one genus is therefore in many cases but a provisional grouping ;

and specially is this the case with the Mexican and Central Amer-

ican species.

The systematic arrangement of the North American Unionide, as

given by Simpson in his Synopsis, is based essentially upon the

marsupia; that is to say the gills or parts of them functioning as

ovisacs. This is a classification which we may not see employed

without scruples, because it is based rather on physiologic than

anatomical characters. Zodlogical classification is founded on mor-

phological characters, and while physiologic or biological facts may

give us important explanations, they cannot be employed directly for

systematic purposes. This is generally acknowledged, since it be-

came necessary to dismember the class of Helminthes, and it is

likewise valid for the Mollusca, as proved by the example of the

pelagic gastropods. Whether the eggs expelled out of the genital

orifice pass into the inner gills (4ndobranchi@) or in the outer

ones (Hxobranchig) or if they fill on each side both the gills

(Amphibranchia), is a fact of merely physiologic signification, and

cannot be employed for systematic purposes. These differences are

less than those which exist in many genera or species of gastropods,

very closely allied, in reference to the deposition of eggs, some being

oviparous, others ovoviviparous or viviparous. As it seems, there

are in many species of the group Lampsilis and Quadrula structural

modifications of the outer gills, which may be used for systematic

purposes, but the few exact data thereon which may be found in the

publications of Lea, Sterki and Simpson are throughout insufficient.

What we need is a careful, histological study upon the gills, marsu-

pia and ovisacs of the North American Unionide.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

These facts, however, do not affect the general question. It is

quite evident that a systematic arrangement of the marsupia does not

coincide with a natural system of the family. The species of Diplo-

don of New Zealand, which I have examined, had filled only the

inner gills with eggs; but Suter has observed that sometimes eggs

are also found in the outer gills. Simpson says that in the species of

Quadrula, both the gills are filled with eggs, but that sometimes the

inner gill contains but few. We cannot doubt that in the most an-

cient Unionide the eggs were discharged only into the inner gills and

that later all four gills were filled with eggs, representing the last

stage, the exclusive employment of the outer gills. In the genus

Quadrula all these successive stages are still represented ; and it is

not admissible to use such differences for the establishment of genera.

It happens that in the same species are observed great differences in

this respect. The specimen of Quadrula heros Say, examined by Lea,

had filled with eggs all the four gills; while the specimen examined

by Sterki had only the hinder part of the outer gills filled with eggs,

as in many species of Lampsilis. According to the classification of

Simpson, which in this respect is an artificial one, these specimens

would fall in quite different genera, Differences of this nature have

caused Simpson to separate from Quadrula various species and

sub-genera. It is no natural disposition when we see Pleurobema

allied with Unio, Quadrula tuberculata Bar. widely separated from

the nearly related species speciosa, forsheyt, etc.; Obliquaria refleca

widely remote from Quadrula metanevra; Quadrula @sopus allied to

Pleurobema. In the same manner is Lampsilis phaseolus separated

from L. iris, etc., because the development of the marsupium is more

extensive. Therefore it is necessary to associate these separated

groups with their real relatives.

(To be concluded.)

A NEW COLOMBIAN CLAUSILIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Nenia Smithig, n. sp. Pl. II, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell cylindric-fusiform, rather thin, lusterless, nearly smooth,

obsoletely marked with growth-wrinkles; of a rich purplish-brown

color. Whorls 84, moderately convex, the penultimate widest, those

40 THE NAUTILUS.

above gradually tapering to an obtuse apex ; last whorl flattening at

the sides, elongated, having a weak basal carina, the suture very

obliquely descending, becoming shortly free in front. Aperture large,

rotund-ovate, dark reddish-brown inside; peristome broadly flaring,

white on both face and reverse. Superior lamella vertical, compressed

and sharp, continuous with the spiral lamella. Spiral lamella short,

penetrating merely to a dorsal position. Inferior lamella rather re-

ceding, not extended upon the peristome, strongly converging toward

the superior lamella, ascending straightly inside, and penetrating to

a ventral position. Subcolumellar lamella completely immersed,

short. Principal plica situated high, short, extending from a latero-

dorsal position nearly to the lip. Lunella united with the lower end

of a short, curved upper palatal plica, together with it forming some-

what the shape of an inverted letter J. No lower palatal plica.

Length 24, diam. 4.2, longest axis of aperture 5.56 mm.

Sierra de Sta. Marta, U. S. of Colombia, at El Libana, at 6000 to

7000 ft. elevation, in moss on tree trunks. Collected by Mr. H. H.

Smith, May, 1898.

This species belongs to a somewhat numerous group of plain species

from Colombia and Ecuador. It resembles WV. femurina Jouss., of

Ecuador, but has different sculpture and a longer “neck.” In J.

erosset Hid., the aperture is narrower and oblong, not rounded-ovate

as in this species.

It is named in honor of Amelia W. Smith, the devoted and capable

companion of her naturalist husband, on his collecting journeys

through the tropics of two continents. Types in Coll. A. N.S. Phila.

and of George H. Clapp.

A GIGANTIC FOSSIL LUCINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

During the cruises of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross

in the West Indies, some years ago, one of the party collected some

fossils from various localities, and among others some large internal

casts of bivalves from Clairemont, St. Ann’s Parish, Jamaica.

These, according to the investigations of Hill, must have come from

the Montpelier white limestone, a widespread deposit of Upper

Eocene or Oligocene age, but older than the Oligocene of the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Bowden horizon. The Montpelier limestone contains, as a rule,

little that is recognizable in the way of fossils except foraminifera;

hence any species which can be identified is of interest, and in the

present case the interest is increased by the unparalleled size, for the

genus, of the species concerned. ‘The specimens referred to appear

to belong to the sub-genus Miltha or Pseudomiltha of the Lucinide.

It is absolutely certain that they belong to the genus Lucina, senso

lato, and probably to one or the other of the above-mentioned sub-

genera. The species, which may be provisionally named Lucina

megameris, is, 80 far as I am aware, the largest Lucinoid shell known.

It is equivalve, very inequilateral, the beaks being near the anterior

third, moderately convex, though somewhat flattened peripherally;

the cavity of the beaks rather shallow, the internal margins of the

valves smooth and entire, the lower posterior part of the valves pro-

duced, the anterior end rounded, short; posterior adductor scars

small and high; anterior scar low, narrow and loriform, produced

backward nearly to the vertical from the posterior scar. There are

no traces of the cardinal teeth, if any, but there were two feeble,

non-functional, posterior laterals, one on each valve. The disk is

more or less radiately striated and profusely punctate, as in many

other Lucinas. The greatest length of the cast, on a line drawn

from the umbo tangent to the posterior end of the anterior scar. is

235 mm.; the shorter line at right angles to the last, 230 mm.; the

diameter of the cast from side to side, 67 mm. The margins are

defective to the extent of half an inch or more in front and behind ;

the valves appear to have been not quite closed when the matrix

filled them, but the margin opposite the umbones appears to be

complete. Allowing 15 mm. for the thickness of the shell at the

umbones, which from the breadth of the impression of part of the

hinge-plate preserved seems reasonable, and the total length of the

valves would in that case have been 250 mm., or about ten inches

The largest Lucinoid shell heretofore recorded, Lucina (Pseudo-

miltha) gigantea Deshayes, from the Parisian Eocene, attains a

length of 98 mm., slightly less than four inches; from which the

overwhelming superiority in size of the Jamaican species is evident.

The cast, without extraneous matter, weighs seven pounds avoir-

dupois.

With the exception of Hippopus and Tridaena, the shells ef very

few, if any, of the teleodont bivalves equal or exceed the above

42 THE NAUTILUS.

dimensions, though the mass of the animal in Panopea and Tresus is

probably greater than in our species. On the other hand, among

the Prionodonts, such as /noceramus, ete., a number of fossil forms

occur which were larger; and the spread of the valves of the recent

pearl oyster, Meleagrina, sometimes exceeds a foot, when closed.

In a recent examination of all the generic forms supposed to

belong to the family Luwcintd@, 1 have been led to the conclusion

that there is no evidence that the Paleozoic fossils referred to

Paracyclas Hall, should be placed in this group. They appear to

be absolutely without any of the characters which are diagnostic of

Pelecypods belonging to the Lucinide.

I may add that the Clairemont limestones contain two other

species of this family, one a true Lucina of the type of L. edentula

Reeve, and the other a species of Phacoides belonging to the sub-

genus Lucinoma Dall., typified by L. jilosa Stimpson; a group

which has a remarkably wide distribution in age, space and depth of

water.

THE AMERICA PHYSE.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa ancillaria Say. :

Including the subspecies Physa vinosa Gould, magnalacustris Wal-

ker, and crassa Walker.

This species was described in 1826 from forms taken from the

Delaware river near Easton, Pa. Typical forms are still found in

the same locality. It differs from P. heterostropha Say, in its larger

size, more inflated form and by its coarser lines of growth. The

greatest difference lies in the manner in which the whorls are put

together, and the resulting change in the structure of the suture and

form of the spire. In that species the whorls lie against each other,

forming a more or less impressed suture, while in this form the

whorls overlap in such a manner as to make the suture appear as a

mere line. The type is shouldered, but in a majority of specimens

the shoulder is not prominent.*It has a little more than four

whorls, the last very large, and the columella is always twisted. It

is an annuan, but forms are found having two varicose lines on the

last whorl near the margin.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Distinguished by its inflated form, shoulder, low spire, unim-

pressed sutures and twisted columella.

Physa vinosa Gould. ‘This variety differs from the type only in

having a more globose form, the spire a little more elevated, and im-

pressed sutures.

Physa magnalacustris Walker. This form has been recently dis-

covered by Mr. Bryan Walker in northern Michigan. As his des-

eription has been published in the NauTiLus it is not necessary for

me to give it here. It is a large, fine globose shell, remarkable for

the broad, white longitudinal. bands on the last whorl. If they are

all like the specimens shown me, it should rank as a species.

Physa crassa Walker. This variety has also been recently de-

scribed from forms found in Michigan. It is much heavier and

somewhat narrower than the type. It has been well described by

its author.

Physa ancillaria is distributed over the same territory as P. hetero-

stropha Say, but is not so plentiful in the extreme east, and may

extend a little further west, but does not cross the Mississippi river.

P. obesa, De Kay, is a form of this species.

Physa sayi Tappan.

There has been a great deal of contention over this species. Some

of our ablest conchologists contend that it should not rank as a spe-

cies, while others equally as experienced accord it that rank. After

having given it much investigation and study, I have decided to re-

cognize it asa species. That it is an offshoot of P. ancillaria Say,

as that shell is of P. heterostropha Say, I have no doubt; but has it

not by its constant variation from its ancestor established the right

to rank as a species? It is not only possible, but highly probable

that all the American species of this genus sprung from one form.

The evolution began away back in the dreamy past, and has contin-

ued in some degree to the present time. When in our investigations

we find a form that has maintained distinctive characters for a long

period of time—in fact so long that the knowledge of man runs not

to the contrary—we must admit it to specific rank.

It was described sixty years ago from forms taken in Lake Pipin,

Portage Co., Ohio, and typical forms are still found having the same

inflated form, expanded lip, elevated spire with dark brown apex,

five whorls, coarse lines of growth and two varicose bands.

It is distributed over the northern part of the United States, and

44 THE NAUTILUS.

extends into Canada and as far west as the Rocky Mountains, but

not south of the Ohio and Missouri rivers.

Physa warreniana Lea, is a less inflated form and may be ranked

as a variety.

Physa lordi Baird.

This species was described in 1863 from specimens taken in Oso-

yoos Lake, British Columbia. It is a northwestern species, and

probably does not extend east much beyond the Rocky Mountains.

It is the largest American species of the genus, and may be readily

distinguished by its large size, inflated, gibbous form, and thin and

fragile shell.

Physa parkeri Currier.

The consensus of opinion places this shell with P. /ordi Baird as a

variety, but in this opinion I do not concur. Iam unable to see any

similarity in the two forms except in size, and the general outline of

the form when P. parkeri is not shouldered. P. lordi is a large gib-

bous form, while P. parker? is large and square shouldered. It is

also a thick, heavy shell of a different color and structure. I leave

the matter to be determined by those more familiar with these forms

than I am.

Distribution, Northern Michigan.

Physa rhomboidea, n. sp. PI. II, fig. 6, 7.

Shell rhomboid-ovate, large, heavy, robust, yellowish horn-color to

pale yellowish-brown, texture fine, surface undulating and shining

when not covered with a dark coating, spire elevated, acute with

dark brown tip, whorls five convex, sutures much impressed, aperture

ovate, lip simple, not expanded, sometimes a little compressed, thick-

ened on inner margin with reddish-brown callus, columella well cov-

ered with heavy deposit continuing and extending from the lip. On

many of them the columella is felded so as to form a narrow um-

bilicus.

Length 16 mm. diameter 9 mm. Bi-annuan.

.This shell was collected by me in Cedar and Muddy creeks, near

Sedalia, Mo. I have since found it at Dardanelles and Sulphur

Springs, Ark., and at three localities near Las Vegas, New Mexico.

I have sent to Prof. Pilsbry examples from Missouri and Las Vegas.

In a reservoir on Romaro ranch I found some dead shells consider-

ably larger than the one described.

It is distinguished by its robust appearance, deep sutures, con-

THE NAUTILUS. 45

stricted aperture and umbilicus, which will be found in a large part

of them. It is more like P. solida Philippi than any other species.

Physa gyrina Say.

Including the subspecies Physa hildrethiana Lea, oleacea Tryon,

and albofilata Ancey.

This species was found in Bowyer Creek, near Council Bluffs,

Towa, in 1821. It is a large, coarse shell, sub-cylindrical in form ;

the largest sizes having six whorls. The lip joins the body whorl at

an acute angle, forming a loop-shaped aperture; the penultimate

whorl is enlarged, giving the spire a blunt appearance, lines of

growth coarse, crossed by microscopic striz, giving the surface a dull

appearance.

Diameter ;% the length. Tis species is a tri-annuan,

Distinguished by its form, coarse lines of growth, loop-shaped

aperture, large penultimate whorl and obtuse spire.

Physa hildrethiana Lea, comprises nearly all the forms found east

of the Mississippi river. It is distinguished from the type by being

of a lighter texture, finer lines of growth, not so much covered with

cross strie, and having a darker color. Many of these forms are

more slender.

Physa oleacea Tryon. This variety is more cylindrical than

either of the other forms, has a very obtuse spire, lines of growth

much finer and the cross strie more thickly covering the surface,

giving the shell a smooth, dull appearance. It is generally found

with five whorls. The spire is very variable, but otherwise its

markings are constant. Some forms are cylindrical with the spire

smoothly rounded over, showing no raised apex. This form Prof.

Tryon, in the ‘* Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca,”

placed with the synonyms of P. elliptica Lea. It is sometimes so

distinet from all other forms of this species that I should accord it

the rank of a species but for the fact that my observations while col-

lecting them have clearly disclosed so many proofs that it is only a

peculiar and eccentric form of P. gyrina. I have found it inhabit-

ing little ponds, with the typical form maintaining family relations,

and of all sizes and forms from the cylindrical scarcely raised spire

to the elongated and obtuse spire of the typical form. I am fortified

in this position by Prof. Tryon, to whom I took some samples for

identification about a year before his death, and he identified them

as a variety of P. gyrina.

(To be concluded.)

46 THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

he following interesting notes are taken from the Journal of

Conchology, Vol. x, no. 2, pp. 35-42, April, 1901, ‘*Conchology at

the Dawn and Close of the Nineteenth Century ’’ (The Presidential

Address delivered by Mr. E. R. Sykes, at the Annual Meeting of

the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Oct. 27,

1900).

* * * «The close of the Nineteenth Century is, to use a com-

mercial expression, a time to ‘take stock,’ and consider what prog-

ress has been made. It is with one of these forms of estimating our

present position that I propose for a few minutes to concern myself,

and especially with an endeavor to arrive at some idea of the actual

number of species of recent mollusca which are now known to

science. Any such estimate can but be approximate, but a survey

of the most recent monographs enables one to form a fairly accurate

conception.

“The classic starting-point for such a calculation, as indeed for

all other systematic molluscan work, is the tenth edition of Linnaeus.”

His works contain roughly speaking about 700 species. This

number gradually increased nearly every year, until “ Dillwyn, in

1817, was enabled to enumerate 2,244; which we may divide into:

Cephalopoda, 45; Gastropoda, 1,510; Scaphopoda, 15; Pelecypoda,

638 ; Polyplacophora, 36.

In the classic work of the brothers Adams (1853-58) we find the

following: Cephalopoda, 197: Gastropoda, 12,604; Scaphopoda,

46; Pelecypoda, 4,258; Polyplacophora, 216.

Treating Paetel’s well-known work (1888-1890) in the same way

we get: Cephalopoda, 305; Gastropoda, 35,134; Scaphopoda, 137 ;

Pelecypoda, 8,467; Polyplacophora, 439; or a total of 44,482

species.

‘‘ Hoyle’s catalogue of the recent Cephalopoda in 1886, with ad-

denda in 1896, contains 469. From the Zodlogical Record of

1897-9, we add eleven, and on an average, we may include four for

1900, making a total of 484 species.

In the Gastropoda the recent catalogue of the Cyclophoride, Cy-

clostomatide, and allies, by Kobelt and Moellendorff, ‘* yields about

2,444 species, and if we add 48 species from the Zod]. Record of

1899, and estimate a similar number for the 1900, we get 2,541.”

Since Paetel’s list in 1888 (omitting the Cyclophorida, etc.), basing

1900 on a three years’ average (682), there have been recorded 7,396,

a total estimate of 43,021.

As to the Scaphopods, the most recent monograph, by Pilsbry and

Sharp, yields 238; if we add the single one in the record of 1899,

and another for 1900, we have 240 species.

For the Pelecypoda we have since Paetel’s list (1890), basing as

before, 1900 on a three years’ average (142), 1,056; a total of

9,523 species.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

“Finally we turn to the Amphineura. Here from Dr. Pilsbry’s

work we get: Polyplacophora, 540; Aplacophora, 33. Adding from

the Zod]. Record in a precisely similar manner we have to include

Polyplacophora, 59 ; Aplacophora, 4; and we get a final total of 636.

“The next question which arises is, how far are the above totals

trustworthy? On the one hand they are inflated by a mass of

synonyms which still masquerade as species, while on the other hand

they are reduced by a certain number of omissions. The only

omission of any importance, however, will, I think, be found in the

Nudibranchiata, of which the true total is, owing to the nature of the

works consulted, unduly curtailed.’

‘* Making a reduction therefore for synonyms and allowing for the

above, I think a very fair approximation will be: Cephalopoda, 450;

Gastropoda, 40,000; Scaphopoda, 220; Pelecypoda, 8,500; Amphi-

neura, 600; or a grand total of 49,770—say 50,000 known species

of recent mollusca.”’ C2Ww.J:

Tue Locatity or Say’s Type OF ALASMIDONTA MARGINATA.

—Bearing on the question whether the name Alasmidonta marginata

of Say should be applied to an Eastern or a Western shell, and as it

has been questioned that Lea ever collected in the Scioto River, the

following quotation ' will be found of interest: ‘* Mr. Lea remembers

that Mr. Say founded his genus Alasmodonta on a single valve which

he himself had picked up on the river shore at Chillicothe, Ohio, and

which he carried from that place to Philadelphia in his saddle-bags.”’

From this it is clear that Say’s name should be applied to the form

known as A. truncata of the western states, as it corroborates Say’s

statement that the type was found in the Scioto River.

It may be well to point out that the Journal of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, containmg the description of Alas-

midonta marginata, although dated December, 1818, really did not

appear until the year 1819, which is the same date as the separate

of Say’s paper from the 38d edition of Nicholson’s Encyclopedia.

From the fact that no locality for the species is given in the latter

paper, it seems safe to say that A. marginata was first described

therein, the locality being supplied in the later paper in the Journal,

which was published prior to March 13th, 1819, as Say, in a letter

of that date, speaks of having sent a copy of it to a correspondent.

In Say’s American Conchology there is an article, or chapter per-

haps, entitled: ‘* An attempt to exhibit a synonymy of the Western

North American species of the genera Unio and Alasmodonta,”’ in

which will be found listed as a western species, ‘‘Alasmodonta mar-

ginata Say.”—WIL.1AM J. Fox.

1From The Published Wi $k of Isaac Lea, LL. D. ny: Newton Pratt Scud-

der. (Bull. No. 23, W. S. Nat t. Mus.)

48 THE NAUTILUS.

CORRESPONDENCE.

We extract the following from a letter recently received from Rev.

W. H. Fluck, Wounta Haulover. (Address care of Moravian Mission,

Bluefields. Nicaragua):

‘TI believe I am the only conchologist in Nicaragua, and I sup-

pose my collection is not only the largest but the finest. Caesar

said, ‘ Better be first in a little Iberian village than be second in

Romie, but I don’t agree with him. I send you herewith a few shells.

Donazx eayennensis Lam. Prinzapolka, Mosquito Coast, Nica-

ragua, C. A.

Donax denticulatus L. Wounta Haulover.

Nerita pelaronta L. Man of War Keys, Mosquito Coast, Nica-

ragua, C. A.

Dione dione Linné. Wounta Haulover.

Neritina reclivata Say, var. reticulata C. & J. In the Lagoon at

Wounta Haulover.

Pachycheilus corvinus Morel. Quiquina, on the Toongla River.

Polymesoda inflata Hanley. Lagoon, Wounta Haulover.

I have eaten bushels of the Donaces. The Indian children collect

them at low water.”

We would add that the specimens of Donax and Dione are the

finest we have ever seen. The Jeritina is exceptionally large.

Neritina reclivata is now referred, correctly no doubt, to WV. lineolata

Lam.; and the netted Central American race will stand as J. lineo-

lata var. reticulata C. & J. Polymesoda is what has usually been

known as Cyrena; and is now accepted as the generic name for the

American Cyrenas, which have a small pallial sinus, such as carolin-

ensis and the tropical American species.

Working alone in a bookless land, we are sure that Mr. Fluck

will be glad to receive papers on conchological topics, and exchanges

for the shells of his region.

GEORGE W. DEAN.

We regret to learn of the death of our old friend Mr. Geo. W.

Dean, which occurred on April 10th at his home in Kent, Ohio.

Mr. Dean was born in Wayne township, Ashtabula Co., Ohio,

August 20, 1820. In 1855 he took up the occupation of a nursery-

man and florist, a business in which he was successfully engaged

until the time of his death.

Mr. Dean was a great lover and student of nature, and well known

to many of the readers of THE Nautitvus, for notwithstanding his

busy life as a horticulturist, he was an ardent and enthusiastic col-

lector of shells.

Soe ON Ate eS.

Von. XV. SEPTEMBER, 1901. No. 5.

A NEW JAMAICAN ADAMSIELLA.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Adamsiella jarvisi n. s.

Shell moderately elongate, pyramidal. Whorls four, well rounded,

the last leaving the body of the shell and projecting one-half its own

length free in a slight

curve. Apex truncate ;

sutures well impressed.

Sculpture consists of

unevenly-spaced,

prominently-raised

lamine circling all the

whorls; these are

crossed by obsolete

spiral liree which are

only apparent at their

points of intersection with the transverse ridges. Umbilicus narrow

and extending through the shell, forming a puncture at the apical

truncation. Aperture exactly round; inner peritreme greatly ex-

tended; the outer peritreme corresponding to an exaggerated lamina,

circles the whorl like a collar, the outer edge of which is irregular

but not fluted. Color pale yellowish-gray.

Height 11 ; diam. above aperture 6.5; greatest diam. 9; diam. of

aperture 3 mm.

This species resembles 4. pearmaniana in general shape and sculp-

ture, but is obviously distinct by reason of its coarser lamina and

evidences of spiral striz, also by the striking projection of the last

50 THE NAUTILUS.

whorl. The sculpture of this shell is somewhat suggestive of the

rough burr-like appearance presented by some of the Jamaican

Choanopomas. A series of chestnut-brown spots circling the outer

expanded peritreme probably indicates in fresh specimens parallel

rows of similar spots upon the whorls. Opereulum unknown.

Collected by Mr. Jarvis near Ewarton, Jamaica.

THE UNIONIDE OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY H. VON IHERING.

Entering into consideration of particular species, I would make the

following observations :

Quadrula spheniopsis Morel certainly does not belong to the

genus Quadrula, because the female is inflated in the same manner

on the base of the shell as Lampsilis. I have a good series of speci-

mens, some of which were examined by the late Dr. Fischer. I sub-

ordinate this species to the genus Nephronaias, of which Pachynatas

Crosse and Fischer is a synonym.

Quadrula pernodosa Lea. I consider that this is not a variety of

pustulosa, because the form is quite different from that of the varie-

ties of pustulosa, which is always more quadrate, while pernodosa is

of an elongate, higher form, with more prominent beaks. The hinge-

line is longer in pustulosa. ‘The distance of the large pseudocardina]

tooth from the end of the lateral is more than a half of the height in

pustulosa, but is less in pernodosa.

Lampsilis occidens Lea, I consider as a good species, different

from L. ventricosus by the more central position of the beaks and

different shape of the anterior extremity. I have males and females

of both ventricosus and occtdens.

Lampsilis pictus Lea, is perhaps the male of perdix Lea.

Lampsilis sapperi sp. n. This is the shell mentioned by Simpson

in his Catalogue, p. 571, n. 4, as a doubtful variety of L. explicatus.

The shell is more elongate, with the ventral margins sinuate and the

anterior extremity lower and somewhat obliquely truncate on the

inferior part of the anterior margins. The pseudocardinals are very

stout, one in the right, two in the left valve. This differs remarkably

from L. explicatus as figured by Crosse and Fischer, pl. 61, fig. 1, of

the Moll. Mex., having the pseudocardinals elevated, compressed,

THE NAUTILUS. dl

lamelliform. I believe the L. sappert more allied to L. umbrosus

Lea than to explicatus, being, however, of a more elongate form with

produced posterior extremity and larger size. The type example has

a length of 64 mm., breadth of 114 mm., diam. of 38mm. The

epidermis is dark brown, blackish, the nacre white. The posterior

slope has two obtuse, somewhat indistinct diverging lines. The spe-

cies is from the Chixoy river in Guatemala, and dedicated to Dr.

Carl Sapper, who has collected in scientific expeditions in Central

America and Mexico many interesting Unionide, for which I am

much indebted to him.

Nephronaias medellinus Lea seems to be the same as Lampsilis

aztecorum Phil.

Nephronaias averyi Lea, I have from the Rio Tuca, in N.-W.

Guatemala.

Nephronaias goascoranensis Lea (1858), I have received from

Dr. Sapper from the Moramusko river, in Honduras, and from the

Rio Coco in Nicaragua. The species varies, and I have specimens

corresponding to the figure of Lea and others to that of Crosse and

Fischer (Miss. Sci., Mexico, pt. 2, 1894, pl. 64, fig. 5 and 5 a), of

Unio calamitarum Morelet (1849.) The name of this widely-

distributed Central American species should, therefore, be Nephro-

naias calamitarum Morelet, if Morelet, as also Crosse and Fischer

have not confounded two different species, and it is impossible to

say what is the true calamitarum.

Nephronaias tabascoensis Kiister (1856) is also a widely-distributed

Central American species. This is my No. 60 from the Rio Copan,

Guatemala, tributary of the Motagua river, and which Mr. Simpson

believed be the scamnatus Morelet. Having both WV. scamnatus

Morel. and gandlachi Dunker from Cuba, I consider them different.

The true scamnatus is a smaller and thinner shell, while to tabasco-

ensis are synonymous U. persulcatus Lea, rugulosus Kust. and per-

haps also plicatulus Kuster. To this species belongs also Unio cala-

mitarum Morelet, var. prolongata Crosse et Fischer |. ¢., p. 612, pl.

63, fig. 5 et 5 a. The supposed Central American examples of N.

scamnatus may be identical with NV. dysoni Lea. WN. tabascoensis I

have also from Nicaragua, Rio Telpanek, and (No. 61) from El

Obrage, Guatemala.

Referring to the genera of North American Unionidae admitted

by Simpson, I would make the following observations :

52 THE NAUTILUS.

Truncilla. his would be a quite natural genus,"eliminating some

heterogenous elements, that must be placed with Quadrula, as T.

personata Say, allied to Q. trigona, and 7. perplexa and foliata allied

to Y. metanevra.

Lampsilis. A very natural genus, from which, however, Proptera

should be separated as a genus.

Obovaria belongs in the vicinity of Quadrula, as do likewise 7’ri-

togonia, Cyprogenia, Obliquaria and Dromus.

Ptychobranchus is a subgenus of Lampsilis.

Pleurobema will form a natural group after the removal of P.

@sopus and probably some other species.

Unio. There are to be removed U. spheniopsis, a species allied to

Nephronaias cyrenoides, and also the group of U. semigranosus, con-

sisting of species of Quadrula. There are a number of species of

Quadrula in Mexico distinguished by peculiar granular sculpture

and thin reddish-gray epidermis, for which Crosse and Fischer cre-

ated the sub-genus Psoronaias. I can find no reason for dividing

them between two groups, as Simpson has done; and I unite U.

semigranosus and allied species to Quadrula. In this way all sculp-

tured forms are eliminated from the genus Unio.

Plagiola. Genus probably to be restricted to P. elegans and

similar forms, while P. cyrenotdes, etc., may be transferred to

Nephronaias.

The family Unionide, as limited by Simpson, would contain,

according to these views, two families : Diplodontide and Unionide,

which are distinguished not only by the marsupia. but also by im-

portant conchological characters. The sexual differences, strongly

pronounced in the Lampsil’s group, are not entirely deficient in the

other groups, as there are species with pronounced sexual differences

in both the genera Quadrula and Diplodon. 'The sculpture of the

beaks is concentric in the Untonidx, radial in the Diplodontide. In

some species of Hyriaand Tetraplodon the radial sculpture is reduced

or almost obsolete. Of two specimens of Castaliella sulcata Krauss in

my collection, one shows the radial sculpture well developed; in the

other it is nearly absent. The pseudo-cardinals are variant in both

examples; the nacre is bluish-white. This mussel is doubtless identical

with Tetraplodon schombergianus Sow., but I have received my speci-

mens, collected by Kapler on the Marowini River, Surinam, from the

Zoological Museum in Stuttgart as typical specimens of Castalia

THE NAUTILUS. 53

sulcata Krauss. As Simpson believes also to be typical his specimen

with purplish nacre, further investigations will be necessary, how-

ever, as it is probable that the species shows some variability, and

that Tetraplodon schombergianus is a synonym.

Conformable with the conceptions here exposed, we may consider

the super-family of Naiades as composed of two families: Unionidg

and Diplodontide. The former, the only one occurring in North

America, may be divided into the following three sub-families :

Union1p# with the genera: Anodonta, Lastena, Gonidea, Ano-

dontoides, Pegias, Arcidens, Symphynota, Alasmidonta, Hemilastena,

Margaritana, Unio.

QUADRULIN# with the genera: Quadrula, Pleurobema, Obovaria,

Cyprogenia, Obliquaria, Dromus.

LAMPSILIN® with the genera: Lampsilis, Truncilla, Micromya,

Medionidus, Nephronaias, Glebula, Plagiola.

As shown by the arguments given, the opinions of Mr. Simpson,

in many essential points, are in accordance with those of the writer,

and I thought it useful to publish such of my ideas as do not accord

with Mr. Simpson’s, in order to submit them to examination in the

discussion which a book of such great importance will naturally

provoke.

S. Paulo (Brazil) 10 May, 1901.

AN ABNORMAL CHITON,

In September of last year Mr. Hemphill sent me a photograph of

an abnormal specimen of the common Californian species /sehnochiton

(Maugerella) conspicuus Cpr., the divergence from the ordinary

form consisting in its having only six valves. The length of the

specimen (photo) is about 70 and the breadth 38 millimeters. There

is no indication of pathologic deformity; the proportionate size of

the valves compared with the size of the shell as a whole, exhibits

no eccentricity. Cooke, in the Mollusca volume of the Cambridge

Natural History Series, remarks that ‘‘seven-valved monstrosities

very rarely occur.” Sykes has recently reported and figured a

three-valved individual. In the hundreds of Chitons of various

species that I have collected on the West Coast I have never de-

tected an example with less than the usual number, though it is pos-

sible in handling a large number, especially of the smaller forms, to

54 THE NAUTILUS.

overlook an individual varying in the above respect. It will be well

for collectors to keep their eyes open for such abnormal individuals ;

it may be found that they occnr oftener than is supposed.

R. E. C. Stearns.

Los Angeles, May 2, 1901.

THE AMERICAN PHYSE.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa gyrina var. albofilata Ancey. ‘This variety is confined to

southwest Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, extending into the

Indian Territory and Kansas. It is distinguished by its lighter

color, fine lines of growth, rarely showing cross striz, generally

malleated on some part of the surface, and large white varicose bands.

It is generally found with five whorls.

Forms: Physa hawni Lea, P. cylindrica Newcomb, Physa smith-

soniana Lea,

P. gyrina is the most widely distributed of all the American species.

It extends over all the territory between the Alleghanies and Rocky

Mountains, and from the Arctic region south into Alabama and

Texas. JI have examples from near Philadelphia, Pa., and from

Routt county, Colorado, but I do not consider them permanent in-

habitants of those localities. It is possible that they may yet be

found to extend as far west as the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but I

have been unable to obtain any evidence that they now inhabit the

Great Basin. I account for their being found outside of the limits

here given by the ova being carried on the feet of migratory birds,

by means of which isolated colonies are planted, which survive for a

time, but finally become absorbed by the more numerous inhabitants

and disappear. ‘They may be called sporadic colonies. This also in

part accounts for the hybridization that has produced so many forms

that have been described as new species, only to vanish in a season.

Physa elliptica Lea.

Includes the sub-species Physa elliptica troostiana Lea, Physa ellip-

tica minor Nn. V.

There probably is not a more distinct species in the genus than

this, yet Binney and Haldeman place it in the synonymy of P.

gyrina Say. ‘Tryon recognized it as a species, gave it a very large

THE NAUTILUS. 55

synonymy, and substituted his description of P. oleacea for that of

Lea. The species are widely different, and were so acknowledged

by him in later years. The form which I refer to this species may

be described as follows :

Shell elliptical, thin, pellucid, smooth and generally shining, lines

of growth scarcely perceptible, spire rather short and obtuse, sutures

impressed, aperture elliptical, axis straight, with varicose bands

when mature, and diameter from two-fifths to one-half the length.

The outline is almost exactly that of an elliptic spring. All the

varieties are small, not exceeding a half inch in length.

Physa troostiana Lea is a more robust form, more obtuse, and the

diameter a little greater in proportion to the length. Its habitat is

along the Ohio valley.

Physa elliptica minor n. v. was sent to me from Grand Rapids,

Mich., by Mr. Streng. It is very small, being only four to five mm.

in length, rather cylindrical in form, whorls three, convex, sutures

impressed, spire slightly elevated, surface highly polished, color

deeper than the type. At first I thought they were immature, but

the lip has a well defined rib on the submargin, and I now think

they are a miniature form of this species.

Physa deformis Currier probably belongs here, and may be a

variety, but for the present I prefer to consider it only a form. It

may be a larger form of P. elliptica minor ; if so it will take its place.

Forms: P. aurea Lea, P. febigerit Lea, P. nicklinii Lea.

This species is distributed sparingly over all the region east of the

Mississippi and north of Tennessee.

Physa niagarensis Lea.

This species was described in 1864 from forms taken in Niagara

river, N. Y., but has generally been considered a variety of P.

integer Hald. In fact I have held the same opinion until quite

recently. In the last few years I have had opportunity to examine

examples of P. integer from over fifty localities, about one-fourth of

which were properly referred to this species, and from these exami-

nations and the places from which they were taken, I feel satisfied

that this form is not a variety of P. integer. If it is not entitled to

rank as a species, it should be referred to P. heterostropha as a

variety.

They vary but little, but the largest part of those I have examined

have the form of P. heterostropha, except that the spire is a little

56 THE NAUTILUS.

more elevated and the acute apex is tipped with reddish-brown.

Axis straight, aperture ovate, smooth and shining surface, rarely

showing varicose bands. Color yellowish-white grading into a pale

yellowish chestnut in some forms. It usually has four whorls.

While white, it is not porcellaneous. Lea’s description is correct.

P. saffordi Lea, is a form of this species.

Distribution: Along the Great Lakes.

Physa integer Haideman.

Subspecies: Physa integer billingsi Heron.

This is a very distinct species, described in 1841 from shells found

in Indiana. It is distinguished by its oval form, light color fre-

quently banded with white, deeply impressed sutures, ear-shaped

aperture and somewhat rough but shining surface. It is not closely

allied to any other species. It requires two seasons to reach matu-

rity. Diameter seven-tenths the length.

It is the only species that extends from the Lakes to the Gulf.

It inhabits all the country bordering on the Lakes from Ontario

west, and extends south and west as far as San Antonio, Texas. I

have collected live forms in the latter place, and found it fossil in the

post-pliocene at Belton, Texas.

Its distribution being different from that of any other species

raises a doubt as to the identity of the species at the extreme ends of

the territory covered. It has not been reported from south of the

Ohio river, nor from eastern Arkansas, but seems to occupy a belt

lying between central Arkansas and central Kansas, continuing

about the same width to the Gulf.

Physa billingsi Heron. The type was taken in Rideau river, near

Ottawa, Canada. The first examples sent me from that locality

varied so much from any described form that I was inclined to

accord it specific rank, but having received it from several localities

in Michigan, I am now placing it here as a well-marked variety.

It is smaller than P. ¢nteger, of finer texture, and the sutures are

much less impressed. None of them have the ear-shaped aperture.

The lip is expanded and in many of them forms the are of a circle.

In some of them the diameter is nearly as great as the length. From

this form they graduate into the usual form of P. integer.

Its distribution, so far as known, is confined to Canada and

Michigan.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Physa anatina Lea.

This is the most striking and beautiful species of the genus. It

was discovered in a northern tributary of the Arkansas river in Kan-

sas, in 1864, and in that locality it has its greatest development.

The extent of its distribution is unknown. It is plentiful around

Wichita, Kansas, and has been repozted from Missouri, Arkansas,

Nebraska and Michigan. It probably inhabits all the intervening

territory.

Distinguished by its sub-fusiform and symmetrical shape, smooth

and shining surface, pale color, six oblique whorls, impressed sutures,

and the malleations on the lower part of the last whorl of all adult

forms. Bi-annuan.

Diameter 2 the length.

Physa brevispira Lea.

Ottawa river, Canada West, furnished the type for this species in

1864. It is not numerous in any locality, and is seldom reported by

collectors. I have examples agreeing with Lea’s figure from Lake

Nippising, Ont.. and shells from five other localities which I believe

belong here, although they differ in color and height of spire. Speci-

mens from Detroit river, Reed’s Lake and Pent Water, Mich., are

good representatives of the species in size, color and all other char-

acters except that the spire is somewhat exserted. The Isle of

Mackinac furnishes a much larger white shell which I refer to the

same species.

Distinguished by its globose form, opaque whitish color and dilated

aperture. It has been sent to me as P. ancillaria and vinosa. An-

nuan.

Diameter ? the length. Aperture 5% the length of shell.

Physa walkeri n.s. PI. 2, fig. 5.

Shell elongate-ovate, ashy horn color, texture rather coarse, whorls

four, very convex, sutures much impressed, spire much elevated and

tapering to an acute apex, aperture ovate, not expanded, ,°, the length

of the shell, lip tortuous and evenly curved, inner margin thickened

with thin white deposit. Length 10 mm, width 6 mm.

This little shell was sent to me by Bryant Walker, Esq., of De-

troit, Mich., having been collected by him at Petoskey, Mich., after

whom I take pleasure in naming it. It has also been sent to me

from three other localities in Michigan, and Rideau river, Ont. It

is allied to P. integer Hald, and fills the place between that species

and P. anatina Lea.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

It differs from P. ¢ntegra Hald. in having a more elevated, slender

and acute spire, less deeply impressed sutures and much finer tex-

ture. The aperture is nearly ovate, not ear-shaped, the columella

gracefully curved and covered with a thin lamina. It differs from

P. anatina Lea in being much smaller, lighter colored, the whorls

less oblique, lines of growth more visible and being of lighter texture.

The shell as a whole, when seen with these species, impresses itself

as distinct at a glance.

Physa cubensis Pfeiffer.

This is a Cuban species found in Florida. { have not seen Pfeif-

fer’s description, but forms kindly sent to me by Prof. Pilsbry may

be described as follows :

Mature shell sub-fusiform, light amber, smooth and shining surface,

lines of growth scarcely perceptible, whorls five, convex, sutures im-

pressed, spire rising like a cone to an acute apex, aperture elongate

ovate, lip not expanded, columella twisted and covered with a callus.

Bi-annuan I think.

A peculiarity of this species, as shown by the forms sent to me, is

that the immature form is ovate, the last whorl in the adult being

somewhat flattened and elongated, thus making the shell sub-fusiform

when mature.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN BITTIUM.

BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.

Bittium (Elachista) californicum spec. nov. c

Shell white, broadly elongate-conic ; whorls rounded, falling off

more abruptly toward the suture than the summit. The earlier

whorls increase less rapidly in diameter, and are more evenly

rounded. Base short, well rounded; aperture suboval, effuse and

subchannelled anteriorly, with the posterior angle rounded ; colu-

mella somewhat twisted and slightly revolute.

The ornamentation consists of about 14-16 broad and low axial

folds, which gradually become obsolete on the periphery and base,

THE NAUTILUS. 59

and on the whorls three or four impressed spiral lines, which are

equally apparent on the ribs and intercostal spaces.

This species occurs both recent and fossil in California. Recent

shells appear more slender with fewer ribs, 12-14. The type is a

fossil specimen from Dead Man’s Id. off San Pedro, Cala., and has

8 whorls which measure: long 5.5 mm., diam. 2.2 mm. A _ recent

shell of 10 whorls measured 6.0 mm., diam. 2.1 mm.

LIMNAEA AURICULARIA IN AMERICA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Some weeks ago Mr. Herbert E. Walter, instructor in Biology in

the North Division High School, brought me several specimens of a

Limnaea which was new to the fauna of the United States. Upon

inquiry, the locality was given as the propagating green-house of

Lincoln Park. A few years ago Miss Marie LaGrange, a pupil in

the North Division High School, found a number of the same species

in a lily pond in the park, the water of which was artificially heated

to give the necessary warmth for certain tropical plants, the tem-

perature being above 90° Fahr.

Comparison with the shells in the Academy’s collection showed

the species to be Limnaea auricularia, and an inquiry of the park

gardener brought to light the fact that certain plants had been

recently imported from Belgium. This information at once removed

the mystery surrounding the sudden appearance of this shell in the

park, and shows how easy it is at the present time to transport a

species from one continent to another, especially if it be a pulmonate.

The shells of Z. aurieuwlaria are about an inch in length, of a deep

corneous color, and are rather thin. When alive, the mantle of the

animal is seen through the shell to be made up of dark and light

spots arranged irregularly. The animal appeared rather active,

moving about the aquarium with a steady, gliding motion. The

heart pulsations were 54 per minute.

It may also be of interest to state that the following introduced

species have been found in the greenhouse or in the lily ponds:

Testacella haliotoidea, Limax maximus and L. flavus, Vitrea drapar-

naldi and Limnaea auricularia.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

ORESTES A. CRANDALL.

It is with deep regret that we record the death of Colonel O. A.

Crandall, of Sedalia, Missouri, which occurred at West Chester,

Pennsylvania, July 6. He left home during the latter part of June

on a business and pleasure trip East. After staying a few days at

Bridgeport, Connecticut, he went to Philadelphia, where he was sick

four days, when he went to the home of an old friend at West

Chester, hoping that with complete rest he would soon recuperate ;

but the extreme heat combined with heart trouble caused his sudden

death. Interment was at Sedalia.

“‘ Orestes A. Crandall was born at Syracuse, N. Y., February 25,

833. In 1855 his parents removed to McHenry county, Illinois,

at that time known as the Crystal Lake country, a wilderness in-

habited by Indians and wild animals. The nearest settlement was

forty miles distant. Thrown upon his own resources at the age of

thirteen, Mr. Crandall developed rapidly those sterling qualities

which in later years made him prominent among men.

“In 1853 he went to California, walking 500 miles of the distance

and carrying his bundle on his back. He worked eight years in the

Golden State as miner and mineralogist, returiing to ** The States ”’

in 1861 and locating in Saline county, Mo.

** At the outbreak of the war, soon after coming to Missouri, he

aligned himself with the Union and went to the *‘ wilderness”’ of

Illinois, where he organized and put two regiments of soldiers in the

field. He fought with honor during the war, his last battle being

the battle of Sedalia, October 15, 1864, in which he was captured by

the Confederate forces.

‘He located permanently in Sedalia in 1864, and in that yea

was admitted to the bar and practiced his chosen profession until the

beginning of the eighties. He married Miss Kate A. Kidd, of that

city.

‘*In 1875 he organized the Pettis County Bank and was made its

president. He was elected president of the Missouri Trust Com-

pany in 1880. Under his guidance the company became one of the

foremost institutions of its kind in the country.”

Mr. Crandall was well known to many readers of Tur NauTiLus,

especially those interested in fresh-water snails. For a number of

years his spare time was spent in a study of the genus Physa, the

results of which are still being published under “the title «The

American Physe.”’

THE NAUTILUS, XV. : PigAwE mn:

STPROPHITUS WRIGHTIANUS WALKER.

re NN AUT US.

Vou. XV. OCTOBER, 1901. No. 6.

LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE NORTHEASTERN GROUP OF THE LOO

CHOO ISLANDS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The exploration of Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-no-shima (Yaku-

shima), effected under the direction of Mr. Y. Hirase, gives us abso-

lutely the first information upon the land mollusca of the ‘ north-

eastern group ”’ of the Loo Choo Islands.

Tane-ga-shima is a well-cultivated island, about 32 miles long and

5 wide. It is comparatively low, the highest point having an eleva-

tion of about 1200 feet. It is somewhat noted as being the first

Japanese soil trod by an European. In 1542, Mendez Pinto, the

Portugese adventurer, landed there, astonishing the natives with his

firearms. I have named a diminutive Claustlia in memory of this

circumstance.

Yaku-shima is a wilder, forested island, nearly circular, with a

diameter of about 15 miles. It towers in a ‘splendid mountain mass

6000 feet above the sea. The snail faunas of the two islands seem

to be very similar, with a number of identical species. I do not

know whether Mr. Hirase’s collector ascended the peak of Yaku-

shima; probably not. The heights would probably have different

species from the shore zone.

A Helicid species, Hulota (Euhadra) submandarina, described by

me many years ago from two bleached specimens, one said to be from

the ** Loo Choo Islands,” the other labeled ‘* China,” proves to be

a characteristic species of these islands. [t is quite unlike other

known Japanese forms, both in shell and soft anatomy. Lulota sub-

62 THE NAUTILUS.

mandarina is quite variable. The figured type measures alt. 17, diam.

21mm. Three specimens from Tane-ga-shima (from no. 660 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection) measure 16x214, 18x244 and 20x26 mm. They

are reddish-brown, with a narrow dark band at the periphery. Two

others from the same island are more elevated, measuring alt. 22,

diam. 21, and alt. 21, diam. 25 mm.; the latter being of a rich dark

chestnut color, the band black. These are Mr. Hirase’s no. 659.

From Yaku-shima the shells sent out are larger, alt. 23, diam. 30;

alt. 22, diam. 28 mm. They have 64 whorls, like the smaller shells

of Tane-ga shima, and the color is rather light, the peripheral band

reduced to an indistinct line. This form I have called var. magna.

It is no. 672 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Doubtless #. submandarina is peculiar to these and perhaps some

neighboring islands.

The following species are not confined to the two islands: Trocho-

morpha Gouldiana Pils. occurs on Yaku-shima, indistinguishable from

the types from Oshima. Macrochlamys tanegashime has recently been

received from Kago-shima, Satsuma (Mr. Hirase’s no. 701), quite

like the types, but slightly larger. Sttala cireumcincta var. elata

(Gude) is a trifle more brown in color than the types from Hondo,

the perforation is perceptibly wider, and the whorls possibly less con-

vex; but specimens received from three localities in Kiusiu are

partly similar, partly intermediate in characters, so that although it

takes next to no difference to make a ‘species’ in this. group, I do

not think the Kiusiu or Yaku-shima Sitalas deserve separation from

the Nippon form.

Among the land operculates there is a new Spiropoma ( Calopoma)

which has been called SS. Nakada, and a new Pupinella, P. Funatot.

These are named for Messrs. Nakada and Funato, two able and en-

thusiastic collectors of shells for Mr. Hirase.

The Clausiliide are represented by five species and several vari-

eties, all peculiar to the islands, and remarkable for the excessive

thickness of the shells. Their general relations are with species of

Kiusiu and Nippon, not with those of the central group of the Loo

Choo Is. The wonderful forms with plicate lips, found in Oshima

and Great Luchu (Okinawa or Nawa Island) are apparently wanting

in Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, and their place is taken by

species of the sections Stereophedusa and Hemiphedusa. All but

Clausilia stereoma are rather small, and all of them are remarkably

THE NAUTILUS. 63

unlike any Japanese species, though more nearly related to them

than to those of the central Loo Choo Islands.

The general affinities of the faunas of the two islands are with that

of southern Kiusiu, but there is remarkable specialization, vastly

more than in Tsu-shima, for instance, although the latter is more

distant from the west coast of Kiusiu than these islands from the

south. Tsu-shima, so far as the specialization of the snail fauna is

concerned, might be a part of Kiusiu. Its isolation must be of very

recent date, but Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima are clearly much

more ancient islands. The full list of species sent by Mr. Hirase is

as follows:

Species from Tane-ga-shima.

Eulota submandarina (Pils.). Clausilia Pinto Pils.

Ganesella tanegashime Pils. Clausilia tanegashime Pils.

Macrochlamys tanegashime Pils. Spiropoma Nakadai Pils.

Microcystina Hiraseana Pils. Pupinella rufa var. tanegashime,

Clausilia stereoma var. cognata Pils.

Pils. Pupinella Funatoi Pils.

Clausilia ptychocyma Pils. Diplommatina tanegashimz Pils.

Clausilia entospira Pils.

Species from Yaku-shima.

Eulota submandarina var. magna Clausiliastereoma var. nugax Pils

Pils. Clausilia ptychocyma var. yaku-

Trochomorpha Gouldiana Pils. shime Pils.

Sitala circumcincta var. elata. Ennea Iwakawa var. yakushime

(Gude). Pils.

Clausilia stereoma Pils. Diplommatina yakushime Pils.

Yaku-shima is so for the northern limit for Trochomorpha.

There are in all 21 forms. One species is common to Yakushima

and Oshima; four are varietal or subspecific modifications of, or

identical with, Kiusiu and Nippon species, and twelve species with

six varieties are confined, so far as we know, to the two islands.

Most of the species have been described in the Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, but the following remain to be char-

acterized :

Ganesella tanegashime n. sp. Shell imperforate, depressed, with

convexly-conoid spire, rather thin. Dead specimens, denuded of

the cuticle are white, becoming red-brown above, the inner 34

64 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls of that color; periphery encircled by a narrow red-brown

band, the peristome pale red-brown. Whorls 54, very slowly in-

creasing, moderately convex, the last rounded at the periphery,

rather flattened beneath, hardly impressed around the axis, slowly

descending in front. Aperture oblique, broadly lunate; peristome

narrowly expanded, thickened within, reflexed and abruptly dilated

over and closing the umbilicus; columella concave, bearing an in-

conspicuous, low, oblique, fold-like tooth. Alt. 21-22, diam. 28 mm.

Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 689)..

Only dead and somewhat weathered specimens were found; but

what remains of the cuticle on the parietal wall is a moderately

bright yellow tint. The species is related to G. myomphala, and

most resembles the variety minor of Gude, from which it differs in

the smaller aperture, the columellar tooth, less impressed axial

region and higher spire. In this connection I may mention that a

species of Ganesella, G. Adeline, n. sp., has been sent from Oshima,

Mr. Hirase’s no. 352. It is the shape of G. largillierti or somewhat

more pyramidal, but has a decidedly larger umbilicus than that

species. Ona pinkish or pale yellow ground there are three blackish

bands, the peripheral united with that above, or with a reddish

space between, basal band wide, interior of the umbilicus and the

dilated columella very dark; peristome well expanded. Alt. 264,

diam. 25, to alt. 24, diam. 224 mm.

Diplommatina yakushime n. sp. Shell similar to D. cassa but

more acutely tapering above. Whorls 5%, the last two of equal

diameter, last half whorl reduced. Sculpture of even, fine, low,

rather close, delicate striz; no spiral strie. Aperture subcircular,

the lip expanded, duplicate; columellar tooth blunt and strong;

palatal fold short, above the columella. Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm.

Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 679).

D. tanegashime@ is a large shell, conspicuously different in sculp-

ture. D. yakushime is much smaller than any of the numerous

Japanese species of the same group. It resembles D. cassa most.

Besides its distribution in Hondo, D. cassa has now been sent from

five localities in the provinces Bungo, Higo and Satsuma, in Kiusiu.

It is evidently a species of wide distribution, though surpassed in this

respect by the tiny D. pusilla, which has been found in Hokkaido,

Hondo and Kiusiu, the latter island being represented by specimens

of the variety omzensis in Mr. Hirase’s last sending

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Ennea Iwakawa var. yakushime nov. Similar to EL. Iwakawa of

Nippon and Kiusiu Islands in sculpture and aperture, but of a de-

cidedly broader, more swollen shape. Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase,

no. 6808, types; also 680a).

A NEW SPECIES OF STROPHITUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Strophitus wrightianus, n. sp. Plate III.

Shell irregularly subrhomboidal, inflated, scarcely sub-solid,

nearly equilateral; beaks very full and high, turned ‘in over a slight

lunule; their sculpture consisting of a few strong ridges that run

nearly parallel with the growth lines ; anterior end rounded, elevated

above the line of the hinge superiorly and slightly cut away below ;

base line evenly curved; posterior ridge angled, ending in a blunt

point below the median line of the shell; dorsal slope subtruncate,

covered with strong, subconcentric, somewhat broken ridges extend-

ing from the posterior ridge to the margin; disk with light uneven

growth lines; epidermis almost jet black, lighter on the beaks, shin-

ing, with occasional indications of very light transverse sculpture

similar to that on the dorsal slope; left valve with an irregular tooth

and a vestigeal one in front of it; right valve with a roughened tooth

in front of the beaks; laterals almost wanting ; beak cavities deep ;

anterior muscle scars distinct; posterior scars faint; nacre bluish

white, a little thicker in front.

Length 54 mm., height 38 mm., width 314 mm.

A single specimen only of this fine species occurred in two barrels

of Unionide received trom Messrs B. F. and G. H. King, collected

in the tributaries of the Flint river, Baker county, Ga. It differs

from all other known species in the strong ridges which cover the

dorsal slope. It seems to be most nearly related to S. tombigbeensis

Lea, and has the ‘“‘ obtruded anterior margin ”’ characteristic of that

species.

Mr. C. T. Simpson, to whom the specimen was submitted for ex-

amination, and to whom I am indebted for assistance in preparing

the foregoing description, writes in reference to it: ‘*I know of

nothing at all like it. In fact it is so different from anything that I

have seen or read of that I am at a loss to know just where to place

66 THE NAUTILUS.

it. Its general form, texture and color of epidermis inclines me to

believe that it is a Strophitus, related to S. tombigbeensis. I find

some vestiges of plication on one or two specimens of Strophitus in

our collection. The teeth of this are stronger than in any specimen

of that genus I have seen, but there is much variation in this matter.”

I take great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. B. H.

Wright, who has done so much in recent years in developing our

knowledge of the Unconide of the southern states,

NEW PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

The following Pisidia have been known as distinct species for sev-

eral years, and the names have been used in my own collection as

well as in identifying specimens sent for examination by many con-

chologists. So they should have been published long ago.

Pisidium affine n. sp. Rather large, well-inflated, slightly oblique,

beaks somewhat posterior, large and prominent in full-grown, broad

and quite low in young specimens, rounded or slightly flattened on

top; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior sub-

truncate, with slightly marked angles above and below, supero-

anterior forming one regular curve from the beaks to the anterior

end, which is low-situated and well-rounded; surface distinctly and

somewhat irregularly striated, with some coarser lines of growth, dull

or somewhat shining ; color lighter or darker grayish horn to plum-

beous or brownish with a few irregular darker zones corresponding

with the lines of growth, and often with fine darker mottlings, usually

with a broad lighter zone along the margins; the young are pale

horn or straw-colored ; shell moderately thick, nacre whitish, muscle

insertions little; hinge rather stout, plate rather broad; cardinal

teeth long, not very strong, the right one curved, its free edge often

indented in the middle, its posterior end somewhat thicker, with a

fine groove, the left anterior tooth curved, the posterior slightly so,

oblique, rather behind the anterior, each covering the other for half

their lengths; lateral teeth stout, rather long, their cusps short and

somewhat pointed, the outer ones in the right valve of good size;

Kgament rather long and stout.

Size: Long. 6, alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (average).

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Long. 7, alt. 6, diam. 4.7 mill.

Long. 4.6, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.8 mill. (small, northern form).

Habitat: Great Lake Region, Michigan to New York: also Min-

nesota, Illinois and Ohio (Ohio river drainage). It seems to prefer

quiet water, small lakes and slow-running rivers.

Pisidium affine is related with nov-eboracense Pr. and with sargenti

St. (See the following sp.) From the former, it differs by the fol-

lowing characters: it averages larger, its beaks are larger, broader,

as especially noticeable in the young, the whole muscleis more full,

the hinge margin is less curved, the supero-anterior, as mentioned,

forms one long, unbroken curve, the anterior part is larger, the end

situated nearer the ‘‘base’’ and more rounded. P. nov-eboracense

retains its light, yellowish horn color, and the surface is rather shin-

ing, while older specimens of affine usually are light to dark grayish,

and the surface is more dull.

Our species is somewhat variable. Specimens from Michigan,

especially Perch Lake,' Reed Lake, some other small lakes, and from

the Grand River at Grand Rapids are regarded as typical, and ex-

amples from the Little Lakes near Mohawk, N. Y., are rather the

same. In northern Michigan, e. g.,in Mountain Lake, River Rouge,

Carp Lake, there is a smaller form, of darker color but typical shape,

collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, and the same was found in Clear-

water Lake, Minnesota, by. Mr. H. E. Sargent. A somewhat higher

form, with a slightly marked angle at the scutellum, is known from

Minnesota, Michigan, Buffalo, N. Y.(Miss E. J. Letson), and Meyer’s

Lake, near Canton, Ohio (the writer). The latter has a straighter

striation and a somewhat waxy appearance of the surface.

Whoever has carefully studied and compared a few suites of spe-

cimens at all stages of growth, will always recognize the present

species, as the young and half-grown are quite characteristic, while

some full-grown examples may present similarities with P. nov-

eboracense and sargenti. All these species are decidedly variable,

in several directions, and so it takes a good deal of material and

some experience in order to ascertain their claims for specific dis-

tinction, and to recognize aberrant and poorly developed forms. The

present one being a “ critical ’’ species, I trust the somewhat lengthy

expose on it will be excused.

Pisidium sargenti n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique,

1 Collected in large numbers by Dr, Kirkland.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

well inflated ; beaks not much posterior, rounded or slightly flattened

on top, well prominent over the hinge margin; the latter slightly

curved in the adult, almost straight in the young and half-grown,

with projecting, not or hardly rounded angles at the scutum and

scutellum, which are slightly to well marked, narrow; posterior mar-

gin subtruneate above, passing into the well rounded inferior with

an uninterrupted curve, or with a slightly marked, rounded angle,

more so in the young; supero-anterior margin little to moderately

curved, sloping from the projecting angle at the scutellum to the

rounded anterior end; surface regularly and rather coarsely striated,

dull, rarely somewhat shining in older specimens; epiconch thin and

often worn off, pale horn-colored in the young, lighter to darker

grayish to brownish in older specimens, usually with a lighter zone

along the margins; shell moderately thick, nacre glassy, colorless to

white or bluish, muscle insertions distinct; hinge stout, plate rather

broad, cardinal teeth well formed, short, the right one rather strongly

curved, its posterior end thickened and grooved, the left anterior

angular, stout, the posterior small, oblique; lateral teeth rather short,

stout, their cusps short, pointed, the outer ones in the right valve

well formed ; ligament short, strong.

Size: long. 5, alt. 4.4, diam. 3.4 mill.

Habitat: New York to Ohio, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota,

rather common in creeks, rivers and small lakes.

Well formed specimens are easily recognizad by the oblique shape,

the rather short, slightly curved hinge margm with the projecting

angles at both ends, the regular striation and the dull, often roughish

appearance of the surface ; by the latter features it may be discerned

from some forms of P. seutellatum which are of similar shape ; but it

is more nearly related to P. nov-eboracense and affine ; and some full-

grown, well-inflated specimens, in which the scutar and scutellar

angles are sometimes less marked, might be mistaken for one or the

other. But a lot of mussels at different stages of growth are always

recognizable at once; the projecting angles, especially marked in

half-grown specimens, in connection with the peculiarly dull surface

(like in “typical”? P. compressum and in P. kirklandi) are well

marked characters, and so is the color, which turns to grayish while

the mussels are much younger and smaller than in P. affine. In the

latter species, the hinge-teeth, especially the cardinals, are longer

and finer.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

The present species is named after Mr. H. E. Sargent, who has

assiduously collected small mollusca, and has secured some good lots

of this Pisidium.

THE AMERICAN PHYSZ.

BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO.

Physa forsheyii Lea.

Sub-species Physa forsheyti grosvenorti Lea.

This species was discovered near Ruterville, Texas, in 1864. The

description calls for six whorls, but I have examined cotypes in the

Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, and nearly a hundred exam-

ples from eight different localities, and have been unable to find a

single one having more than five, so I concluded that five ig the

proper number.

This is a small shell, not exceeding 2 inch in length, and dis-

tinguished by its sub-fusiform shape, exserted spire, deeply impressed

sutures, smooth but not shining surface. Nearly all the adults are

covered with microscopic transverse striz, which give the surface a

dull appearance. Bi-annuan.

Physa grosvenorti Lea, also described in 1864, belongs here as a

variety, I have collected it in many different places, and have no

hesitancy in referring it to this species. The only difference I can

discover between this and P. forsheyii is that it is smaller, shorter, a

little more inflated, more robust, and of a darker color. Some of the

young shells are highly polished, but the adults have the same dull

appearance as the species form, and are dark yellowish horn-color.

It is a very pretty shell, uniform in size, color and general outline.

In the middie of January I found some of these little shells under

some leaves in a spring brook near Sedalia, Mo., where they hiber-

nated for the winter. The aperture, instead of being closed by a film

as in land shells, was filled with dirt and sand, mixed with the viscid

exudations from the body, forming a cement one-eighth inch thick,

which I found quite difficult to remove without injury to the shell.

The species form is distributed over Texas and Louisana, but

farther north, through Arkansas, Indian Territory, Southern Kansas

and Missouri, as far north as the central part of the state, it takes

the form of P. grosvenorti.

Forms: Physa whitei, Lea.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Physa pomilia Conrad. :

This species was first described by Conrad in 1834 from forms

taken from Random’s Creek, Claiborne Co., Ala., and was again

described in 1864 by Lea under the name of P. showaltert. They

are both the same species, but Lea’s description is the most correct,

and was substituted by Tryon for that of Conrad. It is exclusively

a southern species, its habitat being the country lying south of

Kentucky and east of the Mississippi River. An annuan. Very

similar forms have been sent to me from Grand Rapids, Mich., as P.

showaltert, but I feel confident that they are a modified form of P.

anatina Lea.

Physa microstoma Haldeman.

This species was described from a single specimen found in Ken-

tucky in 1840, and has been reported by Rhodes from several places

in that state. Its principal character is the two obtuse teeth on

the columella, but the other characters are sufficient to found a spe-

cies upon. Some time ago I received from Mrs. Geo. Andrews, of

Knoxville, Tenn., several lots of shells collected in East Tennessee,

a large part of which bear the description of this species except the

teeth. It is a thick heavy elliptical shell with four to five whorls

not convex, with a continuous peristome, and the labium much

thickened anteriorly. The columella is thick and twisted so that it

forms a single protuberance somewhat like the tooth-like callus on

the columella of Bulimulus alternatus Say. The varicose bands are

white on the outside and reddish-chestnut on the inside.

I do not hesitate to refer the shells sent to me from Tennessee to

this species.

Physa erocata Lea. This is a closely allied form, described in

1864 from specimens taken in Walker Co., Georgia. It is a smaller

and much lighter shell. In some specimens the spire is a little more

exserted, and the twist in the columella not so marked. In form and

color, which is light brownish-ochraceous, they are the same. Both

are bi-annuans. Length not exceeding 4 inch.

Habitat: Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Georgia and Alabama.

Physa distorta Haldeman. ;

Some time ago I received from Mr. H. E, Sargent twenty little

shells collected near Woodville, Ala., which I refer to this species.

The largest is ten mm. in length and six in diameter; the greatest

diameter being near the shoulder. Its color is very light yellowish-

gray, whorls three, very convex, sutures very deep. Spire elevated,

THE NAUTILUS. del

first and second whorls small and the last one very large, forming a

rounded shoulder; so much larger, that in some of them the spire

appears to rise like a cone from an expanded surface. Not umbili-

cated. Aperture oval, columella scarcely folded, outer lip thickened

on snb-margin with a very pale yellowish-red callus. It corresponds

with. Haldeman’s description except the umbilicus.

This species was described in 1842, and so far as I can learn, has

not been reported since.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Physa fontana Haldeman, 1841, = young P. heterostropha Say.

P. subarata Menke, not sufficiently described for recognition.

P. parva Lea, 1864, probably young P. anatina Lea.

P. altonensis Lea, 1864, an abnormal form of P. gyrina Say de-

scribed fromma single shell, and not heard of since.

P. inflata Lea described many years ago, and not reported since.

P. solida Philippi. This species was described many years ago

from forms found at New Orleans, but I have been unable to procure

any information regarding it. It is a very marked species, and it

seems that it should have been reported many times. The name is

pre-occupied, and should it ever be re-discovered, it will have to be

given a new name.

P. tenuissima Lea, 1864. This is a very distinct species if it

exists. It was described from a single dead shell found at Alexan-

dria, La. I have been unable to get any information regarding it.

I have in my collection a single shell sent to me from Hudson, Ohio,

that bears this description, but until others are reported, it had better

stand in the doubtful list.

P. globosa Haldeman, 1843. Like the two last, I have been

unable to learn anything about this species, except the description

given by Binney. It has been suggested that it is the same as P.

brevispira Lea. I do not concur in this opinion. The form is very

much the same, but this is asouthern species, and these seldom get as

far north as the Great Lakes without materially modifying the form.

Besides if it was, it would be found in intervening territory, which

does not seem to be the case.

GENERAL NOTES,

LUCAPINA CRENULATA (SOWERBY).—On Aug. 3, at La Jolla,

Cal., Miss Vashti Thomas was so fortunate as to find a living speci-

men of this gigantic keyhole limpet, which she brought to me for

examination. As the published descriptions of the animal state it to

“2 THE NAUTILUS.

be “black,” and lack detail, the following notes from life may be

useful :

Mantle about 20 cm. long, rather light olive brown, minutely

reticulated with black, and blotched in an irregular but radiate

manner with dark brown, the blotches mostly around the shell

aperture. Edge of mantle black. Shell aperture 43 mm. long, 26

broad. Under side of mantle yellowish-white ; tentacles and adja-

cent parts black; mouth light orange. Foot 65 mm. broad, sole

deep orange; sides of foot dark olive brown, edge black, the black

grading into the brown. Epipodial ridge darkened, with round

white spots, the lower edge crenulated. Upper surface of shell ex-

posed by mantle aperture, flesh colored, with radiating riblets, 13 in

10 mm. measured transversely. Aperture in shell oval, 18 mm.

long, 13 broad; portion of animal filling shell-aperture pitch-black.

—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

NAVANAX INERMIS (CooPER).—During July this interesting

animal was not uncommon on mud flats in San Pedro harbor, Cali-

fornia. As the published descriptions are somewhat inadequate, the

following notes from life are offered :

Dark brown to black, minutely lineolate above with pale yellow

lines ; anterior margin of head-shield narrowly yellow or orange; in

a young example a yellow line, on which are three blue spots, runs

back from each lateral angle. Epipodial flaps narrowly margined

with orange, next to which is a row of bright blue spots. Beneath

the animal is marked with a number of orange streaks or elongated

spots, giving way to light yellow lines on the sides. A pink copepod

lives in numbers under the epipodial flaps.

The creature is quite variable, and at first I thought there were

two species, but with sufficient material all are seen to be specifically

identical.

I may as well record Aglaja purpurea (Bergh) from San Pedro.

Dr. W. R. Coe gave me one which he found on July 20.—T. D. A.

CocKERELL.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA KELLETI, ON SanTA CATALINA IsLAND.—

** We found the first ones at the Canyon back of Avelon, where we

found the #. gabbi. In this locality there are only scattering shells

and we were greatly disappointed. But we made a trip to the Isth-

mus and there we found them in quantities. They live on and under

the cactus, and I have found them nowhere else. This is their

hybernating season of course, and they are all asleep. Sometimes a

dozen on one leaf, old and young. I expected to find them on the

fresh growing cactus leaves, but instead of that they are on the old

dead leaves, and under piles of dead leaves. They do not seem to

require moisture. I think we have found as fine specimens as are to

be found anywhere.—Mrs. E. M. Gaytorp., July 19, 1901.

THE NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE IV.

QUADRULA LANANENSIS FRIERSON.

THe NAwutTILuUS.

Von. XV. NOVEMBER, 1901. No. 7.

A NEW LAND OPERCULATE FROM HAITI.

C. T. SIMPSON AND J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

CERATODISCUS, nov. gen. ~

Shell almost strictly discoidal ; spire very slightly raised ; whorls

few, nearly round, closely coiled except the last third of the outer

one, which leaves the penultimate whorl at a tangent and has a

groove on its inner side; aperture nearly circular, scarcely thickened

or reflexed ; surface with finely reticulated sculpture ; epidermis cor-

neous. Operculum unknown. , Probably one of the Cyclotide.

CERATODISCUS SOLUTUS, n. Sp. _ PI. V, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, planorboid, the large nucleus slightly raised, but not

elevated to the level of the last whorl; whorls three, nearly round,

being a little wider and flatter above than below, the first two and

two-thirds in contact and having a deep suture above and below, the

last third of the outer whorl solute, leaving the penultimate whorl at

a tangent, the free part very slightly deflexed ; on the inner side of

the uncoiled part of the shell, close to the penultimate whorl, there is

generally a well-marked groove; surface with close, delicate incre-

mental strie which are crossed by microscopic threads that run par-

allel with the direction of the whorls; aperture nearly circular, com-

pressed a little on the inner side; peristome scarcely thickened or

reflexed ; epidermis greenish-yellow. Height 1.5, greatest diameter

5, diameter at the point where the last whorl becomes free 4 mm.

Seven dead specimens were found on the mountain of La Ferriere,

in northern Haiti, at an elevation of perhaps two thousand feet, in a

74 THE NAUTILUS.

talus of red clay by the road side. These were the result of an hour’s

search, and it is greatly to be regretted that no specimens were found

with the operculum. When taken they were considerably incrusted

with earthy matter.

A TEXAS OIL WELL FOSSIL.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Some months since, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director of the Texas

Mineral Survey, sent me a few fossils from Beaumont, Texas, ob-

tained at a depth of 390 feet in an oil well

on Spindle Top Hill. Among them was a

new species of Nassa, which has been de-

scribed in Bulletin No. 1 of the University

of Texas, Mineral Survey, July,1901. De-

scription is herewith repeated, and a figure

added.

NASSA BEAUMONTENSIS Aldr.

‘Shell cancellated, whorls seven, the first two smooth, the others

with two strongly nodular transverse lines, except the body whorl,

which has six or seven. Aperture with both outer and inner lip

dentate, canal short. Length 8 mm., breadth 4mm. This species

resembles Nassa bidentata Emmons, but is much more strongly nodu-

lar and has but two transverse or spiral ribs, and also possesses one

more whorl. ‘The shell resembles a species of Phos, externally.”

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM MISSOURI.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCER CO., ILLINOIS.

Pleurobema missouriensis, new species.

Shell smooth, obliquely triangular, rounded before, subbiangular

behind, moderately thick, very much thicker anteriorly, sides some-

what flattened, beaks wide, solid, incurved, ligament long, light

brown, epidermis light brown, without rays, growth lines numerous,

not raised, umbonal slope wide and rather flat, posterior slope wide,

THE NAUTILUS, 75

flattened, with two dark inconspicuous lines running from beaks to

posterior margin, beak sculpture unknown; cardinal teeth rather

jong and solid, depressed, disposed to be double in both valves, cor-

tugate. Lateral teeth straight, oblique, corrugate. Anterior cicatri-

ces distinct, deep. Posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed,

shell cavity wide and deep, nacre white.

Habitat, near Poplar Bluff, Black River, Butler Co., Missouri.

I know of no described species which this closely resembles; in

outline it is perhaps nearest to U. Bigbyensis, Lea, but differs in

every other respect. Specimens of Bigbyensis from Flint River,

Ala., attain twice the size of this shell. Bigbyensis is nearly always

covered with green rays. This shell is rayless. It also has higher

and more massive beaks, is more equilateral and differs entirely in

the color of epidermis, teeth, etc. ’ The color of the epidermis and

character of the beaks is more like U. Hartmanianus, Lea, but that

shell has very much higher beaks, more swollen and pointed, and is

in every respect a more solid shell.

Four specimens of this shell from quite young to adult have been

in my collection for a number of years, having been collected by the

late Ellwood Pleas, of Ind. I never could place them with any

known species, but have kept them separate, hoping that sooner or

later I might obtain others like them, but having failed to obtain

others, I now describe them.

A NEW UNIO FROM TEXAS.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

Quadrula lananensis,n. sp. Plate IV.

Shell quadrate to triangular, nearly equilateral, anterior margin

rounded. Base round in front, nearly straight behind. Posterior

oblique, biangular, slightly emarginate. Dorsum curved, smooth,

nearly polished above, striate below and upon posterior slope. Lines

of growth distinct and ill-defined. Dark reddish-brown, sometimes

a little olive, obscurely radiate. Beaks eroded, umbos low, some-

what inflated. Anterior umbonal slope rounded. Lateral slope flat-

tened. Posterior ridge angular near the beaks, becoming obsolete

near the base. Ligament brown, smooth, medium-sized.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 3.2, height 2.3, diameter 1.5 inches.

Shell of medium thickness, thinner behind. ‘Teeth double in left

valve, single in right. Laterals rather thin, nearly straight. Car-

dinals stumpy. Muscle scars well marked ; generally separate, some-

times confluent, Pallial line distinct in front, less so behind. Cavity

of shell dish-like ; of the beaks deep and full.

Sometimes the dorsal muscle scars are situated in the extreme end

of the beak cavity, but generally upon the base of cardinal and dor-

sal plate. Nacre rose-color, with blotches of yellow surrounded by

brown. Cavity nearly always studded with numerous pearly excres-

cences.

Flesh of animal whitish or salmon-colored exteriorly, but shows

searlet when cut. Eggs carried in all four gills, very red, and the

gravid animal thus presents a striking appearance.

Habitat: Lanana and Banita Creeks, near Nacogdoches, Texas.

About 200 specimens were taken on July 10, 1901, by Messrs, Askew,

Strode and Frierson. )

Examples may be seen in their cabinets, and in the U. S. National

Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences, where the types are

deposited.

Q. lananensis is closely allied to Q. askewti Marsh, both by its con-

chological and anatomical characteristics. It may be differentiated

from that shell by being longer, more compressed, more oblique, and

its shell is never so inflated and thickened in front as Askewit, and

not so acutely angled on the posterior ridge.

Internally, dananensis is rose-colored nearly invariably, and the

color is uniformly spread over its surface. Askewiti is mostly white,

and when colored (pink), the color is almost always confined exterior

to the pallial line.

Finally, Q. Askewti never possesses those peculiar pearly excre-

scences which seem to belong to dananensis. This species was col-

lected many years ago at the type locality by Mr. H. G. Askew. But

that gentlemen’s innate modesty forbade his describing the shell, and

he generously gave to me this honor.

Lananensis is the shell quoted as having been found by Mr. Askew

in the Lanana Creek, in the “ Contributions to the Natural History

of Texas” (page 321), by Mr. J. A. Singley, and called by him U.

cerinus Conrad. Its relationship to this abundant Louisiana shell is

so remote, however, that it is not worth while to point out their dif-

ferences.

THE NAUTILUS. Ui

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDAE.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

In the August and September numbers of the Nautilus, Dr. von

Ihering takes exception to the classification of the Unionide pro-

posed by me in the Synopsis, claiming that it is based essentially on

the marsupia.

He has apparently overlooked the fact that it is founded not

merely on the characters of the marsupia, but on the more obvious

anatomical characters, as well as those of the shell and the beaks.

It agrees with what I believe to be the development of the family from

the earliest and simplest forms to the latest and most highly organ-

ized.

So far as the classification of the Diplodontine is concerned we

essentially agree. This I divided into two supergeneric groups

founded on characters of the beak sculpture and shell, and not on

those of the marsupia. Von Ihering agrees with me that the earliest

uniones probably had radial beak sculpture. J have examined the

animals of a large number of the South American and Australasian

uniones and in all cases where they were gravid the embryos filled

the inner gills alone, forming a smooth pad, the ovisacs not being

separated by sulci. I have examined a few specimens of the forms

with zigzag radial beak sculpture (Rosanoramphus), and found in

the gravid ones that the marsupia filled the inner gills only. It may

be, and probably is the case, that in rare instances among the

Hyrianz there are a few embryos in the outer gills. I know of no

special characters employed in the classification of large groups

which do not vary somewhat, but I believe it still to be a fact that

in the Hyriane the embryos are almost invariably contained in the

inner gills only, that in the Unionine they are found in the outer, or

(in the Tetragenz) all four of the gills.

In the South American and Australasian Uniones we have the

radial beak sculpture with simple shells and the embryos contained

within the inner gills, the ovisacs not being separated by any ex-

ternal markings. I believe that these are the simplest and lowest

forms of Unione life, that they have descended almost unchanged

from the earliest forms of the family. The fact that they occupy the

Southern Hemisphere exclusively while the Unionine, containing

T8 THE NAUTILUS.

the more highly developed forms, belong entirely in the Northern

Hemisphere, would indicate this. I consider the radial beak sculp-

ture a character belonging to the older and simpler forms; the con-

centric beak sculpture belongs to the more recent and higher forms.

The zigzag radial sculpture of the group Rosanoramphus is a move

in the direction of concentric sculpture, hence of a higher order than

that which is strictly radial.

The Tetragenz is a transition group. Jts young are contained in

all four of its gills, filling them throughout, though they are more

numerous as a rule in the outer than in the inner, and this fact to-

gether with the general character of the shells and the beak sculp-

ture, which is generally more nearly concentric than radial, led me

to place these forms in the Unionine rather than to make a separate

sub-family for them. Jn every case where I have placed a form in this

group the shell has deep beak cavites. In the genus Pleurobema,

which seems to be the next step in the way of development, while

the shells are generally rather short, solid and inflated as in Quad-

tula, the beak cavities are invariably shallow, and in all cases that

I have examined the outer gills only contain embryos. Here we

have characters of the marsupia agreeing with those of the shells.

Care must be taken in the examination of the marsupia or appear-

ances may lead to wrong conclusions. According to von Ihering,

Sterki has found Quadrula heros with only the hinder part of the

outer gills filled with embryos. I have seen the same thing in other

Quadrulas, I have seen in some of the Unionide the front part of

the gills filled with embryos while all the rest was empty, and in a

number of cases a few ovisacs in the middle or in various parts of

the gills entirely empty, while the rest were full, or a few filled while

all the rest were empty. In such cases the empty ones had simply

been discharged, the full ones had not. In all the forms which i

have mentioned so far the marsupia fill the entire gills and are pad-

like, that is, the ovisacs are not marked out separately by sulci.

Advancing a little in the development of the family we find a

number of aberrant forms confined to the Mississippi and Gulf drain-

ages of the United States. Each group has certain characters of the

shells which we may call generic, though they are not striking.

But they are all very wonderful in the character of their marsupia.

In such groups as Ptychobranchus, Oyprogenia and Strophitus, the

marsupia are astonishing, and in all of them the ovasacs are dis-

tinctly marked.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

To this point, proceeding upward in the scale of development, the

shells of males and females are essentially alike. It is true that

there is some variation in their forms, but it is equally true that some-

what elongated specimens with no inflation at the post-basal part of

the shell may be females, while shorter specimens that are full post-

basally may be males. I do not think there is any strict dimorphism

up to this point. In many cases among these lower forms I have

assorted my material before opening it, placing in one lot those I

would naturally suppose were males, and in another the presumed

females, and on opening the shells and examining the animals I

always found I was as likely to be wrong as right. In some groups,

notably Nodularia and Lamellidens, ali the shells of certain species

are inflated at the post-basal region.

Above this point the shells begin to be regularly dimorphic.

They are less regularly so in Obovaria, Medionidus, some forms of

Nephronaias and Plagiola; they are nearly always dimorphic in

Lampsilis and Truncilla. ‘The shells of male and female are always

so different that the merest tyro could without difficulty separate

them.

Von Ihering believes that the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes is nearly

related to the U. forsheyi and U. specicsus of Lea. I am surprised

at such an opinion, because, while the shells of the two last-mentioned

forms are alike in male and female, those of the former are strictly

and remarkably dimorphic, that of the female being more compressed

and ending posteriorly in a wide, rounded wing. That of the male

is more inflated, is truncate behind, and has no wing at all. In the

animal of the female there is a wide, rounded flap of the mantle

which fills this peculiar extension of the shell, differing somewhat

from that of any other that I know of.

Now among all these higher forms comprised in the group Hetero-

gene there is a radical difference in the marsupia. Wherever I have

been able to examine them, they ocewpy only the posterior portion of

the outer gills in the form of distinetly-marked ovisacs. Each ovisac

when filled is rounded below. The higher the form ranks, the more

markedly is the marsupium swollen and separated from the rest of the

gill, and the more distinctly is the female shell swollen in the post basal

region to correspond with it. In some forms of Plagiola and Medioni-

dus there is little difference between male and female shells. In such

cases the marsupium, though having the characteristic ovisaes, is but

80 THE NAUTILUS.

slightly fuller than the rest of the gill. In the more highly organized

species of Lampsilis, both the shell of the female and the marsupia

are decidedly produced behind. In Zruncilla, which I regard as the

highest manifestation of Unione life, the marsupium is almost abso-

lutely separated from the rest of the gill, and when full, assumes the

shape of a great kidney, projecting below the rest of the branchiz.

The great flap of the mantle of the female is very peculiar, being

double or having a strong over-hanging ridge inside. In many of

the shells of this genus the area corresponding with and covering the

marsupium is greatly swollen, is thin, has a different texture from

the remainder, is gaping and distinctly toothed.

I have never been able to examine a gravid female of the Unio

- tuberculatus of Barnes, hence I cannot give anything more than a

guess as to the character of its marsupium, though from some ma-

terial lately seen, in which the ovisacs appeared to have just been

emptied, I am inclined to believe that the outer gills are filled

throughout with embryos, forming well-marked ovisacs.

Now these remarkable characters of a distinctly separated marsu-

pium occupying only the hinder part of the outer gills, and a corre-

sponding swelling of the female shell to receive it, the fact that the

more distinct and swollen the marsupium is the more pronounced is

the swelling of the shell, may be merely the work of chance; they

may stand for nothing whatever in the way of rank or development

among our Uniones, but it does not seem so to me. All the changes

of shell and marsupium which I have indicated seem to me to be

steps in the development of the family from the lowest, simplest and

oldest forms to the highest, most complex and most recent.

I need not occupy space with a discussion on the validity or proper

determination of species. Such questions are after all largely mat-

ters of personal judgment, and in this branch of the work I have

endeavored to do the best I possibly could with the material I have

been permitted to examine.

Dr. von Ihering changes the subfamilies Unioninz and Diplodon-

tine into families, and divides the former into three sub-families,

Unionidez, Quadruline and Lampsiline. He gives no characters for

these sub-families, and I am totally at a loss to know on what he

would found them. Certainly he cannot establish them on beak

sculpture, for in nearly all the species this is more or iess concentric,

and it seems to me does not offer distinctions sufficiently important

to be used as a basis for founding sub-families.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

This classification is not founded on characters of the marsupia, -

for he has placed in Quadrulinz groups in which the embryos occupy

all four of the gills, others in which they fill only the outer gills, and

still others where they are confined to the hinder or the median part

of the outer gills. Besides, he distinctly states on page 39 that a

systematic arrangement of the marsupia does not coincide with a

natural arrangement of the family.

Nor do I see how such an arrangement can be based on shell char-

acters. Obovaria, which is placed with Quadrula, has more or less

perfectly developed dimorphism in the shells. In O. ellipsis the

female shells are almost always swollen at the posterior base, and the

same is the case with O. lens and O. circulus, while in O. castaneus the

male and female shells are as distinct as in any species of Lampsilis.

Ptychobranchus, with its wonderfully folded marsupium occupying

the entire outer gills, with the shells of male and female alike, he

places in the genus Lampsilis. Why he does so I do not know, as

the group differs most decidedly from Lampsilis in the characters of

shell, marsupium and animal.

On the other hand, he places 7runcilla personata Say, T. perplexa

Lea, and 7’ foliata Hild., in the genus Quadrula! To me such an

arrangement is absolutely astonishing! The male shell of the first-

named species is somewhat triangular, and does resemble a Quadrula

somewhat. The female shell is very different, being quadrate and

having a decided, gaping, toothed post-basal swelling. In 7. per-

plexa the female shell has a great rounded post-basal swelling, which

differs in thickness, texture and color from the rest of the shell. I

do not think there is a species known in which the differences be-

tween the male and female shells are so great as they are in 7’

foliata. In the male shell at the place where there is a compressed,

radial, central area the outline of the female is carried down into an

enormous and elongated, rounded wing. That these should belong

in a genus in which the shells of male and female are alike and from

which the animal and marsupium so widely differ, is beyond my com-

prehension! If such an arrangement is a natural one then I am sure

that all the years I have spent in patiently and lovingly studying the

Naiades have been absolutely wasted. It seems to me that we might

just as well go back to the arrangement temporarily adopted by Dr.

Lea, of grouping together in one lot those forms which have a wing,

and in another those which have none, and subdividing these groups

into small ones founded on form and sculpture of the shell.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

I have no doubt that a careful histological study of the branchize

and perhaps other parts of the animals of the Unionide will furnish

additional characters for classification. But it will be many years

before this can be done, and when it is, I feel sure that the results of

such study will fully agree with the characters of the shells and mar-

supia.

HOW POTAMIDES (CERETHIDEA) CALIFORNICA HALD. TRAVELS.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

In traveling over the mud-flats, Cerethidea californica Hald, leaves

zigzag marks upon the sandy mud. These lines are made by the

apical whorls of the shell as it is dragged forward, or sideways. How

does the animal crawl? It appears to move forward by the contrac-

tion of the foot only, but my observations have led me to the conclu-

sion that the foot movement is somewhat secondary. The movement

of this tapering shell is one requiring considerable muscular strength.

This is very apparent. In order to study the mode of travel of this

species, a specimen was studied as it traveled up the sides of a glass

jar of sea-water, and this and other specimens were studied for sev-

eral hours. The conclusion reached was, that first there was a strong

muscular movement forward, then the foot advanced. The Cerethidea

pushes its head forward while the tentacles are expanded to their full

extent, the body whorl is raised with an effort, then the shell is pro-

pelled forward before the foot advances. Immediately, no time is lost,

the foot is spread out its full capacity and drawn forward. ‘This is

immediately followed by a contraction of the foot in the posterior

part, then the head is again advanced. The strength of the animal

seems to be concentrated in the movement of the body-whorl as it is

raised up and forward. Of course all these movements are rapid, so

that it requires close observation to see that all movements are not

simultaneous, or at least which is secondary. A homely illustration

may be used to make this movement plainer. When a man attempts

to step upon a ladder with a hod full of bricks, or plaster, his first

movement is apt to be a hunching of the shoulders—the weight being

THE NAUTILUS. 83

here—then the step forward, or upward, follows. The movement of

the body-whorl reminded me of this hunching of the shoulders of

workmen when extra weight was to be borne by them.

GENERAL NOTES.

GonioBAsiIs IN Massacuusetrs.—A few years ago the Rey.

Geo. D. Reid found Goniobasis virginica at Deep River, Connecticut.

That was, | think, the first instance of that species being found in

New England. On October Ist, while riding the wheel from Spring-

field to Hartford, I examined the Connecticut River for a few

minutes and found the same species in the town of Agawam, Mass.,

at a spot some three miles from Springfield. This establishes the

species in Massachusetts, and no doubt it will be found farther north

in the same river.—Henry W. WiInKLEY, Branford, Conn.

TRUNCATELLA ON GUADALUPE ISLAND.—Specimens of this

genus were collected by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, in November, 1899,

for the first time on any of the islands off Lower California. They

resemble J. stimpsoni Stearns, but differ in being stouter with less

convex whorls, and of a pale red color. Length 6, diam. 24 mm.

This form may be called 7. stimpsoni quadalupensis.—H. A. P1.sBrRy.

CyPRXA CITRINA Gray.—Any one interested in the geographical

distribution of Cypraide will be pleased to learn that the true

Cyprea citrina Gray, has been rediscovered on the beach at Fort

Dauphin, S. Madagascar. The old authors have recorded the species

from Madagascar, but some more recent ones gave Australian locali-

ties as the habitat of this scarce cowry, and supposed there was some

error about the existence of the species on the shores of Madagascar.

As there may be no doubt whatever about this and about the identi-

fication of the specimens, Cyprea citrina must really belong to the

fauna of Australia as well as to the fauna of Madagascar. It some-

what recalls the far more common C. helvola, but the teeth are totally

different. The color itself, although similar, is not quite the same.—

C. F. ANcEy.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF EASTERN

Canapa. By J. F. Wuireaves, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1901.—

This is a very useful catalogue, and gives for the first time a concise

record of our present knowledge of the Marine Invertebrates of East-

ern Canada, The work contains 271 pages, of which 98 are devoted

to the mollusca, 100 species of Pelecypoda, 5 Scaphopoda, 166 Gas-

teropoda (including 8 Polyplacophora), and 13 Cephalopoda are listed,

with ample notes on their geographical and geological distribution

and bathymetrical range.

GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF NIAGARA

Faris anp Vicinity. By A. W. Grasav (Bull. Buffalo Soc.

Nat. Sci., VII., No. 1, 1901). The Buffalo Society of Natural

Science has appropriately signalized the Exposition year by issuing

a volume bearing the above title, containing a full and readable

account of the local geology and paleontology. On account of its

situation, the geology of Niagara is of course of far greater than local

interest, since the intensely interesting and complex history of the

Great Lakes is involved, so that the mass of data presented deals

with subjects of wide interest. It is suitably illustrated with excel-

lent maps and views. The paleontological part consists of an un-

technical account of the fossils of the region, properly illustrated by

good figures.

Chapter V., by Miss Elizabeth J. Letson, describes the post-

pliocene fossils of the Niagara River gravels, and dealing with species

still existing has special interest for conchologists. Some 17 species

of Gastropoda and 14 Pelecypoda are discussed and _ illustrated.

Among the more notable species may be mentioned the carimate

form of Gondobasis livescens var. niagarensis, which reproduces the

contour of Anculosa carimata; Ammnicola letsoni Walker, an appar-

ently extinct species; some peculiar forms of Limnea desidiosa and

catascopium, and a series of Unionidae, very interesting to the student

of geographic distribution :—Lampsilis rectus, ellipsiformis, Uniogib-

bosus, Quadrula solida and coecinea—forms speaking clearly of a

former connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi drain-

ages. All of the species are illustrated with original figures. The

work is well done, and cannot but prove useful for many years to

come.

THE NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE V-

RY \\\ \\ \\ ’

A\\ hes it

5, Ctenopoma hydii Weinl.

1. 2. Ceratodiscus solutus H.&S.

6. Chondropoma bjalmarsoni Pfr.

2.4. Cerion marmoratum Pfr.

ee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XV. DECEMBER, 1901. No. 8,

LAND SHELLS OF FORTUNE ISLAND, BAHAMAS.

BY J, B. HENDERSON, JR.

Fortune Island is one of the Bahamas belonging to the Crooked

or Long Island group, and which is separated from the more westerly

groups by a deep arm of the sea. Geologically it is in every respect

similar to the other Bahamas. The little island is but four or five

miles long and from one to one and one-half miles in width, with an

elevation scarcely exceeding thirty feet. Its surface is rough with

flat fragments of ‘ eolian”’ limestone, and the entire island is cov-

ered by a dingy-colored scrub growth of trees and shrubs. A few

clumps of graceful palms scattered here and there relieve somewhat

the monotony of the dreary aspect. A wide beach of silvery coral

sand encircles the island, glittering like a mirror by day and superbly

bright in the moonlight. Singularly enough the only sliells we

found cast upon this beach were Cerion. Occasionally low cliffs of

eolian rock extend down to the water’s edge, and at such places,

Tectarius muricatus L., T. trochiformis Dillw., and Litorina lineata

Phil., were discovered.

The scrub vegetation affords but little shade, and the ground is

baked by a powerful sun whose rays oppress the weary collector as

they seem to enliven the swarms of sand-flies and mosquitoes. A

diligent. search from daylight to dark brought to our bag but four

species of land shells, although individually these were quite abun-

dant.

1. Cerion: marmoratum Pfr; .Generally .dead. specimens found

under bushes. A considerable range of variation exists, the extremes

of which are illustrated on Plate V, figures 3 and 4.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

2. Cepolis (Hemitrochus) milleri Pfr. The color varieties of this

really beautiful shell are infinite—indeed, no two specimens are en-

tirely alike. They cling to the under side of leaves and to the stems

of a certain species of shrub. Dead shells are scattered about in the

debris of fallen leaves.

3. Ctenopoma hydii Weinl. Under slabs of eolian limestone ;

about the roots of trees; among fallen leaves. There is no actual

difference between this species and C. bryanti of Great Inagua. I

believe it is also reported from Long Island. (Plate V, figure 5.)

4. Chondropoma /jalmarsoni Ptr. Same station as the last. ‘This

shell has a decided Haitian appearance and has evidently been iden-

tified as C. semilabre Lam. It is doubtful if Lamarck’s species ever

occurs out of Haiti, indeed I am inclined to believe it is confined to

the ‘cul de sac’’ region of that island. C. hjalmarsoni is more obese

than C. semilabre, its decussated sculpture is not conspicuous, the

revolving striz are more pronounced and the longitudinal striz less

so than in the Haitian shell. (Plate V, figure 6.)

Fortune Island is easily accessible from New York, and offers an

excellent base for exploring the neighboring islands of the group;

however, it requires much patience to tarry in a desert of poor col-

lecting when the larger Antillean islands with their magnificent

mountains and forests and incomparable molluscan richness lie but a

day beyond.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

The State of Montana is not very productive of conchological speci-

mens. The conditions are all against shell growth. ‘The rivers are

rapid, the water quite soft, and food in the rivers scarce. The large

lakes, as Flathead lake, contain clear, cold water. They are usually

deep, with rocky bottoms, and surrounded by mountains with steep

slopes. The marshy, stagnant parts of the lakes are usually small.

The mountain sides in summer become dry and parched, except in

protected portions and along the streams. Great stretches of plain

are without moisture for a portion of the summer, drying up every

living thing that cannot move to the water-courses. The days. are

hot, the nights cool. In this mountainous State, where very little

THE NAUTILUS. 87

soil is lower than 3000 feet above the sea, the air is dry and evapo-

ration rapid. A passing rain-cloud may leave considerable moisture,

but it is soon taken up by the parched earth or evaporated if left on

the surface. Stagnant ponds with decaying vegetation are few and

confined to the vicinity of the few rivers. Even such ponds usually

become dry each summer.

No doubt the western mountain region will produce some excellent

material for study of variation through isolation, when collections

have been made more extensively. Most of the valleys were former

lake beds of greater or less extent. As these lakes have been

drained, they left swamps in which rhinoceroses, camels, three-toed

horses, elephants, titanotheriums, and other beasts have become

mired, their remains being buried for long ages. These swamps have

dried up, and the waters have become more widely separated, now

occurring as deep mountainous lakes, or larger lakes, which are mere

expansions of rivers. Such isolation must have caused the separation

of shells of a species which naturally would take different lines of

development. Accompanying this gradual separation of waters we

might expect a region of moisture on the land adjacent to the lakes,

giving suitable environment to the land snails.

As a result of the above conditions, we may expect great variations

in adjacent regions, where the barriers may be sufficient to cut off all

communication between the regions. Such variations have been

illustrated in part by Hemphill’s suite of Patulas (Pyramidula), in

the Lichtenthaler coliection at the Illinois Wesleyan University.

This has also been shown by collections made in the Sandwich Isl-

ands. ‘There is very little doubt but that the isolated lakes in Mon-

tana and the northwest will produce interesting variations. But the

sparsely-settled country and the small number of collectors makes the

work of collecting and studying very slow. This may be better un-

derstood by a practical application. ‘he State of Montana has an

area of 146,000 square miles. So far as the writer is able to discover,

he is the only resident of the State who has collected fresh-water and

land shells, and this has been done at odd moments while prosecuting

other lines of work.

The accompanying list is not large. Five species is the maximum

taken in one day. Those taken from mountain sides represent much

toil for a few scattered specimens. The list, incomplete as it must

be, represents the specimens collected at intervals during the past

88 THE NAUTILUS.

three years, and is given as a basis for work, with the hope that

others may add to it. The species are all from the western side of

the range, or Pacific slope, with the exception of a few, which are

properly indicated where they are discussed.

Missoula is located in a valley in which the Hell Gate and Bitter

Root rivers unite to form the Missoula river. West of the Bitter

Root river the Bitter Root range of mountains extend parallel with

the river in a northerly and southerly direction. So far the writer

has explored but a few spots in these mountains and along the rivers.

But the results have been surprisingly good. North of the valley

lies the Cabinet range, rugged and broken. Few spots in this have

been examined. Across the Cabinet range lies the Flathead Indian

Reservation. The crest of the Mission range marks the eastern

border of the reserve. The Mission range extends almost due north

and south for a distance of nearly a hundred miles. The southern

end contains the highest peaks, reaching 10,000 feet, while the

northern end slopes down to the Swan river, and has been ground

smooth by glacial action.

Out of the Mission range four large creeks flow across the Mission

valley, joining each other or the Pend d’Oreille river, which is the

outlet of Flathead lake. The range makes the eastern bank of Flat-

head lake for its entire length. In the cafions of this range numer-

ous small lakes lie nestled among the hills, invisible until one comes

suddenly to the bank. Sin-yale-a-min lake is at the base of Sin-

yale-a-min peak, at the southern end of the range. A ten days’

camp at this lake brought to light probably all the shell fauna to be

found. To the north the mountain produced the very interesting

variety of Pyramidula strigosa described later.

McDonald lake is 15 miles north of Sin-yale-a-min lake, 500 feet

lower in altitude, at the base of McDonald peak. Ten days at this

spot produced several quarts of P. elrodi Pils., besides the first living

shells. Another camp at Crow creek produced several valley shells.

Several camps at different points on Flathead lake produced other

species from the sands and from the water. Swan lake is on the

eastern side of the Mission range. A camp on this lake added one

to the list in the western part of the State, not found elsewhere.

While the collecting represented by these notes has extended

through four summers, the results will probably be modified when a

further study of the extensive country has been made.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

The identifications have been made for the greater part by H. A.

Pilsbry and W. H. Dall, and for this and other courtesies thanks are

hereby extended.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

This is the only species of bivalve mollusk of the family Unionide

taken. It has been found at several places in the Bitter Root river

above the junction of this river with the Missoula. At one place a

colony was found on a sand bar, when about a peck of live specimens

were taken. At another they were found, in March, clinging to the

rocks where the water was swift. They were captured by inserting

the tip of a switch from a tree between the valves. The shell was

closed on the limb, and the specimen pulled from the water. In this

way a dozen or so were secured. Pieces of shells have been seen

around Flathead lake, but no living specimens taken. In 1900,

several dozen were taken in Crow creek, Flathead Indian Reserva-

tion. The species is found in all the western mountain streams. At

no place is it abundant, and many people who have lived in this

country all their lives express surprise at seeing these shells and

hearing they are from waters in the State.

A NEW SPECIES OF LIOMESUS.

BY W. H. DALL.

Liomesus nassula n, sp.

Shell solid, white, covered with a pale olive, slightly-hispid perio-

stracum, with a rather elevated, subacute spire of seven whorls;

suture distinct, not channelled; apex somewhat eroded with a small

blunt top; surface of the whorls delicately sculptured with fine re-

volving threads, four or five to a millimeter, of which about every

fourth thread is perceptibly stronger than the other three; these are

crossed by still finer, sharp, elevated, arcuate, incremental lines,

along which the hispidity of the periostracum is arranged ; pillar

white, solid, twisted, funicular distally ; canal very short, wide ; outer

lip thin, simple, with a concave flexuosity behind the periphery; body

with a thin white callus. Alt. 42, max. diam. 22, lon. aperture 17 mm.

Dredged in 121 fathoms, sand, near the Pribiloff Islands, Bering

Sea, by the U. S. S. Albatross,

90 THE NAUTILUS.

This interesting addition to the genus has a sharper spire than any

other species and a different sculpture. It is perhaps nearest Z.

canaliculatus Dall, which has coarser sculpture and a channeled suture.

A NEW TETHYS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Tethys (Neaplysia) ritter’, n. sp.

Length 21 cm., breadth about 8 cm. Dark grayish-olivaceous ;

sides with oblique, flame-like, blood-red markings, especially about

the middle of the body ; upper surface of the head and outer surface

of epipodial lobes mottled with brown, but without any conspicuous

blotches ; inner surface of epipodial lobes and mantle covering shell

pale sea-green, wholly without markings ; lobe overlapping branchize

deep rich purple ; when the shell is removed, the area beneath it is

seen to be strongly suffused with dark purple; branchiz purplish-

grey; sole 45 mm., broad, transversely grooved and corrugated,

greyish-brown, inclining to coffee-color ; epipodial lobes about 80 mm.

long and 28 broad, from base within ends of lobes to nearest part of

sole about 67 mm.; anterior tentacles 11 mm. from inner base to tip;

posterior tentacles 14 mm. long.

Shell very thin, flexible, corneous, 58 mm. long, 42 broad; acces-

sory plate well-developed.

The animal produces an abundance of a reddish-brown fluid. The

muscular stomach or gizzard contains eleven pentagonal corneous

bodies, which fit raised areas on its wall. The largest of these bodies

was 14x10$x104$ mm. The alimentary canal contained seaweed.

Hab.: San Pedro, California. The specimen described was found

cast up on the shore of the bay, just in front of the University of

California Marine Laboratory, July 23,1901. Others were obtained

by workers at the laboratory ; one of these, which I saw, had been in

formalin, and the red, flame-like markings had wholly disappeared.

This animal has the structure of 7. californicus (Cooper), which

was also described from San Pedro, but the color-scheme is so entirely

different that it must be assumed that the species are distinct. Should

any reason hereafter appear to the contrary, 7. rittert will at least be

a very distinct variety. It is named after Prof. Wm. E. Ritter,

THE NAUTILUS. 9]

director of the Marine Laboratory at San Pedro, in recognition of his

important services to marine zodlogy.

JAPANESE VIVIPARA IN CALIFORNIA.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

In the Nautiztus for February, 1892, Mr. Williard M, Wood

mentions the presence of ‘“ Paludina Japonica” (as determined by

Mr. W. J. Raymond), in the Chinese market in San Francisco,

where he saw a bucket-full of living specimens, being part of the

first lot brought alive from Japan, where they are collected in the

rice-fields near Yokohama, and are sold for a few cents a quart.

They are called by the Chinese ‘‘Tsen law.’? Subsequently Mr.

Wood (Nauritus, September, 1892), mentions seeing the same spe-

cies and certain forms of Anodonta in an aquarium in a shop in the

Chinese quarter of San Francisco.

A year or more ago, Mrs. A. E. Bush, of San José, sent me a few

examples of a Vivipara,a quite familiar Japanese form. One living

specimen sent to Dr. Pilsbry, he kindly determined for me as V.

stelmaphora Bgt. (= V. malleata Rve.), ‘‘ it is a female and gives us

plenty of young,” etc. From Mrs. Bush’s note it appears that the

species may now be collected, or might have been at the time she

sent the specimens, in San José, and also in a little valley at the foot

of Mount Hamilton. The examples received from her were collected

at the former place. The first specimens from the several regions

were detected by a boy, at a point seven or eight miles from San José.

In wheeling over the floor of a little lake that was dry at the time, he

picked up the shells and gave them to a friend who was interested

in conchology.

From the above it is quite evident that somebody planted this

Asiatic form thereabout, presumably some of the Japanese or Chinese

living in the neighborhood. It may be remembered that the Euro-

pean Helix uspersa was planted in San José forty years ago; in

course of time the mollusca of the region may exhibit quite a cosmo-

politan aspect.

Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 22, 1901.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

THE 8HELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

The earlier portion of this paper appeared in Volumes III. and IV. of this

Journal. ]

199. Yoldia sapotilla Gould.

Nucula sapotilla Gld., DeKay, Sby., Hanley ; Leda sapotilla

Stimp., S. I. Smith, Reeve ; Yoldia sapotilla, of modern authors.

Shell elongated ovate, thin, fragile, translucent ; beaks nearly

central, a little nearer the anterior end, not elevated ; anterior. por-

tion of the shell semi-oval, regularly rounded, posterior narrowed and

compressed but not so much so as in Y. imatula; surface with very

minute concentric lines; epidermis thin, glossy, bright yellowish-

green with one or two narrow zones of a darker shade; interior

white and pearly ; hinge with sixteen long and pointed teeth on each

side of the beaks, those near the center small and close together.

Length 7%, height 3, breadth 75 inch.

This species is comparatively rare and local, but inhabits soft mud

in deep water from Long Island to the Arctic Ocean. It has been

dredged in Provincetown Harbor by Col. Joseph G. Totten, and in

Long Island Sound by Mr. S. Smith. Prof. A, E. Verrill has

dredged it off Gay Head, 19 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms;

east of Block Island, 29 fathoms; and in Casco Bay and Bay of

Fundy, 4 to 100 fathoms. Quoted from Mass. Bay (Gould), Nova

Scotia (Willis), Labrador (Packard), Greenland (Morch).

Gould says, ‘‘In its shape and the perfect polish of its surface,

this shell resembles the seed of the Sapotilla (Achras sapota), a trop-

ical fruit,’ and for this reason he gave it its specific name.

Yoldia obesa Stimp. and Yoldia thraciformis Stimp. have been

quoted from Long Island to Greenland, but have not as yet been

found in Rhode Island.

Family ARCID&.

The Arks are boat-shaped shells, having a straight hinge with

numerous short comb-like teeth ; the umbos separated from each other

by a flat, lozenge-shaped ligamental area, and on the interior of the

valves are two distinct muscular impressions. The animals have two

hearts, each with an auricle ; they spin a byssus not like the mussels,

but a horny substance composed of numerous thin calcareous plates

THE NAUTILUS. 93

which can be cast off and renewed whenever occasion requires.

There are a large number of genera and species; they are distrib-

uted world-wide, in all seas and at all depths from low water to 240

fathoms. Fossil arks are abundant in all ages. There are several

groups of this family, one of which is sedentary in its habits, adher-

ing to crevices in rocks ; another group Scaphula Benson, an East

Indian genus, lives in fresh water, a thousand miles from the ocean ;

others live in sand or mud and move about freely. We have two

species in New England, although a third, Arca ponderosa Say, is

occasionally washed up on the beach at Edgartown, Martha’s Vine-

yard.

200. Arca (Argina) pexata Say, 1822.

Shell oblong, thick and solid, very inequipartite ; beaks prominent,

ventricose, pointing obliquely forwards, terminating in points which

are nearly in contact, surface with 32 to 36 broad radiating ribs,

crossed by minute lines of growth, the whole covered with a very

coarse, brown hairy epidermis; interior white, the margin polished

and deeply crenulated by the alternate termination of the ribs and

grooves ; hinge with a series of small teeth. Length 24 inches, height

2 inches, breadth 13.

This species is very abundant in Narragansett Bay and has been

quoted from Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico. I think it must be very

rare and local south of Long Island Sound, as collectors south of

New York seem to consider it a rare species. It is distinguished

from all others of our marine shells by its rough, dirty epidermis,

which is thick and hairy, generally detached in places and can be

torn off in long strings. The fishermen call it the hairy clam. It is

not an attractive looking object when found alive, and is still more

repulsive if we open the valves, for the animal then exudes a reddish,

bloody-looking liquid, from which circumstance it is often called the

bloody clam.

201. Arca (Scapharca) transversa Say, 1822.

Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal ; beaks prominent, separated

from each other by a long, narrow space; surface with 32 or more

radiating ribs, the ribs and intervening spaces of about equal breadth.

Length and breadth about 14 inches each, height 1 inch. This spe-

cies is of southern distribution and is not at all common as far north

as Rhode Island. It has been found from Florida to Cape Cod.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Several specimens have been collected at Nantucket and Martha’s

Vineyard ; it is not very rare at New Haven, but I have never found

anything in our bay excepting single valves. Mr. John Ford, of

Philadelphia, while on a visit to Providence, a few years ago, obtained

several live specimens amoung the oysters dredged off Bullock’s Point.

Family Myrtivipa.

The mussels inhabit all shores in great numbers. Some species

inhabit deep water and others frequent near high water mark, being

uncovered nearly all the time and moistened by the salt water only

once every twelve hours. Woodward says, ‘¢'The members of this

family exhibit a propensity for concealment, frequently spinning a

nest of sand and shell fragments, burrowing in soft substances or

secreting themselves in the burrows of other shells.” In speaking of

the animals, he says, ‘‘ Animals marine or fluviatile attached by a

byssus.

one species, which will be spoken of hereafter, seems to live equally

There are no fluviatile members of this amily, although

well in either fresh or salt water.

Genus Mytilus Linné, 1758.

The mussels are easily recognized by their triangular or wedge-

shaped shells, which are pointed at the anterior end and broad and

rounded at the posterior; the hinge is either toothless or in some

species with very minute teeth. There are sixty-five species distrib-

uted world-wide, one of which inhabits Rhode Island.

202. Mytilus edulis Linné.

Mytilus vulgaris Da Costa; Mytilus borealis Lam., De Kay, Midd.;

Mytilus pellucidus De Kay ; Mytilus notatus De Kay (young).

Shell ovate-triangular, solid; beaks pointed, situated at the an-

terior end; hinge margin rising in a straight line at an angle of forty-

five degrees from the basal margin, which is also straight ; posterior

widened and rounded, the broadest part of the shell being directly

opposite the centre of the basal margin; surface covered by a dark,

shining, bluish-black epidermis, under which the shell is violet; in-

terior silvery in the centre, with dark violet margins. Length of

large specimens two and a half inches, height one and three-tenths,

breadth one inch.

This species, the common edible mussel, inhabits the whole of the

ocean shores of the northern hemisphere, being extremely abundant

THE NAUTILUS. 95

all over the northern portions of Europe, Asia and America. They

are used in Rhode Island for food to a very limited extent, probably

on account of the vast quantities of clams, quohogs, oysters and scal-

lops which abound here, any of which form a much better quality of

food than the mussels ; but they are consumed in large numbers in

Europe. The annual consumption in the city of Edinburgh is esti-

mated at four hundred bushels, averaging one thousand to the bushel;

the amount collected for bait in various kinds of fishing is enormous.

In France, Norway and Russia immense quantities are gathered and

used, animal, shell and seaweed together, as a fertilizer for the land.

They are found in Rhode Island attached to each other by their

strong byssus in great numbers. They are not buried in mud, but

cluster together on rocks between tides and form beds in the banks.

The young are found in deeper water and attain their growth in one

year.

Mytilus pellucidus, Penn., Mont., Turt., Don., De Kay and others,

considered by many as a separate species, I think is only a variety of

Mytilus edulis. he shell is thin and transparent, beautifully radi-

ated with blue, yellow and green zones. These marks are generally

seen in specimens about one inch to an inch and a half in length and

they gradually disappear as the shell gets larger; still these zones are

sometimes seen in old and solid specimens, while others, one half an

inch or less in length, are of a uniform shining black appearance, so

that it does not seem to depend at all upon the age or size of the

individuals. In every cluster of Mytilus edulis we find from one to

a dozen or more of these pellucid, radiating ones, which if they do

belong to a separate and distinct species, present an anomaly seldom

seen, v7. e., a colony of different species of animals living together and

firmly bound together by such strong bonds of friendship (or some-

thing else) as these mollusca are.

Genus Modiolus Lam., 1799.

The horse-mussels differ from the edible mussels in having a shell

swollen at the umbos, and in baving three pedal impressions in each

valve, whereas there are but two in Mytilus. The animal burrows

in mud, or clusters together under banks of grass or peat in salt

marshes in some species, while others live in deep water. There are

three species living in Rhode Island, one of which, however, is not a

native, but has become domesticated here within about twenty years.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

204. Modiolus (Branchydontes) hamatus Say, 1812.

Mytilus hamatus Say, De Kay; Mytilus serratus Barnes, 1823;

Modiola hamatus H. F. Carpenter, 1865, A. E. Verrill, 1872 ; Brachy-

dontes hamatus Perkins, 1869.

Thomas Say describes this species in the Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii,

p- 257, 1822, under the name of Mytilus hamatus, giving for its local-

ity the Gulf of Mexico; the specimens he described were obtained

from the markets of New Orleans, adhering to the shells of the south-

ern oyster, Ostrea virginica. Since his time it has been found on

oysters along the coasts of all the southern Atlantic States. Shell

very much contracted and incurved at the beaks, which are acute ;

surface covered all over with elevated radiating lines, which near the

umbos are divided into two and sometimes three; color black or

very dark brown; interior purple with white margins. Length two

and one-half inches, breadth one and a half, but sometimes as broad

as long; very variable.

Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1840, does not mention

this species at all; even Binney’s Gould, second edition, 1870, sup-

posed to contain descriptions of all the marine species inhabiting the

coast of Massachusetts, has not a word to say about it. It is, how-

ever, getting to be quite common in Rhode Island waters, but the

collector will obtain more specimens in five minutes in the oyster

markets of Providence, than he could collect at the shore in a week.

The first specimens I ever saw were given me by Mr. E. H. Jenks,

who obtained them in a fish market in Pawtucket; neither of us

knew what they were at the time, but I pronounced them to be

Modiolus at once. After carrying them home I referred to a vol-

ume of Say in my possession and saw by the figure and description

given in it that they were Mytilus hamatus Say. They were attached

to oyster shells. On seeing Mr. Jenks a few days after, I told him

what they were, but added, “they are not Mytilus if Say does say

so, they are Modiolus just the same.”’ Since then the species has

become domesticated in our bay, having been brought here alive on

the southern oysters and transplanted in these waters. I have found

a few specimens in our bay not attached to oysters, stones or any-

thing else, but its proper habitat is on valves of Ostrea virginica,

adhering by a short, stout byssus,

In November, 1870, Mr. Geo. H. Perkins published the ‘ Mol-

luscan Fauna of New Haven,” in which, speaking of this species, he

says, ‘* An examination of the animal has led me to consider it a

Modiola rather than a Mytilus.’ He described it as a Modiola under

the sub-generic name of Brachydontes Sw., 1840. In 1872, Prof. A.

E. Verrill, in the March number of Silliman’s Journal, p. 211, says,

Modiola hamatus = Mytilus hamatus Say. New Haven harbor and

vicinity, usually attached to oysters

Tak NAUTILUS, XV. PEATE Vil:

VENDRYES: NEW SPECIES OF PLEURODONTE.

eee IN AUEELUS:

Von. KV.

JANUARY, 1902. No. 9.

A DAY ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

“All hands on deck!” Ugh! ‘The billy’s boiled!’’ Groan.

‘The tide is falling fast!’ That fetched. your conchologist.

Sleepily he crawled out and reached for his mug of hot tea. Balanc-

ing himself on the combings he looked abroad.

Far in the west the jungle-clad mountains of tropical Queensland

loomed soft and blue. Between lay a purple sea which in the near

distance suddenly changed to the vivid green of shoal water. To

windward a beach of coral sand showed white and bright under the

dense foliage which smothered a long, low island. ° ‘Beyond ita line

of foaming breakers stretched to the sky-line. Back against the

white surf there rose the bristling fangs of the reef, rank after rank

passing in long perspective out of sight. Below in tlie clear water,

the links of the cable lay as sharp on the sand as if’the cutter had

floated in the air. Down overboard a blue starfish (Linckia) slept,

here a prickly urchin, there a madrepore.

Regardless of scenery the party munched their damper, and asked

what was the scarlet tree ashore, and should the cook be keel-hauied

for opening plum jam instead of marmalade.

‘Get the dingy up and look alive!” quoth the captain. Into her

tumbled all hands, Mr. Conglomerate, the captain, the cook, the jib-

sheet hand, and Mr. Conchologist.° Safe in the locker are stowed

—all'the nice town clothes. ‘A soft felt liat, flannel shirt, tweed pants,

belt and sheath-knife, and big laborér’s ‘boots with thick socks rig

out a man for the reef. Mem. tie your boots with string instead of

98 THE NAUTILUS.

laces for wading. Our tools are a geological hammer, a four pound

sledge, a crowbar, all the cans and buckets available, a pocket-full

of corked tubes and a pocket lens fastened to the waist with a key-

chain, such as bank clerks use. A big shooting bag is a handy

thing to sling over the shoulder. A design for reef collecting which

we never put in practice was a belt like a soldier’s cartridge belt to

hold tubes instead of cartridges. Not only could molluscs, worms,

etc., be packed apart, but such useful things as alcohol, formal, or

picric acid would be at hand in small quantities. In practice we

filled, say the left trouser pocket, with empty tubes. When a speci-

men is fouud it is important not to lose sight of it, and one hand

may be engaged holding the rock. With the free hand a tube is

taken, the cork pulled out with the teeth, the specimen bottled, the

tube filled with sea water and stowed in the right hand pocket.

Now we pull in among the corals and jump overboard. ‘ But

what is the thing like a barrel stranded yonder?” ‘That, Mr.

Conglomerate, is a 7ridacna gigas.” <A real, live, giant clam, with

jaws gaping like a crocodile, lying high and dry and loose upon the

reef. Between the jaws are living jewels of green and gold, thick

strewn on living velvet. With a convulsive jerk the shell half

closes and gaps again. ‘“ I’ve seen plenty bigger nor this; do you

want him, Mr. Conchologist?’’ asked the jib-sheet hand. *‘ Yes,

take that.’”’ So he drove the end of a board hard down in the centre

of the gape. That disabled the monster. The cook plunged in a

butcher’s knife, dexterously peeled back the gorgeous mantle, slipped

off the huge adductor muscle and unceremoniously threw out the

carcass, bigger than a leg of mutton, on the sand.

The conchologist who ordered the execution feels, well, just a

qualm of remorse, as the men hoist the shell to the boat. Anyhow

he never collected a bigger shell. And then for an instant, the sun-

shine and the sea were swept away and the magic of memory flashed

out a picture of distant lands and days; faint incense, cold and

gloom, past rows of marble pillars and stained glass windows, to a

smal! conchologist gaping with amazement at his first 7ridaena, the

the holy-water basins in St. Sulpice.

Again the ripple on the water, the sunshine and the sea. All

about the giant lay lesser clams, Aippopus. ‘* How do you tell one

from the other, captain?’’? ‘* Why, look at the meat,” says he.

And sure enough, we saw that Hippopus lacked the jewelled eyes of

THE NAUTILUS. 99

his great brother. Queer topsy turvy molluscs these, lying hinge

down, gape up. And yet they have turned round in the shell and

live heart up, foot down, like other bivalves.

“ Here’s something for you!’’ Wading across, the conchologist

found four men standing at a respectful distance round one small

Octopus. Boldly he grappled with the fearsome beast, twining and

untwining the long sticky tendrils. The jib-sheet hand muttered

something to the cook, and both exploded with laughter. I fear

that irreverent young rascal had remarked how like the Octopus, all

legs and arms, was to Mr. Conchologist himself. Now the slippery

thing is gathered up and slid into the bucket. When packing time

came, however, no Octopus could be found; evidently it climbed out

when the gaoler’s back was turned.

Another big coral block, over with it. A scuttle of little crabs, as

they clatter down small holes, a shrinking of things soft, a twisting

and a writhing of things neither hard nor soft; among them is a par-

ticularly energetic bunch. Left alone it unwinds into a huge Brittle

star; casting a couple of cables into the water beneath, the Brittle

star lowers itself along itself to the sea, pulls after itself the cords

which are itself, and tucks itself, body and ropes and running rigging,

comfortably into a crack in the coral.

This is a land of big things. Here is a huge sea anemone, bigger

than a dinner plate, Discosoma, with all its tentacles spread abroad.

A gorgeous little fish, crimson with a white bar, has made friends

with the anemone and at the least fright swims to its capacious

bosom and nestles safe among the poisonous tentacles.

And here is the Chinese dainty, the béche de mer, a dozen differ-

ent kinds of them. The commonest Holothurian is a long, black,

snake-like species. When feeding they sweep all around with their

branching tentacles, grasping a miscellaneous catch of foraminifera,

shells and sea-weed, and thrust the mass down their throats. An-

other béche de mer has earned the name of cotton-fish, because when

handled it voids a mass of white glutinous threads, troublesome to

clean from hands and clothes.

** Pass the crow-bar and up-end this block. A heave, my hearties,

and up she goes!” ‘* A mutton-fish,” says the jib-sheet hand, and

grabs it. Haliotis asinina; now we always did think that narrow

shell could not contain the body, and here it is like Seutus or Um-

brella or Lucapina, only a shield upon the back. ‘‘ And those, toe-

100 THE NAUTILUS.

nails you cal] them, not a bad name either. I call this Acanthochites

and that OCryptoplax.”” As the conchologist crooks his finger rounda

live Stomatella mariet, the creature falls asunder. Like a Gecko, he

would ransom his body with his tail. Gena does the same in Sydney

harbor; Harpa is said to know the trick.

‘‘What are you doing?” asks Mr. Conglomerate, strolling up.

‘‘ Smashing up Heliopora? What ashame!’ And so it is, to wreck

the beautiful blue branches, but we seek all manner of queer things

hidden in corners, and Gephyrean worms and Lithophaga burrowing

inside. A few odd urchins and star-fish are overhauled for Stylifer

without success.

And see under the water what looks to the eye like a mass of

white down, but to the finger feels hard. We read the riddle witha

chop of the erow-bar; the fragment shows tiny crimson rods packed

together, ‘and partitioned off into floors and ceilings. It is a lump of

Tubtpora musica in full bloom,

Out in the broad daylight lie the Strombs, they love the little

sandy pools among the rocks. The sociable big Pterocera lie around

in scores, not too proud to foregather with their humble cousin S.

luhuanus. There is nothing shy about a Stromb, it vigorously resents

being picked up, and kicks like a Massa, lashing out water with its

operculum, and thrusting out its beautiful big, green eyes, on their

long stalks, it stares boldly at its captor.

But now the tide is rising fast. Soaked and tired and hungry we

must leave our hunting ground. Though bags and buckets and

tubes are crammed, yet we have scarcely tasted of the riches of the

reef. All to-morrow, next week, and next month we might collect

without exhausting it.

Back to the cutter we row over fields of deeper corals, scarlet

gorgonias, parrot fish glancing blue and gold and green, Monacanthus

in armour of black and red, over madrepores ten feet across, like

tables spread with dainty lace and edged with violets.

Then we climb aboard and snatching a hasty meal as we work,

face the only tiresome labor of the day, the labelling, sorting and

packing of our catch.

At last the jars and kegs are screwed down. Let us pass the

pannikin along for rum, light a pipe, stretch luxuriously on the

hatch and lazily watch the ghostly gleam of the zodiacal light fading

in the west.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

A NEW SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF JAMAICAN PLEURODONTE.

BY HENRY VENDRYES.

PLEeURODONTE (Pleurodonte) VACILLANS, n. sp. Pl. VI, figs.

Tle

Shell rather solid, very slightly dilated transversely, depressed

turbinate above, depressed convex below; color brown all over,

deepening slightly in tint and simulating an indistinct band running

along the centre surface of the spire whorls (except the apical) with

a dark brown band below the periphery of the last whorl encircling

the base of the shell and fading off to very light about and around

the umbilical region; whorls a little more than five, apical obtuse,

the rest subplanulate except the last which is impressed above the

periphery and somewhat inflated above the impression; the peri-

phery subacute and descending slightly near its extremity ; suture

linear, impressed. Sculpture on part of the antepenult whorl appar-

ently the same as in P. carmelita, in the rest for the main part, of

irregularly raised, drawn out growth lines, coarse in some places and

very fine in others; aperture peroblique, sublunate, livid shining

within in fresh specimens ; peristome not so stout as in P. carmelita;

the extremities joined by a callus spreading across the parietal wall,

upper margin simple, somewhat sinuously depressed above near its

commencement, basal margin reflexed, widening, and adnate for some

distance to the base of the last whorl which is inflated, but less so

than in subacuta. There are two small distant teeth within, like

those of P. subacuta, but of a brown color, as is also the peristome.

The umbilicus is covered in some specimens but not completely so

in others ; in the first case the basi-columellar part of the peristome

which forms the covering shows a shallow depression over the per-

foration beneath. Alt. 23, diam. 48 mm.

Habitat: Silver Hill in the Parish of St. George, situated at an

elevation of about 4000 feet on the northeastern slope of the chain

of mountains in St. Andrew; St. Catherine Park, in the neighbor-

hood of the habitat of C. carmelita, and in exactly similar stations to

those which the latter frequents.

This shell so much resembles P. carmelita in some respects, and

P. subacuta in others, that one may be led at first sight to confound

it with one or the other of those species to which the particular

specimen under examination may show a preponderance of resem-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

blances. Its principal differences from P. carmelita are the posses-

sion of the two teeth (carmelita never exhibits a vestige of teeth)

and the adpate peristome. These two features, however, bring it

nearer to P. subacuta, but the sculpture, the deflection of the last

whorl (or rather the descending), the color of the peristome and

teeth, and the generally less inflated appearance of the shell remove

tt also from that species. It appears as if thrown in between carme-

lita, subacuta and acuta to exemplify the sportive tendencies of the

very variable group to which they all belong.

Figures 1 and 2 are from the type. Figure 3 represents a speci-

men approaching suwbacuta.

PLEURODONTE (PI.) soror Fer. var. PERACUTA, n. var. PI. VI,

figs. 4, 5.

Same in size as the type, but the shell is more depressed, the base

less regularly convex and the outline of the spire is more conoidal.

The periphery of the last whorl is much pinched and spread out into

a wide, flat, knife-like carina. The base is somewhat convex below

the periphery, then compressed laterally inward from it and inflated.

The umbilicus is uncovered; the aperture subtriangular, narrowed

transversely and forming an acute angle at the right side. A few

examples are unicolored brown with the epidermis dull and flaky as

™m some specimens of P. cara, but by far the greater number of

specimens are banded with dark and white, as in the type of soror,

on the spire, and the periphery of the last whorl is white. The

bands do not stop, as in the type, half way up the spire, but extend

to the very suture line of the first apical whorl. The color of the

shell (or of the bands) is not so intense, or pure or lustrous white as

in the type. The shells somewhat resemble small banded forms of

P. peracutissima, but they have the teeth of soror. A specimen re-

ceived from Chitty is marked “ soror?.”” From Lower Maysfield in

in the Parish of St. Elizabeth.

A NEW SPECIES OF VOLUTOMITRA.

BY W. H. DALL.

This genus has long rested on its typical species, the Mitra gron-

landica (Beck) Moller of the Arctic Atlantic Seas. The discovery

of another species, therefore, possesses somewhat more than the ordi-

nary interest.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Volutomitra alaskana n. sp.

Shell fusiform, with about six moderately convex whorls; suture

distinct, surface wholly minutely spirally striated, covered with an

olivaceous periostracum over a white or yellowish shell; aperture

longer than half the total length, with a rather wide canal, callous

pillar and body in the adult, and simple outer lip; the canal has a

well marked siphonal fasciole, and is slightly flexuous ; plaits nor-

mally four, rarely three or five, strong and rather distant; nucleus

almost always eroded; lon. 44, diam. 17.5; lon. of aperture, 26 mm.

Habitat in the southern and eastern parts of Bering Sea and the

Aleutians, in 60 to 85 fathoms, maddy bottom, and southward in

constantly deeper water, following the temperature of 39° Fahr. toa

point off San Diego, California, in 822 fathoms.

This species differs from V. grdnlandica in its much greater size,

less rufous color, and pervasive fine spiral sculpture, but otherwise is

very similar, It was first dredged by the writer in the eastern Aleu-

tians, and has since been obtained by the U. S. Fish Commission.

The Atlantic species is usually about 18, but reaches 27 mm. in

length, and is smooth above, with a few coarse spiral strie on the base.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 89.]

Spherium partumeium Say.

This beautiful shell is common in the ponds near Flathead Lake

and around Missoula. They live in the dense vegetation, in com-

pany with Planorbis trivolvis, larva of Odonata, Cyclops, Daphnia,

and numerous water insects. They are gathered by pulling outa

mass of the vegetation, picking it to pieces, and here and there find-

ing the delicate shells. A single dead shell was found on the beach

of Swan lake. None have been discovered in the small cold water

lakes in the Mission mountains,

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

This cosmopolitan species is the most abundant thus far found,

and has been taken in most of the ponds where shells are found. It

has been taken around Missoula in the streams, in the lakes of the

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Mission Mountains as high as 3800 ft., in the ponds bordering Flat-

head Lake, and in Swan Lake.

Estey’s pond covers some 10 or 15 acres, three miles from the

Biological Station, and a mile from Flathead Lake. In August,

1900, the shores of this pond were literally covered with dead shells,

and great quantities of live ones in the water.

It was here that a very interesting experiment was performed with

these shells and a large frog. A dead shell was tossed in front of

the frog, close to his nose. ‘The shell was immediately seized, and

an unsuccessful attempt made to swallow it. It was disgorged by

the aid of the fore feet. A second attempt gave the same result.

This was continued until the frog had seized the eighteenth dead

shell, when he seemed to weary of the sport, and took a rest. After

this he would seize only now and then, and only those in easy reach.

After the 23d shell had been seized be no longer made any effort,

and a good sized pile of shells was made with no result. Other at-

tempts on other frogs gave practically the same result, with a slight

variation in the number.

Planorbis parvus Say.

In August, 1897, while camped on the bank of the Pend d’ Oreille

river a couple of miles below the outlet at Flathead Lake, some sand

siftings produced a dozen or more of these small shells.

(To be continued.)

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Continued from page 96.]

203. Modiolus modiolus Linné.

Mytilus modiolus Linn., Wood, Don. Chem., DeKay. Modiola

modiolus 'Turt., Gld., Perkins, Dall.

Shell large, thick and solid, oblong-ovate; beaks at the anterior

end which is narrow; posterior broad, rounded; hinge margin

straight, ascending from the beaks at an angle of forty-five degrees

to the centre, then curving downward to the posterior end; basal

margin arched a little upwards near the centre, gaping at this point

for the passage of a byssus; epidermis dark brown, thick, folding

THE NAUTILUS. 105

over the margin; interior pearly, of a livid color. Length four and

a half inches; height two and a quarter; breadth two inches.

It inhabits the ocean in deep water, attached to the larger seaweeds,

and is thrown up on ocean shores in storms, the seaweeds being torn

from the rocks by the action of the waves and dashed upon the beach.

Sometimes these shells attain a length of six inches and are subject

to great variety of form, being almost always distorted in some man-

ner. In young specimens, the epidermis at the lines of growth is

prolonged into filaments.

205. Modiolus plicatulus Lam.

Shell transversely oblong-ovate, elongated, narrowed at the an-

terior and broadened at the posterior; beaks at the anterior end;

hinge margin straight, ascending for two-thirds the length of the

shell, then curving downward and rounding at the posterior to meet

the basal margin; surface ornamented with numerous radiating,

sometimes undulating, prominent ribs; a broad elevated ridge runs

from the beaks to the posterior end of the basal margin, dividing the

shell into two nearly equal parts ; on the upper half of the shell thus

divided, the ribs are large and coarse, but on the lower half they are

very fine, merely lines on a smooth surface ; exterior silvery white,

covered by a thin varnish epidermis of a brown color, rayed with

zones of yellow, green and black; interior silver white; margins

crenulated. Length three inches, height one and a quarter, breadth

nine-tenths.

This species, with the exception of Mya arenaria and perhaps

Ilyanassa obsoleta, is the most abundant mollusk in R. I. It inhabits

everywhere in mud, peat bogs, salt marshes and in the banks of

rivers. It is found up the Blackstone nearly to Pawtucket, where

the fresh water is continually pouring over the falls, as well on the

shores of the bay and ocean. Its station is everywhere above low

water, and they cluster so thickly together as to frequently form

banks a foot or two in depth imbedded near high water, forming

beds sometimes hundreds of feet in length by ten to twenty in width.

When found completely buried in mud, they are generally preserved

in good condition, but if taken under any other circumstances, the

epidermis is found to be badly eroded, not only at the umboes, where

shells usually exhibit this peculiarity if at all, but all over the sur-

face. They may be gathered in any quantity in Providence, in the

banks of the river road, above Red Bridge.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Genus Crenella Brown, 1827.

There are five species, one of which inhabits New England.

206. Crenella grandula, Totten.

Syn: Modiola glandula Tott. Gld.; Mytilus decussatus Stimp.;

Crenella decussatus Forbes & Hanley, DeKay.

Shell small, thin, rounded oval; beaks small, separated at the an-

terior end, and at one half the height of the shell; surface with

minute lines of growth, crossed by numerous fine radiating ribs

which increase in number as they recede from the beaks; epidermis

brownish-yellow ; interior pearly; margins sharp and crenulated.

Length one quarter of an inch, height nine-twentieths, breadth

three-tenths.

This species was discovered by Col. Joseph G. Totten in Province-

town Harbor, and described in Silliman’s Journal, Vol. xxvi, p. 367,

1834. It inhabits sandy and soft mud in water from 3 to 60

fathoms, from Sandy Hook to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is often

found in the stomachs of fishes. It has been dredged in various

places between these points, such as Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard

Sound, off Block Island, in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay and Bay

of Fundy. It is found fossil at Montreal.

Genus Modiolaria Gray, 1872.

The shells of this genus are small, rhomboidal in shape, and are

sculptured by two series of radiating lines, one at each end, leaving

a smooth space between.

207. Modiolaria discors Linné.

Syn: Mytilus discors Linn., Loven, Stimp., Hanley, ete.; Mytilus

discrepans Mont., Dill., Turt., Flem.; Modiola discrepans Lam.,

Forbes, Gld., Migh., DeKay.; Crenella discors Gray, Adams, Forbes

and Hanley; Modiolaria discors Loven, Binney, Dall, ete.

Shell obliquely-oval, beaks near the anterior end ; surface coarsely

marked by lines of growth and divided into three fan-shaped spaces,

the anterior portion with eight fine lines radiating from the beaks to

the basal margin, the middle portion smooth and the posterior with

numerous lines radiating in an opposite direction from those on the

anterior end of the shell; interior silvery. Length one inch, height

thirteen-twentieths, breadth two-fifths.

Circumpolar: from Greenland to Long Island; from Finmark to

Great Britain; Bering’s Straits to Puget Sound. Inhabits from

a THE NAUTILUS. 107

low water mark to 100 fathoms, also found in the maws of fishes.

Common everywhere north of Cape Cod, rare and local to the south

of it. Two other species, also cireumpolar in range, the Modiolaria

nigra and M. corrugata, are said to have been found as far south as

Buzzard’s Bay, but as I have no idea they will ever be found in

R. I., I do not include them in these papers.

( To be continued. )

GEORGE B. SIMPSON.

George Bancroft Simpson was born in 1841 at Boston, Mass., re-

moved to Waterbury, Conn. at an early age, and in 1861 enlisted in

the army for the Civil War. At the close of his service he entered

Yale College, but was unable to complete his course for lack of

money. In 1868 he came to Albany and began work with his

uncle, the late Prof. James Hall, State Paleontologist, as a collector

of fossils. Subsequently he took up the drawing of fossils and be-

came highly skilled in this work. Thousands of the fine drawings

which have illustrated the Paleontology of New York being his

handiwork.

He was a devoted lover of, nature, and was the author of a useful

work on the anatomy of the fresh water clam (Anodonta fluviatilis),

and had just completed an elaborate treatise on the anatomy, physi-

ology and embryology of Polygyra albolabris and Limax maximus, at

the time of his death, which occurred October 15, 1901.—J. M. C.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Moruusca or Porto Rico. By William H. Dall and

Charles T. Simpson. (Extract from U.S. Fish Commission Bulle-

tin for 1900, Vol. I, pages 351-524.)

This work really constitutes a hand-book of the mollusca of the

island, as it contains brief descriptions of the genera and species with

references to the original descriptions and principal synonymy, illus-

trated by 6 plates containing 102 figures. ‘The total number of

species recorded is 653, of which 42 are new. Excluding the land

and fresh water shells and nudibranchs the number of species and

well-marked varieties is 530, and an estimate is made of 600 species.

“It has been one of the surprises that a number of species originally

described from deep water in the Blake report, turned up in less

than 100 fathoms in Mayaguez harbor or other localities.”

108 THE NAUTILUS. -

Some important changes in nomenclature are noticeable: The

genus Pyrena Bolten, 1798 (Conidea Swain), is adopted for Colum-

bella ovulata,and Nitidella Swains., is given generic standing. Ultimus

Bolten is used generically for Ovula gibbosa. We can hardly agree

with the authors in some of the names they still retain in the old

family Tritonide, for which they use a new term Sepitde. If one

name of an author having priority is used, why not use others that

can be as readily identified? If Septa Perry, 1811, can by elimina-

tion be used for 7riton Montf., why not use Monoplex Perry, instead

of Ranularia Schumacher 1817, and Aguillus Montf., 1810, for

Lampusia Schum.? JL. eynoecephala Lam., certainly belongs to

Ranularia rather than Lampusia. The family name Septide prob-

ably deserves adoption, as the genus Septa contains one of the largest

and most beautiful shells in the world (Septa tritonis), although it is

not perhaps the most typical, nor the oldest genus of the family.

THe MoLiusca OF THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN AND

ARABIAN SEA, as evidenced mainly through the collections of Mr.

F. W. Townsend, 1893-1900; with descriptions of new species.

By James Cosmo Melvill and Robert Standen (Proc. Zool. Soc. of

London, 1901, pp. 327-460). Part I.—Cephalopoda, Gastropoda

and Seaphopoda.

This valuable and interesting paper adds greatly to our knowledge

of the oriental species and their geographical distribution. Upwards

of 935 species are recorded, including 77 new species and one new

genus (Argyropeza) in the family of Litéopide. Some families are

unusually well represented; of the genus Conus 41 species are re-

corded, while those usually restricted to the Pleurotomide number

100 species, 20 of which are new; of the 54 species of Nass¢de, 5

are new, and there are also 0 new Mitra out of a total of 43 species.

As the authors have ‘‘ endeavored in every case to give the name

sanctioned by the laws of priority,’ we note. several changes,

although many genera having priority, and now in common use still

bear later hames: Glyphis Cpr., 1856 = Fissuridea Swains, 1840 ;

Mitrularia Schum., 1817 = Chetlea Modeer, 1793 ; it does not belong

to the Aipponycide; Vertagus Schum., 1817 = Clava Martyn, 1789.

In adopting Lotortwm Montf., for Triton (preoccupied), why retain

the family name Tritonidae? For Cyprea turdus Lam., 1822, the

Kiener, /. forceps Perry. Latrunculus Gray, is used instead of

Hburna Lam., 1822 not 1801, The work is illustrated by four very

finely executed plates containing 87 figures, and is by all odds the

most important paper yet published on the faunz of which if treats.

Pere IN AU TILUS..

Von. XV. FEBRUARY, 1902. No. 10.

NOTES ON ASHMUNELLA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL AND MARY COOPER.

A large series of specimens from Manzanares Valley and Canon

Diablo, near Rowe, N. M., shows that the A. thomsoniana type is

well divided into two races, to which the names thomsoniana and

portere are applicable. The Manzanares Valley specimens are to

be designated portere, although the basal tooth is in most cases

scarcely double, the inner denticle being reduced to a slight callosity.

The Canon Diablo form, coming from a somewhat higher altitude,

is referred to thomsoniana, although the basal tooth is often double as

in portere. The fact is, that the character of the basal tooth,

whether double or single, is highly variable, and not to be relied on

to separate races. On the other hand, the size is much more dis-

tinctive. The following measurements of the greatest diameter

of the shell are worth giving:

(1) A. thomsoniana from Canon Diablo. 9 are between 11 and

12 mm., 49 are 12, 52 are 12+, 53 are 13, 9 are 13+, 1 is 14, and

1 is 145 mm.

(2) A. portere from Manzanares Valley. 1 is 138+, 3 are 14, 13

are 14+, 16 are 15, 10 are 15+, 5 are 16, 6 are 16+, 1 is 18 mm.

(3) A. portere from Beulah. 2 are 14, 12 are 14+, 17 are 1d, 6

are 15+, 3 are 16 mm.

If any one will take the trouble to plot out the curves from these

statistics, they will find that two and three are the same, with the

mode at 15, and the skew towards the smaller size. On the other

hand, one will be found to have an utterly different curve, with the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

mode at 13, the skew strongly towards the smaller size, and the ex-

treme of large size barely overlapping the minimum size of porter@.*

A few of the Canon Diablo thomsoniana have the mouth of the

shell very strongly contracted, so as to look like a distinct species,

but they are connected by intermediates with the ordinary form.

Albinos have been found of both forms :

A. thomsoniana mut. alba, nov. Canon Diablo, N. M., one.

A. portere mut. alba, nov. Manzanares Valley, N. M., a few.

At the monthly meeting of the Las Vegas Science Club, held

November 12, reported in Sczenee December 27, 1901, p. 1009, the

authors exhibited a series of a supposed new species of Ashmunella,

“proposed to be called Ashmaunella antiqua, found fossil in the Pleis-

tocene beds of Las Vegas, N. M. It resembled in most respects A.

thomsoniana, but wholly lacked the parietal tooth.” Upon further

examination it appears that the parietal callus has scaled off in the

specimens described, and it is likely that the shells are identical with

the living A. portere.t

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 104. ]

Limnea stagnalis L., var. appressa Say.

The first shells of this species were taken early in the year 1900

in a small pool along the Bitter Root river. A large spring supplies

the pool with clear, fresh water. In this pond a good series of both

living and dead shells was secured. A couple of dead shells were

found in Swan Lake in August, 1900. This is over a hundred miles

to the north of the Bitter Root locality, while water connection be-

tween the two places would be much more than double the distance.

* A. porters was taken the past summer at the head of Dailey Cajon, in the

uppermost part of the Canadian Zone. The specimen is quite like the Beulah

ones.

+ A co-type of A. antigua, received from Mr. Cockerell, bears out this conclu-

sion. It is without doubt A. ¢. portere. The passage quoted above from

Science is the complete original account of antigua.—Ep.

THE NAUTILUS. GUI

Limnea palustris Mill.

Taken from a pond near Bitter Root river. Quite abundant,

several hundred specimens taken. Also taken in abundance in

standing and quiet waters in the creeks on Flathead Indian reserva-

tion. At the upper end of Flathead Lake there is a great deal of

marshy country tributary to the lake and to Flathead river. In

the lowland bordering on the lake, which had been overflowed and

later dried off, large quantities of dead shells were observed. In-

deed the shells were so abundant one could not walk without mash-

ing large numbers. In still other places the shells were yet alive in

the sloughs, in great abundance. Along the Bitter Root river the

shells were living in the same waters with Aplexa hypnorum. Mr.

Earl Douglass collected a large series in the Madison lakes, southern

part of the State, in summer of 1900.

Limnea nuttalliana Lea.

Abundant in the region with L. stagnalis L., var. appressa Say,

L. palustris Mull., and P. trivolvis Say. A hundred or more speci-

mens secured.

Limnea emarginata Say, var. montana Elrod.

Shell large, globose, thin and fragile; of a light horn color, in

many cases tending to light pearl gray; in many instances there is

an abrupt line between the lighter portion and the horn colored por-

tion, the lighter portion being next the aperture ; the last whorl con-

stituting about three-fourths the length of the shell; malleations ob-

scure or absent, distinguishable in occasional specimens; lines of

growth fine, and quite regular; spire short, consisting of three ob-

liquely twisted whorls and the nucleus; suture well impressed ;

aperture about two-thirds as long as wide; outer lip thin, acute,

inner lip reflexed near its junction with the columella.

Length 27 mm. Greatest width 15.25 mm. Width of aperture

10.25 mm. Length of aperture 14.70 mm. Whorls, 5.

The species is found sparingly in Sin-yale-a-min lake in the Mis-

sion range of western Montana, and abundantly in McDonald lake,

some 15 miles north of the former. A few were taken in Swan

lake, on the opposite side of the range. At Sin-yale-a-min lake an

entire afternoon was spent in securing a couple of dozen specimens.

The method was to row over to the lake outlet in the canvas boat,

112 THE NAUTILUS.

secure location where the water was not too deep, and fish with a

silk butterfly net attached to a long handie. When a shell was

sighted the boat was brought to a standstill so the surface would be-

come quiet, and the net was lowered with the edge of the wire beneath

the shell. As soon as the shell was touched the animal let go all

hold, and if it did not roll into the folds of the net would settle

among the large pebbles. To secure it then in three or four feet of

water was impossible. Naturally, the failures were as frequent as

the successes. As stated, the afternoon produced a couple of dozen

shells, two dripping individuals, each with aching backs and weary

eves, and a torn net and wet boat.

Aplexa hypnorum L., var. tryont Currier.

The Bitter Root river valley flows to the north along the flank

of the Bitter Root mountains, which are on the western bank.

From these mountains numerous creeks enter the river, and many

ponds have been made by these creeks and by the changing river.

the river is about 100 miles long, and flows through one of the finest

and most fertile valleys in the State. In one of these ponds, near

the juncture of the Bitter Root and Missoula, this species was found

rather abundantly.

Physa heterostropha Say (°).

Specimens referred by Dall to this species were collected at

Missoula in June, 1898, September 17, 1897, and April 8, 1900, on

which latter date they were depositing eggs. In working over the

Physa collected in Western Montana, I have read with much inter-

est the complaint of O. A. Crandall in Tue Naurixtus for June,

1892, in which he raises the question, “Is there such as species as

that described by Say? If so, what is it?”

Physa ampullacea Gld.

The species seems widely distributed in Western Montana. It

has been taken in Bitter Root river, in Lakes Sin-yale-a-min and

McDonald in the Mission mountains, and sparingly in Flathead lake.

Physa gyrina Say.

A few of this species taken with P. heterostropha and P. ampullacea.

Finding these three species together leads to suspicion that the

species may not be distinct. A single shell from the Flathead In-

dian reserve (Crow creek) seems to belong to this species.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Continued. |

Genus Pecren Brug. 1789.

The pectens, fan-shells or scallops have on each side of the beaks

a broad expansion of shell called ears; beaks touching; hinge tooth-

less, with a triangular pit for the cartilage. The animal has no

syphons; the mantle is free, its margins double, the inner one

fringed and hanging down like a curtain, and the outer one with a

row of dots shown to be eyes. They move about very rapidly by sud-

denly opening and shutting. their valves, and can jump two or three

feet ; they seem to have the power of choosing the direction, for they

can, by a sudden jerk, jump backwards or to either side, skip along

the surface of the water or sink to the bottom. I never saw one

jump forwards. We lave in New England three species, two

of which inhabit Rhode Island.

208. Pecten irradians Lam.

Syn.: Peeten concentricus Say, Con., DeKay, Gld.

Shell nearly round; valves convex, with about twenty elevated,

rounded ribs radiating from the beaks, the ribs and spaces between

of nearly equal breadth; ears nearly equal; interior shining; on the

exterior the ribs and spaces are both rounded while on the interior

the corresponding spaces are flat. Length three inches, height two

and a half, breadth one. The so-called eyes in this species, of which

there are from forty to sixty, situated along the edges of the mantle

in both valves, are of a beautiful bright-blue color. This is the

common scallop and is a very abundant shell in Rhode Island, but

owing to the great demand for this luscious bivalve in the market,

the State of Rhode Island has passed laws prohibiting their being

taken through the summer months of each year. The “scallop law”

is off on the first day of September, and on the morning of that day

hundreds of boats may be seen in our waters at sunrise eager to be

first on the grounds where the scallop beds are. ‘Thousands upon

thousands of bushels of pectens are dredged during the following

three or four months, and if it were not for the law allowing the

young a chance to get their growth, one season would completely

exhaust the supply. The entire animal is not used for food, like the

114 THE NAUTILUS.

other edible species of mollusca, such as clams, quohogs, mussels and

oysters, but only the large muscle in the centre which holds the

yalves together; this muscle in adult pectens is about an inch in

diameter and the same in length. The shells are subject to great

variety in color, sometimes having one valve pure white and the

other yellow, red, purple, or mottled and banded with several colors,

when young; the adult shells generally lose their brilliant shades

and become of a uniform slate tint, with one valve, however, always

lighter than the other. The young shells frequent the shore and are

very active ; I have often put out my hand to take one, when just as

I almost had it, it would suddenly shut its valves and skip away out

of reach. At times I have seen them at Apponang so abundant that

they were piled up in layers six or eight inches deep, and at other

times not one could be seen. The adults inhabit deeper waters and

are dredged from the bottom from boats.

209. Pecten tenuicostatus Mich. and Ad.

Syn.: Pecten magellanicus Con., Gld., Stimp, DeKay.

Shell large, round, inequivalve, lower one nearly flat, upper one

convex, ears nearly equal; surface with fine radiating, punctured

lines; lower valve white; upper valve brownish-red, dingy; interior

white, glossy and smooth, with a different set of radiating lines from

those on the exterior. Length five inches, height five and a half,

breadth one and a half.

This is a northern species, found of large size on the coast of

Maine and everywhere north of Cape Cod ; smaller ones are obtained

from the stomachs of fishes. It inhabits deep water off Block Island,

and in southerly storms is driven up in large numbers on the shore

at Point Judith.

Family Anomiide.

Shells thin, pearly, with a notch or hole through the right or

lower valve near the beaks, to which is attached a plug, closing the

orifice and also serves to attach the shell to other objects. There are

two genera, Placunanomia and Anomia, divided into several sub-

genera.

Genus Anomta, Linné., 1767.

The animal of Anomia differs from Ostrea in having a small foot,

one of the peculiar characteristics of oysters being the entire absence

of any foot.

THE NAUTILUS. HLS)

The shells of Anomia have one valve convex and the other flat or

a little concave ; the flat valve is perforated and the plug which fills

the hole and partly attached to the valve. The shells are seldom

found free but generally attached to oysters or other shells or stones.

There are twenty species, two of which inhabit New England.

( To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM TENNESSEE.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, ILI.INOIS,

QUADRULA ANDREWSII, n. sp. Shell smooth, triangular, solid,

beaks swollen, incurved, shell very inequilateral, compressed and

striate at the base, obliquely rounded before, obtusely biangular be-

hind, ligament rather short, light brown, epidermis reddish brown,

maculate, growth lines numerous, rather rough, umbonal slope

slightly rounded, posterior slope flat, cordate, with very indistinct

lines from beaks to basal margin, beak sculpture unknown, cardinal

teeth thick, very much sulcate, single in right, double in left valve,

lateral teeth thick, short, and slightly curved, anterior cicatrices

small and deep, posterior cicatrices distinct, small and deep, shell

cavity rather deep, cavity of the beaks deep and angular, nacre silver

white and iridescent.

Diameter 1.1; length 1.6; breadth 2.

Habitat : Holston river, Tenn., Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

Remarks: Several years ago Mrs. Geo. Andrews, of Knoxville,

Tennessee, sent me a number of these shells. I never knew where

to place them, but recently, on sending some of them to Mr. Simp-

son for examination, I was satisfied they were distinct. They be-

long to the group of which trigonus, Lea, is the type, but in no

way do they resemble that species. There is no species which they

closely resemble, except globatus, Lea, but it is a very much less

inflated shell than that species, having a different colored epidermis,

rougher and coarser growth lines, at least one-half of the disk is

covered with wide, dark green spots ; between these rows of macula-

tions are very narrow, dark green interrupted rays.

The outline of globatus is rounded, while my shell is triangular.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

I name this very interesting species in honor of Mrs. Geo.

Andrews, a lady who has sent me very many interesting shells from

Holston river, Tennessee.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY, HAG) BIUICS BRN.

Chloritis perpunctatus p. sp. Shell resembling C. fragilis in shape

and general appearance, but differing in the very narrow umbilicus,

half covered by the dilated columellar margin of the otherwise simple

peristome, and by the extremely dense covering of exceedingly short

hairs, almost exactly as in C. pumila Gude, which differs from C.

perpunctatus in being imperforate, witha higher spire. Whorls 4, the

inner ones flatly coiled, the last slightly and slowly descending.

Aperture slightly oblique, broadly lunate. Alt. 8, diam, 13.7 mm.

Totsugawa, Yamato, with C. fragilis (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 843).

Ganesella sororcula n. sp. Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-

conic ; white (fossil), encircled with scarlet bands above and below

the periphery, with others variable in occurrence at the suture and

within the umbilicus. Smoothish, lightly marked with irregular

growth-wrinkles and densely, minutely engraved with spiral strie.

Spire conic, with slightly convex outlines, the apex very obtuse.

Whorls 53, quite convex, the last more or less angular at the peri-

phery, hardly descending in front, moderately convex beneath.

Aperture oblique, the outer lip expanded, basal lip narrowly reflexed,

columella subvertical, nearly straight, with reflexed, dilated margin.

Alt. 19.5, diam. 20.5 mm. Alt. 17.5, diam. 19 mm.

Kikai-ga-shima, Osumi (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 834).

This species is closely allied to G. Largillierti, of Great Riukiu,

and G. Adeline, of Oshima. It is smaller and less conic than

either. G. Adeline has a larger umbilicus, a peripheral band and

more whorls. G. Largillierti, besides being larger and more conic,

wants the crowded spiral lines. It is found fossil with various other

land shells, some of which I have already noticed elsewhere.

Ganesella optima n. sp. Shell obliquely perforate, elevated, pyra-

midal, thin, pale-yellow corneous, whitish above, glossy; lightly

marked with oblique growth. wrinkles; faintly, almost imperceptibly

striate spirally, but marked with minute whitish lines giving the

appearance of spiral striation. Spire straightly pyramidal. Whorls

THE NAUTILUS. Male

74, slightly convex, the last slightly angular at the periphery in

front, a little descending to the aperture, convex beneath, Aperture

oblique, the peristome thin, everywhere arcuate, narrowly expanded

and reflexed, triangularly dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt.

144 to 154, diam. 103 mm.

Suimura, Prov. Awa. Shikoku Island (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 824.)

A charming species, unlike any other Japanese Ganesella in its

elevated shape.

Macrochlamys cerasina n. sp. Shell perforate, depressed, with

low-conic spire, dark-reddish amber colored, brilliantly glossy, with

faint growth-lines, no spiral stria. Whorls 55, convex, slowly in-

creasing, separated by impressed sutures, the last whorl perceptibly

angular at the periphery in front, convex beneath. Aperture slightly

oblique, lunate, the lip simple and thin, abruptly dilated and reflexed

in a minute triangle at the columellar insertion. Alt. 5.7, diam,

8.6 mm.

Tobishima, Prov. Ugo (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 838).

M. cerasina var. awaensis n. v. Shell paler, with lower spire and

6 more closely coiled whorls. Alt. 4.2, diam. 7.8 mm.

Tairiuji, Awa, Shikoku Island. Although remote from the pre-

ceding geographically, this form seems to me to be too similar for

specific separation.

Eulota (Celorus) caviconus n. sp. Shell small, thin, with a large,

deep umbilicus, conic above, flattened beneath, reddish-brown, lustre-

less, the surface roughened by short cuticular processes like adnate

hairs, usually in part worn off. Outlines of spire a little convex,

the apex obtuse. Whorls about 74, the earlier a little convex, the

later ones flattened ; the last whorl acutely carinate at the periphery,

abruptly and deeply descending in front, contracted behind the lip.

Aperture small, subhorizontal, oblong, the’peristome expanded above,

reflexed below, the ends approaching. Alt. 4, diam. 65 mm.

Goto, Uzen (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 815).

This peculiar species is related to H. cavicollis Pils , differing in

the flattened whorls and carinate periphery.

Mandarina exoptata n. sp. Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed,

biconvex, solid, light brown, the early whorls darker. Surface

beautifully sculptured with crowded, spirally engraved, crimped lines,

cutting irregular growth-wrinkles, the spirals obsolete immediately

around the umbilicus. Spire low conic. Whorls 44, the first 1? or

118 THE NAUTILUS.

2 forming the large nepionic shell. Last whorl wide, strongly car-

inate, a little sunken above and below the median keel, scarcely de-

scending in front, convex beneath. Aperture oblique, wide, the lip

obtuse, expanded above and outwardly, reflexed and thickened be-

low. Alt. 14 to 154, diam. 23 mm.

Hahajima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 805).

An exceedingly distinct species, like a thick Plectotropis. It is

quite unlike the larger carinate species Mandarina Pallasiana.

Microcystina hahajimana n. sp. Shell very minutely perforate or

closed, depressed subglobose. Amber colored, translucent, brilliantly

glossy, smooth except for some very slight growth-wrinkles. Spire

quite convex. Whorls 5, nearly flat, the sutures but lightly im-

pressed, narrowly margined. Last whorl faintly angular in front,

convex beneath, impressed in the center. Aperture lunate, the

peristome simple and acute ; columella thickened above and bluntly

toothed. Alt. 4, diam. 64 mm.

Habajima, Ogasawara (Bonin Islands). No. 803 of Mr. Hirase’s

collection.

Genus HIRASEA nov.

Small disc-shaped or biconvex, perforate shells, pale and of nearly

uniform tint, finely rib-striate, the aperture crescentic, the peristome

contracted, thickened with a very heavy callus rib within. Type

Hirasea sinuosa.

This genus belongs apparently to the Zonitid@, or possibly to the

Endodontide. It has some resemblance in the thick lip-rib to

Brazieria or Microphyura, but there is no parietal barrier. The

Philippine groups Pliotropis and Glyptoconus have some similar

characters, but they are thin shells with no lip-rib. The species

now known may be distinguished as follows :

a. Upper margin of the lip drawn back, the basal margin project-

ing beyond it. Spire low, composed of 5? very narrow and

convex whorls, the last angular at the shoulder, very con-

vex beneath, perforate; aperture narrowly crescentic ; lip

expanded and arched forward in the middle below, retracted

at the upper termination. Alt. 2.1, diam. 4.3 mm. Haha-

jima, Ogasawara (Hirase, no, 802). Hf. sinuosa, n. sp.

a’. Aperture normally oblique, the upper margin projecting for-

ward; form biconvex. Whorls 43, with an acute, com-

THE NAUTILUS. 119

pressed keel along sutures and at the periphery; subper-

forate; aperture lunar, oblique, a little contracted; finely

rib-striate above and below. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm. Haha-

jima (Hirase, no. 801). H. nesiotica, n. sp.

A third form was sent from Chichijima, Ogasawara (no. 800),

similar to H. nestotica, but much smaller, diam. 3.2 mm., with

barely 4 whorls. This may be called A. chichijimana. Subse-

quently some five additional new species from Hahajima have been

received.

GENERAL NOTES.

HELIx ASPERSA INCREASING IN CALIFORNIA.—Complaints are

being made that the spotted snail, Helix aspersa, is becoming too

common in the gardens of San José, Oakland and Los Angeles,

alifornia, and that it is injuring man ‘rs and vegetables.

Calit ‘ 1 that it g many flowers and vegetabl

This species was introduced into California from Europe many years

ago, presumably by a Frenchman who considered it a choice delicacy

or his table. For a long time the snails w : e asma

for his tabl I long time the snails were confined to a small

plot of ground in the city of San José, but of late they have evidently

resolved upon a ‘policy of expansion,” and are spreading rapidly

and are liable to cause serious mischief. It is to be hoped that Cali-

ornians will cultivate the French taste and thus turn th es

fe ll cultivate the F h taste and thus turn the tables on

the molluscan invaders.—JosiaH KEEP.

TRUNCATELLA SUBCYLINDRICA Linnzus.

This species has been credited to the West Indies by various

writers, even to the present time, although Linneus and all the

early English authors gave it as a species of Europe. Dall and

Simpson, in their Mollusca of Porto Rico, 1901, Bull. Fish Com-

mission, p. 436, give its range as ‘* Porto Rico; adventitious in

England; common in Florida and many localities in the West

Indies.”

The Linnean species is in fact a common European shell, occur-

ring as far north as England; thinner, more transparent, and typic-

ally smoother, than any Antillean 77runcatella. It is commonly

found in o!der collections under the name 7. montagui, and is prob-

ably not specifically distinct from 7. truncatula Drap. The “7. sub-

cylindrica Gray” of Binney’s Terr. Moll. iv, and Land and F. W.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells of N, A., pt. iii, p. 100, is a totally different thing, and as the

name is preoccupied, it must be dropped for the ribbed species there

defined. If 7. subeylindrica L. occurs at all in the West Indian

area or Florida, which I strongly doubt, its presence there is “ ad-

ventitious.”’ All of which may be readily verified by a reference to

the works of Linneus, Hanley, Thorpe, and a collection containing

a series of European 7runcatellide.—H. A. Pilsbry.

The collection of the late Dr. Wm. D. Hartman has been pur-

chased by the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. {t is especially rich in

the genera Partula and Helicina, the Melanians, both American and

exotic, Unionide@, and Polynesian marine shells. It contains most

of the types of new species described by Dr. Hartman, others being

in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. ‘The Achati-

nellide were purchased some years ago by the Hamburg Museum.

In acquiring this collection the trustees of the Carnegie Institute

have made an extremely important addition to their museum, as the

formation and study of this collection was the life-long work of Dr.

Hartman. ‘The specimens are well identified, as we know by frequent

use of them, and afford a solid basis for conchologic work to students

in Pittsburgh and the adjacent cities of Pennsylvania and Ohio.

TaMIosoMA ConraD, A SESSILE CirRIPEDE.—Prof. W. H. Dall

has recently examined specimens of this problematic fossil, formerly

supposed to be molluscan, and finds that the supposed tubes are the

vesicular, elongated bases of a Balanus-like cirripede.—WScience,

wan. 3, 1902.

PLANORBIS BICARINATUS STRIATUS n, var.—Shell similar to that

of typical d¢earinatus, but with a deeper, narrower umbilicus, and

with the spiral lines raised, very numerous and distinet, and with

the longitudinal sculnture almost obsolete. Diameter 10, altitude of

aperture 6 mill.

From sewer excavation, eight feet below the surface of the ground,

Cold Spring Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, collected by Charles E.

Brown.

This pleistocene fossil, of which no living examples have yet been

seen, seems to differ from the typical b¢carinatus sufficiently for

varietal distinction. Twelve specimens have been examined, which

are all uniform with the above description, and which are readily

distinguishable from typical b¢carinatus—FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

ieee NAUPELUS.

Von. XV. : MARCH, 1902. No. 11.

A REVISION OF THE CARINATE VALVATAS OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Valvata tricarinata was originally described by Say in 1817 as

Cyclostoma tricarinata. It is one of the most abundant of the

smaller operculates of the Northern States and Canada, rangirg from

the ‘Atlantic coast westwardly at least as far as Manitoba and Iowa,

and south to Virginia and the Ohio river. It has three well-marked

varieties, which differ from the typical form only in the smaller

number or entire absence of the revolving carine.

In 1841 Dr. Isaac Lea described a Valvata from the Schuylkill

river, Pa., as V. bicarinata.

Haldeman in his ‘* Monograph” (145) doubtfully refers Lea’s

species to V, tricarinata as a bicarinate variety. W. G. Binney, in

1865 (L. & F. W. Shells III, p. 9), states that from an examination

of both Say’s and Lea’s types he is ‘* convinced of the identity of the

two.” Tryon in his Continuation of Haldeman (1870) does not

mention the subject, and evidently acquiesced in Binney’s decision.

In this he has been followed by all subsequent writers so far as I

have been able to ascertain, with one exception. Mr. W. A. Marsh

in his ** Brief Notes on the Land and Fresh Water Shells of Mercer

Co., Ill.”” (Conchologists’ Exchange II, p. 80, 1887), separated the

two forms and recognized the validity of Lea’s species.*

From a careful examination of the material in my possession I am

*The validity of V. bicarinata has been recognized by all recent Philadel-

phian conchologists. See Nautitus, VIII, p. 138.—Ep.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

convinced that Lea’s bicarinata is not the bicarinate form of Say’s

tricarinata, but is a distinct species, which also has a tricarinate

form. I have the typical form of V. b/earinata from Columbia and

Philadelphia, Pa., and Port Oram, N. J., and the tricarinate form

from Muscatine, Ia., and Utica, Ill. Within the last few weeks I

have had occasion to examine critically hundreds of specimens of V.

tricarinata in its various aspects'from Michigan, and a considerable

number from at least ten different states and Canada, and I have yet

to see the first specimen that in any way seems to connect the two.

In comparison with V. tricarinata, Lea’s species is larger, dis-

coidal; the upper surface of the whorls slopes downwards from the

carina to the suture, giving a concave appearance to the upper surface

THE NAUTILUS. Ree) 3;

as a whole; the spire is depressed, not appearing above the superior

carina of the body whorl, the umbilicus is very wide and more shal-

low, exhibiting all the whorls. In ¢tricarinata, on the other hand,

the whorls are more closely coiled, making a round, deep, funnel-

shaped umbilicus; the penultimate whorl is elevated and only the

apex of the spire is depressed.

The relation between the two species is very similar to that be-

tween Pyramidula perspectiva Say, and striatella Anth.

The recognition of the specific distinctness of these forms not only

involves some changes in nomenclature, but also renders necessary a

re-description of the various recognized forms.

The following re-arrangement of the group is offered as an attempt

to satisfactorily differentiate the different forms.

I. Valvata tricarinata Say (fig. 1).

Shell turbinate, thin, translucent, shining; horn-color or pale

green; whorls about 34; flattened between the carine ; shouldered ;

the upper surface sloping upwards from the carina .to the suture ;

spire elevated, depressed at the apex; lines of growth faintly

marked; suture distinct; body whorl tricarinate, superior carina re-

volving nearly to the apex, the peripheral carina on the whorls of

the spire being usually covered by the lower whorl; carine sharp,

elevated and lighter in color than the body of the shell; aperture

circular, slightly modified, however, by the carine; lip simple,

sharp, continuous, slightly appressed to the body whorl; umbilicus

round, deep, funnel-shaped, bordered by the inferior carina. Height

34, width 54 mm.

Cyclostoma tricarinata Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, 18

(1817).

Canada and eastern United States to, at least, as far west as

Manitoba and Iowa, and south to Virginia and the Ohio River.

(Utah, Ingersoll.) As all gradations between the typical form and

the different varieties can be found in any considerable suite of

specimens ; it is deemed best to draw the lines between the recog-

nized varieties upon the presence or absence of well-developed

earine. Angulations of the body whorl, however acute, should not

be considered in determining the position of any particular specimen.

This species is one of the most abundant forms in the Post-

Pleistocene deposits of Michigan, and apparently was then more

124 THE NAUTILUS.

subject to variation than at the present time. In the Nauriuus,

XI, p. 121, will be found an account of several specimens in which

an additional carina was developed. In a large amount of material

from the marl deposits of the State recently examined, two examples

were found in which the superior and peripheral carine are present,

but the basal one is obsolete, while in a deformed specimen from

the deposits at White Pond, N. J., only the basal one is present.

Two specimens from Michigan marl deposits have the last whorl

near the aperture, entirely separated from the body whorl. None of

these variations have been noticed so far as I am aware in recent

specimens. In the collection of the late Dr. Jas. Lewis, now in my

possession, is a sinistral specimen (fig. 4).

As these variations occur only in very few instances, they are to

be classed as individual variations or ‘‘sports,’’ rather than as dis-

tinct forms worthy of varietal names.

Var. confusa un. v. (fig. 2). Body whorl bicarinate, peripheral

carina obsolete ; periphery rounded or angulate. Valvata tricarinata

var. bicarinata, authors generally, not of Lea. A curious scalariform

specimen is in the collection of Mr. J. H. Ferriss, of Joliet, Ill.

(fig. 3).

Var. unicarinata DeKay. Unicarinate, peripheral and_ basal

carine obsolete, periphery rounded, base rounded or angulate.

Valvata untearinata DeKay. N. Y. Moll., p. 118, pl. VI, f. 129

(1843).

Var. simplex Gld. Ecarinate, whorls usually more or less flat-

tened above. Valvata tricarinata var. simplex, Gld., Invert Mass.,

p- 226, f. 126 (pars.), (1841).

The citations of Valvata humeralis Say from Michigan by Miles

(Geo. Sur. Mich., p. 237, 1860) and from Canada by Bell,

Whiteaves, etc., referred to by Binney (L. & F. W. Shells, III,

p- 14), are in all probability based upon this form.

II. Valvata bicarinata Lea (fig. 6).

Shell discoidal, flattened above, rather thick, shining; horn-

colored or tinged with green; whorls 34, shouldered, upper surface

sloping downward from the carina to the suture, which is deeply im

pressed ; spire greatly depressed, not rising above the carina of the

body whorl when viewed from in front; lines of growth faintly

marked ; body whorl bicarinate, superior carina revolving nearly to

the apex, periphery rounded or bluntly angulate ; carine sharp,

THE NAUTILUS. 125

elevated ; aperture nearly circular, slightly flattened above and modi-

fied by the carinz ; lip simple, sharp, appressed to the lower half of

the body whorl ; umbilicus wide, exhibiting all the whorls. Height

34, width 64 mm.

Valvata bicarinata Lea, P. A. P. S. II. 81, 83 (1841). Schuyl-

kill river, Pa. (Lea), Columbia, Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., and Port

Oram, N. J. (Walker), and Mercer Co., Ill. (Marsh).

The distinguishing characteristics of this species as compared

with V. tricarinata have already been stated. The localities above

mentioned are the only ones brought to my notice, but it will prob-

ably be found in the intermediate region.

Var. normalis, n. v. (fig. 5). Body whorl tricarinate, otherwise

like the type. Muscatine, Ia. and Utica, III.

As in the case of Polygyra andrewse W. G. Binn., the typical

form of this species is really only a variety of the real specific type.

In a single specimen from Utica, IIl., collected by J. H. Ferriss, a

fourth carina is developed on the upper surface of the last whorl at

about its first third, and revolves parallel with the suture to the

aperture, the space between forming a deep groove.

III. Valvata utahensis Call. (fig. 7).

Shell turbinate, thin, translucent, shining; yellowish horn color

at the apex, white or greenish white below; whorls 4, convex,

regularly increasing, minutely striate, the uppermost shouldered,

with a single, well marked carina which becomes obsolete on the

body whorl; spire obtusely elevated, apex depressed; suture well

impressed ; aperture circular, slightly angled posteriorly ; lip simple,

nearly continuous, appressed to the body whorl; umbilicus small.

round, defined by a more or less obvious angle around the base ot

the shell. Height 44, width 44 mm. Utah Lake and Bear Lake,

Utah.

Valvata sincera v. utahensis Call, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur., No. 11,

p- 44, Pl. VI., f. 1-38 (1884). Valvata utahensis Call, Proc. Dav.

Acad. Nat. Sci. V, p. 4, Pl. I, fig. 1-3 (1886).

This species, which is more nearly related to V. tricarinata var.

unicarinata than to any other of the eastern forms of Valvata, is

well characterized by its more elevated spire, more globose form, the

obsolescence of the carinz on the body whorl and the much smaller

umbilicus.

126 : THE NAUTILUS.

PISIDIUM STRENGII, N. SP.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Mussel of moderate size, regularly inflated, rather short ; beaks

slightly posterior, small, narrow, approximate, somewhat projecting

over the hinge margin; superior and inferior margins well curved,

the supero-anterior slightly so and forming a steep slope to the some-

what angled anterior end; the posterior end subtruncate ; scutum

and scutellum indistinct ; angles in front of and behind the beaks

slight, rounded ; shell rather thin, translucent ; surface very finely

striate, appearing smooth, with a few fine, irregular lines of growth,

and with a slight, dull gloss; color of epiconch pale horn shading

into grayish, whitish or yellowish ; nacre almost glassy, muscle scars

very slight; hinge fine, plate narrow; cardinal teeth small, thin ;

the right one curved, its posterior end deeply cleft, the left anterior

curved or almost straight, the posterior short, oblique ; lateral teeth

small, somewhat pointed, the outer ones of the right valve quite small

but distinct; ligament small. Long. 4, alt. 3.7, diam. 2.6 mill.

(average).

Hab.: Michigan to New York, Ohio and Indiana. It seems to be

a form mainly inhabiting smaller lakes. Perch lake, Mich., col-

lected by Mr. L. H. Streng (in whose honor the species is named)

and Dr. Kirkland; Reed lake and Little Bostwick lake, Mich.;

Bass lake, Ind. (among shells taken from the stomach of catfish), by

Mr. L. E. Daniels; Meyer’s Jake, Ohio (Sterki); Little Lakes,

N. Y., found among materials in the collection of the late Dr. Jas.

Lewis, now in possession of Mr. Bryant Walker.

Pisidium strengii has a resemblance to some smaller forms of

P. abditum Hald., nov-eboracense Pr., and with politum Sterki, but

can be recognized by its high form, the small, approximate beaks,

especially noticeable in front. (or rear) aspect, the peculiar, dull gloss

of the surface, and the strongly cleft posterior end of the right car-

dinal tooth. The latter feature was found constant in normal speci-

mens from widely distant places; but it may be added that the

species appears to be particularly inclined to abnormal, and even

monstrous formation of the cardinal teeth. As to size, shape and

general appearance, the mussel does not vary greatly, so far as seen.

This species was first noticed as different fon others, and named,

in 1895. Yet, considering the great variability of our Pisidia as

well as the fact that it does not show a striking variance from others,

in general appearance, it was thought best to wait until sufficient

evidence was gained of its being really distinct.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

NOTE ON THE NAMES ELACHISTA AND PLEUROTOMARIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

My attention has been called by Mr. Cockerell to the fact that the

name Elachista Dall and Simpson, in the Porto Rico Report, Mol-

lusea, p. 427, 1901, is preoccupied in Lepidoptera by Treitschke,

since 1833. For this peculiar group of Bittiwm, typified by B. ceri-

thidioide Dall, and which extends in time as far back as the Eocene

in both Europe and America, I would substitute the name Alabina,

in reference to its resemblance to Alaba, a name which, so far as I

am able to discover, has not hitherto been used.

I have frequently called attention to the ill-effects of the absurd

European proposition that names such as Cyprinus and Cyprina

should not be allowed to exist in nomenclature simultaneously.

Very few of those who support this view have any idea of the havoc

in nomenclature which the rigid enforcement of such a rule would

produce, with no benefit, but a very serious detriment to science.

Finding the name Nassarva challenged on this ground, I hunted up

the earlier use (1806) in Duméril’s Zoologie Analytique and took the

occasion to make a full list of Dumeéril’s names, which all end in

artus and are all synonyms. Some appear in the text and others in

the Latin index only, with references to the pages where the French

equivalent is to be found. Among the latter I discovered Pleuro-

tomarius, Duméril’s name for Plewrotoma. If the idiotic rule above-

mentioned was put in force, this superfluous synonym would deprive

us of the right to use Pleurotomaria J. Sowerby, which dates only

from 1821, and perhaps also Plewrotomarium Blainville, another

rendering of Defrance’s French name, which dates from 1825. I

may add that any rule admitting anonymous names, taken into con-

sideration with the above-mentioned one, would upset about half of

the best-known names in Molluscan Zoology, including such as Oliva,

Cyprea, etc. Can any one mention any good results to be obtained

from such a course ?

THE ORIGINAL LOCALITY OF LIMNEA AMPLA MIGHELS.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

In 1842 Mr. Alexander W. Longfellow discovered in Second

Eagle Lake Limnea ampla. Prof. Edward L. Morse visited the

same lake in 1851 and called it Mud Lake. On the maps of Maine

it is generally called Second Lake, but Mud Lake is the only name

128 THE NAUTILUS.

used among the people. It is located on the east branch of Fish

river, between Long and Cross lakes, in Township XVII, Range 4,

Aroostook county, Maine. Some parts of Fish river have been

visited every summer since 1897, and the shells collected published

at various times in the Nautitus. Mud Lake (Second Lake) being

of special interest to conchologists, as Limnea ampla was described

from specimens found in this lake, I examined it for the first time

in August and September of last year (1901).

The name Limnea ampla is in use from Maine to Alaska by dif-

ferent collectors. The question arose at an early date if ZL. ampla

really could be a distinct species or only a variety of some previously

described form. The best authors agree it is only a variety of Say’s

L. emarginata (also described from Maine in 1821) and my observa-

tions go to confirm the same.

Mud Lake is about 24 miles long and one wide, shallow, with

mud, gravelly and rocky bottom, the forest growing all around it

down to the water’s edge. There are no settlements upon the lake,

and in all probability it looks just the same as when Mr, Longfellow

first collected his shells in 1842. A paper privately published, 4 pp.,

4 plates and 86 figs., illustrating the variation of Limnea emarginata

of Fish river, was prepared in Oct., 1901, and a more elaborate one

will appear when all the lakes on Fish river have been examined

and a map prepared.

A careful survey was made in every part of Mud Lake and col-

lections made in all parts of it from the shore to 15 feet in depth,

and the following species were obtained :

Physa ancillaria Say. A few thin, fragile shells, nearly as clear

as glass, were dredged in 3 to 6 feet of water at the upper end of the

lake on muddy bottom.

Limnea emarginata Say. Very abundant at the inlet in all stages

of growth. (The original locality of Limnea ampla Mighels.)

Smaller colonies were found in the upper part of the lake and on the

left side of lake near the outlet.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Dredged.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Dredged.

Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Dredged in the lake and the thorough-

fares above and below the lake; very variable.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. One specimen in thoroughfare below

the lake.

Valvata tricartnata Say. One specimen.

Valvata sincera Say. One specimen in the lake and a few in the

thoroughfare below the lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Common,

Unio complanatus Sol. Common.

Margaritana undulata Say. Few dead shells at the inlet, and the

thoroughfare between Long and Mud Lakes.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Common (small forms).

Spherium striatinum Lam. Living and dead shells abundant on

rocky bottom in the thoroughfare between Mud and Cross Lakes.

Calyculina securis Prime. At the inlet not many found.

Pisidium pauperculum nylanderi Sterki. Few specimens.

Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Few very fine specimens at the

inlet.

Caribou, Maine, Feb., 1902.

COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA.

BY MORTON J. ELROD, UNIV. OF MONTANA.

[ Continued from page 112. |

Limazx montanus Ingersoll. One specimen taken at Missoula, June

29,’97. Slugs are rarely seen in this region.

Euconulus fulvus Drap. A few specimens taken near Missoula,

June 5, ’97.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea. At the upper end of Flathead lake, in

a swampy bog, quantities of Lémnaea palustris Mull. with dark

shells, were discovered. Among these was an occasional Planorbis

trivolvis Say. Jour specimens of S. nuttalliana Lea, were all that

could be found, though diligent search was made. These delicate

shells appear to be very scarce, since they have been taken no place

else.

Polygyra devia Gld. var. hemphilli W. G. B. On May 8, 1900,

Arbor Day, we took to the woods along the beautiful Lo Lo creek,

south of Missoula, and extending up into the Bitter Root mountains

a distance of some 75 miles. Lunch was eaten some four miles

from the mouth of the creek, when we sought for specimens along

the banks of the stream in overflowed pools. Among and in the

abundant fresh deer-tracks were found scattered specimens of this

species and P. townsendiana Lea, var. ptychophora A. D. Br. The

species was not abundant, only about 15 being taken. They were

much scattered, in holes, under decaying vegetation, difficult to

discover.

Polygyra townsendiana Lea, var. ptychophora A. D. Br. These

were taken rather abundantly, some 60 being the result of a two

hours’ search along the Lo Lo creek on May 8, 1900, in connection

with P. devia Gld., var. hemphilli W. G. B. For details see under

the latter species for information. Also found in small numbers at

other places near Missoula. The species was also taken at both

McDonald lake and Sin-yale-a-min lake in the Mission mountains,

a couple of dozen being taken at the former place and but a few at

the latter.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. A half dozen of these little shells taken

at Missoula June 5, 1897.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Only a very few of this species taken

near Missoula in June, 1897.

Pyramidula elrodi Pils. This beautiful shell has been termed by

an admiring friend “ the queen of the Pyramidulas.”’ It has thus

far been found only along the banks of McDonald lake in the Mis-

sion mountains of Montana, living on the crags and among the loose

talus. The first collecting produced some forty specimens, all dead.

During the summer of 1900 about three quarts were secured. It

will be interesting to the reader to give some of the opinions regard-

ing this shell. For beauty the quotation above is certainly very

flattering. W. G. Binney writes, Oct. 12, 1900, “TI call it a de-

pressed form of Hemphill’s Wasatchensis. You might make a dozen

species out of my series, and feel like tearing your hair afterwards

in despair!” Dr. W. H. Dall says “the shell is larger than any

strigosa I ever saw, and differs in sculpture from any in our collec-

tion. Strigosa, var. Hemphill has the same form, but its sculpture

is predominantly spiral and the shell the usual size. Conchologically

speaking, it is a coarsely sculptured form of Stearns’ shell (e¢reum-

carinata).”’ Dr. H. A. Pilsbry considers it sufficiently different from

any existing species to be described as a distinct species.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

[ Conclusion. |

210. Anomia aculeata, Gmel.

Shell small, round; beaks obtuse, terminal; surface covered with

fine hairy, radiating lines on the upper or convex valve; lower valve

thin, smooth and flat, color yellowish white or gray ; interior shin-

ing; aperture circular. Length and height about one-half inch each.

Habitat from Long Island to Greenland and northern coasts of

Europe, rare south of Cape Cod. It has been found at Greenport

and Montauk, L. I. (S. Smith); Stonington, Conn., 4 to 5 fathoms;

Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, but as yet no specimens have been ob-

tained in R. I. waters. Its station is among roots of fuci, attached

to stones and shells. :

211. Anomia glabra, Verrill, 1872.

Syn: Anomia ephippium, Gld. and American authors, non Linné.

Anomia electrica, Gld. (Binney’s), non Linné. Anomia squamula,

Gld. (young), non Linné.

Shell rounded, oval or irregular in form; beaks small, pointed,

not quite reaching the margin; substance of the shell scaly, consist-

ing of numerous ‘overlapping layers of pearly material resembling

tale, of a greenish tinge in living specimens—this substance in dead

THE NAUTILUS. 131

shells is rubbed off, showing the golden and silvery hues of the real

surface ; upper valve convex, lower valve flat, with an ovate aper-

ture which reaches the margin by a fissure. Diameter about one

inch.

Habitat from Maine to Florida, but rare and local north of Cape

Cod. It is sometimes very abundant in R. I. and at other times

quite rare. Generally in the fall months it is seen adhering to small

stones between tides at Opponang in Greenwich Bay, but during the

rest of the year it is rare to find one near the shore, its station being

among oyster beds. When growing upon the valves of Pecten

irradians, as it does sometimes, the Anomia conforms to the shape of

the Pecten and is ribbed like that species.

The Anomia ephippium of Linnezus is a very common European

shell, and the great naturalist was deceived in our American slell,

supposing it to be the same species, and called it by the same name,

giving as its habitat, Pennsylvania. All authors since have known

it under that name, even down to Dall’s revision of the Mollusca of

Mass., Mar. 16, 1870, but Prof. A. E. Verrill has shown it to bea

distinct species and named it Anemia glabra, V., Am. Jour. Sci., iii,

213, 1872.

The shell described in Binney’s Gould, second edition, under the

name of Anomia electrica, Linné, is found among oysters and is dis-

tinguished from A. glabra by its sulphur yellow color, its defined

edge and its very convex upper valve. It is gene rally distorted,

semi-transparent and not so scaly as the preceding species. I think

it is merely a variety, and the variety is much more common with

us than the type.

Family Ostreide.

The oysters commenced in the Carboniferous and are found in

every age since to the present time. Some of the fossil oysters are

two feet in length. Of the living species, the most peculiar in its

habitat is the tree oyster, whieh grows upon the roots of the man-

grove. There is but one genus in this family and about 70 species.

212. Ostrea borealis, Lam.

Syn.: Ostrea Canadensis, Brug, Lam, Hanley.

213. Ostrea Virginica, Lam.

Syn.; Ostrea Virginiana, Lister, Sby, Gld.; O. rostrata maxima,

Chem.; Q. elongata, Solander.

These two species are so variable in shape that it is impossible to

give an accurate description of them. They are very irregular and

inequivalve, the larger valve generally attached to some object t and

the smaller one moving forward as the shell grows. O. borealis is

obliquely rounded ovate, with short curved beaks, while O. Virginiea

is long and norrow, with long and pointed beaks. In both species

the large valve is the lower one and the upper valve is the smallest,

flatter and smoother; surface of borealis flaky, greenish, that of

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Virginica somewhat lead color. Interior chalky or greenish white,

with a dark violet muscular impression in the centre.

A. Virginica sometimes attains a length of twelve to fifteen inches,

but seldom over three inches in breadth, while in borealis the

breadth is about one-half the length ; specimens six inches in length

are about three in breadth.

Oysters have many enemies, among which are sponges, star-fish,

drills and man. The drills or borers, Urosalpinx cinerea, are ex-

tremely abundant in our bay, and can destroy a great many oysters

in a short time.

Ostrea edulis of Europe is considered by some authors to be iden-

tical with our northern oysters. I cannot see enough resemblance

in either shell or animal to agree with them. Experienced oyster-

eaters can tell the difference between borealis and Virginica in-

stantly by the taste, having no knowledge whatever of the shells.

Having tried to eat English, Scotch, French and Dutch oysters,

judging from that standpoint I could never believe they were the

same species as the Ostrea borealis, the finest eating oyster in the

world.

[ The following species were omitted in their proper place : |

175. Pisidium variabile Prime.

Shell heavy, oblique inequilateral, inflated, anterior longer, nar-

rower and angulated at the end; beaks full, prominent, not approxi-

mating at the apex; valves solid, interior light blue; epidermis

glossy, color variable, straw ov greenish- Saosin with a yellow zone

on the basal Sn, ; carding teeth united ; lateral teeth short and

strong. Length 45, height 48, breadth 3,4 inch.

Described by Temple Prime in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV,

163, 1851. Inhabits the Eastern and Middle States. A very com-

mon species found in nearly all small streams.

176. Pisidium Virginicum Gmelin.

Shell thick, oblique, very inequilateral, coarse and robust in ap-

pearance ; anterior rounded, posterior broader, subtruncated at the

extremity, beaks large; valves solid, interior light-blue ; epidermis

greenish-brown to chestnut, with zones of a darker shade; hinge

margin curved; cardinal teeth two, shaped like the letter Me re

versed ; lateral teeth short and strong. Length 53,5, height 4%,

breadth =?)5 inch.

This is one of the largest species of Pistdiwmin America. It inhab-

its running streams in New England and Canada, and throughout the

Middle States, and in a few of the Western States. Say, in 1819,

described this shell under the name of Cyclas dubia, and it is gener-

ally known to collectors under this name, but Mr. Prime has shown

it to be identical with one deseribed by Gmelin, in 1788, as Tellina

Virginica; he, therefore, changes the name to its present one as

adopted above.

THe NAUTILUS. Ve

kb. G. Vanatta, del.

COLOMBIAN LAND SHELLS.

Ie TACT EY Walle

ree N AUREL US.

Von. XV. APRIL, 1902. INO 12?

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE SANTA MARTA MOUNTAINS, COLOMBIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AN) G. H. CLAPP.

The species described below were collected by Mr. and Mrs. Her-

bert H. Smith, in the course of their recent collecting tour in the

Santa Marta region.* The country explored proved to be singularly

unproductive in land mollusks, both species and individuals being,

with the exception of a few forms, very scarce. However, the pro-

portion of new forms was high, and indicates considerable local spe-

cialization, as would be expected from the topography of that portion

of Colombia.

Glandina callista n. sp. P1. vii, fig. 7.

Shell fusiform, very thin, pale brownish-yellow with a few indis-

tinct darker streaks, more numerous on the spire, and encircled by

numerous narrow, inconspicuous buff spiral lines between the periph-

ery and suture and on the spire. Surface but slightly glossy, sculp-

tured with fine, somewhat irregular striz, and weakly scored by fine,

close spiral striz, better developed below. Suture distinctly mar-

gined with a row of small bead-like folds, each formed usually by the

coalescence of two, or the knob-like enlargement of one of the striz.

Spire acuminate. Whorls nearly 7, but slightly convex, the last

more inflated, tapering below. Averture slightly oblique, four-

* The Bulimulide collected have been noticed in the current volume of the

Manual of Conchology, two being there described as new. Two other species,

Pleurodonte clappi and Nenia smithe, have already been described and figured

in this journal.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

sevenths the length of the shell; outer lip evenlyfarcuate ; columella

very concave, truncate as usual below. Parietal wa!l covered with

a very thin wash of callus, which swells broadly out upon the whorl

in the middle, and is abruptly retracted above. Length 68.5, diam.

26 mm.; length of aperture 38, greatest width 15.5 mm.

Santa Marta Mts. at Valparaiso, in forest at 4500 ft. elevation.

A charming species, remarkable for its acuminate spire, fusiform

contour and thin texture. It differs from G. striata by its sculpture

and the absence of distinct dark varices. G. plicatula is a smoother,

more obese shell, with shorter aperture. No other South American

species is nearly related.

Circinaria ponsonbyi n. sp. Plate vii, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell much depressed, flat above, broadly and openly umbilicate,

thin, slightly greenish yellow-corneous, with a few faint darker

streaks; subtransparent. Surface glossy, irregularly sculptured with

wrinkles of growth. Spire almost perfectly flat, the inner whorls

hardly perceptibly raised. Whorls a trifle over 5, convex, separated

by a deeply impressed, narrowly margined suture, the last whorl

wide, evenly rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Umbilicus

about one-fourth the shell’s diameter, regularly narrowing, all the

whorls being plainly visible. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate-

oval. Peristome simple and thin, the upper termination inserted

far above the periphery of the preceding whorl. Alt. 4.9, diam.

15 mm.

Santa Marta Mts. at Cacaguelito, 1500 ft. elevation, under dead

leaves.

It is named for our valued friend and correspondent John Pon-

sonby, of London.

A paler and slightly less depressed form, which may be called

C. ponsonbyt clara, was taken at El Libano, at 6000 ft. elevation.

It is pellucid, faintly greenish-corneous—the largest specimen

measuring, alt. 5, diam. 12 mm., whorls 43. ‘The whorls are some-

what more convex beneath, and the apex is larger.

Aperostoma sanctemarthe n. sp. Plate vii, figs. 9, 10.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, rich chestnut colored with

some yellowish streaks and darker lines at irregular intervals

moderately solid. Surface glossy, sculptured throughout with close,

fine, rib-strie, which are distinctly wavy or crimped, and occasion-

THE NAUTILUS. 135

ally anastomosing or splitting. Whorls 43, convex, tubular, rapidly

enlarging, the last becoming almost free from the preceding near its

termination. Aperture but slightly oblique, subcircular, a little

angular above. Peristome obtuse, continuous, a trifle excised and

retracted on the parietal margin. Umbilicus ample, showing all the

whorls, its width contained 44 times in that of the shell. Alt. 20,

diam, 31.5 mm. Length of aperture with peristome 14.5, width

14.3 mm.

Operculum solid, perfectly flat, dull and white externally, com-

posed of about 7 whorls, which are raised in a low ridge or welt on

the inner edge, and very obliquely striated, the nucleus a little

sunken, and not raised inside. Diam. 12 mm.

Las Nubes estate, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at 4000 ft. elev.

A single specimen.

Related to A. popayanum, but the umbilicus is wider, the striz

stronger, and with another color-pattern. A close examination

shows some very faint traces of spiral bands.

Aperostoma smithi n. sp. PI. vii, figs. 5, 8.

Shell rather narrowly, deeply umbilicate, low-turbinate, very dark

chestnut with indistinct wide, black streaks, the eroded inner whorls

dull red; moderately solid. Surface glossy, with sculpture of close

rib-striz, which are a little waved or crimped. Whorls fully 4, con-

vex, rapidly widening. Aperture large, moderately oblique, circular,

a trifle angular above. Peristome blunt, continuous, in contact with

the preceding whorl for a short distance only... Umbilicus deep, its

diameter contained 9 or 10 times in that of the shell.

Alt. 14, diam. 20 mm.; length of aperture 10.5, width 10 mm.

Alt. 14.5, diam. 19.5 mm.; length of aperture 10.8, width 10 mm.

Operculum whitish externally, composed of about 6 flat whorls

around a sunken, corneous nucleus about 1 mm. diam. Internally

there is a slight central mucro, which lies just within the edge of the

dull scar of attachment. Diam. 9 mm.

Santa Marta Mts. at E! Libano, at 6500 ft. elevation, under de-

caying leaves in forest.

It is about the size of A. dysoni, but with stronger, straighter rib-

striz and slightly more oblique aperture. A. pazi Crosse is some-

what similar, but has a wider umbilicus, smaller aperture and is more

depressed. A. smithi has a much smaller umbilicus than A. sancte

136 THE NAUTILUS.

marthe at any stage of growth; the aperture is larger and more ob-

lique, the color is darker, and the operculum differs. This species

is respectfully dedicated to Mr. H. H. Smith.

Helicina sanctemarthe n. sp. Pl. vii, fig. 4.

Shell globose-conic, rather thin; variously colored, yellow, cor-

neous-yellow or light red above, paler beneath, variegated with more

opaque white or whitish in spiral lines and bands, continuous or in-

terrupted; the suture generally having a dark red border above,

apex white or tinted. Surface somewhat glossy, nearly smooth to

the eye, but sculptured with fine growth-lines and sparse, unequal

and irregularly spaced spiral lines of punctures. Spire straightly

conic, rather acute. Whorls 43 to 5, somewhat convex, the last

rounded at the periphery. Aperture oblique, semicircular ; lip thin,

expanded and reflexed, pale yellow. Basal callus spreading far for-

ward, whitish in the middle, elsewhere transparent.

Alt. 11.5, diam. 13 mm.

Alt. 11, diam. 13.5 mm. ‘

Operculum bluish-white with some darker concentric lines, con-

cave and minutely papillose outside, the papilla not crowded. In-

terior glossy blackish, shading to red and then yellowish towards the

nucleus, a reddish border at the semicireular periphery. Straight

margin yellow-bordered, strengthened by a moderate ridge, which is

bent inward near the nucleus.

Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at El Libano, 6000 ft. elevation, on

trees, especially palm leaves.

This species closely resembles 1. columbiana Phil. at first sight,

but it has a more straightly conic spire and entirely different minute

sculpture, 1. columbiana being decussated with crowded spiral lines

crossing the growth striz. The operculum in H. sanctemarthe is

thicker than in Hf. columbiana, and of a different color outside, but

the internal structure and color are about the same.

Helicina cacaguelita n. sp. PI. vii, fig. 6.

Shell globose-conic, thin, pale yellow or reddish-corneous, with

the spire pale red, the suture margined with red above, last whorl

encircled with several opaque whitish bands or lines. Surface nearly

smooth, showing faint growth-lines and almost obsolete spirals under

alens. Spire straightly conic, rather acute. Whorls 44, somewhat

convex, the last rounded peripherally. Aperture oblique and semi-

CHE NAUTILUS. 137

circular. Outer lip very narrowly reflexed, whitish, a little thick-

ened within. Basal callus moderately spreading, whitish in the

middle, elsewhere transparent.

Alt, 7.8, diam. 9.5 mm.

Alt. 7.2, diam. 8.3 mim.

Operculum thin, externally whitish at the nucleus and along the

straight margin, a red area around the nucleus, outside of which

it becomes pale blue, with a reddish bordering line; nearly smooth.

Inside deep reddish, almost black, fading to whitish along the straight

margin and near the nucleus. The straight edge is thickened outside

and within.

Santa Marta Mts., Colombia, at Cacaguelito, at 1500 ft. elevation,

on the ground in forest under decaying leaves.

A small edition of H. sanctemarthe, but differing in the less

extensive basal callus, the minute sculpture, narrow lip, thinner

shell and operculum. It is more globose than H. tamsiana. The

coloring is similar in some specimens of H. nemoralina of Trinidad,

but that shell has a more globular last whorl.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEURODONTE ACUTA GROUP.

BY P. W. JARVIS.

As most of the Jamaican land shells in museums and private col-

lections, are usually labelled “ Jamaica,” a very vague locality, a few

notes giving the areas in which some of the species live may uot be

out of place.

Belonging to the group of which A. acuta is type, seven species

are eee :

. Pleurodonte ingens (Adams).

. Pleurodonte chemnitziana (Pfr.).

. Pleurodonte carmelita (Fér.).

. Pleurodonte subacuta (Pfr.).

. Pleurodonte patina (Ads.),

Pleurodonte orytenes (A. D. Brown).

. Pleurodonte acuta (Lam.).

and fiirae to the group of which H. bainbridge? is type.

8. Pleurodonte bainbridgei (Pfr.).

9. Pleurodonte pretiosa ( Ads.).

10. Pleurodonte spengleriana (Pir.).

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THE NAUTILUS. 139

1. Pleurodonte ingens (C. B. Ad.) is limited to the John Crow

Mountains in Portland (No. 1 in map). It is a mountain species.

The largest and most typical specimens come from Moore Town and

its immediate neighborhood, but living or dead specimens are to be

found scattered in all parts of this area amongst the limestone rocks.

The varieties described by Prof. C. B. Adams, viz., ‘ndigna and

imperforata, are not local forms, but simply individual variations,

all three forms being occasionally found together.

2. Pleurodonte chemnitziana (Pfr.) has a much wider range than

P. ingens, being scattered sparsely on the spurs of the Blue Mountain

range, and found more plentifully towards the eastern limits of this

area (No. 2). A small pale variety (which is otherwise typical),

occurs at Bath, in St. Thomas parish.

3. Pleurodonte carmelita (Fer.) is limited to the higher regions of

the Blue Mountain range. This species seenis to thrive on the shaly

soil, while all the other species are most plentiful in the limestone

regions.

4. Pleurodonte subacuta (Pfr.) apparently has two habitats, the

first on the southern slopes of the Blue Mountain range (No. 4 in

map), where it is sometimes found in company with both P. earme-

lita and P. chemnitziana. The second habitat (No. 4 A) com-

mences about thirty miles west, at Mount Diablo. Thence it occurs

plentifully on the mountains running due west to Ulster Spring,

where a few stragglers have been found. At present it has not been

found in the intermediate space (which is very poor in land shells),

but further search may possibly connect these two areas, or it may

be found that the form of each area constitutes a distinct species.

5. Pleurodonte patina (C. B. Ad.) occupies a very large area. In

the extreme east of it the variety nobilis of C. B. Adams is found on

the slopes of Mount Diablo. A few miles west, at Cave Valley and

Aenon Town, the largest and most typical form of P. pat/na crops

up, and is undoubtedly the locality where Prof. Adams obtained his

types. It spreads west through the higher parts of St. Ann’s and

Trelawny to Moore Town in St. James, gradually losing its most

distinctive characteristics, such as the concavity of the shell above

and below the periphery ; though retaining both the smooth surface

and the single small tooth.

6. Pleurodonte oxytenes (A. D. Brown) is limited to Hanover. It

is a very clearly marked species, yet subject to considerable indi-

vidual variation.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

7. Pleuredonte acuta (Lam.) is found throughout the southern

Parishes of St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon and St. Catherine;

though in some localities slightly specialized forms occur, I have not

yet been able to arrange them satisfactorily. As a rule the speci-

mens from the higher kinds are larger and with small teeth, some-

times only one tooth, whilst the coast and lowland forms are very

small, and have large teeth.' The variety acutiss(¢ma is not a local

race, for in almost every locality of say three or four miles in extent

it usually turns up as an acutely carinated form of the local variety.

7 A. Pleurodonte acuta (Lam.). The variety julia occurs on the

hills near the sea on the northern coast. Acutely carinated shells

with depressed spire are frequently found amongst the common and

typical forms. This variety juha may ultimately prove to be the

lowland variety of P. patina—not of P. acuta.

7 B. Pleurodonte acuta, var. lucerna (Miill.).2_ The most pro-

nounced forms are found on the coast hills of Westmoreland.

Further inland occur larger specimens with smaller teeth, and the

aperture of the shell much wider. Prof. C. B. Adams’ fuscolabris is

a color variety.

7 C. Pleurodonte acuta var. sublucerna (Pilsbry) occurs in the

lowlands of St. Catherine and along the coast hills of St. Andrew.

Near Yallahs there is a very small depressed shell with very large

teeth and the umbilicus uncovered. Prof. C. B. Adams mistook

this shell for P. luwcerna of Miiller, and so named it in his collection

at Amherst College ; so when he had the Westmoreland specimens

brought to him he described them as new under the name of fusco-

labris. On the northeast slopes of the John Crow Hills, especially at

Quaw Hill, a very large form of this umbilicated shell is found.

8. Pleurodonte bainbridget (Pfr.) (No. 8 in map), occurs only in

the neighborhood of U!ster Spring in Trelawny. It is distinguished

by having the spire very much depressed.

9. Pleurodonte pretiosa (C. B. Ad.) is very widely distributed,

being abundant in Manchester (No. 9 on map), and spreading east-

ward. It is difficult to give any eastern boundaries of this shell, as

'Specimens of P. acuta were taken near Hope Bay, on the north coast in

Portland parish, by C. W. Johnson and W. J. Fox, in 1891.—Eps.

21f P. acuta and lucerna are to be united, the latter will be the species, the

former the variety, as H. acuta was described nearly fifty years later than H.

lucerna,—Eps.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

weathered specimens are occasionally found in Clarendon, and St.

Catherine. Prof. C. B. Adams, who was unacquainted with bain-

bridge: of Pfeiffer, mistook the nearly allied Manchester species for

it, and coming across the albino form, described it as the var. pretiosa

of bainbridget ; consequently, his varietal name must be used to

designate this species, which is usually of a rich chocolate color.

10. Pleurodonte spengleriana (No. 10 in map) is the St. Elizabeth

species, and is readily distinguished by its smooth surface.

Before closing these notes I must acknowledge the kindly aid my

Master in Conchology, Mr. Henry Vendryes, has always so gener-

ously given me. Had it not been for his help I should never have

been able to send these communications. I must also acknowledge

the aid my friend, Mr. Geo. Nutt, has given in helping me to map

out most of the groups of Jamaican land shells.

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Mandarina hirasei n. sp. Shell umbilicate, depressed-globose,

solid and strong, smoothish, slightly marked with growth-striaw, and

under a lens seen to be densely striate spirally. Spire low-conoidal,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, the last rounded peripherally and

beneath, slightly descending in front. Aperture quite oblique,

rounded-truncate ; peristome thick, expanded, narrowly reflexed

below, a little dilated at the columellar insertion, partially covering

the umbilicus. Alt. 13, diam. 21 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 860).

Quite unlike any of the known species. The specimens are dead,

without cuticle, and white. Like J/. ruschenbergeriana and M. pal-

lasiana, the species is probably extinct.

Hirasea diplomphalus n. sp. Shell very small, shaped like an

Ammonite or like Diplomphalus, the base perforate, spire rather

narrow and deeply sunken, periphery broadly rounded. Whorls 43,

the last sub-angular above. Aperture vertical, narrowly crescentic,

the outer lip thickened with a white rib within except near the upper

termination, Alt. 3.2, diam. nearly 2 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, No. 863).

Hirasea goniobasis vn. sp. Shell sub-perforate, dull brown, acutely

142 THE NAUTILUS.

carinate at the periphery, low-conic, striate and terraced above, sub-

angular at base. Whorls 55, slowly widening. Aperture vertical,

narrow, trilobed, the outer lip thickened and sub-dentate within,

columellar margin thickened. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3.8 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, No. 864).

HiImASIELLA, gen. noy. Shell small, bullet-shaped, like Hweonw-

lus or Kaliella, polished, sub-perforate, the lip contracted and thick-

ened within. The type of this group would be considered a Kaliella

were it not for the characters of the peristome, which shows it to be

allied to Hirasea. The young have a thin lip, like Kadéella.

Hirasiella clara n. sp. Shell sub-perforate, glossy and smooth,

yellowish, elevated with convex outlines, bullet-shaped, the periphery

rounded, base very convex. Whorls 63, convex. Aperture shortly

lunate, contracted, the lip thickened within. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, No. 867).

Diplommatina dormitor n. sp. Shell similar to D. cassa in shape,

but a little larger ; evenly sculptured with delicate, spaced rib-striz.

Whorls 7, the last narrower and ascending as usual. Aperture sub-

circular, the peristome continuous across the parietal wall. Colu-

mella toothed below, the tooth or fold moderate, ascending, not

enlarged within the last whorl. Palatal fold short. Length 3,

diam. 1.5 mm.

Kikaiga-shima, Osumi. Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 870.

This form has been found fossil in a (post-pliocene ?) deposit con-

taining many land shells. It differs from D. cassa in the much

shorter palatal fold, and far less developed columellar lamella within

the last whorl. Modern species of the same region, such as D.

saginata of Oshima, are much smaller. This is the first Déplom-

matina known from Kikaiga-shima.

ALPHEUS HYATT.:

Alpheus Hyatt died suddenly of heart disease at Cambridge,

Mass., Jan. 15, 1902. He was born at Washington, D. C., April 5,

1838; prepared for college at the Maryland Military Academy and

passed a single year at Yale. After a year’s travel in Europe he

? Taken in part from the excellent memoir by Mr. Samuel Henshaw. Science,

Vol. XV., p. 300, Feb. 21, 1902.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

entered the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard in 1858, gradu-

ating with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1862.

He enlisted in the volunteer militia in 1862 and at the close of the

Civil War was mustered out as Captain of the 47th Massachusetts

Infantry. Returning to Cambridge, he resumed his studies under

the guidance of Prof. Louis Agassiz, the greater part of his time

being directed to work upon the fossil Cephalopoda. In 1867, Mr.

Hyatt went to Salem, Mass., and was associated with Messrs. Put-

nam, Packard, and Morse in the care of the natural history collec-

tions of the Essex Insitute and the Peabody Academy of Science,

and in the editorial management of the American Naturalist. He

remained in Salem until 1870, when, on May 4, he was elected cus-

todian of the Boston Society of Natural History. By yearly choice

Mr. Hyatt remained the scientific head of the Society until his un-

timely death.

For the head of a museum of Natural History, Prof. Hyatt had

many marked qualifications ; his knowledge of zodlogy, of paleozodl-

ogy and geology was extensive; he was skilful in manipulation, sug-

gestive in council, enthusiastic and approachable. His plan that a

natural history museum should be arranged so that a visitor on en-

tering should pass from the simpler groups to those more specialized,

and that the specimens in each case should be similarly classified,

though opposed as impractical, is both sound and feasible.

Prof. Hyatt’s reputation as a teacher will rest largely on the work

he did for the Teacher’s School of Science. His management of this

school was very skilful, and his lectures, of which he gave many

courses, were uniformly successful.

In the pursuit of his investigations, Prof. Hyatt not only studied

the accumulations preserved in museums in this country and abroad,

but he partook in active field work ; he dredged off the east coast at

various points from Labrador to Noank, Conn., and explored many

geological horizons in Canada, New England, New York and the

far west.

The following are some of his more important papers on mollusca :

On the parallelism between the different stages of life in the indi-

vidual and those of the entire group of the molluscous order Tetra-

branchiata. Fossil Cephalopods of the Museum of Comparative Zodl-

ogy. The genesis of the Tertiary species of Planorbi's at Steinheim.

Genera of fossil Cephalopods. Genesis of the Arietide.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

From the beginning Prof. Hyatt’s researches were very largely

devoted to evolutionary questions, and to the special study of fossil

Cephalopods ; at the time of his death he was one of the foremost

authorities upon the fossil Cephalopoda. The true value of his work

upon this group must be left for the future; memoirs such as the

Genera of fossil Cephalopods, and the chapter on the Cephalopoda

contributed to the English issue of Zittel’s Paleontology cannot be

properly estimated by the present generation ; they require prolonged

and detailed study founded upon large series of specimens. His

theory of parallelism based on acceleration and retardation. and his

discoveries concerning the laws of development, growth and decline

were advocated with persistence and vigor; and while his treatment

is not always lucid, he is to be credited as the originator of a distinct

school, a school devoted to exact methods of research. The growth

of this so-called Hyatt school, never of greater importance than at

the time of his death, was a source of sincere gratification to him.

Prof. Hyatt possessed traits of character the worth of which can-

not be exaggerated ; his private life, though uneventful, was attended

with many blessings; he had vigorous health, congenial work and

many friends. He enjoyed scientific meetings and general society ;

his welcome to his own home, where he was the most charming of

hosts, can never be forgotten.—C. W. J.

We record with great regret the death of Prof. A. G. Wetherby,

which occurred Feb. 15. Further notice will appear next month.

GENERAL NOTES.

SERRIDENS OBLONGUS Cpr.—During one of my recent collecting

trips to Pt. Loma and Pacific Beach, I found a number of these in-

teresting little bivalves nestling under the mantle or clinging to the

outside of the shell of /schnochiton conspicuus. Their minute size

seems to make it especially appropriate for them to depend on their

big neighbors for protection and support. The specimens were iden-

tified by Dr. Dall, who tells me that Priéstophora being pre-occupied,

the genus has been named Serridens. He states that up to the date

of my finding them here, only the single valve, found by Dr. Car-

penter at San Diego, in 1866, was on record.—F. W. Krersry, SAN

Diego, Cau.