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FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES

Volume III

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

1903-1930

CONTENTS

Plantae Yucatanae. Plants of the insular, coastal and plain

regions of the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico. Poly-

podiaceae and Schizaeaceae, by Charles F. Mills-

paugh. Gramineae and Cyperaceae, by Charles F.

Millspaugh and Agnes Chase. (February, 1903.) ... 1

Plantae Yucatanae. Plants of the insular, coastal and plain

regions of the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico. Com-

positae, by Charles F. Millspaugh and Agnes Chase.

(April 26, 1904.) 85

Flora of Yucatan. By Paul C. Standley. (September 11, 1930.) 157

iii

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING

PAGE

Paspalum oricolum 28

Cenchrus insularis 42

Cyperus lentiginosus 74

Parthenium Schottii 110

Montanoa Schottii 114

Spilanthes filipes 123

Salmea Gaumeri 124

Encelia Chaseae 125

Plagiolophus Millspaughii 126

Zexmenia hispida ramosissima 127

Porophyllum Millspaughii 142

Pectis Schottii 143

V

FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

BOTANICAL SER. MAP.

The Peninsula of Yucatan.

The region of this Flora lies north of the red line.

Field Columbian Museum.

Publication 69.

Botanical Series. Vol. Ill, No. i.

PLANTiE YUCATAN/E.

{REGIONIS ANTILLANyE)

PLANTS OF THE INSULAR, COASTAL AND PLAIN

REGIONS OF THE PENINSULA OF

YUCATAN, MEXICO.

Charles Frederick Millspaugii, M.D.

Curator Department of Botany.

FASCICLE I,

POLYPODIACE^ AND SCHIZAEACEJE.

CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH.

GRAMINE^ AND CYPERACE^.

CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH AND AGNES CHASE.

Chicago, U. S. A.

February, 1903.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

After several years of collection and herbarium work on the

plants of the insular, coastal and plain regions of Yucatan, being from

the start deeply impressed by the peculiarities most of the species

present in their habit characters, form of leaf, and their proneness to

variation for protective and adaptive purposes, I have been com-

pelled to settle upon some specific character which is not affected by

environmental influences in order to avoid the error of creating a

large number of species and varieties upon what I have become posi-

tive are but form distinctions due to the peculiar conditions present

in this region where the fittest are struggling for survival. The specific

character found to be constant has proven to be the fruit and especially

its seed, no matter how great a variation from the type and from the

species as found in other and more normal habitat the other charac-

ters may show. The reproductive characters must hold their truth to

the type in order that perpetuation of the species may result.

Feeling confident that a positive specific character exists in the

fruit and seed of all species, and finding that this character is usually

the last to be adequately described in botanical publications, it is upon

this character that I have based the- special features of this work.

The enumeration of the species of this region will occupy the

whole of Volume III of the Botanical Series of these Publications,

the fascicles of which will appear from time to time as opportunity

permits without regard to the natural sequence of the orders, though

each natural order when issued will be complete as far as the knowl-

edge of our species obtains.

PTERIDOPH YTA.

FILICINE^. *

' CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH, M.D.

Leafy plants, with the leaves [fronds) entire or cut into many

smaller leaflets (pinnules) and usually raised upon a polished, hairy, or

scaly petiole (stipe), rising from a generally "prostrate or assurgent

rootstock. Fronds usually rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and when

in fruit bearing on the under surface (commonly upon the veins or

along the margin) the fruit dots (sori), either bare, or more or less

covered by the revolute margin of the leaf, or by a separate membrane

(indusiu77i)\ and consisting of one to many i -celled spore-cases

(sporangia), opening in various ways and discharging numerous

minute seeds (spores).

Fronds all alike.

Margin not revolute.

Sori globular —

Indusium circular, smooth Tectaria trifoliata.

acicular hairy Dryopteris patens.

Indusium none —

Sori marginal, distinct Polypodium polypodioides.

confluent Phegopteris riidis.

Sori intramarginal Goniopteris tetragona.

Sori in many parallel lines Campyloneuron phyllitidis.

two parallel lines only Phymatodes lycopodioides .

Sori scattered Goniopteris reptans.

Sori oblong —

Indusium scaphoid, the margin hairy Aspienimn ptcmilum.

the margin glabrous Aspieniiivi dentatum.

Sori lineal-continuous, epinerval —

Indusium none —

Sori completely covering the veinlets Heinionitis palmata.

Margins revolute.

Sori lineal-continuous Pteridium caudatum.

Sori lineal-interrupted —

Pinnules sinuate-lobed, strigose Pellcsa aspera.

hairy Cheilanthes leucopoda.

glabrous Cheila^ithes microphylla.

Pinnules rhomboid, smooth Adiantum tenerum.

hairy beneath Adiantum tricholepis.

Fronds of two sorts, the sterile pinnate.

Sporangia ovoid, ridged Ornithopteris cicutaria.

veined Ornithopteris adiantifolia.

Sporangia globular Ornithopteris Wrightii.

*The cuts represent a frond or a pinnule natural size unless otherwise stated; and a sorus,,

sporangium and spore of relatively the same magnification throughout the series.

I

2

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

CYATHEACE^.

Sori dorsal, more or less globose, situated usually at or near the

forking of a vein, and consisting of an indusium enclosing from i-many

sporangia rising from a central projecting axis.

HEMITELIA.

Sori globose, each solitary on a veinlet. Indusium an ovate,

concave, torn scale, situated at the lower side of the base.

[Hemitelia Hartii Baker. Jour. Bot. 1886:243.

This species is reported as having been collected by Dr. Gaumer,

on the island of Cozumel in 1885. I have seen no specimen of it

in Dr. Gaumer's personal herbarium, nor have I met with it either

personally, or in collections from the peninsula or islands.]

POLYPODI ACE^.

Sporangia raised upon a stalk and collected in dots, lines, or

variously shaped clusters, their surfaces cellular-reticulated, their

margin an incomplete many-jointed ring which by straightening out

at maturity ruptures the sporangium horizontally, allowing the dis-

charge of the spores. Sori often indusiate.

ASPIDIE^.

Sori round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins.

Indusium flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate at the center,

covering the sporangia. Spores phaseoloid, more or less invested

with a thin, transparent, free margined membrane.

Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Ktze.

Aspidium patens Sw, , Nephr odium patens Desv.

Fronds pinnatisect, segments lanceolate-acuminate, pinnatifid

beyond or to the middle, sessile, the lowest somewhat decrescent;

lobes cuneate or often falcate,

bluntish, entire, the upper basal

one enlarged and pinnatifid; veins

simple, free, or the basal ones

meeting at the sinus between the

segments. Sori at the ends of

the free veinlets ; indusium

superior, small, plane and circu-

lar with an erose margin, the

upper surface aciculate-hairy ;

sporangia broadly anastomose-

ridged ; spores phaseoloid, their

surfaces marked by many broad,

flat anastomosing ridges.

Yucatec name: Culantrillo blanco, "White Maiden-hair." It

is said to be used with marvelous results in domestic practice as an

anti-purgative, and remedy for post-partum colic.

Fkh. 1903.

Plants Yucatan^e — Millspaugh.

3

Hab. — Damp places, in rich mold: Woodlands near Merida,

Valdez ig; Chichankanab, Gaunter 1341^ 2310; and near the center of

Cozumel, Millspaugh PL Utowance 1561. In fruit at all seasons. Our

specimens are not nearly so large nor full fruited as those of Jamaica,

but greatly resemble in form those met with at St. Thomas, their

growth being about 25-35 cm.

Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav. An. Hist. Nat. 1:115.

Poly podium trifoliatum Linn., Aspidium trifoliatuin Sw.

Fronds usually pinnatisect; segments 1-2-jugal, the terminal more

or less tripartite, the lateral 2-3-partite, one or more of the lower

divisions abortive and the other

abnormally extended, all more

or less wavy-margined; main

veins evenly pinnate, veinlets

in a loose network with free

appendages. Sori serial along

the veins or scattered in the

junction of two veinlets ; indu-

sium superior, circular, peltate,

the margin wavy and finally roll-

ing inward to form a square;

sporangium finely anastomose-

veined; spores phaseoloid, with

four transparent, erose margined

wings.

In our specimens the fronds

are very variable, passing from

hastate-entire, through sinuate-

cleft and trilobate forms, to a large pinnately 5-sect form with all the

segments 3-sect.

Hab. — Rocky walls of cenot^s, in shady, damp, cool situations:

Cenot6 of Santa Ana, Valladolid, Schott 732, ySo, 782; Cenot^ de

Cafetal, Chichen Itza, Jan. 18, 1895, Millspaugh Armour Exped., 132,

133; in a large cave at Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer gg4; and in a cave

near Calcehtoh, Stone 261. In fruit from November to March.

ASPLENIUM.

Sori oblong and lengthwise of the oblique veins above their base

and below their summit; indusium lateral, inserted along the inner

side of the fertile vein, and decurrent along it. Veins free.

Asplenium pumilum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1610.

A. heteropJiyllum Presl.

Frond pinnately 3-many partite, deltoid in general outline, the

lower segments petiolate, more or less 3-lobed, the others sessile and

decurrent, all irregularly crenate-dentate and slightly ciliate beneath

with sagittate hairs. Sori on the secondary veins oblique to the mid-

ribs of the segments; indusium scaphoid, the free margin erose and

4 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

sagittate-ciliate; sporangia many, slightly veined; spores ovoid to

phaseoloid, opaque, and reticulately invested with the remains of the

^ transparent, placentoid mem-

Pl. Utowance 148^. In the Cozumel specimens the fronds are taller

than is usual, the upper portion being more elongated than in

the type, and deeply pinnatifid to the acuminate apex, with the lobes

more or less deeply cut, but not laciniated. Quite unlike in appear-

ance the smaller, normally deltoid, forms of the mainland, with

entire, or nearly entire upper third, but otherwise the characters are the

same. The species, however, like all other Asplenieae, is an extremely

varied one, and the Cozumel forms are no greatly marked exceptions.

Asplenium dentatum Linn. Sp. PI. 1540.

A. pygmceum Linn, in part.

Fronds linear-oblong, pinnatisect; segments mostly opposite,

8-i2-jugal, sub-distant especially below, cuneate-elliptical, blunt,

more or less sharply serrate-den-

tate above; veins simple, or the

lowest pair forked at the apex.

Stipes lax, green-margined

especially above. Sori oblong,

scaphoid, 3-5 on each segment,

arranged on the inner margin of

each of the oblique veins, the

free margin erose - denticulate;

sporangia many, heavily anasto-

mose-ridged; spores phaseoloid,

anastomosely ridged and winged

by the remains of the hyaline

placentoid membrane.

Fertile fronds 14-20 cm. long,

sterile about 6 cm. Our specimens

appear depauperate when com-

pared with the large plants of this species from Jamaica, and the Isle

of Pines.

Hab.— At the Cenot^ de Telchaguillo, Schott 7^7.

Hab. — Shady places, in

sand, under the edges of rocks,

and in crevices of the walls of

cenot^s: Merida, at the

Quinta del Obispo, Schott 11 ;

Cedral, Cozumel, Jan. 5, 1895,

Millspaugh Armour Exped., ,

j6 ; at the cenot^ of Xcholac,

Gau?ner S43>' ^^^^ near San

Miguel, Cozumel, Millspaugh

brane.

The plant is called Ziztal-

CHEN, "Refrigerant," by the

Mayas, who use several species

of ferns as cooling applications

in fever conditions.

Feb. 1903.

Plan ivE Yucatan^ — Millspaugh.

5

HEMIONITIS.

Fronds cordate, entire, or palmately cleft or parted. Sori naked,

eticulated, continuous upon the whole loose network of veins.

Hemionitis palmata Linn. Sp. PI. 1535.

Gymnogramme palmata Lk.

Fronds more or less palmately cleft into three lobes, the upper-

most lanceolate, entire, the lateral lanceolate and auriculate at the

base, causing the frond to

appear 5-lobed; rusty-pilose,

especially along the margins

beneath and on the upper

third of the long stipe. Seg-

ments irregularly large crenate-

dentate. Sori naked, lineal-

continuous, covering the en-

tire venous system of the

frond; sporangia nearly sessile,

reticulately broad-veined;

spores globular or nearly so,

transparent, densely papillate.

Stipes 10-18 cm., fertile

fronds 4-7 cm. In full fruit

from November to March.

Hab. — In dense forests.

So far only found at one sta-

tion: the dense forests of Buena Vista Xbac, where it is reported as

being common, Gaumer 1072.

PELL^A.

Sori in elongated clusters at

ally so confluent as to appear coi

broad, membranaceous, continu-

ous or interrupted general in-

dusium consisting of the altered

and reflexed margins of the fer-

tile segments.

Pellaea aspera (Hook.) Baker,

Syn. Fil. 148.

Cheila7ithes aspera Hooker.

Stipes shining-purple,

woolly-hairy above. Fronds

elongated, slender, pinnately

divided, the pinnules alternate ;

segments oblong-deltoid, blunt,

the larger irregularly bilobate at

the base and ctenate above, the

smaller and terminal crenate, all

the upper ends of the free veins, usu-

itinuous, and commonly covered by a

strigose-hairy above and beneath.

6

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Sori contiguous under the continuous marginal indusium, which does

not include the blunt apex, nor the entire base; sporangia nearly cir-

cular in outline, and marked by anastomosing ridges; spores globular

or nearly so, hyaline, papillate.

Stipes fasciculate from a rusty-woolly rootstock; 10-35 ^^^S-

This species, together with Cheilanthes microphylla, is commonly

known among the Yucatecs as "Helecho," the family appellation of

the ferns, and is used in domestic practice as a refrigerant in fevers

and inflammations.

Hab. — Dry situations, in open lands: Near Merida, Valdez6^;

and Chichankanab, Gaunter 147J.

CHEILANTHES.

Fronds chaffy or woolly, 2-3-pinnate. Sori distinct or contiguous,

borne on the thickened ends of the free veinlets and covered by a

commonly whitish, membranaceous, more or less continuous com-

mon indusium, formed of the reflexed and altered margin of the

segment.

Cheilanthes microphylla (Sw.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 806.

Adianium jnicrophyllum Sw.

Stipes wiry, glabrous. Fronds pinnatisect, the rachis and seg-

ments rusty-puberulous, the latter especially beneath ; segments

serrate-pinnatifid, blunt, the ulti-

mate subentire. Sori more or less

interruptedly confluent, the margin

indusiate, formed of the revolute

and altered crenations of the lobes ;

sporangia pyriform, the surfaces

finely and closely reticulate-veined ;

spores globose, hyaline, slightly and

finely papillate.

Plants 8-30 cm. high; fronds 5—

20 cm. long, 6-8 cm. broad. In

fruit throughout the year.

Hab. — Crevices of walls, and

on rocks in dry situations : Merida,

and the ruins of Uxmal, Schott 686;

walls of cenot^s and of dwellings

near Izamal, Gaumcr and San Anselmo, I2j8, 1266, i4og; throat

of an open well, Izamal, Stone 2^j.

Cheilanthes leucopoda Lk. Sp. Fil. 66. •

C. glandulifera Liebm.

Fronds canary-yellow, terminal on the stipe, ovate in general

Feb. 1903.

Plants. Yucatan^ — Millspaugh.

7

outline, tripinnatisect, the segments small, blunt, and deeply crenate-

lobed, all recurrent on the hairy rachides, and hairy especially beneath.

Sori more or less distinct; indu-

sia interrupted, membranaceous,

formed of the recurved crena-

tions of the ultimate segments;

sporangia more or less circular,

finely and closely anastomose-

veined; spores globular, com-

pletely invested with a network

of irregularly anastomosing

prominent ridges.

Stipes 6-12 cm. long;

fronds 8x8 cm.

Hab. — Rich cool woods.

So far this species is only

known in our range through a

specimen collected by Dr.

Gaumer on the island of Cozumel in 1885.

ADIANTUM.

Stipes black and polished. Sori marginal, short, borne on the

under side of a transversely oblong, semilunar, or roundish, more or

less altered margin or summit of a segment lobe, which is refiexed to

form an indusium. Main rib of the segment none, or obscure at the

low^er margin.

Adiantum tricholepis F^e, Gen. Fil. 107.

Rootstock short, stout and scaly. Stipes black, polished.

Fronds 3-4-pinnate, ovate in general outline; segments small, numer-

ous, roundish-rhombic, the ulti-

mate mostly 3-crenate; all hairy

on both sides but especially on

the strongly marked veins

beneath. Marginal i n d u s i a

usually 3 on each segment,

hairy; sporangia coarsely anas-

tomose-ridged; spores triangu-

lar, the sides concave, each with

a central hyaline globule and a

transparent three-forked line

connecting the angles.

The apex of the frond shown

in the cut is natural size. Stipes

7-18 cm. long; fronds 20-30 x

16-28 cm. The Yucatec name

for the Adiantums, Culan-

TRiLLO, answers to the English

" Maiden-hair." Both species are used indiscriminately by the people

8

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

as refrigerants, especially in gonorrhoea in which trouble they are

said to prove highly beneficial.

Hab. — Shady, cool situations, particularly at the mouths of caves.

Ruins of Uxmal, Schott 687 ; mouth of the cave of the Great Mound

at Izamal, Jan. 13, 1895, Millspaugh Armour Exped. ^4, and on the

north aspect of the Monjas, Chichen Itza, Jan. 17, 1895, 112; Izamal,

Jan., Gaufner j86, and in patches on large stones in deep woods at

Calotmul, and Chichankanab, 17 2j, 1724; near Merida, Valdez

64; and in a cave near Calcehtoh, Sto?ie 263.

Adiantum tenerum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 17 19.

A. trapezoides F6e.

Stipes shining, glabrous. Frond 3-4-pinnate; segments mem-

branaceous, glabrous, obliquely rhomboid, blunt at the apex, more or

In fruit throughout the dry season, from November until March.

Hab. — Mouths of caves, walls of cenot^s, and on rocks in cool,

shady woodlands. Merida, Quinta de Encalada, Schott g2, and the

Cenot^ of Kikil, 778 ; mouth of a cave near Izamal, Gaunter 1071^ and

in deep woods at San Anselmo, 2140^ 2442, and Chichankanab, 1^16.

Fronds once to twice pinnate, or decompound. Sori a complete

continuous slender line occupying the entire margin of the fertile

segments and covered by their recurved narrow edge which forms an

uninterrupted, membranaceous indusium, attached to a continuous

transverse vein-like receptacle, connecting the tips of the forked and

free veins.

Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon.

Pteris c and at a Linn.

Fronds pale yellow-green, stiff and ligneous, 3-pinnatisect; seg-

ments elongate-deltoid, blunt, or in fruit often acute, the ultimate

segment about one-third the length of the pinnule, all oblique at the

shortly decurrent base, and scattered lax-hairy along the midrib.

less incised into 3-5 partial

lobes at the free fertile mar-

gins, and jointed to the pedi-

cels; veins filiform, once to

twice forked. Sori marginal

beneath the recurved denta-

tions of the apex, which form

small, oblong indusiae; spo-

rangia nearly circular, jointed

to the pedicel, closely and

finely anastomose-reticulate;

spores triangular with slightly

concave sides, the angles con-

nected by a three-forked hya-

line ridge.

The pinnule in the cut is

natural size. Stipes 12-45 cm.

or often a full meter in length.

PTERIDIUM.

Feb. 1903. Plant/e Yucatan/e— Millspaugh.

9

Sori forming a complete line on each margin of the segment from the

base to and including the apex; indusial membrane thin, about one-

quarter the breadth of the seg-

ment; sporangia long pediceled,

the pedicel twisted and jointed

at the apex; spores conoidal, the

apex blunt, the base slightly

emarginate, the surface com-

pletely invested with rounded

verrut:ae.

Plants large and bushy.

Stipes 30-40 cm. long. Fronds

30-40 X 25-30 cm. In fruit from

November to March. The plant

is called X-UAL-KANiL, "Yellow

Fly-brush," by the Mayas, who

use fascicles of the fronds bound

together by their stipes as

whisks to drive away flies.

Hab. — Dry, open spots in woodlands. Island of Cozumel, Dr.

Gaunter i88s ; and near the center of the island, Millspaugh, PL Uto-

wance ISSI, 156^. Not known on the Peninsula.

POLYPODIEvF.

Rootstock creeping, branched, often chaffy-scaly, bearing scat-

tered roundish knobs from which the stipes arise from a distinct

articulation. (Except in § Fhegopteris, in which the stipe is continu-

ous with the rootstock.) Sori round, naked, arranged in distinct

rows on each side of the midrib or the main straight veins, or irregu-

larly scattered, each borne on the apex or back of a vein.

Goniopteris tetragona (Sw.) Presl.

Polypodiwn tetragonufu Sw.

Frond pinnatisect; pinnules lanceolate, the lower pinnatifid for

at least one-third their length,

shortly petiolulate; segments

slightly scattered- hairy,

oblong, falcate, blunt or

bluntish, entire; veinlets free,

the lowest pair meeting below

the sinus. Rachis 4-gonal.

Sori serial along the veins,

midway of the veinlets, and

an odd larger one at the

sinus; sporangia pyriform,

slightly anastomose- veined

and bearing 1-2 aciculate

hairs at or near the apex ;

spores phaseoloid, partially

invested by transparent, anastomosing wings.

lO

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Stipes 25-50 cm. long. Fronds 25-30X 16-19 cm., fruiting pin-

nules 2x9 cm.

Hab. — Rocks and rock walls in cool situations. Cenot^ de

Sacalun, Schott 631 ; common on the walls of a cenot^ twelve miles

east of Izamal, Gaumer ggs : and on the north wall of a dwelling on

the outskirts of Izamal, Millspaugh, PL Utowance. This fern is also

occasionally seen in cultivation, Gaumer ggj.

Goniopteris rep tans (Sw.) Presl.

Poly podium rep tans Sw., Aspidium reptans Mett.

Frond pinnatisect, stellate-hairy above, lax 2-3-forked-hairy

beneath; segments alternate,

ovate, blunt, more or less regu-

larly crenate or repand, sub-

truncate at the short petiolulate

equal base; veinlets simple, the

lowest pair anastomosing and

projecting a veinlet to the sul-

cus; rachis filiform. Sori scat-

tered, 3-5 to each segment;

sporangia lightly anastomose-

veined; spores ovoid to phaseo-

loid, marked by two lines of dis-

tinct beads passing around the

longitudinal axis.

Fronds 14-22 cm.; seg-

ments 1.5-2.3x1.3-1.5 cm.

Plants caepitose or decumbent.

Hab. — Moist rocks, in shady places. Cenot^ of Uayama, Schott

77g; in a cave near Calcehtoh, Stone 26^.

Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Hitch. PI. Baham 156.

A crostichu?n polypodioides Linn. , Polypodium incanum Sw. , Marginaria

incana Presl , Lepicystis incana Sw.

Fronds low, the stipes rising

from a slender, scaly, running root-

stock, coriaceous, grayish beneath

from a dense covering of scurfy,

peltate, laciniate scales; simply

pinnatifid, the segments oblong-

linear, obtuse. Sori small, situ-

ated in deep pits n-ear the margin

of th^ segments. (These pits are

readily seen with the naked eye, after

scraprig off the scales.) Sporangia

nearly circular in outline, finely few-

anastcr.iose-veined; spores phaseo-

loid, hyaline, unmarked.

Stipes 3-6 cm. Fronds 6-10

X 2.5-3 cm.

Hab. — On trees, in deep woods, infrequent: On the branches

of Lysiloma latisiliqua, at Buena Vista Xbac, Gawner mo.

Feb. 1903.

Plant.^: Yucatan/e — Millspaugh.

Phegopteris rudis F^e.

Poly podium rude Kunze., AlsopJiila pilosa Mart. & Gal.

Fronds pinnatisect; pinnules sharply lanceolate, the lower pinnat-

ifid for at least one-half their length, hairy beneath, especially on the

midrib and veins; segments

ligulate-falcate, acute or acutish,

entire; veinlets free, the lowest

pair not meeting at the sinus.

Rachis terete. Sori contiguous

at the ends of the veinlets where

the margins of the segments are

half revolute but in no sense

indusiate; sporangia pyriform,

finely anastomose-veined, not

aciculate haired; spores phaseo-

loid, slightly interrupted-winged,

and broadly few-anastomosed

by the hyaline placentoid mem-

brane.

Hab. — Shady, cool places

on rocks. This species, while

belonging naturally to this region, must be quite infrequent, as the

only specimen so far collected is an immature frond gathered by

Dr. Schott, at the Cenot^ of Sacalun. (Herb. Field Col. Mus. No.

59161.)

Campyloneuron Phy nitidis (L.) Presl.

Polypodiujfi Phyllitidis Linn.

Frond rigid, chartaceous, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-

linear, irregularly slight-repand, long-tapering into the stipitate or

nearly sessile base; veins straight,

costate; veinlets arched - trans-

verse, 3-appendaged, the third

appendage prolonged from the

anastomosis of the veinlets par-

allel to the costae. Sori circular

in outline, arranged in regular

series parallel to the costae, and

borne on the back of the lateral

appendages to the veinlets;

sporangia nearly circular, finely

and regularly anastomose-

veined; spores opaque, phaseo-

loid, the convexity filled with a

hyaline membrane.

Fronds 30-70x5-8 cm.

Rootstock nearly globular.

Hab. — On decaying trees

and stumps. Cenot^ of Maxcabicu, Schott 781; Laguna Colombia,

south end of Cozumel, Jan. 5, 1895, Millspaugh, Armour Exped. j8.

12

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Phymatodes lycopodioides (L.) comb. nov.

Polypodiujn lycopodioides Linn. Syst. Nat. 2:691.

Fronds chartaceous, alternate along the long, densely scaly root-

stock, linear-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, blunt or acutish

at the apex and tapering to a

short petiolulate stipe. Veinlets-

3-serial, arch-anastomose, Sori

large, globular, arranged in two

parallel rows one on each side of

the midvein and equal distance

between it and the margin; all

borne somewhat irregularly on the

anastomosis of several veinlets;

sporangia nearly circular in out-

line, finely and regularly anasto-

mose-veined; spores phaseoloid,.

opaque, the concave side unoccu-

pied by a membrane.

Rootstalk .25-3 meters long;

stipes about 2-3 cm. apart; fronds 6-18 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad.

Maya name: X-Naab-oud, "The Kiss of the Naab," probably in

satirical allusion to the clinging embrace of the women of the indig-

enous Pueblo of Tenabo.

Hab. — Climbing the trunks of trees, in dry open woods. Cenot6

of Kikil, Schott 768 ; Chichen Itza, Jan. 18, 1895, Millspaugh, Armour

Exped. TJ4; ''trailing ten feet, in an old field near Izamal," Gaunter

and climbing trees at San Anselmo, 1826, and at Chichankanab^

18 2^ ; climbing Sabal trees at the Caleta, Cozumel, Millspaugh, PL

Uiowance 1534. The specimen reported by Dr. Gaumer as trailing on

open ground has very narrow, lanceolate leaves, 1.2x17 cm., and is

in fine fruiting condition.

SCH IZ AEACE^.

Ferns with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporangia ovoid, sessile,

borne upon the under surface of altered leaflets arranged in spikes or

panicles, and provided with an apical ring; dehiscence vertical, longi-

tudinal.

ORNITHOPTERIS.

Fronds erect, commonly 3-branched, the middle branch sterile

and 1-3-pinnate. Fertile fronds paniculate at the apex, divisions

many, one-sided, narrow, minute. Indusia none. Sporangia attached

by their sessile bases in a double row to the under side of the divisions;

apical ring several rayed.

Feb. 1903.

Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh.

13

Ornithopteris adiantifolia (L.) Bernh.

Osmunda adiantifolia Linn., Anemia adiantifolia Sw.

Sterile leaf glabrous, usually longer than the fertile, 2-3-pinnat-

ifid, the ultimate segments cuneate-elliptical, denticulate above,

striate with many flabellate

veins. Fertile leaf-segments

minute, crenately 4-6-cleft.

Sporangia obpyriform, the sur-

face densely reticulate-veined;

apical ring 8-12-rayed. Spores

ovoid, the surface marked by

several prominent ridges con-

vergent at the base and apex.

Plants 12-40 cm. high,

the sterile leaf 15-24 cm., in-

ferior segments 1-1.5 cm. In

fruit at all seasons.

Hab.— On limestone rocks

in shady places. Ruins of

Uxmal and Mayapan, Schott

651 ; the Great Mound at Izamal, Jan. 13, 1895, Millspaugh, Armour

Exped. 58; and Gawjier jy2 ; woodlands near Chichankanab, Gau?ner

1408, 1458, 1716, Pocoboch, 2J82; deep woods, center of the Island of

Cozumel, Millspaugh, PL Utotvance, 1563.

Ornithopteris cicutaria (Ktze.) Underw. Mem. Torr. Club 12:15.

Anemia bipinnata Moore.

Sterile leaf once to twice shorter than the fertile, 2-3-pinnatifid,

the ultimate segments cuneate,

irregularly incised and wavy-

margined, with a few scattered

lax, aciculate hairs upon the

under surface. Fertile leaf-

segments minute, about 4-cre-

nate, the edges involute; spo-

rangia obpyriform, the surface

closely and prominently reticu-

late ridged, apical ring about

8-rayed, spores cordate-triangu-

lar, the surface finely p a p i 1 -

late.

• Plants 6-12 cm. high, the

sterile frond 2.5-4 Inferior

segments 5-8 mm. In fruit at

all seasons.

Hab. — On rocks, near aguadas and cenot^s. Cenot^ of Uayma,

and Ya Uoil, Schott 677.

14 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Ornithopteris Wrightii (Baker) comb. nov.

Anemia Wrightii Baker Syn. Fil. 435.

Slender, sterile leaf about one-half the length of the fertile, seg-

ments more narrowly cuneate

than in the preceding species,

the incisions more blunt and

the scattered hairs more strict.

Sporangia globose, the surface

openly and quite regularly

reticulate ridged ; ring about

12-14-rayed; spores cupuli-

form, the surface finely papil-

late

Plants slender and some-

what lax, 20-30 cm. high, the

sterile frond 6-8 cm. long ;

ultimate lower segments .8-1.2

cm. long. In fruit in Feb-

ruary.

Hab. — Limestone boul-

ders, in open moist woodlands, near the center of the Island of Cozu-

mel, Mil/spaugh, PI. Utowance TJ64.

SPERMATOPH YTA.

GRAMINE^.*

CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH and AGNES CHASE.

Herbaceous or rarely woody plants. Flowers without a distinct

perianth, perfect or unisexual, solitary or several together in spike-

lets, which are arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles, and which

consist of a shortened axis {rachilld) and 2 or more chaff-like, dis-

tichous, imbricated bracts {glumes), of which the first 2 (rarely i, or

more than 2) are empty {empty glumes) ; in the axil of each of the suc-

ceeding bracts {floral glumes) is, normally, borne a flower; flower

sometimes wanting, the glume then being termed a sterile glume

{^'flos neuter'' oi the older authors). Opposed to each floral glume,

with its dorsum toward the rachilla, is a 2-nerved bract {paled), these

together forming the fruiting glumes, which in the Fanicece and some

others form an indehiscent covering about the enclosed free grain

(true seed), a caryopsis rich in albumen. Stamens usually 3 (6 in

Guadua), with slender filaments and 2-celled versatile anthers; pistil

with a i-celled, i-ovuled ovary, with 2, usually plumose, stigmas.

Rachilla articulated below the empty glumes, spikelets falling from the

pedicel entire or together with certain joints of the rachis at

maturity. Spikelets i-flowered (or rarely a lower imperfect

flower):

Fruiting glumes hyaline, empty glumes indurated, spikelets in

racemes or spikes whose articulate axes break up at maturity:

Spikelets monoecious, pistillate spikelets en- )

closed in a bony involucre below the stami- [■ Coix.

nate panicle )

Spikelets heterogamous, or all perfect, in pairs at the joints of the

rachis, i sessile, i pedicellate:

Joints of the rachis greatly thickened and ex- )

cavated for the reception of the perfect [ Hackelochloa.

spikelets )

Joints of the rachis not thickened nor excavated:

Spikelets all perfect Saccharum.

Spikelets heterogamous:

Grain elongated, terete Andropogon.

Grain oval, dorsally compressed Sorghu??i.

Fruiting glumes membranaceous, spikelets in s

groups surrounded by a pseudo-involucre { y, j,?

formed by the connate indurated ^rslX^^^^^^^^^^^"^' *

glumes of each, falling off entire '

*The cuts present a portion of the inflorescence (spike, raceme or panicle) or a single spike-

let magnified ^diameters (except where noted natural size in Coix and Olyra); the fruiting glumes

and grain magnified lo diameters, and a transverse section of the latter at its greatest diameter, the

base of the section being the ventral side— e., the side bearing the hilum.

15

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Fruiting glumes indurated, empty glumes thin or membranaceous;

spikelets in racemes or panicles, falling from the continuous

rachis at maturity:

Spikelets perfect:

Sunken in cavities of the broad flattened axis Stenotaphrtim.

Not sunken in the axis:

Subtended by an involucre of i to many bristles:

Spikelets falling, bristles persistent:

Empty glumes auricled and lyre shaped Setariopsis.

Empty glumes not auricled nor lyre shaped ChcEtochloa.

Bristles falling with the spikelets Cejichrus.

Not subtended by bristles:

Empty glumes awned Oplismenus.

Empty glumes not awned:

Floral glume auricled at base Ichnaiithus.

Floral glume not auricled at base:

Inrolled over the palea:

Spikelets in unilateral racemes Paspaliim.

Spikelets (except Panicum paspal- { • _

oides) not in unilateral racemes S

Not inrolled Syntherisma.

Spikelets monoecious, pistillate above, staminate ^ nj > ■

below in the same panicle S

Rachilia articulated above the empty glumes so that these remain after

the fall of the fruiting glumes. Spikelets i to many flowered:

Spikelets in 2 rows on i side of a continuous rachis forming unilateral

spikes or racemes:

With r perfect flower, often a staminate or neuter flower above it:

Awn less Cynodon.

Awned:

Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm Chloris.

Spikes racemed Bouteloiia.

Two to several flowered:

Sessile, crowded in closely imbricated spikes:

Rachis with terminal spikelets Eleiisine.

Rachis extended in a naked point Dactylocteniimi.

Pediceled in spike-like racemes Leptochloa.

Pediceled on one side of the branches of a ^ ^

spreading panicle S Goumia.

Spikelets not disposed in unilateral spikes, usually paniculate (soli-

tary or in pairs in Monanthochloe):

One-flowered :

Floral glume indurated, awned Aristida.

Floral glume thin membranaceous, awnless Sporobolus.

Two to many flowered:

Perfect:

Spikelets (except empty glumes) densely clothed with long

hairs, equalling or exceeding the glumes:

Floral glume hairy, rachilia naked Ai'iindo.

Floral glume naked, rachilia hairy Phragmites.

Spikelets glabrate or with short hairs only:

Floral glume bidentate, cuspidate Triodia.

Floral glume entire, not cuspidate Eragrostis.

Dicjccious:

Spikelets solitary or in pairs, sessile in the |. Monanthochloe.

axils of the rigid upper leaves \

Spikelets in contracted panicles Distichlis.

Spikelets fascicled, cylindric, 3 or more cm. ) Quadiia

long \

Feb. 1903. Plant/e Yucatan^e — Millspaugh & Chase.

17

COIX L. Gen. PI. 1043.

Spikelets monoecious, the staminate above, panicled, projected

out of the orifice of the bony involucre, the pistillate below, enclosed

by the ovate or spherical ivory-like sheath of the subtending bract.

Stamens 3.

Coix lachryma-Jobi L. Sp. PI. 972.

Intiorescence of 1-5 spikes exserted at maturity; peduncle angled,

glabrous. Staminate spikelets i or 2-flowered, flattened dorsally, in

2's or 3's, one pedicellate, 4-5x10

mm.; first glume obovate, obtuse,

2-nerved, the nerves broadly winged

above, margin of the glume inflexed;

second glume slightly shorter, ovate,

acute, 6-nerved; floral glumes 9 mm.,

ovate, hyaline, 3-nerved; palea equal,

hyaline except base which is mem-

branaceous. Pistillate spike of i

fertile and i or 2 sterile spikelets

enclosed by the ovoid or spherical

ivory-like sheath of the subtending

bract, 7x12 mm. Apex of linear,

firm sterile spikelets projecting from

orifice of capsule. First glume of

fertile spikelet, 11 mm. long, orbic-

ular, apiculate, hyaline except apex

and margins which are tough membranaceous, 1 1 -i 3-nerved,, the mar-

gins inflexed; second glume equal to first in length, broadly ovate,

apiculate, wing keeled, hyaline, with membranaceous apex and keel;

third glume similar with a faint midnerve; floral glume 9 mm., apicu-

late, 3-nerved; palea 7 mm., 2-nerved, delicately hyaline. Grain red-

dish brown, sub-globose, with a broad sulcus down the ventrum,

5x5.5 mm., in section ungulanotarate (hoof-print shape).

Hab. — Collected in the patio of Dr. Gaumer, Izamal, Jan. 13,

1895, Millspaugh Armour Exped. yj ; "Izamal, one plant came up

spontaneously in my yard in 1894 and produced a quantity of seed;

this was followed in 1895 by several plants springing up in the same

place and producing a great quantity of seed, but none came up in

1896, " Gaunter lOji.

SACCHARUM L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1:79.

Inflorescence a much branched panicle with an elongated main

axis. Spikelets i -flowered, in pairs at each joint of the articulate

rachis, i sessile, i pedicellate. Empty glumes indurated, with long

hairs at the base and on the callus, floral glume hyaline or wanting.

" Caryopsis oblonga'' (Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3:1125). Stamens 3.

Saccharum oflacinarum L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1 79.

Panicle exserted, 30-60 cm. long, 15-25 cm. wide,

axis terete,

i8

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

pubescent; primary branches fascicled, pilose at the base; racemes

slender, many jointed, rachis puberulent, pilose at the base, inter-

nodes 5-8 mm. Spikelets all

perfect, .8x3.2 mm., densely

pilose at the base with white

spreading silky hairs twice the

length of the spikelets. Empty

glumes 2, lanceolate, acute,

scabrous above, first 4-nerved,

second 3-nerved (lateral nerves

often obscure), ciliate above;

floral glume 2.5 mm., oblong-

ovate, acute, i-nerved, ciliate;

palea minute or wanting.

Grain not seen.

Hab. — Yot Oonot, Gaumer

IJ2J, Calotmul 2joy.

''For culture, varieties are

chosen which have been repro-

duced for centuries by cuttings,

and consequently have become nearly incapable of blooming."

(Hackel's "True Grasses," translated by F. Lamson-Scribner, p. 50.)

HACKELOCHLOA Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 2:776.

Inflorescence of spike-like racemes. Spikelets heterogamous, in

pairs, partially imbedded in the excavations of the articulate rachis,

one sessile, perfect, i -flowered, the other pedicellate, staminate or

neuter, the pedicel grown to the rachis. Glumes of the perfect spike-

let 4; the first indurated, globose, and covering the cavity in the

rachis. Grain ovoid. Stamens 3.

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 2:776.

Ccnchrus granularis L.

Inflorescence of 2-4 spike-like ra-

cemes, in leafy panicles, more or less

included. Racemes 12-20 mm. long,

2.5 mm. wide, often exceeded by the

subtending leaf. Internodes of the

rachis i mm. long, brown or black;

scabrous. Pediceled spikelet fuscous,

scabrous, 2 mm.; first glume ovate,

flattened dorsally, 7-nerved, the lat-

eral nerves hispid; second glume scaph-

.oid, 7-nerved, the keel hispid; third

and fourth shorter, hyaline, sometimes

with a staminate flower, usually empty.

Perfect spikelet globose, 1.6 mm.,

first glume light brown turning cinere-

ous black in maturity, faveolate and

granular; second of equal length, less rigid, white, oval, i -nerved

with a thickened margin, immersed in the cavity of the rachis; third

Feb. 1903. PLANTiE Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

19

shorter, hyaline, 2-nerved; floral glume about equal and similar, sub-

tending a minute hyaline palea. Grain pinkish white, broad ovoid,

gxi mm.; in section plano-convex; endosperm oily.

Hab. — San Felipe, "18 inches, common," Gaumer 1404, Poco-

boch, 2^78, Chichankanab, 2465.

ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045.

Inflorescence of spike-like racemes. Spikelets heterogamous, in

pairs at each joint of the articulate rachis, one sessile, perfect,

I -flowered, the other pedicellate and either staminate, neuter, or

reduced to the pedicel. Glumes of the perfect spikelet 4; first indur-

ated, flattened dorsally, with a strong nerve near each margin; floral

glume hyaline, awned, palea hyaline, minute or wanting. Grain

elongated. Stamens 3.

Spikelets awned:

Clothed with soft hair hirtiflorus.

Hairy only at base semiberbis.

Spikelets awnless Nardtcs.

Andropogon hirtiflorus (Nees) Kunth. Rev. Gram. 2:569.

Schizaclirium hirtiflorum Nees.

Racemes single, 4-5 cm. long, on glabrous included peduncles.

Internodes of rachis 6 mm. long, purple, clavate, with a toothed cup-

like appendage at the apex,

densely silky pilose. Neuter

spikelet consisting of a green,

3-hispid-nerved, slender awned

glume enclosing a hyaline

I -nerved empty glume; pedicel

shorter than sessile spikelet,

silky pilose. Perfect spikelet

elliptic, 7 mm. long, with a ring

of white hairs at the base.

First glume purplish, bidentate,

5-nerved, the lateral pair strong-

est and hispid above, densely

pilose; second equal in length,

scabrous, light brown with a

green, hispid keel; third purple,

hyaline, 2-nerved, ciliolate;

floral glume nearly equal in length, ciliolate, cleft ^ its length,

bearing a scabrous, geniculate awn, 12-13 mm. long; palea want-

ing. Grain purple, lanceolate-ellipsoid; tipped with the style base,

.6x4.5 mm.; in section, depressed sub-orbicular.

Hab. — In old fields, 3 feet high, Tekax, Sept. 1895-96, Gaunter

Andropogon semiberbis (Nees) Kunth. Enum. 1:489.

Schizachrium semiberbe Nees.

Racemes single, 4-6 cm. long, on slender glabrous included

peduncles. Internodes of rachis 8 mm. long, tinged with red, clavate,

with a toothed cup-like appendage at the apex; a ring of white hairs.

20

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

at the base, otherwise glabrous. Neuter spikelet reduced to a

5 nerved, scabrous, awned glume on a broad ciliate pedicel shorter

than the sessile spikelet.

Perfect spikelet lanceolate, 8 mm.

long, with a ring of short white

hairs at its base. First glume

brown, bidentate, 2-nerved, sca-

brous, nerves hispid above; sec-

ond equal in length, brown, acute,

keeled, scabrous, ciliate; third

white, hyaline, 2-nerved, ciliate;

floral glume the length of

first, cleft its length, bear-

ing a scabrous geniculate awn,

15-18 mm. long; palea wanting.

Grain light brown, translucent,

lanceolate-ellipsoid, .7 x 3.9 mm.;

in section compressed sub-orbic-

ular.

Hab. — "Abundant on stone

house roofs and on the ancient ruins about Izamal, rare in

2 feet high," Nov., Gaumer 10J7.

walls,

fields,

Andropogon Nardus L. Sp. PI. 1482.

Racemes 1-1.5 cm. in pairs, terminal upon the culm or its

branches, one sessile, with one or two basal homogamous pairs (of 2

staminate spikelets), the other short pediceled, both subtended by a

red-brown sheathing leaf 1.5-2 cm. long, arranged in a false panicle

interrupted by leaves. Internodes of

rachis 2 mm., clavate, with a toothed

cup-like summit, densely pilose with

rather stiff white hairs, 1-2 mm. long.

Staminate spikelet 4.5 mm., russet

brown, lanceolate; first glume, sca-

brous, 9-nerved; second glume nearly

equal, 3-nerved; floral glume 3.5 mm.,

linear lanceolate, hyaline, subtend-

ing a staminate flower without palea.

Perfect spikelet 5-5.3 mm., light

brown, lanceolate; first glume acute,

scabrous, the 2 nerves winged; second equal, acute, i-nerved; third

3.5 mm., white, hyaline, i-nerved, scabrous; floral glume 3 mm., linear,

hyaline, awnless; palea wanting. Grain not seen.

Hab. — Cultivated, Hacienda San Rafael Xteppen, Aug. 7, 1865

(lacking inflorescence), Schott ^47 ; " Cultivated at Merida on account

of its pleasant odor, and used in Yucatec domestic medicine as a tea

for stomachic colic," Valdez 4j.

SORGHUM Pers. Syn. 1:101.

Inflorescence paniculate, racemes reduced to 1-4 joints, spike-

lets heterogamous, in pairs at each joint of the usually articulate

Feh. 1903. Planive Yucatan/e — MiLLSPAUGH & Chase.

21

rachis, or at 3's at the terminal joint, the sessile perfect, the pedicel-

late staminate or neuter. Glumes of perfect spikelet 4, first and sec-

ond indurated, floral glume hyaline, awned, palea hyaline, minute.

Grain ovoid, dorsally compressed. Stamens 3.

Sorghum Halepense (L.) Pers. Syn. 1:101.

Holcus Halepensis L.

Panicle long exserted, 12-30 cm. long, loose and spreading;

branches sub-verticillate; axis and branches sharply serrulate-angled,

with a ring of tawny hairs at the base; first glume reddish brown,

minutely bidentate, with a pair of hispid strong lateral nerves and 3

faint intermediate ones, tawny pilose; second of equal leng|:h and sim-

ilar, apiculate; third shortef, white, hyaline, 2-nerved, ciliate; floral

glume Y-z the length of third, cleft ^ its length, ciliate, bearing a gen-

iculate awn 6-9 mm. long, subtending a minute, lanceolate, fimbriate-

ciliate palea. Grain reddish brown, obovoid 1.7x2.7 mm.; in sec-

tion, oblong with convex dorsum.

Hab. — Near Izamal, "Extensively cultivated since 1880 as a pas-

ture grass under the name Sacate Parana," June, 1895, Gaunter y20,

24^g, Chichankanab 7297, i2gg.

Sorghum Drummondii Nees. ex Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 393.

Andropogon Sorghum Drummondii Hackel.

Panicle long-exserted, 8-12 cm. long, dense and compact;

branches alternate, short, pubescent, especially in the axils.

Racemes of 2-3 inarticulate joints, internodes 1-1.5 mm., pubescent.

Pediceled spikelet 4-4.5 mm., lanceolate, pubescent; first and second

glumes acute, 7-9-nerved, the lateral nerves strongest and hispid,

Panicle loose and open

Panicle dense and contracted:

Awn 8-10 mm., grain 3.6 mm,

Awn 5 mm., grain 4.4 mm.

Halepense.

Drummondii.

vulgare.

densely pubescent in the axils.

Racemes borne on the ultimate

branches of the panicle, of i or

2 joints; internodes 4 mm. long,

slender, densely tawny pilose.

Pediceled spikelet lanceolate, 6

mm. ; first and second glumes

7 nerved, acute, lateral nerves

strongest and hispid above, cili-

ate; third glume shorter, hyaline

ciliate - fimbriate, subtending a

smaller similar palea and stam-

inate flower; pedicel Yz-Yl the

length of sessile spikelet, pilose.

Perfect spikelet ovate, 6 mm.,

22

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

margins ciliate; third shorter, hyaline, ciliate, subtending a similar

palea and staminate flower or empty; pedicel the length of ses-

sile spikelet. Perfect spikelet

6 mm., ovate, sub-acute, with a

ring of hairs at the base; first

and second glumes light brown

to chestnut, pubescent; first

7-nerved, obtuse; second

5 - nerved, apiculate, ciliate;

third shorter, white or purple-

blotched, hyaline, 2 - nerved,

ciliate; floral glume ^ the

length of first, cleft ^ its

length, ciliate, bearing a genic-

ulate awn 8-IO mm long, and

subtending a minute linear, cil-

iate palea. Grain reddish

brown, oval, 2.4x3.6 mm.; in

section oblong with concave

ventriim and truncate-convex dorsum.

Hab. — " In an old field at Buena Vista Xbac, 3 feet high," April,

Gautner lO^j. i^Andropogon Sorghum Drummondii Hack. Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:350).

Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. i.ioi.

Panicle short-exserted, 10-12 cm. long, dense and compact;

branches alternate, short, at first pubescent, becoming glabrous or

nearly so, pubescent in the axils. Racemes of 1-4 inarticulate joints,

internodes 2 mm. long, pubescent. Pediceled spikelet 3-4 mm., Ian--

ceolate, pubescent; first glume acute, 8-nerved, the lateral strongest

and hispid, margin ciliate; second equal in length, 7-nerved, ciliate,

enclosing a smaller ciliate, hyaline, empty glume; pedicel ^ the length

of sessile spikelet or less, pub-

escent. Perfect spikelet 6 mm. ,

ovate, with a ring of hairs at the

base; first and second glumes

chestnut or black and shining

when mature, at first densely pu-

bescent, becoming more or less

glabrous, first 2-nerved, blunt;

second 3- nerved, apiculate and

having a hyaline-fimbriate mar-

gin; third shorter, white, hya-

line, 2-nerved, ciliate; floral

glume less than the length

of first, cleft Yz its length, cili-

ate, bearing a geniculate awn,

5 mm. long, and subtending a

minute lanceolate, fimbriate

palea. Grain reddish brown, oval, 2.7x4.4 mm.; in section oblong

with slightly concave ventrum and convex dorsum.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gaumer 21^^.

Feb. 1903. PLANTiE YuCATANiE MiLLSPAUGH & ChASE.

23

ANTHEPHORA Schreb. Gras. 2:105.

Spikelets i -flowered, 4-5 together, each group surrounded by an

indurated pitcher-shaped pseudo-involucre formed by the first empty

glumes of the spikelets, connate at the base and deciduous with them

at maturity. Grain oblong, free. Stamens 3.

Anthephora elegans Schreb. Gras. 2:105, t. 44.

Spike long exserted, 7-15 cm. long, pseudo-involucres 4-ranked,

of 4-5 spikelets, only i or 2 perfecting fruit. Involucral (first) glumes

7 mm. long, pale green, ovate,

acute, finely many nerved, hispid,

ciliate. Spikelets 1.8x4.5 mm.,

lanceolate-ovate; second glume ^

the length of third, hyaline, ovate,

cuspidate-acuminate, i-nerved, hir-

sute; third hyaline, acute, 7-nerved,

hirsute, enfolding the fruiting

glumes; floral glume nearly the

length of third, firmer, 5-nerved,

glabrous, enfolding a similar

2-nerved palea. Grain brownish-

white, oblong I.I x2 mm.; in section oblong with rounded sides.

Hab. — Merida, Sept., and Hacienda San Rafael, Schott ^4g;

along fences in sheltered places, 16 inches high, not common, Gaiimer

J14; in old fields, i foot high, common, Izamal, June to Jan., Oct.,

lojo, Chichankanab i^g? and Calotmul 1644.

SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76.

Digitaria Scop. no7i Heist.

Inflorescence composed of i -sided digitate or panicled linear

racemes. Rachis 3-angled, lateral angles often broadly winged.

Spikelets i -flowered, perfect, usually in pairs, sometimes in 3's or 4's,

alternate in 2 rows, rachilla articulated below the empty glumes.

Glumes 3 or 4; empty glumes thin or membranaceous, fruiting glumes

indurated but less so than in Panicum, papillo-striate; the floral

glume w4th hyaline margins, not inroUed as in Panicum and Paspa-

lum. Grain ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, enclosed within the fruit-

ing glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Spikelets enveloped in long silky hairs

Spikelets nearly glabrate or with short hairs:

More than 3 mm., empty glumes 3

Less than 2.5 mm., empty glumes 2:

Lowest glume % the length of spikelet, blunt, fruit- /

ing glumes chestnut \

iiisiilare.

satigiiijtale .

fi liforme.

Lowest glume the length of spikelet, acuminate, /

fruiting glumes greenish purple

Syntherisma insulare (L.) comb. nov.

Aiidropogon insular is L. PI. Jam. Pugill. 30.

Panicu7n insulare Me3 er.

Panicum lanatum Rottb.

Panicum leucophcBum H. B. K.

Trichachne lanatum Nees.

setosiim.

24

Field Columbian Museum— Botany, Vol. III.

Inflorescence panicled, at first included, exserted when mature,

of lo to many (25-30) racemes; axis 2-10 cm. (sometimes 15-20 cm.)

long, striate, glabrous below, scabrous

toward the summit. Racemes erect, 3-13

cm. long; rachis 3-angled, hispidulous on

the margins. Spikelets usually in pairs,

the lower often abortive or wanting,

1.15x6 mm., lanceolate, acuminate. First

glume minute, triangular, hyaline -mar-

gined, glabrous; second equal to third, lan-

ceolate, acuminate, 5-nerved, densely

clothed with long, silky, tawny hairs; third

4 mm. (excluding hairs), 5-nerved and

silky pubescent like the second; floral

glume nearly equal to third, chestnut with

white margins, papillo-striate, acuminate;

palea equal and of like texture. Grain

translucent pinkish cream-white, ellipsoid,

.7x1.8 mm.; in section unequally biconvex.

Hab. — Merida 1865, Scliott g4 [Panicu?n lanatuin Rottb. Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 1:353); frequent at the port of Silam, 3 feet high, April,

1895, Gaujner dy^ {Panicum insular e G. F. W. Meyer, Field Col. Mus.

Bot. 1 :288), San Anselmo igiy ; on the rocky plain south of the lagoon

near Progreso, Mills paugh PL Utozvance 168 1 [Panicum insular e (L.)

Meyer, Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:25).

That this species belongs in the genus Syntherisma rather than

in Panicum is shown chiefly by the fruiting glumes which are of the

form characteristic of the former, having a floral glume with hyaline

margins not inroUed. The lanceolate spikelet and minute first glume

are also characteristic of Syntherisma. The long, silky pubescence

of second and third glumes and more loosely panicled racemes do not

seem important enough to differentiate this species generically from

Syntherisma. Trichachne Nees (Agros. Bras. 85, 1829), founded on

this and allied forms, is, therefore, considered a synonym of Synther-

isma. Neither can this species be placed in Tricholcena as by Grise-

bach and others, that genus having a distant first glume and a callus

below the spikelet, with indurated second and third glumes and

membranaceous fruiting glumes about ^ the length of second and

third.

Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Fl. Hautes-Pyr. 77.

Panicum sanguinale L.

Digit aria marginal a Link.

Dis^itaria fimbriata Link.

Inflorescence digitate or panicled, finally exserted, sometimes

much so, of 2-6 racemes; axis 0-4 cm. long (usually i cm. or less),

3-angled, hispidulous on the margins. Racemes erect or ascending,

sometimes spreading, 3 -13 cm. long; rachis flexuous, broadly winged,

hispidulous on the margins. Spikelets in pairs, 1.2 x 3.4 mm., oblong-

lanceolate, acute. First glume minute, triangular, glabrous; second

the length of the spikelet, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, margins

Feh. 1903. Plantte Yucatan^— Millspaugh & Chase.

25

and internerves pubescent with appressed hairs; third 3.4 mm.,

7-nerved, the lateral ones often indistinct, margins and second inter-

nerves on each side pubescent with

short appressed hairs or clothed

with long silky hairs or sometimes

almost glabrate, first and second

nerves glabrous, scabrous or

pubescent; floral glume nearly

equal to third, pale brown with

white margins, papillo-striate, acu-

minate; palea equal and of like

texture. Grain translucent pink-

ish white, ovate-ellipsoid, rounded

at apex and base, .8 x 2. i mm. ; in

section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 27, 1865,

Schott 6og {Panicum marginatum

Link non R. Br. w^?;? Vahl, Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:353), Aug. 20, 586,

ruins of Uxmal, Sept. 16, 1865,

735 {Pcinicum sanguinale L. i/?id.);

Yucatan loc. ignot. Gaumer I02g {Panicum sanguinale L. ibid.), Izamal,

I0J4, Chichankanab I2g2, San Anselmo 214J ; rock-strewn arid

plain south of Progreso, Millspaugh PL Uto. 1700.

An extremely variable species with apparently no constant char-

acter except the fruiting glumes and the grain. After examination of

a large amount of material from North and Central America and the

West Indies, the forms known as Digitaria marginata Link and fim-

briata Link are here included under Syntherisma sanguinale. (Kunth,

Enum. 1:82, makes D. j?iargi?iata Link a synonym of Panicum sangui-

nale!^., hut D. JiJnbr lata \^'\nk he holds distinct.) Individual speci-

mens can be selected showing apparently distinct species, but others

show such complete intergrading that no combination of characters

has been found to hold. No. I02g Gaumer, from which the illustra-

tion is made, shows the two forms of spikelet, fimbriate and nearly

glabrate, borne on different panicles from the same branching culm.

The other distinctions: length of second glume, scabrous or smooth

nerves, and size of spikelet, have not been found to hold good; spike-

lets of sanguinalis equaling those of fimbriata, excluding the long

hairs of the latter. The first and second nerves of third glume are

found to be scabrous usually on northern plants, but pass into the

softly pubescent nerves of the southern form which is not ''fimbri-

ate"; where the internerves are pubescent the nerves are usually

glabrous. No. igo68 Herb. Field Col. Mus. Coll. C. F. Millspaugh,

Morgantown, W. Va. , July 30, 1890, shows spikelets with scabrous

nerves of third glume and others with glabrous nerves and pubescent

internerves (species sanguinalis and fimbriata) on the same rachis, and

in one case the pair of spikelets shows one of each form. Taken

altogether, however, the specimens examined show that the fimbri-

ata'' form usually has a longer axis of inflorescence, panicled rather

than digitate, with spreading racemes, while the typical sanguinalis

26

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

is usually digitate, but both these cases have frequent exceptions.

small variation in size only, the same

seems wisest to consider all as forms of

Finally as all have, with a

fruiting glumes and grain, it

one variable species.

Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 22:420.

Panicum filiforme L.

Inflorescence fasciculate-panicled, long exserted, of 4-8 racemes;

axis 1-3 cm. long, striate, glabrous.

Racemes erect or ascending, filiform, 4-12

cm. long, rachis somewhat flexuous,

3-angled, hispidulous on the margins.

Spikelets in pairs or in 3's, .7x1.7 mm. ^

ellipsoid, abruptly acuminate. First glume

wanting; second ^ the length of the spike-

let, ovate with blunt apex, 3-nerved, mar-

gins and internerves pubescent with

appressed, gland-tipped hairs; third slightly

shorter than the floral glume, 7-nerved, the

margins and first and second internerves

on each side pubescent with gland-tipped

hairs; floral glume 1.7 mm., chestnut with

white margins, papillo-striate; palea equal

and of like texture. Grain translucent

creamy white, oblong with subacute base and rounded apex, .5 x i.i

mm. ; in section convexo-concave.

Hab — Chichankanab, Gaumer 22^0,

Yucatan and West Indies specimens have spikelets mostly in 3's.

Syntherisma setosum (Desv.) Nash Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25:300.

Digit aria selosa Desv.

Inflorescence panicled, long-exserted, of 6-18 racemes, lower-

most usually whorled; axis 2-5 cm., rarely to 20 cm. long, striate,

glabrous. Racemes spreading, filiform,

5-1O cm. long; rachis 3-angled, hispidu-

lous on the margins. Spikelets in pairs

.7 X 2.4 mm., lanceolate, acuminate. First

glume wanting; second }^ the length of

the spikelet, lanceolate, acuminate,

3-nerved, villous at the summit; third 2.4

mm., prominently 5-nerved, villous on the

margins and summit; floral glume nearly

equal to third, greenish purple, papillo-

striate; palea equal and of like texture.

Grain translucent pinkish white, ellipsoid,

.5 X 1.25 mm. ; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — San Felipe, Gaiimer 140^,

24go, Chichankanab IS24, Pocoboch 24^4.

Yucatan specimens have longer pan-

icles of more scattered racemes than our

ical Florida and St. Croix.

specimens from subtrop-

Feb. 1903. Plants Yucatan^. — Millspaugh & Chase.

27

PASPALUM L. Syst. Ed. 10, 2:855.

Inflorescence of spikelike racemes, panicled or digitate. Spike-

lets I -flowered, perfect, in 2 rows on one side of the flattened rachis,

rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes 2-4 (usually

3), empty glumes thin or membranaceous, fruiting glumes coriaceous,

the margins of the glume inrolled over the palea. Grain dorsally

•compressed, enclosed in the fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Empty glume i elongatum.

Empty glumes 2:

Spikelets glabrate, single vaginattwi.

Spikelets hirsute, in pairs lentigmosum.

Empty glumes 3 oricolum.

Paspalum vaginatum Swartz Prod. Ind. Occ. 21.

Racemes 2-4, digitate or fasciculate, short exserted, 2.5-6 cm.

long, 4 mm. wide; rachis minutely

scabrous on the margins, a few white

hairs at the axils. Spikelets single

on very short pedicels, 1.4x4 mm.,

lanceolate- o V a t e , acuminate.

Empty glumes 2, equal, glabrous,

first 2-nerved (midnerve obsolete),

second 3-nerved; fruiting glumes

stramineous 1.3x4 mm., lanceolate-

ovate, acute; apex of palea not

0 enclosed. Grain light brown, ob-

ovoid; in section unequally biconvex.

Hab. — In fresh water at the

aguada and Cenot^ de Nabula, on

the Hacienda C h a b 1 ^ , August,

Schott S46; salt swamps near

Sisal, Nov. 1865, 7jj>; Progreso, Gaumer ijio.

The species apparently rarely perfects seed.

Paspalum elongatum Griseb. PI. Lorentz. 260.

Panicle short exserted of 12-14 racemes, axis 10-12 cm. long,

glabrous, internodes .5-2 cm., racemes spreading or ascending, 2-3.5

cm. long, 3 mm. wide, i or 2 at a node;

rachis hispidulous on the margins and

bearing scattered bristle- like white hairs,

a tuft of similar hairs at the axils. Spike-

lets in pairs on scabrous pedicels, 1. 1 x 2. 3

mm. , purplish, oval - oblong, obtuse.

Empty glume one, oblong, subacute,

3 nerved, glabrous; fruiting glumes oval-

oblong, 1.1x2.3 mm. , the glume promi-

nently 5-nerved, papillo-striate, the palea

of like texture. Grain not seen.

Hab.— Merida Aug. 3, 1^6^ Schott ^gj ;

specimen immature. (Illustration and de-

scription drawn from Mandon PI. Boliv.

i2jj^ cited by Grisebach in his description

of the species, which, however, is only in bloom, having no seed formed. )

28 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Paspalum lentiginosum Presl. in Rel. Haenk. 1:218.

Panicle exserted, of 3-12 racemes; axis 5-15 cm. lon^, glabrous,

internodes .5-6 cm., racemes spreading or ascending, 2-10 cm. long,

3 mm. wide, the upper approximate, some-

times subfasciculate, the racemes rarely-

compound, rachis hispidulous on the mar-

gins, a few long white hairs at the axils.

Spikelets in pairs on scabrous pedicels

1.2x1.4mm., obovate-orbicular, obtuse.

Empty glumes 2, equal, 3-nerved, speckled

with purplish brown, hirsute with short,

stiff, white, gland-tipped hairs, first glume

orbicular, second oval; fruiting glumes

I X 1.2 mm., stramineous, orbicular with

a narrowed base, smooth and shining.

Grain pale brown, orbicular, .Sx.g mm.; in section concavo-convex.

Hab. — Merida, July 11, 1^65, Schott ^gj ; common on old fields

about Izamal, 30 inches high, Sept., Gaumer 8^2 [Paspalum panicu-

latum Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288), Chichankanab 1461^ 1523, 2464.

Paspalum oricolum sp. nov.

Panicle included at base or finally exserted, of 3-7 racemes; axis

5-20 cm. long, glabrous, internodes 1-5 cm. ; racemes ascending or

spreading, 3-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the lower rarely long-pedun-

cled; rachis scabrous on the margins, a few long white hairs at the

axils. Spikelets in pairs on scabrous pedicels, 1.6-2.4 mm., fus-

cous, obovate, subacute. Empty glumes 3, the first triangular, ciliate,

on the lower of the pair of spikelets the length of the spike-

let, on the upper spikelet minute; second and third glumes subequal,

5-nerved, papillo-hirsute and speckled with dark brown; second

broadly ovate, apiculate; third ovate, blunt; fruiting glumes 1.3x2.4

mm., stramineous, obovate, subacute, papillo-striate. Grain pale

brown, oblong with narrowed base, 1x1.5 rnn^- 1 in section sub-plano-

convex. Plant perennial, branching at the base, 2.5-7 dm. high;

culms erect, glabrous; sheaths

usually longer than the inter-

nodes, ciliate on the margins;

ligule membranaceous, .5-1 mm.

long; leaves 7-20 cm. long, 12-15

mm. wide, long acuminate,

rounded and more or less ciliate

at the base, margins usually fluted

and minutely ciliate.

Hab. — Sandy pathway in open

woods, northwest shore. Island of

Cozumel, Millspaugh PL Utowance

1480 {Paspalum Schaffneri Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 2:24).

Ad. Tonduz 8038 Flora Cos-

taricensis; Tracy 736^ Pierce, Texas; and Bush 264 Brazos River,

Texas, are referable to this species.

Paspalum oricolum.

Feb. 1903. Plant;E Yucatan^.— Millspaugh & Chase.

31

PANICUM L. Sp. PI. 55.

Inflorescence racemed or panicled. Spikelets i -flowered or

sometimes with a staminate flower below the terminal perfect one,

rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes 4, empty

glumes membranaceous, fruiting glumes coriaceous, the margins of

the glume inrolled over the palea. Grain dorsally compressed,

enclosed in the fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Fruiting glumes smooth and shining:

Palea free at the summit:

Spikelets awned crus-galli,

Spikelets awnless colonum.

Palea included at the summit:

Spikelets 1.5 mm. pubescent brevifoliiim.

Spikelets over 3.5 mm. glabrate or nearly so:

Obovate, empty glumes inflated divaricatum.

Lanceolate, empty glumes not inflated: hirticaulum.

Fruiting glumes transversely rugose:

Oblong, blunt and pubescent at the summit maximum.

Oval, acute and glabrate at the summit:

Empty glumes hirsute Carthaginense.

Empty glumes glabrate:

Russet or brown, internerves transversely ) r

wrinkled ^ \fuscum.

Pale green, not wrinkled PasPaloides.

Panicum crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 56.

Panicle finally exserted, of 6-8 approximate racemes; axis 7-10

cm. long, flattened, hispidulous. Racemes erect, 1-2 cm. long; rachis

hispidulous. Spikelets crowded in 2 to 4

rows, 1.6x4 mm. exclusive of awn, pale

green, ovate - lanceolate, acuminate.

First glume yz the length of spikelet,

mucronate, ciliolate, 3-nerved, hispid

on the nerves, glabrous between them;

second and third equal (exclusive of

awn), 5-nerved, bristly-hispid on the

nerves, internerves sparsely hispid

toward the apex, the second glume

mucronate or awn-tipped, the third bear-

ing an antrorsely barbed awn 3-10 mm.

long; fruiting glumes 1.3x3.5 mm.,

stramineous, lanceolate, acuminate,

smooth and shining, minutely pubescent

at the summit, apex of palea not in-

cluded. Grain translucent pinkish white,

oval with rounded apex, i x 1.5 mm.; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Borders of an aguada at Kanachen, March, 1866, Schott 832.

Panicum colonum L. Syst. Ed. 10, 870.

Panicle exserted, of 4-12 racemes, axis 5-20 cm. long, glabrous or

hispidulous toward the summit. Racemes more or less spreading, .5-3

cm. long; rachis flattened, hispidulous. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile

and one short-pediceled, 1.4x2.6 mm., russet-green, oval, short-

acuminate. First glume ^ the length of the spikelet, 3-nerved, hispid;

32

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

second and third equal, short-acuminate, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves,

hispidulous between them; fruiting

glumes I.I X2.3 mm., pale stramine-

ous, elliptic, acute, smooth and shin-

ing, minutely pubescent at the sum-

mit ; apex of palea not enclosed.

Grain translucent, white, ellipsoid,

with rounded apex, .9x1.4mm., in

section unequally biconvex.

Hab. — At the Quinta del Obispo,

Merida, Nov., 1864, Schott 42, and

June, July, 1865, 5g8 ; common in

old fields about Izamal, 16 inches

high, Sept., 1895, Gaunter 850, 2484^

Chichankanab, /^/p, T280, 1281^ 1526^ Izamal, 2j/p, Calotmul 24^0.

Panicum hirticaulum Presl. in Rel. Haenk. 1:308.

Panicle included at base or short exserted, 20-30 cm. long, 10-20

cm. wide, freely branching; branches

alternate, spreading, 5-15 cm. long,

spikelet bearing toward the ends; axis

and rachis striate, scabrous. Spikelets

tawny green, sometimes tinged with

plum color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

1.5x3.7 mm., glabrous, on flexuous

scabrous pedicels. First glume one-half

the length of the spikelet or longer,

acute, 7-nerved, second and third equal,

9-nerved; fruiting glumes pale brown,

oblong-elliptic, subacute, 1.1-1.2x2.2

mm., smooth and shining. Grain

brownish white, 1x1.5 irim., oblong-

obovoid, in section depressed globose.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gau?ner

1501 , a depauperate roadside speci-

men growing with Panicum maximum at Izamal, 24'j'j.

Panicum brevifolium L. Sp. PL 59.

Panicle included at the base, or short-

exserted, 7-16 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide;

axis sparsely pubescent, with long, spread-

ing, white hairs; branches alternate,

spreading, 2-8 cm. long; rachis capillary,

minutely hispidulous. Spikelets .6 x 1.5

mm., green or brownish, oval, acute, pu-

bescent, on long, flexuous, glabrous pedi-

cels. First glume nearly ^ the length of

the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved ; second

slightly shorter than the third, obtuse,

5-nerved; third subacute, 5-nerved; fruit-

ing glumes .6x1.5 mm., light brown,

oval, acute, minutely papillo-striate. Grain translucent brownish

white, ovoid, subacute, .5X.8 mm.; in section reniform-cordate.

Feb. 1903. PLANT.E Yucatan.^: — Millspaugh & Chase.

33

Hab. — Common in small limestone caves in the brush and forest

about Izamal, 4 feet high, Jan. to Dec, 1895, Gaunter 2488, 522

[Panicum brevifolium Kunth. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288), shady

places, San Anselmo, Aug., 8gs^ 2027.

Panicum maximum Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar. i, t. 13:76.

Panicum Jumentorum Pers.

Panicle included at the base or short exserted, 9-35 cm. long,

5-15 cm. wide; branches sub-verticillate, ascending, 4-15 cm., lower

third to half naked; axis and rachis glabrous

or minutely hispidulous, the latter with a

tuft of tawny hairs at the base. Spikelets

1.1x3.3 mm., green, oblong-lanceolate,

acute, glabrous, on flexuous, hispidulous

pedicels. First glume yz the length of

spikelet, 5-nerved, the lateral pair faint;

second slightly shorter than the third, 5-

nerved ; third 5-nerved, subtending a

membranaceous palea of equal length and

a staminate flower; fruiting glumes i X2.3

mm., pale stramineous, oblong, subacute,

minutely pubescent at the summit, trans-

versely rugose. Grain greenish white, oblong, .yx 1.4 mm., in sec-

tion convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 20, Schott ^g^ ; Izamal, Gauitier yig.

Common in cultivation as Guinea grass, Sacate Guinea, the princi-

pal forage grass of the haciendas.

Panicum divaricatum L. Amcen. Acad. 5:302.

Panicle included at the base, 4-12 cm. long, 3-8 cm. wide,

branches divaricate or deflexed, 2-4 cm. long; axis and rachis sub-

flexuous, hispidulous, pubescent in the axils. Spikelets 2.8x4 mm.

and 3 mm. thick, light green or

becoming purple, or sometimes

shining black, obovate, apicu-

late, deflexed on slender his-

pidulous pedicels, i to several

times the length of the spike-

let. First glume the length

of the spikelet, inflated, sub-

orbicular, acute, with 5 strong,

hispidulous nerves and faint

glabrous intermediate nerves,

apex ciliate; second and third

equal, inflated, papery, 11-

nerved, ciliate at the apex,

otherwise glabrous, tlie third

subtending a membranaceous

palea and sometimes a stami-

nate flower; fruiting glumes 2.1x3.3 m^n., greenish-white or tinged

with purple, obovate-oblong, striatulate, shining, floral glume and

34 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

palea each with a crateriform blackish apex surrounded by pubes-

cence, the palea concave below, gibbous above, and the glume hav-

ing a short dorsal furrow near the base. Grain white, suborbicular,

1.6x2 mm.; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, 8-10 feet high, Oct. 11, 1865, Schoti 6^5, "Com-

mon on fences in low brush lands, 4 feet high, Izamal," Gaumer ioj2,

2482^ Chichankanab 2144, 24og, 2462.

Panicum divaricatum latifolium (Rupr.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum.

Gram. 32.

Panicum latifolium Rupr. Bull. Acad. Brux. 9:14. non L.

Panicles larger, branches spreading rather than divaricate.

Spikelets as in divaricatum L. but more numerous on shorter pedi-

cels; fruiting glumes slightly more oblong, .2 mm. or less longer.

Leaves two to three times the width of those of the species and

often twice their length, puberulent or velvety beneath; their sheaths

hirsute and ciliate. Plant more erect, less branching.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. and Sept., 1865, Schott 600; ''Common in

waste places about Izamal, 4 feet high," July 1895, Gaumer 8 y 8 ; (Pdin-

icum divaricatum var ? Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288.) "Com-

mon along old fences and in brushlands near Izamal, Aug. to Feb,"

7025, Calotmul 2/^7, Chichankanab 2461; margin of a well at Chan

Oonot, Millspaugh PL Utowanoe i6jg [Panicum compactu77i Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 2:24).

Called ZiT, "reed-grass" or "small cane," by the Mayas.

Panicum paspaloides Pers. Syn. 1:81.

Panicle included at the base, of .10-12 racemes; axis 12-15 cm.

long, flattened, hispidulous on the margins. Racemes erect, 1.5-2.5

cm. long. Spikelets alternate on short

pedicels on one side of the flattened,

zigzag, hispidulous rachis, 1.4x2.4

mm., pale green, ovate, acute, glab-

rous. First glume 3/3 the length of

spikelet, broad, truncate, 3-nerved; sec-

ond slightly shorter than third, sub-

acute, 5-nerved; third short-acuminate,

5-nerved; fruiting glumes 1.3x2.2

mm., light brown, oval, base acute,

apex acuminate, transversely rugose.

Grain brownish - white, suborbicular,

IX 1.2 mm.; in section convexo-concave,

Hab. — "Common in old fields, 3 feet high, Oct.," Izamal, Gau-

nter 1027 {Paspalum paspaloides Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:354), Chichan-

kanab 248^.

Panicum fuscum Swartz Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23.

Panicle at first included, exserted at maturity, dense, contracted,

6-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; axis hispid and bearing scattered.

Feb. 1903. Planive Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

35

spreading white hairs, branches erect-ascending, 2-6 cm. long; rachis

hispid; long-hirsute at the base. Spikelets 1.4x2.5 mm., russet or

brown, obovate, subacute, glabrous, on

hispid pedicels bearing scattered stiff white

hairs. First glume less than Yz the length

of the spikelet, 5-nerved; second and third

equal, 7-nerved, internerves transversely-

wrinkled; fruiting glumes 1.3x2.2 mm.,

pale stramineous, oval, subacute, trans-

versely rugose. Grain brownish - ocher,

orbicular with acute apex and base, i x 1.2

mm. ; in section plano-convex.

Hab. — Merida, May and June, 1865,

Schott 384; environs of Merida, 1887,

Millspaugh 47; Chichankanab, Gaumer

I2g8, forests of Buena Vista Xbac, Sept. 2284, Izamal 2320.

Panicum Carthaginense Swartz Fl. Ind. Occ. 1:148.

Panicle exserted, few-flowered, 5-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide;

branches few, erect-ascending, i cm. or

less in length; axis and rachis densely

hirsute with stiff white spreading hairs.

Spikelets 1.9x4 mm., russet-green, ob-

ovate-oval, mucronate on short hirsute

pedicels. First glume over 3^ the

length of spikelet, 5-nerved, mucron-

ate, hirsute; second and third equal,

mucronate, 7-nerved, hirsute, inter-

nerves obscurely transversely wrinkled;

fruiting glumes 1.6x3 nim. , pale stra-

mineous, oval, acute, transversely

rugose. Grain brownish-ocher,

broadly oval with acute apex,

1 . 2 X 1.65 mm. ; in section biconvex with shallow furrow on the ventrum.

Hab. — Merida, July 11, 1865, Schott 3g2.

ICHNANTHUS Beauv. Agrost. 56. t. 12, f. i.

Inflorescence a simple panicle. Spikelets in pairs, i-flowered,

perfect; rachilla articulated below the empty glumes. Glumes 4,

empty glumes membranaceous, fruiting glumes coriaceous, the glume

(in our species) auricled at the base, margins not inrolled but closely

folded about the palea. Grain dorsally compressed, enclosed within

the fruiting glumes. Stamens 3.

Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Sm. Bull. 4. Div. Agrost.

Studies on Am. Grass., 36.

Panicle short exserted, 8-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; branches erect

36 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

or ascending, 2-8 cm. long, axis and rachis hispidulous. Spikelets

I X4. 3 mm., green, ovate-lanceolate, acute, in pairs, one subsessile,

the other on a hispidulous pedicel about

as long as itself. First glume ^ the

length of the spikelet, strongly 3-nerved,

scabrous toward the summit; second and

third equal, strongly 5-nerved, glabrous,

the second nearly clasping the third which

again clasps the base of the fourth; fruit-

ing glumes .8x2.9 mm., pale green,

0 oblong -lanceolate, acute, smooth and

shining; floral glume auricled at the base,

the enclosed palea somewhat gibbous

between the auricles. Grain greenish

white, ellipsoid, .6x1.6 mm.; in section

depressed plano-convex.

Hab. — Common in old fields, Izamal, 2 feet high, Sept., Gaumer

8^4, Common in forests of Buena Vista Xbac," Sept., ////, Chich-

ankanab 2181.

Called X-KAN-CHiM, yellow capsule," by the Mayas.

OPLISMENUS Beauv. Fl. d'Owar. 2:14.

Spikelets in small clusters, usually unilateral along the branches

of the panicle, i -flowered, perfect; rachilla articulated below the

empty glumes. Glumes 4, empty glumes membranaceous, awned;

fruiting glumes coriaceous, the margins of the glume not inrolled but

closely folded about the palea. Grain elliptic, little or not com-

pressed, enclosed in the fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Awns smooth, grain dorsally compressed hirtellus.

Awns scabrous, grain terete Burmannii.

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2:481.

Paniciifti hirtelluni L.

Panicle long-exserted, 4-6 cm. long, of 3-5 one-sided few-flow-

ered racemes, axis minutely scabrous;

racemes spreading, i cm. long or less, \

spikelets in pairs in 2 rows on one side |

of the scabrous, angled rachis, 3.5 mm. I

long (excluding awns), yellowish green. |

First and second glumes subequal, emar- |

ginate, pubescent, ciliate, 5-nerved, j

bearing smooth, stiff awns, that of first

glume 8-9 mm., of second 2.5-3 mm.; 1 «

third glume emarginate, 7-nerved, pu- 1/ 1

bescent, long-ciliate in the middle and pm\

with a few long hairs in the middle of

the pubescent keel, awn i mm., smooth; IfS

fruiting glumes .8x2.9 mm., pale green,

lanceolate, acute, smooth and shining. ^^P'

Grain translucent purplish white, lance-

olate-ellipsoid, obtuse, .75x2 mm., in section unequally biconvex.

Feb. 1903. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

37

Hab. — North shore of Island of Cozumel, Feb. 18-19, 1899,

Millspaugh PL Uiowance 1483.

Oplismenus Burmaunii (Retz) Beauv. Agrost. 54.

Panicum Burmannii Retz.

Oplismenus cristatus Presl.

Panicle finally exserted, 5-7 cm. long, of 8-12 one-sided racemes;

axis densely long-hirsute; racemes ascending, 1-2 cm. long. Spike-

lets single in two rows on one side

^ of the flattened, hairy rachis, 3.5-4

/\ mm. long (excluding awns), silvery

/ \\ green, clothed with long, white

11 hairs at the base. First and sec-

U 1/ ond glumes subequal, deeply

\\ 11 emarginate, 5-nerved, ciliate, bear-

ing slender, antrorsely scabrous

Oawns, that of first glume 12-20

mm., of second, 8-10 mm.; third

glume emarginate, 9-1 1 nerved,

ciliate, and with a band of long,

white hairs about the middle, awn

I mm.; fruiting glumes .8x2.3

mm., greenish-white, lanceolate-

ellipsoid, acute, smooth and shining, .75x1.9 mm.; in section sub-

orbicular. Grain translucent pinkish cream, lanceolate-ellipsoid,

acute.

Hab. — Merida at Quinta del Obispo, Nov., 1864, Schott ^S-> ^^^^

Merida, July, 1865, 384; "Common about the mouths of caves around

cenot^s and aguadas in densely shady places, 3 feet high," Oct.,

Gaumer 1038, San Anselmo 2026, 2428, Calotmul 242g.

A variable species, especially in the length of the awns and basal

hairs of the spikelet.

CH^TOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 4:38.

Spikelets surrounded by a few or many persistent awn-like

branches which spring from the pedicels below the articulation of the

spikelets, giving the dense cylindrical spike-like panicle a bristly

appearance, i-flowered, or sometimes a staminate flower below the

terminal perfect one. Glumes 4, empty glumes membranaceous,

fruiting glumes coriaceous, rugose, the margins of the glume inrolled

over the palea. Grain dorsally compressed, enclosed in the fruiting

glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Setae several , geniculata,

solitary polystachya.

Chaetochloa geniculata comb. nov.(Lam.) Scribner& Merrill Am.

Gr. Bull. 21:12.

Panicmn geniculatum Lam.

Panicle long exserted, dense, 2-12 cm. long, 2 cm. wide (.6-. 8

38 Field Columbian Museum— Botany, Vol. III.

cm. excluding setae); rachis pubescent, branches short, contiguous,

pubescent, i or rarely 2-flowered; setae 8-12, involucrate, spreading,

5-12 mm., long, unequal,

slender, tawny, minutely

antrorsely barbed. Spikelets

1.2x2.2 mm., ovate, acute,

glabrous. First glume ^ the

length of the spikelet, broad,

obtuse, 3-nerved; second )^

the length of the third, broadly

ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, third

equal to floral glume, acute,

transversely rugose, 5-nerved,

the mid-nerve deeply impress-

ed, subtending a hyaline,

empty palea of equal length;

fruiting glumes 1.3-X2.1

mm., pale stramineous,

ellipsoid-ovate, acute, trans-

versely rugose. Grain trans-

lucent brov^nish-white, ovate, subacute, ixi.6 mm.; in section plano-

convex.

Hab. — Abundant in old fields near Izamal, 2 feet high, June to

Dec, Gaumer 56 {Set aria flava Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288), Chi-

chankanab, igjS.

Chaetochloa polystachya (Scheele) Scribn. & Merrill, Am. Gras.

Bull., 21:37.

Set aria polystachya Scheele.

Panicle exserted, 2-2.5 c"^- long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; rachis angled,

pilose; branches slender, 1-3 cm. long, pubescent; setae solitary,

ascending, 4-iomm. long, flexuous,

yellowish green, antrorsely sca-

brous. Spikelets oval, obtuse,

.9^1 x 1. 6-1. 8 mm., glabrous. First

glume one-third the length of the

spikelet, broad, obtuse, 3-nerved;

second shorter than the third,

broadly ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved;

third equal to floral glume, acute,

5-nerved, slightly sulcate, subtend-

ing a linear-lanceolate, hyaline

palea; fruiting glumes pale stra-

mineous, ellipsoid, acute, .85x1.5

mm., minutely transversely rugose.

Grain dull brownish white, ovate, subacute, .65X.9 mm., in section

plano-convex.

Hab. — In old fields about Izamal, Sept., Gaumer 2478.

SETARIOPSIS Scribn. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288.

Inflorescence composed of sub-spicate panicles; primary and sec-

ondary branches prolonged beyond the spikelets into slender awn-like

Feb. 1903. Plant.*: Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

39

bristles. Glumes of the spikelet 4, the second auriculate and the third

lyre-shaped near the base; fruiting glumes indurated, mucronate, the

margins of the floral glume inrolled as in Panicum. Grain dorsally

compressed, enclosed in the fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Setatariopsis auriculata (Fourn.) Scribn. Unci.

Setaria auriculata Fourn.

Panicles exserted, 5-15 cm. long, i-i .5 cm.wide; branches alternate,

ascending, 8-20 mm. long; axis and rachis hirsute. Spikelets 1.4x2.9

mm., light green, ovate, apparently

acute by the involution of the glumes,

glabrous on short hispid pedicels, each

bearing a slender flexuous antrorsely-

barbed awn, 6-12 mm. long. First

glume \ the length of the spikelet,

broader than high, obtuse with the

apex inrolled at maturity, 7-nerved;

second nearly the length of the third,

broadly ovate, obtuse, auriculate near

the base, 13-nerved; third narrower,

somewhat lyre-shaped and corky at the

base, the margins becoming sub-

coriaceous at maturity, 11 -nerved,

subtending a minute hyaline palea;

fruiting glumes pale stramineous,

1.2x2 mm., ovate, mucronate, transversely rugose. Grain pinkish

white, ovoid, acute, .9x1.3 mm.; in section truncate plano-convex.

Hab. — Merida, July 11, 1865, Sciiott ^gi, 5^2, Hacienda Sara-

gossa, Sept. 9, 1865, 621 ; common in old fields about Izamal, Sept.,

Gaunter 24'jg, 84g (type of the genus), Chichankanab, iggy.

CENCHRUS L. Sp. PI. 1049.

Inflorescence spicate, axis flexuous, scabrous or hispid; spikelets

in 2's-6's subtended by a short-pediceled involucre of rigid connate

spines which is deciduous with them at maturity. Glumes mostly 4,

first sometimes wanting; fruiting glumes indurated, but less so than

in Panicum, the floral glume not inrolled at the margins and having a

short prominent keel each side of the midnerve at the base. Grain

dorsally compressed, enclosed in the fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 3.

Basal bristles few, stout tribuioides.

Basal bristles numerous:

Lobes of the involucre interlocking:

Spines 3-6 mm., retrorsely barbed viridis.

Spines 6-12 mm., antrorsely barbed paliidus.

Lobes of the involucre erect or spreading:

Shorter than the spikelets brevisetus,

Equaling or exceeding the spikelets:

Spikelets 4-5 in each involucre, 5.7 mm. ecJiinatus.

Spikelets 2-3 in each involucre, 6.5 mm. insuiaris.

Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst. 1:301.

Spikes long exserted, 4-8 cm. long, of 20-50 or more crowded

involucres, 6x6 mm. including bristles, on pilose pedicels; the 7-8

1

40

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

divisions attenuate, interlocked, pubescent, green-nerved toward

the apex; spines 3-6 mm. long, retrorsely barbed; basal bristles

filiform, scabrous. Spikelets 2-3,

in each involucre, the tips exserted,.

1.6x5 mm. ovate-lanceolate,

acute. First glume wanting, sec-

ond over ^ the length of the

spikelet, ovate, acute, 3-nerved,

puberulent; third nearly as long

as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved,,

internerves puberulent, the en-

closed palea minute or wanting;;

fruiting glumes 1.5x5 mm. ovate-

lanceolate, acuminate, the glume

5-nerved, palea glabrous. Grain

pale stramineous, oval, 1.15x1.9

mm. ; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gdu-

mer 21'jo; east shore of Island of

Cozumel, 'Millspaugh PL Utowance isgg, and arid plains south of Pro-

greso, 1682.

Cenchrus pallidus Fourn. Mex. PL Enum. Gram. 50

Spikes exserted, 2.5-7 cm. long, of 10-50 (sometimes more)

crowded involucres, 13x15 mm. , including bristles, on pilose pedicels;:

the 7-8 divisions attenuate,

interlocked, pubescent, ciliate

below, barbulate at the apex;

spines 6-12 mm. long, purplish,

antrorsely barbed; basal bristles

numerous, slender, minutely

barbed. Spikelets 2-3 in each

involucre, 1.5x5 mm., ovate-

lanceolate, acuminate. First

glume wanting, second over

the length of the spikelet, pur-

plish brown, ovate, acute,

3-nerved, puberulent; third ^

the length of the spikelet, pur-

plishbrown, acute, 5-nerved, pu-

berulent except near the mar-

gins below, subtending a brown,

scabrous, 2-nerved palea nearly its own length; fruiting glumes 1.5x5

mm. , ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the glume 5-nerved, nerves scabrous

above; palea puberulent between the two nerves. Grain pale stramine-

ous, broadly oval, apiculate, i. 5 x 2. i mm. ; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, July 27, 1865, Schott 4g8 in part, July 2-Aug. 27,,

^^^5' 59^> crevices in rocks on the patio of Dr. Gaumer, Izamal, Jan.

1895, Millspaugh, Armour Exped. 70; Izamal, Gaumer 24^3, Chi-

chankanab 2326.

Called MooL, "claw-grass," by the Mayas.

Feb. 1903. PLANT.E YuCATANiE MiLLSPAUGH & ChASE.

41

Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn. ibid.

Spikes exserted, 2.5-5 cm. long of 10-20 involucres, 8x9 mm.,

including bristles, on pubescent pedicels, the 8-9 divisions spine-

pointed, erect, long-ciliate to near

the apex; spines 2-4 mm., pur-

plish, pubescent, ciliate at the

base, retrorsely barbed toward

the apex; basal bristles numer-

ous, stout, scabrous. Spikelets

3-4 in each involucre, 2x6 mm.,

sometimes purplish above,

lanceolate - ovate, acuminate.

First glume minute, faintly 3-

nerved, hyaline ; second -/i the

length of spikelet, broadly

ovate, acute, 5-nerved, middle

internerves puberulent, third as

long as the floral glumes or

nearly so, acute, 5-nerved, sub-

tending a scabrous 2-nerved

palea of its own length ; fruiting

glumes, 1.9x6 mm., lanceolate-

ovate, acuminate, the glume

5-nerved, basal keels winged; palea puberulent above between the

2 nerves. Grain stramineous, obovoid-oblong, 1.8x2.7 mm.; in sec-

tion convexo-concave.

Hab. — Sands of the beach at Progreso, especially near the cattle

pens where many cattle are herded on arrival from Tampico and

other ports on the Gulf coast of Mexico, Jan. 26, 1895, Millspaugh,

Armour Exped. 20^-

Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. PI. 1050.

Spikes short-exserted, 3-8 cm. long, of 10-25 involucres, 8x 13 mm. ,

including bristles, on densely

hirsute pedicels, the 8-10 divis-

ions spine-pointed, erect;

spines 3-5 mm. long, purplish,

pubescent, long-ciliate at the

base, retrorsely barbed toward

the apex; basal bristles numer-

ous, slender, barbulate. Spike-

lets 4-5 in each involucre, i . 75 x

5.7 mm., lanceolate-ovate, acu-

minate. First glume yi the

length of spikelet, lanceolate,

acute, 3-nerved, hyaline; sec-

ond, Yi the length of spikelet,

broadly ovate, truncate, 2-3

toothed by the excurrent tips

of the nerves, 5-nerved, mid-

dle pair of internerves puberu-

lent ; third nearly as long as floral

glume, acute, 5-nerved, middle

42 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

internerves puberiilent, subtending a brown, scabrous palea nearly

its own length; fruiting glumes 1.7x5.7 mm., lanceolate-ovate, short-

acuminate, glume 5-nerved, the basal keels winged; palea puberulent

above between the two nerves. Grain stramineous, oval-oblong,

apiculate, 1.7x2.8 mm., in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 27, 1865, Schoit 4g8 \n part; "Very abund-

ant on cultivated lands near Izamal, 18 inches high," Gaunter 1084;

arid rock-strewn plain south of Progreso, Millspaugh PL Utoivance

i6g8, Chichankanab Gaunter 2448.

Cenchrus insularis Scribn. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:26.

Spikes exserted, 5-7 cm. long, of 8-16 involucres, 12 x16 mm.

including bristles, on densely hirsute pedicels, the 7-8 divisions

spine-pointed, erect;

spines 6-9 mm. long,

purplish, pubescent,

long - ciliate at the

base, retrorsely

barbed toward the

apex; basal bristles

numerous, slender,

glabrous. Spikelets

2-3 in each invol-

ucre, 2.2x6.5 mm.,

ovate-1 anceolate,

acuminate, glabrous.

First glume ^ the

length of the second,

lanceolate, i-nerved,

hyaline , u sually

wanting; second ^

the length of the

spikelet, ovate, trun-

cate, more or less toothed by the excurrent tips of the nerves, 5-nerved;

third nearly the length of the floral glume, 5-nerved, acute, subtend-

ing a puberulent palea nearly its own length with 2 retrorsely his-

pid nerves; fruiting glumes, 2.1x6.5 mm., ovate-lanceolate, falcate-

acuminate; floral glume 5-nerved, scabrous toward the apex, palea

puberulent above between the 2 faint nerves. Grain stramineous,

obovoid-oblong, apiculate, 1.7x2.8 mm.; in section convexo-concave.

Hab.— Pajaros Island, Alacran Shoal, March 8, 1899, Millspaugh

PL Utoivance ijsg. (Type in Field Col. Mus. Herb. No. 617^9-)

One plant only found, though being in full fruit others may appear

from seed. This plant grew in the very center of the island where

the booby nests are the thickest, and was the only representative of

the species on the shoals. No. i6oy reported in Field Col. Mus. Bot.

2:27 is C. tribuloides, not this species, which has only been found on

the Alacrans.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. PI. 1050.

Spikes included at base or short-exserted, 3-6 cm. long, of 10-16

Cenchrus insularis.

Feb. 1903. Plant/E Yucatan.^: — Millspaugh & Chase.

45

involucres, 10x10 mm., including spines, on pubescent pedicels, the

6- 8 pubescent divisions spine-pointed; spines spreading or reflexed,

3-5 mm. long, pubescent to cil-

iate at the base, retrorsely mi-

nutely barbed toward the needle-

pointed apex; basal bristles few,

stout, scabrous. Spikelets 2 in

each involucre, 1.7x5.5 mm.,

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.

First glume yi the length of

spikelet, ovate, acute, faintly

3-nerved, hyaline; second y/s the

length of spikelet, broadly ovate,

obtuse, 5-nerved, middle pair of

internerves puberulent; third

equal to floral glume, acute,

5-nerved, middle internerves

puberulent, subtending a sca-

brous palea of its own length;

fruiting glumes 1.7x5.2 mm., ovate, acuminate, glume 5-nerved,

basal keels winged, pubescent near the margins above; palea puber-

ulent above between the 2 nerves. Grain stramineous, obovoid-

oblong, 1.4X 2.2 mm.; in section flattened convexo-concave.

Hab. — Sandy east shore of island of Cozumel, about 4 miles

from the northeast point, rare, Millspaugh PL Utowance 1607^ south-

west point of Perez Island, Alacran Shoal, 1736.

STENOTAPHRUM Trin. Fund. Agrost. 175.

Inflorescence a spike-like panicle, the spikelets solitary or 2-4,

forming a short partial spike embedded in the alternate notches on

one side of the broad, striate, glabrous axis; rachis of the spike with a

chaff-like prolongation. Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower staminate.

Glumes 4, fruiting glumes indurated, margin of floral glume not

unrolled. Grain dorsally compressed, enclosed in the fruiting glumes,

free. Stamens 3.

Stenotaphrum secundum

(Walt.) Kuntze Rev. Gen.

PI. 2:794.

Ischcemum secundu7n Walt. Fl.

Car. 249.

Stenotaphrum Americanum

Schrank.

Spicate panicle included at

the base or short exserted, 7-10

cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide. Spike-

lets 2x5 mm., pale stramineous,

oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous,

solitary or 2-4 sessile on the flat-

tened ciliate rachis. First glume

% the length of the spikelet, obtuse, nerveless; second acute,

7- nerved; third somewhat, indurated, 3-nerved, subtending a similar

46

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

palea and staminate flower; fruiting glumes 1.6x4.5 mm., lanceolate-

ovate, acute, smooth and shining. Grain light brown, obovoid-

oblong, 1x2 mm.; in section unsymmetrical plano-convex.

Hab. — Grassy edge of sandy beach, west shore Island of Cozu-

mel, at the portage to Laguna, Colombia, Jan. 7, 1895, Millspaughy

Armour Exped. 50 {Stenotaphrum Americanum Schrank, Field Col. Mus.

Bot. 1:10); Chichankanab, Gau7?ier 1^00.

OLYRA L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1261.

Inflorescence monoecious ; spikelets i -flowered, the staminate

spikelets upon the lower portion of a simple panicle, without empty

glumes; pistillate spikelets much larger, with 2 empty, herbaceous,,

awned glumes; fruiting glumes, osseous, white and shining.

Olyra semiovata Trin. Diss. 2:249.

Panicle long-exserted, contracted, 8-14 cm. long, 2 cm. wide,

axis and rachis scabrous. Staminate spikelets

mostly in pairs on slender scabrous pedicels

on the lower branches and on the lower part of

the upper pistillate branches; floral glume 6

mm. (excluding awn), lanceolate, 3-nerved,

nerves hispidulous above, awn 2 mm. ; palea,

acute, nerves hispidulous above. Pistillate

spikelets 4x8 mm. (excluding awns), green,

ovate, on scabrous clavate pedicels. First

and second glumes ovate, oblong, awned,

7-nerved, scabrous especially on the nerves

above; awn of first 8-12 mm., of second 4-5

mm. long, hispidulous; fruiting glumes 4x7

mm., old ivory white, shining, oval, subacute;

floral glume white silky pubescent at base

and margins. Mature grain not seen.

Hab. — Common at Chichanakanab, Gau-

' nai size

mer ij8g, Pocoboch 2jy2.

Yucatan specimens have fruiting glumes somewhat shorter and

more densely pubescent than typical forms.

ARISTIDA L. Sp. PL 82.

Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets i -flowered, perfect, rachilla

articulated above the empty glumes and produced into a hard obconi-

cal, hairy callus below the floral glume, but not extending beyond it.

Glumes 3, first and second empty, the floral glume 3-nerved, silicate

roughened, closely rolled around the palea and flower and terminating

.in a trifid or (§Streptachne) single awn. Grain elongated, tightly

enclosed by the indurated fruiting glume, but free from it. Stamens 3.

Awn trifid, grain dorsally compressed:

Floral glume 8 mm. stramineous

Floral glume 6.5 mm. plum-color

Awn single, grain terete:

Floral glume 10 mm. stramineous

Floral glume 12 mm. mottled dark purple

broinoides.

nigrescens.

scabra.

tetiuis.

Feb. 1903. Plant^e Yucatan.^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

47

Aristida nigrescens Pres

Hab. — Merida,

in Rel. Haenk. 1 122^.

Panicle short-exserted, 15-20

cm. long, branches alternate,

spreading or ascending; axis and

rachis smooth. Spikelets 18-20

mm. long, on slender pedicels.

First and second glumes plum-

color, lanceolate, acuminate,

i-nerved, first 5.8 mm., hispid on

the nerve, second 8 mm. gla-

brous; floral glume 6.5 mm. ex-

cluding awns, stramineous mot-

tled with plum-color, mid-nerve

hispid, lateral nerves hispid

above; awn trifid, scabrous, mid-

dle awn divergent, 14 mm., lat-

eral awns suberect, 12 mm.;

palea 8 mm., hyaline. Grain

light brown, linear - lanceolate,

obtuse, .35x5.3mm.; in section

convexo-concave.

Aug. 1865, Sc/io/^ 601, Oct. 1865, 6s6a.

Aristida bromoides H. B. K.

Nov. Gen. 1:122.

Aristida Americana L. f . ?

Aristida dispersa Trin. &

Rupr.

Panicle exserted or nearly

so, 10-15 cn^- loi^gj branches al-

ternate, short, ascending; axis

and rachis scabrous. Spikelets

20-22 mm. long on slender ped-

icels. First and second glumes

purplish, lanceolate, acuminate,

i-nerved, the first 6.5 mm. long,

hispid on the nerve, the second

9 mm., glabrous; floral glume, 8

mm. excluding awns, pale

stramineous, hispidulous on the

midnerve above; awn trifid, sca-

brous, middle awn divergent, 17

mm. long, lateral awns sub-

erect, 14 mm.; palea i mm. or

less, hyaline. Grain light brown,

linear-lanceolate, obtuse, .6x7 mm.

Hab. — San Anselmo, 10 inches

Chichankanab 2248. ■

; in section elliptic.

high, Gaumer 1206, Izamal 27^7,

48 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Aristida tenuis (H. B. K.) Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1:62.

Streptachne tenuis H. B. K.

Panicle exserted, 30-40 cm.

long, branches alternate-subfas-

ciculate, ascending; axis gla-

brous, rachis scabrous. Spike-

lets 30-36 mm. long on slender

scabrous pedicels. First and

second glumes purplish, lanceo-

late, acuminate, i -nerved; first

8.6 mm., minutely strigose, his-

pid on the nerve; second 1 1 mm. ,

glabrous; floral glume 12 mm.

(excluding awn), mottled dark

purple, awn 20-25 mm. long,

scabrous, lateral awns obsolete;

palea 1.4 mm., ovate, hyaline.

Grain light brown, linear-lance-

olate, acute, .6x9.5 mni. ; in

section ovoid-orbicular.

Hab. — Merida, Sept. 1865,

Schott 736; "Among low shrub-

bery and along old fences, near Izamal, 3 feet high, uncommon.

Aug." Gaunter 1024.

Aristida scabra (H. B.K.)

Kunth. Rev. Gram, i :62.

Streptachne scabra H. B. K.

Panicle included at base or

finally exserted, 35-45 cm. long;

branches alternate, ascending;

axis and rachis very scabrous.

Spikelets 24-40 mm. long, on

slender, scabrous pedicels.

First and second glumes purplish,

lanceolate, acuminate, i-nerved;

first, 14 mm., scabrous, hispid on

the nerve, the second 13.5 mm.,

glabrous; floral glume 10 mm.

(excluding awn), pale, awn 15-30

mm. long, scabrous, lateral awns

obsolete; palea minute, less than

I mm. long, hyaline. Grain light

brown, linear-lanceolate, acute,

.5x9.3 mm.; in section suborbic-

ular.

Hab. — ''Two feet high, common,

Chichankanab, Gaumer 14.48.

Feb. 1903. Plants Yucatan.*: — Millspaugh & Chase.

49

SPOROBOLUS R.Br. Prod. 1:169.

Inflorescence paniculate; spikelets i-flowered, perfect, rachilla

articulated above the empty glumes, not produced beyond the flower.

Glumes 3, all thin or membranaceous, rounded on the back or slightly

keeled, i -nerved, awnless, the two outer ones empty. Grain laterally

compressed, free, the pericarp loosely enclosing the seed, or very

thin and evanescent. Staniens 3.

First glume less than ^ the length of spikelet:

Spikelet 2 mm., palea emarginate, splitting at maturity Do77iinge7tsis.

Spikelet 1.3 mm., palea obtuse, not splitting jninntifiorus.

First glume }i the length of spikelet Virgi7iicus.

Sporobolus Virginicus (L.) Kunth Rev. Gram. 1:67.

Agrostis Virginica L.

Panicle usually included at the base, contracted, dense, 4-7 cm.

long, 5-7 mm. wide; axis and rachis minutely scabrous. Spikelets

.6-.8X2.5-2.8 mm., pale green, glabrous,

on slender scabrous pedicels. First and

second glumes ovate, acute, the first 2 mm.,

the second 2.5 mm. long; floral glum^e

equal to second, ovate, subacute, minutely

hispidulous on the nerve above; palea equal

in length, ovate, acute, folded in from the

back between the two nerves. Grain

amber brown, obovoid, .4- 6X.9 mm.; in

section ovate-oblong with the ventrum

slightly concave. The very thin pericarp

indistinguishable in the dried state.

Hab. — Covering the south end of

Perez Island {Millspaugh Fl. Utoivance

1750;') Pajaros Island, and a small patch

on the west end of Allison and Chica Islands, Aiacran Shoal, March

8, 1899; San Anselmo, Gaumer 2481.

Sporobolus minutiflorus (Trin.) Link

Hort. Berol. 1:88.

Vilfa minutiflorus Trin.

Panicle short-exserted, elongated, 12-30

cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, axis and rachis

glabrous, branches alternate, spreading.

Spikelets .5 X 1.3 mm., brownish, glabrous,

on short, slender pedicels. First and sec-

ond glumes lanceolate-ovate, the first .4

mm., obtuse, the second .6 mm., subacute;

floral glume i mm., ovate, subacute; palea

equal in length, obtuse, not infolded nor

splitting between the two nerves. Grain

reddish brown, oblong, .2-. 5x1 mm.; in

section oval, with concave ventrum. Peri- (jf jjis

carp very thin, loose

Hab.— Izamal, Sept., Gaumer 8gi, 2328, 24gi, Chichankanab 7250,

128s.

50 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Sporobolus Domingensis (Trin.) Kunth Enum. 1:214.

Vilfa Domingensis Trin.

Panicle short exserted, spreading at maturity, 5-7 cm. long, 1-3

cm. wide, axis and rachis glabrous,

branches subverticillate. Spikelets

.7x2 mm,, stramineous to light lead

color, glabrous, on slender pedicels.

First glume .6 mm. , ovate, subacute;

second 1.9 mm., ovate, acute; floral

glume slightly longer, lanceolate-

ovate, acute; palea 1.8 mm. broad,

emarginate, a shallow fold between

the 2 green nerves, easily splitting.

Grain reddish brown, oval-oblong,

.3-. 55x1 mm.; in section oblong,

rounded on dorsum, concave on

ventrum. Pericarp very thin, loose.

Hab. — Arid scrub land south of

Progreso, March 5, 1899, Millspaugh PL Utowance 17 ij.

CYNODON Pers. Syn. 1:85.

Spikelets i -flowered, awnless, compressed, singly sessile in 2

rows on one side of slender spikes, digitate at the end of peduncle,

rachilla articulated above the empty glumes, produced into a short

point behind the palea. Empty glumes 2, keeled; flowering glume

broader, scaphoid. Grain laterally compressed, free. Stamens 3.

Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. Syn. 1:85.

FanicujH Dactylon L.

Inflorescence exserted, of 4-5 digitate spikes, 3-4 cm. long,

1.5-2 mm. wide; bearing 25-35 closely imbricated spikelets; rachis

flat, hispidulous. Spikelets 1. 1 x 2. i mm.,

compressed. First and second glumes

lanceolate, acute, i-nerved, hispid on the

keels, first 1.5 mm., second 1.7 mm. long;

floral glume 2. 2 mm. compressed, i-nerved,

silky-ciliate on the prominent keel; palea

slightly exceeding its glume, broad, the 2

prominent nerves close together, ciliolate;

rachilla produced 1.5 mm. or very short,

blunt. Grain pinkish ashy, narrowly ob-

long, .25-. 75 x 1.4 mm. ; in section lanceo-

late oblong.

Hab. — At the Hacienda Saragossa,

Sept. 8, 1865. Schott Yjy ; frequent at Iza-

mal, I foot high, April, 1895, Gaunter 68 j, Silam 7257, Chichankanab

This species flowers abundantly but seldom perfects seed.

CHLORIS Swartz Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25.

Inflorescence of several to many spikes arranged in a false whorl.

Spikelets i-flowered, perfect, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a

Feb. 1903. Planive Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

51

PetrcEa.

ciliata.

elegans.

long, 2 mm. wide,

continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes, rachilla articulated

above the empty glumes and produced behind the palea, bearing i or

more, usually awned, empty glumes; outer empty glumes 2, mem-

branaceous; floral glume more or less indurated, bearing a single awn.

Grain trilateral, free within the fruiting glume. Stamens 3.

Awns minute

Awns prominent:

1.5-2 mm., floral glume long ciliate on the keel

8-10 mm., floral glume long ciliate at the summit

Chloris petraea Swartz Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25.

Eustachys petrcBa Desf.

Inflorescence exserted, of 3-6 spikes, 7-9 cm.

with 100-170 crowded ascending spikelets; rachis 3-angled, scabrous;

internodes.4 mm. long. Spikelets 1x2

mm., nearly sessile. First glume 1.3

mm., ovate, acute, strigose above, his-

pidulous on the keel, second 1.5 mm.

broad, strigose above, bidentate, the

stout green midrib prolonged into a

scabrous upwardly curved awn .5-6

mm. long; floral glume 1.8 mm., na-

viculate, ciliate with stiff tawny hairs

\ on the midrib and margins, strigose at

/ the summit, bidentate and bearing an

erect awn .2 mm. long; palea equal in

length, broadly oval, scabrous on the

nerves; empty glume above floret i, obovate, rounded and strigose at

the summit, awnless; the -floral glume, palea and empty glume shin-

ing .chestnut brown. Grain translucent pinkish white, ellipsoid,

.45-. 5 X I.I mm.; in section conoid with concave ventrum.

Hab. — Arid rocky plain south of Progreso, Millspaugh PL

UtowancE. 1724; island of Holbox, 1886, Gaumer (B).*

Chloris ciliata Swartz ibid.

Inflorescence included in the inflated sheaths, or sometimes ex-

serted at maturity, of 3-7 purplish spikes, 4-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide,

with 60-120 ascending spikelets; rachis 3-angled, hirsute, internodes

I mm. or less. Spikelets 2.5-3x3.5 mm. (including awns), on very

short hirsute pedicels. First and second glumes lanceolate, acute,

awn-tipped, hispid on the keel, first 1.5

mm., second 2.5 mm. long; floral glume

2.4 mm., ashy brown, hard and shining,

naviculate, i -nerved; bearing a scabrous

awn 1.7 mm. long from below the apex,

a tuft of stiff hairs at the base and vi ui

densely ciliate on the keel and margins,

except at base and summit, and with stiff

white hairs 1-1.5 mm. long, scabrous-margined at the summit; palea

equal in length, acute, densely ciliate on the nerves with short brown

*Biologia Centrali-Americana— Hemsley.

52 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

hairs; empty glumes above the floret 3; first 1.5 mm. long, broad,

truncate and with a wide scarious margin, minutely bidentate, bearing

a scabrous awn 1.5 long, and subtending an empty narrow palea i mm.

long; second and third glumes like the first but smaller and awnless>

the rachilla produced into a curved point .2-. 3 mm. long, all enfolded

or partly so in first empty glume. Grain reddish brown, ellipsoid,.

.5 -.65 X 1.4 mm. ; in section depressed trilateral.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 3, 1865, SckoitjSj; Calcehtoh, March 11,,

1890, Stone 2Y4 (in Herb. Phila. Acad. Sci.); Chichankanab, G^^zz/w^-r

IJ42, 2JII, Izamal 2476.

Chloris elegans H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PL 1:166.

Inflorescence short exserted or sometimes included at the base, of

5-10 spikes, 4-6.5 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, with 40-65 ascending spike-

lets; rachis 3-angled, hirsute, internodes i mm. long. Spikelets.

2-3x9-12 mm. (including awns), tawny or pale, with a few long

hairs on the very short pedicel.

First and second glumes lanceolate,,

acute, hispidulous on the keel, first,

2 mm., vsecond 3 mm. long, with a.

scabrous awn .6 mm. ; floral glume 3

mm. , naviculate, 3-nerved, with a

tuft of stiff hairs at the base and

densely ciliate on the margins above

with stiff white hairs 2 mm. long,,

bearing a slightly divergent, scabrous

awn, 8-10 mm. long, from the bi-

dentate apex; palea equal in length,

rounded at the summit, minutely cil-

iate on the two nerves; empty glume

above the floret 2 mm., truncate, bi-

dentate, bearing a scabrous awn 6-7

mm. long, the rachilla terminated by a second rudimentary glume

enclosed in the first. Grain light reddish brown, ellipsoid .5 -.55x1.7

mm. ; in section compressed trilateral, the angles rounded and facets

convex.

Hab. — Sacalum, Sept. 18, 1865, Schott6j2; Abundant on stone

walls near Izamal, 18 inches high," Gaumer 108^ {Chloris ba7'bata

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:351), 2/72.

Yucatan specimens have awns and empty glumes longer than typical.

BOUTELOUA Lag. Var. Cienc. 2:pt. 4, 134.

Spikelets 1-2-flowered, numerous, or rarely i or 2, crowded and

closely sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous flattened

rachis which usually projects beyond the spikelets; rachilla articu-

lated above the empty glumes and bearing a 3-awned staminate or

neuter floret above the single perfect lower one. Empty glumes 2,,

floral glume 3-nerved, usually 3-awned. Grain elongated, free.

Stamens 3.

Si)ike of a solitary spikelet Trioetia.

Spike of several to many spikelets:

Rachis entire at summit, first glume lanceolate Americana.

Rachis bifid at summit, first glume subulate disticha.

Feb. 1903. Plants Yucatan^— Millspaugh & Chase.

53

Bouteloua Americana (Sw.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. i8qi

306. ^ '

Aristida Americana Swartz non L. f.

Dine bra rep ens H. B. K.

Bouteloua bromoides Lag.

Inflorescence exserted, axis 5-10 cm. long, subflexuous, minutely

scabrous, mternodes 10-20 mm. below, 3-5 mm. toward the summit

Spikes subsecund, ascending on short scabrous pedicels, 1.5-2 cm.

long, of 3-10 spikelets, the sca-

brous rachis continued to a naked

slender point. Spikelet 10-12

mm. long; first and second

glumea ovate-lanceolate, hispid-

ulous on the keel, acuminate,

first 3.8-5 mm., second 4.3-5.7

mm. Perfect floret: floral glume

6-7 mm., sometimes with a tuft

of hairs at the base, oval-lanceo-

late, bidentate, with a scabrous

awn I mm. long between the

teeth; palea 5.6-7 mm., nerves

scabrous, bidentate. Staminate

floret: floral glume g-io mm.

(including the erect, scabrous

awns), oval-lanceolate, the mid-

dle awn longest and havmg a slender tooth on each side; palea 4 5-6 s

mm. , similar to that of perfect floret, enfolding a staminate flower and a

rudimentary pistillate flower or an abortive staminate flower or empty

(or rarely a perfect flower, the lower floret being pistillate)- the

rachilla extended in a slender appressed tip back of the palea. Grain

ochraceous .7x4.3 mm. Only immature seeds found.

A species ''variable in size, habit and number of spikelets, but

the floral characters uniform within narrow limits." (S Watson in

Am. Acad. Sci., 1883, p. 178.) The floral characters in specimens

examined vary mostly m size of glumes and in having the upper floret

either staminate or neuter or {Schott 6sg) in having a pistillate flower

below and a perfect flower above. Apparently the species

perfects seed in any known habitat.

Hab.— Merida, Sept., Oct. and Nov., 1865, and at ruins of Uzmal

Sept. 16, 1865, Schott 636, 742, 6S9; '' brushlands near IzamaL

uncommon, 3 feet high," Oct., Gaunter 1036, San Anselmo, 1262

Depauperate specimens from Tekanto, Feb. 28, 1890, Stone iSoU'm

Sci.).

rarely

Herb. Phila. Acad,

Bouteloua disticha (H. B. K.) Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19:105

Polyodon distichum H. B. K.

Inflorescence included at base, axis 16 cm. long, scabrous, inter-

nodes 10-12 mm. below, 3-4 mm. toward the summit. Spikes sub-

secund, ascending or spreading on short scabrous pedicels, 1.5-1 7

cm. long, of 3-4 spikelets, the hispid rachis continued to a naked bifid

54

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

point. Spikelet 15 mm.; first glume 4.3-4.5 mm.; subulate, hispid

on the keel; second 7.3 mm., lanceolate, scabrous, the hispid keel

much thickened below, extended into

a short awn between the teeth of the

bidentate apex. Perfect floret: floral

glume 6.5 mm., lanceolate, bearing 3

scabrous awns with minute intermedi-

ate teeth, middle awn i mm., lateral

awns 1.5 mm.; palea 5.5 mm., biden-

tate, nerves scabrous; flower some-

times pistillate only. Neuter floret:

floral glume 12-13 "^d^- including the

erect, unequal, scabrous awns, with

long scabrous intermediate and lat-

eral teeth; palea none in specimens

examined. Grain not seen. **Cary-

opsis linearis, cylindraceous, glabra."

(H. B. K. nov. Gen. et Sp. i :i75, plate

55, fig- 7.)

-Nohcacab, Nov. 24, 1865, Schott 741.

Hab.

Bouteloua Triaena (Spreng), Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci. 1891,

307-

Tricena racemosa H. B. K. not Bouteloua race7nosa Lag.

Atheropogon Tricena Spreng.

Inflorescence short exserted or included at the base, axis 4-10

cm. long, smooth, internodes 1-2 mm. Spikes subsessile, reflexed

or spreading, of a solitary spikelet, the rachis continued beyond the

spikelet in a scabrous awn-like point longer than the first glume.

Spikelet 8-12 mm. long; first glume 2-2.3 "i"^- linear-oblong,

minutely scabrous, obtuse; second glume 4-4.3 mm., lanceolate,

acute, sparsely pubescent, scabrous on

the keel. Perfect floret: floral glume 6

mm., lanceolate, long acuminate,

3-nerved, scabrous on the keel; palea

nearly equal in length, narrowly lanceo-

late, acuminate, nerves scabrous and ex-

tended in two slender teeth. The upper

floret reduced to 3 slender, equal, erect

or diverging scabrous awns, g-io mm.

long. Grain stramineous, narrowly

lanceolate, .4 x3 mm.; in section subor-

bicular.

Hab. — Nohcacab, Nov. 24, 1865,

Schott 740; top of pyramid of El Cas-

tillo, Chichen Itza, Jan. 19, 1895, Mills-

paugh^ Armour Expeci. 135; "Old fences

and low shrubbery upon which it de-

pends for support, 2 feet high, uncommon," Izamal, Aug. Gaumer

J026, Chichankanab 14^4, San Anselmo 2142; Tekanto, Feb 25,

1890, Stone 210 (in Herb. Phila. Acad. Sci.).

O

Feb. 1903. Plant^e Yucatan.*: — Millspaugh & Chase.

55

ELEUSINE Gsertn. Fruct. et Sem. 1:7.

Inflorescence of i-several spikes, digitate or approximate at the

summit of the culm. Spikelets several flowered, sessile and closely

imbricated in two rows along one side of a continuous rachis which

does not project beyond the terminal spikelet, rachilla articulated

above the empty glumes. Glumes compressed, keeled, thin but

rigid, the first and second and sometimes uppermost empty. Grain

triconcave, enclosed in a thin pericarp. Stamens 3.

Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. et Sem. 1:8.

Cynosurus Indicus L.

Inflorescence finally exserted, of sometimes a single, usually 2-5

spikes, digitate or one placed 1-2 cm. below the others; spikes 2-9

cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, bearing 20-50

closely imbricated spikelets ; rachis

slightly zigzag, narrowly winged, a tuft

of tawny hairs at its base. Spikelets

3-5 flowered, 3.2x5.5 mm.. First

glume 1. 5-1.8 mm., lanceolate, acute,

hispid on the green keel; second glume

2.5-3 nim. , lanceolate, acute, hispid on

the thickened green 5 -ribbed keel;

floral glume 3 mm., lanceolate, sub-

acute with a thickened, green, 5-ribbed

keel; palea 2.5 mm., acute, the nar-

rowly winged nerves distant. Grain

black, elliptic, "marked with comb-

like lines," .6-.7XI.3 mm.; in section

trilobed, dorsal lobe subacute, lateral lobes rounded; pericarp thin.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. and Sept., 1865, Schott ^gja^ 73^', "com-

mon in gardens as a weed, 5 to 10 inches high," Izamal, Jan. to Dec,

Gaunter 461, "abundant in shady places 15 inches high," Izamal,

1086, Chichankanab, 1515, 152s, 1552, 1553, islands of Holbox and

Cozumel, 1885 and 1886 (B), Calotmul 244g.

DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029.

Spikelets several flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile and

crowded in two rows along one side of a continuous rachis which is

extended to a naked point, forming unilateral spikes, these digitate

at the summit of the culm; rachilla articulated above the empty

glumes and between the florets. Glumes compressed, keeled, mem-

branaceous, first and second empty. Grain laterally compressed,

enclosed in a thin, loose pericarp. Stamens 3.

Dactyloctenium -ffigyptium (L.) Willd. Z/^/^.

Cynosurus yEgyptius L.

Inflorescence exserted, of 2-4 digitate spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, 6-7

mm. wide, bearing 24-70 densely crowded spikelets; rachis narrowly

winged, hispid at least on the naked cuspidate summit. Spikelets

3.5x3.5 mm., 2-flowered with 2 rudimentary florets above. First

56 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

glume 2.4 mm., naviculate with a short cuspidate point, hispid on the

prominent, green-bordered keel; second glume 2 mm. (excluding-

point), broad, truncate or emarginate,.

the hispid keel extended into a cuspi-

date point 1.3 mm. long; floral glume

3 mm., naviculate, the prominent

green-bordered, hispid keel extended

into a cuspidate point which in the

lower floret is inflexed at the tip, in

the second the point is usually straight;

palea 2.3 mm., broad acute, deeply

folded between the ciliate -winged

nerves. Grain light reddish brown,

broadly oblong, transversely wrinkled,

.5-.8X.9 mm.; in section conoid, with

a concave ventrum.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 20 to Sept. 5, 1865, Schott 734; Progreso,.

Gamner isog, Izamal 21/I.

LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71, t. 15, f. 1.

Spikelets several flowered, perfect, short-pediceled, in two rows

along one side of the slender numerous branches of a simple panicle^

rachilla articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets.

Glumes compressed, keeled, thin, first and second empty. Grain

sub-trilateral, free. Stamens 3.

Spikelets 3-3.5 mm., floral glume entire, awnless mucronata.

Spikelets 8-9 mm., floral glume bidentate, awned fascicularis.

Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth Gram. 1:91.

Eleusine 7?iuci'onata Michx.

Inflorescence included at the base or finally exserted, 25-40 cm.

long, 5-10 cm. wide, comprising 25-40 very slender, racemed, ascend-

ing spikes, 6-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, of

30-50 alternate, spreading spikelets; rachis

slightly zigzag, angled, hispidulous, inter-

nodes 1.5-2 mm. Spikelets 1.5x3.2 mm.,

compressed, loosely 4-5-flowered, on short

scabrous pedicels, rachilla smooth, flexu-

ous, joints .5 mm. First and second

glumes subequal 1.8-2 mm., linear-lanceo-

late, acute, mucronate - tipped, hispid on

the keel; floral glume T.3-1.5 mm., ovate,

obtuse or emarginate, 3-nerved, silky cili-

.ate on the nerves; palea 1.3 mm., oblong,

obtuse silky ciliate .on the nerves; the

rachilla produced in a short point at the

back of the terminal (staminate) floret.

Grain translucent reddish-brown, lanceolate, smooth, .25-

in section narrowly cordate.

Hab. — Environs of Merida, May, 1865, Schott 401 ; July, 1865,

S90; Nov., 1865, 7jg; common in old fields about Izamal, 3 feet high,

0

4x1.1 mm.

Feb. 1903. Plants Yucatan.^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

57

Sept., Gaumer 8jj, Chichankanab i^q8, 246J, San Anselmo, /p^^,

forests of Buena Vista Xbac, 18 inches high, common, Sept. 2283 y

2327-

Nos. iggg (in part), 2 28 j .a.nd 2J2/ Gaumer, and 401, jgo and yjg

Schott^ are a smaller form with narrower leaves, the inflorescence

more exserted, and spikes somewhat spreading, but no difference in

the spikelets can be found, and , some of the larger specimens show

characters approaching those of the smaller, the basal branches (when

present) bearing the narrow leaves.

Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray Man. Bot. 588.

Festuca fascicularis Lam.

Inflorescence included at base or finally exserted, 10-15 c"^- 1^)''^^?

2-4 cm. wide, of 10-25 more slender, erect or ascending spikes,

3-8 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, of 20-30 al-

ternate, ascending spikelets; rachis

angled, scabrous, internodes 4-8 mm.

Spikelets 2. 5-3 x 8-1 o mm. , loosely 4-10-

flowered, on short scabrous pedicels, ra-

chilla smooth, terminating in an empty

glume, joints .7-8 mm. First and sec-

ond glumes lanceolate, acuminate, sca-

brous on the keel, first 2.2-2.8 mm.,

second 3-3.5 mm. long; floral glume 4-5

mm., lanceolate, 3-nerved, margins and

lateral nerves appressed silky pilose be-

low, midrierve pilose below and pro-

longed into a scabrous awn, .5-. 8 mm.

long, between the two slender teeth of

the apex; palea nearly equal, elliptic,

obtuse, appressed silky pilose on the nerves. Grain reddish brown,

oval, narrowed at the base, 7 x 1.5 mm.; in section plano-convex.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gaumer 1^68.

Yucatan specimens have spikelets and floral glumes somewhat

smaller than typical forms.

GOUINIA Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 103.

Spikelets 3-4 flowered, perfect, slender pediceled in two rows

along one side of the branches of an ample, spreading panicle; rachilla

articulated above the empty glumes and between the florets. Glumes

compressed, keeled, first and second empty; floral glumes with a

hairy callus, bidentate, awned. Grain long elliptic, sulcate down the

ventrum. Stamens 3.

Awns 4.5—5.5 mm., grain black, rugose latifolia.

Awns 8-10 mm., ^rain wine-color, smooth virgata.

Gouinia virgata (Presl.) Scribner U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.

Bull., 4, 10.

Bromus virgatus Presl.

Gouinia poly ga7?ia Fourn.

58

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Panicle exserted, loose and open, 35-40 cm. long, 20-30 cm. wide,

branches alternate or subfasciculate, compound, slender, spreading

or drooping, swollen and tawny-

tomentose in the axils; axis and ra-

chis scabrous. Spikelets 2.5 x 15-18

mm., 3-4 flowered, pale brownish

green, on slender pedicels 2-3 mm.

long; joints of the rachilla 2 mm.

First glume 4.2 mm., lanceolate,

acuminate, hispidulous on the mid-

nerve and margins above, 3-nerved;

second 5.2 mm., lanceolate-ovate,

acute, 5-nerved, hispidulous on the

midnerve and margins above; floral

glume 8 mm. (excluding awn),

lanceolate, acuminate, bidentate,

3-nerved, pilose below, hispidulous

on the midnerve above, awn erect,

8-10 mm., slender, scabrous; palea

6.3 mm., lanceolate, bidentate, pi-

lose on the nerves and margins.

Grain wine-color, smooth, lanceo-

late-ellipsoid, .9x3.7 mm.; in sec-

tion cordate.

Gaunter 1033.

Hab. — Tekax, Sept. 1895,

Gouinia latifolia (Griseb.) Vasey Contrib. Nat. Herb, i

Tricuspis [Neuroblepharum)

latifolium Griseb.

Panicle exserted, loose and

open, 25 cm. long, 18 cm. wide,

branches subfasciculate, slender,

spreading or ascending, swollen

but glabrous in the axils; axis

and rachis minutely scabrous

above. Spikelets tawny,

3. IX 12-15 mm., 3-4-flowered,

on slender pedicels 1-3 mm.

long; joints of rachilla i mm.

First and second glumes lanceo-

late, 3-nerved, hispidulous ort

the midnerve; first 5-5.5 mm.

acuminate, second 6.3 mm., ob-

tuse; floral glume 7 mm. (ex-

cluding awn), lanceolate, acute,

bidentate, 3-nerved, long-pilose

on the nerves and marginal

spaces, midnerve hispidulous

above, awn erect, 4.5-5.5 mm.,

slender, scabrous; palea 6 mm., lanceolate, bidentate, hispidulous on

the nerves and teeth. Grain dull black, rugose, narrowly ellipsoid,

1x4 mm. ; in section elliptic with a bilobed excavation on the ventrum.

Feb. 1903. Plant.*: Yucatan^e — Millspaugh & Chase.

59

Hab. — Nohcacab, Nov. 25, 1865, Schott yoj. (Schott's from

the aguada de Labcah, July, 1865, without inflorescence, is probably

this species. He applies the Yucatec name Canote.)

ARUNDO L. Sp. PL 120.

Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2-several flowered, perfect,

or the upper or lower sometimes staminate; rachilla articulated above

the empty glumes and between the florets, smooth. Empty glumes

2, floral glumes thin, membranaceous, bidentate, cuspidate between

the teeth, long pilose on the back. Grain dorsally compressed, free.

Stamens 3.

Arundo Donax L. Sp. PI. 81.

Panicle included at base or finally exserted, contracted, densely

flowered, 50-60 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, branches fasciculate, com-

pound, erect, spikelet-bearing on the

upper half, or on lower branches to

near the base; branches hispidulous.

Spikelets tawny, 6-7x12-14 mm.,

4-flowered on pedicels 2-5 mm. long,

joints of rachilla i mm. long. First

glume lo-ii mm., narrowly lanceolate,

A acuminate, 5-nerved; second, 10-12

mm., narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,

sometimes with a slender tooth each side

yof the apex (formed by the glumes

splitting at the lateral nerves), 3-nerved;

floral glumes 10-13 uiui. , lanceolate, bi-

dentate, with a cuspidate point between

the teeth, 3-5 nerved, the lower part of

glume clothed with silky, smoky-white hairs 7-8 mm. long; palea 5

mm. oblong-lanceolate, truncate, ciliolate on the two nerves. Grain

rusty black, oblanceolate .8x2.2 mm.; in section unequally biconvex.

Hab. — Common on the coast, in aguadas, cenot^s and often cul-

tivated, Progreso, Gaumer 1141.

PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134.

Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 2-several flowered, the low-

est floret staminate or neuter, those above perfect; rachilla articu-

lated above the empty glumes and between the florets, clothed with

long silky hairs. Empty glumes 2, floral glumes thin, membranaceous,

entire, glabrous. Grain dorsally compressed, free. Stamens 3.

Phragmites vulgaris (Lam.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 69.

Arundo vulgaris Lam.

Panicle included at base or finally exserted, densely flowered.

6o

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

30-50 cm. long, 10-15 cm. wide, branches subfasciculate, compound,

ascending, spikelet-bearing to near the base, axis and rachis scabrous

on the angles. Spikelets tawny,

5-6x13-14 mm., 5-7 flowered on

pedicels 2-5 mm. long; joints of

rachilla i mm., clothed with white

silky hairs 10 mm. long. First

glume 5 mm., lanceolate, acute,

5-nerved; second 6-8 mm., lance-

olate, acuminate, 3-nerved; lowest

floral glume 10-12 mm., narrowly

lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, sub-

tending a palea 4 mm. long and a

staminate flower; glumes of per-

fect flowers 6 mm., lanceolate,

Subacute, 3-nerved; palea 4 mm.,

acute, hispidulous on the nerves.

Grain reddish brown, obovate ob-

long, mucronate, .6x1.5 rnm. ; in

section convexo-concave.

Hab.— Chichankanab, Gaumer 1355.

The species apparently rarely perfects seed.

MONANTHOCHLOE Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 1:436.

Plants dioecious, 2-3 flowered, spikelets usually sessile in pairs

and concealed in the axils of the crowded, short, rigid upper leaves.

Grain subterete. Stamens 3.

Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm. ibid.

Staminate spikelets 2x8 mm., empty glumes leaflike, rigid, with

membranaceous sheaths and short veiny squarrose blades, 8—10 mm.

long, floral glume 6-7 mm., membran-

aceous, ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, nerves

prominently 3-ribbed; palea shorter, hy-

aline, lanceolate, truncate or denticu-

late, pubescent on the two nerves.

Pistillate spikelets 2.2x8 mm., empty

glumes like those of staminate spike-

lets; floral glume rigid, 6-7 mm.,

broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved as in

staminate floret but less promi-

nently; palea equal in length, ovate,

acuminate, the nerves broadly winged

below. Grain dull brown, lanceolate,

1-1.1x3.4 nim. ; in section rounded

hexagonal, the ventrum slightly con-

cave.

Hab. — Abundant at the port of Silam, 2 feet high, April, 1895,

Gaumer 624, 1880.

TRIODIA R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. 182.

Inflorescence an open branching panicle. Spikelets nearly terete,

several flowered, perfect, or uppermost floret staminate; rachilla

Feb. 1903. PLANTi^: Yucatan.*: — Millspaugh & Chase.

61

articulated between the florets. Empty glumes 2, floral glumes mem-

branaceous, 3-nerved, bidentate, cuspidate between the teeth. Grain

dorsally compressed, free. Stamens 3.

Triodia eragrostoides Vasey& Scribn. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb, i :58.

Panicle finally exserted, loose and open, 15-25 cm. long, 10-12

•cm. wide, branches distant, slender, ascending or spreading at

maturity, axis and rachis scabrous,

at least above. Spikelets 2.8 x 5-5.5

mm., 7-10-flowered, on slender

scabrous pedicels, i to many times

their own length; joints of the ra-

chilla .4-. 5 mm., short pilose; first

glume 1.8 mm., lanceolate, acu-

minate, strigose, hispid on the keel;

second 2.5 mm., broadly ovate, ab-

ruptly acuminate, strigose, hispid

on the keel; floral glume 2.2-2.5

mm., truncate or emarginate, cus-

pidate, ciliolate at the apex, stri-

gose, pubescent on the margins

and nerves below; palea 2 mm.,

ciliolate at the truncate apex, pubescent on the nerves. Grain

dull brown, oblong-obovate, .9x1.3 mm.; in section reniform.

Hab. — Silam, Gaumer i2jg^ '*A lax form," F. Lamson-

Scribner.

ERAGROSTIS Host. Ic. Gram. 4:14.

Inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets laterally compressed, few to

many flowered, perfect; rachilla articulated above the empty glumes

and between the florets, but sometimes not breaking up until after

the fall of the fruiting glumes. Empty glumes 2, floral glumes mem-

branaceous, 3-nerved, awnless. Grain terete or little compressed

laterally, free. Stamens 3.

Spikelets 16-30-flowered amcena.

Spikelets not more than lo-flowered:

Keels of palea hispid Mexicana.

Keels of palea long ciliate:

Grain smooth and shining, panicle dense, contracted ciliaris.

Grain longitudinally striate, panicle loose and open plumosa.

Eragrostis plumosa Link Hort. Berol. 1:192.

Panicle long exserted, loose and open, 7-13 cm. long, 2-5 cm.

wide, axis and rachis scabrous at least above; branches ascending or

somewhat spreading at maturity. Spikelets 2.5x3-3.5 mm., loosely

S-io flowered, grayish green, on slender pedicels ^ to twice their

own length; joints of the rachilla 2 mm. articulated, leaving persistent

62 Field Columbian Museum— Botany, Vol. III.

paleae after fruit and glumes have fallen. First and second glumes

ovate, acute, hispid on the keels, first i mm., second 1.3 mm.;

floral glume 1.1-1.3 mm. abruptly

acute, hispid on the keel, minutely stri-

gose, palea i-i.i mm., acute, papillo-

ciliate on the winged keels. Grain

translucent reddish - brown, ellipsoid,

acutish at each end, longitudinally stri-

ate with wavy lines, .25 x. 6 mm.; in

section orbicular.

Hab. — Quinta del Obispo, Nov. 24,

1864, and Sept. 5, 1865, Schott ^g;

common in open lands near Izamal,

12-14 inches high, June to Jan. Gau-

nter jij {Eragrostis Mexicanus Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 1:288), Yucatan loc

ignot 8^1 (Eragrostis ciliaris Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:351), Chichankanab 1^67. "Too delicately rooted to

form pasture. It is readily pulled up by grazing cattle;" damp soil

near the Caleta, Island of Cozumel, Millspaugh PI. UtowancB 1528.

Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link Hort. Berol. 1:192.

Foa ciliaris L.

Panicle included at the base or finally exserted, dense, cylindri-

cal, more or less interrupted toward the base, 4-12 cm. long, .5-1 cm.

wide, branches short, erect or nearly so,

axis and rachis. scabrous. Spikelets

1.6x2-3 nim. , loosely 7-10-flowered,

pale brownish-green, on slender pedi-

cels ^ to equal their own length; joints

of the rachilla .15 mm. articulated, fall-

ing with the fruit and glumes. First

and second glumes ovate, acute, cuspi-

date, hispid on the keels, first .9 mm.,

second 1.2 mm.; floral glume 1.1-1.3

mm., acute, mucronate, hispid on the

keel, strigose; palea .9-1 mm., acute,

papillo-ciliate on the winged keels.

Grain reddish-brown, translucent, ellip-

soid, obtuse at each end, smooth

and shining, .25X.5 mm.; in section depressed orbicular.

Hab. — Merida at Quinta del Obispo, Nov. 24, 1864, and ruins of

Uxmal, Sept. 16, 1865, Schott 20^ Merida, Sept. 5, 1865, 6ig; on open

lands, 10 inches high, Gaumer J12, very abundant along roadsides

near Izamal, 6 inches high, July to March, jjd, Chichankanab, 22^2.

" Forms fair pasturage in favorable soil, though no attempt has been

made to cultivate the species;" Tekanto, Feb. 27, 1890, Stone i8y (in

Herb. Phila. Acad. Sci.).

Eragrostis amoena Presl. in Rel. Haenk. 1:275.

Panicle exserted, contracted, stiff, 3-12 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide,

axis and rachis scabrous, branches short, erect. Spikelets 3x10-1 5 mm. ,

Feb. 1903. PLANT.E Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

63

dense, 16-30-flowered, pale green tinged with purple or brown,

on flattened pedicels i mm. long or less; joints of rachilla .3 mm.

long, articulated, falling with the

fruit and glumes. First and second

glumes lanceolate, acuminate, hispid

on the strong keels, first 1.5-2 mm.,

second 2-2.3 mm.; floral glume

2.2-2.6 mm., acuminate, hispid on

the keel; palea 2-2.2 mm., acu-

minate, hispid on the winged

keels. Grain reddish-brown trans-

lucent, narrowly ovoid, minutely

longitudinally striate; .3-.4X.7-.9

mm. ; in section obovate, with trun-

cated plane ventrum.

Hab. — Sea shore, Sisal, Oct.

24, 1865, ^<r/;<?//d^o,this specimen has

panicles 12-13 cm. long with long

erect branches, andspikelets on ped-

icels 2-3 mm. long (published in Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:351 as Era-

grostis elongata Jacq.), but floral glumes and grain agree with those of

E. amoena Presl. ; San Anselmo Gaumer 1207, Chichankanab,22^^,2257.

Eragrostis Mexicana Link Hort. Berol. 1:190.

Panicle exserted, loose and open, 6-13 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide,

axis and branches scabrous at least

above; branches ascending, very

slender, somewhat flexuous. Spike-

lets 1.5x4-4.5 mm., dense, 7-9-

flowered, pale or grayish green, on

capillary pedicels i to 2 times their

own length or more; joints of the

rachilla. 5 mm. long articulated, leav-

ing the persistent paleae after fruit

and glumes have fallen. First glume

.8-. 9 mm., ovate, acute, keeled,

glabrous; second glume ovate, acute,

1-1.2 mm., hispidulous on the keel;

floral glume 1.4-1.6 mm., acute, his-

pidulous on the keel; palea 1.2 mm ,

acute, hispid on the keels. Grain

brownish red, translucent, ovoid,

minutely longitudinally striate, .4X.8 mm.; in section conoidal with

convex ventrum.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gaumer 1260, Izamal, 2^7/, 2480, 2486.

DISTICHLIS Raf. Journ. Phys. 89:104.

Plants dioecious, spikelets several flowered, compressed in short,

contracted panicles. Staminate and pistillate spikelets similar, but

the staminate usually larger. Empty glumes 2, floral glume mem-

branaceous, rigid, 5-9 nerved, awnless. Grain laterally compressed.

64 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

closely enfolded in the thickened coriaceous base of the palea, free.

Stamens 3.

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2:415.

Uniola spicata L.

Distichlis 7?iaritima Raf.

Panicle finally exserted, contracted, 3-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide;

axis and rachis minutely scabrous. Staminate spikelets 5-6x10-12

mm., densely 7-i3-flowered, on ped-

icels 1-3 mm. long; joints of rachilla

.6 mm. First glume 2 mm., ovate,

obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved; second

glume 3 mm., ovate, acute, obscurely

5-nerved, hispidulous on the keel

above; floral glumes 4-4.3 mm.,

ovate, acute, 9-nerved (the nerves in

3's); palea equal in length, deeply

folded between the hispidulous

nerves. Pistillate spikelets 2. 7 x 6-6. 5

mm. densely 4-5-flowered, on pedi-

cels 1-3 mm. long; joints of rachilla

.4 mm. First glume 2 mm., ovate,

subacute, 5-nerved; second glume 3

mm., broadly ovate, abruptly acute,

obscurely 5-nerved, hispidulous on

the keel above; floral glumes 3.5-3.7 mm., broadly ovate, acute,

9-nerved (nerves in 3's); palea nearly equal, deeply folded between the

hispidulous nerves. Grain dull brown, elliptic, acute at each end,

1.2x2.3 mm.; in section oval with concave truncate ventrum.

Hab. — Celestun, May 13, 1865, Schott 4^4; Progreso, Gaunter

2496.

GUADUA Kunth Syn. PI. 1:252.

Spikelets several to many flowered, terete or little compressed,

glomerate or fasciculate; lower florets

staminate or neuter, the others per-

fect. Empty glumes several; floral

glumes rigid, subcoriaceous. Grain

dorsally compressed, enclosed in the

fruiting glumes, free. Stamens 6.

Guadua latifolia Kunth Syn. PI.

1:254.

Spikelets sessile in half whorls

or fascicles at the nodes of the

branches of the panicle; internodes

2-10 cm. long, tomentose below

the nodes. Spikelets 2.5-6 cm. long,

5-6 mm. wide, 5-9-flowered, cylindric,

sub-arcuate; rachilla articulated ;be-

tween the florets, internodes 5 mm.

long, flattened. Empty glumes 4-6 or more, broadly triangular, many

Feb. 1903. PLANTiii: YucATANi^-: — Millspaugh & Chase.

65

nerved, puberulent above, mucronate tipped; floral glume 12-16 mm.

long, ovate, many nerved, minutely puberulent above, mucronate

pointed; paleae equal, ovate, rounded or subacute, many nerved,

pubescent on the back, the broadly winged keels and apex short ciliate;

lodicules 8 mm. long. Grain light brown, lanceolate, acute, 3.5x10.5

mm.; in section convexo-concave.

Hab. — Merida, Jan., 1866, lacking inflorescence, Schott num.

amiss. Figure drawn from specimen from Turbo, March 20, 1858,

Schott.

Under number 5^7 Dr. Schott collected from the gardens of San

Rafael de Xteppen an Andropogon without inflorescence.

CYPERACE/E.

CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH AND AGNES CHASE.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Inflorescence in solitary, or clus-

tered I -many flowered spikelets; flowers perfect or imperfect, i or

rarely 2 in the axil of each glume; scales 2-ranked or spirally imbri-

cated. Perianth hypogynous, composed of interior scales or bristles,

or wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Ovary i-celled, sessile or

stipitate, ovule i, anatropous, erect, style 2-3-cleft or minutely

2-toothed, rarely simple. Fruit a plano-convex, lenticular, trilateral

or subglobose achene:

Spikelets all alike, fertile flowers perfect (except Cyperus canus):

Glumes 2-ranked Cyperus.

Glumes spirally imbricated:

Spikelets several to many-fruited:

Achene tuberculate:

Perianth of bristles Heleocharis.

Perianth none Dichrometia.

Achene not tuberculate:

Bilateral, achene sessile:

Perianth of bristles Scirpus.

Perianth none FiiJibristylis.

Trilateral, achene stalked Fuireiia.

Spikelets 1-2-fruited:

Achene tuberculate, style 2-fid Rhynchospora.

Achene not tuberculate, style 3-fid Cladiiim.

Spikelets unisexual, achene osseous Scleria.

CYPERUS L. Sp. PI. 44.

Including Mariscus and Torulinium. Inflorescence in more or

less densely disposed subumbellate spikes. Fertile flowers bisexual

(except in C. canus). Rachilla winged or wingless; spikelets few to

many-fruited; scales distichous, the lower two empty; bristles none.

Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, achene trilateral:

Rachilla persistent, glumes deciduous:

Flowers perfect:

Spikelets digitate or congested on a reduced rachis:

Achene oblong-turbinate, markings of longitudinal \ • ,^f^.^

impressed lines \ unci? lus.

Achene obovoid, hexagonally reticulated och?'aceus.

Achene pyriform with lozenge-shaped reticulations elegans.

Spikelets spicate:

Achene broad-turbinate, reticulated and papillate cojfipressus .

Achene oblong, hexagonally reticulated:

Reticulations conspicuous, interspaces convex esculentus.

Reticulations faint, interspaces concave rotundus.

Flowers unisexual canus.

*The cuts present an enlargement of the achene, dorsal view (also lateral view in some

cases) magnified 20 diameters, a transverse section at its greatest diameter (the base of the sec-

tion being the ventral side), a portion of the surface magnified, showing the markings, and usually

beneath this a cross-section of the same, illustrating their prominence.

67

68 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Rachilla falling away from the axis, slightly winged:

Achene equilateral or nearly so:

Facets convex, angles round-margined

Facets concave, angles sharp

Achene dorsally comj^ressed

Rachilla breaking up in i-fruited nodes, the broad

wings clasping the achene:

Achene much compressed dorsally, 1.4 mm. long

Achene little compressed, 1.8 mm. or more:

Facets all concave, reticulations pitted

Dorsal facets plane, ventral concave, reticulations

papillate.

echinatus.

ligularis.

bruneus.

M ichauxiafius.

lentiginosMs.

ferax.

%EUCYPERUS. — Spikelets compressed; rachilla persistent on the

axis, glumes deciduous.

Cyperus uncinatus Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 7:247.

Bracts 3-4, leaf-like, 2-10 cm. long. Inflorescence a 2-5-rayed

umbel, I spike sessile (inflorescence sometimes reduced to the single

sessile spike), rays .5-4.5 cm. long. Spikes russet to chestnut, dense

flabellate, 1-1.7 cm. wide, composed of 6-25

spikelets divergent from the reduced rachis.

Spikelets compressed, oblong, 4-5x6-12 mm.,

5-16 fruited, rachilla wingless. Glumes less

than twice the length of the achene, naviculate,

ovate-oblong, abruptly tapering into a squarrose

smooth awn 5^ its own length, prominently 9-1 1-

nerved. Stamen (in our specimens) i, lateral,

{^^ Siaminibus J-t,'' Clarke in Urb. Symb. 2:24.)

Style longer than the achene, divided )^ its length. Achene dull

black, oblong-turbinate, .4-.5X i.i mm., in section triangular, ventral

facet plane, dorsal facets slightly concave, marked by wavy longitu-

dinal impressed lines including single rows of circular pits with

prominent lips.

Hab. — Mangrove swamp. Sisal, and near Merida, Schott, sine

num., Ceranas, Merida, Sept. 15, 1864, 77, Sisal, Nov. 9, 1865, goSa'y

Cerro de Maxcaan, Sept. 14, 1865,

gio ; "6 to 10 inches high, com-

mon in old fields, Oct.," Izamal,

Gaumer 10 2 j {Cyperus squat rosus

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:354), San

Anselmo 2426.

The plant is called X-chab-

XAN, "Like a woman's greased

hair," by the Mayas.

Cyperus canus Presl. in Rel.

Haenk. i : 170.

Bracts 12-15, leaf-like, 20-30

dm. long. Inflorescence an open,

many-rayed corymbose umbel;

rays slender, 6-12 cm. long;

corymbs 4-8 cm. in diameter,

bractlets ovate, .5-1 cm. Spikes of 2

reduced rachis. Spikelets dioecious, compressed, 2-3x10-15 mm.

-6 spikelets, digitate from the

Feb. 1903. Plant^e Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

69

20-30 flowered, oblong, grayish chestnut; rachilla wingless. Glumes

closely imbricated, broadly ovate, mucronate, 2 mm. long, 3-nerved,

reddish brown with green keel and white margins. Style as long

as the glume, stigmas exserted. Achenes undeveloped in speci-

mens seen, yi the length of the glume, brown, ovoid, triangular, the

ventrum broadest and slightly concave,

Hab. — Aguada Xcholac, March, 1866, Schott 563 ; "common on

the borders of cenot^s near Izamal, 3 feet high," Gau?ner 483.

Cyperus ochraceus

Bracts leaf-like, :

umbel, rays 6-10, 2-5

Vahl Enum., 2:325.

-4 dm. long. Inflorescence a decompound

cm. long; secondary umbels 2-4-rayed, rays

2 cm. long ; bractlets 5-10 mm. long.

Spikes pale-ocher, subglobose, i cm.

wide, having 10-20 spikelets subdigitate

from the reduced rachis. Spikelets

strongly compressed, ovate-oblong,

2x5-10 mm., 18-20 fruited; rachilla

wingless. Glumes ocher with a broad,

green dorsal stripe, loosely cellular,

ovate, acute, subapiculate, closely

imbricated, keeled above but hollow

below from the pressure of the adjacent achene; 3-veined, the mid-

vein forking to border the depression; scale a little longer than the

achene. Stamen i, lateral. Style subciliate, shorter than the achene,

divisions short. Achene brown, ovoid, .5-.6XI.2 mm., in section

triangular, the dorsal angle very bluntly rounded, the dorsal facets

convex, the ventral plane, all marked by regular, sharp hexagona

reticulations rising perpendicular to the surface of the achene.

Hab. — Aguadas and cenot^s, Nabula, Hacienda Chabl^, Aug. 8,

1865, Schott ^68 ; abundant on open lands near Izamal, Gaumer 388,

1028 ; in shallow standing water in field at the Caleta, Island of Cozu-

mel, Millspaugh PL Utowance 15 ig.

Cyperus elegans L. Sp. PI. 2:68.

Cyperus viscosus Sw.

Bracts 3, leaf-like, 2-3 dm. long. Inflorescence a 6-io-rayed

umbel, one spike sessile,

rays 1-6 cm. long. Spikes

mottled pale-green and brown,

subglobose, composed of 8-20

spikelets divergent from the

reduced rachis. Spikelets

compressed, oblong, 3x8-10

mm., lo-fruited; rachilla wing-

less. Glumes fuscous to chest-

nut with pale green margins

and midvein, suborbicular,

mucronate, less than twice the

length of the achene, obliquely

spreading; keel thickened at the apex, expanding into 7 nerves below.

Stamens 3. Style shorter than the achene, divided to near the base.

70 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Achene black, pyriform, .gx 1.7 mm., in section triangular, the facets

all equally concave and marked by horizontal reticulations resembling

a net, the meshes each including a single slight papilla.

Hab. — Izamal, Gaui?ier 2j2g, 248^^ 24g2, common at San Felipe,

14OJ ; east shore of island of Cozumel, Feb. 21, 1899, Millspaugh PL

Utowance ISQ^, Progreso, March 5, 1899, 1686.

Cyperus compressus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2:68.

Bracts 4-5, leaf-like, 2-16 cm. long. Inflorescence a 2-5-rayed

umbel, I spike sessile, rays 1-5 cm. long. Spikes green, more or

less mottled with chestnut at

maturity, fiabellate, 12-25 cm.

wide, composed of 3-10 spikelets,

spreading or ascending from the

short rachis. Spikelets com-

pressed, oblong, 2x8-20 mm.,

6-30 - fruited ; rachilla flattened,

wingless. Glumes more than

twice the length of the achene,

green, with pale or chestnut mar-

gins, closely imbricated, navicu-

late, broadly ovate, acuminate,

mucronate, keel thickened, lateral nerves obscure. Stamens 3. Style

longer than the achene, divisions short. Achene shining dark chestnut

or nearly black, turbinate, .9-1 x 1.3 mm.; in section triangular, the

angles with prominently rounded margins, the facets slightly concave,

marked by faint, regular, hexagonal ridges, the interspaces plane and

including a single slight papilla.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gau7?ier I2gi.

Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 67.

Bracts 2-5, leaf-like, 4-20 cm. long. Inflorescence a 4-10-rayed

umbel, rays .5-6 cm. long. Spikes golden brown, flabellate-oblong,

2-3 cm. wide, of 5-25

spreading spikelets; rachis

.5-2.5 cm. long; bractlets,

when present, setaceous.

Spikelets compressed, ob-

long, 2-2.5x10-15 mm.,

8-14-fruited; rachilla hya-

line winged. Glumes

twice the length of the

achene, ovate, obtuse,

hyaline margined at sum-

mit, strongly 9-1 i-nerved,

golden brown, faintly

streaked with chestnut.

Stamens 3. Style more

than twice the length of

the achene, divided y,

brown, obovoid-oblong,

its length. Achene shining light golden

7x1.7mm.; in section reniform-triangular,

Feh. 1903. Plant/e Yucatan/f: — Millspaugh & Chase.

71

with a prominent border of deep irregularly hexagonal air cells overly-

ing the hard endocarp. This layer of air cells gives to the achene a

translucent, "bubbly" appearance.

Hab. — Chichankanab, Gautfier i^ii^ 24^1.

The species, though flowering abundantly, rarely perfects its

achenes.

Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 67.

Bracts 3-5, leaf-like, i-ii cm. long. Inflorescence a 3-7-rayed

umbel, I spike subsessile, rays 1-7 cm. long, sometimes compound.

Spikes wine-color, fiabellate-oblong,

2-3 cm. wide, of 2-7 spreading

spikelets, rachis 2-10 mm. long.

Spikelets c o m p re s s ed , oblong,

1.5-2x5-20 mm., 6-24-f ruited ;

rachilla hyaline winged. Glumes

twice the length of the achene, ovate,

obtuse, strongly 5-7 -nerved, wine-

color, with an olive-green keel.

Stamens 3. Style 3 times the length

of the achene, divided its length.

Achene ashy brown (reddish when

immature), oblong, .6-.7XI.4 mm.; in section depressed triangular,

the ventral facet broadest and slightly concave; the marking similar

to that of esculentus but air cells much shallower and interspaces

sunken.

Hab. — "Common in moist places near Merida, i foot high,"

Gaunter loSy, 1088, Chichankanab, 2iyj.

This species, like the preceding, rarely perfects fruit, both repro-

ducing by tubers.

^MARISCUS. — Characters of Eucype?'us except : rachilla slightly

winged, falling away from the axis, two lower empty glumes per-

sistent.

Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood Class Book 734.

Ma?'iscus echinatus Ell.

Cyperus globulosus Aubl.

Bracts 2-5, leaf-like,

2-10 cm. long. Inflores-

cence a i-8-rayed umbel,

I spike sessile (inflores-

cence sometimes reduced

to the single sessile spike),

rays .5-3 cm. long. Spikes

russet, subglobose, 8-12

mm. wide, of 10-25 con-

gested spikelets on a re-

duced rachis. Spikelets

little compressed, oblong

2x6 mm., 3-4-fruited; rachilla broadly hyaline winged. Glumes less

than twice the length of the achene, ovate, obtuse, minutely speckled

72 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

with chestnut, strongly 9-11 -nerved. Stamens 3. Style equal to the

achene, divided ^ its length. Achene fuscous, obovate-oblong,

.7x1.8 mm.; in section triangular, facets convex, the ventral broad-

est, the angles with rounded margins; markings of hexagonal ridges^

the interspaces convex.

Hab. — Mangrove swamp. Sisal, Nov. g, 1865, Schott sine ?iufn.

The above description and figure apply only to that form of

Cyperus echinatus (Ell.) Wood, with subglobose spikes, umbel of

1-8 rays, slender culms and small tuber-like corms, not the larger

form with ovoid spikes, umbels of 10-13 rays and horizontal root-

stocks, and which, under the names Mariscus ovularis Kunth and

Cyperus Baldwinii Torrey, are included by authors as synonyms under

C. echinatus. The Idirgex ' ovularis'' form has not been found in

Yucatan.

Cyperus ligularis L. Amcen. Acad., 5:391.

Mariscus rufus H. B. K.

Mariscus ligularis Urb.

Bracts 4-7, leaf-like, 3-7 dm. long, minutely sharp serrate.

Inflorescence a compound urribel, rays 8-12, 1-9 cm. long; secondary

umbels congested, subcorymbose;

spikes rufous, sessile or subsessile,

the terminal one cylindrical, 2-3 cm.

long, I cm. wide, the lateral deflexed,.

1-2 cm. long. Spikelets reddish-

brown, ellipsoid, 1.5x3-5 mm.,

densely crowded, divergent, 2-4-

fruited; rachilla wings small. Glumes

reddish-brown with a dull-green mid-

rib, ovate, obtuse, striate, keeled,

twice the length of the achene.

Style longer than the achene, divided

to near the base. Achene dull-black when ripe, ellipsoid, .65-.7XI.4

mm., in section sagittate triangular, the dorsal angle sharpest, dorsal

facets slightly concave, the ventral deeply so; all marked by faint

irregular hexagonal ridges, the interspaces plane and centrally occu-

pied by large and prominent semi-globular papillae.

Hab. — Abundant, 3 feet high, San Felipe, Gaumer 1401.

yperus bruneus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ, 1:116.

Mariscus bruneus Clarke.

Bracts 4, leaf-like, .5-2.5 dm. long. Inflorescence a dense

umbel, 1.5-4 c"^- wide, formed of 2-6 spikes, rays i cm. long. Spikes

crimson-lake turning darker with age, subglobose, 14 mm. wide;

spikelets about 20, oblong, compressed, divergent, 2x6 mm., 5-7-

fruited. Glumes with bright-green keel, crimson-lake turning to dull

rusty-brown faintly spotted with red, broadly ovate, obtuse, apiculate.

Feb. 1903. PLANTiE Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

73

strongly nerved, nearly twice the length of the achene. Style longer

than the achene, divided to near the base. Achene dull-black when

ripe, broadly obovoid, ,y-.gxi.^

mm., in section flatly triangular,

the facets plane, the ventral hav-

ing a prominent rounded margin

at the angles, and all three

marked by nearly regular hexa-

gonal grooves, each interspace

occupied by a deep circular pit

with a raised lip.

Hab. — Celestun, May 13,

1864, Schott 412 ; on the apex of

reef rocks, north end of the

island of Mugeres, Jan. 2, 1895, Millspaugh^ Armour Exped. 22 {Cyperus

Ottonis Field Col. Mus. Bot. i:ii); seashore near lagoon, Progreso,

March 5, 1899, Millspaugh PL Utowance idgy, southwest end of Perez

Island, Alacran Shoal, March 8, 1899, 1746 {Cyperus Ottonis Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 2:29, and Cyperus brizeus ibid. p. 122.)

§ TORULINIUM. — Characters of § Mariscus except: Spikelets terete

or subterete; rachilla deciduous in i-fruited nodes, with broad

wings clasping the achene. Spikelets more loosely disposed in

pectinate or digitate spikes.

Cyperus ferax L. C. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. 1:106.

Toruliniutn confer turn Ham.

Torulinium ferax Urb.

Bracts leaf-like, 1-4 dm. long. Inflorescence in a compound

spreading umbel, 10-20 cm. wide; primary rays 3-6, i-io cm. long;

secondary rays 1-2 cm. long. Spikes broadly flabellate in outline,

2.5-4x3.5-4.5 cm., composed of 16-20 pectinately spreading spike-'

lets. Spikelets rufous, subterete, linear, zigzag, 1x15-30 mm., 5-12-

fruited; rachilla wings large, enfolding the achene. Glumes rufous,

closely appressed to the rachilla, those of the same rank separated

from each other for a distance

equal to ^ their length, all

ovate, obtuse, less than twice

the length of the achene, the

dorsum convex, not keeled,

the median stripe broad,

green, 7-nerved. Style

twice the length of the

achene, divided for its

length. Achene black,

elongate-obovate, .45-- 55 x

1.8 mm.; in section triangu-

lar, the dorsal facets plane,

the ventral deeply convex; facets with sharp, hexagonal reticulations

enclosing semiglobular papillae.

Hab.— Common in moist, shady places near Izamal, 3 feet high,

Gaunter 2483, 103s {Cyperus sp. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:354), Chichan-

74 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

kanab, 2146^ 2421; borders of the lagoon south of Progreso, March 5,

1899, Millspaugh PL Vtowance. i6yi {Cype?'us densiflorus Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 2:28), in deep woods at Chichen Itza, z^ij/, 1773 {Cyperus

densiflorus ibid.).

Cyperus lentiginosus sp. nov.

Bracts 6-10, leaf-like, 5-45 cm. long, 2-10 mrn. wide, under a lens

spotted with dark purple, scabrous on the upper surface and margins

at least toward the summit, smooth below. Inflorescence a 10-16-

rayed umbel, i or 2 spikes subsessile, rays 2-12 cm. (rarely to 20

cm.) long, often compound, when the secondary rachis extends at

right angles to the primary one. Spikes russet brown or green,

oblong, 2-2.5 cm. wide of 30-75 pectinate spikelets; rachis 1.5-4 c"^-

long, bractlets linear or setaceous. Spikelets little compressed, lin-

ear lanceolate, 1.3-2x10-13 mm., 4-6-fruited; rachilla wings mem-

branaceous, clasping the achene nearly its entire length, pale, spotted

with purple; rachilla joints 1.3 mm. long. Glumes more than twice

the length of the achene, lanceolate-ovate, short mucronate, 9-11-

nerved, golden brown with a green keel and conspicuously spotted

with dark purple, appressed or somewhat spreading at the tips.

Stamens 3. Style longer than the achene, divided -/z its length.

Achene brown, obovate-oblong, .6-.7 x 1.8-2 mm. ; in section triangular,

facets concave, surface marked by faint hexagonal ridges, the inter-

spaces occupied each by a shallow circular pit with a prominent lip.

Plant 3-8 dm. high, culms erect from a short rootstock, sharply

3-angled, glabrous; sheaths scarious, thickly spotted with chestnut or

purple. Leaves equaling or exceeding the culm, .5-1 cm. wide, flat,

scabrous on the upper surface and margins toward the summit.

Hab. — Merida, July 2, 1865, Schott ^65 ; common in moist shady

places, Chichankanab, Gaumer 1282, 1283, 1284, 1286^ 1287^ i2go^

(the type. Herb. Field Col. Mus. No. 57219,) I2g6, 2143, 2331, San

Felipe 1402, Izamel 248^.

No. 433 Ad. Tonduz, Flora Costaricensis, July, 1892,

and immature specimen of this species.

Cyperus Michauxianus Schultes Syst. Mant., 2:123.

Cyperus speciosus Vahl?

Torulinium Michauxianum Clarke.

Bracts leaf-like, 5-12 cm. long,

umbel, 15-20 cm. wide; primary

rays 8-10, i-ii cm. long; secon-

dary rays 1-6 cm. long. .Spikes ob-

long in outline, 1.5-2.5 X 3-4 cm.,

composed of 30-50 horizontally

spreading spikelets. Spikelets

brown, but little compressed,

1.5x10-12 mm., 10-12 - fruited;

rachilla wings smaller, en-

folding the lower half of the

achene. Glumes loose, obliquely

spreading, slightly imbricated,

reddish-brown with a broad, green, minutely striate dorsal stripe:

is a small

Inflorescence a compound

Cyperus lentiginosus.

Feb. 1903. Plant^e Yucatan.*: — Millspaugh & Chase.

77

acute, submucronate, less than twice the length of the achene.

Style longer than the achene, divided to near the base. Achene

rusty-black, ellipsoid, .5-.6X 1.4 mm., flatly triangular in section, the

ventral facet somewhat concave; surface marked by faint hexagonal

ridges, the large interspaces occupied each by a deep circular pit with

a prominent lip.

Hab. — Aguada de Labcah, July 30, 1863, Schott 566; Chichan-

kanab, Gaumer 1288, 128^, 24^5.

HELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1:224.

Flowers perfect, glumes many, spirally imbricated, lower empty

and bracteate. Perianth of 7 bristles (in our species). Stamens 3.

Style 2 or 3-cleft, its swollen base persistent as a tubercle on the

achene. Achene biconvex or depressed trilateral. Inflorescence a

single terminal spike.

Achene i mm., smooth and shining

Achene 2.8 mm., reticulated

capitata.

cellulosa.

Heleocharis capitata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3:298.

Scirpus capitatus L.

Spike light-brown, ovoid, obtuse, 3x3.5 mm.; glumes densely

imbricated, the lower somewhat enlarged and bract-like; fruiting

glumes brown with green midrib,

broad, ellipsoidal, obtuse, twice the

length of the achene. Stamens twice

the length of the achene. Style 2-cleft.

Bristles pale-ferruginous, retrorsely

'barbed, as long as, or shorter than, the

achene. Achene, including the tuber-

cle, pyriform, .7x1 mm.; tubercle

white, .IX. 2 mm.; achene proper pol-

ished-black, in section lenticular, the

surfaces longitudinally marked by faint, elongated, hexagonal reticula-

tions, interspaces unoccupied.

Hab. — Abundant on the margins of shallower cenot^s, 12 inches

high, Izamal, Gaumer 424, Chichankanab, 1764; boggy soil at the

Caleta, island of Cozumel, Millspaugh PI. Uiowance 1526^ borders of

brackish lagoon south of Progreso, 1687, Gaumer 2474.

Heleocharis cellulosa (L.) R. Br. Prod. 225.

Spike pale brown, cylindrical, obtuse, .4-.6X 20-45 mm.; glumes

loosely imbricated, the lower coriaceous and appearing like a contin-

uation of the culm; fruiting glumes twice the length of the achene,

stramineous or pale green, spotted with brown, obovate, obtuse, with

78

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

a scarious margin.

Stamens longer than the achene. Style 3-cleft.

Bristles brown, smooth

or minutely denticu-

late at the summit,

longer than the achene.

Achene, including tu-

bercle obovoid with ta-

pering apex, 1.7x2.8

mm. ; tubercle stramin-

eous, tipped with

black, pyramidal, .8

mm. high, i mm. wide

at base. Achene

proper brown; in sec-

tion lenticular - rhom-

boidal, the surfaces

prominently marked by

longitudinal rows of laterally elongated hexagonal reticulations.

Hab. — S\S3.\,Schott sine nu??i. ; common, Chichankanab,6'^zz^;//^r 1447,

Progreso 2402. . ■

DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:37.

Fertile flowers perfect, glumes numerous, spirally imbricated,

the lower and upper empty or infertile, spikelets few-fruited. Peri-

anth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-cleft, its base persistent as a

tubercle on the achene. Achene biconvex, transversely wrinkled.

Spikelets crowded in a terminal head subtended by long, leaf-like

bracts.

Tubercle truncate at base, head of 8-16 spikelets colorata.

Tubercle sagittate, head of 1-3 spikelets radicans.

Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitch. PL Baham. 141.

ScJiamus color at us L.

Dichromena leucocephala Michx.

Bracts 3-5, deflexed-spreading

white. Inflorescence in

white, globose heads 10-

14 mm. wide, composed

of 8-16 ovoid spikelets,

3x5-8 mm., 1-3 -fruited,

glumes white with a hyaline

border, conoid, subacute,

keeled, nearly three times

the length of the achene.

Stamens 2. Achenes (ex-

cluding the beak) dark cin-

namon-brown, obovoid,

1.2x1.15 mm. Beak

broadly - conical, darker

than the achene, .5 mm.

high. Achene in section lenticular, the angles strongly marked, the

5-10 cm. long, basal portion

Feb. 1903. Plants: Yucatan.*: — Millspaugh & Chase,

79

surfaces marked by prominent horizontal intermitting ridges com-

posed of oblong, raised cells, the interspaces shallow and narrow.

Hab. — Mangrove swamp. Sisal, Nov. 9, 1865, Scliott 176.

Dichromena radicaus Cham, et Schl. Linnea 6:38.

Bracts 3- 5, minutely ciliate and sometimes white at the base.

Heads 8x10 mm. , composed of 1-3 light

cinnamon-brown spikelets 9x3 mm.,

lanceolate, 5-fruited; glumes with dark-

er cinnamon keel, triangular-ovate, ob-

tuse, 3 times the length of the achene.

Stamens 3. Achenes (excluding the

beak) dark brown, orbicular, .9x1 mm.

Beak black, sharply conical, sagittate,

.3 mm. high. Achene in section ellip-

tical, the angles slightly marked; the

surfaces marked by about 12 horizon-

tal, intermitting ridges composed of small, oblong, raised cells, with

deep broad interspaces.

Hab. — Boggy soil, center of the island of Cozumel, Feb. 20,

1899, Millspaugh PI. Utowance 1^62.

SCIRPUS L. Sp. PI. 47.

Flowers perfect, glumes many, spirally imbricated. Perianth of

2-6 bristles. Stamens 3. Style (in our species) 2-cleft, wholly

deciduous. Achene biconvex. Spikelets solitary or variously clus-

tered at the summit of the culm.

Scirpus validus Vahl Enum. 2:268.

Scirpus lac us -

iris of American au-

thors not Linnaeus.

Inflorescence a

compound, lax,

more or less droop-

ing umbel, subtend-

ed bya single erect,

attenuate, terete

bract, channeled at

the base, 1-4 cm.

long; rays 1-4 cm.

long, flattened, sca-

brous; bractlets

lanceolate, mucro-

nate, scarious, pu-

bescent toward the

summit, fimbriate-

ciliate; secondary

rays .5-4 cm. long,

like the primary.

Spikelets in capitate clusters of 1-5; oblong-ovoid, obtuse, 3-4x6-9

8o Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

mm., ferruginous to chestnut. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse or emar-

ginate, mucronate, thickly spotted with chestnut or purplish brown

{'■^ purpurea punctatce,'' Vahl), with a green keel, fimbriate-ciliate,

sparsely pubescent with minute barb-like hairs, especially toward the

summit. Style 2-cleft to near its base. Bristles 6, reddish brown,

retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene. Achene grayish black

when mature {^'- flavescens'" before it is fully ripe), obovoid, narrowed

at the base, abruptly mucronate 1.4-1.5x2 mm.; in section unequally

biconvex; the surface marked by irregular hexagonal reticulations,

the interspaces occupied each by a small papilla.

Hab. — Aguada de Labcah, July 30, 1865, Schott S^6a, ^67,

salt swamps. Sisal, Oct. 25, 1865, 6go ; abundant on the margins of

the shallower cenot^s, 8 feet high, Izamal, Feb. to March, Gaumer

42s {Scirpus lacustris? Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:290).

Called Halal, "cane," by the Mayas, and used for making

floor mats, called Pop.

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl Enum. 2:285.

Flowers perfect, glumes many, spirally imbricated, lower short

and empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, wholly

deciduous. Achene biconvex. Inflorescence more or less compound

umbellate.

Achene faintly reticulated

Prominently ridged:

Pale, tapering at summit

Dark, truncate at summit

Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl Enum. 2:291.

Scirpus ferrugineus L.

Fimbristylis stans Spreng.

Bracts about 3, leaf-like, 1-3 cm. long. Inflorescence umbellate,

several rayed with one spike sessile; rays 2-3 cm. long; spikes fer-

ruginous, ovoid^ obtuse, 8-10x4-5

mm., sometimes continuing to grow

and fruit at the apex after the lower

glumes and achenes have fallen, mak-

ing entire length of rachis nearly 2 cm.;

bractlets short, setaceous, glumes fer-

ruginous with green midrib, ovate, sub-

acute, apiculate, upper part minutely

pilose, 3-timesf the length of the achene.

Style twice the length of the achene,

broadly flattened and villous below the forking. Achene pale brown,

obovoid, I.I X -1. 4 mm.; in section irregularly lenticular, the dorsum

gibbous; surfaces faintly marked by longitudinal rows of laterally

elongated hexagonal reticulations.

Hab. — Borders of brackish lagoon north of island of Cozumel^

Millspaugh PI. Utoivana' i^g4.{FimbristyUs spadicea P'ield Col. Mus. Bot.

2:29).

ferruginea.

laxa.

spadicea.

Pev,. 1903. Plants: Yucatan^. — Millspaugh & Chase.

8]

Fimbristylis laxa Vahl Enum 2:292.

Bracts 2 or 3, leaf-like, 2-6 cm. long, pubescent on the lower

surface. Inflorescence a corymbose umbel of 3-6 rays with one ses-

sile corymb. Rays 1-4 cm. long.

Corymbs of 2-5 spikes, one ses-

sile, secondary rays .3-2 cm.

long. Spikes rufous brown,

ovoid, obtuse, 2.5-3x5-7 mm.;

bractlets setaceous, 3-10 mm.

long; glumes rufous with a light

green midvein, broader than

long, obtuse, subspiculate,

twice the length of the achene.

Style little longer than the

achene, villous to near the base.

Achene pale stramineous, some-

what iridescent, obovoid with acute apex, .8-.9X 1.2 mm.; in section

lenticular; surfaces marked by about 16 longitudinal papillate ridges,

the interspace transversely marked by less prominent similar ridges.

Hab. — Pocoboch, Gaumer 2jj6.

Mr. C. B. Clarke in Urb. Symb. 2:77, makes F. laxa a synonym

of F. diphylla Vahl, Enum. 2:289; but Vahl's descriptions of these

two, though brief, indicate distinct species which, with the fact that

the locality for diphylla is given as "India orient a li^'" and that for

laxa as '^America meridionali,'" seems sufficient to warrant retaining

the name laxa for the American form.

Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl Enum. 2:294.

Scirpus spadiccus L.

Bracts 3-4, leaf-like, scabrous on the margin, 13-25 cm. long.

Inflorescence a compound umbel, rays 1-6 cm. long; secondary

umbels of 3-9 spikes; spikes chestnut,

ellipsoidal, subacute, 4 x 10 mm., con-

tinuous at the apex as in F. ferruginea;

bractlets short, setaceous; glumes chest-

nut with green midvein, chitinous,

broadly ovate, obtuse, subapiculate,

3-times the length of the achene. Style

twice the length of the achene, villous

throughout. Achene dark-fuscous,

truncate-obovoid, .95x1.1 mm.; in sec-

tion lenticular, the dorsum strongly gibbous; surfaces prominently

marked by longitudinal lines composed of rows of broad reticulations

enclosing deep oblong pits.

Hab. — Mangrove swamp. Sisal, Nov. 9, 1865, ScJiott goy ;

** uncommon," Chichankanab, Gaiwier

82

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. HI.

FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 70, t. 19, f. 3.

Flowers perfect; glumes numerous, spirally imbricated. Peri-

anth of 3 stipitate, awned sepals alternating with 3 barbed bristles.

Stamens 3, style 3-cleft. Achene sharply 3-angled, stalked. Spike-

lets in clusters or fascicles at the summit of the culm or its branches.

Fuirena simplex Vahl Enum. 2:384.

Spikelets many-flowered, in terminal or axillary clusters, sub-

tended by a pubescent leaf-like bract, 1-2 cm. long, the cluster

1.5-2 cm. in di-

ameter; spikelets

cylindrical ovoid,

brownish - green .

Glumes pubes-

cent, obovate, ob-

tuse, bearing a

spreading scab-

rous awn nearly

their own length.

Sepals reddish-

brown, cordate,

spongy thickened

toward the sum-

mit, emarginate,

bearing a barbed

awn from the back,

exceeding the

achene and bris-

tles which are slender and retrorsely barbed. Achenes stramineous,

shining, stipitate and beaked, the body triangular-ovoid, .gxi mm.

in section triangular, the angles with rounded margins; the surface

faintly marked by horizontally elongated hexagonal reticulations.

Hab. — Sisal, Nov. g, 1865, Scliott go8 ; "common," Chichan-

kanab, Gaumer 13 J g.

RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl Enum. 2:229.

Inflorescence loosely paniculate. Spikelets 2-4 flowered, lower

^flowers perfect, upper imperfect. Glumes spirally imbricated. Style

2-cleft. Achene biconvex, transversely wrinkled, the base of the style

persistent as a tubercle. Bristles in our species wanting. Stamens 3.

Rhynchospora micrantha Vahl

Enum. 2:231.

Inflorescence a slender, elongated

panicle of 3-several lax corymbs, over-

topped by leaf-like bracts; axis slen-

der, glabrous. Corymbs 2-4 cm. in

diameter, of 10-30 spikelets; branches

capillary, bractlets subulate. Spike- '^^^^^u^'jh

lets in clusters of 1-3, i-fruited, 1.5-2

mm. long; lower empty glumes linear lanceolate, fruiting glume ovate

Fef!. 1903. Plant;^^ Yucatan^: — Mili.spaugh & Chase.

83

mucronate. Achene.gxi mm., light brown, orbicular, transversely

rugose, the 2 angles prominent, smooth; tubercle dcpressed-decur-

rent, nearly as wide as the achene, rusty black; achene in section

turgid biconvex.

Hab. — "One foot high, common in the forests of Buena Vista

Xbac, September," Gaumer 1113-

CLADIUM P. Br. Civ. and Nat. Hist. Jam. 114.

Inflorescence elongated paniculate. Spikelets 1-4 flowered, per-

fect, the upper only perfecting fruit. Glumes spirally imbricated.

Style 3-cleft; bristles (in our species) none. Achene ovoid, more or

less drupaceous. Stamens 2-3.

Cladium Mariscus (L.) R. Br. Prod. 236.

ScJuvnus Mariscus L.

Cladium Jamaicense Crantz.

Cladium Germanicum Schrad.

Inflorescence an elongated panicle of 5-10 dense, many-

ered corymbs, overtopped by long-attenuate, sharply serrate

like bracts; axis subterete,

flow-

leaf-

flat-

side.

tened or channeled on one

smooth, stiff. Corymbs 5-9 cm.

•in diameter, branches slender,

smooth, bractlets subulate, sharply

serrulate. Spikelets 5-15 in a fas-

cicle, chestnut, 2-flowered. Glumes

ovate, obtuse, the lower empty and

Yz the length of the upper; the

upper flower only perfecting fruit.

Achene 1.5x3 mm., ovoid, acute,

tapering or truncate at base, chest-

nut brown, drupacea, exocarpio

plus minus spongioso i7i sicca f?'agili,

endocai'pio duro in section sub-

orbicular. The " endocarp " or nutlet 1.1-1.2x1.8 mm., ashy black,

granular, slightly 4-lobed, truncate and rnore strongly lobed at base.

Hab. — Salt swamps, Progreso, April 3, i865, Schott 2g8 ; abund-

ant on margins of cenot^s, 12 feet high, Izamal, March, Gaumer 436

{Cladium Germanicum Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:290), Chichankanab/J^(9.

Called HoLCHE, ''tree-like herb," by the Mayas.

None of the specimens from Yucatan have mature fruit, and hav-

ing no mature fruit of the. species from the American tropics {Broad-

way y8o Grenada, ex herb. Krug et Urban, being past maturity and

having shed all its fruits), the illustration is drawn from a specimen

from "Baltic shore, Germany," coll. Dr. Schmidt 1829, the identity

of Cladium Germanicum, and C. Mariscus being taken on the authority

of Mr. C. B. Clarke (in Urb. Sym. 2:134, i35)> where the range is

given: " Distrib. in temperatis et calidis orbis fere totius." Evi-

dently a variable species; the drupaceous character of the fruit render-

ing it Jess constant than is the case in other of the Cyperacea?.

84

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. IIL

SCLERIA Berg. Kongl. Acad. Sv. Handl. 26:142.

Flowers all unisexual; staminate and pistillate spikelets separate

or borne in the same cluster. Fertile spikelet i -flowered; staminate

many-flowered. Scales imbricated, the lower empty. Bristles none.

Stamen i. Style 3-cleft; achene bony, supported on a hypogynous

disk or hypogynium obsolete.

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Swartz Prod. 18.

Scirpus litliospernius L.

Bracts leaf-like, 6-10 cm. long. Inflorescence a slender few-flow-

ered panicle, 12-20 cm. long; branches distant, 3-6 cm. long; rachis

minutely pubes-

cent, 3-angled.

Fascicles of spike-

lets .5-2 cm., dis-

tant; staminate

spikelets 5 mm.

long, reddish-

brown or green;

fertile spikelets

4 mm. ; glumes 4,

reddish, subulate,

the outer 6-7 mm. ,

the inner 4-5 mm.

long. Achene

shining-white, mar-

ble-like, 1.8x2.5

mm., obovoid w^th

a triangular base,

excavated between the broad angles; hypogynium reduced to a red-

dish line at the base; achene in section orbicular above, triangular

below. The surface of the achene is sometimes minutely rugose but

the wrinkles disappear when fruit is fully ripe.

Hab. — Abundant, San Felipe, Gau?Her 1400, Pocoboch 2J77.

INDEX.

Acrosiichton polyfiodioides lo.

Adianium micropliyllum 6.

tenerum 8.

trapezoides 8.

tricholepis 7.

Agrostis Virginica 49.

Alsophila pilosa ii.

Aiidropogon IiirtiHorus 19.

insularis 23.

Nardus 20.

semiberbis 19.

sorghum Drinnmondii 21.

Anemia adiantHolia 13.

bipinnata 13.

Wright ii 14.

-Anthephora elegans 23.

Aniheropogon Iriana 54.

Aristida Americana Sw. 47, 53.

bronioides 47.

dispersa 47.

nigrescens 47.

scabra 48.

tenuis 48.

Arundo Donax 59.

vulgaris 59.

ASPIDIE^ 2.

Aspidium patens 2.

rep tans 10.

trifoliatnm 3.

Asf)Ienuim dentatuni 4.

heterophyllum 3. ^

pumilum 3.

pygm(eum 4.

Bouteloua Americana 53-

bromoides 53.

disticha 53.

Trisena 54.

Bromus virgatus 57.

Campyloneuron PhyUitidis 11.

Cenchriis brevisetus 41.

ecliinatus 41.

granularis 18.

insularis 42.

pallidus' 40.

tribuloides 42.

viridis 39.

Chaetochloa geniculata 37.

polystachya 38.

Cheilanthes aspera 5.

glandultfera 6.

leucopoda 6.

microphylia 6.

Chloris ciliata 51.

elegans 52.

petraea 51.

Cladium Germanicum 83.

Janiaicense 83.

Mariscus 83.

Coix lachryma-Jobi 17.

Culantrillo 7.

bianco 2.

Cyatheace^: 2.

Cynodon Dactylon 50.

Cynosurus yE^yptius 5S.

In die us 55.

Cy perns Baldwinii 72.

brizetis 73.

briineus 72.

canus 68.

den^ijiorits 74.

ecliinatus 71.

elegans 69.

esculentus 70.

ferax 73.

}itobulosiis ' 71.

lentiginosus 74.

ligularis 72.

Michauxianus 74.

ochraceus 69.

Ottonis 73.

rotundus 71.

speciosusf 74.

sqtiarrosus 68.

uncinatus 68.

vis cos us 69.

Dactyloctenium yi^gyptium 5^-

Dichroinena colorata 78.

leucocephala 78.

radicans 79.

Dtgitaria fimbriata 24.

marginata 24.

setosa 26.

Dinebra tepens 53.

Distichlis marititiia 64.

spicata 64.

Dryopteris patens 2.

Eleusine Indica 55.

mucronata 56.

Eragrostis amoena 62.

ciJiaris 62.

Mexicana 63.

, plumosa 61.

^ustachys petrcea 51.

Festuca fascicularis 57.

FILICINEyE I.

Fimbristylis ferruginea 80.

laxa 81.

spadicea 81.

spadicea 80.

stans 80.

Fuirena simplex 82.

(ioniopteris reptans 10.

tetragona 9.

(louinia latifolia 58.

poly gam a 57.

virgata 57.

Cuadua latifolia 64.

Gymnogramme palmata 5.

Hackelochloa granularis iS.

I Helecho 6.

Heleocharis capitata 77.

cellulosa 77.

Hemionitis palmata 5.

Hemitelia Hartii 2.

Holcus Halepensis 2 1 .

Ischamum secundu7n 45.

Ichnanthus lanceolatus 35.

Lepicystis incana 10.

Leptochloa fascicularis 57.

mucronata 56.

Marginaria incana 10.

Mariscus bruneus 72.

echinatus 71.

ligularis 72.

ovularis 72.

rufus 72.

Monanthochlo6 littoralis 6c.

Mool 40.

Nephrodium patens 2.

Olyra semiovata 46.

Oplismenus Burmannii 37

cristatus 37.

hirtellus 36.

Ornithopteris adiantifolia 13

cicutaria 13.

Wrightii \\.

Osmunda adiantifolia 13.

Panicum brevifolium 32,

Burmannii 37.

Field Colu

MBiAN Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Panicum Carthaginense 35.

colonum 31.

cotnpactum 34.

crus-galli 31.

Dactylon 50.

divaricatum 33.

divaricatum latifolium 34.

filiforme 26.

fuscum 34.

geniculatum 37.

hirtellum 36.

hirticaulum 32.

insulare 23.

jumetoruvi 33.

lanatum 23.

leucophctum 23.

maximum 33.

paspaloides 34.

sanguiiiale 24.

Paspalum elongatuiii 27.

lentigiiiosum 28.

oricolum 28.

panictilatum 28.

Scliajfneri 28.

vaginatum 27.

Pellaea aspera 5.

Pliegopteris rudis 11.

Phragmites vulgaris 59.

Phymatodes 1 ycopodioides 12.

Poa ciliaris 62.

Polyodoii disiichtim 53.

POLYPODIACE^ 2.

Polypodies q.

Polypodium incanum 10.

Polypoditan lycopodioides 12.

Phy nitidis 11.

polypodioides 10.

reptans 10.

riide II.

tetragonum 9.

trifoliatum 3.

Pteridium caudatum 8.

Pteris caudata 8.

Rhynchospora micrantha 82.

Sacate Guinea 33.

Parana 21.

Saccharum officinarum 17.

ScHizsACEs 12.

Schizachritim hirtifloriim 19.

setniberbe 19.

Schcenns coloratus 78.

Mariscus 83.

Scirpiis capita' us 77.

fcrriiginetts 80.

lacustris 79.

hthospermus 84.

s Pa die ens 81.

vallidus 79.

Setaria lithosperma 84.

auriculata 39.

flava 38.

Poiystachya 38.

Setariopsis auriculata 39.

Sorghum Drummondii 21.

Halepense 21.

vulgare 22.

Sporobolus Domingensis 50.

minutiflorus 49.

Virginicus 49.

Stenotaphrum Americanum

45-

secundum 45.

Streptachne scabra 48.

. tenuis 48.

Syntherisma fiiiforme 26.

insulare 23.

sanguinale 24.

setosum 26.

Tectaria trifoliata 3.

Torulinium confertum 73.

/.fraj; 73.

Michauxianutn 74.

Tricena tacemosa 54.

I Trichachne lanatum 23.

Tricuspis latifolium 58.

Triodia eragrostoides 61.

Uniola spicata 64.

Vilfa Domingensis 50.

Mtinutijlorus 49.

X-ciiab-xan 68.

X-kan-ciiini 36.

X-Naab-DUD 12.

X-ual-kanil 9.

Zit 34-

Ziztal-chen 4.

3™S2 00^54 8986

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