a

a

oc

L'l B RAR.Y

OF THL

U N I VERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

580.5

.20

. \-7

BIOLOGY

BY

FRANCIS DROUET

CURATOR OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

and

WILLIAM A. DAILY

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

?/

NATURAL

HISTORY

-

THE UMMW * THE

JAN 1-1940

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 20, NUMBER 3

DECEMBER 22, 1939

PUBLICATION 461

History

THE PLANKTONIC FRESHWATER

SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS

BY

FRANCIS DROUET

CURATOR OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

and

WILLIAM A. DAILY

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

THE LIBRARY OF THE

JAN 1-1940

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME 20, NUMBER 3

DECEMBER 22, 1939

PUBLICATION 461

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

THE PLANKTONIC FRESHWATER SPECIES

OF MICROCYSTIS

FRANCIS DROUET and WILLIAM A. DAILY

Species of Microcystis are perhaps the most common algae that

develop as water-blooms in fresh water. The 'simple' structure of

these plants, their infinite morphological variability, and their

universal distribution in temperate and tropical zones have made

them favorite subjects for the description of 'new species'. The

most important recent discussion of the group is that of Crow in New

Phytologist, vol. 22 (1923), a study of material collected in Ceylon

and an evaluation of figures and descriptions found in a rather

limited mass of literature.

This study was begun as an inquiry into the reliability of the

many old and recent descriptions of species in the group. More

than a thousand specimens on file in American and European her-

baria and in the personal collections of many living collectors were

assembled, and observations were made upon the morphology of the

plants in each specimen. An attempt was then made to arrange all

of the specimens in groups sufficiently homogeneous to deserve specific

appellations. Much of the material examined was in the dried con-

dition; quite as much was seen in formalin, alcohol, and other liquid

preservatives. The lot included specimens upon which the original

descriptions of most of the commonly reported species were based,

as well as those which illustrate the specific distinctions made by

important students of the algae. Field observations were made

upon living plants during a period of several years.

Morphology

The three species of the genus as here circumscribed are rather

similar in structure. The plant body is composed usually of many

cells. Each cell consists of a spherical protoplast surrounded by a

layer of structureless hyaline gelatinous material which is confluent

with that of the neighboring cells. The protoplasm is blue-green

and contains large irregular granules, the pseudovacuoles, which

appear black in transmitted light and red in reflected light. Where

the plants are subjected to certain changes in the environment or to

long-continued immersion in liquid preservatives, the pseudovacuoles

disappear and the protoplasm becomes almost homogeneous. The

67

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 20

cell membrane is thin, conspicuous in some plants, scarcely evident

in others. The gelatinous material, termed the sheath in myxophy-

cean parlance, is so homogeneous throughout the plant body that

it is impossible to demonstrate with the usual staining methods just

what part of it belongs properly to each individual cell. In most

plants, this material is firm; it holds the protoplasts in more or less

permanent positions within the plant body. In many, it is so firm,

and its outer layer so highly refractive, that it is conspicuously

delimited from the surrounding medium. In others, its outer limits

are so indefinite as to be made visible only by careful staining tech-

niques; in such plants, bacteria and the organisms passing under

the name of Phormidium mucicola Naum. & Huber. are often abund-

ant in the diffluent outer layer of gelatinous material. All grada-

tions between forms which are conspicuously delimited and those

which are most indefinitely so are illustrated in most collections.

The plant bodies are highly variable in shape and size. In cer-

tain collections, especially those in which the plants are scarce in

the plankton, spherical plants predominate. In other collections,

especially those from heavy water-blooms, the plants are of all

conceivable shapes: spherical, ovoid, cylindrical, torulose, lobed,

branched, and perforated. Other collections contain chiefly elon-

gated and narrowly cylindrical branching plants. A variation of

this type includes those in the form of branching chains of spheri-

cal, ovoid, or lobed cell-masses. A peculiar form is seen in certain

rare collections, in which the plant bodies or their lobes consist of

very few cells, so that the protoplasts appear to be grouped vaguely

in eights. In certain collections, the protoplasts are distributed

only in the periphery of the plants or their lobes and in general

arrangement are reminiscent of those of species of Coelosphaerium.

In very heavy water-blooms of M. aeruginosa, compact masses

as great as several centimeters in thickness may be formed, with the

individual plants agglutinated and the gelatinous material of each

confluent with that of neighboring plants. Every type of plant

body described above, with infinite variation, is exemplified in

most collections, often in the same field of the microscope. One

cannot (unless arbitrarily) select out of the diversity of shapes

represented in a plankton haul a single shape which is 'typical' of

a species, for all shapes appear to be characteristic of each species.

In all the material studied, the size of plants and protoplasts, the

degree of diffluence of the gelatinous material, the color of the pro-

toplasm, the aspect of the pseudovacuoles, and the appearance of

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 69

the cell membranes illustrate all gradations between wide limits

of variability.

Alteration in the appearance of plants occurs commonly during

collecting, preserving, and storing of material. Plants lifted gently

from the habitat and examined at once under the microscope often

differ in shapes from those collected in a tow-net; it is probable

that pressure of the water and friction of the plants with each other

and with the sides of the net bring about such changes. If the

collection is preserved immediately by rapid drying, the color and

granulation of the protoplasm, the pseudovacuoles, the cell mem-

branes, and the gelatinous matrices retain permanently (at least

under usual conditions of storage in herbaria) the appearance char-

acteristic of the plants when collected; such changes as do occur

are confined to flattening of the protoplasts. If, after being collected,

the material is preserved at once by the addition of formalin or

alcohol, the plants likewise retain the aspect of living ones; however,

if they are stored in this manner for a year or more, pseudovacuoles

often disappear, the color of the mass is lost, the cell membranes

become indistinct, and the protoplasts become dissociated from

each other. Pseudovacuoles soon disappear where living plants

are kept for some hours in closed bottles before they are preserved;

often the mass assumes a yellowish color under such conditions.

Here a lack of oxygen may be responsible for changes in appearance.

Bacteria multiply in such collections, and by their action the out-

lines of the plants are altered. Exposure of such collections to direct

sunlight before preservation causes similar pathological effects.

Differences in morphology of plants and protoplasts in preserved

collections may thus be attributed to the treatment of material

during and after its removal from the habitat, and the preserved

material may bear little resemblance to living material in the mass

from which it was taken. Pressure and friction involved in the

collecting with nets, exclusion of oxygen from the living plants after

collecting, overheating, over-sufficient exposure to direct sunlight,

and long standing in liquid preservatives may bring about radical

changes in the appearance of the plants.

We may assume that these same 'unfavorable' conditions are

duplicated in ponds, lakes, and streams which give rise to water-

blooms of Microcystis. In every mass of plants in the plankton the

individuals are constantly moving with currents of water or in

response to the force of gravity. Large numbers of plants may live

throughout the season under presumably optimum conditions in

70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 20

the limnoplankton. Others may settle to the bottom and there in

a medium deficient in oxygen become pathological or die. Both

dead and dying individuals may again be carried into the limno-

plankton and mixed with the mass as collected. Plants may be

carried by waves onto shores, where they pile up and are exposed to

overheating and direct sunlight; these also may be washed back into

the limnoplankton and form part of the mass which is collected.

Plants exposed to the direct sunlight in very shallow water may

become pathological and later be mixed with the mass collected.

In fact, collections are often taken from shallow water or from

shores rather than from the limnoplankton. A well developed

water-bloom of these organisms, we may therefore assume, is com-

posed of millions of individual plants, each with a slightly different

individual history, each unique in the appearance of all of its parts

according to the 'adverse' and 'favorable' conditions to which it has

been exposed during its own, and probably its ancestral, history.

Reproduction in the genus is by fragmentation of the plant

bodies. Lobes consisting of several or many cells are formed, or

in filamentous plants spherical or ovoid aggregations of cells appear

as segregated masses within the plant body. As the cells divide

and increase in size, the lobes and aggregations of cells increase in

size and ultimately become separated from the other parts. In

rare instances, single cells are seen to form such lobes or separated

fragments. Fragmentation may also be brought about by me-

chanical action of various agents before, during, or after collecting.

Under favorable conditions, cell division and reproduction take place

so rapidly that millions of individual plants appear in the plankton

within a short period of time; these floating to the surface constitute

the peculiar mass termed water-bloom.

For taxonomic and morphological studies, the method of pre-

servation here recommended, as with all other Myxophyceae, is

by drying as quickly as possible on both paper and mica as soon

as the material is collected. The disadvantages of preservation

in formalin and alcohol have been mentioned above.

The Species

An exhaustive treatment of the genus Microcystis Kiitz. must

await the work of a monographer who can study as a whole the

generic complex Microcystis-Aphanocapsa-Aphanothece. If the

planktonic freshwater species of Microcystis are to be segregated as a

distinct genus, as our studies here lead us to suppose, they must

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 71

perhaps be designated by the generic name Polycystis Kiitz., Tab.

Phyc. 1: 7 (1846). Species with elongated cells should be trans-

ferred to Aphanothece. Those which have spherical cells and bodies

of indeterminate growth and sedentary habit are more properly

placed in Aphanocapsa.

In the group of species here circumscribed are those Myxophy-

ceae whose plant bodies contain few to many spherical protoplasts

arranged without regular order within homogeneous, hyaline gela-

tinous matrices of microscopic size and diverse shapes; all are plank-

tonic and unattached to substrata even in juvenile stages. Those

species previously described in Microcystis which, from an examina-

tion of their original specimens, prove to be members of other genera

are listed as Nomina Excludenda at the end of the treatment of

species below. Those for which no authentic material has been

seen and which from their figures and descriptions appear to belong

to other groups are listed as Nomina Inquirenda.

Herbaria and private collections in which specimens cited are

to be found are indicated by means of the following abbreviations:

B, Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Ber, Botanisches Museum, Berlin-

Dahlem; BM, British Museum (Natural History); C, Herbarium

of the University of California; D, Herbarium of Francis Drouet;

Da, Herbarium of W. A. Daily; F, Farlow Herbarium of Harvard

University; FM, Field Museum of Natural History; G, Herbarium

of Goucher College, Baltimore; K, Botanisk Museum, Kj0benhavn;

L, Rijksherbarium, Leiden; Mi, Herbarium of the University of

Michigan; Min, Herbarium of the University of Minnesota; Mo,

Missouri Botanical Garden; N, New York Botanical Garden; Ne,

Herbarium of the University of Nebraska; Pa, Academy of Natural

Sciences, Philadelphia; Pr, Herbarium of G. W. Prescott; PW,

collection of Philip W. Wolle in Field Museum of Natural History;

S, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm; T, Herbarium of Wm. R.

Taylor; Ta, the collection of C. E. Taft; U, United States National

Herbarium.

We are indebted to many persons who have contributed to the

success of this work: Dr. E. H. Ahlstrom, Dr. H. C. Bold, Mr. K.

Damann, Dr. Samuel Eddy, Dr. G. E. Hutchinson, Dr. B. B. Mc-

Inteer, Mr. C. M. Palmer, Dr. Ruth Patrick, Dr. G. W. Prescott,

Mr. C. B. Reif, Dr. C. E. Taft, Dr. L. H. Tiffany, Dr. Willis L.

Tressler, Dr. Wm. Randolph Taylor, Dr. G. T. Velasquez, Dr. E. R.

Walker, Dr. Stillman Wright, and Dr. H. C. Yingling have sent

for study many specimens from their private collections; Miss

72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 20

Rosalie Weikert and Mr. G. Wittrock have given assistance in the

bibliographic work.

The following key may be of assistance in the determination of

species in samples where the plants occur in abundance:

I. Mass developing in loose granular layers in shallow waters of ponds fed by

limestone springs; protoplasts bright blue-green, 2-3 // in diameter, pseudo-

vacuoles absent M. GLAUCA

II. Mass strictly planktonic and often developing as heavy water-blooms; pseudo-

vacuoles present (often absent in material preserved in formalin or alcohol)

A. Protoplasts 0.5-2/x in diameter, pseudovacuoles small and inconspicuous

M. INCERTA

B. Protoplasts 2. 5-10. 5 ^ in diameter, pseudovacuoles large and conspicuous

M. AERUGINOSA

MICROCYSTIS glauca (Wolle) Drouet & Daily, comb. nov.

Anacystis glauca Wolle, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 182 (1877).— Here

possibly belong, if we can judge by descriptions and figures, the

following: Pleurococcus pulvereus Wood, Smiths. Contrib. Knowl.

241: 79 (1872); Anacystis pulverea Wolle, F. W. Alg. U. S., 329

(1887); Polycystis pulverea Wolle apud Hansg., Prodr. Alg. Fl.

B6hmen2:145 (1892).

Plantae multi-(raro l-pauci-)cellulares, forma variabilissimae,

sphaericae, ovoideae, cylindricae, varie et irregulariter lobatae vel

invaginatae, saepe clathratae, toruloso-cylindricae, aut conferte

confluentes, in 'strato indeterminate fundis calcariorum fontium'

(sec. Wolle) invenientes; protoplastidibus globosis aut in divisione

fere hemisphaericis, 2/x ad 3/x crassis, sine ordine regulari in gelatine

vaginali distributis; gelatino vaginali hyalino, homogeneo, ad mar-

ginem distincte delimitate vel plus minusve (nonnumquam omnino)

diffluenti; protoplasmate laete aerugineo, non granuloso, sine pseu-

dovacuolis (v. s.).

Specimens seen: PENNSYLVANIA: in fonte rupium calcareorum ad Bethlehem,

F. Wolle, 1884 (TYPE in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. exs. 796, PW; isotypes, L, N, Ne);

lime stone springs, F. Wolle (L); 'Anacystis glauca' (N).

Mr. Philip W. Wolle has made the following transcript of the

two entries in Francis Wolle's notebooks: "October 25, 1877. Ana-

cystis glauca, n.sp. Glaucous green, covers the bottoms of ponds of

lime stone spring water. Thallus of families, gelatinous, colorless,

soon diffused, oval or ovate, discernible by various degrees of density

of cellules rather than by a distinct outline. Cells very small and

very numerous, light aeruginous. Family .005" more or less. Cel-

lules .00008-.0001 rarely .000116." Collected in Sheimer's Spring

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 73

[near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]. In large masses on the bottom

of fresh lime stone water ponds, tea green — dipped it up by mug

fulls. Teg. gelatinous, colorless, hardly discernible except by par-

ticles of dirt adhering." "September 23, 1884. Anacystis glauca,—

cells .00012— .00014". Cysts diffluent, quickly diffuse, forms a

dense deposit in lime stone springs, glaucous green color, very

slightly gelatinous, necessary to add gum water to make it adhere

to paper — this changes color to darker green. Pond water — Farmers-

ville [near Easton, Pennsylvania]". The copious and well preserved

material left by Francis Wolle shows beyond doubt that this species

is one of Microcystis. It is a kind of plant, however, very different

from that popularly reported in the limnoplankton of ponds and

lakes throughout the world under the name M. pulverea. The latter

receives treatment below under M. incerta Lemm. Wolle, in his

Fresh-water Algae of the United States (1887), identified his Anacystis

glauca with Pleurococcus pulvereus Wood. It is now certain that

Wolle had only Wood's original description of P. pulvereus upon

which to base this decision. Wood's description appears to be some-

what ambiguous; the location of his herbarium is unknown to us at

the present time. It has therefore seemed advisable to accept Wolle' s

Anacystis glauca as the first name to designate the species with

certainty.

MICROCYSTIS INCERTA Lemm., Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenb.

3: 76 (1907). Polycystis incerta Lemm., Forschungsber. biol. Sta.

Plon 7: 132 (1899). Clathrocystis holsatica Lemm., ibid. 10: 150

(1903). Microcystis holsatica Lemm., Kryptogamenfl. Mark Bran-

denb. 3: 77 (1907). M. pulverea var. incerta Crow, New Phytol. 22:

66 (1923). M. pallida Mig., Krypt. Germ. Austr. Helvet. Exs. 52

(Algen): 264 (1931). — Here belong also, if we can judge by original

descriptions and figures, the following: Polycystis pallida Lemm.,

Bot. Centralbl. 76: 154 (1898); P. stagnalis Lemm., Ber. deutsch.

bot. Ges. 18: 24 (1900); Microcystis stagnalis Lemm., Forschungsber.

biol. Sta. Plon 10: 150 (1903); M. incerta var. elegans Lemm., loc. cit.

(1903); Clathrocystis holsatica var. minor Lemm., Abh. Nat. Ver.

Bremen 18: 151 (1905); Microcystis holsatica var. minor Lemm.,

Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenb. 3: 77 (1907); M. pulverea var. in-

certa f. elongata Crow, loc. cit. (1923); M. exigua Zalessky, Rev.

gen. Bot. 38: 34 (1926).

Plantae multi-(raro l-pauci-)cellulares, forma variabilissimae,

sphaericae, ovoideae, cylindricae, varie et irregulariter lobatae vel

invaginatae, saepe clathratae, toruloso-cylindricae, aut conferte

74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 20

confluentes, inter alias algas planctonicas sparsae, demum denso

'flori aquae' invenientes; protoplastidibus globosis aut in divisione

fere hemisphaericis, 0.5 M ad 2 /x crassis, sine ordine regulari in gelatino

vaginali distributes; gelatino vaginali hyalino, homogeneo, ad mar-

ginem distincte delimitato vel plus minusve diffluenti; protoplasmate

pallide aerugineo, pseudovacuolis parvis praebentibus (v. v., v. s., v.

in form.).

Specimens seen: SWEDEN: in lacu Wombsjbn Scaniae, 0. Nordstedt, Jun. 1901

(as M. incerta det. Lemmermann. Ber, C, N); duck pond, Lovestad, B. Carlin-

Nilsson, July 1934 (D). BRANDENBURG: Teich bei Fiirstenfelde bei Neudamm,

Itzigsohn & De Bary, Sept. 1852 (as Clathrocystis holsatica det. Lemmermann, Ber).

THURINGEN: im Plankton des Prinzenteichs, Eisenach, W. Migula, Aug. 1931

(ISOTYPES of Microcystis pallida Mig., Krypt. Germ. Austr. Helv. Exs. 264, Ber,

F, FM, N, T). TRANSVAAL: tow netting in channel, Barberspan, Mrs. G. E.

Hutchinson 1^, Apr. 1928 (D). MINNESOTA: with M. aeruginosa, Heron Lake,

Jackson County, Minnesota Fish Commission, July 1938 (FM). BRAZIL: with

M. aeruginosa, Agude Velho near Campina Grande, Parahyba, S. Wright 1570,

Mar. 1935 (D).

M. incerta is seldom encountered in files of herbarium specimens.

It has been mentioned in the literature mainly by workers whose

specimens are rarely placed in herbaria. Because of the small size of

the protoplasts, it is easily confused with coccoid planktonic bacte-

ria. Usually but few plants are seen in the plankton of a lake;

less usually they develop into heavy water-blooms, as in the specimen

cited above from Brandenburg and labeled Clathrocystis holsatica by

Lemmermann.

MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 6 (1846). Mi-

crohaloa aeruginosa Kiitz., Linnaea 8: 371 (1833). M. ichthyoblabe

Breb. in Menegh., Monogr. Nostoch. Ital. 104 (1842). Microcystis

ichthyoblabe Kiitz., Phyc. Gener. 170 (1843). Polycystis aeruginosa

Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 9 (1846). Polycystis ichthyoblabe Kiitz., ibid.

9 (1846). Clathrocystis aeruginosa Henfr., Trans. Microsc. Soc.

London N. S. 4: 53 (1856). Polycystis viridis A. Br. in Rabenh. Alg.

Eur. 21: 1415 (1862). P. prasina Wittr. in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg.

Aq. Dulc. Exs. 6: 297 (1879). P. flos-aquae Wittr., ibid. 298 (1879).

Microcystis caerulea Dickie, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 128 (1880).

Polycystis scripta Richt. in Hauck & Richt., Phyk. Univ. 2: 92 (1887).

P. flos-aquae var. scripta Hansg., Prodr. Algenfl. Bb'hmen 2: 144

(1892). P. flos-aquae var. prasina Hansg., loc. cit. (1892). P.

elabens var. ichthyoblabe Hansg., ibid. 145 (1892). P. aeruginosa

var. major Wittr. apud Hansg., loc. cit. (1892). P. (Clathrocystis)

insignis Beck, Krypt. Exs. Mus. Vindob. 2: 227 (1896). P. ochracea

Brand, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 16: 200 (1898). Microcystis viridis

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 75

Lemm., Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 17: 342 (1903). M. prasina Lemm.,

Ark. f. Bot. 2 (2): 146 (1904). M. flos-aquae Kirchn. apud Lemm.,

Kryptogamenfl. Mark Brandenb. 3: 75 (1907). M. scripta Lemm.,

ibid. (1907). M. ochracea Lemm., ibid. 3: 76 (1907). Clathrocystis

robusta Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21: 94 (1908). Microcystis

aeruginosa var. major G. M. Smith, Trans. Wise. Acad. 18: 535

(1916). M. robusta Nygaard, Dansk Bot. Ark. 4 (10): 8 (1925).

M. aeruginosa f. occidentalis Wm. R. Tayl., Amer. Journ. Bot. 15:

606 (1928). — Here also should be placed the following, if we can

judge by original descriptions and figures: Polycystis marginata var.

minor Hansg., Prodr. Algenfl. Bohmen 22: 145 (1892); Microcystis

protocystis Crow, New Phytol. 22: 62 (1923); M. pseudofilamentosa

Crow, ibid. 64 (1923); M. fusca Zalessky, Rev. Ge"n. Bot. 38: 33

(1926) ; M. elabentoides Zalessky, loc. cit. (1926) ; M. floccosa Zalessky,

ibid. 34 (1926); M. globosa Zalessky, loc. cit. (1926); M. angulata

Zalessky, loc. cit. (1926); M. ramosa Bharadw., Proc. Indian Acad.

Sci. 2: 96 (1935).

Plantae multi-(raro l-pauci-)cellulares, forma variabilissimae,

sphaericae, ovoideae, cylindricae, varie et irregulariter lobatae vel

invaginatae, saepe clathratae, toruloso-cylindricae, aut conferte

confluentes, primum inter alias algas planctonicas sparsae, demum

denso 'flori aquae' invenientes; protoplastidibus globosis aut in

divisione fere hemisphaericis, 2.5 /* ad 10.5 n crassis, sine ordine

regular! in gelatino vaginali distributis; gelatine vaginali hyalino,

homogeneo, ad marginem distincte delimitate vel plus minusve

(saepe omnino) diffluenti; protoplasmate aeruginoso, pseudovacuolis

praebentibus (v. v., v. s., v. in form.)

Specimens seen: LATVIA: Prov. Kurzeme, H. Skuja, Aug. 1924 (Da, FM).

SWEDEN: in lacu Kalungen Daliae, V. Wittrock, Aug. 1866 (ISOTYPES of Polycystis

flos-aquae Wittr., in Wittr. & Nordst. Alg. exs. 298, L, Min, N, Ne, PW), Sept.

1882 (Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. exs. 599, D, L, Min, N, Ne, PW); pond, Notesjo,

Malmohus, B. Carlin-Nilsson 525, Aug. 1937 (D, N); Dagstorpssjon, Malmb'hus,

Carlin-Nilsson 14.0, Aug. 1931 (D, N); in lacu Lotsjon par. Funbo Uplandiae,

V. Wittrock (Aresch., Alg. Scand. Exs. Ser. Nov. 429, FM, L), Oct. 1878 (Wittr.

& Nordst., Alg. exs. 296, FM, L, Mi, Ne, PW); lake, Fiolen, Kronoberg, Carlin-

Nilsson 516, July 1937 (D, N); in lacu Kalungen in Dalia, Wittrock (Aresch., Alg.

Scand. Exs. Ser. Nov. 388, as Aphanocapsa pulchra, FM), Aug. 1862 (D); in lacu

Malaren ad Flottsund Uplandiae, Wittrock, Nov. 1878 (ISOTYPES of Polycystis

prasina Wittr., in Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. Exs. 297, FM, L, Mi, Ne, PW, T, U);

Hammarbysjo in Danviken, Stockholm, G. Lagerheim, 1882 (D); in lacu ad Mullsjo

Vestrogothiae, O. Nordstedt, Aug. 1900 (Ber, N); Trehorningsjo, Upland, O. Borge,

Sept. 1896 (N); with Microcystis incerta, in lacu Wombsjon Scaniae, Nordstedt,

Jun. 1901 (C, N). DENMARK: in lacu prope Birkerod, Selandia, C. Oslenfeld-

Hansen, Aug. 1896 (D, K); Sjon Naerum, C. Rasch, Jun. 1880 (K); Lillerod,

76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 20

Sjaelland, Th. Rosenvinge, Sept. 1879 (K); Hut-so, Johs. Schmidt, Sept. 1898 (K);

Hofmansgave, Fionen, Hofmann-Bang (B). DANZIG: Klinsmann, 1858 (Ber).

GERMANY: Ostpreussen: Ockelsee bei Allenstein, Caspary, Aug. 1862 (Ber.).

Westpreussen: Sawadda-See, P. Hennings, Sept. 1890 (Ber). Brandenburg: Wan-

nensee, Hennings, Sept. 1892 (Henn. Phyk. March. 47c, Ber, F); Halensee, Hen-

nings, Nov. 1890 (Henn. Phyk. March. 47b, Ber, F); Wilmersdorfer See (Berlin),

Hennings, Juli 1882 (Ber; Henn. Phyk. March. 47a, Ber, F); Miiggel-See, Fried-

richshagen, Hennings, Aug. 1892 (Ber), Sept. 1892 (Henn. Phyk. March. 47d, Ber,

F), A. Braun (Ber); in der Havel bei der Pfaueninsel, Braun, Aug. 1863 (Ber,

Caput gegeniiber, Oct. 1855 (Ber), bei Potsdam, Bauer, Aug. 1863 (Ber, D, L, F, N),

L. Rabenhorst, Juli 1857 (L); Berlin, Braun, Aug. 1854 (Ber, L), John, 1857 (Ber),

Hort. Berol., Braun, Aug. 1852 (Ber); Golssen, Schumann, Juli 1865, 1866 (Ber);

Grunewald-See bei Berlin, G. Hieronymus, Aug. 1891 (Ber); in einem Graben bei

der kleinen Miihle, Neudamm, Itzigsohn, Mai 1855 (Ber); Gumnitzsee, Joachims-

thai, W. Panknin, Aug. 1937 (Ber); im Tempelhofer Parkteiche bei Berlin, Hen-

nings, Juli 1883 (Ber; Henn. Phyk. March. 46, Ber, F). Pommern: Wolgast-See

bei Haeringsdorf, A. Braun, Sept. 1864 (Ber, L). Sachsen: aus einem Teiche in

Bernbruch bei Lausigk, P. Richter, Juli 1864 (Rabenh. Alg. 1791, as Coelosphaerium

Kuetzingianum, FM); Mannsfeld, M. Marsson, Juli 1896 (N); Leipzig, Lindenau,

Marsson, Sept. 1897 (N); Teich in Collau am Mulde, Marsson, Sept. 1897 (N); in

Gohlis bei Leipzig, Richter, Sept. 1878 (N), Auerswald, Sept. 1852 (Ber); Leipzig,

Richter (FM); in lacu salso Mansfeldensis prope Halam Borussiae (TYPE of Poly-

cystis scripta Richt. in Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 92, Ber; Isotypes, L, Min);

Brosen bei Grimma, Richter, Aug. 1894 (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 748a, L,

Min, N); in einem Teiche bei Anger, Leipzig, Richter, Aug. 1879 (L, Pa, T); auf

Teichen, Moritzburg (L); auf einem Fischteiche, Ponikau, Auerswald (Ber, F,

FM, N), Juli 1852 (Rabenh. Alg. 210, Ber, FM, L, Min, N, Ne); in einem Teiche,

Leipzig, Auerswald (FM); Lipsiae, Kunze (TYPE of Microcystis ichthyoblabe Kiitz.,

Ber; Isotypes, FM, N, Pa); in einem Graben am Grossen Garten in Dresden,

C. Schiller, Juli 1888 (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 296b, L, Min); Schadebach bei

Makranstadt (Leipzig), H. Reichelt (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 297, L. Min).

Thuringen: Georgenthal, in einem Teich am Bahnhof, W. Migula, Sept. 1928

(FM; Mig. Krypt. Germ. Austr. Helv. Exs. 242, T); Burgsee bei Salzungen, A.

Braun, Sept. 1862 (TYPE of Polycystis viridis A. Br., Rabenh. Alg. 1415, FM, L,

Min, N, Ne); Salzunger See, A. Rose (Rabenh. Alg. 453, as Microhaloa firma,

F, FM, L, N, Ne); Salzsee bei Halle, O. Kuntze (N). Bayern: Nurnberg, P.

Reinsch (Mi); in Wassertiimpeln bei Erlangen, Glilck, Sept. 1895 (L, U); Erlangen,

Reinsch (N, U); Wiirmsee, F. Brand, Sept. 1897 (ISOTYPE of Polycystis ochracea

Brand, Ber). Ostermark: Vindobonae in piscinis hortorum publicorum, K.

Rechinger (Krypt. Exs. Mus. Vindob. 2335, Ber, L, N); Vindobonae in piscinis

horti Caesarei Schonbrunn, C. de Keissler (Krypt. Exs. Mus. Vindob. 1517, Ber, L,

N, U). Schlesien: Galgenberge bei Strehlen, Hilse (Ber; Rabenh. Alg. 1522, Ber,

FM, L, N, Ne), in Rohrteiche, Hilse, Juli 1859 (Rabenh. Alg. 1174, Ber, FM,

Min, N, Ne), Strehlen, Hilse (Ber, L); bei Habendorf, Hilse 8 (Ber); am Gross-

teiche von Habendorf bei Reichenbach, Hilse, Sept. 1862 (Ber); Rausern bei

Breslau, W. Migula, Juli 1877 (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 296a, L, Min), Mai

1887 (Mig. Krypt. Germ. Austr. Helv. Exs. 30, Mi, N, T); Breslau, O. Kirchner,

1874 (Rabenh. Alg. 2424, L, Min. N, Ne, T); im Teiche bei Schoffschiitz in Ober-

schlesien, A. Utgenannt & S. Schmula, Sept. 1895 (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ.

684 as Polycystis elabens, L, Min, N); grosser Teich in Buchwald bei Schmiedeberg,

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 77

G. Hieronymus, Sept. 1887.(Ber). Hamburg: an der Aussen-Alster, P. Hennings,

Aug. 1886 (Ber). Baden: Schwetzingen, Mettenius (Ber). Wurttemberg: Stuttgart,

bassins du Jardin Royal, G. v. Martens (L), in den Seen des Schlossgartens, Martens

(Ber, L, N), Hohenacker (Ber); Stuttgart, Martens (TYPE of Microcystis aeruginosa

Kiitz., L; Isotype, Ber), Juni 1827, Aug. 1830, Aug. 1847 (Ber).

MORAVIA: pres Eisgrub (L). HUNGARY: in excavationibus 'Lagymanyosi holt

Dunaag', Budapest, F. Filarszky, Mai 1911 (Fl. Hungar. Exs. 1 (Alg. 1): 21, FM,

L, U); in lacu 'Varosligeti to', Budapest, Filarszky (Krypt. Exs. Mus. Vindob. 226,

Ber, L, N). ITALY: Trieste, F. Hauck (D, F, N). NETHERLANDS: Haagsche Bosch,

den Haag, W. F. R. Suringar D18, Mei 1857 (D, L); Witte Singel, Leiden, J. T.

Rosier 233, Aug. 1938 (L); in aq. dulc. stagn., Lugd.-Batav., van den Bosch 376,

Aug. 1846 (L), idem, in stagnis pr. Leyden (Ber); Holland, Weber van Bosse, Oct.

1891 (L); forest, The Hague, W. Trelease, June 1884 (Mo). FRANCE: Falaise,

Calvados, A. de Brebisson 59^ (L)> dans les cavites des rochers, Brebisson 528 (L),

flottant sur les eaux, Brebisson (Ber) ; Carentan, Manche (Ber) ; Angers, Maine-et-

Loire, F. Hy (Ber).

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA: Maloti Lake near Masiyeni, S. Chopiland, E. L.

Stephens 38, June 1928 (D, N). SOUTH AFRICA: Rietkuil, Bethal Dist., East Trans-

vaal, M. E. Blenkiron & D. Weintronb 2^, Feb. 1928 (D).

MASSACHUSETTS: Arlington, E. Dewart (N); Horn Pond, Woburn, W. G.

Farlow, Aug. 1879 (D, F); Fresh Pond, Cambridge, H. H. Bartlett 1179, Oct. 1907

(Mi), Farlow, Oct. 1882 (F, Mo), G. T. Moore, Oct. 1893 (B); Hammond Pond,

Newton, H. M, Richards, Oct. 1889 (N), W. A. Setchell (F); Basin No. 3, Framing-

ham, Farlow, Nov. 1881 (F); Brockton Water Works, Supt., July 1887 (G); Oyster

Pond, Falmouth, A. W. Evans, July 1896 (G); Wm. R. Taylor, Aug. 1922 (FM, Mi),

J. Bader, July 1938 (D), Drouet 2118, July 1937 (D, F, N, S); 'Episcopal Ocean',

Falmouth, E. T. Rose & Drouet 1867, July 1936 (D, N, S), R. N. Webster, June

1938 (D, F, N), J. Bader, July 1938 (D), C. M. Palmer, Sept. 1937 (Da, FM);

Fresh Pond, Falmouth, Wm. R. Taylor, July 1921 (T); Long Pond, Nantucket,

Taylor & B. F. D. Runk, July 1938 (D) ; north head of Hummock Pond, Nantucket,

Taylor (D), 1920 (T); pond 1 mile south of Nonquitt, Dartmouth, Rose & Drouet,

July 1936 (D); pond, Cuttyhunk Island, F. S. Collins 5723, Aug. 1907 (N); Ludlow

Reservoir, Springfield, Farlow, Aug. 1876 (F). R^HODE ISLAND: Mashapaug Pond,

Providence, W. J. V. Osterhout, Oct. 1892 (Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 51, FM, L, Mi, Min,

N, Ne); Providence, Nichols, June 1877 (D, F); Haley's Pond, Cranston, Collins

6M4, Sept. 1911 (N). NEW YORJC: Central Park, New York, July 1865 (Ber).

PENNSYLVANIA: pond north of Kennett Square, F. W. Pennell & W. S. May, Oct.

1921 (T).

OHIO: Lake Erie, L. H. Tiffany, Aug. 1936 (FM), 1929 (FM), Put-in-Bay,

C. E. Taft, Aug. 1938 (Da, FM, Taft); Goodale Park, Columbus, E. H. Ahlstrom,

Oct. 1933 (Da, FM). KENTUCKY: pond near Walton, Boone County, B. B. Mc-

Inteer 13, Aug. 1929 (Da, FM); sandpit, Greenwood Road near Louisville, H.

Bishop, Oct. 1931 (Da, FM). TENNESSEE: Percy Warner Lake, Nashville, H. C.

Bold 13, 1933 (FM); Radnor Lake, Bo Id, Oct. 1936 (FM). MICHIGAN: Pasinski

Pond, Genoa Township, Livingston County, W. F. Carbine, 1938 (FM, T); Lake

George, Oakland County, C. E. Taft 155, Aug. 1936 (Da, FM, Taft); with Phormi-

dium mucicola, McDonald Lake, Yankee Springs, Hastings, G. T. Velasquez, Aug.

1936 (D, T); Three Lakes, Ann Arbor, L. N. Johnson, Sept. 1892 (F, N, Ne).

INDIANA: Winona Lake, C. M. Palmer 162, B^36, Aug. 1935 (D, Da, FM); Crooked

78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 20

Lake, Steuben County, Palmer B50, Sept. 1933 (Da, FM); Lake Freeman, Carroll

County, Daily, July 1938 (Da, FM); Beaver Dam Lake, 4 miles north of Silver

Lake, Kosciusko County, Daily 82, June 1939; Calumet River north of Miller

Station, Lake County, P. D. Voth & Drouet 2367, Sept. 1938 (FM, N). WISCONSIN:

Madison, Fourth Lake, Wm. Trelease, 1882 (Mo), Spooner Lake, Trelease (Mo),

Lake Mendota, Trelease, 1882 (D, F, Mo); Pleasant Lake, near Lauderdale Lakes,

G. W. Prescott 3W28, Aug. 1938 (FM, Pr) ; High Lake, Vilas County, Prescott 2W59,

June 1937 (FM, Pr); North Twin Lake, Polk County, G. M. Smith, Aug. 1917

(FM, Pr); Fish Lake, Burnett County, Smith (FM, Pr); pond east of Wild Rose

near Silver Lake, Prescott 2W330, July 1937 (FM, Pr); Alequash Lake, Prescott

W155, Aug. 1936 (FM, Pr), 2W268, July 1937 (FM, Pr); Silver Lake, in Silver

Lake,'E. H. Ahlstrom, June 1932 (Da, FM). ILLINOIS: Lake County, Petit Lake

near Antioch, Fox Lake, Lake Zurich, Slocum Lake 2 miles west of Wauconda,

Pishtaka (or Pistakee?) Lake, Diamond Lake, Lake Marie near Antioch, E. H.

Ahlstrom, June 1932 (Da, FM).

MINNESOTA: Lake of the Isles, Minneapolis, K. Damann, Aug. 1936 (Da, FM);

Como Park, St. Paul, J. E. Tilden, Aug. 1895 (Tild. Amer. Alg. 194B, Ber, FM,

Min, N, Ne, U) ; Long Lake, Hennepin County, B. T. Shaver & Tilden, Sept. 1895

(Tild. Amer. Alg. 194A, Ber, FM, Min, N, Ne, U); Lake at Waterville, J. C.

Arthur, July 1882 (F); Fountain Lake, June 1936, Bowstring Lake, Chippewa

National Forest, July 1936, Round Lake, July 1938, McCarron's Pond, Aug. 1931,

Cross Lake just north of Minneapolis, Sept. 1936, Kandiyohi Lake, Sept. 1938,

Iowa Lake, Aug. 1938, Ottertail Lake, Sept. 1938, Heron Lake, Jackson County,

July 1938, C. B. Reif comm. ex Coll. Bur. Fish. (Da, FM). IOWA: Center Lake,

Prescott 317, July 1925 (D, N); Miller's Bay, Lake Okoboji, Prescott 316, June 1925

(D, N); Lake East Okoboji, Prescott 338, June 1926 (D) MISSOURI: St. Louis,

G. T. Moore, Aug. 1913 (D); plankton of lake, Pertle Springs, Warrensburg, Drouet

778, Oct. 1930 (D); Agriculture Pond. Columbia, Drouet 990, July 1932 (D).

LOUISIANA: pond in pasture 1 mile northwest of Baton Rouge, Prescott Lai 7,

June 1938 (D). NEBRASKA: Cherry County, Hackberry, Dewey, and Watts Lakes,

E. R. Walker & E. N. Andersen, July 1912 (Ne), Hackberry Lake, E. Palmatier,

July 1936 (Ne). KANSAS: stagnant pond, Pittsburg, R. Patrick, Sept. 1938 (FM).

COLORADO: Barr Lake, Adams County, R. Prettyman, July 1939 (FM). UTAH:

M. E. Jones, 1895 (F); Strawberry Reservoir, Wasatch County, Utah Party,

U. S. Bur. Fish. comm. S. Wright, Mar. 1933 (FM), A. S. Hazzard F16, Aug. 1933

(FM). ARIZONA: Station 13, Mary's Lake, Flagstaff, H. S. Colton, 28 Aug. 1923

(TYPE of Microcystis aeruginosa f. occidentalis Wm. R. Taylor, T). WASHINGTON:

Green Lake, Seattle, N. L. Gardner, Dec. 1903. (Phyc. Bor.-Amer. 1153, FM, L,

Mi, Min, N, Ne, T, U); Fidalgo Island, L. E. Griffin, Summer 1938 (FM).

GUATEMALA: Lake Amatitlan, S. E. Meek 1 (TYPE of Clathrocystis robusta

Clark, FM), 9, 11, 16, 21, 25, Feb. 1906 (FM). PANAMA CANAL ZONE: Barro Colo-

rado Island, A. M. Chickering, Aug. 1936 (D, F, L, N, Pr, S).

BRAZIL: Parahyba: lake near Campina Grande, S. Wright 2017, July 1934 (D),

1573, Nov. 1934 (D), Acude Puxinana, 1565, 1568, 157J+, 1592, 1985, 1998, 2000,

2019, Mar. 1934— Jan. 1935 (D), Acude Simao, 1572, 1608, 1967, 1999, Feb. 1934—

Mar. 1935 (D), Acude Lapa, 1559, Jan. 1935 (D), Acude Baixo de Pao, 201+1,

Dec. 1933 (D), Acude Velho, 1558, 1561, 1567, 1570, 1578, 1587, 1589, 1606, 1992,

200.4, May 1934— Mar. 1935 (D, F, L, N, S); Acude Linda Flor near Mojeiro de

Baixo, Wright 1562, Nov. 1934 (D, Mi, N); Agude Esperanca near Esperanca.

79

Wright 197^, 20^3, Dec. 1933 (D, S); acude near Serra Branca, Wright 1995,

Apr. 1934 (D). Ceara: Lagoa Porangabugu, Fortaleza, Drouet 150k, Dec. 1935

(D, N); Agude Cedro, Quixada, Wright & P. Azevedo 1589, Aug. 1935 (D, F, Mi,

N); Asude Sao Francisco near Sao Francisco, Wright, Nov. 1937 (D, F, N). Para:

in small bays, Rio Tapajoz, J. W. H. Trail 165 (TYPE of Microcystis caerulea

Dickie, BM). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Laguna Los Chilenos near Dufaur,

Wright 2113, Jan. 1937 (D); Laguna Chascomus, Wright 2101, Nov. 1936 (D);

Laguna Blanca Grande, Wright 2098, Jan. 1937 (D, F, L, N, S). San Luis: Laguna

Tala, Wright 2111, Dec. 1936 (D); Laguna La China, Wright 2112, Dec. 1936 (D);

Laguna Garcia, Wright 2096, Dec. 1936 (D).

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pasig River, Manila, W. R. Shaw 3^7, Mar. 1909 (Ber,

L, N, U), E. Quisumbing 9, 1929 (T). CAMBODIA: im Bien-ho [Toule-Sap], 0. Kuntze,

1875 (N). INDIA: Bombay, in einem Bassin der 'Victoria-Garden', A. Hansgirg,

Nov. 1895 (Hauck & Richt. Phyk. Univ. 748B, L, Min, N), Sept. (ISOTYPE of

Polycystis insignis Beck, Krypt. Exs. Mus. Vindob. 227, N); Teichen bei Calcutta,

S. Kurz 1756, Mai 1867 (Ber). CEYLON: W. Ferguson 276, 295 (L).

This is the common species of Microcystis which develops as

copious water-blooms in lakes, ponds, and streams. Where sparsely

represented in the plankton, there is often seen a predominance of

spherical plants; to this form the name M. flos-aquae has been

chronically misapplied in recent years. Wittrock's original descrip-

tion and type collection of Polycystis flos-aquae refer unmistakably

to material of a heavy water-bloom in which the individual plants

are agglutinated and almost or entirely confluent with each other.1

The original specimens of P. prasina are similar to those of P. flos-

aquae except in color of the masses. The type collection of P. scripta

contains predominantly elongated and branched plants. The

original collections of Microcystis ichthyoblabe Kiitz. and Polycystis

viridis A. Br. consist principally of plants with conspicuously de-

limited gelatin; in the latter, the plants are small and few-celled.

Plants which are clathrate or which have depressions in their surfaces

have in general been referred in the past to Microcystis aeruginosa

(or Clathrocystis aeruginosa) as described by Henfrey. Original

specimens of M. aeruginosa f. occidentalis Wm. R. Tayl., M. caerulea

Dickie, Polycystis insignis Beck, P. ochracea Brand, and Clathro-

cystis robusta Clark have no distinctive features by which we can

separate them from Microcystis aeruginosa Kiitz. as treated here.

1 Wittrock's original description (Wittr. & Nordst., Alg. exs. 298) reads:

"Pfolycystis]. thallo mucoso difformi, sublutescente-aeruginoso (colore thalli

siccati vix mutato); familiis confertis, vix distinctis; cellulis globosis, corpora phy-

cochromaceo structura verosimiliter eadem ac in P. prasina; diametro cellularum

4^-6^-2 ,j,." The forms indicated under the name Microcystis flos-aquae by Kirch-

ner in Engler & Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzenfam. 1(1): 56 (1900), Forti in Sylloge

Myxophyc. 86 (1907), and Geitler in Rabenh. Kryptogamen-Fl. 14: 138 (1930)

differ considerably among themselves and each from that indicated by Wittrock.

80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. 20

Nomina Excludenda

The following names are to be excluded from the group. Type

and otherwise authenticated specimens are here referred to other

genera of plants and animals.

Anacystis amplivesiculata Gardn., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 22

(1927) = GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. anomala Gardn., ibid. 7: 26 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. compacta Gardn., ibid. 7: 20 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. consociata Gardn., ibid. 7: 25 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. cylindrica Gardn., ibid. 7: 19 (1927) = GLOEOTHECE SP.

A. distans Gardn., ibid. 7: 21 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. elabens Setch. & Gardn., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 455 (1918)=

APHANOTHECE ELABENS Drouet & Daily.1

A. gigas Gardn., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 15 (1927)= GLOE-

OCAPSA GIGAS West & West f .

A. gloeocapsoides Gardn., ibid. 7: 22 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. irregularis Gardn., ibid. 7: 24 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. magnified Gardn., ibid. 7: 21 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA GIGAS West &

West f.

A. marginata Menegh., Consp. Fl. Eugan. 6 (1837)= APHANOTHECE

SP.

A. microsphaeria Gardn., ibid. 7: 22 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. minutissima Gardn., ibid. 7: 25 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. nidulans Gardn., ibid. 7: 23 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. nigropurpurea Gardn., ibid. 7: 18 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. nigroviolacea Gardn., ibid. 7: 19 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

1 APHANOTHECE elabens (Br6b.), comb. nov. Microhaloa elabens Breb. in

Menegh. Monogr. Nostoch. Ital., 104 (1842). Polycystis elabens Kiitz., Tab.

Phyc. 1: 7 (1846). Microcystis elabens Kiitz., ibid. 1: 6 (1846). Anacystis elabens

Setch. & Gardn., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 455 (1918).— This species (if we can

judge by labels and contents of Brebisson's collections) inhabits brackish waters of

low salinity. The plants are small and somewhat reminiscent of species of Micro-

cystis in the treatment above; however, the protoplasts are elongate as in other

species of Aphanothece. The only adequate illustration which we have discovered

is that in Desmazieres, Plantes Cryptogamiques de France, No. 1952. A. elabens

has been reported frequently under its various synonyms; most of the specimens

thus labeled from Europe and America are to be interpreted as of species of Aphan-

ocapsa, Chlorogloea, Entophysalis, and Gloeocapsa, and as Microcystis aeruginosa

of this paper. Specimens of Aphanothece elabens seen: FRANCE: Falaise, Calvadoz,

Brebisson (TYPE: L; isotype, Ber), Lenormand (Ber); in stagnis et turfosis circa

Falaise, Brebisson (Rabenh. Alg. 2178, Ber, L, N, Ne); dans les flaques des tour-

bieres d'un petit marais des environs de Falaise, Brebisson (Desmaz. PI. Crypt.

France 1952, N); Etang d'Aix pres Marseille, herb. Bornet (F).

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 81

Anacystis paludosa Rabenh., Fl. Eur. Algar. 2: 52 (1865)=OPHRI-

DIUM SP.

A. parasitica Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 7 (1846)=APHANOCAPSA SP.

A. pukhra Gardn., ibid. 7: 23 (1927) = GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. radiata Gardn., ibid. 7: 26 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

A. radiata var. major Gardn., Joe. cit. (1927)=GLOEOTHECE SP.

A. Reinboldii Richt. in Hauck & Richt., Phyk. Univ. 9: 447 (1891)=

APHANOCAPSA SP.

A. Willei Gardn., ibid. 7: 24 (1927)=GLOEOCAPSA SP.

Microcystis austriaca Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 7 (1846)=EuGLENA SP.

M. Donnellii Wolle, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 282 (1879) = ciliate

protozoa.

M . elabens Kiitz., ibid. 1 : 6 (1846)= APHANOTHECE ELABENS Drouet &

Daily (see footnote 2 of this paper).

M. firma Schmidle, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 32: 57 (1902)=Flagellata.

M. ichthyoblabe var. nolacea Forti, Syll. Myxophyc. 89 (1907) =

Nostocaceae (specimina manca)?

M. littoralis Forti, Syll. Myxophyc. 89 (1907)= APHANOTHECE SP.

M. lobata Dickie, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 128 (1880)=ANABAENA

CIRCINALIS Born. & Flah.

M. marginata Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 6 (1846)= APHANOTHECE SP.

M. minor Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 11 (1846)=Flagellata.

M. Noltii Kiitz., Linnaea 8: 342 (1833)=EuGLENA SP.

M. olivacea Kiitz., Phyc. Gener. 170 (1843)=EuGLENA SP.

M. paludosa Forti, Syll. Myxophyc. 92 (1907)=OPHRIDIUM SP.

M. parasitica Kiitz., Phyc. Gener. 170 (1843)= APHANOTHECE or

CHLOROGLOEA SP.

M. Paroliniana Menegh., Monogr. Nostoch. Ital. 78 (1842)=

GLOEOCYSTIS PAROLINIANA Rabenh.

M. Reinboldii Forti, ibid. 91 (1907)= APHANOCAPSA SP.

M. rupestris Kiitz., Linnaea 8: 374 (1833) = GLOEOTHECE SP.

M. umbrina Kiitz., ibid. 373 (1833)= Fungi.

Clathrocystis roseo-persicina Cohn, Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 1 : 157 (1875)

= LAMPROCYSTIS ROSEO-PERSICINA Schroet.

Microhaloa elabens Bre"b. in Menegh., Monogr. Nostoch. Ital. 104

(1842)= APHANOTHECE ELABENS Drouet & Daily (see footnote

2 of this paper).

82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. 20

Microcystis firma Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 6 (1846)=Flagellata and

APHANOCAPSA SP.

M. pallida Kutz., ibid. 1: 6 (1846)=Flagellata.

M. rupestris Kutz., Phyc. Gener. 169 (1843)=GLOEOTHECE SP.

Polycystis elabens Kiitz., Tab. Phyc. 1: 7 (1845)= APHANOTHECE

ELABENS Drouet & Daily (see footnote 2 of this paper).

P. firma Rabenh., Fl. Eur. Algar. 2: 53 (1865)=Flagellata and

APHANOCAPSA SP.

P. ichthyoblabe b. purpurascens A. Br. in Rabenh., Krypt.-Fl.

Sachsens74 (1863)= Bacteria?

P. littoralis Hansg. in Foslie, Mar. Alg. Norway 169 (1890) =

APHANOTHECE SP.

P. marginata Richt., Hedwigia 1885: 20 (1885)= APHANOTHECE SP.

P. Packardii Farl., Amer. Nat. 13: 703 (1879)= APHANOTHECE

PACKARDII Setch.

P. pallida Farl., Mar. Alg. New Engl. 28 (1881)=Flagellata.

P. violacea Itzigs., Rabenh. Alg. Sachs. 31-32: 306 (1853)= Nos-

tocaceae (specimina manca)?

Nornina Inquirenda

The following names, for which no original material has been seen

during this study, appear to be referable (according to descriptions

and figures) to other groups of organisms than Microcystis.

Anacystis brunnea Wolle, Fresh-w. Alg. U. S., 329 (1887); A.

Grevillei Kiitz., Sp. Algar. 200 (1849).

Clathrocystis elongata Forti, Syll. Myxophyc. 96: (1907); C.

reticulata Lemm., Bot. Centralbl. 76: 153 (1898).

Microcystis angulosa Kiitz., Linnaea 8: 374 (1833); M. atra Kiitz.,

ibid. 375 (1833); M. atrovirens Kiitz., ibid. 374 (1833); M. densa

G. S. West, Journ. of Bot. 47: 244 {1909); M. deusta Menegh.,

Monogr. Nostoch. Ital. 81 (1842) ; M. fuscolutea Forti, ibid. 92 (1907);

M. Grevillei Kiitz., ibid. 372 (1833); M. mellea Menegh., ibid. 83

(1842); M. merismopedioides Fritsch, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 40: 333

(1912); M. piscinalis Forti, ibid. 90 (1907); M. protogenita Rabenh.,

Fl. Eur. Algar. 2: 31 (1865); M. punctiformis Kirchn., Alg. Schles. 256

(1878); M. rosea Kiitz., ibid. 373 (1833); M. sanguinea Kiitz., ibid.

372 (1833); M. violacea Kiitz., ibid. 373 (1833).

Microhaloa aurantiaca Kiitz., Phyc. Gener. 145 (1843); M.

botryoides Kiitz., ibid. 169 (1843); M. iodes Itzigs. in Rabenh., Fl.

FRESHWATER SPECIES OF MICROCYSTIS 83

Eur. Algar. 2: 53 (1865); M. Pini-turionum Bias., Di Ale. Algh.

Microsc. 47; M. protogenita Bias., loc. cit.; M. rosea Kiitz., Linnaea

8: 371 (1833).

Polycystis fuscolutea Hansg., Prodr. Algenfl. Bohmen 2: 145

(1892); P. piscinalis Briigg., Biindn. Alg. 249; P. reticulata Lemm.,

Bot. Centralbl. 76: 153 (1898).

1HE LIBRARY OF THE

JAN 1-1540

UNIVERSITY OF IUJW1S

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA