INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

American Marine Conchology, Dates of publication . . 108

Amnicola deserta Pils., n. sp. . , : : ; Aish

Amnicola neomexicana Pils., n. sp. E 2 + el

Anodonta danielsi Lea in Colorado . ; : ae ss

Anodonta imbecillis Say . : ‘ : ies

Ariolimax columbianus, an edible slug 7 143

Ashmunella danielsi Pils. & Ferriss, n. sp. (PI. II, fig. i), 16, 34

Ashmunella danielsi dispar Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

rnin ig. 2). - : : page 8 i)

Ashmunella Pe cilonensis Pils. ; . 29, 42

Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss (PI. TH, f. 8) ; s 16,42

Ashmunella proxima Pils. ‘ 30

Ashmunella tetrodon Pils. & Ferriss, D. sp. CPi. bi igs ts 2. 15

Ashmunella tetrodon inermis Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

(rif fic: 7) : : : aii) as ee

Ashmunella_tetrodon mutator Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

(Pl. I, figs. 8-6) : Pd Lees, eee

Bifidaria Peeaganella) landurensis Pils., n. sp. : 73

Bifidaria minuta Sterki, n. sp. : : ‘ d - 105

Bifidaria plicidens Bens. : : P ; : - , bo

Blanfordia bensoni A. Ads... : i ‘ ‘ Para

Blanfordia japonica A. Ads. . ; ; ; 3 a

Blanfordia nosophora Robson . f : Oe

Blanfordia simplex Pils. : ; y , PNP fy

Caecilianopsis . : f ; ; ; . £0

Caecilioides, noteson ; . 119

Callocardia ‘(Agriodesma) felipponei ‘Dall, n. P. ; «ie

Campeloma lewisii Walker in IIlinois : : ae

Cokeria southalli Marshall A 4 4 . 133

Conchological Museum for Japan } . 108

Cypraea, new Australian . : : ; . 144

(iii )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Dall banquet

Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. (PL. I, fig. 6).

Epiphragmophora zechae Pils., n. sp. oo i)

Euconulus sterkii Dall in Florida

Euglandina, appetite of

Eupera, habits of

Eupera singleyi in Louisiana

Eurynia (Micromya) constricta (Conrad)

Eurynia (Micromya) nebulosa (Conrad) .

Eurynia (Micromya) perpurpurea (Lea) .

Eurynia (Micromya) vanuxemensis es

Ferriss banquet ; : ,

Floridian land shells

Fusinus centrifugus Dall, n. sp.

Fusinus colpoicus Dall, n. sp.

Fusinus, notes on the West American species of

Fusinus orcutti Dall, n. sp.

Fusinus porticus Dall, n. sp.

Fusinus traski Dall, n. n. for F. rugosus Trask

Fusinus monksae Dall, n. n. for F. robustus Trask .

Glycymeris diaphorus Dall, Nn. sp.

Harmandia Rochebr.

Helices of Lower California ani Sinaloa

Helix canescens Adams & Reeve

Helix digueti J. Mabilla .

Helix hortensis on Nantucket .

Helix indigena J. Mabille

Helix invecta J. Mabille .

Helix lohrii Gabb

Helix pisana Mull. in California

Helix steganella J. Mabille

Hemilastena ambigua Say

Ilyanassa obsoleta, migration of

Japanese species of Blanfordia .

Karolus primus De Folin

Katayama nosophora Robson .

Lasmigona subviridis Conrad

Lasmigona viridis Raf. :

Limax flavus L. in California .

Limax maximus L. in California

Litorina litorea and L. rudis, migration of

Littorina littorea a fish .

Lymnea (Pseudosuccinea ) columella in Oregon :

Lymnaeids, on the classification of . A

Mactrella clissia Dall, n. sp.

Helix hortensis near Edgartown, 1 Martha’s s Vineyard.

THE NAUTILUS. ¥

Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb. . : F : . 62

Mactrella, notes on American species of . i uh) Ged

Margaritana margaritana . : : : : Pe 5,

Margaritana monodonta . : ; ; : : ais ISD

Marginella californica Tomlin . ; : : : . 138

Marginella varia Sowerby ; i ; . 138

Michigan, mollusca from Berrien county — ; : 0 47

Micrarionta veatchii . ; : oS

Microceramus perconicus anafensis Henderson . nay

Mollusca of Anaheim Bay, California : : . 129

Montana Mollusca . : : A . 124, 144

Museum Boltenianum, an index to the. at yf)

Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard, notes on collecting . 109

Najades, studies in . 63

New England, fauna of . ; : ‘ 3 . 120

New Mexican Expedition of 1914. : 13, 29, 41

Ohio, mollusca of Geneva ‘ , A ar h2t

Oklahoma, the Gastropoda of Payne county ; : 288

Oliva bulbosa var. immaculata Vanatta n. n. $ 21.68

Oliva ispidula var. algida Vanatta n. var. : : ya

Oliva ispidula var. gratiosa Vanattan. var... SEL

Oliva peruviana var. subcastanea Vanatta n. var... . 68

Oliva peruviana var. vadi Vanatta n. var . : ; . 182

Oliva, notes on : ‘ so Gis 132

Olivella biplicata var. lapillus Vanatta n. var. . 20 by |

Olivella blanesi var. albata Vanatta n. var. ; ets

Ontario, mollusca of Georgian Bay . : . 132

Oreohelix barbata Pils. , : : , : . 380

Oreohelix cooperi berryi Pils., n. subsp. . ‘ ; . 48

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. .. : : ; . 142

Oreohelix haydeni utahensis Hemphill : ; : . 139

Oreohelix strigosa magnicornu Pilsbry . : . 141

Oysters of Oyster Run, Durham, N. H. . : : Si Ze

Paludestrina salsa in New Jersey. L ; . 85

Philomycus ohioensis Sterki MS : : ; ; . 122

Pleistocone mollusks from Illinois . ; : : on

Pleurobema cor Simp. —. : : , - : . 116

Pleurobema lewisii Lea. : : ‘ : ; 4

Polygyra albolabris, edible : ‘ 143

Publications received : : 24, 59, 106, 120, ae

Quadrula heros Say . ; ;

Reversed or sinistral shells : : 128

Shells of Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. |

Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba . : oUt

Sinistral shells ; ‘ . 128

Solenopsidae = Solenomorphidie , ; ; |

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 3) 39, 52

Somatogyrus, apical characters in. 37, 49

Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 4) 40, 53

Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker, n. sp. (Figs. 1, is mo |

Sonorella lioderma Pils. (PI. II, £7 ‘ 16, 98

Sonorella lohrii Gabb (PI. II, f. 8) . 16, 98

Sonorella merrilli Bartsch : . 100

Sonorella peninsularis Pils. (Pl. II, f. 4) 16, 100

Sonorella ultima Pils. (Pl. II, f. 5) 16, 101

South Dakota, Mollusca of ; 79, 90

Stain for Radule . 107

Tethys (Neaphysia) californica (Cooper) . . 84

Unio cor Conrad, observations on 102, 114

Unio crapulus Lea . . 114

Unio lewisii Lea 114

Unio viridis Raf. a7, 74

Unionide, some exceptional cases of breeding among the - 42

Urocoptis cyclostoma anafensis Henderson 137

Uruguay, two new bivalve shells from 112

Vallonia costata montana Sterki 126

Venezuela shells 82

Vitrea carolinensis Ckll_ . : 27

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp, n. sp. ( Fig. 1) 25

Vitrea indentata Say : 27

Viviparus malleatus Reeve in Maseachusetts 35

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Allen, John A. ; : : : ‘ . 18, 148

Baker, Frank C. . : , . 20, 36, 47, 87, 144

Batchelder, C. H. . : ; ; , a pees 43

Bemyoe. ss : ; : ; . . 124, 144

Chace, E. P. . : : : ; nay pe Ay

Clapp, Geo. H. 2 ; : : { . 25

Cockerell, T. D. A. . : : : H A . 84

Dall, Wm. H. : : : ; , 56, 61, 112

Ellis, Max M. . ; : : : ; : : kG

Ferriss, Jas. H. : : ‘ : 3 13, 29, 41

Frierson, L. S. : : ‘ ; : Ju OR Oey. LOZ

Greger, Darling K. . : ; : : ; . 98

Henderson, John B. : y ; : : nbd a Leo

Howard, Arthur D. : : : : PN:

Johnson, C. W. ‘ : : : ! 35, 59, 83, 108

Latchiord, F. R. . : : ; : , é rat OG

Long, Bayard . ‘ : : : : ; 21180

Marshall, William B. . , : : : ; . 183

Oldroyd, Ida S. ; : ; . : : . 107

Ortmann, Arnold . ‘ ‘ : ‘ : 63

Over, W. H. 79, 90

Pilsbry, BA it iby 29, Al, 48, (Es ‘97, 104, 106, ii. 119, 139

Sampson, F. A. . 128

Sterki, V. ; : : : : =) 105,, 121

Tomlin, J. R. Le B., : : ; : . 188

Vanatta, E. G. : : : 1 GO: 67, 82, 95, 143

Walker, Bryant ; : ; ; 3 els 49, 74, 82, 114

Warren, Shields : : : : : 208

Cummins ile k 109

Day

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WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

1915

mee NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIX. MAY, 1915. No. 1

THE JAPANESE SPECIES OF BLANFORDIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

I have recently received a series of Blanfordias, representing

a new species, from Prof. Seitaro Goto of the Zoological Insti-

tute of the Science College, Imperial University of Tokyo.

Professor Goto writes as follows: ‘‘I am interested in these

snails as the intermediate hosts of the Japanese blood fluke,

whose life-history a former student of mine has succeeded in

making out. He has already published a short preliminary

paper on the subject and I hope that he may be able to quote

_ your authority in his full paper in regard to the specific identity

of the snails. The locality of these specimens is Sakai, Saga

Prefecture (Kyushu).’’

BLANFORDIA NOSOPHORA (Robson).

The shell is perforate, turrited, solid, of a russet color, the

worn summit pink or dark vinaceous. The surface is glossy,

faintly marked with growth-strie. The early whorls are want-

ing in the adult stage, 5 to 7 whorls remaining. These are

strongly convex, united by a deep suture. The last whorl

swells out to form a rounded ridge or varix behind the peris-

tome. The aperture is vertical, ovate, somewhat diagonal;

deep within it is of a vinaceous color, then yellowish in a band

under the varix, finally olive at the edge of the lip. The per-

istome expands and is narrowly recurved at the edge, and a

transparent callus connects the outer and inner margins.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 7.2, greatest diam. 8 mm. (old specimen, 5$ whorls

remaining).

Length 8.2, greatest diam. 3 mm. (less eroded specimen, 74

whorls remaining).

Length 6.6, greatest diam. 2.6 mm. (younger specimen, 64

whorls remaining).

This species is related to Blanfordia japonica A. Adams, of

Sado Island, both having a well-developed varix behind the

lip; but the Sado shell has a higher varix, and a much more

rapidly tapering spire, the later whorls much wider. A speci-

men of B. japonica 7.3 mm. long is 4.8 mm. in greatest diam-

eter. It is usually larger, about 8 mm. long, after having lost

a whorl or two at the tip in the adult stage.

Blanfordia is probably distributed over the whole of the main

island of Japan, Sado, Kyushu and southern Yesso. The fol-

lowing species are known to me by many specimens of all of

them sent by Mr. Y. Hirase and also from other sources:

a. Outer lip of the shell strengthened by a rounded varix.

b. Shell slender, slowly tapering, the greatest diam-

eter less than half the length. B. nosophora

(Robson) Kyushu.

bb. Shell stout, conic, the greatest diameter more than

half the length. B. japonica (A. Ad., 1861)

Sado.

aa. Outer lip of shell without any external varix.

b. Larger, the length 80r9mm._ B. bensoni (A. Ad.,

1861) Hokkaido.

bb. Smaller, the length 6to6.5mm. _ 8B. simpler Pils.,

1902, Uzen, etc.

I have a smaller form than B. simplex, with the apex perfect,

from Izumo and Omi, but as there are very few specimens, I do

not feel sure that it is distinct from B. simplex; especially since

a snail which seems to be not specifically distinct from simplex

has been sent by Mr. Y. Hirase from Kajima, Satsuma (his

no. 406).

Erosion of the early whorls in fresh-water gastropods seems

to be consequent upon extensive parasitization of the liver. It

may be that on breaking down of the peripheral (terminal) cells

THE NAUTILUS. 3

by the Distomata, etc., shell-material is deposited there, and

the filled-up distal end of the shell becomes dead and liable to

abrasion by mechanical, chemical or organic external agencies.

Blanfordia has been associated with the Trwncatellide by

Fischer and Tryon. The first one I saw was referred to the

genus Pomatiopsis (Amnicolidx), on account of the dentition,

which I described in Navutitus for May, 1900, p. 12. Two

years later I recognized that my species was a Blanfordia (cf.

Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1902, pp. 26, 27); and I retained the

Fies. 1, la, BLANFORDIA JAPONICA. 2, 2a, B. NOSOPHORA.

3, 3a, B. SIMPLEX. 4. B. BENSONT.

genus distinct from Pomatiopsis because of small differences in

the animal as described by Dr. Arthur Adams. The dentition

is, however, that of Pomatiopsis, which is rather characteristic

from the small number of denticles on the two outer teeth—

nearly all other Amnicolide having very numerous denticles on

these teeth. My removal of Blanfordia from the Truncatellide

and its approximation to Pomatiopsis was, I believe, justified.

The type of Blanfordia is B. japonica. If the genus be

thought identical with Pomatiopsis, the name may be retained

for the varicose species, in a subgeneric sense.

P. S.—Since the above was written, I have received (April

16) a paper ‘‘ Observations on the Spread of Asiatic Schisto-

somatosis,’’ by Dr. R. T. Leiper and Surgeon EK. K. Atkinson,

4 THE NAUTILUS.

R. N., in the British Medical Journal, Jan. 30, 1915, dealing

with Schistosoma, and having as an appendix a note by Mr.

G. C. Robson describing the mollusk which serves as host for

its cercarie. This mollusk is called Katayama nosophora n. g.

et sp. It is undoubtedly identical with the form sent me by

Professor Goto, and described above. As I have already had

the figures for my article engraved, I allow it to stand as writ-

ten, merely substituting Mr. Robson’s specific name for my

own. It may be useful to point out that the mollusk in

question belongs to the long-known genus Blanfordia, and that

the new genus Katayama is therefore superfluous. Mr. Rob-

son was naturally misled by the wrong position assigned Blan-

fordia by the older authorities.

SOME EXCEPTIONAL CASES OF BREEDING AMONG THE UNIONIDZ.!

BY ARTHUR D. HOWARD.

In collecting material for the study of a somewhat peculiar

case of breeding among the Unionida, I have incidentally come

upon some other instances, which I believe have not been re-

ported. In 1912 I undertook to work out for the United States

Bureau of Fisheries, methods of propagation of the Washboard

mussel, Quadrula heros Say, with other species of Quadrula.

This species was somewhat uncommon in the vicinity of the

laboratory where I was stationed, so that there was a question

as to a supply of material. One day I noticed a boatload of

shells containing an unusual number of Q. heros with many

young shells. Enquiring of the owner the source of these, I

learned they had come from Moline, Il]., some 25 miles above.

I subsequently visited the place, finding it accessible and the

species sufficiently abundant to furnish considerable data on

breeding as well as material for experiments in propagation.

While collecting the Washboard mussel at this point I ob-

tained evidence of peculiarities in the breeding of three other

Unionide which, although they may not be of immediate im-

1 Contribution from United States Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Pub-

lished by permission of Commissioner of Fisheries.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

portance to the commercial shell buyer, are of undoubted inter-

est to the conchologist. These forms are Margaritana monodonta

Say, Hemilastena ambigua Say, and Anodonta imbecillis Say.

Quadrula heros proved to be for this locality a fall breeder,

thus an exception to the summer breeding habit of other known

Quadrulas. Although the time of breeding is different, the evi-

dence obtained pointed to no change as to tachytictic or short

breeding habit characteristic of the Quadrula group. October

seemed to be the principal breeding season, as an abundance of

gravid mussels was then obtainable. In November, among

many specimens examined, no gravid individuals could be

found. I have been interested to learn of cases of breeding

during later months. These come from localities further south,"

and apparently are explainable on the basis of climate. There

is, however, the possibility of two breeding times in one season,

as has been claimed for some other short-period breeders, for

example, Margaritana margaritifera. I did obtain one breeding

in May from many examined, and a similar case is reported by

Lefevre and Curtis, who questioned the correctness of placing

this form among winter breeders. These cases seem, however,

to be very rare and quite exceptional. There is a difference

here, worthy of note I believe, in that the time of retention of

glochidia in Q. heros is relatively short as compared with other

winter breeders. I have given other observations upon this

mussel and a discussion of the literature in another paper,’ so

need not cite them here.

With the collections of Q. heros, Margaritana monodonta

seemed fairly abundant, so that I saw an opportunity to in-

vestigate the breeding of this species. Certain indications

pointed to an early spring breeding season, and in one expedi-

tion in search of it on March 10th, by reason of the collapse of

the ice, I came nearer to its place of abode than I cared to be.

1Mr. U. T. Utterbach reports gravid heros for January and February, and

I desire here to acknowledge his kindness in submitting to me material and

notes. For other observations see Howard, A. D., 1914, ‘‘ Experiments in

Propagation of Fresh-water Mussels of the Quadrula Group.’? Appendix to

the report of the U. S. Commissioner on Fisheries for 1913, pp. 1-52, 6 pls.

* Howard, A. D., 1914, op. cit., pp. 28, 29.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

On May 2nd I succeeded in securing a gravid specimen with

eggs and glochidia. All four gills were gravid, the inner con-

taining many more than the outer. Upon removing the mussel

from the water I at once placed a portion of the inner and outer

gills in preserving fluid. Even with this precaution, the initia-

tion of abortion was evident. The remainder of the mussel,

shell and soft parts, I wrapped in cloth, not having a container

large enough to fix at once. Upon arrival at the home station

I found that complete abortion of the contents of the marsupia

had taken place.

Glochidia were present, somewhat immature, but Dnapping,

with a number of eggs presumably unfertilized. The glochidia

are sub-circular in form, 7. e., circular except for the rather

short straight hinge line. Harms (1907-1909) figuring the

glochidia of M. margaritifera presents them somewhat pointed

and toothed. I can make out neither of these characters in M.

monodonta. The dimensions are: Height 0.055-0.065 mm.,

length 0.055-0.0065 mm., thus being a little larger than those

reported for M. margaritifera and among the smallest of glo-

chidia. As the ovaries are well distended with eggs near

maturity I think there is no doubt that at least two broods are

produced in a season, as reported (Conner, Harms and Ort-

mann) ’* for 1. margaritifera.

I observed segmentation of ovarian eggs in this species ina

specimen which had been cut open and exposed to river water.

No data to my knowledge has been obtained relative to the

hosts for this species.

Hemilastena ambigua :—Nets placed near the mussel bed, for

the purpose of determining the host fishes of Q. heros yielded

some material that presented quite another problem. With the

fishes caught were a number of mud puppies, Necturus maculosus,

Rafinesque. From a total of fifteen caught twelve or 80 per

cent were infected with glochidia of mussels. Upon attempting

to identify these a few were found to be Q. heros not imbedded,

nor becoming so, after an attachment for a known period of

twenty-four hours and more. Evidently they were merely ac-

1See Ortmann, 1914. Annals Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, no. 2, 1912, p.

232.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

cidental infections upon an inappropriate host. The great

majority of infections were by a glochidium unknown to me.

They were deeply imbedded in the external gills of the Necturus

and by keeping the animals alive all winter I succeeded in car-

rying the young mussels through to the juvenile stage, these

being shed the last week in May, soon after which I obtained

the young mussels. The parasitic period is a long one from the

date the infected salamanders were captured, October 17th to

the last of May, being over 7 months. By this test the appro-

priateness of the host was satisfactorily demonstrated.

These glochidia were different from any in our station collec-

tion of which we supposedly had a complete faunal set with

one or two exceptions which I knew did not answer the case in

question. I looked up all the known Najades which might

have a range to the Mississippi River in Eastern Iowa and found

that one species was given which we did not have. This was

Hemilastena ambigua, Say or Unio hildrethianus, Lea. An in-

quiry at the Academy of Sciences, Davenport, Ia., disclosed

the fact that there was one record of collection for Davenport.’

Lea’ figures the glochidium of this species but it is so small

and so like that of other species that without dimensions a cer-

tain identification could not be made from it. As the likeli-

hood of finding material in some collection seemed slight I de-

cided to look for gravid mussels and make a direct comparison.

From the literature and such information as could be gathered

from experienced collectors, this rare species has the peculiar

habit of living under flat stones. This seemed to present a

difficulty in collection, for the water was deep at the point where

the Necturus had been taken. I had dredged here considerably

but no example of this species were in the hauls. Their habitat

would seem to account for this failure to secure them as an or-

dinary boat dredge would be likely to miss them protected as

they are by the stone above. The best chance for success

seemed to be to locate them in some small stream. In Mr. F.

‘I am indebted to the Davenport Academy of Sciences for their assistance

in this matter and especially to Mr. Paarmann and Miss S. F. Sheldon who

kindly looked up the specimen and records,

* Lea, Isaac, Observations on the Genus Unio, vol. vi, p. 49, pl. 5, fig. 31.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

C. Baker’s ‘‘ Mollusca of the Chicago Area,’’ he cites the collec-

tion of this species under such conditions. By correspondence

with Mr. Baker I learned the names of the collectors’ who

kindly gave me directions for locating the species which they

had taken many years previous. The first five specimens I

found were not gravid ; so that I feared it was too early or too

late. Upon examination with a microscope all proved to be

males. Returning to the stream again I found 9 gravid mus-

sels out of a total of 17. The first of these contained glochidia

which corresponded exactly with the glochidia found on Nec-

turus in the Mississippi, thus giving me the link I desired to

make out the life history.

The glochidia are clear white in color, of the triangular type

with well-developed hooks, contrary to the description given by

Lea, who however suggested the possibility of hooks in more

mature specimens. The dimensions are as follows: Height

0.265 to 0.274 mm., length 0.247 to 0.555 mm.

All of the adult individuals were found under flat stones of

the flag-stone type characteristic of the limestone in the region.

Beneath a single rock I found four. While exploring the

under surface of these I felt and seized a wriggling animal which

proved to be a mud-puppy, demonstrating the manner in

which Necturus becomes inoculated. Glochidia shed by the

mussels in such a location would not have a rapid dispersal by

currents so that the Necturus commonly seeking such a shelter

would run the chance of a heavy infection. The finding of a

mussel parasitic upon a salamander as the appropriate host in-

stead of a fish is the first instance I have known recorded among

American mussels. Faussek? in St. Petersburg experimented

with Amphibia artificially infected with glochidia of Anodontas.

He reported successful infection upon Axolotl and Proteus.

Anodonta imbecillis :—While endeavoring to identify the gloc-

1J wish here to acknowledge the kindly assistance and courtesies extended

to me by the following gentlemen: Mr. F. C. Baker, Chicago Academy of

Sciences; Messrs. J. B. Brown, J. H. Ferriss, J. H. Handwerk and Dr. Alfred

Houston, of Joliet, Ill., and Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit.

1 Faussek, 1901. Ueber den parasitismus der Anodonta-Larven. Verhand-

lungen des V. Internationalen Zoologishen-Congresses (Berlin), pp. 761-766.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

hidia which have been described above as parasitic upon Nec-

turus I observed a similarity to the glochidia of Anodonta imbecil-

lis, Say. A minute comparison showed differences however and I

made an effort to determine if the differences might come within

the range of normal variation. To do this I secured as many

gravid examples of A. imbecillis as I could from the place where

the Necturus were captured. In a measurement of glochidia

from 16 individuals I found that only the very lowest point of

variation in A. imbecillis corresponded with the Jarger of the

unknown. It was quite obvious they could not be the same

species. While making this examination which yielded negative

results to my original search I noted a peculiarity which proved

quite a diversion. In measuring the glochidia I came upon in-

dividuals which had advanced far beyond the larval stage, hav-

ing in fact reached a point of development equal to that to be

seen in most Unionidae after metamorphosis parasitically upon

fishes.

The young mussels, mostly of the same stage, lie crowded in

the marsupial gill of the parent without apparently any matrix

or conglutinate structure whatever. In this respect we have a

condition quite different from that reported by Lefevre and

Curtis’ for the non-parasitic development of Strophitus edentulus

(Say), in which there is a matrix sub-divided into the so-called

cords.

Among the six lots of marsupial juveniles that I collected the

degree of development varied slightly as to amount of shell

growth, otherwise there seemed to be little difference. This

growth consists of a narrow rim only, around the edge of the

glochidial shell. The hooks of the glochidium are still much

in evidence, but are much weaker than in parasitic forms. A

noticeable feature is the large proportion of gaping shells as

compared with a similar lot of glochidia. It would seem that

with the loss of the powerful single adductor muscle the action

of closing is less vigorous. Between the gaping valves can be

seen the ciliated foot, two adductor muscles, the mantle, on each

side, the gill papille, etc.

1 Lefevre and Curtis. Bull. of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. xxx, 1910

(issued 1912).

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Observations upon the seasons of breeding reveal further pecu-

liarities. Among lots examined in May and November were

found individuals carrying in the marsupial gills embryos rep-

resenting all stages of development except unsegmented eggs.

The following counts from two collections will illustrate this :

Stage of Gravidity.

Locality. Date. ES eS s

. |ove| “Shel ele

eet

BE WW JO RIA

: ; ; ; j Re.

Moline, HR ii... sss. November 7, 1913220) sevahesc. 7| 3/7) 5)22

AT DOTE OIA’, iste ioie\svei.o.c'6 Miaiy D101 aceite alee Diane 5 6}14

This lack of uniformity in the late fall and early spring

counts, it will be seen, does not correspond with the usual con-

ditions to be found in the bradytictic or winter breeders.

In the absence of parasitism this species must lose the usual

method of distribution through the migrations of the host fish.

What seems to be a compensatory provision for this loss is to

be seen in the peculiar light and flattened type of shell of the

juvenile, which subjects it to ready transference by water cur-

rents. I have described in another paper’ with fuller discus-

sion the finding of this species in artificial ponds and reservoirs,

whither, in the loss of the parasitic habit, they had been carried

doubtless by the water supply.

To summarize:

1. Quadrula heros as compared with other Quadrulas and

members of the Crenodonta group shows a postponement of

breeding time from summer to autumn and winter.

2. Margaritana monodonta possesses exceptionally small glo-

chidia, and there is evidence of at least two broods in a season,

1 Howard, A. D., 1914. A Second Case of Metamorphosis without Para-

sitism in the Unionide. Science N.S., vol. xi, no. 1027, pp. 353-355, Sept.

4,1914.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

3. Hemilastena ambigua is parasitic in nature upon the am-

phibian, Necturus maculosus, which in the cases observed be-

came inoculated in the fall, the young mussels being released

the last of May.

4. Anodonta imbecillis develops without parasitism and gives

evidence of broad limits in the range of the breeding season.

THE DALL BANQUET.

A banquet to Dr. William Healey Dall, commemorating the

completion of fifty years of service to science, was given by his

friends at the Cosmos Club, Washington, on the evening of

April 21.

Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, was to preside, but in his absence, due to the death of

his father-in-law, Dr. Robert S. Woodward, President of the

Carnegie Institution of Washington, took the part of toastmaster

with wit and grace.

The Toasts :

Dall the Alaska Pioneer—Dr. Alfred H. Brooks.

Dall the Anthropologist—Prof. Wm. H. Holmes.

Dall the Coast Pilot—Mr. Isaac Winston.

Dall the Malacologist—Dr. Henry A Pilsbry.

Dall the Paleontologist—Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan.

Dall the Zoologist—Dr. C. Hart Merriam.

Dall the Nomenclatorist—Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles.

Dall the Poet—Justice Wendell P. Stafford.

Dall the Man—General A. W. Greely.

Dr. Dall’s response.

Letters from absent friends of Dr. Dall were read by Dr.

Whitman Cross, Dr. Frederick A. Lucas, Mr. W. E. Safford

and Mr. Paul Brockett.

The speakers were in friendly rivalry to claim Dall for their

own special branches of science. Among paleontologists he is

acknowledged the great leader in all relating to cenozoic faunas.

His ‘‘Tertiary Fauna of Florida’’ is a classic of American

paleontology. For years he has been the foremost authority on

zoological nomenclature in America. Malacologists almost forget

that Dall’s work on recent mollusks is only one phase of his

many-sided scientific activity, since that alone seems so large an

12 THE NAUTILUS.

achievement for one man. We study his works on deep-sea

mollusks, on the rich Alaskan and West Coast faunas, the

memoirs on land and fresh-water shells of Alaska, of Lower

California, the Galapagos, the Mexican boundary, and hundreds

of others, and each has the lucidity and easy command of the

subject of a specialist in these several departments of con-

chology.

As an anthropologist, Dall is the author of several important

papers, and the editor of standard books. As a geographer

and hydrographer, the author of the Alaskan Coast Pilot, his

works are in daily practical use.

A portrait of Dr. Dall formed the frontispiece of the beautiful

and epigrammatic banquet card. The arrangements of the

committee, of which Dr. Paul Bartsch was chairman, were per-

fect at every point. It was an occasion of delightful goodfel-

lowship.

Participants. —Charles G. Abbott, Vernon Bailey, Frank

Baker, Job Barnard, Paul Bartsch, L. A. Bauer, Alexander

Graham Bell, Marcus Benjamin, Paul Brockett, Alfred H.

Brooks, H. P. Buehler, J. McKeen Cattell, Robert H. Chap-

man, George H. Clapp, Frank W. Clarke, John M. Clarke, C.

Wythe Cooke, F. V. Coville, W. T. Councilman. J. C. Craw-

ford, Whitman Cross, Charles Whitney Dall, Charles A. Davis,

Henry E. Davis, F. W. De Wolf, J. S. Diller, Edward A. Fay,

James H. Ferriss, J. W. Fewkes, James M. Flint, Herbert A.

Gill, Charles C. Glover, A. W. Greely, Gilbert H. Grosvenor,

Arnold Hague, Oliver P. Hay, Otte Heidemann, John B.

Henderson, H. W. Henshaw, Arthur Hollick, William H.

Holmes, A. D. Hopkins, George F. Kay, William Bruce King,

F. H. Knowlton, E. de K. Leffingwell, A. F. Lucas, Frederic

A. Lucas, Marcus W. Lyon, Jr., Wendell C. Mansfield, C. L.

Marlatt, Collins Marshall, J. Rush Marshall, William B. Mar-

shall, George C. Martin, George C. Maynard, Edgar A. Mearns,

C. Hart Merriam, George P. Merrill, Truman Michelson, J. D.

Mitchell, Charles E. Munroe, E. W. Nelson, S. N. D. North,

William A. Noyes, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sidney Paige,

Theodore §S. Palmer, KH. W. Parker, George H. Parker, Francis

H. Parsons, Henry un Pilsbry, Richard Rathbun, Charles W.

Richardson, Charles W. Richmond, Robert Ridgeway, Henry C.

Rizer, Alfred G, Robinson, W. E. Safford, Waldo S. Schmitt,

KR. A. Schwarz, T. W. Smillie, Erwin F. Smith, George Otis

Smith, Hugh M. Smith, J. W. Spencer, Wendell P. Stafford,

T. W. Stanton, Leonhard Stejneger, Ch. Wardell Stiles, O. H.

Tittmann, A. C. True, E. O. Ulrich, T. Wayland Vaughan,

David White, Harvey W. Wiley, Isaac Winston, Robert S.

Woodward, Fred. BE. Wright.

THE NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIX. JUNE, 1915. No. 2

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Few shells have been collected in the Mogollon range, in the

western part of Socorro County, New Mexico, prior to the re-

connaissance made by one of us and Mr. L. E. Daniels. The

only Ashmunella known from there was A. mogollonensis Pils.,

collected by Prof. E. O. Wooton in 1900. In the limited time

spent there last summer only a few canyons on the southwestern

slope were explored, so that this paper, and those on the other

- genera to follow, may be regarded as a mere sketch of the snail

fauna, to be filled out by further field-work. The localities

mentioned may be found on the Mogollon Quadrangle of the

U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Map, a rough tracing of

which is given in Fig. 1, with the positions of collecting stations

indicated by their serial numbers.

The affinities of the snails seem to be with the Chiricahuan

fauna. The species of Ashmunella are different, but they have

an unmistakable Chiricahuan appearance. This leads us to

believe that they were evolved from the same ancestral species,

which must have been in Pliocene times able to migrate over a

great area now destitute of snails.

The gorges in the canyons of the south-west side of the Mo-

gollon mountains were so narrow that the talus ran down to the

edges of the stream, well shaded by the cliffs and the trees.

Conditions were much alike with the different colonies except

14 THE NAUTILUS.

in the item of shade, and in Dry Creek it was but a stone’s

throw from one colony to another for two or three miles. The

small stone-fields with sufficient depth contained the most liv-

ing examples, perhaps because these contained the shortest

routes to the outside feeding grounds. Where the trees had

MILES

3 =

2 5

“dine ys

Fig. 1. Tracing reduced one-half from U. S. G. 8S. Topographic Map,

Mogollon Quadrangle, edit. of June, 1912, showing locations of snail colonies,

numbered 37 to 80.

fallen and let in the sun dead shells were numerous. In one

thickly inhabited slide, no living specimens remained.

If one of the moulds or a mouse or a chipmunk family moves

in, there is trouble in snaildom. Otherwise, with a well-drained

rock pile, not too deep nor too shallow, a little leaf mould and

THE NAUTILUS. 15

the shade of a gooseberry, an elderberry or a rose, there is snail

happiness. Perhaps the small gnawers like some snails better

for dinner than others, but it has not been proven. For weeks

of collecting there may be no broken shells, but the next day,

another range or canyon, dead and broken shells will be the

rule. Very few broken Oreohelix were found in the summer of

1914, but in 1913 the same species of Oreohelix met with terri-

ble slaughter from the gnawers; some colonies were entirely

destroyed. A group of Sonorellas equipped with an offensive

odor seem to be well protected. Of the thousands turned up in

1913 not more than half a dozen had been broken, and these

were probably mistakes made by meat-eaters lacking in the

knowledge of conchology.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is umbilicate, width of umbilicus contained nearly

six times in the diameter of the shell; depressed, angular in

front, the angle situated above the middle, and nearly or quite

disappearing on the last third of the last whorl; spire and base

convex; thin, cinnamon or cinnamon-brown above, fading on

the base. The surface has a silky luster, and is very weakly

marked with growth-lines; on the base some excessively weak

spiral lines may be seen under strong magnification. There

are 54 convex, closely-coiled whorls, the last descending a little

in front, having a deep, narrow constriction or gutter behind the

peristome; behind this gutter it is rather swollen and distinctly

striate. The umbilicus is cylindric within, and enlarges at the

last whorl. The aperture is very oblique; peristome white or

pinkish, reflexed throughout, with a recurved edge, the face

rounded. Outer margin bears a long, very slightly retracted,

flat-topped or slightly notched tooth. Basal margin is armed

with two marginal teeth, the outer one slightly larger. These

two teeth are somewhat compressed laterally, and are yoked

together by a callus on the edge of the broad lip. The spaces

between the three teeth are about equal. The transparent

parietal callous bears an obliquely radial tooth, set rather far

in, and in old examples having the inner end slightly curved

towards the basal lip. The outer end often has a low callus

outwardly and sometimes one running in.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Young shells form a quite thin lip-callus at resting stages,

but these seem to be absorbed subsequently, as no opaque

streaks are visible in the adult stage.

Height 6.7, diam. 15 mm.

Locality.—A mile or two above the box of Dry Creek Canyon,

Station 70, south slope of the Mogollon Mts. (4 miles south of

the Little Whitewater station) ; elevation from 6000 to 7500

feet. Also at various stations mentioned below, in the same

canyon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Notre.—Figures on plate I, and figs. 1-8 on plate II, are 14

natural size; figures 4-8 on plate II are natural size.

Plate I. Fig. 1. Ashmunella tetrodon. Type and paratypes.

Station 72.

Fig. 2. Ashmunella tetrodon. Station 79.

Figs. 3, 3a. Ashmunella tetrodon. Variety with small

parietal tooth. Station 60.

Fig. 4. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 60.

Fig. 5. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Type and paratypes.

Station 80.

Fig. 6. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 67.

Fig. 7. Ashmunella tetrodon inermis. Type and paratypes.

Station 69.

Plate II. Fig. 1. Ashmunella danielsi. Type and paratypes.

Station 57.

Fig. 2. Ashmunella danielsi dispar. Type and paratypes.

Station 55.

Fig. 3. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss.

Fig. 4. Sonorella peninsularis Pils. Type. Lower California.

Fig. 5. Sonorella ultima Pils. Type. Sinaloa.

Fig. 6. Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. Type. Lower

California (?).

Fig. 7. Sonorella lioderma Pils. Type. Lower California.

Fig. 8. Sonorella lohrii (Gabb). Type. Lower California.

( To be continued)

THE NAUTILUS. 17

THE SIERRA DE CUBITAS, CAMAGUEY, CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Modern railway extension in Cuba has opened many new

fields of exploration in that delightful island which were denied

to the past generation of collectors. This is especially the case

in the central provinces of Santa Clara and Camaguey. In

northern Camaguey there is an east and west range of hills

known as the Sierra de Cubitas which raise their limestone crests

about six or seven hundred feet above the level plains of the

province. Like all limestone elevations in Cuba these present

a forested region of great variety and richness which in this in-

stance contrasts strongly with the almost treeless prairies that

surround them.

The first mollusk record from the Cubitas was made by Carlos

de la Torre who gathered there a few shells some ten years ago.

Stillman Berry traversed one of the passes of the range about two

years ago and took a few specimens en route. These he gener-

ously divided with me and at the first glance I then and there

decided to take the very first opportunity to visit the region.

All his shells were new. In December last, Mrs. A. C. Reed of

Camaguey, an American who takes a great interest in Cuban

land shells, spent a day collecting at the Loma de Borje, an

outlaying isolated hill of the Cubitas system, and her catch was

remarkable in the number of new operculates and long slender

Microceramus belonging to quite a new group. Save for two

species (Macroceramus hendersoni Torre and Microceramus longa

Hend. ) none of the novelties obtained here have been published.

In February last the looked-for opportunity arrived, and

Charles T. Simpson, Carlos de la Torre and I proceeded to

Camaguey, where we outfited for an assault upon the hills.

Four days were spent in an almost frenzied siege upon the mol-

lusks along a ten or twelve mile front, and I believe we have

overlooked very little. We made little or no effort to collect

the larger tree snails of wider distribution, but persisted in our

search for the special things that are confined to this range.

The two particular and striking elements are the development

of a series of operculates that cannot very definitely be placed

18 THE NAUTILUS.

in any genus unless in Dr. Dall’s Opisthosiphon, although even

there they fit only by virtue of having a siphon back of the

aperture, but otherwise do not resemble nor have much in

common with the Ctenopomas that form the bulk of Dall’s genus;

and secondly, the remarkable development of large Macroceramus

of the M. hendersoni group and of long, slender Urocoptis-like

Microceramus. Like the operculates these all appear to be new

in species and groups.

The absence of all Urocoptids (save the one U. camagueyana

Torre) is striking. None of the other shells that do seem refer-

able to published species are typical except the Pleurodonte and

Liguus, which are widely distributed over the island, and signify

but little in questions of local distribution.

The strangeness of this mollusk group which appears to be

removed from the Oriente and Trinidad groups gives rise to some

perplexing queries in distribution. There seems to be a sort of

vague line of connection with northern Santa Clara and diagon-

ally south across the island and including the Isle of Pines.

This is hinted at by a few species rather than proclaimed by

the total. We have still much to learn about Cuban land shells.

What we had anticipated would be a very hard trip turned

out to be one of our easiest ones. The open, level country made

travel in a volanta-like trap possible and the few natives living

in this sparsely settled country are hospitable to the point of

embarrassment. We slept in our own hammocks and strangely

enough our only discomfort was occasioned by the cold nights.

We nearly froze to death.

SHELLS OF PUT-IN-BAY ISLAND, LAKE ERIE.

BY JOHN A. ALLEN.

Put-in-Bay is a beautiful island in Lake Erie, nearly all

cultivated with orchard and vineyard, but retaining some rocky

forest. It is of limestone formation, contains caves, and at

places is faced with cliffs, and in the wilder parts is adorned

with brilliant flowers, scarlet Silene and blue Pentstemon .

The island is about three miles from the Ohio shore, is about

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX. PLATE I.

1-3a. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON PILS. & FERR.

4-6. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR P. & F.

7. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERMIS P. & F.

- THE NAUTILUS, XXIX.

PLATE II.

1. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI PILS. & FERR.

2. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR P. & F.

3. ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYI FERRISS.

4-8. SONORELLA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

three and a half miles long and about one and a half miles across

at the broadest place. It is divided into two unequal parts by

an isthmus. Nearly the whole breadth of this isthmus is occu-

pied by a pool, which until lately was bordered on one side by

a little patch of woods.

Here are found:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), a reddish form characteristic of

marshy woods on the Lake Erie islands; Polygyra multilineata

(Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack. ).

Vallonia pulchella (Mull.); Vallonia excentrica Sterki; Vallonia

parvula Sterki.

Bifidaria armifera (Say); Bifidaria contracta (Say); Bifidaria

pentodon (Say); Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom); Vitrea indentata (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say); Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Agriolimax campestris (Binn. )

Succinea retusa Lea var. higginsi Bland.

In 1914 a monument to Commodore Perry was set up at one

corner of the pool, and incidentally this interesting shell station

was ruined. It was doubtless the type locality of Succinea

retusa higginsi Bland. However, the same Succinea was found,

though less copiously, beside a little bay west of the village.

Still farther west a considerable piece of dry, rocky woods

extends along the shore, and contains:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form; Poly-

gyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra thyroidus (Say); Polygyra profunda

(Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils.; Polygyra inflecta (Say).

Philomycus carolinensis (Bose. ).

Pyramidula solitaria (Say).

' Succinea ovalis Say ?

(This Succinea, of which only fragmentary dead shells were

seen, and also the two slugs enumerated, are given from

memory. )

Elsewhere on Put-in-Bay Island were found:

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Carychium exiguum (Say).

While Pyramidula alternata (Say) is generally distributed.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

A single shell of Zymnaea dalli (Baker) was found in a meadow

just east of the isthmus, clinging like a land shell to the under side

of a piece of wood. The pool of the isthmus has been ruined

for shell life by the application of oil, and probably no fresh-

water shells now inhabit any enclosed water on Put-in-Bay

Island.

Kelley’s Island, about five miles southeast of Put-in-Bay,

was partially explored. It yielded:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form;

Polygyra albolabris (Say), reddish form in marshy woods.

Polygyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra thyroidus (Say); Polygyra pro-

funda (Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils.; Polygyra inflecta (Say);

Polygyra multilineatu (Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack. ).

Vallonia pulchella (Mill. ).

Bifidaria armifera (Say); Bifidaria contructa (Say); Bifidaria

holzingeri Sterki.

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Pyramidula solitaria (Say); Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Succinea avara Say; Succinea retusa Lea.

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LYMNZEIDS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Recently several interesting contributions have appeared

which contain valuable data bearing on the classification of the

family Lymnxide. These treat somewhat critically of the pre-

vious classifications which have been attempted. Roszkowski’

presents a handsomely illustrated paper full of data on the

structural and biological aspects of the Lymnzas of Lac

Léman. This lake has already provided material for the pens

of several distinguished malacologists; among them Forel and

Brot. Roszkowski’s researches add greatly to what we already

know concerning the deep-water and littoral fauna of this

interesting lake.

1 Contribution a l'étude des Limnées du Lac Léman. Revue Suisse de

Zoologie, xxii, No. 15, July, 1914, pages 457-539, plates 14-17.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

In the first part of this paper (anatomical and systematic) the

author describes the anatomy, radula and genitalia of Lymnzxa

stagnalis, Radix auricularia and ovata, and Galba palustris. It is

apparent that there is great variability in the radula of many of

the species of Lymneids. In the paper in question, auricularia

is described and figured with both bicuspid and tricuspid lat-

erals, the first lateral being invariably tricuspid. In the indi-

viduals of the American form (introduced) which have been

examined, the first lateral was always tricuspid, but the bal-

ance were bicuspid or with a small entoconic swelling. alustris

in Roszkowski’s paper has both bicuspid and tricuspid laterals,

while in the American form examined the laterals have in all

cases been bicuspid. This is true also of reflexa, emarginata,

catascopium and others of this group. As remarked elsewhere,

the writer has not been able to observe a normal central tooth

of Lymnea which was other than unicuspid, though several

pathological examples have been seen in which there were one

or more side cusps. Very high powers have been used and

great care has been exercised in making examinations.

In order to verify the form of teeth of American Lymnaeas

published by the writer, several species, among them palustris,

reflexa, mighelsi, danielsi, stagnalis, auricularia, obrussa, and col-

umella, were reexamined, and no deviation from the published

figures was observed. All of the lateral teeth of the palustris

group were bicuspid. Stagnalis has a slight endoconic swelling

which might be taken for a typical cusp. If the difference

pointed out by Roszkowski for both stagnalis and palustris would

prove stable there might be grounds for separating the European

and American species, in which cases the latter species would

become appressa Say and nuttalliana Lea. In auricularia the lat-

eral teeth vary as shown by Roszkowski (plate 16, figs. 183-186)

being, according to this author normally tricuspid though some-

times with the first lateral tricuspid and the balance bicuspid,

as figured by the present writer. Upon reexamination, the

laterals of the Lincoln Park specimens were found to be as

figured by the writer and by Roszkowski on plate 16 figure 183.

Additional comparative studies are needed in which many

individual radulae are observed to ascertain the amount of var-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

iation and whether this variation increases with wear and age.

Biometric studies upon hundreds of radulae would be of great

service. A variable radula renders tooth formulas of little value

as has been stated by Roszkowski. In the American species

examined this variability has been of such small percentage as to

cause little or no difficulty in placing species in their appro-

priate groups.

The genitalia seem to provide characters of greater stability

than do the radulae. The genitalia of the European and Amer-

ican species agree in all essential details and it seems true that

these organs offer characters sufficiently stable for the separation

of groups of species as has already been done in the writer’s

monograph of this family. Some years ago the opinion was

expressed in a letter to Roszkowski, that the short, pyriform

receptaclum seminis without long canal which is found in ovata

Drap and profunda Clessin would seem to provide a character

of group importance (see Roszkowski, plate 17, figs. 196-197).

The length of the epiphallus allies these species with auricularia

in the genus Radix. The writer hesitates to add another name

to this already overburdened family, and simply suggests that

this character may be found of value in a future classification

should it occur in other species. This form of receptaculum

seminis has not been observed in any American species of Lym-

naea. Roszkowski’s paper is a valuable contribution to our

knowledge of the Lymnaeas and similar studies on other species

(American as well as European) would greatly aid in providing

reliable data for a satisfactory classification of this family. We

wish that some American post-graduate student would elect

such a theme for his doctorate dissertation.

In a recent paper,’ Mr. Harold S. Colton publishes some

valuable suggestions on the classification of the Lymneids.

While the writer would not for a moment claim that he has

said the last word on the classification of this family, he does

not believe that anything would be gained by a return to the

old use of the name [ymneaa. While the differences proposed

for the separation of the names admitted to generic rank in the

1 Navutiuus XXVIII, pages 116-120, Feb., 1915.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

writer’s monograph are slight, they have thus far proven reason-

ably stable. In any classification it must be the sum-total of

characters that provide diagnostic features of value, and even if

these be small they are sufficient if they include certain groups

to the exclusion of others. No single character, as the radula

or the genitalia, will prove satisfactory. A case in point is

Radix, in which the lateral teeth of the radula are now known

to be either bi- or tricuspid. As the writer stated in his mono-

graph diagnostic features must be based on the sum of the char-

acters presented by the shell, radula, genitalia, or other organs.

Colton says ‘‘ our present knowledge will not allow us to make

a comprehensive classification of the Lymnaeids based on the

anatomy of the snail.’’ This result cannot be attained by re-

casting the data now available, but rather by the addition of new

data on old species or on species now unknown anatomically.

The writer can by no means agree with the statement made

twice in this paper that generic names should not be added un-

less based on undebatable grounds because of the inconvenience

to the cataloger. If this criticism should be recognized we

would revert to the use of many of the older names in the Pul-

monata as well as in the Naiades. It is recognized, of course,

that generic subdivision can be overdone, but in the advance-

ment of science the convenience of the cataloger or teacher is

not considered. Generic or other divisional names are simply

for the purpose of bringing together groups of similar organisms

which we designate as genera, subgenera or sections. In some

cases the criteria for the separation of these genera will be of a

distinct and decided character; while in others, where there are

many species of similar characteristics, these distinctions will

necessarily be founded on data of a less decided character.

Such a condition obtains in the family under discussion and

whatever the criteria used for the separation of genera or other

groups, they can apparently be of only quantitative character.

The relative value of these criteria will vary with the import-

ance ascribed to them by different authors.

We welcome all additions to knowledge and we know full

well that the work of yesterday is rendered obsolete by the work

of to-morrow, but the writer cannot see how the reduction to

24 THE NAUTILUS.

subgenera and sections of the names used as genera and sub-

genera in the monograph in question advances our knowledge

of the family any more than the raising of a number of sub-

genera and sections to generic rank, as Colton believes the writer

to have done in his monograph. This rather resembles a game

of see-saw!

The provisional key of Colton (page 119) is good, and the

writer would also be interested to know how useful it may prove

to the workers in this family. We would suggest that there is

a vast fund of useful information to be acquired from a bio-

metric study of both the radula and the genitalia of the Lym-

naeas. If we knew the range and the relative amount of varia-

tion of these organs we could more intelligently use these criteria

for purposes of classification. An abundance of time is needed

for this work but the results would compensate for the time ex-

pended. The studies which have thus far been made upon this

family serve to emphasize the one fact which stands out clearly,

the great variability of the shells and organs of the fresh-water

pulmonates, a condition in strong contrast with the terrestrial

pulmonata where the radule and genitalia are much more stable

in character and hence more satisfactory for purposes of classi-

fication.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

AN INDEX TO THE MusEuM BoL_TENIANUM. By Wm. H. Dall.

Smithsonian Institution Publication No. 2360. The republica-

tion of Bolten’s work by Messrs. Sherborn and Sykes (1906) made

it accessible to conchologists generally, but its use has been diffi-

cult on account of the absence of any index to the great number

of names, combined with the unfamiliar nomenclature, which

often made even well-known Linnean species hard to find. Dr.

Dall has very appreciably lightened this labor by a full and

cross-referenced index. It is prefaced by a historical account

of the work, a discussion of its nomenclature, and translations

of the Latin Preface and the German Introductions. The Insti-

tution desires to give the widest usefulness to this Index, and

will supply copies to all who may be interested. —H. A. P.

fee NAUTILUS.

Von. XXIX. JULY, 1915. No.3

VITREA CRi PTOMPHALA N. SP., WITH NOTES

ON THE INDENTATA GROUP.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

VITREA CRYPTOMPHALA n. sp. Fig. 1.

Shell thin, polished, very light horn-color to white, generally

white, translucent ; whorls 5 to 54, those of the spire regularly

increasing, the last widening very rapidly and doubling the di-

ameter of the shell. Aperture broadly lunate, sutures well

impressed, all whorls showing through the shell. Surface

sculptured with rather evenly spaced, radiating grooves contin-

ued to the base as in V. indentata and carolinensis, there being

from 23 to 34 on the body whorl. Micro-sculpture of even,

close, clear-cut spiral engraved lines like those of carolinensis,

best seen with a magnification of 25 diameters or over. Spire

much depressed, almost flat, the termination of the last whorl

slightly raised at the lip which is straight on the lower edge

and well curved forward above, projecting about 1 mm. beyond

the lower lip ; at the columellar end the lip is thickened and

joined to a tongue-like callus which completely covers the umbilicus at

all stages of growth. There is a thin, microscopically granular

parietal callus, as in V. indentata. Base of shell well rounded

and less impressed in the umbilical region than indentata or

carolinensis.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Shell figured (Knox Co.,) 5.1x4.2x2.1mm., whorls 5, 23

grooves on body whorl.

Largest, Knox Co., 5.7x4.8x2.7mm., whorls 5, 26 grooves on

body whorl.

Largest, Knoxville, 5.9x5.0x2.8mm., whorls 5, 34 grooves

on body whorl.

Smallest, Knox Co., 2.1x1.9x1l.1mm., whorls 3, umbilicus

completely covered.

The largest shell seen is from ‘‘along Coosa River, 2 miles

N. of Wetumpka, Ala.,’’ it is 8.0x6.8x3.38mm. whorls 54, 28

grooves on body whorl.

Fia. 1.—VitrREA CRYPTOMPHALA.

Types from a lot of over 400 shells collected by the late Mrs.

George Andrews and labeled ‘‘ Knox Co., Tenn.’’ A lot of 18

shells in her cabinet series are labeled ‘‘ Knoxville, Tenn.’’: they

all probably came from near Knoxville, perhaps from a favorite

‘Chunting ground’’ of hers, ‘‘ The Cliffs’? on the south side of

the river. Type No. 7365 of my collection. Cotypes in Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. (No. 112421), U.S. Nat. Mus., and collection

of Dr. Bryant Walker.

At first I was inclined to consider this a variety of V. caroli-

nensis, but the flatter spire, the umbilicus covered at all stages of

growth, the less excavated umbilical region and the wider aper-

ture indicate a good species. I examined 250 V. indentata from

41 localities and 110 carolinensis and var. wetherbyi from 15 lo-

calities and found no intermediates.

In addition to the Knox Co. shells I have cryptomphala from

14 localities in Alabama, San Antonio, Tex., McComb City,

Miss., Fayetteville, Tenn., and Albion, Ill., nearly 600 shells

in all. A sectioned shell shows the thickening of the columella,

caused by the callus, clear to the apex.

THE NAUTILUS. aT

In the box with the Knox Co. cryptomphala were over 70

shells which from the sculpture should be V. carolinensis

wetherbyi, but if they were found in the North would be called

indentata, and a single example of V. rhoadsi. Iam indebted to

Mr. Walker for the suggestion of the very appropriate name.

Some notes on Vitrea indentata (Say) and allies may be given

here. ©

In the Journ. Acad., 11, 372 (1822) Say described Helix

indentata as imperforate, stating: ‘‘umbilicus none, but the

umbilical region is deeply indented’’. Pilsbry, in The Nautilus,

xii, p. 102, shows that this was an error :—‘‘ In Say’s types the

perforation may be seen with a good lens, though it was not

noticed by Say, who probably worked with what would now be

thought an inferior glass’’.

The Texas form of indentata is generally larger than the typical

eastern form and was at one time identified by W. G. Binney

as sculptilis Bld. In the British Naturalist, April 1893, p. 81,

Cockerell speaks of the Texas form as ‘‘ Z. indentatus var. wm-

bilicatus Singley ’’ (See also Nautilus, xii, p. 120). This variety

has a very distinct umbilicus.

** Zonites carolinensis’’ Ckll., is very inadequately described in

Binney’s Supplement iv, p. 167, pl. III, fig. 7, and it will be

noticed that the figure shows a distinct perforation. In the

Nautilus, xii, p. 120, Cockerell gives his ‘‘ original descrip-

tion’’, although I have been unable to find it in any other

place. In this he says: ‘‘ Umbilicus small, narrow’’.

In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900, p. 180, Pilsbry describes the

microsculpture of carolinensis as a character which separates it

from indentata and calls all of the Great Smoky shells carolinensis.

In a review of this paper, ‘‘ Mollusca of the Great Smoky Moun-

tains’’, published in the Nautilus, vol. xiv, p. 45, Cockerell

says: ‘‘ Thus in place of Vitrea indentata there is an abundance

of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherbyi Ckll. ined.)

intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper, the exact

locality of which is unfortunately unknown’’. This is the only

** description’ of var. wetherbyi that I have been able to find,

except that in Proc. A. N. S., 1902, p. 430, ‘‘The Mollusca of

the Mt. Mitchell Region, No. Car.,’’ Pilsbry says: ‘‘ The type

28 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens (V. carolinensis) have 5 whorls with a maximum

diameter of 10 mm’’. Under V. carolinensis wetherbyi Ckll.,

he says :—‘‘In the report of the expedition of 1899 the speci-

mens of V. carolinensis were found to belong toa small race,

ranging from 54} to 7 mm. in diameter. Cockerell has since

distinguished it under the above varietal name’’.... ‘‘It is

intermediate between typical V. carolinensis and V. indentata.”’

From this it would seem that shells from say 74 mm. up to 10

mm. diameter are carolinensis and under 7 mm. diameter are

var. wetherbyi, and as there is nothing said to the contrary it is

safe to assume that the variety is umbilicate.

Under the above differentiation by size the only carolinensis

in my collection are 5 specimens collected by the late Mrs. Geo.

Andrews at Cranberry, Avery Co., N. C.; they are narrowly

umbilicate. All of the balance are either ‘‘ Var. wetherbyi’’ or

the new species described above.

Cockerell says that carolinensis has about 26 grooved lines on

the body whorl, my three largest Cranherry shells have 38, 34

and 32 respectively, while a 64 mm. diameter shell from Mitchell

Co., N. C., (labeled carolinensis by A. G. Wetherby) has 35

and a 64 mm. shell from Paint Rock, N. C. has 32 lines.

THE NATIVE OYSTERS OF OYSTER RIVER, DURHAM, N. H.

BY C. H. BATCHELDER.

A natural bed of native oysters has persisted in Oyster river,

Durham, New Hampshire, ever since the settlement of the town

in 1635. This persistence of the oysters is interesting in view

of the fact that they have been fished almost constantly. A

superficial survey of the beds reveals the following very general

information.

The beds are found in from six to fifteen feet of water at low

tide, in the channel of the stream, which varies from five to

about twenty yards in width, and the bed extends along this

channel fora half mile, in such quantities that one can rake

a bushel easily in less than an hour. J am confident however,

that the bed extends into deeper water for half a mile beyond

_——

THE NAUTILUS. 29

this. Wild oysters are also found on ledges and boulders at

the half-tide mark along the entire river bank for a distance of

two miles. A few of these fail to survive the exposure in win-

ter but where Fucus fronds cover them completely and they are

not molested they often grow to six inches in length. In these

situations they are subjected to protracted low temperatures

during the winter months and a short season for the growth of

the ‘‘spat’’. The water temperature in the month of Septem-

ber drops to the vicinity of 15° C. by the 30th. In the middle

of October the temperature is down to 12° C. and by the middle

of November down to 8° C. The density of the water varies

between 1.015 and 1.0225. The ‘‘spat’’ first appeared, or per-

haps more correctly, were first discovered on the twelfth of Octo-

ber. At this time they were about 6.5 mm. in diameter. On No-

vember 23 they were again measured and were about 11.5 mm.

Notes and specimens taken at this time were only for idle curi-

osity and are not absolutely reliable.

The only enemies beside man that I know of are the boring

sponge and Urosalpinz cinerea. Inquiry and repeated examina-

tion have failed to discover the presence of the starfish or any

of the commensal crabs and I believe they fail to ascend the

river as far as the Durham beds. ‘The beds are entirely self-

propagating. No attention is ever paid to the need of the ‘‘spat’’;

and clean shells or stones for their attachment have never been

placed in the river. I have never heard of the oysters having

been taken for commercial purposes, but many are gathered for

‘*home consumption ’’.

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

[Continued from p. 16.]

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON P. & F.

In the type lot the diameter varies from 12.8 mm. with 5}

whorls to 15 mm. with 54 whorls. This is the usual range of

variation in size. In stations 75 and 71 all are rather small, in

the former from 12 to 14 mm.—mostly about 13 mm., and at

30 THE NAUTILUS.

71 from 11.3 to18 mm. The smallest have barely 5 whorls.

Probably some local condition dwarfs all the individuals in these

stations.

In several stations, 70, 71, 72, 73, there are very beautiful

albino specimens of a transparent marguerite-yellow tint among

the dark ones. See first two figures within second row, repre-

senting an albino and one of the darkest examples, from station

72.

Compared with A. proxima Pils. of the Chiricahua range, this

species differs as follows : It is less depressed. The peripheral

angle becomes weak and then nearly or quite disappears at the

last part of the whorl where it is more swollen above. There is

a furrow behind the lip up to the suture, and the upper lip is

refleced, while in A. proxima the upper lip is straight, not ex-

panded, and there is a whitish triangular patch and no gutter

above the end of the outer lip. A. proxima has one more whorl.

The aperture is larger in A. tetrodon when specimens of the

same diameter are compared. A. tetrodon is less depressed and

less angular than A. pilsbryi, which further differs by its papil-

lose surface.

All of these colonies in the box of Dry Creek Canyon were

found in company with Oreohelix barbata Pils. The colonies

farther up the stream had also A. mogollonensis for company.

In color and teeth, A. tetrodon is much the same as the Cave

Spring A. danielsi, with the addition in this of a parietal lamella.

Dry Creek is dry at the crossing of the Silver City and

Mogollon road. Six miles above it becomes a large and beau-

tiful trout stream, boxed in for two miles so closely and roughly

that the banks are not used for grazing purposes, and are never

disturbed. Twenty snail colonies were found in the rock slides

during a hasty search of these, two or three more miles above.

Above the box shells were found in the grass and weeds also.

In nearly every instance the colonies differed in size and in the

character of the teeth. Some had no teeth (var. iermis);

others, as with A. heterodon Pils., of the Huachucas, ran from

no teeth to four, with all the variations between (var. mutator).

In the colony at Station 60 there are some individuals differ-

ing from typical tetrodon by having the parietal tooth reduced

THE NAUTILUS. 31

(pl. 1, figs. 38, 8a). These are partly transitional to var.

mutator.

The following two are named as sub-species in order that we

may have a convenient means of referring tothem. They inter-

grade, but their modification has been as great as that usually

distinguishing species of Helicidz.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR n. subsp. PI. 1, figs. 3 to 6.

In color, shape and sculpture this subspecies is like A. tetrodon.

As in that species, the upper lip is well reflected from the inser-

tion out; former resting stages are often marked by an opaque

light streak on the base. In the typical colony there is no

parietal tooth and the lip-teeth are much reduced; there are

vestiges of the long tooth within the outer margin, and of the

two teeth of the basal margin, but in many individuals of the

typical colony these vestiges are exceedingly weak, hardly

noticeable. There are about 54 whorls.

Height 6.25, diam. 14 mm.

Height 6.9, diam. 13.8 mm. Station 60.

Height 6, diam. 12.5 mm.

Height 7, diam.14 mm., whorls 54

Height 8, diam.15 mm., whorls 5%

Locality.—Station 80 (1914), in Dry Creek Canyon, Socorro

Co., N. M. Also Stations 60, 61, 62, 68, in the same canyon.

6,000-7,000 feet elevation.

This is very abundant in some places, where large series of

fresh ‘‘ bones’’ were taken, but living ones were rare. It is one

of those lawless species, such as we have described from the

Huachucas—a species which has been caught in the act of los-

ing its teeth. Its affinities are clearly with A. tetrodon of the

same canyon, and there seems to be no decided break between

the most fully toothed mutator and the tetrodon with smallest

teeth.

The specimen described as type of mutator is from a colony in

which no specimens have a parietal tooth. Varying forms from

this colony (Station 80) are represented in Fig. 5, all being

perfectly adult shells. Similar are those from Stations 61, 62, 68.

In the lot from Station 60 all the shells are rather distinctly

i Station 61.

ayy THE NAUTILUS.

striate. The most fully toothed example (pl. 1, figs. 3, 3a)

agree with A. tetrodon, except that the parietal tooth is smaller.

There are other examples, with all of the teeth smaller than in

tetrodon, and still others, found with them (No. 60 A) have the

lip-teeth very small, partly wanting, the parietal tooth either

wanting or minute (pl. 1, figs. 4). This is the only instance

where almost fully toothed tetrodon and mutator occur in the same

colony ; but without transitional individuals.

Lots from Stations 67 (pl. 1, figs. 6, four adult shells) and

78 vary from shells having four small teeth (like the tetrodon

from Station 60) to shells having only weak rudiments of teeth.

The lots from these stations therefore connect tetrodon and mu-

tator, and cause us to rank the latter as a variety of the former.

The varying condition of the teeth in different colonies may be

briefly indicated in a few, to give an idea of this variation.

Station 78. In nineteen examples, 10 were toothless; 2 had

a full set of teeth and a lamella ; 3 had a lamella and thickened

in both lip positions ; 1 had a lamella only ; 4 had three ‘‘ pim-

ples’? upon the lip in place of teeth, no lamella ; 1 had a “‘ pim-

ple’’ at the basal position. Diameter 12 to 14.5 mm.

Station 61, Eight had a full set of teeth and lamella ; 13 had

teeth upon the lip in different degrees of development. 1 had

a lamella only, 6 were toothless. Diameter 13.4 to 15.2 mm.

Station 62. In 75 shells 12 had a lamella and a full set of

teeth, varying from mere ‘‘ pimples’? to fully developed teeth,

28 had a full set of teeth on the lip only, also varying as much

in development, 19 with one or two basal teeth, only 12 without

teeth. Nearly all were dead or broken shells. Diameter 14.6

to 11.4 mm.

Station 67. Coarser growth-lines and striations more distinct ;

not guttered deeply back of the lip ; angulation more pronounced,

umbilicus enlarged in the last half of last whorl. Spire more ele-

vated than the two preceding colonies. Diameter 12} to14 mm.

In a lot of 125 (dead and broken) 34 had a lamella and the

full set of teeth, 54 had three teeth upon the lip, 6 had a basal

tooth only, and 11 were toothless.

Station 68. Same as the preceding, but smaller and smoother.

Nine were collected alive. These measured 7 mm. in alt. and

THE NAUTILUS. 33

12.6 in diameter. Two or three were toothless, the other had

3 teeth upon the lip.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERMIS n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 7.

Larger than the other forms, biconvex, indistinctly angular

above the middle in front, the periphery becoming rounded on

the last third of a whorl. There are 5} to 6 convex, closely-

coiled whorls, the last descending a little in front, guttered

behind the lip, swollen behind the gutter. Surface lightly

marked with growth-lines, without spiral strie. The aperture

has no teeth, or in some specimens shows extremely weak

traces of them. The lip is reflexed, the edge recurved, but it

is very narrow.

Height 8, diam. 17.5 mm.

Height 7.3, diam. 15 mm.

Locality. —Station 69, Dry Creek. Also Station 63, where it

is rare.

This is a smaller and especially more depressed shell than A.

mogollonensis, differing, moreover, by the noticeable peripheral

angle in front and the absence of spiral incised lines. While it

seems at first rather absurd to connect this form with A. tetrodon,

yet except by its greater size it does not differ in any important

respect from the least toothed of the variety mutator. We regard

it as a final stage in the degeneration of teeth, like Ashmunella

esuritor in the Chiricahuas.

At first glance it seems to be without teeth, but it carries a

suggestion of teeth in the slight thickening of the lip in the

outer margin and a mere pimple at the basal position. Two in

twenty-four had two ‘‘pimples’’ at the basal position, Seven

had none. One with a ‘‘pimple’’ also had the mere suggestion

of a parietal lamella. Parietal callus thin and colorless. One

or two varix-streaks in every specimen, usually at or near the

end of the penultimate whorl.

This colony and the next seem farthest removed from the

typical tetrodon. At this station also were found a few of the

full-toothed form of tetrodon, but without transitional specimens.

Station 63. Growth-lines deeper than in Station 69. Shell

more depressed, larger. Three in six had the suggestion of a

basal tooth.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Two largest—Height 8, diam. 19 mm.

Height 84, diam. 16.5 mm.

Two smallest—Height 7, diam. 16.4 mm.

Height 8, diam. 15.6 mm.

ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 1.

The shell is similar to A. tetrodon in shape, luster and color ;

but it differs in the following characters. The fine spiral lines,

when the surface is perfectly preserved, are numerous and dis-

tinct. There is never any trace of a parietal tooth. The two teeth

of the basal margin are closer together, and the inner one is

much smaller than the outer, the umbilicus is a trifle smaller.

Finally, the callous rim strengthening the lip of the young, in

resting stages, is not absorbed, but remains visible as an internal

varix, producing an opaque streak in the adult, visible extern-

ally on the base, or if the surface is dulled, it may be seen by

holding the shell up to the light.

Height 7, diam. 14.5 mm. ; 54 whorls.

Height 7, diam. 18.3 mm. ; 54 whorls.

Locality. —Cave Spring Canyon (near the south fork of White-

water Creek, Range 19 West on the parallel of 33° 20’, U. S.

G. S. Topographic Map, Mogollon Quadangle). Socorro Co.,

New Mexico.

This species is remarkable for retaining large lip-teeth while

the parietal tooth has totally disappeared, showing that these

teeth are not connected in inheritance, though from the diminu-

tion of all together in A. t. mutator a connection would be

supposed to exist. The large series taken at stations 57, 58,

59 show very little variation. As in A. tetrodon, the basal

teeth are yoked together, by a callus resembling the letter U.

About seventy of these were collected in the lower station (56)

of Cave Spring Canyon, a large number broken by the mice.

Elevation about 7,000 feet.. This canyon is about two miles

north, running parallel with the Little Whitewater. No other

large shells were found there.

Station 57. About two miles farther up the canyon on large

slides, one-half mile below Kitt’s new mine and cabin, were

Ashmunellas in unlimited numbers, in company with Oreohelix

THE NAUTILUS. 35

barbata Pils. A stiff shower during the night brought them out

upon the rocks, and with sycamore shade in plenty they re-

mained active during the following forenoon. The teeth upon

the lower margin were smaller than at Station 56, lip more

rounded, but no other difference of importance was noted.

Compared with the former station, one example measured 7.4

mm. alt., 15 diam. Smaller examples were found than in the

former colony. Two of these measured, alt. 6.2, diam. 13.5

mm.; alt. 6.4, diam. 13.4 mm.

Sections 58, 59. Above the cabin, in a branch of the canyon

north of east, and in the rocks around and above Cave Spring,

were found shells smaller in diameter but otherwise unchanged.

Three of this colony measured:

Height 6.6, diam. 13.6 mm.

Height 6.8, diam. 12.6 mm.

Height 6.8, diam. 12.4 mm.

These stations were at an altitude above 8,000 feet, the high

point of the range. The upper two miles of this canyon was

left unexplored.

( To be continued. )

NOTES

Mr. Frank C. Baker announces that he has resigned his posi-

tion as Curator and Acting Director of the Chicago Academy of

Sciences. His address for the summer will be 1555 Highland

Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.

VIVIPARUS MALLEATUS REEVE IN MassacuusErts :—In April,

1914, Mr. William J. Clench brought in two specimens of

the above species for determination, collected in Muddy River,

a small stream dividing Boston from Brookline. Shortly

afterwards a third specimen was found by Mr. Kendall Foster.

At the time I was inclined to consider it a recent introduction

from some aquarium, as the animals were dead when found and

probably killed by the cold, being unable to stand the winter.

On Novy. 2, 1914 a fourth specimen was found by Mr. P. S.

Remington. On April 1, of this year four specimens were again

36 THE NAUTILUS.

found by Mr. Foster, the largest measuring 47 mm., the small-

est 11 mm., the other specimens found showing all gradations

in size between these two. The length of time between the

finding of the first and last specimens and the presence of both

young and adult, would indicate that the species is probably

established. They may have been introduced when goldfish

were placed in the stream, which, I have been told, was done to

destroy mosquito larvae. In Tuer Nauritus, vol. 25, p. 31,

1911, Mr. Harold Hannibal records this species in California.

C. W. JoHNson.

CAMPELOMA LEWISII WALKER IN [LLino1s.—This characteristic

Campeloma extends into Illinois, as suggested by Dr. Walker.’

Specimens are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sci-

ences from Cache Creek, Pulaski County and Clear Creek, Union

County. These conform closely to the published figure (Nauti-

lus, plate v, fig. 3). As Dr. Walker remarks, they are much

thinner than subsolidum and the whorls are not as convex. Union

and Pulaski counties are in the extreme southern part of the

state and probably mark the northern limit of the range of this

species. The specimens were collected by Dr. Howard N. Lyon,

a Chicago physician, who has long been interested in the study

of the Mollusca.—F Rank C. BAKER.

A banquet was given for Mr. James H. Ferriss by his friends

in Joliet, on the occasion of his retirement from newspaper

activity as editor of the Joliet Daily News. Incidents of the

struggle for good government and social betterment of Joliet

were recounted in the toasts by business men, professional men

and clergymen of Joliet, most of whom had been associated with

the editor of the News at one time or another during the thirty-

eight years of Ferriss’s control of that newspaper. The high

ideals of the editor of the News and their influence on the civic

development of Joliet were alluded to. Mr. E. E. Hand of Chi-

cago spoke of Mr. Ferriss’s attainments as a conchologist. His

scientific tastes were further recognized by the gift of a micro-

scope, the presentation speech being made by Professor Willard

N. Clute, the well-known writer on ferns.

1 Nautilus, XXVIII, page 127.

mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIX. AUGUST, 1915. No. 4

APICAL CHARACTERS IN SOMATOGYRUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF THREE NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER

In his description of Somatogyrus walkerianus, (Naut., xviii,

p- 140), Aldrich stated that ‘‘ the nucleus is obliquely placed

and projects markedly beyond the outline of the spire on the

left side.’’ This is the only observation that has been pub-

lished with reference to any special apical characters in this

genus.

Recently, while studying several lots of Somatogyrus collected

by Messrs. Hinkley and Wheeler in Arkansas, I noticed, while

examining an uneroded specimen with an ordinary glass, that

not only was the apical whorl decidedly everted, but that it was

apparently punctate. On putting it under a compound lens

the spirally punctate sculpture was clearly developed. This

led to a careful study of all of the described species with some

very interesting results.

The irregular coiling of the apical whorl, or partial eversion,

as it were, is very common in Somatogyrus and is found, toa

greater or less extent in all of the species in which the spire is

more or less conically elevated and acute. In species having

the apical whorls flattened, of which S. strengii is a conspicuous

example, no eversion is found.

The amount of apical eversion varies not only in the different

species, but also in individuals of the same species. But when

38 THE NAUTILUS.

it does occur in any species, it is, apparently, always present

to some degree. As a specific character, therefore, the presence

or absence of eversion can be relied upon, but the amount of

eversion, when present, would seem to be an individual, rather

than a racial or specific peculiarity.

The amount of eversion is usually coincident with the height

and acuteness of the spire. In species having a comparatively

high, acute spire, the apical whorls are more closely coiled and

the apical whorl, itself, is very convex and separated from the

succeeding whorl by a deep, constrictive suture. In species

with a blunter apex the apical whorl is less convex, being well

rounded above, but less constricted below by the suture. In

all of these forms, the apex itself, when viewed laterally, is not

acutely pointed. It is more or less obliquely flattened on top

and the tip, or what would be the tip if it were everted, is

below the level of the surrounding whorl and often is, as it

were, immersed in the axis.

In species with flat or planorboid apices, there is no eversion

of the apical whorl, which is not constricted by the suture, but

is flatly rounded above and separated from the succeeding whorl

by a well defined, but vertical suture.

In nearly all of the species that have been examined, there is

a well defined apical sculpture. In Somatogyrus, apparently,

the embryonic shell has only a single whor! and the apical sculp-

ture, when present, is confined to that whorl. It is wholly

epidermal in character. The epidermis being very thin and

delicate, it is extremely subject to erosion and frequently has

entirely disappeared in specimens, which, so far as the shape

of the whor!] is concerned, are substantially uneroded. For this

reason, in several of the described species none of the specimens

on hand were sufficiently perfect to afford any information as

to their apical sculpture and in others the apices of all of the

specimens were entirely eroded.

The apical sculpture, when present, is exceedingly fine and

delicate and, even in perfect specimens, usually requires a lens

of 100 diameters to develop it fully. It is, apparently, quite

constant in its character in each species and, when different in

detail, would seem to be a good specific character.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

The apical sculpture begins with the earliest formation of the

shell covering and, so far as I have observed, does not extend

beyond the embryonic portion. Usually, at first, it consists of

irregular wrinkles, which are, often, quite regularly transverse

in position. After about the first half of the apical whorl, these

develop into small punctations and become regularly spiral in

arrangement. In some species these spiral lines of punctations

extend back to the very tip of the shell. In the next stage of

development, these rows of spiral pits become fused into a con-

tinuous, more or less, perfect groove and the divisions between

them become fine, spiral lire. The tendency to become lirate

is stronger on the lower part of the apical whorl and, perhaps,

the most usual form of sculpture is punctate-lirate above and

lirate below. But not unfrequently the lirate sculpture covers

the whole of the last half of the whorl.

With the exception of the species with a planorbiform apex,

I have not been able, as yet, to discover any sufficient differences

in the apical characters that would serve to differentiate the

characteristic species of the Alabama drainage, having a flat-

tened, very heavily calloused columella, from those of the Ohio

system with a relatively thin, rounded columellar lip.

In the following species I have not been able to ascertain the

apical characters on account of the eroded condition of all of the

specimens on hand: S. aldrichi, biangulatus, constrictus, crassus,

pumilus, pygmeus, tennesseensis and wmbilicatus.

The following notes give briefly the results of my examina-

tion of the rest of the described species:

S. amnicoloides Walker. Apex blunt, flatly rounded. Apical

whorl scarcely at all everted, not constricted by the suture,

which is well impressed, but vertical. Sculpture practically

obsolete under 100 diameters.

S. aureus Tryon. Apex prominent. Apical whorl everted,

sometimes very much so, convex, constricted by a deep suture,

which varies as the whorl is more or less everted. Sculptured,

at first, with strong, irregular wrinkles, then regularly, spirally

punctate, becoming obsoletely lirate on the second half of the

whorl. The tendency to liration is stronger on the lower part of

the whorl towards the suture.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

S. coosaensis Walker. Quite different from any other species.

Apex not prominent nor much elevated. Apical whorl flatly

rounded, very rapidly enlarging, scarcely everted, not constricted

by the suture, which is deep, but vertical. Apical tip not

turned down, but up. Sculpture, wrinkled and punctate above,

lirate below.

S. crassilabris Walker. Apex subelevated. Apical whorl

rounded, constricted by a rather deep suture, everted and ob-

liquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly and regularly

spirally punctate above from the tip, lirate below.

S. currierianus Lea. Apex rather prominent. Apical whor!

rather low, nearly flat above, convexly rounded, but not con-

stricted by the suture and not everted. Sculpture, spirally

punctate-lirate above, lirate below.

S. decipiens Walker. Apical whorl very slightly everted,

obliquely flattened above, low, not constricted by the suture.

Sculpture, wrinkled at first, then spirally punctate above, lirate

below.

S. depressus Tryon. Apex rather blunt, but higher and more

rounded than in integer. Apical whor] slightly everted, obliquely

flattened above, but not constricted by the suture. Sculpture,

punctate or malleated, more decidedly than in integer ; no trace of

lire.

S. excavatus Walker. Only a single specimen sufficiently

perfect to show any trace of the sculpture. In this, the erosion

is not sufficient to destroy the shape of the apical whorl, but

the sculpture is very indistinct. Apparently, it is irregularly,

transversely wrinkled, but no distinct punctations are visible.

The apical whorl is flatly rounded above, but not constricted

by the suture. The apical tip is not immersed, but projects

above the surrounding whorl.

S. georgianus Walker. Apical whor] prominent, elevated, not

much constricted by the suture, much everted and obliquely

flattened above. The second whorl is shouldered. Sculpture

spirally punctate.

S. hendersoni Walker. No specimens with perfect apices.

Apical whorl much elevated, though variable in this particular,

more or less everted, usually much so, and constricted by the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

suture. Sculpture, evidently irregularly punctate, no signs of

lire.

S. hinkleyi Walker. Apical whorls more or less elevated,

bluntly rounded. Apical whorl flatly rounded, not constricted

by the suture, apex immersed. Sculpture, very finely and

irregularly punctate above and more or less lirate below.

S. humerosus Walker. Apical whorl much elevated, everted,

rounded and constricted by the suture. Sculpture, punctate

above and lirate below.

S. integer Say. Apical whorl not everted, flatter than in

subglobosus. Sculpture, scarcely more than wrinkled, no lire.

S. mezicanus Pilsbry. Apical whorls elevated, rather pyra-

midal, more so than in any other species, closely coiled, rather

acutely pointed. Apical whorl only slightly everted, not con-

stricted by the suture. Sculpture, closely, finely and irregu-

larly punctate, no lire.

(To be continued. )

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914—ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

(Concluded from page 35).

ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR n. subsp. PI. 2, fig. 2.

Smaller than A. danielsi, composed of 5 whorls, and like that

in having no trace of a parietal tooth. The long tooth in the

outer lip is strongly developed. The two basal teeth are nearer

together, and more or less completely wnited or sometimes fused into

one. The umbilicus enlarges very little at the last whorl.

Height 5.8, diam. 11.2 mm.

Smallest adult, diam. 9.8, largest 11.25 mm.

Locality.—Station 55 (1914), Little Whitewater Canyon,

Mogollon Mountains.

One of the smallest Ashmunellas. It runs parallel to A.

duplicidens of the Chiricahua range in structure of the basal

teeth.

One hundred examples were collected. No other shells were

found at this station except a few of the smaller families.

49 THE NAUTILUS.

The locality is at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, six miles

east of Glenwood, Socorro Co., N. M. The canyon was ex-

plored only to Kitt’s mining cabin.

ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA Ferriss. Pl. 2, figs. 3.

Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss, Nautilus Vol. 27, p. 109 (1914).

Distinguished from other species of this region by its acutely

angular periphery and granulose surface.

Ashmunella pilsbryana has not been taken in the Mogollon

range, but in the region westward. It has been found only in

a small territory along the San Francisco river, and in company

with no other large shell except Sonorella. A mile or so back

in the hills from the Harper ranch, and four miles above Clif-

ton, Arizona, a few dead shells were found in the rock slides.

The removal of timber had apparently killed the snails. Only

a couple of living Sonorellas were found here in half a day, but

no living Ashmunellas.

Two miles above the mouth of the Blue river colonies of A.

pilsbryana and asmall Sonorella were found in a thrifty condi-

tion, and a couple of smaller colonies were located in between

this station and the Harper ranch. All of these are within

some twenty miles of river front. These colonies were in shaded

talus that ran down to the flood plain. A. pilsbryana will

probably be found farther up the San Francisco river, but none

were found in the vicinity of Alma, New Mexico. The rock in

that stretch of river may have held mineral qualities distasteful

to all snails.

ASHMUNELLA MOGOLLONENSIS Pils.

This fine species is rather widely spread in the Mogollons.

It was found in 24 colonies in Silver Creek canyon, in the village

along the Bursam road (a trail running east from Mogollon

across the crest of the range) to Willow Creek, and again in Big

Dry Creek Canyon. The latter were large and bright-colored,

distinctly striated with incised spiral lines on all but the em-

bryo whorls. One measures 10.8 mm. alt. by 22 mm. diameter.

Shells from the colonies upon Silver and Willow Creeks varied

much in size, though some colonies had large and small. The

THE NAUTILUS. 43

smallest on these streams was 7.6 mm. alt. by 15 diameter ;

the largest was 20 mm. in diameter. One colony had fine

albinos.

MIGRATION OF ILYANASSA OBSOLETA, LITORINA LITOREA

AND LITORINA RUDIS.

BY C. H. BATCHELDER.

The migration of a species is an important event in the his-

tory of a brackish water stream. It marks at once, the depar-

ture of somebody’s food and the passing of somebody else’s enemy;

it means that the biological relations of the remaining species will

be upset and that readjustment must take place. With the

passing of an enemy, a species that has lived in seclusion pros-

pers, multiplies and assumes other abodes previously inacessible.

In new situations new foods become available,—and so things

change. The snails of a brackish-water stream are as subject

to annual migrations as the other inhabitants and some of them

are extremely interesting to observe. Migrations of Nassa obso-

leta, L. litorea and L. rudis were observed on Oyster river,

Durham, N. H. in 1914-15 and the following is an account of

the movements.

The most notable molluscan migrations that I have observed

are the annual movements of Jlyanassa obsoleta. During late

spring, summer and early fall it inhabits the mud flats exposed

at low-tide. This environment becomes impossible, however,

during the colder months when ground-ice may form and this

forces the snail to migrate to the deeper waters for the winter.

Migration of Ilyanassa downstream was first observed on the

18th of October in 1914 and it had probably proceeded then

during five or six days. Migration continued during the next

two weeks but the greater number of healthier individuals

moved down-stream in the week ending October 25. The rate

of their movement appeared to depend somewhat on the tem-

perature but no measurements were taken in support of this.

The healthy individuals moved out into the deep water of the

channel to depths varying from ten to fifteen feet at low tide.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

This meant a journey of from five to fifty yards and some of

them may have gone farther. After deep water is reached the

operculum is not drawn entirely over the foot but just suffici-

ently so to permit the gray, wrinkled flesh to protrude all around

the operculum and just level with the aperture of the shell.

This is the condition of hibernation for the winter. This was

evidenced by examination of all stationsin February 1915 when

the dormant condition was found to be characteristic even for

the older and weaker individuals who had completely lost

their opercula. Some of the feebler individuals were unable to

reach the deeper water and stopped where the water always

runs in a swift current. Here, they bedded in pockets to the

number of several hundreds. A few were discovered in the

mud-flat channel where there is an inch of water at the lowest

tides but these always present the appearance of extreme old

age.

Migration of Ilyanassa upstream began on either April 6th or 7th

and continued during the following two weeks, the more vigor-

ous of the migrants proceeding upstream in the interval between

April 8 and 15. Showers fell during the 5th and 6th which

warmed the water and reduced its density. Crawling steadily

they reached their summer habitat in four days. At this time

their distribution on low-tide flats was very characteristic. A

dozen snails picked up at random would include smaller, older

and more eroded individuals than would be the case if the lot had

come from the channel. Evidently, these snails were the last

to migrate in the fall. They were followed by a larger lot with

spires worn very little, opercula unbroken and with a more

brilliant cuticle. These spread out over the flats and inter-

mingled with the cripples already in possession. This differ-

ence in the general average was quite perceptible in the first

stages of the migration but was soon obliterated. An economic

distribution of the species is probably never accomplished and

adjustment is probably not attained before the summer. Even

in summer Ilyanassa roves about a great deal on the mud flats

and they may always be found in the channels in small num-

bers.

The migrating Ilyanassa are very interesting to watch. At

THE NAUTILUS. 45

times the channel bottom is purple with the migrating snails.

Each one will be seen to be poking his siphon out an inch

ahead of him testing the water to the right and to the left and

always moving along with a characteristic persistency. He only

stops where the current has swept everything else away and

then only until the tide favors him again. I have seen, him

crawling along where the crabs were hanging on to the sea weeds

for dear life, and even while stopped for a while one sees him

still testing the water ahead of him. He eats his lunch on the

march, troubles himself not at all about his shelter for the night

but ploughs his way along even though the water in his path

be fresh, opaque with sediment or a briny salt pool. It matters

nothing to him : over the obstacles in his path he crawls, reaches

the channel bank and then seeks out a new environment in the

water below or if it be in spring on the mud flats above.

One more interesting habit of [lyanassa and we shall be done

with him. He is not always submarine in his habits. While

traveling over the surface he must have water running over him.

He stops wherever the tide uncovers him. When the tide

comes in again it may find him perched on arock. This ap-

proach of the water may loosen his hold and he may tip back-

ward curling in his foot as he tumbles. Many times he simply

rolls over and is submerged ; but as often the current catches

him and bears him along upside down with his inturned foot

preserving the buoyancy of the mass. I have seen dozens float-

ing along in just this manner, but whether it is an accident or

purposeful activity, I have been unable to find out. Sometimes

he steals a ride on the back of his neighbor, or on a floating

weed or stick and quite often on the shell of L. litorea.

Litorina litorea migrates with Ilyanassa but is far less active.

They move very slowly, rest frequently and often explore the

rocks and ledges that line the channel. They follow Ilyanassa

down stream in the fall part way, winter with them in the

shallower, ice-free basins and return with them in the spring.

During the winter Z. litorea may be found clinging fast to the

rocks in the channel bed or may go no farther than the lowest

of the shore bowlders where they hibernate with ZL. rudis under

the Fucus hovers. They migrate at most 25 or 30 feet.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Litorina rudis and L. pulliata are two other inhabitants of the

brackish waters which must migrate annually to escape the

ground ice of winter. These forms inhabit the Fucus fronds

and rocks along the shore between tides. They do not leave

these situations until driven out by the cold. Hence, they do

not leave their stations until the middle of November and then

move very slowly down over the Fucus and rocks to some point

below the level of ice formation. In February they are most

frequently discovered beneath the lowest living fronds of Fucus

which hang down over the lowest line of exposed bowlders

forming a hover for the snails. They may also be found packed

into the crevices between the rocks and under the over-hanging

ledges. The larger snails apparently lead an active life during

the severest winter weather, for I have found them still feeding

at 12° C. I have also discovered them in active copulation in

every month of the winter. The younger individuals are less

fortunate in their migration. Apparently they become ex-

hausted and crawl beneath the stones of the upper tide limits

where they hibernate during the winter months. They are the

first of the snails to appear, however, coming forth this year

during the week of March Ist. Active migration of the larger

snail did not begin until the fourteenth of the month and the

upper limits were reached on the twenty-first of March. The

migration continued for some time later though less perceptibly

and less actively.

I have not observed any one cause for the migration of these

snails except temperature. The Ilyanassa offers a perplexing

problem indeed. If it isn’t absolutely necessary, why do they

go into very deep water? They leave the flats and return when

the water at low tide is at or near 18.5° C. _L. litorea apparently

wanders about until by pure accident he stumbles onto a place

favorable for hibernation. L. rudis and palliata migrated most

actively when the temperature of the water at high tide was

11.5° ©. Density changes in the water were so slight that they

cannot be held responsible for the migrations. A shortage of

food material may be important ; but the causes, whatever they

are, seem complex enough for a special study of the subject.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

MOLLUSKS FROM BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Some. time ago a day was spent in the virgin woods known

as the Warren Woods, situated near Three Oaks. The wood-

land borders the Galien River and is in the southwestern part

of Berrien County, only a few miles from Lake Michigan. The

forest is untouched by man and is a veritable paradise for the

botanist and nature-lover. It is probable that systematic search

would greatly increase the number of species listed, which were

gathered while engaged in genera] nature work. The Sphaerii-

dae were identified by Dr. V. Sterki.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. Galien River.

Spherium occidentale amphibium St. Galien River.

Symphynota costata (Raf.). Galien River.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say). Galien River.

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea). Galien River.

Physa gyrina Say. Small stream flowing into Galien River,

Physa walkeri Crandall. Small stream flowing into Galien

River.

Galba parva (Lea). Small stream flowing into Galien River,

Galba humilis modicella (Say). Small stream flowing into

Galien River.

Succinea ovalis Say. Warren Woods.

Succinea avyara Say. Warren Woods.

Succinea retusa Lea. Warren Woods.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Warren Woods.

Pyramidula perspectiva (Say). Warren Woods.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Warren Woods.

Agriolimax campestris (Say). Warren Woods.

Zonitoides nitida (Muller). Warren Woods.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Warren Woods.

Circinaria concava (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra aibolabris (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra palliata (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra fraudulenta (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Warren Woods.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF OREOHELIX COOPERI.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. 8. S. Berry has recently sent me specimens of a pygmy

race of 0. cooperi, which he found on July 4th, in the snowy

mountains, Fergus Co., Montana, at an elevation of somewhat

over 5000 feet. ‘‘The dead shells’’ he writes, ‘‘ were abundant

among loose rocks on the mountain slope forming the east wall

of Swimming Woman Creek canyon, about half a mile above

the mouth, and I found no spot free of them in the area

searched, either at the foot of the slope or higher up. The living

ones were harder to find because not only less abundant, but

distinctly harder to see. Over the entire slope, all the shells

were remarkably uniform in size, those sent you being an average

lot. I noted that the young lenticular shells are ornamented

more or less conspicuously with epidermal projections and

fringes, some being quite hirsute.’’

OREOHELIX COOPERI BERRYI, n. subsp.

The shell has the shape characteristic of O. cooperi except that

the last whorl is distinctly angular in front, the angle disap-

pearing on the last half or third, leaving the periphery rounded.

Color cinnamon to snuff brown, from the third whorl on pro-

fusely marked with white patches and narrow streaks; last

whorl having a chocolate band below the periphery (frequently

also a narrower or paler band in the middle of the upper sur-

face, and several dilute brownish bands on the base, interrupt-

ing the white markings). The surface is irregularly striate and

shows traces of spiral striation in places. Whorls 44, all con-

vex : embryonic shell of nearly two whorls, which are finely

striate and covered with very fine spirals, the last half of the

second whorl having more distinct spiral strie. Umbilicus

narrow, contained 5} times in the diameter of shell.

Alt. 6.3, diam. 9.4 mm. (type, No. 112489 A. N.S. P.).

Alt. 6.1, diam. 9.8 mm. (paratype, coll. S. S. Berry).

In some examples the strie are distinctly granose in spiral

series on the base. This shell is much smaller and less de-

pressed than O. coopert minor Ckll. O. alpina Elrod is more

depressed with a wider umbilicus.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIX. SEPTEMBER, 1915. No. 5

APICAL CHARACTERS IN SOMATOGYRUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF THREE NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER

(Continued from page 41)

S. nanus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, blunt, flatly

rounded, only slightly everted, not constricted by the suture,

very rapidly enlarging, a peculiarity apparently confined to a few

species. Sculpture punctate above and lirate below.

S. obtusus Walker. Apical whorl obtuse, flatly rounded, not

everted, not constricted by the suture, which is well impressed,

but vertical. Sculpture, very delicately wrinkled, in some

scarcely visible under 100 diameters, practically smooth, no

liree.

S. parvulus Tryon. Apical whorl prominent, decidedly ever-

ted and obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly punctate-

lirate, the liree extending well up on the whorl.

S. pennsylvanicus Walker. Apical whorl rather small, elevated,

very much everted and obliquely flattened above, well rounded

and constricted by the suture. Apex immersed. Sculpture,

strongly spirally punctate on the first half of the apical whorl,

running into punctate lire on the second half, lirate below.

S. pilsbryanus Walker. Quite variable in the elevation of the

apical whorl, which may be prominent, everted, and obliquely

flattened above, rounded and constricted by the suture below or

blunt, scarcely everted and less constricted by the suture.

Sculpture, spirally punctate above, obsoletely lirate below.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

S. quadratus Walker. Only a single example shows any trace

of the sculpture, which though eroded above, is distinctly lirate

below. Apical whorl not everted, rounded and shouldered

above, not constricted by the suture.

S. sargenti Pilsbry. Variable as to the elevation of the apical

whorl, (which is usually rather blunt) ; some amount of ever-

sion and constriction by the suture. Sculpture, distinctly

spirally punctate above, lirate below.

S. strengii P. and W. This species is remarkable free from

erosion, probably on account of the depressed apical whorls,

which are planorboid, flattened above, with a well impressed

vertical suture. Apical whorl flatly rounded, not everted,

quite rapidly increasing. Apex somewhat immersed. Sculp-

ture very minutely wrinkled and spirally punctate, hardly dis-

cernible with 100 diameters, no lire.

S. subglobosus Say. Apical whorl prominent, rather small,

slightly everted, rounded, but not greatly constricted by the

suture, obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, at first wrinkled

or malleated, then more or less punctate on the upper surface,

which rapidly becomes punctate-lirate, lirate below.

S. substriatus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, elevated,

somewhat everted and obliquely flattened above, rounded, but

not greatly constricted by the suture below. Sculpture, more

or less irregularly wrinkled and malleated on the first half of

the whorl, but becoming obsolete on the second half, no lire.

S. trothis Doherty. Apical whorl bluntly elevated, everted

and obliquely flattened above, not greatly constricted by the

well impressed suture, rapidly enlarging. Apex not depressed

below the surrounding whorl. Sculpture, quite well wrinkled

at. first, then spirally punctate above and obsoletely lirate below.

S. virginicus Walker. Quite similar to pennsylvanicus, to

which it is allied, but the apical whorl is rather higher, rounded

and more constricted by the suture, being more closely coiled.

Sculpture, substantially the same in both.

S. walkerianus Aldrich. Apical whorl much elevated, more

so than in any other species, except wheeleri, closely coiled,

very convex and greatly constricted by the suture, everted and

obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly wrinkled at the

tip, then spirally punctate-lirate.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

S. wheeleri Walker. Apical whorl small, very much elevated,

more so than in any other species, closely coiled, very convex,

greatly constricted by the suture, much everted and obliquely

flattened above. Sculpture, very strongly spirally punctate on

the first half of the whorl, becoming punctate-lirate above on

the second half, lirate below.

The examination of the material from Arkansas collected by

Messrs. Hinkley and Wheeler furnished the following forms,

which seem to be new.

SoMATOGYRUS WHEELERI, n. sp. Figs. 1 and 2.

Shell turbinate, umbilicate, rather thick and solid, greenish-

horn color, smooth, with fine, regular, distinct lines of growth.

Spire prominent, elevated, subturreted and rapidly acuminating

to the apex. Apical whorl small, much elevated, closely coiled,

Fic. 1.—SoMATOGYRUS WHEELERI. Fie. 2.—APEX OF SAME.

very convex and much constricted by the suture, much everted

and obliquely flattened above, tip immersed: the first half of

the whorl is very strongly spirally punctate, becoming punctate-

lirate on the second half and lirate below. The second whorl

is less convex and the suture below it is less impressed ; as it

passes into the third whorl it tends to become more or less

shouldered. The third whorl is roundly shouldered above and

distinctly flattened below the shoulder. The body-whorl is

large, strongly shouldered, obliquely flattened above the shoul-

der with a distinct groove between it and the suture, distinctly

flattened peripherally and rather rapidly rounding into the um-

bilicus. Aperture large, outer lip obliquely flattened and some-

what concave above the angle formed by the shoulder, from

which it curves regularly to the columella. Columella narrow

and oblique, adnate for only a short distance on the parietal

52 THE NAUTILUS.

wall, the entire aperture is quite heavily calloused within

Umbilicus quite large.

Alt. (apex eroded) 4, diam. 4 mm.

Types (83900 Coll. Walker), from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Ark. Cotypes in the collection of Rev. H. E.

Wheeler.

This species, named after its discoverer, while related to the

shouldered species of Somatogyrus from Alabama, is quite dis-

tinct by reason of its larger umbilicus, flatly shouldered body

whorl and elevated apical whorls.

SOMATOGYRUS AMNICOLOIDES n. sp. Fig. 3.

Shell small, subglobose, narrowly umbilicate, rather thin,

pale horn-color, smooth, with very fine, regular lines of growth.

Spire obtusely elevated, flatly rounded. Apical whorl scarcely

at all everted, only slightly elevated above the second whorl,

not constricted by the suture, which is well impressed, but

vertical, sculpture practically obsolete. The second whorl is

convexly rounded, but not high. The third whorl is propor-

tionately higher, rounded above and less so below. Body-

whorl globosely rounded. Aperture angled above, wider and

| IS.

Fig. 3. SoMATOGYRUS AMNICOLOIDES. Fig. 4. SoMATOGYRUS CRASSILABRIS.

obliquely rounded below. Lip sharp, but callously thickened

within, meeting the columella in a projecting, broadly rounded

angle. Columella nearly straight, scarcely at all thickened,

inner lip adnate to the body-whorl on the parietal wall. Um-

bilicus rather narrow, but conspicuous.

Alt. 3:5, diam. 2.75 mm.

Types (No. 40012 Coll. Walker), from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Ark., collected by the Rev. H. E. Wheeler. Co-

types in his collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

This small species is about the size and shape of an Amnicola

as suggested by the specific name. But, although the colu-

mella is scarcely at all calloused, the distinct thickening of the

outer lip and the projecting angle at the junction of the outer

lip and the columella forbid its reference to that genus. It is

entirely unlike any of the other species known from Arkansas

and quite different from any of the eastern forms.

SoMATOGYRUS CRASSILABRIS n. sp. Fig. 4.

Shell subglobose, scarcely perforate, very thick and solid,

greenish horn-color, smooth with very fine lines of growth.

Spire short, subacute and small in comparison with the body-

whorl. Whorls 4. Apical whorl small, rounded, constricted

by a rather deep suture, everted, obliquely flattened above,

strongly and regularly spirally punctate above from the tip,

lirate below. The second and third whorls rather rapidly in-

crease in size, are rounded above, but less below, the suture

being well impressed. Body-whorl large, obtusely shouldered,

obliquely flattened above the shoulder, distinctly flattened be-

tween the shoulder and the periphery, below which it is rounded.

Aperture rather large, narrower, but scarcely angled above, and

obliquely rounded below. The outer lip is scarcely modified

by the shoulder, very thick and heavy, rounded and distinctly

everted below. Columella very thick and heavy, rounded.

Inner lip adnate to the parietal wall and heavily calloused.

The whole aperture is surrounded by an excessively thick de-

posit of callus. Umbilicus small, scarcely perforate, with a

distinct groove below.

Alt. 4.33, diam. 4 mm.

Types (No. 38823 Coll. Walker), from rocks on muddy bank

of the North Fork, Norfolk, Ark., collected by A. A. Hinkley.

Cotypes in his collection.

This species, though evidently related to wheeleri by reason of

its shouldered body-whorl, differs decidedly in the characters of

the apical whorls, the less pronounced shouldering of the body-

whorl, the smaller umbilicus and, especially, in the remarkable

thickening of the aperture. In this particular it is quite distinct

from any of the other described species.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF FUSINUS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

The genus Fusinus, better known by its preoccupied name of

Fusus Lamarck, is fairly well represented by species on the

Pacific coast.

The largest, most conspicuous, and best known of these is /.

dupetitthouarsi _Kiener, 1840, originally described from a Gala-

pagos Island specimen and which has since been collected at a

point as far north of Panama on the mainland as Cerros Island

in latitude 28°. It undergoes no great variation in this wide

area of distribution.

F. kobeltt Dall, 1877, has been collected from the vicinity of

Monterey and south to Catalina Island.

F. sulcatus Lamarck, 1822, is found at Panama, and appears

to be distinct from F. fontaine: Orbigny, 1841, which is a native

of Peru and Chile, and of which F. alternatus Philippi, 1847, is

a synonym.

F. colpoicus new species, is found off Guaymas, Gulf of Cali-

fornia, and resembles F. barbarensis Trask, when the latter is

about 60 mm. long, but differs by having 13 instead of 11 axial

ribs, which are narrower and with wider interspaces while the

revolving threads are sharper and more conspicuously alternated.

At a length of 66 mm. it has eight whorls without counting the

eroded nucleus; three of the spirals near the periphery are

more conspicuous than the rest ; at the end of the penultimate

whorl there are 6 major and 6 minor spirals which pass over

the ribs without becoming nodulous. The aperture and canal

together measure 86 mm. in the length, and the canal is con-

spicuously tortuous. The maximum diameter of the shell is

18 mm. (U.S. N. Mus. No. 111,111).

The peculiar F. (Roperia) roperia Dall, 1898, is still only

known by the type specimen from San Pedro ; F. cancellarioides

Reeve, 1848, only from the Chilean coast. An unidentified

worn shell sent from La Paz by Kantus, seems distinct from the

others but is not fit to serve as a basis for a name.

There is a group of species found in the central Californian

region which were described by Trask in 1855. F. traski Dall,

THE NAUTILUS. 55

(new name for F. rugosus Trask, not of Lamarck, 1804) is recog-

nized by its abruptly shouldered whorls, and ranges from San

Pedro to San Diego.

F, monkse Dall (new name for F. robustus Trask, 1855, not of

Beyrich, 1853) is very similar to the next species, but generally

heavier and with a shorter canal. It ranges from Banks Island,

British Columbia to Pequena Bay on the west side of Lower

California,

F. barbarensis Trask, ranges from the Oregon coast to San

Diego. For a long time it was known only by adolescent speci-

mens, but I have received a pair 135 mm. long by 88 in diam-

eter, dredged off Newport, by Doctor Tremper.

F. ambustus Gould, 1851, ranges from the Gulf of California

to Topolobampo, Mexico. The burnt-sienna blotches on the

axial ribs from which the species derived its name, though

conspicuous on fresh specimens, gradually fade out after some

years in the cabinet.

F. harfordi Stearns, from Mendocino County, California, may

belong with Chrysodomus but the sculpture recalls that of Fusinus.

F. panamensis Dall, 1908, is still only known by the original

specimens from Panama Bay. There is a small mottled species

belonging to the same group (Aptyzis?) as F. pulchellus Philippi,

Mediterranean, which ranges from the Gulf of California to

Panama. It has been labeled by some error F. cinereus Reeve,

(which is Say’s Urosalpinx) in the collection. It agrees very

well with the figure of Reeve’s F. taylorianus in the Iconica, and

until further data are received about Reeve’s type which was of

unknown habitat, may best retain that name. A specimen has

been received as from San Pedro, but I doubt the accuracy of

this attribution.

F. luteopictus Dall, 1877, ranges from Monterey to the Gulf

of California. The yellow color of the ribs fades in time, leav-

ing the prominences nearly or quite white.

A little brownish species has been received from San Pedro

Bay from several collectors, which seems to be undescribed. It

has five whorls without the nucleus, four or five strong spiral

threads between the sutures on the spire and 18-15 on the last

whorl, with a few minute and irregular intercalary threads ; the

56 THE NAUTILUS.

interspaces are crossed by minute axial lamellae and the last

whorl has eight rather ill-defined wide axial ribs, most distinct

near the periphery. The shell is about 11 mm. long by 5.5

mm. wide, and 5 mm. of the length is included in the spire.

It may take the name of F. diminutus.

F. porticus n. sp. This is a small purple-brown form which

may perhaps prove not to be a Fusinus, yet seems difficult to

refer elsewhere, so J adopt the term provisionally. It has three

conic, wine-colored, polished, nuclear whorls followed by a

little more than four sculptured whorls, having the general pro-

file of a slender Alectrion ; it has on the last whorl ten axial ribs

with wider interspaces; the spiral sculpture consists of fine

rather sharp threads, two of which near the periphery are

slightly larger, and prominent where they cross the axial ribs,

with a single fine thread in the space between them ; on each

side of this pair between the sutures are three or four finer

threads; the spire is longer than the aperture; the outer lip

sharp, plain within, no callus on the inner lip, the canal short,

twisted and slightly recurved. Height of shell 11.0; of spire

7.0; maximum diameter 5.0mm. It is an inhabitant of Pan-

ama. (U.S. N. M. No. 76275).

F. centrifugus n. sp. Shell with three smooth conoid nuclear

whorls, followed by six and a half strongly sculptured whorls ;

suture appressed ; axial sculpture of numerous sharp thin ele-

vated lamellae, raised into a retractively looped frill in front of

the suture and similarly but less prominently looped between

its intersections with the spiral threads: on the last whorl are

eight prominent rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, which

extend from the suture to the base; between the sutural frill

and the shoulder of the whorl are three inconspicuous spiral

threads ; on the shoulder one very prominent cord flattened and

produced at the summit of each axial rib into a spade-shaped,

not pointed, horizontal spine ; between this cord and another

less prominent cord in front, are one to three small spiral

threads ; a third still less prominent cord forms the margin of

the base in front of which are about a dozen spiral threads which

are more prominent on the cana]. The color of the shell is

brownish, more livid inside the aperture ; the canal produced

THE NAUTILUS. 57

and straight, the outer lip sharp but probably immature. Height

of shell 22; of spire 12; maximum diameter 10mm. It was

collected at the Galapagos Island in 33 fathoms, sandy bottom.

Though evidently not full grown, the sculpture of this shell

would identify it at any age. (U.S. N. M, 96370).

F. (?) oreutti n. sp. Nuclear whorls lost, the remaining five

whorls solid, with appressed suture; axial sculpture of rude

lines of growth and (on the last whorl eight ) obscure low ribs ;

spiral sculpture of broad, somewhat irregular, straplike spirals

and much smaller spiral threads ; of the former there is one at

the suture followed by three or four threads ; two at the shoulder

closely adjacent, followed by two threads ; and four or five in

front of the periphery alternated by single threads ; the color of

the shell is light yellow brown with axial rows of dark brown

spots on the ribs, the aperture white: the outer lip is sharp,

with three or four obscure nodules within the aperture: a thin

white callus on the inner lip, the canal short and slightly re-

eurved. Height of shell 17; of spire (without the nucleus)

10 ; maximum diameter 8 mm.

It was collected at Mazatlan by C. R. Orcutt and resembles a

Latirus except that the pillar is without plaits. (U.S. N. Mus.

No. 252697).

LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS CONRAD, REDIVIVUS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Lasmigona subviridis, Conrad. Probably few conchologists

are aware of the validity of this name, since it occurs in no

synoptical list of Unionide known to the writer.

Rafinesque published a species, Unio viridis, in his Mono-

graph of 1820, a work virtually introduced to American con-

chologists by Mr. Poulson’s translation in 1831.

In the autumn of 1835, Mr. Hyde gave specimens of a Unio

from the Juniata River to both Dr. Lea, and Mr. Conrad. The

latter published the shell, with an excellent figure, on plate 9,

of his new fresh-water shell, under the name of Unio viridis?

Mr. Conrad stated that he was uncertain whether this identifi-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

cation was correct, since Rafinesque’s shell came from the Ohio

drainage, and these Hyde shells from the Atlantic drainage. In

case these latter should prove distinct Conrad proposed the

name— Unio subviridis. In the following year Dr. Lea published

the same shell under the name of tappanianus, but in the mean-

time Conrad had published the shell a second time (Monography

of Unionide, 1836) as viridis (Rafinesque). Dr. Lea up to his

death, claimed the shell, on the ground that it was not viridis

Rafinesque, and that Conrad’s name viridis was a synonym.

Conrad, on his part, persisted that his identification was cor-

rect, because a single valve of this shell in Mr. Poulson’s collec-

tion had been labeled viridis by Rafinesque. The confusion

thus wrought, is now eighty years old.

Rafinesque, in 1820, described very clearly a shell from the

Ohio drainage, under the name of viridis, which Dr. Lea (as he

freguently did) redescribed several years later, under the name

of compressa. In 1831, Rafinesque labeled for Mr. Poulson, a

single valve of a shell under the name viridis which valve Conrad

stated was identical with the Hyde shells. It is worthy of note,

that if this valve was not correctly named by Rafinesque, it was

an exceedingly close guess, as the two species are so close that they

are often confounded yet. That Dr. Lea was so positive that

this label was incorrect, proves conclusively that Lea was fully

aware that the true viridis of Rafinesque was the compressa, (or

pressus) of Lea. Of course, Lea was too ‘‘cute’’ to call atten-

tion to this fact, since he would then lose this name also, nor

did he have generosity enough to give the Hyde shells to Conrad

under the name subviridis, of which he was fully cognizant.

Subviridis Conrad was elegantly figured on plate 9, in an ap-

pendix to ‘‘ New Fresh Water Shells.’? The appendix is dated

1835, and was only bound in a few copies of the book, and this

accounts for the total omission of the name, or plate, by Mr. C.

T. Simpson, and other authors. The correct synonymy of these

two species therefore (omitting some unimportant names) is as

follows—

LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS (Conrad).

Unio viridis ? Conrad, 1835, New Fresh Water Shells, appen-

dix, plate 9, Fig. 1, or subviridis Conrad, if new.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Unio viridis Conrad (as of Rafinesque), Monography, 1836 :

Synopsis 1853.

Unio tappanianus Lea, 1836.

Symphynota viridis Simson, 1900, (as of Conrad !); also in

Catalog, 1914.

LASMIGONA VIRIDIS (Rafinesque).

Unio viridis Rafinesque, Monograph, 1820.

Symphynota compressa, Lea, 1829.

Complanaria alasmodontina, Stimpson, 1851.

Margaron pressus Lea, 1852.

Symphynota compressa Lea, Simpson, 1900 and 1914.

Because of the Symphynota of Lea being an exact synonym

for Rafinesque’s genus Proptera, and the earlier use (in Unio) of

the name compressus, neither the name compressa nor pressus, can

be used, and if Rafinesque’s name be disallowed by the weak-

kneed, Stimpson’s name takes precedence,

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE NatapEs oF Missourr. By William I. Utterback, pub-

lished in the American Midland Naturalist, Notre Dame, Ind.

Vol. iv, 1915. In the May number the first part of this paper

appeared. It consisted of 13 pages, containing an introduction

with a general key to the families and genera. The July num-

ber contains part ii, comprising 56 pages covering the Margari-

tanidae, genus Cumberlandia and the Unionidae, genera Fus-

conaia, Amblema, Megalonaias N. gen. Type, Unio heros Say,

Quadrula and Rotundaria. With the July number was a supple-

ment containing 28 plates illustrating the species, collecting

grounds etc. The paper is to be continued. WS.

THE PHILIPPINE LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS CHISTOLOMA.

By Paul Bartsch, (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, pages 195-

204, pl. 15.) A new subgenus Hololoma, type Megalomastoma

quadrasi Hidalgo, and seven new sub-species are described.

THE RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS RISSOINA

FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. By Paul Bartsch, (Proc.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, pages 33-62, with plates 28-33).

An interesting introduction giving a history of the work done

in this genus, with a key to the species, followed by the descrip-

tions of 38 species of which 22 represent new species. R. signe

is proposed for R. insignis De Folin, 1867, not R. insignis Adams

and Reeve 1850. Only one of the number is fossil. The figures

are excellent.

ETUDE SUR LE LITTORINA OBTUSATA ET SES VARIATIONS. Par.

Ph. Dautzenberg et H. Fischer. (Journ. de Conch., vol. 62,

pages 87-128, plates 2-4). A most interesting study of the

variations of thisspecies. A complete bibliography is followed

by notes and descriptions of the varieties or form, which are

grouped under the typical obtusata and the sub-species littoralis.

The former is divided on form into typica, elatior and palliata

and 9 vars. on color, and the latter into 5 vars. on form and 12

on color. Only palliata is recorded from the mainland of N.

America. J. littoralis is recorded from Greenland. That L.

palliata was only a var. of obtusata has long been the opinion

of the writer, from the large series before me, representing 18

localities, cover the area from Eastport, Me., to Narragansett,

Pier, R. I. A large percentage have the obtuse shoulder on the

body whorl and cannot be separated from European specimens

of littoralis. The color vars. typica, lutea, castanea, balteata,

ornata lineolata and tessellata are also represented.

C) Wa.

NOTES.

LyMNAEA ( PSEUDOSUCCINEA) COLUMELLA SAY IN OREGON: Mr.

John A. Allen has found this species in Oswego Lake and Duck

Pond, Oswego, Clackamas Co., Oregon. They were collected

during April and May, 1913 and in February 1914. This is

new to the west coast, I believe, and probably was introduced

from the eastern United States. EB. G. VANATTA.

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry left on August 4th for New Mexico (via

San Francisco). He expects to return about the end of Sep-

tember.

fee NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIX. OCTOBER, 1915. No. 6

NOTES ON AMERICAN SPECIES OF MACTRELLA.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

The species of Mactrella are extremely elegant shells, especially

those with concentric undulations. There are but few of them

altogether, and usually not more than two species in any given

fauna, of which one is usually smooth and the other undulated,

as in the case of the genus Labiosa. They are so fragile that

they are generally broken by the waves when cast on the beach,

and, being burrowers, are rarely obtained by the dredge, hence

are rare in collections. They are confined to the warmer waters

of the globe and perhaps most numerous, though not of largest

size, among the islands off the coast of southern Asia.

There is but one species in the American Atlantic tropics,

the Mactra alata Spengler, 1802. Gmelin confounded it with

the M. striatula Linné,and Lamarck gave to the same combina-

tion of the hinge elements, Gray in January, 1853, founded his

genus Mactrella, while in April of the same year Moérch proposed

for it the genus Papyrina.

The only other East American species known to date is the

Mactrella iheringi Dall (Nautilus, Mar. 1897 ; figured in Proc.

U. S. Nat. Museum, 1902, pl. 32, fig. 8) from the coast of

southern Brazil, which approaches more nearly to the typical

Mactras in general form than any other species of the genus.

The West American analogue of M. alata is the M. exoleta

Gray (1838) which differs by having the margin of the escut-

62 THE NAUTILUS.

cheon angular instead of keeled, and which was named Lutraria

ventricosa by Gould in 1851. The radial ridges on the escut-

cheon are individually variable and the worn valve for which

Morch (Nal. Blatt. 1861) proposed the name of subalata was a

specimen of alata either derived from ballast or otherwise trans-

ported from the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica.

A new species from the west coast of Mexico and belonging to

the group of M. alata is described below.

The Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb,. is one the most beau-

tiful and fragile bivalves of the family. Confounded with Reta

canaliculata by early writers, it was referred to the Florida fauna

in the Conchologia Iconica. This error, and a certain varia-

bility of outline common to most Mactride, led Conrad in 1867

to propose the name of pacifica for the supposed Pacific coast

form. But there is at present no evidence that such a shell

occurs in Atlantic waters.

The known distribution of the American species of the group

is as follows:

ATLANTIC WATERS.

MACTRELLA ALATA Spengler.

Porto Rico, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the north coast

of South America and south to Ceara, Brazil.

MACTRELLA IHERINGI Dall.

Santos and Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PACIFIC WATERS.

MACTRELLA EXOLETA Gray.

Mazatlan, West Mexico, to Panama and Guayaquil.

MACTRELLA CLISIA Nn. Sp.

Manzanillo, West Mexico, to Santa Elena, Ecuador.

MacTRELLA (HARVELLA) ELEGANS Sowerby.

Panama.

MACTRELLA CLISIA N. sp.

Shell white, extremely arcuate, with the silky periostracum

THE NAUTILUS. 63

varying from pale strawcolor to blackish brown ; anterior slope

longer than the posterior, rather conspicuously compressed and

attenuate, with no circumscribed lunule ; posterior slope flat-

tened, externally bordered by a sharp angle surmounted, as in

M. alata, by an elevated thin keel ; the inner margins pout a

little near the beaks, the middle of the flattened space has in

each valve a single conspicuous rib ; the cordate space between

these ribs are somewhat concave; the spaces between the ribs

and the keels are flat and from the distal ends of the ribs to

these of the keels the valve margin show a wide lanceolate gap ;

there is also a narrow anterior basal gap ; the hinge is normal ;

the surface of the valve smooth except for lines of growth ; the

pallial sinus short and angular ; the basal margin prominently

arcuate and the middle of the shell inflated. Length 78, height

66, diameter 34 mm.

There is a constriction in front of the keel which varies in

strength in different specimens. The shell is divided from M.

exoleta by the presence of the keel, the latter possessing only an

angle ; it differs from M. alata in its exaggerated arcuation,

much higher beaks and anterior attenuation.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 148, Vol. 28.)

Eurynta (MIcRoMYA) PERPURPUREA (Lea) (See Lampsilis perp.

Simpson, 1900, p. 558).

I collected, on Sept. 20, 1912, a number of males in Clinch

River, at Richland, Tazewell Co., Va., and on Sept. 21, 1912,

a single gravid female, with glochidia, at Raven, Tazewell Co.,

Va.

Anal separated from the supraanal by a rather short mantle

connection, which is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of anal

with very distinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. In

front of the branchical, the female has about 10 subcylindrica

or subconical papillee of medium size, which are rather distant

from each other, and of slightly variable size, and do not extend

64 THE NAUTILUS.

quite to the middle of the mantle margin. In the male, these

papille are also indicated, but very small and indistinct.

Palpi connected on the posterior margin at base only. Inner

lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Gills typically Lampsiline: the marsupium of the female is kid.

ney-shaped, and located in the posterior half of the outer gill-

with a small non-marsupial part at the posterior end of the gill-

The number of ovisacs in my specimen is 12.

Glochidia nearly subspatulate, considerably higher than long.

Length: 0.21, Height: 0.27 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish. Mantle-margin blackish in the re-

gion of the anal and branchial, the blackish pigment extend,

ing forward along the base of the papille. Edge of marsupium

broadly black.

Simpson places this species by the side of E. trabalis (Con-

rad). According to the anatomy this affinity is correct. Also

the glochidia are similar. Although I have called them in tra-

balis, (1. ec. p. 340) ‘‘subovate,’’ they are almost subspatulate,

as is clearly seen in the figure (pl. 20, f. 4).

Eurynia (MicroMya) NEBULOsSA (Conrad) (See: Lampsilis n.

Simpson, 1900, p. 5538).

I collected a large number in North Fork Holston River, Salt-

ville, Smyth Co., Va. (Sept. 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, at

Cedar Bluff, Richland, and Raven, Tazewell Co., Va. (Sept. 20

and 21, 1912). The preserved gravid females all had glochi-

dia.

Anal separated from the supraanal by a moderate mantel-

connection, which is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of anal

crenulated. Branchial with papillae. In front of the branch-

ial, in the female, there are 6 to 10 rather large, conical papil-

lae, somewhat irregular in size, and remote from each other: the

largest are forward. These papillae do not quite reach the mid-

dle of the mantle margin. In the male, these papillae are also

indicated, but very small.

Palpi connected at the posterior margins at base only.

Inner lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal sac.

Gills lampsiline: the marsupium of the female is kidney-shaped,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

and occupies the posterior half (or more) of the outer gill, with

a small non-marsupial section at the posterior end. Ovisacs 10

to27.-

Glochidia almost subspatulate, higher than long; 4, length

0.22, height 0.29.

Color of soft parts whitish. Anal and branchial opening with

black pigment, and this black color runs forward along the

outer mantle edge in front of the branchial; on the inside of the

inner edge there is a reddish-brown streak, and also the papille

are reddish-brown. The marsupium has a broad black edge.

This species resembles much E. iris (Lea) in shell characters,

and also the anatomy and the glochidia are very similar. The

papille of the mantle edge are not quite as large as those of EZ.

iris, and they are more variable in number and position. In

nebulosa the largest and most distinct papille are in the anterior

part, where three or four sometimes stand a little closer together.

The shell of some of my females is undistinguishable from U.

amoenus Lea (Simpson, p. 555), and I think that amoenus is an

additional synonym of nebulosus (Conrad).

Eurynia (MicroMyaA) VANUXEMENSIS (Lea) (See: Ortmann, 1912

pp. 342).

I collected a number of specimens on Sept. 17, 1912 in North

Fork Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. Among them

were gravid females with glochidia.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal moderately

long, but shorter than the anal. And with distinct crenula-

tions. Branchial with papillae.

Papillae in front of the branchial of the female as described

previously. The largest papillae are well forward. In the

male, the papillae are represented by mere crenulations. Palpi

connected only at base of posterior margin.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal

sac. Marsupium as described previously, minimum number of

ovisacs 7, maximum 14. Edge of marsupium with brown or

black pigment.

Shape of glochidia as figured (1. ¢. pl. 20, f. 6), but they

should be called subspatulate. Length: 0.23, height: 0.80mm;

66 THE NAUTILUS.

my former measurements, 0.22+-0.28, do not differ much from

this.

This species has a very characteristic shape, chiefly in the

female, with the postbasal part greatly expanded and obliquely

truncated. In old specimens, there is a more or less distinct

‘‘constriction’’? in the middle of this truncation, making the

boundary between the branchial opening and the papillar part

of the mantle edge in front of it. This constriction corresponds

to that seen in the following species (E. constricta), and shows

the close affinity of these two species. EE. vanuxemensis, in its

external aspect, is very similar to E. constricta, and when I

found these specimens at Saltville, I recognized them at once as

the representative form of E. constricta of the Roanoke and James

Rivers, with which I was quite familiar. However, the charac-

ter of the constriction, found rather regularly in old females of

constricta, is not so well developed in vanuxemensis, and I have

only a few old females of the latter, which show it distinctly.

EuryniA (Micromya) constricta (Conrad) (See: Lampsilis c.

Simpson, 1900, p. 551).

Numerous specimens are at hand from the following localities:

Calf Pasture River, Goshen (May 11, 1912), North River, Lex-

ington and Buena Vista (June 7 and 8, 1912), all in Rockbridge

Co., Va.; Jackson River, Covington, Allegheny Co. Va. (Aug.

11, 1911); Tinker Creek, Roanoke (June 10, 1912), Roanoke

River (June 10, 1912) and Mason Creek, Salem (Aug. 18,1911);

these in the Roanoke drainage in Roanoke Co., Va. The spec-

imens collected on August 18 were gravid with eggs and one had

young glochidia; those collected in May and June had all glo-

chidia, when gravid, and on all dates discharging individuals

were found. Thus the breeding season begins in August and

ends in June.

Supraanal separated from the anal by a moderately long man-

tle-connection, which is slightly shorter than either opening.

Anal finely crenulated. Branchial with papillae. In the fe-

male, the inner mantle-edge in front of the branchial is very

much like that of vanuxemensis and arkansasensis: it is somewhat

lamellar and carries a number (10 to 12) of small, somewhat

THE NAUTILUS. 67

distant and irregular papillae, of which the largest are placed

more anteriorly, while the posterior ones are indistinct. A black

streak of pigment is present. Also the male has this black pig-

ment, but the papillae are obsolete.

Posterior margins of palpi connected at base. Inner lamina

of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac. Marsu-

pium with from 12 to 20 ovisacs. Edge of marsupium with

black pigment. Holes at the edge were observed in discharg-

ing females.

Glochidia subspatulate, higher than long. Length: 0.21,

height: 0.27 mm.

Except the black pigment on mantle edge in the posterior re-

gion, and on the edge of the marsupium, the color of the soft

parts is whitish.

This species is closely allied to E. vanuxemensis. The papillae

in front of the branchial are smaller and less crowded, and the

black pigment is not so intense.

(To be concluded)

NOTES ON OLIVA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia having pur-

chased the John Ford Collection of Oliva, the following notes may

be useful to those interested in the genus.

OLIVA PERUNIANA Lam.

The typical form is illustrated in Reeve’s Conch. Icon. vol.

vi, pl. 9, f. 14 d; Tryon’s Man. Conch. vol. v, pl. 18, f. 58.

Var. fulgurata Mart., Rve. Conch. Icon. pl. 9, f. 14 0.;

Tryon M. C. pl. 18, f. 56.

Var livida Johns.

The types are pale lilac with ivory-yellow streaks, A. N. S.

P. Coll. No. 111726. Alt. 40, diam. 20 mm.

Habitat—unknown.

Nautiuus vol. 24, p. 122; Tryon M. C. pl. 18, f. 55; Rve.

i i ph. 9, 1. 14 a.

Var. castanea ‘‘ Ford’’ Johns.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

The types are in the A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111603 from Peru.

Alt. 48.5, diam. 22 mm.

NavtTiLus vol. 24, p. 122 ; Rve. C. I. pl. 9, f. 14¢; Tryon M.

Cpl. 15, £57

Var. subcastanea n. var.

This form is brown with zigzag darker brown lines. It is

similar to castanea in color but with streaks somewhat like

fulgurata. Alt. 41.5, diam. 21.5 mm.

The types are A. N. 8S. P. Coll. No. 111688 from Peru. This

seems to be the form figured by Reeve. C. I. pl. 9, f. 14 «.

OLIVA ANNULATA Gmel.

Chenu Ill. Conch. pl. 16, f. 6; Sby. Thes. Conch. 5 (332),

fig. 60.

Var. amethystina Bolt. Tryon M. C. pl. 19, f. 64, 66.

Var. mantichora Ducl. Tryon M. C. pl. 19, f. 65.

OLIVA BULBOSA Bolt.

Grvan MC: pl. 20, £ 71, 74:

Var. tuberosa Bolt. Tryon M. C. pl. 19, f. 68, 69.

Var. inflata Lam. Tryon M. C. pl. 20, f. 73.

The types of ovum-ralli Ford were not found, but A. N. S. P.

Coll. No. 14709 is part of the original lot presented by Mr. J.

Ford.

Var. fabagina Lam. Tryon. M. C. pl. 19, f. 70, pl. 20, f. 72.

Var. immaculata n. n.

Shell pure white. Alt. 45.5, diam. 25 mm. the types are

A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111630 from the Indo-Pacific. It is

Oliva bulbosa alba Johns. (not Lam.) Nautilus vol. 28, p. 101 ;

Thes. Conch. vol. IV, pl. 18 (340), f. 191.

OLIVA TIGRINA Lam.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 20, f. 77, 80.

Var. fallax Johns. The types are A. N.S. P. Coll. No.

111575 from Ceylon. Alt. 44.5, diam. 24mm. Nautilus

vol. 24, p. 65; t. c. vol. 28, p. 100; Tryon M. C. pl.

20, f. 78.

OLIVA TRICOLOR Lam.

Tryon M. C. pl. 21, f. 86.

Var. philaatha Ducl. Tryon. M. C. pl. 21, f. 87.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

OLIVA VARIEGATA Bolt.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 23, f. 27.

Var. reticulata Bolt. Tryon. M. C. pl. 23, f. 28.

Oxiva oLiva L.

Tryon M. C. pl. 1, f. 5; pl. 23, f. 24.

Var. fenestrata Bolt., Tryon M. C. pl. 23, f. 23.

Var. fulminans Lam., Tryon M. C. pl. 23, f. 22.

Var. sepulturalis Lam., Tryon M. C. pl. 23, f. 21.

Var. macleaya Ducl., Tryon M. C. pl. 13, f. 26.

OLIVA SERICEA Bolt.

Tryon M. C. pl. 27, f. 59, 60.

Var. tremulina Lam., Tryon M. C. pl. 25, f. 48.

Var. pica Lam. Tryon M. C. pl. 26, f. 51.

Var. tenebrosa Marr., Tryon M. C. pl. 25, f. 49.

Var. porphyritica Marr., Tryon M. C. pl. 26, f. 53.

Var. sylvia Ducl., Tryon M. C. pl. 27, f. 57.

Var. zeilanica Lam., Tryon M. C. pl. 24, f. 32.

Var. ornata Marr., Tryon M. C. pl. 24, f. 31; pl. 25, f. 45.

Form lignaria Marr., Tryon M. C. pl. 25, f. 44.

Var. marrati Johns.

The types are A. N. 8. P. Coll. No. 111862, from the Indo-

Pacific. Alt. 71.5, diam. 30mm. Navritus vol. 24, p.51: t.

c. vol. 28, p. 99; Sby. Thes. Conch. pl. 7 (334), f. 109.

Var. cryptospira Ford.

The type is A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111611 from Mauritius.

Alt. 55.5, diam. 24 mm., P. A. N. § 1891 p. 99.; Navuritvus

vol. 28, p. 99; Chenu. Ill. Conch. pl. 30, f. 11.

Var. fordi Johns.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111612 from (Mauritius).

Alt. 44, diam. 17 mm., Navutitus vol. 24, p. 51; t. c. vol. 28,

p. 98: Sby. Thes. Conch. pl. 9 (336), f. 126 ; Chenu. Il]. Conch.

pk a0, f.. 12.

Var. albescens Johns.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111753 from Baker Island,

S. Pacific. Alt. 42, diam. 14.3 mm. Nautilus vol. 28, p. 99.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

OLIva spicata Bolt.

Tryon M. C. pl. 27, f. 62.

Var. hemphilli ‘‘ Ford’’ Johns.

The types are A. N. S. Coll. No. 111697 from San Ignacio

Lagoon, Lower California. Alt. 53.5, diam. 23mm. Nautilus

vol. 24, p. 122 ;.t. c. vol. 28, p. 115.

Var. subangulata Phil. Tryon M. C. pl. 28, f. 65.

Var. oniska Duel.

The types of O. perfecta Johns. are A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111729

from West Coast Central America. Alt. 58.5, diam. 25 mm.

Nautilus vol. 24, p. 122; t.c. vol. 28, p. 116; Rve. C. I. pl.

10, f. 16 g; Tryon M. C. pl. 27, £. 61; Chenu Il. Conch. pl.

d2, £. 9.

Var. pindarina Ducl. Tryon, M. C. pl. 28, f. 64.

Var. maria Ducr. This is the very light colored form much

like var. venulata. Tryon M. C. pl. 29, f. 78; Chenu.

Ill. Conch. pl. 33, f. 11.

Var. ustulata Lam. Tryon M. C. pl. 28, f. 66.

Var. graphica Marr. Tryon M. C. pl. 28, f. 63.

Var. violacea Marr. Tryon M. C. pl. 28, £. 70.

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lam.

Tryon M. C. pl. 30, f. 90, 91, 94, 95; pl. 34, 57.

Var. formosa Marr. the small brown form. Tryon M. C. pl.

Bi; a OO:

Var. nivosa Tryon Marr. Tryon M. C. pl. 31, f. 1.

Var. bifasciata Kuster. The large brown form. Tryon M.

Cxplxa it 99.

var. olorinella Ducl.

tryon. —M. C.. pl. 3; g. 2:

var. tisiphona Ducl.

This is the globose, grayish form of Northern §. America.

Tryon. M.C. pl. 30, f. 93.

OLIVA SAYANA Ravenel.

Tryon. M.'C. pl.3i, £ &

var. citrina Johns.

The types are A. N. 8. P. Coll. No. 111642 from Long Key,

Florida.

Alt. 48. 5, diam. 19 mm.

Navtius, vol. 24, p. 123; t. c. vol. 28, p. 114.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

OLIVA ISPIDULA L.

var. candida Lam. White form.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 33, f. 32, 36.

var. flaveola Lam. Yellow form.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 33, f. 40.

var. tigridella Ducl. The form with small dark spots.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 38, f. 35.

var. taeniata Link. The form with a broad subsutural

dark band.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 33, f. 37, 39.

var. stellata Ducl. The form with broad brown markings.

Tryon. M. C. pl. 33, f. 42.

var. gratiosa 0. var.

Shell slender, dark brown, spire elevated, columellar callus

cream-white.

Alt. 32.5, diam, 12.5 mm.

The type is A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111869 from the Philip-

pines. This form may be Chenu Ill. Conch. pl. 8, f. 13 ; Sby.

Thes. Conch. pl. 16 (343), f. 252.

var. algida n. var.

Shell oblong, bluish white with longitudinal light brown

streaks, lip yellowish brown, spire short, columellar callus

_ white, posterior angle of the aperture provided with a brown

and white callus.

Alt. 36.5, diam. 18 mm.

The type is A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 14986, habitat unknown,

gift of J. S. Phillips. This is probably Reeve’s Conch. Icon.

pl... 17, f. 34 7.

var. samarensis Johns.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111759 from Samar

Island, Philippine Is. collected by E. L. Moseley.

Alt. 37.5, diam. 14 mm.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA LAPILLUS n. var.

Shell globose, white, spire short, interior of the aperture

cream-colored.

Alt. 24, diam. 14 mm.

The type is A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111977 from San Pedro,

California, collected by Mrs. E. M. Gaylord.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

It is the Olivella biplicata alba Wilms. (not Marr.). It is fig-

ured in Sby. Thes. Conch. IV, pl. 18 (845), f. 290. Some

specimens have lilac on the columella.

OLIVELLA GRACILIS GAYLORDI Ford.

The types are A. N. 8. P. Coll. No. 111804 from the Gulf of

California.

Nautius, vol. 8, p. 104.

OLIVELLA BLANEsI Ford.

The types are A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111788 from Cardenas,

Cuba. Navtitus vol. 12, p. 66.

Var. albata nn.

Shell globose, white, spire elevated. Alt. 7, diam. 3.5 mm.

This is Olivella blanesi alba Ford (not Marr.), Nautiius vol.

12, p. 67, from Cardenas, Cuba, collected by Francisco Blanes.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111789.

AGARONIA GIBBOsA Born.

Tryon M. C. pl. 36, f. 85, 87.

Var. aurantia Johns.

The types are A. N.S. P. Coll. No. 111739 from the Indian

Ocean. Alt. 55.5, diam. 28.5 mm. Navtiwus vol. 28, p. 1038 ;

Tryon M. C. pl. 36, f. 86; Chenu. Ill. Conch. pl. 18, f. b.

NOTES.

HELIX PISANA MULL., IN CALIFoRNIA.—While in San Diego

in July 1914 Mrs. Kate Stephens, Curator of the San Diego

Society of Natural History, showed me 4 specimens of a snail

that had been found in the garden of Miss Scripp’s home at La

Jolla. These shells were not like any local snails and she be-

lieved them to be European, as some of the plants or bushes in

the garden had been imported from Belgium.

This summer Mr. Allyn G. Smith of Redlands informed

me that there was colony of Helix pisana Mull., at La Jolla and

he gave me a set of shells which he had collected in December

1914. Mr. D. L. Emery of National City, has also collected

from the same colony and reports them quite plentiful even

though he went after them in August and had to dig them out.

—KH. P. CHAcE.

eee NAUTILUS.

NOVEMBER, 1915. No. 7

VoL. XXITX.

A NEW INDIAN SPECIES OF PUPILLIDE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

BIFIDARIA (BENSONELLA) LANDURENSIS 0. sp.

Shell rimate, the rimation like a reversed comma, conical,

brownish corneous, glossy and smooth except for faint growth-

strie; the apex obtuse, whorls 5, convex, the latter part of the

last whorl straightened, slowly ascending. Aperture heart-

shaped, vertical, obstructed by three lamells upon the parietal

wall, two on the columella, and four acute folds or plice within

the outer and basal margins. Angular lamella not quite margi-

nal, simple continuous and deeply entering; parietal lamella

higher and thicker, not emerging quite so far, and also very

deeply entering; infraparietal lamella quite small and short,

more immersed. Columellar lamella deeply immersed, smaller

than the parietal. Infracolumellar lamella small, tubercular,

deep within. Plice all remote from the margin, the lower

palatal largest, the basal, upper palatal and suprapalatal some-

whatsmaller, all lamellar. Peristome very narrowly expanded,

having a perceptibly thickened rim within the basal and outer

margins, terminating in a white tubercle above the middle of

the outer lip. Above this tubercle the lip is thin and strongly

arcuate. Length 2.2, diam. 1.5 mm.

Landour, India, with B. plicidens Bens. Type no. 16721 A.

N.S. P. This species is perceptibly smaller than B. plicidens,

74 THE NAUTILUS.

and differs from that species in the following respects: the

angular lamella does not emerge quite to thezedge of the peri-

stome, and it 7s continuous, not interrupted, within. The parie-

tal lamella is less remote from the lip-edge, emerging nearly

as far as the angular. The lower palatal plica is somewhat

stronger.

The only specimen seen was among specimens of B. plicidens

(Pupa plicidens) received from Benson.

Bifidaria plicidens will probably prove to be one of the most

widely distributed of Asiatic Pupillide. Described originally

from Landour and Mussoorie, and subsequently reported from

Cherra Poonjee, Assam (Godwin-Austen), it has been found by

Mr. Y. Hirase at three Japanese localities—Y6r6, Mino ; Riozen,

Omi; and Suimura, Awa (Shikoku). I cannot see that the

specimens show any divergence from Indian examples. I do

not know that the species has been reported from China, but

there cannot be much doubt that it occurs there. Dr. von

Moellendorff has shown that another Japanese Bifidaria, B.

armigerella, has a wide range on the Chinese mainland.

UNIO VIRIDIS CONRAD.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The recent rediscovery by Mr. Frierson of the Appendix to

Conrad’s New Fresh Water Shells is a very interesting one.

And in connection with it, it is also of interest to note that the

‘‘hit or miss’’ method in naming a species adopted by Conrad

in reference to his subviridis has been explicitly approved by

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

(See Opinion 49). It seems clear that, barring the possible

reference of Rafinesque’s viridis to this species, it must be known

as subviridis Con., with tappanianus Lea as a synonym.

But the identification of Rafinesque’s viridis with the compressa

of Lea is by no means so sure as Mr. Frierson assumes, and I

desire to file an ‘‘interference’’, as the patent lawyers say, for

the purpose of suspending the general adoption of the change

THE NAUTILUS. 75

proposed until such time as certain important and probably

conclusive facts can be obtained.

The recent tendency to revive the long buried names of

Rafinesque without argument or explanation seems to me to be

a rather regrettable one. I am quite willing to ‘‘give the devil

his due’’, when it has been made to conclusively appear that it

is his due. But to upset the accepted nomenclature of over

half a century, based upon recognizable descriptions and figures,

without any attempt to explain why it is done is very unfortu-

nate and almost an abuse of bibliographic research. It is too

much, at this late day, to ask the busy modern student to put

aside his own work and to wallow in the Rafinesquean ‘‘ Slough

of Despond’’ in an attempt to work out for himself the reasons,

which have influenced the rehabilitation of his species. While

it is probably quite likely that there are some of Rafinesque’s

species that can be recognized, (and if they can, they should

be), it is certainly not asking too much that those advocating

so radical a change should in every instance give in detail the

process of reasoning that has brought them to the conclusions

that they have adopted. It is only in this way that those, who

are willing to give a careful and candid consideration to the

question and who are ready to be convinced, if the facts adduced

justify the conclusion, can be expected to give any serious atten-

tion to the questions involved. There was altogether too much

of the ‘‘ipse dixit’’? seventy years ago, when Say and Conrad

were disagreeing with themselves and each other in their at-

tempts to secure the recognition of Rafinesque’s species, to in-

cline any one at the present time to reopen the old controversy

without having a clear, impartial and impersonal statement of

facts and arguments bearing upon each species.

So far as the viridis of Rafinesque is concerned, I have had

occasion to go over the questions involved with some care.

I have had considerable correspondence with Mr. Frierson on

the subject. He has favored me with detailed statements of his

reasons for identifying that species with Lea’s compressa. 1

have imposed on him my reasons for questioning his conclu-

sions. As neither of us has succeeded in convincing the other,

it would seem to be a fair inference that the subject is not entirely

free from doubt.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

My reasons for asking a suspension of judgment in this case

are, briefly, these:

1. Rafinesque states explicitly that his viridis was ‘‘rare in

the Ohio, more common in the Kentucky and the small rivers

adjacent’’. So far as I have been able to ascertain, no species

approximating in any way to viridis, compressa or tappanianus

has been recorded from the Ohio, the Kentucky or the small

rivers adjacent. Asa matter of fact, we know practically no-

thing of the Naiad fauna of the Kentucky, where, if anywhere,

the genuine viridis should be rediscovered. And until the fauna

of that river has been carefully investigated and it is definitely

determined what species, if any, of this group is found there,

it would certainly seem the ‘‘ better part of wisdom’”’ to suspend

hypothetical identifications of the species.

2. The compressa of Lea is most emphatically a creek or small

river species, ranging from western New York and Pennsylvania

west to Iowa and north to the Missinaibe River in the Hudson

Bay region. I have not been able to find any definite record

of its occurrence in the Ohio. Dr. Ortmann, (Ann. Car. Mus.,

V, 1909, p. 196), states that in western Pennsylvania, it is

‘*-entirely absent in the Ohio’’, and, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., LI,

1913, p. 296), that it is ‘‘a peculiar form restricted to the tribu-

taries of the upper Alleghany and also in French Creek and

Beaver River drainage’’. If not found in the upper reaches of

the Ohio, it is not likely that it occurs in the deeper waters of

the lower pertions of the river.

The only record of its occurrence in any of the southern tribu-

taries of the Ohio is that of Dr. Ortmann, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,

LII, 1918, p. 372), from the little Kanawha River, which

empties into the Ohio at Parkersburg.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, it has never been listed

from any of the tributaries of the Ohio in Kentucky or Tennes-

see. Apparently, with the exception above noted, so far as our

present knowledge goes, the Ohio has been a barrier to any

extension of this species into its southern tributaries.

If Rafinesque’s statement as to the locality of his species is

to be relied upon, in view of these facts it does not seem too

much to ask that the actual occurrence of compressa in the Ken-

THE NAUTILUS. wa

tucky and small adjacent rivers be proved before any approxi-

mation of the two species be accepted.

3. The tappanianus of Lea, until recently, has always been

considered to be restricted to the Atlantic drainage. But Dr.

Ortmann, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., LII, 1913, p. 371), has very

lately discovered it in abundance in the Greenbrier and New

rivers in the upper Kanawha system. Its occurrence in the

Ohio drainage system is, therefore, established.

As the habits of compressa and tappanianus are alike, both

being creek species, in view of what we now know, it would

seem quite as probable that tappanianus might be found in the

Kentucky as compressa. At any rate, it would suggest the

desirability of getting the facts as to what the fauna of the Ken-

tucky is, before jumping at conclusions.

4, So far as I know the single valve in the Poulson collection,

said to be from the Kentucky and identified by Rafinesque as

his viridis, is not now in existence. If it is, the question as to

which of the later described species it belongs, can be easily

settled by an inspection of the shell. Conrad, who saw the

specimen, said that it was identical with the Juniata shell

described by himself as subviridis and by Lea as tappanianus.

Say, who also saw the shell, said that it was an entirely differ-

ent species. In the light of the then existing knowledge of the

distribution of tappanianus, and, indeed, of our own until 1918,

Dr. Lea was quite justified in his remark ‘‘ that there is an error

in the habitat or the name’’. Mr. Frierson, who has not seen

the specimen, assumes that the habitat was right, but that

Conrad was wrong in identifying it with the Juniata species.

It would be quite as reasonable either to assume that Conrad

was right and the locality wrong or that both Conrad and the

locality were right. At any rate, in the absence of the specimen

itself, great caution should be exercised in making any assump-

tions about it.

5. If Rafinesque had stated that his viridis came from the

Atlantic drainage, there is scarcely any one, who would attempt

to make any identification based on his description alone, who

would not say that it was quite surely the tappanianus of Lea.

If the question of locality could be eliminated, I feel assured,

78 THE NAUTILUS.

from a very careful study of the original description in com-

parison with quite a large series of both compressa and tappant-

anus, that a strong argument could be made tending to show

that, onthe whole, as between ‘these two forms, viridis should be

approximated to tappanianus rather than to compressa. But the

burden of proof is upon those, who advocate the change and

until a prima facie case has been presented in favor of the change,

there is no occasion to go into that question.

6. In view of the fact that nothing is known of the fauna of

the Kentucky so far as this group is concerned, it would seem

quite within the bounds of possibility that there may be a form

of this group in the Kentucky, which is neither compressa nor

tappanianus, but allied to the quadrata Lea or diversus Con.,

and which may be the real type of viridis. This may be a

mere possibility, but even so, it emphasizes the importance of

ascertaining what the fauna of that river really is.

Taking all these elements of doubt into consideration, it would

seem to me that so far as the compressa of Lea is concerned, no

change in the accepted nomenclature should be made until it

can be based upon facts so conclusive as to put an end to dis-

cussion.

For the benefit of the ‘‘weak-kneed’’, who, like myself,

hesitate to accept Mr. Frierson’s conclusions, it may be well

to call attention to the fact that Mr. Frierson is in error in

his statement that if Rafinesque’s name be not accepted, Lea’s

name of compressa must give way to the alasmodontina of Stimp-

son. Lea originally described his species as Symphynota com-

pressa. The fact that an author errs in the generic reference of

a new species does not prevent the use of his specific name in the

genus to which the species properly belongs, provided, of course,

that his name has not already been used for an earlier described

species in that genus. Mr. Frierson assigns the species to Las-

migona, in which there is no other species described as compressa.

It follows, therefore that the ‘‘ weak-kneed’’ will still continue

to use Lea’s name for this species until it is proved to be a syn-

onym of some earlier name.

THE NAUTILUS. tT

MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

BY W. H. OVER.

Inasmuch as practically nothing has been published regarding

the Mollusca of this State, I deem it proper to submit a list,

prefaced with a few remarks in explanation of the environic

conditions for shell-life as they exist today, and to some extent

in the past.

During the last decade I have collected quite generally over

the State, yet I realize there is much study and work to be done

and in time the following list will be greatly increased. How-

ever from this locality, one would hardly expect a long list of

species.

The surface of South Dakota is usually spoken of as a rolling

plain, destitute of timber, except in the Black Hills and the

Forest Reserves in the northwest part of the State. There is,

however, considerable timber along streams locally over the State,

and the eastern part is dotted over with large groves and is really

in the humid district ; however, strictly speaking, only the south-

eastern corner is considered so. Nearly one-half of the State that

lies west of the Missouri River, except the Black Hills, is con-

sidered semi-arid, and owing to the nature of the soil the surface

has been eroded into deep-cut creeks and steppes, and merges

into a large area of ‘‘ badlands’’.

The average rainfall is about 14 inches in the northwestern

part of the State and increases to 30 inches in the southeastern

part.

The altitude in the southeastern part is about 1240 feet above

sea level and increases toward the west, where at Harney Peak

in the Black Hills, it is 7200 feet. However the lowest is 960

feet in the northeastern part around Bigstone Lake where a

small area was probably scooped out by the glacier, and drains

into the Minnesota River Valley. The balance of the State is

drained by the Missouri River which nearly divides the State

east and west. The eastern half is drained from north to south

by the Big Sioux, Vermillion and James rivers. The western

half is drained from west to east by the White, Cheyenne,

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Moreau and Grand rivers. A very small portion in the north-

western part is drained by the Little Missouri River which flows

north into the Missouri.

There are no lakes or ponds in the western half of the State,

and the small creeks are dry most of the year. There are num-

ber of small lakes and ponds in the eastern part, formed by the

glacier scooping out depressions and damming up small valleys.

The lakes, ponds and rivers east of the Missouri River abound

with shell-life characteristic of the northern region. Owing to

the velocity of the current and the rapid deposition of sediment,

no shell-life exists in the Missouri River. For the same reason,

and the presence of alkaline substances, the same is true of

most of the rivers flowing into it from the west. In the north

fork of the Grand River, well up toward the head in Perkins

County and in the ‘‘ Ft. Benton loam’”’, I found Anodonta gran-

dis and Spherium striatinum var. acuminatum. Just east of the

Black Hills, in Washabaugh County, in the Yellow Medicine

Creek, I collected Anodontoides ferussacianus and Spherium sul-

catum. I think that the former may be found in several creeks

in the Pine Ridge Reservation where the creek-bed is still in the

‘*Pine Ridge loam’’. In fact they were reported from two

other creeks by Indians whom I talked with last August, and

who said they ‘‘had roasted and eaten’em’’. I have found

several species of very old ‘‘recent’’ clam shells along terraces

of the first floodplain of a number of these ‘‘ badland ”’ creeks

and rivers, which proves that, before the streams eroded down

into the Tertiary or Cretaceous clays, they were inhabited by

mussels.

The Black Hills, in the southwestern part of the State, is a

dome-shaped mountain 100 miles long and 50 wide, from 5000

to 7200 feet above sea level. The higher elevations are covered

with pine timber and lower down along the spring-fed creeks

are deciduous trees and thickets. The rainfall is one-third more

than on the surrounding plains. There are no lakes, and most

of the streams are not congenial for shell-life on account of the

extremely rapid current. From a collector’s standpoint the

Black Hills were a disappointment to me. Perhaps I expected

too much. But there is a field for more work and especially

THE NAUTILUS. 81

among the limestone ridges on the western slope. In the north-

ern part of the Black Hills in Lawrence County, in Spearfish

Canyon and about on the dividing line between the deciduous

and pine woods, I found Oreohelix coopert very abundant on

Sept. 29,1912. A light snow covered the higher elevations and

the snails had hibernated; however I soon located them under

leaves, brush-heaps and logs. I think this is the most eastern

locality that they have been found. You will notice several

species listed from the Black Hills that are identical with those

found in the Rocky Mountain region. Mr. Vanatta writes that

‘‘it seems that some of the shells found in New Mexico run up

the mountains into Colorado, and to the Black Hills in South

Dakota.’’ Of course the environments would be very similar.

In the eastern part of the State, the lakes or rather the nat-

ural ponds, or ‘‘sloughs’’ as they are locally called, seem to be

the natural habitat for some of the species of Lymnaea and

Planorbis. In Deuel County in the ‘‘Cotteau Hills’’ where

these ‘‘sloughs’’ are numerous and shallow and _ practically

grown up with vegetation, I have found them exceedingly

abundant and of large size. Many wildducks nest here, and

during migration others stop to feed, so that in season, hunting

is good. I remember one small ‘‘ slough ”’ in particular, in the

fall of 1916, that seemed literally full of Lymnaea stagnalis and

Planorbis trivolvis, that we called ‘‘ Spoonbill Slough ’’ from the

fact that this variety of duck was always to be found there.

We seldom shot them, as better ducks were plentiful; but now

I often regret that I did not think enough of it at the time to

take a few and examine their ‘‘crops’’ to see if they were

feeding on the young of L. stagnalis, which were abundant.

It was also in this locality in 1908 that I found the dead speci-

mens of Segmentina christyi. No live ones were there at the

time, as the ‘‘slough’’ had been dry a year or two previous.

Nor could I find them at any other pond. This was the first

record for the United States, and as Mr. Bryant Walker saya,

‘‘They probably came from Canada by the duck route’’.

(To be concluded. )

82 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES,

ON THE GENUS HarmanpiA.—The genus Harmandia was

proposed by Rochebrune for a couple of nearly related species

of fresh-water mussels said to be from the Mekong River, Indo-

China. His types were figured by Dr. F. Haas, and their re-

semblance to some young Hyria from South America was strik-

ing as the writer stated in Nautitus. Dr. Haas has critically

re-examined the types, and the following excerpt from a letter

from him to the writer will be of interest. ‘‘I am convinced

that the genus Harmandia will have to disappear, being

founded upon young Hyria. Rochebrune found the shells in

the collections of Count Harmand, and Count Castelnani, both

of whom were in Cochin China, as well as in Brazil.’’ Hence

the error as to the habitat.—L. 8. Frierson.

Hasits oF Eupera.—Mr. L. 8. Frierson has recently sent to

me a fine set of Hupera singleyi (Pils.), which he collected in

the Bayou Pierre, DeSoto Parish, La., with the following

note :—‘‘ The willow trees send out their roots into the water

and there grow about a foot long. Their rootlets convert the

whole into a mat of moss-like stuff, in which these Euperas

grow. They are tied to their habitat by some thread-like bys-

sus.’’ This is, I believe, the first record of Eupera in Louisiana.

—BryYAntT WALKER.

VENEZUELA SHELLS.—The following species of shells were

collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown while on the Bond Vene-

zuela Expedition in March, 1911. All the small forms were

picked out of several bags of leaf mould. At Cariaquita, Vene-

zuela he found, Thysanophora plagioptycha Sh., T. bactricola

Guppy., Strophocheilus oblongus Mull., Bulimulus cacticolus Rve.,

B. erectus Rve., Drymeus flavidus debilis ‘‘Bk’’ Mart., Opeas

micra Orb., O. beckianus Pir., O. octogyra plicatellum Gupp, Lep-

tinaria lamellata P. & M., L. simplex Guppy, Streptaxis deformis

Fer., Polita implicans Guppy, Ernstia ernsti Jouss., Guppya

gundlachi Pfr., G. semenlini Moric, Radiodiscus millecostata Pils.,

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Succinea tamsiana Pfr., Aperostoma rugatus Guppy, Diplommatina

huttoni occidentale Guppy, Helicina nemoralis Guppy, H. dysoni

Pfr. and Lucidella lirata Pfr.

On a hillside on the East side of the Bay near Cariaquita on

the North shore of the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela, Mr. Brown

collected Auris distortus sublaevis Pils, Bulimulus cacticolus Rve.,

Drymexus flavidus debilis ‘‘ Bk.’’ Mart., Subulina octona strebeli v.

Mart., Caecilioides consobrina minutissima Guppy, Leptinaria

lamellata P. & M., Streptaxis deformis Per., Guppya gundlachi Pfr.,

Aperostoma translucidum Sby., Helicina dysoni Pfr. and Lucidella

lirata Pir. Oxystyla varia v. Mart. was taken at Pedernales,

Ampullaria glauca L., A. columbiensis ‘‘Sby.’’ Phil. & A. met-

calfei Rve. were collected in the Manimo River and Ampullaria

glauca L. and A. urceus Miill., in the Rio Vagre.—E. G.

VANATTA.

HELIX HORTENSIS, NEAR EpGartown, Marrua’s VINEYARD,

Mass.—This species has recently been found by Mr. Edward

Wigglesworth, on Snow’s Point, Chappaquiddic Island, near

Edgartown. The species was recorded from near Gay Head, by

John H. Thomson in 1885, (Journ. Conch. [Brit.] IV, p. 373),

but I have been unable to obtain a record of the species from

Martha’s Vineyard since that time. Thomson’s specimens were

all of the bright lemon-yellow variety, while this colony con-

tains practically only the five-banded form. In only four spec-

imens out of 97 was the third band wanting and of these two

were young (under 7mm.), in 12 other young specimens how-

ever the third band was the first to appear. In about six speci-

mens there was a tendency for the first and second and the

fourth and fifth bands to fuse on the outer portion of the body-

whorl.—C. W. Jounson.

Stues 1n CarirorniA.—While in California last August I

made a few notes on two species of introduced slugs, as follows:

Timaz flavus L. Abundant on dry rocks, Sunset Boulevard,

Los Angeles. Tentacles grey-blue; mantle and body very dark

84 THE NAUTILUS.

brown, the usual pale markings white (no yellow); sole pale grey

with a slight yellowish tint. All were alike. In the colorless

slime this agrees with var. grisea Roebuck, but the color and

markings of the skin are those of var. wmbrosa Philippi. Is the

loss of the yellow color due to the peculiar environment?

Limazx maximus L. At Berkeley‘I obtained a very fine spotted

form; mantle with many black spots; body pale grey, slightly

reddish laterally, with four rows of black spots, and at sides ir-

regular small black spots. The dorsal spots are elongated, and

the animal is referable to the variety cellaria.

’ T. D. A. CockERELL.

Tethys (Neaplysia) californica (Cooper).—Last August, when

my wife and I were at La Jolla, California, we obtained six

living specimens of this species. The largest was ten inches

long, and four high, counting the parapodial lobes. The

animals exuded a deep purple substance, which soon turned

brown. The following description of the color is from life: body

rather coffee brown, marbled with dull crimson and thickly

sprinkled with large, mostly circular, dark brown or almost black

spots, irregularly placed and of different sizes; there is also a

fine dark reticulation. Inner side of parapodial lobes heavily

barred with brown-black and whitish, the dark color much

more extensive than the pale. Sole dark purplish brown, much

wrinkled. There is variation in the size of the dark spots and

the distinctness of the crimson markings, which may be very

obscure. This appears to be quite distinct from T. ritteri Ckll.,

and I was informed that the biologists of the Scripps. Institution

were familiar with a second, less-marked, species, which doubt-

less is T. rittert.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

THE SoLENOPSIDAE. The extinct family Solenopside has for

its type genus Solenopsis McCoy, the name of which, being pre-

occupied, was altered to Solenomorpha in 1903 (Nature, April 16,

p. 559). The family name has however continued in use, so it

may be well to point out that it must be altered to Solenomor-

phide.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIX. DECEMBER, 1915. No.8

AN OCCURRENCE OF PALUDESTRINA SALSA IN NEW JERSEY.

BY BAYARD LONG,

The rapid extermination of the native flora along the New

Jersey coast, through the so-called ‘‘improvements’”’ in real

estate, has led me during a period of some years to endeavor,

as opportunity arose, to make as complete a survey as possible

of the plants of Long Beach. (This is a long narrow island

lying midway in the ocean boundary of New Jersey. Beach

Haven, its best known summer resort, is probably the most

familiar name associated with this twenty miles of coast. )

When grading was accomplished mostly by the destruction and

leveling of the sand dunes, much of the brackish marsh area

escaped serious disturbance, but with the introduction of the

suction-dredge even the salt marshes, with their flora and fauna,

soon disappear under the flooding sand.

With this thought in mind, whenever I am collecting plants

in the vicinity of Tucker’s, I make a point of visiting a certain

deep brackish pond-hole in the midst of the salt marshes. My

interest lies in the endeavor to find fruit on the Ruppia which

fills this pool. The several forms of this water-plant are dis-

tinguished mainly upon fruit characters, and the present colony

seems to consistently spend its energies vegetatively.

In the autumn of 1914 in picking over handfuls of this

Ruppia in hopes of finding a fruiting strand or old fruit

entangled among the leaves, I found a small Amnicoloid snail

(the size of a Ruppia fruit). On hasty examination it some-

86 THE NAUTILUS.

what resembled Lycgyrus granum, with which I had become

familiar in the Delaware River tidal marshes, living upon water-

plants of the same group. Suspecting it might be of some

interest, it was submitted to Mr. E. G. Vanatta, and though the

shell was deformed, he pronounced it to be Paludestrina salsa

Pilsbry.

As this formed a rather considerable southerly extension of

range of this little-known shell, a more satisfactory basis for the

new record was established August 5, 1915, when a good series

was obtained. The snail proved to be much more common

upon floating algal vegetation than upon the Ruppia, and the

amount of material obtained depended only upon the quantity

of algae picked over. This appears to be a thriving colony as

individuals in all stages of development were equally common.

Some slight variation seems to occur, as seen in mature examples,

but this is apparently no greater, nor of any more significance,

than previously noted in this species.’

The pond-hole where this colony of Paludestrina salsa occurs

is rather unique among the physical features of Long Beach.

Most of the pieces of brackish water on the salt marshes here

are merely shallow, muddy depressions of irregular outline, but

the present one is a deep round pool of no great area with pre-

cipitous sides. If it occurred in rocky country it would probably

be referred to as a pot-hole or a sink-hole.

In looking up the literature of the described localities where

this snail has been observed, I find in the interesting accounts

which Rev. H. W. Winkley gives of the various habitats known

to him, that there are references which very closely suggest the

Long Beach station. In Branford, Connecticut, the snail is de-

scribed as abundant on vegetable matter floating in a ditch in

the brackish marsh (to combine information from two notes).’

In the later paper there is also reference to the station in

Wareham, Massachusetts where a colony occurs ‘‘ in a pot hole

in the marsh.’’ I have no doubt that in physical features the

Long Beach locality much resembles the one in Wareham. If

1Winkley, Nautilus, xix, 107 (1906).

2 Winkley, Nautilus, xix, 107 (1906) and xxii, 53 (1908).

——————————r ee

THE NAUTILUS. 87

the snail here also occurs on floating vegetation the similarity

would be very striking.

This colony near Tucker’s, Long Beach Island, Ocean County

New Jersey extends the range of Paludestrina salsa southward,

to the best of my knowledge, from Branford, Connecticut, which

is near New Haven—an extension of considerably over a

hundred miles.

My material, critically examined by Mr. E. G. Vanatta, is

deposited at the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Early in the year the Page Engineering Company of Chicago

submitted to the writer some specimens of mollusks and moss

obtained from a cutting near the Fox River, one mile east of

Cary Station. The sequence of deposits is as follows:

1. Black earth . . . 2 feet 6 inches

2) Brown earth .) ) ~~ 2-4) 6 inches

remeneeet i) ais alo kb olin

“SECS RE ea ee

2G) ET em PCI LY A

Height cf section. . 13 ‘

Eight species of mollusks were picked from the marl, No. 3.

Valvata tricarinata Say.

‘alvata lewisii Currier.

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

Amnicola linosa Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis exacutus Say.

Galba galbana Say.

Physa species (fragments).

The moss was submitted to Doctor Edward W. Berry, Johns

Hopkins University, who determined it to be ‘‘ Plagiothecium

denticulatum (Linné) B. and §., probably near the subspecies

rosaceum (Hampe) B. and §8.’’ Occurring as this thick moss

88 THE NAUTILUS.

bed does between two strata of marl, it arouses consider-

able interest as to the method of its formation and also that of

the bed of marl above and below the moss. Professor Berry

says of this species ‘‘ this moss is very common and wide-spread

in middle latitudes and may possibly be a composite form.

It grows in various moist (not necessarily swamp) situations

from the Atlantic to the Pacific.’’

The deposits are all post-glacial and probably represent

fluctuations in a water body, possibly connected with the Fox

River Valley. The thickness of the moss (two feet) suggests a

comparatively long period of swampy condition between two

pond formations. The mollusks are indicative of a water body

four to eight feet in depth. Samples were not secured of the

marl beneath the moss, which probably also contained mol-

lusks.

The whole Fox River Valley is worthy of study, the lower

part of the river bank bearing strata belonging to the Sangamon

or Post-Illinoian interglacial interval, which are fossil-bearing.

In view of the rich beds of molluscan fossils found near Chicago,

it would seem that these Fox River strata should be investigated,

as they may also contain remains of life indicating something

of the migration of life during this interesting interval, when

the great shell beds of Toronto were formed.

The New York State College of Forestry.

Syracuse University.

THE GASTROPODA OF PAYNE COUNTY, OKLAHOMA.

BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI.

The collection upon which the list of species given below is

based was made in the month of May, during a season of abnor-

mally wet weather. While we covered practically the whole of

Payne county, the region between Wild Horse and Stillwater

creeks and from the Cimarron River north to the town of Still-

water was studied quite thoroughly during the period of our

stay.

Of the nine families represented in the region, the Helicide

THE NAUTILUS. 89

and Pupillide are the most prolific of the land forms. The

Pupillide represented by five species, are by far the most abun-

dant of the land forms, Bifidaria procera and cristata occurring

in colonies of hundreds. Bifidaria contracta Say, however is

quite rare, being known only from a few specimens taken from

the stomach of a lizard.

Among the specimens of the Zonitideg, Vitrea indentata Say

and Zonitoides aborea Say are very plentiful in suitable spots,

while Euconulus fulvus Drap. is rare, although the latter is

adapted to like environment in other regions. Sweccinea avara

Say is very abundant along the margins of small streams and

ponds where the soil is damp and well shaded.

Following each species we have given measurements of the

average sized, mature shells from the various stations in which

we collected in the county. These measurements may be ac-

cepted as representing the size acquired by each species in this

particular region of Oklahoma.

Helicide.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Alt. 5.2 mm., diam. 8.5 mm. —

Polygyra texasiana Moric. Alt. 4.3 mm., diam. 9.38 mm.§

Polygyra texasiana var. Alt. 5.2 mm., diam. 11.7 mm.

Pupillide.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Alt. 4.6 mm., diam. 2.8 mm.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Alt. 2.6 mm., diam. 1.4 mm.

Bifidaria procera Gld.

Bifidaria p. cristata P. & V. Alt. 2.8 mm., diam. 1.2 mm.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Alt. 4.8 mm., diam. 2.0 mm.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Alt. 2.2 mm., diam. 2.4 mm.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Zonitide.

Euconulus fulvus Drap. Alt. 2.9 mm., diam. 2.8 mm.

Vitrea indentata Say. Alt. 2.1 mm., diam. 6.0 mm.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Alt. 1.9 mm., diam. 4.5 mm.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Ait. 0.9 mm., diam. 2.1 mm.

Limacide.

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Endodontide.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Alt. 1.4 mm., diam. 4.7 mm.

Succinide.

Succinea avara Say. Alt. 12.1 mm., diam. 6.4 mm.

Succinea grosvenor Lea.

Limneide.

Lymnea cubensis Pfr. Alt. 11.8 mm., diam 6.6 mm.

Planorbis antrosus Conr. (bicarinatus Say). Alt. 4.9 mm.,

diam. 9.9 mm.

Planorbis parvus Say. Alt. 1.0 mm., diam. 4.0 mm.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Alt. 7.3 mm., diam. 19.5 mm.

Physide,

Physa gyrina Say. Alt. 14.7 mm. diam. 7.6 mm.

Amvnicolide.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Alt. 4.7 mm., diam. 3.2 mm.

In this connection it may be mentioned that while gastropods

are abundant in the ponds, small creeks and the larger streams

tributary to the Cimarron, not a single form of molluscan life

was found in the Cimarron River, in Payne county, although

the dredge was used at frequent intervals along a stretch of

fifteen miles.

MOLLUSCA OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

BY W. H. OVER.

(Concluded from page 81).

All species listed were collected by me and are in my private

collection of land and freshwater Mollusca now on exhibition

in the Museum of the University of South Dakota.

For the determination of species I am grateful to Messrs H.

A. Pilsbry, j;E. G. Vanatta, Bryant Walker, Dr. Sterki, L. 8.

Frierson, F. C. Baker and A. A. Hinkley. But for the latter

I probably never would have become interested in the study

and collecting of shells.

Vallonia costata Mill. Deuel Co.

Vallonia pulchella Mill. Deuel Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Vallonia parvula Sterki. Clay, Deuel and Brule Counties.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Common over the State.

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Deuel Co.

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. Spearfish Canyon, Lawrence Co.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Woods along Vermilion River, Clay

Co.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Common in the semi-arid districts.

Also Clay Co.

Pupoides inornatus Vanatta. Type lot from drift along White

River, Washington Co. Also collected along Indian Creek,

eastern Pennington Co.

Bifidaria tappaniana Ads. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Bifidaria clappi Sterki. Pennington Co.

Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. One specimen taken in woods

along Spearfish Creek in Lawrence Co.

Bifidaria agna Pils. and Van. Quite general over the State.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Clay Co.

Bifidaria procera Gld. All through the southern part of State.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Common over the State.

Bifidaria armifera abbreviata Sterki. Perkins Co.

Bifidaria pentodon Say. Over the State.

Pupilla muscorum L. Washington Co.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Pennington and Brule Counties.

Vertigo ovata Say. Deuel and Clay Counties. Probably

common in eastern part of State.

Vertigo miliwm Gld. Found in drift along Missouri River at

Chamberlain, Brule Co.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Clay, Lawrence and Deuel Counties.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Lawrence Co.

Polita hammonis Str6m. Clay, Deuel and Pennington Coun-

ties.

Euconulus fulvus Mill. Pennington, Lawrence, Harding and

Deuel Counties.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Locally over the State.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Common over the State.

Zonitoides nitida Mull. Clay, Deueland Washabaugh Counties.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils. Brule, Clay and Custer Counties.

Agriolimaxz canpestris Binn. Harding Co. Probably in eastern

part of State.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Clay Co.

Pyramidula cronkhitei Newe. Deuel Co.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. Clay, Pennington and

Lawrence Counties.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Clay, Washington, Deuel and

Brule Counties.

Punctum pygmeum Drap. Deuel and Lawrence Counties.

Punctum californicum Pils. Clay Co.

Succinea nuttalliana Say. Deuel Co,

Succinea higginsi Gld. Deuel Co.

Succinea avara Say. Common over the State.

Succinea grosvenorii Lea. Common over the plains and prairies.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Stanley Co.

Carychium exiguum Say. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Lymneza elodes Say. Clay Co.

Lymnea tryoni Lea. Deuel Co.

Lymneza obrussa Say. Black Hills.

Lymnexa palustris Mull. Generally distributed over the State.

Lymnea palustris michiganensis Walker. Deuel Co.

Iymnea parva Lea. Perkins and Deuel Counties.

Lymnezxa caperata Say. Common over the State.

Lymnxa humilis modicella Say. Deuel, Clay, Butte, Perkins

and Harding Counties.

Lymnea stagnalis appressa Say. Deuel Co. Probably over east-

ern part of State.

Lymnea cockerelli Pils. and Ferr. Over the State.

Lymnea techella Hald. Harding Co.

Physa sayi Tapp. Perkins, Deuel and Harding Counties.

Physa ancillaria Say. Codington Co.

Physa humerosa Gld. Spink Co.

Physa crandalli Baker. Fish ponds at hatchery, Lawrence Co.

Physa walkeri Crandall (?) Spink Co. Turtle River.

Physa integra Hald. Rare over the State.

Physa gyrina Say. Abundant over the State.

Aplexa hypnorum L. Deuel Co.

Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. Perkins Co.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Locally found over the State.

Reported by Audubon in 1840 from Missouri River. Probably

at mouth of some creek flowing in from the east.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Planorbis parvus Say. Deuel, Pennington, Clap and Hard-

ing Counties.

Planorbis exacuus Say. Deuel Co. near Altimont.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Quite common over the State. Also

collected in Beadle Co. in 1895 by S. F. Adams.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Clay, Perkins, Deuel, Washington

and Washabaugh Counties.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Perkins and Deuel Counties.

Segmentina armigera Say. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Segmentina christyi Dall. Dead shells were abundant at a

small pond in Deuel Co. in 1908.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Deuel Co.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Codington, Clay and Deuel Counties.

Campeloma integrum Say. Clay Co. Vermilion River. One

sinistral.

Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Deuel Co.

Somatogyrus integer Say. Deuel Co.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Spink Co. Turtle River.

Amnicola limosa Say. Codington and Clay Counties.

Amnicola emarginata Kiist. Codington and Clay Counties.

Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Clay, Deuel, Codington and Spink

Counties. One ‘‘dead’’ specimen was found in the Little Mis-

souri River in Harding Co. It is doubtful if it exists there at

present, but may be found in the same river at higher elevation

and in a sandy loam formation in Montana.

Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes.

Lampsilis levissimus Lea.

Lampsilis alatus Say.

Lampsilis parvus Barnes. Vermillion River, Clay Co.

Lampsilis gracilis Barnes. The above five species are no doubt

more or less common in the Big Sioux, Vermilion and James

Rivers.

Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Clay Co.

Lampsilis subrostratus Say. Rare in Brule Creek, Union

County.

Lampsilis rectus Lamk. Brule Creek, Union Co.

Plagiola elegans Lea. Clay Co.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Lake Kampeska, Codington Co.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Strophitus edentulus pavonius Lea. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Anodonta dakota Frierson. Clear Lake, Deuel Co.

Anodonta grandis Say. Perkins, Deuel, Spink, Clay and

Codington Counties.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Deuel and Codington Coun-

ties.

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea. Deuel Co.

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. Washabaugh and Deuel

Counties.

Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylindraceus Lea. Deuel Co.

Symphynota compressa Lea. Deuel Co.

Symphynota complanata Barnes. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Symphynota complanata katherina Lea. Lake Kampeska, Cod-

ington Co.

Arcidens confragosus Say. Clay Co.

Quadrula lachrymosa Lea. Clay Co.

Quadrula pustulosa Lea.

Quadrula undulata Barnes. Deuel, Clay and Spink Counties.

Spherium sulcatum Lam. Washabaugh and Deuel Counties.

Spherium rhomboideum Say. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Spherium simile Say. Deuel Co.

Spherium stramineum Conr. Lake Kampeska, Codington Co.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Deuel Co.

Spherium striatinum acuminatum Prime. Ziebach, Harding,

Perkins and Butte Counties.

Musculium partumeium Say. Deuel Co.

Musculium secure Prime. Pennington and Perkins Counties.

Musculium jayense Prime. Ziebach, Perkins and Deuel Coun-

ties.

Pisidium contortum Prime. Harding Co.

‘Pisidium mainense Sterki. (or near) Deuel Co.

Pisidium affine Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Pennington Co.

Pisidium abditum Hald. Pennington and Washington Coun-

ties.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Washabaugh Co.

Pisidium kirklandi Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidiwm compressum Prime. Deuel Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Pisidium compressum levigatum Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium sargentii Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium overt Sterki. Deep waterhole in creek one half mile

south of Clear Lake, Deuel Co.

Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Pisidium pauperculum crystalense Sterki. Deuel Co.

The following post-glacial fossils, Wisconsin drift, were taken

from a well 20 feet beneath the surface, 3 miles north of Grand-

view, Douglas Co., in 1883 by Prof. J. E. Todd, at that time

State Geologist. The specimens were identified by Frank C.

Baker.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Lymnaea stagnalis appressa

Pisidium variabile Prime. Say.

Pisidium medianum Sterki (?) Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Valvata lewisiit Currier. (antrosus Conrad )

Succinea avara Say. Planorbis antrosus _ striatus

Physa sp. (immature) Baker.

Lymnaea (Galba) palustris Planorbis deflectus Say.

Mull. Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis exacutus Say.

PUPOIDES INORNATUS N. SP.

E. G. VANATTA.

Shell small, cylindrical, rimate; apex obtusely rounded,

white ; the lower part of the shell opaque flesh colored ; surface

with a few irregular growth striz ; suture impressed, ascending

at the aperture; whorls 54, convex, slightly shouldered below

the suture; base obtusely angular. Aperture more than one-

third the height of the shell; oval, truncate, without lamelle

or plice ; parietal callus transparent ; lip and columella opaque,

white, thick, broadly reflexed. Alt. 3.61, diam. 1.37, apert.

alt. 1.30, diam. 1.07 mm.

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

96 THE NAUTILUS.

number 110977, in drift of White River, central Washington

Co., S. Dakota, collected by Mr. W. H. Over, August, 1914.

Associated with Pupilla muscorum L., P. blandi Mse., Bifidaria

procera Gld., B. agna P. & V., B. pentodon Say, B. armifera

Say, Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. and Succinea avara Say. Also

in the Academy’s collection from drift along Indian Creek,

Pennington Co., S. D. (W. H. Over, viii, 24, 1914); Pike’s

Peak, Colo. (E. Hall) ; Trinidad, Colo. (Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

1906) ; ant hills, near Four Mile Hill, and charcoal zone

near Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, New Mexico (T. D. A. Cock-

erell, 1900).

This species differs from P. hordaceus Gabb by its smooth

surface ; P. chordatus Pfr. is narrower, thinner, and has a tooth

at angle of aperture; P. paradesti Orb. is costate and more

tapering.

NOTES.

LITTORINA LITTOREA A Fiso.—TIn the case Leavitt vs. Clarke in

the Divisional Court, in London, Eng., on May 7th, 1915, the

question arose as to whether a winkle isa fish. The appeal

was brought from a sentence under the Larceny Act, 1861,

which makes it illegal for a person to take or destroy fish from

private water.

The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Reading, confessed he was

puzzled as to whether a winkle could be called a fish, but,

following the decision in Caygill vs. Thwaite (1885) that cray

fish were fish, he considered that the appeal must be dismissed.

Mr. Justice Avory agreed on the ground that for thirty years

the law had been thought to be laid down in the case cited.

Mr. Justice Low said that he saw no reason why a winkle

should not be called a fish!—F. R. Latcurorp.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, formerly Acting Director of the Chicago

Academy of Science, is at present engaged on ecological work

in the School of Forestry, Syracuse University.

a a

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX. PLATE I!I.

FRIERSON : UNIO COR CONRAD.

PILSBRY : EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ZECH:,

fae NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIX. JANUARY, 1916. No.9

HELICES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA AND SINALOA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In my ‘‘ Notes upon some Lower Californian Helices,’’ Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1913, descriptions and figures were

given of the Helices of.the west coast and coastal islands of the

peninsula. The inland group remains to be considered here.'

While it seems likely that some or all of the Lower Californian

mountain Helices will prove to belong to the section Eremarionta

of the genus Micrarionta, yet none are known anatomically, and

we have as yet no way to tell them by the shells alone from

Sonorella. It seems best therefore to refer all Sonorella-like

shells of the Southwest to that genus until they are proved to be-

long elsewhere by dissection of the animal.

Group of Sonorella lohrii.

Helices of this group are much depressed, with a broadly

open umbilicus, more or less overhung by the dilated columellar

lip. They have the color and texture of Sonorella.

1Tn the paper just mentioned, I ranked //elix canescens Adams and Reeve as

a subspecies of Micrarionta veatchti (p. 386). This was of course an oversight,

since H. canescens was described first. It will probably be best to leave both

stand as species until their intergradation is demonstrated; but if they do

intergrade, then veatchii will take the trinomial,

98 THE NAUTILUS,

SONORELLA LoHRII (Gabb). Pl. 2, fig. 8.

Helix lohrii Gass. American Journal of Conchology, III, p.

236, pl. 16, fig. 2 (1867) ; IV, p. 285 (1868).

Sonorella lohrit Gabb, Prussry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. 1900,

p. 560 (1901). Banrtscu, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, p. 197,

pl. 82, fig. 1 (1904).

Helix steganella Mabille, 1895. See below.

The prominent features of this species are the very minutely

granulated surface, the large nuclear whorl and small number

of whorls, the position of the periphery, which is above the

middle, very obtusely angular in front, the surface below it

being rather flattened and sloping inward. The peristome is

somewhat bell-shaped, flaring, reflexed outwardly and below.

The type (No. 58106 A. N.S. P.) measures, height 10, diam.

22.1 mm. ; width of umbilicus 4 mm. ; width of aperture 13,

height 11.1 mm.

Dr. Bartsch has given excellent figures of this species, but

for ready comparison with the others I have figured the type

specimen here.

S. lohrii comes ‘‘from the higher table lands near Moleje.”’

SONORELLA LIODERMA Pilsbry. PI. 2, fig. 7.

Sonorella lohrit ioderma Pits., Nautitus XVIII, p. 59 (1904).

The shell is depressed with very low spire and broadly open

umbilicus, contained about five times in the diameter of the

shell ; very glossy, smooth except for fine growth-lines ; whorls

44, convex, slowly increasing to the last which widens rapidly,

is rounded at the periphery, and descends rather deeply in front.

The aperture is strongly oblique, transversely ovate. Peristome

expanded and reflexed throughout, the margins strongly con-

verging and joined by a thin, short parietal callous, the colum-

ellar margin dilated, overhanging a small part of the umbilicus.

Height 10, diam. 21.8 mm.; width of umbilicus 4.2 mm. ;

aperture 13.3 mm. wide, 11.1 high (including peristome).

This shell was originally described as a subspecies of S. lohrii,

but it is evidently distinct. It differs by the entire absence of

granulation, the equally rounded periphery, less deeply im-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

pressed suture, by having a much smaller embryonic whorl, a

more transversely lengthened aperture with shorter parietal

callus; and by the more arched and more reflexed upper

margin of the peristome. As the original description was rather

brief and unillustrated, figures of the type are now given.

S. lioderma was collected by Gabb. It was one of the speci-

mens formerly in the tray with his type of H. lohrii, and pre-

sumably was found in the same district. The type is No. 58107

A. N.S. P. I cannot identify it with any of the species de-

scribed by Mabille.

The following species evidently belong to the group of S. lohrii,

since all are described as ‘‘ broadly and perviously umbilicate’’.

Their other chief characters are given below, abbreviated from

Mabille’s descriptions, as the original publication is probably

not accessible to many West Coast conchologists. None of

them were figured, and no comparisons with other species are

given.

Helix indigena J. Mabille. Depressed-subdiscoidal, solid,

subpellucid, somewhat glossy, above planulate, reddish-corneous

with a brown zone bordered by white zones, white beneath ;

beautifully rib-striate ; apex obtuse, minute, striate ; whorls 5,

the last rounded, descending a little to the aperture; base a

little inflated, especially around the umbilicus. Peristome a

little dilated, scarcely reflexed, the margins converging, joined

by ascarcely noticeable callus. Diam. 19 to 21, alt. 7 to8 mm.

Only found above 800 meters on the peaks of the Sierra, through-

out most of the central part of the Peninsula of California (Bul-

letin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 8th Ser., vii, 1895,

p. 64).

This seems from the description to be a distinct species, dif-

fering from S. lioderma by the sculpture and the less developed

peristome.

Helix steganella J. Mabille. Depressed, destitute of color and

cuticle but with a reddish zone, rather thick, solid ; irregularly

striate, and densely covered with many minute granules arranged

in oblique series. Spire slightly prominent, the apex costulate,

obtuse. Whorls 4, the last strongly dilated and shortly de-

scending at the aperture, a little excavated above at the suture,

obscurely angular at the periphery, slopingly compressed below

the periphery, inflated around the umbilicus. Peristome thick-

ened, spreading, a little reflexed, the converging margins joined

100 THE NAUTILUS.

by a very thin callus; the outer margin at first rather straight,

scarcely reflexed, then carved, basal margin nearly straight,

reflexed. Umbilical margin dilated, thickened, slightly cover-

ing the umbilicus. Diam. 21 to 29, alt. 7 to 8mm. Same

localities (Same reference).

The description of this species applies very well to H. lohrii

Gabb. I think it a synonym of that species.

Helix invecta J. Mabille. Depressed-orbiculate, without cuticle

or color, but with traces of a brownish line above ; solid, rather

thick, coarsely striatulate and under a lens beautifully striatu-

late. Whorls 4, the last angular at periphery, rather swollen

below, at the aperture dilated and slightly descending. Peris-

tome expanded, slightly thickened, the approaching margins

joined by arather thick callus ; columellar margin dilated in a

triangular plate over the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 7 mm.

Lower California (same reference, p. 65).

Seems nearer S. lohrii than any other species I have seen.

Helix digueti J. Mabille. Subdepressed, without color or cut-

icle, solid, subopaque, irregularly and densely costulate-striate,

apex nearly smooth, whorls 4, the last slightly dilated and

shortly descending to the aperture. Peristome reflexed, margins

joined by a very thin callous, columellar margin dilated, nearly

covering the umbilicus. Diam. 20 to 204, alt. 8 to 9 mm.

No locality mentioned (same reference, p. 65).

I have seen no species answering to the description of this.

Group of S. hachitana.

SoNORELLA MERRILLI Bartsch (1904). Below San Quentin, L,

Cal.

The surface has ‘‘ very dense, exceedingly minute granula-

tions, both on the upper and the lower surface.’? Height 12.5,

diam. 22, umbilicus about 4 mm.

SONORELLA PENINSULARIS n. sp. Pl. 2, figs. 4.

The shell is umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained

between eight and nine times in the diameter of the shell),

moderately depressed, the spire low-conic ; pale cinnamon with

a few white streaks, having a chestnut-brown band above the

periphery, margined narrowly with whitish above, more widely

below ; whitish around the umbilicus. The surface is glossy,

lightly marked with growth-lines, and in some places above the

THE NAUTILUS. 101

periphery of the last whorl some excessively faint spiral lines

may be seen under a hand-lens. The first whorl begins with

irregular radial ripples, then is very minutely rugose with in-

conspicuous rounded papille, widely spaced, and arranged in

forwardly descending, curved series. Whorls 5, rather convex,

those of the spire rather narrowly coiled, the last rapidly enlarg-

ing, descending somewhat to the aperture. The aperture is

large and decidedly oblique. The peristome is thin, the upper

and outer margins narrowly expanding, basal margin narrowly

reflexed ; the columellar margin runs rather far forward, and is

much dilated at the insertion, the external edge straightened.

Height 15, diam, 22 mm. ; umbilicus 2.6 mm.

Locality. — Trinidad, on the west coast, near San Borga.

Wm. M. Gabb. Typeno. 58127 A. N. 8. P.

I have not been able to locate Trinidad on the map. San

Borgia is a mission in the interior, below the 29th parallel.

There are several other specimens in the collection, all taken by

Gabb.

This is one of several forms which W. M. Gabb determined

as Helix carpenteri Newe.—a Californian species which differs by

its ‘‘numerous very minute spiral striations’’. Sonorella mer-

rili Bartsch is more depressed, with a smaller aperture and

larger umbilicus. The several species described from the pen-

insula by M. Jules Mabille differ in proportions from this one.

SONORELLA ULTIMA n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 5.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate (the width of the umbilicus

contained about twelve times in the diameter of shell); rather

thin ; depressed-globose, with very low conic spire ; pale cinna-

mon, fading to opaque white on the base, having a chestnut-

brown band above the periphery. The surface is glossy, weakly

marked with growth-lines, without spiral striation. Whorls

44, moderately convex, those of the spire slowly increasing, the

last whorl very wide, deflexed in front. The aperture is large,

oblique. Peristome thin at the edge, but having a rather wide

low white callous rim within, the terminations strongly converg-

ing ; the upper margin is unexpanded, outer and basal margins

narrowly expanded ; columellar margin carried forward, straight-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

ened outwardly, broadly dilated at the insertion, partly covering

the umbilicus ; parietal film transparent but not very thin.

Height 12.7, diam. 20mm. Aperture with peristome 12.7

mm. wide ; umbilicus 1.7 mm. wide.

Locality. —Sinaloa, Mexico, Wm. M. Gabb. Type No. 58124

AA. P-

The special features of this species are its narrow umbilicus,

very wide last whorl, large aperture and surface free from any

trace of spiral incised lines. The apex is slightly worn, but I

think I see traces of the same sculpture described for the first

whorl of S. peninsularis. It is one of the specimens Gabb

identified as Helix rémondi Tryon—which is quite a different

thing. Gabb was a really notable geological explorer, but

sometimes he was not fussy over identifications of shells.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ELLIPSOSTOMA Pilsbry. PI. 2, figs. 6.

Described in Nautitus VIII, p. 81 (1894), but not figured

before. The locality given by Gabb, San Juan del Norte, is

rather ambiguous. It would be taken for the place so named

in Nicaragua were it not that the specimen was stuck on a label

with a shell of Sonorella peninsularis, suggesting a Lower Califor-

nian habitat. The malleation and epidermis recall Californian

and Peruvian Helices, but no similar species has been taken in

Nicaragua. ‘The figures represent the type-specimen, no. 10745

A. N. 8.0P.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE UNIO COR, OF CONRAD.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

T. A. Conrad published in 1834, his ‘‘New Fresh Water

Shells’? describing and figuring a number of species. His

figures were not very good, and some confusion ever since has

been the result. For instance, his figure of U. prasinus is so

unlike the fignre given hy Dr. Lea for his U. schoolcrafti that the

two have been placed as different sub-species in our lists ; yet

both figures were drawn from the same identical specimen !

Mr. Conrad figured a shell, (presumably his Unio stramineus)

on plate 7, but he omitted it altogether from the text !

THE NAUTILUS. 103

But above all, the confusion concerning his Unio cor is the

greatest, for there is not the slightest doubt that Mr. Conrad

described one species, and figured an entirely different one

under this name |

Through the kindness of Mr. E. C. Vanatta, of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, this confusion has been cleared up.

Mr. Conrad published, in January 1834, a shell he called

Unio mytilloides (Am. J]. Sci. xxv, pl. 1, fig. 7), and his figure

of Unio cor (New Fresh Water Shells, plate iii, fig. 3) in May,

1834. These figures were assumed by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to

represent the same species. There is little doubt but that the

‘‘ Mytilloides’’ figured is a Unio ebenus Lea, and the figure of

cor, is much like it, yet not identical.

No shell exactly like Conrad’s cor has yet been obtainable, and

if the figure is accurate, the species is probably yet undescribed.

The true Cor, however, is well characterized, and the type,

in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, is figured

herewith (pl. iii, figs. 1, 2, 3) through the courtesy of Dr.

Pilsbry.*

U. cor Conrad is a native of the Elk and Flint Rivers. These

are tributaries of the Tennessee River. The Unio lewisi, and

U. crapulus, of Lea, with which U. cor has hitherto been identi-

fied, come from a different drainage system.

The true Unio cor is characterized by Mr. Conrad, as haying

rays,—the young, beautifully rayed, and having a sulcus from

the beak to base. Neither of which are ever exhibited by

lewisi, nor are indicated upon the psendo-figure of cor. Mr.

Conrad says the young shells resemble the wndatus, Barnes,

(Mr. Conrad’s conception of wndatus, was the obliquus of

Lamark).

The true U. cor is to be found in many collections, under

other names, among which the writer has noted U. edgarianus,

tuscumbiensis, andersonensis, and others. The figure of anderso-

nensis Lea represents an old, much inflated specimen, rather

short behind, but otherwise quite characteristic.

1 Dr, Pilsbry believes that Conrad’s figure, pl. 3, fig. 3, represents the shell

he described as Unio cor, and that it was a slightly older specimen than that

now figured, but of the same species.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Conrad also observes that mature specimens of U. cor are

sometimes produced and cuneiform behind, ‘‘ like some varieties

of triangularis of Raf.,’’? (a species, in Mr. Conrad’s estimation

at that time, embracing the group of pyramidatus etc.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN LAND SNAIL.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ZECH& n. sp. PI. III, lower figs.

The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate (width of umbi-

licus contained nearly eight times in greatest diameter of the

shell), rather thin. The whorls of the spire and as far as the

front of the last whorl are dilute cinnamon, then changing to

ecru-olive or dark olive-buff ; there is a chestnut-brown band at

the shoulder (about 2mm. wide), bordered with inconspicu-

ous, hardly noticeable bands paler than the ground-color.

Surface is glossy, distinctly, irregularly striate, and immediately

behind the lip it is closely and minutely granulose. The spire

is a little convex, whorls 53, moderately convex, slowly increas-

ing to the last, which is about double the width of the preceding,

and decends a little in front. The aperture is broadly lunate,

decidedly wider than high. Lip thin, the upper margin scarcely

expanded, outer very slightly, basal very narrowly reflexed,

the columeller margin broadly dilated.

Alt. 15.2, diam. 31 mm. ; aperture, alt. 14.3, width 17.8

mm.

Habitat, San Antonio Canyon, in the San Gabriel Mts., west-

ern edge of San Bernardino Co., California, at about 5000 ft.

elevation (Miss Lilian Zech).

This fine species will probably prove to belong to the Helmin-

thoglypta group, in which it most resembles H. sequoicola

(Cooper); yet the absence of malleation on the last whorl and

of granules on the spire are features more like Sonorella.

Miss Zech gives the following account of the locality.

The specimen was found in a narrow, winding canyon branch-

ing from the main San Antonio canyon at 4700 feet and at this

point, some two or three hundred feet higher as near as I can

THE NAUTILUS. 105

guess,—only wide enough for the creek bed, then full of rushing

water, and the trail. It is a cool, moist,.deep canyon,—with

columbine, lilies, and ferns—and on the slopes much bay

laurel. The trees were incense cedar and big-cone spruce. The

snail lay on a pile of rock artificially heaped up at the creek’s

mouth, and contained the dead animal when found.’’

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BIFIDARIA.

BY DR. VY. STERKI.

BIFIDARIA MINUTA, N. Sp.

Shell minute, ovate-conical with the apex nearly pointed,

narrowly umbilicate and short-rimate, colorless whitish ; whorls

four to four and a half, well rounded with deep suture, the last

large, rounded at the base; surface with very slight irregular

striee, apex without strie, microscopically rugulose ; aperture

rather large, well rounded, peristome sharp, not everted, with

the ends somewhat approximate, palate with a very slight crest

close to and parallel with the margin, inside with a very slight

callus or none; lamelle and folds: parietal rather large, nearly

simple, columellar medium, an inferior columellar near the

base, or wanting ; the two principal palatals. Soft parts not

examined. Alt. 1.2, diam. 1 mm. (other exs. 1.0: 0.9).

Hab.; Woods, north of Geneva, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. Type:

No. 1990, collection of North Am. Pupide.

This Bifidaria is near tappaniana Adams, but differs from that

species as follows: it is much smaller, more conical, the whorls

are less in number, more rapidly increasing, more convex, the

last is comparatively larger ; there is no callus in the palate or

a very slight one, the palatal folds are longer and there are no

secondary ones (as supra- and interpalatal).

It was a surprise to find a new Bifidaria in this part of the

country, and it appears that the (three) specimens on hand

represent a distinct species. If not closely examined, they have

the appearance of young or half grown of some other species,

and probably were overlooked, partly due to the habit of most

Bifidarias of this group of covering their shells with dirt.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

REPORT ON THE TURTON CoLLEcTION oF SouTH AFRICAN Ma-

RINE Mo.uuusks, with additional notes on other South African

shells contained in the United States Museum. By Paul Bartsch.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 91 Pp. xii + 305, 54 plates. The basis

of this report was a collection made by Lieut. Col. W. H. Tur-

ton, late Royal Engineers, at Port Alfred. This collection, made

on the beach within 10 miles of the village, without dredging,

contained 721 species. Other South African materials, notably

the shells collected by William Stimpson on the North Pacific

Exploring Expedition, in 1858, have also been studied. Al-

though Mr. E. A. Smith, Mr. Geo. B. Sowerby and others have

described many species from this fauna in the past few years,

Dr. Bartsch found over 200 new species to define. All are well

figured. New descriptions and figures are given of many briefly

described species of Gould, from the type-specimens.

A list is given of nearly 1500 species reported from South

Africa, not contained in the National Museum, with the sugges-

tion that the specimens should be compared with material from

the type localities of the several species, as he has found, in

many instances, that South African shells which have been

identified with species of other regions, are not specifically the

same, though superficially similar.

A full bibliography is given, references to literature being

omitted in the text.

The large number of new forms described and figured, with

the full census of previous records, give this work a high value

for those concerned with the South African marine fauna. It

must become their book for constant reference, as Krauss’s

classic, ‘‘ Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken’’ was for a former

generation of mollusk students.

HACE.

Mo.ttuscan Wortp. Compiled by C. R. Orcutt. 208+62 pp.,

8vo, San Diego, 1915. This is a collection of records, descrip-

tions and notes from a multitude of sources. With the excep-

tion of a list of shells found by the author around Hartland,

Vermont (pp. 1-6), it is confined to species of California, Baja

THE NAUTILUS. 107

California and the Rocky Mountain States, and may be regarded

as a supplement to Carpenter’s collection of papers on West

American Mollusks. It is not arranged systematically but an

index enables one to find any species.

EE A.P.

NOTES

A SraIn For RapuLAE.—In many of the small mollusks it is

difficult to make out the exact shape of the teeth on the radula

because of their transparency. Moreover, a radula mounted in

balsam becomes almost invisible in a short time. I have found

that the radula may be readily stained without injuring the teeth

of even the most delicate forms and without loosening them

from the lingual ribbon.

For the marine forms, place the radula in a saturate aqueous

solution of potassium bichromate for from five to fifteen min-

utes. However, the radula may remain in the stain without

injury for an indefinite period. One radula left in this solution

for three months was not harmed in the least. After staining,

wash well in water and mount in balsam.

Land and freshwater forms cannot be handled in this way.

For these a five per cent. solution of chromic acid works admir-

ably. Place the radula on a slide, cover with four or five drops

of the acid, and heat until the acid precipitates at the edge of

the drop. If heated too long, the teeth may become detached

from the lingual ribbon. Wash in water and mount in balsam.

These stains seem permanent in balsam, specimens so pre-

pared having kept for eight months without fading, while spe-

cimens in glycerine jelly fade in amonth or two. Though I

presume other stains for radulae are known, these appear to be

practical both in the simplicity of the process and the perma-

nency of the stain. —SHIELDs WARREN.

A New Variety oF CyprHwa.—Cyprea undata buttoni, n. v.

White, ornamented with three zigzag zones of chestnut, show-

ing fine hair lines of chestnut between the zones ; sides and base

white ; anterior extremity edged dark chestnut. Length, .50 to

.75 inch.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Fiji Islands. It is named in honor of Mr. F. L. Button of

Oakland, who has made a study of Cyprea and Trivia. The

type is in the Stanford Collection.—Ipa S. OLDRoyp.

Tue Dares oF PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MARINE COoN-

cHOLOGY, BY TrmoTHy A. Conrap.—In the library of the

Boston Society of Natural History are parts 1 to 3 of this work

in their original dull yellow (probably somewhat faded) covers.

Part one or No. 1, was published April, 1831. With this part

was issued the title-page, with precisely the same wording and

type except that on the cover the date, April, 1831, and No. 1,

appear in the upper left and right hand corners, while on the

title page the date (1831) only is at the bottom of the page.

No. 1 contains pages 1 to 12 and plates 1 and 2. No. 2 was

published September, 1831 (date at the bottom of the cover

page) ; it contains pages 13 to 28 and plates 3 to 5. No 3 was

published in May, 1832 (also dated at the bottom of the cover

page) ; it contains pages 29 to 40 and plates 6 to 8. The entire

work contains 72 pages and 17 colored plates. It would be of

interest to know just when pages 41 to 72 appeared : if in two

parts with the same interval between, the last part would have

appeared in 1833. The above makes the date of publication

for Oardita borealis 1832, while Lyonsia hyalina and Lepton fabag-

ella would probably have the same date.—C. W. JoHNson.

Tur ConcHoLocicaL Mustum.—Mr. Y. Hirase has recently

published another interesting album of his Conchological Mu-

seum. The 30 excellent illustrations show clearly the enor-

mous amount of work he has accomplished and its great diver-

sity in order to make the exhibit both popular and instructive.

Nowhere in the world are the economic and artistic applications

of the Mollusca so fully exhibited.

With the Album is sent an ‘‘ Application for aid.’’ For those

in sympathy with his work and who wish to support his Mu-

seum, ‘‘The Supporting Club of the Hirase Conchological

Museum has been formed, the dues per year are: Supporting

member $2.50. Special supporting member $5.00. Life mem-

bership $30.00.”’

Mee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIX. FEBRUARY, 1916. No. 10

COLLECTING AT NANTUCKET AND MARTHA’S VINEYARD.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Helix hortensis has been recorded from both of these islands.

My visit gave these results—At the town of Nantucket the

species occurs sparingly in gardens, and abundant in the older

cemeteries. It has a fondness for marble grave stones, espe-

cially in shady places. No banded forms occur in the town,

but both white and yellow colors occur. In one cemetery I

found white in one colony, and yellow a few rods away. The

specimens from this island are all small, about ? the diameter

of those from the coast of Maine.

Knowing there was a colony at Siasconset, seven miles away,

at the eastern shore of the island, we drove over to examine a

farm where I was told they occurred. I searched the place with

negative results. Knowing their propensity for grave stones I

asked the farmer’s daughter if there was a cemetery at ‘‘Scon-

set’’. She didn’t know the meaning of the word so I said

burying ground. Oh yes! she said, half a mile down that road

is where we pick blackberries. So I depended on my instinct

and eventually located plain and five-banded forms near the

shore. At Marthas Vineyard we lodged at Edgartown, but H.

hortensis was not there, so we took an auto trip and examined

cemeteries, woods, bushes etc., at Oak Bluffs, Vineyard Haven,

Tisbury, Chilmark and Gay Head. I found no trace of it, but

did get Succinea ovalis in one spot. I have in my cabinet a few

specimens from Indian shell-heaps at Edgartown gathered some

110 THE NAUTILUS.

years ago by Rev. Geo. D. Reed; but that spot is now covered

with cottages. Diligent inquiry of the natives failed to reveal

the hiding place of H. hortensis. ‘Though two men assured me

they had seen it, when they gave their descriptions I concluded

one had found hermit crabs and the other fiddler crabs. Some

people lacks ‘‘ eddication.”’

Dredging and dip-net work revealed a few interesting facts.

In Nantucket harbor Odostomia seminuda is large and abundant,

while other Odostomias are scarce. The opposite is the rule at

Woods Hole. Crepidula fornicata is exceedingly abundant.

Every haul of the dredge brings up many clusters of from ten

to twenty specimens clinging to each other.

Katama Bay, near Edgartown, is an interesting dredging

ground. Results there were similar to Nantucket. The species

found at Nantucket are :

Crepidula fornicata, Nassa trivittata,

Crepidula plana, Astyris lunata,

Busycon canaliculatus, Anachis avara,

Busycon carica, Bittium nigrum,

Venus mercenaria, Melampus lineatus,

Arca transversa, Tornatina canaliculata,

Anomia simplex, Bela plicata,

Odostomia seminuda, Cingula minuta,

Odostomia bartschi, Cerithiopsis terebralis,

Odostomia bisuturalis, Lacuna vincta,

P. (Syrnola) producta, Turbonilla winkley?,

Nucula proxima, Turbonilla nivea,

Montacuta planulata, Turbonilla vinae,

Chaetopleura apiculata, Turbonilla elegantula.

At Katama Bay, Martha’s Vineyard :

Crepidula fornicata, Nassa trivittata,

Callocardia morrhuana, Astyris lunata,

enus mercenaria, Bittium nigrum,

Anomta simplex, Tornatina canaliculata,

Laevicardium mortont, Bela plicata,

Tagelus gibbus, Cerithiopsis terebralis,

Odostomia seminuda, Eupleura caudata,

P. (Syrnola) producta, Busycon carica,

Nucula proxima, Haminea solitaria,

Nucula lateralis, Turbonilla winkleyi,

Tellina tenera, Turbonilla elegantula.

Chaetopleura apiculata,

THE NAUTILUS. 111

NEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA FROM NEW MEXICO AND UTAH.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

AMNICOLA NEOMEXICANA nN. sp.

The shell is very small, minutely perforate, globose, corneous,

rather solid. Surface smooth, not glossy. Whorls 3, moder-

ately convex, the suture not deeply impressed. Aperture

ovate, strongly oblique, angular above. Peristome continuous,

the outer margin regularly arched, inner margin straight,

slightly thickened. Length 1.6, diam. 1.3 mm.; longest axis

of aperture about 1 mm.

Socorro, New Mexico, in warm springs. Types no. 121,113

in the Wheatley collection, deposited in Mus. A. N.S. P.

This species, known by many specimens, is smaller than

Amnicola micrococcus, with a narrow aperture, straight inner lip

and less impressed suture. Nearly all of the shells are eroded,

the spire being deeply corroded in fully adult individuals.

This gives an abrupt outline of the suture, in front view.

AMNICOLA DESERTA 0. sp.

The shell is very small, perforate, broadly ovate, corneous,

translucent, thin ; surface glossy, very minutely marked with

delicate growth-lines. The outlines of the spire are convex,

the apex somewhat pointed. Whorls 34, strongly convex, the

last more rapidly descending close to the aperture. The aper-

ture is ovate, somewhat oblique, angular above. Peristome

continuous and free from the preceding whorl. Length 2.4,

diam. 1.7 mm.; longest axis of aperture 1.25 mm. Length 2.2,

diam. 1.6 mm.

Washington Co., Utah. Types no. 121,112, Wheatley col-

lection, in coll. A. N.S. P.

This little shell resembles the larger Bythinella palomasensis,

from Lake Palomas in northern Chihuahua (Navutiius IX, 68,

Oct., 1895 ; Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIX, 1897, p. 369, pl.

31, fig. 9). The present species is broader, and evidently old

individuals are smaller. The generic position is uncertain. As

between a short Paludestrina and a long Amnicola there is little

choice.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Washington county is in the southwestern angle of Utah,

drained by the Virgin river, flowing into the Colorado. The

specimens are ‘‘dead”’ shells, but not fossil, I think. Accord-

ing to the label, Oreohelix strigosa was found in the same place.

The collector was not given for this or the preceding.

All of the adult specimens of A. deserta have the last whorl

shortly free at the aperture. It is a senile form, probably ex-

tinct or on the verge of extinction. Amnicolidx lead a precarious

existence in the arid states. The rivers do not afford suitable

stations. They have apparently never gained access to the

small perennial streams of the higher mountains; and permanent

springs and streams are so rare on the lower levels that the

colonies are small, few and widely separated. The large pro-

portion of extremely diminutive species in the arid region is

remarkable. It may, perhaps, be looked upon as a permanent

dwarfing due to unfavorable conditions.

Figures of both species have been prepared, to be published

on a future plate.

TWO NEW BIVALVE SHELLS FROM URUGUAY.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In asmall collection of shells from Uruguay recently received,

among the marine bivalves were the following species which

appear to be undescribed.

GLYCYMERIS DIAPHORUS N. sp.

Shell subcircular when young, in the adult higher than wide;

the outer surface nearly smooth, with faint indications of obso-

lete radial ribs; the color whitish with reddish brown spots or

small maculations; beaks small, not prominent, prosocoelus;

the subumbonal area inequilaterally triangular, the anterior

portion very short in proportion to the posterior, about 1 to 3,

crossed by seven or eight diverging grooves and ridges; height

of the area about one-fifth its length in the adult; hinge with

ten or twelve teeth on each side, separated by a striated space;

in the adult a large part of the posterior series may be obsolete

or absent; anterior dorsal slope long and nearly straight, the

THE NAUTILUS. 113

posterior short and rounded; interior smooth, the muscular

scars prominent, the anterior more rounded than the other; basal

margin with ten or twelve crenulations in the adult, more in

the young; lateral margins smooth. Height of adult 38;

breadth 35; diameter 18 mm.

Shell heap near Montevideo, Uruguay. U.S. N. Museum,

No. 215083. Coll. Felippone No. 556.

Though the valves received are not fresh, they show the color

markings. The most characteristic features of the species are

the narrow umbonal angle (100°) and unusually inequilateral

umbonal area, recalling the conditions in some species of

Timopsis.

CALLOCARDIA (AGRIODESMA) FELIPPONEI 0. sp.

Shell most closely resembling C. morrhuana Linsley (+ C.

convera Say) of the New England coast, and best described by

a differential diagnosis from that well-known species. Surface

of the present species similar in color, texture, and concentric

sculpture; form more triangular, the umbones smaller, the

anterior dorsal slope more depressed, the lunule somewhat

longer; the posterior slope longer and less roundly arcuated into

the less arcuated basa] margin; the ligament markedly shorter,

the hinge teeth larger and heavier; the pallial sinus similar in

form and length but somewhat wider; the beaks appear more

prominent, and the posterior cardinal tooth in both valves is

relatively much larger and stronger.

Height of typical specimen 40 ; length 50; diameter 27 mm.

Maldonado, Uruguay; U. S. N. Mus. No. 215082. Coll.

Felippone, No. 582.

Young specimens of this species were collected by the U. S.

Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 59 fathoms, mud, off

Rio de Janeiro ; the bottom temperature 57° F. These were

referred to C. aresta Dall, of my Porto Rico report, not being

old enough to display the differential characters. There is a

thin, dirty grey, dehiscent periostracum on the present species.

The species is named in honor of Dr. Florentine Felippone of

Montevideo, who has devoted much time to the study of the

Natural History of Uruguay.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

PLEUROBEMA LEWISII (LEA).

BY BRYANT WALKER.

As the result of some recent correspondence between Mr. L.

S. Frierson and the writer, it has become evident that the

synonymy, in which this species was included by Simpson in

his Synopsis and Descriptive Catalogue, will have to be revised.

Weare both of the opinion that this species is entitled to specific

recognition for the following reasons.

The synonymy given by Simpson is briefly this :

1834. Unio mytilloides var. Conrad. Type locality, Alabama

River.

1884. Uniocor Conrad. From the Elk and Flint rivers, Ala.

1861. Unio crapulus Lea. Type locality, Etowah River, Ga.

1861. Unio lewisti Lea. Type locality, Coosa River, Ala.

Just what Conrad’s mytilloides var. was, is not certain. If it

was not a Pleurobema, it is entirely immaterial what it was so

far as the species under consideration is concerned. But it was

apparently a Pleurobema from the Alabama River. If so, it is

equally immaterial what it was, so far as nomenclatorial pur-

poses are concerned. In 1820 Rafinesque described a species

from the Wabash as Pleurobema mytilloides. As in the case of

so many of the species described by this author, there has al-

ways been an element of uncertainty as to what his species really

was. By a general concensus of opinion among the earlier stu-

dents of American Unionidx, it was considered to be the same

as the species subsequently described by Lea as Unio pyramida-

tus. Dr. Lea, himself, gave it doubtful recognition as a valid

species and placed it near pyramidatus in his Synopsis. Simp-

son states that, in his opinion, the shells under this name in the

Lea collection are an elongated form of pyramidatus. Conrad

in his Synopsis of 1853 considered it a synonym of Lamarck’s

clava. It is quite probable that he was entirely correct in this

disposition of this species, which would be a very satisfactory

solution of the problem. It seems to be reasonably certain,

however, that it was either clava Lam. or pyramidatus Lea. Ac-

cording to Dr. Ortmann, pyramidatus Lea is a Plewrobema and

THE NAUTILUS. AED

not a Quadrula. But even this is immaterial, if Rafinesque’s

species can be satisfactorily identified as either of those species.

If mytilloides Raf. is the same as clava Lam., it disappears in the

synonymy. If it is the pyramidatus Lea, it would take prece-

dence of that species. But in either event, and that is the im-

portant point here, the specific name mytilloides can not be used

again for a different species of Plewrobema. So that, although

Conrad’s mytilloides was described as an Unio, his name, even if

the species is clearly identified, can not be used if his type was

a Plewrobema.

The shells, on which Conrad based his Unio cor, came from

the Elk and Flint rivers, Ala. Both of these streams are tribu-

taries of the Tennessee River. It is probable that the form

described by Conrad as cor represents some species also described

by Lea. Mr. Frierson has investigated that question (NAUTILUS,

Jan., 1916, p. 102). But whatever U. cor is, it is quite clear

that it is not the same as either of Lea’s species, crapulus or

lewisti. With the great increase in recent years of our knowl-

edge of the faunas of the Alabama and Tennessee drainage

systems, it has become more and more evident that there are

very few species of Pleurobema that are common to both systems.

The fauna of the Tennessee has been very thoroughly worked

over and there can be no doubt that there is no species in that

fauna that can by any approximation be referred to either of

Lea’s species.

The elimination of cor from further consideration leaves the

two species from the Alabama system to be dealt with. As-

suming, for the purposes of the argument, that they are synon-

ymous, what name shall be used? Both were described in the

same paper, but crapulus has page precedence. This, however,

under the Code (see Navt. xxviii, p. 125), is immaterial. Iam

of the opinion that precedence should be given to the name of

lewisii for the following reasons:

1. The Jewisii Lea is a well-defined and well-known species of

the Coosa, and there can be no doubt as to what it is.

2. Lea’s crapulus came from the Etowah River, Ga., and was

described from a single specimen. It does not seem to have

been found by any of the recent collectors. While it may be

116 THE NAUTILUS.

an absolute synonym of lewisii, on the other hand, in view of

the well-known variation of the species of this genus in the

different rivers of the Alabama system, it is quite possible that

it may be varietally or even specifically distinct. Its final

position in the system must necessarily await its re-discovery in

sufficient quantity to enable its standing to be definitely deter-

mined. If its accidental page priority were to be recognized, it

would leave the specific type a matter of uncertainty for an

indefinite period.

3. By adopting /ewisii as the specific name, Dr. Lea’s inten-

tion to perpetuate the memory of one of the leading concholo-

gists of his time will be effective.

In view of these considerations and assuming the two forms

to be synonymous, I select Unio lewisii Lea as the specific type.

The synonym, therefore, would be as follows:

PLEUROBEMA LEWISII (Lea).

1861. Unio lewisii Lea, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40.

1862. Unio lewisii Lea, J]. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 71, pl.

vii, fig. 220; Obs., viii, p. 75, pl. viii,

fig, 220.

1861. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 39.

1866. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Jl. Ac. Nat. Sci. vi, p. 42, pl. xv,

fig. 40.

1867. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Obs., xi, p. 46, pl. xv, fig. 40.

1900. Pleurobema cor Simpson, Syn., p. 754 (not of Conrad).

1914. Plewrobema cor Simpson, Desc. Cat., p. 765(not of Conrad).

Norr.—The foregoing article was received before the publication of that on

U. cor in the January number. Most of the matter relating to cor has there-

fore been eliminated. —Eps.

ANODONTA DANIELSI LEA IN COLORADO.

BY MAX M. ELLIS.

—__—-

While collecting fishes during October in Black Wolf Creek,

a tributary of the Arikaree River in eastern Colorado, a large,

isolated colony of bivalves was discovered, specimens from

THE NAUTILUS. 117

which have been identified by Mr. Bryant Walker as Anodonta

danielsi Lea. This collection constitutes the first record of this

species from Colorado. The only other species of Anodonta

known to occur in Colorado is Anodonta grandis, listed from two

localities, Lodgepole Creek in the extreme northeastern corner

of the state and a reservoir about 30 miles north of Denver.

(Henderson, Mollusca Colo. 1912).

The stream, Black Wolf Creek, is a small, rapid, spring-fed

brook, about seven miles long and averaging two feet wide dur-

ing low water. It joins the Arikaree River about eight miles

from the Colorado-Nebraska line. As the Arikaree River fre-

quently goes dry in Colorado during the summer months, Black

Wolf Creek which carries water throughout the year from its

small springs, is left an isolated unit during these dry seasons.

The bottom of this stream is coarse sand or fine gravel except

in the backwaters upstream from the two artificial dams which

have been placed across the stream to deflect water for irrigation

purposes. Back of each of these dams the stream widens to 20

feet or more for a distance of several hundred yards, in which

portions of the stream the water averages four feet in depth.

In this quiet water the fine blue clay carried by the stream has

been deposited on the bottom in a compact layer about 20

inches thick.

The colony Anodonta danielsi was found in the deep water

back of the upper dam on Black Wolf Creek, which is located

about two and one-half miles north and a little west of the

Indian battleground known as Beecher’s Island. This dam is

little more than a low mud wall and it has not increased mate-

rially the depth of the water in a naturally deeper portion of the

stream. This fact together with the finding of large numbers of

broken shells on and in the banks of the stream where they had

been carried by mammals, and the absence of shells in the deep

water back of the lower dam (a more elaborate wall which has

changed the water-level back of it) suggests that the colony

found has been established for a long time. The individuals

were very abundant, often six or more large adults occurring in

a space a foot square. Each shell was securely buried in the

dense blue clay so that a rather strong pull was required to

118 THE NAUTILUS.

loosen it, and the projecting siphonal portion was usually

covered with soft silt.

The one hundred specimens collected at random from this

colony were very uniform in size. A typical shell has the fol-

lowing measurements: length, 140 mm.; height from margin to

hinge, 80 mm.; diameter, 55 mm.; thickness of the individual

valve, 2mm. A comparison of these measurements with those

given by Simpson (Cat. p. 428, 1914) for this species shows the

average Colorado specimen to be almost one-half longer than

specimens from the type locality, Topeka, Kansas. Moreover,

a few shells from Black Wolf Creek are 180 mm. long. Only a

few juvenile specimens were found, the smallest of these meas-

uring 70 mm. in length. These small specimens are of a

brilliant green color and have a more or less definite pattern of

rays. The adult shells were a rich, pitchy black when first

taken from the water and as dried and cleaned specimens they

have a polished or varnished appearance. The umbonal half of

each valve is black or greenish black, and the marginal half a

bistre brown, the color transition between the two portions of

the shell being rather abrupt. The soft parts of the adults were

also highly colored, among the individuals collected two forms

not correlated with sex, were evident: a bright salmon-pink

type and a dull chocolate-brown type.

While cleaning the shells it was noted that most of the

females were distended with eggs. Many shells contained large

irregular pearls, several of which were at least 15 mm. in

length. These pearls were invariably irregular and more or

less attached to the shell. Although their lustre was excellent,

showing a good deposit of lime, they were very frail. Several

were opened and found to contain masses of blue clay like that

in which the mussels themselves were found. Ranchers living

along Black Wolf Creek told of several freshets during the past

three years which swept out numbers of shells from the deep

water back of dam. It is possible that these mud pearls may

have been caused by the sudden introduction of mud into the

shells during these floods.

It may be added that there is a large specimen of Anodonta

in the Museum of the University of Colorado marked Anodonta

THE NAUTILUS. 119

grandis, which is one of a few collected about 30 miles north of

Denver. This shell, which is 160 mm. long and 100 mm.

high, and the specimens from Black Wolf Creek were com-

pared, as Anodonta danielsi is a member of the Anodonta grandis

group. The oral end of this Anodonta grandis is rather abruptly

truncated, the same portion of the eastern Colorado shells being

broadly rounded ; the umbonal region is reddish brown shading

to almost black along the margin of the valve, the shell as a

whole lacking the greenish cast so evident in the specimens

from Black Wolf Creek; and the Anodonta grandis shell is

more inflated and broader than the others. The umbonal

sculpture of this Ancdonta grandis and of the Anodonta danielsi

from Black Wolf Creek seemed identical, and the contour of

the siphonal end of each valve is the same for both species.

Department of Biology,

University of Colorado.

NOTES.

APPETITE OF EuGLanpiIna.—M. L. Vignal gives an interesting

account of the behavior of Glandina guttata C. & F. from Mexico

kept alive and under observation for some time (Bull. Soc. Nat.

d’ Acclimatation, Noy. 1915, pp. 344-549). Ordinarily a large

Glandina ate an adult Helix aspersa every 2 or 8 days. Between

June 6 and Aug. 28 (1911) it devoured 28 Helix aspersa, weigh-

ing, without the shell 121 grams (about 654 ozs.) Five Glan-

dinas ate 102 Helix variabilis and 7 H. nemoralis in 17 days, an

average of over 6 per day for the five.

Norte on Caciuioipes.—In 1907 the writer proposed a group

Cecilianopsis to include the very small Cwxecilioides of tropical

America, C. iota (C. B. Ad.), C. consobrina (Orb.) and their

varieties (See Manual of Conchology XX, p. 38). Not expect-

ing to find a land snail in a book dealing with marines, I over-

looked the publication by De Folin of Karolus primus, a minute

shell found at Vera Cruz (Les Fonds de la Mer I, p. 182, 189,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

pl. 26, fig. 7,8; 1870). This is evidently identical with C.

consobrina veracruzensis (Crosse & Fischer), 1877. As the name

is prior, the eastern Mexican race will be called Czxcilioides con-

sobrina prima (De Folin) ; and the subgenus Czxcilianopsis will

be replaced by Karolus De Folin. So far as I know, Karolus

has not been noticed by any author since its publication. In

Scudder’s Nomenclator and the Zool. Record Index it is re-

ferred to as a genus of Hym [enoptera].—H. A. PitsBry.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Fauna oF New Eneuanp, 13, List or THE MoLuusca, by

Charles W. Johnson (Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.

VII). 231 pp., Dec., 1915. The 200-fathom line has been

taken as defining the seaward limit of the New England area, as

the 100-fathom contour would exclude part of the Gulf of

Maine. 710 species and subspecies are listed, of which 450 are

marine. Probably about 80 per cent. of these are deep-water

species. There are 80 species and subspecies of land shells, 83

fresh water gastropods, and 6 Auriculide. The Unionide

number 26, Sphaeriide 65. References are given to the original

descriptions, and to New England records. Type-locality is

given, and the New England distribution in detail. The nomen-

clature has been brought up to date, a valuable feature, which

will be appreciated by many naturalists beyond the limits of

New England, since the information could only be obtained

elsewhere by consulting a great number of books and papers,

abounding in conflicting use of names. The localities given

include all published records, and many not before in print,

from the collections of the author and his associates.

Mr. Johnson’s List is a valuable addition to the catalogues of

New England animals which the Boston Society is publishing.

It should be in the library of every working conchologist. It

may be obtained from the Society, price $1.00.—H. A. P.

Tae NAUTILUS.

Vou. XXIX. MARCH, 1916.

MOLLUSES OF GENEVA, OHIO.

BY V. STERKI.

About a mile and a half north of Geneva, Ashtabula county,

Ohio, in the northeast corner of the state, and about three

miles from Lake Erie, there are some low woods, an ancient

lake-bottom land. The soil is a sandy clay, and at some places

mucky. During spring, the lower parts are more or less cov-

ered with water; in summer, the soil often becomes dry as a

bone, for weeks and even months.

From 1909 to 1915, I had chances to do more or less collect-

ing there every year, and at various seasons. The following

list may be of some interest, for being approximately complete,

and for some notes on ecology, etc. Some species found on the

open land near those woods, and originally part of them, are

added and marked with a *. The species are numbered for

easy reference.

1. Gastrodonta intertexta Binney, common especially at low

places where Sphzxrium occidentale and Succinea ovalis are living,

and on which probably they are principally feeding.

2. Zonitoides arboreus Say, common.

3. Z. minusculus Binney, frequent.

4. Z. exiguus Stimpson, common at some places.

5, Z. milium Morse, scarce.

6. Omphalina fuliginosa Griffith, not common, and apparently

quite scarce in the last years.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

7. O. inornata Say, frequent.—Some years ago I found a

specimen of Polygyra thyroides in the body whorl of which there

were two O. inornata, on opposite sides, entered through holes

made in the shell; inside of the apical whorls of the same was

one Gastrod. intertexta; all had been feeding there, and of the

victim’s body only a few scant remnants were left.

8. Hyalina [ Vitrea] indentata Say, not common.

9. H. radiatula Alder (hammonis Strém.), not rare.

10. H. wheatleyi Bland, not rare.

11. H. ferrea Morse, not rare.

12. H. multidentata Binney, rather common.

13. Euconulus chersinus, common.

14. E. sterkii Dall, scarce.

15. Agriolimax campestris, common.

16. *A. agrestis Linné, in a brick yard near by.

17. Circinaria concava Say, common.

18. Helicodiscus lineatus Say, not rare.

19. Patula [Pyramidula] alternata Say, common.

20. P. perspectiva Say, rather common.

21. *P. cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry, not in the woods, but

outside.

22. Punctum pygm um Draparnaud, common.

23. Sphyradiwm edentulum Drap., rare.

24. Polygyra albolabris Say, rather scarce.

25. P. zaleta Binney, very rare; only one living specimen and

a dead shell were found, of a form much larger than the one

generally known.

26. P. thyroides Say, common, large, with thin shell and lip,

and of brownish color, rather different from those found on

limestone soil. Repeatedly they were found gathered on and

around old ash heaps from brush fires.

27. P. palliata Say, not common.

28. P. tridentata Say, common.

29. P. monodon fraterna Say, scarce.

30. P. hirsuta Say, rather common.

31. Philomycus carolinensis Bosec., rather common.

32. Ph. ohioensis St., MS., a single specimen.

Nore : In 1900, I found two specimens of this near Chippewa

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Lake, Medina Co., O., and then looked for others in yain, for

over a dozen years. It is evidently none of the described spe-

cies ; the jaw and radula are different from those of both caro-

linensis and dorsalis, but the jaw is more like that of the former,

without strong ribs. The other parts of the anatomy have not

been examined, and so it remained unpublished. The body,

when extended, is about 28 mm. long, slender; the dorsum is

tan-colored, without any markings.

33. Ph. dorsalis Binney, not scarce.

34. Strobilops labyrinthicus Say, rare.

35.* Vallonia pulchella Miller, not in the woods, common

around a barn near by.

36.* V. excentrica Sterki, with the preceding.

37. Bifidaria contracta Say, common.

38. B. pentodon Say, common; variable with respect to the

apertural lamelle and folds.

39. B. minuta Sterki; for description see page 105.

40. B. corticaria Say, scarce.

41. Vertigo gouldii Binney, not rare.

42. V. ovata Say, scarce.

43. V. elatior Sterkii, scarce. Appears to be distinct from

ventricosa, to judge by material from a number of States.

44. V. tridentata Wolf, rare.

45. V. miliwm Gould, rather scarce.

46. Cionella lubrica Miller, rather scarce.

47. Succinea ovalis Say, common.

48. S. retusa Lea, scarce.

49. S. avara Say, scarce.

50. Carychiwm exiguum Say, scarce.

51. C. exile H. C. Lea, common.

52. Lymnexa parva Lea, scarce.

a. * L. parva sterkii F. C. Baker (probably, according to F.

C. Baker); ditch, outside.

Da, E. ? (small, slender, probably immature), two speci-

mens in siftings, with land snails.

54. Planorbis trivolvis Say, in a permanent pool, or small

pond.

55. P. exacutus Say, pools (with 61), not rare.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

56. Segmentina armigera Say, rather scarce, but found living,

under dead leaves, even after prolonged drought.

57. Physa gyrina Say, rather scarce, a small form, under the

same conditions as 56 and 60; a larger form is common in a

drainage ditch, outside, which is usually dry in summer except

after heavy rains.

58. Apleca hypnorum Linné, with 61, scarce, small; one

specimen was found with 53.

59. Amanicola cincinnatiensis Lea, one dead shell was found in

a small ditch (with 52 a), far away from a creek.

60. Spheriwm occidentale amphibium St., common at lower

places in the woods; even after the ground has been dry for

weeks, these mussels are found living, at all stages of growth ;

not found with 61!

61. Musculium truncatum Linsley, frequent in pools where

water lasts longer, but which are usually dry during summer.

62. * Pisidium abditum Haldeman, not rare in the ditch

mentioned under 57.

It appears to be worth noting that some species have not

been found, which should be expected at such a place rather

than many of those listed, e. g. Zonitoides nitidus, Enconulus

fulvus, Polygyra multilineata, Bifidaria tappaniana.

NOTES ON MOLLUSCA OF CENTRAL MONTANA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY,

Redlands, California.

Some two years ago I pubiished in the Nauritus (vol. 26,

pp. 130-131) a short list of mollusks taken at Winnecook,

Meagher County, Montana. Having had occasion to visit the

same locality, and hence the opportunity to make further col-

lections, every summer since, it now seems worth while not

only to record the additional species which have been found,

but to revise the first list in its entirety. A fairly good idea

THE NAUTILUS. 125

may be gained of the way the various species run by the num-

bers of specimens taken, recorded in parentheses after each

species. In 1914 I kept a fairly accurate census of the living

specimens collected (first number in parenthesis), and in 1915

did the same for the drift specimens, and these figures indicate

fairly well the relative abundance of the different forms. All

this drift material (listed in the second number in parenthesis)

was taken from three quarts, gross measure, or one and a half

pounds of fine flotsam, scooped up from one little pocket on the

bank of the Musselshell River.

Mollusca of Winnecook, Montana.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki (88 ; 390).

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newe.) (68; 98).

Vitrea hammonis (Strém.) (5; 22).

Zonitoides arborea (Say) (70; 15).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.) (0; 41).

Euconulus fulvus (Miill.) (12; 4).

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.) (7; 0).

Pupilla blandi (Morse) (0; 4).

Vertigo binneyana Sterki (7 ; 81).

Vertigo ovata (Say) (0; 1).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.) (8; 14).

Succinea avara Say (1; 9).

Succinea oregonensis Lea (1; 0).

Succinea retusa Lea (21; 0).

Lymnaea caperata Say (unrecorded ; 12).

Lymnaea palustris Mill. (unrecorded ; 1).

Lymnaea parva Lea (0; 19).

Planorbis antrosus Conrad (taken in 1914).

Planorbis parvus Say (0; 11).

Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. (0; 10).

Physa gyrina Say (taken 1914).

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.) (taken 1914).

The list brings out a somewhat curious mingling of eastern

and western forms at a point which is well to the eastward of

the Continental Divide. The intimate association of apparently

126 THE NAUTILUS.

typical Succinea oregonensis (a characteristic western species)

with equally representative S. avara in the self-same swale is

very interesting.

The Euconulus are £. fulvus all right, but a few of the speci-

mens furnish at least an approach to the alaskensis of Pilsbry.

Vallonia costata montana has been by all odds the most

abundant species taken. Mr. Vanatta kindly compared some

of the Winnecook shells with Sterki’s types of this form in the

collection of the Philadelphia Academy, so that the identifica-

tion seems a comfortably certain one. He writes that ‘‘the

smallest-sized Vallonia are just about the size of the types,’’ so

that it would appear that Sterki’s specimens were not charac-

teristic in size or represented a somewhat smaller race.

The single Planorbis, previously reported with considerable

doubt as P. callioglyptus Vanatta, was also sent to Mr. Vanatta.

He was unable to confirm the identification, so that the species

is here rejected from the list. The specimen is probably too

young for safe determination.

Despite diligent search I have as yet discovered not a single

mussel shell in the Musselshell River. I one day picked up a

single worn and minute fragment on the shore, and that is all.

Mollusca of Oxford, Montana:

In a small stream called Elk Creek at a point about one mile

south of Oxford Station, Meagher County, the following species

were taken in the month of June, 1914 and 1915.

Pisidium compressum Prime.

Pisidium compressum laevigatum Sterki.

Planorbis parvus Say. —

Physa gyrina Say (very large).

Lymnaea caperata Say.

. Lymnaea obrussa Say.

Lymnaea palustris Miiller.

Lymnaea parva Lea.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki (dead).

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Swimming Woman Creek Canyon.

On July 4, 1914, a very brief visit to Swimming Woman

Creek Canyon in the Big Snowy Mountains resulted in the fol-

lowing collection:

East Canyon

wall floor

Pupilla muscorum (Linn.) (dead)

Vertigo modesta parietalis Ancey (dead)

Vallonia costata montana Sterki : : a0 5

Thysanophora ingersolli convexior Ancey (dead) 14 —

Oreohelix cooperi berryi Pilsbry. : PHS —

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newcomb) . : mos 2

Zonitoides arborea (Say) (very large) 6 1

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) : ; can 3

Vitrina alaskana Dall (dead) . ; ; Saline Z

1 es

The Zuconulus seem to me for the most part intermediate be-

tween typical fulvus and alaskensis. They could perhaps be

classified with equal exactitude either way.

The Oreohelices listed are members of a very small race de-

scribed in a recent number of this periodical by Pilsbry (Nav-

TILus vol. 29, p. 48), but it is so much the most conspicuous

snail of the region that such figures of population as those given

in the above columns indicate the relative abundance of all the

smaller forms in a very unsatisfactory way. I doubt very much

whether Oreoheliz actually does replace Vallonia as the most

abundant snail, even at this altitude. Live shells of both were

fairly common, and dead ones abundant all over the eastern

wall of the canyon at the spot visited, occurring at or near the

surface among the mass of small loose rock and shrubbery which

covered the slope. The other species, where so noted, were in

the same situation, while those taken on the floor of the canyon

were found under sticks and small logs in rather moist situations

along the creek.

The locality for both slope and floor is jnst within the mouth

of the canyon, and is probably just south of the present county

line. Ifso, this would bring it into Musselshell County and

not Fergus, as stated in the original description of O. c. berryt.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

I am unable to find that any previous collecting has been

done either in the Big Snowies or the neighboring ranges, but

Mr. Robert Wellington brought me a few specimens of a larger

and more typical race of Oreohelix cooperi from near the head of

Neil Canyon, on the same side of the range as the present lo-

cality, but some miles to the westward.

It might be added that I have taken Planorbis antrosus, Physa

gyrina, and Lymnaea caperata in some abundance in the pools

and ditches along the river bottom at Harlowton, Montana.

I am indebted to Mr. Frank C. Baker for determinations of

the Zymnaeidae mentioned in this article : to Mr. E. G. Vanatta

for various help in verifying and comparing specimens ; and

likewise to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. George H. Clapp.

REVERSED OR SINISTRAL SHELLS.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

In Nautivs, vol. ix., 1895, p. 94, Prof. Wetherby told of

three reversed shells which had belonged to him. A P. thy-

roides and a P. multilineata he had given to John G. Anthony

for the Cambridge collection, and at that time he had another

thyroides in his collection. He did not give the locality of the

shells, but as he had formerly lived at Cincinnati, it is probable

that the shells were from that neighborhood. He knew of a

third thyroides collected near Cincinnati by Mr. Stannage, and

of a mitchelliana collected by Prof. F. W. Bryant near the same

place. Dr. Lewis had an albolabris in his collection.

In Naovtiuuvs, vol. x, January, 1897, p. 104, C. F. Ancey

gave a list of 21 sinistral specimens of shells that were normally

dextral. Only two of them were American-—Polygyra thyroides

from Connecticut, and Campeloma decisum from New York.

In the February number of the same volume Pilsbry reported

that he had a collection of Campeloma decisum made by W. W.

Jefferis, of Philadelphia, collected at Fort Edward on the Hud-

son River, New York, examined for sinistral shells, and among

THE NAUTILUS. 129

681 specimens from one-fourth to full size there was no sinistral

shell, but of 410 uterine young three were sinistral.

A note from Jennie E. Letson in Navritvs, vol. xi, July,

1897, page 33, stated that the collection of about a hundred

species of Ampullaria in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences had only one sinstral shell, and that was <A. conica

Wood, but she did not state the locality of it.

In Nautitus, vol. v, page 83, Leslie M. Cockerell of Nor-

wood, San Miguel County, Colorado, reported a sinistral Patula

cooperi. Pilsbry added a note that while this was a rare malfor-

mation in America, it occurred more frequently with this than

in most species, and that several cases were on record.

F. C. Baker in ‘‘The Lymneide of North and Middle

America,’’ says that a sinistral Lymnea is rarely found. A

Galba obrussa was found in the collection of Henry Hemphill,

and a Galba palustris in the collection of Dr. W. A. Nason.

I have in my collection two sinistral shells of Campeloma sub-

solidum, from Flat creek, in Pettis County, Missouri, and a

Pyramidula alternata Say, from near Columbia, Mo. This is

the first sinistral land shell I have ever found.

In the neighborhood of this town I have found more abnor-

mal crinoids, than in all other localities combined ; but whatever

the causes may have been to produce these malformations, they

have not noticeably operated to produce abnormal shells.

Columbia, Mo.

MOLLUSKS OF ANAHEIM BAY, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. P. CHACE.

I am enclosing a list of shells that were collected at Anaheim

Landing by myself and wife with a little help at times, the shells

being all in my collection. I have done no dredging and think

that if I did I would add several species to the list. The total

length of shore included in the collecting is less than 34 miles,

about 4 being in the bay and the rest ocean beach, and no rocks

in sight within 4 to 5 miles.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Collected at Anaheim Bay.

Acanthina spirata, Blainville Conus californicus Hds.

Alectrion fossata, Gld. Crepidula onyx rugosa, Nutt.

Alectrion mendica cooperi, Fbs., Crucibulum spinosum, Sby.

Alectrion perpinguis, Gld. Haminea vesicula, Gld.

Arcularia tegula, Rve. Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Bullaria gouldiana, Pils. - Lucapina crenulata, Sby.

Calliostoma gemmulatum, Cpr. Lucapinella calliomarginata,

Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb. Cpr.

Cerithidea californica, Hald. Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.

Cerithiopsis carpenteri, Bartsch. Olivella biplicata, Sby.

Cerithiopsis pedroana, Bartsch. Olivella pedroana, Cpr.

Columbella gausapata, Gld. Phasianella compta, Gld.

Columbella gausapata carinata, Polynices lewisii, Gld.

Hds. Polynices recluziana, Desh.

In the vicinity of the Bay:

Cardium quadragenarum, Conr. Paphia staminea __laciniata,

Cardium substriatum, Conr. Cpr.

Chione fluctifraga, Sby. Pecten circularis aequisulcat-

Chione succincta, Val. us, Cpr.

Chione undatella, Sby. Petricola denticulata, Sby.

Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr. __- Pholas pacifica, Stearns.

Diplodonta orbella, Gld. Platyodon cancellatus, Conr.

Donax californica, Conr. Psammobia californica.

Heterodonax bimaculatus, Sanguinolaria nuttallii, Conr.

D’ Orb. Saxidomas nuttallii, Conr.

Macoma indentata, Cpr. Schizothaerus nuttallii, Conr.

Macoma nasuta, Conr. Tagelus californianus, Conr.

Mactra californica, Conr. Tageluscalifornianussubteres,

Modiolus capax, Conr. Conr.

Ostraea lurida rufoides, Cpr. Tellina carpenteri, Dall.

Paphia staminea, Conr. Zirfaea gabbi, Tryon.

Collected alive, on the sandbars and beach near the

entrance of the Bay.

Bursa californica. Tivela crassatelloides, Conr.

Donax levigata, Desh. Turris ophioderma, Dall.

Murex festivus, Hds.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Washed up on the beach after storms, alive or very fresh.

Amiantis callosa, Conr. Metis alta, Conr.

Chama exogyra, Conr. Modiolus flabellatus, Gld.

Chama pellucida, Sby. Modiolus rectus, Conr.

Cryptomya californica, Conr. Paphia tenerrima, Cpr.

Glottidea albida, Hds. Periploma discus, Stearns.

Macoma secta, Conr. Periploma planiuscula, Sby.

Mactra hemphilli, Dall. Siliqua lucida, Conr.

Mactra planulata. Solen rosaceus, Cpr.

Dead shells collected on the beach.

Bathytoma tryoniana. Anomia peruviana (upper

Dentalium neohexagonum,S&P. valves).

Epitonium hindsii, Cpr. Labiosa undulata, Gld. (bro-

Sinum debilis, Gld. ken valves).

Turritella cooperi, Cpr. Mactra catilliformis, Conr.

Epitonium bellastriatum, Cpr. Panopea generosa, Gld.

(fragment). Pecten giganteus, Gray.

Thracia plicata.

Yoldia cooperi, Gabb. (valves

only).

Collected on the piles of the bridge across the entrance of the Bay.

Acmaea patina, Esch. Lasaea rubra, Mont.

Acmaea persona, Esch. Myrina diegensis, Dall.

Littorina planaxis, Nutt. Mytilus californianus, Conr.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Cypraea spadicea, Gray. (1 only)

Occasionally a rock washes in on the beach containing some

Lithophagus plumula, Cpr. and Kellia laperousii, Desh. and

the kelp brings in Acmaea incessa, Hds. Eulima (species un-

determined) has been found in a kelp holdfast and a dead

Polynices lewis with 7 Crepidula excavata, Brod. on it washed

in after a storm.

Most of the shells listed above were collected by Mr. and

Mrs. E. P. Chace within the last three years. The others were

collected by Mrs. J. E. Herbst, Valentine Herbst and Otto

Keim, and were collected during the same period of time.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

OLIVA PERUVIANA VADI, new name.—This is the brown variety

of Oliva peruviana Lamarck, described in Tar Nautitus volume

24 (1911), p. 122 and also referred to in THE NavtiLus volume

29 (1915), p. 67 as Oliva peruviana castanea ‘ Ford’ Johnson,

from Peru; but it is not Oliva flammulata castanea Dautzenberg

from West Africa, described in the Actes de la Société Linne-

enne de Bordeaux volume 64 (1910), p. 79. The name castanea

‘Ford’ Johnson being preoccupied by castanea Dautzenberg, I

propose the name vadi for the Peruvian shell. The types are

tray number 111703, in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences from Peru. This variety is figured in Reeve’s

Conchologia Iconica volume 6 (1850), Monograph of the genus

Oliva plate 9 figure 14c., and also in Tryon’s Manual of Con-

chology volume 5, plate 18, figure 57.—E. G. Vanatta.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

The Mollusca of Georgian Bay. By A. D. Robertson, B. A.,

University of Toronto. Contrib. to Canadian Biology, Fasci-

culus II, Ottawa, 1815, pp. 95-111; 3 plates. An interesting

study of the forms of a restricted area. 987 species are listed

from Go Home Bay, with notes on their stations and characters,

especially such as seem correlated with the conditions of life.

‘*Tn general the species of Mollusca exhibit great flexibility in

their environmental relations. In many cases ecological selec-

tion is operative within broad limits, while in a few the

environmental type is more or less specific. The chief factors

in this selection appear to be (a) exposed or protected situation,

(b) depth of water, (c) degree of aeration, (d) character of the

bottom, and (e) food conditions. In the genus Lymnaea, the

long-spired forms occur in the stagnant bays, while the short-

spired ones inhabit rocky shores.’? Most of the species are

illustrated on three excellent plates.

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX. PLATE IV.

ee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXIX. APRIL, 1916.

No. 12

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF NAIAD FROM THE JAMES RIVER AT

HURON, SOUTH DAKOTA.

RY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL,

CoKERIA, new genus.

Characters those of the new species described below.

COKERIA SOUTHALLI, new species. Plate IV.

Shell gaping anteriorly, moderately thin, subquadrangular

tending to subtriangular; abruptly rounded anteriorly, pos-

terior margin nearly straight and perpendicular, dorsal margin

straight, ventral margin gently curving throughout its entire

length. Valves widest just in front of the posterior ventral

angle. Umbones at about the anterior third of the dorsal mar-

gin, high and incurved, the second growth line nearly horizontal.

Posterior dorsal ridge very high, obtusely angular. Posterior

area descending abruptly from the ridge and somewhat wing-like.

Greatest inflation is along the umbonal ridge. A pronounced

furrow extends from the umbo to the lower third of the posterior

margin. Seven rest-periods distinctly marked by concentric

dark lines. Anteriorly from the middle portion a bold rounded

rib occurs just below each rest-period. Dorsal area faintly

radiately striate. Color, varying shades of chestnut, lighter

(nearly straw color) anteriorly, darker posteriorly, rest stages

sharply defined by blackish lines. Umbonal region faintly

134 THE NAUTILUS.

tinged with greenish. Periostracum thin, slightly glossy,

closely adhering.

Nacre anteriorly lustrous white and thickened, posteriorly

thin, violaceous and brilliantly iridescent. Pallial line not

sharply defined and with several concentric striae above it, its

anterior portion radiately striated. Anterior adductor and

retractor scars separated, deep and rough, posterior scars super-

ficial. Dorsal muscle scars concealed by the incurving of the

upper portion of the valve.

Lateral tooth of right valve thin, very high, wing-like, stri-

ated longitudinally. lLaterals of left valve similar to that of

right valve, but smaller, the groove between them being very

narrow. Pseudocardinals of right valve two, thin, opposite,

the upper one being the stronger. Pseudocardinals of right

valve coalescing, standing in the same straight line, the anterior

one high, slightly curved, the posterior low, its summit irregu-

larly crenulated. The sculpture of each umbo consists of four

concentric ridges, highest (almost a nodule) at their posterior

ends, and numerous concentric striz.

The type U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 215130 comes

from the James River at Huron, South Dakota, and was col-

lected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. It measures: Length,

81 mm.; Height 53 mm. ; Diameter 44 mm.

Robert E. Coker and John B. Southall, both of the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries, first called attention to this shell in their

“Description of Shell found in the James River at Huron, S.

Dak., July 27, 1913,’’' in which the shell is described and fig-

ured, with the following statement :—‘‘ Characteristic features

of the shell are its triangular or pyramidal form and its remark-

able inflation, which are strongly suggestive of the inflated types

of L. luteola ; its compressed sharp teeth which are of the Lamp-

silis type to an extreme ; the color of epidermis and character-

istic color of nacre, which find correspondence only in species

of Quadrula, especially in Quadrula undulata. The pyramidal

shape of the shell is also suggestive of Q. undulata. It is not

1** Mussel resources in tributaries of the Upper Missouri River’’ in Rep.

U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1914 (1915).

THE NAUTILUS. 135

possible at the present time to place the specimen in any de-

scribed genus.’

The resemblance to L. luteolus is remote and is confined to the

character of the teeth. The resemblance to Quadrula undulata

is more intimate. The undulations of the umbones are of the

Quadrula type and of course entirely different from the double-

looped, fine, wavy undulations of luteolus. The teeth are as

different from those of Quadrula as the undulations of the um-

bones are different from Lampsilis, and consequently the shell

cannot belong to either of those genera. There seems to be no

possibility that the shell can be a smooth Q. wndulata nor a hy-

brid of L. luteolus and Q. undulata and consequently it requires

a new generic name.

LAND-SHELLS FROM ANAFE HILL IN THE HAVANA

PROVINCE, CUBA.

JOHN B. HENDERSON.

The Havana province has been so much exploited by natura-

lists it could hardly be expected to offer any more novelties to

a conchologist. On the contrary it appears to yield almost as

much in the way of new species as does any other and larger

province of the island,—and this, too, despite a denser popula-

tion, a minimum of forest, a greater relative area under culti-

vation and an insignificant mountain system. So rich is this

state in numbers of species, the many Cuban naturalists who

have lived in or near Havana and three generations of visiting

collectors who have ransacked the province, have not yet ex-

hausted it of its treasures. Doctor Torre has quite a formidable

collection of novelties from Madruga and its neighboring hills,

and what is even more remarkable, a new sinistral Urocoptis

from the golf-course of the country club scarcely more than

without the city limits of Havana. Upon my return to Havana

after roughing it in the wilds of remote Cuba I always detect a

twinkle in Dr. Torre’s eye as he matches my hard-won discover-

136 THE NAUTILUS.

ies with equally interesting ones from, as it would seem, his

very back yard.

The reason for all this is obvious. Havana province is all

limestone and the mountain system that once occupied it and

developed its rich fauna is now reduced to a number of isolated

hills,—large, small and tiny, each standing alone and harboring

a little faunula of its own of more or less modified species. One

of the larger of these hills is in the northwest corner of the

province (near Guanajay) and hardly an hour’s ride by trolley

from the city of Havana. It is about five hundred feet high,

about a mile long, of limestone and well wooded. Its name is

‘‘ Loma de Anafe,’’—the word ‘‘loma’’ meaning Aill. Barring

a few dead shells gathered there recently and sent to Dr. Torre

by a friend, I know of no mollusk records from it. Out of

curiosity, and ina holiday spirit, I visited it last fall. The

morning was given to the south side and the base; the afternoon

to the top and to a deep gorge that fairly splits the hill on the

north side,—called La Barranca. Within the deep gorge, with

its precipitous walls and lush tropic vegetation and its generally

wild aspect, it is hard to realize that the smoke of Havana is in

sight above the eastern horizon.

The following list of land-shells from Anafe show a very

typical Havana province assembage of names with just a sug-

gestion of Pinar del Rio in the Chondropoma ottonis. Those

with a ‘‘B”’ indicate the Barranca, or gorge, of the north side,

while ‘‘S”’ indicates the south front :

Thysanophora boothiana Pfr. (8).

Thysanophora selenina Gld. (S).

Thysanophora saxicola Pfr. (8).

Thysanophora stigmatica Pfr. (B).

Pleurodonte (Thel. ) auricoma Fer (S).

Cepolis (Jeann.) multistriata Desh (S, B).

Cepolis (Cyst. ) cubensis Pfr. (S).

Liguus fasciatus Mill (western form of the Organ Mts. (S).

Urocoptis cyclostoma anafensis, n. subsp. (B).

Urocoptis poeyana Orb (S).

Microceramus perconicus anafensis, n. f. (S).

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Oleacina o. straminea Desh. (S, B).

Oleacina solidula Pfr. (S, B).

Oleacina incisa Pfr. (B).

Rectoleacina suturalis Pfr. (8).

Varicella (Pich.) gracillima Pfr. (S)

Varicella (Pich.) acuticostata horrida Pils. (B).

Helicina adspersa Pfr. (S, B).

Emoda submarginata Gray (B).

Alcadia minima Pfr. (8).

Aleadia rotunda Orb. (var.) (B).

Eutrochatella sloanei Orb. (S, B).

Eutrochatella rupestris Pfr. (S).

EKutrochatella conica Pfr. (S, B).

Proserpina depressa Orb. (B).

Megalomastoma apertum Poey (B).

Chondropoma poeyanum Orb. (8S).

Chondropoma (?) n. sp.? (B).

Chondropoma ottonis Pfr. (8, B).

Ctenopoma rugulosum Pfr. (S, B).

Ctenopoma nodulatum Poey (B).

Had I gathered some dirt in proper places several minute

species could no doubt have been added.

The subspecies anafensis of Urocoptis cyclostoma differs from

type only in the riblets. The number of these is about the

same, but instead of ‘‘threadlike’’ they resemble little knife-

blades projecting up from the whorl and with their sharp edges

more or less bent forwards in the direction of the shell growth.

They are oblique as in the type but describe a double curve

from suture to suture.

The form anafensis of Pilsbry’s Microceramus perconicus is

smaller, with narrower, more convex whorls, and somewhat

flatter base.

The Chondropoma left without a specific name is a puzzle. It

belongs to the peoyanum-pfeifferianum-pictum complex with cer-

tain peculiar characters of each, the facies of all, but is not any

one of the lot—or all of them. The reflected peristome is the

trouble. I dare not name it.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON THE MARGINELLA VARIA OF SOWERBY.

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.

This species was originally described in the Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1846, p. 97 (not p. 47 as stated by’ Redfield) and

figured the same year in the Thesaurus vol. I, p. 390, pl. 76,

figs. 137-141. Sowerby gives the W. Indies and Belieze (sic)

as localities, but there is no clue as to his types.

There can be no doubt, however, that, of his four figures,

138, 139 and 140 represent three color varieties of the ubiqui-

tous West Indian M. avena Kiener (ex Valenciennes MS.),

while fig. 141 as obviously depicts M. albolineata Orb. This

has been generally recognized, as for example by Redfield,

Jousseaume and Tryon.

The name varia Sow., has, however, for many years—prob-

ably on Carpenter’s initiative—been’* applied to a well-known

Californian shell.

Tryon * indeed considers that this West Coast species is iden-

tical with albolineata Orb. from the West Indies, but I have no

hesitation in rejecting this identification, and I do not think

that it has ever found much evidence. The specimen which

he figures is the true albolineata Orb.

I wondered at one time whether‘ M. fasciata Sow. could be

the west-coast shell, but a careful study of the description and

figure leads me unhesitatingly to endorse Tryon’s surmise and

to refer it to M. mustelina Angas. M. fasciata Sow. (rubrifasciata

Jouss.* ) was described from unknown locality on ‘‘ specimens

in the British Museum,’’ but the types are no longer there and

are presumably lost.

I propose, therefore, to give the name of M. californica to the

Californian species which has so long passed as varia Sow.

The type specimen, which is in my own collection, may be

' Amer. Journ. Conch. VI, p. 244.

* Cf. Reep’s West Coast Shells, p. 43.

* Manual, vol. V, p. 55, pl. 13, f. 37.

‘Thesaurus, vol. I, p. 389, pl. 76, f. 142.

5 Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1875, p. 221.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

briefly described as follows: Shell subcylindrical, smooth,

vitreous and polished, yellowish white, variously banded with

chestnut ; spire short and completely glazed over ; whorls 44 ;

aperture narrow, dilated, below ; columella sinuous, obliquely

truncate, with 4 fairly strong oblique plaits ; outer lip thick-

ened without ; suture marked by a narrow white line.

Length 9 mm.; diam. max. 4.5 mm.; length of aperture 7

mm. I have selected as type the form with 3 broad chestnut

bands on body whorl—the uppermost band being rather nar-

rower than the other two—as this corresponds most nearly with

the usual coloration of Marg. albolineata Orb.

M. varia Sow., quoted by Deshayes from Réunion, must of

course have been a misidentification. According to von Mar-

tens it was in reality M. lienardi Jouss., but I should be inclined

to suggest M. sordida Reeve. In Reeve’s description of this last

‘*triplicata’’ is an error for ‘‘ quadriplicata,’’? judging from

the presumable type in the Brit. Mus.

ON SOME ILL-UNDERSTOOD OREOHELICES.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

OREOHELIX HAYDENI UTAHENSIS (Hemphill).

This form has a somewhat complicated history. The first

notice is contained in a letter from Mr. Henry Hemphill, quoted

by Mr. Binney in ‘‘A Second Supplement to the fifth volume

of the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States,”’

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XIII, No. 2, p. 30 (Dec., 1886). The

account reads :

‘*T then returned to Salt Lake City, and crossed the valley to

the west, camping on the west side of a range called the Oquirrh

Mountains. Here commenced a series of finds that was quite

exciting and very interesting to me. At the foot of the moun-

tain my attention was attracted to a pile of detached rock,

usually a good place for snails. After a few moments’ work

among these stones I was rewarded by finding quite a number

’ Conchyl. de I’Ile de Réunion, p. 136.

* Beitriige zur Meeresfauna.... Mauritius, p. 258.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

of specimens of the variety I call Utahensis. (See p. 33.) This

has the form of Hemphilli, but is destitute of the revolving ridges

of Haydeni. The specimens were all constant in sculpturing,

but varied very much in size and somewhat in form.”’

According to labels sent out with specimens at the time, Mr.

Hemphill considered utahensis to be a variety of hemphilli Ne.,

but this does not appear in the printed account.

On page 33 of the same work (Second Supplement to Vol. V,

T. M.), Binney gives the following account :

‘‘Var. UTAHENsSIs, Hemphill.

‘* For locality, see ante p. 830. This is a rough, coarse, cari-

nated strigosa, figured in Terr. Moll., V, p. 158, fig. 66. The

peristome is sometimes continuous by a heavy raised callus,

connecting its terminations. It is sometimes smaller and more

elevated.’’

It appears from both of these extracts that the type locality of

var. wlahensis is the Oquirrh Mountains, in Utah, west of Salt

Lake City. The diagnosis of the form given in Hemphill’s

letter leaves much to be desired. Even with the type locality,

the form could hardly be recognized with certainty without

specimens from the author. Yet in the absence of any com-

peting name for the same form, we may accept Hemphill’s

notes as a description, since they are accurate as far as they go.

Binney, while reiterating Hemphill’s locality, introduced con-

fusion by referring to fig. 66 of Terr. Moll. V (same cut was

reprinted as fig. 154, in Man. Amer. Land Shells), and adding

characters from the shell that cut represents. This fig. 66 was

originally published in Land and Fresh-Water Shells of N. A.,

part I, p. 78, figs. 135, 1387, with the note, ‘‘It is sometimes

strongly carinated, and the peristome is sometimes made con-

tinuous by the heavy, raised callus connecting its extremities.’’

At this time (1869) no shells were known from the Oquirrh

Mountains. The figures in question were drawn from a shell

from the Big Horn Mts., in northern central Wyoming, collected

by the geologist F. V. Hayden. This shell was collected in

quantity, and there are specimens from the same source (and

also received through Binney ) in the collections of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, the National Museum, and the American

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Museum of Natural History. While resembling the smoothest

examples of var. utahensis, this shell from the Big Horn Moun-

tains is certainly a distinct species from the Oquirrh shell. It

is the species to be described below as Oreohelizx strigosa magni-

cornu.

Var. utahensis Hemph. should stand, I believe, as O. haydeni

utahensis. It has very much the shape of O. hemphilli, but

differs by the much less convex whorls of the embryonic shell.

It is typically without spiral sculpture on the last whorl, but

some of Hemphill’s specimens show widely spaced spiral

beaded lines, making a transition to var. gabbiana Hemph. A

typical specimen, without spirals on the last whorl, measures,

alt. 10, diam. 16.5 mm. (No. 23051 A. N.S. P. collected by

Hemphill).

On account of the variability of the Oquirrh shells, I have

some doubt whether, with larger collections, it will be possible

to recognize more than one subspecies of O. haydeni in that

range, in which case I would select the name O. h. oquirrhensis

to cover all. Mr. Hemphill recognized in the Oquirrh varieties

utahensis, oquirrhensis, and gabbiana, also ‘‘ typical haydeni,”’

and on his labels he called some H. hemphilli. Until we have

adequate collections it may be possible to define three races in

the Oquirrh range, but certainly not five.

The synonymy of Oreohelix haydeni utahensis will stand thus :

[ Patula strigosa var.] Utahensis HEMPHILL, in Binney, Second

Suppl. Terr. Moll. V., p. 30.

[Patula strigosa] var. Utahensis Hemphill Binney, t. c., p. 33

(locality, but not figure cited or description given) ; see Man.

Conch. viii, p. 118, pl. 42, figs. 10, 11.

Binney’s paragraph under ‘‘ Patula strigosa, var. Utahensis,

Hemphill ”’ in the fourth Supplement, 1892, p. 173, is largely

a repetition, and excepting for his reference to the Second Sup-

plement, it belongs to O. s. magnicornu.

OREOHELIX STRIGOSA MAGNICORNU, n. subsp.

The shell is solid, the first 834 whorls but slightly convex,

pale brown with a faint darker spiral band (or none), the later

whorls nearly white (the shell being more or less bleached).

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Last whorl carinate in front, the carina weakening to an angle

on the last # whorl, very weak near the outer lip; deeply de-

scending in front. Sculpture of fine, low growth-lines on the

early whorls, the last 14 having coarse, irregular but low growtb-

lines. Aperture shortly oval, the peristome continuous as a

short, raised ledge across the parietal wall.

Alt. 11, diam. 18 mm.; width of umbilicus 3.5 mm.

Big Horn Canyon, Big Horn Mts., Wyoming. Type and

cotypes no. 1907 A. N.S. P., from the A. D. Brown collection.

Three lots of this species have been in the collection for many

years, one of them collected by F. V. Hayden, the others prob-

ably from the same source, though the labels do not state the

collector. They are certainly distinct from any of the named

subspecies and forms.

Although now fully described for the first time, this form has

been figured and noticed in several publications. The synonymy

will stand thus :

Helix cooperi W. G. Bryney, Land and Fresh-water Shells of

N. A., I, 1869, p. 78, figs. 1385, 187.

i ce cooperi W. G. B., Terr. Moll. Vol. V, 1878, p. 158,

"Pigs strigosa Gould, W. G. B., Man. Amer. Land Shells,

1885, p. 166, fig. 154.

[ Patula strigosa] Var. Utahensis Hemphill, W. G. BINNEY,

Second Suppl. Terr. Moll. Vol. V, 1886, p. 33 (exclusive of

reference to p. 30).

Patula strigosa var. Utahensis Hemphill, W. G. Binney, Fourth

Suppl. T. M. Vol. V, 1892, p. 173 (exclusive of reference to

Second Suppl., p. 30).

These references all contain substantially the same descriptive

matter, and the same figures. Both originated in the wo k of

1869, and were afterwards reprinted with a change of the spe-

cific name.

OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.)

It may be noted that the basal views in figs. 152 and 1538, on

page 166 of Manual Amer. Land Shells, were tranposed. The

umbilical view of O. cooperi, fig. 152, was placed under fig. 1538,

which isa form of O. strigosa depressa, and vice versa. The

same mistake appeared in Terr. Moll. V, p. 158, figs. 64, 65.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

NOTES.

EpIsitiry oF PoLyGyra AND ARIOLIMAX.—A native New-

Englander told me that he and others ate Polygyra albolabris

(Say) at Plymouth, Massachusetts. He likened the taste to

lobster.

I have learned of Ariolimax columbianus (Gld.) being eaten

in Polk County, Oregon, by a German, and in Clark County,

Washington, by a family from Artois in France. The latter

washed these slugs in water containing vinegar to remove the

slime, which they said was bitter, then cleaned them like fish,

and fried them in butter. They found the flavor good.

Snakes eat Ariolimax columbianus. Large, conspicuous and

often very abundant, it must need some protection from birds.

This is probably afforded by its copious and sticky slime.

Domestic ducks attack this slug; but the slime inconveniences

them and is said sometimes to cause their death by accumulat-

ing in their bills.—Jonn A. ALLEN, Manzanita, Oregon.

Fiormpa SHeLts.—Mr. Morgan Hebard collected a small

quantity of leaf-mould at Brickell’s Hammock, Miami, Florida,

on March 2 and 4, 1916, from which I picked Fuconulus sterkii

Dall. This is an addition to the list of Miami shells published

by Mr. S. N. Rhoads in the Nauriuus, xiii, p. 43 (1899).

The following species were picked from the leaf-mould which

Mr. Hebard collected on February 29 and March 2, 1916, at

Snapper Creek, about 15 miles south of Cocoanut Grove, Dade

County, Florida :

Helicina orbiculata Say. Polita dalliana ‘‘ Simps.”’ Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld. Polita indentata Say.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Shutt. Huconulus sterkit Dall.

Thysanophora diosocricola Ad. Guppya gundlachi Pir. (The

Praticolella jejuna Say. typical form. )

Drymezus dominicus Rve. Zonitoides arborea Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Vertigo milium Gld. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Opeas micra Orb. Carychium exiguum Say.

Varicella gracillima floridana

Pils.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

All these shells are in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. —E. G. VANATTA.

The table of Winnecook, Montana, Mollusca, which was of-

fered in my paper in the March Nautilus (p. 125), suffered edi-

torial deletion of two of its original columns of data.' From the

list as printed it would appear that my subsequent note on the

coincident occurrence of Succinea oregonensis and S. avara was

based on the discovery of but a single specimen of each. It

should be stated that in 1918 both species were found living to-

gether in some numbers. The specimens differed with absolute

uniformity in both animal and shell and there were no inter-

grades.

On p. 127 occurs a lapsus calami of my own: July 4, 1915 is

the correct date for the collection in Swimming Woman Creek

Canyon.—S. S. Berry.

CYPRAEA VENUSTA Var. BAKERI, Western Australia, and C.

MILIARIS var. GABRIELI, Northern Territory, Australia, are new

cowries described and figured by Mr. J. H. Gatliff, in The

Victorian Naturalist for February, pp. 147-149.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, Zoological Investigator for the New

York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, addressed

the Syracuse Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi on February

25; his subject was ‘‘The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in

Oneida Lake.’’ The address embodied an outline of the

biological survey carried on during the fall of 1915 by Doctor

C. C. Adams, Professor T. L. Hankinson and Mr. Baker, the

object sought being to ascertain the fitness of this largest of

New York’s inland lakes for the maintenance of fish fauna.

At this meeting of the Society, Mr. Baker was installed as an

active member of the Syracuse Chapter of Sigma Xi.

1 The two columns deleted merely recorded the species taken in two years

preceding those in the printed record, without indication as to abundance,

association or any other data. As all appeared also in the subsequent

records the Editors failed to see their importance.

C Wen

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXX

MAY, 1916, to APRIL, 1917

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

; y a f .

Maa ah

Ay Has i fi

iis

INDEX

Pek NAUTILUS, Xxx

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acella haldemani Binney ‘ : ’ : 2 . 135

Adula caleforniensis Phil . ; ; : : ‘ ah ede

Adula diegensis Dall : : : : ; : ap Voz

Adula falcata Gould ; : : : a fs

Adula, Notes on the Californian species of : ; ee

Aesopus myrmeco6én Dall. : : pet

Ambloxis Raf. 1818 replaces Campeloma 1819 . ‘felsic!

Amnicola deserta (pl. 5, figs.'8, 9 vol. xxix, : aye a5

Amnicola neomexicana Pils. ( pl. 5 , figs. 4), vol. 6.3 ib Aapmrame 8 BI

Amphissa bicolor Dall. Ate

Amphissa columbiana Dall, n. n. for corrugatum Rve . 27

Amphissa versicolor var. cymata Dalkey... ‘ ; abel

Amphissa versicolor var. reticulata Dall . : : Sih eo

Anculosa—Leptoxis . : : : : Vier

Angitrema (Tryon)—Pleurocera Raf. : ; : . 114

Ariolimax californicus, the conjugation of : ; 4 ee

Astarte quadrans as food for flounders 2 : . 1382

Ataphrus pembertoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp _. ; rapes i)

Avicula gregorii Hall and Ambrose, n. sp. “ . 69

Bifidaria clementina oldroydae Vanatta, n. var. u . 48

Bifidaria minuta, note on. : : : ‘ : «Oe

Brazil, a new land shell from . : ; - : atte

Busycon, the feeding habits of . ; : ; 66

Campeloma 1819—Ambloxis Raf., ic altc : : 112, 114

Campeloma floridense Call... : . ; bi

Campeloma, new subspecies of . : ; : ; . ae

Campeloma limum Anth. : : ‘ : . 48

Campeloma rufum geniculiforme Pils., n. subsp... Peg

ill

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Campeloma rufum meridionale Pils., n. subsp.

Ceriphasia Swain,, replaces Pleurocera Tryon

Cerithium branneri Hall & Ambrose, n. sp.

Chitons, fossil Californian

Chromodoris zebra Heilp. ; 103,

Columbella arnoldi Dall, n. n. for C. minima Arnold

Columbella hypodra Dall, n. n. for C. variegata Stearns

Columbella lucasana Dall., n. n. for C. festiva Kiener

Columbella milium Dall, n. n. for C. parva Sowb.

Columbellidae, notes on the West American

Common names

Contradens cambojensis (Sow. y the anatomy of

Cypraea, monstrosities in. :

Euconospira missouriensis, a color-ms arked

Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., in New e) ersey

EKulimastoma, a new subgenus of Pyramidellids

EKurynia arkansasensis Lea t : :

Eurynia lienosa Conr.

Eurynia subrostrata Say .

Fresh-water mollusca of Oneida Lake, Nae

Fresh-water shells from Central and Western N. Y.

Gonidea angulata, the anatomical structure of .

Goniobasis in Western Pennsylvania.

Goniobasis pennsylvanica Pilsbry, n. sp. .

Gwatkin, Henry Melvill COE Das

Helices, antiquity of the .

Hemphillia malonei Pilsbry, n. ‘sp. (Pl. IV, fig. 9).

Holospira bryantwalkeri Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. IV > fe. 2,

Horatia (Haufienia) micra P. & F.

Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea), the anatomy of

Kobelt, Dr. Wilhelm : ‘

Lampsilis luteola group, notes on

Lampsilis radiata oneidensis F. C. Baker, n. var. (Pl ID.

Lampsilis ventricosa satur Lea . ,

Lemiox rimosus Raf., the anatomy of

Leptoxis Raf. , replaces Anculosa :

Limax Arborum in a Colorado greenhouse,

Loboa brunoi von Ihering n. gen. and sp. (PI. IV, fi, 7)

Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose, n. sp . :

Mactra beali Hall & Ambrose, n. sp.

Martyn’s Universal _Conchologist

Melanella iotoides Bartsh, n. n. for M. iota

Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose, n. sp

Missouri mussels, breeding records of

Missouri River as a faunal barrier

Mollusca from San Bernardino Co., Cal., additional records.

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Mollusca of Cincinnati. <){) On

Mollusks collected at Castle Island, Boston, a list of . . 129

Neosimnia catalinensis Berry, n. sp. (Pl. 5, fig. 3) . dial

New Jersey shells. ‘ . 2

New Mexico, a new pleistocene mollusk locality i TER): 3 ; 134

New species from the cretaceous and tertiary of California 68, 77

Notes . : , 12, 24, 48, 56, 71, 83, 96,120, 132

Nudibranchs, method of preserving . : . 142

Nudibranchs, the nature of conical bodies in the mantle . 103

Opeas mauritianum Pfr. in Philadelphia, Pa. . : Sree

Operculum evolution, notes on. : ‘ ’ : iT

Oregon, snails from near Mt. Hood . : : d Sey,

Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss, n. sp. . 102

Ostrea titan Conr. var. perrini Hall & Ambrose n. var. . 80

Ovula from California, anew . : wi cat

Oxychona bifasciata Burrow CPl..ay, ‘figs. 4, 8). 127

Oxychona bosciana blanchetiana Moricand (Pl..1v, figs. 2, 3) 127

Oxychona, notes on the bifasciata group of : . 125

Oxychona pyramidella currani Bartsch, n. subsp. . 53, 128

Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose n. sp. . alieo

Parametaria Dall, n. n. for Meta Rve. E : . 25

Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. ‘ ti dat GS

Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. . : aby ae

Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose, n. sp. syhi ee

Pleistocene mollusca from Callaway Co., Mo. . ‘ Oe:

Philomycus (Pallifera) arizonensis Pils., n. sp. : . 119

Planorbis dilatatus and P. sampsoni : : Me Sees

Pleurocera of Tryon becomes Ceriphasia Swains : ea

Pleurocera Raf., replaces Angitrema of Tryon’s Monog. . 114

Pleurocera subulare Lea . 122

Pleurodonte (Zachrysia) torrei Henderson, n. “p. (Pl D. 49

Polygyra albolabris Say . 140

Polygyra albolabris major and fuscolabris. : ; a4

Polygyra brevipila cherokeensis Clapp, n. subsp... xn ake

Polygyra labrosa fimbriata piape : . : ; . 139

Polygyra zaleta A : : : , . 140

Popular names of shells . ; . . 87

Publications received ' olaas 48, 59, 96

Rafinesque’s genera of fresh-water snails . ; 109

San Diego drift shells ; , : 3 : . 83

Scalenostoma babylonia Bartsch ; : : mee

Scalenostoma rangii de Folin . , ¢ Je

Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose, n. sp : Af

Shell hunt in the Black Range . ‘ ‘ oo

Shells of Mt. Monadnock, N. H. : ; : 57, 84

Sierra Nevadas, shell collecting ty it : f ‘ . 2

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Smith, Edgar A. (obituary)

Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose, | n. sp.

Strobilops floridana in New Jersey

Strombiformis lapazana Bartsch

Strombina colpoica Dall, n. n. for C. subulata Sowb.

Strombina fusinoidea Dall, n. n. for C. fusiformis Hinds

Strombina liacina Dall, n. sp. .

Strombina paceana Dall, n. sp.

Subemarginula golischae Dall, n. sp.

Subularia Monts., on the status of

Subularia metcalfei A. Ad.

Teredo diegensis Bartsch, n. sp.

Teredo from the West Coast of America, a. new.

Unionidae : :

Unio giganteus Barnes, observations on

Unio, the Rafinesque—Poulson collection of

Valvata micra, note on

Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecuhensis Clapp

Viviparus and Campeloma, new subspecies of

Viviparus contectoides Binn. in Boston, Mass

Viviparus contectoides compacta Pilsbry, n. subsp.

Viviparus contectoides impolitus Pilsbry, n. ait

Viviparus malleatus in Boston, Mass.

Zachrysia, a new Cuban ;

THE NAUTILUS. vii

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Ambrose, A. W. : 5 : ; : : eh (G5. Ch

Baker, Frank C.. ‘ ; : 5, 74, 135

Bartsch, Paul . ; , 47, 53, 72, 73, 92, 133

Berry..S..5: .« ; ‘ , ; 21, 37, 83

Blake, J. Henry. ‘ : : : : . 132

Byne, St.G. . : P ‘ : , : . 3d4

Chace; HP: : : : : : : : aay a

Clapp, Geo. H. ; ; : : : ; wp tay 138

Cockerell, T. D. A. . : : ; ; : 11, 9, 120

Crozier, W. J. . ; ; : 7 ; ; 108, 140

Dall, Wm. H.. : : : - ‘ 1, 25, 57, 61, $4

Ferriss, Jas. H. ; ‘ ; : : : : eos

Frierson, L. S. P : : : : : ‘ ier

Goodrich, Calvin. [ : i 2 ; : . 122

Greger, Darling K. . : ; ; . 64, 114

Hadley, E. E. : ; Lean ie : ; i

Ball Hy B.-. : ; ; : , ; 68, 77

Heath, Harold g : ‘ ° aie

Hedley, Charles. : ; P ; ; Evie

Henderson, John B. ; : : : ; : 49

Henderson, Junius . , : : : : 49, 134

Johnson, C. W. f : ; ‘ 48, 57, 72, 87, 130

Lowe, fe N. : , , 26

Maury, Carlotta Joaquina : : ; . 29

Ortmann, Arnold . ie 5 ‘50, 54, 85, 106

Pilsbry, H. A. 4s iy ‘9, Al, 58, 84, 95, 109, 117, 119, 124

Smith, H. H. , i ee

Sterki, V. : : ; : . 84

Utterback, Mi : : : : Nee

Vanatta, E. G. : : : : : ; 12, 48, 72

Von Ihering, |: Se : ; ; j : tae

Walker, Bryant F : ; . . 48

Warren, Shields. ; : : : . 66, 129

ee i ee... 120

eae NAUTILUS.

VoL, XXX. MAY, 1916. No. 1

NOTES ON THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF ADULA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The genus Botula was proposed by Mérch. in 1853, in the

second part of the Yoldi catalogue, page 55, for Modiola vagina

Lamarck and M. fusca Gmelin, the latter better known as M.

cinamomea Lamarck.

The former seems not to differ materially from the typical

Modioli except in its less arcuate form, and the latter by its

small size, incurved umbones and boring habit must be relied

on to carry the genus if it is valid. The group now under con-

sideration differs but little from Botula so typified, the species

grading from one to another so as to nearly bridge the gap be-

tween Botula and Lithophaga. It can hardly rank higher than

a subgenus at most.

The subgenus Adula was proposed by the brothers Adams in

December, 1857, in their ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,’’ for the

single species Mytilus soleniformis of Orbigny, 1846, from Payta,

Peru.

The generic name was used again in 1861, by Henry Adams

for a Planorbis, probably by inadvertence.

The typical species of Adula differs from those of the California

coast by having more nearly central umbones, if Orbigny’s fig-

ure can be relied upon.

The earliest of the Californian species to be noticed was :

2 THE NAUTILUS.

ADULA CALIFORNIENSIS Philippi.

Modiola californiensis (Esch. ms.) Philippi, Zeitschr. Mal. for

1847, p. 113. California, Eschscholtz.

Adula stylina Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1863, p. 644,

1864; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., vol. 14, p. 425, Dec.

1864 ; Smithsonian reprint, p. 237, 1872. Neeah Bay, Wash.

Modiola (Lithophagus) schmidtii Schrenck, Amurl. Moll., p.

500, pl. 21, figs. 4-7, Oct. 1867. West coast of Sakhalin Island,

Sea of Tartary.

Adula californiensis Dunker, Conch. Cab., neue Ausg., vill, pt.

3, Lithophaga, p. 22, pl. 5, fig. 19, 1882; Index Moll. Mar.

Japan, 1882, p. 227.

Distribution. Neeah Bay, Wash. to San Diego, Cal., North-

ern Japan and the Sea of Tartary.

This species is shorter than A. falcata, and destitute of the

of fine transverse surface sculpture which in the latter recalls

that of some species of Lithophaga. It is slender, with the

radial ridges rather emphasized and the shell substance has

usually more or less dark bluish coloration.

The posterior dorsal area (where it has not been cleaned off

by a collector or dealer) has a more or less velvety pile, such

as is often found on Modiolas, underneath which the peri-

ostracum has a brilliant polish. The umbones in the adult are

invariably eroded. The Japanese specimens, received from

Hirasé, are quite identical with those from California.

ADULA DIEGENSIS Dall.

Modiolus diegensis Dall, Nautitus, xxiv, No. 10, Feb. 1911,

p. 110. San Diego, Cal. (young shells).

Distribution. San Francisco Bay to San Diego, and Cape

St. Lucas.

The young specimens of this species are apparently free-living

and have less of the arcuation found in the last species, which

is a borer.

The adult shell has the posterior portion much more capa-

cious than in A. californiensis, nearly twice as wide and high as in

specimens of the latter of the same length. The color seems

variable. The young shells described by me were dark bluish,

THE NAUTILUS. 3

the adults later received from Mrs. E. P. Chace were brownish.

The relations of this group to Myrina remain to be cleared up.

ADULA FALCATA Gould.

Lithodomus falcatus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist. iv, p.

92, Nov. 1851; Monterey, Cal.; Gulf of Cal. Shells, Apr. 1852,

p30; pL G6, fig; 9.

Lithodomus griineri Reeve, Conch. Icon, Lithodomus, 1857, pl.

iii, fig. 12. ‘‘ New Zealand ’’ in error.

Lithodomus (Lithophaga) falcatus Gould, Otia. Conch., p. 213,

1862.

Adula falcata Dunker, Conch. Cab. neue Ausg., viii, pt. 3,

Lithophaga, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 1882.

Distribution. Straits of Fuca to San Diego, Cal., and south-

ward, boring in indurated clay and soft sandstone.

This is the largest of the genus and distinguished from either

of the other Californian species by its much greater length and

the sculpture of the periostracum.

POLYGYRA BREVIPILA CHEROKEENSIS, NEW SUBSPECIES.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Differs from typical brevipila (NauTILUS, xx, p. 110) by its

uniformly smaller size and darker color. In both these respects

it resembles cohuttensis, for which it might be taken at first

sight; but the form and details of apertural structures are

almost exact reproductions, in miniature, of brevipila. At pres-

ent, it seems better to regard the new form as a sub-species of

brevipila, though a well marked one. The fact that it has been

found in two localities, twenty miles apart, shows that it is not

merely a dwarfed local variety. It should be remembered that

nearly all the species of Stenotremes are markedly constant in

size, even when they have a wide geographic range.

Diam. 7 mm. alt. 5 mm. whorls 5.

Type locality : near Pleasant Gap, Cherokee Co, Ala., ‘‘in a

shady but dry ravine on the mountain side, about 1200 ft.

generally under stones.’’ Collected by Herbert H. Smith, Aug.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

1915. A single specimen was found near Cave Spring, Floyd

Co. Ga. about 20 miles N. E. of the Alabama locality. Types

no. 7871 of my collection. Paratypes in collections of Academy

of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, Alabama Museum of Natural Hist.,

and cabinet of Dr. Bryant Walker.

Polygyra brevipila, cherokeensis and cohuttensis form an interest-

ing and very natural group, differing from stenotrema, hirsuta and

their allies by the continuous free lip and the shape of the lip

notch. Other common characters are the fine, closely-set hairs

and very convex, rounded body whorl. The fulcrum is long.

The known localities are all in the southern extension of the

Allegheny mountain range, from N. W. Georgia to central

Alabama. All the species occur in wooded but rather dry

ravines on mountain sides, and they commonly conceal them-

selves by clinging to the lower sides of stones. Polygyra brevi-

pila was collected in such a ravine, about 2000 ft. above sea

level ; cohuttensis at about 1500 ft. ; and cherokeensis at 1200 ft.

GONIOBASIS IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

GONIOBASIS PENNSYLVANICA Nn. Sp.

The shell is oblong-conic, rather solid, smooth ; periostracum

strong and persistent, of a buffy citrine color. The spire is

conic, with straight or slightly convex outlines, and is more or

less eroded, the erosion beginning at an early age. The young

up to a length of about 6 or 7 mm. are acutely carinate periph-

erally, the carina appearing as a welt or seam immediately above

the suture on the spire; after which the periphery becomes

merely convex or somewhat flattened. The last whorl is large,

tapering downward. Aperture more than half the total length,

ovate ; outer lip very slightly sinuous, almost straight in pro-

file view. Parietal callus rather thin.

Length 16.5, diam. 10, length aperture 10 mm.

Length 16, diam. 8.3, length aperture 9 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Operculum with the nucleus at about the lower sixth of the

total length.

Distribution.—Ohio river system in western Pennsylvania,

Ohio River at Coraopolis (type locality ; 5. N. Rhoads, Sept.

1898); Neville Island, Allegheny Co.; Beaver River below

Wampum (Rhoads); Allegheny River (EH. A. Randall, 1868);

Pittsburgh (H. S. Stupakoff, 1895). Type and cotypes No.

73954 A. N.S. P.

While related to G. depygis (Say) and G. livescens (Mke.),

this species is readily known by its short spire, bright olivaceous

yellow color and the strong, persistent cuticle. It was found

in abundance by Mr. Rhoads, and was listed by him as Gonio-

basis depygis (NautiLus XII, April, 1899, p. 187). Though I

have not seen the specimens, it is apparently what Dr. Ortmann

catalogued as Goniobasis translucens Anth. (Proc. Amer. Philos.

Soc., Vol. 52, 1913, p. 328). If so, it occurs as far upstream

as Warren Co., Pa.

Some individuals have two rather wide carob-brown bands,

occupying the middle of the spaces above and below the per-

iphery. Sometimes there are narrow bands very near the

suture and columella, the latter visible inside.

THE FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF ONEIDA LAKE, NEW YORK.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Oneida Lake lies near the center of New York State in lati-

tude 43° north and longitude 75° west. Oswego and Oneida

counties border the lake on the north and Onondaga and Madi-

son counties on the south. It is 27 miles southeast of Lake

Ontario. The lake is oriented almost directly east and west,

which is the longer axis, and is 21 miles in length by 5.50

miles in greatest width. The level of the lake is 369 feet above

the sea or 124 feet above Lake Ontario. The greatest depth

recorded is 55 feet, which occurs about one and a half miles

southeast of Cleveland. The shores are relatively very low, as

the lake is in the bed of an ancient glacial lake, lacking the

6 THE NAUTILUS.

bold character of the land in the vicinity of the Finger Lake

region farther south, where lakes Cayuga, Seneca, etc., lie in

preglacial rock-cut valleys. The general depression of the

country immediately surrounding the lake produces low,

swampy shores on many parts of the lake, especially at the

east and west ends. Large swamp areas occur in Big Bay,

Maple Bay, west of Constantia, and at the east end where Fish

Creek enters the lake.

Oneida Lake is the largest inland body of water in the State,

having an approximate area of 80 square miles and a shore line

of approximately 65 miles. The areas bordering the shores

are always shallow and usually deepen rather abruptly, forming

in many places submerged terraces of greater or less width.

These terraces are either sandy or bouldery in character, usually

the latter, the rough water washing out the fine particles and

removing them to the quieter bays and protected areas near the

points. For this reason the points are always stony and

bouldery and the bays sandy. A notable fact is the almost

total absence of mud on the shores of the west end of the lake,

mud areas being confined to a few small spots, principally at

the mouth of small creeks. The shallow zones bordering the

shores, 6 feet or less in depth, are from 200 to 1600 feet in

width, and the approximate area of shallow water within the 6-

foot contour is estimated to be upwards of 64 square miles or

8 per cent. of the entire area. This is significant when it is

remembered that this shallow zone is nearly all covered with

vegetation and is the area which supports all of the animal life

and affords breeding grounds for the majority of the fishes in

the lake. If we include the bottom area enclosed by the 12-foot

contour, below which little or no vegetation lives, we find the

total approximate area to be 8366 square acres (13 square

miles), which afford feeding grounds for fish and other aquatic

animals. The west end of the lake, which is the only part at

present investigated, is very shallow, scarcely exceeding 20 feet

in depth beyond Frenchman Island.

The noteworthy species are Physa ancillaria warreniana, Plan-

orbis binneyi, and Lymnza stagnalis lilliane, which appear to be

new records for the State. These species are common in Toma-

THE NAUTILUS. 7

hawk Lake, Wisconsin, where they occupy habitats similar to

those in Oneida Lake. This is an interesting case of distribu-

tion. Acella haldemani, Bythinia tentaculata and Vivipara con-

tectoides add new localities to the State. The 10 species of

Pisidia, 4 of which are still undetermined, is noteworthy.

Margaritana had previously been reported from Oneida Lake

and the record is now substantiated. A number of common

species are reported for the first time from this general region.

No list of Oneida Lake mollusks is known to the writer.

Beauchamp, however, published an excellent list of the Mol-

lusca of Onondaga County, some years ago, and this is the only

paper on the mollusks of this region known to the writer.

Further studies will doubtless raise the list to upwards of 100

species and races. Additions are to be expected in Pisidiwm,

Spherium, Musculium, Amnicolidz, Valvata, Physa, and Galba.

The studies from which this list has been compiled have

been carried on by the writer for the New York State College of

Forestry at Syracuse University under the direction of Professor

C. C. Adams, Forest Zoologist, for the purpose of ascertaining

the relation of the molluscan fauna to the feeding habits and

breeding grounds of the fish fauna of the lake, especially the

food and game fish. Full information concerning the ecological

associations and economic value of the mollusks recorded may

be found in Technical Bulletin No. 4, now in press, published

by the College of Forestry. The author is indebted to Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Dr. V. Sterki, and Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in

determining critical molluscan material.

Ciass PELECYPODA

Family Unionidae.

Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ) Anodonta cataracta Say.

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin) Anodonta marginata Say.

Lampsilis borealis (Gray ) Anodonta implicata Say.

Lampsilis iris (Lea) Anodonta grandis Say.

Nephronajas ligamentina Anodonta grandis footiana

(Lam. ) Lea.

Strophitus edentulus (Say) Alasmidonta undulata (Say)

Strophitus undulatus (Say) Elliptio complanatus (Dillwyn)

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Family Margaritanide

Margaritana margaritifera (Linné)

Family Sphaervida.

Spharium striatinum (La- Pisidium variabile Prime.

marck) Pisidium compressum Prime.

Spherium vermontanum Pisidium compressum levigatum

Prime. Sterki.

Musculium securis (Prime) Pisidium henslowanum

Musculium rosaceum (Prime) (Sheppard)

Pisidiwm ferrugineum Prime. Pisidium, 4 undet. spp.

Pisidium exquilaterale Prime.

Ciass GASTROPODA.

Family Viviparide.

Viwipara contectoides W. G. Campeloma decisum (Say)

Binney. Campeloma integrum (DeKay)

Family Amnicolide.

Amnicola limosa (Say) Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say)

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry Gulia altilis (Say)

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, Bythinia tentaculata (Linné)

variety

Family Valvatide.

Valvata tricarinata (Say) Valvata bicarinata normalis

Walker

Family Pleuroceride.

Goniobasis livescens (Menke)

Family Physide.

Physa ancillaria warreniana Physa integra Haldeman.

(Lea) Physa gyrina Say

Family Ancylidz.

Ancylus tardus Say Ancylus parallelus Haldeman.

Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Family Planorbide.

Planorbis trivolvis Say Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Planorbis trivolvis Say, var- Planorbis parvus Say.

lety Planorbis hirsutus Gould.

Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Planorbis exacuous Say.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Family Lymnaeide.

LIymnea stagnalis lilliane Acella haldemani (Deshayes)

Baker. Galba- palustris (Mueller)

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say) Galba catascopium (Say)

Pseudosuccinea chalybea Galba emarginata (Say)

(Gould)

Family Succineide.

Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea avara Say.

New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE CRUISE OF THE ToMAS BARRERA: THE NARRATIVE OF A

Screntiric EXPEDITION TO WESTERN CUBA AND THE COLORADOS

REEFs, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY, FAUNA AND FLORA

OF THE Reaion. By John B. Henderson.'—This is the narra-

tive of a six weeks cruise during May and June, 1914, planned

by the author with the advice of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of Havana.

Other naturalists invited to join the party were Mr. George H.

Clapp, Dr. Paul Bartsch, Mr. C. T. Simpson, Sr. Manuel Lesmes

and Victor J. Rodriguez. Preparators and assistants, an am-

phibious Patron (Captain) and a crew of seven completed the

party. The Tomas Barrera was 65-foot fishing schooner, and

the route was to Cape San Antonio and return to Havana. In-

land trips were made to Pan de Azucar, the Sierra de Vifiales,

Pan de Guajaibon and other places.

'Pp. 320; G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Several of the classics of natural history were inspired by

tropical America, but so far as we remember, no nature book

of interest to the general reader has taken Cuba, our nearest

tropical neighbor, for its subject.

Although the author has special knowledge of mollusks, it

is quite evident that he is first of all a lover of nature. Now

it is the little Cuban tody which appeals to him, and again, a

big luminous beetle or a marvelous palm. His description of

the reef pools with their strange and beautiful families, of the

wierd land crabs and their ways, and of collecting marine animals

with a submarine electric light, stick in one’s memory. What

naturalist can read about the ‘‘ Cove of delight’’ in the Vifiales

Sierra without longing to visit that wonderful region. The

human interest which even the most vivid nature-book needs,

is supplied by the adventures and misadventures of the party

from day by day, and the contact with Cubans, for whom the

author evidently has a sympathetic liking.

Thirty-seven full-page illustrations, charming Cuban views,

and characteristic animals and plants, add much to the interest

of the volume. The bird plates, by Fuertes, and those of

coral-pool fishes, are in color.

Those who have been in the tropics will renew their thrills in

Mr. Henderyson’s pages, while naturalists who have not had

that experience as yet, may realize the conditions a naturalist

finds among the sierras, ‘‘ mogotes’’ and on the coral reefs of

Cuba.—H. A. P.

REVIEW OF SOME BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE GROUP ANATINACEA

FROM THE West Coast oF AMERICA. By William Healey Dall

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 49, Nov. 1915). Pending the

appearance of a comprehensive work on the West American

marine shells, the series of descriptive and revisionary papers

by Doctor Dall is indispensable to working conchologists. The

present one deals with a group which has been little studied

on the West Coast. Six new species of Thracia, six of Cyatho-

donta, three Kennerlyia, one each of Coelodon, Foveadens and

Lyonsia are described, several being from such well-known

localities as Santa Barbara and San Diego Bay. Others are

THE NAUTILUS. 11

from points between Alaska and the Strait of Magellan, and

one, Cyathodonta cruziana, from Santa Cruz, West Indies.

PRODROME OF A REVISION OF THE CHRYSODOMOID WHELKS OF

THE BorREAL AND Arctic REGIONS. By W. H. Dall. (Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington, pp. 7, 8, Jan, 25. 1916). An extended

and intricate subject is presented here in tabloid form. A few

changes affecting well-known American species may be noted.

Chrysodomus dirus becomes Searlesia dira (Rve. ).

Chrysodomus or Sipho islandicus and related species belong to

the genus Colus.

Chrysodomus kelseyi becomes Exilia kelseyi (Dall).

REDISCcOVERY oF PourTALEs’ Hatioris. By John B. Hender-

son. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 48, 1915). In 1869 Count

Pourtales dredged a Haliotis in the Straits of Florida, which

was subsequently destroyed in the Chicago fire. It was de-

scribed from memory by Dr. Dall in 1881, as Haliotis pourtalesiz.

In 1911 Mr. Henderson, dredging on the ‘‘ Pourtales Plateau ’’

off Key West, in 90 fathoms, had the good fortune to secure

another specimen, which is described and figured in this paper.

It was first announced in THE Nautitvs, vol. 25, p. 81. As

Haliotis on the Eastern American coasts had become almost

mythical, this was one of the most interesting finds of recent

years in those waters. A species from the Galapagos, which Dr.

Dall had subsequently identified as H. pourtalesii, is renamed

Haliotis dalli Henderson. Both are figured.

THREE New SPEcIEs oF ANODONTITES FROM Brazit. By Wm.

B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 1915). A

salmonea, A. darochai are A. aurora are new species from Ceara,

Brazil.

A LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN Arizona, NEw Mexico, Texas

AND OKLAHOMA BY Dr. E. C. Case. By Bryant Walker.

(Occ. Papers Mus. of Zool., Univ. of Michigan, No. 15. Dec.,

1915). These lists record shells taken from stream debris in

many localities, often remote from places which have been

12 THE NAUTILUS.

visited by conchologists. It is a valuable addition to our knowl-

edge of these arid-region faunas.

New FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE OZARK Mountains. By

Anson A. Hinkley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, Dec. 1915).

The following new species are described: Anculosa arkansensis,

Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis and Somatogyrus crassilabris' all from the

North Fork of White River, near Norfolk, Arkansas.

THREE NEW HEtices FROM CaLirorNiA. By S. S. Berry.

(Univ. of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 16, No. 9.

January 5, 1916). Epiphragmophora petricola, E. tudiculata rufi-

terrae, and Polygyra pinicola are described as new from the San

Bernandino Mts., near Redlands and back of Pacific Grove,

Monterey Co., respectively. EEA,

NOTES.

Opras MauritiaAnum (Pfr. )—Subulina octona (Brug.) was

reported from green-houses at Philadelphia, Pa. in Tar Navti-

Lus volume vi, p. 107, (1893) and volume xi, p. 120 (1898).

Upon examining one of these sets collected by Mr. Robert

Walton, I found one specimen of Opeas mauritianum (Pfr.)

This is an addition to the ‘‘ Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia”’

published by Mr. Morris Schick in Tor NautiLus, volume viii,

p. 133 (1895). The specimen is in the collection of The Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, tray No. 118421.

We also have Opeas mauritianum in the the collection from a

green-house at Garfield Park, Chicago, Illinois, being A. N.S. P.

No. 91237, collected by Mr. F. C. Baker in 1906; also No.

11748 collected at Washington, D. C., by Mr. E. Lehnert many

years ago.—H. G. VANATTA.

WE have learned with deep regret of the death, on the 26th

of March, of Dr. WitHELM Kose t, the distinguished German

conchologist, at the age of 76.

1 This species was first defined by Walker, in Nautixus vol. 29, p. 53.

mee NAUTILUS.

VOT AX XN:

JUNE, 1916. No. 2

BREEDING RECORD OF MISSOURI MUSSELS.

BY W. I. UTTERBACK.

The following record includes twenty-six of the most repre-

sentative species of the different subfamilies of Naiades for

Missouri. Actual numbers of mussels are recorded for those

collected in north and ‘northwest Missouri but no definite rec-

ord of numbers of sterile and gravid individuals could be kept by

the author in his survey of the Osage River from the latter part

of June to the middle of August while under the direction of

the U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.’ The

revised nomenclature for the Naiades is followed in this report

since the revival of Rafinesque* has been accepted by the leading

students, and since, too, it has been found that the glochidial and

marsupial characters are the best bases for classification ;* however,

for the sake of clearness, the more familiar names appear as

synonyms in parentheses after the revised names.

In the following tables the kinds of glochidia are indicated thus:

Lamp. = Lampsilis type (i. e., suboval-subelliptic, spineless

glochidia).

An.=Anodonta type (i. e., subtriangular, spined glochidia).

Prop.=Proptera type (i. e., axe-shaped, spined-spineless glo-

chidia).

1U. S. Bu. Fish., Econ. Cir., No. 10, 1914.

2. S. Frierson, 1914 a, (NAUTILUS, xxviii, pp. 6-8; E. G. Vanatta, 1915

a, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 549-559).

5 Dr. A. E. Ortmann, 1911 b, (Mem. Carnegie Mus., iv, pp. 279-339 ; 1912

b, (An. Car. Mus., viii, pp. 222-365).

NAUTILUS.

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okbon | sessisane | naaear Ragga cal ietes |taa sek

<aysilleeaieges | age Sora seeceel fee ia

WO |Idag |Sny | Ajue

oune | Av

on Pacers | seeere eeacee | weveencee ses (yeay) VWXUTAAH VIUNVOYITAD ‘OL

(Avg) nwsnjn.ya} o1uy)

B0dda6 ||| Grieder At sais séaaeesna( (GQ) VASWIVULEL SOUMWOIN() “6

(soureg ) vsoqqib og

tease on eens tenes | wee e ester ennnes (yey) VLYLVIIG OMA TTY °g

(‘danig) pynjynouaqny nynupone

Ke i Sa cise (‘jey) Viv TnowdaoaL VIuvaNaLoy *f

(dag) nynpnavaqny vrwobopn 7,

sintateine arate renee weathers. ae PRY C1 0) VSOODOUUTA yinuavary oh)

(varT) vsowhuyon) vjnupon?y

. oe | seweee eens weenee ecuataessts<Gareyg) wrouavad vionwavary °c

aiatelstevei | tretaie'wiare ganas ROOnOn soopeaasete(HOry ) ysoTorsna vrouavary "p

sovay vynwpon?’y

~" aa ee K [terres (ABQ) SOUMH SVIVNOTVYOE] ‘§

nynayd nynuppn?y

seeeee | eee * aoe seus emer eeninaeex (Ape) VLVOITA VYNATAN VY '%

(vary) vuobin vynupnn¢)

Sreraiata AG Sacral mama ated “-+6(squreg) VLIVONO VIVNOOSO YT ‘TL

Tady -qeyy | -qaq | uve

VIGIHOOTS) DNIUVAG NAHM SHINO!

SuIodag TaSsAy

(saIOadg OILOMAaVUg) suaaadug aoluag (,,agWWAG,, YO) LUOHY JO auooay ONIGaTUg

I OTavii

THE NAUTILUS.

see ee esl eww eebe | seeeeeel eeesen ts eeeeeee

seen ealeeweese | yp | tee eeel ete eene

Seem wl emma el tem ee en tee eee teen

weeeves

‘aq "AON | "WO |"ydog| Sny

A A)

be lg f

stevens

te ewer el waeeee

x x

(sauteg) psoo.quaa sinsduny

treseeees( tear) VIGUVO SI'TISAN VT

Breese ee ** (YOIRUIVT) VIOALAT SITISANV'T

pai ia ** (BOT) SHAIOLNOGONY SITISANV'T

mynsjsorgns sipsduvry

gh ah sees(£BQ) VLIVUISOUMNS VINAMOW

nasod sipsdwoT

t] tee eeeeeees ‘ (soureg) VAUVd VNITOONOUVD

andoo syrsduny

sleweeee eee ee . (used) XVdvyo VuALIOUg

nunssiaan) sypsdunyT

Basins seereeees(BOrT) VNNISSIAAVI VUALIOUg

(Avg) vypo sipsduoy

ae reessessescensos (ABQ) VLVIV VUALdOUg

(soureg) sxponi6 sysdwy

"ee" (soudeg ) SITIOVUA SONOWSY'T

(vary) sumsofionuop njorboig

ee [est semanas ee By ct ‘)"""(Bar]) SINNOAIOVNOG SVIVNOTYGDANKY

Peete len eweee

x x

eoevee ‘+ ox

Ane au eee sad y | rey) ‘qoaq |uee

VIGIHOOTS) DNINVAG NAHM SHINO]

s|rseeeseleeessererteeres (MBG) SATOLNGGT SALIHAOULG

lavevoes ovcccece oe **(f£¥Q) SIGNVUD VINOGONY

(Avg) sypwaquur DWOpoUup

dibdaaatehd Ge * SISNATHO VNULSV'T

(Avg) pynynaigogns Djuopouy

venvemses * (Avg) VLVINOIduOdAS VNAISVT

seeesesers soee(KBQ) SASODVUANOD SNAGIONY

nypunjdmos mouhyduhg

mrrrerss (Some ) VLYNVIdWO00 VNODINSY'T

saloddg assay

(saIogdg OILONLAGVug) suaadaaug aomag (,, YXINIAA ,, YO) SNOT 40 Guooay PNIGaATAgG—"T] ATAVL

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Special attention would be directed to the fact that this

record includes four instances of the male discharging sperm,

one in case of Lasmigona complanata (Say), two instances of

Lastena suborbiculata (Say) and one of Lampsilis cardia (Raf. ),

all observed in the laboratory aquarium. In case of both com-

planata and suborbiculata this physiologic fact disproves the

report that, like their nearest allies, Lasmigona compressa (Lea)

and Lastena ohiensis (Raf.), are hermaphroditic. Another in-

stance of sperm discharge for Lampsilis cardia was observed in

nature. This discharge was observed as a tiny stream of milky

white cysts. Upon examination with a lens, magnifying 385

diameters, these cysts were observed to be hollow globular

masses of sperm, each cyst revolving through the water by

means of the flagella of hundreds of sperm cells thrust out

through the matrix. It was the pleasure of the author to ver-

ify the observations of Dr. A. E. Ortmann, (191la, p. 319),

in discovering on several instances the female of this same

species, (cardia), buried in the gravel with only the siphons,

mantle flaps and two blackish ovisacs exposed. The ribbon-

like flaps waved to and fro in an undulating manner and occas-

sionally a white leaf-like conglutinate would be discharged. It

was noted that the marsupia of this species were sterile and

receptive on occasion of the sperm discharge.

Another physiologic observation, made in the laboratory,

should be mentioned here in connection with the reproductive

functions of the Naiades and that was in case of the rotary

motion of the late embryos of Plewrobema obliquum coccinewm

(Conrad) and of Lastena ohiensis (Raf.). These are noted to

be revolving clock-wise around one axis at the rate of about fifty

times per minute. This phenomenon may be common with all

species of Naiades and the reason why only seldom seen may

be because of the short duration of this embryonic activity

which may be necessary in the final development into the

glochidial stage, for it was only in this structural stage that this

rotary motion was seen.

The most prolific and continuous breeder, found by the

writer, is Lasmonos fragilis. This mussel, being the predomi-

nant form in northwest Missouri and thus being the most

THE NAUTILUS. 17

accessible, ample opportunity was given to obtain the most

complete record and has been found gravid with ripe glochidia

every month of the year except for March and August. How-

ever, high water prevented the keeping of a complete record for

any species during March. In all probability fragilis bears

glochidia throughout this month also as more individuals of this

species were found in glochidial gravidity during the month

immediately preceding than at any other time of the year.

Hence, we would conclude that this species is bradytictic (i. e.,

a long-period breeder) with an overlapping breeding season.

Lastena ohiensis and Strophitus edentulus may be classed likewise

because of the same character in that they also overlap in their

breeding season. The fact of non-parasitism as the normal

habit of these last mentioned may account for their eccentricities

of breeding season. We may also account for the very peculiar

marsupial structures of S. edentulus because of this independent

metamorphosis of its larva. As far as now known all species of

Naiades, except the last named, are dependent upon fish-hosts

as their natural distributors ; however, the wide distribution

of both S. edentulus and L. ohiensis has been considered to be

due to the buoyancy of the placentulae, (gelatinous cords holding

glochidia), discharged by the former and also to the very light

papery shells of both juvenile and adult of the latter.

Probably this account will show the smallest gravid individual

on record. On March 3, 1913, a gravid Proptera laevissima,

bearing mature glochidia, was collected by the writer in Lake

Contrary, St. Joseph, Mo., measuring 39 mm. in length, and on

September 10, 1914, 61 Jaevissima were collected, 32 of which

were found gravid with ripe glochidia. Strange to say, these

female shells were all smaller than the other 29 males ; however,

none in this collection exceeded 43 mm. in length, two being

only 39 mm. long. Upon further study it may be found that

these so-called Jaevissima are really distinct species and that the

occurrence of smaller shells may be found to be normal, as seen

in case of Obliquaria refleca and of Plagiola lineolata (Raf.)

(=P. securis [Lea] ).

The Breeding Record kept herein corresponds with those of

18 THE NAUTILUS,

Ortmann, Sterki,’ Surber,” Howard,* Lefevre and Curtis * in the

exceptions which these authors make for the general rule that

the species of the sub-family Unioninae are short-period breeders

(tachytictic) and those of the sub-families Anodontinae and

Lampsilinae are long-period breeders (bradytictic). The writer

agrees with Surber’ and Howard * that Wegalonaias heros should

be classed as doubtfully bradytictic. Probably it would be

more nearly correct to consider heros as tachytictic with the latest

breeding season known. Another case of eccentricity of breeding

season is that of Obliquaria reflexa. Although this species

belongs to the sub-family possessing long period of gravidity as

the rule, yet the writer has only found it sterile during every

month of the winter season. Amygdalonaias donaciformis has

also been found to be sterile in a few instances throughout the

winter months, yet this knowledge may be too meagre to estab-

lish it as a short-period breeder. However, being found gravid

with mature glochidia the early part of June may be partial

evidence that this species is bradytictic. The writer is able to

verify Surber’s discovery that donaciformis produces the smallest

glochidium (0.060x0.063 mm.) on record,’ and also that, in its

metamorphosis, the encysted young shows the unusual growth

of adult shell beyond the margin of the glochidial shell.

In keeping this record it was occasionally noted that in a few

cases, especially as found in Lasmigona complanata and Lasmonos

fragilis, that the marsupia would contain early and late embryos,

and even mature glochidia, at the same time. However, this

irregularity is doubtless abnormal since uniformity of develop-

ment and maturity is the rule for all species.

It may be of interest here to state how the author has been

enabled to distinguish sterile females from males of those species

which have no sexual dimorphism of shell and no definite dif-

ferentiation of marsupium and of post-ventral mantel margin

as seen in the Unioninae and Anodontinae. In most cases, as

11903a (American Nat., xxvii, pp. 103-118).

71912a (U. S. Bu. Fish., Doc. 771).

1915 (Nautilus, xxix, pp. 4-11).

41912 (U. S. Bu. Fish., xxx, Doe. No. 756).

THE NAUTILUS. 19

pointed out by Dr. Ortmann, even a macrospic examination

will enable one to note that the septa (vertical partitions for the

ovisacs) of the sterile marsupium are distinctly more crowded

than those that separate the gill chambers of the male gills.

A histologic study shows five or ten gill filaments between the

septa of the sterile marsupium or brood pouch.

Tables 2 and 3 are summarized accounts made out from com-

plete individual records kept on the regular form issued by the

U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries for Biological Stations. These indi-

vidual accounts of the different species comprehended the sterile

females as well as those gravid with early-late embryos and

mature-immature glochidia. As proof of this record the author

still holds in his possession the preserved anatomical material,

gravid with glochidia and also much that is gravid with early

and lateembryos. The soft parts have been preserved with the

shells, the latter having been cleaned in a solution of sodium

carbonate (Na,CO,) made by dissolving five pounds of this

chemical in five gallons of water. Then the soft parts were

preserved in the marked shells after the right valves were cut

loose and temporarily examined afield when the best studies

can be made before the tissues are contracted or discolored

by the preservative. The best preservative for the whole speci-

mens has been found by the author to be 70 or 80 per cent.

alcohol, since such preserving fluids as formaldehyde contain

so much free acid that the shell is deteriorated by the chemical

reaction upon the limy composition.

While the writer was engaged for over three years in procur-

ing data for his illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the

Naiades of Missouri’ it was his good fortune to discover a few

glochidia, which follow in the descriptive table here, as the

first on actual record. The author is indebted to Dr. T. Surber

for his acknowledgement of the novelty and also for his verifi-

cation of measurements of these glochidia.

The author is confident that fertilization of the ova takes

place in the suprabranchial canals and when more data is at

hand this determination may be set forth as a well-proven phe-

1 American Midland Naturalist, Vol. iv, 1915-1916, Plates I-XX VIII.

NAUTILUS.

THE

“By U0}

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“ydasor

YQ ‘Aanaquogj ayr'y

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‘AID T2498 *"Y edvsO

*BLOIDS(C) "YT 85RS_O

"MESIB AA “YT 0.5RSO

TINOSST PA,

Ay voory

ayyyupugq = ssajauidg) ondiyya-tmag | cog’ | 0&z° 4 eee C dung) msy2uq pynaiaasg pruhung *),

ayepupuy peuidg | aepn8uenyqng | ose’ | eg’ | “WV ft (Avg) anjnarquogns nuarsnT °¢

WI BYS ssojourdg} ondryypeqng Os’ | O9L' yy) [testes (Keg) pusppp.ya) snsawouy) = “p

WYySVyS ssepeurdg [eaogng OST’ | OLL’ 4y [oo (Bary) unpyos wnnbygo pwagounarq *g

VSI ssojautdg! ondiyjeqng CZE* | LIS" 5 |) ‘(anbseuyeyy) npnpnovaqn) Diuwpunjoy *Z

qYSBAYS ssapoutdg jeaoqng e1Z’ | coz. | ‘duery) *(ur8er9) npinjywind nynoyduad nwaquy *T

a ULSIL AL suTpING OplAA | Suoy

anid e200 [er}Ue A [eteuex) “UIA spun

BIPIoopy) JO uorjdrsosacy

saloadg jassn],

VIGIHOOTY) MAN

Il ATAVL

THE NAUTILUS. 21

nomenon. The physiologic preliminaries for ovulation have

been noted by the writer on many instances in his detailed

studies of two most accessible species of this State. It was

found that the ovisacs were frequently distended with water

before being filled with eggs, a reproductive function that may

be necessary in all species in order that the ova may not be

injured, that greater numbers may be admitted and that the

laminae may be stretched to a thinness more suitable for the

aération of the embryos.

A NEW OVULA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS, new species.

Shell very thin, fusiform, swollen above the middle, maxi-

mum diameter contained about 24 times in the length ; color a

nearly pure porcelain or pearly white, the extreme ends tinted

with brownish yellow for a distance of 2 to3 mm. Surface

polished and glossy ; closely and finely longitudinally striate,

the striae readily visible to the eye and rather irregular, a few

being somewhat coarser than the remainder. Spiral sculpture

comprising some 20-25 low cords at each end, becoming min-

utely wavy as they are intersected by the longitudinal striae ;

indications of an extremely faint wavy spiral striation over the

rest of the shell are discovered by a strong lens. Shell pointed

at both ends, but distinctly more produced at the apex than the

base. Outer lip not greatly thickened, bordered by a narrow

white calius ; retracted at both ends, in each instance with an

obscure angle. Columella sinuous; a low spiral fold and

channel at the summit obliquely encircling the axis.

Length 23 mm. ; maximum diameter 8$ mm.

Type: Cat. No. 1224 of the writer’s collection.

Type Locality : 50 fathoms, off Avalon, Santa Catalina Island,

California (Avalon Aquarium, August 1906).

Remarks: The type and a young specimen from the same

locality taken by J. H. Paine in 1903 are before me. J. cata-

linensis does not seem to be very similar to any of the related

72 THE NAUTILUS.

forms which | can find to have been described from this region.

It is a more delicate and inflated species than either variabilis

C. B. Adams or vidleri Sowerby, if I am correct in my deter-

mination of these forms, and not at all close to either. It seems

to be nearest to the O. barbarensis Dall, but the latter is much

more compact, more solid, and more highly tinted, as well as

usually of considerably smaller size. While it is possible that

the relatively thin callus on the lip is indicative of immaturity,

another large specimen which has come to my notice from the

San Pedro Channel agrees in this as in every other particular.

A figure will appear on a plate of this volume.

THE CONJUGATION OF ARIOLIMAX CALIFORNICUS.

BY HAROLD HEATH.

The newly hatched young of Ariolimax californicus measure

approximately five eighths of an inch in length, and under

favorable conditions become from three to three and a half

inches long at end of four months. Full-sized adults, measur-

ing in the neighborhood of eight inches, probably reach such

dimensions in not over ten months. <A three-inch individual

possesses all of the essential features of the adult, though the

constitutent organs of the reproductive system are of small size.

For several years the specimens of this species that are used

for class dissection at Stanford University have been collected

from a nearby and comparatively circumscribed area along the

San Francisquito creek where the conditions throughout are

uniform. It was therefore surprising to find that annually

fully five per cent of the large-sized animals dissected in the

classroom lacked the penis entirely, while in an equal number

it was abnormally undeveloped when compared with that of

smaller individuals which had not yet reached sexual maturity.

As the years went by the conviction became stronger that at

some previous time the penis in all such specimens had been

cast off, and that its diminutive proportions in otherwise fully

formed animals represented a regenerative stage.

To test the correctness of the hypothesis fully two hundred

THE NAUTILUS. 23

animals were placed in an enclosure, and were fed for several

weeks. Preliminary steps in the reproductive process (the so-

called Liebspiel) were noted on several occasions, but evidently

complete union never took place since no young were produced.

More definite information, therefore, was sought in the field,

but conjugation evidently takes place at night since on two

days only—and those dark and gloomy in the early morning—

was the act witnessed.

Prior to the act of conjugation each individual viciously bites

the side of its mate (faced in the opposite direction), then

violently retracts the head which gradually is protruded before

the next onslaught. The intensity of this first phase gradually

lessens as the bodies become curved about each other, thus

finally bringing the genital papillae in contact. The penis of

one individual only is then inserted, and after a period of severa!

hours the two animals commence to draw apart. In both of

the observed cases, when the penis had become exposed to the

extent of about half an inch, one of the animals turned its head

and commenced to gnaw upon the walls of the organ. These

biting movements were unusually vigorous, and therefore in

marked contrast to those witnessed during the feeding process

but practically identical with those in the initial stages of con-

jugation, and within ten minutes had so scotched the penial

walls that the exposed portion had stretched to an inch in

length. The other animal (subsequent dissection in one case

showed it to be the possessor of the intromittent organ con-

cerned) now took part in the process, and within a very few

minutes the penis was entirely severed.

All four of the animals were subsequently killed and dissected.

In two of the individuals the gnawed-off penis extended from

the genital pore through the proximal section of the oviduct to

the distal, blind end of the seminal receptacle. The walls of

the oviduct were in a high state of contraction, and only with

the greatest care was it possible to dissect out the penis without

destroying the surrounding tissue. In the other two specimens

the penis was wholly absent, and the vas-deferens extended to

to the genital pore-—a condition of affairs exactly duplicated in

some of the other animals examined on previous occasions in

24 THE NAUTILUS.

the laboratory. As no other cases of conjugation were encoun-

tered it has not been possible to determine whether the penis

regenerates or not, though I am firmly convinced that it does.

Whether this act of mutilation invariably takes place is not

known, and the significance of the process is far more obscure.

It is possible the amputated penis may act as a plug to retain

the spermatozoa in the seminal receptacle, or on the other hand

it may be that the presence of a human observer or some natural

enemy brings with it unusual conditions, such as jarring the

earth or some specific scent, and that the severing of the intro-

mittent organ is a provision whereby the animals are enabled

to separate more rapidly than usual. The fate of the penis is

likewise unknown ; it evidently is either absorbed or, what is

more likely, is cast out before the eggs pass to the exterior.

NOTES.

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS MAJOR AND P. A. FUSCOLABRIS.—Clapp

mentioned that you wanted to examine the animal of Polygyra

albolabris major Binn. I happened to have one. So send it.

The form ranges through Southern Alabama and I have found

it as far north as Wetumpka. In Central and Northern Ala-

bama the common large southern form of albolabris is pretty

generally distributed, though not very common: some speci-

mens approach major in size.

‘©The form which you called P. albolabris fuscolabris is as far

as I know confined to the Cumberland Plateau and outlying

masses (Monte Sano etc.) in Madison and part of Jackson Cos.

Judging by the shells alone, I should be very much inclined to

call this a distinct species. Ordinarily it is flatter than albolabris

and always it can be easily distinguished by its peculiar luster

as if varnished lightly : this is due to microscopic sculpture.

Some of our specimens are larger than the average major. By

the way, you must have had a specimen which was not quite

mature: in full-grown shells the lip is white and the boay of

the shell is rather dark brown.’?—HERBERT H. SMITH.

Having dissected the specimen of P. a. major sent, I find it

identical with P. albolabris anatomically, and its status as a sub-

species rather than a distinct species is therefore confirmed.—

H.-A. / PILSBRY:

Pee ATLL US.

Vor, one.

JULY, 1916. No. 3

NOTES ON THE WEST AMERICAN COLUMBELLIDAE.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

During the arrangement of the Columbellidae from the West

Coast of America in the collection of the National Museum it

was found that a number of the names needed revision, and

several other notes were made which may be useful to students

pending the preparation of a general manual of the mollusks of

this region.

The genus usually known as Meta Reeve, or Conella of H. and

A. Adams (but not of Swainson), is in need of a new name,

for Reeve’s Meta of 1859 is preoccupied by Koch for a well-

known genus of spiders since 1855. I propose for it the new

name Parametaria.

The large series at my disposal shows that the differences

used by Reeve to split up these shells into species are not of

specific value, some specimens having a rounded, others an

angulate or keeled shoulder; &c, &c. It is not improbable

that there is really but one species. For it the earliest name is

‘* Conus’? dupontii Kiener, 1850, which will supersede Reeve’s

name of cedonulli given in 1859. It is positively known only

from the Gulf of California and adjacent regions.

Columbella festiva Kiener, 1841 (not of De Laborde, 1830)

from the vicinity of Cape St. Lucas and south to Panama, may

take the name of C. lucasana.

Columbella terpsichore Sowerby, 1822, and C. lyrata Sowerby,

1832, are identical.

Columbella (Anachis) parva Sowerby, 1844, being preoccupied

26 THE NAUTILUS.

by ‘‘ Buccinum’’ parvum H. C. Lea, 1841, may take the specific

name of C. miliwm.

Columbella (Anachis) minima Arnold, 1908 ; not of Tenison

Woods, 1878, nor of Sacco, 1890, may be renamed arnoldi.

Columbella (Anachis) guatemalensis Reeve, 1859, and tessellata

C. B. Adams, 1852 (not of Dunker, 1871) should be united

with C. lentiginosa of Hinds, 1844.

Columbella gaskoini Carpenter, 1857, is identical with C.

(Anachis) taeniata Philippi, 1846.

Anachis petravis Dall, 1908, proves to be identical with A.

subturrita Carpenter, 1866.

Nitidella cribraria Lamarck, 1822, is preoccupied by Gmelin

under the name of ocellata, 1792. N. levigata Linné, 1758, and

N. dichroa Sowerby, 1844, have been received by the Museum as

from Panama, which I believe to be an error. Both are known

to be Antillean. The latter is also N. elegans Dall, 1871, not

of Adams, 1850.

Nitidella incerta Stearns, 1892, is probably to be referred to

the subgenus Alia. N. cervinetta Carpenter, 1857, is identical

with N. baccata Gaskoin, 1851.

Vitidella dali E. A. Smith, 1880, is a synonym of N. gouldi

Carpenter, 1857 ; but not of Columbella gouldi Reeve, 1858.

In 1870 I segregated from the heterogeneous species listed by

H. and A. Adams under the name of Astyris, 1853, a group of

three or four species to carry the name, of which A. rosacea

Gould, 1840, was later selected by Fischer as the type. C.

clausiliformis Kiener, 1834, proposed as type by Tryon, 1883,

belongs to the older genus Aesopus Gould, 1860, and cannot

serve as type of Astyris.

The characteristic Californian group of bright-colored shells,

which have been by the writer and others carried under the

name of Astyris, should be included under the subgenus Alia,

H. and A. Adams, 1853. C. unifasciata Sowerby, from Peru

and Chile, is the type of Alia.

C. gausapata Gould, may be considered a good species, which

ranges from Port Etches, Alaska, to San Diego, California.

Under carinata Hinds, 1844, may be included as varieties cali-

forniana Gaskoin, 1852, and hindsii Reeve, 1858. These forms

THE NAUTILUS. 2

are represented nearly over the range of the species which ex-

tends from San Francisco Bay, south to Salina Cruz, Mexico,

and perhaps even farther.

QC. (Astyris) variegata Stearns, 1873, is preoccupied by C.

variegata Menke, 1828, and may take the specific name of

hypodra.

Nitidella filosa Stearns, being preoccupied was called Colum-

bella stearnsi by Tryon, 1883 ; it is referable to the genus Aesopus.

A minute species four millimeters long, of a whitish color more

or less tinged or spotted with brown, almost duplicates Aesopus

stearnsi in form and sculpture, though so much smaller than

the Florida species. I have named it Aesopus myrmecoon. It

ranges from San Pedro, California, to Point Abreojos, Lower

California. (U.S. Nat. Museum Cat. No. 105498).

The genus Amphissa H. and A. Adams, 1853, is characteris-

tic of the Northwest Coast, and is typified by ‘‘ Buccinum”’

corrugatum Reeve, 1846. But this is not the Buccinwm corru-

gatum of Brocchi, 1814, and, since it is very abundant on

the coast of British Columbia and in Puget Sound, it may

take the name columbiana. It ranges from the Alaska Penin-

sula to San Pedro, California.

The Amphissa bicolor Dall, 1892, was unfortunately named.

When fresh it presented distinct brown spiral bands on a pale

olivaceous ground, but, as in many of the deep-water species,

the coloration has not proved permanent and the banding is now

hardly perceptible, the whole shell being of a light olive tint.

Amphissa versicolor Dall, 1871, ranges from Oregon to San

Diego, with its metropolis apparently in the Bay of Monterey.

There are several marked varieties: cymata Dall, with distinct

brown axially waved lines on a white ground; lineata Stearns,

1872; incisa Dall, with sharply cut regular sculpture and

beautifully mottled coloration (U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 223-

294); and reticulata Dall, of a uniform whitish color, very acute

spire, and fine regular corded spiral sculpture crossed by about

17 nearly straight axial narrow ribs. This form is usually in

rather deep water, and ranges from Port Althorp, Alaska, to off

San Diego, California in 62 to 183 fathoms. It is about the

same size as A. versicolor but has a much more acute spire and

28 THE NAUTILUS.

straighter axial ribs, and may prove on further study to be

specifically distinct. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 210004).

Columbella fusiformis Hinds, 1844, is not the species so named

by Anton, 1839, or Orbigny, 1844. It is a Strombina and may

take the name of fusinoidea. It is a Panama species.

Columbella subulata Sowerby, 1847, is not C. subulata Duclos,

1840. It is a Strombina and may be hereafter called S. colpoica.

It ranges from the Gulf of California to Panama.

Strombina lilacina Dall, is a short stumpy white species with

an acute spire, the latter with a lilac flush in perfect specimens;

the axial riblets are inconspicuous, but the spiral sculpture is

of regular strong channeled grooves with wider flat interspaces,

about nine on the last whorl; the distal end of the pillar pro-

jects beyond the outer lip, with a very deep recurved short

siphonal sulcus; there is no dorsal hump, and the shell is about

an inch long. (U. 8. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 219764). It has

been received from the Gulf of California and Manzanillo.

Another species which seems to be undescribed, I propose to

call Strombina paceana, as a tribute to the author of the excel-

lent bibliography of the Colwmbellide in the fifth volume of the

Proceedings of the Malacological Society, London. Itis 37 mm.

long. of which the spire takes 20, and the maximum diameter

is 10.5 mm. There are more than ten whorls (nucleus lost) ;

the spire is acute, with a narrow turriculation at the suture: the

upper whorls are flattish and smooth, the last whorl and a half

coronated in front of the suture by about nine small pustules.

The shell is mostly dark brown with a silky periostracum.

The aperture is narrow and edentulous, 15 mm. long. It has

been obtained from Scammon Lagoon, L. Cal., and the Gulf of

California. (U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 130616).

The word Strombina was used by Bronn in 1849 in a large

sense to include Aporrhaide, Strombidxe, &c. According to the

best usage this does not affect its use as a generic name. I

have therefore not adopted the clumsy Strombocolumbus proposed

by Cossmann in 1901 to replace Strombina. This author was

probably misled by the brief entry in Scudder’s nomenclator

given to Bronn’s Strombina. It may be added that the type of

Alia is C. unifasciata Sowerby, selected by Chenu in 1859, not

THE NAUTILUS. 29

C. carinata Hinds, as given by M. Cossmann; the type of Am-

phissa is corrugata Reeve, not A. versicolor; the type of Meta is

dupontii Kiener, not philippinarum Reeve; Fischer’s name for

Strombina bicanalifera is Bifurcium, not Bifurcina, as per Coss-

mann; Conidea Swainson, 1840, isa synonym of Pyrene Bolten,

1798, but its type is Buccinum punctatum Bruguiére, 1789, not

Celumbella punctata of Lamarck, Sowerby and others; the type

of Anachis H. & A. Adams, 1853, is scalarina Sowerby, which

is quite distinct from rugosa Sowerby, cited by Cossman; the

type of Alilia is suffusa Sowerby, not minor Scacchi; these cor-

rections have already been indicated by Mr. Pace, for the most

part, and point clearly to the advisability of consulting original

sources rather than relying on quotations by other authors.

FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM CENTRAL AND WESTERN NEW YORK.

BY CARLOTTA JOAQUINA MAURY, PH.D.

Some years ago the writer made extensive collections of

molluscs from the lakes of Central and Western New York.

The preliminary determinations of the species were verified by

comparisons with specimens in the Say and Lea collections at

Philadelphia and Washington ; and doubtful cases were referred

to Dr. Pilsbry, Dr. Dall, or Mr. Charles T. Simpson, who kindly

passed judgment upon them. Thus every effort was made to

make the identifications correct. Large numbers of individuals

were obtained to observe the ranges of variation among the

different species.

The writer presented the collection to the Museum of Cornell

University where it is on exhibition.

From many of these lakes the mollusca have never been

before recorded, nor have dredgings for deep-water forms been

made except ours in Cayuga Lake.

It is also interesting historically that Say obtained several

types from this region.

The mollusca were found to be most abundant in sheltered

coves where the water is shallow and sun-warmed; and in the

inlets and outlets of the lakes.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

The following is a list of the species and the lakes in which

they were found :—

Lampsilis cariosa Say. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis iris Lea. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis luteola Lam. Cayuga, Little York, Canandaigua,

Chautauqua Lakes, Genesee River.

Lampsilis luteola var. rosacea DeKay. Cayuga Lake.

Lampsilis radiata Gmelin. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York

Lakes.

Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Niagara River (From Dr. Sager).

Ptychobranchus phaseolus Hild. Chautauqua Lake.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Green, Chau-

tauqua Lakes.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes.

Anodonta fluviatilis Lea. Cayuga, Cayuta, Little York Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Chautauqua Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say var. footiana Lea. Canandaigua, Hem-

lock, Chautauqua Lakes.

Anodonta grandis Say var. decora Lea. Chautauqua Lake.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Cayuga Lake.

Anodonta implicata Say. Cayuga Lake.

Anodontoides ferussacianus var. buchanensis Lea. (Anodonta

subcylindracea Lea). Cayuga, Little York Lakes.

Symphynota costata Raf. (Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes). Ca-

yuga Lake.

Alasmidonta marginata Say. (Alasmidonta truncata Wright).

Tioughnioga River.

Unio complanatus Sol. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Little York

Lakes.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Chautauqua Lake.

Sphaerium partumeium Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Sphaerium simile Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Hemlock, Conesus,

Chautauqua, Silver Lakes.

Sphaerium striatinum Lam. var. Chautauqua Lake.

Sphaerium transversum Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Cayuga Lake.

Pisidium virgmicum Bourg. Hemlock Lake.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. Chautauqua Lake.

Limnaea catascopium, Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Chautau-

qua Lakes.

Limnaea catascopium white variety. Chautauqua Lake.

Limnaea columella Say. Cayuga, Conesus, Cayuta, Silver

Lakes.

Iimnaea elodes Say. Fall Creek and Cayuga Lake (Say’s type

locality).

LIimnaea elodes var. umbrosa, Say. Conesus Lake.

Limnaea emarginata Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Limnaea humilis Say. Dwyer’s Pond, Ithaca.

Limnaea stagnalis Linn. var. appressa, Say. Fall Creek at

Ithaca and Canandaigua Lake.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Cayuga, Cayuta, Canandaigua,

Chatauqua Lakes.

Planorbis bicarinatus var. major. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Silver, Cayuta, Chautauqua,

Conesus Lakes.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca, Cayuga, Cayuta,

Hemlock, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Chautauqua Lake.

Planorbis lentus Say. Fair Grounds, Ithaca and Cayuga Lake.

Planorbis parvus Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Chautauqua, Canandaigua, Conesus

Lakes and Glacial Kettle near Ithaca.

Planorbis trivolvis var. corpulentus Say.

Segmentina armigera Say. Cayuga Lake.

Ancylus diaphanus Hald. Cayuta Lake.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Fall Creek, Ithaca and Cayuga

Lakes.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua Lakes.

Physa ancillaria Say. Owasco, Chautauqua Lakes.

Physa gyrina Say. Fall Creek, Ithaca.

Physa heterostropha Say. Chautauqua Lake, Fall Creek at

Ithaca, Courtland Pond.

Pleurocera subulare Lea. Cayuga Lake.

Elimia virginica Say. Cayuga, Conesus Lakes.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Elimia virginica var. multilineata Say. Cayuga Lake.

Bythinia tentaculata Linn. Cayuga Lake, Seneca River at

Waterloo.

Bythinella attenuata Hald. Chautauqua Lake.

Bythinella nickliniana, Lea. Chautauqua Lake.

Amnicola granum Say. Chautauqua Lake.

Amnicola limosa Say. Cayuga, Chautauqua, Cayuta Lakes.

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. Cayuta Lake.

Amvnicola pallida Hald. Chautauqua Lake.

Valvata sincera Say. Cayuga Lake.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Cayuta, Chautauqua, Owasco Lakes.

Vivipara contectoides Binney. Cayuga Lake.

Campeloma decisa Say. Cayuga, Canandaigua, Conesus, Chau-

tauqua Lakes.

After making this collection from the shallow waters of the

lakes, the question naturally arose whether a deep-water mollus-

can fauna exists in Cayuga Lake.

To determine this, Professor G. D. Harris and the writer

aided by Dr. Pilsbury, now of Ann Arbor University, made

three dredgings from east to west across the lake between the

Ithaca Lighthouse and Estey’s Glen. A United States Fish

Commission dredge, weighting about fifty pounds, with a net

attached was employed. As the dredge was worked by hand

power with a windlass, it was not feasible to go below about

200 feet. The maximum depth of Cayuga Lake is about 450

feet. This deep is in the middle of the lake at a point north-

east of Toughannock Point (formerly known as Goodwin’s

Point), some miles north of our furthest section.

These dredgings proved very conclusively that molluscs are

abundant from the shore line to about ten feet, after twenty-five

feet they become very scarce, the dredge yielding only a few

Amnicolas and broken fragments of shells, the occupants having

apparently been preyed upon by fishes.

In the greater depths no signs of mollusca or of plants were

found. There was only a very fine grey mud entirely barren

of life.

We believe this to be due partly to the great depth of the

Finger Lakes; but much more to the extremely low tempera-

THE NAUTILUS. 33

ture of the water of Cayuga Lake, which even in midsummer

is very cold except in sun-warmed shallows.

It is interesting to compare the present molluscan fauna of

Cayuga Valley with its Pleistocene ancestry of which fossil re-

mains! occur in a delta terrace between Toughannock Falls and

Frontenac Beach, about twenty feet above the present lake level.

These Pleistocene forms include:

Lampsilis luteola Say.

Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes.

Anodonta fragilis Lam., (marginata Say).

Anodonta grandis Say.

Anodonta grandis var. footiana Lea.

Spherium simile Say.

Pisidium compressum Prime.

Pisidium virginicum Bourg.

Limnea palustris Mull.

Timnea elodes Say.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Flanorbis deflectus Say.

Planorbis lentus Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Amnicola limosa Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Campeloma decisa Say.

These mollusca were approximately synchronous with the

Pleistocene forms of the Don Valley beds of the Toronto forma-

tion, one-hundred and seventy miles northwest of Ithaca.

They apparently lived during the Peorian, or Fourth Inter-

glacial Period. The colony was established by Mississippian and

St. Lawrence molluscs coming in from the West. After the

annihilation of the colony by the advance of the ice, everyone

of the interglacial species re-established itself when the ice

finally retreated, and all are now living in the waters of Cayuga.

1See C. J. Maury, Interglacial Fauna in Cayuga Valley. Journ, of Ge-

ology, 1908, vol. xvi, no. 6, pp. 565-567.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

ON MONSTROSITIES IN CYPREA.

BY ST. G. BYNE, M. SC., F. L. §.

It will doubtless interest those who make a special study of

the genus Cyprea if I enumerate some of the monstrosities which

occur in the collections of myself, friends and museums. It is

very remarkable that so many species inhabiting the Islands of

New Caledonia should have their extremities pinched, and ab-

normally prolonged or rostrated. Many of these have had

definite varietal names assigned to them by Dautzenberg and

others. I have included dwarf adult specimens which seem to

be especially abundant in the Andaman Islands judging by a

large consignment which I have examined from that locality.

One sometimes meets with shells which have been damaged and

repaired by the animal.

C. tigris L. (a) A few examples from Sarawak abnormally

flattened and gibbous. (b) Having a strong ridge running

longitudinally over the dorsal surface. This seems to be due

to one half being more thickly coated with calcium carbonate

than the other. (c) Miss A. Foster of Bournemouth possesses

two small unusually heavy examples. The dorsal surface is

coated with a thick greyish-green enamel. The anterior ex-

tremities are pinched up and strongly rostrated.

C. caputserpentis L. Having a small dark brown protuberance

upon the base.

C. lurida L. 'Two specimens from Naples whose extremities

are curiously pinched and flattened out, and resembling New

Caledonian forms.

C. arabica L. var. niger Roberts. This rare black variety

from New Caledonia is well known to collectors.

C. arabica L. Mr. C. P. Richards of St. Anstell possesses in

his collection a remarkable adult example, with greatly produced

spire, the mouth reduced one third its normal length by some

hard foreign substance being wedged in and coated over with

enamel by the animal, thus altering the shape of the shell evi-

dently to accommodate itself to the new conditions.

C. histrio L. Although many consider this to be a variety of

C. arabica, yet I am of opinion that it should be raised to spe-

THE NAUTILUS. 35

cific rank in future lists, as its differences in form and color

are more than varietal. (a) very conical. Indian Ocean,

C. moneta L. var. barthelymi Bernardi. Having the extremi-

ties constricted and prolonged. A rare variety from New

Caledonia.

C. annulus L. I cannot agree with those who consider this

to be merely a variety of C. moneta, as the average specimen of

each is so different in character. One can easily separate the

varieties of annulus and moneta by the aid of the excellent de-

scriptions by S. Raymond Roberts in Tryon’s Manual Conch.

vol. vii, pp. 177-8.

(a). A dwarf specimen in the Manchester Museum measur-

ing 11 mm.

(b). var. nowmeensis, Marie. Dautzenberg mentions a speci-

men from New Caledonia, in the Bordeaux Museum, 30 mm.

long.

C. caurica L. This varies greatly in form from being long

and narrow, to almost circular. A friend informs me that he

has two hundred specimens all differing in shape and color.

I have a specimen whose dorsal surface is decorticated so as to

resemble that of a C. tabescens.

C. caurica L. var. concava Sowb. described in 1870, by Sowerby

(from H. Owen’s MSS) in his ‘‘Thesaurus Conchylior-

um.’’ Said to be from the R. Gambia, W. Africa. Is the

locality correct for this Indian and Pacific Ocean species.

C. caurica L. var. nana Melvill. A dwarf form of var oblon-

gata, Melv.

C. erosa L. var. chlorizans. An olive-green dwarf form (18

mm. long—Richards).

C. erosa L. Dwarf type specimen measuring 17 mm.

C. lyn L. var. caledonica Crosse. This well-known variety

has the extremities pinched and extended, making the shell

much narrower than the type.

C. lyn L. Having the aperture curiously widened out on one

side.

C. mauritiana, L. (a). Frequently occurs extremely conical

in shape. (b). Somewhat resembling C. mus, v. bicornis in

having a distinct lump above posterior extremity. (c). A dwarf

shell in my collection from the Andaman Islands measuring

48.5 x 32 mm. This is absolutely adult in every particular,

and is probably unique.

C. mus L. var. bicornis Sow. In my experience there seem

to be many intermediate forms between a good pronounced

specimen of this variety and the type.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

C. stercoraria L. (a) I have two dwarf specimens of the type

measuring 33.5 and 85 mm. (b) Mottled with patches of a

paler colour, the whole having a gangrenous appearance,

caused by a disease of the mantle.

C. stercoraria L. var. gibba Gmel. More conical than the type

and having the sides heavily flounced as in C. arabica, var.

reticulata.

C. arabicula Lamarck. <A fine example with the outer lip

much extended beyond the posterior extremity.

C. algoensis Gray. A very pinched-up humped shell, quite

an abnormality.

C. umbilicata Sow. <A fine example in Mr. Richard’s collec-

tion, 103 mm. long, with the outer lip extended into a curious

flange on the anterior extremity.

C. pantherina Sol. (a) The outer lip so extended that the

animal has contracted it into the shape of a letter V at the

posterior extremity. (b) Having a proboscis-like protuberance

projecting a quarter of an inch from the posterior end of the

dorsal surface at an angle of forty-five degrees, probably caused

by a barnacle. (c) Variety theriaca Melv. Having a large

whitish callosity on the posterior end of the dorsal surface giving

the shell a very remarkable appearance. (d) The base mark-

edly convex, giving the shell a rocking-horse-like motion when

the ends are pressed against a smooth surface. (e) The dorsal

surface strongly corroded by a disease of mantle. Red Sea and

Philippines. Some specimens of C. tigris collected by Mr.

Stanley Gardiner in the Seychelle Islands are similarly attacked.

C. exanthena LL. Abnormally flattened on dorsal surface.

(Miss Foster).

C. onyx L. var. adusta Chemn. A specimen in the Manchester

Museum has a barnacle attached, partly enameled over and

colored like the rest of the shell.

Dautzenberg in his paper ‘‘Sur quelques deformations chez

des Cyprea de la Nouvelle-Caledonie’’ in the Journal de

Conchyliologie, vol. liv, has enumerated the following varie-

ties, many of which are subject to melanism :

neglecta, L., var. marteli, Dautz.

stolida, L., var. crosset, Marie.

mappa, L., var. montrouziert, Dautz.

vitellus, L. var. subrostrata, Dautz.

errones, L., var. compressa, Dautz.

asellus, L., var. bougei, Dautz. 31mm. long!

clandestina, L., var. marteli, Dautz.

punctata, L., var. rostrata, Dautz.

cribraria, L., var. rostrata, Dautz.

erosa, l., var. protracta, Dautz.

THE NAUTILUS.

AUGUST, 1916. No. 4

Voh. 2X,

ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF MOLLUSCA FROM SAN BERNARDINO

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY S. S. BERRY.

Deferring for the present any attempt to revise the list pub-

lished some years ago (NautiLus, vol. 23, pp. 73-79, Nov.,

1909), it may be desirable to record the following additional

species from my rapidly-accumulating notes on the mollusks of

San Bernardino County. A few of these are new to California,

while one or two are reported for the first time from the Pacific

drainage as distinguished from that of the Gulf of California.

VALLONIA CYCLOPHORELLA Ancey.

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600-5000 feet (S. S. B., July,

1910).

HELIX ASPERSA Miiller,

I have not seen this European garden pest in Redlands until

the present season, when some specimens were handed me by

W. F. Chance. It is already abundant in certain parts of the

city, notably in gardens on Olive and Palm Avenues.

VITREA ALLIARIA (Miller).

Walnut Avenue, Redlands (A. G. Smith and S. S. B., Jan.,

1914, etc.), abundant.

VITREA MILIUM PUGETENSIS (Dall).

Waterman Canyon (A. G. Smith, Jan., 1914). Probably

identical with the Redlands specimen previously reported as

milium. The specimens agree with the description of V. m.

meridionalis Pilsbry and Ferriss, but except for their slightly

38 THE NAUTILUS.

larger size do not seem very different from Seattle specimens of

pugetensis.

BIFIDARIA PENTODON (Say).

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (1 specimen, S. S. B.,

July, 1910).

BIFIDARIA HEMPHILLI Sterki.

Waterman Canyon (8. §. B., Nov., 1913). This species does

not seem to have been reported previously north of San Diego.

It is a common form in this canyon.

VERTIGO MODESTA PARIETALIS Ancey.

Common in Bluff Lake Meadow, alt. 7550 feet (S. S. B.,

July, 1910), and other alpine cienagas.

VERTIGO MODESTA CASTANEA Sterki.

Holcomb Meadows, east of Sugarloaf Peak, at altitude of 8800

feet (S. S. B., Aug. 18, 19138).

VERTIGO OVATA (Say) var.

Mill Creek Canyon, alt. 4600 feet (S. S. B., July, 1910).

PUNCTUM CONSPECTUM PASADEN# Pilsbry.

Walnut Avenue, Redlands (8. S. B., Jan. 21, 1916).

AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS OCCIDENTALIS Cooper.

Cienagas above Bear Lake, alt. about 7000 feet (S. S. B.,

Aug., 1910). Determined by Mr. Vanatta.

SuccINEA STRETCHIANA Bland.

Should replace the name S. oregonensis in my former lists.

ANCYLUS sp.

Prospect Park, Redlands (A. G. Smith, Dec., 1910); road-

side pool, near San Bernardino (S. S. B., Aug., 1911). A

small species which it is not yet possible to identify satisfac-

torily with any of the named forms. I have not chanced upon

any previous records of this genus for the entire southern sector

of California.

PLANORBIS OPERCULARIS Gould var.

Marsh at Knight’s Ranch, Bear Valley, alt. 6750 feet (Mrs.

Kate Stephens, Aug., 1903). The specimens are not typical.

According to Dall’s synopsis of the races of opercularis in his

Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of the Harriman Alaska Ex-

THE NAUTILUS. 39

pedition, they would possibly come under centervillensis Tryon.

GONIDEA ANGULATA Lea var.

Chino Creek, near Ontario (R. H. Tremper, April, 1911).

The specimens are somewhat like a small form of G. a. harold-

tana Dall, but are more produced in front.

PIsIDIUM ROPERI Sterki.

Abundant in Dry Lake, north slope of San Gorgonio Moun-

tain, alt. 9050 feet (S. S. B., Aug., 1913). The specimens

were determined by Mr. Vanatta. Those from lower altitudes

previously reported as P. californicum Newcomb MS. are per-

haps the same.

THE ANATOMY OF LEMIOX RIMOSUS (RAF,).

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

LeMIox RIMosus (Rafinesque) 1831 = MicroMyA CLATA

(Conrad) 1834. See: Simpson, Synops. Nai., 1900, p. 525,

and Descr. Catal. Nai., 1914, p. 34.

Lemiox rimosus Frierson, NautiLus, 28, 1914, p. 7.

I collected this species at the following localities: Holston

River, Turley Mill, Grainger Co., and Mascot, Knox Co.,

Tenn.; North Fork Holston River, Hilton, Scott Co., Va., and

Rotherwood, Hawkins Co., Tenn.; Clinch River, St. Paul,

Wise Co., Va., and Clinton, Anderson Co., Tenn.; Powell

River, Combs, Claiborne Co., Tenn. At the latter locality, a

gravid female was found on Sept. 12, 1913 (with glochidia).

Anal and supraanal openings separated by a moderately long

mantle connection, which is somewhat shorter than the anal,

and considerably shorter than the supraanal. Anal with fine

papille, branchial with large papille. Palpi with the posterior

margins connected at base only. Gills of the usual Lampsiline

structure; inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with

abdominal sac, but often there is a short slit posteriorly (not

more than one-fourth of the length of the abdominal sac).

Marsupium of the Lampsiline type, located in the posterior

section (less than one-half) of the outer gills, kidney-shaped;

40 THE NAUTILUS.

leaving a small posterior part of the gill non-marsupial. There

are about 12 ovisacs on each side in my gravid female.

In the female, the mantle margin in front of the branchial

opening has the inner edge nearly parallel to the outer. The

outer edge is denticulate posteriorly (corresponding to the den-

ticulate margin of the shell). The inner edge has, just in front

of the branchial, a few small papille, and then it is lamellate

and elevated, and rather smooth. Farther in front, there are

again a few small papille. This differentiated part of the inner

edge reaches nearly to the middle of the lower margin. The

lamellar elevation is very distinct, and sharply defined from

the anterior and posterior papillate part, and is slightly longer

than either of them, and, in the specimen at hand, somewhat

thickened, with a blunt edge (of course, the specimen is con-

tracted by the action of the alcohol; it is probable that this

edge was capable of some sort of expansion). In the region of

the lamella, the inner edge of the mantle is farthest remote from

the outer, but not much so, and there is no sudden drawing

apart of the mantle edges (as in the genus TJruncilla).

In the male, the female structure of the inner mantle is indi-

cated in a rudimentary condition: the papille are extremely

small, and the smooth lamellar part is present, but thin and

hardly elevated.

Color of the soft parts whitish. Edges of mantle brownish,

blackish in the region of the anal and branchial, and the outer

edge is spotted black and brown in this region, chiefly in the

female. A black streak runs along the inside of the inner edge

in front of the branchial, extending, in the female, upon the

lamellar elevation, which is entirely black. Edge of marsupium

pale (without black pigment).

Glochidia subovate, higher than long. L. 0.21, H. 0.26 mm.

The genus Lemiox is a Lampsiline form with very peculiar

shell characters, the most remarkable of which is the sculpture

of the posterior part of the shell by rugose wrinkles, which pro-

duce, in the female, a distinctly, but irregularly, denticulate or

scalloped margin of the shell. The postbasal expansion of the

female shell is rather small, but distinct, and corresponds, in

its location, to the lamellar expansion of the inner mantle edge.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Beak sculpture distinctly double-looped, consisting of three to

four bars, the first one or two bars subconcentric. According

to the soft parts, this genus belongs in the group of Lampsilinae

which have a differentiated mantle edge in front of the bran-

chial; but with regard to the particular structure of this edge,

it is unique, in having papille as well as a short, elevated la-

mella. It is not very closely allied to Lampsilis, which has a

large and long mantle flap, but stands nearer to the Zurynia-

type, and possibly most closely to Carunculina (recte: Toxolasma

Raf. ), and we might regard the short lamella of Lemioz as an-

alogous (or possibly even homologous) to the ‘‘caruncle”’ of

Carunculina. But it cannot be united with the latter on account

of the shape of the lamella, and the sculpture of shell and beaks

(it differs also by the nearly complete connection of the inner

lamina of the inner gills).

Simpson placed the species with Micromya (now a subgenus

of Eurynia), but the structure of the mantle edge as well as the

shell is distinctly different.

There is no question that this form should be regarded as the

representative of a distinct generic type, Lemiox, and that it

should be placed in the vicinity of Hurynia and Toxolasma

(= Carunculina).

In the denticulations of the edge of the shell, there is some

resemblance to the genus Truncilla, but there is no considerable

space between the edges of the mantle, as in that genus, and

also in other characters, Lemiox is entirely different from Trun-

cilla,

NEW SUBSPECIES OF VIVIPARUS AND CAMPELOMA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES IMPOLITUS n. subsp.

The shell is heavier than contectoides, rough and with irregular

growth-lines and wrinkles, and often somewhat malleated ;

shoulder more conspicuous ; and on the last whorl the bands

are obsolete. The umbilical perforation is very narrow or

closed. Length 39, diam. 31.5 mm. Type no. 66701 A. N.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

S. P., collected by H. E. Sargent in a marsh on the Paint Rock

River, Jackson Co., Alabama.

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES COMPACTUS n. subsp.

The shell is compactly coiled, imperforate; whorls a little

less inflated than in contectoides. Length 27.5, diam. 20.5

mm. Type no. 27731 A. N.S. P., from Dougherty, Georgia.

Also from Chetachee creek, Ala., both lots from the Wheatley

collection.

CAMPELOMA RUFUM MERIDIONALE n. subsp.

The shell is short, solid, dull citrine, paler at the shoulder ;

surface having fine growth-lines as usual, crossed by many

weak, minute and crowded spiral strize. Spire shortly conic, the

summit eroded. Last whorl strongly shouldered, the shoulder

narrow ; very conver in the peripheral part. Aperture large,

brown within in the upper two-thirds. Lip slightly sinuous.

Columellar callus moderate.

Length 29.3, diam. 20.3, length of aperture 17.8 mm.

Length 29, diam. 21.3, length of aperture 18.2 mm.

North Carolina: Little Sugar Creek ; Crozier’s Branch, Ca-

barrus Co. (type loc.), also Georgia. Type 122781 A. N.S. P.

Distinguished by its short, obese shape and distinct striation.

CAMPELOMA RUFUM GENICULIFORME DN. subsp.

This race is like the preceding in color and sculpture, but

differs in outline. The spire is elevated, and the whorls havea

broad, horizontal shoulder, below which the wall is nearly

vertical, as in typical C. genicula (Conrad). It differs from

genicula by the brown color in the mouth and on the eroded

summit.

Length 31.5, diam. 20.4 mm., length of aperture 16.8 mm.

Dooley Co., Georgia. Type 122782 A. N.S. P.

CAMPELOMA FLORIDENSE (Call).

““Campeloma floridense Call MS.”’ (as synonym of C. limum),

Call, Bull. Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History,

vol. 1, No. 5, p. 159, 160, pl. 6, fig. 7 (May, 1886).

This species was mentioned as a MS. name under Campeloma

limum by Mr. Call, who apparently had not seen the true

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Paludina lima Anth., as his description does not fit it, being

partly drawn from the Florida species, partly compiled from

Anthony.

The shell has a rather short spire and large aperture, it varies

on different parts of the same specimen, and in different speci-

mens from dark citrine to blackish brown. The interior is

chocolate, chestnut-brown or dark indian-red ; the invariably dark

color being highly characteristic. The surface has unequal,

minute, spiral strie. The last whorl is somewhat compressed

below the narrow subsutural shoulder. Columella rather heavy,

nearly white. A large specimen measures, length 34.6, diam.

‘22.3, aperture 19.8 mm., 4 whorls remaining.

So far as known, this species is restricted to the St. Johns

River and tributary creeks, in Florida. Mr. Johnson and the

writer dredged it in Lake County. It is one of the most distinct

species, owing to its color.

Campeloma limum (Anth.) is a more slender, green species

with a smaller mouth, bluish within, and a more or less dis-

tinctly subangular periphery. Melantho decampi W. G. Binney

ig a synonym of C. limum.

THE RAFINESQUE-POULSON UNIOS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In publishing the complete list of the Rafinesquean Unios in

the Poulson collection with their modern equivalents, Mr.

Vanatta has rendered a distinct service to all students of the

American Naiades. Now, for the first time, we, to whom the

specimens are inaccessible, are informed exactly as to which of

the species familiar to us under Simpsonian designations are

represented in that famous collection and their names as iden-

tified by Rafinesque himself.

While, with a single exception, it is not claimed that these

are the original types of Rafinesque’s species, and it is explicitly

stated that the ultimate recognition of any of Rafinesque’s

species ‘‘depends upon whether it could be identified by de-

‘scriptions published prior to any other recognizable name for

44 THE NAUTILUS.

the same species,’’ nevertheless it is a distinct advantage to

know exactly what Rafinesque in 1831 understood or claimed

to be the species that he had described in 1820.

The author has presented a tentative synonymy of the species

represented in the Poulson collection, ‘‘ if they were recognized

and the names dated from 1820.’’ In this suggested arrange-

ment, Rafinesque’s genera and subgenera are ignored and all of

his species are treated as Unios and synonymy is based entirely

on the supposition that they were described as Unios.

In this, the author seems to have overlooked Rafinesque’s

explicit statement, (p. 298), as to his method of compiling his

Monograph.

In 1819, Rafinesque had proposed to divide the North Amer-

ican Unios, ‘‘ provisionally,’’ into eight subgenera. In 1820,

in his ‘‘ Monographie,’’ after referring to this fact he says:

‘«Since then, having increased my species and verified their

characters, it appears to me to be proper to make from them

many genera and subgenera, but to humor (‘‘ pour complaire’’)

naturalists, who might hesitate to adopt the changes in nomen-

clature that the discoveries necessitate, I will give the name

of Unio in the second place to all new species, observing to those,

who would assign them all to the genus Unio, which thereby

would contain more than seventy species, that it would be

necessary in the description of the specific characters to repeat

those of my new genera, this would render the definitions of the

species long and prolix.”’

In accordance with this statement, throughout the Mono-

graphie he first prints Ais name for the species in italics and

then, ‘‘ pour complaire,’’ adds in parenthesis and in Roman type

the popular or conventional name.

If, instead of adopting this system, he had in every instance

stated in his explanatory remarks that for those who did not

adopt his new genera the species would be an Unio, there

could be no possible doubt of his intention to use his new gen-

eric terms. And, in view of his explicit statement, I do not

see how any other inference can be properly drawn from the

method that he did adopt. There is not to be found anywhere

in the Monographie the slightest intimation that he had ever

THE NAUTILUS. 45

any doubt as to the correctness of his new classification or that

in any degree he intended to impugn its validity.

If I am right in this contention, much of the tentative syno-

nymy proposed by Mr. Vanatta will have to be reviewed.

In view of the fact that the adequacy of Rafinesque’s original

descriptions is expressly left in abeyance, it would seem to be

better to retain the Simpsonian names until all of those ques-

tions can be definitely determined.

Expressly reserving, therefore, all questions relating to the

adequacy of Rafinesque’s original descriptions and simply to

determine ‘‘ the effect on nomenclature if they were recognized

and the names dated from 1820,’’ taking the species in the

order given by Vanatta, it would appear to be necessary to make

the following changes :

Truncilla brevidens Lea.

Described by Rafinesque as Obliquaria interrupta. It is not,

therefore, preoccupied by Unio solenoides interrupta and, if

identifiable, would take precedence over Lea’s name.

Truncilla sulcata (Lea).

Unio sulcatus Lea (1830) is not preoccupied by Plewrobema

mytiloides sulcata Raf. (1820). But Obliquaria obliquata Raf., if

identifiable, would have priority.

Plagiola securis (Lea).

Obliquaria depressa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by the

Unio depressa Lam. (1819). But both Say (1834) and Conrad

(1834) have given preference to lineolata Raf. over depressa Ratf.,

although the latter has page precedence. This they had the

right to do under the Code and, if identifiable, Rafinesque’s

name will take precedence over Lea’s.

Plagiola elegans (Lea).

Truncilla truncata Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio

truncata Speng]. (1798). Itfidentifiable, Rafinesque’s name has

priority over Lea’s. Metaplata Raf. is subsequent to both.

Tritogonia tuberculata Bar.

Unio tuberculata Bar. (1823) is not preoccupied by either

Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. or Obovaria striata tuberculata Raf.

(1820). But Obliquaria verrucosa Raf., if identifiable, has

priority for the species.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprogenia irrorata (Lea).

Obovaria stegaria tuberculata Raf. is not preoccupied by

Obliquaria tuberculata Raf. But Obovaria striata tuberculata has

page precedence. If identifiable, stegaria Raf. (1820) has

priority over tirrorata Lea (1830) as the specific name.

Unio gibbosus Bar.

Barnes’ name (1823) is not preoccupied by Amblema gibbosa

Raf. (1820). But Unio dilatata Raf. (1820), if identifiable,

has priority.

Unio pusillus Lea.

Obliquaria pusilla Raf. (1820) did not prevent the use of

of pusillus for a Unio by Lea in 1840. Lea’s name will, there-

fore, stand.

Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).

Simpson did not separate asperrima Lea varietally from

lachrymosa as Vanatta’s remark would indicate. If identifiable,

Rafinesque’s name, quadrula, has priority and would become

the specific name and, if separable varietally, lachrymosa Lea

would become a variety.

Quadrula pustulosa (1.ea).

Obliquaria retusa Raf. (1820) is not preoccupied by Unio

retusa Lam. (1819). If identifiable, Rafinesque’s name would

have priority over Lea’s.

Quadrula subrotunda (Lea).

Unio subrotunda Lea (1831) is not preoccupied by Obliquaria

subrotunda Raf. (1820). However, sintoxia Raf. (1820), if

identifiable, has precedence over subrotunda Lea.

The statement that ‘‘ many of Rafinesque’s species have been

credited to Conrad by Mr. C. T. Simpson”’ is hardly fair to the

latter. Conrad did sufficiently describe and figure a consider-

able number of species in his ‘‘ Monography’’ of 1836, which

he credited to Rafinesque. At least one of these, U. cordatua,

does not agree with the specimen under that name in the Poul-

son collection as identified by Vanatta. Simpson states ex-

pressly that he had made careful and repeated attempts to

identify Rafinesque’s species and that, while he found quite a

number that should be recognized and which he did recognize,

as to the remainder he was ‘‘ utterly unable to make anything

THE NAUTILUS. 47

out of them.’’ Having reached this conclusion, the only thing

that he could do was to credit the species described in the

Monography under these indeterminable names to Conrad.

The list of names proposed by Rafinesque and not mentioned

in Simpson’s Synopsis is also misleading. Of the twenty-three

‘*Unios’’ listed, only three were described as distinct species of

Unio by Rafinesque: eight are varieties of certain species of

Unio, while the remaining twelve are made up of one species

and eleven varieties described under various different generic

names. It would certainly have been better if Simpson had

given a complete list of all of the species named by Rafinesque

as long as he attempted to compile such a list at all. But the

value of quoting indeterminable species is questionable and so

far as nomenclatoral purposes are concerned, they are practically

nomina nuda.

In conclusion, Mr. Vanatta proposes new names for three

species described by Lea and Conrad under names supposed to

be preoccupied by Rafinesque.

One of them, Plewrobema simpsoni, proposed for Unio striatus

Lea seems unnecessary as Rafinesque’s striata was described as

an Obovaria and not as an Unio.

If Rafinesque’s Unio nigra and Unio viridis are identifiable,

the other two changes proposed are proper under the Code.

These changes are but a foretaste of what is likely to happen

to very many of the familiar names used for our American

species, when the thankless and interminable task of collating

all of the varietal names used for the Unionidae from the begin-

ning has been completed and the unnecessary and vicious pro-

visions of the Code in regard to the standing of varietal names

is enforced according to the letter of the law.

A NEW TEREDO FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In looking over the West American Teredinidae in the collec-

tion of the U. S. National Museum, I find an undescribed

species from the San Diego region which may be called :

48 THE NAUTILUS.

TEREDO DIEGENSIS new species.

Expanded portion of pallets ovate, tipped at the distal end,

which is the smaller, by a thick black distally truncated corneous

cap. A complete description and illustration of the shell, which

is like typical Teredo, will follow shortly in a monograph on the

American species of this family.

There are six lots of this species in the collection of the U. S.

National Museum from San Diego, California. The type is

rezistered under Cat. No. 74219 U.S. N. M.

NOTES.

BIFIDARIA CLEMENTINA OLDROYDAE, N. VAR.—Shell similar to

B. clementina St., but it lacks the basal fold. The angular la-

mella has a transverse depression, which gives it a double ap-

pearance in the face view. Length 1.9., diam. .9mm. From

Santa Barbara Island collected by H. HemphilJ in October

1902. The type is No. 113848 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., donated

by Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, in whose honor it is named.—E. G.

VANATTA.

VIVIPARUS MALLEATUSs Reeve.—In the Nautitus, Vol. 19, p.

35, July 1915 I published a note on the occurrence of this

species in Massachusetts. That the colony is still thriving is

shown by Messrs. Wm. J. Clench and Kendall Foster who ob-

tained over 50 specimens this spring, varying from 10 to 45

mm. In cleaning one of the larger specimens I obtained from

the oviduct a specimen measuring 6 mm.—C. W. JOHNSON.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe PuioceENE Moriusca oF GREAT Britain. By F. W.

Harmer F. G. S._ Part II, pgs. 201-302. (Palaeontographical

Society 1914). This part contains the Pleurotomidae. A

number of new species are described and all of the species are

figured on seven plates.

THE NAUTILUS.

PLEURODONTE TORRE!

HENDERSON.

PLATE

—

mae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXX. SEPTEMBER, 1916. No. 5

A NEW CUBAN ZACHRYSIA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

PLEURODONTE (ZACHRYSIA) TORREI nN. sp. Pl. I.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, straw color with russet streaks

strongly arched forward, darker just behind the aperture. Four

whorls, first $ subtly spirally lirate and then malleated ; the

rest finely costulate striate, the striae arching forward and

becoming wavy and complicated on the last whorl, and especially

in the peripheral region, by two sets of revolving striae, one

microscopically fine, giving under the lens a wrinkled appear-

ance. There is a smooth shining area about the base. Last

whorl abruptly descending in front, strongly carinated, the

_carina directed upward, so that the whorl is concave above and

convex below except in the last + whorl, where the carina is

less obvious and the whorl becomes swollen and convex above.

The outline of the final + whorl is nearly straight, and bulges

out into a gibbous ring about the aperture. Aperture small,

very oblique, truncate oval. Peristome thickened, slightly ex-

panded, white ; basal margin horizontal, nearly straight, form-

ing an obtuse angle with the curved outer lip; obsoletely

toothed near the insertion of the coJumella.

Major diam. 31; min. diam. 25; height 17; ap. (inside) 11

by 84 mm.

Locality : Farallones de Canipu, ‘‘Cayo del Rey’’ in the

Mayari hills of Oriente Province, Cuba.

The shell has a lop-sided appearance, attenuated on the left,

and swollen on the right side. The peculiar shape suggests a

50 THE NAUTILUS.

deformity ; but many specimens taken without other forms or

variation preclude such conclusion. The species is more closely

comparable with P. guantanamensis and P. proboscidea than

with any other of the group ; but from these it is separable by

the revolving sculpture and the up-tilted carina. It is the only

carinated Zachrysia yet observed.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF GONIDEA ANGULATA (LEA).

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

The specimens at hand belong to the var. haroldiana Dall

(Smithson. Misc. Coll. 50, 1908, p. 499; Hannibal, Proc.

Malacol. Soc. London 10, 1912, p. 127, pl. 6, f. 10; Simpson,

Descript. Cat. Nai., 1914, p. 466). They have been collected

by H. Hannibal in Coyote Creek, Milpitas, Sta. Clara Co.,

California, partly on March 31, 1918, and partly in June, 1913.

Over two dozen were received, among them males, sterile and

gravid females.

Anal and supraanal openings separated by a well-developed

mantle-connection, which is about 2 as long as the anal, and

about half as long as the supra-anal. Inner edge of anal with

fine papillae. Branchial opening separated from the anal by

the gill-diaphragm, its inner edge with large papillae ; branchial

well defined anteriorly by the sudden disappearance of the

papillae.

Palpi subfalciform, their posterior margins connected for

about the half of their length. —

Gills long and broad, the inner the broader. Outer gill

gradually narrowing in front, its anterior end at the highest

point of the line of attachment of the mantle, quite distant from

the palpi. Inner gill narrowing more suddenly, and its anter-

ior end about midway between palpi and anterior end of outer

gill or at two thirds of this distance, but there is always a space

behind the palpi. Outer lamina of outer gills entirely con-

nected with mantle. Inner lamina of inner gills free from

abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. Behind the foot,

the two inner laminae of the inner gills are connected. Thus

the gill-diaphragm is complete.

THE NAUTILUS. Ht

Gills with well-developed septa, running parallel to the gill

filaments and forming water tubes. However, the septa are

not all continuous, but are often interrupted, chiefly so toward

the proximal (basal) part of the gill, and, toward the edge,

frequently shorter septa are intercalated. In the female, all

four gills have marsupial structure: the septa are much heavier

and more closely set than in the male ; this structure is most

evident in the central parts of the gills, while at the anterior

and posterior ends it resembles more that of the male. The

heavy septa in the middle of the gills of the female are frequently

perforated by subcircular holes, so that here the interruptions of

the septa assume a rather regular arrangement.

When gravid, all four gills of the female are charged. The

gills, when fully charged, are only slightly swollen, with edges

remaining sharp, and often there are no ova at the ends of the

gills, chiefly the anterior end. The outer gills are charged first,

and thus there are some individuals in which the inner gills

have not yet received ova. The ova only incompletely stick

together in the shape of placentae, and easily fall apart.

Glochidia moderately large, subovate or nearly subcircular :

they represent, in outline, a segment of a circle cut off by the

hinge line ; but the circle is not regular, being more narrowly

rounded in the middle of the ventral margin. There is no trace

of hooks. Valves of the glochidium rather strongly convex.

Length and height about equal, 0.19 mm.

None of the gravid females collected on March 31 had glo-

chidia, but such were present in some specimens collected in

June. This, and the additional facts that in some females the

gills were not yet fully charged in March, and that some were

discharged in June, demonstrate that the beginning of the breed-

ing season falls at the end of the month of March and that it

lasts at least till June : a rather unusual time in North-American

Nayades.

Color of soft parts grayish or brownish white, without any

marked or characteristic tints.

This species originally was described as an Anodonta, and

Simpson (1900 and 1914) placed it in his group of Homogenae,

which largely (with the exception of the last three genera)

Bye THE NAUTILUS.

corresponds to my subfamily Anodontinae (Ortmannn, Naut.

23, 1920, p. 117 and Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 1912, pp. 224 and

278). However, it does not belong here at all. It is true, the

rudimentary condition of the hinge suggests its affinity with

the Anodontinae, and what Simpson knew about the anatomy

did not conflict with this. But the material at hand proves

conclusively that none of the characters of the Anodontinae are

present. It is, indeed, a member of the family Unionidae (as

defined by myself 1. c.), for it has a complete diaphragm formed

only by the gills; it has a supraanal opening ; the gills have

septa and water tubes running parallel to the gill filaments.

However, the facts, that all four gills are marsupial ; that the

charged gills are only moderately swollen, with sharp edges ;

that no system of secondary water canals is developed within

the gills ; and that the glochidia are not triangular and have no

hooks, place Gonidea with the subfamily Unioninae.

Within this subfamily, the genus has quite an isolated posi-

tion, offering a curious mixture of primitive and advanced

characters. The most primitive features are, that all four gills

are marsupial in the female, and the interrupted character of the

septa. This latter character is quite unique, suggesting even

the ancient family of the Margaritanidae. The rather long

mantle-connection between anal and supraanal openings does

not agree with the more primitive types of the Unioninae (Fus-

conaia etc.), but rather with the more advanced ones (Unio,

Elliptio), while the rudimentary condition of the hinge again is

unique in the subfamily, exhibiting an advanced condition,

which is not known, except in the genus Lastena (see Naut. 28,

1915, p. 106). The simple beak sculpture (4 to 5 subconcentric

bars) appears as primitive. The glochidia are also of a primi-

tive shape, agreeing with the shape generally found in Unioninae.

Hannibal (Science, 36, Dec. 20, 1912, p. 865) has suggested

an amended division of the Nayades into families and subfami-

lies. I am not prepared to accept this as proposed, but I

believe we shall be finally compelled, chiefly for the sake of

convention, to follow his fundamental idea, namely that my

subfamilies (Unioninae, Anodontinae, Lampsilinae) should rank

as families. Then my Unioninae would become Unionidae (not

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Quadrulinae, as Hannibal proposes, for I emphatically want to

retain the European Unio in this group), and certain groups of

my ‘‘ Unioninae’’ should be elevated to the rank of subfamilies.

Of the genera treated by myself in 1912 (1. c. p. 239, 240),

eight (Fusconaia to Uniomerus) should form the subfamily

Quadrulinae ; the European Unio should form the subfamily

Unioninae, and Parreysia and Lamellidens probably should form

athird subfamily. In addition, another new subfamily should

be erected for the present genus, that of the Gonideinae, with

the characters of shell and soft parts as indicated above.

However, I refrain at present from working this out in detail,

since there are yet many, chiefly exotic (Asiatic) genera, which

require further study.

A NEW LANDSHELL FROM BRAZIL.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Among a lot of shells collected by Mr. H. M. Curran on the

Rio Grungugy, Bahia, Brazil, is an Oxychona which differs

from any of the described forms, and which I take pleasure in

naming after the discoverer :

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI. New subspecies.

The shell strongly suggests Oxychona pyramidella (Wagner)

described in his Testacea Fluviatilia Brasiliana, page 22, plate

16, figures 1 and 2, 1827, but differs from it by having the

spire entirely white. The lip of our shell is of old-rose color

while the broad basal band, which terminates a little before

reaching the aperture, is liver-brown with a glaucous suffusion.

The basal band is about one-third of the width of the base and

is separated from the peripheral angle by a narrow white zone

about one-fourth the width of the brown band. Our shell has

seven whorls and measures: height 18.4 mm., greater diameter

22 mm., lesser diameter 18.6 mm.; the aperture measures from

the columella to the outer angle of the keel 12.5 mm., from the

columella to the posterior angle6 mm. The type is Cat. No.

322281 U. S. N. M.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for comparing

our specimen with material in the coilection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Concluded from Vol. 29, page 67.)

EuryniA (MicRoMyA) ARKANSASENSIS (Lea). (See: Lampsilis

ark. Simpson, 1900, p. 557).

Three males and three sterile females from Saline River,

Benton, Saline Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July

135 PO1As

Mantle-connection between anal and supraanal moderately

long, but shorter than either opening. Anal with distinct or

indistinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. In front of

branchial, the inner edge of the mantle is slightly lamellar in

the female, with a series of about a dozen very small, rather

distant, and somewhat irregular papillae, accompanied by a

streak of black pigment. These papillae are smaller than those

of the branchial opening, and are most distinct anteriorly.

They are smaller than those of vanuxemensis, but agree very

nearly with those of constricta. In the male, the streak of black

pigment is present, but the papillae are represented by mere

crenulations.

Posterior margins of palpi connected at base. Inner lamina

of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac. Mar-

supium of the sterile female with 20 to 25 ovisacs, its edge

pale brownish.

This species also in the shell resembles 2. vanuxemensis and

constricta, but it is more swollen and has more anterior beaks.

The female has the characteristic shape of these species, but

the enlarged and truncated posterior part is more evenly

rounded, and the posterior end not so much produced. At

least one of my females (the largest) has an indication of the

‘¢constriction’’ seen in old specimens of the two other species.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Eurynia (Micromya) Lienosa (Conrad). (See: Ortmann, 1912,

p. 340).

In addition to the specimens investigated previously (from

Mississippi), I received a gravid and discharging female from

H. E. Wheeler, collected May 19, 1911, in the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, and several gravid females collected in September,

1911, in Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co., Arkansas.

The glochidia agree with those decribed previously, but their

general shape should be called subspatulate, with almost straight

anterior and posterior margins. Length, 0.20; Height, 0.27 mm.

EuryniA (EurRYNIA) SUBROSTRATA (Say). (See: Lampsilis s.

Simpson, 1900, p. 546).

Specimens from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark Co..,

Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, September, 1911. Two were

gravid females, one with eggs, the other with glochidia.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal long, over

twice as long as the short anal, and somewhat longer than the

supraanal. Inner edge of anal crenulated, that of branchial

with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle,

in front of the branchial, carries a row of numerous, small, but

distinct papillae, which are subcylindrical or subconical, of

rather uniform size (the largest in the posterior part), and are

somewhat distant from each other. A black streak extends

from the branchial to a certain distance forward. In the male,

the black streak is short, and the papillae are rudimentary and

very distant from each other.

Palpi with one-third of the posterior margins connected.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal

sac, but sometimes a small hole is present at the posterior end

of the foot.

Marsupium in the posterior half of the outer gills, in my

specimens, with 18 to 25 ovisacs, Edge with some blackish-

brown pigment.

Glochidia subovate (not subspatulate), higher than long.

Length, 0.21; height, 0.26 mm. They are closely allied to

those of EF. nasuta, but are distinctly smaller (0.25 0.29 mm.

in nasuta).

56 THE NAUTILUS.

The glochidia have been figured by Lefevre and Curtis (Bull.

Bur. Fish., 30 [1910], 1912, pl. 8f. 18, 14, 15), and the fig. 13

gives the shape correctly, but measurements have not been

published. Lefevre and Curtis (Journ. Exper. Zool., 9, 1910,

p. 95), point to the glochidia of this species as having a shape,

which might be regarded as transitional toward the ‘ axe-head”’

(or ‘‘celt’’) glochidia of Proptera. This is quite right; but

the glochidia found in the subgenus Micromya of Eurynia are

yet closer to the axe-head type.

The same authors have published (1910, pl. 1, f. 2; 1912, pl.

6, f. 2), a general figure of the soft parts of the gravid female.

In shell characters, this species is near E. nasuta (Say), but

the papillae of the mantle edge are somewhat larger, and not as

closely set. This makes it, to a degree, transitional between

typical Hurynia and the subgenus Micromya. With regard to

the glochidia, E. subrostrata is more closely allied to E. nasuta.

Also E. recta (Lamarck) has subovate, and not subspatulate

glochidia.

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA SATUR (Lea). (See: Simpson, 1900,

p. 527).

A number of specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita

River, Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler,

on May 19 and June 26, 1911, among them gravid females with

glochidia, discharging on the latter date.

Soft parts entirely like those of ZL. ventricosa (Barnes).

Glochidia like those of L. ventricosa in shape, subovate, but

distinctly smaller. Length, 0.22: height, 0.25 mm. (0.25 x

0.29 in ventricosa).

This form, according to Simpson, is ‘‘a rather delicate, dark

colored variety of ventricosus.’? There is nothing ‘‘delicate”’

about my specimens. The form satur was founded upon a

female, and the male has never been figured. I have males.

Both sexes differ from ventricosa by greater convexity of the

valves, more prominent umbones, and by dark color. The

peculiar emargination of the posterior margin of the female is

an individual character, restricted to old specimens. Some of

my younger specimens are lighter in color, dark olive-green,

and have rays. A very similar form is L. excavata (Lea)

THE NAUTILUS. 57

(Mississippi to Georgia), but this has a rather sharp posterior

ridge. Eastern excavata are also much lighter in color, but I

have specimens from Jackson, Miss., which are as dark as satur.

On account of the glochidia, I have the suspicion, that satur

might bea good species. Intergrading specimens are not known.

NOTES.

Recently the Boston Society of Natural History received

from Prof. Edward S. Morse a pamphlet with the following

title on its cover—‘‘ PuBLIcaTIONs oF THE O. G. B. III. Mot-

LUSCA OF CINCINNATI. CINCINNATI: L. A. BurRDSAL, PRINTER.

1876.’ Wishing to know the origin of this publication, our

Librarian wrote to the Cincinnati Society of Natural His-

tory and the following information was received from Mr.

Lester D. Collier, through the kindness of Mr. Charles Dury.

‘“The pamphlet described was published by some Woodward

High School boys and the Burdsal mentioned was one of them.

The letters O. G. B. stands for ‘‘ Our Geological Boys’’. Wm.

Doherty was one. I was well acquainted with these boys, who

were much interested in geology. The list of shells was made

by them from specimens collected here and mostly by them.

Some of them are dead and most (if not all) of them, gone

from here. This is my recollection of it’’. The paper con-

tains twelve pages, including the title page, ‘‘ List of the

mollusca existing in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio”’’.

The preface is dated August 6, 1876. The list contains 103

species. —C. W. JOHNSON.

SHELLs or Mr. Monapnocx, N. H.—Mt. Monadnock, where

I am staying (for the last seven summers) being mostly spruce-

clad and often very dry during the late summer, is a very poor

collecting ground for snails. However the excessively wet last

July has started them out and by the energetic collecting of

Miss Rebecca Kite and myself we have succeeded in getting

representatives of the following species from between 2,000 and

3,000 feet altitude, all rare.

Polygyra albolabris Say.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra palliata Say. (2 specimens).

Polygyra thyroides Say. (1 dead and broken shell).

Pyramidula alternata Say. (2 specimens).

Pyranidula cronkhitei catskillensis Pils.

Strobilops virgo Pils. (1 specimen).

Succinea obliqua Say. (2 specimens).

Zonitoides arboreus Say. (The least rare species).

Vitrea radiatula Alder. (1 specimen).

Agriolimax agrestis L.

Philomycus peansylvanicus Pils.

Limaxz sp. indet. (1 specimen).

— Ws. H. Dat.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Mesozoic AND Cenozoic Macrrinak oF THE Pactric Coast OF

NortH America. By Earl L. Packard (Univ. of California

Publ., Bull. Dept. of Geology, Vol. §, No. 15, pp. 261-360,

pls. 12-35, May, 1916).

This thorough and interesting account of the fossil Mactrinae

of that region has also considerable bearing on the recent forms.

Spisula voyi Gabb, described as a Callista (1869) is found to be

the same as S. alaskana Dall 1894. Eight new species and one

new variety are described. The illustrations are excellent.

NEw Miocene Fossits. By Axel Olsson (Bull. Amer. Pal-

eontology, Vol. 5, No. 27, 32 pp., 3 pls., July, 1916).

In this paper are described and figured 34 new species and 3

new varieties of mollusca from the Yorktown, Duplin and

Choptank formations of Virginia, North Carolina and Maryland,

and one species from Alum Bluff, Fla., also a new subgenus

Heterocerithiopsis.

A PRELIMINARY CATALOG OF THE NorTH AMERICAN SPHAE-

RID. By Victor Sterki, M. D. (Annals of the Carnegie Mu-

seum, X, 1916).

The last general work on our species of this family was that

of Prime published in 1865. The growth of collections of

freshwater shells since that time has been enormous, and large

THE NAUTILUS. 59

areas entirely or quite imperfectly unrepresented in the older

collections have been explored. More intensive work and better

methods of collecting have resulted also in a great increase of

species known from the older States. Most of the material col-

lected in recent years has been studied by Dr. Sterki, who bas

now given us a systematic catalogue, with distribution, synony-

my and descriptions of new forms. The recent species admitted

by Sterki and by Prime number as follows:

Sphaerium Musculium Eupera Pisidium

ipepectes). . , dl 23 2 88

a Wie eictés 8 9 0 49

Evime. Specie? . . ) 17 13 1 iW

While there has been great increase in all the genera, during

the past 50 years, Pisidiwm has been enlarged far more than

the genera of Sphaeria, in which specific characters are more

obvious. To conchologists Pisidiwm is much what Crataegus is

to the botanists.

A classification into subgenera is given on pages 472-4. The

subgenera Lacustrina (type Pisidium idahoense) and Fontinalina

(type P. fontinale) are new. We may inquire whether authors

who give preference to the principle of tautonymy in type

selection (International Rules, Art. 80, I, d) would consider

Cyclas cornea the type of Corneocyclas Fér., which in that case

would replace the subgenus Corneola Clessin. Dr. Sterki has a

monograph of the American Spheeriide under way. Until this

is published, conchologists will find the present catalogue in-

dispensable.—H. A. P.

SomE DirEcTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLECTING THE

SPHAERIIDA AND AQuaATIC Gastropops. By Victor Sterki,

M. D. This paper, following the preceding, will be found

useful by all conchologists collecting freshwater shells, as it gives

the methods which have proved most effective.

A Trip to IsLanps IN Lake Erte. By Calvin Goodrich

(Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916, pp. 527-531).

The record of a collecting excursion made by Dr. Clapp, Dr.

Bryant Walker, Mr. Lucas Beecher and the author in July, 1915,

60 THE NAUTILUS.

to the group of islands belonging to Ohio and Ontario, of which

only two, Put-in-Bay and Green (formerly Strontian) have

appeared in previous conchological literature. Lists of the land

shells of seven islands are given with a résumé of the geological

history of the islands during successive stages of glacial time.

The exceptional interest of these faunas as indices of the rate of

evolutionary change, giving definite data on the question of the

age of well-marked insular races, is alluded to. The paper

forms an introduction to the following one.

Nores ON THE LAND-SHELLS OF THE ISLANDS AT THE WESTERN

Enp oF Lake Erte AND Descriptions oF NEw VARIETIES. By

George H. Clapp, (Annals Carnegie Mus. X, 1916). The new

forms are as follows:

Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, Green Island.

Pyramidula solitaria roseoapicata, North Harbor Island.

Pyramidula solitaria mynesites, Mouse Island.

Pyramidula alternata eriensis, Middle Sister and other Islands.

Polygyra profunda strontiana, Green, North Harbor, Middle

Sister Island.

Polygyra albolabris goodrichi, Middle Sister Island.

‘“Many of the larger shells of these islands show distinct

insular modification. . . . Others are indistinguishable from

the mainland forms, and this is particularly true of the shells

of Put-in-Bay island, where there seems to have been no change

in the species we found.’’ The divergence from mainland forms

of the species is notably different on different islands, as in the

cases of Pyramidula solitaria strontiana, and roseoapicata. Dif-

ferent species are diversely modified, so that the differentiation

of the races does not appear directly related to the insular con-

ditions, though such relations might become obvious on further

investigation. It may be a case of isolation products, due to

different mutations occurring in the several colonies. Important

facts for evolution might follow further study of the physical,

faunal and floral conditions of the islands. At all events, the

little exploration by Messrs. Clapp, Goodrich and Walker has

opened up an interesting field for research.

A form similar to P. alternata eriensis is found in some of the

islands off the New England coast. An excellent plate of shell-

figures and diagrams showing variation curves illustrate the

paper. HAY P. Goad.

ae AU PILUS.

OCTOBER, 1916. No. 6

Vou. XXX.

A NEW SUBEMARGINULA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Among some specimens sent for examination from California

I find a new Subemarginula collected by Mrs. W. H. Golisch of

Los Angeles at San Nicolas island of the Santa Barbara group.

SUBEMARGINULA GOLISCH& n. sp.

Shell of moderate size, radiately ribbed, concentrically zoned

and radiately striped with dark rose color, the worn apex green-

ish, the interior whitish, the extreme edge of the slightly cren-

ulated interior margin with the external coloration showing

through. Sculpture of rather strong radial ribs, corrugated

more or less by strong incremental rugosities, alternated in front

and behind with a single feebler rib, on the sides there are two

or three minor riblets between the major ribs; apex rather

acute, somewhat anterior ; marginal notch shallow, its groove

distinct on the internal face of the shell ; the number of major

ribs in the type specimen is about twenty. Length 20; apex

behind the notch 7 ; width 13 ; height 7.5 mm.

In a general way this shell looks like one of the varieties of

Fissurella volcano Reeve, except for the entire apex.

OBSERVATIONS ON UNIO GIGANTEUS BARNES.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

Although the common and _ striking plicated shells were

among the first of the Western Unios to receive names, their

nomenclature 1s still considerably confused.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The first species to be named was the plicatus. Although

that Thomas Say described it in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, was

an easily ascertainable fact, Dr. Lea persisted throughout his

life in denying this, and he credited the species to LeSueur ; an

error in which he has been largely followed.

Say’s type came from Lake Erie, and it has been claimed

therefore that his species is really the flattened form widely

known as undulatus. But in 1830 Mr. Say wrote the ‘‘ plicatus

is a species with very prominent umboes.’’ Therefore the pli-

catus (s. 8.) is that form which, as Barnes wrote, ‘‘can stand

on end.’’ The more common form of the same species which

has flattened umboes, is very generally called undulatus Barnes.

This is an error of nomenclature for two distinct reasons. The

earliest name for this form is costata Rafinesque. The descrip-

tion of costata has been said to be inadequate, but without

good reason, for Rafinesque’s figure is unquestionably that of a

plicate shell. His statement that its ‘‘dise is flattened ’’ pre-

cludes the plicata, (s. s.) and the statement that the ‘‘ animal

is yellow’’ excludes the multiplicatus.

The two forms above named constitute a single species, con-

nected by myriad links. The third form is readily distinguished

by its umboes being covered with literations. It is widely but

erroneously called heros Say, or multiplicatus Lea, neither of

which names should be used, since either of them have been

preceded by at least two (if not three!) names. The earliest

name is almost certainly peruviana Lamarck. But because of

ambiguity this name cannot be used. Another name is the

undulatus Barnes, almost universally applied to the costata, but

is without doubt the heros Say! Barnes’ statement among others,

that its ‘‘dise is tuberculate below the beaks’’ almost alone

proves this contention. As in the case of peruviana, the iden-

tity of wndulatus has been thoroughly confused by authors,

about half identifying it with heros, the others with costata.

Luckily there can be no doubt concerning the identity of the

1Lea stated that Lamarck’s Unio peruviana was what has commonly been

known as U. plicatus. This identification is entirely borne out by the figure

n Encyclopedie Methodique, cited by Lamarck—Epbs.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

name which we now adopt for this magnificent Naiad, Unio

giganteus Barnes 1823.

This very appropriate name has been totally overlooked by

systematists. Simpson, it is true, mentions it ; but he credited

it to Lea, saying, ‘‘ Dr. Lea does not describe this but only states

that it is in Dr. Mitchell's collection. Probably it has never been

described.’’? (Synopsis, 1900, page 767, note 4.)

Unio giganteus was, however, described as a named variety

of his crassus which, as is well known, embraced the plicate

shells. (His Variety ‘‘ K,’’ is typical Lake Erie plicata !)

Following the general description of crassus, Barnes writes—

** Variety (i) Unio giganteus. Mississippi. Dr. Mitchell’s col-

lection.’? The variety (1) deserves particular notice. A single

valve sent by Professor Douglass to Dr. Mitchell weighs fifteen

ounces. It is in every respect a gigantic shell. The distance

between the points of the two lobes of the cardinal tooth is one

inch ; the length of the lateral tooth, three inches ; diameter of

the posterior cicatrix, one inch, and its depth, one-fourth of an

inch.

This species, of which four specimens were obtained by the

N. W. Expedition, might perhaps constitute a separate species

under the designation of Unio giganteus. It is three times the

size of the largest Unio crassus mentioned by Mr. Say and M.

Lamarck.

Three specimens—

Diameter 2.9, Length 4.8, Breadth 7.2,

‘ 3.0, a8 Ape Gk, es 7.0,

a outs hy Ae, i 7.1, are pre-

served in Dr. Mitchells collection.

Another specimen—

Diameter 2.9, Length 4.9, Breadth 7.0, and weighing fourteen

ounces, is preserved in Gov. Cass’s collection, Detroit.

Habitat. The Mississippi, near Prairie du Chien. Prof.

Douglass.

These specimens labeled ‘‘ giganteus,’’ in Dr. Mitchell’s col-

lection, were mentioned by Mr. Lea, who (in Obs., vol I, page

31, footnote) writes—‘‘The giganteus of Dr. Mitchell’s collec-

64 THE NAUTILUS,

tion is also a peruviana which occurs in our western waters of a.

larger size and more ponderous than any species we know of.’’

The reader will note that Lea identified the giganteus as per-

uviana. At this time (1829) he regarded all the plicate shells

as being one species. He never mentioned giganteus again !

Can it be that this omission arose because of his very evident

wish to protect his name of multiplicatus ?

With the possible exception of peruviana, the giganteus is the

earliest name given to the species, as well as the most appro-

priate. Following Lea, Simpson placed ‘‘giganteus’’ (lea)

under plicatus. The giganteus of Barnes however can be noth-

ing else than heros. No other Naiad attains the dimensions

given by him.

This species has recently been erected into a separate genus

by Utterback, whence its proper name is now Megalonaias

giganteus Barnes, 1823.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA FROM CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI.

BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI.

During the past season, engineers in charge of river improve-

ment being carried on near Mokane, Mo., called my attention

to two localities where an abundance of fossil or semi-fossil

shells were being unearthed, and upon their invitation to con-

duct me to the localities, both were examined, and collections

made.

The first place visited was an excavation on the east bank of

Middle River, a short distance below the point of its entrance

into the gorge of the Missouri. Ata depth of twenty-six feet

below the level of the flood-plain of the Missouri River, in a

black, sticky clay the following species were gathered:

Polygyra profunda, Succinea ovalis ?,

Polygyra albolabris, Gastrodonta ligera,

Polygyra thyrovdes, Helicina occulta,

Polygyra elevata, Pyramidula solitaria.

Polygyra clausa, Pyramidula alternata,

Polygyra appressa, Pyramidula perspectiva,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Polygyra inflecta, Helicodiscus parallelus,

Polygera fraterna, Campeloma subsolidum,

Polygyra monodon, Pleurocera sp. ?,

Polygyra hirsuta, Sphaerium transversum.

The second locality examined was an exposure of typical loess

in the government quarry a short distance above the town of

Mokane on the M. K. & T. R. R. The full section of strata

exposed in the quarry face measures approximately seventy

feet ; rising abruptly from the flood-plain of the river, the Jeffer-

son City formation (Ordovician) presents a precipitous face of

sixty feet followed by a layer of tough, bluish clay, interspersed

with worn fragments of limestone; upon this bed of clay is

deposited a layer of loess that varies in thickness but having

probably an average of nine feet. The loess is capped with a

layer of soil rich in humus and supports a flora typical of the

Missouri Bluff region.

While occasional specimens of the species listed were found

throughout the entire thickness of the loess, it was only ina

thin zone, about sixteen inches from the base, that they were

collected in abundance, in fact they are so abundant in this zone

as to attract attention from the highway below, by the white

line they present at the top of the quarry, being even more pro-

nounced than the Ordovician—Pleistocene contact.

Of the entire series collected from this exposure, all have lost

their color markings and uniformly present the usual chalky

appearance common to the fossils of the loess.

A few are filled with a heavy iron-stained deposit ; others are

filled with the surrounding loess mass and occasionally speci-

mens are unfilled and crumble to dust upon their removal from

the matrix.

Careful examination of all fragmentary as well as the better

preserved shells in the collection gathered at this place fails to

detect a single aquatic species, the fauna being composed wholly

of land forms, and their being massed together in a single layer

can be readily explained as an accumulation left in a depression

after a torrential rain. However, a misinterpretation of condi-

tions, such as presented in this locality, combined with a lack

of knowledge of the habits of the forms found, has led a number

66 THE NAUTILUS.

of writers to use just such evidence to advocate the theory of a

fluviatile origin for the widely distributed beds of loess in the

Missouri Valley region,

By passing a quantity of the material from the shell zone over

a set of sieves of different mesh, I was enabled to recover a

number of very minute species, some of them, notably Cary-

chium exile Lea, being quite abundant.

List of species from the government quarry near Mokane, Mo.:

Polygyra albolabris, (a) Pyranvidula solitaria, (¢)

Polygyra appressa, (a) Pyramidula alternata, (a)

Polygyra appressa, small Pyramidula alternata, small

var., (Cc) War. (Cc)

Polygyra elevata, (a) Gastrodonta ligera, (1)

Polygyra multilineata, (7) Helicodiscus parallelus, (¢)

Polygyra thyroides, (c) Vallonia pulchella, (a)

Polygyra zaleta 2, (c) Vallonia sp. indet., (r)

Polygyra fraterna, (¢) Bifidaria contracta, (c)

Polygyra monodon, (c) Bifidaria armifera, (c)

Polygyra hirsuta, (c) Bifidaria procera ?, (x)

Zonitoides arborea, (Yr) Carychium exile, (a)

Zonitoides minuscula, (¢) Helicina occulta, (¢)

(a) = abundant, (c) = common, (r) = rare.

THE FEEDING HABITS OF BUSYCON.

BY SHIELDS WARREN.

Last September I made a series of observations on the feed-

ing habits of Busycon at Hyannisport, Massachusetts. This

place was well suited for the work, since both B. canaliculata

and B. carica occur plentifully, and oysters and quahaugs are

fairly numerous. All these observations were made under

natural conditions.

There are two distinct stages in the feeding habits, the first

when the animal is small and the shell weak, the second when

the animal is grown and the shell strong. In the first stage

they are incapable of attacking a large lamellibranch, and eat

carrion and small univalves, such as Nassa, which occur abund-

THE NAUTILUS. 67

antly on the flats. To get at the Nassa, they envelop the shell

in the foot until it is asphyxiated, and then clean out the

animal with the radula. In the second stage the quahaug and

oyster are the chief articles of food, and, contrary to the general

opinion, the radula is not used to bore through the shells, but

the edges of the valves are chipped away against the lip of the

Busycon’s shell.

I was led to take up these investigations by the following

facts : in examining radulae of the Busycons I noticed that

they were not so worn as in the borers Polinices and Urosalpinx ;

the lips of their shells are almost invariably chipped : and the

dead quahaug shells on the flats were not bored but chipped.

Subsequently I found that Mr. Harold 8S. Colton had de-

scribed (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila ; 1908) the feeding of B.

canaliculata as observed in the aquarium of the University of

Pennsylvania. The following statements are quoted from his

summary.

‘*They (canaliculata and carica) open the shells of oysters by

wedging their own shell between the valves and tear out the

flesh with their radula. They probably treat quahaugs in the

same way.

“*Sycotypus will attack any except Venus.”’

He also states that the whelk waits until the bivalve opens

and then inserts its shells between the valves.

Mr. C. W. Johnson suggested to me that the bivalves might

have been weakened by life in the aquarium, and this is pro-

bably the explanation of the shells’ opening their valves while

gripped in the Busycon’s foot. Also while B. canaliculata will

not attack quahaugs as early in life as B. carica, since the lip

of its shell remains almost paper-like until the animal is well

grown, I found two large specimens eating quahaugs.

The Busycons I observed ate in the following manner. An

oyster is held in the foot with the hinge toward the canal, while

a quahaug is grasped in such a way that the hinge is toward

the columella, but in both cases the edges of the bivalve are

left free. In the majority of cases the Busycon rests on its foot

with the canal pointing upwards at an angle of about 30°. The

foot is slowly contracted, about six times a minute, and the

68 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of the oyster is brought against the inner edge of the lip

with considerable pressure and then drawn inward and toward

the canal. A small piece is chipped from the edge of the oyster

and the process repeated until a gap is made large enough to

to admit the radula, which then tears out the flesh. This

method of getting at the animal explains not only the rough-

ened and chipped condition of the lip of the Busycon, but also

the chipped oyster and quahaug shells. Occasionally I have

found a live quahaug with its edge much chipped but still

intact, so the whelk does not always succeed. Usually, how-

ever, it encounters but little difficulty.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS AND

TERTIARY OF THE TESLA, PLEASANTON, SAN JOSE, AND

MT. HAMILTON QUADRANGLES, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. B. HALL AND A. W. AMBROSE.

INTRODUCTION.

During the paleontological work at Stanford University, for a

folio covering the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and Mt. Hamilton

Quadrangles, several new forms were found. In order that the

names of these might be established, the writers decided to

publish the descriptions of the same. The writers’ thanks are

due Dr. James Perrin Smith for his assistance to the writers in

this work.

HorsETOWN—MIDDLE CRETACEOUS.

PECTEN CLARKENSIS n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell small, two specimens found averaging 17

mm. in altitude, little higher than long, compressed, thin, sub-

circular, equivalve and equilateral; ears equal, moderately

small, base regularly rounded, margins smooth. Surface

marked by 20 or 21 radiating nearly equal ribs, being two or

three times the width of interspaces that terminate abruptly a

little way from margin, also by obscure lines of growth.

Dimensions. Alt., 16 mm.; latitude, 16 mm.; longitude,

18 mm.; hinge line (restored and approximate) 9 mm.; diam-

eter, 11 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Notes. Characterized by definite number and character of

ribs, and easily distinguished from P. operculiformis, P. califor-

nicus, P. complexcosta, and P. interradiatus. Named in honor of

W. O. Clark.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Found by W. O. Clark on the San Jose Quadrangle,

two and a half miles Northeast of Milpitos, just at beginning of

foothills and a little north of serpentine outcrop.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

AVICULA GREGORYI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell oblique, subcompressed ; ears very un-

equal ; beaks moderate, anterior; cardinal line straight ; anterior

ear short and angular with small byssal notch ; posterior ear

broad ; anterior margin regularly rounded from near umbo to

base, posterior margin straight and sharply rounded to base,

basal margin forms an excentric curve, most produced behind.

Ears gradually round into body of shell. Surface marked by

numerous faint, but distinct, radiating ribs.

Dimensions. Altitude 7 mm.; longitude 9 mm.; hinge line

5 mm.; diameter.

Notes. Distinguished from A. pellucida by ribs, byssal notch

and lack of acuminate posterior ear. Named in honor of A. E.

Gregory, Stanford University, Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. One and one-half miles 8. 10 W. of Carnegie, Tesla

Quadrangle.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

SONNERATIA ROGERSI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell small, not often above a diameter of 4.5

mm.; discoidal, laterally compressed and flattened ; umbilicus

not large, about one-quarter total diameter, funnel form due to

sloping sides and gradual increasing thickness of shell ; sides

converge gently toward periphery; ventral surface subquadrate;

surface ornamented with about sixty transverse flexuous ribs

which usually cross the ventral surface and terminate in about

one-quarter as many distinct tubercules upon the shoulder of

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the umbilicus. The ribs show a tendency to bifurcate from

these ridge-like tubercules, and become less distinct on the sides

of the shell, curving gently backward, and becoming very dis-

tinct and wider near the outer margin where they turn decid-

edly forward. The suture line is simple, consisting of a few

broadly rounded saddles and wide lobes having very short

branches. Saddles little indented, and are bifid with rounded

denticles and incisions. Lobes unequally tripartite.

Notes. This form easily distinguished from 8S. stantoni, as it

has nearly twice as many ribs, a lack of fine lines, striations on

ribs and interspaces, and a greater size. Named in honor of

Professor A. F. Rogers, Stanford University, Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Three-quarters of a mile South of Carnegie, Corral

Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Horsetown, middle Cretaceous.

Cuico—UPrerR CRETACEOUS.

ATAPHRUS PEMBERTON, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell medium, thick, rather flattened, spire low;

whorls four, rounded, enlarging rapidly anteriorly, and revolv-

ing a little obliquely; whole body being about twice as large as

penultimate. Aperture oblique, subcircular, columellar lip

thick and rather straight. Surface smooth, marked only by

occasional very faint lines of growth; umbilical region covered

by a smooth callus, which merges insensibly into general surface.

Dimensions. Alt., 12 mm.; lat., 18 mm.; alt. of body whorl,

7 mm.; alt. of aperture, 9 mm.

Notes. Distinguished from A. crassa by its size, higher spire,

and non-rounding of columellar lip. Named in honor of J. R.

Pemberton.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Jordan Ranch, Arroyo del Valle, Tesla Quadrangle,

Alameda County, California.

Horizon. Lower Chico, upper Cretaceous.

CERITHIUM BRANNERI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell elongate, slender; whorls numerous, prob-

THE NAUTILUS. (a:

ably eight, two apical whorls being lost, rounded on sides;

suture linear, impressed. Surface marked by numerous, slightly

curved longitudinal ribs, about twenty-six to a volution; these

are more prominent near upper suture of the whorl and become

very indistinct at the lower suture; very fine striae cover both

ribs and interspaces, running parallel with ribs ; ribs and inter-

spaces crossed alike by numerous shapely elevated revolving

threads, running parallel to suture. These produce a small

node at each crossing of the longitudinal rib one-quarter of the

way down on the lowest whorl, one-third down on the second,

one-half down on the third, and the entire way down on the

remaining whorls. Aperture, sub-circular ; inner margin some-

what thickened and curved.

Dimensions (less several apical whorls). Alt., 16 mm.; lat.,

7 mm.; alt. of body whorl, 138 mm.; alt. of aperture, 44 mm.

Notes. Named in honor of Dr. John C. Branneyr.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. One mile north, 20° west of Tesla and Corral

Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Middle Chico, upper Cretaceous.

(To be continued)

NOTES.

Fossrz Currons. In working over some fossil shells from the

Pleistocene strata of Deadman’s Island, San Pedro, California,

I find that I have three species which are not listed by Arnold

in his ‘‘ Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Pliocene and

Pleistocene of San Pedro.’’

Katherina tunicata Sby. One perfect anterior valve.

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. One perfect posterior valve.

Mopalia hindsii (Sby.) Rve. One central valve in good con-

dition.

These were identified by comparing with recent specimens.

Ischnochiton conspicuus is found living in this vicinity and has

been reported fossil from the Pleistocene at Signal Hill, Long

Beach, by Mr. T. 8. Oldroyd. (Nauvritus, vol. 28, page 80.)

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Katherina tunicata and Mopalia hindsii are found living at Mon-

terey and farther north but are not found living in this locality.

—KE. P. CHAce.

VIRIPARUS CONTECTOIDES Brinn. IN Boston, Mass. This

species has recently appeared in great numbers in the Lake in

the Public Garden. Adults measuring 23 mm. (slightly eroded)

are comparatively scarce, but specimens measuring from 9 to

13 mm. are abundant. Mr. E. G. Vanatta has recorded it from

the lily pond, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (Navr. vol. 26,

p- 84, 1912). As this species is frequently kept in aquaria, it

has probably been introduced in the Lake with goldfish which

are annually placed there.—C. W. JOHNSON.

MELANELLA IoTOIDEs.—When I published Melanella iota in

my ‘‘ Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine

Mollusks,’’ Bulletin 91, U.S. National Museum, page 67, plate

19, fig. 2, 1915, I overlooked the existence of a previously de-

scribed Melanella bearing this name; namely, Eulima iota C. B.

Adams, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., p. 422, 1852.

My shell therefore requires a new name, and may be known

as Melanella iotoides.—PaAuL Bartscu.

New Jersey Suetts.—The following species of shells were

picked from leaf-mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long on

April 7th and May 19th, 1916, near Garden Lake Station, west

of Clementon, Camden county, New Jersey. The Huconulus

and Strobilops are southern species new to the state: Polygyra

albolabris Say, P. thyroidus Say, P. fallax Say, Pupoides margin-

atus Say, Bifidaria armifera Say, B. contracta Say, B. pentodon

Say, Vertigo tridentata Wolf, V. milium Gld., Strobilops floridana

Pils., Vallonia excentrica St., Columella edentula Drap., Polita

hammonis Strom., P. indentata Say, Striatura miliwm Mrse., Zon-

itoides arborea Say, Z. minuscula Binn., Agriolimax campestris

Binn., shell only, Euconulus chersinus trochulus Reinh., Helico-

discus parallelus Say, Punctum pygmxum Drap., Succinea avara

Say, and Carychium exiguum Say.—E. G. VANATTA.

x =

err

« >

’

;

*° .

Koa

: ne

Ll *

=! °

ie 6 a

; es _

io Oke

’ _* -

- &

s =

THE NAUTILUS. PLATE II.

UNIO RADIATUS ONEIDENSIS BAKER.

ee NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXX. NOVEMBER, 1916. No. 7

EULIMASTOMA, A NEW SUBGENUS OF PYRAMIDELLIDS AND REMARKS

OW THE GENUS SCALENOSTOMA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Additional material received by the United States National

Museum makes it necessary to create a new subgenus for the

Pyramidellids typified by Odostomia (Scalenostoma) dotella Dall

and Bartsch (Bull. 68, U.S. N. M., p. 230, 1909). Scalenostoma

must be referred to the family Melanellidae (=Eulimidae).

There is a wonderful resemblance between Fulimastoma and

Scalenostoma as far as texture of shell and sculpture are con-

cerned, and it was this resemblance and the absence of repre-

sentatives of the genus Scalenostoma that caused me to consider

this a Pyramidellid in the past. Material now at hand shows

that Odostomia (Eulimastoma) dotella Dall and Bartsch has an

obliquely tilted, deeply immersed nucleus, a Pyramidellid

character, while Scalenostoma has the usual attenuated, acute,

non-sinistral tip.

The following synonymy should be noted :

Scalenostoma Deshayes, Cat. Moll. Ie de la Reunion, pp. 58-

60, Pl. vii, figs. 26-8, 1863. Type Scalenostoma carinatum Des-

hayes=Subeulima Souverbie, Journ. de Conch. xxiii, p. 296,

1875. Type Subeulima lamberti Souverbie.

The west American members of the genus Scalenostoma are:

ScALENOSTOMA RANGII (de Folin).

Chemnitzia rangii de Folin, Les Meleagrinicoles p. 61, Pl. 6,

fig. 1, 1867. Odostomia (Scalenostoma) rangii, Dall and Bartsch

Bull. 68, U. S. N. M., p. 230, Pl. 30, fig. 2, 1909. Odostomia

74 THE NAUTILUS.

(Scalenostoma) rangwi, Bartsch, Proc. U. 8. N. M., No. 1906, p.

307, 344, 1912.

SCALENOSTOMA BABYLONIA (Bartsch).

Odostomia (Scalenostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc. U. 8. N. M.,

No. 1903, pp. 287-8, Pl. 38, fig. 3, 1912, Odostomia (Scale-

nostoma) babylonia Bartsch, Proc., U.S. N. M., No. 1906, p. 307,

344, 1912.

The South African species of this genus which I described in

the Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine

Molluske, Bulle 91, U.S. N. M.,.p:'70, Pl. 19) fig. 6..1915.ca6

Subeulima magnifica must now be called Scalenostoma magnifica

(Bartsch).

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF LAMPSILIS FROM ONEIDA LAKE

WITH NOTES ON THE L. LUTEOLA GROUP.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

LAMPSILIS RADIATA ONEIDENSIS F. C. BAKER. Plate II.

Shell elliptical in outline, rounded at both ends, somewhat

compressed ; dorsal margin slightly curved, ventral margin

rounded, notably so in the male shell; female shell produced

postbasally ; surface usually roughened by growth lines, rarely

smooth ; epidermis olive-green, the posterior half usually black

or brown, obscuring the markings; a few dark green rays of

the radiata type are present on some shells ; umbones promi-

nent, inflated, but little elevated above the contour of the dorsal

margin; unbonal slopes rounded ; cardinal teeth of the left

valve double, rather heavy, serrated, the anterior cardinal higher

than the posterior and pyramidal in shape, the posterior cardi-

nal rectangular somewhat compressed ; the pit between the

cardinal teeth is deep and wide; there is a small, narrow pit at

the base of the anterior cardinal tooth ; cardinal teeth of right

valve two in number, triangular, the anterior small, compressed,

the posterior large, elevated above the anterior, forming a trun-

cated pyramid ; the pit between the teeth is narrow and deep ;

the anterior cardinal of this valve is reduced to a mere remnant

in some individuals ; the ridge joining the cardinal and lateral.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

teeth is heavy and bears one or more tubercles ; lateral teeth as

in ‘radiata ; anterior adductor muscle scar, posterior adductor

muscle scar, and dorsal muscle scars more heavily impressed

than in radiata ; nacre bluish-white, slightly iridescent.

All of the specimens seen have their umbones eroded.

Length 56, height 36, breadth 21 mm. ¢.

ce ¢

32 iy 35, of 20 mm. 2°.

cp) NG Le ie 7 oa 20 mm. ¢.

ie Gee OED: ‘i 24 mm. 2°.

Ss CS lea a: 2 sh: 27 mm. ¢.

a Cha ii 4 i 27 mm. 9.

Types in collection of the New York State College of Forestry

at Syracuse University ; cotypes in collection of the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and Dr. Bryant Walker,

Detroit, Mich.

This race of Lampsilis is related to both radiata and luteola.

From the latter it differs in the more elliptical sometimes orbi-

cular outline of the male shell, the olive green and brown epi-

dermis and in the cardinal teeth which are heavier and broader,

not so deeply serrated, and of different shape. From radiata it

differs in its outline, in its epidermis, which is not as rough,

and in the cardinal teeth, which are not as heavy, and are

more elevated, triangular and pyramidal. The pits at the base

of the cardinal teeth are deeper.

This race is common in Oneida Lake and is very uniform in

the characteristics noted. It was previously listed’ as Lampsilis

borealis but specimens of borealis* from the type locality, Duck

Island, Ottawa River, Ontario, Canada, received from Dr.

Walker, show that it is not that species, true borealis having a

heavier, more inflated shell, heavier and differently shaped

cardinal teeth and an epidermis like that of radiata. Small

females of oneidensis have a superficial resemblance to Lampasilis

' The Fresh-water Mollusca of Oneida Lake, New York. NAUTILUS, xxx,

page 7, 1916 ; The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. Tech. Bull.

No. 4, New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, page 257,

fig. 44, 1916. The references to borealis in the latter publication should be

changed to oneidensis.

? Trans. Ottawa Field Nat. Club, No. 3, page 53, 1882.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

luteola rosacea but differ in the form of the cardinal teeth as well

as in the outline of the shell and in the color and texture of the

epidermis.

Oneidensis apparently bears the same relation to radiata that

rosacea does to luteola. It is not a depauperate or sporadic form

of radiata, for it occurs plentifully and is always recognizable at

a glance when mixed with luteola and radiata. A lot of shells

from Lower South Bay contained these three mussels in the

ratios indicated: oneidensis, 28; radiata, 15; luteola, 16. Indi-

viduals occur with a pink shell and nacre like that of the race

rosacea. How widely distributed this race of radiata may be is

not known but it should be found in other parts of New York

State.

The luteola group of Lampsilis living in Oneida Lake is of

unusual interest from the standpoint of variation. Here the

two species have apparently interbred, causing a mixture of the

characters of both species. Thus, individuals of radiata occur

with a normal hinge but with a polished surface like Juteola.

Also, luteola individuals occur with a rough surface and the

crowded rays of radiata. The breadth of shell in both species

varies nearly fifty per cent. All specimens of luteola are more

numerously rayed than are those from the West and also those

from Western New York, showing apparently a tendency to

vary toward the radiata type of surface. A tinge of red is found

in individuals of all species, though not as strikingly as in the

typical rosacea of DeKay.

A form of luteola occurs in the lake which is much compressed

(resembling in this respect radiata) the epidermis is smooth and

the bright green rays are widely spaced. These individuals are

noteworthy for, the marked elliptical outline of the shell and the

acute V-shape formed by the ventral half of the shell. Meas-

urements are given below of these specimens together with

typical forms of radiata and luteola. All are males.

Length 80, rae 47, breadth 27 mm. Luteola, compressed.

TODA Adve 34, ‘ 19mm. Luteola, compressed.

Med REGEN Mma As). 1/078 35.5 mm. Luteola, typical.

PONG ENN RNY os |, oe 35.5 mm. Radiata.

CS AROS IN NN oO y ‘ 25 mm. Radiata, Mohawk river.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

The radiata of Oneida Lake are not typical being more in-

flated, quadrate in outline rather than elliptical, the rays are

not as even or as numerous and the color of the shell is usually

yellowish rather than greenish, in this respect approaching

luteola. The radiata type in the lake shows a decided variance

toward the form of the shell herein described as cneidensis.

The only safe criterion for separating the Oneida Lake radiata

from luteola is by the form of the cardinal teeth. Many years

ago F. R. Latchford’ tersely characterized these differences as

follows: ‘‘In U. radiatus these are short, erect, and triangular,

In U. luteolus they are long, curved, compressed, and oblique.”’

The dull, rough epidermis is characteristic of radiata but, as

noted in Oneida Lake specimens this may not be present or

typically developed. It seems evident that in Oneida Lake

evolutionary forces have been at work upon this group of the

Naiades and that the form herein described as oneidensis is the

result.

Figures 1 and 3 represent male, 2 and 4 female individuals.

My thanks are due Dr. Bryant Walker for assistance in work-

ing out the relationships of this race and also Dr. C. C. Adams,

of the New York State College of Forestry, for the loan of the

plate upon which the race is figured.

New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES FROM THE CRETACEOUS AND

TERTIARY OF THE TESLA, PLEASANTON, SAN JOSE, AND

MT. HAMILTON QUADRANGLES, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. B. HALL AND A. W. AMBROSE.

(Concluded from page 71)

PHOLADOMYA HARRIGANI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell, right angle, thick; beaks low, anterior,

in-curved, nearly touching. Buccal end abruptly truncated at

1 Notes on the Ottawa Unionidae. Trans, Ottawa Field Nat. Club, No. 3,

page 51, 1882.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

right angles to cardinal and basal margins. Cardinal margin

regularly rounded anteriorly from beaks; anterior end rounded

into straight basal margin; posterior end, anterior end and basal

margin closed. Surface marked by prominent irregular lines of

growth following curvature of shell and extending continuously

along sides and on posterior end to umbones, also marked by

17 to 19 less prominent radiating, regularly spaced ribs that

cover entire surface of sides and do not extend on to posterior

end as in the case of the lines of growth. The radiating ribs

become more prominent proceeding from the anterior to the

posterior end.

Dimensions. Length, 50 mm. Posterior width, 40 mm.

Posterior thickness, 35 mm. Greatest width and thickness at

posterior end.

Notes. Named in honor of P. F. Harrigan, Los Angeles,

Calif.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Black shale, Western Pacific Railroad cut near

Altamont, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Upper Chico, upper Cretaceous.

ScHLOENBACHIA TEMPLETONI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell discoidal and compressed, slightly inflated

on the last whorl, attains a diameter of 16 cm. Keel slight and

broken into nodes. Surface ornamented with about 45 (counted

along ventral margin) rounded, slightly curved, forward point-

ing ribs, that begin in narrow elongated nodes (slightly diverg-

ing from plane of keel) on the ventral margin and end on the

umbilical margin in about a third as many pointed nodes as

ribs, from which the umbilical walls make a perpendicular

descent. Some of the ribs bifurcate on the surface of the shell

in nodes without any apparent regularity of system and from

three series of costal nodes on the surface—not counting the

umbilical and ventral margin nodes—and run nearly regularly

with the curvature of the whorl. The nodes on the ventral

margin are opposite each other. The tubercules of the keel

stand a little forward of the marginal nodes in a position to

exactly meet the forward curving of the ribs.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Notes. Named in honor of E. C. Templeton, Stanford Uni-

versity, California.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Western Pacific Railroad cut between Altamount

and Greenway, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Upper Chico shale, upper Cretaceous.

TreJoN—UPpPeEeR Eocene.

PANOPEA SMITHII, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Shell subquadrate, about twice as long as wide;

beaks small, nearly central but a little toward the posterior end.

Cardinal margin nearly straight anteriorly with end regularly

rounded, slightly sloping posteriorly with end abruptly trun-

cated, basal margin slightly concave. Posterior end gaping,

anterior end and basal margin closed. An angulated furrow

runs from the umbones to posterior end of basal margin. A

gently curved furrow runs from umbones to center of basal

margin, giving a bulging appearance to both dorsal and ventral

ends. Surface marked by coarse, rather regular ribs.

Dimensions. Length, 72 mm.; width, 37 mm., apparently

from others found, this form represents the adult form.

Notes. Named in honor of Professor James Perrin Smith, to

whom the authors are deeply indebted.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. Creek cut opposite where Livermore road crosses

the Western Pacific Railroad, Corral Hollow, Tesla Quadrangle.

Horizon. Tejon, Upper Eocene.

MontTEREY—LOWER MIOCENE.

MESODESMA PACIFICA, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Right valve. Cast. Shell subtrigonal, inequi-

lateral. Beak small. Posterior end truncate, at extremity

making angle of 133° at beak between posterior dorsal margin

and anterior dorsal margin, anterior margin straight, abruptly

truncated at end, deep furrow cutting at angle of 25° to anterior

dorsal margin from beak, gradually disappearing until obscure

at center of valve.

Dimensions. Long. 40 mm.; alt. 22 mm.; diameter 4 mm.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes. This form is easily recognized by its shape and pos-

terior truncation. Harold Hannibal has collected this form on

Vancouver Island in the Sooke Formation (Oligocene). The

writers had the opportunity of comparing the material with a

specimen collected by Mr. Hannibal. It showed a strong hinge,

a large resiliary pit, rather deep, and a thick shell, with con-

centric striation.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Localities. Monterey Sandstone, P. 282, on the Pleasanton

Quadrangle, in Alameda Creek, 14 miles south of Mouth of

Welch Creek, and one-fifth mile south of Calaveras Fault,

Sunol, Calif.

Horizon. Monterey Sandstone, Lower Miocene.

MacrrRA BEALI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Left valve. Shell trigonal, thin, slightly ventri-

cose, inequilateral ; umboes prominent ; beaks not prominent,

situated slightly posterior to middle of shell; anterior margin

slightly curved upward, running to anterior extremity where it

is sharply rounded ; posterior margin practically straight, run-

ning to posterior extremity where it is angularly truncated ;

basal margin regularly curved ; posterior and anterior margin

make an angle of 105° at the beak ; surface smooth.

Dimensions. Long. 44 mm.; lat. 34 mm.; diameter 9 mm.

Notes. It is very similar to an unnamed form found by

Harold Hannibal in the Sooke formation (Oligocene) of the

North Pacific coast. Named in honor of C. H. Beal, Stanford

University, Calif.

-Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Monterey Sandstones of Pleasanton Quadrangle.

This particular valve came from locality P. 227.

Horizon. Monterey Sandstone, Lower Miocene.

BrioNES—MIpDDLE MIOCENE.

OsTREA TITAN Conrad. VAR. PERRINI, n. var. Hall and

Ambrose.

Description. Lower valve. Shell irregularly elliptical, con-

tracted at beak; beak curved toward right when viewed from

THE NAUTILUS. 81

exterior ; right valve very ventricose ; extremely laminated,

giving rough plaited surface ; left valve almost flat, laminated ;

muscle-scars distinct ; hinge long, narrowing at beak, viewed

from interior curves to left; cavity of hinge deep, coarsely

wrinkled, with wrinkles running up onto either side of hinge ;

interior of hinge ends abruptly, cutting at right angles toward

interior of shell, although not characteristic of all forms.

Dimensions. Alt. 155 mm.; long. maximum at base, 85 mm.,

minimum near beak 56 mm.; diameter lower valve 61 mm.

Notes. This species greatly resembles O. titan Conrad, the

main difference between the two being in the hinge. This vari-

ety has a long curved pointed hinge, while the O. titan has a

much shorter hinge, about as wide as long. Also the summit

of this variety does not rise above the beak of the opposite valve.

All forms do not have as curved a hinge as this one figured. It

is generally elongate, and seldom, if ever, has the subcircular

shape the O. titan often has.

It is very abundant in the Briones, and may generally be

found any place in the Briones on the Tesla, Pleasanton, Mt.

Hamilton or San Jose Quadrangles. This particular specimen

is slightly smaller than the ordinary O. titan var. perrini.

It is named in honor of Professor James Perrin Smith.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Briones of the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and

Mt. Hamilton Quadrangles, Calif.

Horizon. Briones, Middle Miocene.

Macoma witcoxr. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Right valve; shell thin, elongate, inequilaterai ;

surface smooth ; beaks, small, low, pointed, nearly medial,

curved slightly toward posterior end ; anterior extremely regu-

larly rounded ; posterior dorsal margin straight, sloping more

steeply from beak than anterior dorsal margin toward extremity

which is angulated at a point somewhat below the horizon-

tal medial line of the valve; base curved. Hinge unknown,

interior inaccessible.

Dimensions. Long., 31 mm.; lat., 18 mm.; diameter, 5 mm.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes. The angular posterior extremity gives it a distinctive

shape. It is named in honor of R. W. Wilcox, Delta, Colorado.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, California.

Locality. This specimen was found in Briones reef sandstones

on the north limb of the Haywards Pass syncline. It is also

found on the anticline northwest of Dublin, California. It is

also found on the Tesla Quadrangle in the clays at the mouth

of the small gulch joining Arroyo Seco from south, one-half

mile above 963 Mark, Livermore, California.

Horizon. Briones, Middle Miocene.

PECTEN TOLMANI, n. s. Hall and Ambrose.

Description. Both valves convex, left more convex of two,

inequilateral, base regularly rounded ; margins smooth. Right

valve with 16 to 18 prominent rounded ribs, separated by

rounded interspaces, narrower than the ribs; ribs on left valve

more prominent and irregularly spaced; surface sculptured by

numerous, fine, imbricating, regular lines of growth; hinge line

less than one-half length of disk; ears subequal; anterior ear of

other specimens show 5 or 6 sharp radial lines emanating from

beak, crossed by fine, faint, concentric lines; sculpture of pos-

terior ear less distinct but truncated at right angles.

Dimensions. Alt. 67 mm.; long. 71 mm.; diameter 9 mm.;

umbonal angle 130°.

Notes. ‘This species resembles an enlarged P. andersoni but

is undoubtedly a new form. This form is much larger than

P. andersoni, the hinge (proportional to size) much shorter, and

the umbonal angle much larger.

It is possible this form is a descendant of P. andersoni, of

Monterey times. The young are very similar to P. andersoni,

and it is not certain that the forms classified as P. andersoni in

the Briones are not the young of P. tolmani. Named in honor

of Prof. Cyrus Fisher Tolman, Jr.

Type. Museum, Stanford University, Calif.

Locality. Briones of Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose and Mt.

Hamilton Quadrangles.

Horizon. Brionet, Middle Miocene; probably Monterey,

Lower Miocene.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

NOTES.

San Disco Drirr SHELLs.—A small bag of drift taken on

the shore of False Bay, near Asher Station, San Diego, Califor-

nia, March 28, 1916, contained the following interesting assem-

blage of molluscan shells, Mr. E. G. Vanatta being responsible

for certain of the determinations.

Pisidium species.

Assiminea californica Cooper, one specimen (E. G. V.).

Lymnaea bulimoides Lea, young.

Physa nuttalli Lea, young (E. G. V.).

Planorbis deflectus Say, two young specimens (E. G. V.).

This species seem to be new to Southern California.

Succinea stretchiana Bland, young (E. G. V.).

Vitrea shepardi (Hemphill), one specimen (E. G. V.).

Recorded heretofore from Santa Catalina Island.

Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall).

Striatura miliwm meridionalis (Pilsbry and Ferriss), one speci-

men (E. G. V.).

Punctum conspectum (Bland), the most common species.

Vertigo diegensis Sterki, one specimen.

Bifidaria hemphilli Sterki. — 8. S. Berry.

ANTIQUITY OF THE HELIcEs.— Helix (E'piphragmophora) tudicu-

lata is a land snail peculiar to Central and Southern California,

ranging from the Sierras southward to San Diego. It is very

common, and even abundant in some localities.

A few years ago the writer found a fossil specimen of this

species in Silverado Canyon, Santa Ana Mountains, Orange

County, California, which cannot be assigned to a later period

that the Miocene, and may be even older, as the Eocene and

Cretaceous are also known to occur in Silverado Canyon.

The shell was found in situ, being embedded in a ledge of

rather soft limestone, which contained numerous fossil leaves

and stems. It was remarkably well preserved, retaining much

of its original color, and the dark band encircling the larger

whorl was still very distinct.

The writer is not aware that the species tudiculata has ever

before been reported as being identified with any geologic

period.—E. E. Haney.

Nore on VALVATA MICRA Pils. and Ferr.—When this species

was described’ I doubted its pertinence to Valvata, suggesting

that it might be a Horatia or Daudebardiella. I have recently

seen an article by C. Pollonera,*? in which he described a sub-

'Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1906, p. 172. New Braunfels, Texas.

2 Bolletino dei Musei de Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Univ.

di Torino, Vol. xiii, No. 334, p. 3, Dec., 1898.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

genus Hauffenia of the genus Horatia, with two new species

from the valley of the Natisone, in Italy. These shells are very

small, diam. 14 to2 mm., and almost exactly the shape of V.

micra and its variety nugax which measure 1.2 and 1.5 mm.

The resemblance is so close that I have no doubt that the Texas

shell belongs to the same genus, and should be called Horatia

(Hauffenia) micra (P. and F.).

Horatia seems to belong to the subfamily Lyogyrinae. The

operculum resembles that of Lyogyrus. I would be less dis-

posed to admit that our shell belongs to this Dalmatian and

Italian genus if it were not that two Dalmatian freshwater genera,

Emmericia and Lanzaia, have very close relatives in the Panuco

River, northeastern Mexico ; also the terrestrial genus Coilostele,

elsewhere known only in Mediterranean countries, has a species

in northeastern Mexico.—H. A. PILsBry.

Nore on BrrmpARtA MiINUTA Sv.—The name given to this

species, Nauritus, Jan. 1916, p. 105, was used by Pfeiffer in

1842, his ‘‘ Pupa minuta Say’’ being a Bifidaria. I propose

therefore to change the name of my species to Bifidaria carnegiet.

—V. Sterki.-

Mr. Monapnock SHELLS.—After sending you the Monadnock

list (p. 57) we got a specimen of Polygyra monodon Say, the very

young of which, in the first list, had been identified at the

museum as P. palliata.—W. H. Dall.

EDGAR A. SMITH.

Edgar Albert Smith F. L. S., keeper of mollusks in the British

Museum, died on July 22, at the age of 68. He was the son of

Frederick Smith, the entomologist. Smith joined the British

Museum in 1867, the year after the acquisition of the important

collection made by Hugh Cuming, with the arrangement of

which he was occupied for many years. On the removal to

South Kensington it fell to him to install the large collection in

the shell-gallery, which he carried out to the great benefit of the

many collectors and students of shells who continuously visit

the Museum. On this collection he published over 300 papers

and monographs. He became assistant-keeper in 1895, re-

ceived the I. S. O. in 1908, and retired in 1913. He was Past-

president of the Conchological and of the Malacological Societies.

His extensive knowledge of conchology and of the collections

under his charge, and the friendly help he was always ready to

give will cause his loss to be regretted by a wide circle.—Mu-

seum Journal .

Hae NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXX. DECEMBER, 1916. No. 8

THE ANATOMY OF THE NAYAD HYRIOPSIS MYERSIANA (LEA).

BY DR. As E. ORTMANN.

Hyriopsis myersiana (Lea). Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914,

p. 212.

The Carnegie Museum of Pittsburg has received, from Dr. B.

H. Bailey (Cedar Rapids, Ia.) two shells with the soft parts,

and the soft parts of a third one. One of these with shell is a

a female, the others are males. They were collected by Dr. E.

B. McDaniel at Petchaburi, Siam.

The genus Hyriopsis Conard, 1853, has been defined only by

shell characters, and the anatomy was unknown hitherto.

Simpson (1. c. p. 207) has placed it in the vicinity of Lamp-

silis, apparently relying on the similarity of the shell to that of

Lampsilis (Proptera) alata (Say), which is a Lampsilis shell.

The soft parts at hand exhibit the following characters :

Branchial opening separated from the anal by a complete gill-

diaphragm, but not by a mantle-connection. Anal and Supra-

anal openings of about the same length, separated from each

other by a well developed mantle-connection of moderate length,

shorter than either. Anal opening with inner edge nearly

smooth ; Branchial opening longer than the anal, with strong,

irregular papillae on inner edge. In front of the Branchial, the

inner edge of the mantle hecomes smooth. Palpi subfalciform,

long, posterior margins connected for about half their length,

and connected with the inner face of the mantle for about one

third of their length.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Gills long and wide, the inner the wider, chiefly so anteriorly.

Outer gill narrowing gradually toward its anterior end, the

latter near the highest point of attachment line of mantle.

Inner gill narrowing anteriorly very suddenly, with its anterior

end about midway between the posterior base of palpi and ant-

erior end of outer gill. Outer lamina of outer gill entirely

connected with mantle ; inner lamina of inner gills free from

abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Behind the foot, the

two inner laminae of the inner gills are connected.

The male has in both gills weak septa, distant from each other,

and incomplete (interrupted), and in the female, they are of

the same character in the inner gill. The whole outer gill of the

female is marsupial, and has distinct, heavy, and crowded septa,

running parallel to the gill-filaments, forming water-tubes. But

these septa are somewhat irregular and ‘interrupted, chiefly to-

ward the margin, and in the posterior half of the gill, they are

rather regularly interrupted by transverse holes. The anterior

section of the gill has the most continuous septa. No heavy

mass of tissue is seen at the edge of this gill, which is sharp.

Charged marsupium, embryos, and glochidia unknown.

Color of soft parts (in alcohol) whitish, with black-brown

pigment on the edges of anal and branchial openings.

That this species should belong in the affinity of Lampsilis

(or the subfamily Lampsilinae), is out of the question. The

whole anatomy is truly that of the subfamily Unioninae of the

family Unionidae (Navut. 23, 1910, p. 116, and Ann. Carn. Mus.

8, 1912 p. 223, 224). The Anodontinae are excluded, since no

trace of a thickening of the edge of the marsupial gills is observed.

However, a remarkable character of the septa of the marsupium is

that they are interrupted. This isan unusual character in the

family Unionidae, and more regularly found among the sub-

family Hyriinae of the Mutelidae (1. c. p. 225). Yet there is

a Unionine form known, which has interrupted septa in the

marsupium, and this is Gonidea from the Pacific slope of North

America (see: Ortmann, NauriL. 30, 1916, p. 50). In Gonidea

all four gills are marsupial, while in Hyriopsis only the outer

ones are marsupial: but in their structure they are very closely

alike.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Disregarding the interrupted character of the septa, Hyriopsis

stands rather close to the Huropean Unio, but, of course, we do

not know whether there is any relation in the glochidia. Alto-

gether, Hyriopsis represents a type, probably most closely related to

Gonidea, and undoubtedly belonging to the subfamily Unioninae.

It surely does not belong to the Lampsilinae.

CONSISTENCY IN POPULAR NAMES OF SHELLS.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON,

I have recently rearranged the exhibition of New England

mollusks in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural His-

tory, the object being to make it more attractive and of general

interest to the public. Trays were abandoned and the specimens

placed on three large white tablets which cover the entire surface

of each of the horizontal cases (24 ft. x 5 ft.). Of these cases

there are twelve, with drawers below for the large study series.

Specimens preserved in fluid are removed from exhibition and

replaced by colored drawings of the animals, either natural size

or enlarged according to the size of the species. These beauti-

ful drawings were made from the living animal by Mr. J.

Henry Blake. The Society also possesses a series of the glass

models of the Nudibranches made years ago by the Blaschkas.

Small maps of New England, both Jand and marine areas, on

which are marked the localities or areas covered by those species

having a limited or restricted distribution, are placed with the

species.

This brings us to a question of popular interest, that is, the

common names for the more conspicuous shells. The many

changes in nomenclature affecting the old, classic, scientific

names are a serious handicap towards popularizing conchology;

and to attempt to explain why these changes are necessary is

not the most enjoyable theme in conchological circles. It there-

fore seems expedient that some fixed, appropriate, popular

name should be applied to the more common species. There

have been some excellent names proposed by Dr. Alfred G.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Mayer (Sea-Shore Life, N. Y. Aquarium, Nature Ser. No. 1,

1905) ; Julia E. Rogers (The Shell Book 1908) ; Josiah Keep

(West Coast Shells 1911). Professor Keep gave a somewhat

popular name to every shell ; but I cannot agree with him in

some cases. Why Polinices (not Polynices) should be called

“moon shell’’ while Natica is made a part of a common name

of one species, I cannot. see. This name is also used in the Shell

Book where the inconsistency in the use of common names

greatly mars the value of the work in this respect.

There is one thing we should take into consideration, and that

is, there are English names in general use, which may be found

in the various dictionaries. Turning to the Century Dictionary

under sea-snail, we find the following :—In conch. a marine

gastropod whose shell resembles a helix, as those of the family

Littorinidae, Naticidae and Neritidae. Periwinkle is generally

applied to the former, and as the Jatter has a restricted distri-

bution and is confined to the more tropical waters, it seems

therefore that the term sea-snail would be more appropriately

restricted to the Naticidae. Dr. Mayer gives a pertinent name

which combines their nest or ‘‘sand-collar’’ with the shell ; for

Polinices heros (Natica or Lunatia heros of authors) the Northern

Sand-collar Snail, and for P. duplicata the Southern Sand-collar

Snail. Local or provincial names that are misleading should

not be considered in adapting fixed common names, for ex-

ample, among the New England fishermen the name *‘ cockles’”’

is applied to the sea-snails (Polinices), but in all dictionaries

the name cockle usually applies to the various species of Cardium.

The name Periwinkle is almost universally used for the

species of Litorina (generally written Littvrina the original spell-

ing of the genus being Litorina) although Keep uses the term

*¢ Tittorine.”’? Thename ‘‘Common Periwinkle’’ should be

applied to the original and widely distributed species L. littorea

and not to L. irrorata as in the Shell Book ; to the latter, the

name Dotted Periwinkle might be applied. The name Red

Periwinkle seems better than ‘‘ Rough Winkle,” for L. rudis,

for the shell, although usually more or less reddish, varies

from a grayish white to a dark brown (var. tenebrosa). The

Seaweed Periwinkle for L. obtusata palliata suggested by Dr.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Mayer is very appropriate from its habit of living among Fucus

or rock-weed. These are often called simply winkles, although

the latter term is often locally applied to a number of gastropods

more property included under Whelks. ;

The Century Dictionary says: A Whelk is a gastropod of the

family Buccinidae, in a broad sense, a buccinoid or similar

univalve with a spiral gibbous shell, whose aperture forms a

kind of spout and whose whorls are more or less varicose or

whelked.’’ Illustrations, Nassa reticulata and Nassa obsoleta.

Keep restricts the whelk to the genus Buccinum using ‘‘ Chry-

sodome’’ etc. for other buccinoids, ‘‘ Nassa’’ for the species of

Nassidae and ‘‘Purple’’ for the species of Thais (Purpura).

With the passing of the genus as used by Lamarck and the

preoccupation of the genus Nassa, it seems therefore best to

adopt the name whelk as defined in the dictionary and apply

it to all the buccinoid and muricoid shells. Buccinwm undatum,

the Common Whelk; B. cyaneum the Blue Whelk, Neptunea

decemcostata, the Ten-ribbed Whelk ; Colus stimpsoni ( Tritono-

Jusus or Sipho stimpsoni of authors), Stimpson’s Whelk ; Colus

pygmaeus, the Pygmy Whelk. To the genus Busycon (Fulgur)

has been applied the term Giant Whelks. The most suitable

names proposed for the species are Nodose Whelk (B. carica),

although the var. eliceans becomes spinose when adult ; Reversed

Whelk (B. perversum); Channelled Whelk (B. canaliculatum)

and Pear Whelk (B. pyrum). Locally the oystermen call them

winkles or wrinkles, while in other localities they are re-

ferred to as conchs. The species of Alectrion (Nassa) might

bear the following names based on their habits, Mud Whelk

(A. obsoleta); Sandy-mud Whelk (A. vibex) and Sand Whelk

(A. trivittata). For the common Thais lapillus (Purpura

lapillus) the name Rock Whelk seems more appropriate than

**Rock Purple,’’? and the western 7. saxicola might be called

the Western Rock Whelk, Urosalpinz cinerea is popularly known

as the Oyster Drill.

For the species of Crepidula I prefer the term Slipper Shells,

as the name implies, to that of boat-shells, quarter-decks or

deckers, and the names proposed in the Shell Book seem appro-

priate. The Arched Slipper Shell for C. fornicata, the Flat

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Slipper Shell for C. plana, and the Cup and Saucer Limpet for

Crucibulum striatum, also the Tortoise Shell Limpet for Acmaea

testudinalis.

Among the bivalves there is also much confusion in the

popular names, due to the restricted use of the names clam,

mussel etc. In New England the Clam is Mya arenaria and

Venus mercenaria ig known as the Quahaug. In the New York

market the former is called the Soft Shell Clam and the latter

the Clam or Hard Shell Clam. The Little-neck Clam is the

young of Venus mercenaria. The terms Long Clam and Round

Clam are also used for the two species. To avoid confusion it

seems best therefore to adapt a double name applicable to the

entire coast, the Long Clam or Soft Shell Clam for M. arenaria

and the Round Clam or Quahaug for V. mercenaria. To the

other species, Mya truncata, the name Truncate Clam might be

applied. Spissula solidissima (Mactra solidissima) is usually

referred to as the Surf Clam, also locally as the Beach or Hen

Clam. Arca campechiensis and its Var. pexata are called the

Bloody Clam from the color of its gills and circulatory fluids.

To Venericardia borealis (Cardita borealis) Dr. Mayer has given

the name Cod Clam, as it constitutes one of the foods of the

cod. To the Astartidae the term Little Brown Clams seems

appropriate and to the species Astarte castanea the Chestnut Clam

and to A. undata the Wavy Clam. Cyprina islandica known on

the New England coast as the Black Quahaug might also be

known as the Round Black Clam. Solemya velum has been

called by Dr. Mayer the Swimming Clam, from the ability of

the animal to move through the water for a considerable distance

without touching the bottom. This habit is more fully elabo-

rated by Professor Edward S. Morse in connection with the large

Northern Swimming Clam, S. borealis (Biol. Bull., xxv, 261,

1913). To the long narrow species the term clam is usually

replaced by the word shell, thus Ensis directus Conr. (E. ameri-

canus Gld.) is known as the Razor Shell. The fisherman of

New England call it the ‘‘Skate rock.’? To Siliqua costata have

been applied various names such as Sand-bar Clam, Flat Razor

etc. I prefer the name Ribbed Pod-shell. For Oyrtodaria siliqua

(Glycymeris siliqua) the name Northern Pod-shell. Tagelus

THE NAUTILUS. 91

gibbus (Solecurtus gibbus) has been called the Short Razor Shell.

The fishermen at St. Augustine, Fla., call it the ‘‘ Longarone,”’

probably a Spanish term referring to its length.

The term Mussels usually applies to the family Mytilidae,

but is also used in connection with the fresh-water clams

(Unionidae). Mytilus edulis is universally known as the Edible

Mussel ; Modiolus modiolus as the Horse Mussel and M. demissus

and var. plicatulus as the Ribbed Mussel. The scallops are

somewhat unfortunate in their scientific names. The Common

Scallop (Pecten irradians of authors) is now known as P. gibbus

var. borealis Say. If we have tocall our large species P. magel-

lanicus, we need not emphasize the fact by calling it the

** Magellan Scallop.’? It is known by our fisherman as the

Big or Deep-water Scallop ; the latter seems quite appropriate.

P. islandicus has heen called by Dr. Mayer the Arctic Scallop.

Piddock is a well-established English name for the species

of the family Pholadidae, but it has not been generally adopted

in this country, although used in most of the popular works.

The name Rough Piddock is applied to Zirfaea crispata (Zir-

phaea crispata), the Truncated Piddock to Barnea truncata

(Pholas truncata) and ‘‘ Angel’s Wings’”’ to B. costata. For

uniformity the name Ribbed Piddock seems more suitable for

the latter. The Wood-eating Piddock figured in the Shell Book

is a Martesia, probably M. cuneiformis Say.

It seems hardly worth while at present to attempt more than

to give popular names to the common or conspicuous species.

It also seems inexpedient to make it general. The idea is to

create a greater local interest in the subject ; therefore a proyin-

cial or faunal list of the common names of the species of the

Atlantic coast of the United States seems all that is necessary,

leaving the west-coast conchologists to improve their list of

common names if they think it desirable. With no national

association to take it up, this will have to be done by those in-

terested in the matter, and I shall be very glad to confer with

any one taking up the subject.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

THE MISSOURI RIVER AS A FAUNAL BARRIER.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Several years ago I published a note in ‘‘Science’’ on this

topic. It seems that this has not come to the attention of most

of the workers who are dealing with fresh-water pearly mussels,

and I therefore deem it wise to again call attention to it.

In our work during the Mississippi Valley Pearl Mussel In-

quiry, we found that the enormous amount of sediment carried

by the Missouri River formed an effectual barrier to the distri-

bution of the Unionidae. There, while the Mississippi and its

tributaries to the north of the Missouri River teemed with

aquatic life, careful search in the Mississippi below the mouth

of the Missouri, and the mouth of the Ohio, did not reveal a

single living Unionid. Dead specimens were also absent on the

sand bars south of St. Louis. The heavy load of mud carried

by the waters of the Missouri, yielding ? inches of sediment in

a three-inch tube, probably strangles these and other organisms.

We have, therefore, the curious condition of a river forming

a barrier to aquatic animals.

SHELL COLLECTING IN THE SIERRA NEVADAS.

BY HERBERT N. LOWE.

To see the Yosemite and the groves of Giant Sequoias had

been a dream long cherished during my thirty years residence

in California. Some dreams come true; and this summer my

mother and I drove there, with our ‘‘ Buick Six’’ well stocked

with camp outfit.

The early part of September is rather a dry and unpropitious

time for collecting mollusks in the mountains. Rock piles and

moist meadows were the most favorable stations. These lovely

Sierra meadows, filled with brilliant wiJd-flowers and sur-

rounded by noble forests of pine, cedar and fir, are the most

charming spots imaginable. One vainly hunts for words to give

an idea of the wonderful scenery of the Sierra Nevadas. Each

day was simply perfect, with clear warm sunshine and air sweet

THE NAUTILUS. 93

with odors of pine and fir ; an experience never to be forgotten

by the lover of nature.

Leaving the State Highway at Madera, we struck off through

the foothills on the Yosemite Road. About five miles west of

Raymond I made my first find of Epiphragmophora tudiculata

var. cypreophila in rock piles near the road. By the amount of

effort it takes to find these it seems to be rather a rare species.

At the old mining camp of ‘‘ Coarse Gold’’ we stopped for

lunch and a few Physa diaphana Tryon were found in the near-

by stream. Our stop for the night was at ‘‘ Fish Camp,”’ a

most beautiful spot, situated in one of the many Sierra meadows,

and headquarters for a large logging camp near by. A diligent

search was unrewarded by any molluscan species whatever.

However at Wawona, our next stop, I had better luck.

About half a mile south of the hotel is a small springy

meadow on a gently sloping hillside. Here under sticks were

five live Vertigo ovata Say ; Succinea stretchiana Bld. and Pisid-

ium, all ‘‘ side by each ;’’ a few of the very rare Vitrea or Euco-

nulus chersinella Dall were also found here with Euconulus fulvus

var. alaskensis Pils. A search of the upper end of the north

meadow resulted in some fine large Polygyra loricata Gld. and

Vitrina alaskana Dall, also a single specimen each of Vertigo

modesta var. castanea Sterki and Striatura milium var. meridionalis

Beek.

While in the Yosemite, a hike was taken to Vernal Falls,

and on exploring rock slides near there a few specimens of Epi.

tudiculata var. tularensis Hemp. were found in company with a

flattened form of Epi. hillebrandi which Dr. Pilsbry considers

new. In the thick moss near the Falls a few Vitrina alaskana

Dall had their happy homes. In a small meadow about

twenty miles from Yosemite on the Big Oak Flat Road, some

fine Pyramidula cronkheiti Newc. were living under small logs

in company with two Pisidiwm and a Sphaerium.

After our two delightful days at Wawona and the Mariposa

Grove of giant Sequoias, and four more in the Yosemite, we

took the Big Oak Flat Road out of the Valley as far as Crockers,

where the Tioga road leads over the pass into the Mono Lake

country and Western Nevada. One crosses the pass at an

94 THE NAUTILUS.

elevation of ten thousand feet where the snows never melt,

and only a half mile from the road is a real live glacier. From

the sudden change in scenery on the easterly side of the Sierras

one might fancy he was in the Swiss Alps. Mono Lake, over

ten miles across, with two volcanic islands in its center, is fair

to look upon; but the bitter waters are so charged with alkali

that no living creature can exist in it. Surrounded as it is by

snow-capped mountains, whose melting snows pour in on all

sides, its waters remain absolutely undrinkable. From Lake

Mono one travels through sand and sage brush to the lovely

pine-forested shores of Lake Tahoe. Here we struck the fine

Lincoln Highway leading to San Francisco. We crossed sev-

eral times the old emigrant trail. One pictured the days of

the hardy pioneers of the gold rush of ’49, the long trains of

oxen toiling up these terrible mountain trails, and contrast

the ease of our modern automobile transportation over good

roads and comparatively easy grades.

A stop was made by a spring on the Lincoln Highway about

twenty-three miles east of Placerville. The Hpi. mormonum var.

cala Pils. was found here. Under boards and sticks were

Polygyra columbiana, Goniobasis nigrina (the most southerly

locality reported) and a form of Polygyra loricata. This makes

the third instance on this trip where I noted land and fresh-

water species living side by side. On the return south from

San Francisco we stopped at Old Monterey to collect a few Epi.

californiensis in the sand-hills at Point Pinos and Epi. dupeti-

thouarsi at Cypress Point. The latter species seems to be get-

ting quite scarce owing to the attentions of the squirrels and

the cleaning-up of Cypress Point for picnic parties. All logs

and sticks carefully burned up leaves no place for Madam Snail

to rear her family. However, after diligent search some very

fine specimens of this handsome species were added to my

plunder.

For convenient reference a list follows of the species found

on this trip.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata cypreophila Newc. Rock piles five

miles west of Raymond.

E. tudiculata tularensis Hemp. Rock slides near Vernal Falls.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

EL. hillebrandi yosemitensis, new subspecies. Rock slides near

Vernal Falls.

Darker in color than typical hillebrandi ; more depressed in

form, and with a much wider umbilicus. The three specimens

found measure as follows :

Altitude 11 diameter 26 mm.

rea: ROe Sher eDeer

ind 10 cé 95 ce

E. mormonum cala Pils. Near Spring on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Near Spring on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra loricata Gld. New variety? on Lincoln Highway.

Polygyra loricata Gld. (typical). Under sticks on edge of

Wawona Forest.

Succinea stretchiana Bld. Wawona meadow.

Vertigo ovata Say. Wawona meadow.

Vertigo modesta castanea Sterki. Wawona meadow.

Striatura milium meridionalis Pils. and Ferriss. Edge of Wa-

wona Forest.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Meadow south of Wawona, also Big

Oak Flat Road.

Pyramidula cronkhitei Newc. Edge of Wawona Forest ; also

Big Oak Flat Road.

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils. Edge of Wawona Forest.

Vitrea chersinella Dall. Meadow south of Wawona.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Big Oak Flat Road and Moss near

Vernal Falls.

Physa diaphana Tryon. Stream at ‘‘ Coarse Gold.”’

Planorbis wmbilicatellus Ckll. Big Oak Flat Road.

Goniobasis nigrina Lea. Spring on Placerville Road.

Pisidium abditum Hald. Big Oak Flat Road.

Pisidium occidentale Newc. Big Oak Flat Road.

Sphaerium occidentale Prime. Big Oak Flat Road.

NOTES.

PLANORBIS DILATATUS AND P. samMpsoNI. Besides its greater

size, P. sampsoni differs from typical dilatatus by its very much

more widely open umbilicus. The two species seem to be fairly

distinct. Various forms which in collections are often referred

96 THE NAUTILUS.

to dilatatus are still of uncertain status. Among these are some

shells hardly distinguishable from multilineatus Van., occurring

as far east as Ohio and Pennsylvania. There is in eastern

Pennsylvania a form more depressed than dilatatus, with the

periphery sharply angular and central, the lip thin, umbilicus

wider than in dilatatus ; this form may be called P. d. pennsyl-

vanica (types 67477, spring near Glenolden, Delaware Co., Pa.,

coll. by E. G. Vanatta).—H. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A List oF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF THE ISLE

oF Pines, by John B. Henderson. Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, vol. 10, 1916. 35 species are recorded, 28 being land

shells. 16 species are special to the island, the two species of

Priotrochatella and two of Pineria being isolated types, not re-

lated to the Cuban fauna. The rest are Cuban species, or most

nearly related to those of Cuba.

Huntine Moruusca 1x Utan AnD Ipano, by Junius Hender-

son and L. E. Daniels. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., 1916,

pp. 315-339, 4 plates. This important paper is devoted chiefly

to the genus Oreoheliz. The field chosen is in northeastern Utah

and the adjacent part of Idaho, the scene of Henry Hemphill’s

remarkable finds, which excited the attention of conchologists

over twenty-five years ago. Hemphill’s localities were rather

indefinite, and his material was assorted in such a way as to

make the distinction between individual and racial variations

uncertain. The expedition of 1915 was therefore devoted to

search for his localities and to collecting in the same stations so

far as they could be determined. Nearly all of the Hemphill

species and other forms were rediscovered, and a large part of

the paper is devoted to the consideration of their characters and

values, the several forms being illustrated. New forms found

were : Oreohelix hemphilli eurekensis, O. strigosa form toolensis, O.

haydeni corrugata and O. tenuistriata. The discussion of Oreohe-

liz peripherica (including numerous Hemphillian varieties) may

be mentioned as particularly valuable. In the Oquirrh Moun-

tain but little good material could be found, as the range has

suffered severely from fires, and the Hemphill colonies have

probably been burned over.

To everyone studying Oreoheliz this paper is indispensable ;

but the discussion of variation in its relation to taxonomy,

pp. 317-320, will interest all who deal with such problems.—

BAnP.

WHE INAUTILUS.

VoL. XXX. JANUARY, 1917. No. 9

NOTES ON OPERCULUM EVOLUTION.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

Australian Museum, Sydney, N. 8S. W.

Conchological text books describe various styles of opercula

such as the concentric, lamellar, unguiculate, multispiral, pau-

cispiral, orarticulate. Yet little, if anything, has been said on

the inter-relation of these various forms. Woodward and

Fischer even warn their readers against trusting to opercula for

guidance in classification.

Dr. J. E. Gray had a clearer idea of the homologies and tax-

onomic value of the operculum than many of his successors.

In 1833 he showed that spiral opercula can only grow by rotat-

ing backwards on their axes, just as a spiral gasteropod shell

rotates backwards with regard to the columellar muscle. He

maintained that shell and operculum were morphological twins

representing the right and left valves of a pelecypod shell.

This hypothesis he supported by the correspondence in the

appearance of the operculum early in embryonic life, by the

right-hand spiral of the shell reflected in the left spiral of the

operculum, or vice versa, by structural resemblance and by the

frequent mutual gain or loss in solidity or complexity. The

muscle between the columella and operculum may be compared

to the adductor muscle of a bivalve, while the operculigerous

lobe answers to the mantle.

Among recent writers Thiele supported this view ; on the con-

trary, Huxley disputed Gray’s homology and asserted that the

gasteropod operculum was equivalent to the bivalve byssus.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

But Houssay in 1884 showed that it would be more correct to

compare the byssal gland of the bivalve foot to the mucous gland

of the gasteropod foot than to its operculum.

In molluscan ancestry the operculum should be of high antiq-

uity, for not only was it possessed by ammonites, but it exists

in the tubicolous worms. Perhaps the valves of a chiton indi-

cate metameric repetition of what in the gasteropod developed

as shell and operculum. A detailed history of the growth of

the gasteropod operculum is lost in records of geological time.

Gray erred in considering the annular operculum to be the sim-

plest pattern. It is here advanced that its apparent simplicity

is that of degeneracy. Theround, multispiral, horny operculum

worn by Pleuwrotomaria and Trochus, though actually far ad-

vanced, is yet the most primitive operculum found among recent

gasteropoda.

From a gland that secretes new matter on its growing edge,

this multispiral operculum must be carried backwards rapidly.

By ‘‘rapidly’’ is meant that it describes many revolutions in a

lifetime. Let rotation be slowed down, and the product wil] be

the paucispiral operculum. To maintain this kind of operculum

with on area equivalent to that of the multispiral type, each

spiral has to be greatly broadened. The shape has now changed

from round to oblong. So starting from a round, quickly-turn-

ing operculum, the first stage in evolution, or retrogression, pro-

duces an oblong, slowly-turning operculum. It is suggested

that this type of operculum is associated with forms like Littor-

ina, Cerithium or Natica, in which other organs, such as the gill

plume, radula or nervous system have not attained extremes of

differentiation.

Again, let rotation continue to slow down, till the operculum

ceases to revolve upon its muscle. The product, an operculum

without axial movement, may now proceed along different lines

of development. In one direction it adds fresh growth upon all

sides and becomes concentric as in Vivipara, Vermetus, or Char-

onia. In another direction the increase is confined to one side

and may result ina lamellar operculum like that of Thais, or

an unguiculate one like those of Strombus or Pyrene. 1 expect

that when traced to early stages, both the lamellar and ungui-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

culate types will be found to arise from paucispiral nuclei.

These extremes of operculum development are seen to be corre-

lated generally with advanced development of other organs. A

final stage is here apt to occur in which the operculum is alto-

gether lost.

The course of evolution here sketched has not marched regu-

larly through the gasteropod phylum. On the contrary it is

suggested that in several different groups the operculum has

strayed independently along this road of degeneracy.

A SHELL HUNT IN THE BLACK RANGE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF

A NiW OREOHELIX.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

A stop-over at Deming in the summer of 1915, to shake hands

with Dr. Swope, deflected the firm of Pilsbry & Ferriss in their

snail explorations from the Mogollon Mountains, via Silver City,

to the Black Range, via Cook’s Peak. Samuel D. Swope, M. D.,

promoter of civic prosperity, friend of conservation and science,

knew the unexplored snail country, and with bake ovens and

tactful advice sent us to the biggest mountain range in New

Mexico.

Cook’s Peak, one of the earliest land-marks of California

overland emigrants, interesting botanically and historically, had

no encouragement for us in conchology. At the post office of

Swarts, on the Mimbres river, we transferred from a heavy

wagon and its mule team to a pack train of horses, sufficient

for two ladies, two men and a camp outfit. In that exchange

we got Teodoro Solis, formerly of Chihuahua, the best packer

and camper alive.

A large colony of Ashmunellas was found in the foot hills.

The next day at Mitchell Gray’s mining cabin on Silver Creek,

well up the side of Sawyer’s Peak, both Ashmunellas and Oreo-

helix came out to meet us a few feet from camp. We reveled

here a week or so with the snails of Sawyer and then followed

the continental divide northward, Sierra county on the right,

Grant county on the left.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

At the Reed ranch, head of Black Canyon, I was left to finish

the Black Range alone. The Doctor had made engagements in

California and the ladies had schools and conventions calling

them to Joliet. Teodoro safely loaded my companions into an

auto at the Hot Springs resort and upon his return the work

was continued for another month by way of Black Canyon,

Diamond Creek (where we were detained briefly by enormous

speckled trout), then over the range eastward, making our first

camp at the ranch of Teodoro’s brother near Chloride.

This was the forest primeval. The trail ran about nine to ten

thousand feet in elevation and the yellow pine, Douglas fir,

spruces and quaking asps were large and thick. It was our

highest and wildest range to date. The cattle, wild and keen

of scent, are trapped for slaughter in corrals with swinging gates,

something like monster turkey-traps. Black and silver-tipped

bears, and mountain lions were plentiful. A couple of untamed,

off-the-reservation Apaches also were hiding in what seemed

to be our best snail coves. We saw one a few seconds

but did not catch him. Deer and turkey were fairly abundant,

and the whole country is marked by interesting historical events.

Near here Dr. Fewkes had dug some of his most valued speci-

mens of prehistoric pottery. At one point a train of pack burros

had rolled down into the Las Animas country. During our

short stay two saddle horses also rolled down into that cavern

of lost souls. In one of the gulches the bones of an unknown

soldier had lain so long his clothing and a roll of money were

destroyed by the weather. On the Kingston trail a bear dropped

out of a tree upon a packer and killed him. Here Apache Kid

had robbed and burned a miner’s cabin, and at another point,

lying in wait behind a rock, he shot a miner in the back ; and

when we dropped down into Chloride we met the men who fol-

lowed this same Apache Kid into the San Mateo range and

killed him—saw the mule that packed their dunnage, and lo-

cated the men in Chicago who sent Kid’s head to the Yale skull

and bone fraternity. Also saw the carcass of a bull that killed

a ranch-owner’s saddle horse, and was killed and pried off the

angry and pompous owner by an efficient cowboy.

I soon found myself in the whirl of Black Range society. Off

THE NAUTILUS. 101

upon an independent excursion of my own a mad cow ob-

structed the right of way. The law was upon my side but I

knew the peculiarities of Spanish half-breed cattle well enough

to get behind a tree, and did my best. Going around the tree

rapidly, I kept behind it all but once and then in a fleeting

second was fairly introduced. Grasping her heartily by the

horns, I shook them ; but the impulsive creature was really over-

whelming in her attention, and upon her knees walked all over

me. This spot is now marked, and it is quite a large one.

Luckily the same cowboy with his 45 that killed the bull, came

up the trail and with a bang released me from further embar-

assment. Pride only received a jolt. My horsehide coat was

co w-proof.

Again when alone, and my thoughts were far away, just at

dusk, a robust mountaineer from the Great Smokies came into

camp to show me the mummied right hand of the last man who

climbed the trail to take him back to Tennessee. Asa stranger,

and a little timid, it was my part to show that I had no partic-

ular interest in the specimen ; but those mountaineers possess

keen insight into the minds of the tender-feet and I presume

the camp site is marked also. However, the dwellers of the

high and lonesome will never find the spot where I lay out the

rest of the night watching to see if that uncanny naturalist was

coming back with any more fragments of his specimen.

After leaving the limestone gulches of Sawyer Peak, shelis

were rare. Sonorellas take kindly to granite ; but there are no

Sonorellas in this range. Ashmunellas are also friendly to

granite; but the Oreohelix split. Ore. cooperi, the quaking-asp

fiend, and Ore. depressa, are found in all rocks and under down

timber ; but Ore. metcalfi and Ore. chiricahuana never leave the

limestone, neither do any of the Holospiras. Very seldom also

have any two of the same genus been found in the same colony.

Never with Holospiras, and with Ashmunellas only when a

toothed and a toothless form come together. In the Black

Canyon region I found a very few individuals of Ore. cooperi in

with colonies of Ore. depressa and we also found this great

rambler occasionally in the limestone with colonies of Ore. met-

calfion Sawyer. In Southern Arizona we have found two and

102 THE NAUTILUS.

three species of Sonorellas in large slides. Asa rule it is one

species at a time in the south-west, and it is a surprise, great

luck, if more than one genus of those noted above turn up in

any one colony. With the little fellows it is different. They

have some peculiarities, but as a rule go it as they please, hit or

miss.

In the limestone foothills, while mining, Teodoro had seen

shells. We went to the exact spots, both at Chloride and Her-

mosa, but no traces of shells were there. The fumes of the

smelters, blasting, chickens, loss of timber, disease, starvation

or something, had removed them from that vicinity. In a hill

on the Little Palomas I found two bones of Oreohelix, but two

hours of hard digging did not find any more signs. Of Holo-

spiras there were plenty.

At Chloride the proprietor of the Oliver mines told us he had

seen fossil shells deep in the dirt at his camp. Here seemed to

be a good place to get at least well-preserved bones, and after

our return from a side trip to the Cuchillo range, Monticello,

Animosa Canada and the San Mateo range, we visited Mr.

Oliver’s camp. This happy spot is located on Mineral Creek,

five miles above Chloride, in a narrow belt of limestone. Under

the limestone spawls and fallen timber live shells were abundant.

We ate our lunch at a maiden-hair spring, picking shells and

water cress during the process. The fern (Adiantum capillus-

veneris) had pinnae an inch wide, a form that has been wrong-

fully catalogued from the Grand Canyon of Arizonaas A. tenerum,

the Florida apecies. A branch of the stream southward, with

hard limestone and a dry hillside, had no shells. The belt

northward was not examined.

I returned to Deming via Hermosa, Las Animas Canyon,

Hillsboro, and Kingston. The story of the findings will be told

jointly in another article, but I desired to name this ribbed,

gaudy and hard-to-find species of Chloride all by myself, in

honor of one who has encouraged me so much to spend more

than thirty of my vacations in bear, cow and catamount coun-

tries :—

OREOHELIX PILSBRYI, n. sp.—With numerous spiral beaded

cords, this belongs to the haydeni school of sculpturing. In

THE NAUTILUS. 103

color it is unevenly blotched white and horn color, a few ex-

amples opaquely white. When blotched or mottled, the cords

and growth wrinkles are often white, thus intensifying the con-

trast between the two colors. Spire elevated, whorls depressed

and sharply carinated. Spiral cords from 5 to 9, with two

strong cords or one strong cord between two smaller cords, above

the periphery. Fine spiral striae between cords, strongest on

the under surface. Growth wrinkles strong, 2 to 6 per mm., a

large wrinkle about every one and one-half mm. gives the under

surface a checkered effect. Whorls 44, umbilicus small, funnel-

shaped, not cylindrical, all whorls visible to the apex. Embryo

whorls 24, darker-colored, smoother than later whorls but

plainly marked by spiral cords and oblique growth wrinkles.

Mouth oblique, and in older individuals lip sometimes stained

yellow. In the aged the last whorl often drops half below the

periphery.

Alt. 10, diam. 17.5 mm. (No. 112918a, A. N.S. P.)

eeeen ee.) 2S Tom.

Type specimens in my own collection and in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

These shells had an enemy which broke an irregular hole in

the upper surface of the shell, about 2 mm. in diameter. I

have not noticed this form of destruction in other colonies of

land shells.

THE NATURE OF THE CONICAL BODIES ON THE MANTLE OF CERTAIN

NUDIBRANCHS.,

BY W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 57.

A study of the supposed ‘‘ warning”? coloration of brilliantly

pigmented nudibranchs as represented by Chromodoris zebra

Heilprin, has incidentally made clear the previously unknown

significance of the ‘‘ white conical bodies’’ which occur on the

posterior ventral surface of the mantle of this species and give

ita beaded appearance. Since white nodular structures of a

presumably similar character have been noted upon the mantle

104 THE NAUTILUS.

edge of other tropical nudibranchs, the function of these organs

as worked out in C. zebra is probably identical among all the

species in which they occur.

The bodies in question are in fact glands, which store a spe-

cial secretion concerned in protecting the nudibranchs from the

attacks of preying enemies. They are, in a functional sense,

comparable to the repugnatorial glands of the littoral pulmonate

Onchidium, although their mode of action is different. They

occur, usually 5, 6 or 7 in number, immediately over the

‘*tail.’? In some instances 10, 12, and even as many as 19, of

these organs have been noted. The manner of their distribu-

tion strongly suggests that 5, and in some cases 7, specialized

regions exist which give rise each to one of the conical bodies.

The central gland of the 5 or 7 is situated in the median plane

of the body. It is significant that the increased number of the

organs, when they exceed 7, is usually (if not invariably) asso-

ciated with some injury, such as would be occasioned by the

bite of a fish, which has removed a portion of the gland-forming

area of the mantle.

Not all the bodies on a single animal are of the same size, one

or more being sometimes quite minute. The definite pattern

according to which they are arranged is preserved even in cases

where one or more of the glands is totally suppressed.

Each of the glands is provided witha pore. In rare cases

two pores have been found upon a single gland. The pores are

surrounded by a sphincter. When Chromodoris is violently

disturbed in any way, its consistent reaction is to withdraw the

gills and rhinophores, to erect the lateral edge of the mantle,

and to turn under, ventrally, the posterior part of the mantle

bearing the glandular organs. At the same time the glands

become turgid, through the contraction of their muscular in-

vestment, the pores being then more prominent. If the irritat-

ing stimulation is continued, there issues from the pores of one

or more of the glands a white creamy secretion, which is not

dissolved by sea water. It is composed mainly of globules of

an oily substance. The secretion is not acid, but is neutral to

litmus.

When the glands are stimulated individually with induction

THE NAUTILUS. 105

shocks, they respond by pouring out their secretion, and the

same reaction occurs, on stimulation, when the portion of the

mantle which bears them is detached from the rest of the animal.

Chromodoris behaves with reference to these organs in sucha

way as to point to their importance in the animal’s economy.

The characteristic ventralward inbending of this portion of the

mantle, so different from the boldness with which its lateral

borders are thrown into prominence when the creature is dis-

turbed, inevitably suggests a reflex of a protective kind. The

nature of the conditions which determine their discharge leads

one to regard the glands as repugnatorial in function. Careful

study of the results of feeding these mollusks to fishes and var-

ious invertebrates has demonstrated that these bodies cannot,

however, represent the sole source of offensive secretions. A

repulsive material, histologically and microchemically resemb-

ling that found in the conical glands, constitutes in fact part of

the secretion which proceeds from the whole integument of

Chromodoris, but particularly from the lateral portions of the

mantle. It is noteworthy that in many individuals there are

to be observed, especially over the region of the mouth and

tentacles, minute white bodies occurring on portions of the

ventral mantle surface remote from the conspicuous white

papillae. These bodies also give rise to the white secretion.

Such facts lead one to consider that the g!ands at the posterior

end of the animal are merely the expression of a specialized

development of the repugnatorial function which is the common

property of the whole dorsal and lateral integument. The ex-

posed location of the papillae also negatives the supposition that

the glands may be the primary seats for the elaboration of the

repugnatorial material, to be secondarily transported to other

regions of the animal’s surface. As a matter of experimental

test, these nudibranchs when totally deprived of the beaded area

of the mantle remain unimpaired in their ability to develop a

protective distastefulness for fishes and invertebrates.

The repulsive character of the contents of the glands is read-

ily established by controlled feeding tests in which food frag-

ments are smeared with the secretion. Such morsels are invar-

iably rejected. It remains doubtful, however, if this emulsion

106 THE NAUTILUS.

of substances represents the only repugnatorial material pos-

sessed by Chromodoris. It seems possible that the oily element

of the secretion is particularly involved in the production of the

curiously penetrating odor which the nudibranch emits, and

that some other substance is also concerned in determining the

general distasteful quality.

Incidentally, the glands cannot be implicated in any mutual

attraction between individuals at the time of pairing, for ani-

mals from which the glandular equipment has been completely

removed, are found to mate readily and deposit normal egg

masses.

I have commented above on the suggestive appearance of pro-

tection evidenced by the inturning of the posterior beaded border

of the mantle. A closer analysis shows, however, that any pro-

tection which is in this way afforded to the conical glands is

purely incidental. For if the projecting ‘‘tail’’ of the nudi-

branch is stimulated (as with induction shocks), the beaded

portion of the mantle is not rolled under upon itself, but is

spread out so that the openings of the glands point in the gen-

eral direction of the irritated area. Their discharge under these

circumstances may occasionally be seen. I therefore believe

that the ventralward inflection of the gland-bearing portion of

the mantle is primarily a reaction having to do with the normal

discharge of the glands. When the nudibranch is attacked at

the side, or anteriorly, the glands are thus given an opportunity

to discharge a part of their contents in an appropriate direction.

A full account of these observations wili be published later.

Agar’s Island, Bermuda.

THE ANATOMY OF CONTRADENS CAMBOJENSIS (SOW.) (NAYADES).

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

Two specimens, male and gravid female, from Petchaburi,

Siam, are at hand, received from B. H. Bailey, and collected

by Dr. E. B. McDaniel.

These specimens agree very well with Unio cambojensis Sow-

erby (Conch. Icon. 18. Unio. 1866, pl. 42, f. 231), in general

THE NAUTILUS. 107

shape, color of inside (rose color), and sculpture of outside.

Frierson, who has seen these shells, also thinks that they belong

to this species.

Simpson (Descript. Catal., 1914, p. 1013) makes this a syn-

onym of U. rusticus Lea (1856), and places it in the genus

Nodularia. But Lea’s shell is larger, heavier, has more ele-

vated beaks, and coarser and more obscure sculpture. This is

also evident from the figures of rusticus given by Haas (Syst.

Conch. Cab. 9. Heft 44, 1911, pl. 21, f. 2-5 , where the spe-

cies is placed in the genus Contradens Haas.

Haas (I. c. Heft 48, 1913, p. 173) defines this genus by the

sculpture of the shell, and chiefly by the character of the hinge

teeth, and describes the anatomy of two species (C. hageni

Strub. and verbecki Bttgr.), which agrees fully with that of the

European Unio. However, the glochidia are peculiar in not

having a spinulose, triangular hook, but a swelling of the lower

margin covered with fine spinules arranged in vertical rows.

(This undoubtedly is a primitive structure, which, in its further

development, leads to the hook of Unio and of the Anodontinae).

Of the septa, Haas says that they are ‘‘ well developed.”’

Anatomy of my specimens of Contradens cambojensis :

Anal opening separated from the supraanal opening by a

moderate mantle connection ; supraanal very short, anal with

inner edge nearly smooth ; branchial opening with papillae on

inner edge. Analand branchial openings separated by a gill-

diaphragm, of the normal Unionid-type. No special structures

on mantle edge in front of the branchial opening. Pualpi sub-

falciform, large, their posterior margins united for two-thirds or

almost three-fourths of their length.

Structure of gills Unionine, but in the male and in the inner

gill of the female, the septa are extremely weak and scarce,

almost absent.

The outer gill of the female is marsupial in its whole length, and

when charged, moderately swollen, with sharp edge. Septa are

present, and stand close, forming water tubes, but the septa are

incompiete. interrupted, so that the water-tubes (ovisacs ) commu-

nicate with each other. In the charged and distended mar-

supium, the septa practically are replaced by rows of somewhat

108 THE NAUTILUS,

irregular, subcylindrical, transverse pillars between the two

laminae. This interrupted character extends through the whole

gill, and by the arrangement of these pillars in rows, parallel to

the gill-filaments, their homology with the septa of the Union-

idae is indicated. There are no secondary water-tubes.

The glochidia (pl. 4, fig. 10) fill the whole interior reticulate

space in the gill, and they do not stick together so as to form

distinct placentae. Their shape is very peculiar: transversely

elliptical, nearly kidney-shaped, 7. ¢., the outline is subelliptical,

with one long side of the ellipse slightly cut away by the hinge

margin. Thus they are much longer than high: L., .025, H.,

.021 mm. In addition, on the posterior end (the end nearer the

adductor muscle), there is a gentle emargination, but only on

one valve (right or left?), thus producing a slight gap on the

margin. The ventral margin does not show any indications of

a thickening or of the presence of spinules (such as figured by

Haas in Contr. verbecki, pl. 22, f. 4).

There is no question that, according to shell characters, this

species ought to be placed in Haas’ genus Contradens. Also the

anatomy agrees up to a certain point, with the exception, that

here we have not ‘‘ well developed’’ septa in the marsupium,

but the septa are perforated or interrupted. This is a condition

previousiy observed in the Unioninae: Hyriopsis and Gonidea

(see Ortmann, Navtitus, 380, 1916, p. 86 and p. 50). It is

possible that Haas has overlooked this character, and that a

similar structure is more often found in Asiatic Nayades. At

any rate, Haas’ figures of horizontal cross sections of the gills

of Rectidens prolongatus Drouét (pl. 26, f. 4) and of Acuticosta

chinensis Lea (pl. 80, f. 7) suggest this (text not yet published).

And further, the glochidia of Contr. verbecki (Haas, pl. 22, f. 4)

are entirely different, as mentioned above.

For the present it is well to leave this species in Haas’ genus

Contradens, but for the final arrangement of these and the allied

forms, the following facts are paramount :

1. According to its general anatomy, it belongs to the subfamily

Unioninae of the family Unionidae.

2. The perforated or interrupted character of the septa of the

marsupial gills is a peculiar feature, which has been observed

in this subfamily, only in the West American genus Gonidea,

and in the Asiatic genus Hyriopsis, but which is a general char-

acter in the subfamily Hyriinae of the family Mutelidae (South

America and Australia).

3. The glochidia are quite peculiar, differing from those de-

scribed for Contr. verbecki, and being dissimilar to any known

Nayad glochidium.

Mae NAUTILUS.

Von. XXX. FEBRUARY 1917. No. 10

RAFINESQUE’S GENERA OF FRESH-WATER SNAILS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The rules of nomenclature now in force allow the resurrection

of some generic names which were formerly thought to be dead

and buried, among them several of those of Rafinesque. It

seems desirable, therefore, to fix the types of all of them, so

that inevitable changes, however unwelcome, may be made,

once for all.

Rafinesque has the reputation of having been a misunder-

stood and neglected genius. It is lucky that we had few such

geniuses. One or two others would have practically scrapped

the nomenclature of our fresh-water shells. But science is

democratic. Fool, lunatic and savant have the same considera-

tion in nomenclature. This is not the fault of the rules; it is

inherent in democratic institutions.

Returning to Rafinesque, we may fairly claim that he was

versatile, an all-around zoologist and botanist, besides several

other things. In common with Lamarck and others of his

school, he saw clearly that the vast increase in the knowledge

of nature in the half-century since Linnaeus demanded an

expansion of the Linnaean generic system.

His best work was apparently in ichthyology. In writing of

mollusks he seemed unable to express himself clearly, either in

English or French. His generic descriptions are often mere

words. One gains an idea of what he was driving at with the

greatest difficulty. Each diagnosis is a cryptogram. What

wonder that really scientific zoologists of the time, such as Say,

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Lea, Barnes, turned from his writings bewildered and con-

temptuous.

Enthusiastic lover of Nature, indefatigable explorer of wild

and sparcely peopled regions, in advance of his time in taxo-

nomic instinct, Rafinesque missed being a zoological genius by

his obscurity of expression, his careless haste and his incurable

confusion of ideas.

This seems a heartless estimate of a life devoted to science ;

but for the time being, I speak impersonally, and merely of his

relation to molluscan nomenclature. His high spirit under

crushing misfortune, that is beyond praise.

MELANIDIA Raf., Analyse de la Nature, 1815, p. 144. Sub-

stitute for Melania Lamarck, therefore taking the same type, M.

amarula (L.).*

Puysina Raf., loc. cit., substitute for Physa Drap., type Physa

fontinalis (L.).

LapHRostoMA Raf., loc. cit., substitute for Neritina Lam.,

type NV. meleagris Lam.

VIVIPARELLA Raf., loc. cit., substitute for ‘‘ Vivipara Lam.,”’

type Helix vivipara Linn.= Viviparus vivipara (L.).

PLEUROCERA Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. etc., III, 1819, p.

355. No species described in the original publication. Subse-

quently Rafinesque described Pleurocera verucosa (Annals of

Nature, 1820, p. 11) which has been selected as type by Han-

nibal (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., X, 1912, p. 169). This is

Angitrema verrucosa of Tryon.

EviipstoMa Rafinesque, American Monthly Magazine, etc.,

IV, p. 42, 1818 ; Journ. de Physique, etc., Bruxelles, vol. 88,

p. 424, 1819. Type E. gibbosa Raf., selected by Hannibal,

1912 ; Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., X, p. 168. The prior name

Ellipsostoma de Blainville was not a generic but a family name,

hence does not affect the status of Ellipstoma.

The description of this genus recalls Angitrema of Tryon’s

monograph (Strepomatidae). Mr. Hannibal has identified £.

gibbosa Raf. with Angitrema geniculata (Hald.), a species not

1 Types of this and the following three names fixed according to Art. 30,

sect. Ilf of the International Code.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

known to occur within about 200 miles of the localities assigned

by Rafinesque for Z. gibbosa (Ohio and Wabash), and in a

different drainage. Tryon thought LZllipstoma was Anculosa.

Other guesses (we did not call them identifications) made inde-

pendently by Dr. Bryant Walker and the writer did not agree,

and Dr. Dall declined to make a specific identification. It may

be that others, with keener discernment, may arrive at a result

satisfactory to themselves; but it seems to me unwise to base

nomenclature upon a diagnosis of such doubtful application.

Ambloxis Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., III, p. 355, 1818.

The diagnosis of this genus agrees better with the group usually

known as Melantho or Campeloma than with any other of the

region, and no doubt it had the species subsolida Anth. or a

related form as a basis. Rafinesque mentioned, but did not

describe, A. ebuwrnea and A. ventricosa. Mr. Binney, in Land

and Fresh-water Shells II, p. 45, figured Lymnula ventricosa and

Iymnea eburnea from Rafinesque’s MS. work Conchologia Ohio-

ensis, both being placed in the synonymy of Melantho decisa.

Binney mentions also, that ZL. eburnea was figured under the

names Ambloxis, Amblostoma, or Lymnulus major, or Lymnea

eburnea, by Rafinesque, in the MS. work mentioned.

I select, therefore, the species eburnea Raf. as type of the

genera Ambloxis (Raf., 1818) Amblostoma (Raf. MS. in Binney,

1865) and Lymnulus (Raf. MS. in Binney, 1865). Amblozis

eburnea Raf. appears to be Paludina subsolida Anth., or possibly

some closely related form. As the species was in no way de-

fined by Rafinesque, remaining a nude name until Binney

figured it in 1865, it will become a synonym of Anthony’s

species.

Dr. Theodore Gill (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1864, p. 152)

recognized Ambloxis as identical with Campeloma, but said that

the ‘‘insufficiency of the generic diagnosis as well as the want

of connection with any described species will prevent its adop-

tion.’? This was before Binney’s publication.’ Tryon (Amer.

1Dr. Walker suggests that Gill had seen Binney’s advance proofs, and did

not make an independent identification. Binney, however, only mentioned

Ambloxis incidentally.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Journ. Conch., I, 1865, p. 82) identified Ambloxis with Melantho

(of American authors).

As Ambloxis has been recognized as ‘‘Melantho’’ by three

thoroughly competent authorities, Gill, Tryon and Binney, and

the latter author has figured a species to serve as its type, it

appears that we will be obliged to adopt Ambloxis as a generic

term to replace Melantho and Campeloma.

AmBLoxus Raf., Enum. and Account, etc., 1831, p. 8. Fol-

lowing the description of Melania rugosa Raf., and preceding

that of Melania viridis Raf., Rafinesque wrote :

‘*T leave the name of Melania to the shells with opening

obtuse at the end, or they may form the 8. G. Ambloxus.”’

In an earlier paper he had mentioned ‘‘ Melania Lam.’’ In

the sentence quoted, he defined Melania and Ambloxus in one

and the same phrase, so that they are necessarily identical.

The type of Melania, M. amarula (L.), becomes automatically

the type of the subgenus 4mbloxus Raf., and it is here desig-

nated as such.

Neither of the two species of ‘‘ Melania’’ which Rafinesque

defined by diagnoses of less than two lines length, has been rec-

ognized. M. rugosa is probably one of several plicate species of

the region indicated by him, and it will never be possible to say

which, as his type-specimen is not known to exist, and no exact

locality was given for it. When a complete collection of the

shells of Licking River is available, it may be possible to guess

at the specific identity of WM. viridis, which is described thus :

‘*Suboval, smooth, five spires, end obtuse, opening oblong.

Fine shell, one inch, green, from Licking River.’’

This is clearly a species of Campeloma (Melantho), a genus

which Rafinesque had named Ambloxis in 1818. From this, it

seems likely that Ambloxus was merely a lapsus mentis for

Amblomis.

In case it be ruled that Ambloxus is not equivalent to Melania

Lamarck, but must be restricted to one of Rafinesque’s species,

then the type will be Melania viridis Raf. ; and Ambdloxus (1831)

will become a synonym of Amblowis (1818).

Melania virginica (Gmel.), nominated as type of Ambloxus

by Mr. Hannibal, was not mentioned or implied by Rafinesque,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

is certainly distinct from both of his species, and therefore can

not be considered in this connection.

.OxytreMA Raf.,- Journ. de Physique, etc., vol. 88, 1819, p.

423. No species mentioned. Not identifiable. The descrip-

tion of aperture suggests Angitrema armigera, but the shape

assigned excludes that species, and also Jo, which has been

suggested by Mr. Hannibal.

CaMPELOMA Raf., loc. cit., p. 423. Monotype C. crassula

Raf. This species has been synonymized with Paludina pon-

derosa Say, but on wholly insufficient grounds. It is more like

P. subsolida Anth. which often has the ‘‘summit acute.’’ It is

not so in ponderosa. Moreover, subsolida is often sinistral.

This condition must be very rare in ponderosa. I have never

seen a sinistral one, and none is on record. However, nobody

could pretend to identify such a specific description positively.

Campeloma becomes a synonym of the earlier Amblozis.

OmPHISCOLA Raf., loc. cit. p. 423. No species mentioned.

Under Opinion 46 of the International Commission, no type

can be selected for this genus, since no species ‘‘can be recog-

nized from the original generic publication.’’ Beck, 1837,

selected Lymnaea glabra (O. Mill), a species outside of Rafi-

nesque’s assigned territory. Dall (1905) suggests that it may

have had Lymnaea reflera, Say, as a basis, but does not assign

that as type. In my opinion, it cannot be positively identified.

Lymnuta Raf., 1. c., p. 423. New name for ‘‘Zymnea Auct.”’

Type therefore L. stagnalis.

EsprpHy.ua Raf., Jour. de Physique, vol. 88, 1819, p. 423.

Monotype E. nympheola Raf. Probably imaginary, but suggests

Succinea slightly.

Leptoxis Raf., loc. cit., p. 424. No species was mentioned

by Rafinesque, but the terms of the diagnosis can hardly be

applied to anything but Anculosa or Somatogyrus. In his mon-

ograph of 1848, Haldeman used Leptoxis in place of Anculosa ;

this identification being supported by figures in Rafinesque’s

unpublished MS., Conchologia Ohioensis, possessed by him.

Desiring to retain the name Anculosa, I laid the case before

several persons, expert in questions of nomenclature, whose

verdict was in favor of Leptoxis. The type of Leptoxis will be

Anculosa praerosa Say.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

CycLEMIs Raf., loc. cit. Species C. minutissima and C. oliv-

acea, undescribed. C. olivacea here selected as type. Undeter-

minable, but the type may be Viviparus intertextus Say.

OMPHEMIS Raf., loc. cit. Species O. lacustris and O. phaioxis

Raf., undescribed. Type O. lacustris here selected ; not deter-

minable, but provisionally it might be identified with Viviparus

contectoides W. G. B. I think that Cyclemis and Omphemis were

based, at least partly, on Viviparus.

Lomastoma Raf., loc. cit. Monotype L. terebrina Raf. Not

determinable. Imaginary ?

EutreMA Raf., loc. cit. Monotype E. terebroides Raf.

Mythical?

Dup.icaria Raf., Atlantic Journal etc., No. 5, p. 165, 1838.

Monotype D. bonariensis Raf.—=Chilina fluminea (Maton).

SUMMARY.

AMBLOXIs will have to be used for the genus commonly known

as Melantho or Campeloma ; Campeloma, and in part, Amblozua,

becoming synonyms.

PLEUROCERA replaces Angitrema (of Tryon’s monograph), at

least for species congeneric with verrucosa. (Pleurocera of Tryon

will become CERIPHASIA Swainson).

Leproxis will replace Anculosa.

All of the other names which I have been able to identify

become synonyms of genera of earlier dates.

A COLOR-MARKED EUCONOSPIRA FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF

MISSOURI, AND A LIST OF REFERENCES TO COLORATION IN

FOSSIL SHELLS.

BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MO.

An examination of the extensive series of Pennsylvanian

fossils from the vicinity of Kansas City, Missouri, in the Uni-

versity of Missouri collection, brings to light two specimens of

gastropods retaining traces of coloration. The material comes

from the odlitic layer of the Drum member. The odlite is light

buff or gray and the greater number of its many fossils are of

the same light color. The shell which I figure on the accom-

PLATE III

THE NAUTILUS, XXX.

EUCONOSPIRA MISSOURIENSIS (SWALLOW).

GREGER

NAC LUS, AAKX \

\ | SP)

rat \ \

j \ —

N *

.) 0

14 OXNYCHONA ( \ RRUNOT\

HOLOSPIRA \ \ MA N

THE NAUTILUS. 115

panying plate is probably one of the best preserved examples

of Swallow’s ‘‘ Trochus’’ missouriensis yet collected, and the

ornamental color pattern consists of revolving bands, the outer

or peripheric band dark, and the inner (upper) one light. On

the base of the shell the color is still better preserved ; a central

umbilical space is light, followed by adark band. This in turn

is followed by another light band, and the outside, or periph-

eric, band is dark, ason the upper surface. The ornamentation

of this species is further increased by a series of still darker

curved bands that follow the gracefully curved growth-lines of

the shell.

In his description of this species Professor Swallow states

that ‘‘the surface is highly polished and beautifully cancel-

lated ’’ and that ‘‘it still retains its pristine luster.’? The shell

of which he thus wrote is preserved in the University collection

(Type No. 928, paleontological collection, University of Mis-

sourl) and while its surface is highly polished and exquisitely

cancellated only a slight trace of the bands of color that orig-

inally adorned it are present.

After removing a mass of odlite by which the base and part

of the spire of the figured specimen were concealed, and its

beautifully polished surface was revealed, I could well appreci-

ate the feeling of the great English paleontologist, Davidson,

who in describing a color-marked Brachiopod says: ‘‘ When we

reflect how vivid, beautiful and varied must have been the tints

which once adorned the now black and dingy fossils, we are

delighted when by some fortunate accident, some remains of

that color is faintly preserved upon a shell which has for almost

countless ages been concealed from the sight of man.’’ I will

not attempt to suggest what the original tints were that adorned

this species ; however, the colors as preserved upon the speci-

men are a light pearl gray and chestnut brown, in the revolving

bands, and in the curved rays following the growth lines a dark

chocolate brown to black.

In the list of references to coloration which follows, the writer

has not in any sense attempted a compiete bibliography of the

subject. Further search through the German and _ Italian

literature, to little of which he has bad access, will undoubtedly

bring to light other references.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

1836. Phillips, J.—Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire,

Pt. 2,) pps226; 229;; 230. Pl. 15, fie 2,UP116,) figs. i6.p10)

1842. Archiac, E. J. A. D. de St. S. d’ and Verneuil, E. de—

Trans. Geol. Soc., London, Vol. 6, p. 346, Pl. 27, fig. 6.

1844. Koninck, L. G. de—Description des Animaux Fossiles,

pp. 329, 895-396, 397-3898, 406, Pl. 23, figs. 4 a-b, 31,

figs. 1 a-c, 36, fig. 5.

1851. Davidson, T.—On the classification of the Brachiopoda,

British Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, p. 58.

1855. Davidson, T.—Oolitic and Liasic Brachiopoda, British

Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, p. 6.

1858. Davidson, T.—The Carboniferous Brachiopoda, British

Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 2, p. 18, Pl. 1, figs. 6, 9, 16.

1859. Davidson, T.—The Carboniferous System in Scotland

characterized by its Brachiopoda, The Geologist, Vol. 2, p.

ATS 2 he. (2. Dee. 1859:

1860. Davidson, T.—The Carboniferous System in Scotland

characterized by its Brachiopoda, The Geologist, Vol. 3, p.

238, June, 1860.

1860. Swallow, G. C.—Descriptions of new fossils from the

Carboniferous and Devonian rocks of Missouri, Trans. of

the Acad. of Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. 1, pp. 657-658.

1862. Deslongchamps, E. Eudes—Etudes Critiques sur des

Brachiopodes nouveaux ou peu connus, Fascicule Ist, pp.

23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 37.

1869. Marsh, O. C.—On the preservation of color in fossils

from Paleozoic formations, Proc. Amer. Assoc., Vol. 17,

for 1868, pp. 325-326.

1871. Kayser, L.—Notiz uber Rhynchonella pugnus mit Far-

benspuren aus dem Eifler Kalk, Zeitschrift der Deutschen

geologischen Gesell, Bd. 23, pp. 257-265.

1880. Davidson, T.—Supp. to the Permian and Carboniferous

Species, British Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 4, Pt. 3, p. 268,

Ply a0) nee 2a. bye.

1887. Oehlert, D. P.—Fischer’s Manuel de Conchyliologie,

Appendice Brachiopodes, p. 1196.

1887. Waagan, W.—Palaeontologica Indica, Series 138, Salt

Range Fossils, Vol. 2, pp. 699, 701, Pl. 74, figs. 1, 4, 8.

1890. Keyes, C. R.—Preservation of color in fossil shells, THE

Navtitus, Vol. 4, July, 1890, pp. 380-31.

1892. Hall, J., and Clarke, J. M.—An introduction to the

study of Brachiopoda, Eleventh Annual Report, New York

State Geologist, p. 150.

1896. Ruedemann, R.—Note on the discovery of a sessile Con-

ularia, American Geologist, Vol. 17, pp. 158-165.

1896. White, T. G.—The faunas of the Upper Ordovician

THE NAUTILUS. 117

strata at Trenton Falls, New York, Transactions New York

Academy of Science, Vol. 15, p. 85.

1906. Raymond, P. E.—An Ordovician Gastropod retaining

color markings, THe Navutiuus, Vol. 19, pp. 101-102, text

figs.

1908. Greger, D. K.—A new Devonian Brachiopod retaining

the original color markings, American Journal of Science,

Vol. 25, pp. 3138-314, text figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7.

1908. Raymond, P. E.—The Gastropoda of the Chazy Forma-

tion. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. 4, pp. 212-

213, Pl. 55, figs. 16, 17.

1911. Cleland, H. F.—The fossils and stratigraphy of the

Middle Devonian of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geol. and Nat.

Hist. Survey, Bull. No. 21, pp. 69, 73, Pl. 12, figs. 3, 4,

Oh. ta figs. 8,9.

1912. Girty, G. H.—Notice of a Mississippian Gasteropod re-

taining coloration, American Journal of Science, Vol. 34,

pp. 839-340, Pl. 1, figs. 9, 10, 11.

1913. Zittel, Karl A. von—Text Book of Paleontology, 2nd

Edition, p. 367.

1914. Weller, S.—Mississippian Brachiopoda, Monograph

No. 1, Illinois Geol. Survey, pp. 477-478.

1914. Roundy, P. V.—Original color markings of two species

of Carboniferous Gastropods, American Journal of Science,

Vol. 38, pp. 446-450, Pl. 3, figs. 1-13.

1914. Greger, D. K.—On the retention of the original color in

fossil Brachiopods, THE Navtitvs, Vol. 28, pp. 93-95.

A NEW HEMPHILLIA AND OTHER SNAILS FROM NEAR MT. HOOD,

OREGON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

During an outing at Tawney’s Hotel, on the Salmon River,

12 miles from Mt. Hood, elevation 1600 ft., Mr. J. G. Malone

found a number of snails, among them a new slug, which may

be described as follows.

HEMPHILLIA MALONEI n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 9.

Most like H. camelus externally. The general color is dusky

drab, becoming blackish brown on the tail. There are a few

small black spots along the sides of the mantle, which has a

very large opening exposing the shell. Pneumostome is about

118 THE NAUTILUS.

midway of the mantle. Behind the mantle there is a short

median impressed line, flanked by obliquely decurrent lines ;

followed posteriorly by irregular, coarse granulation, the end of

the tail then becoming carinate. The pedal furrows rise be-

hind, as in H. camelus, and there is no horn above their junc-

tion, and no specialized caudal mucous pore. The shell consists

wholly_of yellow periostracum, whatever lime it contained hav-

ing been dissolved by the preserving fluid (formaldehyde). The

mantle is smooth. Total length preserved in formaldehyde 33

mm.; length of mantle about 16 mm.; width of the sole 4.3

mm. Length of the shell about 10.5 mm.

The short penis (pl. 4, fig. 9) is produced laterally in

an ample pocket which contains a large ‘‘ papilla’ attached

distally, as shown by dotted line in the figure. There are also

some smaller fleshy processes. The penial retractor (r. p.) is

inserted at the origin of the epiphallus (epi.), as in H. camelus.

The duct of the spermatheca (sp.) is narrow, as in H. glandulosa.

H. danielsi Vanatta (Proc. A. N. S., Phila. 1914, p. 867) from

Montana differs externally by having a smaller shell pore, and

internally by the entirely different shape of the penis, with the

penial retactor inserted on the epiphallus. The duct of the

spermatheca is wide. The organ figured as a penial gland, in

Mr. Vanatta’s fig. 2, is apparently homologous with the large

lateral penial pocket or sack of H. malonei.

Locality, Tawney’s Hotel, on the Salmon River, 12 miles

from Mt. Hood. Collected by J. G. Malone, August, 1916.

Collection Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., No. 115577.

This species resembles H. camelus in external appearance and

by having the penial retractor inserted at the apex of the penis.

It is more like H. glandulosa in the shape of the penis and the

slender duct of the spermatheca.

One of the specimens had been extensively gnawed, evidently

by the type specimen. Another, which had been confined in

the same box, disappeared. Probably the survivors knew

where their companion went.

Mr. Malone found the following snails in the same neighbor-

hood :

Ariolimaz sp. (common, but not collected).

THE NAUTILUS. 119

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray.

Polygyra columbiana Lea.

Pristiloma sp., fragment.

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea.

Circinaria sportella hybrida Ancey.

Goniobasis plicifera silicula Gld.

PHILOMYCUS IN ARIZONA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the course of our desert journey of 1910, the Santa Rita

Mountains, in southern Arizona, were visited. The party

(Messrs. Ferriss, Daniels, and the writer) camped at the head

of Agua Caliente canyon, somewhat above the 7000-foot contour.

A two-day trip was made eastward across Madera canyon, and

over the saddle north of Old Baldy, dropping down the eastern

slope of the range to about the 6800-foot line. Some slugs

picked up here (our Station 17), were thought to be all Agrio-

limaz, but on closer inspection, three Philomycus were found in

the lot. It isa new genus for Arizona ; in fact, the place is over

a thousand miles southwest of any record in this country. The

species may be called Philomycus (Pallifera) arizonensis, n. sp.

It is 20 mm. long, the sole 1.8 mm. wide. Color: above bister,

below snuff brown (in alcohol). Jaw with few ribs. Type

and two smaller specimens are No, 115575, A. N.S. P.

HENRY MELVILL GWATKIN.

Professor H. M. Gwatkin, widely known as a special student

of molluscan radule, died during the first half of November.

He was born at Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England, July

30, 1844, and was educated at Shrewsbury School and St. John’s

College, Cambridge. He took his B. A. at Cambridge in 1867,

and was a Fellow of St. John’s College from 1868 to 1874,

Theological Lecturer from 1874 to 1891, and Dixie Professor of

Ecclesiastical History from 1891 to the time of-his death. He

was Gifford Lecturer at Edinburgh, 1903-05, and in 1897 re-

120 THE NAUTILUS.

ceived the honorary D.D. degree from Edinburgh. In 1882 he

published ‘‘ Studies of Arianism.’’ It is very interesting to find

that a man who thus gave his life to theological studies, should

have chosen for his hobby such a subject as the radule of the

mollusca. His collection, which I was permitted to examine

when in Cambridge some years ago, is amazingly rich, doubt-

less far exceeding any other. He was indefatigable in securing

material from all over the world, and was able to prepare good

mounts from animals long dried in the shell. Unfortunately

the shells themselves were not usually preserved, so in case of

doubtful identifications there will be no ready means of con-

firming the assigned names. It is understood that the whole col-

lection has gone to the British Museum.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

NOTES.

Common Names : Speaking of common names reminds me of

the time I lived in Branford, Connecticut. I used to hear the

name ‘‘Squaw Clam’’ frequently. I found the name originated

from the fact that in the duck season the old squaws fed on

these forms. So I made up my mind to find out what a squaw

clam was. I tried Mulinia lateralis with one man: I got ‘‘ yes,

that’s it.’’? Tellina tenera with another, ‘‘ yes, that’s it,’? Macoma

with another, ‘‘ yes, that’s it.”’ Idon’t know how many species

I tried, but I found that squaw clam embraced so many that

no genus would hold them.—H. W. WINKLEY.

LIMAX ARBORUM IN A CoLoRADO GREENHOUSE.—In a green-

house at Boulder, devoted principally to the growing of tropical

orchids, numerous slugs have recently appeared, and have

proved extremely destructive to the plants. I have before me

a Cattleya flower absolutely ruined by them. There is every

reason to believe that the slugs came with a consignment of

orchids from Denver, but how they reached Colorado remains

unknown. The species is Limaz arborum, as I was able to con-

firm from an examination of the penis-sheath, which shows the

so-called flagellum very well. The specimens are very uniform,

all belonging to the variety subrufa LeComte, having the body a

rather pale and translucent reddish, mantle with the usual

black bands and a nebulous or evanescent median one, back

with two grey bands, lateral bands not developed. It seems

that this particular form is common in Belgium, and it may be

supposed that it reached America with garden plants from that

country.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

Me NAUTILUS.

VoL. XXX. MARCH, 1917.

No. 11

LOBOA BRUNOI N. G., N. SP., A LAND SHELL FROM THE BRAZILIAN

ISLAND OF TRINITY.

BY DR. HERMANN VON IHERING.

The present Director of the Brazilian National Museum at

Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Bruno Lobo, has rendered to science an

excellent service in accompanying, with some employees of that

museum, the expedition which in the present year was under-

taken by the Admiralty for political and military reasons. It

will be a matter of great interest to know the geological and

biological results of the expedition.

Dr. Bruno Lobo has kindly charged me with the study of the

Mollusca which have been collected by the expedition. I shall

give information on the matter in the official publication, but

there is one point which I desire to communicate immediately

to my competent friend, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, hoping to hear his

opinion. Among the marine shells I have found also a small

land shell, which evidently inhabits this island. The shell is

quite intact and not worn in its sculpture, but of a chalky white

aspect not rare in shells exposed to an arid environment. The.

shell is of a stenogyroid habitus and seems to me the represen-

tative of a new genus of the family Achatinidae. I give here

the description accompanied by a figure.

LoBoa BRUNOI n. g., n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 7.

The shell has a conic-turreted form and is of rather solid

texture, perforate, of a dirty chalky-white color. The whorls,

123 THE NAUTILUS.

in number 73, are convex and separated by adeep suture. The

last whorl is a little longer than the spire, descending only at

its end. The apex is obtuse, first ascending then descending,

smooth, shining. The two embryonic whorls are sculptured

with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and numerous very fine

pores, which exist also in some of the following whorls. The

whorls of the spire are ornamented with feeble longitudinal ribs

which are somewhat irregular and sometimes bifid and with

numerous impressed spiral lines. The aperture is small, some-

what oblique, occupying one-third of the total length of the

shell. The peristomeis sharp, simple, the columellar lip dilated

above, reflected, somewhat thickened and covering the umbilical

chink. The parietal callus is broad, white, and forms a straight

line connecting the outer lip with the columella, with which it

forms an obtuse angle.

The length of the shell is 19.5, the diameter 7.3, the alt. of

the aperture 6.5, the diameter of the aperture 4 mm.

The unique specimen, found at the Brazilian Island of Trin-

ity, is kept in the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. The

species is dedicated to my distinguished colleague, Prof. Dr.

Bruno Lobo, Director of the National Museum of Natural His-

tory and Anthropology at Rio de Janeiro.

House de Joinville, Est. de St. Catharine, Brazil,

20th of September, 1916.

PLEUROCERA SUBULARE LEA.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Lea’s Melania subularis! came from the Niagara river. It is

a shell common to the waters of Lake Erie, especially the north-

ern and western shallows. A form, recognizable superficially as

different, occurs in the lake tributaries. These river shells, as

a rule, are lighter of structure, less polished and, whorl for

whorl, somewhat larger than lake shells. The percentage of

dark shells in the streams is, I would say offhand, lower than in

1Philos. Trans. IV., p. 100; 1831.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

the lake. But the differences are so slight that they do not

warrant distinction even as a sub-species.

I believe it was this stream form that Anthony had before

him when he described his Melania neglecta,‘ from the Great

Miami river, ‘‘ near Dayton, Ohio.’’ The descriptions of subu-

laris and neglecta might be interchanged and cause little or no

perplexity to the student. In September, 1916, I collected in

the Great Miami at Tadmor, about ten miles north of Dayton,

and in January last, collected over exposed gravel bars of the

river at Dayton itself. Save that there seem to be an unusual

number of distorted specimens among these shells, I cannot see

any marked differences between them, and recognized subulare

of the lake drainage. Anthony mentioned two varieties, one

banded, the other ‘‘ plain, horn-color, or with bands but faintly

indicated by an almost imperceptible difference of color in the

interior of the mouth.’”’ Heavy specimens of this latter variety,

with ‘‘remarkably expanded outer lip,’’? were separated by Lea

under the name Trypanostoma labiatum.* In the Tadmor lot, I

have specimens running from thin attenuated forms to the ro-

bust labiatum of expanded lip, banded and unbanded, all of the

same colony. In a family so variable as the Pleuroceridae,

there can be little justification for Lea’s action, if only because

the dignifying of one form with a name makes it a duty to

name the other forms—a business that would pile up the no-

menclature like ore-heaps around a blast furnace.

Melania intensa Anthony * is simply a “‘ purple-black”’ variety

of subulare. Such shells occur more or less commonly in local-

ities where subulare flourishes. I collected nearly a handful in

the Wabash river at Logansport, Ind., last year. One can get

black and partly black shells. In a sending by A. J. Brown

from Spring river, Fulton county, Ark., was a specimen black

from apex toa little beyond the beginning of the last whorl.

At that point the animal seems to have run out of coloring

matter, finishing the shell in pale yellow.

1 Ann, Lye. N. Y., p. 128; March, 1854.

?Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 174; 1862.

5 Reeve, Monog., sp. 371.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

In the synonymy of subulare may be included Trypanostoma

pallidum Lea.* This is merely an extreme form, such as occurs

somewhat rarely among fresh-water Gastropoda. It represents

an old-age development, denied to all except a few animals of

unusual vitality or unusual good luck in escaping hardships

and enemies. Judging by the figure in Tryon’ (the description

suggests difficulties) Melania tracta Anthony, placed by Tryon

in the synonymy of Pleurocera elevatum Say, is the pallidum

stage of subulare growth.

Pleurocera subulare is probably the most widely distributed

member of its genus, inhabiting from easternmost Ontario to

Minnesota, Kansas and Arkansas. East of the Mississippi it

does not appear to go below the line of the Ohio river. Con-

sidering the variableness of the family, the characteristics of

this species are remarkably constant. There is slight difference

between the subulare of the Great Lakes region and that of

streams of northern Arkansas.

The synonymy of this species may be set down as:

Melania subularis Lea, 1831.

Melania tracta Anthony, 1850.

Melania neglecta Anthony, 1854.

Melania intensa Anthony mss., Reeve, 1860.

Trypanostoma pallidum Lea, 1862.

Trypanostoma labiatum Lea, 1862.

A NEW HOLOSPIRA FROM CHIHUAHUA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

HOoLosPIRA BRYANTWALKERI n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.

A species of the subgenus Haplocion. The shell is rimate,

cylindric, the upper third tapering, summit mucronate. Very

pale flesh-colored. Sculpture of closely set riblets, narrower

than their intervals, very straight and retractive on the upper,

1Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 173; 1862.

? Monograph of Strepomatidae, Washington, p. 96; 1873.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

arcuate on the lower whorls. Thereare 43 riblets on the penult

whorl. In the conical part of the spire the riblets are partly

hollow, and broken down in places. The whorls are quite con-

vex, and in the lower part of the conical portion they overhang

a little. The last whorl is well rounded below, and carries the

aperture forward shortly in advance of the ventral outline of

the shell. Aperture is small, almost circular, a little oblique,

with a quite flat, reflected and continuous lip. The internal

axis is simple.

Length 19.5, greatest diam. 5.3 mm.; 14% whorls remain, the

embryonic whorls being broken off. Aperture 4 mm. long,

measured outside peristome.

Rio Conchos, Chihuahua, Mexico, not far above its confluence

with the Rio Grande, collected by Mr. B. H. King, 1912.

This species is larger than any similarly sculptured Haplocion.

An entire specimen would have about 17 whorls, with a length

of slightly over20 mm. The holotype isin coll. Bryant Walker,

no. 36935.

With the preceding there were two specimens figured in pl. 4,

fig. 5, which appear referable to H. pasonis Dall. The riblets

in the last whorl are slightly closer than in a specimen of the

original lot of pasonis, but I can find no material difference.

They measure :

Length 21.6, diameter in the middle 6.6 mm.; 114 whorls.

Length 21.4, diameter in the middle 6.1 mm.; 113 whorls.

NOTES ON THE BIFASCIATA GROUP OF OXYCHONA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The genus Ozychona contains conic, acutely carinate, thin and

light-colored snails of eastern Brazil, evidently arboreal, distri-

buted from the Province of Rio to that of Bahia. Although

very similar in shape to the Helicid genus Papuina, I was led

to place the group in the Bulimulide, near Drymexus and

Zaplagius, by the characters of the teeth and embryonic shell.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Dr. von Ihering, who considered the group in a valuable paper’

has confirmed this classification.

Having occasion lately to go over the specimens in the Acad-

emy collection, it became evident that the synonymy of O.

bifasciata, the most widely known of them, had been made too

comprehensive by Pfeiffer, who has been followed by subse-

quent authors. Certainly two, probably three species seem to

have been lumped ; though closely related they appear to be

distinct. References to the literature may be found in Manual

of Conchology V, p. 128; XI, p. 181; XIV, p. xxxvii, 154.

Partial Key to species of Oxychona.

a Last whorl descending deeply below the keel in front ; shell

pitted above the keel and suture; aperture with a rather

long ‘‘spout,’’? the lip but slightly expanded above it,

white ; alt. 15, diam. 22 mm., between Rio and Campos,

State of Rio de Janeiro. O. lonchostoma (Mke. ).

a’ Last whorl not descending in front.

b. Shell higher than wide. O. gyrina.

b’. Shell wider than high.

c. Lip above the angle well expanded and calloused

within ; outlines of spire nearly straight; peri-

tome white or pale pink. O. bifasciata (Burr).

c’. Lip scarcely or not expanded above the angle,

sinuous.

d. Peristome white or pale pink, basal margin

rather wide; ‘‘spout’’ moderately developed.

O. bosciana (Fér. ).

d’. Peristome rose-colored throughout, basal mar-

gin narrow. Spout longer.

O. pyramidella (Wagn.).

I have not seen lonchostoma, gyrina or typical pyramidella, all

of them described nearly a century ago, aud not recorded by

any subsequent collector. O. mimarum is not sufficiently

known to contrast with the figured species. Notes on the other

species and their subspecies follow.

1Analyse der Siid-Amerikanischen Heliceen. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila., XV, 1912.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

OXYCHONA BIFASCIATA (Burrow, 1815). Pl. IV, figs. 4, 8.

This is described by Burrow as ‘‘ white with two purplish

brown transverse bands and a dark brown apex. Inhabits Per-

nambuco.’’ The figure, shows the outer lip to be expanded

and thickened within ; it measures, length 18, diam. 18 mm.

Specimens in collection of the Academy are variously banded

(pl. IV, figs. 4, 8), and have two very small dark spots behind

the upper lip in two specimens, none in two others. The upper

lip is well expanded, calloused within, the callous thicker near the

periphery, giving the inner edge a sinuous contour. The basal

lip is wider than in blanchetiana, and the last whorl is barely

concave above the keel, not pinched out as in blancheliana. The

outlines of the spire are almost straight. In one of the four ex-

amples the tip of the apex is dark. In one of the specimens

the lip has the faintest roseate tint, which becomes distinct at

the columellar insertion. The others have a white lip ; and this

was no doubt the typical color, as a colored lip would have

been mentioned by Burrow.

Length 15, diam. 16.4 mm.; 64 whorls.

Length 15.4, diam. 17 mm.; 64 whorls.

OXYCHONA BOSCIANA (Férussac).

Férussac’s figured type shows dark bands a short distance

below and above the periphery, another below the suture ; the

upper two bands spreading into blotches behind the lip; spire

slightly concave, and the latter part of the last whorl strongly so

near the periphery, causing the aperture to be conspicuously

produced, spout-like. The upper lip is sinuous, and not at all

expanded. Length about 164, diam. about 21mm. _ Lip white.

Helix bosciana was mentioned in the Prodrome, but first defined

by three figures in the Histoire naturelle, pl. 64, fig. 1. This is

one of the old plates, drawn by Bessa and engraved by Coutant.

I do not know the date of issue, but it was probably not long

after 1820.

OXYCHONA BOSCIANA BLANCHETIANA (Moricand, 1833). Pl. IV,

figs. 2, 3.

Mem. Soc. de Phys. et d’ Hist. Nat. de Genéve, vi, p. 539,

py 1, i 3.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

This is the best known form. Typically it is white above,

with two dark blotches behind the lip, but as often there is also

a narrow dark band a short distance below the suture, and

sometimes an interrupted one above the carina. The base has

a band, often split, near the periphery. Upper lip not expanded.

Lower lip reflected, white or faintly pinkish. Outlines of spire

concave. Length 17.4, diam. 19.5, or somewhat smaller.

This form was collected by Blanchet in the environs of

Bahia. It appears to differ from typical bosciana only in color,

and its status as a subspecies is very dubious. It is probably

a mere color-form of bosciana.

Hidalgo has figured another variety of bosciana, collected by

the Spanish Expedition around Rio Janeiro, which seems rather

out of the range of the species (Viaje al Pacifico, Moluscos, pl.

1). It is evident that the species has various local color-races,

about which we know very little at present.

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA (Wagner, 1827).

This is a form having the general shape of bosciana, with two

bands above, one below the periphery of the last whorl. The

aperture seems to be produced outward in a narrower spout than

in bosciana, upper lip apparently not expanding, and the whole

lip rose-colored. The habitat given is the province of Bahia,

‘‘in sylvis mediterraneis inter montem sanctum et flumen 8.

Francisci.’’ The figures are rather poor, and series of speci-

mens are needed to determine whether it is to be ranked asa

subspecies of bosciana or as a distinct species.

OXYCHONA PYRAMIDELLA CURRANI Bartsch. PI. IV, fig. 1.

See Nautitus for September, 1916, p. 53. Rio Grungugy,

Province of Bahia. Figures of the type of this handsome race

are now given. It differs conspicuously from blanchetiana by

the more pinched keel, the longer external spout of the aperture,

more sinuous, broadly rose-bordered lip, and other features fully

described by Dr. Bartsch. The microscopic sculpture is the

same. It appears to be more elevated than O. pyramidella, with

somewhat diverse color-pattern.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

OXYCHONA MIMARUM Ancey.

Oxychona bifasciata var. mimarum Anc., Le Nat., 1901, p. 93.

Pilsbry, Man. Conch. XIV, p. 154. This unfigured form from

Minas Geraes 1s probably specifically distinct. Not seen by the

writer.

A LIST OF MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT CASTLE ISLAND, BOSTON.

BY SHIELDS WARREN.

Castle Island, Boston Harbor, is an interesting collecting

ground owing to the number of mollusks that flourish there

under the adverse conditions necessarily present in a great sea-

port. The main channel to the inner harbor passes the island,

and every ebb-tide strands much of the water-front debris on its

shores. Although the island would seem an unfavorable habitat

for even hardy mollusks, it is one of the best collecting places

for nudibranchs in the vicinity of Boston. In the early spring

considerable numbers come there to breed, particularly Acantho-

doris pilosa and Lamellidoris bilamellata, and I have found scat-

tered specimens of these and other species from October to June.

The shore of the island on the east and south is sand and

gravel with scattered boulders, and is sand and mud, with

patches of eel-grass, elsewhere. Between Castle Island and City

Point are extensive mussel flats; and clay, dredged from the

neighboring channel and dumped beside the bridge, contains

numerous valves of oysters and quahaugs similar to those found

in the excavations for the Boylston Street Subway. Litorina

littorea is very plentiful on the rocks and is gathered by the

Italians forfood. The imbricated form of Thais lapillus is fairly

abundant.

Below is a list of the mollusks I have collected on the island,

and which seems to be fairly representative of the whole of

Boston harbor. Species marked with an asterisk have not been

obtained living.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Ostrea virginica.* | Crepidula plana.

Pecten magellanicus.* Cingula aculeus.

Anomia aculeata. Litorina littorea.

Anomia sinvplex. Latorina obtusata palliata.

Mytilus edulis. Titorina rudis.

Modiolus modiolus. Lacuna vincta.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus.* | Urosalpinaz cinereus.*

Clidiophora gouldiana. Thais lapillus.

Venus mercenaria.* Alectrion obsoleta.

Ensis directus. Alectrion trivittata.

Mesodesma arctatum. Colus stimpsonit.

Mya arenaria. Aeolidia papillosa.

Saxicava arctica. Coryphella rufibranchialis man-

Acmaea testudinalis. anensis.

Polinices heros. Palio lessonii.

Polinices triseriata.* Acanthodoris pilosa.

Crepidula fornicata. Lamellidoris bilamellata.

Crepidula glauca. Lamellidoris muricata.

MARTYN’S UNIVERSAL CONCHOLOGIST.

A copy of this rare work has recently been obtained by the

Boston Society of Natural History. Bernard Quaritch, in de-

scribing this copy in his catalogue, says—‘‘4 vols. atlas 4to,

with colored frontispiece, 2 engraved plates of medals and 160

plates containing 822 colored figures. Contemporary tree-calf,

neaily rebacked. With the [John] Townly book plate.

‘‘The copy agrees with that in the British Museum (Natural

History) and is quite complete. The complete work in four

volumes is very rare although the first two are comparatively

common. Even Sir Joseph Banks was unsuccessful when en-

deavoring to obtain the entire work. Evidently Martyn only

completed copies by order. Other than the copy offered, only

one example has occurred for sale by auction in London since

1895 and I have been able to trace the sale of only eight copies

for upwards of 50 years prior to that date. The Roscoe copy

sold for £32 2s. 6d. and the Fonthill example for £52.10 s.’’

The Society’s copy cost £21.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Dr. Wm. H. Dall in the Proc. U. 8. National Museum, 1905,

vol. 29, pages 415-432, gives a very interesting account of

Thomas Martyn and an exhaustive description of the first two

volumes, containing 80 plates, based on a copy in the U. 8S.

National Museum and a similar copy in the Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences, Philadelphia. In the publication, 1907, vol. 33,

pages 185-192, Dr. Dall gives some supplementary notes, based

on a copy in the library of Mr. John B. Henderson of Wash-

ington, also consisting of 80 plates, together with some notes

received from Mr. Charles Hedley referring to a four-vyolume

copy in the Australian Museum, Sidney.

The size of the copy in the U. S. National Museum is 11 x

12% inches and the one in the Academy of Natural Sciences is

12% x 10% inches, while Mr. Henderson’s copy is 16} x 164

which is the size of the copy obtained by the Society. The

latter copy has in Vol. I, the first and second engraved title

pages both dated 1784, the engraved dedication to the King,

introduction preface and letter including 39 pages, two plates of

medals, and explanatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. II has

only the second title-pages same as in Vol. I, 1784, and ex-

planatory table of the 40 plates. Vol. III has only the first

title-page, same as in Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of

the 40 plates. Vol. IV has only the first title-page, same as in

Vol. I, 1784, and explanatory table of the 40 plates. Dr. Dall

says the first two volumes were issued in 1784, Volume III in

1786 and the work completed probably in the spring of 1787.

In the Society’s copy, in the explanatory table for Vol. IV,

figure 135 is (Cochlea) denrachates not dentrachates and figure

187 is (Cochlea) caelata not cretata as given in the explanatory

table of the copy in the Australian Museum. In the Henderson

copy Dr. Dall says plate 59 has two views side by side. In

the Society’s copy only one view is given. All of the other

plates agree with that copy.

In the Navritvs, vol. 22, p. 72, Mr. S. S. Berry refers to a

copy comprising four volumes in the library of the Leland Stan-

ford Junior University. This work lacks the explanatory table

for the plates of the fourth volume. This is apparently the

only other set of four volumes in America. In 1913 Mr. Berry

132 THE NAUTILUS.

obtained a copy of the first two volumes of this work (Nautt-

Lus, Vol. 27, p. 95). In the same volume of THE Navti.us,

page 107, Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburg, described a copy

in his library. The two volumes are bound in oneand trimmed

to 103 x 13,4 inches. The sizes of the bound volumes appar-

ently vary according to individual tastes. The size of the title

pages in the Society’s copy would not admit of trimming; the

plates of medals are about 14 x 11 and the explanatory tables

11? x 11 inches; the actual size of the paper on which the

plates are printed is 11 x 134 inches, but the ruling or ‘‘ neat-

line’’ surrounding the shells varies between 7 x 103. The

plates are mounted on a heavy blue-gray paper.—C. W. JoHNsON.

NOTES.

ASTARTE QUADRANS AS FOOD FOR FLOUNDERS :—While walking

along the beach on the ocean side, North of Provincetown, Cape

Cod, I chanced to come upon a complete dried skeleton of the

common flounder. The flesh had been removed by the beach

crustacea etc, so that no muscle or entrails was visible, except

the dried ligaments which held some of the bones together. In

the space where the stomach had been, was a pile of Astarte

quadrans, eighty-six valves in number, varying in size from the

adult 9/20 inch to 3/20 inch, all in good condition and the

majority having intact the ligament connecting the valves.

Not a specimen of any other shell was present, although in the

locality where the flounder lives are found several species of

small shells.

This shows one of three things, viz :—that this fish had the

ability to discriminate ; or had found a spot where only this

shell existed ; or an epicurean fondness for ‘‘ little-neck’’ As-

tarte.—J. Henry BLAKE.

Mr. Horace F. CARPENTER began in September of 1916 to

install his collection of shells in the upper south room of the

main building of the Roger Williams Park Museum, Providence,

R. L., and at this date upwards of 4,000 species have been placed

on exhibition.

He IN AUELLUS.

Vou. XXX. APRIL, 1917. No. 12

THE STATUS OF THE GENUS SUBULARIA MONTEROSATO.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In 1853, H. & A. Adams published in vol. 1, pp. 237-238

of their work on the ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca’’ the genus

Leiostraca, defining it in the following manner :

‘*Shell turreted, subulate, flattened, widest from side to side,

polished, smooth, semipellucid ; sides with a thin varix ex-

tending as far as the apex of the spire; aperture oblong, en-

tire ; inner lip distinct, callous, slightly sinuous in the middle ;

outer lip flexuous.

‘* Ex. L. bilineata, Alder, pl. 25, fig. 3. Shell, LZ. Metcalfei,

A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

‘‘The most curious circumstance about the type of this genus

is the fact of its being compressed from before backwards, with

a varix on each side, as in Bursa and Pythia.

‘* Species of Leiostraca.

acuta, Sow. Mindorensis, Adams and Reeve

bilineata, Alder solitaria, C. B. Adams.

bivittata, H. and A. Adams subulata, Donov.

(bilineata, Adamsand Reeve) wnilineata, Adams and Reeve

fulvocincta, C. B. Adams varians, Sow.’’

Metcalfei, A. Adams

Since the characters of the genus are based upon the shell,

and pl. 25, fig. 3 shows the head of an animal only, while fig.

3a, Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. shows the shell characters above

defined, we may take Leiostraca metcalfei A. Ad. as the type of

the genus. Even if we were to admit all the species listed by

134 THE NAUTILUS.

H. & A. Adams as a possible field for type selection, Leiostraca

metcalfe. A. Adams is the only one that meets the full charac-

terization of their genus, all the others being members of the

genus Strombiformis Da Costa, 1778.

Unfortunately, Albers, in his Die Heliceen, p. 156, 1850, used

the name Leiostracus, which was considered homonymous with

H. & A. Adams’ Leiostraca by Monterosato in his paper on

Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di alcune Conchiglie Medi-

terranee, p. 103, 1884, where he published the substitute name

Subularia with the statement ‘‘ (= Levostraca, H. e A. Adams,

18538, non Leiostracus Albers, 1850).’’? Subularia metcalfei (A.

Adams) therefore became the type of Subularia Monterosato.

The whole may be condensed into the following formula:

Subularia Monts., 1884, type Subularia metcalfei (A. Ads. )=

Leiostraca H. & A. Adams 18538, type Leiostraca metcalfei A.

Ads.; not Letostracus Albers 1850.

Since Subularia and Strombiformis have been sadly confused in

the past, I add a copy of a figure of the type of Subularia (pl. 5,

fig. 2), and of a typical Strombiformis (pl. 5, fig. 1, Strombi-

formis lapazana Bartsch).

A NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSK LOCALITY IN NEW MEXICO.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In the spring of 1916 Dr. Max M. Ellis, with Messrs. G. C.

Roe and B. Jaffa as assistants, while collecting fishes in New

Mexico, found a deposit containing many small land and fresh-

water shells. It is in the bank of the North Spring River,

about two and a half miles below (east of) Roswell. The valley

was evidently at one time deeper than now, but had been partly

filled by mud, sand and fine gravel. More recently the stream

has cut into the deposit to a depth of fifteen feet. The thick

fossiliferous stratum is at the base of the bluff, extending into

the water and possibly far below, and is covered by about ten

feet of soil, chiefly adobe. Twenty pounds of the weathered

material yielded (in addition to abundant fragments of Chara

and other plants, a few fragments of mammal bones and 400

caddis cases of the genus Helicopsyche) the following mullusks :

THE NAUTILUS. 135

3500 Pisidium spp. (loose valves).

373 Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

2 Carychiwm exiguum Say.

23 Pupoides marginatus (Say).

20 Bifidaria armifera Say.

5 Bifidaria contracta Say.

5 Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella Pils.

136 Bifidaria procera cristata Pils. & Van.

2 Pupilla muscorum (L. ).

5 Vertigo sp.

5 Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill. ).

2 Polita indentata (Say).

400 Zonitoides minusculus (Binn. ).

13 Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis Pils. & Fer.

2 Succinea sp.

15 Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

100 Planorbis parvus Say.

100 Physa virgata Gld.

6 Ancylus rivularis Say.

4500 Paludestrina seemani (Ffild.).

There were also 75 seeds of ‘‘ Snow-on-the-Mountain,’’ Di-

chrophyllum marginatum (Pursh), but they may have been

blown into the weathered material recently and hence may not

be fossil. They are entirely unaltered.

The same collectors obtained 30 Planorbis antrosus Conrad and

5 Physa sp. about two miles below the head of the North Spring

River west of Roswell, but did not bring in any of the weath-

ered material or stop to examine the deposit thoroughly.

NOTES ON ACELLA HALDEMANI (DESH.) BINNEY.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Notes on the ecology of this the slenderest of our Lymnaeas

are rare, and its whereabouts during a large part of the year

has been a matter of conjecture. Dr. Reynold J. Kirkland of

Grand Rapids, Michigan, has collected the species extensively

and his observations are of interest in connection with the

136 THE NAUTILUS.

writer’s notes which follow. Kirkland says,’ ‘‘ This is a deep

water species, which migrates shoreward in the fall, doubtless

for spawning purposes, as adults only have been captured, but

this should be verified by dissection. September 25 is the

earliest date they have been taken, and they remain until ice

forms, how much longer is not known.’’ Sargent’ reports them

in Heath Lake, Minnesota, in the fall, and adds, ‘‘ Where do

they keep themselves in the summer?”’.

This question can now in a measure be answered as the

species has been found in July in Lower South Bay, Oneida

Lake, in several localities. The specimens collected were all

young, none exceeding 11 mm. in length, the greater number

being 8 to 5 mm. long. They were invariably found on the

leaves or stem of the pond-weed (Potamogeton interruptus). It

is evident that they do not retire to very deep water but only

to the zone where this pondweed, or perhaps other suitable

vegetation grows. This may be in water from two to six feet

deep. The shells are very difficult to find, as in life they are

nearly the color of the plant and look exactly like a young leaf

beginning growth. This plant is admirably adapted for the use

of this snail, its leaves being very long and exceedingly narrow

and flat. Five specimens gave the following measurements:

Whorls 2; length 3.0; breadth .6; aperture length 1.5;

breadth .5 mm.

Whorls 24; length 4.0; breadth 1.0; aperture length 2.0;

breadth .75 mm.

Whorls 24; length 5.5; breadth 1.4; aperture length 2.0;

breadth 1.0 mm.

Whorls 3; length 8.0; breadth 1.7; aperture length 3.5;

breadth 1.0 mm.

Whorls 3}; length 10.5; breadth 2.5; aperture length 5.0 ;

breadth 1.5 mm.

The whorls are usually flat-sided as in the adult shell, but

in two specimens they were somewhat rounded. Adult speci-

mens from Nicholson’s Bay, Oneida Lake, measure :

1 Baker, Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, page 197, 1911.

7 NavtTiuus, IX, page 127, 1896.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.25 mm.

Length 25.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.0 mm.

Length 23.0; breadth 4.0; aperture length 10.0; breadth

2.5 mm.

Adults are said by Kirkland to appear in Reed’s Lake, Mich-

igan, about September 25 and to be common until Thanksgiving

Day or later. They were observed in the west end of Oneida

Lake, in several places, on September 10 and continued to be

noted until the middle of October, when they were quite abun-

dant. At this time work was discontinued by the writer.’ No

adults were seen in July, 1916, at which time several of the

habitats were visited in which Acella was abundant in the fall

of the previous year. It is evident, from the observations of

Kirkland, Sargent, and the writer that Acella migrates to deeper

water sometime in the late fall or early winter, probably when

ice forms to such an extent that the surface vegetation upon

which it rests and feeds is destroyed. That it will resist cold

weather is shown by the observations of Kirkland who found it

- on Thanksgiving Day when the ice had formed, and by the

writer who collected it in October when the water was so cold

that it numbed the fingers, in fact ice had formed the morning

of the same day.

Acella is purely an inhabitant of vegetation, at least as far as

the recorded observations indicate, and as far as known has

never been found on any other material. Kirkland and Sargent

note it on the under side of lily leaves. In Oneida Lake it has

been noted on the following vegetation :

Smith’s bullrush (Scirpus smithii) on the stem.

Floating pond-weed (Potamogeton natans) on leaves and stem.

Pond-weed (P. interruptus) on leaves and stem.

White water-lily (Castalia odorata) on leaves and stem.

Yellow water-lily (Nymphaea advena) on leaves and stem.

The habitat in Oneida Lake is invaribly a sheltered cove, bay,

or other spot protected from violent wave action.

1 Baker, Technical Bulletin, N. Y. State College of Forestry, IV, pages

283-284, 1916. There are also other references to the ecology of the species

in other parts of the volume.

1388 THE NAUTILUS.

Information concerning the breeding habits of Acella are still

a desideratum. It occupies the surface in shallow water (one

to three feet) in the fall; but where does it lay its eggs? None

were observed in the fall of 1915 though adults sexually mature

were collected. It may be that the animal descends to the

pond-weed zones in the winter and lays its eggs on the Potamo-

geton and that they subsequently hatch out in the spring.

Certainly, as young were found in July which had 3} whorls

and were 10 mm. long, they must have been hatched at the

latest in the spring. We are ignorant, also, of whether the

maximum growth is completed in one or more years. There

is much about this most characteristic Lymnaeid that is still to

be learned.

New York State College of Forestry,

Syracuse University.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM ALABAMA AND ARKANSAS, WITH NOTE ON

POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND P. ZALETA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) CONECUHENSIS n. sp. Pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell thin, depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus being about

1 mm. in diameter and showing all the whorls ; color light horn,

highly polished ; whorls 6, the first five closely coiled, the last

rapidly expanding. Surface sculptured with spaced, unequal,

radial grooves stopping at the periphery, which is slightly sub-

basal. Aperture subtriangular, lower lip slightly flattened and

reflected where it joins the columella. Adult shells are tooth-

less, but a young shell of 44 whorls, 2? mm. in diameter, shows

a single pair of small tubercular teeth.

Diameter 44, altitude 2} millimeters.

Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Alabama. Collected by Herbert H.

Smith.

Types No. 8111 of my collection. Paratypes in collection of

Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

This species resembles Vitrea simpsoni Pils., but has about one

more whorl in the same diameter ; it is also less depressed, and

the basal lip is less flattened.

THE NAUTILUS, XXX. PLATE V

1. STROM 3IFORMIS LAPAZANA BARTSCH.

2. SUBULARIA METCALFEI A. AD.

3. NEOSIMNIA CATALINENSIS BERRY (p. 21).

4. AMNICOLA NEOMEXICANA PILSBRY.

7. VITREA CONECUHENSIS CLAPP.

9. AMNICOLA DESERTA PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXX. PLATE VI.

CROZIER: CHROMODORIS ZEBRA HEILPRIN.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

PoLYGYRA LABROSA FIMBRIATA N. var.

Differs from the type in having a well-developed peripheral

fringe of two or three rows of hairs about 0.25 mm. in length,

the hairs also showing as a sutural fringe, and the ‘‘ prostrate

hairs,’’ of Bland’s original description, are much more elevated.

On the base are spiral rows of short, erect bristles continuing to

the umbilicus. Aperture typical.

Diameter 11, altitude 6 mm., whorls 5.

Sulphur City, Washington Co., Arkansas. Collected by A.

J. Brown, Jan., 1917. Types No. 8112 of my collection.

Paratypes in collection of A. J. Brown. Fifteen adults and as

many young examined.

Over forty /abrosa from seven localities in Arkansas and twenty

from Galloway, Mo., including one from Bland and two others

labeled ‘‘ Identified by Bland,’’ were examined. Three shells

from Clinton, Ark., show traces of hairs and three fresh shells

in the Galloway lot also show some hairs, but in neither case

are they as prominent as in the Sulphur City shells.

In P. A. N. S., Feb. 1903, p. 202, Dr. Pilsbry says: ‘‘In all

other Stenotremes except P. barbigera (Redf.) the cuticular hairs

form a comparatively close pile... . In no other (except

pilsbryi) do they form a series of circular, concentric fringes.

P. barbigera has a single fringe of similar filaments, usually

persisting at the suture only.’’ This is true of the average cab-

inet specimen, but both barbigera and spinosa have a peripheral

as well asa sutural fringe, and both have hairs arranged in

spiral rows on the base when carefully prepared, as shown by

hundreds of specimens collected by Herbert H. Smith in Ala-

bama, and I have shown in the Nautitus, Vol. XXVII, p. 12,

that P. edwardsi has well developed fringes when fresh. In

the note on edwardsi there is a mistake in giving the length of

the hairs as 1 mm., it should be mm. When the note on P.

edwardsi was written I had forgotten that A. G. Wetherby had

called attention to this same fact in his very valuable paper

‘‘Some Notes on American Land Shells,’’ No. 1, p. 2 of an

undated ‘‘ separate.’ The paper was published in the Journal

of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Norte on Polygyra albolabris AND P. zaleta.

In some regions where P. albolabris and zaleta are found to-

gether occasional elevated specimens of the former or depressed

ones of the latter occur and it is very difficult, at first glance,

to say to which species they belong. If, however, the shells

are examined under the microscope with a magnification of

about 25 diameters they can be readily separated, as zaleta looks

polished in the high light while albolabris is dull. This is due

to the fact that between and on the ribs of albolabris are fine,

vertical wrinkles in the epidermis which are absent in zaleta.

As a rule zaleta is also much lighter in color than albolabris, or

if dark specimens are found they are generally much lighter on

the base, and just behind the aperture there is invariably a patch

of much lighter color than the body of the shell.

SOME STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN CHROMOBORIS ZEBRA.

W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 64.

Abnormalities of a minor character are by no means uncom-

mon in nudibranchs, and, while these features are usually not

of any great morphological significance, some of them seem

sufficiently curious to warrant description. I have noted sev-

eral such deviations from the typical structure while examining

a large number of specimens of Chromodoris zebra Heilprin.

Smallwood (1910) has described some of the variations in

the coloration of this animal, and has also referred to the vari-

ability shown by the branchie, particularly in the manner in

which one or several of these organs terminate by division of

their free ends into several parts. I have elsewhere (Crozier,

1917) made note of the variation in the number of the glandu-

lar papillae which occur upon the ventral surface of the poster-

ior border of the mantle.

Variation in the branchie is, in fact, somewhat more frequent

and more extensive than Smallwood observed. Not unusually,

branchie are to be seen which not only divide to a greater or

less extent at their tips, but also show a branching at some

THE NAUTILUS. 141

distance from the tip (Fig. 1). In many instances the presence

of an accessory branchia arising in this way is unaccompanied

by duplication of the pointed tips.

The high sheath which surrounds the branchial rosette is

normally quite smooth. In only one of the many hundreds of

Chromodoris which I have handled was there noted any other

condition. In this single specimen, however, there were three

distinct ridges running from the dorsal surface to the external

margin of the branchial collar; two of these ridges were ex-

tended in an anterior direction, their edges being sharp and

prominent, while the third, less conspicuously developed than

the other two, was on the left side of the collar. The appear-

ance of these structures is shown in Figure 2, where may be

seen the manner in which the ridges were united with the collar.

The edge of the mantle occasionally shows evidence of injury,

and this may explain the origin of modifications found at the

anterjor end of the mantle in several specimens. These modi-

fications consisted in a well-defined median indentation of the

buccal veil, which was thus symmetrically bilobed. But this

region of the mantle is almost always folded at the margin to

some extent, and since the pigment pattern frequently shows

no local disturbance at the region of the indentation, the feature

which is shown in Figure 3 (particularly at ¢) may be merely

an unusually strong expression of a tendency to wavy folding.

The ‘‘rhinophores’’ of Chromodoris (cf. Arey, 1917), which

are usually straight, may appear somewhat bent near the tip,

or may even assume a slightly corkscrew shape. In one indi-

vidual there was found a bifurcating ‘‘rhinophore”’ on the left

side ; the one on the right side was normal. As shown in the

accompanying sketch (Fig. 4), the rhinophoral collar (c) had

grown in such a manner as to accommodate the additional

structure.

One specimen occurring among a lot of 231 collected early in

January, 1917, was found to possess a striking modification of

the rhinophoral collars. Figure 5 depicts the condition refer-

red to, which consists in the fusion of the two pockets, into

which the ‘‘rhinophores’’ are respectively retracted, so that

but a single depression provided with a single collar is present

142 THE NAUTILUS.

in this particular animal. The posterior edge of the collar was

higher than the anterior one, and when both ‘‘rhinophores”’

were retracted this posterior border of the collar was folded

over the anterior edge in such a way as to lead to the appearance

of two minute openings into the single pocket.

Agar’s Island, Bermuda.

REFERENCES

Aregy, L. B. 1917. The sensory potentialities of the nudibranch ‘‘ rhino-

phore.’’? (Proc. Amer. Soc. Zo6l., 14th Ann. Meet.) Anat. Record,

Vol. 11, No. 6, p. 514-516.

Crozier, W. J. 1917. The nature of the conical bodies on the mantle of

certain nudibranchs.

Navtitvs, Vol. 30, p. 103-106.

SmaLLwoop, W. M. 1910. Notes on the hydroids and nudibranchs of

Bermuda.

Proc. Zod]. Soc. London, 1910, Part I, p. 137-145.

DESCRIPTION OF FiIGUREs, Plate VI.

Fic. 1. Branching gills.

Fic. 2. Ridges about the branchial collar; a, anterior; 6, posterior; ¢,

branchial collar (gills not shown); d, triangular depressions.

Fia. 3. Lobed condition of the buccal veil.

Fia. 4. A bifurcate rhinophore; c¢, collar of rhinophore.

Fic. 5. Fused rhinophoral pockets; a, rhinophores extended; 5, retracted.

A METHOD OF PRESERVING LARGE NUDIBRANCHS.

W. J. CROZIER.

Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research, No. 65.

Those who have had occasion to study collections of nudi-

branchs, especially when they include specimens of the larger

tropical species, have doubtless often wished that the organisms

submitted for their examination had been so preserved as to

exhibit in more natural fashion the appearance of these crea-

tures when alive. After various attempts to secure good prepa-

rations, I find that the simple procedure herein outlined gives

tolerably fair results. The method has been tried almost ex-

clusively upon Chromodoris zebra, but it seems likely that

other large forms will yield equally good preservations when

treated in the same way.

A saturated solution of cocaine hydrochloride is made up in

sea water, and 2-3 cc. of this solution is then injected into the

THE NAUTILUS. 143

_ heart (or into the region of the heart) of Chromodoris by means

of a syringe and hollow needle. A ‘‘ Record’’ syringe, such as

is used by surgeons, is useful for this purpose. Within an hour

or so—depending on the temperature, on the size of the animal,

and on the exact amount of the narcotic that has been injected

—the nudibranch will be fully anaesthetized, usually with the

gills and rhinophores fully extended; frequently also the genital

papilla will be protruded, and the pharynx everted. It is ad-

vantageous to add a few crystals of chloretone to a small vol-

ume of sea water containing the nudibranch; furthermore,

several injections of the cocaine may sometimes yield a better

result than a single dose.

When completely anaesthetized, the animal may be killed

and fixed in 75 per cent. alcohol. Precipitated slime, on the

surface of the body, can be subsequently removed with a camel’s

hair brush. In order to avoid the distortion which inevitably

results if these large nudibranchs are fixed while they rest upon

the bottom of a dish, it is well to suspend them vertically in

the fixing fluid until they are killed and begin to harden. This

may be done by gripping the caudal extremity of the foot be-

tween the jaws of a light ‘‘ artery clamp” or some similar in-

strument; or a thread may be sewn through the foot for this

purpose.

The injection of a relatively small amount of a narcotic

usually gives much better results than does the attempt to anaes-

thetize these nudibranchs by adding magnesium sulphate, or

chloretone, to the seawater containing them. In the latter

method, not only does the surface frequently become covered

with a number of vesicular blebs, edematous in appearance, but

also the proper time for removal to the killing fluid must be

selected with considerable care. A similar procedure, involving

the injection of chloretone into the body-cavity, has been em-

ployed by Pearse’ with holothurians.

The proper penetration of the fixative is of course important

for the conservation of the internal organs. This result may

be assured if a fair volume of the fixative is employed, and if

in addition an incision several centimeters long is made along

the edge of the mantle (preferably on the left side) previous

to immersion in the fixative.

Frequently it is desirable that the normal integumentary

1 Pearse, A. S., 1910. Eine Methode, um Holothurien in ausgedehntem

Zustande zu konservieren. Zeits. f. biol. Tech. u. Method., Bd. 2, p. 94-95.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

colors of the nudibranch should be preserved as faithfully as

possible. Two fluids which I have found useful with Chromo-

doris zebra are Merkel’s fluid and the sublimate-acetic mixture

(saturated aqueous solution of sublimate plus 5 per cent glacial

acetic acid). The sublimate mixture in particular gives a very

fair preservation of the blue pigment of Chromodoris, which is

permanent for six months at least, if not for a longer period.

The sublimate precipitates the blue substance so that it is no

longer soluble in aqueous alcohol, and at the same time renders

it insensitive to the acetic acid, which otherwise would cause

the substance to become pink. Possibly the platinic chloride

in Merkel’s fluid has a similar action, since I find that both

mercurous salts and platinic chloride precipitate the blue pig-

ment from aqueous solutions.

Agar’s Island, Bermuda.

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H. A. P. ann C. W. J.

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