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PRESENTED BY

Publications

OF

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES

Volume III

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

1903-1930

CONTENTS

Plantae Yucatanae. Plants of the insular, coastal and plain

regions of the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico. Poly-

podiaceae and Schizaeaceae, by Charles F. Mills-

paugh. Gramineae and Cyperaceae, by Charles F.

Millspaugh and Agnes Chase. (February, 1903.) . . .

Plantae Yucatanae. Plants of the insular, coastal and plain

regions of the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico. Com-

positae, by Charles F. Millspaugh and Agnes Chase.

(April 26, 1904.)

Flora of Yucatan. By Paul C. Standley. (September 11, 1930.)

iii

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2014

https://archive.org/details/plantyucatanregi02niill

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING

PAGE

Paspalum oricolum 28

Cenchrus insularis 42

Cyperus lentiginosus 74

Parthenium Schottii 110

Montanoa Schottii 114

Spilanthes filipes 123

Salmea Gaumeri 124

Encelia Chaseae 125

Plagiolophus Millspaughii 126

Zexmenia hispida ramosissima 127

Porophyllum Millspaughii 142

Pectis Schottii 143

V

ELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM.

BOTANICAL SER. MAP.

The Peninsula of Yucatan.

The region of this Flora lies north of the red line.

''Y

Field Columbian Museum.

Publication 92.

Botanical Series. Vol. Ill, No.

PLANT.^: YUCATAN^.

{REGIONIS ANTILLAN^)

PLANTS OF THE INSULAR, COASTAL AND PLAIN

REGIONS OF THE PENINSULA OF

YUCATAN, MEXICO.

Charles Frederick Millspaugh, M.D.

Curator Department of Botany.

FASCICLE 11.

COMPOSITE.

^CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH AND AGNES CHASE.

Chicago, U. S. A.

April, 1904.

COMPOSITE.*

CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH and AGNES CHASE.

Herbs, shrubs, woody climbers, or rarely trees. Flowers perfect,

pistillate, neutral, or monoecious or dioecious, borne on a common

receptacle forming heads, subtended by an involucre of few to many

bracts. Calyx tube completely adnate to the ovary, the limb {pappus)

of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, or crownlike or obsolete. Corollas

tubular or expanded into a ligule; heads composed of tubular flowers

{discoid), of tubular and ligulate {radiate)^ or all ligulate {ligulate).

Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes,

their anthers united into a tube, often appendaged at the apex, some!

times sagittate or tailed at the base. Ovary i-celled; ovule i, anatro-

pous; style of fertile flowers 2-cleft; stigmas marginal; style of sterile

flowers commonly undivided. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endo-

sperm none.

ACHENE ENCLOSED IN A FALSE PERICARP

' Pericarp spinous:

1- seeded

2- seeded

Pericarp verrucose, obconical

rhomboidal:

achene lenticular

^ . triangular

Pericarp smooth

A mbt'osia.

Xaiithium.

Nocca.

Sclerocarpus.

Melampodium.

Milleria.

ACHENE NOT ENCLOSED.

Corolla of ray flowers persistent:

Achenes all dorsally compressed

Achenes laterally compressed or tri-

angular

Corolla of disk flowers persistent

Corollas all deciduous:

Pappus none at maturity:

achene oblong

achene obovoid:

io-i2-ribbed

5-ribbed

4-ribbed

not ribbed

achenes cuneate:

imperfectly lenticular

quadrilateral:

apex depressed

apex coronate

apex bicornuate

Pappus coroniform:

crown minute, entire

crown prominent, 4-toothed

Pappus a crateriform disk

Parthenium.

Sanvitalia.

Grindelia.

Artemisia.

Flaveria.

Isocarpha.

Elvira.

Helianthus.

A c hi I lea.

Montanoa.

A melius.

Eclipta.

Alomia.

Borrichia.

Baltimora.

indicated the Lh.n '' T^l .nflorescence or a single head natural size, unless otherwise

he Hnt!^; magnified (the natural size being indicated by a cross giving both diameters

the dotted hne representing the pappus) ; and a cross-section of the achene aUts greatest diameter!

85

Field Columbian Museum - Botany, Vol. III.

Pappus a cluster of short, stout bristles

Pappus of long, capillary bristles:

bristles few—

achene nerveless

5-nerved

bristles numerous—

achene constricted into a neck—

(section) biconvex

(section) concavo-convex

(section) quadrilateral

achene devoid of a neck-

compressed:

ribs 10, smooth

ribs 8, rugose

subterete:

apex discoid

apex not discoid _ . ,

Pappus of slender, barbed bristles:

achenes (section) pentagonal

terete

quadrilateral—

2-nerved, pubescent

8-nerved, glabrous

achene (section) oblong

lenticular

Pappus of plumed bristles:

achene cylindrical, obconoid

achene lenticular, oblanceolate

Pappus of equal scales:

achene pentagonal, oblong

achene 12-angled, turbinate

achene lenticular, obconoid

Pappus of unequal scales

Pappus of awns:

awns united at the base

awns distinct—

achene obovate—

winged, attenuate at base

wingless, not attenuate lenticular:

awns very slender

awns unequally winged

wingless, not attenuate, flattened

achene linear:

awns smooth

awns barbed . ,

achene fusiform attenuate into a neck

Pappus of awns and scales:

achenes constricted into a neck-

neck curved, awns prominent

neck erect, awns inconspicuous

achenes not constricted-

quadrilateral

sharply 3-4-angled

lenticular—

lo-ribbed, awns genutlexed

not ribbed, awns straight:

scales connate—

achene obovate

achene linear

Pappus of scales and bristles:

bristles equal, distinct

bristles unequal, united below

Spiracantha.

Conyza.

Pluchea,

Porophylluni.

Chaptalia.

Lactuca.

Baccharis.

Sonchus.

Erechtites.

Senecio.

Eupatorium &^ Willughbcea.

Coleosanthus

Leptilon.

Pectis § Pectothrix.

Trixis.

Tridax.

Carduus.

Ageratum.

Heleniion.

Galea.

Pectis § Eupectis.

Ucacou.

Verbesina.

Spilanthes.

Salmea.

E7icelia.

Pectis § Pectidium.

Bidens.

Cosmos.

Plagiolophus.

Zexnienia

Tithonia.

Zexnie7iia § Lipochceta.

Distreptus.

Viguiera.

Tagetes.

Vernonia.

Dysodia.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

87

XANTHIUM L. Sp. PL, 987.

Heads unisexual, the fertile with 2 apetalous pistillate flowers in

a closed bur-hke, beaked involucre, only the style-branches exserted

through an aperture in the beak; the sterile of numerous staminate

flowers in an open polyphyllous involucre, the heads in a raceme

Receptacle of sterile heads cylindrical, chaffy; scales partly enclosing

the flowers. Achenes dorsally compressed, oblong; pappus none.

Coarse monoecious herbs with

inconspicuous heads.

Xanthium strumarium L. Sp.

PI., 987.

A coarse annual, with angled,

hispid stem and branches and

large alternate, petioled, 3-lobed,

coarsely dentate, scabrous leaves.

Inflorescence of unisexual clus-

ters, the staminate capitate-clus-

tered at the ends of the striate,

hispid branches. Fertile heads

sessile, 2-4 together, in the axils,

of the leaves, subtended by 4-6

small, linear bractlets. Mature

. , ^. . involucre (fruit) 1.3-1.5 X 2.3-2.::

cm. including spines (.8 x 1.9 cm. exclusive of spine) ellipsoid, hispidu-

lous; beaks erect, slightly hooked, 6-7 mm. long; spines rather slender

4-5 mm. long. Achene slatey-fuscous, 4 x 13-15 mm., oblong-lanceo-

late, abruptly acuminate into a slender beak; in section convexo-con-

cave, the ventrum nearly plane, 3 ridged, dorsum faintly 5 nerved-

glabrous. ^ ^ '

Hab.— "Herb, 2 feet high, uncommon near Merida, where it has

probably been introduced in foreign baled hay," Gaumer 114K (Xan-

thium Canadense Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1 1397) Progreso 2312.

These Yucatan specimens are immature; the figure is drawn from

Kicksecker 266, Island of St. Croix, which matches Dr. Gaumer's

specimens.

AMBROSIA L. Sp. PI., 987.

Heads unisexual, the fertile with a single apetalous, pistillate

flower m a closed bur-like involucre, only the style branches exserted-

the sterile of numerous staminate flowers in an open gamophyllous

involucre, the heads in a raceme above the fertile ones. Receptacle

of sterile heads flat, with filiform chaff among the outer flowers

Achene turgid, subglobose; pappus none. Monoecious herbs with

racemose panicled, inconspicuous heads.

Ambrosia hispida Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. Suppl., 743

• Spreading from a suffrutescent base, the branches prostrate, some-

times rooting at the nodes, terete, hispid. Leaves opposite, petioled

twice or thrice pinnatifid, thickish, strigose-hispid. Inflorescence a

88 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

terminal panicle of elongated racemes bearing the fertile heads on the

lower part and the sterile heads drooping on short, slender, hispid

pedicels along the upper part;

rachis slender, hispid. Fertile

heads sessile in opposite clusters

of 6-IO, subtended by foliaceous

hispid bracts. Mature involucre

(or fruit, shown magnified 5

diameters in figure) 1.8x3.6-4

mm., oval-obovoid, bearing a

stout obtuse beak and 3 or 4

short acute tubercles, a faint

transverse ridge below them,

the fruit glandular-dotted above

and clothed with long white

hairs, glabrate or nearly so at

the base. Achene black, 1.7x2

mm., ovoid-globose, abruptly

acute; in section triangular, the

facets convex, glabrous.

Hab.— Cozumel 1885, Gaiuner (Oliver); "very abundant at the

port of Silam, April," Gaunter 680; "prostrate on the sands, always

extending itself toward the beach, sometimes 6 meters," northeast

point of Cozumel, Milhpaugh PL Utowance ' 1^77. coast dunes at

Progreso, 164^.

DISTREPTUS Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom., 1817, p. 66.

Heads homogamous, flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre

oblong, of herbaceous bracts imbricated in 2 series, unequal. Recep-

tacle naked, plane. Achene dorsally compressed, 10 ribbed; pappus

of several unequal awns and

scales, the lateral pair of awns

longest and twice reflexed.

Perennial herbs, heads few

flowered, usually aggregated in

small glomerules.

Distreptus spicatus (Juss.)

Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom.,

1817, p. 66.

Elephantopus spicaius Juss.

An erect, branching herb,

with terete, striate, sparsely

pilose stems and branches, and

alternate, sessile, elliptic or

linear, dentate or subentire,

sparsely pilose leaves. Inflo-

rescence of axillary, interrupted

spikes, 15-25 cm. long, arranged in a leafy panicle. Heads 4 flowered,

solitary or 2 or 3 in a sessile narrow glomerule subtended by a pair of

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

89

linear-oblong, sparsely hirsute, punctate leaves; glomerules 1-1.2 cm.

long. Involucral bracts pale, with green tips, appressed, acuminate,

glabrous or the outer sparsely hirsute, Yo. the length of the inner. Corolla

white, nearly regular, 5 cleft. Receptacle minute. Achene brown,

1-1.2x5-6 mm.; oblong, tapering to the base; in section elliptic;

strongly 10 ribbed, the ribs hirsute, interspaces dark, glandular;

pappus of rigid, persistent, unequal awns and denticulate scales, inter-

rupted on the posterior side, the lateral pair of awns elongated and

twice reflexed, 5-5.5 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb 3 feet high, in moist lands, not common, Nov.,"

Izamal, Gauiner loi^j common at Yot Oonot, IJ24.

VERNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI, 2:541.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre wide campanulate (in our species), of dry or subherbaceous

bracts, imbricated in several series, unequal. Receptacle naked,

plane. Achene subterete, 10 nerved, villous; pappus in 2 series, outer

of few short scales, inner of numerous slender bristles. Herbs or

shrubs; heads many flowered, disposed in cymes.

Vernonia arborescens (L.) Swartz Ind. Occ, 2:132.

Conyza arborescens L.

An erect, divaricately branched, fruticose herb, with terete, striate

canescent stem and branches, and alternate, short-petioled, ovate or

elliptic, acuminate, entire, veiny

leaves pubescent above, pilose-

canescent below. Inflorescence

scirpoid-cymose, terminating the

branches or axillary. Heads

sessile, usually subtended by a

small leaf, 15-25 flowered, 8

mm. high, as broad or broader.

•Involucral bracts in 2-3 series,

densely canescent, outer subu-

late, spreading, inner acuminate,

erect or appressed. Corolla regu-

lar, 5 cleft, purplish blue. Re-

ceptacle faveolate. Achene

ashy-brown, . y-.S x 1.6-1.8 mm.,

cuneate-oblong ; in section te-

retopentagonal ; apex truncate,

densely villous except the basal callus, 10 nerved, 5 nerves prominent

and 5 intermediate faint; pappus tawny, outer of linear, denticulate

scales, .3-. 5 mm. long, inner of numerous scabrous, capillary bristles,

4-6 mm. long.

Hab. — "Two to three feet high, rare," Calotmul, Gain?ier ijii^

Yot Oonot 7^25, "very rare; but one plant seen."

A variable species. Yucatan specimens have heads somewhat larger

than other West Indian plants, and the subtending leaf very small or

wanting; leaves larger than common, and little or not at all rugose.

90

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

ALOMIA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:151, t. 354.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile-tubular.

Involucre hemispheric, of herbaceous bracts, imbricated in 2-3 series,

unequal. Receptacle naked, convex. Achene 5 sided, not compressed ;

pappus none or a minute crown. Herbs, with small paniculate heads.

Alomia ageratoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et. Sp., 4:151, t. 354.

An erect or ascending, diffusely branching annual, with terete,

striate, pubescent or glabrate stem and branches, and opposite, long-

tion depressed-pentagonal, strongly 5 nerved, a few scattered hairs on

the nerves, otherwise glabrous; pappus reduced to a minute crown.

Hab. — Tekanto and Tunkas, Feb. and March, 1890, Stone ipo^

238 (in Herb. Acad. Sci. Phila.) ; Cozumel Island at San Miguel, Mills-

paiigh FL Utowance 14^2, and east shore, i6oj.

AGERATUM L. Sp. PL, 839.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre wide campanulate, of herbaceous bracts imbricated in 2-3

series, subequal. Receptacle naked, plane or convex. Achene 5 sided,

not compressed; pappus i-serial, of aristate scales. Herbs, with

small paniculate heads.

Ageratum intermedium Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am., Supplement p. 102.

An erect or ascending, branching annual, with terete, sparsely

.white-pilose stem and branches, and opposite, long-petioled,

ovate, acute, crenate-dentate, sparsely pilose leaves. Inflo-

rescence loosely cymose-panicled, branches and pedicels slender,

striate, bracteate. Heads many flowered, 5 mm. high, 8-10 mm.

broad. Involucral bracts in 2 series, nearly equal, oblong, acuminate,

having 2 strong nerves and hyaline margins. Corolla light purple,

5 lobed. Receptacle convex. Achene (except the white callus)

black, .4X 1. 5-1. 7 mm., oblong, little narrowed at the base, apex trun-

petioled, ovate, crenate, nearly

glabrate leaves. Inflorescence a

cymose panicle of 3-10 heads on

a slender peduncle. Heads

many flowered, 6-7 mm. high, as

broad or broader, on striate,

finely canescent, bracteate, slen-

der pedicels. Involucral bracts

in 2 series, lanceolate, acute,

having 2 strong nerves and thin

ciliolate margins. Corolla 5

lobed, white with light purple

lobes. Receptacle faveolate.

Achene, except the white callus,

black and shining, .4-. 5 x 1.6-1.7

mm., oblong, little narrowed at

the base, apex truncate; in sec-

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 91

cate; in section sharply 5 angled, the facets nearly plane: strongly

5 nerved, the nerves sparingly weak barbed; pappus of 5 lanceolate,

erose-dentate, aristate scales,

1. 5-1.8 mm. long.

Hab. — Common, Merida,

Jan. 4, 1865, Schott 208 {Ager-

atuin conyzoides Field Col. Mus.

Bot. 1:394); Cozumel, 1885,

Ganmer (Oliver,* type locality);

campo about Izamal, Jan. 13,

1895, Millspaugh Artnotir Exped.

72 {^AgeratufH cojyinbosuin Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 1:51); Merida,

Valdez ij {Ageratinn cofiyzoides

Ibid. 1:323); open lands, Izamal,

Jan. to Dec, Gaumer jg^ {Ager-

aium corymbosum Ibid.) robust

plants with unusually large

leaves 2^08, San Anselmo, 173s,

Chichankanab, T^jd, Izamal, Ccbc. et Ed. Seler 3p2^.

Called DiciiLCHAY "efficacious herb" by the Mayas; "Bakelus"

by Yucatecs; and "Flor de San Juan" in Spanish. The herb rs

bound upon the temples by the natives to check epistaxis.

EUPATORIUM L. Sp. PL, 836.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre oblong, ovoid or campanulate, of numerous membranaceous

bracts, imbricated in few to many series, outer gradually shorter.

Receptacle naked, plane, convex or conic. Achene 5 angled, little or

not at all compressed; pappus of numerous upwardly scabrous bristles

in I series. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees; heads few to many flow-

ered, disposed in corymbose or cymose panicles.

Achene with 5 intermediate nerves

Achene simply 5 nerved:

Base long attenuate

Base abruptly attenuate:

Achene 2.2 mm.

Achene 4-5 mm.

Base not attenuate:

Pappus persistent

Pappus caducous

albicaule.

daleoides

a?^omatisans

conyzoides

pycnocephalum

Guadalupense

Eupatorium daleoides (DC.) Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. Bot., 2:95.

Critonia daleoides DC.

A shrub or small tree with grayish bark, branches terete, smooth;

leaves opposite, petioled, elliptic-oblong, acute, serrate or subentire,

glabrous, with pubescent veins, dark green and glossy. Inflor-

*Cited in Supplement to Biol. Cent. Am. by Prof. D. Oliver; this collection of Dr. Gaumer's,

made in 1885 and 1886, on Cozumel, Holbox, and Mugeres Islands, is in Kew herbarium; a few

specimens also in Herb, gray; Herb. U. S. Natl. Mus.; and Hb. Torrey, N. Y. Bot. Garden.

92 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

€Scence" ' of „ compound terminal and axillary cymes, branchlets

and pedicels*'rigid, rusty glandular-hirsute. Heads 4 or 5 flow-

ered, 6 mm. high, 5 mm. or less

broad. Involucre narrowly cam-

panulate, bracts loosely imbri-

cated in 3 or 4 series, outer

rufous, ovate, subacute, minutely

glandular-pubescent or nearly

glabrate ; . inner pale, lanceolate,

ciliolate at the obtuse apex. Cor-

olla white. Receptacle minute,

convex. Achene dull brown,

.6x3.1-3,3 mm., narrowly ob-

conoid, attenuate at the base,

apex truncate; in section un-

equally 5 sided, the angles

prominent, the facets somewhat

concave; 5 nerved, the nerves

glabrous or with a few scattered

hairs, internerves glandular-hirsute; pappus pale stramineous, 4 mm.

long.

Hab. — Moist soil near the Caleta, Cozumel, Millspaugh PL

Utowance t^io {Eupatoi'ium hebebotrya Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:105).

Called Xtokabal, "Astringent." The plant here grows as a

tree, with a trunk 5 to 10 cm. in diameter and a height of 3 to 8

meters. A decoction of the bark, leaves, and flowers is used as a

domestic remedy for gonorrhoea.

Eupatorium aromatisans DC. Prod., 5:150. ? "

A robust, semi-woody herb with smooth, striate-sulcate, sub-

angled stems and branches and opposite, petioled, large, broadly

ovate, acute, coarsely serrate

leaves, short decurrent on the

petiole forming a cuneate base.

Inflorescence a dense, rounded,

cymose panicle with opposite,

divaricate, striate, subtomentose

branchlets; pedicels short, slen-

der. Heads 10-12 flowered, 7

mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. broad. In-

volucre ovoid, bracts appressed,

in 4-5 series, oblong, obtuse,

striate, ciliolate, tinged with

rufous, the outer successively

shorter. Corollas white (?). Re-

ceptacle minute, convex. Achene

light brown, .6x2.2 mm.; ob-

long-obconoid, abruptly attenu-

ate at base, apex truncate; in section unequally 5 sided, the angles

acute, the facets plane; 5 nerved, sparsely pilose, especially on the

nerves; pappus stramineous, 4-5 mm. long.

11

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 93

Hab. — "Common, both wild and in cultivation ; used as an aromatic

in tobacco," "Merida, Valdez g2 [Eiipatorium quadrangulare Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:324); herb 10 feet high, in general cultivation at Izamal,

March, Gaumer ^^2 {Eiipatorium populifoliicm Ibid.').

"Chiople," * this name is given by Donde in his Lecciones Bot.

as the Maya designation of this species. I cannot, however, place it

as Maya; it is doubtless of Spanish-Maya origin. Cuevas says:f

"The leaves, macerated in alcohol and applied topically with friction

to the seat of pain, are much used as a remedy for rheumatism. The

alcoholic tincture, in doses of a few drops before each meal, is much

used as a remedy for stomach disorders."

• Eupatorium albicaule Sch. Bip. in Klatt, Leopoldina, 26:89.

A shrub with terete, striate stems and branches and whitish bark,

young branches glandular-puberulent ; leaves opposite, short-petioled,

falcate-ovate, acuminate, crenate-

serrate or subentire, glabrous,

with pubescent veins. Inflor-

escence of dense cymose panicles,

terminating short, leafy branch-

es, peduncles and pedicels

glandular-canescent. Heads

12-15 flowered, 6-7 mm. high,

as broad or nearly so. Involucre

campanulate, bracts loosely im-

bricated in 2-3 series, subacute,

glandular-puberulent, the outer

lanceolate, inner linear-lanceo-

late. Corolla white, the lobes

glandular. Receptacle minute,

convex. Achene chestnut; .4-

.5 x2mm., oblong, little nar-

rowed at the base, subcompressed ; in section oblong in outline, un-

•equally 10 angled, 10 nerved, some of the nerves usually faint, sparsely

.glandular-hirsute, internerves glandular above; pappus pale stramin-

•eous, 4-4.5 nim. long.

Hab. — Cozumel 1885, Gaiimer 122 (Oliver), (E. — sp. Hemsley

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:51, E. drepanophyllum Klatt, Ibid. 1:324);

""shrub 10 feet high, flowers white, Nov. to March, Big Mound, Izamal,

Gaumer 608; common in brushlands about Izamal, 824. Big Mound,

Izamal, March 11, 1903 Ccec. et. Ed. Seler jpiga, jg2i.

Eupatorium conyzoides Vahl Symb., 3:96.

An erect or reclining, slender shrub, with terete or subangled,

striate stem and divaricate branches, and opposite, petioled, ovate,

acuminate, 3 nerved, variously toothed leaves, more or less tomentu-

lose and punctate beneath. Inflorescence an elongated, divaricately

*Called Chiopk by the Mayas.

tEnsayo Botanico, 1894: 13.

94 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

branched, leafy, corymbose panicle; branchlets and pedicels rigid,

striate, puberulent. Heads about 20 flowered, 9-10 mm. high, 3-3.5

mm. broad. Involucre cylindri-

, cal bracts in 4-6 series, ap-

■ pressed, oblong, obtuse or api-

culate, several nerved, ciliolate

at the summit. Corolla pale

blue or white. Receptacle con-

vex to clavate, Achene black,

.6-. 65x4-5 mm., oblong, nar-

rowed at the base; in section

unequally 5 angled; 5 nerved

(often 3 or 4 nerved by suppres-

sion of the dorsal nerves), hirsute

on the nerves, a few scattered

hairs in the internerves above;

pappus bristles tawny, 3-5 mm.

long.

Hab. — Suburbs of Merida,

Dec, 1864, Schott 144; "in brushlands, about Izamal, Oct.," Gaumer

gi4; "ascending 15 feet among shrubs and on old fences, flowers

heliotrope, Izamal, Oct.," p5Jy San Anselmo 2048; Chichankanab

204^^ 2o8q; Calotmul 2o8y) Silam 2088; Xcholac, Stone 22y ; campo

about ruins, Chichen Itza, Jan. 17, 1895, Millspaugh Armoui' Exped.

11^; old fields near San Miguel, Cozumel, Millspaugh PI. Utowance

I48g; in the arid stony scrubland south of Progreso, March 5, 1688

i^Eupatorium ivcsfolium^ Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:105); old henequen

plantation near Merida, Feb. 11, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Seler j8j2.

A variable species. Gaumer p5j>, 2087., 2088, 2o8g^ and Millspaugh

PI. Utoivance 1688 are diffusely branching plants with small corymbs,

heads and achenes, and leaves

little or not at all punctate be-

low; Millspaugh PI. Utowance

148^ has corymbs, heads and

achenes unusually large, and in

appearance resembles Eupato-

rium odoratum L.

Called Xtokabal* "astrin-

gent" by the Mayas.

Eupatorium pycnocephalum

Less. Linnaea, 6:404.

An erect, slender, perennial

herb, with terete, glabrate or

puberulent stems and branches,

and opposite, petioled, deltoid-ovate or subcordate, acuminate, cre-

nate-dentate, soft pubescent leaves. Inflorescence of dense cymes

*The Maya X denotes the feminine gender. It is here prefixed to Tokabal (Trixis frutescens) , but

whether this is simply to differentiate the plants, or whether it denotes that this species is used in

the treatment of females, I cannot say.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

95

on long, bracteate peduncles, terminal and axillary; peduncles and

pedicels slender, somewhat fiexuous, puberulent. Heads about 25

flowered, 5-5.5 mm. high, as broad or nearly so. Involucre cam-

panulate, bracts in 2-3 series, more or less spreading, the outer lanceo-

late, acute, cuspidate, puberulent; inner narrowly oblong, obtuse,

ciliolate-hyaline margined at the summit, exceeding the flowers.

Corolla light purple. Receptacle slightly convex. Achene black,

.35 X 1.3 mm. ; oblong, little narrowed at the base; in section 5 angled,

the dorsal facets usually convex; 5 nerved, the nerves hispidulous;

pappus bristles white, capillary, 2 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, "5 feet high, at aguadas near Izamal, not common,

October" Gaumer 1022.

Eupatorium Guadalupense Spreng. Syst., 3:414.

An erect, branching herb, with terete, striate, glabrate stem

and branches, and opposite

and alternate, petioled, rhombic-

ovate, acute, crenate, nearly

glabrous leaves. Inflorescence a

loose, open, leafy, cymose pan-

icle; branches and pedicels slen-

der, puberulent. Heads about 15

flowered, 4-5 mm. high, as broad

or broader. Involucre campanu-

late, bracts in 2 or 3 series,

spreading; the outer lanceolate,

acute, puberulent; inner linear-

oblong, obtuse or minutely api-

culate, nerved, glabrous, much

exceeding the flowers. Corolla

violet. Receptacle flat. Achene

dark brown, .35-.4X1.5 mm., oblong, slightly rounded at apex and

narrowed at base; in section unequally 5 angled, the facets concave; 5

nerved, hirsute on the nerves above and sometimes sparsely so between

them: pappus bristles white, capillary, 1-2.5 "^'^^ lc)ng, caducous.

Hab. — Cozumel, 1886 Gaumer (Oliver) {Eupatorium paniculatum

Schrad. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:51); "herb, 3 feet high, common,"

Pocoboch, Gaumer 1317 ; Calotmul 2joj.

Called XuLTOxiu "Introduced weed" by the Mayas, who consider

the species exotic.

WILLUGHB^A* Neck. Elem., 1:82.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile. Involucre

oblong of few subequal bracts in 2 series. Receptacle naked, small,

plane. Achene 5 angled; pappus of many bristles in 1-2 series, con-

nected at base by an annulus. Herbaceous or woody vines, heads 4

flowered, in cymose or corymbose panicles.

Achenes attenuate at the base, internerves glandular-puberu- ) ^^^v-y^/,-^

lent or glabrate \ -oraijoiia.

Achene not attenuate, internerves resin dotted scandens.

*The separation of this genus from Eupatorium is questionable.

96 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

Willughbaea cordifolia (L.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI, 1:372.

Cacalia cordifolia L.

A climbing perennial, frutescent at base, with striate-angled

branches, and opposite, petioled, cordate, acute, angular-dentate,

softly pubescent leaves. Inflor-

escence an elongated panicle of

opposite, long-peduncled, flat-

topped corymbs; branches and

pedicels angled, glandular-pu-

berulent. Heads 9-10 mm. high,

5-7 mm. broad, subtended by a

lanceolate bractlet half the

length of the involucre. Invo-

lucral bracts loosely imbricated

in 2 series of 2 each, lanceolate,

acute, the outerglandular puberu-

lent, inner glabrate or puberulent

at the summit exceeding the

outer. Corolla white (?). ' Achene

olive brown, .6-. 8x3-3.3 rnm., oblong, attenuate at the base; in sec;

tion depressed 5 angled, the facets concave; 5 nerved, minutely hispi-

dulous on the nerves, sparsely glandular-pubescent between them, or

nearly glabrate ; pappus bristles pale rusty, barbellate, 4-5 mm. long.

Hab. — About Nohcacab, Nov. 1865, Schott y 16 {Mikania cordifolia

Willd. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:395)-

Willughbaea scandens (L.) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL, 1:371.

Eupatorium scandens L.

A twining, perennial herb with striate stem and branches Jand

opposite, petioled, hastately-cordate, acuminate, repando-dentate

leaves, nearly glabrous or puberulent beneath. Inflorescence of com-

pound cymose clusters terminating leafy branchlets; branchlets and

pedicels compressed, sparsely glandular-pubescent or nearly glabrate.

Heads 5-7 mm. high, 3 mm. or

more broad, subtended by anobo-

vate, acuminate bractlet nearly as

long as the involucre. Involucral

bracts imbricated in 2 series of

2 each, lanceolate, acuminate,

minutely glandular or glabrate,

ciliolate at the summit, the inner

little longer than the outer. Cor-

olla white or pinkish. Achene

olive brown, .5x2.4-2.7 mm.,

oblong, narrowed at the base; in

section 5 angled, the facets

slightly concave; 5 nerved,

nerves glabrate, internerves resin dotted; pappus bristles pinkish-

tawny or flesh color, hispidulous, 4-5 mm. long.

AruiL. 1904. Plan'm-: Yucatan^-: — Millspaugh & Citask.

97

Hab. — "Vine 15 feet, flowers white, common at Xcholac, Jan. ta

Feb.," Gaumer 44J {Mikania scande?isy^'\\\^. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:324).

In Yucatan and West Indian specimens the pappus is usually

more or less pinkish, while in those from the United States the pappus

is white.

COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Diet., 10:36.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile. Involucre

campanulate, of narrow, striate bracts, imbricated in 2 series. Recep-

tacle naked, plane or convex. Achene 10 ribbed, pappus of many

slender bristles in i series. Herbs or shrubs, heads few to many

flowered, in panicles or cymes.

Coleosanthus diffusus (Vahl) Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI., 1:328.

Eupatorium diffusum Vahl.

An erect annual, branching above, with subangled brown-puberu-

lent stem and branches, and opposite, petioled, rhombic-ovate or sub-

cordate , acuminate, dentate

leaves. Inflorescence an elon-

gated, diffuse, cymose panicle:

the main axis and lower part of

branches puberulent, secondary

branches and pedicels glabrate,

slender. Heads 7-12 flowered,

7 mm. high 8-10 mm. broad.

Involucral bracts in 2 series,

loosely spreading, narrowly lan-

ceolate, acuminate, strongly

nerved, the outer ciliolate, the

inner glabrate. Corolla white.

Receptacle plane. Achene dull

black, .5x1.9-2 mm. subcom-

pressed cylindrical, little nar-

rowed at base, apex truncate; in section, elliptical; 10 ribbed, mi-

nutely hirsute; pappus bristles white, nearly smooth, 4 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb 10 feet high, uncommon in fields and brushlands

near Izamal, flowering from December to March," Gamner J080

{Brickellia diffusa A. Gray Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1-394).

GRINDELIA Willd. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag., 1807, p. 259.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate fertile, ligulate;

disc flowers perfect, fertile or sterile, tubular. Involucre depressed

hemispheric, of many coriaceous bracts, imbricated in many series, the

outer gradually shorter. Receptacle naked, plane or convex. Achene

laterally compressed, hard, 4-5 ribbed ; pappus of 2-8 deciduous awns

or bristles. Resinous herbs, with solitary heads of yellow flowers.

Grindelia nana Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, N. S. 7:314.

A slender, erect annual, branching above, with smooth, striate

98 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

stem and branches and alternate clasping, pale, linear-lanceolate or

spatulate, apiculate, subentire leaves. Heads solitary, 12-15 mm.

high, 2.5-3 cm. broad; ray flowers about 20, disk flowers numerous.

Involucral bracts linear-lanceo-

late, coriaceous with green re-

volute-squarrose tips, strongly

resinous. Corolla of ray flowers

with short tube, ligule oblong-

elliptic, acute, entire, 8-10 mm.

long, spreading or somewhat

revolute; disk flowers fertile,

cylindrical, 5 cleft. Receptacle

slightly convex. Achene pale

brown, 1.3x3.7-4 mm., rhom-

boid-oblong narrowed at the

base, sublunate; in section com-

pressed lozenge-shaped, or in

achene of ray flowers 3 sided;

. glabrous; awns 2-4 (mostly 3)

flattened, twisted, hispid-denti-

5 mm. long, caducous, the corollas more or less persistent.

-Campo near Merida, 1887. Millspaugh jj.

The range of Grindelia nana Nutt. as given in Synoptical Flora

of N. Am. (i, part 2:119), is "Washington and east to N. W. Wyom-

ing, south to Shasta, California," and one collection of the species at

Santa Cruz, California, is considered "much out of range." The

above is the only specimen collected in Yucatan, this was probably

introduced with imported hay. Our specimen has leaves entire or

with a few teeth at the summit or base.

culate, 4-4.

Hab.-

ASTER L. Sp. PL, 872.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate, fertile, ligulate;

disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre campanulate, turbi-

nate, or hemispherig, of many herbaceous bracts, imbricated in several

series, the outer gradually shorter. Receptacle naked, plane or con-

vex. Achene laterally compressed, hard, nerved; pappus of slender

numerous bristles in i series. Herbs, heads corymbose or paniculate.

Aster laevis L. Sp. PI., 876.

An erect, smooth, perennial herb, branching above, with terete,

striate stem and alternate, ovate or oblong to lanceolate leaves, con-

tracted below into a winged petiole, upper with auriculate or sub-

cordate, partly clasping base. Inflorescence a cymose leafy panicle,

branches and pedicels angled, glabrate or nearly so. Heads 10 mm.

high, 20-22 mm, broad, ray flowers 15-25, disk flowers numerous.

Involucre turbinate, bracts in 3-4 series, rigid, erect, appressed, lan-

ceolate, acute, with dark green, ciliolate, mucronate tips. Ligules

pale violet, oblong, entire, 10-12 mm. long, spreading; disk corollas

brownish purple, 5 lobed. Receptacle slightly convex. Achene strami-

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 99

life/

neous, I X 2.2-2.5 "^"i-, rhomboid-oblong, narrowed at the base; in sec-

tion lozenge-shaped; lo nerved, glabrate when mature, undeveloped

achenes usually sparsely pubes- ,

cent; pappus bristles tawny,

barbellate, 5 mm. long.

Hab. — Brought to Yucatan

by Dr. Gaumer in 1889, now

wild all about his enclosures,

a perpetual bloomer, Izamal

Gaumer S^j. {^Aster Novi-Belgii

L. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:323.)

LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month.

Mag., 2 :268.

Heads heterogamous, radi-

ate, lays pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late, inconspicuous, in several

series; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre campanulate,

of narrow bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, the outer shorter. Recep-

tacle naked, plane. Achene laterally compressed ; pappus of numerous

fragile bristles in i series. Annual or biennial herbs with small heads,

racemose or panicled.

Leptilon Canadense (L.) Britton & Brown 111. Fl., 3:391.

Erigeron Canadensis L.

A strict, erect annual, with striate-sulcate stem, sparsely hispid

or glabrate, and alternate, sessile, linear, subentire, hispid-ciliate

leaves. Inflorescence an elongated panicle; branches and pedicels

angled, subsulcate, sparsely pubescent. Heads 5 mm. high, 6-8 mm.

broad, about 40 flowered. Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, acute,

loose, with spreading tips. Rays

white, shorter than the pappus,

erect; disk corollas 4 lobed.

Achene pale brown, .4 x 1.3 mm. ;

oblong, narrowed at the base,

rounded at the summit; in sec-

tion lozenge-shaped ; strongly

2 ribbed, somewhat translucent

between the ribs, hirsute; pap-

pus bristles pale tawny, minutely

barbellate, 3 mm. long.

Hab. — Charcas at Celestun,

May 12, 1865, Schott j62 {Erig-

eron Canadensis L. Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1 :395) ; Cozumel, 1885,

Gaumer fide Oliver (^Erigeron

Canadensis L. Ibid. 1:52); fre-

quent in waste places about Izamal, 3 feet high, July to Dec, Gaiuner

846, iQg6 {^Erigeron Canadensis L. Ibid, i :32 3).

oo

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

CONYZA Less. Syn. Comp., p. 203.

Heads heterogamous, discoid; several rows of marginal flowers

pistillate, fertile, the corolla reduced to a filiform tube, destitute of

ligule; central flowers perfect, fertile, very slender tubular. Involucre

campanulate, of narrow bracts imbricated in few to several series, the

outer shorter. Receptacle naked, plane or convex, faveolate.

laterally compressed; pappus of i series of capillary bristles

with rather small corymbose heads.

Achene

Herbs

Conyza lyrata H.'B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:55-

An ascending or erect, branching viscous herb with subangled

glandular-pilose or puberulent stem and branches and alternate, sessile,

obovate, sinuate-lyrate, dentate, brown farinose leaves. Inflorescence

of cymose clusters of few to many heads terminating leafy branches;

branchlets and pedicels densely

brown farinose and sparsely pu-

bescent with soft spreading

white hairs. Heads 6-7 mm.

high, 12-14 mm. broad, many

flowered. Involucral bracts

loosely imbricated in 3 series,

lanceolate-linear, acuminate, the

outer densely brown farinose, the

inner glabrous except a farinose

median line, ciliate at the sum-

mit, exceeding the pappus.

Marginal corollas white, central

yellowish Receptacle subcon-

vex. Achene chestnut, .2x1

mm., oblong, rounded at the

base; in section oblong; nerve-

brownish white, nearly smooth

less, villous; pappus

4-5 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, 4

bristles 10-15

feet high, common in towns, flowers white,"

Izamal, G^?/^;;z^r 5/j',"chichankanab 1453, Pocoboch 2406.

BACCHARIS L. Sp. PI., 860.

Heads dioecious, discoid, many flowered, flowers of fertile heads

pistillate, of sterile heads perfect. Involucre campanulate, of many

bracts imbricated in several series, outer gradually shorter. Recep-

tacle naked, plane. Achene laterally compressed, ribbed; pappus of

numerous capillary bristles. Dioecious shrubs; with small panicled

or corymbose heads.

Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI., 860. '

A freely branching, glabrate shrub with striate stem and angled

branches, and thickish alternate, obovate to oblong leaves with cune-

ate base attenuate into a petiole, 3-9 toothed, those of the flowering

branches lanceolate, mostly entire. Inflorescence of axillary and

terminal peduncled clusters of 1-5 subsessile heads; branches and

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. ioi

peduncles striate, glabrous, covered with a resinous exudation Pistil-

late heads 12-14 mm. high, 4-5 mm. broad. Involucral bracts imbri-

cated m 4 series, the outer ovate

to oblong, obtuse, tinged with

purplish olive, more or less resin-

ous; inner- lanceolate, subacute,

fimbriate, paler, much exceeded

by the pappus. Corolla short,

white. Achene yellw, .5x1.5

mm. , obliquely obconoid ; in

section oval-oblong; strongly 10

ribbed, glabrous; pappus bristles

copious, soft, silky, white, or

pale pinkish tawny, smooth,

10-13 mm. long. Sterile heads

similar, involucre slightly smal-

ler, achenes abortive; pappus,

barbellate, plumose at the sum-

mit, 3-5 mm. long.

Hab.— "Shrub, 6 feet high

Gaii?ner ijyd, Pocoboch 2367.

not common at Chichankanab'

The species varies greatly in the shape of the leaves. Our speci-

mens are without lower leaves; those of the inflorescence are oblance-

olate, entire

PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Philom., 1817:31.

la.. ^^^^^^^g^mous, discoid; outer flowers in many series, pistil-

steril/'th "' '^'''1^ ru'^f"'^ ^ '^"^^"^ ^^b^' ^^"^^^1 ^^^^'^ perfect,

stenle, the corolla , tubular, 5 cleft. Involucre wide campanulate, o

membranaceous bracts imbricated in several series, the outer gradu-

nerVeH • ^^^/P^^^^^ ^^^^d, plane. Achene laterally compressed,

nerved; pappus of i series of spreading slender bristles. Herbs with

dense cymes of flesh color or pale purple flowers.

Achene strongly nerved, internerves resin dotted camMorata

Achene faintly nerved, internerves not resinous odoraTa

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Prod., 5:452.

Erigeron camphoratum L.

t"^ T^^' ^/^"ching, heavy-scented annual, with angled stems

feaves''" inn'tT' f'T^^ ^f^"^^"' -^long-lanceolate, acu^, dentate

onneH ^^"^'"^^ glandular-puberulent. Inflorescence a broad or flat-

heads br.3hTf ^V^^- 5^"^"^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^1 to many

6 7 r^;n h . ^""^ P'u^""^' glandular-puberulent. Heads

rserTeT tinl.H^"^. ^^"^ flowered. Involucral bracts in

L n K ' 1^ "^K^ ""^'^ P^^'P^^' acuminate, the outer ovate ^landu-

med'ian'liirS"'^ inner lanceolate to linear-lanceolat'c^Tth a

spreldin^as In ^^""^^ P^^^^^^^^^^, ciliolate, the tips erect or

Sfsh brown ^ ^kP^'- ^^'^^^"^ ^-^^ P^^P^^- Athene

purplish brown, .3 x 1 mm., oblong narrowed at the base, suboblique-

I02 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

in section oblong in outline, 5 or 6 angled, the lateral facets con-

cave; 5 or 6 nerved, hirsute on the pale nerves, resin dots between

them; pappus bristles 10-15,

fragile, tawny or purplish, nearly

smooth, 3 mm. long.

Hab.— "Herb 6 feet high,

old fields about Izamal, uncom-

mon, October." Gaumer 1002

{Fhichea purpurascefis Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:396) "abundant at

Chulubmay, March," logg, Silam

2412^ Chichankanab 2/75,

24^3 ; near the Caleta, Cozumel,

Millspaugh PL UtowancE 1532^

borders of the lagoons, south of

Progreso, 1714.

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.

Diet. Sci. Nat., 13 :3.

Conyza odoj^aia L.

An erect herb, with fruticose base, subangled, softly pubescent

stem and branches and alternate, petioled, lanceolate, entire leaves,

attenuate at both ends, puberulent above, paler and downy-pubescent

below, odorous when crushed. Inflorescence a broad, congested,

compound corymb of cymose clusters of 10-20 heads; branchlets and

pedicels glandular-tomentose. Heads 6-7 mm. high, 9-10 mm. broad,

many flowered. Involucral bracts in 4 series, olivaceous, the outer

ovate, obtuse or subacute, glandular puberulent, ciliolate, inner linear-

lanceolate, acuminate, the tips erect or spreading, slightly exceeding

the pappus. Corollas pale rose color. Achene reddish chestnut,

.2 X .9 mm., oblong, narrowed at

the base, little oblique; in sec-

tion cuneate-5-angled ; faintly

5 nerved, hirsute on the nerves,

glabrous between them; pappus

bristles 10-15, white, minutely

barbellate, 3.5-4 mm. long.

Hab. — Merida, Feb. 12,

1865, Schott iS's, salt swamps at

Sisal, Nov. 9, 1865, pij; Island

of Mugeres 1886, Gaumer (Oli-

ver) ; streets of Izamal, Jan. 23,

1895. Millspaugh A7'inour Ex-

ped. lydj Merida, Valdez 6;

Izamal, Gaumer jpp, Pocoboch

^742, 2J4J, Calotmul 1743, the

Caleta. Cozumel, Millspaugh PL

Utowance, 1503, 1512; Ticul, March 6, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Seler 3pi2^

and Mani March 7, 3^14.

A common shrub, flowering throughout the year, known in Yuca-,

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 103

tan as "Santa Maria," and used in domestic medicine as a febrifuge

as we use boneset in the north. Cultivated in the interior, called

Chalchay, "Resin plant," by the Mayas and used by them with excel-

lent success as an antiperiodic in malarial forms of fever; also as an

emmenagogue.

Donde says:* "Its action upon the uterus is recognized. When

for any cause menstruation is interrupted take a few of the wilted

{salcochandd) leaves at intervals during the day."

SPIRACANTHA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:22, t. 313,

Heads i flowered, flower perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre

narrow, of hyaline bracts in 2 series of 3 each, unequal. Receptacle

nake'd. Achene subcompressed, faintly nerved; pappus of many stout,

erect, unequal, caducous bristles. Low, fruticose; heads aggregated

in spinescent glomerules.

Spiracantha cornifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:22, t. 313.

K low, diffusely branching, woody herb with terete, pubescent

stems and branches, and alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptical,

acute leaves, dark green and pubescent above, pale tomentose beneath.

Inflorescence of terminal and axillary clusters of 2-5 spiny glomerules;

the clusters on a common hirsute peduncle, .5-5 cm. long, solitary or

several in the axils of the leaves.

i Heads i flowered, minute, 12 to 20

1 aggregated in an ovoid glomerule

subtended by a wide, adnate, leaf-

like, veiny bract, the heads each sub-

tended by a broad, hirsute, cori-

aceous bract, bearing a squarrose

spine. Involucral bracts hyaline,

ciliolate at the summit, mucronate,

clothed with long silky hairs at

I the base, i nerved, the outer longer.

Corolla purple, 4 or 5 lobed. Re-

I ceptacle minute. Achene dull

1 brown, .9x2.1 mm.; obovoid, at-

tenuate at the base, apex obtuse;

in section oblongo-elliptic ; obscurely 5 nerved, glabrous; pappus

bristles upwardly barbed, .5-1 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, 12 inches high, uncommon," Yot Oonot, Gaiimer

rjJS-

NOCCA Cav. Icon., 3:12,, t. 224.

Heads i flowered, aggregated in dense capitate glomerules, sub-

tended by herbaceous bracts. Involucre calyx-like, tubular, gamo-

phyllous. Receptacle naked. Achene laterally compressed, nerved ;

^j) pappus (in our species) reduced to a tuft of short hairs on the apex.

1 Herbs or shrubs.

*Ensayo Botanico, 1894 : 12.

v

I04 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Nocca mollis (Cav.) Jacq. Frag., 58 t. 85.

Lagasca mollis Cav.

An ascending, usually diffusely branched annual, with striate

softly pubescent stem and branches and opposite (or uppermost alter-

nate) petioled, ovate, crenate-dentate, softly pubescent leaves, paler

beneath. Inflorescence of termi-

nal and axillary, solitary, long pe-

duncled, subglobose glomerules, of

20-30 heads, subtended by 4-6 ovate,

leaf-like bracts. Heads 7 mm. high,

2 mm. broad. Involucre closely

investing the achene, 4-6 (usually 5)

cleft, verrucose-striate, densely

pubescent with white hairs, the

hairs tufted on the verrucae. Cor-

olla white, tube short, limb elon-

gated, lobes 5, pubescent. Achene

dull black, 1.25x3 mm., cuneate,

rounded at the summit; in section

biconvex; about 12 nerved, minute-

ly reticulated, pubescent around the apex with reflexed hairs; pappus

reduced to a crown of white hairs.

Hab. — Waste lands near Merida, Valdez 2q {Lagascea mollis Cav.

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:324); common on open grounds near Jzamal,

July to March, Gaitmer 48^^ ^18 i^Tithonia tubceformis Ibid. 1:325),

Chichankanab 1802; forests of Xkombec, April 5, 1903, Ccec. et Ed.

Seler 4024.

ELVIRA Cass. Diet. Sc. Nat., 30:67.

Heads heterogamous, in our species 2 flowered, i pistillate, fertile,

ligulate; i perfect, sterile, tubular. Involucre piano-compressed, of

3 thin herbaceous bracts laid face to face. Receptacle naked, minute.

Achene dorsally compressed, 4

angled; pappus none. Annual

herbs with inconspicuous, fasci-

cled heads.

Elvira biflora (L.) DC. Prod.,

5-503.

Milleria biflora L.

An erect annual with angled,

strigose stem and branches, and

opposite, petioled, lanceolate-

ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3

nerved, hirsute leaves, paler be-

neath. Inflorescence of terminal

and axillary pedunculate fasci-

cles of 10-12 heads, subtended

by a pair of leaves. Heads 5-6 mm. high, 5 mm. broad, on slender

pubescent pedicels, or subsessile, 2 flowered. Involucral bracts veiny,

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase.

subcrenate, pubescent, with short, stiff white hairs, the first cordato-

orbicular, second and third smaller, cordato-ovate, opposite to and

closely appressed to the first, the third folded under the second and

adherent to it on one side at the base. Corollas yellowish, barely

exceeding the -involucre. Achene dull black, 1.4x2.5 mm., obovate;

in section biconvex in outline; the lateral and ventral angles keeled,

dorsal angle nearly obsolete, sparsely pubescent near the summit,

apex minutely denticulate.

Hab. — "Herb, 3 feet high; abundant on uncultivated and waste

lands near Izamal, Sept. to Feb." Gaunter j6y {Elvi?'a Martyni Cass.

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:323) Chichankanab 1535, ^57^, ijop, -^7^^, San

Anselmo lyio.

MILLERIA L. Sp. PI., 919.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flower i, pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disc flowers 2-4, perfect, sterile, tubular. Involucre oblique,

depressed subglobose, thickened in fruit, firmly closed over the

achene, of two outer bracts, one wide, concave, subcucullate, the

opposite small, and 2 or 3 subhyaline inner ones. Receptacle naked,

small. Achene slightly compressed laterally, the hilum above the

base, striate, pappus none. Tall annual herbs, with inconspicuous

heads.

Milleria quinqueflora L. Sp. PL, 919.

An erect annual, with subangled stem and trichotomous branches,

and large, thin, opposite, orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate leaves,

attenuate into a winged petiole or the upper sessile, subentire, scabrate

above, soft pubescent beneath. Inflorescence of terminal and axil-

lary dichotomous racemes; rachis glandular pubescent. Heads 5-6

mm. high, 2.5-3 mm. broad on slender, spreading or drooping, glabrate

or sparingly glandular-pubescent

peduncles, 5 flowered, ray flower i,

pistillate, fertile, the others perfect,

sterile. Involucre obliquely cup-

shaped when young, much thick-

ened in fruit, 4-5 mm. in diameter,

turgid, somewhat gibbous, irregular

subglobose, sparingly glandular.

Ray flower yellow, ligule cuneate,

3 cleft, 5 mm. long; disk corollas

green. Achene dull black, 2.5x4

mm., obovoid, suboblique at base;

in section oval; many striate with

impressed lines.

Hab. — Cercanias about Merida,

Nov. 15, 1864, Schott go; "herb 9

feet high, abundant in fields and vacant lots about Izamal, flowering

from Oct. to Jan." Gaumer p4g.

Called XiuTOLOC, "Toloc herb," by the Mayas. The Maya Toloc

is an unknown species of persimmon, bearing a fruit having a crest or

hood.

io6 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

BALTIMORA L. Mant. PL, 158.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays in i series, pistillate, fertile,

ligulate; disk flowers, perfect, sterile, tubular. Involucre campanu-

late, of 2 series of imbricated bracts, rigid with herbaceous tips.

Receptacle plane, chaffy; scales subtending or embracing the sterile

flowers. Achenes 3 sided, thickened, rugose; pappus a small crateri-

form, deciduous disk. Annual herbs, heads in loose panicles.

Baltimora recta L. Mant. PL, 288.

An erect, branching, annual, with opposite, slender petioled,

ovate, acuminate, serrate, hirsute leaves. Inflorescence a loose,

cymose panicle of several to

many heads; branches and pe-

duncles slender, striate, hirsute.

Heads 5-6 mm. high, 12-15 rn^-

broad, ray flowers 5-6, disk flow-

ers numerous. Involucral bracts

subequal, appressed, ovate, acu-

minate, hirsute, especially toward

the summit, striate. Corollas

yellow, rays with short tube,

ligule oval, 6 mm. long, emargi-

nate, spreading; disk corollas

campanulate, 5 lobed, the lobes

hirsute within. Receptacle sub-

convex ; scales oblong-lanceo-

late, acuminate, hirsute at the

summit. Achene black, 2.5-2.7

X 3-3. 2 mm. , irregularly cuneate ;

in section triangular; rugose, hirsute at the summit, 3 angled, the

angles corky margined, the margins produced into irregularly toothed

wings above, those of the lateral angles more prominent than the

ventral ; pappus crateriform, .5 mm. high, the margin fimbriate-hirsute.

Hab. — "Herb, 4 feet high, common at Progreso," Gaiimei' iiyjy

abundant at Buena Vista Xbac, 142J; Chichen Itza, Mch. 2, 1903,

CcBc et Ed. Scler 4001.

Called Zalac-Kaat by the Mayas. "Light thatch-KAAT. "

MELAMPODIUM L. Sp. PL, 921.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, rays in i series, pistillate, fertile,

ligulate; disk flowers perfect, sterile, tubular. Involucre hemispheric,

in 2 series, dimorphous, outer series of 4 or 5 broad foliaceous bracts,

often connate at the base; inner hooded, completely and permanently

enclosing the achene, forming a pericarp-like covering, and deciduous

with it. Receptacle chaffy, convex or conical; scales subtending the

sterile flowers. Achene laterally compressed, striate, hilum above

the base, apex over theventrum; pappus none. Herbs with rather

showy heads of yellow flowers.

Fruit rugose in regular ridges.

Fruit rugose in irregular lines.

divaricatum

gracile

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 107

Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. Prod., 5:520.

Dysodtum divaricatum Rich.

An erect, dichotomously branching annual, with angled stem and

branches, pubescent in lines, and opposite, short ciliate-petioled,

lanceolate or ovate, acute, sinu-

ate-dentate, hirsute leaves. In-

florescence of solitary, long-pe-

duncled heads, terminating the

dichotomous branches, one head

terminal in the fork ; peduncles

slender, puberulent. Heads 8-9

mm. high, 17 mm. broad, ray

flowers 10-15, disk flowers nu-

merous. Outer involucral bracts

5, imbricated, orbicular, sub-

acute, connate at the base, cili-

ate; inner bracts at first, con-

duplicate, truncate, dentate,

becoming a hard, triangular-

cuneate, corky-ridged, pericarp-

like covering for the achene,

which is with difficulty separated

from it (shown magnified 5 diameters in the figure). Corollas yellow,

ligule oblong-oval, bidentate, 6-7 mm. long, spreading; disk flowers 5

lobed. Receptacle conoid, elevated, the fructiferous bracts saccate

around it, below their point of attachment; scales fimbriate. Achene

dull black, 1.8-2x3.2 mm., unsymmetrically cuneate-obovoid ; in sec-

tion triangular, the dorsal facet shortest; striate with impressed lines,

glabrous.

Hab. — Merida, Nov. 14, 1864, Schott 28 {^Melanipodiuni paludosuni

H. B. K. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:395); Cozumel 1885, t886 Ganiner

(Oliver) {^Eleiitheranthera divaricata Ibid. 1:53); patio, residence of Dr.

Gaumer, Izamal, Jan. 13, 1895, Millspaugh Armour Exped. yi [Eleu-

theranthera divaricata Ibid. 1:53); Merida Valdez 5 (^Eleutherant/iera

divaricata Ibid 1:324); "herb, 4 feet high, abundant in old fields near

Izamal, Sept. to Jan.," Gaumer {^Eleutheranthera divaricata Ibid.),

^61 (^Melampodium paludosuni H. B. K. Ibid. 1:395), Chichankanab i486,

2100, 2J4^, San Anselmo 2101, Progreso 2J46, 2J4Y, 2348.

Called by the Mayas Xov, "stye," probably from an ancient use

of the plant as a refrigerant application to painful boils upon the eye-

lids. Cuevas, in his "Ensayo Botanico," says: "Xkantumbub,

abundant throughout the peninsula, where the whole plant is used as a

remedy for dysentery." This error is a common one, as many Maya-

Yucatec informants do not differentiate between this plant and Sanvi-

talia procumbens, the true xkantumbub.

Melampodium gracile Less. Linnsea 6 :407.

An erect, trichotomously branching herb, with subangled, hispid

stem and branches, and opposite, partly clasping, oblong, acuminate,

sinuate dentate, hispid leaves, the lower somewhat hastate-pan-

io8 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

duriform, the upper lanceolate. Inflorescence of solitary, long-

peduncled heads, terminating the branches, peduncles slender, hir-

sute. Heads 8 mm. high, 10-12

mm. broad; ray flowers 5-7 (usu-

ally but 5 perfecting fruit), disk

flowers numerous. Outer invo-

lucral bracts 3-5, imbricated,

ovate, acuminate, pubescent with

rigid white hairs; inner bracts

flattened on the back, truncate,

hirsute with stiff bristle-like

hairs which disappear at matur-

ity, becoming a hard, irregularly

trapezoid, warty, reticulate, and

rigid, pericarp-like covering for

the achene, to which it is closely

adherent (shown magnified 5

diameters in the figure). Cor-

ollas yellow, ligules broadly oval, 4-5 mm. long, bifid, spreading or

drooping; disk flowers 5 lobed. Receptacle conoid, elevated, the

fructiferous bracts saccate around it below their point of attachment;

scales fimbriate. Achene dull black, 1.5-2 x 2.1-2.5 i^irn-, unsymmetri-

cally obovoid; in section obovoid-cuneate, the dorsum truncate;

striate with impressed lines, glabrous.

Hab. — "Herb, 4 feet high, in the forests about Izamal," Gaumer

ySp {^Melamp odium hispidu7n Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:324), Progreso,

2349-

A species variable in the shape of its leaves and in the size of the

fructiferous bracts; about one-tenth of a large collection {^Gaumer ySg)

having larger, more warty "pericarps" than in other specimens from

Yucatan and Mexico, but otherwise

these plants show no distinctions

worthy of specific or varietal rank.

PARTHENIUM L. Sp. PI., 988.

Heads heterogamous, radiate,

rays in i series, pistillate, fertile,

ligulate, the ligules short and broad ;

disk flowers perfect, sterile, tubular.

Involucre depressed hemispheric, of

herbaceous bracts imbricated in few

series. Receptacle chaffy, convex

or conic ; scales somewhat cucuUate,

partly enclosing the sterile flowers.

Achene dorsally compressed, with a

callous margin which is firmly co-

herent at the base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of

sterile flowers and ot the subtending bract; at maturity tearing away

from the achene to the shoulder, carrying the empty sterile bracts and

the twice-split subtending bract on their basal extremities, forming a

April, 1904. Plants Yuc\tan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 109

somewhat parachute-like arrangement (shown magnified 15 diameters

in the figure). Pappus of two chaffy scales or 2-4 inconspicuous carti-

laginous awns; rays persistent on the achene. Bitter aromatic herbs

•or shrubs with broad panicles of inconspicuous heads of white flowers.

Pappus of 2 broad scales Hysterophorus

Pappus of inconspicuous awns:

Awns 3, divergent Schottii

Awns 2, erect fruticosum

Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Sp. PL, 1402.

A diffuse, pubescent annual with striate-sulcate stem and branches,

and alternate, peduncled, twice-pinnatifid, coarsely toothed leaves,

those of the inflorescence linear or lanceolate, entire. Inflorescence

of loose, open, cymose panicles;

branches and peduncles slender,

striate, hirsute. Heads 3-4 mm.

high, 5-6 mm. broad; ray flowers 5,

disk flowers numerous. Involucral

bracts in 2 series of 5 each, sub-

equal; outer ovate subacute, green,

3 nerved, pubescent; inner orbicu-

lar-obcordate with a thin, pubescent

margin. Corollas white, rays ob-

cordate; disk flowers narrowly cam-

panulate, the 5-toothed apex in-

curved. Receptacle convex ; scales

broad, hyaline, tomentose at the

summit, equaling the sterile flow-

ers. Achene black, 1.2-1.4x2

mm. , obovate ; in section triangular,

dorsal facet convex; pubescent toward the summit and down the

ventral angle with stipular hairs; pappus of 2 broad membranaceous

scales, .7 mm. high. ^

Hab. — Cozumel, 1885, 1886 Gaumer (Oliver); waste lands near

Tikul, April, 1887 Millspaugh 18; common about Merida, Valdez 12;

abundant near Izamal, Jan. to Dec. Gaumer SS^-> Chichankanab 1^55

184^^ San Anselmo 1848; Cozumel Millspaugh PL Utowafia 1372.

Called Altaniza in Spanish. "An infusion of the leaves and

flowers is reputed as an emmenagogue. " (Valdez, Cuevas.)

Parthenium Schottii Greenman Sp. Nov.

Shrub :^ Stems and branches smooth, covered with a grayish white bark,

branchlets slightly striate, tawny pubescent; leaves alternate, lanceolate,

i7icluding the petiole 5 to 10 cm. long, 1.3 to j cm. broad, gradually

narrowed below into a winged petiole, acute or obtuse at the apex, entire

or repand-dentate, hiriellous-puberulent above, the hairs arising from a

bulbous base, finely pubescent beneath: inflorescence in terminal and ax-

*Italics include Dr. Greenman's original description and notes as received in manuscript; addi-

tional description and notes are in body type.

no Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

illary loose cymose corymbs: branchlets and pedicels ^'slender, some-

what fiexuous, tomentulose: heads 3 to 4, mm. in diameter^ 4 mm. high,

4-4.5 mm. broad; rays 5, disk flowers 10 to 15: imwlucral scales about

2-seriate^ in 3-4 series of 5 each, ob-

tuse^ the outer shorter^ puberulent,

tomentose at the sunimit: rays i

mm. to 1.5 mm. long., subrotund., bid-

entate: disk flowers narrowly cam-

panulate, glandular dotted at the

apex: receptacle conic; scales

broad, emarginate, fimbriate, the

summit clothed with thickened

hairs: pappus of 3, rarely 2 slender.,

incofispicuous, divergent, cartilagin-

ous awns^ -25-. 3 mm. long, the lat-

eral pair slender entire, the ventral

one broadened, tridentate: ^nature

achenes black, oblong cuneate or nar-

rowly obovate, 2 mm. long., 1.2-1.3x2.4 mm.; in section flattened

triangular in outline, the dorsum convex, the ventral angle rounded

and facets concave; puberulent., clothed with brownish white thickened

hairs, more dense at the summit and on the ventral angle.

Collected by Dr. Arthur Schott., Labcah., Yucatan., /''^^ 3^^ ^'S^S->

264; and by Dr. G, F. Gaumer at Merida and at Progreso^ Yucatan., No.

1166.

Hab. — Labcah, July 30, 1865, Schott 264; "shrub 3 feet high,

abundant at Progreso" Gaumer 1166 {type)^ Calotniul 221 j.

Called Santa Maria in Yucatec and Chalcha (see Pluchea

odorata) by the Mayas.

Perhaps most nearly related to P. fruticosum Less. , which., however.,

has somewhat broader leaves., much less attenuate at the base^ and more

hirsute above. P. Schottii is further distinguished by the looser

corymbs, 3-4 seriate involucre, more

conspicuous rays, longer achenes,

and divergent awns, 3 in number.

Parthenium fruticosum Less. Lin-

nsea, 5:152.

Shrubby stems and branches

with pale cortex, terete, striate, sub-

tomentose; leaves alternate, short

wing-petioled, triangular to cordate,

acute, dentate, scabrous above, vil-

lose-pubescent below. Inflorescence

a terminal, dense, flat-topped or

rounded, cymose corymb; branchlets

and pedicels, stout, rigid, tomentose.

Heads 4 mm. high, 5-6 mm. broad; rays 5-6, disk flowers numerous.

Involucral bracts in 2 series of 5-6 each, the inner much longer; outer

ovate, rounded and ciliate at the summit, pubescent; inner orbicular,

Parthenium Schottii.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. • 1 1 1

pubescent toward the summit, fimbriate-ciliate. Corollas white, rays

bidentate; disk flowers narrowly campanulate, 5 toothed. Receptacle

conic; scales obcordate, tomentose and erose at the summit. Achene

black, 1.2 X 2 mm., obovate ; in section triangular in outline, the dor-

sum convex, the ventral angle rounded and facets concave; densely

clothed with brownish white, thickened hairs; pappus of 2 slender

erect cartilaginous awns, .2 mm. long, hardly visible among the

hairs.

Hab. — San Anselmo, Gaumer 211^; border of lagoon south of

Progreso, March 5, 1899, Millspaugh PL Utowance 166^.

SANVITALIA Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat., 2:176, t. 33.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate, fertile, ligulate; per-

sistent on the achene; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre

depressed hemispheric, of herbaceous bracts imbricated in 2-3

series. Receptacle convex to conic, chaffy; scales enfolding the disk

flowers, persistent on the receptacle. Achenes heteromorphous, ray

achenes triangular, dorsally compressed, 3 awned ; disk achenes later-

ally compressed, winged or wingless, 2 awned or awnless. Annual

herbs with rather showy heads of yellow rays and dark purple disks.

Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat., 2:176, t. 33.

A diffuse, procumbent annual, with subangled stem and branches,

and opposite, petioled, lanceolate-ovate, strigose leaves. Inflorescence

of solitary heads terminating the slender, hirsute branches. Heads

7-8 mm. high, 12-15 ^n^^- broad, subtended by 2-3 foliaceous, hirsute

bracts; rays 8, disk flowers numerous. Involucral bracts orbicular,

appressed, with foliaceous spreading ciliate tips, pubescent, the inner

little exceeding the outer. Rays yellow, turning white in fruit, ovate,

5-6 mm, long, minutely biden-

tate; disk corollas dark purple,

5 lobed. Receptacle convex to

conic; scales lanceolate, condu-

plicate, exceeding and partly en-

folding the disk flowers. Achene

of ray flowers cineraceous black

when mature, 1.2x3 mm., oblong

cuneate; in section triangular;

tuberculate, hirsute at the base,

awns 3, divergent, 2 mm. long;

achenes of disk flowers dull

brown, .85x2 mm., obovoid, in

section plano-convex to rhom-

boidal biconvex; with one or a

pair of loosely cellular, ciliate-

fimbriate wings, 5-7 mm. wide,

or wingless; the winged with i or 2 awns, 1-2 mm. long or awnless,

faintly tuberculate; the wingless achenes awnless and covered with

tubercles each tipped by a short stiff hair or its stub.

112 , Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Hab. — Merida, Nov. 29, 1864, Schott 14; "abundant in waste

places* about Merida, Valdez 63 ; "herb 18 inches, common at Cacal-

chen and Euan, June to March," Gaumer ^64, San Anselmo 2ioj^

Chichankanab 2104, 23^2.

Called Xkantumbub, "Yellow Tumbub," b}^ the Mayas, and

"Sanguinaria de flores negros" in Spanish; used by the Mestizas

as a remedy for the vomiting or spitting of blood, also as a pectoral.

The sprouts, leaves, and flowers in decoction are employed as a remedy

for bloody dysentery. Cuevas remarks : * "It is indicated in dysentery,

in which an infusion of the whole plant should be taken, with sugar,

at intervals during the day." Donde saysif "Abundant from July to-

March in the suburbs of Merida, principally, however, at San Sebas-

tian, the plaza of which is carpeted over its larger part with this useful

plant. Of all the plants of Yucatan this is without doubt the one most,

generally employed in domestic medicine at every point on the penin-

sula. Its great reputation as a remedy for the spitting or the

vomiting of blood, and for strengthening the organs of respiration, is

attested by innumerable laymen and the extended observations of the

faculty of medicine. It is also used as a remedy for bloody dysentery. ' '

The achenes figured are taken from the same head {Gaumer 2104);

the most compressed are from the center of the disk, the awnless and

wingless from the margin, next to the ray flowers.

ECLIPTA L. Mant. PI., 2:157.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate, perfect, ligulate;

disk flowers perfect, mostly fertile, tubular. Involucre hemispheric

of herbaceous, subequal bracts imbricated in 2 series. Receptacle

plane or convex, chaffy; scales small, awn-like. Achenes laterally

compressed, ray achenes 3 sided, disk achenes 4 sided; pappus none,,

or a few short teeth. Weedy herbs

with inconspicuous heads.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. PI. Jav.

Ran, 525.

Verbesina alba L.

A coarse annual, erect or pro-

cumbent, with subangled, strigose

stem and branches, and opposite,

lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, acute,

strigose-hispid leaves, narrowed in-

to a short petiole. Inflorescence

of solitary, peduncled, terminal and

.axillary heads; peduncles slender,

strigose pubescent. Heads 5 mm.

high, 7-9 mm. broad, ray and disk

flowers numerous. Involucral bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, ap-

pressed or the tips spreading, pubescent, equal or the outer slightly

*Ensayo Botanico 1894 : 36.

^Apuntes sobre las Plantas de Yucatan 1874 : 146.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 113

longer. Corollas whitish, ligules erect or little spreading, narrow, '2

mm. long. Receptacle slightly convex ; scales linear, upwardly barbed,

little shorter than' the disk flowers. Achene brown, 1.1x2-2.2 mm.

cuneate; in section lozenge-shaped ; corky tuberculate rugose ; pappus

of 2 erect teeth, .1-. 2 mm. often broken away from the mature achene.

Hab. — "Herb 6 feet high, common in old fields near Izamal, June, "

Gaumer yjo {Eclipta erecta L. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:323), ''in shady

places 10 inches high, Izamal," 1012^ Progreso 1162^ San Anselmo

i2oj^ Chichankanab 1340^ 2245^ 2^06.

SCLEROCARPUS Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar., t. 176.

Heads heterogajnous, radiate, rays neutral, ligulate; disk perfect,

fertile, or innermost sterile, tubular. Involucre campanulate of few

herbaceous bracts. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy; the scales

coriaceous or cartilaginous, closely investing the achene forming a

pericarp-like covering, and deciduous with it. Achene subcompressed

laterally, obovoid, the hilum above the base; pappus none in our

species. Herbs with showy heads ot yellow flowers.

Sclerocarpus divaricatus Benth. and Hook f. in Biol. Cent. Am.

Bot., 2:164.

Gymnopsis divaricata Benth.

An erect, branching herb, with subangled, pubescent stem and

branches and alternate, petioled, ovate, or lanceolate, acute, coarsely

dentate, strigose-hispid leaves.

Inflorescence of solitary, long-

peduncled heads, terminal and

axillary; peduncles slender,

clavate above, striate, densely

pubescent. Heads 1.5-2 cm.

high, 3-4 cm. broad; ray flow-

ers 5 or 6, disk flowers numer-

ous. Involucral bracts 5 or 6 in

I series, oblong-ovate, subacute,

canescent. Corollas yellow, ray

with very slender tube, ligule or-

bicular, 3 dentate, 10-12 mm.

long, spreading; disk corollas

hirsute, blackish in the throat, 5

cleft. Receptacle conoid ; fruc-

tiferous scales at maturity

2. 5-2. 7 X 3-3. 5 mm. , rhombic ob-

ovoid, covered with corky protuberances, sparsely hirsute except at

the base (shown magnified 8 diameters in the figure). Achene greenish

black, 2.2x3.4 mm., rounded gourd shape, with mammillate apex; in

section elliptical; faintly striate, glabrous, hilum above the base;

pappus none.

Hab. — Labcah, July 30, 1865, Schott dyj "herb 3 feet high, abun-

dant in old fields near Izamal from July to January," Gaunier 410^ 77 ly

114

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Chichankanab 14^8^ I753^ ^95^^ Temax 2^oj; Itzimna, near Merida,

Mch. 14, Ccec. ct Ed. Seler jQjp.

Called by the Mayas Xiuhulub. "A stem upon which fish are

strung. "

MONTANOA Llav. & Lex. Nov. Veg. Desc, 2:11.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, rays neutral; disk flowers perfect,

fertile, tubular. Involucre in our species depressed hemispheric, of

herbaceous bracts imbricated in i series. Receptacle conic, chaffy,

the scales keeled, enlarging and becoming papery in fruit, enfolding

the achene and deciduous with it. Achene laterally compressed, hard;

pappus none. Pithy stemmed shrubs with showy white or purplish

corymbose heads.

Montanoa Schottii Robinson & Greenman Proc. Am. Acad., 35:518.

A climbing or reclinate shrub with slender terete stem, siniilm^'^

in habit [to Montanoa pauciflora Klatt] : leaves opposite, ovate usually

from a broad base, the upper

unlobed^ the lower usually pal-

mately 3 lobed, unappendaged^ ser-

rate, decidedly scabrous above with

stiff white hairs arising from a

tumid, impressed base, sordid

tomentidose beneath, p (6-11) cm.

long: inflorescence of few-flow-

ered terminal and axillary cymes ;

branches divaricate, striate,

tomentulose; peduncles slender,

flexuous, becoming hooked or

curved and rigid in fruit, tomen-

tulose : heads decidedly larger than

i?i the preceding species [M. pauci-

flora Klatt], 4.5-5 cm. across, disk

6-7 mm. high, 7-8 mm. broad;

ray flowers 8-10, disk flowers nu-

merous: involucral scales 5-8, linear or oblong-lanceolate, acute 7-10 mm.

long, pubescent: ligules about 10, white, spreading, oblanceolate tapering

to the base, 3 notched, emarginate or entire at the subacute apex, 2.2

{2-2.^) cm. long, faintly veined, glandular dotted beneath; corolla of disk

flowers pubescent; receptacle conic; scales at first acuminate, villous

above, ciliate, becoming in fruit keeled, closely conduplicate, broadly

cuneate, 10- 11 mm. long, 10 mm. wide (when opened) the wings after

' anthesis lengthening beyond the acumination which remains as an erect,

spinescent tip; the wings veiny, 2-3 lobed, crenate, glabrate or with a

few weak hairs at the summit; deciduous with the enclosed acRene

(shown magnified 2^^ diameters in the figure), the mature scales

papery, squarrose, forming a subglobose head 2-2.5 i^"^ diameter;

*Original description in italics; additional description and notes are in body type.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 115

achene dark brown, 1.4x3 mm., cuneate, apex truncate, base acute;

in section rhomboid-lozenge shaped, the angles rounded; glabrous.

Yucatan^ on a road between Merida and Sisal, Dr. Arthur Schott, Octo-

ber 24., ^^(^Sy 9^3- Type in herb. Field Columbian Museum No. 40646.

Hab. — Road between Merida and Sisal, Oct. 24, 1865 Schott pij;

*'4 to 9 feet high, flowers pure white, clearing north of Mascab Pixoy,

January," Millspaugh Armour Exped. Z55 {Mo?itanoa hibisci folia Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 1:324); "climbing shrub, 20 feet high, on artificial

mound 8 miles southwest of Izamal, October; flowers pure white, very

showy," Gaumer pyo, Chichankanab i47p, Temax 210'/, 2j^y, Poco-

boch. Field Col. Mus. Cat. No. s8oiy, Calotmul 2108, 2j^8, 2j^p.

Called by the Mayas Homahak, "Trumpet vine," in reference

to the fruiting peduncles. This plant evidently disperses its seed

from the greatest height possible. The fruiting heads by their hooked

peduncles fasten themselves upon the neighboring trees or shrubs, and

from this height the achenes, free within the folded papery scales

which break away from the receptacle, are carried by the wind.

ISOCARPHA R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc, 12:110.

Heads homogamous, discoid (rays wanting); flowers perfect, fer-

tile, tubular. Involucre turbinate, of dry, chaffy bracts similar to the

scales of the receptacle, imbricated in 2-3 series. Receptacle cylindri-

cal, chaffy, loosely enfolding the flowers and achenes, persistent on the

receptacle. Achene dorsally compressed, 4-6 angled; pappus none.

Herbs with small heads of whitish flowers, solitary or glomerate at the

end of a naked peduncle.

Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc, 12:110.

Galea oppositifolia L.

An erect, divaricately branching, pubescent herb, stem and

branches terete, striate; leaves ^

opposite, lanceolate, acute, sub- ^^^f-^-r

entire, narrowed into a short ^ ''''^ - '-^

petiole. Inflorescence of long-

peduncled clusters of 1-6 (usu-

ally 3) heads, terminal and

axillary; peduncles divaricate,

rigid, striate, pubescent. Heads

8-10 mm. high, 5-6 mm. broad,

many flowered, subsessile. In-

volucral bracts, linear lanceolate,

acuminate, appressed, strongly 2

nerved, pubescent and granular,

the outer little shorter. Corolla

white, 5 lobed. Receptacle cyl-

indrical scales like the involucral

bracts, more abruptly acuminate ;

at first appressed, somewhat spreading at maturity and unfolding

leaving the ripe achene free. iVchene black, .5-. 6 x 1.6 mm., obovate!

cuneate, 4-6 angled (usually 5); in section compressed 4-6 angled, the

angles sharp, the facets concave; glabrous.

ii6 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Hab. — Tizimin, March 28, 1866. Schott sine 7ium.\ "herb 5 feet

high among the shrubbery of the brushlands and forests near Izaraal,

Oct. to Jan." Gaumer py6, 2^0^, March 11, 1903, Ccec. et Ed.

Seler Jp20j Chichankanab Gaumer 142^^ 2opo^ 211J, Calotmul 2110,

2JPP, San Anseh-no 2114, Pocoboch 2j88, 2400; woodlands about

Chichen Itza, Millspaugh PL Utowance i6j^ {^Ageratum paleaceuJ7i?

Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:106).

Called by the Mayas Chabankan, "A plant upon which ants

collect in great numbers."

BORRICHIA Adans. Fam., 2:130.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre hemispheric of

somewhat fleshy bracts imbricated in 3 series. Receptacle plane or

convex, chaffy; scales, concave, rigid, loosely embracing the achenes

and deciduous with them. Achene acutely 4 angled or in the rays 3

angled; pappus a thick, toothed crown. Rather fleshy, usually silvery

canescent, sea-coast shrubs.

Achene 2.8 mm., obovoid-oblong ai'gentea

Achene 3.6-4 mm., oblong ai-borescens

Borrichia argentea (H. B. K.) DC. Prod., 5:489.

Diomedea argentea H. B. K.

A low shrub with pale stem and slender branches and opposite,

ing; disk corollas cylindrical, 5 lobed. Receptacle flat or slightly

convex; scales obovate, spinose tipped, indurated at maturity, falling

from the receptacle lightly clasping the achene. Achene black, 1.3

X2.8 mm., obovoid-oblong, abruptly tapering at the base; in section

lozenge shaped, the angles acute, the facets plane or little concave;

glabrous; pappus a thickened 4-toothed crown, .8-. 9 mm. high.

Hab. — "Shrub, 2 feet high, abundant on the coast. Progreso,"

Gaumer 1161^ Chichankanab 22og.

No. 22og Gaumer shows two leaves toothed at the base as in

Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC, and in general our specimens show B.

sessile, linear-oblanceolate, mu-

cronate, canescent or glabrate

leaves. Inflorescence of solitary,

peduncled heads, terrninal and

axillary; peduncles stout, rigid,

striate, silvery canescent. Heads

8-9 mm. high, 15 mm. broad;

ray flowers 12-15, disk flowers

numerous. Involucral bracts

shorter than the disk, ovate, ab-

ruptly acuminate, with spreading,

mucronate tips, the outer shorter,

silvery canescent, the inner cilio-

late. Corollas yellow, ray with a

short tube, ligule oval, 5 mm.

long, minutely tridentate, spread-

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 117

argentea to have a closer relationship to this species than to B. arbor-

escens (L.) DC.

Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. Prod., 5:489.

Buphthalmum arborescens L.

A whitish shrub with numerous short branches and opposite,

fleshv, oblanceolate, mucronate, white canescent or glabrate leaves,

tapering into a semi-clasping base. Inflorescence of solitary heads

terminating the numerous branches, peduncles stout, rigid, striate,

silvery canescent. Heads 12-15 mm. high, 22-23 mm. broad, ray

flowers 15-20, disk flowers numerous. Involucral bracts longer than

the disk, fleshy, subequal, appressed, the outer oblong-panduriform

acute, mucronate, canescent; the inner oblong-ovate, subacute or

obtuse, membranaceous at the summit. Corollas yellow, ray with

tube y2 the length of the ligule,

ligule oval 6-8 mm. long, acute,

entire, ascending; disk corollas ^ / iw v t xj^m^^

cylindrical, 5 lobed. Receptacle . \/ / IVV'^'I/^^^ ^"^^5^^

flat; scales oblanceolate, acute,

membranaceous, falling from

the receptacle lightly clasping

the achene. Achene black,

1.2x3.6-4 mm., oblong, nar-

rowed at the base; in section

lozenge shaped, the angles

keeled, the facets plane; glab-

rous; pappus a thickened 4-

toothed crown, 1.3-1.5 mm. high.

Hab. — Seashore, Cozumel

1885, and Islands of Mugeres and

Holbox 1886, Gaumer (Oliver);

coral rocks east shore of Cozumel, Millspaugh PL UtowancB i^SS

{Borrichia argentea Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2:107) this specimen being the

host of the type of Sorosporium Borrichise E. & E. Ibid. 2:16.

This, the only specimen of Bonichia arborescens we have from

Yucatan, is the canescent form; but that this canescence has no

specific value is shown by specimens from Grand Cayman, Millspaugh

PL UtowancB 124'j (Field Col. Mus. Cat. No. 61247) and St. Croix,

Ricksecker 24 (Field Col. Mus. Cat. No. 70324), which have both

canescent and glabrate leaves on the same branches. While the

leaves of the canescent form of B. arborescens resemble those of B.

argentea, the larger heads with appressed involucre exceeding the disk

easily distinguish it from that species.

TITHONIA Desf. Ann. Mus. Par., 1:46, t. 4.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; ray flowers neutral, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile,, tubular. Involucre hemispheric, of rigid,

appressed, striate bracts, with loose, foliaceous tips, imbricated in 2-3

series. Receptacle convex, chaffy; scales complicate, embracing the

achenes, persistent on the receptacle. Achene laterally compressed.

ii8 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

4^ angled; pappus of 2 chaify awns one each to the dorsal and ventral

angles, and several intermediate scales, persistent or deciduous, or

pappus nearly obsolete. Robust annuals with large showy heads of

yellow flowers.

Pappus persistent diversifolia

Pappus deciduous tagetifiora

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad., 19:5.

Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsley.

An erect, branching, annual with alternate wing-petioled, ample,

acutely 3-5 lobed, serrate, scab-

rous leaves. Inflorescence of

solitary, terminal and axillary

heads; peduncles clavate, fistular

toward the summit, striate, glab-

rous. Heads 15 mm. high, disk

25 mm. broad; ray flowers 10-15,

disk flowers numerous. Invo-

lucral bracts in 2-3 series, glab-

rous, the outer shorter, ovate-

orbicular, obtuse; inner oblong,

obtuse or subacute. Corollas

yellow, ray with very short tube,

ligule elliptic, 3.5-4.5 cm. long,

minutely bidentate, spreading;

disk corollas dilated and pubes-

cent below, 5 lobed. Receptacle

convex; scales narrowly oblanceolate, 3-5 dentate, acuminate, nearly

as long as the disk flowers, clasping the achene. Achenes slatey

fuscous, 1.8x5-5.2 mm., cuneate, slightly oblique; in section un-

equally rhombic, the angles rounded and facets concave; appressed-

hirsute or nearly glabrous when mature; pappus persistent, of 2 flat

denticulate awns 2-4 mm. long, and 6 intermediate, fimbriate, chaffy

scales, 1.5-2 mm. long, or awns wanting and scales reduced forming

a crown.

Hab. — "Herb 15 feet high, quite shrubby, cultivated at Izamal,

where it blooms in November," Gaumer ^44, San Anselmo 20^8; culti-

vated in Ditas March 17, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Sele?^ jpyo.

Tithonia tagetifiora Desf. Ann. Mus. Par., 1:46, t. 4.

An erect, branching annual, with alternate, wing-petioled, ovate

or broad, 3-lobed, acuminate, serrate, hispidulous-puberulent leaves.

Inflorescence of solitary, terminal and axillary heads, peduncles clav-

ate, fistular at the summit, striate, densely villous. Heads i. 2-1.5

mm. high, disk 1.8-2.2 mm. broad, ray flowers usually 8, disk flowers

numerous. Involucral bracts in 2 series, the outer longer, ovate-lan-

ceolate, long acuminate, sericeous-villous ; the inner ovate, acuminate,

less villous. Corollas yellow, ray with very short tube, ligule oblong-

oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, minutely tridentate or entire, spreading; disk

corollas dilated and villous at the base, 5 lobed. Receptacle convex;

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 119

scales obovate, entire or notched at the summit, aristate pointed,

nearly as long as the disk flowers. Achene grayish black, 2.7-2.8 x 6-7

mm.; oblong-cuneate ; in section

rhombic (or in the outer achenes 3

angled), the angles rounded and

facets slightly concave; sparsely

appressed-pilose ; pappus of 2 slen-

der denticulate awns or their rudi-

ments, intermediate scales (in our

specimens) very short or obsolete,

caducous.

Hab. — Merida, Dec. 3, 1864,

Schott 68; wild and cultivated near

Izamal, Valdez pj {Tit/w/iia diversi-

folia Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:325);

"herb 10 feet high, abundant in old

fields, producing its orange-yellow

flowers from Aug. to Sept.," Iza-

mal, Gauvier 8pg, shore of the lake, Chichankanab, /fj/, ^55^^, 202p^

Pocoboch, Field Col. Mus. Cat. No. 57855.

Called by the Mayas Tzum, from a supposed resemblance of the

flower to the beard of the wild turkey. Termed Chiople by the Yuca-

lecans, who often add the cured leaves to their tobacco as an aromatic.

Macerated in alcohol the leaves are also used as an application to the

seat of pain in rheumatism, while in doses of a few drops the tincture

thus formed is much used as a tonic in various forms of stomach

disorder.

All our Yucatan specimens have achenes devoid of pappus bristles

or scales at maturity; they also differ from the typical form in having

larger leaves and broader ligules. While absence of pappus makes

these plants disagree with the descriptions of Tithonia tagetiflora, and

even with the generic description of Tithonia, it does not seem wise

to establish a species or even a variety on so variable a character as

the pappus proves to be in this genus where it is often of 2 or 3 forms

in a single head.

VIGUIERA H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:224!. 379.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers neutral, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre depressed hemispheric of

dry bracts with herbaceous tips imbricated in few to several series.

Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy; scales convex or conduplicate,

embracing the achenes, persistent on the receptacle. Achene later-

ally compressed, more or less pilose ; pappus of 2 chaffy awns, one

each to the dorsal and ventral angles, and several intermediate, free

of connate, truncate scales, persistent or deciduous. Herbs with

medium sized heads of yellow flowers.

Viguiera helianthoides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4: 226, t. 379.

A branching herb, with glabrate, striate, stem and branches, and

opposite and alternate, villose-petioled, lanceolate-ovate, acute or

120 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

acuminate, 3 nerved, entire leaves, hispid above, appressed pilose

or silky canescent beneath. Inflorescence an open, leafy, corymbose

panicle of several to many heads; branches sometimes sparingly

pubescent, peduncles pubescent at least toward the summit. Heads

7-8 mm. high, 2-2.5 cm. broad, ray flowers 8-10, disk flowers numer-

ous. Involucral bracts in 2-3 series, subequal, lanceolate, abruptly

narrow^ed into a linear, spreading tip, hirsute, especially on the mar-

gins and tips. Corollas yellow, ray with a short tube, ligule elliptic,

6-8 mm. long, minutely bidentate, spreading; disk corollas densely

hirsute, 5 lobed. Receptacle convex, becoming obtuse conoid; scales

oblong-ovate, with rigid, acute tips, nearly as long as the disk flowers.

Achene black, 1.4x3 mm. cuneate; in section biconvex, the angles

acute; densely covered with tawny, stiff, appressed hairs; pappus

awns 2.2^3 mm., denticulate, the

intermediate scales 1,2 mm., usu-

ally connate, laciniate, tawny,

I marked with dark purple.

I Hab. — Suburbs of Merida, Jan.

I 14, 1865, Schott igo; Q.Qzwm^\ 1886,

I Gaumer (Oliver); abundant near

taw^'5<fUHfJ Merida, Valdez 77; "herb 2 to 5

'f^;:.\p^^;A feet high, very abundant in old

^ y fields about Izamal and Xcholac,

; Oct. to May," Gaume7- ^02, 557,

' Chichankanab 1814, Calotmul 181^ ;

I Ticui, Feb. 18, 1903; Ca:c. et. Ed.

j Seler j8dj, Chichen Itza, Mch.

i : / 2 1, 1903, 400s.

«W - Yucatan specimens vary from

^ the typical form in having smaller

heads, narrower tipped involucral

bracts; achenes more densely pilose and intermediate scales of the

pappus nearly always completely connate. The under surface of the

leaves is more softly canescent than usual in other specimens.

Called Tah, "Torch brush," by the Mayas and used by them as a

pectoral in chronic coughs.

HELIANTHUS L. Sp. PI, 904.

Heads heterogamous, radig-te, ray flowers neutral, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre depressed, of herbaceous

bracts imbricated in several series. Receptacle plane or convex,

chaffy; scales subtending the perfect flowers. Achenes laterally com-

pressed; pappus of 2 deciduous scales or awns. Annual or perennial

herbs with large showy heads of yellow rays and (in our species)

purple disk.

Helianthus annuus L. Sp. PL, 904.

A robust annual, branched above, with stout, hispid stem and

alternate (except the lowest), petioled, ovate, acute, dentate, 3 nerved

leaves, rough-hispid on both sides. Inflorescence of solitary heads

April, 1904. Planm Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 121

on stout, rough peduncles, subcernuous. Heads 2 cm. high, 10-15

cm. or more broad; ray flowers 20-30, disk flowers numerous. Invo-

lucral bracts subequal in 3-4

series, ovate, long-acuminate,

hispid-ciliate, loose and spread-

ing. Rays yellow, tube very

short, ligule elliptic, 3-6 cm.

long, entire, spreading; disk

corollas dilated and hirsute be-

low, limb brownish purple, 5

lobed. Receptacle convex, de-

pressed in the center; scales

dark purple, keeled, acuminate,

3 dentate. Achenes slate color,

4_5 X 8-10 mm., obovate-oblong ;

in section rhombic; appressed

villous, more dense at the sum-

mit; pappus of 2 purple, denticu-

late, chaffy scales, caducous.

Hab. — Campo, suburbs of Uman, escaped from cultivation, April,

1887, Millspaugh 32.

Called GiRASOL, Flor de Sol, Helianto, and Mirasol, by the

Yucatecans.

AMELLUS P. Br. Jam. PL, 317 excl. syn. non Linn.

Heads (in our species) homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect,

fertile, tubular. Involucre depressed hemispheric of subequal herba-

ceous bracts, imbricated in 2-3 series. Receptacle convex or conoid,

chaffy; scales concave, enfolding or subtending the disk flowers, per-

sistent on the receptacle. Achene laterally compressed, 4 angled,

hard; pappus of 2-8 distinct, setiform caducous bristles. Herbs with

inconspicuous heads of white flow-

ers; anthers black.

Amellus niveus (L.) Ktz. Rev.

Gen. PI. , 1 1306.

Bidens nivea L.

A perennial herb with 4-angled,

scabrous stem and branches, and

opposite, petioled, ovate-lanceolate

usually hastately lobed, serrate,

hispid leaves. Inflorescence of

solitary, long-peduncled, terminal

and axillary heads ; peduncles slen-

der, compressed, hispid. Heads

7-10 mm. high, 12-15 mm. broad,

many flowered. Involucral bracts

appressed, ovate, the outer sub-

acute, inner abruptly acuminate, clothed with stiff white hairs arising

from a swollen base. Corolla white, limb cylindrical, elongated 5

122 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

lobed. Receptacle convex, becoming conoid; scales oblanceolate,

abruptly acuminate, rigid, striate, hispid on the mid-nerve and at the

summit. Achene mottled light and dark brown, 1.5 x 3 mm., cuneate;

in section lozenge-shape; the truncate summit densely pubescent and

bordered by a minute, fimbriate margin; pappus bristles 2-4, .5-2 mm.

long, always fallen from the mature achene.

Hab. — Merida, May 30, 1865, Schott 164 {Melanthera hastata

Michx. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:395); the beach near the Lagoona

Colombia, Cozumel, Jan. 7, 1895, Millspaugh Ai^mour Exped. 57, scrub

lands about Izamal, Jan. 775 {Amellus aspera Ibid. 1 1323); sunny hills,

March 11, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Seler 3^28; Cozumel, 1885, 1886;

Gaiimer (Oliver Ainellus aspera Ibid. 1 152); "herb, 6 feet high, abundant

in old fields, July to March, Izamal, Gaumei^ 404., Chichankanab 14^2^

1747, San Anselmo 1748; "open dry ground, center of the Island of

Cozumel, " Millspaugh PL Utoivana. IS4S-, old fields near Progreso, 1723.

SPILANTHES Jacq. Enun. PI. Carib., 8.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate, fertile, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular (or homogamous, rays wanting).

Involucre wide campanulate, of subequal bracts imbricated in 2 series.

Receptacle convex or elongated, chaffy; scales complicate, loosely

enfolding the achenes and deciduous with them. Achenes of ray flow-

ers dorsally compressed, 3 angled, of disk flowers laterally compressed;

angles ciliate; pappus of 2 or 3 slender awns or bristles or none.

Annual herbs with small heads of yellow flowers.

Achene ciliate on the angles

hyaline ciliate on the angles

filipes

uliginosa

Spilanthes uligniosa Swartz, Prod., no.

A branching perennial with short petioled, oval-oblong, scabrous

leaves and solitary heads on slender,

sparsely pubescent peduncles, 4-7

cm. long. Heads in our specimens

4 mm. high, 5 mm. broad; rays'

5-6, disk flowers numerous. In-

volucre turbinate, bracts imbricated

in 2 series subequal, appressed,

ovate, acute, sparsely glandular-

pubescent. Rays 2 mm. long,

spreading, orange yellow, broadly

oblong, 2-3 dentate or subentire;

disk flowers orange. Receptacle

awl-shaped; scales 2.7 mm. con-

duplicate and keeled below, plane

at the summit, obtuse, orange

tipped, pubescent above, loosely

clasping the achene and falling with it. Achene black, .7 x 1.3 mm.,

obovate-oblong ; in section unsymmetrically biconvex, the angles prom-

inent; angles with a pale cartilaginous border which dissolves into stiff

hairs forming a ciliate margin, a tuft of similar hairs on the sides near the

Spilanthes filipes.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 123

summit, achene otherwise glabrous pappus of 2 slender awns, the ventral

.4-. 5 mm. long, the dorsal often obscured' among the marginal hairs.

Hab. — Roadside in woods, between Oitas and Piste, March 3, 1903,

Ccec. et Ed. Seler^ 397^, depauperate specimens.

Spilanthes filipes Greenman Proc. Am. Acad., 35:314-

Herbaceous: * stems ei'ect or rarely repent at the base,/r^^/)^ bi-anch-

ing fro?n the base, j to 4 dui. high, rather sparsely pubescent with jointed

hairs, striate: leaves opposite, petiolate, 3 nerved fro?n near the base, ovate

to oblong lanceolate, including the petiole 2.5 to 6 c?n. long, .8-2 cm. broad,

obtusish, submucronate, c re nate- dentate, narrowed rather abruptly, or even

attenuate at the base into a ciliated petiole, glabrous or with a few scattered

hairs on the upper surface attd on the midrib and lateral nerves beneath;

heads radiate, 4 to ^ mm. high (elongating at maturity to 6 or 7 mm.),

nearly or quite as broad, borne on long slender (5 to 10 cm. long) pedun-

cles which either terminate the stems and branches or spring from the upper

axils; involucral scales oblong-ovate, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, slightly acuminate,

acute, inconspicuously ciliate; ligules about 5, yellow, including the tubular

portion 4 mm. in length, 3 dentate ; ache/ies of ray flowers triangular ;

flowers of the disk 2.5 mm. long, corollas 5 lobed ; achenes black and

shining, laterally compressed bearing two minute very slender pappus awns,

.2-. 6 mm. long, achene ciliated on

the angles, glabrous or nearly so on

each face, at maturity about I mm. in

length (.6-7x1.2 mm.); in section

biconvex with keeled angles,

achenes of ray flowers 3 keeled;

receptacle cylindrical, elongated;

palea rounded or subtru7icate, usually

dentate, at the apex.

Collected by Dr. G. F. Gaumer in

Yucatan, i8q6. No. 1122. In general

appeara?ice S. filipes most resemble S.

ramosa He 7ns I., but it differs mate-

rially by having much larger leaves,

smaller heads and stricter habit.

Hab. — Moist soil of pathway

to Cedral, Cozumel, Jan. 5, 1895,

Millspaugh Armour Exped. 4J {^Spilanthes Beccabunga Field Col. Mus.

Bot. 1:53); "Herb, 2 feet high, common in the forests of Buena Vista

Xbac, August" Gaumer 1122 (type), Chichankanab 12^^, 146^, 218^,

Izamal 2^02; open grassy places near San Miguel, Cozumel Millspaugh

PI. UtowancE 14^4 {Spilanthes Beccabunga Ibid. 2:108); Gaumer (1896)

in Hb. U. S. Natl. Mus.

The two specimens from the island of Cozumel, Millspaugh

Armour Exped. 4J and Millspaugh PI. Utowance. 1494, show decumbent

bases, but otherwise no distinction from the erect forms.

*Dr. Greenman's original description and notes are given in italics, additional description and

notes in body type.

124 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

SALMEA DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp., 140.

Heads homogamous, discoid; flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre short campanulate of subherbaceous bracts, imbricated in

few series, outer shorter. Receptacle convex, conic or elongated,

chaffy; scales complicate, enfolding the achenes and falling with them.

Achene laterally compressed ; pappus of 2 unequal awns, continuous

with the margins of the achene. Erect or reclining shrubs with small

corymbose panicled heads.

Salmea Gaumeri Greenman sp. nov.

Shrub Stems striate^ hirsiite-pitbescent above^ the older stems covered

with a. grayish white bark, and rather numerously dotted 7vith lenticels;

leaves opposite, petiolate; petioles i cm. or less in length, hirsute-hispid; the

blade oblong-ovate, 5 7 cm. long, 3 to 4 cm. broad, subcordate to rounded

at the base, obtuse or rounded at the apex, often mucronulate, tuberculate

or hispid on the upper surface, grayish or brownish tomentose beneath, the

midrib above subappressed hirsute: inflorescence in a terminal cymose pani-

■cle: heads sessile or nearly so, small, 7 mm. high, 5 mm. or less in diame-

ter, about flowered; involucre 2-j seriate;

scales oblong, obtuse, pubescent ; corolla erect;

receptacle convex, scales subacute, erose-

denticulate at the summit: achenes (none

mature in our specimens), brown, cune-

ate, apex obliquely truncate, i x 2.5 mm.,

glabrous or nearly so; pappus unequal 1-2.5

mm., long, the outer (longer) awn bearing

a wing narrowly cojitinuous on the achene.

Collected by G. F. Gau7ner, M..D,,

jlp. I I in forests 8 miles south of Izamal, Yucatan,

\ I October, i8(p^. No. pyy. Type specimens

-<^3^ \ / Field Columbia7i Museum, Chicago,

\ / i ///. , and in the Gray Herbarium, Cam-

\y T bridge.

This species with Salmea curviflora R.

Br. and its well-marked variety S. curviflora R. Br. var. glabrata

{Otopappus ciu'viflorus HemsL, var. glabratus Coulter Bot. Gaz. 20:^0)

constitute a well-defined section of the genus Salmea. From S. curviflora

however, the present proposed species may be distinguished by the leaves being

ovate-oblong, instead of ovate-actcminate, and by the shorter, blunter, and

more pubescent involucral scales.

Hab. — "Shrub, 20 feet high, not common, in forest 8 miles south

of Izamal, October; flowers white, very aromatic," Gaujner gj'j (type).

ENCELIA Adans. Fam., 2:128.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers neutral, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular (or rays sometimes wanting). Invo-

lucre hemispheric or wide campanulate of herbaceous bracts, imbri-

*Dr. Greenman's original description and notes are given in italics, additional description and

notes in body type.

Salmea Gaumeri.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 125

cated in 2-3 series. Receptacle convex, chaffy; scales concave,

enfolding or clasping the achenes, deciduous. Achene laterally flat-

tened, margins thin, not winged ; pappus (in our species) of 2 rigid

awns. Herbs, or shrubby, with rather showy heads of yellow flowers.

Encelia Chasese Millsp. sp. nov.*

An erect, branching herb, with terete, striate, hispid stem, and

branches, and alternate, deltoid-ovate (or upper lanceolate) acuminate,

dentate, hispidulous leaves, abruptly tapering into a short, usually

wingless (never auricled) petiole or the upper sessile. Inflorescence

of solitary heads, terminal and axillary; peduncles striate, glandular,

hispid, with spreading white hairs. Heads 12-14 mm. high, 2.4 cm.

broad (when rays are present), ray flowers 8-10 or wanting, disk flow-

ers numerous. Involucre wide-campanulate, bracts erect, subrigid, in

2 series, glandular-hispid, the outer shorter, lanceolate, acuminate,

inner striate, long acuminate. Ray corollas yellow, ligule elliptic,

bidentate, 4-7 mm. long, spreading; disk corollas

cylindrical, inflated below, 5 lobed. Receptacle

slightly convex; scales broad, conduplicate, erose-

denticulate, mucronate, hispidulous on the keel,

loosely enfolding the achenes and deciduous with

them. Achene slatey brown, often mottled with a

darker shade, 3.6-4x6-6.5 mm.; in section subcon-

cavo-convex; obovate, subcordate at the summit,

laterally much compressed, with a thin, ciliate margin,

appressed pilose or the outermost nearly glabrate ; awns

usually unequal, denticulate-ciliate, .7-2.2 mm. long.

Hab. — Ruins of Kobah, Nov. 26, 1865, Schott<pii;

*'herb, 5 feet high, common at Izamal, Oct." Gaumer

pio^ Chichankanab 204^^ San Anselmo 2046.

Our specimens differ from E. Mexicana in having

leaves never lobed, on petioles never auricled ; heads larger, rays much

smaller, paler, often none; achenes nearly a third larger, but in color,

shape, pubescence and awns very similar to E. Mexicana. No. 4602

Pringle Tequila, Jalisco, referred to by Robinson and Greenman (Proc.

Am. Acad. 29:388) under Encelia Mexicana Mart, closely approaches

our Yucatan specimens and has achenes intermediate between those

of our specimens and those of Mexicana. Concerning Pringle 4602

Robinson and Greenman add: "While different forms of this species

certainly show striking differences in the features mentioned (unlobed

leaves, petioles not auricled, larger • heads, and elongated involucral

bracts) a series of specimens show that these characters vary quite

independently of each other, forming various combinations, so that

varieties based upon them could have little more than formal value."

PLAGIOLOPHUS Greenman gen. nov.

"(Verbesinae.) Heads homogamous, several flowered. Involucral

bracts 2-3 seriate, the outer series longer, foliaceous, and spreading.

□ *For Mrs. Agnes Chase, whose careful drawings illustrate this publication.

126 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Receptacle short, conical: Corollas equal, regular, with slender tube

ampliated above into a 5-toothed limb. Pappus of two unequal awns

and one or more intermediate laciniate scales. Anthers slightly sagit-

tate at the base, appendaged at the apex. Achenes obovate or oblong

cuneate, contracted above into a short outwardly curved neck, the

outer narrower, obtusely angled, and with a more or less reduced pap-

pus, the inner strongly compressed laterally and winged. Leaves

opposite. Heads of medium size, terminating the stems and branches

on rather long slender peduncles. Diffusely branched herbs, slightly

woody at the base, the affinity of which is with Wedelia and Zexmenia.

The generic name is taken from T.Xdywq and X64'(K in reference to the

peculiar oblique or slightly curved nature of the neck or constricted

portion of the achene. "

Plagiolophus Millspaughii Greenman sp. nov.

Diffusely"^ branched from the base; stems about 4.^ dm. or more high^

hirsute pubescent; leaves ovate to ovate-acuminate, i to j.^ cm. long., about

one-half as broad., acute., narrowed at the base into a short petiole., subentire

or crenate-dentatCy j nerved, appressed pubescent above, later becoming some-

what tuberculate-hispid, appressed canescent beneath; petioles j to 10 mm.

in length; heads erect or sometimes nodding 6-7 mm. high, i cm. or less in

diameter, about 40 flowered; involucral bracts appressed pubescent, the

outer narrowly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the disk; inner ovate,

acute, ciliolate, erect; corolla white; receptacle short conoid some-

what lengthened at maturity; palea

acute, pubescent at the summit^

the outer achenes slightly or not at all

winged, more or less obtusely angled

and hirtellous roughened, the inner

bearing a rather prominent cartilagi-

nous ciliated wing; the inner awn of

the pappus about twice as long as the

outer. Achenes heteromorphous,

brown, excluding wings and pappus

1-1.2 X 2.1 mm., cuneate; in section

unsymmetrically biconvex; the

outer achenes less compressed than

the inner, wingless or nearly so,

corky-tuberculate roughened, hir-

tellous toward' the summit, pappus-

awns reduced to the length of the laciniate scales; inner achenes

showing gradation from characters given to nearly smooth achene with

wings .5-. 7 mm. wide, and unequal pappus awns 1-2 mm. long.

Collected by Dr. G. F. Gaumer near Izamal, Yucatan, August to-

September, i8g^, No. 7^2, and at Buena Vista Xbac, April i8g6. No.

losS; Sayi in cornfields, Mch. 4, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Seler j8g^.

In general habit the above species bears a resemblance to Zexmenia

*In italics are given Dr. Greenman's description and notes, additional descriptive matter and

notes are given in roman. The generic description is Dr. Greenman's.

Plagiolophus Millspaughii.

1

I

ZEXMENIA HISPIDA RAMOSSIMA.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^e — Millspaugh & Chase. 127

hispida Gray; and in its involucral chaKacters it is quite sitniiar to the

West African species Eleutheranthera dorsuosa Klatt. From the latter

genus^ however^ our plant differs materially by the presence of distinct

apical appendages to the anthers; and in the oblique neck of the achene.

Hab. — "Herb, 18 inches, abundant in open places near Izamal,

Jan. to Dec." Gaumer 400 {Tridax procumbens canescens Field Col.

Mus. Bot. 1:325), "herb, 4 feet high, flowers white, common in old

fields, Aug. to Sept." Izamal, 7^2, common in open forests Buena

Vista Xbac, April, 105^ (type), San Anselmo igdj.

ZEXMENIA Llav. et Lex. Nov. Veg. Desc, 1:13.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre wide campanu-

late of subequal bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, outer herbaceous,

inner dry. Receptacle plane or convex, chaffy; scales complicate,

embracing the disk flowers. Achenes in Sec. Wedelioides : hetero-

morphus, winged or wingless, constricted into a neck, pappus of

laciniate scales connate into a crown, the bristles not apparent; in

Sec. Lipochceta: dimorphous, wingless, 3 angled and 3 awned or com-

pressed 4 angled and 2 awned, apex truncate; pappus of slender scab-

rous awns and minute intermediate scales, connate. Perennial herbs

or slender shrubs with rather showy heads of yellow flowers.

Zexmenia hispida ramosissima Greenman Proc. Am. Acad.

An erect, perennial herb with repeatedly forking, terete, slender,

hispid branches and opposite, rhombic-lanceolate, acuminate leaves

tapering into a hispid-ciliate petiole, irregularly dentate, tuberculate-

hispid above, paler, less harshly pubescent beneath. Inflorescence of

solitary or 2 or 3 loosely clustered heads, terminating the numerous

branches or in the upper axils; peduncles slender, subflexuous, hispid

with spreading hairs. Heads 8 mm. high, 2-2.5 broad, ray flow-

ers 8-10, disk flowers numerous. Involucre campanulate, bracts in 2

series of 5 each, appressed, with loose or spreading tips, the outer

longer, herbaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, tuberculate-hispid, espe-

cially at the base ; inner membrana-

ceous oblong, abruptly acuminate,

hispid at the summit. Corollas

orange yellow, ray with short tube,

ligule elliptical, 8-10 mm. long,

minutely bidentate, spreading; disk

corollas cylindrical, 5 lobed, pubes-

cent. Receptacle slightly convex ;

scales oblong, obtuse, pubescent-

fimbriate at the summit. Achenes

heteromorphous, those of ray flow-

ers black with stramineous or dark

wings (including wings and pappus 3.7x5 mm. obcordate), achene

proper 1.8 x 4.5 mm. ; in section depressed 3 sided, the dorsum convex,

ventral angle rounded; narrowly obovate, constricted into a short

neck, dorsally compressed, the lateral angles bearing wings i mm.

128 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

wide, usually somewhat involute at the sides, the ventral angle corky-

ridged; pappus of minute, laciniate scales forming a crown 5 mm.

high; inner achenes 3 sided, smooth, narrowly winged; or innermost

brown, 4 sided, cuneate, wingless and corky-vuberculate, hirtellous,

neck and pappus as in the outer achenes.

Hab. — Tekanto, Feb. 27, Stone ipi; "herb, 3 feet high, abundant

in old fields near Izamal, Sept. to Nov." Gaumer 410b {Wedelia

hispida Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:326), 826 (type) {Zexme?tia hispida

Il)id.)^ 2^01^ San Anselmo 200§.

Called by the Mayas Zahum, meaning an herb to fatten cattle.

Zexmenia Costaricensis Benth. ex Oerst. in Kjoeb. Vidensk.

MeddeL, 95.

A slender stemmed, more or less climbing or reclining shrub, with

ashy bark bearing prominent lenticels, divaricate branches, and oppo-

site, short-petioled, ovate-lan-

ceolate, acuminate, serrate, his-

pid leaves. Inflorescence of

umbellate-cymes of 3-15 heads,

terminating the branches; pe-

duncles slender, subflexuous, be-

coming rigid, puberulent. Heads

8-10 mm. high, 3-3.2 cm. broad,

ray flowers 8-15, disk flowers

numerous. Involucral bracts in

2 series, appressed, oblong, ab-

ruptly acute, the outer longer,

puberulent, ciliate. Corollas

bright lemon yellow, ray flowers

with short tubes, ligules elliptic

oblong, obtuse, 10-12 mm. long,

spreading; disk corollas nerved,

5 lobed. Receptacle convex; scales acuminate, rigid. Achenes fus-

cous, narrowly cuneate: of ray flowers 1.2x5-5.2 rnm. ; in section

sharply 3 angled, the dorsum plane, lateral facets concave; hispidulous

on the angles above; awns 3, 1.5-3 mm.; the ventral longest; disk

achenes 1.7x5.7 mm.; in section compressed lozenge-shaped ; hispid-

ulous on the angles, at least the ventral; awns 2, 3.5-4 mm. long.

Hab. — Between Guayalceh and Yumuo, Oct. 2, 1865, Schott gi4;

"a shrubby climber, 20 feet high, on an artificial mound 8 miles

southwest of Izamal, Nov.," Gaumer p6o, p62, Chichankanab 2J44,

Calotmul 2j^o.

Called by the Mayas Zactah, "A loom," the woody stems having

been used by the ancients as a part of their weaving frames.

VERBESINA L. Sp. PL, 901.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile (or

achenes abortive); ligulate disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre short campanulate of subherbaceous bracts imbricated in

few series, the outer shorter. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy;

ApRJL, 1904. PlANIVE YuCATANy^i: MiLLSPAUGH & ChASE. 1 29

scales complicate, embracing the achene, persistent on the receptacle.

Achene laterally compressed, margins winged; pappus of 2 slender,

rigid awns, persistent in our species. Herbs or small shrubs.

Verbesina gigantea Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar., 1:17, t. 175.

A simple shrub with glabrate stem and large, alternate, wing-

petioled, pinnately parted leaves, sparsely pubescent above, whitish

tomentose beneath. Inflorescence

a broad, compound, terminal, bract-

eate corymb, branchlets glabrate

below, tomentulose toward the sum-

mit; peduncles hirsute-tomentulose.

Heads 9 mm. high, 6 mm. broad,,

ray flowers 4-7, disk flowers about

20. Involucral bracts in 2-3 series,

narrowly lanceolate, acute, pubes-

cent, ciliolate, the outer shorter.

Ray flowers inconspicuous, white,

erect or spreading; corollas of disk

flowers 5 lobed. Receptacle min-

ute, convex; scales I'igid, abruptly

acuminate, pubescent at the sum-

mit, as long as the disk flowers.

Achene fuscous, 1.5x4-4.2 mm.,

narrowly obovate, long attenuate to the base; in section compressed

lozenge-shaped; pubescent except the attenuate base, margins un-

equally winged, wings .2-. 8 mm. (usually .2-. 5 mm. in our speci-

mens) more or less ciliate; awns unequal, slender, erect hispid,

2.5-2.8 mm. long.

Hab. — Tizimin, March 28, 1866, Schott sine 7mm. [Monfajioa grandi-

Jlora? Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:395); "common in waste lands and

roadsides, 8 feet high, November," Gaumer 1143, Calotmul 2201.

UCACOU Adans. Fam., 2:131.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre ovoid or oblong,

of few subequal bracts, the outer i or 2 often foliaceous, inner dry.

Receptacle minute, chaffy; scales membranaceous-scarious, plane,

subtending the disk flowers. Achenes dorsally compressed, dimor-

phous, those of the rays lacerate winged on the margins, the wings at

the summit united with the stout pair of awns which form the pappus;

achenes of disk flowers wingless, pappus of 2 or 3 rigid more slender

awns, connate at the base. Annual herbs with inconspicuous heads

clustered in the axils.

Ucacou nodiflorum (L.) Hitchc. Fl. Baham., 100.

Verbesina fiodifiora L.

An erect, branching herb, with strigose-hispid stem and branches,

and opposite, wing-petioled, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate,

serrate, strigose-hispid leaves. Inflorescence of clusters of, i-several

130 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

heads, sessile or nearly so in the axils or terminal on the branches.

Heads 9-12 mm. high, 5 mm. broad, about 15 flowered. Involucral

bracts in 2 series, at first erect,

more or less spreading at ma-

turity, oblong-lanceolate, sub-

acute, striate, the outer pair,

little longer, foliaceous and pu-

bescent toward the summit, inner

glabrous. Corollas yellow ; rays

inconspicuous, ligule 1.5 mm.,

bidentate, erect. Receptacle con-

oid; scales oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse, erose-denticulate at the

summit. Ray ache?tes slate color

with stramineous wings; includ-

ing wings but not awns 2x3.8

mm.; oblong-obovate ; in sec-

tion convexo-concave; smooth,

the lacerate wings becoming

corky-turgid and awned at ma-

turity; apical awns stout, hispidulous, i mm. long; disk achenes brown,

1x3.8 mm., oblong-cuneate ; in section subplano convex; covered

with irregular, longitudinally elongated tubercles, hispidulous; awns

2 or 3, hispidulous, the middle 1-3 mm. long or wanting, lateral 4-5

mm. long.

Hab. — Merida, at the Quinta del Obispo, Nov. 15, 1864, Schott

93 {Synedrella nodifloi'a Gaertn. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:397); campo

about Izamal, Jan. 23, 1895, Millspaugh Ar?nour Exped. i8j Synedf-ella

nodiflora Gaertn. Ibid. 1 154); "herb 6-18 inches high, common in waste

places near Izamal, in bloom throughout the year," Gaunter j^g^

\Synedi'ella no difl a?- a G3.tvtn. Ibid. 1:397) Calotmul i6p4, Chichankanab

208^^ San Anselmo 20S6.

BIDENS L. Sp. PI., 831.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; ray flowers neutral, ligulate ; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre campanulate or subhemi-

spheric, of narrow bracts imbricated in 2-3 series, outer herbaceous,

connate at base, inner membranaceous. Receptacle plane or convex,

chaffy; scales narrow, plane, subtending the disk flowers. Achenes

dorsally compressed, somewhat 4 angled, linear-oblong in our species;

pappus of 2-4 rigid persistent awns. Annual or perennial herbs, or

slender shrubs.

Awns 2:

Achenes spinulose

Achenes hirsute on the margins

Awns 4

Bidens leucantha (L.) WiUd. Sp. PL, 3:1719-

Coreopsis leucantha L.

Bidens pilosa L. Sp. PI. 832 the discoid form?

An erect, simple or branching annual with 4-sided striate, glabrate

leucantha.

tereticaulis.

bipi?tnata.

April, 1904. Planm Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 131

stem and branches, and opposite, petioled, glabrate leaves, variously

3-5 parted (rarely simple) usually acuminate, serrate. Inflorescence

a few flowered corymb, peduncles

striate, minutely pubescent, becom-

ing angled, and nearly glabrous.

Heads (in flower) 7 mm. high, 20-23

mm. broad, ray flowers about 5,

disk flowers numerous. Involucral

bracts in 2 series, outer shorter, lin-

ear spatulate, puberulent, ciliolate,

spreading at the tips; inner lanceo-

late, acuminate, the tips blunt and

densely short pilose. Ray corollas

white, tube short, ligule broadly

oblong; truncate 7 mm. long,

spreading; disk corollas nerved, 5

lobed. Receptacle convex: scales

linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly

equaling the disk flowers. Achene

dark chestnut, .7-.8X8-13 mm., linear oblong; in section irregularly

4 sided or innermost 3 sided; impressed-striate, the surface cellular

and sparsely covered with tawny tubercles, each bearing a spinuie;

awns 2, retrorsely barbed, spreading in the outer, erect in the inner

achenes, 2 mm. long. The inner achenes longer and less spinescent

than the outer.

Hab. — Cozumel, 1885, Gaumer (Oliver) i^Bidens pilosa L. Field

Col. Mus. Bot. 1:54); campo about Izamal, Jan. 23, 1895, Millspaugh

Armour Exped. lyo {Bidens Alausensis Ibid.); "herb, 4 feet high, very

common in waste lands, flowers pure white, Izamal, Jan. to Dec."

Gaumer 4^1, "a smaller leafed form, 2 feet high, abundant at the port

of Silam," 6j2^ Chichankanab 146^^ San Anselmo z///, Silam i8g2.

A species exceedingly variable in its leaf forms. Achenes some-

times merely spinulose, the tubercle obsolete or indicated by a pale

spot, the spinules rarely obsolete. This species is given by authors as

being radiate or discoid, and with achenes 2-4 awned ; our specimens

all have conspicuous white rays and 2-awned achenes. Bidens pilosa

L. is given as the "discoid form" of the species named Coreopsis

leucantha L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1282, in Kew Index and Griseb. Fl. Br.

W. I. 373. From the meager description given by Linnaeus and

uncertainty as to his type it seems best to hold our plants as B. leu-

cantha, with which they do agree, while they do not agree with B. pilosa.

Bidens bipinnata L. Sp. PL, 832.

An erect, simple, or branched annual with obtusely 4 angled,

glabrate stem, and opposite, long-petioled, bipinnate, thin, acuminate,

serrate, minutely pubescent leaves. Inflorescence of solitary, terminal,

and axillary long- peduncled heads, branches and peduncles glabrous,

striate, becoming sulcate. Heads (in flower) 9 mm. high, 12-15 i^rn-

broad, ray flowers about 5, disk flowers numerous. Involucre glan-

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

dular, hairy at the base, bracts in 2 series, loose and spreading,

outer longer, linear, inner narrowly lanceolate, puberulent at the acute

tip. Ray corollas yellow, incon-

spicuous, ligule bidentate, 2-2.5

mm. long, erect; disk corollas

nerved, 5 lobed. Receptacle sub-

convex; scales linear, a little shorter

than the disk flowers. Achenes

brown or light olive, .8-1 x 10-17

mm., linear-oblong, slightly taper-

ing to the summit, the inner erect

or curved at the summit, the

outer sublunate; in section irregu-

lar lozenge-shaped; impressed stri-

ate, the surface minutely papil-

late; inner achenes glabrate below,

sparsely hispid above, the outer

densely hispid; at the apex and

often at the base of the achenes is a

hairs; awns 4, middle one erect, the others divergent or deflexed,

retrorsely barbed, 2-3 mm. long.

Hab. — Izamal, Gaumer 24^8^ 24pp, 2^04.

tuft of delicate gland tipped white

Bidens tereticaulis DC. Prod., 5:598.

A climbing or reclining herb with terete, glabrous stem and

branches, and opposite, slender-petioled, 3-5 parted, acuminate,

serrate, nearly glabrous leaves. Inflorescence a terminal panicle of

opposite, divaricate, few-flowered corymbs, branchlets and peduncles

slender, terete, little striate, glabrous. Heads (in flower) 9 mm. high,

25-27 mm. broad; ray flowers 5, disk flowers numerous. Involucre

sparsely pubescent at the base, bracts in 2-3 series, loose and spread-

ing, acute, outer shorter, linear;

inner linear-lanceolate. Ray

corollas yellow, tube short, ligule

elliptic, entire, 8-10 mm. long,

spreading; disk corollas nerved,

5 lobed. Receptacle plane ; scales

linear-oblong, bearded at the

obtuse apex, as long as the disk

flowers. Achenes dark brown,

i-i. I X 10-13 mm., linear-oblong,

slightly tapering to the summit,

the inner erect or nearly so, the

outer slightly lunate; in section

lozenge-shape; impressed stri-

ate, the surface papillate-rugose,

the margins tuberculate-hirsute,

otherwise glabrous; awns 2, sub-

erect in the inner, diverging or subdeflexed in the outer achenes, slen-

der, retrorsely barbed, 3-3.5 mm. long.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 133

Hab. — Merida, Dec, 1864, Schott 14^; Tunkas, March 3, 1890

Stone 240a (in Herb. Acad. Sci., Phil.); "ascending among shrubbery

like a vine, producing its orange-yellow flowers in October, Izamal,

Gaumer p^i, San Anselmo 20^j^ Chichankanab 20^4^ Field Col. Mus.

Cat. No. S799^-

COSMOS Cav. Ic, 1:9, t. 14, 79.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; ray flowers neutral, ligulate; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre subhemispheric, of mem-

branaceous bracts imbricated in 2 series, connate at the base.

Receptacle plane, chaffy; scales plane or concave, subtending the

disk flowers. Achene 4-5 angled, little or not at all compressed,

narrow, apex attenuate in a long slender beak or rarely nearly beak-

less; pappus of 2-4 persistent awns. Herbs with large and showy

heads of rose color or purple rays (or yellow in one species).

Cosmos caudatus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp., 4:240.

A tall, branching, annual, with glabrate or sparsely hirsute, terete,

striate stem and opposite, ciliate-petioled, twice-pinnatifid leaves, the

segments lanceolate, acuminate, margins entire and scabrate. Inflor-

escence of solitary, terminal and axillary, long-peduncled heads,

peduncles striate, glabrous or sparsely hirsute. Heads (in flower)

9-10 mm. high, 3-3.5 cm. broad; ray flowers about 8, disk flowers

numerous. Involucre sparsely pubescent at the base, the outer bracts

herbaceous, shorter, linear-lance-

olate, acute, ciliolate, loose and

spreading; inner membrana-

ceous, pale-margined, lanceolate,

subacute, at first erect, some-

what spreading at maturity. Ray

corollas rose-purple, tube short,

ligule oblong, 3 dentate, 12 mm.

long, spreading; disk corollas

yellow, 5 lobed. Receptacle

plane; scales lanceolate, acute,

glabrous, as long as the disk

flowers. Achenes dark brown,

1.5-1.6x15-29 mm., fusiform,

tapering into a slender beak,

much elongated in the inner

achenes, erect or slightly curved ;

in section 4 lobed; scabrate, the beak strongly so; awns 2, slender,

deflexed, retrorsely barbed, 3 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, 4 feet high, uncommon at Izamal," Gaumei' ^40^

Chichankanab 2075, near Merida 2505, Calotmul, Field Col. Mus. Cat.

No. ^8001.

Called Chacxul, "Redtop," by the Mayas, and Estrella de

MAR. "star of the sea." in Yucatec.

134 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

GALEA L. Sp. PI., Ed. 2:1179.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, or

achenes abortive, ligulate; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular; or

heads homogamous, rays wanting. Involucre ovoid or wide cam-

panulate of dry bracts, imbricated in several series, appressed, outer

gradually shorter. Receptacle conic or convex, chaffy; scales con-

cave, embracing the disk flowers. Achene subcompressed laterally,

base attenuate; pappus of 5-20 scarious, narrow, rigid scales. Peren-

nial herbs or shrubs.

Pappus of oblong scales 1.5 mm. long

Pappus of linear scales 3.5-4 mm. long

Zacatechichi.

axillaris urticifolia.

Galea Zacatechichi Shlecht. Linnaea, 9:589,

A much branched shrub, with terete, subglabrate or brown pubes-

cent stem and branches, and opposite, short-petioled, thick, ovate,

acute, 3-nerved, reticulate-veined, coarsely crenate-serrate (or upper-

most entire) leaves, hispid on the upper surface. Inflorescence of

few-flowered, irregular cymes

terminating the numerous upper

branches; branchlets and pe-

duncles brown glandular-pubes-

cent. Heads 10 mm. high, 5-6 mm.

broad, about 12 flowered. In-

volucral bracts closely appressed

in 4-6 series, broad, obtuse, the

outer successively shorter more

or less glandular-puberulent, the

inner faintly striate. Ray flow-

ers none, corollas of disk flowers

yellow, deeply 5 cleft. Recep-

tacle short-conoid; scales cune-

ate, acute, 3-5 dentate, deciduous

with the achenes, loosely enfold-

ing them. Achenes dark brown,

attenuate, suboblique base; in section elliptical; clothed on the sides

with long, fragile, jointed hairs, dorsum and ventrum glabrate or

nearly so; pappus of 12-15 stramineous plumose-laciniate, oblong

scales 1. 2-1. 7 mm.

Hab. — Nohpat, Nov. 24, 1865, Schott gi2.

Called TziciN, "unraveled," by the Mayas.

7x2.8 mm., oblong-conoid with

Galea urticifolia (Mill.) D. C. Prod. 5:674.

Soli dago urticifolia Mill.

Shrubby, with terete stem and branches, brownish villous, at least

when young, and opposite, short-petioled, rather thick, lanceolate-ovate,

acuminate, prominently veiny, crenate leaves, scabrate above, pubes-

cent below. Inflorescence of few-flowered, irregular cymes, terminal

and axillary; branchlets and peduncles slender, brown pubescent.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 135

Heads

30-40.

10 mm. high 16 mm.

Involucral bracts in 5-

3.5-4 mm,

feet high

broad, ray flowers 5-6; disk flowers

> series, the outermost foliaceous, bract-

.like, spreading, acute, puberu-

lent; the inner appressed, broad,

obtuse, membranaceous with

scarious margins. Rays yellow,

tube slender, ligule oblong, 3

dentate or subentire, 4-4.5 mm.

long, spreading; disk corollas 5

lobed. Receptacle short conoid ;

scales narrow, laciniate, decidu-

ous with the achenes, but not

enfolding them. Achene dark

brown, .6-. 7 x 2. 7 mm., oblong-

obconoid with attenuate, sub-

oblique base; in section elliptic;

clothed, except the base, with

long weak hairs ; pappus of about

20 stramineous, narrow, acu-

long.

flowers yellow, Tunkas, March 3,

minate, laciniate scales,

Hab.— Shrubby 5-6

1890, Stone 24j^ 24^ (in Herb. Acad. Sci. Phil.); "shrubby 15 feet

high, ascending among shrubs in the brushlands near Izamal, Gauiner

pS^, Chichankanab 2op6, San Anselmo 20^^; Oitas, open sunny places,

Mch. 17, 1903, Ccec. et Ed. Seler jp6o.

TRIDAX L. Sp. PL, 900.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre wide-campanu-

late or subhemispheric, of herbaceous bracts imbricated in few series.

Receptacle plane or convex,

chaffy; scales membranaceous,

subtending the disk flowers.

Achene subterete; villous; pap-

pus of many plumose-ciliate,

slender, acuminate awns. Per-

ennial herbs with long peduncled

heads of medium size.

Tridax procumbens L. Sp,

PL, 900.

A diffuse, branching, pubes-

cent herb, more or less procum-

bent at the base, with opposite,

petioled, lacerate-lobed, hirsute

leaves. Inflorescence of solitary,

long-peduncled heads, terminal

and axillary; peduncles slender,

retrorsely pubescent. Heads 10 r

flowers about 5, disk flowers numerous. Involucral bracts

high.

12-15 broad

ray

2-3

136 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

series, the outer little shorter, ovate, acuminate, pubescent, appressed,

somewhat spreading at maturity ; inner obtuse, mucronate, pubescent

at the summit. Ray corollas yellow, tube slender pubescent, ligule

broadly oblong, 3 lobed, 5 mm. long, pubescent beneath, ascending or

spreading; disk corollas with 5 truncate, ciliolate lobes. Receptacle

convex; scales oblong, pubescent at the abruptly acute tip, equal-

ing the disk flowers, persistent on the receptacle. Achene brown,

.65-. 7 X 2 mm., cylindrical-obconoid ; in section obtusely 3 or 4 angled,

the facets subconcave; densely. pale sericeous-pilose; pappus bristles

about 20, stramineous, silky plumose.

Hab. — Campo about Izamal, Jan. 23, 1895, Millspaugh Armour

Exped. 218; Yucatan, loc. ignot., Linden; Cozumel, 1885, Gaunter

(Oliver); common near Merida, Valdez 8g; Feb. 11, 1903, Ccec.

el Ed. Seler 3821 ; "herb 20 inches, very common in waste places

near Izamal, Jan. to Dec. Gaunter j 41, Chichankanab 1566, 1745^ San

Anselmo 1744.

Abundant throughout, called Verba San Juan del Monte, and

used in domestic medicine as a refrigerant.

FLAVERIA Juss. Gen. PI., 186.

Heads few fl-owered ; heterogamous, i flower pistillate fertile,

short ligulate, the rest perfect, fertile, tubular; or homogamous all

tubular, or heads i flowered, ligulate or tubular, aggregated in the

same glomerule. Involucre ovoid or oblong, of 2-5 carinate-concave

bracts. Receptacle minute, naked. Achene subcompressed, 8-12

ribbed ; pappus none. Glabrous herbs, mostly annuals,

Achene 10 ribbed linearis.

Achene 12 ribbed trinervata.

Flaveria linearis Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov., 33.

A branching herb, with striate stem and branches, and opposite,

sessile, more or less connate, slightly fleshy, linear or linear-lanceo-

late, acuminate, entire leaves. In-

florescence a dense rounded or

flat-topped, compound,, terminal

cyme; branchlets and peduncles

angled, the entire inflorescence a

lurid pale greenish yellow. Heads

short-pediceled, 6 mm. high, 2.3-2.5

mm. broad, 5 or 6 flowered, one

ligulate. Involucre ovoid, of 5 ap-

pressed, lanceolate, acute bracts,

connate at the base. Ray corolla

yellow, tube slender, ligule suborbic-

ular, 2 mm. long, entire, spreading

or recurved, disk corollas, 5 lobed.

Receptacle convex. Achene black,

.45 X 2 mm., oblanceolate-oblong,

rounded at the summit; in section

o\^al in outline, 10 angled; angles acute, facets concave; prominently

10 ribbed, glabrous.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 137

Hab. — Celestun, May 13, 1865, Schott 408; Cozumel, 1885, Gaumer

(Oliver); "common along the coast," Progreso, Gawner 1147^ Chi-

chankanab 220J; "a very robust and leafy form collected in an open

field south of Progreso," Millspaugh PI. Utoivance 16^2^ on the beach

of Perez Island, Alacran Shoals IJSS-

Flaveria trinervata (Spr.) Baill. Hist. PL, 8:55.

Oedera triiiervid Spr. Bot. Gart. Halle, 63 (1800).

A divergently branched annual, with striate stem and branches,

and opposite, oblong or oblanceolate, serrate, 3-nerved leaves with a

narrowed petiole-like base. In-

florescence of dense glomerules,

sessile in the forks or involucrate

at the ends of the branches.

Heads sessile, 4-5 mm. high,

1. 2-1. 5 mm. broaa, each with a

single flower, that of the outer

heads of the glomerule pistillate,

ligulate, of the inner perfect,

tubular. Involucre oblong of 2

conduplicate, oblong obtuse

bracts. Corolla tube hirsute,

ligule.5mm long; limb of tubu-

lar flower campanulate, 5 lobed.

Receptacle minute. Achene

black, .7x2.3 mm., oblanceolate,

rounded at the summit; in section oval in outline; prominently 12

ribbed, glabrous.

Hab. — Downs of Progreso, Dec. 1865, Schott g^j (^Flaveria repanda

Lag. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:395); along the coast, Progreso and Me-

rida, Gaumer 11 47 in part. (^Flaveria repanda Lag. Ibid.), Silam 1246^

herb 2 feet high, common, Chihankanab ijyjy 148^; ditches near

Progreso, Millspaugh PI. UtowancB i6^j., along the railroad south of

the lagoon crossing, Progreso, idpp, 173 1 {Broteroa trinervata Pers.

Ibid. 2 :io9).

HELENIUM L. Sp. PI, 886.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate and fertile or

neutral, ligulate; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre

broad and short of linear bracts in i or 2 series, spreading or reflexed.

Receptacle convex to subglobose, naked. Achene not compressed,

turbinate, ribbed; pappus of 5 to 8, aristate or dentate scales. Herbs

with punctate, bitter leaves and showy heads of yellow flowers.

Pappus of aristate scales 2-2.5 rnm. long tenuifolium.

Pappus of ecostate scales 3 mm. long quadridentatum,

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila., 7:66.

An erect, branching annual with sulcate, glabrous, resin- dotted

stem, peduncles and branches, and crowded, alternate, sessile, linear

punctate leaves. Inflorescence of solitary long-peduncled heads.

13S Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Receptacle hemi-

peduncles naked, slender, sulcate, glabrous. Heads resin dotted, 8-10

mm. high, 30 mm. broad; disk depressed globose; ray flowers 6-8,

fertile, disk flowers numerous.

Involucral bracts soon reflexed,

in 2 series, the outer twice the

length of the inner, linear, acute,

punctate like the leaves and

bearing on the inner surface of

the slightly broadened base a

prominent thick gland; inner

submembranaceous, oblanceo-

late, acuminate, erose-denticu-

late, a gland less prominent than

those of the outer bracts on the

inner surface at the broadest

part. Ray corollas yellow, tube

very short, ligule cuneate, 3

lobed, 12-14 mm. long, pubescent

beneath, spreading or drooping

with a tendency to twist; disk corollas 5 lobed.

spheric. Achene brown, .9x1.4-1.5 mm., turbinate-obconoid, apex

truncate in section hexagonal, the angles rounded the facets slightly

concave, a minute intermediate angle in the center of each; densely

clothed on the main angles with long, stiff, ascending, tawny hairs;

pappus of 6-7 long-aristate, obovate scales, 2-2,5 mm. long.

Hab. — Fields near Uman, 1887, Millspaugh 2j.

Helenium quadridentatum Labill. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par., 1:22.

An erect, branching annual or biennial with sulcate or wing-

angled, glabrous stems and branches, and alternate, long-decurrent,

glabrous, punctate leaves, the lower incisely pinnatifid, the upper

lanceolate, entire. Inflorescence loosely paniculate, peduncles sul-

cate, minutely puberulent, the summit

clavate. Heads 10-12 mm. high, 15-20

mm. broad, disk globose-ovoid; ray

flowers about 10, disk flowers nu-

merous. Involucral bracts soon re-

flexed, in 2 series, the outer 2-3 times

the length of the inner, linear, acute,

pubescent; inner hyaline, linear, acute,

pubescent at the summit. Ray corol-

las yellow, tube very short, ligule

cuneate, 3 lobed, 7-8 mm. long, mi-

nutely pubescent and resin dotted

beneath, drooping; disk corollas 4

lobed. Receptacle oblong-ovoid.

Achene reddish brown, .5X.7 mm.,

turbinate, base broad, apex truncate;

in section orbicular, obscurely 10 angled; the 10 ribs villous, the inter-

nerves sparingly so; pappus of 4-6 roundish-oval, ecostate, erose-

dentate scales, .3 mm. long.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 139

Hab. — Common, 4 feet high, in waste places about Merida, Valdez

4^; Chichankanab Gaumer iJ4g.

The name Manzanilla is applied by the Yucatecs to many

globular headed compositae, especially to this and other Heleniums,

Matricarias, and Anthemi. The flowers of H. quadridentatum are

strongly irritant to the pituitary membrane, and are used as a sternu-

tatory. An infusion of the leaves is used as a remedy for stomachic

colic; and the seeds, heated for a considerable time in olive oil, are

employed as an application to the abdomen of children in abdominal

colic.

TAGETES L. Sp. PL, 887.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre cylindrical, of

herbaceous equal bracts in i series, connate nearly to the summit.

Receptacle small, naked, alveolate or fimbrilose. Achene dorsally

compressed, linear; pappus of 3-6 firm, unequal scales, one or more

usually produced into subulate awns. Strong-scented herbs commonly

with large showy flowers.

Tagetes patula L. Sp. PI., 1249.

An erect, branching glabrous herb with angled stem and branches

and alternate, sessile, pinnately divided' leaves, the divisions lanceolate

or linear-lanceolate, bearing copious oil glands, sharply serrate, the

serratures of the upper leaflets produced into slender bristles. Inflor-

escence of solitary, long-peduncled heads, terminal and axillary;

peduncles clavate and fistular at the summit. Heads 2.5-2.7 cm.

high, 3.5 cm. or more broad; ray flowers (normally) 5, disk flowers

about 50. Involucre ellipsoid-cylindrical of 5 connate acute bracts

longitudinally marked with oil

glands. Ray corollas orange yel-

low, tube long and slender, ligule

orbicular-obcordate, i. 2-1.5 cm.

long, spreading; disk corollas cyl-

indrical, 5 lobed. Receptacle short-

conoid. Achene black, 1-1.2x9

mm.; narrowly oblanceolate ; in

section unequally biconvex, each

surface concave in the center;

obscurely striate, hispidulous on

the margins; pappus of 5 connate,

maculate scales, the 3 ventral trun-

cate, short-fimbriate, 3-4 mm., the

dorsal pair prolonged into subulate,

hispidulous awns, 8-10 mm. long.

Hab. — On the Teocali of

Kabah, Nov. 26, 1865, Schott yo8; Calcehtoh, March 11, 1890, Stone

2yj (in herb. Acad. Sci. Phila.); campo about Izamal, Jan. 23, 1895,

Millspaugh Armour Exped. ly^ {Tagetes tenuifolia Field Col. Mus. Bot.

1:54); "herb 3 to 6 feet high, very abundant in old fields about

140 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Izamal, Oct. to Nov.," Gaumer 476, abundant at Tekax, Sept., ii2p^

Pocoboch Field Col. Mus. Cat. No. 57c?p2.

The heads of the specimens from Tekax (Gaumer 112^) are all

^'doubled"; that is, all flowers of the head are pistillate and ligulate,

fertile.

Called "Xpuhuc," by the Mayas. "Macenal pujuc" and

"Xpuhuc de Monte" are local names, a combination of Spanish and

Maya. The Maya name indicates that the flowers are supposed to

resemble a woman with her skirts tucked up.

DYSODIA Cav. Anal. Cienc. Nat., 6:334.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre campanulate of

subequal, rigid membranaceous, bracts in i series, partially connate,

usually with a series of loose accessory bracts. Receptacle subplane,

naked, short fimbrillate. Achene subcompressed dorsally, finely many

striate; pappus of 10 rigid scales, each resolved into several unequal

bristles, and (in our species) an outer series of 10 small oblong scales.

Herbs or shrubby plants, fetid or strong scented.

Dysodia cancellata (Cass.) Gray Proc. Am. y\cad., 19:38.

Lebetina cancellata Cass.

An erect, glabrous, branching, perennial, with ribbed stems and

branches, and alternate, sessile, pinnately-lobed and incised leaves bear-

ing prominent oil glands. Inflorescence of solitary heads terminating

the strict branches, peduncles ribbed, bracteolate. Heads 14-15 mm.

high, nearly as broad or in fruit broader, ray flowers 9-15, disk

flowers numerous. Involucre with a series of loose accessory bracts,

pectinately setiferous; involucral

bracts connate one-half their

length, bearing below the acute

tip a small spinescent keel en-

closing an oblong oil gland, a

pair of similar glands on each

bract at about the point of sepa-

ration. Ray corollas deep orange,

tube long, slender, ligule oval,

entire, 5 mm. long, erect or as-

cending; disk corollas cylindri-

cal, 5 lobed. Receptacle convex,

becoming short conoid. Achene

grayish brown, .7 X4.3 mm., lin-

ear-obconic ; in section elliptic

in outline, obscurely 5 sided;

faintly many striate, sparingly

hispidulous or glabrous; pappus double, outer series of

aceous, elliptic, minutely firhbriate scales, 1-1.2 mm.,

scales resolved into 7-10 scabrous unequal bristles 2-7 mm. long.

Hab. — Merida, Dec. 4, 1864, Schott jS; "herb 3 feet high, com

10 membran-

inner of 10

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 141

mdn in open places near Izamal Sept. to Jan." Gauiner J04, San

Anselmo IS^4, Calotmul Chichankanab 1672.

J"^^^ Called by the Yucatecans "Cardo Santo del Monte."

POROPHYLLUM Vaill. ex L. Hort. Cliff., 494.

Heads homogamous, discoid, flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre cylindrical or narrowly campanulate of herbaceous, equal

bracts in i series, free or connate at the base. Receptacle small,

naked. Achene dorsally compressed, linear, many striate; pappus of

copious slender, bristles in 1-2 series. Herbs or small shrubs with

conspicuously punctate leaves and involucres.

Achene broadest in the middle, unribbed macrocephalum.

lower third, slightly ribbed Millspaughii.

Porophyllum macrocephalum DC. Prod., 5:648.

An erect, glabrous annual, branching above, with terete, striate

stem and branches, and opposite, slender petioled, broadly elliptic,

coarsely crenate leaves, a pellucid gland

at the apex and subtending each sinus,

and a few irregularly disposed on the leaf

surface. Inflorescence of solitary, term-

inal, and axillary heads on upwardly

thickened peduncles. Heads 25 mm.

high, 12 mm. broad, 40-50 flowered.

Involucre cylindrical, bracts distinct,

narrowly oblong, abruptly acute, scarious

margined; glands dark, linear, biseriate.

Corolla greenish, 5 lobed. Receptacle

convex, pitted, fimbrillate. Achene dark

brown, .7x12 mm., linear oblong,

slightly tapering at either end; in sec-

tion elliptical; upwardly hispid, the hairs

longer and denser toward the summit,

finely striate, or the striations obsolete at

maturity; pappus brown, 8 mm. long, hispidulous.

Hab. — Izamal, Gaunter 2^10.

Our specimens have peduncles less conspicuously thickened than

usual in this species.

Porophyllum Millspaughii Robinson, Field Col. Mus. Bot., 2:109.

Shrub* or undersliriib ; steins and primary branches terete^ covered

with a purplish gray smoothish cortex^ widely and dichotoniously forked

{through the habitual tendency to abortion in the terminal bud); leaves ellip-

tical, rounded at both ends, coarsely crenate through the intrusion on each

edge of 2 or J shallow bays, membranaceous, thin, not paler beneath, 2. 2 to

J.J c?n. long, 1.4 to 1.8 cm. broad; glands intramarginal, the lateral

lunate, subtending the

apex of the midnerve.

bays, the terminal one

other glands upon the

linear, coincident with the

surface of the leaf wholly

♦Original description and notes in italics.

142 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

wanti7ig, or rarely a few present; petioles slender 5 to 10 7nm. long;

peduncles i.j to 1.8 cm. long., slender, scarcely thickened upward; invol-

ucral bracts 5, oblong ' linear

1.2 cm. long^ scarious margined.,

usually browned at the tip^ glands

dark., linear., usually biseriate.,

heads usually nodding in anthesis;

flowers about 18, greenish white;

corolla p mm. long., puberulent upon

the outer surface., lobes 5, acute,

spreading; receptacle convex,

pitted; achenes purplish blacky

somewhat attenuate and {under

a le7ts) upwardly hispid and finely

striate, .5x8-9 mm.; in section

elliptical ; pappus of copious,

slender, pale, or tawny, hispid-

ulous bristles 5-7 mm. long.

This species is obviously related

to P. Ervendbergii Gray and P. nummularium DC. It is distinguished.,

however., by the absence of the irregularly distributed superficial glands

which are present on the leaves of both the species mentio7ied. It also has

someivhat shorter peduncles and larger leaves.

Hab. — Merida, at the Quinta del Obispo, Nov. 15, 1864, Schott 81

{Porophyllum Ervendbergii Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:396); "shrubby, [5

feet high, common in the brushlands about Izamal," Gaunter §2j

{Porophyllum nummularium Ibid. 1:325); Progreso, March 5, 1899, Mills-

paugh PI. Utowance 1648 (type) ; Merida, scrubby places in old Hene-

quen plantations, Feb. 11, 1903, Ccee. et Ed. Seler 3831^ and sunny

places near Oitas, March 17, jpjs.

Schott 81 and Gaumer have leaves with irregularly disposed

glands in addition to the marginal and terminal ones, and Millspaugh

PI. Utowance 1648^ the type, shows one leaf with 3 of these smaller

glands. These are not, however, "superficial," but thickened like the

marginal glands and emit a strong smelling oil when punctured.

Called by the Mayas Xpechuekil; referring to the leaf glands in

their fancied resemblance to the indigenous species of wood-ticks

when engorged with blood.

PECTIS L. Syst. Ed., 10:1221.

Heads heterogamous, radiate, ray flowers pistillate, fertile, ligu-

late; disk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre cylindrical or

campanulate, of herbaceous equal bracts in i series, free. Receptacle

small, naked. Achene dorsally compressed, linear, pappus various:

Sec. Eupectis, of few unequal scales or awns; Sec. Pectothrix, of

numerous capillary bristles; Sec. Pectidium, of 1-4 subulate rigid

corneous awns. Heavy scented herbs with small heads.

Pappus of thin scales

Pappus of slender erect bristles

Pappus of rigid divergent awns

prostrata.

Schottii.

linifolia.

POROPHYLLUM M ILLSPAUGHII.

Pectis Schottii

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 143

Pectis prostrata Cav. Ic, 4:12, t. 324.

A low, diffuse, prostrate or procumbent annual, with angled stem

puberulent in 2 lines, and opposite, clasping, oblanceolate, subacute

leaves with a narrow membranaceous

margin produced into long pectinate

bristles toward the base, leaves con-

spicuously dotted with round oil

glands. Inflorescence of terminal and

.axillary clusters of 1-3 sessile or sub-

sessile heads. Heads 7.5 mm. high,

2.5-3 mm. broad, ray flowers 5, disk

flowers 5 or 6. Involucre oval-cylin-

drical, bracts 5, oblanceolate, rounded,

concave-keeled, a tuft of hairs at the

subacute tip. Ray corollas reddish

orange, ligule narrowly oblong, entire,

2 mm. long, erect; disk corollas 5

lobed. Receptacle minute, convex.

Achene black, .5x3.7 mm., linear-

oblanceolate ; in section biconvex (or in ray achenes subplano-convex) ;

obscurely 4 angled, papillate-striate, pilose on the angles and summit;

pappus of 5 thin laciniate scales connate at base (on ray achenes re-

duced to 2) 1.5-2 mm. long.

Hab. — Merida, Aug. 20, 1865, Schott along roadsides near

Izamal, Gamner yyS, "common on roadsides in forests" Izamal iop2.

Pectis Schottii (Fernald) comb. nov.

Pectis elongata Schottii Fernald Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 33:78.

'An erect, slender, paniculately branching annual about 35 cm.

high, with scabrous or smooth-angled stem and branches and oppo-

site, sessile, linear-oblong, apiculate, entire leaves,

1-2.5 c"^- lor^gj 1-2 mm. wide, with 3-5 pairs of

bristles at the base and 2 rows of prominent oil

glands beneath. Inflorescence of scattered, soli-

tary, terminal and axillary heads on capillary, 3-4

bracteate peduncles, 2-3 cm. long. Heads 3.8-4

mm. high, 2.5 mm. broad (in flower), somewhat nod-

ding at first, becoming erect in fruit, ray flowers 4 or

5, disk flowers 3 or 4. Involucre narrowly campanu-

late (widely spreading in fruit), bracts 5, becoming

involute, lanceolate, acuminate, bearing a few oil

glands on the thickened mid-nerve. Ray corollas

greenish white, faintly tinged with purple, ligule

oblong, emarginate, i mm. long, disk corollas

whitish, nearly entire. Receptacle convex. Achene

black, .25 X 2.2 mm., linear-oblanceolate ; in section

oblong, the angles rounded; obscurely 5 nerved, sparsely pubescent or

nearly glabrous when mature, pappus of about 15 unequal rufescent,

upwardly scabrous bristles, slightly dilated below, 1-2.2 mm. long.

'''Much more slender [than P. elongata H. B. K.] with very slender^

144

Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

diffuse brmiches and small leaves; heads scattered and solitary in the axils^

on capillary j~4 bracteate peduncles 2~j cm. long j involucre pale, 4 mm,

high; pappus hardly equaling the achene.'"

Hab. — Sercania near Maxcanii, Sept. 14, 1866, Schott 666 (type).

Pectis linifolia* L. Syst. Nat., Ed. 10:1221.

A slender, erect, branching herb, with smooth, angled stem, and

branches, and opposite, sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire leaves, one or

two pairs of bristles at the base,

the leaves dotted with oval oil

glands. Inflorescence loosely

cymose-paniculate, branchlets di-

varicate, peduncles bracteolate,

clavate at the summit. Heads

7-8 mm. high, 2 mm. broad, ray

flowers 4 or 5, disk flowers 2-4.

Involucre cylindrical, bracts 5,

becoming involute, oblong, ob-

tuse, a row of oil glands alon^

the margins. Ray corollas

purplish white, ligule ovate, en-

tire, I mm. long, spreading or

erect; disk corollas dark pur-

ple, 5 lobed. Receptacle con-

vex. Achene black, linear-oblanceolate, .5x4 mm.; in section

concavo-convex, the angles rounded; papillate striate, a few short

thickened hairs at the summit, otherwise glabrous; pappus of 2 stiff,

divergent, slender, smooth awns, 1.6 mm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, 3 feet high, common along the Chique road near

Izamal," Sept. Gaumer 88j {^Pectis punctata Jacq. Field Col. Mus.

Bot. 1:325), "on stone walls, Izamal," p/p.

Yucatan specimens differ from those of this species from the West

Indies in having slightly shorter heads, achenes 2 awned (while West

Indian plants examined have 3-awned achenes) with hairs only at the

summit.

ACHILLEA L. Sp. PL, 898.

Heads heterogamous, radiate; rays pistillate, fertile, ligulate ; disk

flowers perfect, fertile, tubular. Involucre ovoid or campanulate, its-

bracts appressed, imbricated in few series, the outer shorter. Recep-

tacle convex or nearly plane, chaffy; scales membranaceous, subtend-

ing the disk flowers. Achene dorsally compressed with a narrow

cartilaginous margin; pappus none. Perennial, strong-scented herbs

with small, corymbose heads.

* There has been much confusion concerning the species named P. linifolia by Linnaeus. The

above nomenclature is given on the authority of M. L. Fernald in his "Systematic Study of the

United States and Mexican Species of Pectis " Proc. Am. Acad. Sci. 33:57-86.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 145

Achillea Millefolium L. Sp. PL, 899.

An erect herb, simple or branched above, with striate,' pubescent

stem and alternate, sessile (or basal petioled) finely dissected -pinnati-

fid, softly pubescent leaves, lanceo-

late in outline. Inflorescence of ter-

minal, compound, crowded, convex

or flat-topped corymbs; branchlets

and pedicels striate, pubescent. Heads

5 mm. high, 6 mm. broad; ray flow-

ers 5, disk flowers 12-15, Involucre

ovoid, bracts thin membranaceous with

a thick midrib,' oblong, subacute,

softly pubescent, long ciliate, resin

dotted, outer shorter, narrow. Rays

white, ligule orbicular, 3 dentate, 2

mm. long, spreading; disk corollas

yellow, 5 lobed, resin dotted. Recep-

tacle convex; scales oblong, fim-

briate-ciliate. Achenes stramineous

or white when mature, 1.6x2-2.2 mm., oblong-cuneate, apex truncate;

in section unequally biconvex, the ventrum usually obtusely angled ;

glabrous.

Hab. — Campo about Merida, not in flower, April, 1887, Millspaugh

4^. Doubtless introduced with imported hay.

Called "Alcanfor" in Yucatec.

ARTEMISIA L. Sp. PI, 845.

Heads heterogamous, discoid, the outer i or 2 series, pistillate,

fertile, with small slender tubular corolla ; inner flowers perfect, fertile

or sometimes sterile, tubular. Involucre ovoid or oblong, its bracts

imbricated in few series, appressed. Receptacle flat, convex or hemi-

spheric, naked. Achene laterally compressed, 2 ribbed or striate, the

apex usually bearing an epigynous disk. Bitter aromatic herbs or

shrubs with small heads disposed

in polycephalous panicles.

Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex

Spreng. Syst., 3:490-

Perennial by offshoots, stem

striate, whitened with cottony to-

mentum or nearly glabrate, branch-

ing above; leaves alternate, ses-

sile or attenuate into a petiole,

narrow, lanceolate to linear, 3-5

cleft, radical cuneate, incisely pin-

natifid or trifid, densely clothed with

white cottony tomentum on the

lower surface, sparingly so on the

upper. Inflorescence an elongated leafy panicle of ascending, bracte-

ate racemes. Heads 4-4.5 i^^"^- high, 2 mm. broad, 10-20 flowered,.

146

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

erect on short bracteate pedicels. Involucre ovoid-campanulate,

arachnoid canescent, bracts in 2-3 series, the outer shorter, linear,

inner broad, obtuse, scarious margined. Corollas pale yellow, those

of pistillate flowers narrow, 2-4 toothed, of perfect flowers cam-

panulate, 5 lobed, resin dotted. Receptacle minute. Achene (not

fully ripe) golden brown, .5 x 1.2 mm., oblong, rounded at the base;

in section oval-rhomboid or sometimes 3 sided; faintly striate,

glabrous.

Hab. — "Frequent throughout the peninsula" Valdez 40.

Called TziTZiM,* "Wormwood" ^by the Mayas, and "Agenjo del

Pais" in Spanish. It is used throughout the peninsula by the Mayas,

Mestizas, and Yucatecans as a bitter stimulant tonic, emmenagogue,

and anthelmintic. Dose from 2 to 4 grams of the powdered leaves

and flower heads.

ERECHTITES Raf. Fl. Ludov., 65.

Heads heterogamous, discoid; the outer 2 to several series pistil-

late, fertile, filiform-tubular; inner flowers perfect, fertile, tubular.

Involucre cylindrical, of numerous, erect, connivant, herbaceous equal

bracts, subtended by a series of short, loose accessory bracts. Recep-

tacle concave, naked. Achene subterete, ribbed; pappus of copious,

capillary, soft, smooth, white bristles. Annual herbs.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. DC. Prod., 6:294.

Senecio hieracifolia L.

Erect, with striate-sulcate stem and branches, glabrate or with

scattered weak hairs, and alternate, simple or pinnately lobed or incised,

dentate leaves, lanceolate in out-

line, the upper clasping, sometimes

auricled, the lower narrowed into a

petiole, glabrate or with scattered

hairs. Inflorescence of terminal,

cymose panicles; branchlets and

peduncles cobwebby pubescent.

Heads 13-15 mm. high, 6-7 mm.

broad, many flowered. Involucre

arachnoid; bracts linear, acute,

reflexed in age; accessory bracts

linear, arachnoid-ciliate. Corollas

yellowish white, those of pistillate

flowers filiform, 4 toothed; of per-

fect flowers, very slender tubular,

4 or 5 toothed. Receptacle con-

cave, becoming convex at maturity. Achene light brown, .6x3.8

mm., oblong, narrowed at apex and base; in section 5 sided oval in

outline; 10 ribbed, interspaces pubescent, apex expanded into a small

disk; pappus bright white, caducous, 12-15 n^i^i- long.

*This appellation savors of Spanish intervention: its root, in Maya, means "essence."

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ - Millspaugh & Chase. 147

Woc7boct''ipV"' ^"^"^ ^'^'^

SENECIO L. Sp. PI., 866.

f.r^n^^l^' heterogamous, radiate (in our species), rays pistillate

fertile, hgulate; d,sk flowers perfect, fertile, tubular volu' '

c^l,ndr,c or campanulate, of equal herbaceous bracts in i se Is dis

tmct or united at the base, usually with a series of loose acce^sorv

bracts. Receptacle plane, naked. Achene subterete 5 10 ribbec7

pappus of numerous white capillary bristles Herbs ar JruL i '

with showy heads of yellow fliwers "'"^"^

Senecio Berlandieri (DC.) Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am., Bot. 2 2.6

A woody climber with striate, glabrous stem and branches and

alternate, petioled, ovate, acuminate, "remote, exserted-denttul^te"'

glabrous leaves. Inflorescence

of small corymbs terminating

the numerous short branches-

peduncles striate, glandular-

puberulent. Heads 12-15 mm.

high, 4.5-5 cm. broad, ray flow-

ers 12-20, disk flowers numer-

ous. Involucre broad turbinate

bracts linear, acute, spreading

at maturity; accessory bracts

numerous, linear, glandular-pu-

berulent. Corollas orange yel-

low, rays with slender tube

ligule oblong, 2-4 toothed, 1.5I

1.8 mm. long, spreading; disk

corollas with 5-cleft campanulate

style branches. Receptacle alveolat Arhln'r^T broi;.f

mm. oblong-ellipsoid; in section orbicular-ovaTin outline To' ribbed^

hirteHous; pappus shining white, 8-10 mm. long '

Hab.- A climber among mimosa trees near Sisal," Schott 407.

CARDUUS L. Sp. PI., 820.

Heads homogamous, flowers perfect fertile tubular T„,.„i

Carduus Mexicanus (DC.) Moric. ex DC. Prod. 6-6„

A tall herb, with striate-sulcate stem and branches, white arach-

148 Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

noid toward the summit, and alternate, decurrent, pinnately sinuately

lobed spinescent leaves, glabrous above, white arachnoid tomen-

tose beneath. Inflorescence of

solitary heads, terminal or in the

axils of the upper leaves. Heads

about 4 cm. high, 3-3.5 cm.

broad, many flowered. Invo-

lucre ovoid-globose, sparingly

arachnoid, with one or two sub-

tending leaflets; bracts long

acuminate, spine tipped, except

the innermost, the tips loose or

spreading. Corollas light purple,

tube very slender, limb narrow,

deeply 5 cleft. Receptacle dense-

ly clothed with soft capillary

persistent bristles, i cm. or more

long. Achene light brown, 1.6

X 5-5.5 mm., oblong-oblanceo-

late; in section oval; faintly nerved, smooth and shining; pappus

bristles ashen, long-plumose, 2-2.5 cm. long.

Hab. — "Herb, 4 feet high, common at the port of Silam, April,"

Gaumer dyd {Cnicus Mexicanus Hemsl. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1 1323).

CHAPTALIA Vent. Hort. Cels., t. 61.

Heads heterogamous radiate, ray flowers in i or 2 series, pistil-

late, fertile, ligulate ; disk flowers perfect, all or some of them sterile,

tubular, bilabiate. Involucre campanulate of narrow appressed

bracts, imbricated in few series, outer gradually shorter. Receptacle

naked. Achenes dorsally compressed, attenuate into a neck, 5

nerved; pappus of copious soft cap-

illary bristles. Acaulescent peren-

nial herbs, bearing a single head.

Vent.

ex

acuminate, white floccose on the

Chaptalia albicans

Steud. Nom., Ed. 2, 1:344.

A scapose herb; with radical

oblanceolate, subacute, crenate-

runcinate leaves tapering into a long

petiole, dark green and glabrous

above, white tomentose beneath

■Scapes slender, 12-25 ^^ng,

thickened and densely white floc-

cose at the summit, monocephalous.

Heads 15-17 mm. high, 12-15 mm.

broad, many flowered. Involucrai

bracts in 4 series, linear-lanceolate,

margins, at least the outer ones,

inner slightly exceeding the disk, reflexed in age. Corollas purplish,

rays inconspicuous, ligule oblong, 3 dentate, 2-3 mm. long, erect; disk

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Cpiase. 149

corollas narrow, scarcely labiate. Receptacle subconvex. Achene

light brown, .6x5-7 mm., lanceolate, tapering into a slender neck

nearly as long as the body; in section, concavo-convex; faintly 5

nerved, sparsely glandular, hirtellous; pappus bristles pinkish tawny,

nearly smooth, 9 mm. long.

Hab. — Yot Oonot, 12 inches high, only three specimens seen,

Gaunter 1334.

TRIXIS P. Br. Hist. Jam., 312.

Heads homogamous, flowers perfect, fertile, all with bilabiate

corollas, the lower lip larger in the marginal flowers, elongated and

radiatiform. Involucre cylindrical, of i series of equal bracts (in our

species) little or not at all imbricated, subtended by a few foliaceous,

loose, accessory bracts. Receptacle small, pilose. Achene dorsally

compressed, linear; pappus of copious, slender bristles. Perennial

herbs or shrubs with paniculately cymose heads of yellow flowers.

Trixis frutescens P. Br. Hist. Jam., 312 t. 33, f. i.

An erect shrub with pale, terete, striate stem and branches, and

alternate, short-petioled, ovate, elliptic or obovate, mucronate leaves,

entire or sinuate-dentate. Inflorescence a leafy cymose panicle, the

branchlets divaricate, striate, puberulent. Heads 18 mm. high, 12-15

mm. broad, 12-20 flowered, on rigid divaricate, bracteate peduncles.

Involucral bracts appressed, linear-oblong, mucronate, sparingly

puberulent, the summit ciliolate, accessory bracts linear lanceolate,

nearly glabrous. Corollas yellow, those of the marginal'flowers with a

spreading, oblong, 3-dentate low-

er lip and a 2-cleft upper lip, the

divisions recurved ; inner corollas

similar but divisions all equal and

erect. Receptacle densely pilose.

Achene brown, .6x6-6.5 n^ii^^-,

linear-oblong, slightly narrowed

toward the summit; in section

oval; faintly striate, pubescent

with short stipular, glandular

hairs; pappus bristles pale yel-

low, minutely upwardly scabrous,

9 mm. long.

Hab. — Merida, Feb. 2, 1865,

Schott i8c}; apex of the Cerro

Grande, Izamal, Jan. 13, 1895,

Millspaugh Armour Exped. 36

[Trixis radialis Ktze. Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:54); common near

•Merida in scrubby old Henequen plantations, Feb. 11, 1903, Ccec.

et Ed. Seler 3838', Valdez 10 {Trixis radiale Lag. Ibid. 1:326); shrub

15 feet high, common in open lands near Izamal, Jan. Gaunter jp/

{Trixis radiale Ktze. Ibid. 1:326), Calotmul 1738^ 2340, San Anselmo

Maya name Tokabal, "Astringent." Commonly used in the

150 Field Columbian Museum — Botany^ Vol. III.

treatment of gonorrhoea, and as an astringent in bowel complaints of

children. Of this use Cuevas says:* "In infantile diarrhoea give of a

maceration of the leaves in cold water a teaspoonful every two hours."

SONCHUS L. Sp. PI, 793.

Heads homogamous ; flowers perfect, fertile, ligulate, ligules 5

toothed at the truncate apex. Involucre ovoid or campanulate,

becoming thickened and somewhat conic at the base when old, its

bracts thin, herbaceous, imbricated in several series, outer gradually

shorter. Receptacle plane, naked. Achene compressed, rounded-

truncate, not beaked at the summit, ribbed,; pappus of copious soft

capillary bristles. Annual or perennial succulent herbs with bitter,

milky juice.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PL, 794.

A glabrous, erect annual with subangled, striate stem and branches

and alternate runcinately pinnatifid or simple leaves, the segments

mucronate-dentate, lower leaves petioled, upper clasping by an

auricled or sagittate base. Inflorescence a corymbose panicle of few

to several heads; peduncles striate. Heads 15 mm. high, about 2 cm.

broad, many flowered. Involucre campanulate, sometimes cottony at

base, bracts linear, subacute, glabrous, the outer loose and spreading.

grounds about Izamal, July to March," Gaumer jio, Silam, /5<?c?,

Chichankanab, /5p^, 1626, Temax, 1642, Pocoboch 164J.

Called by the Yucatecans "Chicoria," "Achicoria," or

''Lechuga silvestre" ; used in domestic practice as a chologogue

and sedative. This species is doubtless the one referred to by Cuevas,

though Donde's description points with certainty to Taraxacum. The

same names are also applied to Cichorium Intybus. These species

are all used as a laxative for children.

Corolla light yellow, ligule ob-

long. Achene brown, .8x2.9

mm., narrowly obovate; in sec-

tion biconvex; 8 ribbed, the

dorsal and ventral and lateral

pairs of ribs consisting of a rugose

ridge, the 4 intermediate with

these consisting of 2 smaller

ridges with an impressed line

between, interspaces faintly

transversely rugose; pappus

bristles bright white, 6-6.5

long.

Hab. — Frequent about Mer-

ida, Valdez 81 ; "herb, 4 feet

high, frequent on cultivated

* Ensayo Botatiico 1894 :32.

April, 1904. Plants Yucatan^ — Millspaugh & Chase. 151

LACTUCA L. Sp. PL, 795.

Heads homogamous, flowers perfect, fertile, ligiilate, ligules 5

toothed at the truncate apex. Involucre cylindrical or conoid, of

herbaceous bracts imbricated in several series, the outer shorter,

sometimes calyculate. Receptacle plane, naked. Achene com-

pressed, ribbed, tapering into a neck or beak, which is expanded at the

summit into a disk; pappus of copious soft, capillary, bristles.

Tall annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with milky juice.

Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar., i, t. 162.

An erect, glabrous, branching herb with terete stem and branches

and alternate, runcinately pinnatifid leaves, clasping by a sagittate

base, lower leaves obovate, tapering at the base. Inflorescence an

elongated open panicle, branches ascending, strict, the heads distant,

solitary or few in a cluster, on short, bracteate pedicels. Heads 16 mm.

high, lo-ii mm. broad, 12-15

flowered. Involucre cylindrical,

outer bracts short, calyculate,

broadly ovate, acute, with a white

hyaline margin, inner in 2 series,

equal, oblong, obtuse, white hya-

line margined. Corolla yellow,

ligule oblong. Achene black,

.8 X 3.8 mm. ; fusiform, tapering

into a short neck; in section

rhomboid-oval; impressed stri-

ate, interspaces tuberculate-ru-

gose; pappus bristles white or

cream color, 7 mm. long.

Hab. — Herb, 3 feet high,

common in old corn-fields at

Silam, April, Gaume?^ Sjy {Step/ia-

7iomeria runctnafa Field Col. Mus.

fully developed specimens 15-20

grassland near Progreso, Millspau^

Bot. 1 1325), Silam 2012; small but

cm. high, simple stemmed, from

PL UtowancE 1701, taller branch-

mg plants from the same

CcBC. et Ed. Seler j^gy.

locality /700, lyog; Sayi, March 4, 1903,

[LACTUCA sp.?

Not in flower, "common in waste places near Merida, Valdez

{Erec/itites Field Col. Mus. Bot. 1:323).]

INDEX.

Achillea Millefolium 145.

achicoria 150.

Agenjo del Pais 146.

Agcratum conyzoides gr.

A geratum corymbosum 9 1 .

Ageratum intermedium 90.

A geratum paleaceum 116.

AlCANFOR 145.

Alomia ageratoides 90.

Altaniza 109.

Ambrosia hispida 87.

Amellus aspera 122.

Amellus niveus 121.

Artemisia Mexicana 145.

Aster lasvis 98.

A ster Novi-Belgii 9 9 .

• Baccharis halimifolia 100.

Bakelus 91.

Baltimora recta 106.

Bidens A lausensis 131.

Bidens bipinnata 131.

Bidens leucantha 130.

Bidens nivea 121.

Bidens pilosa 130.

Bidens tereticaulis 132.

Broteroa trinervata 137.

Borrichia arborescens 117.

Borrichia argentea 116.

Borrichia argentea 117.

Brickellia diffusa 97.

Buphthalmum arborescens 117.

Cacalia cor di folia 96.

C alea oppositifolia 115.

Galea urticifolia 134.

Galea Zacatechichi 134.

Gardo Santo del Monte 141.

Garduus Mexicanus 147.

Ghabankan 116.

Ghaczul 133.

Ghalcha 1 10.

Ghalchay 103.

Ghaptalia albicans 148.

Ghicoria 150.

GhiOPLE 93, 119.

Ghiopk 93.

Circium Mexicanum 147.

Cnicus Mexicanus 148.

Goleosanthus diffusus 97.

Conyza arborescens 89.

Gonyza lyrata loo.

C onyza odorata 102.

C oreopsis leucantha 130.

Gosmos caudatus 133.

Critonia daleoides 91.

Diomeda argentea 116.

Distreptus spicatus 88.

Dysodia cancellata 140.

Dy sodium divaricatum 107.

Eclipta alba 112.

Eclipta erecta 113.

Elephantopus spicatus 88.

Eleutheranthera divaricata 107

Elvira biflora 104.

Elvira Martyni 105.

Encelia Chase£e 125.

Erechtites sp. 151.

Erechtites hieracifolia 146.

Erigeron camphoratum loi.

Erigcron Canadensis 9 9 .

Estrella DE Mar 133.

Eupatorium albicaule 93.

Eupatorium aromatisans 9 2 .

Eupatorium conyzoides 93.

Eupatorium daleoides 9 1 .

Eupatorium diffusum 97.

Eupatorium drepanophyllum

93.

Eupatorium Guadaloupense

95.

Eupatorium hebebotrya 9 2 .

Eupatorium ivaefolium 94.

Eupatorium paniculatum 95.

Eupatorium populifolium 93.

Eupatorium pycnocephalum

94-

Eupatorium quadrangulare 93.

Eupatorium scandens 96.

Flaveria linearis 136.

Flaveria repanda 137.

Flaveria trinervata 137.

Flor DE San Juan 91.

FlordeSol 121.

Girasol 121.

Grindelia nana 97. "

Gymnopsis divaricata 113.

Gynoxis Berlandieri 147.

Helenium quadridentatum

138. ,

Helenium tenuifolium 137.

Helianthus annuus 120.

Helianto 121.

HOMAHAK IIS.

Isocarpha oppositifolia 115.

Lactucasp. 151.

Lactuca intybacea 151.

Lagasca mollis 104.

Lebetina cancellata 140.

LechuGA SILVESTRE 150.

Leptilon Ganadense 99.

Macenal Xpuhuc 140.

MaNZANILLA 139.

Melampodium divaricatum

107.

Melampodium gracile 107.

Melampodium hispidum 108.

Melampodium paludosum 107.

Melanthera hastata 122.

Mikania c or di folia 9 6 .

Mikania scandens 9 7 .

Milleria biflora 104.

Milleria quinquefiora 105.

Mirasol 121.

Mirasolia diver sifolia 118,

Montanoa grandiflora 129.

Montanoa hibiscifolia 1 1 5

Montanoa Schottii 114.

Nocca mollis 104.

Oedera trinervia 1 3 7

Parthenium f ruticosum no.

Parthenium Hysterophorus

109.

Parthenium Schottii 109.

Pectis linifolia 144.

Pectis prostrata 143.

Pectis punctata 144.

Pectis Schottii 143.

Plagiolophus Millspaughii

126.

Pluchea camphorata i o i .

Pluchea odorata 102.

Pluchea purpurascens 102.

Porophyllum Evendbergii 142.

Porophyllum macrocephalum

141.

Porophyllum Millspaughii

141.

Porophyllum nummularium

142.

Field Columbian Museum — Botany, Vol. III.

Salmea Qaumeri 124,

Sanguinaria de flores

NEGROS 112.

Santa Maria 103,110.

Sanvitalia procumbens 1 1 1 .

Sclerocarpus divaricatus 113.

Senecio Berlandieri 147.

Senecio h-ieracifolia 146.

Solidago urticifolia 134.

Sonchus oleraceus 150.

Spilanthes Beccabunga 123.

Spilanthes filipes 123.

Spilanthes uHginosa 122.

Spiracantha comifolia 103.

Stephanomeria runcinaia 151.

Synedrella nodiflora 130.

Tagetes patula 139.

Tagetes tenuifoUa 139.

Tah 120.

Tithonia diversifolia 118.

Tithonia diversifolia 119.

Tithonia tagetiflora 118.

Tithonia tubceformis 1 04 .

TOKABAL 149.

Tridax procumbens 135.

Trixis frutescens 149.

Trixis radiate 149,

TziciN 134.

TZITZIM 146.

TzuM 119.

Ucacou nodiflorum 129,

Verbesina alba 112.

Verbesina gigantea 129.

Verbesina nodiflora 129.

Vernonia arborescens 89.

Viguiera hehanthoides 119.

Wedelia hispida 128.

Willtighbaea cordifolia 96.

Willughbaea scandens 96.

Xanthium Canadense 8 7 .

Xanthium strumarium 87.

XlUHULUB 114.

XiUTOLOC 105.

XkANTUMBUB 107, 112.

XOY 107.

Xpechuekil 142.

Xpuhuc 140.

Xpuhuc de Monte 140.

Xtokabal 92, 94.

xultoxiu 95.

Yerba San Juan del Monte

136.

Zactah 128.

Zahum 128.

Zalac-Kaat 106.

Zexmenia Costaricensis 1 28 .

Zexmenia hispida 128.

Zexmenia hispida

ramosissitna 127.

Oiciilchay 91.